विकिपिडिया newiki https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.5 first-letter मीडिया विशेष वार्तालाप प्रयोगकर्ता प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता विकिपिडिया विकिपिडिया वार्ता चित्र चित्र वार्ता मीडियाविकि मीडियाविकि वार्ता ढाँचा ढाँचा वार्ता मद्दत मद्दत वार्ता श्रेणी श्रेणी वार्ता पोर्टल पोर्टल वार्ता मस्यौदा मस्यौदा वार्ता TimedText TimedText talk मोड्युल मोड्युल वार्तालाप Event Event talk 0 1605 1358556 889413 2026-06-09T10:38:15Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{विज्ञान}}[[Image:Maquina vapor Watt ETSIIM.jpg|thumb|350px|वाट वाष्प यन्त्र(The Watt steam engine) जसको योगदानले [[औद्योगिक क्रान्ति]](industrial revolution) अघि बढेको थियो, जसको नमूना मेड्रिड, स्पेनको ETSIIM भवनमा सजाइएको छ]] '''इन्जिनियरिङ''' (अभियान्त्रिकीशास्त्र) भनेको मानविय समस्या समाधानका लागि प्रबधिको प्रयोग गरिने विज्ञान हो। बास्तवमा, इन्जिनियरिङ एक ब्यबसायिक कार्य हो जसमा सोच, फैसला गर्ने क्षमता , र बौदिक ज्ञान प्रयोग हुन्छ, जसमा [[विज्ञान]], [[प्रविधि]], [[गणित]], र प्रयोगात्मक [[अनुभव]] प्रयोग गरी परिक्लपना, [[उत्पादन]], र उपयोगि वस्तुको प्रयोग अथवा क्रम हो जसले [[मानबता]]को आवस्यकता र रहर पुरा गर्ने विषय हो. इन्जिनियरिङको ब्यबसायिक प्राविधिकलाई [[अभियन्ता|इन्जिनियर]] भनिन्छ। == इतिहास == इन्जिनियरिङ प्राचीन कालदेखि नै अस्तित्वमा छ, जब मानिसहरूले [[फेसो]], [[उत्तोलक]], चक्का र [[घिर्नी]]आदि जस्ता आविष्कारहरू गरेका थिए। <ref>{{cite journal |last=Chondros |first=Thomas G. |year=2017 |title=Natural Philosophy and the Development of Mechanics and Engineering from the 5th century B.C. to Middle-Ages |journal=FME Transactions |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=603–619 |doi=10.5937/fmet1704603C |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[मेकानिकल इन्जिनियरिङ]] * [[विद्युतीय इन्जिनियरिङ]] *[[सिभिल इन्जिनियरिङ]] {{Commonscat|Engineering|इन्जिनियरिङ}} [[श्रेणी:इन्जिनियरिङ]] a7tejmo91rvukfu5pkp456nkg2778eu 1358559 1358556 2026-06-09T11:05:05Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{विज्ञान}}[[Image:Maquina vapor Watt ETSIIM.jpg|thumb|350px|वाट वाष्प यन्त्र(The Watt steam engine) जसको योगदानले [[औद्योगिक क्रान्ति]](industrial revolution) अघि बढेको थियो, जसको नमूना मेड्रिड, स्पेनको ETSIIM भवनमा सजाइएको छ]] '''इन्जिनियरिङ''' (अभियान्त्रिकीशास्त्र) भनेको मानविय समस्या समाधानका लागि प्रबधिको प्रयोग गरिने विज्ञान हो। बास्तवमा, इन्जिनियरिङ एक ब्यबसायिक कार्य हो जसमा सोच, फैसला गर्ने क्षमता , र बौदिक ज्ञान प्रयोग हुन्छ, जसमा [[विज्ञान]], [[प्रविधि]], [[गणित]], र प्रयोगात्मक [[अनुभव]] प्रयोग गरी परिक्लपना, [[उत्पादन]], र उपयोगि वस्तुको प्रयोग अथवा क्रम हो जसले [[मानबता]]को आवस्यकता र रहर पुरा गर्ने विषय हो. इन्जिनियरिङको ब्यबसायिक प्राविधिकलाई [[अभियन्ता|इन्जिनियर]] भनिन्छ। == इतिहास == इन्जिनियरिङ प्राचीन कालदेखि नै अस्तित्वमा छ, जब मानिसहरूले [[फेसो]], [[उत्तोलक]], चक्का र [[घिर्नी]]आदि जस्ता आविष्कारहरू गरेका थिए। <ref>{{cite journal |last=Chondros |first=Thomas G. |year=2017 |title=Natural Philosophy and the Development of Mechanics and Engineering from the 5th century B.C. to Middle-Ages |journal=FME Transactions |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=603–619 |doi=10.5937/fmet1704603C |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==शाखा == इन्जिनियरिङ एउटा फराकिलो विषय हो जुन प्रायः धेरै शाखाहरूमा विभाजित हुन्छ। सामान्यतया इन्जिनियरहरूलाई कुनै एक विशेष विषयमा तालिम दिइने भएपनि, केही इन्जिनियरहरू अनुभव मार्फत एक भन्दा धेरै क्षेत्रका विज्ञ बन्छन्। इन्जिनियरिङका परम्परागत विषयहरू सिभिल, मेकानिकल, इलेक्ट्रिकल र केमिकल हुन्।<ref name=Aslaksen_2012>{{cite book | title=The System Concept and Its Application to Engineering | first=Erik W. | last=Aslaksen | publisher=Springer Science & Business Media | year=2012 | isbn=978-3-642-32169-6 | page=145 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ALGpcsRe6QC&pg=PA145 }}</ref><ref name=Young_Muller_2014>{{cite book | title=Knowledge, Expertise and the Professions | editor1-first=Michael | editor1-last=Young | editor2-first=Johan | editor2-last=Muller | publisher=Routledge | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-134-68392-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaxwAwAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA1953 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Directions in Engineering Research: An Assessment of Opportunities and Needs | author=Engineering Research Board, National Research Council | publisher=National Academies Press | year=1987 | isbn=978-0-309-03747-1 | page=1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YG56NsKwqDEC&pg=PA1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hy9WAAAAMAAJ&q=In+most+universities+it+should+be+possible+to+cover+the+main+branches+of+engineering,+ie+civil,+mechanical,+electrical+and+chemical+engineering+in+this+way | journal=Journal of the British Nuclear Energy Society | volume=1 | title=British Nuclear Energy Society | year=1962 | quote=In most universities it should be possible to cover the main branches of engineering, i.e. civil, mechanical, electrical and chemical engineering in this way. More specialized fields of engineering application, of which [[nuclear power]] is&nbsp;... }}</ref><ref name="UK Council">{{ cite web | url=http://www.engc.org.uk/documents/Hamilton.pdf | website=Internet Archive | title=The Engineering Profession | first=James | last=Hamilton | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810194330/http://www.engc.org.uk/documents/Hamilton.pdf | archive-date=August 10, 2007 | quote=The Civilingenior degree encompasses the main branches of engineering civil, mechanical, electrical, chemical }}</ref><ref name="Ramchandani2000">{{cite book| first=Indu | last=Ramchandani | title=Student's Britannica India,7vol.Set | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g37xOBJfersC&pg=PA146 | year=2000 | publisher=Popular Prakashan | isbn=978-0-85229-761-2 | page=146 | quote=Branches: There are traditionally four primary engineering disciplines: civil, mechanical, electrical and chemical.}}</ref><ref name=Fitzpatrick_Costantini_2022/> (कहिलेकाहीँ स्ट्रकचरल,<ref name=Aslaksen_2012/> इन्डस्ट्रियल,<ref name=Young_Muller_2014/> वामाइनिङ र मेटरियल (सामग्री) <ref name=Young_Muller_2014/> थपिन्छ। ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[मेकानिकल इन्जिनियरिङ]] * [[विद्युतीय इन्जिनियरिङ]] *[[सिभिल इन्जिनियरिङ]] ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} {{Commonscat|Engineering|इन्जिनियरिङ}} [[श्रेणी:इन्जिनियरिङ]] dfxeqbklrl5txmn7r3bmb8mstdibp6x 1358563 1358559 2026-06-09T11:19:06Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* शाखा */ 1358563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{विज्ञान}}[[Image:Maquina vapor Watt ETSIIM.jpg|thumb|350px|वाट वाष्प यन्त्र(The Watt steam engine) जसको योगदानले [[औद्योगिक क्रान्ति]](industrial revolution) अघि बढेको थियो, जसको नमूना मेड्रिड, स्पेनको ETSIIM भवनमा सजाइएको छ]] '''इन्जिनियरिङ''' (अभियान्त्रिकीशास्त्र) भनेको मानविय समस्या समाधानका लागि प्रबधिको प्रयोग गरिने विज्ञान हो। बास्तवमा, इन्जिनियरिङ एक ब्यबसायिक कार्य हो जसमा सोच, फैसला गर्ने क्षमता , र बौदिक ज्ञान प्रयोग हुन्छ, जसमा [[विज्ञान]], [[प्रविधि]], [[गणित]], र प्रयोगात्मक [[अनुभव]] प्रयोग गरी परिक्लपना, [[उत्पादन]], र उपयोगि वस्तुको प्रयोग अथवा क्रम हो जसले [[मानबता]]को आवस्यकता र रहर पुरा गर्ने विषय हो. इन्जिनियरिङको ब्यबसायिक प्राविधिकलाई [[अभियन्ता|इन्जिनियर]] भनिन्छ। == इतिहास == इन्जिनियरिङ प्राचीन कालदेखि नै अस्तित्वमा छ, जब मानिसहरूले [[फेसो]], [[उत्तोलक]], चक्का र [[घिर्नी]]आदि जस्ता आविष्कारहरू गरेका थिए। <ref>{{cite journal |last=Chondros |first=Thomas G. |year=2017 |title=Natural Philosophy and the Development of Mechanics and Engineering from the 5th century B.C. to Middle-Ages |journal=FME Transactions |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=603–619 |doi=10.5937/fmet1704603C |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==शाखा == इन्जिनियरिङ एउटा फराकिलो विषय हो जुन प्रायः धेरै शाखाहरूमा विभाजित हुन्छ। सामान्यतया इन्जिनियरहरूलाई कुनै एक विशेष विषयमा तालिम दिइने भएपनि, केही इन्जिनियरहरू अनुभव मार्फत एक भन्दा धेरै क्षेत्रका विज्ञ बन्छन्। इन्जिनियरिङका परम्परागत विषयहरू सिभिल, मेकानिकल, इलेक्ट्रिकल र केमिकल हुन्।<ref name=Aslaksen_2012>{{cite book | title=The System Concept and Its Application to Engineering | first=Erik W. | last=Aslaksen | publisher=Springer Science & Business Media | year=2012 | isbn=978-3-642-32169-6 | page=145 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ALGpcsRe6QC&pg=PA145 }}</ref><ref name=Young_Muller_2014>{{cite book | title=Knowledge, Expertise and the Professions | editor1-first=Michael | editor1-last=Young | editor2-first=Johan | editor2-last=Muller | publisher=Routledge | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-134-68392-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaxwAwAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA1953 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Directions in Engineering Research: An Assessment of Opportunities and Needs | author=Engineering Research Board, National Research Council | publisher=National Academies Press | year=1987 | isbn=978-0-309-03747-1 | page=1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YG56NsKwqDEC&pg=PA1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hy9WAAAAMAAJ&q=In+most+universities+it+should+be+possible+to+cover+the+main+branches+of+engineering,+ie+civil,+mechanical,+electrical+and+chemical+engineering+in+this+way | journal=Journal of the British Nuclear Energy Society | volume=1 | title=British Nuclear Energy Society | year=1962 | quote=In most universities it should be possible to cover the main branches of engineering, i.e. civil, mechanical, electrical and chemical engineering in this way. More specialized fields of engineering application, of which [[nuclear power]] is&nbsp;... }}</ref><ref name="UK Council">{{ cite web | url=http://www.engc.org.uk/documents/Hamilton.pdf | website=Internet Archive | title=The Engineering Profession | first=James | last=Hamilton | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810194330/http://www.engc.org.uk/documents/Hamilton.pdf | archive-date=August 10, 2007 | quote=The Civilingenior degree encompasses the main branches of engineering civil, mechanical, electrical, chemical }}</ref><ref name="Ramchandani2000">{{cite book| first=Indu | last=Ramchandani | title=Student's Britannica India,7vol.Set | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g37xOBJfersC&pg=PA146 | year=2000 | publisher=Popular Prakashan | isbn=978-0-85229-761-2 | page=146 | quote=Branches: There are traditionally four primary engineering disciplines: civil, mechanical, electrical and chemical.}}</ref><ref name=Fitzpatrick_Costantini_2022/> (कहिलेकाहीँ स्ट्रकचरल,<ref name=Aslaksen_2012/> इन्डस्ट्रियल,<ref name=Young_Muller_2014/> वामाइनिङ र मेटरियल (सामग्री) <ref name=Young_Muller_2014/> थपिन्छ। तल इन्जिनियरिङका मान्यता प्राप्त शाखाहरूको सूची छ।<ref>{{cite book|title=Systems, Cybernetics, Control, and Automation|first=Spyros G.|last=Tzafestas|publisher=CRC Press|year=2022|isbn=978-1-000-79706-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGeNEQAAQBAJ&pg=PP56}}</ref><ref name="Fitzpatrick_Costantini_20222">{{cite book|title=Counseling 21st Century Students for Optimal College and Career Readiness: A 9th–12th Grade Curriculum|first1=Corine|last1=Fitzpatrick|first2=Kathleen|last2=Costantini|edition=2nd|publisher=Routledge|year=2022|isbn=978-1-000-54220-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=selZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT50}}</ref> {{clear|right}} {| class="wikitable" |+ !Type of engineering !Information |- |एयरोस्पेस इन्जिनियरिङ |विमान, उपग्रह र रकेटको डिजाइन, विकास, निर्माण र सञ्चालन |- |कृषि इन्जिनियरिङ |कृषि शक्ति र मेसिनरी, जैविक सामग्री प्रक्रियाहरू, जैविक ऊर्जा, कृषि संरचनाहरू, र कृषि प्राकृतिक स्रोत |- |जैविक इन्जिनियरिङ | |- |बायोमेडिकल इन्जिनियरिङ |स्वास्थ्य सेवा अनुप्रयोग |- |रासायनिक इन्जिनियरिङ |कच्चा पदार्थ वा रसायनहरूबाट प्राविधिक समाधानहरू विकास गर्न रासायनिक, भौतिक र जैविक विज्ञानहरूको प्रयोग |- |[[सिभिल इन्जिनियरिङ]] |पूर्वाधार (विमानस्थल, सडक, रेलवे, पानी आपूर्ति, र उपचार आदि), पुल, सुरुङ, बाँध र भवनहरू जस्ता सार्वजनिक र निजी कार्यहरूको डिजाइन र निर्माण |- |कम्प्युटर इन्जिनियरिङ |कम्प्युटर हार्डवेयर र सफ्टवेयर विकास गर्न आवश्यक पर्ने कम्प्युटर विज्ञान र इलेक्ट्रोनिक इन्जिनियरिङका धेरै क्षेत्रहरूलाई एकीकृत |- |[[विद्युतीय इन्जिनियरिङ]] |बिजुली र विद्युत चुम्बकत्व प्रयोग गर्ने प्रणाली र उपकरणहरूको डिजाइन, विकास र प्रयोग |- |वातावरणीय इन्जिनियरिङ |मानव स्वास्थ्य र कल्याणको लागि वातावरणको संरक्षण र सुधार गर्न वैज्ञानिक र इन्जिनियरिङ सिद्धान्त |- |भूगर्भीय इन्जिनियरिङ |पृथ्वीमा वा भित्र निर्माण गरिएको कुनै पनि चीजसँग सम्बन्धित |- |औद्योगिक इन्जिनियरिङ |दक्षता, उत्पादकता र गुणस्तर सुधार गरेर जटिल प्रक्रियाहरू, प्रणालीहरू र संस्थाहरूलाई अनुकूलन गर्ने |- |समुद्री इन्जिनियरिङ |पानीजहाज र तेल प्लेटफर्म र बन्दरगाह जस्ता स्थिर संरचनाहरूको डिजाइन, विकास, निर्माण र सञ्चालन |- |सामग्री इन्जिनियरिङ |सामग्रीका गुणहरू बुझ्न भौतिक विज्ञान र इन्जिनियरिङ |- |[[मेकानिकल इन्जिनियरिङ]] |मेसिन र मेकानिकल प्रणालीहरूको सञ्चालनको लागि ताप र मेकानिकल शक्तिको डिजाइन र विश्लेषण |- |न्यूक्लियर इन्जिनियरिङ |आणविक ऊर्जा र विकिरण प्रयोग गर्ने प्रणालीहरूको डिजाइन, निर्माण, सञ्चालन र सुरक्षा |- |सफ्टवेयर इन्जिनियरिङ |कम्प्युटर विज्ञान र इन्जिनियरिङ दुवैको एक शाखा हो जुन सफ्टवेयर अनुप्रयोगहरूको डिजाइन, विकास, परीक्षण र मर्मतमा केन्द्रित छ। यो कम्प्युटर इन्जिनियरिङभन्दा फरक छ। |} ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[मेकानिकल इन्जिनियरिङ]] * [[विद्युतीय इन्जिनियरिङ]] *[[सिभिल इन्जिनियरिङ]] ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} {{Commonscat|Engineering|इन्जिनियरिङ}} [[श्रेणी:इन्जिनियरिङ]] t34bci5f41peddnedwyuc14q2ba78zq 0 2317 1358562 1303408 2026-06-09T11:13:08Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{eng}} [[चित्र:Laserbehandling.jpg|right|thumb|320x320px]] '''रिउम्याटोलोजी''' [[आन्तरिक चिकित्सा]]को एक विशिष्टिकरण हो। यो विषयमा '''रिउम्याटिक रोग'''हरूको [[डायग्नोसिस]] र उपचार गरिन्छ। रिउम्याटोलोजी भन्ने शब्द युनानी शब्द ''रिउमा'', (अर्थ : "पानी झै बग्ने") र ''-ओलोजी'', (अर्थ :"अध्ययन") मिलेर बनेको हो। रिउम्याटोलोजीमा जोर्नी र कनेक्टिभ तन्तुको अवस्थाहरूको बारेमा अध्ययन गरिन्छ। == रोग == रिउम्याटोलोजीमा डायग्नोज र व्यवस्थापन हुने रोगहरु यस प्रकार छन्: *[[रिउम्याटोइड आरथ्राइटिस]] *[[लुपस इरिथ्रेमाटोसस]] *[[सियोग्रेन सिन्ड्रम]] *[[स्क्लेरोडर्मा]] (systemic sclerosis) *[[डर्माटोमायोसिस]] *[[पोलिकोन्ड्राइटिस]] *[[पोलिमायोसिस]] *[[पोलिमायाल्गिया रिउम्याटिका]] *[[अस्टियोआर्थ्राइटिस]] *[[सेप्टिक आर्थ्राइटिस]] *[[बाथ]], [[स्युडोगाउट]] *[[spondyloarthropathy|spondyloarthropathies]] **[[ankylosing spondylitis]] **[[reactive arthritis]] (Reiter's syndrome) **[[psoriatic arthropathy]] **[[enteropathic spondylitis]] **[[reactive arthropathy]] *[[vasculitis]] **[[polyarteritis nodosa]] **[[Henoch-Schönlein purpura]] **[[serum sickness]] **[[Wegener's granulomatosis]] **[[giant cell arteritis]] **[[temporal arteritis]] **[[Takayasu's arteritis]] **[[Behçet's syndrome]] **[[Kawasaki's disease]] (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome) **[[Buerger's disease]] ([[thromboangiitis obliterans]]) <!--much more here--> == निदान == Apart from an extensive medical history र [[physical examination]], a rheumatologist may apply the following diagnostic methods: * [[Medical laboratory|Laboratory]] [[blood test|tests]] (e.g. [[erythrocyte sedimentation rate]], [[rheumatoid factor]]) * [[X-ray]]s of affected joints र other imaging methods * [[Cytology]] र [[chemical pathology]] of fluid aspirated from affected joints (e.g. to differentiate between [[septic arthritis]] र [[gout]]) == उपचार == रिउम्याटोलोजीका प्रायः रोगहरु [[एनालजेसिक]], [[एनएसएआइडि]], [[स्टेरोइड]], [[डिएमएआरडि]], [[मोनोक्लोनल एन्टिबडी]], जस्तै [[इन्फ्लिक्सिम्याब]] र [[एडालिमुम्याब]], र घुलनशील TNF रिसेप्टर [[एटानर्सेप्ट]] आदिद्वारा उपचार गरिन्छ। रिउम्याटोलोजीको उपचारमा [[फिजियोथेरापी]]को पनि महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका हुन्छ। [[अकुपेसनल थेरापी]]ले पनि बिरामीलाई साधारण कामकाजमा मद्दत गर्दछ। == Scientific research == A large body of recent scientific research treats the background of [[autoimmune disease]], the cause of many rheumatic disorders. Epidemiological studies र medication trials are also conducted. == External links == *[http://www.jclinrheum.com JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010923025737/http://jclinrheum.com/ |date=2001-09-23 }}. *[http://www.institutferran.org IFR: Institut Ferran de Reumatologia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228034625/http://www.institutferran.org/ |date=2009-02-28 }}. {{Medicine}} ''Italic text'' {{Commonscat|Rheumatology}} [[श्रेणी:Rheumatology|*]] 5pmukcf6rwmdyzecbcelrs8mh86f3yz 0 3177 1358471 1338421 2026-06-09T02:05:47Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[सम्माननीय]] | name = {{पृष्ठको नाम}} | image = Prime Minister of Nepal Pushpa Kamal Dahal "Prachanda".jpg | office = [[नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री|नेपालको ३३औँ प्रधानमन्त्री]] | president = [[विद्यादेवी भण्डारी]]<br> [[रामचन्द्र पौडेल]] | term_start = १० पुस २०७९ | term_end = ३० असार २०८० | predecessor = [[शेरबहादुर देउवा]] | successor = [[खड्गप्रसाद ओली]] | president1 = [[विद्यादेवी भण्डारी]] | term_start1 = २०७३ साउन २० | term_end1 = २०७४ जेठ २४ | predecessor1 = [[खड्गप्रसाद ओली]] | successor1 = [[शेरबहादुर देउवा]] | deputy1 = [[विमलेन्द्र निधि]]<br>[[विजयकुमार गच्छदार]] | president2 = [[रामवरण यादव]] | term_start2 = २०६५ साउन ३१ | term_end2 = २०६६ जेठ ११ | deputy2 = [[वामदेव गौतम]] | predecessor2 = [[गिरिजाप्रसाद कोइराला]] | successor2 = [[माधवकुमार नेपाल]] | office3 = [[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)]]को अध्यक्ष | term_start3 = २०७७ फागुन २४ | term_end3 = | predecessor3 = पद स्थापित (सर्वोच्च अदालतद्वारा पार्टी पुन:गठन) | successor3 = | term_start4 = वि.सं २०५० | term_end4 = वि.सं २०७४ | predecessor4 = पद स्थापित | successor4 = [[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी]]को गठन | office5 = [[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी]]को अध्यक्ष | alongside5 = [[खड्गप्रसाद ओली]] | term_start5 = वि.सं २०७४ | term_end5 = २०७७ फागुन २४ | predecessor5 = पद स्थापित | successor5 = सर्वाेच्च अदालतको फैसलाले पार्टी विघटन | office6 = [[प्रतिनिधि सभा (नेपाल)|प्रतिनिधि सभा सदस्य]] | term_start6 = वि.सं २०७९ | term_end6 = | constituency6 = [[गोरखा २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|गोरखा २]] | predecessor6 = [[बाबुराम भट्टराई]] | term_start7 = २०७४ फागुन २० | term_end7 = २०७९ असोज | constituency7 = [[चितवन ३ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|चितवन ३]] | predecessor7 = कृष्णभक्त पोखरेल | successor7 = | office8 = [[नेपालको पहिलो संविधान सभा|संविधान सभा सदस्य]] | term_start8 = २०७० माघ ७ | term_end8 = २०७४ असोज २८ | constituency8 = सिराह ५ | predecessor8 = महेन्द्र पासवान | successor8 = ''निर्वाचन क्षेत्र विघटित'' | term_start9 = २०६५ जेठ १५ | term_end9 = २०६९ जेठ १५ | constituency9 = काठमाडौँ १० | predecessor9 = ''निर्वाचन क्षेत्र स्थापित'' | successor9 = राजेन्द्रकुमार केसी | birth_name = घनश्याम दाहाल (न्वारनको नाम) <ref name=youtube.com /> छविलाल दाहाल <ref>{{Cite web|title=From the hinterlands to Singha Durbar: A perspective on PM Pushpa Kamal Dahal - OnlineKhabar English News|date=4 August 2016 |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/hinterlands-singha-durbar-perspective-pm-pushpa-kamal-dahal.html|access-date=2022-02-21|language=en}}</ref><ref name="NYT">{{Cite news|last=Rohde|first=David|date=2002-12-29|title=Insurgents Create Growing Instability in Nepal|language=en|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/29/world/insurgents-create-growing-instability-in-nepal.html|access-date=2022-02-21|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|12|11|df=y}} | birth_place = ढिकुर प‍ोखरी, [[कास्की जिल्ला|कास्की]], [[नेपाल अधिराज्य]] <br>(हाल ढिकुर पोखरी, अन्नपूर्ण गाउँपालिका, [[कास्की जिल्ला|कास्की]], [[गण्डकी प्रदेश]], [[नेपाल]])<br/> | party = [[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]]{{small|(वि.सं २०५०–२०७४; २०७७–हाल)}} | otherparty = नेकपा (चौथो महाधिवेशन) {{small|(वि.सं २०३९ अगाडि)}}<br />नेकपा (मसाल) {{small|(वि.सं २०३९–२०४०)}}<br />नेकपा (मशाल) {{small|(वि.सं २०४०–२०४८)}}<br />[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकता केन्द्र)|नेकपा (एकता केन्द्र)]] {{small|(वि.सं २०४८–२०५२)}}<br />[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी]] {{small|(वि.सं २०७५–२०७७)}} | relations = * [[बिना मगर]] (बुहारी) * [[रेणु दाहाल]] (छोरी) * [[सीता दाहाल]] (श्रीमती) * [[प्रकाश दाहाल]] (छोरा) * गङ्गा दाहाल (छोरी) * ज्ञानु केसी (छोरी) | nickname = प्रचण्ड | alma_mater = [[कृषि तथा वन विज्ञान विश्वविद्यालय|कृषि तथा वन विश्वविद्यालय]] | website = {{url|cmprachanda.com|आधिकारिक वेबसाइट}} }} '''पुष्पकमल दाहाल''' (जन्म: २०११ मङ्सिर २६, जन्मको नाम '''घनश्याम दाहाल'''<ref name="youtube.com">{{Cite web |title=पुष्पकमल दाहाल प्रचण्डको पहिलो टेलिभिजन अन्तरवार्ता (पूरा एपिसोड) सेप्टेम्बर २००६ |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=75q4QNsl978 |language=en |access-date=2022-03-12}}</ref>, वा राजनीतिक नाम '''प्रचण्ड'''), [[नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरूको सूची|नेपालका पूर्वप्रधानमन्त्री]] हुन्। उनी नेपाल कम्यूनिष्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र) का अध्यक्ष पनि हुन्। <ref>{{Cite web |title=नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र) |url=https://cpnmc.org/ |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=CPN (Maoist Centre) |language=Nepali }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731052403/https://www.cpnmc.org/ |date=2024-07-31 }}</ref>उनले यसअघि २०६५ साउन ३१ देखि २०६६ जेठ ११ सम्म पहिलो पटक र २०७३ साउन २० देखि २०७४ जेठ २४ सम्म दोस्रो पटक उक्त पद सम्हालेका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-06/06/c_136344887.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606155828/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-06/06/c_136344887.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2017|title=Nepali Congress party president elected as 40th prime minister of Nepal - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|website=news.xinhuanet.com|access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pushpa-kamal-dahal-prachanda-resigns-as-nepal-prime-minister-1697767|title=Pushpa Kamal Dahal 'Prachanda' Resigns As Nepal Prime Minister|work=NDTV.com|access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/16/world/asia/16nepal.html|title=Nepal Elects a Maoist to Be the Prime Minister|last1=Pokharel|first1=Tilak|date=15 August 2008|work=The New York Times|access-date=22 June 2017|last2=Sengupta|first2=Somini|language=en|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> उनी २०७९ पुस १० गते [[नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री]]मा नियुक्त भए र २०८१ साउनमा संसद्‍मा विश्वासको मत पाउन नसेकपछि पदमुक्त भए।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title=प्रचण्ड : विश्वासको मत नपाएपछि प्रधानमन्त्री पदमुक्त, अबको प्रक्रिया के |url=https://www.bbc.com/nepali/articles/cd1x51d01l5o |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=BBC News नेपाली |language=ne}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author= |title=राष्ट्रपतिद्वारा प्रचण्डलाई प्रधानमन्त्रीमा नियुक्त|url=https://www.bbc.com/nepali/articles/czqgwd46dv5o.amp|website=बीबीसी|language=नेपाली|accessdate=१५ मङ्सिर २०७९}}</ref> [[माओवादी जनयुद्ध|माओवादी सशस्त्र द्वन्द्व]] र त्यसपछिको शान्ति प्रक्रिया र [[नेपालको पहिलो संविधान सभा]]को समय वा पछि पनि दाहाल [[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी)]]का अध्यक्षको रूपमा रहेका थिए।<ref name="bbc-2009">{{cite web |title=Nepal raises conflict death toll |author=<!--staff writers, no byline--> |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8268651.stm |date=22 September 2009 बीबीसी]] |access-date=24 March 2018}}</ref> [[संविधान सभा निर्वाचन, २०६४]]मा तत्कालीन [[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी)]] सबैभन्दा ठूलो दलको रूपमा उदाएको थियो र सोही वर्ष उनी [[नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री|प्रधानमन्त्री]] बनेका थिए।<ref name=PM>[http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/08/16/asia/AS-Nepal-Premiership-Election.php "Ex-rebels' chief chosen as Nepal's new PM"], Associated Press ''International Herald Tribune''), 15 August 2008।</ref> तत्कालीन [[नेपालको प्रधान सेनापति|सेनाप्रमुख]] [[रुक्माङ्गद कटवाल|रूक्माङ्गद कटवाल]]लाई बर्खास्त गर्ने उनको प्रयासको तत्कालीन [[नेपालको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]] [[रामवरण यादव]]ले विरोध गरेपछि उनले २०६६ वैशाख २१ मा पदबाट राजीनामा दिएका थिए।<ref name="Nepal PM quits in army chief row">{{cite news |title = Nepal PM quits in army chief row|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8032389.stm|publisher=BBC News|date= 4 May 2009|access-date =4 May 2009}}</ref> == व्यक्तिगत जीवन र प्रारम्भिक राजनीति == प्रचण्डको जन्म [[कास्की जिल्ला|कास्की]]को पोखरामा एक ब्राह्मण परिवारमा घनश्याम दाहालको रूपमा भएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-08/03/c_135561309.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805025844/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-08/03/c_135561309.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 August 2016|title=CPN Maoist Chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal elected as 39th Prime Minister of Nepal|publisher=Xinhuanet|access-date=13 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Prachanda-elected-Prime-Minister-of-Nepal/article15282412.ece|title=Prachanda elected Prime Minister of Nepal|work=The Hindu|access-date=13 December 2017}}</ref> म्याट्रिक परीक्षाको क्रममा आफ्नो नाम परिवर्तन गरेर पुष्पकमल दाहाल नबनाएसम्म उनलाई घनश्यामको रूपमा चिनिन्थ्यो।<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080821145221/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08/15/content_9366494.htm "Profile: Prachanda, from commander to prime minister."] Chinaview.cn, 15 August 2008</ref><ref>[http://english.cri.cn/2947/2008/08/18/1321s395641.htm Nepali PM Prachanda Sworn In] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104226/http://english.cri.cn/2947/2008/08/18/1321s395641.htm |date=2018-11-07 }}. English.cri.cn. Retrieved 3 September 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.indiainfo.com/2008/09/13/0809131815_it_nostalgia_time_prachanda_india.html |title=It will be nostalgia time for Prachanda in India |access-date=28 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617020931/http://news.indiainfo.com/2008/09/13/0809131815_it_nostalgia_time_prachanda_india.html |archive-date=17 June 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617020931/http://news.indiainfo.com/2008/09/13/0809131815_it_nostalgia_time_prachanda_india.html |date=17 June 2011 }}. news.indiainfo.com. 13 September 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.nepalitimes.com.np/issue/2001/09/14/FromtheNepaliPress/7642 Prachanda’s family calls] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725095742/http://www.nepalitimes.com.np/issue/2001/09/14/FromtheNepaliPress/7642 |date=25 July 2011 }}. Nepali Times. Retrieved 3 September 2011.</ref><ref name="youtube.com"/> प्रचण्डले आफ्नो बाल्यकालको अधिकांश समय चितवनमा बिताएका थिए। चितवनको रामपुरस्थित [[कृषि तथा पशु विज्ञान अध्ययन संस्थान|कृषि तथा पशु विज्ञान अध्ययन संस्थान]]बाट कृषिमा स्नातकोत्तर प्राप्त गरेका उनी अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विकासका लागि संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाको एजेन्सी प्रायोजनमा [[जाजरकोट जिल्ला|जाजरकोट]]को ग्रामीण विकास परियोजनामा कार्यरत थिए।<ref>Somini Sengupta, and he was also a high school teacher in Aarught of Gorkha district.[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/30/magazine/30maoists.html?pagewanted=6&ei=5090&en=6325acb2413a7226&ex=1288328400 "Where Maoists Still Matter"], ''The New York Times,'' 30 October 2005.</ref> उनले आफ्नो युवावस्थामा चरम गरिबीको सामना गरेका थिए। उनी बामपन्थी राजनीतिक पार्टीहरूमा आकर्षित हुन पुगेका थिए। उनी वि.सं २०४६ मा भूमिगत नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (चौथो महाधिवेशन) मा सामेल भएका थिए।<ref>[http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/others/feature/aug/news_feature01.php] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203020014/http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/others/feature/aug/news_feature01.php|date=3 December 2008}}</ref> उनी वि.सं २०५४ मा नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (मशाल)को महासचिव भएका थिए। यो पार्टी पछि [[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी)]] बनेको थियो। वि.सं २०४६ मा प्रजातन्त्रको पुनस्थापनापछि पनि प्रचण्ड भूमिगत थिए। तत्कालीन समयमा उनलाई व्यापक रूपमा चिनिएको थिएन। उनले पार्टीको गुप्त शाखालाई नियन्त्रण गरेका थिए जबकि पछि उनको सहयात्री बनेका [[बाबुराम भट्टराई]]ले संसदमा [[संयुक्त जनमोर्चा]]को प्रतिनिधित्व गरेका थिए। ==शिक्षा== उनको औपचारिक शिक्षा [[प्रवेशिका परीक्षा|एस.एल.सी]]. सम्म [[चितवन जिल्ला|चितवन]]को नारायणी विद्या मन्दिर मा.वि.बाट र आई.एस.स्सी. [[पाटन बहुमुखी क्याम्पस]]बाट वि सं २०२७–२०२९ भएको थियो। उनले बि.एस्सी वि सं २०३१–२०३३ सालमा [[रामपुर कृषि क्याम्पस]]बाट गरि एम.पी.ए.सम्मको अध्ययन गरेका छन् ।<ref>{{Cite web |title=सम्माननीय प्रधानमन्त्री {{!}} Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers |url=https://www.opmcm.gov.np/prime-minister/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |language=en-US }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102094337/https://www.opmcm.gov.np/prime-minister/ |date=2021-11-02 }}</ref> == माओवादी द्वन्द्व == [[चित्र:Prachanda.jpg|thumb|left|पोखरामा सभालाई सम्बोधन गर्दै प्रचण्ड]] [[बाबुराम भट्टराई]]ले २०५२ माघ २१ गते नेपाली काङ्ग्रेसको तर्फबाट प्रधानमन्त्री बनेका [[शेरबहादुर देउवा]] नेतृत्वको सरकारलाई ४० वटा मागको सूची दिएका थिए।<ref>[[बाबुराम भट्टराई]], [http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/nepal/document/papers/40points.htm "40 Point Demand"], ''South Asia Intelligence Review'', 4 February 1996</ref> 'राष्ट्रियता, लोकतन्त्र र जीविकोपार्जन' सँग सम्बन्धित मागहरूमा 'नेपाली उद्योग, व्यवसाय र वित्तमा विदेशी पूँजीको प्रभुत्व बन्द गर्ने, सन् १९५० को नेपाल–भारत सन्धि लगायत विभेदकारी सन्धिहरू खारेज (यहाँ सन् १९५० को भारत–नेपाल शान्ति तथा मैत्री सन्धिलाई उल्लेख गर्दै) र सामन्ती व्यवस्थाको नियन्त्रणमा रहेको जमिन जफत गरी भूमिहीन र घरबारविहीनलाई वितरण गरिनुपर्ने जस्ता विषय समेटिएका थिए। माग सम्बोधन नभएसँगै [[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी)]]को नेतृत्वमा नेपालमा दश वर्षे सशस्त्र द्वन्द्व २०५२ फागुन १ गते घोषणा भएको थियो। [[शाह वंश|नेपालको राजतन्त्र]]लाई समाप्त र जनगणतन्त्र स्थापना गर्ने उद्देश्यका साथ यसको सुरूवात भएको थियो। विसं २०६३ साल मङ्सिर ५ गते तत्कालीन प्रधानमन्त्री [[गिरिजाप्रसाद कोइराला]] र नेकपा माओवादीका अध्यक्ष पुष्पकमल दाहालले विस्तृत शान्ति सम्झौतामा हस्ताक्षर गरेसँगै यस द्वन्द्वको औपचारिक समाप्ती भएको थियो। यस भन्दा अगाडि, २०६३ वैशाख १३ सम्म, दहालले [[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी)]]को सैन्य प्रयासलाई विशेष गरी पहाडी क्षेत्र र पश्चिम नेपालमा नियन्त्रणका क्षेत्रहरू स्थापना गर्न निर्देशन दिएका थिए। त्यसपछिको राजनीतिक वार्तामा ४० वटा मागलाई घटाएर २४ मा झारिएको थियो।<ref>[http://www.nepalnews.com.np/contents/englishdaily/ktmpost/2003/apr/apr28/index1.htm "Maoists Demand Interim Constitution,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927091159/http://www.nepalnews.com.np/contents/englishdaily/ktmpost/2003/apr/apr28/index1.htm |date=27 September 2008 }} ''Kathmandu Post'', 28 April 2003</ref> === बाह्रबुँदे सम्झौता === २०६२ मङ्सिर ७ मा प्रचण्ड र सातदलीय गठबन्धनले '१२ बुँदे सहमति' जारी गरेका थिए जसमा नेकपा (माओवादी) र [[आम निर्वाचन २०४८|२०४८ सालको संसदीय निर्वाचन]]मा ठूलो बहुमत प्राप्त गरेका पार्टीहरूबीच सहमतिका क्षेत्रहरू व्यक्त गरिएको थियो। यस दस्तावेजमा [[ज्ञानेन्द्र वीरविक्रम शाह|राजा ज्ञानेन्द्र]]को तानाशाही राजतन्त्र नै नेपालको प्रगतिको प्रमुख बाधक रहेको उल्लेख गरिएको थियो। माओवादी मानव अधिकार, प्रेस स्वतन्त्रता र बहुदलीय शासन प्रणालीप्रति प्रतिबद्ध रहेको विज्ञप्तिमा उल्लेख थियो। यसले आत्मआलोचना र माओवादी र सात दलको विगतका गल्ती नदोहोर्‍याउने प्रतिबद्धता व्यक्त गरेको थियो। === शान्ति प्रक्रिया पश्चात् === [[माओवादी जनयुद्ध|माओवादी द्वन्द्व]] दौरान थुप्रै युद्धविरामहरू भएका थिए। २०६३ वैशाख १३ मा, प्रचण्डले ९० दिनको घोषित अवधिको साथ युद्धविरामको घोषणा गरेका थिए। ६२/६३ मा, काठमाडौँ र अन्य स्थानमा हप्तौँसम्म चलेको व्यापक विरोध प्रदर्शनपछि राजा ज्ञानेन्द्रले २०६१ माघ १९ मा स्थापना गरेको व्यक्तिगत अधिनायकत्व त्याग्न र विघटन भएको संसद्को पुनःर्स्थापना गर्न बाध्य भएका थिए। त्यसपछि सात दलीय गठबन्धनले नयाँ सरकार गठन गरेको थियो र राजतन्त्र उन्मुलन भएको थियो। संसद् र नयाँ सरकारले युद्धविरामलाई समर्थन गर्दै बाह्रबुँदे सहमतिका आधारमा माओवादीसँग वार्ता सुरु गरेको थियो। दुवै पक्ष नयाँ संविधान लेख्न र नयाँ [[संविधान सभा]]को निर्वाचन गर्ने कुरामा सहमत भएका थिए। == सार्वजनिक उपस्थिति == वि.सं २०६२ सालमा, माओवादीका अध्यक्ष प्रचण्ड र अर्का वरिष्ठ नेता [[बाबुराम भट्टराई]] भारतको [[पन्जाब, भारत|पञ्जाब]]मा भएको माओवादी बैठकको अध्यक्षता गरेपछि [[वीरगन्ज महानगरपालिका|वीरगञ्ज]] हुँदै नेपाल प्रवेश गरेका थिए। त्यसपछि उनीहरू पार्टीले विभिन्न स्थानमा आयोजना गरेका विभिन्न कार्यक्रममा सहभागी भएका थिए।<ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/200808/15/content_9366494.htm "Profile: Prachanda, from commander to prime minister."]Chinaview.cn, 15 August 2008</ref> [[सात दलीय गठबन्धन]]सँग राजनीतिक सम्झौता हुनुअघि प्रचण्डले सार्वजनिक रूपमा उपस्थित हुन अस्वीकार गरेका थिए। माओवादीहरू आफ्नो शक्ति खोस्नुको साटो राजतन्त्रको अन्त्य गर्नुपर्छ भन्ने आफ्नो मागमा अडिग थिए। माओवादी नेता [[कृष्णबहादुर महरा]]ले सातदलीय गठबन्धन र राजाबीच गत २०६३ वैशाख ११ गते गोप्य सहमति भएको र भविष्यमा कुनै न कुनै रुपमा राजालाई राजसंस्था कायम राख्ने आश्वासन दिएको दाबी गरेका थिए। २०६३ जेठ २३ का दिन तत्कालीन प्रधानमन्त्री गिरिजाप्रसाद कोइराला नेपालको पछिल्लो राजनीतिक परिवर्तनका लागि भारतसँग सहयोग माग्न चारदिने भ्रमणका लागि भारत गएका थिए। माओवादी अध्यक्ष दाहालले देशभित्रको राजनीतिक विवाद समाधान नगरी आफूहरूले कुनै पनि आर्थिक सहयोग नमाग्ने र भारतीय जेलमा रहेका माओवादी कैदीलाई अविलम्ब रिहा गर्न माग गरेका थिए। प्रधानमन्त्री [[गिरिजाप्रसाद कोइराला]] नेपाल फर्केपछि उनले प्रचण्ड र बाबुरामसँग सिधै उच्चस्तरीय वार्ता गर्नुपर्नेमा जोड दिएका थिए। तर, अध्यक्ष प्रचण्ड र अर्का वरिष्ठ नेताले भट्टराईले कोइरालाको आग्रह अस्वीकार गरेका थिए। २०६३ जेठ ३१ गते, [[कृष्णप्रसाद सिटौला]] निजी हेलिकप्टरबाट कास्कीको पहाडी गाउँ सिक्लिस पुगेका थिए। सिटौला त्यहाँ पुग्दा नेकपा (माओवादी)ले गाउँमा आमसभा गर्ने योजना बनाइरहेको थियो। वरिष्ठ नेतासँग चार घण्टा लामो छलफलपछि सिटौलाले उनीहरूलाई काठमाडौँ ल्याउने तयारी गरेका थिए। २०६३ असार २ गते, सिटौला प्रचण्ड र भट्टराईलाई लिन पोखरा उडेका थिए। प्रचण्ड, उनकी पत्नी र भट्टराईलाई प्रधानमन्त्री निवास लगिएको थियो। माओवादी अध्यक्ष प्रचण्डले भने, 'त्यो दिन काठमाडौँमा पहिलो दिन म सार्वजनिक रुपमा देखा परेँ, मैले हल्का निलो रङको सुट लगाएँको थिए। मलाई हल्का निलो सबैभन्दा बढी मनपर्छ। २५ वर्ष भूमिगत र १० वर्षको युद्धपछि प्रचण्डको जीवनमा यो मोड आएको थियो। सरकार र माओवादी विद्रोहीबीच आठ बुँदे सहमति भएको थियो। प्रधानमन्त्रीसँगको वार्तापछि सञ्चारकर्मीसँग कुरा गर्दै प्रचण्डले विगतका असफलताका बाबजुद शान्ति वार्ता अघि बढेको बताएका थिए। विद्रोही नेताको सार्वजनिक उपस्थितिले नेपालमा सनसनी मच्चाएको थियो। उक्त सम्झौता 'ऐतिहासिक' भएको उल्लेख गर्दै प्रचण्डले संविधानसभाको निर्वाचनपछि नेपाल छिट्टै गणतन्त्रमा रूपान्तरण हुने बताएका थिए। राजतन्त्रको अन्त्यपछि उनी नेपालका पहिलो प्रधानमन्त्री बनेका थिए। == अन्तरिम सरकार == २०६३ असार २ गते, तत्कालीन प्रधानमन्त्री [[गिरिजाप्रसाद कोइराला]]सँग प्रचण्डको भेट भएको थियो, जुन एक दशकभन्दा बढी समयपछि उनको पहिलो राजधानी काठमाडौँ भ्रमण मानिएको थियो।<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5085760.stm "Maoists to join Nepal government,"] [[BBC]], 16 June 2006</ref><ref>[http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-612387108,prtpage-1.cms "Power Play,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112085204/http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-612387108,prtpage-1.cms |date=12 January 2009 }} ''The Times of India'' 3 November 2001</ref> यस बैठकको परिणामस्वरूप संसद विघटन गर्न, [[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी)]]लाई नयाँ अन्तरिम सरकारमा सामेल गर्न, नयाँ संविधानको मस्यौदा तयार गर्न र ग्रामीण नेपालमा सञ्चालित नेकपा (माओवादी)को "जनसरकारहरू" विघटन गर्न [[विस्तृत शान्ति सम्झौता]] भएको थियो।<ref>Maseeh Rahman, [https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,,1799696,00.html "After a decade of fighting, Nepal's Maoist rebels embrace government,"] ''The Guardian'', 17 June 2006</ref> दुवै पक्ष अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय निगरानीमा पछि निःशस्त्रीकरण गर्न पनि सहमत भएका थिए। २०६४ असोज १ मा, नेकपा (माओवादी) ले संसदद्वारा गणतन्त्रको घोषणा र निर्वाचनमा समानुपातिक प्रतिनिधित्वको प्रणालीको माग गर्दै [[संविधान सभा निर्वाचन, २०६४|संविधान सभाको निर्वाचन]] अघि गठबन्धन सरकार छोडेको थियो। निर्वाचनपछि राजतन्त्रको अन्त्य गर्ने र निर्वाचनमा आंशिक समानुपातिक प्रतिनिधित्वको व्यवस्था गर्ने सहमति भएपछि [[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी)]] पुनः सरकारमा सामेल भएको थियो।<ref>[http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-31175720071230 "Nepal Maoists rejoin cabinet after monarchy deal,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928035410/https://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-31175720071230 |date=2020-09-28 }} Reuters, 30 December 2007</ref> २०६७ माघ २० मा प्रधानमन्त्रीका लागि भएको निर्वाचनमा प्रचण्डले [[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)]]का तर्फबाट उम्मेदवारी दिएका थिए तर पछि उनले आफ्नो उम्मेदवारी फिर्ता लिएर नेकपा (एमाले)का प्रधानमन्त्री पदका उम्मेदवार [[झलनाथ खनाल]]लाई समर्थन गरेका थिए। उनकै समर्थनमा ६ महिनाभन्दा लामो कामचलाउ सरकारलाई हटाएर खनाल नयाँ [[प्रधानमन्त्री]]मा निर्वाचित भएका थिए। == प्रधानमन्त्री == === '''पहिलो कार्यकाल''' === === '''दोस्रो कार्यकाल''' === {{मुख्य|प्रचण्ड मन्त्रिपरिषद्, २०७३ }} === तेस्रो '''कार्यकाल''' === {{मुख्य|तेस्रो दाहाल मन्त्रिपरिषद्, २०७९}} == समयानुक्रम == * २०२६ सालमा [[प्रवेशिका परीक्षा|एसएलसी]] * २०३० सालमा आइएस्सी [[पाटन संयुक्त क्याम्पस]] * २०३३ सालमा बीएस्सी एजी [[कृषि तथा पशु विज्ञान अध्ययन संस्थान|कृषि तथा पशु विज्ञान अध्ययन संस्थान]] [[रामपुर नगरपालिका|रामपुर]], चितवन * २०३३ सालदेखि २०३५ सालसम्म [[गोरखाली|गोरखा]] [[आरूघाट गाउँपालिका|आरुघाट]]मा अध्यापन * २०३८ सालमा नेकपामा प्रवेश * २०३५ सालदेखि पूर्णकालीन तथा भूमिगत जीवन प्रारम्भ * २०४६ महामन्त्री [[नेकपा (मशाल)]] * २०४८ महामन्त्री [[नेकपा (एकता-केन्द्र)]] * २०५१ महामन्त्री नेकपा (माओवादी) * २०५७ अध्यक्ष, नेकपा (माओवादी) * २०६३ आम जनतासमक्ष सार्वजनिक {{बाकस-सुरू}} {{पदक्रम| पहिले=[[गिरिजाप्रसाद कोइराला|गिरिजा प्रसाद कोइराला]]| पद=[[नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरूको सूची|नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री]]| अवधि=अगस्ट् १८, २००८ देखि मे ४, २००९| पछि=माधब कुमार नेपाल }} {{बाकस-अन्त्य}} {{बाकस-सुरू}} {{पदक्रम |पहिले=[[खड्गप्रसाद ओली]] |पद=[[नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरूको सूची|नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री]] |अवधि=१९ साउन २०७३ देखि |पछि= [[शेरबहादुर देउवा]] | }} {{बाकस-अन्त्य}} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} == बाह्य कडीहरू == *{{URL|http://cmprachanda.com|पुष्पकमल दाहालको आधिकारिक वेबसाइट}} *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=75q4QNsl978 पुष्पकमल दाहालको पहिलो टेलिभिजन अन्तर्वार्ता] {{प्राधिकरण नियन्त्रण}} {{नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरू}} {{Commonscat|Prachanda|प्रचण्ड}} [[श्रेणी:नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:संविधान सभा सदस्य]] [[श्रेणी:नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीका राजनीतिज्ञहरू]] [[श्रेणी:कम्युनिस्ट सभासद]] [[श्रेणी:चितवन जिल्लाका मानिसहरू]] [[श्रेणी:माओवादी जनयुद्धका मानिसहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका सांसदहरू २०७४–२०७९]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका सांसदहरू २०७९–२०८२]] [[श्रेणी:नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)का राजनीतिज्ञहरू]] [[श्रेणी:खस जाति]] [[श्रेणी:कास्की जिल्लाका मानिसहरू]] [[श्रेणी:२१औँ शताब्दीका नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरू]] lp2dowc169o6xo3ieu70j72wqr20ua4 0 4496 1358487 1320456 2026-06-09T04:19:13Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358487 wikitext text/x-wiki '''तिब्बत''' वा '''भोट''' (पुरानो उच्चारण '''थिबत''' सरलीकृत चिनीयाँ भाषा, सरलीकृत र परम्परागत चिनीयाँ भाषा| परम्परागत चिनीयाँ भाषा|चिनीयाँ: 西藏, ह्यान्यू पिनयिन: Xīzàng;藏区का रूपमा समेत (सरलीकृत चिनीयाँ), 藏區 (परम्परागत चिनीयाँ), ज्याङ्कू (ह्यान्यू पिनयिन), हेर्नुहोस् [[#नाम|नाम खण्ड]]) क्षेत्रहरू [[मध्य एसिया]]को उच्च समस्थली हो। र तिब्बती जनताको स्वदेश-घर। जसको सरदर ढाल ४,९०० मीटर (१६,००० फूट (नापको इकाई)ft), संसारकै उच्च क्षेत्रहरूमा पर्दछ र यो "विश्वको छहारी" नामले प्रसिद्ध छ।<ref>[http://www.google.at/search?hl=en&q=Tibet+Roof+of+the+World&btnG=Google+Search e.g.Dieter Glogowski:] ''Tibet, Escape from the Roof of the World''<br />or Hopkirk 1983<br />or [http://www.tourism-watch.de/dt/23dt/23.hotel/index.html Tibet. Tourism Watch] Alec le Sueurs:''Running a Hotel on the Roof of the World – Five years in Tibet''<br /> or [http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,380808,00.html Spiegel Online]''Tibet by Rail. By train on the roof of the world.''</ref> शताब्दियौं सम्म बेग्लै राष्ट्रको रूपमा रहेको तिब्बत आज [[चीन|जनवादी गणतन्त्र चीन]] अन्तरगत पर्दछ। तिब्बत [[चिनीयाँ गणतन्त्र]] भएको दावी छ। यद्यपि [[तिब्बतीय सार्वभौमिकता विवाद]],मा जनवादी गणतन्त्र चीन सरकार र निर्वासनमा रहेको तिब्बत सरकार बीच विवाद कायमै छ। निर्वासनमा रहेको तिब्बत सरकार अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय कानुन बमोजिम तिब्बत चीनको प्रान्त भएको स्वीकार्दैन। तिब्बतीय साम्राज्य [[सातौँ शताब्दी]] तिर अस्तित्वमा आएको हो जब सम्राट [[स्रोङ्चन गम्पो]]ले विभिन्न क्षेत्र र जातजातिहरूलाई एकीकृत पारे। सन् १६०० को शुरू देखि नै [[टुल्कु]]का (अवतारी लामाहरू), जो [[दलाई लामा]] भनेर चिनिन्छन् हरूले तिब्बतमा शासन गरिआएका थिए। तिब्बत र १४ दलाई लामाहरू [[अवलोकितेश्वर]] भएको विश्वास गरिन्छ। ("चेनरेजिग" तिब्बतीमा [''स्प्यान राज ग्जिग्ज'']), को [[बोधिसत्त्व]] मानिन्छ। [[सत्रौँ शताब्दी]] र १९५९ बीचमा, [[दलाई लामा]] र उनका अनुचरहरू तिब्बतका मुख्य राजनीतिक शक्ति थिए। उनीहरू अधिकांश आफ्नो धार्मिक र प्रशासकीय शासन परम्परागत राजधानी [[ल्हासा]], बाटै चलाउँथे जुन तिब्बतको सबैभन्दा पवित्र शहर मानिन्छ। चिनीयाँ सूत्र, जियावेई, वाङ्, "चिनियाँ तिब्बतको ऐतिहासिक स्थिति", २०००, pp८९–९२ का अनुसार सत्रौँ शताब्दी देखि १७२१ सम्म, तिब्बतका राजनीतिक नेता देग्सी अथवा गभर्नर हुन्थे। १७२१ मा, चिनीयाँ सम्राटले देग्सीको पद अन्त्य गरे र राजनीतिक शक्ति चार गालोनहरूको हातमा दिए। १७५१ मा, चिनीयाँ सम्राटले दलाई लामालाई तिब्बतको आत्मिक र राजनीतिक नेताको स्थान दिए जसमा सरकार (गाजाङ) लगायत यसमा ४ गालोनहरू हुन्थे। [[चित्र:Himalayas-Lhasa15.JPG|thumb|right|300px|तिब्बतीय उच्च समस्थली]] == परिचय == [[चित्र:Flag of Tibet.svg|thumb|right|250px|[[तिब्बतको झन्डा]] यो सन् १९१२ मा तेह्रौँ दलाई लामाद्वारा (सन् १९१२ देखि १९५०को बीचदेखि) प्रयोगमा ल्याइएको हो। तिब्बतको निष्काशित सरकारले अझसम्म यसको प्रयोग गर्ने गर्दछ [[तिब्बतको निर्वासित सरकार]], तर [[चीन]] सरकारद्वारा यो अवैधानिक मानिएको छ।]] [[मध्य तिब्बतीय प्रशासन|तिब्बतको निर्वासित सरकार]] र विदेशमा रहेका तिब्बतीय शरणार्थी हरूको समाजका अनुसार तिब्बत, भन्नाले तिनीहरू ति पुरानो ठूलो प्रान्तलाई सम्झन्छन् जसमा परम्परागत प्रान्तहरू [[अम्दो]], [[मगर खाम भाषा|खाम]], र [[उ-त्साङ]] पर्दछन। तर यसका अतिरिक्त [[चीन|जनवादी गणतन्त्र चीन]]को प्रशासन [[अरूणाञ्चल प्रदेश]], [[सिक्किम]], [[भुटान]], र [[लद्दाख]] जहाँ तिब्बती साँस्कृतिक क्रियाकलापहरू भेटिन्छन् त्यो सबैलाई तिब्बत अन्तरगत भएको दावी गर्दछ। [[दलाई लामा]]द्वारा पूर्व शासित तिब्बत स्वशासित उ-त्साङ र पश्चिमी खाम पर्दछन् जबकी अम्दो र पूर्वी खाम हरू [[किङ्गाई]], [[गान्सु]], [[ग्रिस|युनान]], र [[सिचुआन|सिचुवान]] का इलाकाहरू हुन्। == नाम == === तिब्बतीय === तिब्बतीहरू घरलाई ''Bod'' (བོད་), भन्छन् जसको उच्चारण ह्लासामा ''pö'' हुन्छ। तिब्बतीहरू तिब्बतलाई पितृभूमि भन्छन्। जबकी मातृभूमि "[[motherland]]" १९६० तिर चीनमा प्रचलित भयो। === चिनीयाँमा === तिब्बतको आधुनिक चिनीयाँ नाम 西藏 (Xīzàng), [[त्साङ]]को फोनेटिक परिवर्तन हो। (पश्चिममा [[ऊ-त्साङ]])। यो नाम चीनको [[क्वीङ बंश]]को पालामा चलेको हो। यसलाई "xi" 西 (literally "west"), र "जाङ" 藏 (literally "Buddhist scripture" अथवा "storage") दुई शब्दमा बाँड्न सकिन्छ। यो शब्दलाई "पश्चिमी बौद्ध लिपी" अथवा "पश्चिमा भण्डारण गरी दुई तरिकाले व्याख्या गर्न सकिन्छ।" प्राचीन कालमा तिब्बत जनाउने चिनीयाँ शब्द 吐蕃 (तुफान, मध्यकालीन चिनीयाँ उच्चारण: /t'obwǝn/), टर्केली भाषाको शब्द "heights" भएको र अङ्‌रेजी शब्द "Tibet."बाट प्रवेश भएको मानिन्छ। [[चीन|जनवादी गणतन्त्र चीन]] सरकारले तिब्बतलाई [[तिब्बत स्वशासित प्रान्त]] (TAR)को रूपमा मानेको छ। नाम "सी जाङ" तिब्बत स्वशासित प्रदेशकै रूप हो। यो बाहेकको तिब्बतीय क्षेत्र, अथवा सम्पूर्ण साँस्कृतिक तिब्बत, जनाउने शब्द 藏区 ज्याङ्कू प्रयोग हुन्छ। यद्यपि, तिब्बतीय स्वतन्त्रतावादी हरूको चिनीयाँ-भाषाको वेवसाइट [http://www.freetibet.org Free Tibet Campaign], the [http://www.vot.org/ Voice of Tibet], र [http://www.tibet.net/ TibetNet] ले ऐतिहासिक तिब्बत जनाउनको लागि 西藏 ("क्षी जाङ"), शब्द प्रयोग गर्छन् न कि 藏区 ("जाङकू") === अङ्ग्रेजीमा === तिब्बत शब्द [[अरबी भाषा]]को शब्द ''Tubbat''बाट आएको हो। ''The Classical तिब्बतीय भाषा''"] तिब्बत शब्द मध्यकालीन चिनीयाँ मा, 吐蕃 (पिनयिन ''Tǔfān'', often given as ''Tubo''), त्यही टर्किस शब्दबाट आएको हो। == भाषा == [[ल्हासा तिब्बती|तिब्बतीय भाषा]] [[सिनो-तिब्बतीय]] भाषा परिवारको [[भोट बर्मेली]] भाषा समुहमा पर्दछ। बोलाईको तिब्बतीय भाषामा विभिन्न छिमेकी भाषाको प्रभाव देखिन्छ। अझ कहिलेकाँही अरू केही हिमाली भाषासँग यसको विभेद छुट्याउनै कठिन हुन्छ। मध्य तिब्बत (ह्लासा),[[मगर खाम भाषा|खाम]], [[अम्दो]] आदी। राजनीतिक कारणले मात्र तिब्बती भन्दा अलग्गै भाषा भनिएका हुन् भन्न सकिन्छ। त्यसैले तिब्बतीय शैलीको भाषा [[तिब्बतीय उच्च समस्थली]]का करिव ६० लाख मानिसले बोल्छन्। त्यसैगरी आधुनिक तिब्बतबाट [[नेपाल]], [[भारत]] र अरू देशमा निर्वासित २ लाख भन्दा बढी शरणार्थीहरूले पनि यही भाषा बोल्दछन्। == इतिहास == प्राचीनकालमा पश्चिमाहरूको लागि तिब्बत एक 'भौगोलिक अवधारणा' मात्र थियो तर जब युरोपियनहरू एसियामा आए, तब रूसी र बेलायती साम्राज्यको बीचमा तिब्बतलाई आफ्नो प्रभाव क्षेत्र अन्तर्गत समेट्न सुरु भयो। रूसी र बेलायतीहरूबीच जासुसी र प्रतिजासुसी खेलहरू भए र अन्त्यमा बेलायतीहरू ल्हासामा सेना राख्न सफल भए। ===प्राग्-इतिहास=== चिनीयाँ र "आद्य तिब्बत-बर्मेली" ४००० ई.पू. भन्दा पहिले केही समय विभाजन भएका थिए, जब चिनीयाँहरूले पँहेलो नदीको उपत्यकामा कोदो उत्पादन सुरू गरे तब तिब्बत बर्मेलीहरू nomads बन्न शुरू गरे। तिब्बतबाट बर्मेली ५०० ई.को आसपास विभाजित भए। <ref>वान ड्रीयम जर्ज "तिब्बत बर्मेली फाइलोजेनी र पूर्व इतिहास: भाषा, सामग्री संस्कृति र जीन".</ref><ref>Bellwood. Piter and Renfrew, कोलिन (eds)''खेतीको जांच/भाषा प्रसार परिकल्पना''(2003), 19 Ch.</ref> प्रागैतिहासिक [[लौह युग|लोहयुग]]मा [[पहाडी किल्ला]] र चिहानघारी हालै [[चांग ताङ]] उच्च समस्थलीमा पाइएको छ। त्यस स्थानको पुरातात्विक अनुसन्धानमा बाधा दुर्गमताले पारेको छ। यो संस्कृतिको प्रारम्भिक पहिचान [[जांग झुङ संस्कृति]] जो प्राचीन ग्रन्थ तिब्बती भाषामा छ [[बोन धर्म]]को मूल संस्कृतिको रूपमा जानिन्छ। === तिब्बतीय साम्राज्य === [[चित्र:Songstengampo.jpg|thumb|left|upright|राजा [[स्रोङ्चन गम्पो]]]] को एक शृङ्खला [ तिब्बत को राजा को [ सूची | सम्राट छ ] ] शताब्दी ११ औँ लागि ७th देखि तिब्बत शासन। कहिलेकाहीं तिब्बतीय शासन [ [ बङ्गाल ] ] रूप र जहाँसम्म उत्तर [ | मंगोलिया ] [ मङ्गोलिया ] सकेसम्म दक्षिण विस्तारित। तिब्बत पहिलो भित्र प्रवेश इतिहास मा '' [ [ Geographia ( टोलेमी ) | टोलेमी ] को भूगोल ] को नाम '' batai '' आदिवासी नाम '' Bod '' को ( βαται ) , एक ग्रीक प्रतिलेखन अन्तर्गत ''। तिब्बत यो अर्को '' पहिले '' भनिएको छ , जहाँ एक चिनीयाँ पाठ मा इतिहास मा देखिन्छ। ( '' Gnam - री - slon - rtsan '' ) प्रारम्भिक ७th शताब्दी मा चीन लागि राजदूत पठाइएको < रेफरी नाम | राजा [ Namri Löntsän ] [ Namri Lontsen ] जब पुष्टि हुन्छ जो तिब्बतीय लिपिबद्ध इतिहास देखि पहिलो घटना बाह्य भयो। = " Beckwith१९७७ " > बेकविद , '' सी हेर्नको। को भारत na Diss। '' , १९७७ < / रेफरी > यद्यपि सामान्य , को यार्लुङ्ग नदी उपत्यका र भागहरू एकताबद्ध गर्ने [ [ स्रङचङ गम्पो ] ] ( ६०४-६५० इस्वी संवत् ) को शासनकाल सुरु हुन्छ तिब्बत को इतिहास एक राज्य को रूप मा तिब्बत शासन। मा [ [ ६४० ] ] तिनले विवाह [ [ राजकुमारी Wencheng ] ] , को शक्तिशाली चिनीयाँ सम्राट [ को ताङ चीन ] [ सम्राट ताइजोङ ] को भतिजी। तिब्बत अन्ततिर ९th शताब्दी सम्म एक मध्य एसियाली साम्राज्य रूपमा जारी। === अवतारी दलाई लामा === <gallery> चित्र:1st Dalai Lama.jpg|[[पहिलो दलाई लामा]], गेदुन ड्रुब्पा १३९१-१४७४ चित्र:Second Dalai Lama.jpg|[[दोस्रो दलाई लामा]], गेदुन ग्यम्छो १४७५-१५४१ चित्र:4DalaiLama.jpg|[[चौथो दलाई लामा]], योन्तोन ग्यम्छो, १५८९-१६१६ चित्र:NgawangLozangGyatso.jpg|[[पाँचौं दलाई लामा]], लोब्जाङ ग्यम्छो १६१७-१६८२ चित्र:6DalaiLama.jpg|[[छैठौं दलाई लामा]], छङयाङ ग्यम्छो १६८३-१७०६ चित्र:7DalaiLama.jpg|[[सातौँ दलाई लामा]],कलजाङ ग्यम्छो, १७०८-१७५७. चित्र:Jamphel Gyatso, 8th Dalai Lama - AMNH - DSC06244.JPG|[[आठौँ दलाई लामा]], जाम्पल ग्यम्छो १७५८-१८०४ |[[नवौँ दलाई लामा]], लुङतोग ग्यम्छो १८०६-१८१५ |[[दशौँ दलाई लामा]] , छुल्ठ्रीम ग्यम्छो १८१६-१८३७ |[[एघारौँ दलाई लामा]] , खस्ड्रुब ग्यम्छो १८३८–१८५६ |[[बाह्रौँ दलाई लामा]], ठ्रीनलास ग्यम्छो १८५७–१८७५ </gallery> === बिदेशी प्रभाव === सन् १९०४ मा ब्रिटिश इन्डियाका भायसराय लर्ड कर्जनले कर्णेल फ्रान्सिस योङहस्बेन्डको नेतृत्वमा तिब्बतको राजधानी कब्जा गर्न एक फौज पठाएका थिए, जसलाई नेपालका राणा शासक [[चन्द्र शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा|चन्द्र शमशेर]]ले समेत सघाएका थिए। तर अमेरिकाले भने चीनमा आफ्नो हितमा धक्का पुग्ने देखेर तुरुन्तै विरोध जनाएको थियो। तत्कालीन बेलायतका लागि अमेरिकी दूत जोसेफ कोयटले बेलायती विदेशमन्त्री लर्ड लान्सडाउनलाई तिब्बत चीनको अङ्ग हो भनेका थिए। बेलायती प्रभाव र सेना तिब्बतमा हुँदाहुदै अमेरिकीहरूले [[दोस्रो विश्व युद्ध|दोस्रो विश्वयुद्ध]]को समयमा जापान विरुद्ध च्याङ काई सेकलाई सहयोग गर्ने उद्देश्यले तिब्बती आकाश भएर युद्ध सामग्री चुङ्गकिङ्ग पुर्‍याउने क्रममा सो क्षेत्रमा पहिलो पटक पुगे। यद्यपि सन् १८८० मै विलियम उडमिल एकहिल नाम गरेका एकजना अमेरिकीले तिब्बतको भ्रमण गरेर १३औँ [[दलाई लामा]]सँग अन्तर्वार्ता लिई राष्ट्रपति [[थियोडोर रुजवेल्ट]]लाई प्रतिबेदन समेत बुझाएका थिए। उनैको प्रतिबेदनलाई आधार मानेर तत्कालीन अमेरिकी विदेशमन्त्री जोन हेले चीनसँगको खुलाद्वार नीति लागू गर्ने सन्दर्भमा तिब्बत प्रति पनि चासो देखाएका थिए। तैपनि उसको स्पष्ट तिब्बत नीति त्यतिवेला बनेको थिएन।{{Citation needed|No reliable source has been added in this article}} सन् १९१२ को क्रान्ति पश्चात् बनेको युआन सि काईको सरकारले तिब्बतमा कानुन व्यवस्था पुनस्र्थापना गर्न सेना पठाउने बित्तिकै तत्कालीन चीनका लागि बेलायती दूत सर जोन नेबेल जोर्डनले चीन सरकारलाई तिब्बतमा सेना पठाउने अधिकार नभएको भनेर विरोध जनाए। तत्कालीन चीनको केन्द्रीय सरकार अस्थिर र कमजोर भएको मौका पारेर बेलायत ले चीनलाई सिमला सम्मेलनमा बस्न बाध्य पारेपछि मात्र चीनको नयाँ सरकारलाई मान्यता दिएको थियो। बेलायतले अमेरिकालाई समेत पश्चिमाहरूको एउटै आवाज हुनुपर्छ भन्दै चीनको नयाँ गणतान्त्रिक सरकारलाई हतारिएर मान्यता नदिन दबाब दिँदा अमेरिकाले मञ्जुर गरेन। उसले अरू पश्चिमी देशले भन्दा पहिल्यै सन् १९१२ को मे महिना मै मान्यता प्रदान गरे। यद्यपि यसमा तिब्बती मामलाको सन्दर्भित नभए पनि तत्कालीन अवस्थामा अमेरिकी नीति युरोपियनभन्दा बेग्लै थियो।{{Citation needed|No reliable source has been added in this article}} चीनको केन्द्रीय सरकार कमजोर भएको मौकामा चीनलाई बाध्य पारेर बि्रटिस ब्रिटिश इन्डिया र चीनको समकक्षमा तिब्बतलाई राखेर बेलायत ले सिमला सम्मेलन डाकेको थियो। तर, सम्मेलनमा उपस्थित चिनियाँ प्रतिनिधिहरूले मञ्जुरी नजनाएकाले सम्मेलन सफल भएन। प्रथम विश्वयुद्धपछि बेलायत ले पुनः आफ्नो प्रयास जारी राख्यो। चीनले भने अमेरिका आफ्नो पक्षमा रहेको ठानेर उसलाई पनि बोलाउने धारणा राख्यो। तर, अमेरिकाले स्विकारेन। यसो भए तापनि उसले तिब्बत, मंगोलिया र सिकियाङ्ग सबै चीनकै अभिन्न अङ्गहरू हुन् भन्ने धारणालाई १९३० को दशकको अन्त्यसम्म बदलेन। अमेरिकाले खुलाद्वार नैतिको विस्तार र विकासको लागि ३० को दशकको अन्त्यसम्म तिब्बतमाथिको चिनियाँ सार्वभौमिक दाबाबलाई सघाउँदै रह्यो। यसबाट चीनमा उसको प्रभाव बढ्दै गयो, तर बेलायत को तिब्बतलाई चीनबाट अलग पार्ने प्रयासमा व्यवधान खडा भयो। दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धमा धुरी राष्ट्रहरू (जापान, जर्मनी र इटली) विरुद्धमा बेलायत, अमेरिका, सोभियत सङ्घ र चीनले संयुक्त मोर्चाबन्दी गरेपछि फेरि एकपटक तिब्बत प्रति अमेरिकी ध्यान खिचियो। २ जुलाई १९४२ मा क्याप्टेन इल्या टोल्स्टोय र लेफि्टनेन्ट ब्रुक डोलानलाई तिब्बतको रणनैतिक महत्त्व बुझ्नका लागि ल्हासा पठाइयो। उनीहरू भारत हुँदै त्यहाँ पुगे र राष्ट्रपति रुजवेल्टको पत्र दलाई लामालाई बुझाए। साथै अमेरिकी स्टेट डिपार्टमेन्टले तिब्बत माथिको चिनियाँ सार्वभौमिकतामाथि अमेरिकाले कहिल्यै प्रश्न खडा नगरेको र भविष्यमा पनि नगर्ने प्रतिवद्धता जारी गरेको थियो। तर, अमेरिकाको यस्तो रुझानबाट बेलायती हरू खुसी देखिएनन् र १९४३ को अप्रिल मा अमेरिकी स्टेट डिपार्टमेन्टलाई एक मेमोरेन्डम बेलायती दूतावास मार्फत पठाए। त्यसमा 'ब्रिटिश इन्डिया सरकार तिब्बत एक अलग देश रहेको र अन्य शक्तिहरूसँग सम्बन्ध राख्न स्वतन्त्र रहेको, चीनसँगको उसको सम्बन्धको कारणले चीनले तिब्बत मामलामा एकपक्षीय निर्णय लिने काम गर्न नहुने र गरेमा बेलायत सरकारले प्रतिरोध गर्न सक्ने' उल्लेख थियो। अमेरिकीहरूले सोही वर्षको मे १५ मा आफ्नो पुरानै अडान दोहोर्‍यायो। बेलायत र अमेरिकीबीच मेमोरेन्डमको आदानप्रदान हुनुअघि तिब्बतको स्थानीय सरकार, जसलाई गासाग भनिन्थ्यो,ले आफ्नो विदेश विभाग गठन गरेर ल्हासास्थित चीन सरकारको तिब्बत तथा मंगोलियन मामिला सम्बन्धी आयोगले आइन्दा गासागसँग सीधै सम्पर्क नगरी विदेश विभाग मार्फत सम्पर्क गर्न भनेको थियो। त्यसको उद्देश्य गासाग एक स्वतन्त्र सरकार हो भन्ने देखाउनु थियो। साथै गासागले भारतदेखि चीनको भित्री भागसम्म बन्न लागेको सडक निर्माणको योजनालाई रद्द गरिदियो। यसबाट च्याङ काई सेक आगो भए र अत्यन्त कडा वक्तव्य दिनुका साथै चुङ्ग किङ्गबाट तिब्बततर्फ शक्तिशाली फौज पठाए। अमेरिकीहरूको जानकारी र विश्वस्त समर्थन विना त्यो सम्भव थिएन।{{Citation needed|No reliable source has been added in this article}} वास्तवमा [[प्रशान्त महासागर]]लाई आ-आफ्नो प्रभुत्वमा राख्न र पर्ल हार्वरमाथिको जापानी आक्रमणको बदला लिन अमेरिकालाई चीनको सदासयता आवश्यक थियो। तसर्थ उसले तिब्बतमा बेलायतको अनधिकृत चलखेलको सुरुदेखि नै विरोध गर्दै रह्यो। ठीक त्यसै समयमा अमेरिकाले गासागसँग प्रत्यक्ष सम्पर्क गरेर तिब्बतमाथि हस्तक्षेपको सुरुवात गर्‍यो।{{Citation needed|No reliable source has been added in this article}} दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धपछि विश्वको शक्ति सन्तुलन व्यापक बदलियो। जर्मनी र जापान जस्ता राष्ट्रहरू पराजित मात्रै होइन पराधीन नै हुन विवश भए भने बेलायत को हैसियतमा भारी संकुचन आयो। युद्धमा भारी क्षतिका बावजुद सोभियत सङ्घ एक [[महाशक्ति|महाशक्ती]]को रूपमा देखा पर्‍यो। त्यस्तै अमेरिकाले पहिलेको बेलायत को स्थान ओगट्यो। चीनमा नयाँ जनवादी आन्दोलन सम्पन्न हुने सम्भावना टड्कारो रूपमा देखा पर्‍यो। चीनमा कम्युनिस्टहरूको विजय पश्चात् उसको सोभियत युनियनसँग नजीकको सम्बन्ध हुने प्रष्ट थियो। तसर्थ अमेरिकाले तिब्बतलाई चीनबाट अलग पार्नु नै आफ्ना लागि फाइदाजनक हुने देख्यो।{{Citation needed|No reliable source has been added in this article}} आफ्नो दशकौँ पुरानो नीतिलाई त्यागी बेलायतीहरूले लिएको नीतिमा चल्ने निर्णय बमोजिम अमेरिकाले गासागले खटाएको एक व्यापारिक प्रतिनिधि मण्डललाई तिब्बती पासपोर्टमा हङकङस्थित कूटनैतिक नियोगबाट अमेरिकाको प्रवेशाज्ञा प्रदान गरेर आफ्नो पुरानो नीतिमा परिवर्तन गर्न लागेको सङ्केत सन् १९४७ मा दियो। १२ जुलाई १९४८ मा च्याङ काई सेकको सरकारले अमेरिकी नियोग प्रमुखलाई बोलाएर 'यो गल्ती भएको हो कि नीतिगत परिवर्तन हो' भनेर सोध्दा उनले स्टेट डिपार्टमेन्टलाई देखाइदिए। वासिंटनस्थित चिनियाँ दूत डा. वेलिङ्गटन कुले विदेशमन्त्री जर्ज मार्सलसँग स्पष्टीकरण माग्दा तिब्बतमाथिको चिनियाँ सम्प्रभु कानुन सम्मत -डिजुरे) त हो तर व्यवहार सम्मत (डिफ्याक्टो) नभएको जवाफ मिल्यो।{{Citation needed|No reliable source has been added in this article}} यसको एक वर्षपछि अर्थात् १९४९ को अक्टोबरमा चीनको मुख्य भूमिमाथि कम्युनिस्ट झन्डा फहरिन पुग्यो। अध्यक्ष माओले तिब्बती मामला शान्तिपूर्ण तवरले सुल्झाउन हेतु गासागलाई सम्झौताको लागि प्रतिनिधि मण्डल बेइजिङ पठाउन अनुरोध गरे। अमेरिकीहरूले चीनमा आफू पराजित भएको महसुस गरी भारत र बेलायत को मद्दतले तिब्बतलाई चीनको हातमा पर्न नदिन जोडतोडको अभियान सुरु गरे। तिब्बतसँग जोडिएको भारत र लामो सम्पर्क इतिहास भएको बेलायत को सहयोग विना प्रभावकारी हस्तक्षेप असम्भव प्रायः थियो। बेलायत भर्खर भारतबाट फर्केको र सबै जिम्मेवारी भारत सरकारलाई सुम्पेर आएकोले फेरि सोही क्षेत्रमा हस्तक्षेप गर्न जानु व्यवहारिक र बुद्धिमत्तापूर्ण नुहुने ठानेर पन्छियो। भारत आफ्नो सहरमा जनमुक्ति सेनाको उपस्थिति नचाहने भए तापनि भर्खर स्वतन्त्र भएको असंलग्न देशको नाताले अमेरिकी योजनामा संलग्न हुन असमर्थ रह्यो। संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघमा तिब्बत मुद्दा उठाउन खोज्दा ताइवान र सोभियत संघको विरोधको सामना गर्नुपर्ने भयो। किन भनें च्याङ काई सेक आफै मुख्य भूमिबाट लघारिनु परेर ताइवान टापुमा खुम्चिनुपर्दा समेत सम्पूर्ण चीनको वैधानिक शासक भएको दाबा गर्थे। र, ताइवानले सन् १९७१ सम्म संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघमा चीनको स्थान ओगटेर बसेको थियो। त्यसपछि लगातार रूपमा अमेरिकाले तिब्बत मामिला चर्काउँदै आएको छ। १४औँ दलाई लामालाई केन्द्र सरकार र स्थानीय सरकारबीच सन् १९५१ मा भएको १७ बुँदे सहमतिपत्रमा हस्ताक्षर गर्नबाट रोक्न खोजिएको थियो, तर त्यसमा सफलता नमिलेपछि भइसकेको सहमतिलाई तोड्न अमेरिकाले उत्प्रेरित गर्‍यो। सन् १९५० देखि तिब्बत मामिला चर्काउने जिम्मा [[केन्द्रीय गुप्तचर संस्था|सिआइए]]ले लियो। त्यसयता उसले तिब्बतीहरूलाई हतियार चलाउने तालीम दिने, सञ्चार सेट, नक्सा, हतियार र तालीम प्राप्त लडाकुलाई तिब्बती क्षेत्रमा उतार्ने काम गर्दै आएको छ। अमेरिकाबाट भौगोलिक रूपमा धेरै टाढा रहेको तिब्बतमा पृथकतावादी सशस्त्र गतिविधि चर्काउँदा ५० र ६० का वर्षहरूमा सामान्य जनजीवन अस्तव्यस्त हुन पुगेको थियो।{{Citation needed|No reliable source has been added in this article}} === साहित्यमा तिब्बत === == References == {{reflist|२}} == यो पनि हेर्नुस् == {{commons|तिब्बत}} * [[अम्दो]] र [[मगर खाम भाषा|खाम]] in पूर्वी तिब्बत * [[तिब्बतीय बौद्ध धर्म]] * [[लद्दाख]] ==बाह्य कडीहरू== {{Commonscat|Tibet}} [[श्रेणी:चीन]] [[श्रेणी:चीनिया प्रान्त]] [[श्रेणी:अङ्ग्रेजीबाट अनुवादित]] [[श्रेणी:तिब्बत| ]] [[श्रेणी:पूर्वी एसिया]] p3d1zovz30hbsz2awnlr37iyhtsnyjk 0 6845 1358448 1091470 2026-06-08T14:40:38Z Bishaldev100 28807 Bishaldev100 ले [[डेभिड अक्टरलोनी]] बाट पुनर्निर्देश हटाएर [[जनरल अक्टरलोनी]] लाई त्यसमाथि सारेको हो 1091470 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:DavidOchterlonyResidentDelhi.jpg|right|thumb|भारतीय लुगामा हुक्का तान्दै गरेका अक्टरलोनीको दिल्लीका कलाकारले बनाएको चित्र 1820s]] '''जनरल डेभिड अक्टरलोनी''' [[नेपाल अङ्ग्रेज युद्ध|नेपाल अंग्रेज युद्ध]]मा अंग्रेज फौजबाट लड्ने एक सैनिक जनरल थिए। {{stub}} [[श्रेणी:सन् १७५८ मा जन्म]] [[श्रेणी:सन् १८२५ मा मृत्यु]] 394ybrluxc14z1gdqy504nolap0i4dv 1358450 1358448 2026-06-08T14:44:05Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* */ 1358450 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:DavidOchterlonyResidentDelhi.jpg|right|thumb|भारतीय लुगामा हुक्का तान्दै गरेका अक्टरलोनीको दिल्लीका कलाकारले बनाएको चित्र 1820s]] '''मेजर जनरल डेभिड अक्टरलोनी''' (१२ फेब्रुअरी १७५८ - १४ जुलाई १८२५) एक बंगाल सेना अधिकारी थिए जसले दिल्लीको [[मुगल साम्राज्य|मुगल दरबार]]मा ब्रिटिश रेसिडेन्टको रूपमा सेवा गरेका थिए। उनले आफ्नो जीवनको अधिकांश समय भारतीय उपमहाद्वीपमा [[इस्ट इन्डिया कम्पनी]]को सेवामा बिताए, धेरै द्वन्द्वहरूमा कारबाहीमा सहभागी भए। [[नेपाल अङ्ग्रेज युद्ध|नेपाल अंग्रेज युद्ध]]मा अंग्रेज फौजबाट लड्ने एक सैनिक जनरल थिए। {{stub}} [[श्रेणी:सन् १७५८ मा जन्म]] [[श्रेणी:सन् १८२५ मा मृत्यु]] bd3o23in09snqhlghwmqu32ekqnn1xu 0 6999 1358465 1310095 2026-06-09T00:24:07Z हिमाल सुवेदी 30817 हिमाल सुवेदी ले [[लुई ओग्युस्ट ब्लांकी]] मा पुनर्निर्देश नछोडि त्यसलाई [[लुई अगुस्त ब्लँकी]] मा सारेको हो: aʊˈɡuːst blɑ̃ki 1310095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=सेप्टेम्बर २०११}} === लुई ओग्युस्ट ब्लांकी === '''लुई ओग्युस्ट ब्लांकी''' (Louis Auguste Blanqui) (1805 - 1881) एक प्रमुख फ्रान्सेली समाजवादी क्रान्तिकारी थिए। उनी आफ्नो जीवनभरि राजनीतिक क्रान्तिको पक्षधर थिए र फ्रान्सेली क्रान्तिकारी आन्दोलनमा महत्वपूर्ण भूमिकामा थिए। ब्लांकीको विचारधारा, क्रान्तिकारी गतिविधिहरू, र लेखनले सामाजिक न्याय र समानता को पक्षमा प्रगतिशील दृष्टिकोण प्रस्तुत गरेको छ। ---- ==== १. प्रारम्भिक जीवन ==== * '''जन्म:''' लुई ओग्युस्ट ब्लांकी 1805 को फरवरी 8 मा फ्रान्सको पेरिसमा जन्मिएका थिए। * '''शिक्षा:''' उनले पेरिसमा अध्ययन गरे र कानूनी पेशामा रुचि राख्न थाले। यस क्रममा उनले राजनीतिक र सामाजिक परिवर्तनका विचारहरूमा गहिरो चासो राख्न थाले। ---- ==== २. राजनीतिक गतिविधिहरू ==== * '''क्रान्तिकारी गतिविधि:''' ब्लांकीले विभिन्न क्रान्तिकारी योजना र प्रयासहरूको नेतृत्व गरेका थिए। उनी 1830 र 1848 को फ्रान्सेली क्रान्तिमा सक्रिय रहे। * '''नयाँ गणतन्त्रको प्रयास:''' 1839 मा ब्लांकीले एक असफल सशस्त्र विद्रोहको नेतृत्व गरे, जसलाई "सप्ताहिक विद्रोह" भनेर चिनिन्छ। यस विद्रोहको उद्देश्य फ्रान्समा गणतन्त्र स्थापनाका लागि थियो। * '''समाजवादी विचारधारा:''' ब्लांकीको समाजवादी विचारधारा प्रायः सशस्त्र क्रान्तिको पक्षमा र राज्यको सशक्त नियन्त्रणको पक्षमा थियो। उनले सामाजिक न्याय र समानता प्राप्त गर्ने उद्देश्य राखेका थिए। ---- ==== ३. लेखन र विचारधारा ==== * '''मुख्य विचार:''' ब्लांकीको विचारधारा मुख्यतः समाजवादी र क्रान्तिकारी थियो। उनले सामाजिक असमानता र शोषणको विरोध गरे र राज्यको सशक्त नियन्त्रणको पक्षमा विचार व्यक्त गरे। * '''प्रमुख कृतिहरू:''' ब्लांकीका प्रमुख लेखहरूमा “L'Organisation du Travail” (कामको संगठन) र “L'Ère nouvelle” (नयाँ युग) समावेश छन्, जसले उनको समाजवादी र क्रान्तिकारी विचारहरूलाई प्रकट गर्छ। ---- ==== ४. कैद र आजीवन संघर्ष ==== * '''कैद:''' ब्लांकीले आफ्नो क्रान्तिकारी गतिविधिहरूको लागि बारम्बार कैद भोगेका थिए। उनले आफ्नो जीवनको धेरै समय जेलमा बिताएका थिए, जहाँ उनले आफ्नो विचारहरूलाई लेख्न र संकल्पनामा व्यक्त गर्न थाले। * '''निधन:''' लुई ओग्युस्ट ब्लांकीको 1881 को जनवरी 1 मा निधन भयो। उनले आफ्नो जीवनभर समाजवादी र क्रान्तिकारी विचारधाराका लागि समर्पण गरे। ---- ==== ५. ऐतिहासिक र सांस्कृतिक प्रभाव ==== * '''सांस्कृतिक प्रभाव:''' ब्लांकीको विचार र क्रान्तिकारी गतिविधिहरूले फ्रान्सेली समाज र राजनीति र सामाजिक न्यायका विचारहरूमा महत्वपूर्ण प्रभाव पारेका छन्। उनका विचार र कार्यले आगामी क्रान्तिकारी र समाजवादी आन्दोलनहरूलाई प्रेरित गरेका छन्। * '''आधुनिक प्रभाव:''' ब्लांकीको विचारधाराले 19 औं र 20 औं शताब्दीका समाजवादी र क्रान्तिकारी विचारधाराका लागि आधार प्रदान गरेको छ। उनका विचारले समाजवादी आन्दोलन र क्रान्तिकारी थ्योरीहरूको विकासमा योगदान पुर्याएको छ। ----'''निष्कर्ष:''' '''लुई ओग्युस्ट ब्लांकी''' फ्रान्सेली समाजवादी क्रान्तिकारी थिए जसले सामाजिक न्याय र समानता प्राप्त गर्नको लागि क्रान्तिकारी गतिविधिहरूको नेतृत्व गरे। उनले आफ्नो विचारधारा र लेखनमा क्रान्तिकारी र समाजवादी विचारहरूलाई प्रस्तुत गरे, जसले इतिहासमा महत्वपूर्ण स्थान प्राप्त गरेको छ। ==स्रोतहरू== {{reflist}} {{commons|Louis Auguste Blanqui|लुई ओग्युस्ट ब्लांकी}} {{Commonscat|Louis Auguste Blanqui}} b06uvwxkxqbjmy79xi8ni8pbgv23dow 0 7033 1358473 1328761 2026-06-09T02:33:07Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox airport | name = पोखरा विमानस्थल | nativename = | image = Pokhara Airport1.jpg | IATA = PKR | ICAO = VNPK <center>{{Location map|Nepal|width=250|float=center |caption=|mark=Airplane_silhouette.svg|marksize=10 |label=PKR|position=right |lat_deg=28|lat_min=12|lat_sec=03|lat_dir=N |lon_deg=83|lon_min=58|lon_sec=55|lon_dir=E }}<small>नेपालको नक्शामा पोखरा विमानस्थल</small></center> | type = सार्वजानिक | owner = | operator = [[नेपाल नागरिक उड्डयन प्राधिकरण]] | city-served = [[पोखरा महानगरपालिका|पोखरा]],{{flag|नेपाल}} | location = | elevation-f = 2,712 | elevation-m = 827 | coordinates = {{coord|28|12|03|N|083|58|55|E|type:airport_region:NP|display=title}} | website = | metric-rwy = y | r1-number = ०४/२२ | r1-length-m = 1,433 | r1-length-f = 4,701 | r1-surface = [[अस्फाल्ट]] | footnotes = स्रोत: <ref>[http://www.caanepal.org.np/beta/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=63:pokhara-airport&catid=25:the-org&Itemid=73 Pokhara Airport] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724190124/http://www.caanepal.org.np/beta/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=63:pokhara-airport&catid=25:the-org&Itemid=73 |date=2011-07-24 }} at Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal, accessed 4 March 2011</ref> <ref name=WAD>{{WAD|VNPK|source=[[DAFIF]]}}</ref><ref name=GCM>{{GCM|PKR|source=[[DAFIF]]}}</ref> |Runway=04/22}} '''पोखरा विमानस्थल''' नेपालको राजधानी [[काठमाडौँ|काठमाडौँ]]बाट २०० किलोमिटर टाढा [[पोखरा उपत्यका]]को [[पोखरा महानगरपालिका|पोखरा]] सहरमा रहेको छ। यो विमानस्थल १९५८ देखि शुरू भएको हो। हाल पश्चिम नेपालको प्रमुख यो विमानस्थल नजीकै रहेको अर्को जग्गामा सरकारले क्षेत्रिय स्तरको अन्तराष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल बनाउने भनेर चर्चा भइरहेको छ। विमानस्थल निर्माणका लागि सरकारले जग्गा समेत किनी सकेको छ अन्य भौतिक सुविधा निर्माणका लागि हालको विमानस्थललाई बेचि जुटाउने प्रयासको सोच राखीएको छ। हाल यो विमानस्थलबाट दैनिक २१ वटा सम्म उडान हुने गरेको छ। नेपालको राजधानी बाहिरको यो अत्यान्तै ब्यस्त विमानस्थल हो। ==नामांकरण== यो विमानस्थलको नाम नेपाल पोखरा सहरको नामबाट राखिएको हो। ==स्थिति== यो विमानस्थल [[पोखरा महानगरपालिका|पोखरा]] नगरको मुटु पृथ्वीचौकबाट पश्चिमी क्षेत्रमा सिदार्थ राजमार्ग संगै फुश्रेखोला सम्म छोरेपाटन र मुस्ताङ चोकको बिचमा रहेको छ। नेपालको पोखरा विमानस्थलको एअरपोर्ट कोड |PKR|VNPK हो। ==विस्तार== == विमान सेवाहरू तथा गन्तब्यहरु == {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |+ |'''न''' . !विमान सेवाहरू !गन्तब्यहरु |- !१ !'''बुद्ध एअर''' ![[काठमाडौँ|काठमाडौँ]], भैरहवा, भरतपुर, बिराटनगर, |- !२ !यती '''एअर'''लाइन्स ![[काठमाडौँ|काठमाडौँ]], भैरहवा, भरतपुर |- !३ !श्री '''एअर'''लाइन्स <br /> ![[काठमाडौँ|काठमाडौँ]] |- !४ !सिम्रीक '''एअर'''लाइन्स<br /> ![[काठमाडौँ|काठमाडौँ]] |- |'''५''' |'''तारा''' '''एअर''' |'''जोमसोम''' |- |'''६''' |'''सुम्मित एअर''' |'''जोमसोम''' |} === विवाद === अक्टोबर 2023 मा, एयरपोर्टको निर्माण "[[द न्यूयोर्क टाइम्स]]" द्वारा अनुसन्धानको विषय थियो। पत्रिकाले एयरपोर्टको निर्माण लागत जानाजानी बढाएको पत्ता लगायो; र त्यो नयाँ एयरपोर्ट निर्माण गर्नका लागि आवश्यक पर्ने धेरै वस्तुहरू बिना नै सम्पन्न भएको थियो (जस्तै स्थानीय वर्षा र माटोको अवस्थालाई ध्यानमा राखेर, जसले यसलाई बाढीको जोखिममा पार्न सक्छ)। विमानस्थलको निर्माण अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मापदण्डअनुरूप होस् भनी सुनिश्चित गर्नका लागि सुरुमा नियुक्त गरिएको एक सल्लाहकारले आयोजनामा ​​नेपालको अनुगमनको कमीले गर्दा बजार दरभन्दा कम्तीमा दोब्बर शुल्क लिइएको अनुमान छ।<ref name=":2">''[[द टाइम्स अफ इन्डिया]]''ले विमानस्थललाई पाकिस्तानको [[ग्वादर बन्दरगाह]]<nowiki>सँग तुलना गरेको छ, जसमा बन्दरगाहमा लगानी र गतिविधि ठप्प हुँदा पनि चिनियाँ ऋणको १० अर्ब डलर बाँकी छ ({{अब| २०२० =</nowiki>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/debt-hole-china-built-pokhara-international-airport-may-become-nepals-gwadar-port/articleshow/104473936.cms |access-date =२०२३-११-१२}</ref> <nowiki>नेपालले विमानस्थल निर्माणका लागि चीनबाट लिएको ऋण अझै तिर्नैपर्छ, र अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय उडानको नियमित तालिका नभएको विमानस्थलबाट हुने आम्दानीबाट उनीहरूले त्यो तिर्न सक्षम नहुन सक्छन्। }}। नतिजा स्वरूप, </nowiki>''द न्यूयोर्क टाइम्स'' ले यो एयरपोर्ट ऋणको जाल बन्न सक्छ, यो समस्या चीनको [[बेल्ट एण्ड रोड इनिसिएटिभ]] अन्तर्गत सम्पन्न भएका अन्य परियोजनाहरूले साझा गरेको छ।<ref name=":2" /> नोभेम्बर 2023 मा, भ्रष्टाचार विरोधी एजेन्सी, दुरुपयोग र अख्तियारको अनुसन्धानका लागि नेपालको आयोगले घोषणा गर्‍यो कि यसले विमानस्थलको निर्माणको बारेमा अनुसन्धान खोलेको छ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https: //www.nytimes.com/2023/11/12/business/china-nepal-pokhara-airport.html|title=नेपालले चीनले बनाएको नयाँ विमानस्थलको खोजी गर्दैछ|last=Wakabayashi|first=Daisuke|date=2023-11-12|work=The New York Times|access-date=2023-11-12|last2=शर्मा|first2=Bhadra|language=en-US|last3=Fu|first3=Claire}}</ref> == एप्रन == विमानस्थलको एप्रनले दुईवटा एरोब्रिजसहित तीनवटा न्यारोबडी विमानहरू ह्यान्डल गर्न सक्छ, जबकि आन्तरिक टर्मिनलमा भएका एप्रनहरू चारवटा एटीआर-७२ वा बम्बार्डियर क्यू४०० प्रकारका र चारवटा बिचक्राफ्ट १९०० वा डे ह्याभिल्यान्ड क्यानडा DHC-6 ट्विन ओटरसम्म समायोजन गर्न सक्षम छन्। सानो विमान टाइप गर्नुहोस् [महत्व?] ====== रनवे ====== ====== विमानस्थलमा ४५ मिटर (१४७ फिट ८ इन्च) चौडाइ भएको एकल २,५०० मिटर (८,२०२ फिट १ इन्च) लामो रनवे छ। यसमा ३३० मिटर (१,०८२ फिट ८ इन्च) रनवे स्ट्रिपको साथ पूर्व-पश्चिम अभिमुखीकरण छ। एयरपोर्टमा कंक्रीट रनवे छ र केन्द्र रेखा, किनारा, टचडाउन जोन र थ्रेसहोल्डको चिन्हहरू छन्। ट्याक्सीवे (१.२ किलोमिटर (०.७५ माइल) लामो र २३ मिटर (७५ फुट ६ इन्च) चौडा) रनवेको समानान्तर उत्तर तर्फको रनवे केन्द्रीय रेखाबाट बनाइएको छ। एयरसाइड पूर्वाधार कार्यहरूमा दुई 182.5-by-23-मिटर (598 ft 9 in × 75 ft 6 in) निकास ट्याक्सीवे, पहुँच सडकहरू, र एरोड्रोम फुटपाथ पनि समावेश छन्। रनवे एयरबस ए३२० र बोइङ ७३७ जस्ता विमानहरू ह्यान्डल गर्न सक्षम छ। सबै अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय अवतरण र टेकअफ रनवेको पूर्वी भाग प्रयोग गरी गरिनेछ। आन्तरिक उडान र अवतरणले पूर्वी र पश्चिमी दुवै पक्ष प्रयोग गर्नेछ ====== == श्रोतहरू == {{reflist}} * [http://www.caanepal.org.np/pokhara_airport.htm Official page of Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal] * [http://www.farecompare.com/flights/Pokhara-PKR/city.html Pokhara Destinations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116235022/http://www.farecompare.com/flights/Pokhara-PKR/city.html |date=2007-11-16 }} * {{WAD|VNPK}} * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokhara_Airport {{Commonscat|Pokhara Airport}} [[श्रेणी:नेपालका विमानस्थलहरू]] en283aulfaa5dj0y6roakhxrkftp0b6 0 7035 1358496 1328759 2026-06-09T05:57:06Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox airport | name = भरतपुर विमानस्थल | nativename = Bharatpur Airport | image = Chitwan 8 April - (02) 2.jpg | IATA = BHR | ICAO = VNBP <center>{{Location map|Nepal|width=220|float=center |caption=|mark=Airplane_silhouette.svg|marksize=10 |label=BHR|position=right |lat_deg=27|lat_min=40|lat_sec=41|lat_dir=N |lon_deg=84|lon_min=25|lon_sec=46|lon_dir=E }}<small>नेपालको नक्शामा भरतपुर विमानस्थल</small></center> | type = सार्वजनिक | owner = | operator = [[नेपाल नागरिक उड्डयन प्राधिकरण]] | city-served = [[भरतपुर महानगरपालिका|भरतपुर]] ,[[नेपाल]] | location = <!--if different than above--> | elevation-f = 600 | elevation-m = 183 | coordinates = {{coord|27|40|41|N|84|25|46|E|region:NP|display=inline,title}} | website = | metric-rwy = y | r1-number = १५/३३ | r1-length-m = 1,158 | r1-length-f = 3,799 | r1-surface = [[अलकत्रा]] | footnotes = स्रोत :<ref name="CAAN"> {{cite web | url = http://caanepal.org.np/bharat_airport.htm | title = Bharatpur Airport | publisher = Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070928132648/http://www.caanepal.org.np/bharat_airport.htm | archivedate = 28 September 2007 }} </ref><ref name="GCM">{{GCM|VNBP| Bharatpur, Nepal (VNBP / BHR)}}</ref> }} '''भरतपुर विमानस्थल''' [[नेपाल]]को राजधानी [[काठमाडौँ]]बाट १५० कि. मि. टाढा [[चितवन जिल्ला|चितवन]] उपत्यकाको [[भरतपुर महानगरपालिका|भरतपुर]] सहरमा रहेको छ। यो विमानस्थल सन् १९६१ देखि शुरू भएको हो। हाल मध्य-नेपालको प्रमुख यो विमानस्थल बेला बेलामा अन्तराष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल बनाउने भनेर चर्चा भइरहने विमानस्थल हो। नेपालको केन्द्र भागमा रहेको राजधानी काठमाडौँबाट पनि नजिकरहेको र भौगोलिक रूपमा पनि अत्यान्त सुरक्षीत चितवन उपत्यका भित्र रहेकाले पनि यो विमानस्थललाई अन्तराष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल बनाउने चर्चा चल्ने गर्दछ। हाल भरतपुर सहरको केन्द्र भागमा रहेको भरतपुर विमानस्थल तथा चितवनको अर्को [[मेघौली विमानस्थल]]को जमीन बेची पूर्व पश्चिम रनवे बनाएर [[गण्डकी नदी|नारायणी नदी]] पारी वा वारीको क्षेत्रमा बनाउन सकिने सोचले चर्चा पाई रहेको छ। पूर्व पश्चिम रनवे बनाउदा [[चितवन राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज]]का जनवारलाई ध्वनी प्रदुषण पनि नहुने राय विज्ञहरूले दिइ सकेका छन। हाल यो विमानस्थलबाट दैनिक एघार वटासम्म उडान हुने गरेको छ। हाल भरतपुर विमानस्थलमा नेपालकै पहिलो निजी पाइलट तालीम स्कूल सञ्चालित छ। == नामाकरण == यो विमानस्थलको नाम चितवन जिल्लाको जिल्ला सदरमुकाम भरतपुरको नामबाट राखिएको हो। == स्थिति == यो विमानस्थल [[भरतपुर (नारायणी)|भरतपुर]] नगरको मुटु [[चौबिसकोठी]]को पश्चिम क्षेत्रमा [[महेन्द्र राजमार्ग]] तथा [[कृष्णपुर नगरपालिका|कृष्णपुर]]को बिच [[हाकिम चोक]] देखि सैन्य ब्यारेक सम्म उत्तर दक्षीण फैलिएर रहेको छ। नेपालको भरतपुर विमानस्थलको एअरपोर्ट कोड |BHR|VNBP हो। == विस्तार == ==विमान सेवाहरू== *यति एअरलाईन्स *कस्मिक एअर (विगतमा) *नेपाल एअर लाईन्स (विगतमा) *बुद्ध एअर *सिम्रिक एअर *गोर्खा एअरलाईन्स (विगतमा) *स्काइलाईन एअरवेज (विगतमा) *शिवानी एअर (विगतमा) == उडान == यो विमानस्थलबाट हुने प्रमुख हवाई सेवा तलका सहर सम्म बिस्तारित छ- *[[काठमाडौँ (स्पष्टता)|काठमाडौँ]] *[[पोखरा महानगरपालिका|पोखरा]] *[[सुर्खेत जिल्ला|सुर्खेत]] विगतमा *दाङ[[घोराही उपमहानगरपालिका|त्रिभुवननगर]] विगतमा *[[गोरखाली|गोरखा]] पालुङटार विगतमा == विस्तार तथा विकास == अहिले सम्म अन्तराष्ट्रिय विमानस्थलको रूप लिन नसकेको भएता पनि भरतपुरको आन्तरिक विमानस्थलको सन १९६१ मा शुरू भए यता केही सुधार हुदै आएको छ । शुरूवात देखि राष्ट्रिय ध्वाजावाहक [[नेपाल वायुसेवा निगम]]ले उडान गरिरहेको थियो भने हाल आएर अन्य निजी विमान सेवाहरूले पनि उडान बढाउदै दैनिक छ सात वटा उडान अहिले भरतपुरबाट उपलब्ध छन। यो विमानस्थलमा [[नेपाल वायुसेवा निगम]] तथा नेकोन एअरको एभ्रो जाहाज बस्न सक्ने बनाउन ११५८ मिटरको धावनमार्ग सन १९९४ मा बनाइयो भने त्यसलाई सन १९९८मा पिच गर्ने कार्य समेत सन १९९९ मा एसियाली विकास बैकंको सहयोगमा सपन्न भयो। त्यसै गरी नया टर्मिनल भवन पनि बनेर तयार भयो। हाल नेपालका मुख्य यात्रु चपयुक्त विमानस्थल मध्य भरतपुर विमानस्थल पनि एक हो। तर मात्र एक सय चालिस मिटर धावन मार्ग थप्न असमर्थ (विमानस्थलको उत्तर तथा दक्षिणमा सरकारी जग्गा नै रहेको छ) कस्मिक एअरको १०४ यात्रु बोक्ने फोकर जेटले यो विमानस्थलको उपयोग गर्न पाएको छैन। == भरतपुरमा अन्तराष्ट्रिय विमानस्थलको सम्भावना == नेपालको केन्द्रमा पर्ने [[चितवन जिल्ला|चितवन उपत्यका]] र [[भरतपुर (नारायणी)|भरतपुर]] यातायात का दृष्टीले पनि केन्द्रविन्दु रहको छ। यो १५० कि मी लम्वाइ र ५० कि मी चौडाइ रहेको यो उपत्यकामा देशको दोस्रो अन्तराष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल बनाउन पर्ने माग धेरै पहिले देखि [[चितवन जिल्ला|चितवन]]बासी अन्य क्षेत्रका नेपाली तथा बाह्य मुलुकमा बसेका नेपालीको समेत रहि आएको छ। [[काठमाडौँ (स्पष्टता)|काठमाडौँ]]मा रहेको एक मात्र [[त्रिभुवन अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|त्रिभुवन विमानस्थल]] विमान तथा यात्रुको चापले अहिले नै सांघुरो प्रतित भइसकेको छ। उक्त विमानस्थलको विस्तार गरी बहुधावनमार्ग बनाउन पनि त्रिभुवन अन्तराष्ट्रिय विमानस्थलको भौगोलीक अवस्था र राजधानीको सहरी करणको चापले असंभव प्राय भइसकेको छ। तसर्थ अत्यान्त ठूलो र तुलानत्मक रूपमा अत्यन्त सुरक्षीत भूभाग तथा राजधानी उपत्यकाको दोस्रो पर्यटकिय गन्तव्य [[पोखरा उपत्यका]] तथा देशका अन्य भागसँग पनि सहज यातायात पहुचका कारण [[भरतपुर (नारायणी)|भरतपुर]]मा दोस्रो अन्तराष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल बनाउनु अत्यन्त बान्छनिय देखिन्छ। सन १९८८मा सोको अध्यान पनि भएको थियो जसमा तिन विकल्प छुट्टयाइएको थियो। * [[भरतपुर महानगरपालिका|भरतपुर नगरपालिका]]कोको वार्ड नं.१४ तोरीखेतमा उत्तर दक्षिण धावन मार्ग गरी वनाउने। * [[भरतपुर महानगरपालिका|भरतपुर नगरपालिका]]को पश्चिम शिबघाटको [[गण्डकी नदी|नारायणी नदी]]को ढाढ क्षेत्रमा पूर्व पश्चिम धावन मार्ग गरी बनाउने। * तेस्रोमा चितवन उपत्यकाको [[गण्डकी नदी|नारायणी नदी]] पारीको [[नवलपरासी जिल्ला]] खण्डको रजहर नजीकै पूर्वपश्चिम धावनमार्ग गरी बनाउने। अध्यान सकिए पछि दुई र तिन नं.का विकल्पमा ध्यानै नदिइ मात्रै एक नं. विकल्पको आधार लिएर भरतपुरमा अन्तराष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल बनाउदा [[चितवन राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज]]का जनवारलाई ध्वनी प्रदुषण हुने हल्ला फैलाई त्यसलाई कागजमा मात्र सिमित गरियो। जवकी दोस्रो र तेस्रो विकल्प अत्यन्त व्यवाहारिक थिए र पूर्व पश्चिम धावनमार्ग हुने भएकाले र दोस्रो विकल्पको हकमा [[गण्डकी नदी|नारायणी नदी]]को ढाढक्षेत्र (जुन बाकी [[चितवन जिल्ला|चितवन]] भन्दा झण्डै ५० मिटर तल रहेको छ)मा बनाउदा ध्वनी अझ बढी घटने र [[गण्डकी नदी|नारायणी नदी]] जस्तो ठूलो जल श्रोतको छेउमा बनाउदा विमानस्थलमा हुने आगलागीमा समेत तुरून्त पानीको ठूलो श्रोत समेत उपलब्ध हुनसक्ने देखिन्छ। आम चितवन बासी तथा काठमाडौँ बाहिरका सबै नेपालीलाई अत्यन्त सहज हुने देखिन्छ। फेरी त्रिभुवन विमानस्थल सञ्चालन भै रहने भएकाले र भरतपुरको विमानस्थलबाट पनि राजधानी मात्र १४६ कि. मी.को दुरीमा मात्र रहेकाले त्यो विमानस्थलको अत्यन्त खांचो भैरहेको देखिन्छ। फेरी भरतपुर शहरको मुटुमा रहेको अर्बौ रूपिया पर्ने जग्गा भएको वर्तमान आन्तरिक विमानस्थल र मेघौली स्थित अर्को विमानस्थलको जग्गा विक्रिबाट नया विमानस्थलको ८० प्रतिशत पूर्वाधार बानउन अर्थ पनि जुटन सक्ने सहजै देखिएको छ। ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== * [http://www.caanepal.org.np/bharat_airport.htm Official page of Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal] * [http://www.farecompare.com/flights/Bharatpur-BHR/city.html Bharatpur Destinations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113071424/http://www.farecompare.com/flights/Bharatpur-BHR/city.html |date=2008-01-13 }} * {{WAD|VNPK}} * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatpur_Airport [[श्रेणी:नेपालका विमानस्थलहरू]] 95hpuszydw4p98c6wyih8gk1n8q6er5 0 7048 1358533 1328771 2026-06-09T07:50:06Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=जुन २०११}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}} {{Infobox airport | name = महेन्द्रनगर विमानस्थल | nativename = | image = | IATA = XMG | ICAO = VNMN <center>{{Location map|Nepal|width=250|float=center|caption=|mark=Airplane_silhouette.svg|marksize=10 |label=PKR|position=right |lat_deg=28|lat_min=57|lat_sec=48|lat_dir=N |lon_deg=80|lon_min=08|lon_sec=53|lon_dir=E }}<small>नेपालको नक्शामा महेन्द्रनगर विमानस्थल</small></center> | type = सार्वजानिक | owner = | operator = | city-served = [[भीमदत्त नगरपालिका|महेन्द्रनगर]],,{{flag|नेपाल}} | location = <!--if different than above--> | elevation-f = 650 | elevation-m = 198 | coordinates = {{coord|28|57|48|N|80|08|53|E|region:NP_type:airport}} | website = | metric-rwy = y | r1-number = 17/35 | r1-length-m = 884 | r1-length-f = 2,900 | r1-surface = Grass/Clay | footnotes = Source:<ref name="GCM">{{GCM|VNMN|Mahendranagar, Nepal (VNMN / XMG)}}</ref><ref name="CAAN factsheet">{{cite web|title=Mahendranagar Airport|url=https://www.caanepal.org.np/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/MAHENDRANAGAR-AIRPORT.pdf|publisher=Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal|accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> }} '''महेन्द्रनगर विमानस्थल''' सुदुरपस्चिमान्चल नेपालको [[भीमदत्त नगरपालिका|महेन्द्रनगर]] सहरमा अवस्थीत छ। महेन्द्रनगर विमानस्थलको एअरपोर्टकोड |XMG|VNMN हो। ==नामांकरण== यो विमानस्थलको नाम नेपालको [[महेन्द्रनगर (स्पष्टता)|महेन्द्रनगर]] सहरको नामबाट राखीएको हो। ==स्थिति== यो विमानस्थल [[भीमदत्त नगरपालिका|महेन्द्रनगर नगरपालिका]]को उत्तर पश्चिमी क्षेत्रमा पूर्व पश्चिम लम्विएर रहेको छ। ==विस्तार== ==विमान सेवाहरू== नेपाल वायुसेवा == उडान == यो विमानस्थलबाट हुने प्रमुख हवाई सेवा तलका सहर सम्म बिश्तारित छ- *[[काठमाडौँ]] *[[डोटी जिल्ला|डोटी]] श्रोतः *[http://www.farecompare.com/flights/Nepalganj-KEP/city.html Mahendranagar Destinations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022112136/http://www.farecompare.com/flights/Nepalganj-KEP/city.html |date=22 October 2007 }} [[श्रेणी:नेपालका विमानस्थलहरू]] art0qkycgufjvihjy4c0qrrciyk6laz 0 7677 1358509 1316383 2026-06-09T06:37:54Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder |name = रामवरण यादव |image = Ram Baran Yadav, portrait (August 2014).jpg |imagesize = 250px |alt = |office = १ औं [[नेपालको राष्ट्रपति]] |primeminister = *[[गिरिजाप्रसाद कोइराला]] *[[पुष्पकमल दाहाल]] *[[माधवकुमार नेपाल]] *[[झलनाथ खनाल]] *[[बाबुराम भट्टराई]] *[[खिलराज रेग्मी]] *[[सुशील कोइराला]] *[[खड्गप्रसाद ओली]] |vicepresident = [[परमानन्द झा]] |term_start = २३ जुलाई २००८<ref>[http://rajpatra.dop.gov.np/welcome/book/?ref=20622 नेपाल राजपत्र]</ref> |term_end = २८ अक्टूबर २०१५ |predecessor = संविधान स्थापना |successor = [[विद्यादेवी भण्डारी]] |office1 = [[नेपाली कांग्रेस]]का महामन्त्री |1blankname1 = सभापति |1namedata1 =[[गिरिजाप्रसाद कोइराला]] |term_start1 = १९९६ |term_end1 = २०१० |predecessor1 = *[[गिरिजाप्रसाद कोइराला]] *[[महेन्द्रनारायण निधि|महेन्द्र नारायण निधि]] |successor1 = *[[कृष्णप्रसाद सिटौला]] *[[प्रकाशमान सिंह]] |state_senate3 = |state3 = |district3 = |term_start3 = |term_end3 = |predecessor3 = |successor3 = |birth_date = २००४ माघ २२<br/>४ फेब्रुअरी १९४८ |birth_place = [[सपही,धनुषा|सपही]] [[धनुषा जिल्ला|धनुषा]], [[नेपाल]] |death_date = |death_place = |party = [[नेपाली कांग्रेस|नेपाली काँग्रेस]] |spouse = जुलेखा यादव <ref name=rby1/> |children = डा. चन्द्रमोहन यादव<br/> चन्द्रशेखर यादव (छोरा)<br/> [[अनिता यादव|अनीता यादव (छोरी)]] |residence = |alma_mater = |religion = [[हिन्दू धर्म|हिन्दु]] |signature = |signature_alt = |website = |footnotes = }} '''डा. रामवरण यादव''' (जन्म २००४ साल माघ २२ गते)<ref name=rby1>{{cite web| title=DR. RAM BARAN YADAV PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF NEPAL| url=http://presidentofnepal.gov.np/Contents/biography.html&flag=F| publisher=Office of The President, [[नेपाल|Nepal]]| date=| accessdate=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602021453/http://presidentofnepal.gov.np/Contents/biography.html%26flag%3DF |date=2012-06-02 }}</ref> नेपालको प्रथम तथा भूतपूर्व राष्ट्रपति हुन। उनी २०६५ साउनमा निर्वाचित भएका नेपालका प्रथम राष्ट्रपति हुन । उनले यस अघि स्वास्थ्य मन्त्रीको रूपमा र [[नेपाली कांग्रेस|नेपाली काँग्रेस]] पार्टीको महासचिवको रूपमा सेवा गरे । यादव बिसं २०४७ देखि २०५० सम्म नेपाली कांग्रेसको सरकारमा स्वास्थ्य राज्यमन्त्री थिए । उनी बिसं २०५६ मा निर्वाचनमा नेपाली कांग्रेसको उम्मेद्वारको रूपमा [[प्रतिनिधि सभा (नेपाल)|प्रतिनिधि सभा]]को लागि निर्वाचित भएका थिए। उक्त निर्वाचन पछि उनी स्वास्थ्यमन्त्री भए । वि.सं. २०६४ बैशाखमा, यादवको जनकपुर स्थित निवासमा जनतान्त्रिक तराई मुक्ति मोर्चाका लडाकुहरूले आक्रमण गरे। उनीहरूले घरमा कब्जा गरेको एउटा सूचना दिए, यसमा आफ्नो झन्डा फहराए र एउटा बम राखे । बि.सं २०६४ चैत्रको संविधान सभा निर्वाचनमा यादवले धनुषा ५ संसदीय क्षेत्रमा प्रतिस्प्रधा गरे । १०,३९२ मत प्राप्त गरेर त्यो स्थान जिते । पहिलो चरणमा भएको निर्वाचन स्तगित भएपछि, २०६५ साउन ६ मा पुन दोस्रो चरणको निर्वाचन गराईयो । यस दोस्रो चरणको निर्वाचनमा नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी)का उमेद्वार राम राजा प्रसाद सिंहलाई २८२ हराउदै उनी नेपालका प्रथम राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा निर्वाचित भए । उनले [[संविधान सभा]] खसेको ५९० मत मध्ये ३०८ मत पाएका थिए । उनले बि.सं २०६५ साउन ८ गते नेपालको प्रथम राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा [[पदको शपथ|शपथ ग्रहण]] गरे । प्रधान न्यायाधीश केदारप्रसाद गिरीले उनलाई राष्ट्रपति भवन शितल निवासमा पद र गोपनीयताको शपथ दिलाए । शपथ ग्रहण समारोहमा तत्कालिन प्रधानमन्त्री [[गिरिजाप्रसाद कोइराला|गिरिजा प्रसाद कोइराला]] लगायत अन्य महानुभवहरू उपस्थित थिए। उनले पनि उपराष्ट्रपति [[परमानन्द झा]]लाई शपथ गराए । ==व्यक्तिगत जीवन== रामबरण यादवकाको जन्म २००४ माघ २२ गते थानी यादव र राम रति यादवको सन्तानको रूपमा भएको थियो । उनको विवाह जुलेखा यादव सँग भएको थियो। यादवको श्रीमती १९८३ मा मृत्यु भएको थियो । उनका सन्तानहरूमा दुई छोरा (डा. चन्द्रमोहन यादव र ई.चन्द्रशेखर यादव) र एउटी छोरी (अनीता यादव) हुन ।<ref name=rby2>{{cite web| title=DR. RAM BARAN YADAV PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF NEPAL| url=http://presidentofnepal.gov.np/Contents/president.html| publisher=Office of The President, [[नेपाल|Nepal]]| date=| accessdate=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630120915/http://presidentofnepal.gov.np/Contents/president.html |date=2014-06-30 }}</ref> यादव अहिले [[शीतल निवास]]मा छोरा (चन्द्रमोहन यादव) र छोरी (अनीता यादव)को साथ बस्छन्। उनका कान्छा छोरा (चन्द्रशेखर यादव) [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]मा छन । ==राजनीतिक जीवन== रामवरण यादव बिद्यार्थी हुँदा देखि नै उनको राजनीतिक जीवनको शुरुवात भयो । उनी भारतको कलकत्तामा चिकित्साशास्त्रको बिद्यार्थी हुँदा त्यस समयमा भारतमा स्व-निर्वासनमा रहेका [[विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइराला|विश्वेश्वर प्रसाद कोइराला]], [[गणेशमान सिंह]], सुवर्ण शम्सेर राणा, [[पुष्पलाल श्रेष्ठ]] र सरोज कोइराला जस्ता नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञहरूसँग उनको भेट भयो । यिनै नेताहरूबाट प्रभावित भएर यादव राजनीतिक क्षेत्रमा प्रवेश गरे । उनी वि.सं. २०३७ मा नेपालमा बहुदलीय प्रजातन्त्रको लागि भएको आन्दोलनमा सक्रिय रूपमा लागि परे। चिकित्सकको रूपमा अभ्यासरत रहँदा उनीले आफुलाई [[नेपाली कांग्रेस|नेपाली काँग्रेस]]को सक्रिय कार्यकर्ताको रूपमा राजनीतिमा स्थापित गराए । बि.सं. २०३७ देखि २०३९ सम्म उनले तत्कालीन प्रधानमन्त्री [[विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइराला|विश्वेश्वर प्रसाद कोइराला]]को निजी चिकित्सकको रूपमा काम गरे । [[चित्र:With_father.jpg|thumb|right|राष्ट्रपति राम बरण यादव]] रामवरण यादव बि.सं २०४७ साल अघि भएका प्रजातान्त्रिक [[आन्दोलन अलङ्कार|आन्दोलन]]मा सक्रिय रूपमा लागि परिरहे । त्यस आन्दोलन क्रममा उनले नौ महिना सम्म जेलमा बिताए। बि.सं २०४७ सालमा बहुदलीय प्रजातन्त्र घोषणा भएपछि भएको [[प्रतिनिधि सभा (नेपाल)|प्रतिनिधि सभा]]को चुनावमा उनी [[धनुषा जिल्ला]]को क्षेत्र नं. ५ बाट [[प्रतिनिधि सभा (नेपाल)|प्रतिनिधि सभा]] सदस्यमा उठे र विजयि पनि भए । उनी बि.सं २०४८ देखि २०५१ सम्म नेपालका स्वास्थ्य राज्यमन्त्री भए । उनले पुन: बिसं २०५६ देखि २०५८ सम्म नेपालका स्वास्थ्य मन्त्रीको कार्यभार सम्हाले । रामवरण यादवले [[नेपाली कांग्रेस|नेपाली काँग्रेस]] पार्टीमा धेरै जिम्बेवारीपूर्ण पदहरू निर्बाह गरिसकेका छन । उनी १५ वर्ष केन्द्रीय कार्यसमितिको सदस्यको रूपमा साथै संसदीय बोर्डका सदस्य र पार्टीको अनुशासन समितिका सदस्य थिए । राष्ट्रपति हुनु पूर्व उनी [[नेपाली कांग्रेस|नेपाली काँग्रेस]] पार्टीका महासचिव थिए । [[चित्र:Saarc 2014.jpg|thumb|right|अनिता यादवसँग राष्ट्रपति राम बरण यादव]] [[चित्र:Rambaranyadavandanitayadav.jpg|thumb|right| राष्ट्रपति राम बरण यादव र वहा कि छोरी अनिता यादवसँग भारत कि राष्ट्रपति प्रतिभा देवि सिंह पाटिल र भारत का प्रधानमन्त्री मनमोहन सिंह]] ==सन्दर्भ सूची== {{reflist}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== {{Commonscat|Ram Baran Yadav}} {{नेपालका राजा तथा राष्ट्रपतिहरू}} [[श्रेणी:सन् १९४८ मा जन्म]] [[श्रेणी:जीवित मानिसहरू]] [[श्रेणी:मधेशी जाति]] [[श्रेणी:नेपाली हिन्दुहरू]] [[श्रेणी:मधेश प्रदेशका नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस राजनीतिज्ञहरू]] [[श्रेणी:धनुषा जिल्लाका मानिसहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका राष्ट्रपतिहरू]] [[श्रेणी:कलकत्ता विश्वविद्यालयका पूर्व विद्यार्थीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका सांसदहरू २०४८–२०५१]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका सांसदहरू २०५६–२०५९]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालको पहिलो संविधान सभाका सदस्यहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपाली चिकित्सकहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका राष्ट्रपतिको उम्मेदवारहरू]] [[श्रेणी:रामस्वरुप रामसागर बहुमुखी क्याम्पसका पूर्व विद्यार्थीहरू]] 86zatnnbdf8bjix20gx65bd291laaq2 0 7685 1358508 1309402 2026-06-09T06:32:04Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* उपराष्ट्रपति */ 1358508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |image = | caption = परमानन्द झा |name = परमानन्द झा<br><small>Parmanand Jha</small> |office = १ औं [[नेपालको उपराष्ट्रपति]] |president = [[रामवरण यादव]]<br>[[विद्यादेवी भण्डारी]] |term_start =२३ जुलाई २००८ |term_end = ३१ अक्टोबर २०१५ |predecessor = संविधान |successor = [[नन्दकिशोर पुन]] |birth_date = सन् १९४४ |birth_place = [[दरभंगा]], [[बिहार]], भारत '''राष्ट्रीयता''': [[नेपाली]] |death_date = |death_place = |party = [[मधेशी जनअधिकार फोरम, नेपाल|मधेसी जनाधिकार फोरम]] }} '''परमानन्द झा''' (जन्म: सन् १९४४) नेपालको पहिलो उपराष्ट्रपति र [[नेपालको सर्वोच्च अदालत|सर्वोच्च अदालत]]को भुतपूर्व न्यायाधीश हुन । उनी [[दरभंगा]], [[बिहार]], [[भारत]]मा जन्मिएर उहि हुर्किएका हुन। उनीलाई लागु औषधको मुद्दामा घुस खाएको आरोप लागेको थियो । त्यसकारण न्याय परिषदले स्थायी न्यायाधीशको पदमा उनलाई अनुमोदन गरेन । अन्तमा उनले डिसेम्बर २००७मा न्यायाधीशको पदबाट राजिनामा दिए । पछि, उनी राजनीतिक क्रियाकलापमा शामिल भए र [[मधेसी जनाधिकार फोरम]]को सदस्य बने । श्रावण ४ मा, उनी [[संविधान सभा]] द्वारा नेपालको उपराष्ट्रपतिमा निर्वाचित भए । उनलाई मधेसी जनाधिकार फोरमले उम्मेद्वारको रूपमा खडा गरेको थियो । == न्यायाधीश == उनीलाई लागु औषधको मुद्दामा घुस खाएको आरोप लागेको थियो। त्यसकारण न्याय परिषदले स्थायी न्यायाधीशको पदमा उनलाई अनुमोदन गरेन। झालाई सर्वोच्च अदालतमा स्थायी न्यायाधीश नबनाइएपछि उनी साविककै उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीश पद सम्हाल्न गएका तर कानुन व्यवसायीले इजलासमा अस्वीकार गर्दा मुख्य न्यायाधीशको पद पनि उनले सम्हाल्न सकेनन्। चरेश काण्डका अभियुक्तलाई सफाइ दिएर बदनामी कमाएका उनी तत्कालीन नेपाली फोहोरी राजनीतिको गठजोडका कारण उपराष्ट्रपति बनेका थिए।<ref>[https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/opinion/665741-1636857989.html अनौठा न्यायिक अभ्यास]</ref> == उपराष्ट्रपति == उनले श्रवण ८ गतेका दिन सितल निवासमा राष्ट्रपति [[रामवरण यादव]]बाट तत्कालिन प्रधानमन्त्री [[गिरिजाप्रसाद कोइराला|गिरिजा प्रसाद कोइराला]]को उपस्थितिमा उपराष्ट्रपति [[पदको शपथ|पदको शपथ ग्रहण]] गरी उनले कार्यकाल शुरु गरे । ===हिन्दीमा शपथ ग्रहण र बिवाद=== परमानन्द झा [[हिन्दी भाषा|हिन्दी]] भाषामा पद एवं गोपनीयताको [[शपथ ग्रहण]] गरेपछि विवादमा तानिए, [[हिन्दी भाषा|हिन्दी]] नेपालको जनसङ्ख्याको १% भन्दा कमको मातृभाषा हो, तर दोस्रो वा तेश्रो बहुमतमा बोलिने भाषाको रूपमा लिइन्छ । यसले देश भरी व्यापक आन्दोलन नेतृत्व गर्‍यो । सञ्चार माध्यमहरू‎ले यसलाई राम्रो स्थान दिए । थुप्रै समाचार साइट र ब्लगहरूले अचानक यो विषयको टिप्पणीहरूले भरीन थाले । साइटमा व्यक्त विचार मिश्रित थिए । धेरै मानिसहरूले शपथ ग्रहण असंवैधानिक भएको धारणा व्यक्त गरे, तर उनको पार्टीका नेताहरूले [[हिन्दी भाषा|हिन्दी]] भाषामा लिइएको शपथको समर्थन गरे । ===झाको बिरुद्द रिट निवेदन=== अन्तरिम संविधानद्वारा मान्यता प्राप्त नभएको भाषामा शपथ ग्रहण गरियो तसर्थ यो शपथ ग्रहण असंवैधानिक भयो भनि दाबी गर्दै बालकृष्ण नेउपानेले उच्च अदालतमा रिट निवेदन दर्ता गरे । यसको उत्तरमा, २०६५ श्रावण १३ गतेका दिन सर्वोच्च अदालत सरकार र उपराष्ट्रपति परमान्द झालाई [[हिन्दी भाषा|हिन्दी]]मा शपथ ग्रहण गरेको सन्दर्भमा लिखित विवरण उपलब्ध गराउन आदेश दियो । ===पुन: शपथ ग्रहण गर्न अदालतको आदेश=== [[चित्र:Upa.jpg|thumb|200px|right| उपराष्ट्रपति भवन]] ७ दिनको समय सीमा पछि पनि उनले लिखित स्पष्टीकरण दिनु भन्ने अदालतको आदेशलाई नदेखेको जस्तो गरे गरिदिए, तर उनले हिंदी भाषा शपथ लिएको नेपाली भावनामा चोट पुर्‍याउनको लागि थिएन भनी उनले एक पटक लिखीत वक्तब्यमा प्रष्टीकरण दिदै दुख व्यक्त गरे । एक वर्षको लामो अदालती प्रक्रिया पछि, दोस्रो पटक पद एवं गोपनीयताको शपथ लिन सर्वोच्च अदालतले उपराष्ट्रपति परमान्द झालाई आदेश जारी गर्‍यो । [[हिन्दी भाषा|हिन्दी]] भाषामा शपथ लिनु नेपालको मौजूदा कानुन अनुसार संवैधानिक होईन भन्ने निष्कर्षमा पुगेपछि २०६६ श्रावण ९ गते अदालतले फैसला दियो । उनले अदालतको फैसलालाई पक्षपाती र परस्पर विरोधी हितबाट प्रभावित भएको आरोप लगाउदै आपत्ति जनाए । उनी पुन: शपथ लिने वा नलिने कुरा दल र उनले प्रतिनिधित्व गरेको जनतासँग सलाह लिएपछि निर्णय गर्न चाहान्थे । केही समाचार सूत्रहरूले यो पनि बताये कि उपराष्ट्रपति झा नेपालीमा बोलिरहेका थिए जब की उनले दावा गरे कि उनी "राजनीतिक रूपबाट" नेपाली भाषा बुझ्दैन । तत्कालिन मन्त्रिपरिषदल्र् उनीसँग सर्वोच्च अदालतको आदेश अनुसार पद र गोपनियताको शपथ गर्न आग्रह गर्‍यो । उपराष्ट्रपति परमान्द झाले कहा भने की उनी केवल त्यसबेला मात्रै फेरी शपथ ग्रहण गर्न विचार गर्न सक्छन जब सब नेपालमा बोलिने सबै भाषालाई उचित सम्मान दिईन्छ । पुन: शपथ ग्रहणको लागि सर्वोच्च अदालतको फैसलाको समय सीमा २०६६ साल भाद्र १४ गते समाप्त भयो । ===उपराष्ट्रपति पद निस्क्रिय भयो=== नेपालीमा शपथ लिन इन्कार गर्न साथ, २०६६ साल भाद्र १५ गते देखि उपराष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा परमानन्द झा की स्थिति निस्क्रिय भयो। सर्वोच्च अदालतको फैसला अनुसार, उनले उपराष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा कुनै काम गर्न सक्ने छैनन, एवं उपराष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा उनलाई दिएको विशेष सुरक्षा र विशेषाधिकार हकदार होईनन। झा यस्तो स्थितिमा छन, जहाँ उनी संसदले उपराष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा निर्वाचित गरेको छ, तर शपथ ग्रहण गरेका छैनन। उसले शपथ ग्रहण नगरुञेल सार्वजनिक पदमा निर्वाचित व्यक्तिलाई आफ्नो निवास र वाहनमा राष्ट्रिय झण्डा प्रयोग गर्ने अनुमति छैन र उ अती बिशिष्ट ब्यक्तिले पाउने सुरक्षाको हकदार हुदैन। ===उपराष्ट्रपति पद पुन: सक्रिय=== छ महीना काममा नरहे पछि, उपराष्ट्रपति पद २०६६ साल माघ २४ गतेबाट पुन: सक्रिय भयो, जब उनले पद र गोपनीयताको ताजा शपथ ग्रहण गरे। नेपाली र उनको मातृभाषा मैथली दुबैमा शपथ लिएको बेला उनी बिरुद्द कुनै बिरोध प्रदर्शन हुने छैन भनी अनुमान लगाईएको थियो। राष्ट्रपति, उपराष्ट्रपति, प्रधानमन्त्री र मन्त्रीहरूलाई उनीहरूको सम्बन्धीत मातृ भाषामा पद एवं गोपनीयताको शपथ लिन छुट दिदै मौजूदा संविधानमा हालै भएको संशोधन पछि नेपालीको बाहेक अन्य भाषामा शपथ लिनु अनुमति प्राप्त छ। ==बाह्य कडीहरू== * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYgh-1_8duM सपथ ग्रहणको भिडियो (भिडियोको मध्यभाग पछि परमान्दको सपथ छ ।)] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका उपराष्ट्रपतिहरू]] [[श्रेणी:राजविराजका मानिसहरू]] mlrhjf7z90166s5rf3hxa0qch85jvbg 0 8894 1358455 1355365 2026-06-08T16:18:37Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 /* चित्र दीर्घाहरू */ 1358455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{विशेष लेख}} {{Infobox settlement | name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = | settlement_type = [[महानगरपालिका]]<br/>[[मुख्यालय|सदरमुकाम]] | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Gaindakot_and_Bharatpur_at_Narayani_River,_Nepal_2020_-1.jpg | photo2a = Narayanghat.JPG | photo2b = Survival_tree.jpg | photo4a = Chitwan_2.jpg | photo4b = Narayani_river.jpg | spacing = 2 | color_border = #000000 | color = #000000 | size = 320 }} | image_alt = | image_caption = माथिबाट, बायाँबाट दायाँ: [[गैँडाकोट नगरपालिका|गैँडाकोट]] पहाडबाट भरतपुर क्षितिज, [[भरतपुर महानगरपालिका|नारायणगढ]] बजार, भरतपुरको बाटुली ​​पोखरी, [[बिसहजारी ताल]]। | image_flag = | image_seal = | image_map = | map_caption = भरतपुर महानगरपालिकाको नक्सा | pushpin_map = भरतपुर महानगरपालिका#चितवन जिल्ला#बागमती प्रदेश#नेपाल | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_mapsize = 300 | pushpin_map_caption = नक्सामा {{पृष्ठको नाम}}को अवस्थिति <!-- Location -->| coordinates = {{coord|27|41|N|84|26|E|display=inline}} | subdivision_type = देश | subdivision_name = {{झन्डा|नेपाल}} | subdivision_type1 = [[नेपालका प्रदेशहरू|प्रदेश]] | subdivision_type2 = [[नेपालका जिल्लाहरू|जिल्ला]] | subdivision_name1 = [[बागमती प्रदेश|बागमती प्रदेश]] | subdivision_name2 = [[चितवन जिल्ला]] | established_title = नगर पञ्चायत | established_date = वि.सं. २०३५ माघ १५<ref name="नगर">{{cite news|title=नगर पञ्चायत ऐन २०१९ बमोजिम दाङ जिल्ला अन्तर्गत त्रिभुवन नगर पञ्चायतक्षेत्र घोषित गरेको |url=http://rajpatra.dop.gov.np/welcome/book/?ref=9927 |date=वि.सं. २०३५ माघ १५ |accessdate=वि.सं. २०७८ माघ २९ |agency=नेपाल सरकार |language=नेपाली |publisher=नेपाल राजपत्र}}</ref> | established_title1 = समावेश गाउँ पञ्चायतहरू | established_date1 = भरतपुर र नारायणगढ (सबै भाग) र कल्याणपुर (आंशिक भाग) | established_title2 = उपमहानगरपालिका | established_date2 = वि.सं. २०७१ पुस २८<ref name="उपमहानगर">{{cite news|title=शङ्खरापुर लगायत विभिन्न नगरपालिका घोषणा |url=http://rajpatra.dop.gov.np/welcome/book/?ref=22634 |date=वि.सं. २०७१ पुस २८ |accessdate=वि.सं. २०७८ माघ २९ |agency=नेपाल सरकार |language=नेपाली |publisher=नेपाल राजपत्र}}</ref> | established_title3 = सम्मिलित ([[गाउँ विकास समिति (नेपाल)|गाविस]]) | established_date3 = [[मङ्गलपुर]], [[फुलबारी, चितवन|फुलबारी]], [[गीतानगर]], [[पटिहानी]] तथा [[शिवनगर, चितवन|शिवनगर]] | established_title4 = महानगरपालिका | established_date4 = वि.सं. २०७३ फागुन २७<ref name="महानगर">{{cite news|title=गाउँपालिका नगरपालिका उपमहानगरपालिका र महानगरपालिकाको क्षेत्र तोकी केन्द्र कायम गरेको |url=http://rajpatra.dop.gov.np/welcome/book/?ref=22690 |date=वि.सं. २०७३ फागुन २७ |accessdate=वि.सं. २०७८ माघ २९ |agency=नेपाल सरकार |language=नेपाली |publisher=नेपाल राजपत्र}}</ref> | established_title5 = सम्मिलित क्षेत्रहरू | established_date5 = भरतपुर, [[नारायणी नगरपालिका|नारायणी]], [[चित्रवन नगरपालिका|चित्रवन]] र [[कविलास, चितवन|कविलास]] | government_type = | governing_body = | leader_title = [[नगरप्रमुख|कावा प्रमुख]] | leader_name = चित्रसेन अधिकारी ([[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस|नेका]]) | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | leader_title3 = | area_total_km2 = 432.95 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 208 | population_footnotes = <ref name="नेपालको राष्ट्रिय जनगणना">{{cite web |title=जनसङ्ख्याको आकार र वितरण|url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/np/population?province=3&district=35&municipality=4|accessdate=२९ जेठ २०८१|work=राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८|publisher=[[राष्ट्रिय तथ्याङ्क कार्यालय (नेपाल)|राष्ट्रिय तथ्याङ्क कार्यालय]]|language=नेपाली}}</ref> | population_note = | population_total =369268 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_as_of = [[नेपालको बाह्रौँ राष्ट्रिय जनगणना, २०७८|राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८]] | population_footnotes = | population_density_km2 = auto <!-- General information -->| postal_code_type = हुलाकी सङ्केत | postal_code = ४४२००, ४४२०७ | area_code = ०५६ | blank_name_sec1 = मौसम | blank_info_sec1 = आर्द्र अर्ध-कटिबन्धीय जलवायु | website = {{URL|http://www.bharatpurmun.gov.np/}} | timezone = [[नेपालको प्रमाणिक समय]] | utc_offset = +५:४५ | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = }} '''भरतपुर''' नेपालको [[बागमती प्रदेश]]मा पर्ने [[चितवन जिल्ला]]को [[मुख्यालय|सदरमुकाम]]<ref name="सदरमुकाम">{{cite news|title=नेपाल अधिराज्यलाई १४ अञ्चल, ७५ जिल्लामा विभाजित |url=http://rajpatra.dop.gov.np/welcome/download?ref=2685 |date=वि.सं. २०१९ पुष २ |accessdate=वि.सं. २०७८ माघ २९ |agency=नेपाल सरकार |language=नेपाली |page=५ |publisher=नेपाल राजपत्र}}</ref> तथा [[महानगरपालिका]] हो। नेपालको मध्य भूभागमा रहेको भरतपुर महानगर देशकै [[नेपालका सहरहरूको सूची|चौथौ ठुलो सहर]] हो। यो नेपालको सबैभन्दा तीव्र गतिले विकास भइरहेको सहरहरू मध्येको एक हो। [[गण्डकी नदी|नारायणी नदी]]को तटमा अवस्थित रहेको यो सहर चितवन लगायत केन्द्रीय नेपालको व्यापारिक केन्द्र हो। यो महानगरपालिका क्षेत्रभित्र पर्ने [[भरतपुर महानगरपालिका|नारायणगढ]] सहरमा मुख्य व्यापारिक पसल र ठुला होटेलहरू रहेका छन् भने अन्य आवश्यक पूर्वाधारका साधनहरू नगरको अन्य क्षेत्रहरूमा रहेका छन्। कुल २९ वटा वडा रहेको भरतपुरको जनसङ्ख्या [[नेपालको बाह्रौँ राष्ट्रिय जनगणना, २०७८|वि.सं. २०७८ को जनगणना]] अनुसार ३,६९,२६८ रहेको छ भने यो सहर ४३२.९५ वर्ग किलोमिटरमा फैलिएको छ। यहाँको साक्षरता दर ८७.२० प्रतिशत रहेको छ जसमध्ये महिलाको साक्षरता दर ८२.६४% छ भने पुरुषको साक्षरता दर ९२.१२% रहेको छ। यहाँ ९६,५९१ घरघुरी रहेको छ।<ref name="नेपालको राष्ट्रिय जनगणना"/><ref>{{cite web |title=जनसङ्ख्याको आकार र वितरण|url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/np/population?province=3&district=35&municipality=4|accessdate=२९ जेठ २०८१|work=राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८|publisher=[[राष्ट्रिय तथ्याङ्क कार्यालय (नेपाल)|राष्ट्रिय तथ्याङ्क कार्यालय]]|language=नेपाली}}</ref> प्रत्येक पाँच वर्षमा हुने [[प्रतिनिधि सभा (नेपाल)|प्रतिनिधि सभा]]को निर्वाचनको लागि भरतपुर महानगरपालिकालाई चितवन निर्वचन क्षेत्र २ र निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ३ मा विभाजन गरिएको छ भने [[बागमती प्रदेश सभा]]को लागि चितवन निर्वचन क्षेत्र २ (क), (ख) र चितवन निर्वचन क्षेत्र ३ (क), (ख) मा विभाजन गरिएको छ।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://saurahaonline.com/2017/09/32986/ |title=चितवनको निर्वाचन क्षेत्र निर्धारण, प्रदेशको क्षेत्र निर्धारण प्रति नेकपा एमालेको असहमति |website=सौराहा अनलाइन |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2020-12-08 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108170415/https://saurahaonline.com/2017/09/32986/ |date=2021-01-08 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://synergyfm.com.np/2017/12/17139/ |title=चितवनको कुन ठाउँ कुन निर्वाचन क्षेत्रमा, मतदाता कति ? |last=सिनर्जी एफएम |date=2017-12-07 |website=सिनर्जी एफएम |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2020-12-08 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108151120/http://synergyfm.com.np/2017/12/17139/ |date=2021-01-08 }}</ref> [[कृषि तथा वन विज्ञान विश्वविद्यालय|कृषि तथा वन विश्वविद्यालय]]ले [[धुर्मुस सुन्तली फाउण्डेशन|धुर्मुस सुन्तली फाउन्डेसन]]लाई सहयोग गरेको भरतपुरको वडा नं. १६ रामपुरस्थित २० विगाहा ८ कठ्ठा क्षेत्रफलमा [[गौतम बुद्ध अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट रङ्गशाला]] बनिरहेको छ।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://radionepal.gov.np/news-details/23295/2019-01-30|title=चितवनमा रङशाला बनाउने धुर्मुस सुन्तली फाउन्डेसनको घोषणा|author=परेश सापकोटा|date=|work=[[रेडियो नेपाल]]|accessdate=१६ माघ २०७५}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201165840/http://radionepal.gov.np/news-details/23295/2019-01-30 |date=2019-02-01 }}</ref> == इतिहास == वि.सं. २००० को दशकसम्म घनाजङ्गलको रूपमा रहेको भरतपुरको बजार क्षेत्रमा [[थारू जाति|थारु]], बोटे, [[दराई जाति|दराई]] समुदायको मानिसहरूको बसोबास रहेको थियो।<ref name="चितवन0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2019/04/756087|title=बदलिँदो चितवन : ७० वर्षको कायाकल्प कथा|website=अनलाइन खबर|language=नेपाली|accessdate=2020-12-07}}</ref>सानो नाकाको रूपमा रहेको भरतपुरको विकासमा वि.सं. २०१२ मा तत्कालीन सरकारद्वारा ल्याइएको ‘राप्ती दुन विकास योजना’ ले गर्दा बस्ती बसाउने कार्यको थालनी भएको थियो। [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|अमेरिकी]] सहयोगमा सुरु गरिएको सो आयोजनाको प्रमुख कृष्ण बम मल्ल थिए। योजनावद्ध रूपमा नभएता पनि यसै परियोजनाको फलस्वरूप भरतपुरमा अस्पताल, [[विद्यालय]] र सरकारी कार्यालयहरूको लागि जग्गा खाली राखेर सर्वसाधारणहरूलाई जग्गा बाँडी बसोबास गर्न प्रोत्साहित गरिएको थियो।<ref name="चितवन0"/> नगर पञ्चायत ऐन २०१९ बमोजिम तत्कालिन सरकारले वि.सं. २०३५ साल माघ १५ गते तत्कालीन भरतपुर गाउँ [[पञ्चायती व्यवस्था|पञ्चायत]] र नारायणगढ गाउँ पञ्चायतको सबै भाग र कल्याणपुर गाउँ पञ्चायतको आंशिक भागलाई मिलाएर भरतपुर नगर पञ्चायत बनाएको थियो। भरतपुर नगर पञ्चायतको पहिलो नगरप्रमुख मुक्तिलाल चुके थिए।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=मुक्तिलाल चुकेको निधनपछि आँखा दान|युआरएल=https://www.safalkhabar.com/news/27862|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=सफल खबर|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref><ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=भरतपुरका संस्थापक मेयर मुक्तिलाल चुके रहेनन्|युआरएल=https://www.safalkhabar.com/news/27829|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=सफल खबर|वेबसाइट=|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> वि.सं. २०४७ सालमा देशमा [[नेपाल अधिराज्यको संविधान २०४७]] लागु भएपछि नगरपालिकाको लागि चाहिने आवश्यक पूर्वाधार तथा जनशक्ति भएको कारणले भरतपुर स्वतः नगरपालिका बन्न पुगेको थियो।<ref name="चितवन0"/> यो नगर चितवन जिल्लाकै पहिलो नगरपालिका समेत हो। नगरपालिका बनेपछि यहाँ सडक विकासको काममा तीव्रता आएको थियो। वि.सं. २०७१ मङ्सिर १३ गते [[नेपालको मन्त्रिपरिषद्]] अन्तर्गतको सामाजिक समितिले ६१ वटा नगरपालिका थप गर्ने र ७ वटा नगरपालिकालाई उपमहानगरपालिका बनाउने सिफारिस गरे अनुरूप [[नेपाल सरकार]]को निर्णय बमोजिम वि.सं. २०७१ पुस २८ गते नेपाल राजपत्रमा प्रकाशित सूचना अनुसार भरतपुर पनि नगरपालिकाबाट उपमहानगरपालिकामा विस्तार भएको थियो।<ref name="उपमहानगर"/> उक्त समयमा भरतपुरलाई उपमहानगरपालिका घोषित गर्दा यसमा [[मङ्गलपुर]], [[फुलबारी, चितवन|फुलबारी]], [[गीतानगर]], [[पटिहानी]] तथा [[शिवनगर, चितवन|शिवनगर]] गाविसलाई समावेश गरिएको थियो। [[नेपालको संविधान २०७२]] अनुसार स्थानीय सरकारको गठन भएपछि वि.सं. २०७३ फागुन २७ गते भरतपुरलाई महानगरपालिकामा स्तरोन्नति गरेपछि हाल यस महानगरपालिकामा २९ वटा वडाहरू छन्।<ref name="महानगर"/><ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=भरतपुर महानगरपालिकाको सङ्क्षिप्त परिचय|युआरएल=https://bharatpurmun.gov.np/ne/node/26|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=भरतपुर महानगरपालिका|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> वि.सं. २०७३ फागुन २२ गते नेपाल सरकारको निर्णय तथा वि.सं. २०७३ फागुन २७ गते नेपाल राजपत्रमा प्रकाशित सूचना अनुसार भरतपुरलाई महानगरपालिकामा स्तरोन्नति गर्दा साविकका भरतपुर क्षेत्र, [[नारायणी नगरपालिका]], [[चित्रवन नगरपालिका]] र [[कविलास, चितवन|कविलास]] [[गाउँ विकास समिति (नेपाल)|गाउँ विकास समिति]]लाई यसमा गाभिएको थियो।<ref name="महानगर" /><ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=स्थानीय निकायहरू - भरतपुर महानगरपालिका|युआरएल=https://lgisnepal.com/ne/body/377|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref><ref>{{वेब स्रोत|युआरएल=https://thahakhabar.com/news/11620/|शीर्षक=यस्ता छन् नेपालका चार महानगरपालिका, कुन महानगरको विशेषता के?|वेबसाइट=थाहा खबर|भाषा=नेपाली|पहुँचमिति=2020-12-07}}</ref> वि.सं. २०७९ जेठ १० गतेको निर्वाचन परिणामअनुसार महनगरपालिकाको नगर प्रमुख पदमा [[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा-माके]]की [[रेणु दाहाल]] र उप नगरप्रमुख पदमा [[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]]का चित्रसेन अधिकारी विजयी भएका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |title=भरतपुरको मेयरमा रेणु दाहाल र उपमेयरमा चित्रसेन अधिकारी विजयी |url=https://www.himalkhabar.com/news/130170 |accessdate=2023-03-31 |website=हिमाल खबर |language=नेपाली }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == अवस्थिति == यो सहर समुद्री सतहबाट १४० मिटरदेखि ३९० मिटर उचाइसम्म फैलिएको छ। यो नगर २७° ३२' ५८" देखि २७° ४५' ४०" उत्तरी अक्षांश र ८४° ९' ४१" देखि ८४° २९' ५" पूर्वी देशान्तरमा पर्दछ। यसको पूर्वमा [[रत्ननगर नगरपालिका]], [[कालिका नगरपालिका]], [[इच्छाकामना गाउँपालिका]] रहेका छन्<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=उत्तर फर्के हिमाल, दक्षिण हेरे फाँट, पहाडकी रानी – इच्छाकामना गाउँ|युआरएल=https://echitwanpost.com/81943/2019032408/36/01/|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=चितवन पोस्ट|वेबसाइट=|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> भने पश्चिमतर्फ [[विश्व सम्पदा क्षेत्र]]मा सूचीकृत [[चितवन राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज]] र [[नवलपरासी (बर्दघाट सुस्ता पूर्व) जिल्ला|नवलपुर जिल्ला]] उत्तरतर्फ [[तनहुँ जिल्ला]] र [[इच्छाकामना गाउँपालिका]] तथा दक्षिण तर्फ [[चितवन राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज]] नै पर्दछ। यसको तल्लो समथर सतहमा वडा नं. १, २, ३ र ४ तथा ५ को भू-भागहरू पर्दछ। == जलवायु == समुद्री सतहबाट कम उचाइमा, तल्लो समथर भू–भागमा र [[महाभारत पर्वत शृङ्खला|महाभारत पर्वत]]को नजिकै रहेको कारण भरतपुर क्षेत्रमा औसत [[तापक्रम]] बढी, [[आद्रता]]युक्त [[जलवायु परिवर्तन|जलवायु]] भएको पाइन्छ। यहाँ पुस, माघ महिनामा अत्यधिक जाडो हुन्छ भने सो समयमा न्यूनतम तापक्रम १० डिग्री सेल्सियस सम्म पुग्ने गर्दछ। यहाँ वैशाख, जेठ र असार महिनामा सर्वाधिक गर्मी हुन्छ भने उक्त समयमा यहाँको तापक्रम ४० डिग्री सेल्सियससम्म पुग्ने गरेको पाइन्छ। भरतपुरमा वार्षिक औसत [[वर्षा]] १,५०० मिलिमिटर हुने गर्दछ। वि.सं. २०६८ साउन ३२ मा, यहाँ हालसम्मकै सर्वाधिक अर्थात् २४ घन्टामा लगभग ३११ मिलिमिटर पानी परेको थियो।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=किन बढ्दै छ भरतपुरमा डुबान ?|युआरएल=https://www.nayapatrikadaily.com/news-details/52606/2020-10-07|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=नयाँ पत्रिका|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=६ डिसेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> साधारणतया वैशाख र जेठ याममा यहाँ बढी सुख्खा हुने गर्दछ।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=जिल्लाको जानकारी|युआरएल=https://daochitwan.moha.gov.np/en/page/introduction-of-chitwan-1|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> == जनसङ्ख्या == नेपालको [[नेपालको बाह्रौँ राष्ट्रिय जनगणना, २०७८|वि.सं. २०७८ को जनगणना]] अनुसार भरतपुरको जनसङ्ख्या ३,६९,२६८ रहेको थियो जसमध्ये [[पुरुष]]को जनसङ्ख्या १,७८,८९७ र [[महिला]] १,९०,३७१ रहेको थियो।<ref name="नेपालको राष्ट्रिय जनगणना"/> भरतपुरमामा मुख्यतया [[थारू जाति|थारू]], [[दराई जाति|दराई]], बोटे, [[गुरुङ जाति|गुरुङ]], [[मगर जाति|मगर]], [[चेपाङ जाति|चेपाङ]], [[तामाङ जाति|तामाङ]] रहेका छन् भने यहाँ थोरै सङ्ख्यामा [[राई जाति|राई]], [[लिम्बू जाति|लिम्बू]] लगायत [[बराल]], [[पौडेल]], [[अधिकारी]], [[थापा]], [[बोहरा|बोहोरा]] थर भएका [[ब्राह्मण|बाहुन]] तथा [[क्षेत्री]] जाति बसोबास गर्छन्। यहाँ [[श्रेष्ठ]], प्रधान, [[महर्जन]], शाही लगायतका थर भएका [[नेवार जाति|नेवार]] जातिका मानिसहरूका साथै नेपालमा रहेका अन्य सबै जातजातिका मानिसहरू बसोबास गर्दछन्।<ref name=चितवन>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=भौगोलिक र जातीय विविधायुक्त भरतपुर|युआरएल=https://echitwanpost.com/50108/2017031409/18/53/|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=चितवन पोस्ट|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> === जनसङ्ख्या वर्गीकरण<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=भरतपुर महानगरपालिकाको विस्तृत तथ्याङ्क|युआरएल=https://bharatpurmun.gov.np/sites/bharatpurmun.gov.np/files/documents/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%20Profile%20%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AC_0.pdf|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=भरतपुर महानगरपालिका|वेबसाइट=|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> === {{Historical populations |type = US |source = [http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/contributions/pdf/CNAS_28_02_03.pdf सोधपत्र] |वि.सं.२०३८ |२७६०२ |वि.सं.२०४८ |५४६७० |वि.सं.२०५८ |१२५११२ |वि.सं.२०६८ |२८०५०२ |वि.सं.२०७८ |३६९२६८ }} {{Bar chart | title = जातिगत जनसङ्ख्या विवरण, वि.सं.२०६८ जनगणना अनुसार | label_type = जाति | data_type = जनसङ्ख्या | bar_width = 35 | width_units = em | data_max = 100000 | label1 = ब्राह्मण | data1 = ९६,२५५ | label2 = क्षेत्री | data2 = ३५,३८५ | label3 = गुरुङ | data3 = २४,४८५ | label4 = सार्की, कामी | data4 = १८,९६३ | label5 = नेवार | data5 = १७,२४२ | label6 = थारू | data6 = १७,१५६ | label7 = मगर | data7 = १४,४९० | label8 = कुमाल | data8 = ६,७७१ | label9 = दमाई | data9 = ६,२७० | label10 = घर्ती | data10 = २,१०२ }} == वडागत विवरण == === उपमहानगरपालिका === वि.सं. २०७१ मङ्सिरमा साविक भरतपुर नगरपालिकामा मङ्गलपुर, फुलबारी, गीतानगर, पटिहानी तथा शिवनगर गरी ५ वटा गाविसहरूलाई गाभेर उपमहानगरपालिका स्तरोन्नति गरिएको थियो। {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ साविकका गाउँ विकास समिति/नगरपालिका र वडा विभाजन ! क्र.सं !! साविक गाउँ विकास समिति/नगरपालिका !! गाविसको वडा नं. !! उमनपाको वडा नं. |- | १ || भरतपुर नगरपालिका || १ देखि १४ || १–१४ |- | rowspan="4" | २ || rowspan="4" | [[मङ्गलपुर]] || १-३ || १५ |- | ४, ६ || १६ |- | ५, ९ || १७ |- | ७-८ || १८ |- | २ || [[फूलबारी, चितवन|फूलबारी]] || १-९ || १९ |- | rowspan="3" | ३ || rowspan="3" | [[गीतानगर]] || १-३ || २० |- | ४-६ || २१ |- | ७-९ || २२ |- | rowspan="3" | ४ || rowspan="3" | [[शिवनगर, चितवन|शिवनगर]] || १-४ || २३ |- | ५-७ || २४ |- | ८-९ || २५ |- | rowspan="4" | ५ || rowspan="4" | [[पटिहानी]] || १, ६, ९ || २६ |- | २-३ || २७ |- | ७-८ || २८ |- | ४-५ || २९ |} === महानगरपालिका === भरतपुर महानगरपालिकाको वडा विभाजन, समावेश साविकका गाविस/नगरपालिकाहरू, जनसङ्ख्या र क्षेत्रफलको विवरण तलको तालिकामा दिइएको छ:<ref>{{Cite web|author=|title=बागमती प्रदेश वडा रिपोर्ट|url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusnepal.cbs.gov.np%2Fresults%2Ffiles%2Fward%2FP3%2FWRD_Indv01-HouseholdAndPopulation.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK|work=|publisher=राष्ट्रिय तथ्याङ्क कार्यालय|website=|language=नेपाली|date=२६ चैत २०८२}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |+ भरतपुर महानगरपालिकाको वडागत विवरण |- ! वडा नं. !! समावेश भएका साविकका नगरपालिका/गाविसहरू !! जनसङ्ख्या ([[नेपालको बाह्रौँ राष्ट्रिय जनगणना, २०७८|वि.सं २०७८]])!! क्षेत्रफल (वर्ग कि.मी.) !!जनघनत्व (व्यक्ति/वर्ग कि.मी.) |- | १ || भरतपुर (१,३) || ९,१०९|| ३६.११ |२५२.२६ |- | २ || भरतपुर (२) ||१९,५६४|| १.३४ |१४,६००.०० |- | ३ || भरतपुर (४) ||१७,२२२|| ४.१९ |४,१०९.७४ |- | ४ || भरतपुर (५,६) ||२०,८७१|| ८.२२ |२,५३९.०५ |- | ५ || भरतपुर (१३,१४) ||१३,७१०|| ९.९१ |१,३८३.४५ |- | ६ || [[गीतानगर]] (४-९) ||१३,३४९|| १२.२१ |१,०९३.२८ |- | ७ || भरतपुर (७) || |१७,२११|| ४.१४ |४,१५७.२५ |- | ८ || भरतपुर (८) || |११,४३८|| ६६.६६ |१७१.५९ |- | ९ || भरतपुर (९) || |१५,१८३|| ५.३० |२,८६४.७२ |- | १० || भरतपुर (१०) || |२०,६३३|| ४.६४ |४,४४६.७७ |- | ११ || भरतपुर (११) ||३५,६९२|| ९.११ |३,९१८.०० |- | १२ || भरतपुर (१२) || १४,८२६|| १२.५३ |१,१८३.२४ |- | १३ || [[गीतानगर]] (१-३), [[पटिहानी]] (७-८) ||६,८९२|| ९.७० |७१०.५२ |- | १४ || [[शिवनगर, चितवन|शिवनगर]] (५-९), [[पटिहानी]] (४-५)||११,१३४|| १२.०७ |९२२.४५ |- | १५ || [[मङ्गलपुर]] (१-३), [[फुलबारी, चितवन|फूलबारी]] र [[शिवनगर, चितवन|शिवनगर]] (१-४) ||१५,८३३|| २०.५० |७७२.३४ |- | १६ || [[मङ्गलपुर]] (४-९) ||१७,८१८|| १७.०६ |१,०४४.४३ |- | १७ || [[शारदानगर]] (२-४,६), [[गुञ्जनगर]] (८) ||८,६०८|| ७.८७ |१,०९३.७७ |- | १८ || [[गुञ्जनगर]] (२,५-७) ||१०,५७७|| १०.३३ |१,०२३.९१ |- | १९ || [[शारदानगर]] (१,७-८), [[गुञ्जनगर]] (१) ||८,४५४|| ६.२९ |१,३४४.०४ |- | २० || [[शारदानगर]] (५,९), [[गुञ्जनगर]] (३-४,९) ||८,४७०|| ११.८३ |७१६.०० |- | २१ || [[पार्वतीपुर]] ||९,३८५|| १०.०२ |९३६.६३ |- | २२ || [[पटिहानी]] (१-३, ६,९) ||६,६५२ || ८.७१ |७६३.७२ |- | २३ || [[जगतपुर, चितवन|जगतपुर]] (१-६) ||८,०३९|| १२.८५ |६२५.६० |- | २४ || [[जगतपुर, चितवन|जगतपुर]] (७-९) ||५,४५९|| ५.२२ |१,०४५.७९ |- | २५ || [[शुक्रनगर]] ||९,५१७|| १४.१६ |६७२.१० |- | २६ || [[दिव्यनगर]] ||१०,७३६|| १८.६३ |५७६.२७ |- | २७ || [[मेघौली]] (५-९) ||९,०५८|| १७.७३ |५१०.८९ |- | २८ || [[मेघौली]] (१-४) ||६,९०७|| १२.७० |५४३.८६ |- | २९ ||[[कविलास, चितवन|कविलास]] ||५,९२१|| ६२.९२ |९४.११ |- ! जम्मा !! !! ३,६९,२६८!! ४३२.९५ !८५२.९१ |} == यातायात तथा सडक सञ्जाल == भरतपुर महानगर अन्तरर्गत [[महेन्द्र राजमार्ग|पूर्व-पश्चिम राजमार्ग]] तथा मुग्लिन नारायणगढ सडक खण्ड रहेको छ। दुई ठुला राजमार्ग र देशको केन्द्र भएकाले यहाँबाट मुलुकको हरेक भागमा जानका लागि [[बस]], माइक्रो बस, भाडाको कार, [[ट्याक्सी]], लगायत लामो दुरीका यातायात साधन उपलब्ध छन्। महानगरले यातायात व्यवस्थापनमा समस्या देखिएको भन्दै बि.स. २०७६ जेठमा तीन पाङ्ग्रे सवारीलाई प्रमुख मार्गमा सञ्चालन हुनबाट रोकेको थियो<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=भरतपुरका यी ठाउँमा चल्न नपाउने भए तीनपांग्रे|युआरएल=https://thahakhabar.com/news/23193/|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=थाह खबर|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> भने यसको विरोधमा प्रदर्शन समेत भएको थियो।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=तीनपांग्रे साधन व्यवस्थापन गर्न खोज्दा भरतपुरमा तनाव‍,गाेली चल्याे|युआरएल=https://ujyaaloonline.com/story/3325|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=उज्यालो अनलाइन|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> यातायातको प्रमुख साधन सडक सञ्जालद्वारा भरतपुरबाट नेपालको पूर्व पश्चिम भागमा जान सकिने सहजता भएता पनि यहाँ रहेको [[भरतपुर विमानस्थल]]ले नेपालको प्रमुख सहर [[काठमाडौँ]] र [[पोखरा महानगरपालिका|पोखरा]]लाई जोड्ने गर्दछ।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=भरतपुर विमानस्थल आजदेखि १० दिन बन्द हुने|कार्य=बाग्मती खबर|प्रकाशक=|युआरएल=https://www.bagamatikhabar.com/country/5741|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> यस्तै सरकारले यहाँको सीमा सुरक्षा कार्यालय नजिकै यातायात व्यवस्था कार्यालय खोल्ने जनाएको थियो, तथापि यो हालसम्म सञ्चालनमा आएको छैन।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=यातायात व्यवस्था कार्यालय भरतपुरको कार्यालय आँपटारीमा|युआरएल=http://kalikanews.com/news/133745|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=कालिका समाचार|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> == उद्योग-धन्दा == भरतपुर महानगरपालिकामा चितवन उद्योग सङ्घमा दर्ता भएका जम्मा ४६४ उद्योगहरू रहेको छन्।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=संस्थागत सदस्यता|युआरएल=http://www.cainepal.org.np/institutional-membership|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=चितवन उद्योग सङ्घ|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> भरतपुरमा [[कोका-कोला]]<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=कोक र सानमिगेल बियरले तिरेनन् स्थानीय विकास शुल्क|युआरएल=https://echitwanpost.com/26049/2015072902/35/40/|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=चितवन पोस्ट|वेबसाइट=|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref>, [[सान मिगेल बियर]]<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=भरतपुर आन्तरिक राजश्व कार्यालयको राजश्व स्रोत मदिरा मात्रै किन धेरै ?|युआरएल=http://sharelagani.com/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE/|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=सेयर लगानी|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref>, कृषि क्षेत्रको विकास र विस्तार गर्नको लागि डेरीका लागि आवश्यक सम्पूर्ण सामान उत्पादन गर्ने कम्पनी ह्वाइट हिमालयन इन्जिनियरिङ<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=दुग्ध अनुदान पाँच गुणा बढाउन कृषकको माग|युआरएल=https://www.ghatanarabichar.com/73702?amp_markup=1|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=घटना र विचार|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref>,जस्ता दुईचार वटा बहुराष्ट्रिय [[अर्थव्यवस्थाको दोस्रो क्षेत्रको सार|उद्योग]]का साथै ठुलासाना अरू उद्योगहरू पनि रहेका छन्, तर यो सहर मुख्यतया सेवा उद्योगमा प्रसिद्धि कमाउँदै गइरहेको छ। महानगरपालिकाले उद्योग प्रवर्द्धन र अन्य प्रायोजनका लागि आर्थिक वर्ष वि.स. २०७७/०७८ को लागि ४ अर्ब १५ करोड ६४ लाख ८९ हजार आयव्ययको अनुमान प्रस्तुत गरेको थियो।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=भरतपुर महानगरको बजेट चार अर्ब १५ करोड|युआरएल=http://www.ichchhakamanafm.org/news/1897|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=इच्छाकामना एफएम|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> == सञ्चार तथा सूचना क्षेत्र == === एफएम स्टेसनहरू === {| class="wikitable" |- ! रेडियोको नाम !! ठेगाना !! मेघाहर्ज !! प्रसारण संस्था |- | कालिका एफएम ९५.२ र कालिका ९१ || भरतपुर-१० || २००० वाट || कालिका एफएम प्रा.लि. |- | हाम्रो एफएम || भरतपुर-११ || २००० वाट || हाम्रो एफएम प्रा.लि. |- | रेडियो त्रिवेणी || भरतपुर-११ || २००० वाट || त्रिवेणी एफएम प्रा.लि. |- | सिनर्जी एफएम || भरतपुर-१० || २००० वाट || सिनर्जी एफएम प्रा.लि. |- | रेडियो सम्पदा ९०.५ || भरतपुर-६ || २५० वाट || रेडियो सम्पदा प्रालि |- | रेडियो भरतपुर १०५.२ || भरतपुर-७ || ५०० वाट || रेस नेपाल |- | रेडियो शिवशक्ति ९८.३ || भरतपुर-१४ || ५०० वाट || शिवशक्ति सामुदायिक संस्था |- | रेडियो प्रभाव ९२.४ || भरतपुर-२१ || २०० वाट || रेडियो प्रभाव प्रा.लि. |- | सेफर्ड एफएम ८९.२ || भरतपुर-२५ || १०० वाट || सेफर्ड मिडिया प्रा.लि. |} === टेलिभिजन स्टेसनहरू === {| class="wikitable" |- ! टेलिभिजनको नाम !! ठेगाना !! प्रसारण संस्था |- | बेसो || भरतपुर-२ || एकता सञ्चार नेपाल प्रा.लि. |- | कृस्टल || भरतपुर-१० || कृस्टल सञ्चार सहकारी संस्था लिमिटेड |- | आभाष || भरतपुर-२ || ग्रिनलाइन मिडिया प्रा.लि. |- | टिभी कालिका || भरतपुर-१० || टिभी कालिका प्रा.लि. |- | नमस्ते || भरतपुर-२ || सोनुसम्राट मिडिया प्रा.लि. |} ==प्रमुख शैक्षिक प्रतिष्ठानहरू== ===कृषि तथा वन विश्वविद्यालय=== [[त्रिभुवन विश्वविद्यालय|त्रिभुवन विश्वविद्यालय]] अन्तर्गतको [[कृषि तथा पशु विज्ञान अध्ययन संस्थान]]को [[रामपुर नगरपालिका|रामपुर]]स्थित केन्द्रीय क्याम्पस र [[हेटौँडा उपमहानगरपालिका|हेटौँडा]]मा रहेको [[कृषि तथा पशु विज्ञान अध्ययन संस्थान|कृषि तथा पशु विज्ञान अध्यान संस्थान]]को केन्द्रीय क्याम्पस तथा [[पोखरा महानगरपालिका|पोखरा]] अवस्थित वन विज्ञान क्याम्पस मिलेर बनेको विश्वविद्यालय हो।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=आङ्गिक क्याम्पस विस्तार गर्दै कृषि विश्वविद्यालय|युआरएल=https://www.kharibot.com/news-details/17661/kharibot|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=खरिबोट|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> ===वीरेन्द्र बहुमुखी क्याम्पस=== {{मुख्य|वीरेन्द्र बहुमुखी क्याम्पस}} [[नेपाल]]को [[चितवन जिल्ला]] स्थित [[भरतपुर महानगरपालिका|भरतपुर]] वडा नं. १० मा अवस्थित एक सरकारी तथा बहु-सङ्काय सञ्चालित क्याम्पस हो। यो क्याम्पसको स्थापना वि.सं. २०२२ सालमा भएको थियो। [[भरतपुर महानगरपालिका|नारायणगढ]] बजारबाट भरतपुर उकालोको देब्रेपट्टी पर्ने यो क्याम्पस भरतपुर सहरको केन्द्रमै अवस्थित छ। हाल ९-१० वर्षदेखि क्याम्पसले उसको स्नात्तकोतर तहको कक्षाहरू भरतपुरको वडा १०, ११ र १२ को बीचमा बाइपास सडकसँगै रहेको क्याम्पसको जग्गामा भवन बनाई सञ्चालन गर्दै आएको छ। यो क्याम्पस [[त्रिभुवन विश्वविद्यालय]]को आङ्गिक क्याम्पस हो।<ref name="वीरेन्द्र बहुमुखी क्याम्पस">{{वेब स्रोत|शीर्षक=वीरेन्द्र बहुमुखी क्याम्पस|युआरएल=http://bmc.ed.np|वेबसाइट= आधिकारिक वेबसाइट|प्रकाशक=|मिति=२४ नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> ===बालकुमारी कलेज=== {{मुख्य|बालकुमारी कलेज}} त्रिभुवन विश्वविद्यालयको सम्बन्धन रहेको यो सामुदायिक कलेज [[भरतपुर महानगरपालिका|नारायणगढ]]को क्याम्पाचौरमा रहेको छ। यहाँ मानविकी तथा व्यवस्थापनमा स्नातकोतर तथा स्नातक सम्मको अध्यापन हुने गरेको छ।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=बालकुमारी कलेज|युआरएल=https://www.balkumaricollege.edu.np/|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> ===सप्तगण्डकी बहुमुखी क्याम्पस=== {{मुख्य|सप्तगण्डकी बहुमुखी क्याम्पस}} त्रिभुवन विश्वविद्यालयको सम्बन्धन रहेको यो दोस्रो सामुदायीक क्याम्पस [[भरतपुर अस्पताल]] नजिकै रहेको छ। यहा मानविकी तथा व्यवस्थापनमा स्नातकोतर तथा स्नातक सम्मको अध्यापन हुने गरेको छ।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=सप्तगण्डकी बहुमुखी क्याम्पसको कौशलता विकास सम्वन्धी तालिम|युआरएल=https://radiobharatpur.com/archives/1809|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=रेडियो भरतपुर|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> ===पुरानो मेडिकल कलेज=== यो भरतपुरको पहिलो मेडिकल कलेज हो जसको स्थापना वि.सं. २०५० सालमा भएको थियो।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=पुरानो मेडिकल कलेज चितवनको प्राविधिक सहयोग|युआरएल=https://www.sunakharinews.com/31235/|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=सुनाखरी|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> == प्रमुख पर्यटकीय गन्तव्यहरू == === चितवन राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज === {{मुख्य|चितवन राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज}} चितवन राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज [[नेपाल]]को सबैभन्दा पहिलो तथा सबैभन्दा पुरानो राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज हो। यसको स्थापना सन् १९७३ मा गरिएको थियो। जैविक विविधताको धनी यो निकुञ्ज नेपालको मध्य [[तराई]]मा अवस्थित छ। यहाँ ३० भन्दा बढी ठुला जातका स्तनधारी जीवजन्तुहरू पाइन्छन्। चितवन राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज विश्वमै दुर्लभ मानिएका [[एकसिङ्गे गैँडा]] र ठुला [[हात्ती]]हरूको पनि बासस्थान हो। यस निकुञ्जको प्रधान कार्यालय कसरामा रहेको छ जसकारण सबै प्रकारका प्रशासनिक कामहरू कसराबाटै हुने गर्दछ।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=चितवन राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज नियमावली|युआरएल=http://www.moljpa.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%A6.pdf|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> यसलाई विश्व स्तरमै प्रमुख पर्यटकीय गन्तव्यको रूपमा लिइन्छ।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=विश्व सम्पदा सुचिमा सुचिकृत ६३० मध्ये १०|युआरएल=https://loksewanepal.com/general-knowledge/19832|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=लोकसेवा सहयोगी|वेबसाइट=|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> === नारायणी नदी === {{मुख्य|गण्डकी नदी}} यो सहरको उत्तर पश्चिम हुँदै बग्ने नारायणी नदी भरतपुरको प्रमुख जलधारा हो यो नदीको किनारामा सूर्योदय एवम् सूर्यास्त हेर्न तथा पवित्र देवघाट स्नानका लागि पर्यटक तथा भक्तजन यो नदी किनारमा पुगेका हुन्छन्।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=रङिन बन्दै नारायणी नदी किनार|युआरएल=https://hamrakura.com/news-details/90786/2020-11-20|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> यहाँ राफटिङ र डुङ्गा विहार पनि उपलब्ध छन्।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=नारायणी नदीमा 'स्पीड मोटरवोट' सञ्चालनमा|युआरएल=https://www.janatapati.com/news-detail/28024|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=जनपाटी|वेबसाइट=|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> नारायणी नदीको किनारमा चितवन महोत्सव पनि हुने गर्दछ।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=चितवन महोत्सवकाे अाकर्षण पर्यटक गाइड बुक|युआरएल=https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/economy/168380-1546920180.html|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=नागरिक दैनिक|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> === राप्ती नदी === {{मुख्य|राप्ती नदी}} चितवन राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्जको किनारामा बग्ने यो नदी पर्यटकमाझ लोकप्रिय छ। यो नदीको किनारामा सूर्योदय एवम् सूर्यास्त हेर्न तथा जल यात्राका लागि पर्यटकहरूलाई आकर्षित गर्दछ। यहाँ गोही संरक्षण क्षेत्र समेत रहेको छ।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=गोही संरक्षणमा चुनौती, राप्ति र नारायणीमा छाडिएका तीन गोहीको मृत्यु|युआरएल=https://www.hamropatro.com/news/details/5658976888684544?ns=|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=खबर हब|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> === बीस हजारी ताल === {{मुख्य|बीस हजारी ताल}} विश्वप्रसिद्ध सिमसार क्षेत्र विसहजारी ताल पन्छी प्रेमीहरू माझ प्रसिद्ध छ। यो क्षेत्र [[साइबेरिया]]देखि [[श्रीलङ्का]]सम्म चक्ककर लागउने फिरन्ता चराहरूको एक प्रमुख विश्रामस्थल हुनुका साथै स्थानीय चराहरू र गोहीको पनि केन्द्र हो।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=चितवनको सुन्दर पर्यटकीय गन्तव्य बीस हजारी ताल|युआरएल=https://nepalpatra.com/visit/93904/|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=नेपाल पत्र|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> === मेघौली === मेघौली [[चितवन राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज]]को पश्चिमी प्रवेशद्वार हो।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=रामशरण गैरे|शीर्षक=मेघौलीमा पर्यटकको चहलपहल|युआरएल=https://echitwanpost.com/116125/2020092808/01/54/|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=चितवन पोस्ट|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> यसले हरेक वर्ष हजारौँ दर्शकहरूलाई आकर्षित गर्दछ। नारायणी र राप्तीको दोभान गोलाघाट (मेघौली) सूर्यास्तको अवलोकनका लागि नेपालमै ख्याति प्राप्त क्षेत्र मानिन्छ।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=भरतपुरको मेघौलीमा आन्तरिक पर्यटक भित्रीन थाले|युआरएल=http://kalikanews.com/news/134587|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=कालिका एफएम|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> स्थानीय आदिवासी थारू व्यक्तिहरू बारे थप जान्नका लागि पनि यो एउटा रमाईलो ठाउँ हो। यो परम्परागत बस्तीको राम्रो संरक्षण उदाहरण हो। यहाँ [[हात्ती पोलो]] विश्वकप समेत हुने गरेको छ।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=शुरु भयो मेघौलीमा पाचौँ मेघौँली पर्यटन महोत्सब २०७६|युआरएल=https://www.londonkathmandu.com/2020/03/02/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%81-%E0%A4%AE/|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref><ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=दश वर्षपछि मेघौली पर्यटन महोत्सव|युआरएल=https://www.radiotriveni.org/news/3273|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=रेडियो त्रिवेणी|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> === विक्रम बाबा === विक्रम बाबा मेला चितवन राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज भित्र प्रत्येक वर्ष लाग्ने गर्दछ। सामान्यतया यो प्रत्येक वर्षको चैते दसैँबाट सुरु हुन्छ।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=सुरु भयो चितवनमा पवित्र बिक्रम बाबा मेला|युआरएल=https://www.cinepatra.com/holloy-bolloy/411/|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=सिनेपत्र|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> मेलामा चितवन राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्जभित्र अवस्थित सालको रुखको फेदमा पूजा गर्ने गरिन्छ।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=चितवनमा विक्रम बाबा मेला सुरु|युआरएल=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2017/03/563024|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=अनलाइन खबर|वेबसाइट=|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> मेला हेर्न स्थानीय पर्यटकहरूका साथसाथै भारत तथा अन्य देशहरूबाट पनि भक्तजनहरू आउने गरेका छन्। वि.सं. २०७६ सालमा भने १५ दिनसम्म चल्ने मेला कोरोनाका कारण स्थगित गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=कोरोना भाइरसको कारण चितवन राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज भित्र लाग्ने बिक्रम बाबा मेला स्थगित|युआरएल=https://a2zsamachar.com/104186|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=ए टु जेट समाचार|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> == उल्लेखनीय भवनहरू == ===दियालो बङ्गला राजदरबार=== {{मुख्य|दियालो बङ्गला राजदरबार}} नेपालको तत्कालीन [[नेपालका राजाहरूको सूची|राजा]] [[महेन्द्र वीरविक्रम शाह|महेन्द्र]]ले निर्माण गर्न लगाएको यो दरबार शाह राजाहरूको सितकालीन दरबारको रूपमा रहेको थियो। यो दरबार भरतपुर भएर बग्ने नारायणी नदी किनारमा अवस्थित छ।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=ओझेलमा दियालो बङ्गला|युआरएल=https://ratopati.com/story/5948|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=रातोपाटी|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> वि.सं. २०२६ मा निर्माण सम्पन्न भएको यो दरबारमा राजपरिवारका सदस्यहरूको विश्राम गर्ने मुख्य गन्तव्य बनेको थियो।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=राजाले विश्राम गर्ने दियालो बङ्गला किन ओझेल पर्‍यो ?|युआरएल=http://newskoseli.com/archives/39844|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=न्युज कोशेली|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> ===कसरा दरबार=== नेपालका [[राणा वंश|राणा शासक]]हरू यस क्षेत्रमा सिकार गर्ने भएकोले विश्रामस्थलको रूपमा यो दरबार बनाइएको थियो। वर्तमान समयमा यो दरबारभित्र [[चितवन राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज]]को कार्यलय हुनुका साथै सङ्ग्रहालय रहेको छ।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=आजीवन जङ्गलमा|युआरएल=https://nepalmag.com.np/miscellaneous/2017/06/12/20170612192416|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=नेपाल म्याग|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> ===भरतपुर कभर्ड हल=== भरतपुरमा भित्री खेलहरू खेल्नका लागि बनाइएको यो कर्भडहल सहरको मध्य भागमा रहेको गेस्टहाउस मैदानको किनारमा रहेको छ। [[स्थानीय तह निर्वाचन, २०७४]]मा यहाँ मतपत्र गणना समेत गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=भरतपुर मत गणनास्थलभित्र ४६ जनाको टोली प्रवेश|युआरएल=https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/politics/123206-1496307000.html|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=नागरिक दैनिक|वेबसाइट=|भाषा=नेपाली|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१० नोभेम्बर २०२०}}</ref> ==खेलकुद== नगरका युवाहरू माझ [[भकुन्डो|फुटबल]], [[क्रिकेट]] र [[भलिबल]] खेल लोकप्रिय रहेको छ।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2019/02/742360 |title=प्रदेश ३ स्तरीय खेलकुद प्रतियोगिता चितवनमा हुने |website=अनलाइन खबर |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2020-12-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://stardainik.com/news/848 |title=भरतपुरमा प्रदेश स्तरीय खेलकुद प्रतियोगिता सुरु |website=स्टार दैनिक |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2020-12-09 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> जम्मा १५ वटा खेल मैदान रहेको यो नगरको मुख्य खेलहरू वर्तमान समयमा क्याम्पा चौर र कभर्ड हल, गेस्ट हाउस चौरमा हुने गरेको छ। क्रिकेट खेलको बढ्दो लोकप्रियताका कारण चौतर्फी सामाजिक प्रयासमा यस नगरमा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय स्तरको क्रिकेट रङ्गशाला बनाउने कार्यलाई अघि सारिएको छ।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ratopati.com/story/76593 |title=चितवनमा गौतम बुद्ध अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट रंगशाला निर्माणको काम सुरु |website=रातोपाटी |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2020-12-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.setopati.com/sports/cricket/198280/ |title=चितवन प्रिमियर लिग माघ १७ देखि |website=सेतोपाटी |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2020-12-09 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[गौतम बुद्ध अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट रङ्गशाला]] नाम राखिएको यो क्रिकेट रङशालालाई वि.सं. २०७८ सम्ममा पुरा गर्ने लक्ष्य राखिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.setopati.com/sports/cricket/196497/ |title=चितवनमा क्रिकेट रंगशाला बनाउन निजामती कर्मचारीले दिए ७ लाख |website=सेतोपाटी |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2020-12-09 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> तथापि, आर्थिक समस्याका कारण निर्माण सम्पन्न हुन सकेको छैन।<ref>{{Cite web|author=|title=गौतमबुद्ध अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट रंगशाला दुई वर्षदेखि अलपत्र|url=https://www.kalikadainik.com/2023/01/20/71393/|access-date=२५ माघ २०८०|website=कालिका दैनिक|language=नेपाली}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227064828/https://www.kalikadainik.com/2023/01/20/71393/ |date=2024-02-27 }}</ref> क्रिकेटमात्र नभएर फुटबल खेलमा समेत नाम कमाएको भरतपुरमा वि.सं. २०७६ देखि [[भरतपुर गोल्डकप]] आयोजना हुँदै आएको छ। यो चितवनकै सर्वाधिक पुरस्कार राशिको फुटबल प्रतियोगितासमेत हो।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://echitwanpost.com/26631/2015081601/20/58/ |title=भरतपुर गोल्ड कप हुने |date=2015-08-16 |website=चितवन पोस्ट दैनिक |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2020-12-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thahakhabar.com/news/90592/ |title=फागुन २४ देखि भरतपुर गोल्डकप, विजेतालाई १० लाख |website=थाहा खबर |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2020-12-09}}</ref> == उल्लेखनीय व्यक्तिहरू == * [[पुष्पकमल दाहाल]] - नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ र पूर्व प्रधानमन्त्री * [[सृष्टी श्रेष्ठ]] - मिस नेपाल २०१२ र नेपाली अभिनेत्री * [[सन्दीप लामिछाने]] - अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट खेलाडी * कमलबहादुर अधिकारी - अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय भारोत्तोलक * [[रेणु दाहाल]] - नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ र पहिलो महिला मेयर * [[मरिष्का पोखरेल]] - नेपाली चलचित्र अभिनेत्री * [[नीलकण्ठ उप्रेती]] - पूर्व प्रमुख निर्वाचन आयुक्त ==चित्र दीर्घाहरू== <gallery mode="packed"> चित्र:Narayani bridge in Gaindakot.jpg|नारायणी पुलको दृश्य चित्र:Beautiful Bishazaari Lake.jpg|बीस हजारी ताल चित्र:Hattipolo.jpg|हात्ती पोलोको विश्वकप प्रतियोगिता चित्र:भरतपुर नगरपालिका.png|साविक भरतपुर नगरपालिका चित्र:Chitwan national park. It was taken inside the chitwan national park. This was taken while safari.jpg|जङ्गल सफारी चित्र:Wild Elephant (Ronaldo).jpg|thumb|चितवन राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज भित्र जङ्गली हात्ती (रोनाल्डो) चित्र:Chitwan 8 April - (02) 2.jpg|भरतपुर विमानस्थल चित्र:भरतपुर उपमहानगरपालिका.png|साविक भरतपुर उपमहानगरपालिका चित्र:भरतपुर महानगरपालिका (गाविस सहित).png|भरतपुर महानगरपालिका (गाविस सहित) </gallery> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== {{नेपालका ठुला सहरहरू}} {{नेपालका महानगरीय नगरपालिकाहरू}} {{चितवन जिल्लाका स्थानीय तहहरू}} [[श्रेणी:नेपालका जिल्ला सदरमुकामहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका महानगरपालिकाहरू]] [[श्रेणी:चितवन जिल्लाका नगरपालिकाहरू]] [[श्रेणी:वि.सं. २०३५ मा स्थापित नगरपालिकाहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका पूर्व नगर पञ्चायतहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका पूर्व नगरपालिकाहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका पूर्व उपमहानगरपालिकाहरू]] c4xu8bpe9ntpavg3sdpm5n2x922ub3j 0 9310 1358500 1351520 2026-06-09T06:26:59Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* संवैधानिक व्यवस्था ‍‍ */ 1358500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{छोटो विवरण|नेपालको सङ्घीय संसदको तल्लो सदन}} {{Infobox legislature | background_color = navy | name = | native_name = प्रतिनिधि सभा | logo = | native_name_lang = | coa_pic = | coa_caption = [[नेपालको निशान छाप]] | coa_res = 130px | session_room = Nepalese Constituent Assembly Building.jpg | house_type = तल्लो सभा | body = नेपालको सङ्घीय संसद | preceded_by = [[नेपालको व्यवस्थापिका संसद|नेपालको दोस्रो संविधान सभा]] | term_limits = ५ वर्ष | leader1_type = [[प्रतिनिधि सभाको सभामुख (नेपाल)|सभामुख]] | leader1 = [[डोलप्रसाद अर्याल]] | party1 = [[राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी|रास्वपा]] | election1 = २०८२ चैत २२ | leader2_type = [[प्रतिनिधि सभा (नेपाल)#उपसभामुखहरू|उपसभामुख]] | leader2 = [[रुबी कुमारी ठाकुर]] | party2 = [[श्रम संस्कृति पार्टी|श्रसपा]] | election2 = २०८२ चैत २६ | leader3_type = [[प्रधानमन्त्री|सदनको नेता]]<br>{{nowrap|{{small|[[नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री|प्रधानमन्त्री]]}}}} | leader3 = [[बालेन्द्र शाह]] | party3 = [[राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी|रास्वप]] | election3 = २०८२ चैत १३ | leader4_type = [[प्रतिपक्ष दलको नेता (नेपाल)|प्रतिपक्ष दलको नेता]] | leader4 = ''रिक्त'' | party4 = | election4 = २०८२ भदौ २७ | legislature = [[सातौं प्रतिनिधि सभा (नेपाल)#सदस्यहरू|सातौं प्रतिनिधि सभा]] | members = '''२७५''' | structure1 = Nepal Parliament, Pratinidhi Sabha 2026.svg | structure1_res = 250px | political_groups1 = '''सरकार (१८२)''' * {{nowrap|{{color box|{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}}} [[राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी|रास्वप]] (१८२)}} '''प्रतिपक्षी (९२)''' * {{nowrap|{{color box|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}} [[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]] (३८)}} * {{nowrap|{{color box|{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}}} [[नेकपा (एमाले)]] (२५)}} * {{nowrap|{{color box|{{party color|Nepali Communist Party}}}} [[नेपाली कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी|नेकपा]] (१७)}} * {{nowrap|{{color box|{{party color|श्रम संस्कृति पार्टी}}}} [[श्रम संस्कृति पार्टी|श्रसपा]] (७)}} * {{nowrap|{{color box|{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}}} [[राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी|राप्रपा]] (५)}} '''अन्य (१)''' * {{nowrap|{{color box|{{party color|Independent politician}}}} [[स्वतन्त्र]] (१)}} | voting_system1 = [[समानान्तर प्रणाली|समानान्तर मत प्रणाली]]: * १६५ सिट – [[पहिलो हुने निर्वाचित हुने निर्वाचन प्रणाली|पहिलो हुने निर्वाचित हुने निर्वाचन]] * ११० सिट – [[समानुपातिक प्रतिनिधित्व प्रणाली|समानुपातिक]] | last_election1 = [[प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचन, २०७९|४ मङ्सिर २०७९]] | next_election1 = [[प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचन, २०८२|२१ फागुन २०८२]] | meeting_place = [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सम्मेलन केन्द्र, नेपाल|अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सम्मेलन केन्द्र]], नयाँ बानेश्वर, [[काठमाडौँ]], [[नेपाल]] | website = {{URL|http://hr.parliament.gov.np/np}} }} '''प्रतिनिधि सभा''' [[नेपाल]]को [[नेपालको सङ्घीय संसद|सङ्घीय संसद]]को [[तल्लो सदन]] हो। सङ्घीय संसदको माथिल्लो सदन भने [[राष्ट्रिय सभा (नेपाल)|राष्ट्रिय सभा]] हो। प्रतिनिधि सभाका सदस्यहरू समानान्तर मतदान प्रणालीबाट निर्वाचित हुन्छन्। प्रतिनिधि सभाका सदस्यहरूको कार्यकाल [[नेपालको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]]द्वारा मन्त्रिपरिषद्को सुझावमा सभा पहिल्यै विघटन नगरिएको खण्डमा ५ वर्षको रहन्छ। सभाको बैठक [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सम्मेलन केन्द्र, नेपाल|अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सम्मेलन केन्द्र]], [[बानेश्वर, काठमाडौँ|बानेश्वर]], [[काठमाडौँ]]मा हुन्छ। प्रतिनिधि सभाका २७५ सदस्यहरूको चयन मिश्रित निर्वाचन प्रणाली अन्तर्गत दुई तरिकाले गरिन्छ; १६५ सदस्यको चयन एकल-मतदान निर्वाचन क्षेत्रबाट प्रत्यक्ष निर्वाचन प्रणालीमार्फत र बाँकी ११० सदस्यको चयन एक राष्ट्रव्यापी निर्वाचन क्षेत्रबाट बन्द सूचीको समानुपातिक निर्वाचन प्रणालीद्वारा गरिन्छ।<ref>[http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/np/np029en.pdf Article 84] Constitution of Nepal</ref> प्रत्येक मतदाताले दुईवटा विधिहरूको लागि छुट्टाछुट्टै मतपत्र पाउँछन्। समानुपातिकतर्फ कुनै पनि एक पार्टी वा चुनावी गठबन्धनले एउटा सिट छुट्याउन समग्र वैध मतदानको ३% मत पाउनु पर्ने व्यस्था गरिएको छ।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gorkhapatraonline.com/epaper/showimage?img=uploads/epaper/2017-09-05/d5dc862970aa8746d2409f4855e61ae7.jpg|title=स‌ंसद् र प्रदेशको निर्वाचन विधेयक पारित|last1=Kafle|first1=Narayn|date=5 September 2017|work=Gorkhapatra|accessdate=6 September 2017|publisher=Gorkhapatra Sansthan}}</ref> प्रतिनिधि सभाको कार्यकाल, पहिल्यै विघटन नगरिएको खण्डमा, आफ्नो पहिलो बैठकको लागि तोकिएको मितिदेखि ५ वर्षसम्मको रहन्छ। यद्यपि आपतकालिन अवस्थामा प्रतिनिधि सभाको कार्यकाल सङ्घीय कानुन बमोजिम बढिमा एक वर्ष थप हुन सक्छ। वर्तमान प्रतिनिधि सभा [[प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचन, २०७९|वि.सं. २०७९ मा निर्वाचित]] भएको थियो र यसको पहिलो बैठक वि.सं. २०७९ पौष २५ मा बसेको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Around 61 percent cast votes in largely peaceful polls |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2022/11/21/around-61-percent-cast-votes-in-largely-peaceful-polls |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamat |first=Ram Kumar |date=2022-12-28 |title=Prez summons new Parliament session on January 9 |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/prez-summons-new-parliament-session-on-january-9 |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Republica |title=First HoR meeting after elections being held today |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/135327/ |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=My Republica |language=en }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119094742/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/135327/ |date=2023-01-19 }}</ref> ==इतिहास== [[File:Pratinidhisabha.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pratinidhisabha.JPG|thumb|तत्कालीन प्रतिनिधि सभा भवन]] प्रतिनिधि सभाका बारेमा सर्वप्रथम "नेपालको अधिराज्यको संविधान, २०४६" द्वारा निर्दिष्ट गरिएको थियो जसले संसदको तत्कालीन पञ्चायत प्रणालीलाई द्विसद्रीय संसदमा प्रतिस्थापित गर्‍यो। तत्कालीन प्रतिनिधि सभामा एकल सदस्य निर्वाचन क्षेत्रबाट प्रत्यक्ष रूपमा २०५ सदस्यहरू निर्वाचित थिए। ५ वर्षीय अवधि भएतापनि सभाको कार्यकाल समाप्त हुनुभन्दा अघि प्रधानमन्त्रीको सल्लाहमा राजाले यसलाई विघटन गर्न सक्थे। वि.सं. २०५९ वैशाख (सन् २००२ मे) मा तत्कालीन प्रधानमन्त्री शेरबहादुर देउवाको सल्लाहमा राजा ज्ञानेन्द्रले प्रतिनिधिसभालाई विघटन गरे। त्यसवेला गृहयुद्धका कारण चुनाव हुन सकेन, जसको परिणामस्वरूप राजा ज्ञानेन्द्रले एकल राज सुरु गरे। वि.सं. २०६३ (सन् २००६) को लोकतन्त्र आन्दोलनपछि राजाले अघिल्लो प्रतिनिधि सभालाई पुनर्स्थापित गरे। वि.सं. २०६३ माघ १ (सन् २००७ जनवरी १५) मा प्रतिनिधि सभालाई एक अन्तरिम व्यवस्थापिकाका रूपमा परिणत गरियो, जसमा सात दलको गठबन्धन र नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (माओवादी) बीचको सम्झौता अन्तर्गत नियुक्त सदस्यहरू थिए। वि.सं. २०१५ फागुन १ (सन् १९५९ फेब्रुअरी १२) मा घोषणा गरिएको नेपाल अधिराज्यको संविधान, २०१५ (धारा १) मा पहिलोपटक प्रतिनिधि सभाको बारेमा उल्लेख यसरी गरिएको थियो: "संसदको संरचना यस प्रकारको रहनेछ जसमा श्री ५ सरकारका अतिरिक्त दुई सदन हुनेछन्, जसको नाम क्रमशः महासभा र प्रतिनिधिसभा हुनेछन्।" वि.सं. २०१५ को संविधानलाई वि.सं. २०१९ पौष १ मा रद्द गरियो र नयाँ संविधान (नेपालको अधिराज्यको संविधान, २०१९) घोषणा गर्दै नेपाल अधिराज्यको संसदलाई एक सदनात्मक कायम गरियो। समग्रमा २०१५ सालदेखि २०८० साल सम्म मा नेपाली जनताले आठ पटक प्रतिनिधि सभा सदस्य चुन्ने अवसर पाए पनि तीमध्ये केवल चार पटक मात्र पूर्ण कार्यकाल सम्पन्न भए, जसमा दुई पटक विघटनको प्रयास सर्वोच्च अदालतले रोकिदिएको थियो। २००७ सालमा प्रजातन्त्र आए पनि पहिलो आम निर्वाचन २०१५ सालमा मात्र भयो, तर २०१६ सालको संसद् राजा महेन्द्र र बीपी कोइरालाबीचको टकरावका कारण २०१७ सालमा राजा महेन्द्रले संसद् र दल दुवैलाई अन्त्य गर्दै पञ्चायती व्यवस्था लागू गरे। पञ्चायतकाल (२०१७–२०४६) मा चुनाव भए पनि निर्वाचित प्रतिनिधिहरू स्वतन्त्र नभएकाले त्यसलाई संसदीय अभ्यास मानिएको छैन। २०४६ सालको जनआन्दोलनपछि प्रजातन्त्र पुनःस्थापना भयो र २०४८ सालमा पहिलो आम निर्वाचन सम्पन्न भए पनि कांग्रेसभित्रको टकरावका कारण संसद् अपूर्ण रह्यो। १९९० को दशकमा २०५१ सालको संसद्ले सर्वोच्च अदालतको अस्वीकृतिले मात्र पूर्ण कार्यकाल पूरा गर्न सक्यो भने २०५६ सालको संसद् शेरबहादुर देउवाको विघटन र राजा ज्ञानेन्द्रको प्रत्यक्ष शासन हस्तक्षेपले अपूर्ण रह्यो। २०६२/६३ को जनआन्दोलनपछि राजतन्त्र अन्त्य भई २०६४ सालमा संविधान सभाको निर्वाचन भयो, जसले पूर्ण कार्यकाल त बितायो तर संविधान दिन सकेन; संविधान भने दोस्रो संविधान सभाबाट २०७२ सालमा जारी भयो। नयाँ संविधानअन्तर्गत २०७४ सालमा भएको प्रतिनिधि सभा चुनावले सकसपूर्ण रूपमा पूर्ण कार्यकाल बितायो, यद्यपि तत्कालीन प्रधानमन्त्री केपी शर्मा ओलीले दुई पटक विघटन गरे पनि सर्वोच्च अदालतले असंवैधानिक भन्दै पुनःस्थापना गरिदियो। त्यसपछि २०७९ सालको प्रतिनिधि सभा बारम्बारको गठबन्धन परिवर्तन र अन्ततः २६ वटा सामाजिक सञ्जाल बन्द गर्ने निर्णयविरुद्ध चर्किएको Gen Z आन्दोलनका कारण अस्थिर बन्यो, जसमा ५१ जनाको ज्यान गयो, र अन्ततः २४ भदौ २०८२ मा प्रधानमन्त्री ओलीले राजीनामा दिएपछि प्रतिनिधि सभा विघटन भई ६ महिनाभित्र नयाँ चुनावको घोषणा गरियो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=नेतृत्वको टकराव र अहंकारले प्रतिनिधि सभालाई सधैं पिरलो |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2025/09/1763567/leadership-conflicts-and-arrogance-have-always-plagued-the-house-of-representatives |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Online Khabar |language=en-US}}</ref> == संवैधानिक व्यवस्था ‍‍== === सदस्यता === सदनको संरचना र शक्तिहरू [[नेपालको संविधान]]को भाग ८ र ९ द्वारा स्थापित गरिएको छ। प्रतिनिधिसभाको सदस्यको योग्यता संविधानको धारा ८७ का अतिरिक्त प्रतिनिधिसभा निर्वाचन ऐन, २०७४ मा तोकिएको छ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lawcommission.gov.np/np/archives/1412|title=भाग ८ सङ्घीय व्यवस्थापिका, धारा ८७ सदस्यका लागि योग्यता|last=|first=|date=|website=नेपाल कानुन आयोग|publisher=|accessdate=23 June 2020}}</ref> * देहायको योग्यता भएको व्यक्ति सङ्घीय संसदको सदस्य हुन योग्य हुनेछः ** नेपालको नागरिक, ** पच्चीस वर्ष उमेर पूरा भएको, ** नैतिक पतन देखिने फौजदारी कसूरमा सजाय नपाएको, ** कुनै सङ्घीय कानुनले अयोग्य नभएको, र ** कुनै लाभको पदमा बहाल नरहेको। (“लाभको पद” भन्नाले निर्वाचन वा मनोनयनद्वारा पूर्ति गरिने राजनीतिक पद बाहेक सरकारी कोषबाट पारिश्रमिक वा आर्थिक सुविधा पाउने अन्य पद सम्झनु पर्छ।) * कुनै पनि व्यक्ति एकै पटक दुवै सदनको सदस्य हुन सक्ने छैन। * निर्वाचन, मनोनयन वा नियुक्ति हुने राजनीतिक पदमा बहाल रहेकोे व्यक्ति यस भाग बमोजिम सङ्घीय संसदको सदस्य पदमा निर्वाचित वा मनोनीत भएमा सङ्घीय संसदको सदस्य [[पदको शपथ|पदको शपथ ग्रहण]] गरेको दिनदेखि निजको त्यस्तो पद स्वतः रिक्त हुनेछ। === सदस्यको स्थानको रिक्तता === देहायको कुनै अवस्थामा सङ्घीय संसदको सदस्यको स्थान रिक्त हुनेछः<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lawcommission.gov.np/np/archives/1412|title=भाग ८ सङ्घीय व्यवस्थापिका, धारा ८९ स्थानको रिक्तता|last=|first=|date=|website=नेपाल कानुन आयोग|publisher=|accessdate=23 June 2020}}</ref> * निजले सभामुख वा अध्यक्ष समक्ष लिखित राजीनामा दिएमा, * निजको धारा ८७ बमोजिमको योग्यता नभएमा वा नरहेमा, * प्रतिनिधि सभाको कार्यकाल वा राष्ट्रिय सभा सदस्यको पदावधि समाप्त भएमा, * निज सम्बन्धित सदनलाई सूचना नदिई लगातार दशवटा बैठकमा अनुपस्थित रहेमा, * जुन दलको उम्मेदवार भई सदस्य निर्वाचित भएको हो त्यस्तो दलले सङ्घीय कानून बमोजिम निजले दल त्याग गरेको कुरा सूचित गरेमा, * निजको मृत्यु भएमा। == प्रदेश अनुरूप संरचना == {| class="wikitable" !प्रदेश !निर्वाचन क्षेत्र |- |[[कोशी प्रदेश]] |२८ |- |[[मधेश प्रदेश]] |३२ |- |[[बागमती प्रदेश|वाग्मती प्रदेश]] |३३ |- |[[गण्डकी प्रदेश]] |१८ |- |[[लुम्बिनी प्रदेश]] |२६ |- |[[कर्णाली प्रदेश]] |१२ |- |[[सुदूरपश्चिम प्रदेश]] |१६ |} == सदनका कार्यकारीहरू == === सभामुखहरू === {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |नाम !दल !पदभार ग्रहण !पद छोडेको !कार्यकाल |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" | |[[कृष्णप्रसाद भट्टराई]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering KP Bhattarai |url=https://kathmandupost.com/opinion/2014/03/04/remembering-kp-bhattarai |access-date=11 December 2020 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=अङ्ग्रेजी}}</ref> |[[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]] |२०१६ असार १९ |२०१७ पुस १ |[[आम निर्वाचन २०१५ का निर्वाचित सांसदहरू|पहिलो प्रतिनिधि सभा]] |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" | |[[दमननाथ ढुङ्गाना]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhungana makes a comeback to politics after 23 years |url=https://kathmandupost.com/miscellaneous/2017/11/03/dhungana-makes-a-comeback-to-politics-after-23-years |access-date=8 December 2020 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=अङ्ग्रेजी}}</ref><ref name="formerspeakers">{{Cite web |last=Subedi |first=Ishwari |title=Bill for privileges to ex-VVIPs getting fast-tracked |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/24941/ |access-date=8 December 2020 |website=My Republica |language=en }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612132951/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/24941/ |date=12 June 2020 }}</ref> |[[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]] |२०४८ असार ९ |२०५१ असोज १५ |[[आम निर्वाचन २०४८ का निर्वाचित सांसदहरू|दोस्रो प्रतिनिधि सभा]] |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" | |[[रामचन्द्र पौडेल]]<ref name="formerspeakers" /> |[[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]] |२०५१ पुस ३ |२०५५ चैत ९ |[[आम निर्वाचन २०५१ का निर्वाचित सांसदहरू|तेस्रो प्रतिनिधि सभा]] |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" | |[[तारानाथ रानाभाट]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subedi |first=Ishwari |title=Bill for privileges to ex-VVIPs getting fast-tracked |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/24941/ |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=My Republica |language=en }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612132951/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/24941/ |date=2020-06-12 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal king dissolves parliament |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1394997/Nepal-king-dissolves-parliament.html |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> |[[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]] |२०५६ असार ९ |२०६३ वैशाख १५ |[[आम निर्वाचन २०५६ का निर्वाचित सांसदहरू|चौथो प्रतिनिधि सभा]] |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[सुवासचन्द्र नेम्वाङ]] |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |२०६३ वैशाख ३० |२०६३ माघ १ |[[व्यवस्थापिका संसद (२०६३-२०६४)|अन्तरिम व्यवस्थापिका संसद]] |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}"| |[[ओनसरी घर्तिमगर|ओनसरी घर्ती]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Onsari Gharti Magar elected first woman Speaker|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2015/10/16/onsari-elected-first-woman-speaker|access-date=2020-12-20|website=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |२०७२ असोज २९ |२०७४ असोज २९ |[[संविधान सभा निर्वाचन, २०६४ का निर्वाचित उम्मेदवारहरू|व्यवस्थापिका संसद]] |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[कृष्णबहादुर महरा]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishna Bahadur Mahara elected Nepal parliament's Speaker |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2018/mar/09/krishna-bahadur-mahara-elected-nepal-parliaments-speaker-1784563.html |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Bhadra |date=2019-10-01 |title=Parliament Speaker in Nepal Resigns After Rape Accusation |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/01/world/asia/nepal-parliament-speaker-resign.html |access-date=2023-01-19 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |२०७४ माघ २७ |२०७६ असोज १४ | rowspan="2" |[[नेपालको पहिलो सङ्घीय संसद#|पाँचौँ प्रतिनिधि सभा]] |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[अग्नीप्रसाद सापकोटा]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sapkota becomes Speaker amid concerns from conflict victims and rights watchdogs |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2020/01/26/agni-sapkota-becomes-new-speaker-amid-concerns-by-rights-defenders-conflict-victims-and-global-rights-watchdogs |access-date=26 January 2020 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref> |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |२०७६ माघ १२ |२०७९ असोज २ |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[देवराज घिमिरे]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=प्रतिनिधिसभाको सभामुखमा देवराज घिमिरे निर्वाचित |url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2023/01/19/167411928348857272.html |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=ekantipur.com |language=ne}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Setopati |first=सेतोपाटी संवाददाता |title=देवराज घिमिरे सभामुख निर्वाचित |url=https://www.setopati.com/politics/292563/ |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=Setopati |language=en-US }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119093232/https://www.setopati.com/politics/292563 |date=2023-01-19 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=पूर्व पदाधिकारीहरू |url=https://hr.parliament.gov.np/np/former-authorities |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=hr.parliament.gov.np}}</ref> |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |२०७९ माघ ५ |२०८२ भदौ |[[नेपालको दोस्रो सङ्घीय संसद#|छैटौँ प्रतिनिधि सभा]] |- | bgcolor="{{party color|राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी}}" | |[[डोलप्रसाद अर्याल]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=नवनिर्वाचित सभामुख अर्यालको शपथ आइतबार |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2026/04/1904401/newly-elected-speaker-aryal-to-be-sworn-in-on-sunday|access-date=2026-04-03 |website=अनलाइन खबर |language=नेपाली}}</ref> |[[राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी]] | २०८२ चैत २२ | ''बहालवाला'' |[[नेपालको तेस्रो सङ्घीय संसद#|सातौँ प्रतिनिधि सभा]] |} === उपसभामुखहरू === {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |नाम !दल !पदभार ग्रहण !पदभार छोडेको !कार्यकाल |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" | |[[महेन्द्रनारायण निधि]] | rowspan="2"|[[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]] |२०१६ चैत १८ |२०१७ पुस १ |[[आम निर्वाचन २०१५ का निर्वाचित सांसदहरू|पहिलो प्रतिनिधि सभा]] |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" | |[[महन्थ ठाकुर]] |२०४८ असार ९ |२०५१ पुस २ |[[आम निर्वाचन २०४८ का निर्वाचित सांसदहरू|दोस्रो प्रतिनिधि सभा]] |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" | |रामविलास यादव |[[राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी]] |२०५१ पुस ३ |२०५४ असोज २७ | rowspan="3" |[[आम निर्वाचन २०५१ का निर्वाचित सांसदहरू|तेस्रो प्रतिनिधि सभा]] |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |लीला श्रेष्ठ सुब्बा | rowspan="2"|[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |२०५५ वैशाख २३ |२०५५ असोज २४ |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |भोजराज जोशी |२०५५ असोज २८ |२०५५ चैत ९ |- | rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" | | rowspan="2" |[[चित्रलेखा यादव]] | rowspan="2" |[[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]] | rowspan="2" |२०५६ असार १५ | rowspan="2" |२०६३ माघ ३ |[[आम निर्वाचन २०५६ का निर्वाचित सांसदहरू|चौथो प्रतिनिधि सभा]] |- |[[व्यवस्थापिका संसद (२०६३-२०६४)|अन्तरिम व्यवस्थापिका संसद]] |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[शिवमाया तुम्बाहाम्फे]] |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |२०७४ चैत ४ |२०७६ माघ ६ | rowspan="2" |[[नेपालको पहिलो सङ्घीय संसद#सदस्यहरू|पाँचौँ प्रतिनिधि सभा]] |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" | |[[पुष्पा भुसाल]] |[[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]] |२०७९ असार ३१ |२०७९ असोज २ |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}" | |[[इन्दिरा राना मगर]] |[[राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी]] |२०७९ माघ ७ |२०८२ भदौ |[[नेपालको दोस्रो सङ्घीय संसद#सदस्यहरू|छैटौँ प्रतिनिधि सभा]] |} == प्रतिनिधि सभाहरूको सूची == {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |निर्वाचन ! rowspan="2" |प्रतिनिधि सभा ! colspan="2" |कार्यकाल ! rowspan="2" |सभामुख |- !सुरु !अन्त्य |- ! colspan="5" |नेपाल अधिराज्यको संसद |- |[[आम निर्वाचन २०१५|२०१५]] |[[आम निर्वाचन २०१५ का निर्वाचित सांसदहरू|पहिलो प्रतिनिधि सभा]] |वि.सं. २०१६ जेठ |वि. सं. २०१७ पौष |[[कृष्णप्रसाद भट्टराई]] |- |[[आम निर्वाचन २०४८|२०४८]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifes.org/publications/kingdom-nepal-parliamentary-elections-may-12-1991|title=Kingdom of Nepal: Parliamentary Elections, May 12, 1991|date=31 May 1991|website=ifes.org|access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref> |दोस्रो प्रतिनिधि सभा |वि.सं. २०४८ जेठ |वि.सं. २०५१ साउन |[[दमननाथ ढुङ्गाना]]<ref>http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-11-03/dhungana-makes-a-comeback-to-politics-after-23-years.html</ref><ref name="formerspeakers"/> |- |[[आम निर्वाचन २०५१|२०५१]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2386_94.htm|title=NEPAL Parliamentary Chamber: Pratinidhi Sabha ELECTIONS HELD IN 1994|date=|website=archive.ipu.org|access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref> |[[आम निर्वाचन २०५१ का निर्वाचित सांसदहरू|तेस्रो प्रतिनिधि सभा]] |वि.सं. २०५१ असोज |वि.सं. २०५६ वैशाख |[[रामचन्द्र पौडेल]]<ref name="formerspeakers" /> |- | rowspan="2" |[[आम निर्वाचन २०५६|२०५६]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2386_99.htm|title=NEPAL Parliamentary Chamber: Pratinidhi Sabha ELECTIONS HELD IN 1999|date=|website=archive.ipu.org|access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref> |[[आम निर्वाचन २०५६ का निर्वाचित सांसदहरू|चौथो प्रतिनिधि सभा]] |वि.सं. २०५६ जेठ |वि.सं. २०५९ वैशाख |[[तारानाथ रानाभाट]]<ref name="formerspeakers" /><ref>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1394997/Nepal-king-dissolves-parliament.html</ref> |- |अन्तरिम व्यवस्थापिका संसद |वि.सं. २०६३ वैशाख |वि.सं. २०६३ माघ |[[सुवासचन्द्र नेम्वाङ]] |-ओनसरी घर्ती मगर- ! colspan="5" |संघीय संसद |- | rowspan="2" |[[प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचन, २०७४|२०७४]] | rowspan="2" |[[नेपालको पहिलो सङ्घीय संसद|पाँचौ प्रतिनिधि सभा]] | rowspan="2" |वि.सं. २०७४ फागुन | rowspan="2" |वि.सं. २०७९ असोज |[[कृष्णबहादुर महरा]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2018/mar/09/krishna-bahadur-mahara-elected-nepal-parliaments-speaker-1784563.html|title=Krishna Bahadur Mahara elected Nepal parliament's Speaker|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2020-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/01/world/asia/nepal-parliament-speaker-resign.html|title=Parliament Speaker in Nepal Resigns After Rape Accusation|last=Sharma|first=Bhadra|date=2019-10-01|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-01-26|language=en-US}}</ref> (वि.सं. २०७६ असोज १४ सम्म) |- |[[अग्नीप्रसाद सापकोटा|अग्निप्रसाद सापकोटा]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2020/01/26/agni-sapkota-becomes-new-speaker-amid-concerns-by-rights-defenders-conflict-victims-and-global-rights-watchdogs|title=Sapkota becomes Speaker amid concerns from conflict victims and rights watchdogs|website=kathmandupost.com|language=English|access-date=2020-01-26}}</ref> (वि.सं. २०७६ माघ १२ देखि) |- |[[प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचन, २०७९|२०७९]] |[[नेपालको दोस्रो सङ्घीय संसद|छैटौं प्रतिनिधि सभा]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष |वि.सं. २०८२ भदौ २७ |[[देवराज घिमिरे]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2023/01/1250357|title=एमालेका देवराज घिमिरे सभामुखमा निर्वाचित|website=Online Khabar|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-01-20}}</ref> |} == दलगत सदस्यता == === प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचन, २०७९ को दलगत सदस्यता === {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |दल !संसदीय दलका नेता !सदस्य |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" | |[[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस|नेपाली कांग्रेस]] |[[शेरबहादुर देउवा]] |८९ |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |[[खड्गप्रसाद ओली|केपी शर्मा ओली]] |७९ |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी-केन्द्र)]] |[[पुष्पकमल दाहाल|पुष्पकमल दाहाल (प्रचण्ड)]] |३२ |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}" | |[[राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी]] |[[डोलप्रसाद अर्याल]] |१९ |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" | |[[राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी]] |[[राजेन्द्रप्रसाद लिङ्देन]] |१४ |- | bgcolor="{{party color|People's Socialist Party, Nepal}}" | |[[जनता समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल]] |उपेन्द्र यादव |१२ |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत समाजवादी)|नेकपा (एकीकृत समाजवादी)]] |[[माधवकुमार नेपाल]] |१० |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Janamat Party}}" | |[[जनमत पार्टी]] |[[चन्द्रकान्त राउत]] |६ |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Loktantrik Samajwadi Party, Nepal}}" | |[[लोकतान्त्रिक समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल|लोकतान्त्रिक समाजवादी पार्टी]] |[[महन्थ ठाकुर]] |४ |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Citizens' Liberation Party}}" | |[[नागरिक उन्मुक्ति पार्टी]] |[[रञ्जिता श्रेष्ठ]] |४ |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Nepal Workers Peasants Party}}" | |[[नेपाल मजदुर किसान पार्टी]] |[[प्रेम सुवाल]] |१ |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Rastriya Janamorcha}}" | |[[राष्ट्रिय जनमोर्चा]] |[[चित्रबहादुर केसी]] |१ |- |bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}" | |स्वतन्त्र | |३ |- |bgcolor=white | |रिक्त | |१ |- ! colspan="2" |कुल ! colspan="2" |२७५ |} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == *[[राष्ट्रिय सभा (नेपाल)|राष्ट्रिय सभा]] * [[नेपालको सङ्घीय संसद|नेपालको संसद]] * [[राष्ट्रिय पञ्चायत]] *[[प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचन, २०७९|प्रतिनिधिसभा निर्वाचन, २०७९]] ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:नेपालको सङ्घीय संसद]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालको इतिहास]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालको इतिहास (२००७–२०६५)]] d5yv8xsa8r9gswjbmzg6k6y7hc3dgpd 0 10081 1358413 1337062 2026-06-08T12:26:21Z Biplab Anand 13653 [[प्रयोगकर्ता:बडा काजी/नेपालीकरण|एक उपकरण]] प्रयोग गरेर व्याकरण ठीक गरियो 1358413 wikitext text/x-wiki '''पूर्णिया जिल्ला''' [[भारत]]को [[बिहार]] [[प्रदेश|प्रदेश]]को [[पूर्णिया प्रमण्डल]] अंतर्गत एक [[सहर|सहर]] र [[जिल्ला]] हो। {{India Districts |Name = पूर्णिया |State = बिहार |Division = पूर्णिया |HQ =पूर्णिया |Map = Bihar district location map Purnia.svg | Area = 3229 |Rain = |Population = 3,264,619 |Urban = |Year = २०११ |Density = 1014 |Literacy = ५२.०९ % |SexRatio = ९२१ |Tehsils = |LokSabha = [[Purnia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purnia]] |Assembly = [[Amour,(Vidhan Sabha Constituency)|Amour]], [[Kasba, Purnia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kasba]], [[Banmankhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Banmankhi]], [[Rupauli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rupauli]], [[Dhamdaha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhamdaha]], [[Purnia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Purnia]], |Highways = [[National Highway 31 (India)|NH 31]], [[National Highway 57 (India)|NH 57]], [[National Highway 107 (India)|NH107]] र [[National Highway 131A (India)|NH131A]] |Website = http://purnea.bih.nic.in }} '''पूर्णिया जिल्ला''' भारतको बिहार राज्यको ३८ जिल्ला मध्ये एक हो। पूर्णिया सहर यस जिल्लाको प्रशासनिक मुख्यालय हो। पूर्णिया सहरले सन् १९४७ देखि हरेक स्वतन्त्रता दिवसमा १२:०७ बजे राष्ट्रिय झन्डा फहराउने परम्परालाई निरन्तरता दिएको छ। पूर्णिया जिल्ला पूर्णिया डिभिजनको एक हिस्सा हो। जिल्ला गङ्गा नदीबाट उत्तरतिर फैलिएको छ। पूर्णिया यसको आर्थिक र शैक्षिक महत्वको कारणले सीमाञ्चलको अनौपचारिक राजधानी हो। ==इतिहास== पूर्णिया मिथिला क्षेत्रको हिस्सा हो। मिथिला राज्य (विदेहहरूको राज्य पनि भनिन्छ) स्थापना गर्ने इन्डो-आर्यन मानिसहरू द्वारा बसोबास गरेपछि मिथिलाले पहिलो प्रख्यातता प्राप्त गर्यो। वैदिक कालको उत्तरार्ध (c. 1100-500 BCE), विदेहा कुरु र पान्कालासँगै प्राचीन भारतको प्रमुख राजनीतिक र सांस्कृतिक केन्द्रहरू मध्ये एक बन्यो। विदेह राज्यका राजाहरूलाई जनक भनिन्थ्यो। Videha राज्य पछि Vajji सङ्घ मा शामिल भएको थियो, जसको राजधानी वैशाली सहर मा थियो, जुन मिथिलामा पनि छ। मुगल शासन के दौरान, पूर्णिया एक बाहिरी सैन्य प्रदेश थियो, र यसको राजस्व अधिकतर उत्तर र पूर्वका जनजातिहरू विरुद्ध आफ्नो सिमानाको रक्षा गर्न खर्च गरिएको थियो। [6] 1757 मा कलकत्ता नियन्त्रण गरेपछि, पूर्णियाको स्थानीय गभर्नरले सिराज उद-दौला विरुद्ध विद्रोह उठाए। १७६५ मा, जिल्ला बङ्गालको बाँकी भाग सहित ब्रिटिस नियन्त्रण भयो। 14 फेब्रुअरी, 1770 मा आधुनिक इतिहासमा पूर्णिया जिल्ला ईस्ट इन्डिया कम्पनी द्वारा गठन भएको थियो। पूर्णिया यसको अद्वितीय रूपले डिजाइन गरिएको संस्था, रामकृष्ण मिशनको लागि परिचित छ, जहाँ अक्टोबरमा दुर्गा पूजा भनिने पर्व मनाइन्छ। पूर्णिया सहरको अर्को आकर्षण मुख्य सहरबाट ५ किलोमिटर टाढा रहेको माता पुराण देवीको सबैभन्दा पुरानो मन्दिर हो। यस मन्दिरबाट पूर्णियाको नाम भएको सिद्धान्त छ। अन्य सिद्धान्तहरूले पनि पूर्णियाको नाम कसरी प्राप्त भयो भनेर वर्णन गर्दछ। अर्थात्, विगतमा पूर्णियाको नाम पूर्ण–अरण्य थियो, जसको अर्थ "पूर्ण जङ्गल" हो। पूर्णिया जिल्लाबाट तीन जिल्लाहरू विभाजन गरिएको थियो: 1976 मा कटिहार, [9] अररिया र 1990 मा किशनगन्ज। ==भूगोल== पूर्णिया जिल्ला 3,229 वर्ग किलोमिटर (1,247 वर्ग मील), [10] सोलोमन द्वीप माकिरा द्वीप को तुलना मा ओगटेको छ। यो एक उदास पथ हो, जसमा धनी, दोमट जलोढ़ माटोको अधिकांश भाग सम्मिलित हुन्छ। यो हिमालयबाट बग्ने धेरै नदीहरू द्वारा पार गरिएको छ, जसले सिँचाइ र पानी-गाडीको ठुलो फाइदाहरू दिन्छ। यसका प्रमुख नदीहरू कोशी, महानन्द, सुवरा काली, कारी कोशी, सौरा र कोली हुन्। पश्चिममा, कोसीको प्रवाहमा आएको परिवर्तनले माटोलाई बालुवाले ढाकिएको छ। अन्य नदीहरू मध्ये महानन्द र पनार छन्। यसका प्रमुख कृषि उत्पादनहरू जुट र केरा हुन्। ==डिभिजनहरू== पूर्णिया जिल्लामा चार उपखण्डहरू छन्: पूर्णिया सदर, बनमानखी, बैसी र धमदह। ब्लकहरू तिनीहरू थप चौध ब्लकहरूमा विभाजित छन्: पूर्णिया पूर्व कसबा जलालगढ कृतिनन्द नगर श्रीनगर बनमानखी धमदह बर्हरा कोठी भवानीपुर रुपौली बैसी बैसा प्रेम डगरुआ यसमा 1,450 गाउँहरू सहित 246 पञ्चायतहरू छन्। ==जनसाङ्ख्यिकी== २०११ को जनगणना अनुसार पूर्णिया जिल्लाको जनसङ्ख्या ३,२६४,६१९ छ,[१२] लगभग मोरिटानिया राष्ट्र[१३] वा अमेरिकी राज्य आयोवाको बराबर छ। यसले यसलाई भारतमा 105 औं स्थान दिन्छ (कुल 640 मध्ये)। [12] जिल्लाको जनसङ्ख्या घनत्व 1,014 बासिन्दा प्रति वर्ग किलोमीटर (2,630/वर्ग मील) छ। [12] 2001-2011 दशकमा यसको जनसङ्ख्या वृद्धि दर 28.66% थी। पूर्णियामा प्रत्येक 1000 पुरुषहरूको लागि 930 महिलाहरूको लिंग अनुपात छ,[12] र साक्षरता दर 58.23% छ। भारतको 2011 जनगणनाको समयमा, जिल्लाको 33.68% जनसङ्ख्याले हिन्दी, 18.62% उर्दु, 10.72% मैथिली, 8.73% सुरजापुरी, 4.51% बङ्गाली र 2.57% सन्थाली आफ्नो पहिलो भाषाको रूपमा बोल्थे। ==अर्थतन्त्र== भर्खरै, तेल र प्राकृतिक ग्यास निगमले कच्चा तेल र प्राकृतिक ग्यास भण्डारको लागि पूर्णिया बेसिन अन्वेषण गर्न थालेको छ। अनुमानहरू देखाउँछन् कि त्यहाँ बेसिनमा लगभग 465 मिलियन टन भण्डार हुन सक्छ। [18] [19] ==संस्कृति== ===तीर्थहरू=== पूर्णाका केही प्रमुख हिन्दु मन्दिरहरू मध्ये पुराण देवी मन्दिर एक हो। जुन सहरको नाममा कहिलेकाहीँ सौरा नदीको किनारमा रहेको पुरानो पूर्णिया सहरको काली मन्दिर, चुनापुरको मातास्थान, लाइन बजारमा रहेको पञ्चमुखी मन्दिर, कस्वाको रानी सती मन्दिर, बनमानखीको प्रह्लाद स्तम्भ, र धिमा शिव मन्दिर धिमा, बनमानखी। सहरमा हजरत मुस्तफा जमालुल हक बन्दगी, चिम्नी बजारको दरगाह पनि छ। मेला (गाउँ मेला) को रूप मा एक "उर्स" ईद-उल-अजहा पछि ७औँ दिन आयोजित गरिन्छ र प्रत्येक वर्ष दिन सम्म जारी रहन्छ। मुख्य सहरबाट ७ किलोमिटर टाढा ‘दरगाह एण्ड खानकह आलिया मुस्तफिया’ अवस्थित छ। यो अध्यात्म, साम्प्रदायिक सद्भाव र सूफीवाद को लागि प्रसिद्ध छ। यसको इतिहास ४०० वर्षसम्म फैलिएको छ। जब हजरत बन्दगी जौनपुर, उत्तर प्रदेशबाट आएर भारतभरका पाण्डवा सरिफ, बिहार सरिफ, आदि जस्ता धेरै खानका र दरगाहहरूको भ्रमण गर्न आएका थिए। पूर्वोत्तर बिहारमा धर्मनिरपेक्षता र आध्यात्मिक आत्मा यसको स्थापना पछि। गरबनिली (पूर्णा) मा रहेको देवरीमा राजा कलानन्द सिंहको पुरानो दरबार (दरबार) कला भवनको भग्नावशेषहरू छन्। जहाँ उनका उत्तराधिकारी अझै पनि बस्छन्। जलालगढ किल्ला जलालगढ डिभिजनमा अवस्थित ऐतिहासिक महत्वको ठाउँ हो। ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== {{टेम्पलेट बिहारका जिल्ला तथा प्रमण्डलहरू}} {{stub}} [[श्रेणी:बिहारका जिल्लाहरू]] [[श्रेणी:पूर्णिया प्रमण्डल]] mwezk86yu819980mxb39odj52drxddw 0 16526 1358502 1267118 2026-06-09T06:28:34Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikify|date=जुन २०११}} {{Infobox Indian politician | name = नरबहादुर भण्डारी | image = | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1940|10|05}} | birth_place = [[सोरेङ]], [[सिक्किम अधिराज्य]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2017|7|16|1940|10|5}} | death_place = [[नयाँ दिल्ली]] | constituency = | office = [[सिक्किमका मुख्यमन्त्रीहरूको सूची|सिक्किमको मुख्यमन्त्री]] | term_start2 = ८ मार्च १९८५ | term_end2 = १७ जुन १९९४ | predecessor2 = [[राष्ट्रपतिको शासन]] ([[काजी लेन्डुप दोर्जी|काजी ल्हेन्डुप दोर्जी]]) | successor2 = [[सन्चमान लिम्बू]] | term_start1 = १८ अक्टोबर १९७९ | term_end1 = ११ मे १९८४ | predecessor1 = [[राष्ट्रपतिको शासन]] | successor1 = [[भीमबहादुर गुरुङ]] | party = [[सिक्किम सङ्ग्राम परिषद्|सिक्किम संग्राम परिषद]] }} '''नरबहादुर भण्डारी''' ( जन्म ५ अक्टूबर १९४० - मृत्यु १६ जुलाई २०१७ ) पश्चिम सिक्किमको सोरेङ भन्ने ठाउँको मालबासे गाउमा भएको हो। उनी एक लोकप्रिय भारतीय राजनीतिज्ञ हुन, जो १९७९ देखि १९९४ सम्म सिक्किमको मुख्यमन्त्री थिए र [[सिक्किम सङ्ग्राम परिषद्|सिक्किम संग्राम परिषद]] लाई नेतृत्व प्रदान गरे। राज्यमा अस्थिरताको अवधि पछि, उनी १९७९मा नियुक्त गरिएको थियो। उनले १९८४ र १९८९को चुनावमा १९८९ सम्म शक्ति कायम गरे।। १४ अक्तूबर १९७९ मा आयोजित राज्य विधानसभाको चुनावमा, सिक्किम संग्राम परिषदले बहुमत स्थान प्राप्त गर्‍यो र नर बहादुर भण्डारीले १८ अक्टूबरमा मुख्यमन्त्री के रूपमा [[पदको शपथ|शपथ ग्रहण]] गरे।<ref>''Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: Sikkim'' (2005), ed. S. C. Bhatt, Gopal K. Bhargava, Kalpaz Publications, page 223.</ref> ==सेवा== वर्तमानमा उनी सिक्किम प्रदेश काङ्ग्रेस समिति (SPCC) का एक सदस्य हुन। उनले भारतीय राष्ट्रीय काङ्ग्रेस (आई)मा उनको पार्टीलाई विलय गरे र त्यसको अध्यक्ष छन। उनको पार्टीले २००९ को विधानसभा चुनावमा वर्तमान मुख्यमन्त्री पवन कुमार चाम्लिङ्लाई गद्दीबाट हटाउने आशा लिएको थियो तर उनिहरूको पक्षमा परिणाम आएन। त्यहाँ चाम्लिङ सरकारद्वारा निर्वाचनको बेला खराब आचारण गरेको आरोप छ। तर उनिसँग अहिले पनि ग्रामीण जनता बीच एउटा धेरै राम्रो जनादेश छ , उनी सिक्किमका आदिवासी जनता बीच पनि प्रसिद्ध छन। उनी चामलिंग सरकारको बिरुद्द सदैब एउटा शक्तिशाली विपक्ष खडा गर्न सक्षम छन। उनी अहिले पनि सिक्किम प्रदेश काङ्ग्रेस समिति के अध्यक्ष का पद बहन गरी रहेका छन। आजसम्म यो देखिएको छ कि नरबहादुर भण्डारी सिक्किमको सबैभन्दा प्रिय र लोकप्रिय मुख्यमन्त्री हुन। उनको वक्तृत्वकलाले जनतालाई घण्टौ सम्म मंत्रमुग्ध राख्दछ। भण्डारी आफ्नो रणनीतिबाट प्रसिद्ध छन, उनी अहिले पनि केंद्रीय नेता लगायत बिच सुपरिचित छन। एउटा सच्चा सिक्किमे भएकोमा उनी गर्व गर्दछन। सिक्किमले, उनको कार्यकालको अबधिमा सम्पूर्ण विकास देख्यो। ग्रामीण विद्युतीकरण पुरा गरिएको, ग्रामीण सडक, धेरै पुल, सिक्किम मणिपाल विश्वविद्यालय, लोयोला कॉलेज( सिक्किममा एकमात्र शिक्षा कॉलेज) उनको कार्यकालमा बनाईएको थियो। उनी अपने कार्यकालको अबधिमा सांप्रदायिक सद्भावको कुरा गर्दथे, जो अहिले सिक्किममा मौजूद छैन। ==सम्मान== नेपालबाहिर नेपाली भाषा र साहित्यको समुन्नतिमा व्यक्तिगत तथा संस्थागत स्तरमा असाधारण योगदान गरिरहेबापत वि.सं. २०४७ सालको [[जगदम्बाश्री पुरस्कार]] प्रदान गरियो । ==सन्दर्भ== <references /> ==बाह्य कडीहरू== * [http://www.madanpuraskar.org/guthi/narabahadur.php मदन पुरस्कार गुठी] {{सिक्किमका मुख्यमन्त्रीहरू}} {{जगदम्बाश्री पुरस्कार}} [[श्रेणी:सिक्किमका मुख्यमन्त्रीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:सोरेङ जिल्लाका मानिसहरू]] [[श्रेणी:भारतीय गोरखाहरू]] clff9ty4tmx2kp8y1jtdvmja5j9f3rt 0 16791 1358497 1324211 2026-06-09T06:17:20Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox United Nations |name = '''संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषद्''' |image = UN-Sicherheitsrat - UN Security Council - New York City - 2014 01 06.jpg|The security council room |caption = संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषद् कक्ष |type = मुख्य अङ्ग |Also Referred to As = UNSC |head = [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषद्को अध्यक्ष|परिषद् अध्यक्ष]] {{flagicon|LUX}} [[सिल्भी लुकास]] |status = सक्रिय |established = सन् १९४६ |website = http://un.org/en/sc/ |parent = |subsidiaries = |footnotes = }} '''संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषद्''' [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र]]को छ प्रमुख अङ्गहरूमध्येको एउटा अङ्ग हो।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|title=Article 7 (1) of Charter of the United Nations|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410130442/https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|url-status=live}}</ref> यसको कामकर्तव्यमा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय शान्ति सुरक्षा कायम गर्नु,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|title=Article 24 (1) of Charter of the United Nations|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410130442/https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|url-status=live}}</ref> संयुक्त राष्ट्रमा नयाँ सदस्यताको लागि महासभामा सिफारिस गर्नु,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|title=Article 4 (2) of Charter of the United Nations|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410130442/https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|url-status=live}}</ref> र संयुक्त राष्ट्र वडापत्रमा संशोधन स्वीकृत गर्नु हो।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|title=Article 108 of Charter of the United Nations|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410130442/https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|url-status=live}}</ref> संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घको बडापत्रमा उल्लेख गरिए अनुसार यसको शक्तिहरूमा शान्ति स्थापना कार्यहरू स्थापना गर्ने, अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय प्रतिबन्धहरू लागू गर्ने र सैन्य कारबाहीको लागि अख्तियारी दिने समावेश छ। संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घीय निकायहरू मध्ये सुरक्षा परिषद्ले मात्र सदस्य राष्ट्रहरूमाथि बाध्यकारी हुने प्रस्तावहरू जारी गर्ने अधिकार राख्दछ। परिषद्लाई अनिवार्य निर्णयहरू घोषित गर्ने अधिकार पनि हुन्छ। यस्ता कुनै निर्णयहरूलाई [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषद् प्रस्ताव]] भनिन्छ। सुरक्षा परिषद्मा [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषदका स्थायी सदस्यहरू|पाँच स्थायी]] र दस अल्पकालिन गरि १५ सदस्यहरू हुन्छन्। पाँच स्थायी सदस्यहरू; [[चीन]], [[फ्रान्स]], [[रूस]], [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]], [[संयुक्त अधिराज्य]] हुन्। <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|title=Article 23 (1) of the Charter of the United Nations|date=26 June 1945|website=www.un.org|publisher=[[United Nations]]|language=en|access-date=10 December 2018|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410130442/https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|url-status=live}}</ref> यी दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धमा विजयी हुने [[ठूला शक्ति]] वा तिनका उत्तराधिकारी राज्यहरू हुन्। स्थायी सदस्यहरूले संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घमा नयाँ सदस्य राष्ट्रहरूको प्रवेश वा महासचिवको कार्यालयका लागि मनोनित व्यक्तिहरू लगायत सुरक्षा परिषद्को कुनै पनि प्रस्तावलाई [[भिटो]] गर्न सक्छन्। यो [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषद् भिटो अधिकार|भिटो अधिकार]] महासभाका मामिला वा मतदानहरूमा लागू नहुने हुँदा बाध्यकारी पनि हुँदैन। अन्य दस सदस्यहरू [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र महासभा|महासभा]]द्वारा दुई वर्षको अवधिको लागि क्षेत्रीय आधारमा निर्वाचित हुन्छन्। सुरक्षा परिषद्को अध्यक्ष प्रति महिना वर्णमालानुसार बदलिन्छ। == सदस्य == ===स्थायी सदस्य=== {{मुख्य|संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषदका स्थायी सदस्यहरू}} संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषदको हाल कायम रहेका स्थायी सदस्यहरूको तालिका यसअनुसार छ: {| class="wikitable" width=100% |- " ! width=12% | देश ! width=28% | हालको राष्ट्र प्रतिनिधित्व ! width=30% | पूर्व राष्ट्र प्रतिनिधित्व |- |style="background:#EAECF0"| {{flag|चीन}} ||{{flagicon|China}} [[जनवादी गणतन्त्र चीन]] |{{flagdeco|Republic of China}} [[ताइवान|गणतन्त्र चीन]] (१९४५-१९७१) |- |style="background:#EAECF0"|{{flag|फ्रान्स}} |{{flagdeco|France}} [[फ्रान्सेली पाँचौ गणतन्त्र]] |{{flagdeco|France|1794}} [[फ्रान्सेली गणतन्त्रको अस्थायी सरकार]] (१९४५-१९४६)<br />{{flag|फ्रान्सेली चौथौ गणतन्त्र}} (१९४६–१९५८) |- |style="background:#EAECF0"|{{flag|रुस}} |{{flagdeco|रुस}} [[रुस|रुसी महासङ्घ]] |{{flag|सोभियत सङ्घ}} (१९४१-१९९१) |- |style="background:#EAECF0"|{{flag|संयुक्त अधिराज्य}} |{{flag|ग्रेट ब्रिटेन र उत्तरी आयरल्यान्डको संयुक्त अधिराज्य}} |N/A |- |style="background:#EAECF0"|{{flag|संयुक्त राज्य}} |{{flag|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका}} |N/A |} ===अस्थायी सदस्य=== सुरक्षा परिषदका अन्य दश सदस्य दुइ वर्षको अवधिका लागि चुनिन्छन्। हर वर्ष यी दशमध्ये पाँच चुनिन्छन् । यसको चुनाव क्षेत्रीय आधारमा हुन्छ। [[अफ्रिका]]बाट तीन सदस्य [[एसिया]], [[पश्चिमी युरोप|पश्चिम यूरोप]], र ल्याटिन अमेरिका र क्यारिबियनबाट दुई-दुई सदस्य छानिन्छन् । [[पूर्वी यूरोप]]बाट एक सदस्य छनिन्छ । यसमा कुनै एक सदस्य अरबको हुनु आवश्यक छ । सुरक्षा परिषदका स्थायी सदस्यहरूको संख्या बढाउने बारेमा धेरै विवाद छ। चार राष्ट्र ([[ब्राजिल]], [[भारत]], [[जर्मनी]] र [[जापान]]) जसलाई जी४ भनिन्छ । जापान र जर्मनीले संयुक्त राष्ट्रलाई धेरै आर्थिक सहायता गर्दछन्, र ब्राजिल तथा भारत जनसङ्ख्यामा ठूला भएको कारण संयुक्त राष्ट्रको विश्वशान्तिको लक्ष्यको लागि सैन्य-दलको सबभन्दा ठूलो योगदान गर्नेहरूमा पर्छन्। २१ सेप्टेम्बर २००४ मा जी४ राष्ट्रहरूले स्थाई सदस्य बन्ने बारेमा आपसी समर्थन घोषित गरे । संयुक्त अधिराज्य र फ्रान्सले पनि यस घोषणालाई स्वीकार गरे। पारित हुनका लागि १२८ मतको आवश्यकता हुन्छ । ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|United Nations Security Council}} {{ढाँचा:संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषद}} [[श्रेणी:संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घ]] [[श्रेणी:अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय संस्थाहरू]] [[श्रेणी:संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषद]] t2ln1vp7ydevhz6sjdyfzz3vulb1v0b 0 16916 1358420 1358052 2026-06-08T12:42:05Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* सोभियत सङ्घको अन्त्य */ 1358420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Former Country |native_name = Союз Советских Социалистических Республик<br />''सोयुज सोभेत्स्किख सोत्सियालिस्तिचेस्किख रिस्पुब्लिक'' |conventional_long_name = सोभियत समाजवादी गणतन्त्रहरूको सङ्घ |common_name = सोभियत सङ्घ |continent = युरेसिया |era = [[पहिलो विश्वयुद्ध|प्रथम विश्वयुद्ध]]को अन्तबाट [[शीतयुद्ध]] |government_type = [[सङ्घ (प्रशासन)|सङ्घ]],<br>मार्क्सवाद-लेनिनवाद, [[साम्यवाद]] |year_start = सन् १९२२ |year_end = सन् १९९१ |date_start = ३० दिसम्बर |event_start = स्थापना सन्धी |date_end = २६ दिसम्बर |event_end = सङ्घको विघटन |p1 = रूसी सो.सं.स.ग. |flag_p1 = Flag RSFSR 1918.svg |p2 = पार-कोकस सो.सं.स.ग. |flag_p2 = Flag of Transcaucasian SFSR.svg |p3 = युक्रेनी सो.स.ग. |flag_p3 = Flag of the Ukrainian SSR (1927-1937).svg |p4 = बेलारूसी सो.स.ग. |flag_p4 = Flag of the Byelorussian SSR (1919).svg |s1 = रूस |flag_s1 = Flag of Russia 1991-1993.svg |s2 = जर्जिया (देश){{!}}जर्जिया |flag_s2=Flag of Georgia (1990-2004).svg |s3 = युक्रेन |flag_s3 = Flag of Ukraine.svg |s4 = मोल्दोभा |flag_s4 = Flag of Moldova.svg |s5 = बेलारूस |flag_s5 = Flag of Belarus (1991-1995).svg |s6 = आर्मेनिया |flag_s6 = Flag of Armenia.svg |s7 = अजरबैजान |flag_s7 = Flag of Azerbaijan.svg |s8 = कजाख्स्तान |flag_s8 = Flag of the Kazakh SSR.svg |s9 = उज्बेकिस्तान |flag_s9 = Flag of Uzbekistan.svg |s10 = तुर्कमेनिस्तान |flag_s10 = Flag of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (1974–1991), Flag of Turkmenistan (1991–1992).svg |s11 = किर्गिस्तान |flag_s11 = Flag of Kyrgyz SSR.svg |s12 = ताजिकिस्तान |flag_s12 = Flag of Tajik SSR.svg |s13 = एस्टोनिया{{!}}एस्टोनिया^३ |flag_s13 = Flag of Estonia.svg |s14 = लात्भिया{{!}}लात्भिया ^३ |flag_s14 = Flag of Latvia.svg |s15 = लिथुआनिया{{!}}लिथुआनिया^३ |flag_s15 = Flag of Lithuania 1989-2004.svg | | |image_flag = Flag of the Soviet Union.svg |flag = सोभियत सङ्घको झण्डा |image_coat = State Emblem of the Soviet Union.svg |symbol = सोभियत सङ्घको |symbol_type = निशाना छाप |image_map = Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (orthographic projection).svg |image_map_size = 220px |image_map_caption = [[दोस्रो विश्व युद्ध|द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध]] पछि सोभियत सङ्घ |capital = मस्को |latd=55|latm=45|latNS=N|longd=37|longm=37|longEW=E |largest_city = मस्को |national_motto = Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь!<br />''प्रोलेतारी व्सेख स्त्रान, सोएदिन्याइतेस​!''<br />नेपाली: विश्वको मजदूर, एक हऔँ! |national_anthem = "इन्तरनासियोनाल"<br />(सन् १९२२–१९४४) [[File:Internationale orchestral arrangement.ogg]]<br />"सोभियत सङ्घको राष्ट्रगान"<br />(सन् १९४४–१९९१) [[File:Soviet Anthem Instrumental 1955.ogg]] |common_languages = [[रुसी भाषा|रूसी]], धेरै जसो अन्य |demonym = सोभियती |religion = नास्तिकता |currency = सोभियत रूबल (руб) (SUR) |currency_code = SUR |leader1 = [[जोसेफ स्टालिन]] <small>(प्रथम)<small> |leader2 = भ्लादिमिर इभास्को <small>(अन्तिम)<small> |year_leader1 = सन् १९२२–१९५२ |year_leader2 = सन् १९९१ |title_leader = महासचिव | |representative1 = मिखाइल कालिनिन <small>(प्रथम)<small> |representative2 = [[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ]] <small>(अन्तिम)<small> |year_representative1 = सन् १९२२–१९३८ |year_representative2 = सन् १९८८–१९९१ |title_representative = राष्ट्राध्यक्ष | |deputy1 = [[भ्लादिमिर लेनिन]] <small>(प्रथम)<small> |deputy2 = इभान सिलायेभ <small>(अन्तिम)<small> |year_deputy1 = सन् १९२२–१९२४ |year_deputy2 = सन् १९९१ |title_deputy = सरकारी अध्यक्ष | |legislature = सर्वोच्च सोभियत |house1 = सङ्घीय सोभियत |house2 = राष्ट्रियताहरूको सोभियत |stat_year1 = सन् १९९१ |stat_area1 = 22402200 |stat_pop1 = 293047571 |footnotes = |utc_offset = +२ देखि +१३ |cctld = .su^२ |calling_code = ७ }} '''सोभियत सङ्घ''' (<small>[[रुसी भाषा|रूसी भाषा]]: Сове́тский Сою́з, सोवेत्स्की सोयूज; </small>; औपचारिक नाम: '''सोभियत समाजवादी गणतन्त्रहरूको सङ्घ''', Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) सन् १९२२ देखि १९८१ सम्ममा युरेसियाको ठुलो भूभागमा विस्तृत एक [[कम्युनिस्ट राज्य]] थियो। सोभियत सङ्घ आफ्नो स्थापना देखि सन् १९९० सम्म [[साम्यवाद|साम्यवादी पार्टी]] (कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी) द्वारा शासित रहेको थियो। संवैधानिक रूपबाट सोभियत सङ्घ १५ स्वशासित गणतन्त्रहरूको सङ्घ थियो तर वास्तवमा पुरै देशको प्रशासन र अर्थव्यवस्थामा केन्द्रीय सरकारको कडा नियन्त्रणमा रहेको थियो। [[रुस|रूसी सोभियत सङ्घीय समाजवादी गणतन्त्र]] यस देशको सबभन्दा ठुलो गणतन्त्र र राजनीतिक, साँस्कृतिक र आर्थिक केन्द्र थियो यसकारण पुरै देशमा गहिरो रूसीकरण भएको थियो। सोही कारणले गर्दा विदेशमा पनि सोभियत सङ्घलाई प्राय जसो गल्तीले 'रूस' भनेर सम्बोधन गरिन्थ्यो। == इतिहास == ===स्थापना=== सोभियत सङ्घ स्थापनाको प्रक्रिया सन् १९१७ को रूसी क्रान्तिको साथ सुुरु भएको थियो। [[रुसी साम्राज्य|रूसी साम्राज्य]]को [[जार]] (सम्राट) लाई सत्ताबाट हटाएपछि [[भ्लादिमिर लेनिन]]को नेतृत्वमा [[बोल्सेभिक पार्टी]]ले सत्ता कब्जा गरेेेेको थियो तर बोल्सेभिक-विरोधी श्वेत आन्दोलनको साथ [[गृहयुद्ध]]मा फस्न पुगेेेेको थियो। बोल्सेभिक [[लाल सेना]]ले गृहयुद्धको समयमा त्सारको पतनको फाइदा उठाउँदै रूसबाट स्वतन्त्र घोषणा गरेका राज्यहरूलाई पनि कब्जा गरेको थियो। सन् १९२२ को डिसेम्बरमा बोल्सेभिकको पूर्ण जीत हासिल गरेपछि र लेनिनले रूस, [[युक्रेन]], [[बेलारुस]] र [[कोकस क्षेत्र]]लाई समायोजन गरी सोभियत सङ्घको स्थापनाको घोषणा गरेेेेका थिए।<ref name="ref93zicip">[http://books.google.com/books?id=wm3w1oGCaEoC World and Its Peoples: Europe], pp. 1362, Marshall Cavendish, 2009, ISBN 9780761479000, ''... Resistance grew into civil war in which several different movements participated, but the Red Army and the anti-Soviet voluntary White Army were the main combatants ... The declaration of the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, or Soviet Union) was signed on December 30, 1922 ...''</ref> === सङ्क्षिप्त इतिहास === {| class="wikitable" !मिति !घटना ! |- |'''सन् १९१७ अप्रिल''' |[[भ्लादिमिर लेनिन|लेनिन]] र अन्य [[क्रान्तिकारी]] जर्मनीबाट रूस फिर्ता। | |- |'''सन् १९१७ अक्टोबर''' |बोल्सेभिकद्वारा [[अलेक्सान्दार केरेन्स्की]]को सत्ता पलट र मस्कोमा अधिकार। | |- |'''सन् १९१८-२०''' |बोल्सेभिक र विरोधि गृहयुद्ध। | |- |'''सन् १९२०''' |[[पोल्यान्ड]]सँग युद्ध | |- |'''सन् १९२१''' |पोल्यान्डसँग शान्ति सन्धि, नयाँ आर्थिक नीति, बजार अर्थव्यवस्थाको वापसी, स्थिरता। | |- |'''सन् १९२२''' |रूस, बेलारूस र कोकेसस (सन् १९३६ बाट जर्जिया, अर्मेनिया, अजरबैजान) क्षेत्रको मिलन; सोभियत सङ्घको स्थापना। | |- |'''सन् १९२२''' |जर्मनीद्वारा सोभियत सङ्घलाई मान्यता प्रदान। | |- |'''सन् १९२४''' |सोभियत सङ्घमा [[सर्वहारावर्गको अधिनायकत्व|सर्वहारा तानाशाही]]को नयाँ संविधान लागू। [[भ्लादिमिर लेनिन|लेनिन]]को मृत्यु, [[जोसेफ स्टालिन]]द्वारा सत्तामा नियन्त्रण। | |- |'''सन् १९३३''' |अमेरिकाद्वारा सोभियत सङ्घलाई मान्यता प्रदान। | |- |'''सन् १९३४''' |सोभियत सङ्घ [[राष्ट्र सङ्घ]]मा सहभागी। | |- |'''सन् १९३९ अगस्ट''' |[[मोलोटोभ-रिबेनट्रोप सन्धि|नाजी-सोभियत अनाक्रमण सन्धि]]; [[दोस्रो विश्व युद्ध|द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध]] आरम्भ। | |- |'''सन् १९४१ जुन''' |[[महान देशभक्तिपूर्ण युद्ध (द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध)|जर्मनीद्वारा सोभियत सङ्घ माथि हमला]] | |- |'''सन् १९४३''' |स्टालिनग्रादको लडाइँमा जर्मनीको हार | |- |'''सन् १९४५''' |सोभियत सैनिकद्वारा बर्लिन कब्जा, याल्टा र पोट्सड्यामम सम्मेलनबाट जर्मनी विभाजित गरेर [[पूर्व जर्मनी|पूर्वी जर्मनी]] र [[पश्चिम जर्मनी|पश्चिमी जर्मनी]]को निर्माण। जापानको आत्मसमर्पण र [[दोस्रो विश्व युद्ध|द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध]]को समाप्ति | |- |'''सन् १९४८-४९''' |बर्लिन नाकाबन्दी। पश्चिमी सेना र सोभियत सेनाबीच सङ्घर्ष | |- |'''सन् १९४९''' |सोभियत सङ्घद्वारा [[परमाणु बम]] निर्माण। चीनको कम्युनिस्ट सरकारलाई मान्यता प्रदान | |- |'''सन् १९५०-५३''' |[[कोरियाली युद्ध]] ; सोभियत सङ्घ र पश्चिम बीच सम्बन्धमा तनाव | |- |'''सन् १९५३ मार्च''' |[[जोसेफ स्टालिन|स्टालिन]]को मृत्यु। [[निकिता ख्रुश्चेभ]] कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको केन्द्रीय समितिको प्रथम सचिव | |- |'''सन् १९५३''' |सोभयत सङ्घद्वारा आफ्नो पहिलो [[हाइड्रोजन बम]] परिक्षण | |- |'''सन् १९५५''' |[[वार्सा सम्झौता|वार्सा सन्धि]] | |- |'''१९५६''' |सोभियत सेनाद्वारा [[हङ्गेरी]] विद्रोहको दमन, [[मध्य पूर्व]]मा [[स्वेज सङ्कट]] | |- |'''सन् १९५७''' |पहिलो अन्तरिक्ष यान [[स्पुतनिक-१|स्पूतनिक]] धरतीको कक्षमा प्रक्षपण, चीनको पश्चिमसँग बढ्दो निकटताले दुई कम्युनिस्ट देश बीच दुरी उत्पन्न। | |- |'''सन् १९६०''' |सोभियत सङ्घले [[सन् १९६० यु-२ घटना|अमेरिकाको जासूसी जहाज यु-२ गिरावाट]] | |- |'''सन् १९६१''' |[[युरी गागरिन]] अन्तरिक्षमा जाने पहिलो व्यक्ति (मानव) बने | |- |'''सन् १९६१ अक्टोबर ३०''' |[[जार बम्बा]]को परिक्षण | |- |'''सन् १९६२''' |[[क्युबा क्षेप्यास्त्र सङ्कट|क्युबामा सोभियत मिसाइल पहुँच]] | |- |'''सन् १९६३''' |सोभियत सङ्घद्वारा अमेरिका र ब्रिटेनको साथ परमाणु सन्धि, अमेरिका र सोभियत सङ्घ बीच हट-लाइन स्थापित। | |- |'''सन् १९६४''' |ख्रुश्चेभको स्थानमा [[लियोनिद ब्रेझनेभ]]द्वारा पदभार ग्रहण | |- |'''सन् १९६९''' |सोभियत र चिनियाँ सेनामा सीमा विवाद | |- |'''सन् १९७७''' |नयाँ संविधानबाट [[लियोनिद ब्रेझनेभ]] राष्ट्रपति चुनिए | |- |'''सन् १९८२''' |[[लियोनिद ब्रेझनेभ|ब्रेझनेभ]]को निधन, [[केजिबी|केजीबी]] प्रमुख [[युरी आन्द्रोपोभ]]ले सत्ता सम्हाले | |- |'''सन् १९८२''' |[[युरी आन्द्रोपोभ]]को निधन, कोन्सटान्टिन चेरनेन्कोले सत्ता सम्हाले | |- |'''सन् १९८५''' |[[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ]] कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको महासचिव बने, खुलापन र पुनर्निर्माणको नीति सुरुवात | |- |'''सन् १९८६''' |[[चरनोबिल परमाणु दुर्घटना]], युक्रेन र बेलारूसको ठुलो क्षेत्र विकिरणबाट प्रभावित | |- |'''सन् १९८७''' |सोभियत सङ्घ र अमेरिकाबीच [[मध्यम दूरीको आणविक शक्ति सन्धि|मध्यम दूरीको परमाणु मिसाइल नष्ट गर्ने समझौता]] | |- |'''सन् १९८८''' |[[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ]] राष्ट्रपतिमा नियुक्त। कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको सम्मेलनमा निजी क्षेत्रको लागि ढोका खोल्ने सहमति | |- |'''सन् १९८९''' |[[अफगानिस्तान]]बाट सोभियत सेनाको फिर्ता। | |- |'''सन् १९९०''' |सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीमा एक पार्टीको सत्ता अन्त्य गर्न मतदान, [[बोरिस येल्तसिन]]द्वारा सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको सदस्यता त्याग | |- |'''सन् १९९१ अगस्ट''' |रक्षा मन्त्री दिमित्री याजोभ, उप राष्ट्रपति गेनादी यानायेभ र केजीबी प्रमुखद्वारा राष्ट्रपति [[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ]] हिरासतमा, तीन दिन पछि यी सबै गिरफ्तार, [[बोरिस येल्तसिन|येल्तसिन]]द्वारा सोभियत रूस कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी प्रतिबन्धित, [[युक्रेन]]लाई स्वतन्त्र राष्ट्रको रूपमा मान्यता प्रदान र नयाँ देशद्वारा स्वतन्त्रता घोषणा | |- |'''सन् १९९१ सेप्टेम्बर''' |'काङ्ग्रेस अफ पिपल्स डिप्युटीज' द्वारा सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको लागि मतदान | |- |'''सन् १९९१ डिसेम्बर ८''' |रूस, युक्रेन र बेलारूसका नेताद्वारा स्वतन्त्र राष्ट्रको राष्ट्रमण्डल निर्माण | |- |''' सन् १९९१ डिसेम्बर २५''' |[[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ]]द्वारा पदबाट राजनीमा, अमेरिकाद्वारा स्वतन्त्र सोभियत राष्ट्रलाई मान्यता प्रदान | |- |'''सन् १९९१ डिसेम्बर २६''' |रूसी सरकारद्वारा सोभियत सङ्घको कार्यालय सञ्चालन | |} === स्टालिन र द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध === सन् १९२४ मा लेनिनको मृत्यु पश्चा [[जोसेफ स्टालिन]] सत्तामा आएका थिए। उसले सोभियत सङ्घमा औद्योगीकरण गर्दै केन्द्रीकृत आर्थिक व्यवस्था बनाएका थिए। [[कृषि]] र अन्य व्यवसायहरूको सामूहिकीकरण गरिएपछि खेत तथा जमिनहरू किसानहरूको निजी सम्पत्ति नभई राष्ट्रको सम्पत्ति भए भने त्यस माथि किसानहरूको गुट सरकारी निर्देशनमा काम गर्न लागेका थिए। यसै केन्द्रीकृत अर्थव्यवस्थालाई [[दोस्रो विश्व युद्ध|द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध]]मा लडाई लड्नको लागि प्रयोग गरियो जसबाट सोभियत सङ्घको जीत भएको थियो। स्टालिनले आफ्नो शासनकालमा साम्यवादी पार्टीको धेरै जसो सदस्य र नेताहरूलाई अलग गरेर हत्या पछि उनले सोभियत सङ्घको धेरै समुदायहरू माथि पनि अत्याचार गरेका थिए। द्वितीय विश्वयुद्धमा सुरुमा [[जर्मनी]] र सोभियत सङ्घमा एक सन्धी थियो जसको अन्तर्गत उनीहरूले [[पोल्यान्ड]]लाई दुई भागमा बाँडेका थिए भने क्रोसी क्षेत्रमा सोभियत सङ्घलाई प्राप्त भएको थियो। सन् १९४१ मा जर्मनीले यस सन्धिको विपक्षमा रहेर सोभियत सङ्घमा हमला गरेको थियो। यसबाट सोभियत सङ्घ [[मित्रपक्ष शक्ति]] गुट [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]] र [[ब्रिटेन]]को साथ गएपछि यस गुटले जर्मनीको विरुद्ध लडेेेको थियो। जर्मनी-सोभियत युद्ध निकै भयङ्कर थियो र यसमा २.७ करोड सोभियत नागरिकहरूको मृत्यु भएको थियो। अन्तमा सोभियत सङ्घ विजयी भएपछि पूर्वी [[युरोप]]को धेरै जसो देश (पोल्यान्ड, [[हङ्गेरी]], [[चेकोस्लोभाकिया]], [[रोमानिया]], [[बुल्गेरिया|बुल्गारिया]] र पूर्वी जर्मनी)मा उसको नियन्त्रण भएको थियो। === शीत युद्ध === ''मुख्य लेख : [[शीतयुद्ध]]'' पूर्वी यूरोपमा आफ्नो नियन्त्रणको अधीन देशहरूको साथ सोभियत सङ्घले एक साम्यवादी सैन्य [[मित्रपक्ष]] बनाएको थियो जसलाई वार्सा सन्धी गुटको नामबाट चिनिन्छ। यसको विपक्ष अमेरिकाको नेतृत्वमा पश्चिमी देशहरूको गुट थियो। दुवै विपक्षीहरूको बीच [[शीत युद्ध]] जारी रहेको थियो। स्टालिनको मृत्यु पश्चात् विभिन्न साम्यवादी नेताहरूमा सर्वोच्च नेता बन्ने खिचातानी भएपछि [[निकिता ख्रुश्चेभ]] सत्तामा आएका थिए। सत्तामा आएपछि ख्रुस्चेभले स्टालिनको सबैभन्दा कठोर​ तानाशाही नीतिहरूलाई उल्टाएका थिए। सोभियत सङ्घ अन्तरिक्ष अनुसन्धानमा सबैभन्दा अगाडि निस्किएको थियो। सन् १९५७ मा उनले विश्वको सबैभन्दा पहिलो कृत्रिम उपग्रह [[स्पुतनिक-१|स्पुतनिक]] पृथ्वीको आसपास [[कक्षा (भौतिकी)|कक्षा]]मा पुर्‍याएका थिए। सन् १९६१ मा सोभियत वायु-सैनिक [[युरी गागरिन]] पृथ्वीबाट माथि अन्तरिक्षमा पुग्ने सबैभन्दा पहिलो मानव बनेका थिए। सन् १९६२ मा [[क्युबा क्षेप्यास्त्र सङ्कट|क्युबा मिसाइल सङ्कट]]मा अमेरिका र सोभियत सङ्घको बीच निकै गम्भीर तनाव बनेेेेेेेेपछि उनीहरू परमाणु प्रलयको अवस्थामा पुगेका थिए। सन् १९७० को दशकमा सोभियत-अमेरिकी सम्बन्धमा तनाव कम भएपनि सन् १९७९ मा जब सोभियत सङ्घले [[अफगानिस्तान]]मा हस्तक्षेप गर्दै त्यहाँ आफ्नो सैनिक पठाएपछि यी दुई देश बीच सम्बन्ध बिग्रिन सुरु भएको थियो। === सोभियत सङ्घको अन्त्य === {{मुख्य|सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन}} अफगानिस्तानमा सोभियत नियन्त्रणको विरुद्ध विद्रोह र गृहयुद्ध लगातार जारी रहँदै अन्तत: सन् १९८९ मा सोभियत सैनिक त्यहाँबाट लक्ष्य पूरा नगरी देश फर्किएका थिए। देशमा आर्थिक सङ्कट निरन्तर जारी रहँदा र विदेशी सम्बन्ध पनि पेचिलो बनेको थियो। अन्तिम सोभियत नेता [[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ]]ले देशमा ग्लास्नोस्त नामक राजनीतिक खुलापनको आर्थिक ढाँचाको बदल्ने नीतिको अन्तर्गत सुधार गर्ने कोशिश गरेतापनि उनी विफल बनेका थिए। सन् १९९१ को डिसेम्बरमा उनको विचारधाराको विरुद्ध [[राज्यविप्लव]]को कोशिश भएतापनि त्यसलाई दबाइएको थियो। यस घटना पछि सोभियत सङ्घ विघटन भएको थियो र उसको १५ गणतन्त्र सबै स्वतन्त्र देशको रूपमा अगाडि आएका थिए। सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन पश्चात् अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सन्धिहरूमा [[रुस|रूस]]लाई सोभियत सङ्घको उत्तराधिकारीको मान्यता दिइएको थियो। == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} == बाह्य कडीहरू == {{कमन्सश्रेणी|Soviet Union|सोभियत सङ्घ}} * [http://deweytextsonline.area501.net/ImpressionsOfSovietRussia.htm सोभियत रूसको छवि, जन डुई ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121085401/http://deweytextsonline.area501.net/ImpressionsOfSovietRussia.htm |date=2008-01-21 }} * [http://plakatai.my1.ru/photo/11-1 सोभियत क्रान्तिकारी पोस्टर] * [http://soviethistory.com/ सोभियत सङ्घको दस्तावेज र अन्य सामग्रीहरू: सन् १९१७-१९९१] * [http://sovietrevival.bravehost.com/ जागृति कार्यक्रम, चेचेन विद्रोही] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708091704/http://sovietrevival.bravehost.com/ |date=2011-07-08 }} * [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sutoc.html सोभियत सङ्घ] * [http://www.ib.hu-berlin.de/~pbruhn/russgus.htm सोभियत सङ्घको बारेमा जर्मन प्रकाशनहरूको सूची कोष] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408132601/http://www.ib.hu-berlin.de/~pbruhn/russgus.htm |date=2008-04-08 }} - लगभग १.७५ लाख अभिलेख * [http://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/SovietLosses.pdf युद्ध, झडप र हमलाहरूले पुर्‍याएको क्षति] [[श्रेणी:साम्यवाद]] [[श्रेणी:भूतपूर्व देश]] [[श्रेणी:१९२२ मा स्थापित देश वा क्षेत्र]] [[श्रेणी:१९९१लमा विस्थापित देश वा क्षेत्र]] [[श्रेणी:सोभियत सङ्घ]] jlgnf2nygwn6njw0vmraxtax3ia3cir 1358421 1358420 2026-06-08T12:42:34Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* शीत युद्ध */ 1358421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Former Country |native_name = Союз Советских Социалистических Республик<br />''सोयुज सोभेत्स्किख सोत्सियालिस्तिचेस्किख रिस्पुब्लिक'' |conventional_long_name = सोभियत समाजवादी गणतन्त्रहरूको सङ्घ |common_name = सोभियत सङ्घ |continent = युरेसिया |era = [[पहिलो विश्वयुद्ध|प्रथम विश्वयुद्ध]]को अन्तबाट [[शीतयुद्ध]] |government_type = [[सङ्घ (प्रशासन)|सङ्घ]],<br>मार्क्सवाद-लेनिनवाद, [[साम्यवाद]] |year_start = सन् १९२२ |year_end = सन् १९९१ |date_start = ३० दिसम्बर |event_start = स्थापना सन्धी |date_end = २६ दिसम्बर |event_end = सङ्घको विघटन |p1 = रूसी सो.सं.स.ग. |flag_p1 = Flag RSFSR 1918.svg |p2 = पार-कोकस सो.सं.स.ग. |flag_p2 = Flag of Transcaucasian SFSR.svg |p3 = युक्रेनी सो.स.ग. |flag_p3 = Flag of the Ukrainian SSR (1927-1937).svg |p4 = बेलारूसी सो.स.ग. |flag_p4 = Flag of the Byelorussian SSR (1919).svg |s1 = रूस |flag_s1 = Flag of Russia 1991-1993.svg |s2 = जर्जिया (देश){{!}}जर्जिया |flag_s2=Flag of Georgia (1990-2004).svg |s3 = युक्रेन |flag_s3 = Flag of Ukraine.svg |s4 = मोल्दोभा |flag_s4 = Flag of Moldova.svg |s5 = बेलारूस |flag_s5 = Flag of Belarus (1991-1995).svg |s6 = आर्मेनिया |flag_s6 = Flag of Armenia.svg |s7 = अजरबैजान |flag_s7 = Flag of Azerbaijan.svg |s8 = कजाख्स्तान |flag_s8 = Flag of the Kazakh SSR.svg |s9 = उज्बेकिस्तान |flag_s9 = Flag of Uzbekistan.svg |s10 = तुर्कमेनिस्तान |flag_s10 = Flag of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (1974–1991), Flag of Turkmenistan (1991–1992).svg |s11 = किर्गिस्तान |flag_s11 = Flag of Kyrgyz SSR.svg |s12 = ताजिकिस्तान |flag_s12 = Flag of Tajik SSR.svg |s13 = एस्टोनिया{{!}}एस्टोनिया^३ |flag_s13 = Flag of Estonia.svg |s14 = लात्भिया{{!}}लात्भिया ^३ |flag_s14 = Flag of Latvia.svg |s15 = लिथुआनिया{{!}}लिथुआनिया^३ |flag_s15 = Flag of Lithuania 1989-2004.svg | | |image_flag = Flag of the Soviet Union.svg |flag = सोभियत सङ्घको झण्डा |image_coat = State Emblem of the Soviet Union.svg |symbol = सोभियत सङ्घको |symbol_type = निशाना छाप |image_map = Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (orthographic projection).svg |image_map_size = 220px |image_map_caption = [[दोस्रो विश्व युद्ध|द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध]] पछि सोभियत सङ्घ |capital = मस्को |latd=55|latm=45|latNS=N|longd=37|longm=37|longEW=E |largest_city = मस्को |national_motto = Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь!<br />''प्रोलेतारी व्सेख स्त्रान, सोएदिन्याइतेस​!''<br />नेपाली: विश्वको मजदूर, एक हऔँ! |national_anthem = "इन्तरनासियोनाल"<br />(सन् १९२२–१९४४) [[File:Internationale orchestral arrangement.ogg]]<br />"सोभियत सङ्घको राष्ट्रगान"<br />(सन् १९४४–१९९१) [[File:Soviet Anthem Instrumental 1955.ogg]] |common_languages = [[रुसी भाषा|रूसी]], धेरै जसो अन्य |demonym = सोभियती |religion = नास्तिकता |currency = सोभियत रूबल (руб) (SUR) |currency_code = SUR |leader1 = [[जोसेफ स्टालिन]] <small>(प्रथम)<small> |leader2 = भ्लादिमिर इभास्को <small>(अन्तिम)<small> |year_leader1 = सन् १९२२–१९५२ |year_leader2 = सन् १९९१ |title_leader = महासचिव | |representative1 = मिखाइल कालिनिन <small>(प्रथम)<small> |representative2 = [[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ]] <small>(अन्तिम)<small> |year_representative1 = सन् १९२२–१९३८ |year_representative2 = सन् १९८८–१९९१ |title_representative = राष्ट्राध्यक्ष | |deputy1 = [[भ्लादिमिर लेनिन]] <small>(प्रथम)<small> |deputy2 = इभान सिलायेभ <small>(अन्तिम)<small> |year_deputy1 = सन् १९२२–१९२४ |year_deputy2 = सन् १९९१ |title_deputy = सरकारी अध्यक्ष | |legislature = सर्वोच्च सोभियत |house1 = सङ्घीय सोभियत |house2 = राष्ट्रियताहरूको सोभियत |stat_year1 = सन् १९९१ |stat_area1 = 22402200 |stat_pop1 = 293047571 |footnotes = |utc_offset = +२ देखि +१३ |cctld = .su^२ |calling_code = ७ }} '''सोभियत सङ्घ''' (<small>[[रुसी भाषा|रूसी भाषा]]: Сове́тский Сою́з, सोवेत्स्की सोयूज; </small>; औपचारिक नाम: '''सोभियत समाजवादी गणतन्त्रहरूको सङ्घ''', Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) सन् १९२२ देखि १९८१ सम्ममा युरेसियाको ठुलो भूभागमा विस्तृत एक [[कम्युनिस्ट राज्य]] थियो। सोभियत सङ्घ आफ्नो स्थापना देखि सन् १९९० सम्म [[साम्यवाद|साम्यवादी पार्टी]] (कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी) द्वारा शासित रहेको थियो। संवैधानिक रूपबाट सोभियत सङ्घ १५ स्वशासित गणतन्त्रहरूको सङ्घ थियो तर वास्तवमा पुरै देशको प्रशासन र अर्थव्यवस्थामा केन्द्रीय सरकारको कडा नियन्त्रणमा रहेको थियो। [[रुस|रूसी सोभियत सङ्घीय समाजवादी गणतन्त्र]] यस देशको सबभन्दा ठुलो गणतन्त्र र राजनीतिक, साँस्कृतिक र आर्थिक केन्द्र थियो यसकारण पुरै देशमा गहिरो रूसीकरण भएको थियो। सोही कारणले गर्दा विदेशमा पनि सोभियत सङ्घलाई प्राय जसो गल्तीले 'रूस' भनेर सम्बोधन गरिन्थ्यो। == इतिहास == ===स्थापना=== सोभियत सङ्घ स्थापनाको प्रक्रिया सन् १९१७ को रूसी क्रान्तिको साथ सुुरु भएको थियो। [[रुसी साम्राज्य|रूसी साम्राज्य]]को [[जार]] (सम्राट) लाई सत्ताबाट हटाएपछि [[भ्लादिमिर लेनिन]]को नेतृत्वमा [[बोल्सेभिक पार्टी]]ले सत्ता कब्जा गरेेेेको थियो तर बोल्सेभिक-विरोधी श्वेत आन्दोलनको साथ [[गृहयुद्ध]]मा फस्न पुगेेेेको थियो। बोल्सेभिक [[लाल सेना]]ले गृहयुद्धको समयमा त्सारको पतनको फाइदा उठाउँदै रूसबाट स्वतन्त्र घोषणा गरेका राज्यहरूलाई पनि कब्जा गरेको थियो। सन् १९२२ को डिसेम्बरमा बोल्सेभिकको पूर्ण जीत हासिल गरेपछि र लेनिनले रूस, [[युक्रेन]], [[बेलारुस]] र [[कोकस क्षेत्र]]लाई समायोजन गरी सोभियत सङ्घको स्थापनाको घोषणा गरेेेेका थिए।<ref name="ref93zicip">[http://books.google.com/books?id=wm3w1oGCaEoC World and Its Peoples: Europe], pp. 1362, Marshall Cavendish, 2009, ISBN 9780761479000, ''... Resistance grew into civil war in which several different movements participated, but the Red Army and the anti-Soviet voluntary White Army were the main combatants ... The declaration of the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, or Soviet Union) was signed on December 30, 1922 ...''</ref> === सङ्क्षिप्त इतिहास === {| class="wikitable" !मिति !घटना ! |- |'''सन् १९१७ अप्रिल''' |[[भ्लादिमिर लेनिन|लेनिन]] र अन्य [[क्रान्तिकारी]] जर्मनीबाट रूस फिर्ता। | |- |'''सन् १९१७ अक्टोबर''' |बोल्सेभिकद्वारा [[अलेक्सान्दार केरेन्स्की]]को सत्ता पलट र मस्कोमा अधिकार। | |- |'''सन् १९१८-२०''' |बोल्सेभिक र विरोधि गृहयुद्ध। | |- |'''सन् १९२०''' |[[पोल्यान्ड]]सँग युद्ध | |- |'''सन् १९२१''' |पोल्यान्डसँग शान्ति सन्धि, नयाँ आर्थिक नीति, बजार अर्थव्यवस्थाको वापसी, स्थिरता। | |- |'''सन् १९२२''' |रूस, बेलारूस र कोकेसस (सन् १९३६ बाट जर्जिया, अर्मेनिया, अजरबैजान) क्षेत्रको मिलन; सोभियत सङ्घको स्थापना। | |- |'''सन् १९२२''' |जर्मनीद्वारा सोभियत सङ्घलाई मान्यता प्रदान। | |- |'''सन् १९२४''' |सोभियत सङ्घमा [[सर्वहारावर्गको अधिनायकत्व|सर्वहारा तानाशाही]]को नयाँ संविधान लागू। [[भ्लादिमिर लेनिन|लेनिन]]को मृत्यु, [[जोसेफ स्टालिन]]द्वारा सत्तामा नियन्त्रण। | |- |'''सन् १९३३''' |अमेरिकाद्वारा सोभियत सङ्घलाई मान्यता प्रदान। | |- |'''सन् १९३४''' |सोभियत सङ्घ [[राष्ट्र सङ्घ]]मा सहभागी। | |- |'''सन् १९३९ अगस्ट''' |[[मोलोटोभ-रिबेनट्रोप सन्धि|नाजी-सोभियत अनाक्रमण सन्धि]]; [[दोस्रो विश्व युद्ध|द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध]] आरम्भ। | |- |'''सन् १९४१ जुन''' |[[महान देशभक्तिपूर्ण युद्ध (द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध)|जर्मनीद्वारा सोभियत सङ्घ माथि हमला]] | |- |'''सन् १९४३''' |स्टालिनग्रादको लडाइँमा जर्मनीको हार | |- |'''सन् १९४५''' |सोभियत सैनिकद्वारा बर्लिन कब्जा, याल्टा र पोट्सड्यामम सम्मेलनबाट जर्मनी विभाजित गरेर [[पूर्व जर्मनी|पूर्वी जर्मनी]] र [[पश्चिम जर्मनी|पश्चिमी जर्मनी]]को निर्माण। जापानको आत्मसमर्पण र [[दोस्रो विश्व युद्ध|द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध]]को समाप्ति | |- |'''सन् १९४८-४९''' |बर्लिन नाकाबन्दी। पश्चिमी सेना र सोभियत सेनाबीच सङ्घर्ष | |- |'''सन् १९४९''' |सोभियत सङ्घद्वारा [[परमाणु बम]] निर्माण। चीनको कम्युनिस्ट सरकारलाई मान्यता प्रदान | |- |'''सन् १९५०-५३''' |[[कोरियाली युद्ध]] ; सोभियत सङ्घ र पश्चिम बीच सम्बन्धमा तनाव | |- |'''सन् १९५३ मार्च''' |[[जोसेफ स्टालिन|स्टालिन]]को मृत्यु। [[निकिता ख्रुश्चेभ]] कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको केन्द्रीय समितिको प्रथम सचिव | |- |'''सन् १९५३''' |सोभयत सङ्घद्वारा आफ्नो पहिलो [[हाइड्रोजन बम]] परिक्षण | |- |'''सन् १९५५''' |[[वार्सा सम्झौता|वार्सा सन्धि]] | |- |'''१९५६''' |सोभियत सेनाद्वारा [[हङ्गेरी]] विद्रोहको दमन, [[मध्य पूर्व]]मा [[स्वेज सङ्कट]] | |- |'''सन् १९५७''' |पहिलो अन्तरिक्ष यान [[स्पुतनिक-१|स्पूतनिक]] धरतीको कक्षमा प्रक्षपण, चीनको पश्चिमसँग बढ्दो निकटताले दुई कम्युनिस्ट देश बीच दुरी उत्पन्न। | |- |'''सन् १९६०''' |सोभियत सङ्घले [[सन् १९६० यु-२ घटना|अमेरिकाको जासूसी जहाज यु-२ गिरावाट]] | |- |'''सन् १९६१''' |[[युरी गागरिन]] अन्तरिक्षमा जाने पहिलो व्यक्ति (मानव) बने | |- |'''सन् १९६१ अक्टोबर ३०''' |[[जार बम्बा]]को परिक्षण | |- |'''सन् १९६२''' |[[क्युबा क्षेप्यास्त्र सङ्कट|क्युबामा सोभियत मिसाइल पहुँच]] | |- |'''सन् १९६३''' |सोभियत सङ्घद्वारा अमेरिका र ब्रिटेनको साथ परमाणु सन्धि, अमेरिका र सोभियत सङ्घ बीच हट-लाइन स्थापित। | |- |'''सन् १९६४''' |ख्रुश्चेभको स्थानमा [[लियोनिद ब्रेझनेभ]]द्वारा पदभार ग्रहण | |- |'''सन् १९६९''' |सोभियत र चिनियाँ सेनामा सीमा विवाद | |- |'''सन् १९७७''' |नयाँ संविधानबाट [[लियोनिद ब्रेझनेभ]] राष्ट्रपति चुनिए | |- |'''सन् १९८२''' |[[लियोनिद ब्रेझनेभ|ब्रेझनेभ]]को निधन, [[केजिबी|केजीबी]] प्रमुख [[युरी आन्द्रोपोभ]]ले सत्ता सम्हाले | |- |'''सन् १९८२''' |[[युरी आन्द्रोपोभ]]को निधन, कोन्सटान्टिन चेरनेन्कोले सत्ता सम्हाले | |- |'''सन् १९८५''' |[[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ]] कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको महासचिव बने, खुलापन र पुनर्निर्माणको नीति सुरुवात | |- |'''सन् १९८६''' |[[चरनोबिल परमाणु दुर्घटना]], युक्रेन र बेलारूसको ठुलो क्षेत्र विकिरणबाट प्रभावित | |- |'''सन् १९८७''' |सोभियत सङ्घ र अमेरिकाबीच [[मध्यम दूरीको आणविक शक्ति सन्धि|मध्यम दूरीको परमाणु मिसाइल नष्ट गर्ने समझौता]] | |- |'''सन् १९८८''' |[[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ]] राष्ट्रपतिमा नियुक्त। कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको सम्मेलनमा निजी क्षेत्रको लागि ढोका खोल्ने सहमति | |- |'''सन् १९८९''' |[[अफगानिस्तान]]बाट सोभियत सेनाको फिर्ता। | |- |'''सन् १९९०''' |सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीमा एक पार्टीको सत्ता अन्त्य गर्न मतदान, [[बोरिस येल्तसिन]]द्वारा सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको सदस्यता त्याग | |- |'''सन् १९९१ अगस्ट''' |रक्षा मन्त्री दिमित्री याजोभ, उप राष्ट्रपति गेनादी यानायेभ र केजीबी प्रमुखद्वारा राष्ट्रपति [[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ]] हिरासतमा, तीन दिन पछि यी सबै गिरफ्तार, [[बोरिस येल्तसिन|येल्तसिन]]द्वारा सोभियत रूस कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी प्रतिबन्धित, [[युक्रेन]]लाई स्वतन्त्र राष्ट्रको रूपमा मान्यता प्रदान र नयाँ देशद्वारा स्वतन्त्रता घोषणा | |- |'''सन् १९९१ सेप्टेम्बर''' |'काङ्ग्रेस अफ पिपल्स डिप्युटीज' द्वारा सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको लागि मतदान | |- |'''सन् १९९१ डिसेम्बर ८''' |रूस, युक्रेन र बेलारूसका नेताद्वारा स्वतन्त्र राष्ट्रको राष्ट्रमण्डल निर्माण | |- |''' सन् १९९१ डिसेम्बर २५''' |[[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ]]द्वारा पदबाट राजनीमा, अमेरिकाद्वारा स्वतन्त्र सोभियत राष्ट्रलाई मान्यता प्रदान | |- |'''सन् १९९१ डिसेम्बर २६''' |रूसी सरकारद्वारा सोभियत सङ्घको कार्यालय सञ्चालन | |} === स्टालिन र द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध === सन् १९२४ मा लेनिनको मृत्यु पश्चा [[जोसेफ स्टालिन]] सत्तामा आएका थिए। उसले सोभियत सङ्घमा औद्योगीकरण गर्दै केन्द्रीकृत आर्थिक व्यवस्था बनाएका थिए। [[कृषि]] र अन्य व्यवसायहरूको सामूहिकीकरण गरिएपछि खेत तथा जमिनहरू किसानहरूको निजी सम्पत्ति नभई राष्ट्रको सम्पत्ति भए भने त्यस माथि किसानहरूको गुट सरकारी निर्देशनमा काम गर्न लागेका थिए। यसै केन्द्रीकृत अर्थव्यवस्थालाई [[दोस्रो विश्व युद्ध|द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध]]मा लडाई लड्नको लागि प्रयोग गरियो जसबाट सोभियत सङ्घको जीत भएको थियो। स्टालिनले आफ्नो शासनकालमा साम्यवादी पार्टीको धेरै जसो सदस्य र नेताहरूलाई अलग गरेर हत्या पछि उनले सोभियत सङ्घको धेरै समुदायहरू माथि पनि अत्याचार गरेका थिए। द्वितीय विश्वयुद्धमा सुरुमा [[जर्मनी]] र सोभियत सङ्घमा एक सन्धी थियो जसको अन्तर्गत उनीहरूले [[पोल्यान्ड]]लाई दुई भागमा बाँडेका थिए भने क्रोसी क्षेत्रमा सोभियत सङ्घलाई प्राप्त भएको थियो। सन् १९४१ मा जर्मनीले यस सन्धिको विपक्षमा रहेर सोभियत सङ्घमा हमला गरेको थियो। यसबाट सोभियत सङ्घ [[मित्रपक्ष शक्ति]] गुट [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]] र [[ब्रिटेन]]को साथ गएपछि यस गुटले जर्मनीको विरुद्ध लडेेेको थियो। जर्मनी-सोभियत युद्ध निकै भयङ्कर थियो र यसमा २.७ करोड सोभियत नागरिकहरूको मृत्यु भएको थियो। अन्तमा सोभियत सङ्घ विजयी भएपछि पूर्वी [[युरोप]]को धेरै जसो देश (पोल्यान्ड, [[हङ्गेरी]], [[चेकोस्लोभाकिया]], [[रोमानिया]], [[बुल्गेरिया|बुल्गारिया]] र पूर्वी जर्मनी)मा उसको नियन्त्रण भएको थियो। === शीत युद्ध === ''मुख्य लेख : [[शीतयुद्ध]]'' पूर्वी यूरोपमा आफ्नो नियन्त्रणको अधीन देशहरूको साथ सोभियत सङ्घले एक साम्यवादी सैन्य [[मित्रपक्ष]] बनाएको थियो जसलाई वार्सा सन्धी गुटको नामबाट चिनिन्छ। यसको विपक्ष अमेरिकाको नेतृत्वमा पश्चिमी देशहरूको गुट थियो। दुवै विपक्षीहरूको बीच [[शीत युद्ध]] जारी रहेको थियो। स्टालिनको मृत्यु पश्चात् विभिन्न साम्यवादी नेताहरूमा सर्वोच्च नेता बन्ने खिचातानी भएपछि [[निकिता ख्रुश्चेभ]] सत्तामा आएका थिए। सत्तामा आएपछि ख्रुस्चेभले स्टालिनको सबैभन्दा कठोर​ तानाशाही नीतिहरूलाई उल्टाएका थिए। सोभियत सङ्घ अन्तरिक्ष अनुसन्धानमा सबैभन्दा अगाडि निस्किएको थियो। सन् १९५७ मा उनले विश्वको सबैभन्दा पहिलो कृत्रिम उपग्रह [[स्पुतनिक-१|स्पुतनिक]] पृथ्वीको आसपास [[कक्षा (भौतिकी)|कक्षा]]मा पुर्‍याएका थिए। सन् १९६१ मा सोभियत वायु-सैनिक [[युरी गागरिन]] पृथ्वीबाट माथि अन्तरिक्षमा पुग्ने सबैभन्दा पहिलो मानव बनेका थिए। सन् १९६२ मा [[क्युबा क्षेप्यास्त्र सङ्कट|क्युबा मिसाइल सङ्कट]]मा अमेरिका र सोभियत सङ्घको बीच निकै गम्भीर तनाव बनेपछि उनीहरू परमाणु प्रलयको अवस्थामा पुगेका थिए। सन् १९७० को दशकमा सोभियत-अमेरिकी सम्बन्धमा तनाव कम भएपनि सन् १९७९ मा जब सोभियत सङ्घले [[अफगानिस्तान]]मा हस्तक्षेप गर्दै त्यहाँ आफ्नो सैनिक पठाएपछि यी दुई देश बीच सम्बन्ध बिग्रिन सुरु भएको थियो। === सोभियत सङ्घको अन्त्य === {{मुख्य|सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन}} अफगानिस्तानमा सोभियत नियन्त्रणको विरुद्ध विद्रोह र गृहयुद्ध लगातार जारी रहँदै अन्तत: सन् १९८९ मा सोभियत सैनिक त्यहाँबाट लक्ष्य पूरा नगरी देश फर्किएका थिए। देशमा आर्थिक सङ्कट निरन्तर जारी रहँदा र विदेशी सम्बन्ध पनि पेचिलो बनेको थियो। अन्तिम सोभियत नेता [[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ]]ले देशमा ग्लास्नोस्त नामक राजनीतिक खुलापनको आर्थिक ढाँचाको बदल्ने नीतिको अन्तर्गत सुधार गर्ने कोशिश गरेतापनि उनी विफल बनेका थिए। सन् १९९१ को डिसेम्बरमा उनको विचारधाराको विरुद्ध [[राज्यविप्लव]]को कोशिश भएतापनि त्यसलाई दबाइएको थियो। यस घटना पछि सोभियत सङ्घ विघटन भएको थियो र उसको १५ गणतन्त्र सबै स्वतन्त्र देशको रूपमा अगाडि आएका थिए। सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन पश्चात् अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सन्धिहरूमा [[रुस|रूस]]लाई सोभियत सङ्घको उत्तराधिकारीको मान्यता दिइएको थियो। == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} == बाह्य कडीहरू == {{कमन्सश्रेणी|Soviet Union|सोभियत सङ्घ}} * [http://deweytextsonline.area501.net/ImpressionsOfSovietRussia.htm सोभियत रूसको छवि, जन डुई ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121085401/http://deweytextsonline.area501.net/ImpressionsOfSovietRussia.htm |date=2008-01-21 }} * [http://plakatai.my1.ru/photo/11-1 सोभियत क्रान्तिकारी पोस्टर] * [http://soviethistory.com/ सोभियत सङ्घको दस्तावेज र अन्य सामग्रीहरू: सन् १९१७-१९९१] * [http://sovietrevival.bravehost.com/ जागृति कार्यक्रम, चेचेन विद्रोही] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708091704/http://sovietrevival.bravehost.com/ |date=2011-07-08 }} * [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sutoc.html सोभियत सङ्घ] * [http://www.ib.hu-berlin.de/~pbruhn/russgus.htm सोभियत सङ्घको बारेमा जर्मन प्रकाशनहरूको सूची कोष] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408132601/http://www.ib.hu-berlin.de/~pbruhn/russgus.htm |date=2008-04-08 }} - लगभग १.७५ लाख अभिलेख * [http://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/SovietLosses.pdf युद्ध, झडप र हमलाहरूले पुर्‍याएको क्षति] [[श्रेणी:साम्यवाद]] [[श्रेणी:भूतपूर्व देश]] [[श्रेणी:१९२२ मा स्थापित देश वा क्षेत्र]] [[श्रेणी:१९९१लमा विस्थापित देश वा क्षेत्र]] [[श्रेणी:सोभियत सङ्घ]] hv8yqq27y07y4iyw4c2xtqfi77fn7jh 0 32899 1358551 1167420 2026-06-09T09:17:55Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=जुन २०११}} [[File:IMac aluminium.png|thumb|alt=A wide, thin, and sleek computer made of aluminum with a large screen.|An [[iMac]] computer from August २००९, a modern all-in-one Macintosh.]] '''म्याकिन्टोश'''अथवा छोट्करीमा '''म्याक्''' भनिने ब्यक्तिगत कम्प्युटरहरूको श्रेणीलाई [[एप्प्ल इङ्क्]]ले प्रवर्धन, विकास र बितरण गर्दछ। जेनुवरी २४, १९८४ मा उपलब्ध गराएको "पहिलो म्याक्"लाई म्याकिन्टोश १२८K भनिन्थ्यो । यो नै बिश्वको पहिलो अक्षरमा आदेश लेख्नु नपर्ने तथा माउस भएकोले आखाले देखेका चित्र वा शब्दमै सिधै क्लिक गरी चाहिएको आदेश दिन सकिने सन्चालन प्रणाली भएको ब्यक्तिगत कम्प्युटर थियो ।<ref>[http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/applehis/appl1984.htm Chronology of Apple Computer Personal Computers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821105822/http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/applehis/appl1984.htm |date=2009-08-21 }}</ref> यो सन् ८० को दशकको अन्त्यसम्मै राम्रोसित चल्यो तर ९० को दशकपछि सस्ता [[आइ बी एम]] सित मिल्दाजुल्दा र माइक्रोसफ्टको डस् र विन्डोज् जस्ता सन्चलान प्रणालीहरू भएका ब्यक्तिगत कम्प्युटरहरू बढि चले ।<ref name="eight ways">{{cite web|last=Edwards|first=Benj|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/135017/2008/08/imacanniversary.html|title=Eight ways the iMac changed computing|publisher=[[Macworld]]|date=2008-08-15|accessdate=2009-08-27}}</ref> ==इतिहास== {{translation}} [[Image:IMac Bondi Blue.jpg|thumb|The original "Bondi Blue" [[iMac G3]]. Introduced in १९९८, it led Apple's return to profitability. However, the [[Apple USB Mouse|associated mouse]] proved to be one of consumers' least favorite Apple products.<ref>{{cite web|last=Engst|first=Adam|title=The six worst Apple products of all time|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/138404/2009/01/macat25_worstproducts.html|publisher=Macworld|accessdate=14 May 2010|date=2009-01-23}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102220041/http://www.macworld.com/article/138404/2009/01/macat25_worstproducts.html |date=2012-01-02 }}</ref>]] ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} ==बाह् लिङ्कहरू== {{Commonscat|Macintosh}} [[श्रेणी:कम्प्युटर]] 1vxxrhidv9rq7y2nhc08kdg0cl30aru 10 34833 1358416 1358048 2026-06-08T12:37:50Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Military navigation |raw_name = Cold War |title = [[शीतयुद्ध]] |style = wide |state = {{{state<includeonly>|collapsed</includeonly>}}} |above = [[Template:Cold War figures|'''सहभागीहरू र उल्लेखनीय तथ्याङ्कहरू''']]{{·}} [[अष्ट्रेलिया, न्युजिल्यान्ड, संयुक्त राज्य सुरक्षा सन्धि]]{{·}} [[नेटो]]{{·}} [[असंलग्न अभियान]]{{·}} [[दक्षिणपूर्व एशिया संधि संगठन]]{{·}} [[वार्सा सम्झौता|वार्सा सन्धि संगठन]] |group1 = १९४०स |list1 = [[याल्टा सम्मेलन]]{{·}} [[सञ्चालन अवांछनीय|सञ्चालन ''अज्ञात'']]{{·}} [[पोट्सडम सम्मेलन]]{{·}} [[इगोर गौजेनको|गौजेनो इफेयर]]{{·}} [[भियतनाममा युद्ध (१९४५–१९४६)]]{{·}} [[ईरानको संकट 1946]]{{·}} [[ग्रीक गृहयुद्ध]]{{·}} [[कोर्फ च्यानल दुर्घटना]]{{·}} [[जर्मनीमा नीतिको पुनर्स्थापना]]{{·}} [[पहिलो हिन्दचीन युद्ध]]{{·}} [[ट्रमन सिद्धान्त]]{{·}} [[एशियाई सम्बन्ध सम्मेलन]]{{·}} [[मार्शल प्लान]]{{·}} [[चेकोस्लोवाक वर्ल्ड यिनी फोटोज 1948]]{{·}} [[टिटो-स्टालिन विभाजन]]{{·}} [[बर्लिन ब्लकड्रेड]]{{·}} [[पश्चिमी धोखाधडी]]{{·}} [[फलामे पर्दा]]{{·}} [[पूर्वी ब्लक]]{{·}} [[चिनियाँ गृहयुद्ध|चिनियाँ गृहयुद्ध (दोस्रो चरण)]] |group2 = १९५०स |list2 = [[कोरियाली युद्ध]]{{·}} [[१९५३ ईरानी 'कु']]{{·}} [[पूर्वी जर्मनीको 1953 को उत्थान]]{{·}} [[1954 ग्वाटेमेला कुपोरेट डेट]]{{·}} [[भियतनाम विभाजन]]{{·}} [[पहिलो ताइवान स्ट्रेट संकट]]{{·}} [[जिनेवा शिखर सम्मेलन (1955)]]{{·}} [[पोजनन्ना 1956 विरोध]]{{·}} [[हंगेरी क्रान्ति 1956]]{{·}} [[स्वेज सङ्कट]]{{·}} [[स्पुत्न्न्निक संकट]]{{·}} [[दोस्रो ताइवान स्ट्रेट संकट]]{{·}} [[क्युबा क्रान्ति]]{{·}} [[भान्सा बहस]]{{·}} [[एशियाई-अफ्रिकी सम्मेलन]]{{·}} [[ईटाई संशोधन]]{{·}} [[म्याकर्तिवाद]]{{·}} [[ओपरेशन ग्लेडियो|ओपरेशन ''ग्लेडियो'']]{{·}} [[हेलस्टीन सिद्धान्त]] |group3 = १९६०स |list3 = [[कंगो संकट]]{{·}} [[चीन-सोभियत विभाजन]]{{·}} [[१९६० यू-२ घटना]]{{·}} [[बे अफ पिग्स आक्रमण]]{{·}} [[बर्लिन सङ्कट, १९६१]]{{·}} [[बर्लिन पर्खाल]]{{·}} [[क्युबा क्षेप्यास्त्र सङ्कट|क्युबा मिसाइल संकट]]{{·}} [[भियतनाम युद्ध]]{{·}} [[1964 ब्राजीलियन कुर्सी डीटीटी]]{{·}} [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका डोमिनिकन रिपब्लिक को (1965–1966)]]{{·}} [[दक्षिण अफ्रिका सीमा युद्ध]]{{·}} [[रोड्सियन बुश युद्ध]]{{·}} [[नयाँ अर्डरमा संक्रमण]]{{·}} [[डोमिनो सिद्धान्त]]{{·}} [[आसियान घोषणा]]{{·}} [[लाओटिन गृह युद्ध]]{{·}} [[ग्रीक सैन्य कोन्टा को 1967–1974]]{{·}} [[छ-दिनको युद्ध]]{{·}} [[उत्तेजनाको युद्ध]]{{·}} [[चीनको सांस्कृतिक क्रान्ति|सांस्कृतिक क्रान्ति]]{{·}} [[भारत-चीन युद्ध]]{{·}} [[प्राग स्प्रिंग]]{{·}} [[गौलाश कम्युनिस्ट]]{{·}} [[चीन-सोभियत सीमा विवाद]] |group4 = १९७०स |list4 = [[डिटेन्टे]]{{·}} [[परमाणु गैर-प्रसार सन्धि]]{{·}} [[जोर्डन मा कालो सेप्टेम्बर]]{{·}} [[कम्बोडियन नागरिक युद्ध]]{{·}} [[ऋएअल्पोलितिक]]{{·}} [[पिङ पङ कुटनीति]]{{·}} [[बर्लिनमा चार पावर सम्झौता]]{{·}} [[१९७२ निक्सन चीन भ्रमण]]{{·}} [[1973 चिली को सेना डीटीटी]]{{·}} [[योम किपुर युद्ध]]{{·}} [[रणनीतिक शस्त्र सीमा वार्ता]]{{·}} [[अंगोला गृहयुद्ध]]{{·}} [[मोजाम्बिकन गृहयुद्ध]]{{·}} [[ओगेडेन युद्ध]]{{·}} [[चीन-अल्बेनियन् विभाजन]]{{·}} [[कम्बोडिया-भियतनाम युद्ध]]{{·}} [[चीन-भियतनाम युद्ध]]{{·}} [[ईरानी क्रान्ति]]{{·}} [[ओपरेशन कन्डक्टर|ओपरेशन ''कन्डक्टर'']]{{·}} [[बाङ्लादेश स्वतन्त्रता युद्ध]] {{·}} [[कोरियाली एयरलाइन्स उडान 902]] |group5 = १९८०स |list5 = [[अफगानिस्तानमा सोभियत युद्ध]]{{·}} [[ईरान-इराक युद्ध]] {{·}} [[१९८० ग्रीष्मकालीन ओलम्पिक बहिष्कार|१९८०]] र [[१९८४ ग्रीष्मकालीन ओलम्पिक बहिष्कार]]{{·}} [[एकता का इतिहास|ठोसता]] <small>([[पोलिश संकटको सोभियत प्रतिक्रिया 1980–1981|सोभियत प्रतिक्रिया]])</small>{{·}} [[छोन्त्रस]]{{·}} [[केन्द्रीय अमेरिकी संकट]]{{·}} [[ऋय़ाण]]{{·}} [[कोरियाली एयरलाइन्स उडान 007]]{{·}} [[आर्चर सक्षम पार्नुहोस् 83]]{{·}} [[रणनीतिक रक्षा पहल|स्टार वार्स]]{{·}} [[ग्रेनेडाको आक्रमण]]{{·}}[[जनताको शक्ति क्रांति]]{{·}} [[तियानानमेन स्क्वायरको विरोध 1989]]{{·}} [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका पानामा आक्रमण]]{{·}} [[बर्लिन पर्खाल#पतन|बर्लिन पर्खालको पतन]]{{·}} [[संशोधन को 1989]]{{·}} [[ग्लासनोस्त]]{{·}} [[पेरेस्त्रोइका]] |group6 = १९९० को दशक |list6 = [[1990 मंगोलिया मा लोकतान्त्रिक क्रान्ति|मङ्गोलिया मा लोकतांत्रिक क्रान्ति]] {{·}} [[जर्मन पुन: एकीकरण]] {{.}} [[यूगोस्लाभियाको विखण्डन]]{{·}} [[सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन|सोभियत विखण्डन]]{{·}} [[चेकोस्लोवाकियाको विखण्डन]] |group7 = विदेशी<br> नीति<!--This listing is CHRONOLOGICAL--> |list7 = [[ट्रमन सिद्धान्त]]{{·}} [[मार्शल प्लान]]{{·}} [[समावेश]]{{·}} [[आइजेनहावर सिद्धान्त]]{{·}} [[डोमिनो सिद्धान्त]]{{·}} [[केनेडी सिद्धान्त]]{{·}} [[शान्तिपूर्ण सहानुभूति]]{{·}} [[ओस्त्पोलितिक]]{{·}} [[जोनसन सिद्धान्त]]{{·}} [[ब्रेज्नेभ सिद्धान्त]]{{·}} [[निक्सन सिद्धान्त]]{{·}} [[ऊल्ब्रिच्त सिद्धान्त]]{{·}} [[कार्टर सिद्धान्त]]{{·}} [[रेगन डक्ट्रेन]]{{·}} [[रोलब्याक]] |group8 = विचारधाराहरू<!--This listing is ALPHABETICAL--> |list8 = [[पूँजीवाद]] <small>([[शिकागो स्कूल अर्थशास्त्र को बारे मा|शिकागो स्कूल]]{{·}} [[कीनेशियन अर्थशास्त्र|कीनेशियनवाद]]{{·}} [[मनिटरिज्म]]{{·}} [[नवशास्त्रीय अर्थशास्त्र]]{{·}} [[आपूर्ति-पक्ष अर्थशास्त्र]]{{·}} [[थैचरर]]{{·}} [[रेगनोमिक्स]])</small>{{·}} <br>[[साम्यवाद]] <small>[[मार्क्सवाद]]{{·}} (''[[मार्क्सवाद-लेनिनवाद]]''{{·}} [[लेनिनवाद]]{{·}} [[कास्त्रोवाद]]{{·}} [[युरो-साम्यवाद]]{{·}} [[ग्वेभारावाद]]{{·}} [[झुचे]]{{·}} [[बायाँ कम्युनिस्ट]]{{·}} [[माओवादी]]{{·}} [[स्टालिनवाद]]{{·}} [[टिटोवाद]]{{·}}[[पिङ-पङ कूटनीति]] {{.}} [[ट्रोत्स्क्यिस्म]])</small>{{·}} [[उदार लोकतान्त्रिक]]{{·}}[[सामाजिक लोकतान्त्रिक]] |group9 = संगठनहरू |list9 = [[आसियान]]{{·}} [[केन्द्रिय गुप्तचर संस्था|सि.आइ.ए]]{{·}} [[कोमेकन]]{{·}} [[युरोपेली आर्थिक समुदाय|इ.इ.सि.]]{{·}} [[ख्घ्भ]]{{·}} [[सेक्रेट इन्टिलिजेन्स सर्भिस|एम.आइ.सिक्स]]{{·}} [[स्थिर]]{{·}} [[केजिबी]] |group10 = प्रचार |list10 = [[सक्रिय उपायहरू]]{{·}} ''[[ईश्वेस्तिअ]]''{{·}} ''[[प्राभ्दा]]''{{·}} [[रेडियो नि: शुल्क युरोप/रेडियो लिबर्टी]]{{·}} [[रातो घोडा]]{{·}} [[सोभियत संघको टेलीग्राफ एजेन्सी|टि.ए.एस.एस]]{{·}} [[भ्वाइस अफ अमेरिका]]{{·}} [[रूसको आवाज]] |group11 = दौडहरू |list11 = [[शस्त्र दौड]]{{·}} [[परमाणु हथियार दौड]]{{·}} [[अन्तरिक्ष दौड]] |group12 = यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् |list12 = [[ब्रिंकनशिप (शीतयुद्ध)|ब्रिंकनशिप]]{{·}} [[नाटो-रूस सम्बन्ध]]{{·}} [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका मा सोवियत र रूसी सैनिक को इतिहास|सोवियत र रूसी सैनिक {{#ifeq:{{{dots}}}|off|US|यूएस}}]]{{·}} [[सोभियत यूनियन&nbsp;– संयुक्त राज्य सम्बन्ध]]{{·}} [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका को सूची - सोवियत संघ को शिखर सम्मेलन|यूएस-सोभियत सम्मेलन]] |below = '''[[:श्रेणी:शीतयुद्ध|श्रेणी]]{{·}} [[पोर्टल:शीतयुद्ध|पोर्टल]]{{·}} [[शीतयुद्ध घटनाहरूको समयरेखा|समयरेखा]]''' }}<noinclude> ===Use=== The template defaults to ''U.S.'' For ''US'' use <code><nowiki>{{Cold War|dots=off}}</nowiki></code>. [[श्रेणी:युद्ध र द्वन्द्व टेम्प्लेट]] </noinclude> 2al6mksf9c1oktlyr11isweuvd1hnrg 3 63638 1358463 1357392 2026-06-08T21:30:34Z MediaWiki message delivery 14766 /* Tech News: 2026-24 */ नयाँ खण्ड 1358463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{archive box| search=yes| * [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Nawaraj_Ghimire/वर्ता१|पुराना सन्देशहरू १ : २०१७/०३/१७ सम्म]] * [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Nawaraj_Ghimire/वर्ता२|पुराना सन्देशहरू २ : २०२२/०७/२२सम्म]] * [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Nawaraj_Ghimire/वर्ता३|पुराना सन्देशहरू ३ : २०२३/०३/२१सम्म]] * [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Nawaraj_Ghimire/वर्ता४|पुराना सन्देशहरू ४ : २०२५/१०/२०८सम्म]] }} == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] condition limit was increased from 1000 to 2000. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309609] * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter#Locally disabled actions|Some Global AbuseFilter]] actions will no longer apply to local projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332521] * Desktop users are now able to subscribe to talk pages by clicking on the {{int:discussiontools-newtopicssubscription-button-subscribe-label}} link in the {{int:toolbox}} menu. If you subscribe to a talk page, you receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when new topics are started on that talk page. This is separate from putting the page on your watchlist or subscribing to a single discussion. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263821] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to choose [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diffs]] on all [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Page history|history pages]] at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The legacy [[mw:Mobile Content Service|Mobile Content Service]] is going away in July 2023. Developers are encouraged to switch to Parsoid or another API before then to ensure service continuity. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4MVQQTONJT7FJAXNVOFV3WWVVMCHRINE/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०६:५९, २८ मार्च २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24780854 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The system for automatically creating categories for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Babel|Babel]] extension has had several important changes and fixes. One of them allows you to insert templates for automatic category descriptions on creation, allowing you to categorize the new categories. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211665][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T64714][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170654][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184941][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33074] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some older [[w:en:Web browser|Web browsers]] will stop being able to use [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] on Wikimedia wikis from this week. This mainly affects users of Internet Explorer 11. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can try to upgrade to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178356] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The deprecated <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.hoverIntent</code></bdi> module has been removed. This module could be used by gadgets and user scripts, to create an artificial delay in how JavaScript responds to a hover event. Gadgets and user scripts should now use jQuery <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>hover()</code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>on()</code></bdi> instead. Examples can be found in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#jquery.hoverIntent|migration guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311194] * Some of the links in [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] will be re-arranged. There will be a clearer separation between links that relate to all users, and links related to your own user account. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333242] * You will be able to hide the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply button]] in archived discussion pages with a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__ARCHIVEDTALK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. There will also be a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mw-archivedtalk</code></bdi> CSS class for hiding the Reply button in individual sections on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249293][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295553][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/DiscussionTools/+/738221] '''Future changes''' * The Vega software that creates data visualizations in pages, such as graphs, will be upgraded to the newest version in the future. Graphs that still use the very old version 1.5 syntax may stop working properly. Most existing uses have been found and updated, but you can help to check, and to update any local documentation. [[phab:T260542|Examples of how to find and fix these graphs are available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:२५, ४ अप्रिल २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24820268 --> == This Month in Education: March 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 3 • March 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Audio-seminar project of the Wikimedia Mexico Education Program|Audio-seminar project of the Wikimedia Mexico Education Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Empowering Nigerian Female Artists: Through Art & Feminism Edith-A-Thon at KWASU Fan Club|Empowering Nigerian Female Artists: Through Art & Feminism Edith-A-Thon at KWASU Fan Club]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Exploring How Wikipedia Works|Exploring How Wikipedia Works]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Florida graduate students complete Library History edit-a-thon for credit|Florida graduate students complete Library History edit-a-thon for credit]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Improving hearing health content in Brazil|Improving hearing health content in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Media Literacy Portal to become a key resource for media education in Czech Libraries |Media Literacy Portal to become a key resource for media education in Czech Libraries]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Wikeys in the Albanian language|Wikeys in the Albanian language]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Wikimarathon is an opportunity to involve students and teachers in creating and editing articles in Wikipedia|Wikimarathon is an opportunity to involve students and teachers in creating and editing articles in Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Wikimedia Polska short report|Wikimedia Polska short report]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Wikimedia Serbia participated in the State Seminar of the The Mathematical Society of Serbia|Wikimedia Serbia participated in the State Seminar of the The Mathematical Society of Serbia]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ००:३०, ९ अप्रिल २०२३ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=24824837 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] In the visual editor, it is now possible to edit captions of images in galleries without opening the gallery dialog. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/Editable gallery captions in Visual Editor|voted #61 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190224] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] You can now receive notifications when another user edits your user page. See the "{{int:Echo-category-title-edit-user-page}}" option in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|your Preferences]]. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Notifications for user page edits|voted #3 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T3876] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with all types of CentralNotice banners still being shown to logged-in users even if they had [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-centralnotice-banners|turned off]] specific banner types. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331671] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-arywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dinwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-elwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-emlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-etwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-euwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-extwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tumwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ffwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiu_vrowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-furwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gcrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gotwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-guwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304551][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308133] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:५०, ११ अप्रिल २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24851886 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Show_nearby_articles|nearby articles on a Kartographer map]] with the button for the new feature "{{int:Kartographer-sidebar-nearbybutton}}". Six wikis have been testing this feature since October. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles#Implementation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334079] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] page now has links for "{{int:globalwatchlist-markpageseen}}" for each entry. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Button to mark a single change as read in the global watch list|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334246] '''Problems''' * At Wikimedia Commons, some thumbnails have not been getting replaced correctly after a new version of the image is uploaded. This should be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331138][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333042] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] For the last few weeks, some external tools had inconsistent problems with logging-in with OAuth. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332650] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०७:४०, १८ अप्रिल २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24881071 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The date-selection menu on pages such as [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] will now show year-ranges that are in the current and past decade, instead of the current and future decade. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Change year range shown in date selection popup|voted #145 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334316] '''Problems''' * Due to security issues with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]], graphs have been disabled in all Wikimedia projects. Wikimedia Foundation teams are working to respond to these vulnerabilities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940] * For a few days, it was not possible to save some kinds of edits on the mobile version of a wiki. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334797][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334799][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334794] '''Changes later this week''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on April 26. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682517653 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Editing team plans an A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|a usability analysis of the Talk page project]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|planned measurements are available]]. Your wiki [[phab:T332946|may be invited to participate]]. Please suggest improvements to the measurement plan at [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/Usability|the discussion page]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024|The Wikimedia Foundation annual plan 2023-2024 draft is open for comment and input]] until May 19. The final plan will be published in July 2023 on Meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०३:४८, २५ अप्रिल २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24933592 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the French and Italian Wikipedias. More languages will be added in the near future. This is part of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243711][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270490][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[:commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2commons]] tool has been updated. This fixed several bugs related to YouTube uploads. [https://github.com/toolforge/video2commons/pull/162/commits] * The [[{{#special:Preferences}}]] page has been redesigned on mobile web. The new design makes it easier to browse the different categories and settings at low screen widths. You can also now access the page via a link in the Settings menu in the mobile web sidebar. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Content_moderation_on_mobile_web/Preferences] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०७:३०, २ मे २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24966974 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Last week, Community Tech released the first update for providing [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diffs]], the #1 request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. [[phab:T324759|This update]] adds legends and tooltips to inline diffs so that users unfamiliar with the blue and yellow highlights can better understand the type of edits made. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] When you close an image that is displayed via MediaViewer, it will now return to the wiki page instead of going back in your browser history. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Return to the article when closing the MediaViewer|voted #65 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236591] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|SyntaxHighlight]] extension now supports <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>wikitext</code></bdi> as a selected language. Old alternatives that were used to highlight wikitext, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html5</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>moin</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html+handlebars</code></bdi>, can now be replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29828] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating pages with preloaded text|Preloading text to new pages/sections]] now supports preloading from localized MediaWiki interface messages. [https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Martin_Urbanec_(WMF)?action=edit&section=new&preload=MediaWiki:July Here is an example] at the {{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}} that uses <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>preload=MediaWiki:July</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330337] '''Problems''' * Graph Extension update: Foundation developers have completed upgrading the visualization software to Vega5. Existing community graphs based on Vega2 are no longer compatible. Communities need to update local graphs and templates, and shared lua modules like <bdi lang="de" dir="ltr">[[:de:Modul:Graph]]</bdi>. The [https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/porting-guide/ Vega Porting guide] provides the most comprehensive detail on migration from Vega2 and [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Graph:PageViews&action=history here is an example migration]. Vega5 has currently just been enabled on mediawiki.org to provide a test environment for communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940#8813922] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Until now, all new OAuth apps went through manual review. Starting this week, apps using identification-only or basic authorizations will not require review. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67750] '''Future changes''' * During the next year, MediaWiki will stop using IP addresses to identify logged-out users, and will start automatically assigning unique temporary usernames. Read more at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates]]. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#What should it look like?|join the discussion]] about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates#What will temporary usernames look like?|format of the temporary usernames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332805] * There will be an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on 10 Wikipedias where the Vector 2022 skin is the default skin. Half of logged-in desktop users will see an interface where the different parts of the page are more clearly separated. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2023-05 Zebra9 A/B test|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333180][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335972] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] <code>jquery.tipsy</code> will be removed from the MediaWiki core. This will affect some user scripts. Many lines with <code>.tipsy(</code> can be commented out. <code>OO.ui.PopupWidget</code> can be used to keep things working like they are now. You can [[phab:T336019|read more]] and [[:mw:Help:Locating broken scripts|read about how to find broken scripts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336019] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०६:२१, ९ मे २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24998636 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Citations that are automatically generated based on [[d:Q33057|ISBN]] are currently broken. This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts. Work is ongoing to restore this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-gorwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hakwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hifwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-htwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-igwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ilowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-inhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308134] '''Future changes''' * There is a recently formed team at the Wikimedia Foundation which will be focusing on experimenting with new tools. Currently they are building [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI|a prototype ChatGPT plugin that allows information generated by ChatGPT to be properly attributed]] to the Wikimedia projects. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and userscript developers should replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi>. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> library will be removed in ~1 month, and staff developers will run a script to replace any remaining uses at that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336018] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०३:३०, १६ मे २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25011501 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The "recent edits" time period for page watchers is now 30 days. It used to be 180 days. This was a [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Change information about the number of watchers on a page|Community Wishlist Survey proposal]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336250] '''Changes later this week''' * An [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Impact|improved impact module]] will be available at Wikipedias. The impact module is a feature available to newcomers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer homepage|at their personal homepage]]. It will show their number of edits, how many readers their edited pages have, how many thanks they have received and similar things. It is also accessible by accessing Special:Impact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W21"/> </div> २२:४०, २२ मे २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25028325 --> == This Month in Education: April 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 4 • April 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Auckland Museum Alliance fund project update|Auckland Museum Alliance fund project update]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Introducing Wikipedia to Kusaal Language Teachers|Introducing Wikipedia to Kusaal Language Teachers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/KWASU Fan Club Leads the Way in 21st Century Learning with Wiki in School Program|KWASU Fan Club Leads the Way in 21st Century Learning with Wiki in School Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/On-line Courses for Educators in Poland|On-line Courses for Educators in Poland]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Online meeting of Ukrainian educators working with Wikipedia – four perspectives|Online meeting of Ukrainian educators working with Wikipedia – four perspectives]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Wikiclubs Editathon in Elbasan, Albania |Wikiclubs Editathon in Elbasan, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Wikipedia at the Brazilian Linguistics Olympiad|Wikipedia at the Brazilian Linguistics Olympiad]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Wikipedia at the University of Łódź Information Management Conference|Wikipedia at the University of Łódź Information Management Conference]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] २२:१२, २३ मे २०२३ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=24999562 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Citations can once again be added automatically from ISBNs, thanks to Zotero's ISBN searches. The current data sources are the Library of Congress (United States), the Bibliothèque nationale de France (French National Library), and K10plus ISBN (German repository). Additional data source searches can be [[mw:Citoid/Creating Zotero translators|proposed to Zotero]]. The ISBN labels in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]] will reappear later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298#8859917] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The page [[{{#special:EditWatchlist}}]] now has "{{int:watchlistedit-normal-check-all}}" options to select all the pages within a namespace. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Watchlist edit - "check all" checkbox|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334252] '''Problems''' * For a few days earlier this month, the "Add interlanguage link" item in the Tools menu did not work properly. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337081] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/small.dblist small] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/medium.dblist medium] wikis this week. Large wikis will follow in the coming weeks. This is part of the effort to move Parsoid into MediaWiki core. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०३:४९, ३० मे २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25079963 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe|RealMe]] extension allows you to mark URLs on your user page as verified for Mastodon and similar software. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Citation and footnote editing can now be started from the reference list when using the visual editor. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Citations/Allow citations to be edited in the references section with VisualEditor|voted #2 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T54750] * Previously, clicking on someone else's link to Recent Changes with filters applied within the URL could unintentionally change your preference for "{{int:Rcfilters-group-results-by-page}}". This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202916#8874081] '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, some tools and bots returned outdated information due to database replication problems, and may have been down entirely while it was being fixed. These issues have now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337446] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Bots will no longer be prevented from making edits because of URLs that match the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SpamBlacklist|spam blacklist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313107] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:३७, ६ जुन २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25114640 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the Dutch, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish and Portuguese Wikipedias. This was the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Search Improvements#Search Preview panel|Search Preview panel]] has been deployed on four Wikipedias (Catalan, Dutch, Hungarian and Norwegian). The panel will show an image related to the article (if existing), the top sections of the article, related images (coming from MediaSearch on Commons), and eventually the sister projects associated with the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306341] * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe#Verifying_a_link_on_non-user_pages|RealMe]] extension now allows administrators to verify URLs for any page, for Mastodon and similar software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324937] * The default project license [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimediaannounce-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7G6XPWZPQFLZ2JANN3ZX6RT4DVUI3HZQ/ has been officially upgraded] to CC BY-SA 4.0. The software interface messages have been updated. Communities should feel free to start updating any mentions of the old CC BY-SA 3.0 licensing within policies and related documentation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319064] '''Problems''' * For three days last month, some Wikipedia pages edited with VisualEditor or DiscussionTools had an unintended <code><nowiki>__TOC__</nowiki></code> (or its localized form) added during an edit. There is [[mw:Parsoid/Deployments/T336101_followup|a listing of affected pages sorted by wiki]], that may still need to be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336101] * Currently, the "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is broken. Existing <code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code> keywords incorrectly appear as missing templates in VisualEditor. Developers are exploring how to fix this. In the meantime, those wishing to edit the default sortkey of a page are advised to switch to source editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Last week, an update to the delete form may have broken some gadgets or user scripts. If you need to manipulate (empty) the reason field, replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#wpReason</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;"><code>#wpReason > input</code></bdi>. See [https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3AGadget-CleanDeleteReasons.js&diff=22859956&oldid=12794189 an example fix]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337809] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on English Wikipedia on Monday, and all other [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/large.dblist large] wikis on Thursday. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''Future changes''' * From 5 June to 17 July, the Foundation's [[:mw:Wikimedia Security Team|Security team]] is holding a consultation with contributors regarding a draft policy to govern the use of third-party resources in volunteer-developed gadgets and scripts. Feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|Third-party resources policy]] on meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २०:३७, १२ जुन २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25133779 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Flame graphs are now available in WikimediaDebug. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JXNQD3EHG5V5QW5UXFDPSHQG4MJ3FWJQ/][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2023/06/08/flame-graphs-arrive-in-wikimediadebug/] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * There is now a toolbar search popup in the visual editor. You can trigger it by typing <code>\</code> or pressing <code>ctrl + shift + p</code>. It can help you quickly access most tools in the editor. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Visual_editor_toolbar_search_feature.png][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66905] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:५४, २० जुन २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25159510 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Action API modules and Special:LinkSearch will now add a trailing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>/</code></bdi> to all <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prop=extlinks</code></bdi> responses for bare domains. This is part of the work to remove duplication in the <code>externallinks</code> database table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337994] '''Problems''' * Last week, search was broken on Commons and Wikidata for 23 hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339810][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-06-18_search_broken_on_wikidata_and_commons] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Minerva skin now applies more predefined styles to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mbox-text</code></bdi> CSS class. This enables support for mbox templates that use divs instead of tables. Please make sure that the new styles won't affect other templates in your wiki. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/skins/MinervaNeue/+/930901/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339040] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets will now load on both desktop and mobile by default. Previously, gadgets loaded only on desktop by default. Changing this default using the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|targets=</code></bdi> parameter is also deprecated and should not be used. You should make gadgets work on mobile or disable them based on the skin (with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|skins=</code></bdi> parameter in <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition</bdi>) rather than whether the user uses the mobile or the desktop website. Popular gadgets that create errors on mobile will be disabled by developers on the Minerva skin as a temporary solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T127268] * All namespace tabs now have the same browser [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Keyboard_shortcuts|access key]] by default. Previously, custom and extension-defined namespaces would have to have their access keys set manually on-wiki, but that is no longer necessary. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T22126] * The review form of the Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standardized [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|user interface components]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change in the coming weeks at [[:wikitech:Deployments/Train#Thursday|group2 wikis]]. This change improves the accessibility of content. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २२:०४, २६ जुन २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25202311 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the rolling out of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposal, [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/small.dblist small wikis] will now be able to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline audio player mode|inline audio player]] that is implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] From this week all gadgets automatically load on mobile and desktop sites. If you see any problems with gadgets on your wikis, please adjust the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|gadget options]] in your gadget definitions file. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:३६, ४ जुलाई २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25231546 --> == This Month in Education: June 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 5 • June 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/Africa Day 2023: Abuja Teachers celebrates|Africa Day 2023: Abuja Teachers celebrates]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/From editing articles to civic power – Wikimedia UK's research on democracy and Wikipedia|From editing articles to civic power – Wikimedia UK's research on democracy and Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Program in Yemen Brings Positive Impact to Yemeni Teachers|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Program in Yemen Brings Positive Impact to Yemeni Teachers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/Using Wikipedia in education: students' and teachers' view|Using Wikipedia in education: students' and teachers' view]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/The Journey of Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Lagos State|The Journey of Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Lagos State]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/WMB goes to Serbia |WMB goes to Serbia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/But we don't want it to end!|But we don't want it to end!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १४:२९, ४ जुलाई २०२३ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=25147408 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Section-level Image Suggestions|Section-level Image Suggestions feature]] has been deployed on seven Wikipedias (Portuguese, Russian, Indonesian, Catalan, Hungarian, Finnish and Norwegian Bokmål). The feature recommends images for articles on contributors' watchlists that are a good match for individual sections of those articles. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter|Global abuse filters]] have been enabled on all Wikimedia projects, except English and Japanese Wikipedias (who opted out). This change was made following a [[:m:Requests for comment/Make global abuse filters opt-out|global request for comments]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341159] * [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] is a new tool for administrators to help fight spam. It provides a clearer interface for blocking plain domains (and their subdomains), is more easily searchable, and is faster for the software to process for each edit on the wiki. It does not support regex (for complex cases), nor URL path-matching, nor the [[MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist|MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist]], but otherwise it replaces most of the functionalities of the existing [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist|MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]]. There is a Python script to help migrate all simple domains into this tool, and more feature details, within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:BlockedExternalDomains|the tool's documentation]]. It is available at all wikis except for Meta-wiki, Commons, and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337431] * The WikiEditor extension was updated. It includes some of the most frequently used features of wikitext editing. In the past, many of its messages could only be translated by administrators, but now all regular translators on translatewiki can translate them. Please check [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=ext-wikieditor&messages=&x=D#sortable:0=asc the state of WikiEditor localization into your language], and if the "Completion" for your language shows anything less than 100%, please complete the translation. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/D4YELU2DXMZ75PGELUOKXXMFF3FH45XA/ a more detailed explanation]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The default protocol of [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and API counterparts has changed from http to both http and https. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14810] * [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and its API counterparts will now search for all of the URL provided in the query. It used to be only the first 60 characters. This feature was requested fifteen years ago. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T17218] '''Future changes''' * There is an experiment with a [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin. This is to show users where the information is coming from when they read information from Wikipedia. It has been tested by Wikimedia Foundation staff and other Wikimedians. Soon all ChatGPT plugin users can use the Wikipedia plugin. This is the same plugin which was mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Tech News 2023/20]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] * There is an ongoing discussion on a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|proposed Third-party resources policy]]. The proposal will impact the use of third-party resources in gadgets and userscripts. Based on the ideas received so far, policy includes some of the risks related to user scripts and gadgets loading third-party resources, some best practices and exemption requirements such as code transparency and inspectability. Your feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome until July 17, 2023 on [[m:Talk:Third-party resources policy|on the policy talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:३९, ११ जुलाई २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25278797 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] We are now serving 1% of all global user traffic from [[:en:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] (you can [[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more technical details]]). We are planning to increment this percentage regularly. You can [[phab:T290536|follow the progress of this work]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message|system messages]] will now look for available local fallbacks, instead of always using the default fallback defined by software. This means wikis no longer need to override each language on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback_languages|fallback chain]] separately. For example, English Wikipedia doesn't have to create <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-ca</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-gb</code></bdi> subpages with a transclusion of the base pages anymore. This makes it easier to maintain local overrides. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229992] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthsetmentorstatus</code></bdi> API will be deprecated with the new MediaWiki version. Bots or scripts calling that API should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthmanagementorlist</code></bdi> API now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321503] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:५३, १८ जुलाई २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25289122 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On July 18, the Wikimedia Foundation launched a survey about the [[:mw:Technical_decision_making|technical decision making process]] for people who do technical work that relies on software that is maintained by the Foundation or affiliates. If this applies to you, [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/885471 please take part in the survey]. The survey will be open for three weeks, until August 7. You can find more information in [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/Q7DUCFA75DXG3G2KHTO7CEWMLCYTSDB2/|the announcement e-mail on wikitech-l]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०८:०५, २५ जुलाई २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25332248 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Synchronizer|Synchronizer]] tool is now available to keep Lua modules synced across Wikimedia wikis, along with [[mw:Multilingual Templates and Modules|updated documentation]] to develop global Lua modules and templates. * The tag filter on [[{{#special:NewPages}}]] and revision history pages can now be inverted. For example, you can hide edits that were made using an automated tool. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334337][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334338] * The Wikipedia [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin experiment can now be used by ChatGPT users who can use plugins. You can participate in a [[:m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future Audiences#Announcing monthly Future Audiences open "office hours"|video call]] if you want to talk about this experiment or similar work. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] '''Problems''' * It was not possible to generate a PDF for pages with non-Latin characters in the title, for the last two weeks. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342442] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Tuesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-kawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kaawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-knwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kshwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kwwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308135] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:३९, १ अगस्ट २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25362228 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Mobile Web editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions#August_1,_2023_-_Full-page_editing_added_on_mobile|edit a whole page at once]]. To use this feature, turn on "{{int:Mobile-frontend-mobile-option-amc}}" in your settings and use the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" button in the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203151] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०३:०६, ८ अगस्ट २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25420038 --> == This Month in Education: July 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 7 • July 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Wikimedia Kaduna Connect Campaign|Wikimedia Kaduna Connect Campaign]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Wikimedia Serbia published a paper Promoting Equity in Access to Open Knowledge: An Example of the Wikipedia Educational Program|Wikimedia Serbia published a paper Promoting Equity in Access to Open Knowledge: An Example of the Wikipedia Educational Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Wikimedia and Education Kailali Multiple campus|Wikimedia and Education Kailali Multiple campus]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/WikiCamp in Istog, Kosovo: Promoting Knowledge and Nature Appreciation|WikiCamp in Istog, Kosovo: Promoting Knowledge and Nature Appreciation]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Wiki at the Brazilian National History Symposium|Wiki at the Brazilian National History Symposium]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/US & Canada program reaches 100M words added |US & Canada program reaches 100M words added]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Renewed Community Wikiconference brought together experienced Wikipedians and newcomers|Renewed Community Wikiconference brought together experienced Wikipedians and newcomers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Kusaal Wikipedia Workshop at Ajumako Campus, University of Education, Winneba|Kusaal Wikipedia Workshop at Ajumako Campus, University of Education, Winneba]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Join us to celebrate the Kiwix4Schools Africa Mentorship Program Graduation Ceremony|Join us to celebrate the Kiwix4Schools Africa Mentorship Program Graduation Ceremony]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Activities that took place during the presentation of the WikiEducation book|Activities that took place during the presentation of the WikiEducation book. Educational practices and experiences in Mexico with Wikipedia and other open resources in Xalala, Veracruz from the Wikimedia Mexico Education Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/62+ Participants Graduates from the Kiwix4Schools Africa Mentorship Program|62+ Participants Graduates from the Kiwix4Schools Africa Mentorship Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/“Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom” course launched in Ukraine|“Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom” course launched in Ukraine]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/OFWA and Goethe Institute Host Wiki Skills For Librarians Workshop-Ghana|OFWA and Goethe Institute Host Wiki Skills For Librarians Workshop-Ghana]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] २१:१८, १४ अगस्ट २०२३ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=25457946 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Content translation system is no longer using Youdao's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation|machine translation service]]. The service was in place for several years, but due to no usage, and availability of alternatives, it was deprecated to reduce maintenance overheads. Other services which cover the same languages are still available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329137] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ladwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lezwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lfnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-liwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lijwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lmowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ltgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-maiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-map_bmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mdfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kywiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308136] <!-- TODO replace wiki codes --> '''Future changes''' * A few gadgets/user scripts which add icons to the Minerva skin need to have their CSS updated. There are more details available including a [[phab:T344067|search for all existing instances and how to update them]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ११:४५, १५ अगस्ट २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25428668 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [https://gdrive-to-commons.toolforge.org/ GDrive to Commons Uploader] tool is now available. It enables [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GDrive to Commons Uploader|securely selecting and uploading files]] from your Google Drive directly to Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267868] * From now on, we will announce new Wikimedia wikis in Tech News, so you can update any tools or pages. ** Since the last edition, two new wikis have been created: *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q7121294|Pa'O]] ([[wikt:blk:|<code>wikt:blk:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343540] *** a Wikisource in [[d:Q34002|Sundanese]] ([[s:su:|<code>s:su:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343539] ** To catch up, the next most recent six wikis are: *** Wikifunctions ([[f:|<code>f:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275945] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[wikt:btm:|<code>wikt:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335216] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q5555465|Ghanaian Pidgin]] ([[w:gpe:|<code>w:gpe:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335969] *** a Wikinews in [[d:Q3111668|Gungbe]] ([[n:guw:|<code>n:guw:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334394] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q33522|Kabardian]] ([[wikt:kbd:|<code>wikt:kbd:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333266] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35570|Fante]] ([[w:fat:|<code>w:fat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335016] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There is an existing [[mw:Stable interface policy|stable interface policy]] for MediaWiki backend code. There is a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Stable interface policy/frontend|proposed stable interface policy for frontend code]]. This is relevant for anyone who works on gadgets or Wikimedia frontend code. You can read it, discuss it, and let the proposer know if there are any problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W34"/> </div> २१:१०, २१ अगस्ट २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25497111 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diff handling of paragraph splits]], improved detection of splits is being rolled out. Over the last two weeks, we deployed this support to [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Groups|group0]] and group1 wikis. This week it will be deployed to group2 wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341754] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] All [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] pages now show the user's local edit count and the account's creation date. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324166] * Wikisource users can now use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpbengalicurrency</code></bdi> label to denote Bengali currency characters as page numbers inside the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><pagelist></nowiki></code></bdi> tag. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268932] * Two preferences have been relocated. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-visualeditor}}" is now shown on the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|"{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab]] at all wikis. Previously it was shown on the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab at some wikis. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-newwikitexteditor-enable}}" is now also shown on the "{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab at all wikis, instead of the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335056][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344158] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] New signups for a Wikimedia developer account will start being pushed towards <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://idm.wikimedia.org/ idm.wikimedia.org]</bdi>, rather than going via Wikitech. [[wikitech:IDM|Further information about the new system is available]]. * All right-to-left language wikis, plus Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Bulgarian Wikipedias, will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. This feature will come to more wikis in future weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * The removal of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DoubleWiki|DoubleWiki extension]] is being discussed. This extension currently allows Wikisource users to view articles from multiple language versions side by side when the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><=></code></bdi> symbol next to a specific language edition is selected. Comments on this are welcomed at [[phab:T344544|the phabricator task]]. * A proposal has been made to merge the second hidden-categories list (which appears below the wikitext editing form) with the main list of categories (which is further down the page). [[phab:T340606|More information is available on Phabricator]]; feedback is welcome! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> १९:४५, २८ अगस्ट २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25510866 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[m:Wikisource_EditInSequence|EditInSequence]], a feature that allows users to edit pages faster on Wikisource has been moved to a Beta Feature based on community feedback. To enable it, you can navigate to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features tab in Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Generate Audio for IPA|Generate Audio for IPA]] and [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|Audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposals, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player mode]] of [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] has been deployed to all projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * There is a new option for Administrators when they are changing the usergroups for a user, to add the user’s user page to their watchlist. This works both via [[{{#special:UserRights}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272294] * One new wiki has been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34318|Talysh]] ([[w:tly:|<code>w:tly:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345166] '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:LoginNotify|LoginNotify extension]] was not sending notifications since January. It has now been fixed, so going forward, you may see notifications for failed login attempts, and successful login attempts from a new device. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344785] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-mhrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-miwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-minwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mtwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mwlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-myvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mznwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-napwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ndswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nds_nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-novwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nqowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nrmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nsowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ocwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-olowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-omwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-orwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-oswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pagwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-papwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pcdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pdcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pflwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pihwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pnbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pntwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pswiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308137][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308138] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:१९, ५ सेप्टेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25566983 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]], the revision evaluation service, is now using a new open-source infrastructure on all wikis except for English Wikipedia and Wikidata. These two will follow this week. If you notice any unusual results from the Recent Changes filters that are related to ORES (for example, "{{int:ores-rcfilters-damaging-title}}" and "{{int:ores-rcfilters-goodfaith-title}}"), please [[mw:Talk:Machine Learning|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342115] * When you are logged in on one Wikimedia wiki and visit a different Wikimedia wiki, the system tries to log you in there automatically. This has been unreliable for a long time. You can now visit the login page to make the system try extra hard. If you feel that made logging in better or worse than it used to be, your feedback is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326281] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical decision making|Technical Decision-Making Forum Retrospective]] team invites anyone involved in the technical field of Wikimedia projects to signup to and join [[mw:Technical decision making/Listening Sessions|one of their listening sessions]] on 13 September. Another date will be scheduled later. The goal is to improve the technical decision-making processes. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|Better diff handling of paragraph splits]] wishlist proposal, the inline switch widget in diff pages is being rolled out this week to all wikis. The inline switch will allow viewers to toggle between a unified inline or two-column diff wikitext format. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336716] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 20 September. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * The Enterprise API is launching a new feature called "[http://breakingnews-beta.enterprise.wikimedia.com/ breaking news]". Currently in BETA, this attempts to identify likely "newsworthy" topics as they are currently being written about in any Wikipedia. Your help is requested to improve the accuracy of its detection model, especially on smaller language editions, by recommending templates or identifiable editing patterns. See more information at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/Breaking news|the documentation page]] on MediaWiki or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#What is Breaking News|the FAQ]] on Meta. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:५३, १२ सेप्टेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25589064 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki now has a [[mw:Stable interface policy/frontend|stable interface policy for frontend code]] that more clearly defines how we deprecate MediaWiki code and wiki-based code (e.g. gadgets and user scripts). Thank you to everyone who contributed to the content and discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346467][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 20. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * All wikis will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The team investigating the Graph Extension posted [[mw:Extension:Graph/Plans#Proposal|a proposal for reenabling it]] and they need your input. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:०५, १९ सेप्टेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25623533 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Vector 2022 skin will now remember the pinned/unpinned status for the Table of Contents for all logged-out users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316060] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui</nowiki></code></bdi> modules are now deprecated as part of the move to Vue.js and Codex. There is a [[mw:Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. More [[phab:T346468|details are available in the task]] and your questions are welcome there. * Gadget definitions will have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "namespaces" option]]. The option takes a list of namespace IDs. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages in the given namespaces. '''Future changes''' * New variables will be added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]]: <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_groups</bdi></code> and <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_editcount</bdi></code>. They are available only when an account is being created. You can use them to prevent blocking automatic creation of accounts when users with many edits elsewhere visit your wiki for the first time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345632][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules_format] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1698426015 27 October at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Office_Hours#October_2023|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २२:३६, २६ सेप्टेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25655264 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-advancedrendering|user preference]] for "{{int:tog-forcesafemode}}". This setting will make pages load without including any on-wiki JavaScript or on-wiki stylesheet pages. It can be useful for debugging broken JavaScript gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342347] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget definitions now have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "<var>contentModels</var>" option]]. The option takes a list of page content models, like <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">wikitext</bdi></code> or <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">css</bdi></code>. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages with the given content models. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Vector 2022 skin will no longer use the custom styles and scripts of Vector legacy (2010). The change will be made later this year or in early 2024. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|how to adjust the CSS and JS pages on your wiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331679] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०७:१२, ३ अक्टोबर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25686930 --> == ५०,००० लेख प्रतियोगिता == <div style="color:#c9c6bd; box-shadow: 0 20px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.900); border-radius: 20px;"> <div style="position: relative; background: #DC143C; width: 100%; padding:5px;"> <div style="text-align:center; font-size: 36px; margin-top: 15px;margin-left: 26px; font-family: 'Verdana'; line-height: 1.5em;">नमस्ते, <span style="color: #ebe6d8">'''{{safesubst:<noinclude />BASEPAGENAME}}'''ज्यू!</span> तपाईंलाई नयाँ '''{{Uline|c=#ebe6d8|{{Coloredlink|#ebe6d8|विकिपिडिया:५० हजार लेखहरू|५०,००० लेख प्रतियोगिता}}}}'''मा सामेल हुन हार्दिक निमन्त्रणा गरिन्छ</div> <div style="font-size:20px; color: #c9c6bd; padding: 20px;margin-left: 26px; text-align: center;">सबैभन्दा पहिले, नेपाली विकिपिडियामा योगदान गर्नुभएकोमा धन्यवाद। तपाईंलाई नयाँ ५०,००० लेख प्रतियोगितामा सामेल हुन आमन्त्रित गरिएको छ, एउटा चुनौतीपूर्ण प्रतिस्पर्धा जसले लगभग १७,८०० लेख सिर्जनाहरू गर्ने लक्ष्य राखेको छ। सबै विषयहरूका लेखहरू स्वागत छन्। यदि इच्छुक हुनुहुन्छ भने '''{{Coloredlink|#ebe6d8|विकिपिडिया:५० हजार लेखहरू|यो पृष्ठमा}}''' सामेल हुनुहोस् र योगदान गर्न सुरु गर्नुहोस्!</div> </div></div> धन्यवाद - [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) १९:१९, ३ अक्टोबर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:बडा काजी@newiki using the list at https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%AD&oldid=1171544 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33291|Fon]] ([[w:fon:|<code>w:fon:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347935] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-warwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xalwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xmfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zeawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zh_min_nanwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zuwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308139] * At some wikis, newcomers are suggested images from Commons to add to articles without any images. Starting on Tuesday, newcomers at these wikis will be able to add images to unillustrated article sections. The specific wikis are listed under "Images recommendations" [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|at the Growth team deployment table]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add an image|learn more about this feature.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345940] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In the mobile web skin (Minerva) the CSS ID <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#page-actions</nowiki></code></bdi> will be replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-views</nowiki></code></bdi>. This change is to make it consistent with other skins and to improve support for gadgets and extensions in the mobile skin. A few gadgets may need to be updated; there are [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348267 details and search-links in the task]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २०:२४, ९ अक्टोबर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25712895 --> == This Month in Education: September 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 7 • September 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Inauguration of the Kent Wiki Club at the Wikimania 2023 Conference|Inauguration of the Kent Wiki Club at the Wikimania 2023 Conference]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Letter Magic: Supercharging Your WikiEducation Programs|Letter Magic: Supercharging Your WikiEducation Programs]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Réseau @pprendre (Learning Network) : The Initiative for Educational Change in Francophone West Africa|Réseau @pprendre (Learning Network) : The Initiative for Educational Change in Francophone West Africa]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/WikiChallenge Ecoles d’Afrique closes its 5th edition with 13 winning schools|WikiChallenge Ecoles d’Afrique closes its 5th edition with 13 winning schools]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/WikiConecta: connecting Brazilian university professors and Wikimedia|WikiConecta: connecting Brazilian university professors and Wikimedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Wikimedia Germany launches interactive event series Open Source AI in Education |Wikimedia Germany launches interactive event series Open Source AI in Education]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १०:४६, १० अक्टोबर २०२३ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=25700976 --> == Image Description Month in India Campaign == Dear Wikimedian, A2K has conducted an online activity or campaign which is an ongoing Image Description Month in India description-a-thon, a collaborative effort known as [[:m:Image Description Month|Image Description Month]]. This initiative aims to enhance image-related content across Wikimedia projects and is currently underway, running from October 1st to October 31st, 2023. Throughout this event, our focus remains centered on three primary areas: Wikipedia, Wikidata, and Wikimedia Commons. We have outlined several tasks, including the addition of captions to images on Wikipedia, the association of images with relevant Wikidata items, and improvements in the organization, categorization, and captions of media files on Wikimedia Commons. To participate, please visit our dedicated [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Image Description Month in India|event page]]. We encourage you to sign up on the respective meta page and generously contribute your time and expertise to make essential and impactful edits. Should you have any questions or require further information, please do not hesitate to reach out to me at nitesh@cis-india.org or [[User talk:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)|Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]]. Your active participation will play a significant role in enriching Wikimedia content, making it more accessible and informative for users worldwide. Join us in this ongoing journey of improvement and collaboration. Regards [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) २१:५४, १० अक्टोबर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Satpal_(CIS-A2K)/Mahatma_Gandhi_2020_edit-a-thon_Participants&oldid=20516231 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|Unified login]] system's edge login should now be fixed for some browsers (Chrome, Edge, Opera). This means that if you visit a new sister project wiki, you should be logged in automatically without the need to click "Log in" or reload the page. Feedback on whether it's working for you is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347889] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/Edit_notice|Edit notices]] are now available within the MobileFrontend/Minerva skin. This feature was inspired by [[w:en:Wikipedia:EditNoticesOnMobile|the gadget on English Wikipedia]]. See more details in [[phab:T316178|T316178]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * In 3 weeks, in the Vector 2022 skin, code related to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-namespaces</nowiki></code></bdi> that was deprecated one year ago will be removed. If you notice tools that should appear next to the "Discussion" tab are then missing, please tell the gadget's maintainers to see [[phab:T347907|instructions in the Phabricator task]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:३२, १७ अक्टोबर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25745824 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language engineering/Newsletter/2023/October|Language and internationalization newsletter]], written quarterly. It contains updates on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects, and related support work. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Source map support has been enabled on all wikis. When you open the debugger in your browser's developer tools, you should be able to see the unminified JavaScript source code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T47514] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:०१, २४ अक्टोबर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25782286 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Structured Content team, as part of its project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]], made some UX improvements to the upload step of choosing own vs not own work ([[phab:T347590|T347590]]), as well as to the licensing step for own work ([[phab:T347756|T347756]]). * The Design Systems team has released version 1.0.0 of [[wmdoc:codex/latest/|Codex]], the new design system for Wikimedia. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design_Systems_Team/Announcing_Codex_1.0|full announcement about the release of Codex 1.0.0]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 2 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for many languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345561][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] * Starting November 1, the impact module (Special:Impact) will be upgraded by the Growth team. The new impact module shows newcomers more data regarding their impact on the wiki. It was tested by a few wikis during the last few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans#Roadmap|a proposed plan]] for re-enabling the Graph Extension. You can help by reviewing this proposal and [[mw:Extension_talk:Graph/Plans#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20231020221600-Update:_20_October|sharing what you think about it]]. * The WMF is working on making it possible for administrators to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration_2.0|edit MediaWiki configuration directly]]. This is similar to previous work on Special:EditGrowthConfig. [[phab:T349757|A technical RfC is running until November 08, where you can provide feedback.]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:०६, ३१ अक्टोबर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25801989 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, the default font-size of a number of navigational elements (tagline, tools menu, navigational links, and more) has been increased slightly to match the font size used in page content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346062] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem displaying some recent edits on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist a few wikis], for 1-6 hours. The edits were saved but not immediately shown. This was due to a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350443] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Growth team will reassign newcomers from former mentors to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured mentor list|the currently active mentors]]. They have also changed the notification language to be more user-friendly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330071][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327493] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:५१, ७ नोभेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25838105 --> == This Month in Education: October 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Volume 12 • Issue 8 • October 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/3 Generations at Wikipedia Education Program in Türkiye|3 Generations at Wikipedia Education Program in Türkiye]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/CBSUA Launches Wiki Education in Partnership with PhilWiki Community and Bikol Wikipedia Community|CBSUA Launches Wiki Education in Partnership with PhilWiki Community and Bikol Wikipedia Community]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Celebrating Wikidata’s Birthday in Elbasan|Celebrating Wikidata’s Birthday in Elbasan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Edu Wiki Camp 2023 - together in Sremski Karlovci|Edu Wiki Camp 2023 - together in Sremski Karlovci]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/PhilWiki Community promotes language preservation and cultural heritage advocacies at ADNU|PhilWiki Community promotes language preservation and cultural heritage advocacies at ADNU]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/PunjabWiki Education Program: A Wikipedia Adventure in Punjab|PunjabWiki Education Program: A Wikipedia Adventure in Punjab]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/WikiConference on Education ignites formation of Wikimedia communities|WikiConference on Education ignites formation of Wikimedia communities]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Wikimedia Estonia talked about education at CEE meeting in Tbilisi|Wikimedia Estonia talked about education at CEE meeting in Tbilisi]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Wikimedia in Brazil is going to be a book|Wikimedia in Brazil is going to be a book]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Wikipedian Editor Project: Arabic Sounds Workshop 2023|Wikipedian Editor Project: Arabic Sounds Workshop 2023]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १७:१९, ८ नोभेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=25784366 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Four new wikis have been created: ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q7598268|Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[w:zgh:|<code>w:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350216] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35159|Dagaare]] ([[w:dga:|<code>w:dga:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350218] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q33017|Toba Batak]] ([[w:bbc:|<code>w:bbc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350320] ** a Wikiquote in [[d:Q33151|Banjar]] ([[q:bjn:|<code>q:bjn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350217] '''Problems''' * Last week, users who previously visited Meta-Wiki or Wikimedia Commons and then became logged out on those wikis could not log in again. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350695] * Last week, some pop-up dialogs and menus were shown with the wrong font size. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350544] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Reference Previews are coming to many wikis as a default feature. They are popups for references, similar to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|You can opt out]] of seeing them. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews. [[phab:T282999|Deployment]] is planned for November 22, 2023. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Canary (also known as heartbeat) events will be produced into [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#/streams Wikimedia event streams] from December 11. Streams users are advised to filter out these events, by discarding all events where <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>meta.domain == "canary"</nowiki></code></bdi>. Updates to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] or [https://github.com/ChlodAlejandro/wikimedia-streams wikimedia-streams] will discard these events by default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:३७, १४ नोभेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25859263 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-quwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_rupwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_tarawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rwwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-satwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-shwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-siwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-skwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-slwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-smwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-suwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-szlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tcywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tetwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-towiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tpiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ttwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-twwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tyvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-udmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-uzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vecwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vepwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vlswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vowiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308141][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308142][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308143] * The Vector 2022 skin will have some minor visual changes to drop-down menus, column widths, and more. These changes were added to four Wikipedias last week. If no issues are found, these changes will proceed to all wikis this week. These changes will make it possible to add new menus for readability and dark mode. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates#November_2023:_Visual_changes,_more_deployments,_and_shifting_focus|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347711] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Extension talk:Graph/Plans#Update: 15 November|an update on re-enabling the Graph Extension]]. To speed up the process, Vega 2 will not be supported and only [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335325 some protocols] will be available at launch. You can help by sharing what you think about the plan. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०६:४०, २१ नोभेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25884616 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki's JavaScript system will now allow <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax in gadgets and user scripts. Gadget authors should remember that users' browsers may not support it, so it should be used appropriately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343499] * The deployment of "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a link]]" announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|last week]] was postponed. It will resume this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:५४, २८ नोभेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25906379 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The spacing between paragraphs on Vector 2022 has been changed from 7px to 14px to match the size of the text. This will make it easier to distinguish paragraphs from sentences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T351754] * The "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is working again. You no longer need to switch to source editing to edit <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code></bdi> keywords. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * On 6 December, people who have the enabled the preference for "{{int:Discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}" will notice the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|talk page usability improvements]] appear on pages that include the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__NEWSECTIONLINK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. If you notice any issues, please [[phab:T352232|share them with the team on Phabricator]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Grid Engine deprecation|Grid Engine shutdown process]] will start on December 14. Maintainers of [[toolforge:grid-deprecation|tools that still use this old system]] should plan to migrate to Kubernetes, or tell the team your plans on Phabricator in the task about your tool, before that date. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/VIWWQKMSQO2ED3TVUR7KPPWRTOBYBVOA/] * Communities using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions|Structured Discussions]] are being contacted regarding [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|the upcoming deprecation of Structured Discussions]]. You can read more about this project, and share your comments, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|on the project's page]]. '''Events''' * Registration & Scholarship applications are now open for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2024|Wikimedia Hackathon 2024]] that will take place from 3–5 May in Tallinn, Estonia. Scholarship applications are open until 5 January 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:३५, ५ डिसेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25914435 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikimedia Commons, there are some minor user-interface improvements for the "choosing own vs not own work" step in the UploadWizard. This is part of the Structured Content team's project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352707][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352709] '''Problems''' * There was a problem showing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer homepage|Newcomer homepage]] feature with the "impact module" and their page-view graphs, for a few days in early December. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352352][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352349] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]] The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/796964 2023 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 5 January 2024, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:December_2023_Developer_Satisfaction_Survey|privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०७:५७, १२ डिसेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25945501 --> == This Month in Education: November 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 9 • November 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/4th WikiUNAM Editathon: Community knowledge strengthens education|4th WikiUNAM Editathon: Community knowledge strengthens education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Edit-a-thon at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de São Paulo|Edit-a-thon at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de São Paulo]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/EduWiki Nigeria Community: Embracing Digital Learning Through Wikipedia|EduWiki Nigeria Community: Embracing Digital Learning Through Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Evening Wikischool offers Czech seniors further education on Wikipedia|Evening Wikischool offers Czech seniors further education on Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Expansion of Wikipedia Education Program through Student Associations at Iranian Universities|Expansion of Wikipedia Education Program through Student Associations at Iranian Universities]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Exploring Wikipedia through Wikiclubs and the Wikeys board game in Albania |Exploring Wikipedia through Wikiclubs and the Wikeys board game in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/First anniversary of the game Wikeys|First anniversary of the game Wikeys]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Involve visiting students in education programs|Involve visiting students in education programs]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Iranian Students as Wikipedians: Using Wikipedia to Teach Research Methodology and Encyclopedic Writing|Iranian Students as Wikipedians: Using Wikipedia to Teach Research Methodology and Encyclopedic Writing]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Kiwix4Schools Nigeria: Bridging Knowledge Gap through Digital Literacy|Kiwix4Schools Nigeria: Bridging Knowledge Gap through Digital Literacy]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Lire wikipedia en classe à Djougou au Bénin|Lire wikipedia en classe à Djougou au Bénin]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Tyap Wikimedians Zaria Outreach|Tyap Wikimedians Zaria Outreach]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Art Outreach at Aje Compreshensive Senior High School 1st November 2023, Lagos Mainland|Art Outreach at Aje Comprehensive Senior High School 1st November 2023, Lagos Mainland]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/PhilWiki Community holds a meet-up to advocate women empowerment|PhilWiki Community holds a meet-up to advocate women empowerment]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १४:०९, १४ डिसेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=25919737 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 8 January 2024 because of [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|the holidays]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting December 18, it won't be possible to activate Structured Discussions on a user's own talk page using the Beta feature. The Beta feature option remains available for users who want to deactivate Structured Discussions. This is part of [[mw:Structured Discussions/Deprecation|Structured Discussions' deprecation work]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248309] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There will be full support for redirects in the Module namespace. The "Move Page" feature will leave an appropriate redirect behind, and such redirects will be appropriately recognized by the software (e.g. hidden from [[{{#special:UnconnectedPages}}]]). There will also be support for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Renaming or moving modules|manual redirects]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120794] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The MediaWiki JavaScript documentation is moving to a new format. During the move, you can read the old docs using [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/REL1_41/js/ version 1.41]. Feedback about [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/master/js/ the new site] is welcome on the [[mw:Talk:JSDoc_WMF_theme|project talk page]]. * The Wishathon is a new initiative that encourages collaboration across the Wikimedia community to develop solutions for wishes collected through the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The first community Wishathon will take place from 15–17 March. If you are interested in a project proposal as a user, developer, designer, or product lead, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WishathonMarch2024|register for the event and read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २२:०३, १८ डिसेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25959059 --> == [[User:Kulchandra pyakurel|Kulchandra pyakurel]]बाट प्रश्न (००:०५, २० डिसेम्बर २०२३) == नमस्कार profile मा आफ्नो फोटो कसरी राख्ने --[[User:Kulchandra pyakurel|Kulchandra pyakurel]] ([[User talk:Kulchandra pyakurel|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) ००:०५, २० डिसेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) नमस्कार [[User:Kulchandra pyakurel|Kulchandra pyakurel]] तपाइले विकिमीडिया कमन्स [[यहाँ|https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard]] आफ्नो तस्विरहरु अपलोड जानुपर्ने छ र तपाईको आवश्यकता अनुसार [[file:filename]] राखी प्रयोग गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ [[User:Nawaraj Ghimire|Nawaraj Ghimire]] ([[User talk:Nawaraj Ghimire|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) १६:२०, २० डिसेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) :Ok [[User:Kulchandra pyakurel|Kulchandra pyakurel]] ([[User talk:Kulchandra pyakurel|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) २१:२४, १५ अक्टोबर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-02</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [https://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org/ mediawiki2latex] is a tool that converts wiki content into the formats of LaTeX, PDF, ODT, and EPUB. The code now runs many times faster due to recent improvements. There is also an optional Docker container you can [[b:de:Benutzer:Dirk_Hünniger/wb2pdf/install#Using_Docker|install]] on your local machine. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The way that Random pages are selected has been updated. This will slowly reduce the problem of some pages having a lower chance of appearing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309477] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W02"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०७:०५, ९ जनवरी २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26026251 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Pages that use the JSON [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:ContentHandler|contentmodel]] will now use tabs instead of spaces for auto-indentation. This will significantly reduce the page size. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326065] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and personal user scripts may now use JavaScript syntax introduced in ES6 (also known as "ES2015") and ES7 ("ES2016"). MediaWiki validates the source code to protect other site functionality from syntax errors, and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browsers|supported browsers]]. Previously, Gadgets could use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>requiresES6</nowiki></code></bdi> option. This option is no longer needed and will be removed in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T75714] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|Bot passwords]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|owner-only OAuth consumers]] can now be restricted to allow editing only specific pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T349957] * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] edits made by bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341388] * An update on the status of the Community Wishlist Survey for 2024 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Future Of The Wishlist/January 4, 2024 Update|has been published]]. Please read and give your feedback. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on January 17, it will not be possible to login to Wikimedia wikis from some specific old versions of the Chrome browser (versions 51–66, released between 2016 and 2018). Additionally, users of iOS 12, or Safari on Mac OS 10.14, may need to login to each wiki separately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344791] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> module was deprecated and replaced with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi> module last year. A script has now been run to replace any remaining uses, and this week the temporary alias will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354966] '''Future changes''' * Wikimedia Deutschland is working to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. They are looking for people who are interested in participating in [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ individual video calls for user research in January and February]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:५८, १६ जनवरी २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26074460 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * A bug in UploadWizard prevented linking to the userpage of the uploader when uploading. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354529] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०६:४९, २३ जनवरी २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26096197 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting Monday January 29, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they are looking for, even if this comment was moved elsewhere. This will affect all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. You can read more about this change [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/ on Diff] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk_pages_permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]].<!-- The Diff post will be published on Monday morning UTC--> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302011] * There are some improvements to the CAPTCHA to make it harder for spam bots and scripts to bypass it. If you have feedback on this change, please comment on [[phab:T141490|the task]]. Staff are monitoring metrics related to the CAPTCHA, as well as secondary metrics such as account creations and edit counts. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] On February 1, a link will be added to the "Tools" menu to download a [[w:en:QR code|QR code]] that links to the page you are viewing. There will also be a new [[{{#special:QrCode}}]] page to create QR codes for any Wikimedia URL. This addresses the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Mobile and apps/Add ability to share QR code for a page in any Wikimedia project|#19 most-voted wish]] from the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329973] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] which only work in some skins have sometimes used the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>targets</code></bdi> option to limit where you can use them. This will stop working this week. You should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins</code></bdi> option instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328497] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:१६, ३० जनवरी २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26137870 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The mobile site history pages now use the same HTML as the desktop history pages. If you hear of any problems relating to mobile history usage please point them to [[phab:T353388|the phabricator task]]. *On most wikis, admins can now block users from making specific actions. These actions are: uploading files, creating new pages, moving (renaming) pages, and sending thanks. The goal of this feature is to allow admins to apply blocks that are adequate to the blocked users' activity. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks#action-blocks|Learn more about "action blocks"]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242541][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Talk pages permalinks that included diacritics and non-Latin script were malfunctioning. This issue is fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356199] '''Future changes''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#24WPs|24 Wikipedias]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference_Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] as a default gadget are encouraged to remove that default flag. This would make [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference_Previews|Reference Previews]] the new default for reference popups, leading to a more consistent experience across wikis. For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#46WPs|46 Wikipedias]] with less than 4 interface admins, the change is already scheduled for mid-February, [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference Previews to become the default for previewing references on more wikis.|unless there are concerns]]. The older Reference Tooltips gadget will still remain usable and will override this feature, if it is available on your wiki and you have enabled it in your settings. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference_Previews_to_become_the_default_for_previewing_references_on_more_wikis][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355312] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:०७, ६ फेब्रुअरी २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26180971 --> == This Month in Education: January 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 1 • January 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Cross-Continental Wikimedia Activities: A Dialogue between Malaysia and Estonia|Cross-Continental Wikimedia Activities: A Dialogue between Malaysia and Estonia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Czech programme SWW in 2023 – how have we managed to engage students|Czech programme SWW in 2023 – how have we managed to engage students]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Extending Updates on Wikipedia in Education – Elbasan, Albania|Extending Updates on Wikipedia in Education – Elbasan, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Teacher’s guide – now available in Bulgarian language|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Teacher’s guide – now available in Bulgarian language]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Summer students at Auckland Museum|Summer students at Auckland Museum]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/WikiDunong: EduWiki Initiatives in the Philippines Project|WikiDunong: EduWiki Initiatives in the Philippines Project]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Wikimedia Armenia's Educational Workshops|Wikimedia Armenia's Educational Workshops]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Wikimedia Foundation publishes its first Child Rights Impact Assessment|Wikimedia Foundation publishes its first Child Rights Impact Assessment]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १५:४७, १० फेब्रुअरी २०२४ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26091771 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split experiment]] is working and loaded onto 3 test servers. The team in charge is testing the split's impact and requires feedback from WDQS users through the UI or programmatically in different channels. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356773][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Sannita_(WMF)] Users' feedback will validate the impact of various use cases and workflows around the Wikidata Query service. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update/October_2023_scaling_update][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikidata_Query_Service/User_Manual#Federation] '''Problems''' *There was a bug that affected the appearance of visited links when using mobile device to access wiki sites. It made the links appear black; [[phab:T356928|this issue]] is fixed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] As work continues on the grid engine deprecation,[https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation] tools on the grid engine will be stopped starting on February 14th, 2024. If you have tools actively migrating you can ask for an extension so they are not stopped. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ११:३४, १३ फेब्रुअरी २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26223994 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you have the "{{int:Tog-enotifwatchlistpages}}" option enabled, edits by bot accounts no longer trigger notification emails. Previously, only minor edits would not trigger the notification emails. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356984] * There are changes to how user and site scripts load for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022| Vector 2022]] on specific wikis. The changes impacted the following Wikis: all projects with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector legacy]] as the default skin, Wikivoyage, and Wikibooks. Other wikis will be affected over the course of the next three months. Gadgets are not impacted. If you have been affected or want to minimize the impact on your project, see [[Phab:T357580| this ticket]]. Please coordinate and take action proactively. *Newly auto-created accounts (the accounts you get when you visit a new wiki) now have the same local notification preferences as users who freshly register on that wiki. It is effected in four notification types listed in the [[phab:T353225|task's description]]. *The maximum file size when using [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Upload_Wizard|Upload Wizard]] is now 5 GiB. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191804] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Selected tools on the grid engine have been [[wikitech:News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation|stopped]] as we prepare to shut down the grid on March 14th, 2024. The tool's code and data have not been deleted. If you are a maintainer and you want your tool re-enabled reach out to the [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support|team]]. Only tools that have asked for extension are still running on the grid. * The CSS <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter filter]</code></bdi> property can now be used in HTML <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>style</code></bdi> attributes in wikitext. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308160] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २१:२२, १९ फेब्रुअरी २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26254282 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile|mobile visual editor]] is now the default editor for users who never edited before, at a small group of wikis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile/VE_mobile_default#A/B_test_results| Research ]] shows that users using this editor are slightly more successful publishing the edits they started, and slightly less successful publishing non-reverted edits. Users who defined the wikitext editor as their default on desktop will get the wikitext editor on mobile for their first edit on mobile as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352127] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core modules#mw.config|mw.config]] value <code>wgGlobalGroups</code> now only contains groups that are active in the wiki. Scripts no longer have to check whether the group is active on the wiki via an API request. A code example of the above is: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>if (/globalgroupname/.test(mw.config.get("wgGlobalGroups")))</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356008] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The right to change [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|edit tags]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>changetags</code></bdi>) will be removed from users in Wikimedia sites, keeping it by default for admins and bots only. Your community can ask to retain the old configuration on your wiki before this change happens. Please indicate in [[phab:T355639|this ticket]] to keep it for your community before the end of March 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:०८, २७ फेब्रुअरी २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26294125 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Special:Book</code></bdi> page (as well as the associated "Create a book" functionality) provided by the old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Collection|Collection extension]] has been removed from all Wikisource wikis, as it was broken. This does not affect the ability to download normal books, which is provided by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Wikisource|Wikisource extension]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358437] * [[m:Wikitech|Wikitech]] now uses the next-generation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] wikitext parser by default to generate all pages in the Talk namespace. Report any problems on the [[mw:Talk:Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Known_Issues|Known Issues discussion page]]. You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration]] extension to control the use of Parsoid; see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration help documentation]] for more details. * Maintenance on [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org etherpad] is completed. If you encounter any issues, please indicate in [[phab:T316421|this ticket]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] allow interface admins to create custom features with CSS and JavaScript. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget_definition</code></bdi> namespaces and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>gadgets-definition-edit</code></bdi> user right were reserved for an experiment in 2015, but were never used. These were visible on Special:Search and Special:ListGroupRights. The unused namespaces and user rights are now removed. No pages are moved, and no changes need to be made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T31272] * A usability improvement to the "Add a citation" in Wikipedia workflow has been made, the insert button was moved to the popup header. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354847] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233] * The HTML markup of headings and section edit links will be changed later this year to improve accessibility. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Heading_HTML_changes|Heading HTML changes]] for details. The new markup will be the same as in the new Parsoid wikitext parser. You can test your gadget or stylesheet with the new markup if you add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>?useparsoid=1</code></bdi> to your URL ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Selecting_a_parser_using_a_URL_query_string|more info]]) or turn on Parsoid read views in your user options ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Enabling_via_user_preference|more info]]). * '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:३२, ५ मार्च २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26329807 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * After consulting with various communities, the line height of the text on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] will be increased to its previous value of 1.65. Different options for typography can also be set using the options in the menu, as needed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358498] *The active link color in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] will be changed to provide more consistency with our other platforms and best practices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358516] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data|Structured data on Commons]] will no longer ask whether you want to leave the page without saving. This will prevent the “information you’ve entered may not be saved” popups from appearing when no information have been entered. It will also make file pages on Commons load faster in certain cases. However, the popups will be hidden even if information has indeed been entered. If you accidentally close the page before saving the structured data you entered, that data will be lost. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312315] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:४९, १२ मार्च २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26374013 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The notice "Language links are at the top of the page" that appears in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]] main menu has been removed now that users have learned the new location of the Language switcher. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T353619] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/IP_Info_feature|IP info feature]] displays data from Spur, an IP addresses database. Previously, the only data source for this feature was MaxMind. Now, IP info is more useful for patrollers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341395] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge Grid Engine services have been shut down after the final migration process from Grid Engine to Kubernetes. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obsolete:Toolforge/Grid][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2022/03/14/toolforge-and-grid-engine/] * Communities can now customize the default reasons for undeleting a page by creating [[MediaWiki:Undelete-comment-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326746] '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] is an interface to interactively browse a page's history. Users in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider/Developing_a_RTL-accessible_feature_in_MediaWiki_-_what_we%27ve_learned_while_creating_the_RevisionSlider|right-to-left]] languages reported RevisionSlider reacting wrong to mouse clicks. This should be fixed now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352169] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1710943200 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २३:२५, १८ मार्च २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26410165 --> == This Month in Education: February 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 2 • February 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/2 new courses in Students Write Wikipedia Starting this February|2 new courses in Students Write Wikipedia Starting this February]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/More two wiki-education partnerships|More two wiki-education partnerships]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Open Education Week 2024 in Mexico|Open Education Week 2024 in Mexico]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia, the community grows|Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia, the community grows]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Wiki Education Philippines promotes OERs utilization|Wiki Education Philippines promotes OERs utilization]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Wiki Loves Librarians, Kaduna|Wiki Loves Librarians, Kaduna]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Wiki Workshop 2024 CfP - Call for Papers Research track|Wiki Workshop 2024 CfP – Call for Papers Research track]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ००:२३, २१ मार्च २०२४ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26310117 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] An update was made on March 18th 2024 to how various projects load site, user JavaScript and CSS in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]]. A [[phab:T360384|checklist]] is provided for site admins to follow. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ००:४२, २६ मार्च २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26446209 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|reading accessibility]] beta feature will notice that the default line height for the standard and large text options has changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359030] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has an annual plan. The annual plan decides what the Wikimedia Foundation will work on. You can now read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs#Draft Key Results|the draft key results]] for the Product and Technology department. They are suggestions for what results the Foundation wants from big technical changes from July 2024 to June 2025. You can [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs|comment on the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०९:२१, २ अप्रिल २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26462933 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Web browsers can use tools called [[:w:en:Browser extension|extensions]]. There is now a Chrome extension called [[m:Future Audiences/Experiment:Citation Needed|Citation Needed]] which you can use to see if an online statement is supported by a Wikipedia article. This is a small experiment to see if Wikipedia can be used this way. Because it is a small experiment, it can only be used in Chrome in English. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit Recovery|Edit Recovery]] feature has been added to all wikis, available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user preference]]. Once you enable it, your in-progress edits will be stored in your web browser, and if you accidentally close an editing window or your browser or computer crashes, you will be prompted to recover the unpublished text. Please leave any feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Edit-recovery feature|project talk page]]. This was the #8 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey. * Initial results of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] experiments [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#4_April_2024|have been published]]. Edit Check is now deployed as a default feature at [[phab:T342930#9538364|the wikis that tested it]]. [[mw:Talk:Edit check|Let us know]] if you want your wiki to be part of the next deployment of Edit check. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342930][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361727] * Readers using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] on mobile will notice there has been an improvement in the line height across all typography settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359029] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * New accounts and logged-out users will get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] as their default editor on mobile. This deployment is made at all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361134] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:२२, ९ अप्रिल २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Between 2 April and 8 April, on wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged Revisions]], the "{{Int:tag-mw-reverted}}" tag was not applied to undone edits. In addition, page moves, protections and imports were not autoreviewed. This problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361918][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#DEFAULTSORT|Default category sort keys]] will now affect categories added by templates placed in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite|footnotes]]. Previously footnotes used the page title as the default sort key even if a different default sort key was specified (category-specific sort keys already worked). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40435] * A new variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>page_last_edit_age</code></bdi> will be added to [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. It tells how many seconds ago the last edit to a page was made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269769] '''Future changes''' * Volunteer developers are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Four database fields will be removed from database replicas (including [[quarry:|Quarry]]). This affects only the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter_history</code></bdi> tables. Some queries might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361996] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:१४, १६ अप्रिल २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting this week, newcomers editing Wikipedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Leveling up 3|will be encouraged]] to try structured tasks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer tasks|Structured tasks]] have been shown to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link/Experiment analysis, December 2021|improve newcomer activation and retention]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348086] * You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|nominate your favorite tools]] for the fifth edition of the Coolest Tool Award. Nominations will be open until May 10. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * This is the last warning that by the end of May 2024 the Vector 2022 skin will no longer share site and user scripts/styles with old Vector. For user-scripts that you want to keep using on Vector 2022, copy the contents of [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector.js]] to [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector-2022.js]]. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|more technical details]] available. Interface administrators who foresee this leading to lots of technical support questions may wish to send a mass message to your community, as was done on French Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362701] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:१३, २३ अप्रिल २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26647188 --> == This Month in Education: March 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 3 • March 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Reading Wikipedia in the classroom, Kaduna|Reading Wikipedia in the classroom, Kaduna]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Reading Wikipedia in Ukraine – the course for educators is now available on demand|Reading Wikipedia in Ukraine – the course for educators is now available on demand]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Wiki Movement Brazil will once again support the Brazilian Linguistics Olympiad|Wiki Movement Brazil will once again support the Brazilian Linguistics Olympiad]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Wikipedia within the Education Setting in Albania|Wikipedia within the Education Setting in Albania]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १३:१३, २८ अप्रिल २०२४ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26659969 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for the following wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}. These wikis participated to a test, where 50% of users got the new design, for one year. As this test [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|gave positive results]], the new design is deployed on these wikis as the default design. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at all wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341491] * Seven new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[w:bew:|<code>w:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357866] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35708|Kusaal]] ([[w:kus:|<code>w:kus:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359757] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35513|Igala]] ([[w:igl:|<code>w:igl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361644] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q33541|Karakalpak]] ([[wikt:kaa:|<code>wikt:kaa:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362135] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9228|Burmese]] ([[s:my:|<code>s:my:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361085] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[s:ms:|<code>s:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363039] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q8108|Georgian]] ([[s:ka:|<code>s:ka:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363085] * You can now [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Support#Early_access:_Watch_Message_Groups_on_Translatewiki.net watch message groups/projects] on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/translatewiki.net|Translatewiki.net]]. Initially, this feature will notify you of added or deleted messages in these groups. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348501] * Dark mode is now available on all wikis, on mobile web for logged-in users who opt into the [[Special:MobileOptions|advanced mode]]. This is the early release of the feature. Technical editors are invited to [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ check for accessibility issues on wikis]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|more detailed guidelines]]. '''Problems''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can use an alternative visual style without labels, by using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mapstyle="osm"</nowiki></code></bdi>. This wasn't working in previews, creating the wrong impression that it wasn't supported. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०९:१९, ३० अप्रिल २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26689057 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Reminder to vote now to select members of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear Wikimedian, You are receiving this message because you previously participated in the UCoC process. This is a reminder that the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) ends on May 9, 2024. Read the information on the [[Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility. The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. On behalf of the UCoC project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] ०४:३८, ३ मे २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024/Previous_voters_list_3&oldid=26721208 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for all wikis, except for Commons, Wikidata and most Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|a few]] have already received this design change). You can read the detail of the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at remaining wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352087][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Interface admins now have greater control over the styling of article components on mobile with the introduction of the <code>SiteAdminHelper</code>. More information on how styles can be disabled can be found [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikimediaMessages#Site_admin_helper|at the extension's page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363932] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has added article body sections in JSON format and a curated short description field to the existing parsed Infobox. This expansion to the API is also available via Wikimedia Cloud Services. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/article-sections-and-description/] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you look at the Special:Log page, the first view is labelled "All public logs", but it only shows some logs. This label will now say "Main public logs". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237729] '''Future changes''' * A new service will be built to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Extension:Graph]]. Details can be found in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans|the latest update]] regarding this extension. * Starting May 21, English Wikipedia and German Wikipedia will get the possibility to activate "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]". This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to all Wikipedias]]. These communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|activate and configure the feature locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308144] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २२:३०, ६ मे २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26729363 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikisource there is a special page listing pages of works without corresponding scan images. Now you can use the new magic word <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>__EXPECTWITHOUTSCANS__</code></bdi> to exclude certain pages (list of editions or translations of works) from that list. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344214] * If you use the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user-preference]] "{{int:tog-uselivepreview}}", then the template-page feature "{{int:Templatesandbox-editform-legend}}" will now also work without reloading the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136907] * [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now specify an alternative text via the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute. This is identical in usage to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Syntax|image and gallery syntax]]. An exception for this feature is wikis like Wikivoyage where the miniature maps are interactive. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328137] * The old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|Guided Tour]] for the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New Filters for Edit Review]]" feature has been removed. It was created in 2017 to show people with older accounts how the interface had changed, and has now been seen by most of the intended people. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217451] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[{{#special:search}}]] results page will now use CSS flex attributes, for better accessibility, instead of a table. If you have a gadget or script that adjusts search results, you should update your script to the new HTML structure. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320295] '''Future changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, main pages will be displayed at full width (like special pages). The goal is to keep the number of characters per line large enough. This is related to the coming changes to typography in Vector 2022. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357706] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two columns of the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:pagelinks table|pagelinks]]</code></bdi> database table (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_title</code></bdi>) are being dropped soon. Users must use two columns of the new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Manual:linktarget table|linktarget]]</code></bdi> table instead (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_title</code></bdi>). In your existing SQL queries: *# Replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN linktarget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_</code></bdi> in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>ON</code></bdi> statement *# Below that add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks ON lt_id = pl_target_id</code></bdi> ** See <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T222224]]</bdi> for technical reasoning. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222224][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299947] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:४४, १४ मे २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26762074 --> == This Month in Education: April 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 4 • April 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/EduWiki Updates From Uganda|EduWiki Updates From Uganda]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/Good news from Bolivia: Reading Wikipedia Program continues in 2024|Good news from Bolivia: Reading Wikipedia Program continues in 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/Hearing Health Project: Impactful partnership with Wiki Movement Brazil|Hearing Health Project: Impactful partnership with Wiki Movement Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/Wikimedia Spain, Amical Wikimedia and the University of Valencia develop Wikipedia educational project|Wikimedia Spain, Amical Wikimedia and the University of Valencia develop Wikipedia educational project]]</div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ०९:०५, १४ मे २०२४ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26698909 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, will now correctly delete pages which were moved to another title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T43351] * New changes have been made to the UploadWizard in Wikimedia Commons: the overall layout has been improved, by following new styling and spacing for the form and its fields; the headers and helper text for each of the fields was changed; the Caption field is now a required field, and there is an option for users to copy their caption into the media description. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:WMF_support_for_Commons/Upload_Wizard_Improvements#Changes_to_%22Describe%22_workflow][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361049] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading_HTML_changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It will change on 22 May in some skins (Timeless, Modern, CologneBlue, Nostalgia, and Monobook). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in all other skins. The developers are also considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:४९, २१ मे २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26786311 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Several bugs related to the latest updates to the UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons have been fixed. For more information, see [[:phab:T365107|T365107]] and [[:phab:T365119|T365119]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In March 2024 a new [[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortlet|addPortlet]] API was added to allow gadgets to create new portlets (menus) in the skin. In certain skins this can be used to create dropdowns. Gadget developers are invited to try it and [[phab:T361661|give feedback]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some CSS in the Minerva skin has been removed to enable easier community configuration. Interface editors should check the rendering on mobile devices for aspects related to the classes: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.collapsible</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.multicol</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.reflist</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.coordinates</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.topicon</code></bdi>. [[phab:T361659|Further details are available on replacement CSS]] if it is needed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you visit a wiki where you don't yet have a local account, local rules such as edit filters can sometimes prevent your account from being created. Starting this week, MediaWiki takes your global rights into account when evaluating whether you can override such local rules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316303] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०६:००, २८ मे २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26832205 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * It is now possible for local administrators to add new links to the bottom of the site Tools menu without JavaScript. [[mw:Manual:Interface/Sidebar#Add or remove toolbox sections|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6086] * The message name for the definition of the tracking category of WikiHiero has changed from "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikhiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>" to "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikihiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>". [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/wikihiero/+/1035855] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q5317225|Kadazandusun]] ([[w:dtp:|<code>w:dtp:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365220] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * Next week, on wikis with the Vector 2022 skin as the default, logged-out desktop users will be able to choose between different font sizes. The default font size will also be increased for them. This is to make Wikimedia projects easier to read. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-06 deployments|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:२०, ४ जुन २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26844397 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The software used to render SVG files has been updated to a new version, fixing many longstanding bugs in SVG rendering. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading HTML changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It was changed last week in some skins (Vector legacy and Minerva). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in Vector-2022. The developers are still considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used for citations by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] changed last week. In places where Parsoid previously added the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-reference-text</code></bdi> class, Parsoid now also adds the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>reference-text</code></bdi> class for better compatibility with the legacy parser. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1036705] '''Problems''' * There was a bug with the Content Translation interface that caused the tools menus to appear in the wrong location. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366374] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The new version of MediaWiki includes another change to the HTML markup used for citations: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] will now generate a <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><span class="mw-cite-backlink"></nowiki></code></bdi> wrapper for both named and unnamed references for better compatibility with the legacy parser. Interface administrators should verify that gadgets that interact with citations are compatible with the new markup. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1035809] * On multilingual wikis that use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><translate></nowiki></code></bdi> system, there is a feature that shows potentially-outdated translations with a pink background until they are updated or confirmed. From this week, confirming translations will be logged, and there is a new user-right that can be required for confirming translations if the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requests it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T49177] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:०५, ११ जुन २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26893898 --> == This Month in Education: May 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 5 • May 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Albania - Georgia Wikimedia Cooperation 2024|Albania - Georgia Wikimedia Cooperation 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Aleksandër Xhuvani University Editathon in Elbasan|Aleksandër Xhuvani University Editathon in Elbasan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Central Bicol State University of Agriculture LitFest features translation and article writing on Wikipedia|Central Bicol State University of Agriculture LitFest features translation and article writing on Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Empowering Youth Council in Bulqiza through editathons|Empowering Youth Council in Bulqiza through editathons]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/We left a piece of our hearts at Arhavi|We left a piece of our hearts at Arhavi]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Wiki Movimento Brasil at Tech Week and Education Speaker Series |Wiki Movimento Brasil at Tech Week and Education Speaker Series]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Wikimedia MKD trains new users in collaboration with MYLA|Wikimedia MKD trains new users in collaboration with MYLA]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १९:१५, १५ जुन २०२४ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26854161 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * People who attempt to add an external link in the visual editor will now receive immediate feedback if they attempt to link to a domain that a project has decided to block. Please see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#11_June_2024|Edit check]] for more details. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366751] * The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CommunityConfiguration|Community Configuration extension]] is available [[testwiki:Special:CommunityConfiguration|on Test Wikipedia]]. This extension allows communities to customize specific features to meet their local needs. Currently only Growth features are configurable, but the extension will support other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration#Use_cases|Community Configuration use cases]] in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323811][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360954] * The dark mode [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] is now available on category and help pages, as well as more special pages. There may be contrast issues. Please report bugs on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366370] '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Cloud Services tools were not available for 25 minutes last week. This was caused by a faulty hardware cable in the data center. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2024-06-11_WMCS_Ceph] * Last week, styling updates were made to the Vector 2022 skin. This caused unforeseen issues with templates, hatnotes, and images. Changes to templates and hatnotes were reverted. Most issues with images were fixed. If you still see any, [[phab:T367463|report them here]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367480] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting June 18, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Edit Check]] will be deployed to [[phab:T361843|a new set of Wikipedias]]. This feature is intended to help newcomers and to assist edit-patrollers by inviting people who are adding new content to a Wikipedia article to add a citation when they do not do so themselves. During [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#Reference_Check_A/B_Test|a test at 11 wikis]], the number of citations added [https://diff.wikimedia.org/?p=127553 more than doubled] when Reference Check was shown to people. Reference Check is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|community configurable]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361843]<!-- NOTE: THE DIFF BLOG WILL BE PUBLISHED ON MONDAY --> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mailing_lists|Mailing lists]] will be unavailable for roughly two hours on Tuesday 10:00–12:00 UTC. This is to enable migration to a new server and upgrade its software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367521] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:३४, १८ जुन २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26911987 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors will notice that there have been some changes to the background color of text in the diff view, and the color of the byte-change numbers, last week. These changes are intended to make text more readable in both light mode and dark mode, and are part of a larger effort to increase accessibility. You can share your comments or questions [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|on the project talkpage]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361717] * The text colors that are used for visited-links, hovered-links, and active-links, were also slightly changed last week to improve their accessibility in both light mode and dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366515] '''Problems''' * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|copy permanent links to talk page comments]] by clicking on a comment's timestamp. [[mw:Talk pages project/Permalinks|This feature]] did not always work when the topic title was very long and the link was used as a wikitext link. This has been fixed. Thanks to Lofhi for submitting the bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356196] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting 26 June, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link at English Wikipedia, making this feature available for you to use at all wikis. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they were linked to, even if this comment has since been moved elsewhere. You can read more about this feature [[DiffBlog:/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/|on Diff]] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365974] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:१८, २५ जुन २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26989424 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Over the next three weeks, dark mode will become available for all users, both logged-in and logged-out, starting with the mobile web version. This fulfils one of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2023/Reading/Dark_mode|top-requested community wishes]], and improves low-contrast reading and usage in low-light settings. As part of these changes, dark mode will also work on User-pages and Portals. There is more information in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Updates#June_2024:_Typography_and_dark_mode_deployments,_new_global_preferences|the latest Web team update]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366364] * Logged-in users can now set [[m:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin-skin-prefs|global preferences for the text-size and dark-mode]], thanks to a combined effort across Foundation teams. This allows Wikimedians using multiple wikis to set up a consistent reading experience easily, for example by switching between light and dark mode only once for all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341278] * If you use a very old web browser some features might not work on the Wikimedia wikis. This affects Internet Explorer 11 and versions of Chrome, Firefox and Safari older than 2016. This change makes it possible to use new [[d:Q46441|CSS]] features and to send less code to all readers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288287][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:How_to_make_a_MediaWiki_skin#Using_CSS_variables_for_supporting_different_themes_e.g._dark_mode] * Wikipedia Admins can customize local wiki configuration options easily using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]. Community Configuration was created to allow communities to customize how some features work, because each language wiki has unique needs. At the moment, admins can configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] on their home wikis, in order to better recruit and retain new editors. More options will be provided in the coming months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366458] * Editors interested in language issues that are related to [[w:en:Unicode|Unicode standards]], can now discuss those topics at [[mw:Talk:WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|a new conversation space in MediaWiki.org]]. The Wikimedia Foundation is now a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|member of the Unicode Consortium]], and the coordination group can collaboratively review the issues discussed and, where appropriate, bring them to the attention of the Unicode Consortium. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[w:btm:|<code>w:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368038] '''Problems''' * Editors can once again click on links within the visual editor's citation-preview, thanks to a bug fix by the Editing Team. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368119] '''Future changes''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 2 weeks. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:४४, २ जुलाई २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27038456 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At the Wikimedia Foundation a new task force was formed to replace the disabled Graph with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project|more secure, easy to use, and extensible Chart]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Chart Project|subscribe to the newsletter]] to get notified about new project updates and other news about Chart. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension is now available on Meta-wiki, Igbo Wikipedia, and Swahili Wikipedia, and can be requested on your wiki. This extension helps in managing and making events more visible, giving Event organizers the ability to use tools like the Event registration tool. To learn more about the deployment status and how to request this extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status|CampaignEvents page on Meta-wiki]]. * Editors using the iOS Wikipedia app who have more than 50 edits can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits#Add an image|Add an Image]] feature. This feature presents opportunities for small but useful contributions to Wikipedia. * Thank you to [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth/Celebration|all of the authors]] who have contributed to MediaWiki Core. As a result of these contributions, the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth|percentage of authors contributing more than 5 patches has increased by 25% since last year]], which helps ensure the sustainability of the platform for the Wikimedia projects. '''Problems''' * A problem with the color of the talkpage tabs always showing as blue, even for non-existent pages which should have been red, affecting the Vector 2022 skin, [[phab:T367982|has been fixed]]. '''Future changes''' * The Trust and Safety Product team wants to introduce [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] with as little disruption to tools and workflows as possible. Volunteer developers, including gadget and user-script maintainers, are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle temporary accounts. The team has [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|created documentation]] explaining how to do the update. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 1 more week. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०३:१७, ९ जुलाई २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27080357 --> == This Month in Education: June 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 6 • June 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/From a Language Teacher to a Library Support Staff: The Wikimedia Effect|From a Language Teacher to a Library Support Staff: The Wikimedia Effect]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/5th WikiEducation 2024 Conference in Mexico|5th WikiEducation 2024 Conference in Mexico]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Lviv hosted a spring wikischool for Ukrainian high school students|Lviv hosted a spring wikischool for Ukrainian high school students]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/First class of teachers graduated from Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom 2024|First class of teachers graduated from Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Empowering Digital Citizenship: Unlocking the Power of Open Knowledge with Participants of the LIFE Legacy|Empowering Digital Citizenship: Unlocking the Power of Open Knowledge with Participants of the LIFE Legacy]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Wiki Movimento Brazil supports online and in-person courses and launches material to guide educators in using Wikimedia projects |Wiki Movimento Brazil supports online and in-person courses and launches material to guide educators in using Wikimedia projects]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Where to find images for free? Webinar for librarians answered many questions|Where to find images for free? Webinar for librarians answered many questions]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Wikimedia MKD and University of Goce Delchev start a mutual collaboration|Wikimedia MKD and University of Goce Delchev start a mutual collaboration]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १२:४३, ९ जुलाई २०२४ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=27085892 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 3 more days. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia developers can now officially continue to use both [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]], due to a June 24 decision by the Wikimedia Foundation to support software development on both platforms. Gerrit and GitLab are both code repositories used by developers to write, review, and deploy the software code that supports the MediaWiki software that the wiki projects are built on, as well as the tools used by editors to create and improve content. This decision will safeguard the productivity of our developers and prevent problems in code review from affecting our users. More details are available in the [[mw:GitLab/Migration status|Migration status]] page. * The Wikimedia Foundation seeks applicants for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). This group will bring technical contributors and Wikimedia Foundation together to co-define a more resilient, future-proof technological platform. Council members will evaluate and consult on the movement's product and technical activities, so that we develop multi-generational projects. We are looking for a range of technical contributors across the globe, from a variety of Wikimedia projects. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal#Joining the PTAC as a technical volunteer|Please apply here by August 10]]. * Editors with rollback user-rights who use the Wikipedia App for Android can use the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Anti Vandalism|Edit Patrol]] features. These features include a new feed of Recent Changes, related links such as Undo and Rollback, and the ability to create and save a personal library of user talk messages to use while patrolling. If your wiki wants to make these features available to users who do not have rollback rights but have reached a certain edit threshold, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android#Contact us|you can contact the team]]. You can [[diffblog:2024/07/10/ِaddressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/|read more about this project on Diff blog]]. * Editors who have access to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The_Wikipedia_Library|The Wikipedia Library]] can once again use non-open access content in SpringerLinks, after the Foundation [[phab:T368865|contacted]] them to restore access. You can read more about [[m:Tech/News/Recently_resolved_community_tasks|this and 21 other community-submitted tasks that were completed last week]]. '''Changes later this week''' * This week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-07 deployments|dark mode will be available on a number of Wikipedias]], both desktop and mobile, for logged-in and logged-out users. Interface admins and user script maintainers are encouraged to check gadgets and user scripts in the dark mode, to find any hard-coded colors and fix them. There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations for dark mode compatibility]] to help. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Next week, functionaries, volunteers maintaining tools, and software development teams are invited to test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on testwiki. Temporary accounts is a feature that will help improve privacy on the wikis. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348895] * Editors who upload files cross-wiki, or teach other people how to do so, may wish to join a Wikimedia Commons discussion. The Commons community is discussing limiting who can upload files through the cross-wiki upload/Upload dialog feature to users auto-confirmed on Wikimedia Commons. This is due to the large amount of copyright violations uploaded this way. There is a short summary at [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Cross-wiki upload|Commons:Cross-wiki upload]] and [[c:Commons:Village pump/Proposals#Deactivate cross-wiki uploads for new users|discussion at Commons:Village Pump]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०७:१६, १६ जुलाई २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27124561 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translations]] are available. '''Feature News''' * Stewards can now [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks|globally block]] accounts. Before [[phab:T17294|the change]] only IP addresses and IP ranges could be blocked globally. Global account blocks are useful when the blocked user should not be logged out. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_locks|Global locks]] (a similar tool logging the user out of their account) are unaffected by this change. The new global account block feature is related to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project, which is a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors that are no longer made public. * Later this week, Wikimedia site users will notice that the Interface of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") is improved and consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Wikimedia's design system]]. The FlaggedRevs interface experience on mobile and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MinervaNeue|Minerva skin]] was inconsistent before it was fixed and ported to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]] by the WMF Growth team and some volunteers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] * Wikimedia site users can now submit account vanishing requests via [[m:Special:GlobalVanishRequest|GlobalVanishRequest]]. This feature is used when a contributor wishes to stop editing forever. It helps you hide your past association and edit to protect your privacy. Once processed, the account will be locked and renamed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367329] * Have you tried monitoring and addressing vandalism in Wikipedia using your phone? [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/10/%d9%90addressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/ A Diff blog post on Patrolling features in the Mobile App] highlights some of the new capabilities of the feature, including swiping through a feed of recent changes and a personal library of user talk messages for use when patrolling from your phone. * Wikimedia contributors and GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives, and museums) organisations can now learn and measure the impact Wikimedia Commons is having towards creating quality encyclopedic content using the [https://doc.wikimedia.org/generated-data-platform/aqs/analytics-api/reference/commons.html Commons Impact Metrics] analytics dashboard. The dashboard offers organizations analytics on things like monthly edits in a category, the most viewed files, and which Wikimedia articles are using Commons images. As a result of these new data dumps, GLAM organisation can more reliably measure their return on investment for programs bringing content into the digital Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/] '''Project Updates''' * Come share your ideas for improving the wikis on the newly reopened [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]]. The Community Wishlist is Wikimedia’s forum for volunteers to share ideas (called wishes) to improve how the wikis work. The new version of the wishlist is always open, works with both wikitext and Visual Editor, and allows wishes in any language. '''Learn more''' * Have you ever wondered how Wikimedia software works across over 300 languages? This is 253 languages more than the Google Chrome interface, and it's no accident. The Language and Product Localization Team at the Wikimedia Foundation supports your work by adapting all the tools and interfaces in the MediaWiki software so that contributors in our movement who translate pages and strings can translate them and have the sites in all languages. Read more about the team and their upcoming work on [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/building-towards-a-robust-multilingual-knowledge-ecosystem-for-the-wikimedia-movement/ Diff]. * How can Wikimedia build innovative and experimental products while maintaining such heavily used websites? A recent [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/ blog post] by WMF staff Johan Jönsson highlights the work of the [[m:Future Audiences#Objectives and Key Results|WMF Future Audience initiative]], where the goal is not to build polished products but test out new ideas, such as a [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiments: conversational/generative AI|ChatGPT plugin]] and [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiment:Add a Fact|Add a Fact]], to help take Wikimedia into the future. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:५०, २३ जुलाई २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27142915 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors using the Visual Editor in languages that use non-Latin characters for numbers, such as Hindi, Manipuri and Eastern Arabic, may notice some changes in the formatting of reference numbers. This is a side effect of preparing a new sub-referencing feature, and will also allow fixing some general numbering issues in Visual Editor. If you notice any related problems on your wiki, please share details at the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|project talkpage]]. '''Bugs status''' * Some logged-in editors were briefly unable to edit or load pages last week. [[phab:T370304|These errors]] were mainly due to the addition of new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|linter]] rules which led to caching problems. Fixes have been applied and investigations are continuing. * Editors can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Information tool]] to get information about IP addresses. This tool is available as a Beta Feature in your preferences. The tool was not available for a few days last week, but is now working again. Thank you to Shizhao for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks#2024-07-25|28 other community-submitted tasks]] that were resolved last week. '''Project updates''' * There are new features and improvements to Phabricator from the Release Engineering and Collaboration Services teams, and some volunteers, including: the search systems, the new task creation system, the login systems, the translation setup which has resulted in support for more languages (thanks to Pppery), and fixes for many edge-case errors. You can [[phab:phame/post/view/316/iterative_improvements/|read details about these and other improvements in this summary]]. * There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|update on the Charts project]]. The team has decided which visualization library to use, which chart types to start focusing on, and where to store chart definitions. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9056|Czech]] ([[voy:cs:|<code>voy:cs:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370905] '''Learn more''' * There is a [[diffblog:2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|new Wikimedia Foundation data center]] in São Paulo, Brazil which helps to reduce load times. * There is new [[diffblog:2024/07/22/the-perplexing-process-of-uploading-images-to-wikipedia/|user research]] on problems with the process of uploading images. * Commons Impact Metrics are [[diffblog:2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/|now available]] via data dumps and API. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/July|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:५६, ३० जुलाई २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27164109 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Two new parser functions will be available this week: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#dir|#dir]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#bcp47|#bcp47]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>. These will reduce the need for <code>Template:Dir</code> and <code>Template:BCP47</code> on Commons and allow us to [[phab:T343131|drop 100 million rows]] from the "what links here" database. Editors at any wiki that use these templates, can help by replacing the templates with these new functions. The templates at Commons will be updated during the Hackathon at Wikimania. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359761][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366623] * Communities can request the activation of the visual editor on entire namespaces where discussions sometimes happen (for instance ''Wikipedia:'' or ''Wikisource:'' namespaces) if they understand the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/FAQ#WPNS|known limitations]]. For discussions, users can already use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] in these namespaces. * The tracking category "Pages using Timeline" has been renamed to "Pages using the EasyTimeline extension" [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3ATimeline-tracking-category&namespace=8 in TranslateWiki]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. '''Project updates''' * Editors who help to organize WikiProjects and similar on-wiki collaborations, are invited to share ideas and examples of successful collaborations with the Campaigns and Programs teams. You can fill out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/WikiProjects|a brief survey]] or share your thoughts [[m:Talk:Campaigns/WikiProjects|on the talkpage]]. The teams are particularly looking for details about successful collaborations on non-English wikis. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The new parser is being rolled out on {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} wikis over the next few months. The {{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage}} and {{int:project-localized-name-hewikivoyage}} were [[phab:T365367|switched]] to Parsoid last week. For more information, see [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]]. '''Learn more''' * There will be more than 200 sessions at Wikimania this week. Here is a summary of some of the [[diffblog:2024/08/05/interested-in-product-and-tech-here-are-some-wikimania-sessions-you-dont-want-to-miss/|key sessions related to the product and technology area]]. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/07-02|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/July|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New design previews for Translatable pages; Updates about MinT for Wiki Readers; the release of Translation dumps; and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/31|Growth newsletter]] is available. * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/July 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:२९, ६ अगस्ट २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27233905 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] editors and maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Show a CAPTCHA|make a CAPTCHA show if a filter matches an edit]]. This allows communities to quickly respond to spamming by automated bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T20110] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards|Stewards]] can now specify if global blocks should prevent account creation. Before [[phab:T17273|this change]] by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product]] Team, all global blocks would prevent account creation. This will allow stewards to reduce the unintended side-effects of global blocks on IP addresses. '''Project updates''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#August_2024_committee_nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new members to refresh the [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]]. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open until at least 2024-08-26. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2880037|West Coast Bajau]] ([[w:bdr:|<code>w:bdr:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371757] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:०७, १३ अगस्ट २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27253654 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors who want to re-use references but with different details such as page numbers, will be able to do so by the end of 2024, using a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Sub-referencing in a nutshell|sub-referencing]] feature. You can read more [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|about the project]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|how to test the prototype]]. * Editors using tracking categories to identify which pages use specific extensions may notice that six of the categories have been renamed to make them more easily understood and consistent. These categories are automatically added to pages that use specialized MediaWiki extensions. The affected names are for: [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aintersection-category&namespace=8 DynamicPageList], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Akartographer-tracking-category&namespace=8 Kartographer], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aphonos-tracking-category&namespace=8 Phonos], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Arss-tracking-category&namespace=8 RSS], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Ascore-use-category&namespace=8 Score], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Awikihiero-usage-tracking-category&namespace=8 WikiHiero]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. Thanks to Pppery for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347324] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Technical volunteers who edit modules and want to get a list of the categories used on a page, can now do so using the <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">categories</bdi></code> property of <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Title objects|mw.title objects]]</bdi></code>. This enables wikis to configure workflows such as category-specific edit notices. Thanks to SD001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85372] '''Bugs status''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Your help is needed to check if any pages need to be moved or deleted. A maintenance script was run to clean up unreachable pages (due to Unicode issues or introduction of new namespaces/namespace aliases). The script tried to find appropriate names for the pages (e.g. by following the Unicode changes or by moving pages whose titles on Wikipedia start with <code>Talk:WP:</code> so that their titles start with <code>Wikipedia talk:</code>), but it may have failed for some pages, and moved them to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[Special:PrefixIndex/T195546/]]</bdi> instead. Your community should check if any pages are listed there, and move them to the correct titles, or delete them if they are no longer needed. A full log (including pages for which appropriate names could be found) is available in [[phab:P67388]]. * Editors who volunteer as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|mentors]] to newcomers on their wiki are once again able to access lists of potential mentees who they can connect with to offer help and guidance. This functionality was restored thanks to [[phab:T372164|a bug fix]]. Thank you to Mbch331 for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and 18 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * The application deadline for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC) has been extended to September 16. Members will help by providing advice to Foundation Product and Technology leadership on short and long term plans, on complex strategic problems, and help to get feedback from more contributors and technical communities. Selected members should expect to spend roughly 5 hours per month for the Council, during the one year pilot. Please consider applying, and spread the word to volunteers you think would make a positive contribution to the committee. '''Learn more''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award#2024 Winners|2024 Coolest Tool Awards]] were awarded at Wikimania, in seven categories. For example, one award went to the ISA Tool, used for adding structured data to files on Commons, which was recently improved during the [[m:Event:Wiki Mentor Africa ISA Hackathon 2024|Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon]]. You can see video demonstrations of each tool at the awards page. Congratulations to this year's recipients, and thank you to all tool creators and maintainers. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/08-01|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available, and includes some highlights from Wikimania, an upcoming Language community meeting, and other news from the movement. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W34"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०६:३९, २० अगस्ट २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27307284 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Administrators can now test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on test2wiki. This was done to allow cross-wiki testing of temporary accounts, for when temporary accounts switch between projects. The feature was enabled on testwiki a few weeks ago. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Temporary Accounts is a project to create a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors which are no longer made public. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. * Later this week, editors at wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") may notice that the indicators at the top of articles have changed. This change makes the system more consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Bugs status''' * Editors who use the 2010 wikitext editor, and use the Character Insert buttons, will [[phab:T361465|no longer]] experience problems with the buttons adding content into the edit-summary instead of the edit-window. You can read more about that, and 26 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Please review and vote on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas|Focus Areas]], which are groups of wishes that share a problem. Focus Areas were created for the newly reopened Community Wishlist, which is now open year-round for submissions. The first batch of focus areas are specific to moderator workflows, around welcoming newcomers, minimizing repetitive tasks, and prioritizing tasks. Once volunteers have reviewed and voted on focus areas, the Foundation will then review and select focus areas for prioritization. * Do you have a project and are willing to provide a three (3) month mentorship for an intern? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Outreachy|Outreachy]] is a twice a year program for people to participate in a paid internship that will start in December 2024 and end in early March 2025, and they need mentors and projects to work on. Projects can be focused on coding or non-coding (design, documentation, translation, research). See the Outreachy page for more details, and a list of past projects since 2013. '''Learn more''' * If you're curious about the product and technology improvements made by the Wikimedia Foundation last year, read [[diffblog:2024/08/21/wikimedia-foundation-product-technology-improving-the-user-experience/|this recent highlights summary on Diff]]. * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together.webm|Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together]] (55 mins) - about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Belgrade - Day 1 - Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views.webm|Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views]] (30 mins) - an overview for both technical and non technical audiences, covering some of the challenges and open questions, related to the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights|platform evolution, stewardship and developer experiences]] research. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:१९, २७ अगस्ट २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27341211 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Editors and volunteer developers interested in data visualisation can now test the new software for charts. Its early version is available on beta Commons and beta Wikipedia. This is an important milestone before making charts available on regular wikis. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|read more about this project update]] and help to test the charts. '''Feature news''' * Editors who use the [[{{#special:Unusedtemplates}}]] page can now filter out pages which are expected to be there permanently, such as sandboxes, test-cases, and templates that are always substituted. Editors can add the new magic word [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE|<code dir="ltr"><nowiki>__EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE__</nowiki></code>]] to a template page to hide it from the listing. Thanks to Sophivorus and DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184633] * Editors who use the New Topic tool on discussion pages, will [[phab:T334163|now be reminded]] to add a section header, which should help reduce the quantity of newcomers who add sections without a header. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:28}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Last week, some Toolforge tools had occasional connection problems. The cause is still being investigated, but the problems have been resolved for now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373243] * Translation administrators at multilingual wikis, when editing multiple translation units, can now easily mark which changes require updates to the translation. This is possible with the [[phab:T298852#10087288|new dropdown menu]]. '''Project updates''' * A new draft text of a policy discussing the use of Wikimedia's APIs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/API Policy Update 2024|has been published on Meta-Wiki]]. The draft text does not reflect a change in policy around the APIs; instead, it is an attempt to codify existing API rules. Comments, questions, and suggestions are welcome on [[m:Talk:API Policy Update 2024|the proposed update’s talk page]] until September 13 or until those discussions have concluded. '''Learn more''' * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization.webm|Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization]] (25 mins) – about the above-mentioned Charts project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 3 - State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia.webm|State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia]] (90 mins) – about some of the language tools that support Wikimedia sites, such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content]]/[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section Translation]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MinT|MinT]], and LanguageConverter; also the current state and future of languages onboarding. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368772] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०६:५३, ३ सेप्टेम्बर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27390268 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Starting this week, the standard [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will receive new colors that make them compatible in dark mode. This is the first of many changes to come as part of a major upgrade to syntax highlighting. You can learn more about what's to come on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365311][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Editors of wikis using Wikidata will now be notified of only relevant Wikidata changes in their watchlist. This is because the Lua functions <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>entity:getSitelink()</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid)</code></bdi> will have their logic unified for tracking different aspects of sitelinks to reduce junk notifications from [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Projects/Watchlist Wikidata Sitelinks Tracking|inconsistent sitelinks tracking]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295356] '''Project updates''' * Users of all Wikis will have access to Wikimedia sites as read-only for a few minutes on September 25, starting at 15:00 UTC. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] * Contributors of [[phab:T363538#10123348|11 Wikipedias]], including English will have a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS</code></bdi> namespace added to their Wikipedias. This improvement ensures that links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> (usually shortcuts to the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]) are not broken by [[w:en:Mooré|Mooré]] Wikipedia (language code <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mos</code></bdi>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363538] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ००:३८, १० सेप्टेम्बर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27424457 --> == This Month in Education: August 2024 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 7 • August 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Cross-Cultural Knowledge Sharing: Wikipedia's New Frontier at University of Tehran|Cross-Cultural Knowledge Sharing: Wikipedia's New Frontier at University of Tehran]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Let's Read Wikipedia in Bolivia reaches teachers in Cochabamba|Let's Read Wikipedia in Bolivia reaches teachers in Cochabamba]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Results of the 2023 “Wikipedia for School” Contest in Ukraine|Results of the 2023 “Wikipedia for School” Contest in Ukraine]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Edu Wiki Camp in Serbia, 2024|Edu Wiki Camp in Serbia, 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Wikimedia Human Rights Month this year engaged schools in large amount|Wikimedia Human Rights Month this year engaged schools in large amount]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Strengthening Education Programs at Wikimania 2024: A Global Leap in Collaborative Learning|Strengthening Education Programs at Wikimania 2024: A Global Leap in Collaborative Learning]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Wiki Education programs are featured in a scientific outreach magazine, and Wiki Movimento Brasil offers training for researchers in the Amazon|Wiki Education programs are featured in a scientific outreach magazine, and Wiki Movimento Brasil offers training for researchers in the Amazon]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Wiki Movimento Brasil aims to adapt a game about Wikipedia, organize an academic event for scientific dissemination, and host the XXXIII Wiki-Education Workshop|Wiki Movimento Brasil aims to adapt a game about Wikipedia, organize an academic event for scientific dissemination, and host the XXXIII Wiki-Education Workshop]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १९:०६, ११ सेप्टेम्बर २०२४ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=27310254 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translations]] are available. '''Improvements and Maintenance''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Editors interested in templates can help by reading the latest Wishlist focus area, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template recall and discovery]], and share your feedback on the talkpage. This input helps the Community Tech team to decide the right technical approach to build. Everyone is also encouraged to continue adding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|new wishes]]. * The new automated [[{{#special:NamespaceInfo}}]] page helps editors understand which [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespaces]] exist on each wiki, and some details about how they are configured. Thanks to DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263513] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|References Check]] is a feature that encourages editors to add a citation when they add a new paragraph to a Wikipedia article. For a short time, the corresponding tag "Edit Check (references) activated" was erroneously being applied to some edits outside of the main namespace. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373692] * It is now possible for a wiki community to change the order in which a page’s categories are displayed on their wiki. By default, categories are displayed in the order they appear in the wikitext. Now, wikis with a consensus to do so can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|request]] a configuration change to display them in alphabetical order. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373480] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool authors can now access ToolsDB's [[wikitech:Portal:Data Services#ToolsDB|public databases]] from both [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry|Quarry]] and [[wikitech:Superset|Superset]]. Those databases have always been accessible to every [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] user, but they are now more broadly accessible, as Quarry can be accessed by anyone with a Wikimedia account. In addition, Quarry's internal database can now be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry#Querying Quarry's own database|queried from Quarry itself]]. This database contains information about all queries that are being run and starred by users in Quarry. This information was already public through the web interface, but you can now query it using SQL. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:20}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Any pages or tools that still use the very old CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-message-box</code></bdi> need to be updated. These old classes will be removed next week or soon afterwards. Editors can use a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-message-box&regex=1&namespaces=&title= global-search] to determine what needs to be changed. It is possible to use the newer <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>cdx-message</code></bdi> group of classes as a replacement (see [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/components/demos/message.html#css-only-version the relevant Codex documentation], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tech/Header&diff=prev&oldid=27449042 an example update]), but using locally defined onwiki classes would be best. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374499] '''Technical project updates''' * Next week, all Wikimedia wikis will be read-only for a few minutes. This will start on September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This maintenance process also targets other services.]] The previous switchover took 3 minutes, and the Site Reliability Engineering teams use many tools to make sure that this essential maintenance work happens as quickly as possible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] '''Tech in depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/August 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes details about: research about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Hooks|hook]] handlers to help simplify development, research about performance improvements, work to improve the REST API for end-users, and more. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Auditorium Kyiv - Day 4 - Hackathon Showcase.webm|Hackathon Showcase]] (45 mins) - 19 short presentations by some of the Hackathon participants, describing some of the projects they worked on, such as automated testing of maintenance scripts, a video-cutting command line tool, and interface improvements for various tools. There are [[phab:T369234|more details and links available]] in the Phabricator task. ** [[c:File:Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem.webm|Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem]] (40 mins) - a roundtable discussion for tool-maintainers, users, and supporters of Toolforge about how to make the platform sustainable and how to evaluate the tools available there. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:४८, १७ सेप्टेम्बर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27460876 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. Reading the wikis will not be interrupted, but editing will be paused. These twice-yearly processes allow WMF's site reliability engineering teams to remain prepared to keep the wikis functioning even in the event of a major interruption to one of our data centers. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Add alt text from a halfsheet, with the article behind.png|thumb|A screenshot of the interface for the Alt Text suggested-edit feature]] * Editors who use the iOS Wikipedia app in Spanish, Portuguese, French, or Chinese, may see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|Alt Text suggested-edit experiment]] after editing an article, or completing a suggested edit using "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project#Hypothesis 2 Add an Image Suggested Edit|Add an image]]". Alt-text helps people with visual impairments to read Wikipedia articles. The team aims to learn if adding alt-text to images is a task that editors can be successful with. Please share any feedback on [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|the discussion page]]. * The Codex color palette has been updated with new and revised colors for the MediaWiki user interfaces. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design System Team/Color/Design documentation#Updates|most noticeable changes]] for editors include updates for: dark mode colors for Links and for quiet Buttons (progressive and destructive), visited Link colors for both light and dark modes, and background colors for system-messages in both light and dark modes. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] It is now possible to include clickable wikilinks and external links inside code blocks. This includes links that are used within <code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code> tags and on code pages (JavaScript, CSS, Scribunto and Sanitized CSS). Uses of template syntax <code><nowiki>{{…}}</nowiki></code> are also linked to the template page. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368166] * Two bugs were fixed in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Account vanishing|GlobalVanishRequest]] system by improving the logging and by removing an incorrect placeholder message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370595][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T372223] * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] From [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]]: ** The API now enables 5,000 on-demand API requests per month and twice-monthly HTML snapshots freely (gratis and libre). More information on the updates and also improvements to the software development kits (SDK) are explained on [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api/ the project's blog post]. While Wikimedia Enterprise APIs are designed for high-volume commercial reusers, this change enables many more community use-cases to be built on the service too. ** The Snapshot API (html dumps) have added beta Structured Contents endpoints ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/ blog post on that]) as well as released two beta datasets (English and French Wikipedia) from that endpoint to Hugging Face for public use and feedback ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/hugging-face-dataset/ blog post on that]). These pre-parsed data sets enable new options for researchers, developers, and data scientists to use and study the content. '''In depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) is used to get answers to questions using the Wikidata data set. As Wikidata grows, we had to make a major architectural change so that WDQS could remain performant. As part of the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split project]], we have new SPARQL endpoints available for serving the "[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org scholarly]" and "[https://query-main.wikidata.org main]" subgraphs of Wikidata. The [http://query.wikidata.org query.wikidata.org endpoint] will continue to serve the full Wikidata graph until March 2025. After this date, it will only serve the main graph. For more information, please see [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|the announcement on Wikidata]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:२२, २४ सेप्टेम्बर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27493779 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Readers of [[phab:T375401|42 more wikis]] can now use Dark Mode. If the option is not yet available for logged-out users of your wiki, this is likely because many templates do not yet display well in Dark Mode. Please use the [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ night-mode-checker tool] if you are interested in helping to reduce the number of issues. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations page]] provides guidance on this. Dark Mode is enabled on additional wikis once per month. * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor as their default can access features from the 2017 wikitext editor by adding <code dir=ltr>?veaction=editsource</code> to the URL. If you would like to enable the 2017 wikitext editor as your default, it can be set in [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-newwikitext|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239796] * For logged-out readers using the Vector 2022 skin, the "donate" link has been moved from a collapsible menu next to the content area into a more prominent top menu, next to "Create an account". This restores the link to the level of prominence it had in the Vector 2010 skin. [[mw:Readers/2024 Reader and Donor Experiences#Donor Experiences (Key Result WE 3.2 and the related hypotheses)|Learn more]] about the changes related to donor experiences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373585] * The CampaignEvents extension provides tools for organizers to more easily manage events, communicate with participants, and promote their events on the wikis. The extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|enabled]] on Arabic Wikipedia, Igbo Wikipedia, Swahili Wikipedia, and Meta-Wiki. [[w:zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈/其他#引進CampaignEvents擴充功能|Chinese Wikipedia has decided]] to enable the extension, and discussions on the extension are in progress [[w:es:Wikipedia:Votaciones/2024/Sobre la política de Organizadores de Eventos|on Spanish Wikipedia]] and [[d:Wikidata:Project chat#Enabling the CampaignEvents Extention on Wikidata|on Wikidata]]. To learn how to enable the extension on your wiki, you can visit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|the CampaignEvents page on Meta-Wiki]]. * View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers with an account on Wikitech-wiki should [[wikitech:Wikitech/SUL-migration|check if any action is required]] for their accounts. The wiki is being changed to use the single-user-login (SUL) system, and other configuration changes. This change will help reduce the overall complexity for the weekly software updates across all our wikis. '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|server switch]] was completed successfully last week with a read-only time of [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Past Switches|only 2 minutes 46 seconds]]. This periodic process makes sure that engineers can switch data centers and keep all of the wikis available for readers, even if there are major technical issues. It also gives engineers a chance to do maintenance and upgrades on systems that normally run 24 hours a day, and often helps to reveal weaknesses in the infrastructure. The process involves dozens of software services and hundreds of hardware servers, and requires multiple teams working together. Work over the past few years has reduced the time from 17 minutes down to 2–3 minutes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/66ZW7B2MG63AESQVTXDIFQBDBS766JGW/] '''Meetings and events''' * October 4–6: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiIndaba conference 2024|WikiIndaba Conference's Hackathon]] in Johannesburg, South Africa * November 4–6: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] in Vienna, Austria '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:०६, १ अक्टोबर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27530062 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities can now request installation of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]] on their wiki. Automoderator is an automated anti-vandalism tool that reverts bad edits based on scores from the new "Revert Risk" machine learning model. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AutoModerator/Deploying|read details about the necessary steps]] for installation and configuration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336934] '''Updates for editors''' * Translators in wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|the mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now customize their articles suggestion list from 41 filtering options when using the tool. This topic-based article suggestion feature makes it easy for translators to self-discover relevant articles based on their area of interest and translate them. You can [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions try it with your mobile device]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368422] * View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * It is now possible for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code></bdi> code blocks to offer readers a "Copy" button if the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>copy=1</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight#copy|set on the tag]]. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40932] * Customized copyright footer messages on all wikis will be updated. The new versions will use wikitext markup instead of requiring editing raw HTML. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375789] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this month, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] will be rolled out on several pilot wikis. The final list of the wikis will be published in the second half of the month. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on [[phab:T376499|these 11 wikis]], and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Rate limiting has been enabled for the code review tools [[Wikitech:Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[Wikitech:GitLab|GitLab]] to address ongoing issues caused by malicious traffic and scraping. Clients that open too many concurrent connections will be restricted for a few minutes. This rate limiting is managed through [[Wikitech:nftables|nftables]] firewall rules. For more details, see Wikitech's pages on [[Wikitech:Firewall#Throttling with nftables|Firewall]], [[Wikitech:GitLab/Abuse and rate limiting|GitLab limits]] and [[Wikitech:Gerrit/Operations#Throttling IPs|Gerrit operations]]. * Five new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q49224|Komering]] ([[w:kge:|<code>w:kge:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374813] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36096|Mooré]] ([[m:mos:|<code>m:mos:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374641] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[wikt:mad:|<code>wikt:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374968] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q2501174|Gorontalo]] ([[q:gor:|<code>q:gor:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375088] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikinews}} in [[d:Q56482|Shan]] ([[n:shn:|<code>n:shn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375430] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:२८, ८ अक्टोबर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27557422 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is starting to be removed. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|A first set of wikis]] are being contacted. These wikis are invited to stop using Flow, and to move all Flow boards to sub-pages, as archives. At these wikis, a script will move all Flow pages that aren't a sub-page to a sub-page automatically, starting on 22 October 2024. On 28 October 2024, all Flow boards at these wikis will be set in read-only mode. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370722] * WMF's Search Platform team is working on making it easier for readers to perform text searches in their language. A [[phab:T332342|change last week]] on over 30 languages makes it easier to find words with accents and other diacritics. This applies to both full-text search and to types of advanced search such as the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''hastemplate''</bdi> and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''incategory''</bdi> keywords. More technical details (including a few other minor search upgrades) are available. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:TJones_%28WMF%29/Notes/Language_Analyzer_Harmonization_Notes#ASCII-folding/ICU-folding_%28T332342%29] * View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|EditCheck]] was installed at Russian Wikipedia, and fixes were made for some missing user interface styles. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editors who use the Toolforge tool [[toolforge:copyvios|Earwig's Copyright Violation Detector]] will now be required to log in with their Wikimedia account before running checks using the "search engine" option. This change is needed to help prevent external bots from misusing the system. Thanks to Chlod for these improvements. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers#Authentication_is_now_required_for_search_engine_checks_on_Earwig's_Copyvio_Tool] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] users can create tickets and add comments on existing tickets via Email again. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator/Help#Using email|Sending email to Phabricator]] has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356077] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Some HTML elements in the interface are now wrapped with a <code><nowiki><bdi></nowiki></code> element, to make our HTML output more aligned with Web standards. More changes like this will be coming in future weeks. This change might break some tools that rely on the previous HTML structure of the interface. Note that relying on the HTML structure of the interface is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Stable interface policy/Frontend#What is not stable?|not recommended]] and might break at any time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375975] '''In depth''' * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/September 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes: updates on Wikimedia's authentication system, research to simplify feature development in the MediaWiki platform, updates on Parser Unification and MathML rollout, and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/October|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition include: research about improving topic suggestions related to countries, improvements to PHPUnit tests, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०३:०७, १५ अक्टोबर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27597254 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Mobile Apps team has released an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh#Phase 1: Creating a user Profile Menu (T373714)|update]] to the iOS app's navigation, and it is now available in the latest App store version. The team added a new Profile menu that allows for easy access to editor features like Notifications and Watchlist from the Article view, and brings the "Donate" button into a more accessible place for users who are reading an article. This is the first phase of a larger planned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh|navigation refresh]] to help the iOS app transition from a primarily reader-focused app, to an app that fully supports reading and editing. The Wikimedia Foundation has added more editing features and support for on-wiki communication based on volunteer requests in recent years. [[File:IOS App Navigation refresh first phase 05.png|thumb|iOS Wikipedia App's profile menu and contents]] '''Updates for editors''' * Wikipedia readers can now download a browser extension to experiment with some early ideas on potential features that recommend articles for further reading, automatically summarize articles, and improve search functionality. For more details and to stay updated, check out the Web team's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments|Content Discovery Experiments page]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Web team's projects|subscribe to their newsletter]]. * Later this month, logged-out editors of [[phab:T376499|these 12 wikis]] will start to have [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] created. The list may slightly change - some wikis may be removed but none will be added. Temporary account is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User account types|type of user account]]. It enhances the logged-out editors' privacy and makes it easier for community members to communicate with them. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on these 12 wikis, and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. Read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|deployment plan across all wikis]]. * View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[w:nr:Main Page|South Ndebele]], [[w:rsk:Главни бок|Pannonian Rusyn]], [[w:ann:Uwu|Obolo]], [[w:iba:Lambar Keterubah|Iban]] and [[w:tdd:ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥖᥥᥰ|Tai Nüa]] Wikipedia languages were created last week. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36785][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35660][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36614][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33424][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36556] * It is now possible to create functions on Wikifunctions using Wikidata lexemes, through the new [[f:Z6005|Wikidata lexeme type]] launched last week. When you go to one of these functions, the user interface provides a lexeme selector that helps you pick a lexeme from Wikidata that matches the word you type. After hitting run, your selected lexeme is retrieved from Wikidata, transformed into a Wikidata lexeme type, and passed into the selected function. Read more about this in [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17#Function of the Week: select representation from lexeme|the latest Wikifunctions newsletter]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Users of the Wikimedia sites can now format dates more easily in different languages with the new <code dir="ltr">{{[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef|#timef]]:…}}</code> parser function. For example, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#timef:now|date|en}}</nowiki></code> will show as "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">{{#timef:now|date|en}}</bdi>". Previously, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#time:…}}</nowiki></code> could be used to format dates, but this required knowledge of the order of the time and date components and their intervening punctuation. <code dir="ltr">#timef</code> (or <code dir="ltr">#timefl</code> for local time) provides access to the standard date formats that MediaWiki uses in its user interface. This may help to simplify some templates on multi-lingual wikis like Commons and Meta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223772][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Commons and Meta users can now efficiently [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Localization|retrieve the user's language]] using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{USERLANGUAGE}}</nowiki></code> instead of using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{int:lang}}</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T4085] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Tech Advisory Council]] (PTAC) now has its pilot members with representation across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. They will work to address the [[Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Technology Council|Movement Strategy's Technology Council]] initiative of having a co-defined and more resilient technological platform. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Movement_Strategy/Initiatives/Technology_Council] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/32|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: an upcoming Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module, new Community Configuration options, and details on new projects. * The Wikimedia Foundation is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Security Team#CNA Partnership|now an official partner of the CVE program]], which is an international effort to catalog publicly disclosed cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This partnership will allow the Security Team to instantly publish [[w:en:Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures|common vulnerabilities and exposures]] (CVE) records that are affecting MediaWiki core, extensions, and skins, along with any other code the Foundation is a steward of. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] is now [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates#October 16, 2024: Conversations Made Easier: Machine-Translated Wishes Are Here!|testing machine translations]] for Wishlist content. Volunteers can now read machine-translated versions of wishes and dive into discussions even before translators arrive to translate content. '''Meetings and events''' * 24 October - Wiki Education Speaker Series Webinar - [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/N4XTB4G55BUY3M3PNGUAKQWJ7A4UOPAK/ Open Source Tech: Building the Wiki Education Dashboard], featuring Wikimedia interns and a Web developer in the panel. * 20–22 December 2024 - [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024|Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024]] in Odisha, India. A hackathon for community members, including developers, designers and content editors, to build technical solutions that improve contributors' experiences. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:३८, २२ अक्टोबर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27634672 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Later in November, the Charts extension will be deployed to the test wikis in order to help identify and fix any issue. A security review is underway to then enable deployment to pilot wikis for broader testing. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#October 2024: Working towards production deployment|the October project update]] and see the [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Charts latest documentation and examples on Beta Wikipedia]. * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[w:en:PediaPress|Pediapress.com]], an external service that creates books from Wikipedia, can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Maps|Wikimedia Maps]] to include existing pre-rendered infobox map images in their printed books on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375761] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikis can use [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|the Guided Tour extension]] to help newcomers understand how to edit. The Guided Tours extension now works with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Dark mode|dark mode]]. Guided Tour maintainers can check their tours to see that nothing looks odd. They can also set <code>emitTransitionOnStep</code> to <code>true</code> to fix an old bug. They can use the new flag <code>allowAutomaticBack</code> to avoid back-buttons they don't want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73927#10241528] * Administrators in the Wikimedia projects who use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Nuke|Nuke Extension]] will notice that mass deletions done with this tool have the "Nuke" tag. This change will make reviewing and analyzing deletions performed with the tool easier. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366068] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:४१, २९ अक्टोबर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27668811 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Stewards can now make [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks|global account blocks]] cause global [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblocks]]. This will assist stewards in preventing abuse from users who have been globally blocked. This includes preventing globally blocked temporary accounts from exiting their session or switching browsers to make subsequent edits for 24 hours. Previously, temporary accounts could exit their current session or switch browsers to continue editing. This is an anti-abuse tool improvement for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project. You can read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|progress on key features for temporary accounts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368949] * Wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]] can now use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event list#October 29, 2024: Collaboration List launched|Collaboration List]] feature. This list provides a new, easy way for contributors to learn about WikiProjects on their wikis. Thanks to the Campaign team for this work that is part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product %26 Technology OKRs#WE KRs|the 2024/25 annual plan]]. If you are interested in bringing the CampaignEvents extension to your wiki, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|follow these steps]] or you can reach out to User:Udehb-WMF for help. * The text color for red links will be slightly changed later this week to improve their contrast in light mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370446] * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, on multilingual wikis, users [[phab:T216368|can now]] hide translations from the WhatLinksHere special page. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * XML [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Data dumps|data dumps]] have been temporarily paused whilst a bug is investigated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/BXWJDPO5QI2QMBCY7HO36ELDCRO6HRM4/] '''In depth''' * Temporary Accounts have been deployed to six wikis; thanks to the Trust and Safety Product team for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|this work]], you can read about [[phab:T340001|the deployment plans]]. Beginning next week, Temporary Accounts will also be enabled on [[phab:T378336|seven other projects]]. If you are active on these wikis and need help migrating your tools, please reach out to [[m:User:Udehb-WMF|User:Udehb-WMF]] for assistance. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/October|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New languages supported in translatewiki or in MediaWiki; New keyboard input methods for some languages; details about recent and upcoming meetings, and more. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] is happening in Vienna, Austria and online from 4 to 6 November 2024. The conference will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:३५, ५ नोभेम्बर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27693917 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463] * View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In <code dir="ltr">[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]</code>, the logic of Wikibase function <code>getAllStatements</code> changed to behave like <code>getBestStatements</code>. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]]. '''In depth''' * Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488] '''Meetings and events''' * 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] & [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:५२, १२ नोभेम्बर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27732268 --> == This Month in Education: October 2024 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 8 • October 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/CBSUA Wiki Education turns 1 year|CBSUA Wiki Education turns 1 year]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/7th Senior WikiTown took place in Becov nad Teplou, Czech Republic|7th Senior WikiTown took place in Becov nad Teplou, Czech Republic]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Edit-a-thon about Modern Architecture in Kosovo|Edit-a-thon about Modern Architecture in Kosovo]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Edu_Wiki_in_South_Sudan:_Creating_a_better_future_in_education|Empowering Digital Literacy through Wikimedia in South Sudan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Many new articles and contributions in September and October for Wikimedia MKD|Many new articles and contributions in September and October for Wikimedia MKD]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/New Record: 5 Events in Municipal Library within a Month |New Record: 5 Events in Municipal Library within a Month]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Wiki-Education programs in Brazil are centered around the Wikidata and Wikisource platforms|Wiki-Education programs in Brazil are centered around the Wikidata and Wikisource platforms]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/WikiChallenge African Schools wins the “Open Pedagogy” Award 2024 from OE Global|WikiChallenge African Schools wins the “Open Pedagogy” Award 2024 from OE Global]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Wikipedia helps in improving cognitive skills|Wikipedia helps in improving cognitive skills]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Wikipedia in Graduate Studies: Expanding Research Impact|Wikipedia in Graduate Studies: Expanding Research Impact]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/WiLMa PH establishes a Wiki Club|WiLMa PH establishes a Wiki Club]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] २०:४२, १२ नोभेम्बर २०२४ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=27733413 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057] * View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380] '''In depth''' * There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis. '''Meetings and events''' * Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas. * Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''. * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०७:४६, १९ नोभेम्बर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27806858 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new version of the standard wikitext editor-mode [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will be available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] later this week. This brings many new features and bug fixes, including right-to-left support, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Template folding|template folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and an improved search panel. You can learn more on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. * The 2010 wikitext editor now supports common keyboard shortcuts such <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>B</code></bdi> for bold and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>I</code></bdi> for italics. A full [[mw:Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|list of all six shortcuts]] is available. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62928] * Starting November 28, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>bswiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>elwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>euwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiquote</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiversity</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikivoyage</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>idwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>lvwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>plwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>ptwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>urwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>viwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwikisource</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a user creating a new AbuseFilter can now only set the filter to "protected" [[phab:T377765|if it includes a protected variable]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]], which can be used in JavaScript, CSS, JSON, and Lua pages, [[phab:T377663|now offers]] live autocompletion. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. The feature can be temporarily disabled on a page by pressing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>,</code></bdi> and un-selecting "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Live Autocompletion</bdi>". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool-maintainers who use the Graphite system for tracking metrics, need to migrate to the newer Prometheus system. They can check [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/K6DEOo5Ik/grafana-graphite-datasource-utilization?orgId=1 this dashboard] and the list in the Description of the [[phab:T350592|task T350592]] to see if their tools are listed, and they should claim metrics and dashboards connected to their tools. They can then disable or migrate all existing metrics by following the instructions in the task. The Graphite service will become read-only in April. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KLUV4IOLRYXPQFWD6WKKJUHMWE77BMSZ/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/NewPP parser report|New PreProcessor parser performance report]] has been fixed to give an accurate count for the number of Wikibase entities accessed. It had previously been resetting after 400 entities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279069] '''Meetings and events''' * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place November 29 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000 16:00 UTC]. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Mooré Wikipedia, the language support track at [[m:Wiki Indaba|Wiki Indaba]], and a report from the Wayuunaiki community on their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community over the last 3 years. This meeting will be in English and will also have Spanish interpretation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:२७, २६ नोभेम्बर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27847039 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Two new parser functions were added this week. The <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interwikilink|#interwikilink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interwiki links|interwiki link]] and the <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interlanguagelink|#interlanguagelink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interlanguage links|interlanguage link]]. These parser functions are useful on wikis where namespaces conflict with interwiki prefixes. For example, links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> on English Wikipedia [[phab:T363538|conflict with the <code>mos</code> language code prefix of Mooré Wikipedia]]. * Starting this week, Wikimedia wikis no longer support connections using old RSA-based HTTPS certificates, specifically rsa-2048. This change is to improve security for all users. Some older, unsupported browser or smartphone devices will be unable to connect; Instead, they will display a connectivity error. See the [[wikitech:HTTPS/Browser_Recommendations|HTTPS Browser Recommendations page]] for more-detailed information. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CTYEHVNSXUD3NFAAMG3BLZVTVQWJXJAH/] * Starting December 16, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>arwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>cawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>mediawikiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>orwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiktionary</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wikidatawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwiki</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380910] * This month the Chart extension was deployed to production and is now available on Commons and Testwiki. With the security review complete, pilot wiki deployment is expected to start in the first week of December. You can see a working version [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug with the "Download as PDF" system was fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376438] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * In late February, temporary accounts will be rolled out on at least 10 large wikis. This deployment will have a significant effect on the community-maintained code. This is about Toolforge tools, bots, gadgets, and user scripts that use IP address data or that are available for logged-out users. The Trust and Safety Product team wants to identify this code, monitor it, and assist in updating it ahead of the deployment to minimize disruption to workflows. The team asks technical editors and volunteer developers to help identify such tools by adding them to [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/Impacted tools|this list]]. In addition, review the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|updated documentation]] to learn how to adjust the tools. Join the discussions on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|project talk page]] or in the [[discord:channels/221049808784326656/1227616742340034722|dedicated thread]] on the [[w:Wikipedia:Discord|Wikimedia Community Discord server (in English)]] for support and to share feedback. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:०८, ३ डिसेम्बर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27873992 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Technical documentation contributors can find updated resources, and new ways to connect with each other and the Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team, at the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Documentation|Documentation hub]] on MediaWiki.org. This page links to: resources for writing and improving documentation, a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">#wikimedia-techdocs</bdi> IRC channel on libera.chat, a listing of past and upcoming documentation events, and ways to request a documentation consultation or review. If you have any feedback or ideas for improvements to the documentation ecosystem, please [[mw:Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team#Contact us|contact the Technical Documentation Team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Edit Check on Desktop.png|thumb|Layout change for the Edit Check feature]] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] will be relocated to a sidebar on desktop. Edit check is the feature for new editors to help them follow policies and guidelines. This layout change creates space to present people with [[mw:Edit check#1 November 2024|new Checks]] that appear ''while'' they are typing. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#Reference Check A/B Test|initial results]] show newcomers encountering Edit Check are 2.2 times more likely to publish a new content edit that includes a reference and is not reverted. * The Chart extension, which enables editors to create data visualizations, was successfully made available on MediaWiki.org and three pilot wikis (Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedias). You can see a working examples [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * Translators in wikis where the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now discover articles in Wikiproject campaigns of their interest from the "[https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=specialcx&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=collections&active-list=suggestions&from=es&to=en All collection]" category in the articles suggestion feature. Wikiproject Campaign organizers can use this feature, to help translators to discover articles of interest, by adding the <code dir=ltr><nowiki><page-collection> </page-collection></nowiki></code> tag to their campaign article list page on Meta-wiki. This will make those articles discoverable in the Content Translation tool. For more detailed information on how to use the tool and tag, please refer to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists/How to use the features|the step-by-step guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378958] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, now has a [[phab:T376379#10310998|multiselect filter for namespace selection]]. This enables users to select multiple specific namespaces, instead of only one or all, when fetching pages for deletion. * The Nuke feature also now [[phab:T364225#10371365|provides links]] to the userpage of the user whose pages were deleted, and to the pages which were not selected for deletion, after page deletions are queued. This enables easier follow-up admin-actions. Thanks to Chlod and the Moderator Tools team for both of these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364225#10371365] * The Editing Team is working on making it easier to populate citations from archive.org using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|Citoid]] tool, the auto-filled citation generator. They are asking communities to add two parameters preemptively, <code dir=ltr>archiveUrl</code> and <code dir=ltr>archiveDate</code>, within the TemplateData for each citation template using Citoid. You can see an [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACite_web%2Fdoc&diff=1261320172&oldid=1260788022 example of a change in a template], and a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?namespaces=10&q=%5C%22citoid%5C%22%3A%20%5C%7B&regex=1&title= list of all relevant templates]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374831] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9240|Indonesian]] ([[voy:id:|<code>voy:id:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380726] * Last week, all wikis had problems serving pages to logged-in users and some logged-out users for 30–45 minutes. This was caused by a database problem, and investigation is ongoing. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/3g2ckc7bp6l9] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add Link]] feature has been fixed. Previously, the list of sections which are excluded from Add Link was partially ignored in certain cases. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380455][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380329] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, now has an early-stage [[git:design/codex-php|implementation in PHP]]. It is available for general use in MediaWiki extensions and Toolforge apps through [https://packagist.org/packages/wikimedia/codex Composer], with use in MediaWiki core coming soon. More information is available in [[wmdoc:design-codex-php/main/index.html|the documentation]]. Thanks to Doğu for the inspiration and many contributions to the library. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379662] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. On December 4, the MediaWiki Interfaces team began rerouting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content endpoints on [[testwiki:|testwiki]] from RESTbase to comparable MediaWiki REST API endpoints. The team encourages active users of these endpoints to verify their tool's behavior on testwiki and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]] before the end of the year, as they intend to roll out the same change across all Wikimedia projects in early January. These changes are part of the work to replace the outdated [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|RESTBase]] system. * The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/986172 2024 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 3 January 2025, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:Developer Satisfaction Survey 2024 Privacy Statement|privacy statement]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation discussions with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12 December 2024 08:00 UTC|December 12 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12_December 2024 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is new media and new contributors. Contributors from all wikis are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:०१, १० डिसेम्बर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27919424 --> == This Month in Education: November 2024 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 9 • November 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Auckland Museum Wikipedia Student Programme|Auckland Museum Wikipedia Student Programme]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Citizenship and free knowledge on Wikipedia in Albanian language|Citizenship and free knowledge on Wikipedia in Albanian language]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Engaging students with Wikipedia and Wikidata at Hasanuddin University’s Wikimedia Week|Engaging students with Wikipedia and Wikidata at Hasanuddin University’s Wikimedia Week]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Minigrant initiative by empowering the Rrëshen community in Albania|Minigrant initiative by empowering the Rrëshen community in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikidata birthday in Albania, 2024|Wikidata birthday in Albania, 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikidata birthday in School |Wikidata birthday in School]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikimedia Education Workshop at Lumbini Technological University|Wikimedia Education Workshop at Lumbini Technological University]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikimedia MKD's new collaborations and new content|Wikimedia MKD's new collaborations and new content]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Improving Historical Knowledge on Persian Wikipedia through a continuous Wikimedia Education Program: Shahid Beheshti University Wikipedia Education Program|Improving Historical Knowledge on Persian Wikipedia through a continuous Wikimedia Education Program: Shahid Beheshti University Wikipedia Education Program]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] २०:५८, १० डिसेम्बर २०२४ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=27879342 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Interested in improving event management on your home wiki? The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] offers organizers features like event registration management, event/wikiproject promotion, finding potential participants, and more - all directly on-wiki. If you are an organizer or think your community would benefit from this extension, start a discussion to enable it on your wiki today. To learn more about how to enable this extension on your wiki, visit the [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|deployment status page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in Italy and Mexico on the Italian, Spanish, and English Wikipedias, can see a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review|personalized Year in Review]] with insights based on their reading and editing history. * Users of the Android Wikipedia App in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia can see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Rabbit Holes|Rabbit Holes]] feature. This feature shows a suggested search term in the Search bar based on the current article being viewed, and a suggested reading list generated from the user’s last two visited articles. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|global reminder bot]] is now active and running on nearly 800 wikis. This service reminds most users holding temporary rights when they are about to expire, so that they can renew should they want to. See [[m:Global reminder bot/Technical details|the technical details page]] for more information. * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 13 January 2025 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was [[phab:T374988|fixed]] in the Android Wikipedia App which had caused translatable SVG images to show the wrong language when they were tapped. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There is no new MediaWiki version next week. The next deployments will start on 14 January. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar/2025] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:१०, १७ डिसेम्बर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27942374 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Single User Login system is being updated over the next few months. This is the system which allows users to fill out the login form on one Wikimedia site and get logged in on all others at the same time. It needs to be updated because of the ways that browsers are increasingly restricting cross-domain cookies. To accommodate these restrictions, login and account creation pages will move to a central domain, but it will still appear to the user as if they are on the originating wiki. The updated code will be enabled this week for users on test wikis. This change is planned to roll out to all users during February and March. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and a timeline. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments|PageAssessments]] installed, you can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments#Search|filter search results]] to pages in a given WikiProject by using the <code dir=ltr>inproject:</code> keyword. (These wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-huwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378868] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34129|Tigre]] ([[w:tig:|<code>w:tig:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381377] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with updating a user's edit-count after making a rollback edit, which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382592] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia REST API users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. Starting the week of January 13, we will begin rerouting [[phab:T374683|some page content endpoints]] from RESTbase to the newer MediaWiki REST API endpoints for all wiki projects. This change was previously available on testwiki and should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints may raise issues directly to the [[phab:project/view/6931/|MediaWiki Interfaces Team]] in Phabricator if they arise. * Toolforge tool maintainers can now share their feedback on Toolforge UI, an initiative to provide a web platform that allows creating and managing Toolforge tools through a graphic interface, in addition to existing command-line workflows. This project aims to streamline active maintainers’ tasks, as well as make registration and deployment processes more accessible for new tool creators. The initiative is still at a very early stage, and the Cloud Services team is in the process of collecting feedback from the Toolforge community to help shape the solution to their needs. [[wikitech:Wikimedia Cloud Services team/EnhancementProposals/Toolforge UI|Read more and share your thoughts about Toolforge UI]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] For tool and library developers who use the OAuth system: The identity endpoint used for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user|OAuth 1]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user 2|OAuth 2]] returned a JSON object with an integer in its <code>sub</code> field, which was incorrect (the field must always be a string). This has been fixed; the fix will be deployed to Wikimedia wikis on the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382139] * Many wikis currently use [[:mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|Cite CSS]] to render custom footnote markers in Parsoid output. Starting January 20 these rules will be disabled, but the developers ask you to ''not'' clean up your <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi> until February 20 to avoid issues during the migration. Your wikis might experience some small changes to footnote markers in Visual Editor and when using experimental Parsoid read mode, but if there are changes these are expected to bring the rendering in line with the legacy parser output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370027] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation Community Conversations with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 08:00 UTC|January 15 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is defining the priorities in tool investment for Commons. Contributors from all wikis, especially users who are maintaining tools for Commons, are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०७:२७, १४ जनवरी २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28048614 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators can mass-delete multiple pages created by a user or IP address using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Extension:Nuke]]. It previously only allowed deletion of pages created in the last 30 days. It can now delete pages from the last 90 days, provided it is targeting a specific user or IP address. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380846] * On [[phab:P72148|wikis that use]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Patrolled edits|Patrolled edits]] feature, when the rollback feature is used to revert an unpatrolled page revision, that revision will now be marked as "manually patrolled" instead of "autopatrolled", which is more accurate. Some editors that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|filters]] on Recent Changes may need to update their filter settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302140] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Visual Editor's "Insert link" feature did not always suggest existing pages properly when an editor started typing, which has now been [[phab:T383497|fixed]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is being progressively removed from the wikis. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|The last group of wikis]] ({{int:project-localized-name-cawikiquote/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwikimedia/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwikibooks/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewikimedia/en}}) will soon be contacted. If you have questions about this process, please ping [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] at your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380912] * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical_Community_Newsletter/2025/January|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: updates about services from the Data Platform Engineering teams, information about Codex from the Design System team, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०७:२२, २१ जनवरी २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28129769 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Patrollers and admins - what information or context about edits or users could help you to make patroller or admin decisions more quickly or easily? The Wikimedia Foundation wants to hear from you to help guide its upcoming annual plan. Please consider sharing your thoughts on this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|13 other questions]] to shape the technical direction for next year. '''Updates for editors''' * iOS Wikipedia App users worldwide can now access a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review/How your data is used|personalized Year in Review]] feature, which provides insights based on their reading and editing history on Wikipedia. This project is part of a broader effort to help welcome new readers as they discover and interact with encyclopedic content. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Edit patrollers now have a new feature available that can highlight potentially problematic new pages. When a page is created with the same title as a page which was previously deleted, a tag ('Recreated') will now be added, which users can filter for in [[{{#special:RecentChanges}}]] and [[{{#special:NewPages}}]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56145] * Later this week, there will be a new warning for editors if they attempt to create a redirect that links to another redirect (a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects#Double redirects|double redirect]]). The feature will recommend that they link directly to the second redirect's target page. Thanks to the user SomeRandomDeveloper for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326056] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis allow [[w:en:WebAuthn|WebAuthn]]-based second factor checks (such as hardware tokens) during login, but the feature is [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Fix security key (WebAuthn) support|fragile]] and has very few users. The MediaWiki Platform team is temporarily disabling adding new WebAuthn keys, to avoid interfering with the rollout of [[mw:MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3]] (single user login version 3). Existing keys are unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378402] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * For developers that use the [[wikitech:Data Platform/Data Lake/Edits/MediaWiki history dumps|MediaWiki History dumps]]: The Data Platform Engineering team has added a couple of new fields to these dumps, to support the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] initiative. If you maintain software that reads those dumps, please review your code and the updated documentation, since the order of the fields in the row will change. There will also be one field rename: in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki_user_history</code></bdi> dump, the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>anonymous</code></bdi> field will be renamed to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>is_anonymous</code></bdi>. The changes will take effect with the next release of the dumps in February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LKMFDS62TXGDN6L56F4ABXYLN7CSCQDI/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:००, २८ जनवरी २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28149374 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors who use the "Special characters" editing-toolbar menu can now see the 32 special characters you have used most recently, across editing sessions on that wiki. This change should help make it easier to find the characters you use most often. The feature is in both the 2010 wikitext editor and VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110722] * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor can now create sublists with correct indentation by selecting the line(s) you want to indent and then clicking the toolbar buttons.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380438] You can now also insert <code><nowiki><code></nowiki></code> tags using a new toolbar button.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383010] Thanks to user stjn for these improvements. * Help is needed to ensure the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]] works properly on each wiki. ** (1) Administrators should update the local versions of the page <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json</code> to include entries for <code dir=ltr>preprint</code>, <code dir=ltr>standard</code>, and <code dir=ltr>dataset</code>; Here are example diffs to replicate [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1189164774&oldid=1165783565 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1270832208&oldid=1270828390 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. ** (2.1) If the citoid map in the citation template used for these types of references is missing, [[mediawikiwiki:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki#Step 2.a: Create a 'citoid' maps value for each citation template|one will need to be added]]. (2.2) If the citoid map does exist, the TemplateData will need to be updated to include new field names. Here are example updates [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270829051&oldid=1262470053 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270831369&oldid=1270829480 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. The new fields that may need to be supported are <code dir=ltr>archiveID</code>, <code dir=ltr>identifier</code>, <code dir=ltr>repository</code>, <code dir=ltr>organization</code>, <code dir=ltr>repositoryLocation</code>, <code dir=ltr>committee</code>, and <code dir=ltr>versionNumber</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383666] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q15637215|Central Kanuri]] ([[w:knc:|<code>w:knc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385181] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Wikisource/Wikimedia OCR|OCR (optical character recognition) tool]] used for Wikisource now supports a new language, Church Slavonic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384782] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:५४, ४ फेब्रुअरी २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28203495 --> == [[User:मर्मिक|मर्मिक]]बाट प्रश्न (११:३३, ४ फेब्रुअरी २०२५) == साच्चिकै लेख्न शैलीमा कस्तो प्रकारको शब्द चयन र प्रकाशन गर्दा कस्तो तरीकाबाट गर्न सकिन्छ हो मलाई Wikipediaको बारेमा ज्ञान् त छोइन अब सिक्न खोजिरहेको छु --[[User:मर्मिक|मर्मिक]] ([[User talk:मर्मिक|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) ११:३३, ४ फेब्रुअरी २०२५ (नेपाली समय) == This Month in Education: January 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 1 • January 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Advancing Education Pillar in Kosovo: 2024 Journey|Advancing Education Pillar in Kosovo: 2024 Journey]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Auckland Museum Wikipedia Students Making Progress|Auckland Museum Wikipedia Students Making Progress]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Celebrating 10 Years of Wiki Education|Celebrating 10 Years of Wiki Education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Empowering Multilingual Students: Expanding Wikipedia Through Collaboration of foreign languages faculty's students of the University of Tehran|Empowering Multilingual Students: Expanding Wikipedia Through Collaboration of foreign languages faculty's students of the University of Tehran]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Ensuring accurate and authentic information with 1Lib1Ref Campaign in Anambra|Ensuring accurate and authentic information with 1Lib1Ref Campaign in Anambra]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Experiences of Wikipedia in the classroom with a gender perspective in Monterrey |Experiences of Wikipedia in the classroom with a gender perspective in Monterrey]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Fine Arts University Students exploring Wikipedia in Tirana, Albania|Fine Arts University Students exploring Wikipedia in Tirana, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Lviv hosted Ukraine’s first student photo walk for Wikipedia|Lviv hosted Ukraine’s first student photo walk for Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Many new trained volunteers and new articles at the end of the year in Macedonia|Many new trained volunteers and new articles at the end of the year in Macedonia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Wikimedia and Scientific Events in Brazil|Wikimedia and Scientific Events in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Wiki Workshop- Call for Contributions|Wiki Workshop- Call for Contributions]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] २१:४१, ५ फेब्रुअरी २०२५ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28111205 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Product and Technology Advisory Council (PTAC) has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|a draft of their recommendations]] for the Wikimedia Foundation's Product and Technology department. They have recommended focusing on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback/Mobile experiences|mobile experiences]], particularly contributions. They request community [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|feedback at the talk page]] by 21 February. '''Updates for editors''' * The "Special pages" portlet link will be moved from the "Toolbox" into the "Navigation" section of the main menu's sidebar by default. This change is because the Toolbox is intended for tools relating to the current page, not tools relating to the site, so the link will be more logically and consistently located. To modify this behavior and update CSS styling, administrators can follow the instructions at [[phab:T385346|T385346]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333211] * As part of this year's work around improving the ways readers discover content on the wikis, the Web team will be running an experiment with a small number of readers that displays some suggestions for related or interesting articles within the search bar. Please check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments#Experiment 1: Display article recommendations in more prominent locations, search|the project page]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template editors who use TemplateStyles can now customize output for users with specific accessibility needs by using accessibility related media queries (<code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-motion prefers-reduced-motion]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-transparency prefers-reduced-transparency]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-contrast prefers-contrast]</code>, and <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/forced-colors forced-colors]</code>). Thanks to user Bawolff for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384175] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the global blocks log will now be shown directly on the {{#special:CentralAuth}} page, similarly to global locks, to simplify the workflows for stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377024] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikidata [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Default values for labels and aliases|now supports a special language as a "default for all languages"]] for labels and aliases. This is to avoid excessive duplication of the same information across many languages. If your Wikidata queries use labels, you may need to update them as some existing labels are getting removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312511] * The function <code dir="ltr">getDescription</code> was invoked on every Wiki page read and accounts for ~2.5% of a page's total load time. The calculated value will now be cached, reducing load on Wikimedia servers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383660] * As part of the RESTBase deprecation [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|effort]], the <code dir="ltr">/page/related</code> endpoint has been blocked as of February 6, 2025, and will be removed soon. This timeline was chosen to align with the deprecation schedules for older Android and iOS versions. The stable alternative is the "<code dir="ltr">morelike</code>" action API in MediaWiki, and [[gerrit:c/mediawiki/services/mobileapps/+/982154/13/pagelib/src/transform/FooterReadMore.js|a migration example]] is available. The MediaWiki Interfaces team [[phab:T376297|can be contacted]] for any questions. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GFC2IJO7L4BWO3YTM7C5HF4MCCBE2RJ2/] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: Updates about the "Contribute" menu; details on some of the newest language editions of Wikipedia; details on new languages supported by the MediaWiki interface; updates on the Community-defined lists feature; and more. * The latest [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#January 2025: Better visibility into charts and tabular data usage|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on the progress towards bringing better visibility into global charts usage and support for categorizing pages in the Data namespace on Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:५७, ११ फेब्रुअरी २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28231022 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities using growth tools can now showcase one event on the <code>{{#special:Homepage}}</code> for newcomers. This feature will help newcomers to be informed about editing activities they can participate in. Administrators can create a new event to showcase at <code>{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}</code>. To learn more about this feature, please read [[diffblog:2025/02/12/community-updates-module-connecting-newcomers-to-your-initiatives/|the Diff post]], have a look [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|at the documentation]], or contact [[mw:Talk:Growth|the Growth team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|thumb|Highlighted talk pages improvements]] * Starting next week, talk pages at these wikis – {{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}} – will get [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|a new design]]. This change was extensively tested as a Beta feature and is the last step of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|talk pages improvements]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379102] * You can now navigate to view a redirect page directly from its action pages, such as the history page. Previously, you were forced to first go to the redirect target. This change should help editors who work with redirects a lot. Thanks to user stjn for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5324] * When a Cite reference is reused many times, wikis currently show either numbers like "1.23" or localized alphabetic markers like "a b c" in the reference list. Previously, if there were so many reuses that the alphabetic markers were all used, [[MediaWiki:Cite error references no backlink label|an error message]] was displayed. As part of the work to [[phab:T383036|modernize Cite customization]], these errors will no longer be shown and instead the backlinks will fall back to showing numeric markers like "1.23" once the alphabetic markers are all used. * The log entries for each change to an editor's user-groups are now clearer by specifying exactly what has changed, instead of the plain before and after listings. Translators can [[phab:T369466|help to update the localized versions]]. Thanks to user Msz2001 for these improvements. * A new filter has been added to the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool, which allows administrators to mass delete pages, to enable users to filter for pages in a range of page sizes (in bytes). This allows, for example, deleting pages only of a certain size or below. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378488] * Non-administrators can now check which pages are able to be deleted using the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool. Thanks to user MolecularPilot for this and the previous improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376378] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed in the configuration for the AV1 video file format, which enables these files to play again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382193] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to most Wiktionaries over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyage to Parsoid Read Views last year. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385923][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371640] * Developers of tools that run on-wiki should note that <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> is deprecated. Tools requiring <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> must explicitly declare <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.Uri</code> as a ResourceLoader dependency, and should migrate to the browser native <code dir=ltr>URL</code> API soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384515] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०३:०२, १८ फेब्रुअरी २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28275610 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators can now customize how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User language|Babel feature]] creates categories using [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Babel}}]]. They can rename language categories, choose whether they should be auto-created, and adjust other settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374348] * The <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimedia.org/ wikimedia.org]</bdi> portal has been updated – and is receiving some ongoing improvements – to modernize and improve the accessibility of our portal pages. It now has better support for mobile layouts, updated wording and links, and better language support. Additionally, all of the Wikimedia project portals, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://wikibooks.org wikibooks.org]</bdi>, now support dark mode when a reader is using that system setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373204][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368221][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Project_portals] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33965|Santali]] ([[wikt:sat:|<code>wikt:sat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386619] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that prevented clicking on search results in the web-interface for some Firefox for Android phone configurations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381289] '''Meetings and events''' * The next Language Community Meeting is happening soon, February 28th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1740751200 14:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: highlights and technical updates on keyboard and tools for the Sámi languages, Translatewiki.net contributions from the Bahasa Lampung community in Indonesia, and technical Q&A. If you'd like to join, simply [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#28 February 2025|sign up on the wiki page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०६:२६, २५ फेब्रुअरी २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28296129 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * All logged-in editors using the mobile view can now edit a full page. The "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" link is accessible from the "{{int:minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu in the toolbar. This was previously only available to editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|Advanced mobile contributions]] setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387180] * Interface administrators can now help to remove the deprecated Cite CSS code matching "<code dir="ltr">mw-ref</code>" from their local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi>. The list of wikis in need of cleanup, and the code to remove, [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-ref%5B%5E-a-z%5D&regex=1&namespaces=8&title=.*css can be found with this global search] and in [https://ace.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&oldid=145662#L-139--L-144 this example], and you can learn more about how to help on the [[mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|CSS migration project page]]. The Cite footnote markers ("<code dir="ltr">[1]</code>") are now rendered by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]], and the deprecated CSS is no longer needed. The CSS for backlinks ("<code dir="ltr">mw:referencedBy</code>") should remain in place for now. This cleanup is expected to cause no visible changes for readers. Please help to remove this code before March 20, after which the development team will do it for you. * When editors embed a file (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[File:MediaWiki.png]]</nowiki></code>) on a page that is protected with cascading protection, the software will no longer restrict edits to the file description page, only to new file uploads.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24521] In contrast, transcluding a file description page (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{:File:MediaWiki.png}}</nowiki></code>) will now restrict edits to the page.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62109] * When editors revert a file to an earlier version it will now require the same permissions as ordinarily uploading a new version of the file. The software now checks for 'reupload' or 'reupload-own' rights,[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304474] and respects cascading protection.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140010] * When administrators are listing pages for deletion with the Nuke tool, they can now also list associated talk pages and redirects for deletion, alongside pages created by the target, rather than needing to manually delete these pages afterwards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T95797] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|previously noted]] update to Single User Login, which will accommodate browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies by moving login and account creation to a central domain, will now roll out to all users during March and April. The team plans to enable it for all new account creation on [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Tuesday|Group0]] wikis this week. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and an updated timeline. * Since last week there has been a bug that shows some interface icons as black squares until the page has fully loaded. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387351] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q2044560|Sylheti]] ([[w:syl:|<code>w:syl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386441] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed with loading images in very old versions of the Firefox browser on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386400] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०८:१६, ४ मार्च २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28334563 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors who use password managers at multiple wikis may notice changes in the future. The way that our wikis provide information to password managers about reusing passwords across domains has recently been updated, so some password managers might now offer you login credentials that you saved for a different Wikimedia site. Some password managers already did this, and are now doing it for more Wikimedia domains. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3 project]] which aims to improve how our unified login works, and to keep it compatible with ongoing changes to the web-browsers we use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385520][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384844] * The Wikipedia Apps Team is inviting interested users to help improve Wikipedia’s offline and limited internet use. After discussions in [[m:Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]] and the last [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Hub/Meetings|ESEAP call]], key challenges like search, editing, and offline access are being explored, with upcoming focus groups to dive deeper into these topics. All languages are welcome, and interpretation will be available. Want to share your thoughts? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Improving Wikipedia Mobile Apps for Offline & Limited Internet Use|Join the discussion]] or email <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">aramadan@wikimedia.org</bdi>! * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 19. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/33|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the launch of the Community Updates module, the most recent changes in Community Configuration, and the upcoming test of in-article suggestions for first-time editors. * An old API that was previously used in the Android Wikipedia app is being removed at the end of March. There are no current software uses, but users of the app with a version that is older than 6 months by the time of removal (2025-03-31), will no longer have access to the Suggested Edits feature, until they update their app. You can [[diffblog:2025/02/24/sunset-of-wikimedia-recommendation-api/|read more details about this change]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:५५, ११ मार्च २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28372257 --> == This Month in Education: February 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 2 • February 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Activities series at the Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania|Activities series at the Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wikimedia Brazil has formed a partnership with a public policy research institute|Wikimedia Brazil has formed a partnership with a public policy research institute]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Preserving Heritage: Tuluvas Aati Month Educational Wikimedia Programs|Preserving Heritage: Tuluvas Aati Month Educational Wikimedia Programs]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Reflecting on our Past: Farewell to the Auckland Museum Summer Students|Reflecting on our Past: Farewell to the Auckland Museum Summer Students]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Successful Conclusion of the Second Phase of "Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom" in Yemen|Successful Conclusion of the Second Phase of "Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom" in Yemen]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wiki Workshop in Mitrovica |Wiki Workshop in Mitrovica]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wikimedia MKD' Education: Lots of new trained users, lots of new articles|Wikimedia MKD' Education: Lots of new trained users, lots of new articles]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wikimedia Serbia receives accreditation from the National Library of Serbia for the Wiki Senior seminar|Wikimedia Serbia receives accreditation from the National Library of Serbia for the Wiki Senior seminar]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १४:४९, १२ मार्च २०२५ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28314249 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Twice a year, around the equinoxes, the Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team performs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|a datacenter server switchover]], redirecting all traffic from one primary server to its backup. This provides reliability in case of a crisis, as we can always fall back on the other datacenter. [http://listen.hatnote.com/ Thanks to the Listen to Wikipedia] tool, you can hear the switchover take place: Before it begins, you'll hear the steady stream of edits; Then, as the system enters a brief read-only phase, the sound stops for a couple of minutes, before resuming after the switchover. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. If you want to keep an ear out for the next server switchover, listen to the wikis on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 March 19 at 14:00 UTC]. '''Updates for editors''' * The [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es improved Content Translation tool dashboard] is now available in [[phab:T387820|10 Wikipedias]] and will be available for all Wikipedias [[phab:T387821|soon]]. With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|the unified dashboard]], desktop users can now: Translate new sections of an article; Discover and access topic-based [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=ig&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits article suggestion filters] (initially available only for mobile device users); Discover and access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists|Community-defined lists]] filter, also known as "Collections", from wiki-projects and campaigns. * On Wikimedia Commons, a [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements#Improve category selection|new system to select the appropriate file categories]] has been introduced: if a category has one or more subcategories, users will be able to click on an arrow that will open the subcategories directly within the form, and choose the correct one. The parent category name will always be shown on top, and it will always be possible to come back to it. This should decrease the amount of work for volunteers in fixing/creating new categories. The change is also available on mobile. These changes are part of planned improvements to the UploadWizard. * The Community Tech team is seeking wikis to join a pilot for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] feature and a refreshed Special:Block page in late March. Multiblocks enables administrators to impose multiple different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. If you are an admin or steward and would like us to discuss joining the pilot with your community, please leave a message on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|project talk page]]. * Starting March 25, the Editing team will test a new feature for Edit Check at [[phab:T384372|12 Wikipedias]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi-check|Multi-Check]]. Half of the newcomers on these wikis will see all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Checks]] during their edit session, while the other half will continue seeing only one. The goal of this test is to see if users are confused or discouraged when shown multiple Reference Checks (when relevant) within a single editing session. At these wikis, the tags used on edits that show References Check will be simplified, as multiple tags could be shown within a single edit. Changes to the tags are documented [[phab:T373949|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379131] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], which is a service for notifying users that their temporary user-rights are about to expire, now supports using the localized name of the user-rights group in the message heading. Translators can see the [[m:Global reminder bot/Translation|listing of existing translations and documentation]] to check if their language needs updating or creation. * The [[Special:GlobalPreferences|GlobalPreferences]] gender setting, which is used for how the software should refer to you in interface messages, now works as expected by overriding the local defaults. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386584] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:26}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:26|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Wikipedia App for Android had a bug fixed for when a user is browsing and searching in multiple languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379777] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, the way that Codex styles are loaded will be changing. There is a small risk that this may result in unstyled interface message boxes on certain pages. User generated content (e.g. templates) is not impacted. Gadgets may be impacted. If you see any issues [[phab:T388847|please report them]]. See the linked task for details, screenshots, and documentation on how to fix any affected gadgets. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:३३, १८ मार्च २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28412594 --> == [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Janak SK]]मा [[User:Janak SK|Janak SK]]को प्रश्न (१६:२३, २० मार्च २०२५) == रिमाल थर रिमाल थर नेपालमा पाइने एउटा थर हो, जसलाई गैरदलित र दलित समुदाय दुबैमा वर्गीकृत गर्न सकिन्छ। ऐतिहासिक रूपमा, यो थर विभिन्न भौगोलिक स्थानहरूमा फैलिएको पाइन्छ। इतिहास र उत्पत्ति रिमाल थरका व्यक्तिहरू मुख्य रूपमा बैतडी जिल्लाको दुगेडाकेदार गाउँपालिका अन्तर्गत पर्ने रिम भन्ने ठाउँबाट बसाई सरी आएका मानिन्छन्। करिब पाँच-छ सय वर्ष पहिले, त्यहाँका केही व्यक्तिहरू दार्चुलाको लेकम गाउँपालिका तथा अन्य विभिन्न स्थानमा बसाइँ सरेका थिए। त्यस समयमा स्थानीय भूगोलको आधारमा थर कायम गर्ने परम्पराअनुसार रिम क्षेत्रबाट आएका व्यक्तिहरूले आफ्नो थरलाई रिमाल भनेर संशोधित गरेका थिए। धार्मिक तथा सांस्कृतिक पक्ष रिमाल थर भएका व्यक्तिहरू प्रमुख रूपमा हिन्दू धर्म मान्ने गर्छन्। उनीहरूले दशैँ, तिहार, जनै पूर्णिमा, र तीज जस्ता पर्वहरू विशेष रूपमा मनाउँछन्। परम्परागत रूपमा, तिनका संस्कार र चाडपर्वहरू क्षेत्रीय भिन्नताका आधारमा केही फरक देखिन्छ। रिमाल थरको विविधता रिमाल थर कुनै एकल समुदाय वा जातिमा मात्र सीमित छैन। नेपालमा पाइने सामाजिक तथा जातीय संरचनाका आधारमा यो थर विभिन्न समुदायमा रहेका व्यक्तिहरूले राखेको पाइन्छ। भूगोल, इतिहास, तथा पारिवारिक परम्पराका आधारमा यसको सामाजिक स्थान फरक हुन सक्छ। सम्बन्धित विषयहरू नेपालको थरहरूको उत्पत्ति बैतडी जिल्लाको ऐतिहासिक बसाइँसराइ नेपाली समाजमा थरको महत्व --- यो जानकारीलाई विकिपिडियामा पोस्ट गर्दा थप विश्वसनीय स्रोतहरू उल्लेख गर्नुपर्छ। यदि थप प्रमाण र ऐतिहासिक सन्दर्भहरू उपलब्ध छन् भने, तिनलाई पनि समावेश गर्दा राम्रो हुनेछ। --[[User:Janak SK|Janak]] ([[User talk:Janak SK|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) १६:२३, २० मार्च २०२५ (नेपाली समय) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is seeking your feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|drafts of the objectives and key results that will shape the Foundation's Product and Technology priorities]] for the next fiscal year (starting in July). The objectives are broad high-level areas, and the key-results are measurable ways to track the success of their objectives. Please share your feedback on the talkpage, in any language, ideally before the end of April. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] will be released to multiple wikis (see [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|deployment plan]] for details) in April 2025, and the team has begun the process of engaging communities on the identified wikis. The extension provides tools to organize, manage, and promote collaborative activities (like events, edit-a-thons, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. The extension has three tools: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation Lists]]. It is currently on 13 Wikipedias, including English Wikipedia, French Wikipedia, and Spanish Wikipedia, as well as Wikidata. Questions or requests can be directed to the [[mw:Help talk:Extension:CampaignEvents|extension talk page]] or in Phabricator (with <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi> tag). * Starting the week of March 31st, wikis will be able to set which user groups can view private registrants in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], as part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension. By default, event organizers and the local wiki admins will be able to see private registrants. This is a change from the current behavior, in which only event organizers can see private registrants. Wikis can change the default setup by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requesting a configuration change]] in Phabricator (and adding the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi> tag). Participants of past events can cancel their registration at any time. * Administrators at wikis that have a customized <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Sidebar]]</bdi> should check that it contains an entry for the {{int:specialpages}} listing. If it does not, they should add it using <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">* specialpages-url|specialpages</code>. Wikis with a default sidebar will see the link moved from the page toolbox into the sidebar menu in April. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388927] * The Minerva skin (mobile web) combines both Notice and Alert notifications within the bell icon ([[File:OOjs UI icon bell.svg|16px|link=|class=skin-invert]]). There was a long-standing bug where an indication for new notifications was only shown if you had unseen Alerts. This bug is now fixed. In the future, Minerva users will notice a counter atop the bell icon when you have 1 or more unseen Notices and/or Alerts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344029] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * VisualEditor has introduced a [[mw:VisualEditor/Hooks|new client-side hook]] for developers to use when integrating with the VisualEditor target lifecycle. This hook should replace the existing lifecycle-related hooks, and be more consistent between different platforms. In addition, the new hook will apply to uses of VisualEditor outside of just full article editing, allowing gadgets to interact with the editor in DiscussionTools as well. The Editing Team intends to deprecate and eventually remove the old lifecycle hooks, so any use cases that this new hook does not cover would be of interest to them and can be [[phab:T355555|shared in the task]]. * Developers who use the <code dir=ltr>mw.Api</code> JavaScript library, can now identify the tool using it with the <code dir=ltr>userAgent</code> parameter: <code dir=ltr>var api = new mw.Api( { userAgent: 'GadgetNameHere/1.0.1' } );</code>. If you maintain a gadget or user script, please set a user agent, because it helps with library and server maintenance and with differentiating between legitimate and illegitimate traffic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373874][https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Wikimedia_Foundation_User-Agent_Policy] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:२८, २५ मार्च २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28443127 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Editing team is working on a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Check|Edit check]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#26 March 2025|Peacock check]]. This check's goal is to identify non-neutral terms while a user is editing a wikipage, so that they can be informed that their edit should perhaps be changed before they publish it. This project is at the early stages, and the team is looking for communities' input: [[phab:T389445|in this Phabricator task]], they are gathering on-wiki policies, templates used to tag non-neutral articles, and the terms (jargon and keywords) used in edit summaries for the languages they are currently researching. You can participate by editing the table on Phabricator, commenting on the task, or directly messaging [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|Single User Login]] has now been updated on all wikis to move login and account creation to a central domain. This makes user login compatible with browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies, which have prevented users of some browsers from staying logged in. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting on March 31st, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin a limited release of generated OpenAPI specs and a SwaggerUI-based sandbox experience for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST APIs]]. They invite developers from a limited group of non-English Wikipedia communities (Arabic, German, French, Hebrew, Interlingua, Dutch, Chinese) to review the documentation and experiment with the sandbox in their preferred language. In addition to these specific Wikipedia projects, the sandbox and OpenAPI spec will be available on the [[testwiki:Special:RestSandbox|on the test wiki REST Sandbox special page]] for developers with English as their preferred language. During the preview period, the MediaWiki Interfaces Team also invites developers to [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|share feedback about your experience]]. The preview will last for approximately 2 weeks, after which the sandbox and OpenAPI specs will be made available across all wiki projects. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Sometimes a small, [[gerrit:c/operations/cookbooks/+/1129184|one line code change]] can have great significance: in this case, it means that for the first time in years we're able to run all of the stack serving <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[http://maps.wikimedia.org/ maps.wikimedia.org]</bdi> - a host dedicated to serving our wikis and their multi-lingual maps needs - from a single core datacenter, something we test every time we perform a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter switchover]]. This is important because it means that in case one of our datacenters is affected by a catastrophe, we'll still be able to serve the site. This change is the result of [[phab:T216826|extensive work]] by two developers on porting the last component of the maps stack over to [[w:en:Kubernetes|kubernetes]], where we can allocate resources more efficiently than before, thus we're able to withstand more traffic in a single datacenter. This work involved a lot of complicated steps because this software, and the software libraries it uses, required many long overdue upgrades. This type of work makes the Wikimedia infrastructure more sustainable. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025]] is happening in Sandusky, USA, and online, from 14–16 May 2025. The workshop will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. Registration and presentation signup is now available at the workshop's website. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:५०, १ अप्रिल २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28473566 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * From now on, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admins]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Central notice administrators|centralnotice admins]] are technically required to enable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] before they can use their privileges. In the future this might be expanded to more groups with advanced user-rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150898] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Design System Team is preparing to release the next major version of Codex (v2.0.0) on April 29. Editors and developers who use CSS from Codex should see the [[mw:Codex/Release Timeline/2.0|2.0 overview documentation]], which includes guidance related to a few of the breaking changes such as <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">font-size</code>, <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">line-height</code>, and <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">size-icon</code>. * The results of the [[mw:Developer Satisfaction Survey/2025|Developer Satisfaction Survey (2025)]]  are now available. Thank you to all participants. These results help the Foundation decide what to work on next and to review what they recently worked on. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]] will take place in Istanbul, Turkey, between 2–4 May. Registration for attending the in-person event will close on 13 April. Before registering, please note the potential need for a [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkish-representations.en.mfa visa] or [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/visa-information-for-foreigners.en.mfa e-visa] to enter the country. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ००:३८, ८ अप्रिल २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28507470 --> == This Month in Education: March 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 3 • March 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/A Whole New World: Research Findings on New Editor Integration in Serbian Wikipedia|A Whole New World: Research Findings on New Editor Integration in Serbian Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Bolivia: a new round of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia|Bolivia: a new round of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Faculty of Social Sciences Workshop in Albania|Faculty of Social Sciences Workshop in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Lots of contributions and trainings as part of Wikimedia MKD's Education Programme|Lots of contributions and trainings as part of Wikimedia MKD's Education Programme]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Wikimedia organized multiple events of science and education in Brazil during the month of March|Wikimedia organized multiple events of science and education in Brazil during the month of March]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] २०:४९, १० अप्रिल २०२५ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28458563 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Later this week, the default thumbnail size will be increased from 220px to 250px. This changes how pages are shown in all wikis and has been requested by some communities for many years, but wasn't previously possible due to technical limitations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] * File thumbnails are now stored in discrete sizes. If a page specifies a thumbnail size that's not among the standard sizes (20, 40, 60, 120, 250, 330, 500, 960), then MediaWiki will pick the closest larger thumbnail size but will tell the browser to downscale it to the requested size. In these cases, nothing will change visually but users might load slightly larger images. If it doesn't matter which thumbnail size is used in a page, please pick one of the standard sizes to avoid the extra in-browser down-scaling step. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Thumbnail_sizes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Foundation are working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]] which will enable [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[:w:en:Denial-of-service attack|Distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is so that they can more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. * To improve security for users, a small percentage of logins will now require that the account owner input a one-time password [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:EmailAuth|emailed to their account]]. It is recommended that you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|check]] that the email address on your account is set correctly, and that it has been confirmed, and that you have an email set for this purpose. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390662] * "Are you interested in taking a short survey to improve tools used for reviewing or reverting edits on your Wiki?" This question will be [[phab:T389401|asked at 7 wikis starting next week]], on Recent Changes and Watchlist pages. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools team]] wants to know more about activities that involve looking at new edits made to your Wikimedia project, and determining whether they adhere to your project's policies. * On April 15, the full Wikidata graph will no longer be supported on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi>. After this date, scholarly articles will be available through <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;">[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/ query-scholarly.wikidata.org]</bdi>, while the rest of the data hosted on Wikidata will be available through the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi> endpoint. This is part of the scheduled split of the Wikidata Graph, which was [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|announced in September 2024]]. More information is [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|available on Wikidata]]. * The latest quarterly [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter/First quarter of 2025|Wikimedia Apps Newsletter]] is now available. It covers updates, experiments, and improvements made to the Wikipedia mobile apps. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2025/April|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: an invitation for tool maintainers to attend the Toolforge UI Community Feedback Session on April 15th; recent community metrics; and recent technical blog posts. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०६:१०, १५ अप्रिल २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28540654 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] is now integrated with [[w:dag:Solɔɣu|Dagbani Wikipedia]] since April 15. It is the first project that will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in articles. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status_updates/2025-04-16] * A new type of lint error has been created: [[Special:LintErrors/empty-heading|{{int:linter-category-empty-heading}}]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint errors/empty-heading|documentation]]). The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|Linter extension]]'s purpose is to identify wikitext patterns that must or can be fixed in pages and provide some guidance about what the problems are with those patterns and how to fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368722] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Following its publication on HuggingFace, the "Structured Contents" dataset, developed by Wikimedia Enterprise, is [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/kaggle-dataset/ now also available on Kaggle]. This Beta initiative is focused on making Wikimedia data more machine-readable for high-volume reusers. They are releasing this beta version in a location that open dataset communities already use, in order to seek feedback, to help improve the product for a future wider release. You can read more about the overall [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/#open-datasets Structured Contents project], and about the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-wikipedia-infobox/ first release that's freely usable]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings and events''' * The Editing and Machine Learning Teams invite interested volunteers to a video meeting to discuss [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]], which is the latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] that will detect "peacock" or "overly-promotional" or "non-neutral" language whilst an editor is typing. Editors who work with newcomers, or help to fix this kind of writing, or are interested in how we use artificial intelligence in our projects are encouraged to attend. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team/Community Conversations#Next Conversation|meeting will be on April 28, 2025]] at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745863200 18:00–19:00 UTC] and hosted on Zoom. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:४६, २२ अप्रिल २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28578245 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Event organizers who host collaborative activities on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|multiple wikis]], including Bengali, Japanese, and Korean Wikipedias, will have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] this week. Also, admins in the Wikipedia where the extension is enabled will automatically be granted the event organizer right soon. They won't have to manually grant themselves the right before they can manage events as [[phab:T386861|requested by a community]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The release of the next major version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, is scheduled for 29 April 2025. Technical editors will have access to the release by the week of 5 May 2025. This update will include a number of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Breaking_changes|breaking changes]] and minor [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Visual_changes|visual changes]]. Instructions on handling the breaking and visual changes are documented on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release Timeline/2.0#|this page]]. Pre-release testing is reported in [[phab:T386298|T386298]], with post-release issues tracked in [[phab:T392379|T392379]] and [[phab:T392390|T392390]]. * Users of [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Wiki_Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will notice that the database views of <code dir="ltr">ipblocks</code>, <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_ipindex</code>, and <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_compat</code> are [[phab:T390767|now deprecated]]. Users can query the <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_table|block]]</code> and <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_target_table|block_target]]</code> new views that mirror the new tables in the production database instead. The deprecated views will be removed entirely from Wiki Replicas in June, 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes an overview of the improved [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=es&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en#/ Content Translation Dashboard Tool], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Language Support for New and Existing Languages|support for new languages]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Wiki Loves Ramadan Articles Made In Content Translation Mobile Workflow|highlights from the Wiki Loves Ramadan campaign]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Languages Onboarding Experiment 2024 - Executive Summary|results from the Language Onboarding Experiment]], an analysis of topic diversity in articles, and information on upcoming community meetings and events. '''Meetings and events''' * The [[Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Knowledge_Sharing/Connect/Calendar|Let's Connect Learning Clinic]] will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745937000 April 29 at 14:30 UTC]. This edition will focus on "Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects". You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Learning Clinic %E2%80%93 Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects (Part_1)|register now]] to attend. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which brings the global technical community together to connect, brainstorm, and hack existing projects, will take place from May 2 to 4th, 2025, at Istanbul, Turkey. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:१७, २९ अप्रिल २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28585685 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared the latest draft update to their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|annual plan]] for next year (July 2025–June 2026). This includes an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|executive summary]] (also on [[diffblog:2025/04/25/sharing-the-wikimedia-foundations-2025-2026-draft-annual-plan/|Diff]]), details about the three main [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals|goals]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Global Trends|global trends]], and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Budget Overview|budget]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Financial Model|financial model]]. Feedback and questions are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|talk page]] until the end of May. '''Updates for editors''' * For wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]], two new feature improvements have been released: ** Admins can now choose which namespaces are permitted for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Permitted namespaces|documentation]]). The default setup is for event registration to be permitted in the Event namespace, but other namespaces (such as the project namespace or WikiProject namespace) can now be added. With this change, communities like WikiProjects can now more easily use Event Registration for their collaborative activities. ** Editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Transclusion|transclude]] the Collaboration List on a wiki page ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Collaboration list/Transclusion|documentation]]). The Collaboration List is an automated list of events and WikiProjects on the wikis, accessed via {{#special:AllEvents}} ([[w:en:Special:AllEvents|example]]). Now, the Collaboration List can be added to all sorts of wiki pages, such as: a wiki mainpage, a WikiProject page, an affiliate page, an event page, or even a user page. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers who use the <code dir=ltr>moment</code> library in gadgets and user scripts should revise their code to use alternatives like the <code dir=ltr>Intl</code> library or the new <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.DateFormatter</code> library. The <code dir=ltr>moment</code> library has been deprecated and will begin to log messages in the developer console. You can see a global search for current uses, and [[phab:T392532|ask related questions in this Phabricator task]]. * Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikidata term store tables (<code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">wbt_*</code>) need to update their code to connect to a separate database cluster. These tables are being split into a separate database cluster. Tools that query those tables via the wiki replicas must be adapted to connect to the new cluster instead. [[wikitech:News/2025 Wikidata term store database split|Documentation and related links are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390954] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.28|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on preparing to expand the deployment to additional wikis as soon as this week (starting May 6) and scaling up over the following weeks, plus exploring filtering and transforming source data. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०६:००, ६ मे २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28665011 --> == This Month in Education: April 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 4 • April 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Ceremony of giving certificates and awarding the winners of the edit-a-thon: Meet Slovenia|Ceremony of giving certificates and awarding the winners of the edit-a-thon: Meet Slovenia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/The Workshops Wikimedia & Education are back in Brazil|The Workshops Wikimedia & Education are back in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/EduWiki Nigeria: Advancing Digital Literacy in Schools|EduWiki Nigeria: Advancing Digital Literacy in Schools]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Empowering the Next Generation: Wikidata Training at Federal Government Boys College, FGBC Abuja|Empowering the Next Generation: Wikidata Training at Federal Government Boys College, FGBC Abuja]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Final Wikipedia project with Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania|Final Wikipedia project with Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Teachers who graduated from the Leamos Wikipedia program in Bolivia become mentors for their colleagues |Teachers who graduated from the Leamos Wikipedia program in Bolivia become mentors for their colleagues]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Wikivoyage in Has region, Northern Albania|Wikivoyage in Has region, Northern Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Wikivoyage workshop in Bulqiza|Wikivoyage workshop in Bulqiza]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ०८:३३, १० मे २०२५ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28656387 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|"Get shortened URL"]] link on the sidebar now includes a [[phab:T393309|QR code]]. Wikimedia site users can now use it by scanning or downloading it to quickly share and access shared content from Wikimedia sites, conveniently. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]], which will enable [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[w:en:Denial-of-service attack|distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is to help more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. Tech News has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|previously written about this]]. The deployment will be gradual. Some might see the Edge Uniques cookie the week of 19 May. You can discuss this on the [[m:Talk:Edge Uniques|talk page]]. * Starting May 19, 2025, Event organisers in wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled can use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] in the project namespace (e.g., Wikipedia namespace, Wikidata namespace). With this change, communities don't need admins to use the feature. However, wikis that don't want this change can remove and add the permitted namespaces at [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/CampaignEvents]]. * The Wikipedia project now has a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q36720|Nupe]] ([[w:nup:|<code>w:nup:</code>]]). This is a language primarily spoken in the North Central region of Nigeria. Speakers of this language are invited to contribute to [[w:nup:Tatacin feregi|new Wikipedia]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers can now access pre-parsed Dutch Wikipedia, amongst others (English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese) through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/snapshot/#structured-contents-snapshot-bundle-info-beta Structured Contents snapshots (beta)]. The content includes parsed Wikipedia abstracts, descriptions, main images, infoboxes, article sections, and references. * The <code dir="ltr">/page/data-parsoid</code> REST API endpoint is no longer in use and will be deprecated. It is [[phab:T393557|scheduled to be turned off]] on June 7, 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.1|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/2025_Cloud_VPS_VXLAN_IPv6_migration IPv6 support] is a newly introduced Cloud virtual network that significantly boosts Wikimedia platforms' scalability, security, and readiness for the future. If you are a technical contributor eager to learn more, check out [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/05/06/wikimedia-cloud-vps-ipv6-support/ this blog post] for an in-depth look at the journey to IPv6. '''Meetings and events''' * The 2nd edition of 2025 of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]], a virtual platform for African Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747328400 May 15 at 17:00 UTC]. This edition will focus on discussions regarding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|Wikimedia Annual planning and progress]]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MENA Connect Community Call|MENA Connect Community Call]], a virtual meeting for [[w:en:Middle East and North Africa|MENA]] Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747501200 May 17 at 17:00 UTC]. You can [[m:Event:MENA Connect (Wiki_Diwan) APP Call|register now]] to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:२३, १३ मे २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28714188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Peacock language model for the following languages: Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese, English, and Japanese. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check/model test|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on May 23, which will be the start date of the test. '''Updates for editors''' * From May 20, 2025, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|oversighters]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:CheckUsers|checkusers]] will need to have their accounts secured with two-factor authentication (2FA) to be able to use their advanced rights. All users who belong to these two groups and do not have 2FA enabled have been informed. In the future, this requirement may be extended to other users with advanced rights. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] will begin mass deployment by the end of the month: all non-Wikipedia projects plus Catalan Wikipedia will adopt Multiblocks in the week of May 26, while all other Wikipedias will adopt it in the week of June 2. Please [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|contact the team]] if you have concerns. Administrators can test the new user interface now on your own wiki by browsing to [{{fullurl:Special:Block|usecodex=1}} {{#special:Block}}?usecodex=1], and can test the full multiblocks functionality [[testwiki:Special:Block|on testwiki]]. Multiblocks is the feature that makes it possible for administrators to impose different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|help page]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * Later this week, the [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] listing of almost all special pages will be updated with a new design. This page has been [[phab:T219543|redesigned]] to improve the user experience in a few ways, including: The ability to search for names and aliases of the special pages, sorting, more visible marking of restricted special pages, and a more mobile-friendly look. The new version can be [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages previewed] at Beta Cluster now, and feedback shared in the task. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219543] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is being enabled on more wikis. For a detailed list of when the extension will be enabled on your wiki, please read the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|deployment timeline]]. * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] will be deployed on May 27 on five Wiktionaries: [[wikt:ha:|Hausa]], [[wikt:ig:|Igbo]], [[wikt:bn:|Bengali]], [[wikt:ml:|Malayalam]], and [[wikt:dv:|Dhivehi/Maldivian]]. This is the second batch of deployment planned for the project. After deployment, the projects will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in their pages. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. * Later this week, the Wikimedia Foundation will publish a hub for [[diffblog:2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/|experiments]]. This is to showcase and get user feedback on product experiments. The experiments help the Wikimedia movement [[diffblog:2023/07/13/exploring-paths-for-the-future-of-free-knowledge-new-wikipedia-chatgpt-plugin-leveraging-rich-media-social-apps-and-other-experiments/|understand new users]], how they interact with the internet and how it could affect the Wikimedia movement. Some examples are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Generated Video|generated video]], the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Roblox game|Wikipedia Roblox speedrun game]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Discord bot|the Discord bot]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with creating an account using the API, which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390751] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Gadgets and user scripts that interact with [[{{#special:Block}}]] may need to be updated to work with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|manage blocks interface]]. Please review the [[mw:Help:Manage blocks/Developers|developer guide]] for more information. If you need help or are unable to adapt your script to the new interface, please let the team know on the [[mw:Help talk:Manage blocks/Developers|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * The <code dir=ltr>mw.title</code> object allows you to get information about a specific wiki page in the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Lua|Lua]] programming language. Starting this week, a new property will be added to the object, named <code dir=ltr>isDisambiguationPage</code>. This property allows you to check if a page is a disambiguation page, without the need to write a custom function. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71441] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] User script developers can use a [[toolforge:gitlab-content|new reverse proxy tool]] to load javascript and css from [[gitlab:|gitlab.wikimedia.org]] with <code dir=ltr>mw.loader.load</code>. The tool's author hopes this will enable collaborative development workflows for user scripts including linting, unit tests, code generation, and code review on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">gitlab.wikimedia.org</bdi> without a separate copy-and-paste step to publish scripts to a Wikimedia wiki for integration and acceptance testing. See [[wikitech:Tool:Gitlab-content|Tool:Gitlab-content on Wikitech]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The 12th edition of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Workshop 2025|Wiki Workshop 2025]], a forum that brings together researchers that explore all aspects of Wikimedia projects, will be held virtually on 21-22 May. Researchers can [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/wikiworkshop2025/ register now]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:५८, २० मे २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28724712 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A community-wide discussion about a very delicate issue for the development of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] is now open on Meta: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. The discussion is open until June 12 at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]], and every opinion is welcomed. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. '''Updates for editors''' * Since last week, on all wikis except [[phab:T388604|the largest 20]], people using the mobile visual editor will have [[phab:T385851|additional tools in the menu bar]], accessed using the new <code>+</code> toolbar button. To start, the new menu will include options to add: citations, hieroglyphs, and code blocks. Deployment to the remaining wikis is [[phab:T388605|scheduled]] to happen in June. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##ifexist|#ifexist]]</code> parser function will no longer register a link to its target page. This will improve the usefulness of [[{{#special:WantedPages}}]], which will eventually only list pages that are the target of an actual red link. This change will happen gradually as the source pages are updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14019] * This week, the Moderator Tools team will launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], starting at Indonesian Wikipedia. This new filter highlights edits that are likely to be reverted. The goal is to help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic edits. Other wikis will benefit from this filter in the future. * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. Readers of Catalan, Hebrew, and Italian Wikipedias and some sister projects will receive the change between May 21 and mid-June. Readers of other wikis will receive the change later. The goal is to encourage users to read the wikis more. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * Some users of the Wikipedia Android app can use a new feature for readers, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|WikiGames]], a daily trivia game based on real historical events. The release has started as an A/B test, available to 50% of users in the following languages: English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Newsletter|Newsletter extension]] that is available on MediaWiki.org allows the creation of [[mw:Special:Newsletters|various newsletters]] for global users. The extension can now publish new issues as section links on an existing page, instead of requiring a new page for each issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393844] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The previously deprecated <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Ipblocks table|ipblocks]]</code> views in [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will be removed in the beginning of June. Users are encouraged to query the new <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block table|block]]</code> and <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block target table|block_target]]</code> views instead. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] is a multi-day online event that will focus on how Wikidata is integrated to Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia projects. The event runs from May 29 – June 1. You can [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects#Sessions|read the Program schedule]] and [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:५०, २७ मे २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28788673 --> == This Month in Education: May 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 5 • May 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Journalism students at Aleksandër Xhuvani University explore Wikipedia in Albania|Journalism students at Aleksandër Xhuvani University explore Wikipedia in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Reviewing pending articles editathon with high school students in Albania|Reviewing pending articles editathon with high school students in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Several educational workshops to promote science on Wiki were held in Brazil in the month of May|Several educational workshops to promote science on Wiki were held in Brazil in the month of May]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Simón Bolívar Teacher Training College joins the Let's Read Wikipedia Program|Simón Bolívar Teacher Training College joins the Let's Read Wikipedia Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Students become Editors: Wikimedia Chile launches Latin America's first Vikidia Workshop|Students become Editors: Wikimedia Chile launches Latin America's first Vikidia Workshop]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/The DemocraTICon competition was held, this year for the first time with a discipline focused on Wikipedia |The DemocraTICon competition was held, this year for the first time with a discipline focused on Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Wikimedia MKD's "Lajka" workshop in Skopje|Wikimedia MKD's "Lajka" workshop in Skopje]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ०८:४३, २८ मे २०२५ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28771448 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Editors can use this new extension to create interactive data visualizations like bar, line, area, and pie charts. Charts are designed to replace many of the uses of the legacy [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]]. '''Updates for editors''' * It is now easier to configure automatic citations for your wiki within the visual editor's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]]. Administrators can now set a default template by using the <code dir=ltr>_default</code> key in the local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json]]</bdi> page ([[mw:Special:Diff/6969653/7646386|example diff]]). Setting this default will also help to future-proof your existing configurations when [[phab:T347823|new item types]] are added in the future. You can still set templates for individual item types as they will be preferred to the default template. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384709] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting the week of June 2, bots logging in using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> or <code dir=ltr>action=clientlogin</code> will fail more often. This is because of stronger protections against suspicious logins. Bots using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|bot passwords]] or using a loginless authentication method such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|OAuth]] are not affected. If your bot is not using one of those, you should update it; using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> without a bot password was deprecated [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3EEMN7VQX5G7WMQI5K2GP5JC2336DPTD/|in 2016]]. For most bots, this only requires changing what password the bot uses. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395205] * From this week, Wikimedia wikis will allow ES2017 features in JavaScript code for official code, gadgets, and user scripts. The most visible feature of ES2017 is <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax, allowing for easier-to-read code. Until this week, the platform only allowed up to ES2016, and a few months before that, up to ES2015. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381537] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Scholarship applications to participate in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025|GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] are now open. The conference will take place from 30 October to 1 November, in Lisbon, Portugal. GLAM contributors who lack the means to support their participation can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025/Scholarships|apply here]]. Scholarship applications close on June 7th. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:४०, ३ जुन २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28819186 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product team]] is finalizing work needed to roll out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] on large Wikipedias later this month. The team has worked with stewards and other users with extended rights to predict and address many use cases that may arise on larger wikis, so that community members can continue to effectively moderate and patrol temporary accounts. This will be the second of three phases of deployment – the last one will take place in September at the earliest. For more information about the recent developments on the project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|see this update]]. If you have any comments or questions, write on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|talk page]], and [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 10 (June 2025)|join a CEE Catch Up]] this Tuesday. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist expiry|watchlist expiry]] feature allows editors to watch pages for a limited period of time. After that period, the page is automatically removed from your watchlist. Starting this week, you can set a preference for the default period of time to watch pages. The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist-pageswatchlist|preferences]] also allow you to set different default watch periods for editing existing pages, pages you create, and when using rollback. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265716] [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages will change at almost all Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|some]] have already received this design change, [[phab:T379264|a few]] will get these changes later). You can read details about the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392121] * Users with specific extended rights (including administrators, bureaucrats, checkusers, oversighters, and stewards) can now have IP addresses of all temporary accounts [[phab:T358853|revealed automatically]] during time-limited periods where they need to combat high-speed account-hopping vandalism. This feature was requested by stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386492] * This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to several more Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * AbuseFilter editors active on Meta-Wiki and large Wikipedias are kindly asked to update AbuseFilter to make it compatible with temporary accounts. A link to the instructions and the private lists of filters needing verification are [[phab:T369611|available on Phabricator]]. * Lua modules now have access to the name of a page's associated thumbnail image, and on [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/g/operations/mediawiki-config/+/2e4ab14aa15bb95568f9c07dd777065901eb2126/wmf-config/InitialiseSettings.php#10849 some wikis] to the WikiProject assessment information. This is possible using two new properties on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#added-by-extensions|mw.title objects]], named <code dir=ltr>pageImage</code> and <code dir=ltr>pageAssessments</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131911][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380122] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०७:०२, १० जुन २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28846858 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * You can [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/359761?lang=en nominate your favorite tools] for the sixth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award]]. Nominations are anonymous and will be open until June 25. You can re-use the survey to nominate multiple tools. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Foundation staff and technical volunteers use Wikimedia APIs to build the tools, applications, features, and integrations that enhance user experiences. Over the coming years, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will be investing in Wikimedia web (HTTP) APIs to better serve technical volunteer needs and protect Wikimedia infrastructure from potential abuse. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/06/12/apis-as-a-product-investing-in-the-current-and-next-generation-of-technical-contributors/ read more about their plans to evolve the APIs in this Techblog post]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:२४, १७ जुन २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to the third and last batch of Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] '''Updates for editors''' * Last week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] were rolled out on Czech, Korean, and Turkish Wikipedias. This and next week, deployments on larger Wikipedias will follow. [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Share your thoughts]] about the project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340001] * Later this week, the Editing team will release [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi check|Multi Check]] to all Wikipedias (except English Wikipedia). This feature shows multiple [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|Reference checks]] within the editing experience. This encourages users to add citations when they add multiple new paragraphs to a Wikipedia article. This feature was previously available as an A/B test. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/multi_check_ab_test_report_final.html#summary-of-results The test shows] that users who are shown multiple checks are 1.3 times more likely to add a reference to their edit, and their edit is less likely to be reverted (-34.7%). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395519] * A few pages need to be renamed due to software updates and to match more recent Unicode standards. All of these changes are related to title-casing changes. Approximately 71 pages and 3 files will be renamed, across 15 wikis; the complete list is in [[phab:T396903|the task]]. The developers will rename these pages next week, and they will fix redirects and embedded file links a few minutes later via a system settings update. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused pages to scroll upwards when text near the top was selected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364023] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editors can now use Lua modules to filter and transform tabular data for use with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Extension:Chart]]. This can be used for things like selecting a subset of rows or columns from the source data, converting between units, statistical processing, and many other useful transformations. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Transforms|Information on how to use transforms is available]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates] * The <code dir=ltr>all_links</code> variable in [[Special:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is now renamed to <code dir=ltr>new_links</code> for consistency with other variables. Old usages will still continue to work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391811] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/34|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the recent updates for the "Add a Link" Task, two new Newcomer Engagement Features, and updates to Community Configuration. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:०६, २४ जुन २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> == This Month in Education: June 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 6 • June 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Albanian high school students at the Wikimedia Youth Conference 2025 in Prague|Albanian high school students at the Wikimedia Youth Conference 2025 in Prague]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Bolivia has 20 new teachers graduated from the Let's Read Wikipedia in the Classroom program|Bolivia has 20 new teachers graduated from the Let's Read Wikipedia in the Classroom program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Brazil was present at the EduWiki Conference 2025 in Bogota|Brazil was present at the EduWiki Conference 2025 in Bogota]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Does Wikipedia has future in the times of Chat-GPT|Does Wikipedia has future in the times of Chat-GPT]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/PhilWiki Community promotes accessible multilingual stories for children|PhilWiki Community promotes accessible multilingual stories for children]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Reading and Editing Wikipedia in a Bangladeshi College|Reading and Editing Wikipedia in a Bangladeshi College]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Wikimedia MKD's Workshops in June|Wikimedia MKD's Workshops in June]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Wikipedia meets 2500 Ukrainian educators at the country’s biggest education festival|Wikipedia meets 2500 Ukrainian educators at the country’s biggest education festival]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १३:०४, २७ जुन २०२५ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28903832 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled on all Wikipedias. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|Deployment information page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * AbuseFilter maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:IPReputation/AbuseFilter variables|match against IP reputation data]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilters]]. IP reputation data is information about the proxies and VPNs associated with the user's IP address. This data is not shown publicly and is not generated for actions performed by registered accounts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354599] * Hidden content that is within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Collapsible elements|collapsible parts of wikipages]] will now be revealed when someone searches the page using the web browser's "Find in page" function (Ctrl+F or ⌘F) in supporting browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327893][https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Reference/Global_attributes/hidden#browser_compatibility] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature, called [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery|Favourite Templates]], will be deployed later this week on all projects (except English Wikipedia, which will receive the feature next week), following a piloting phase on Polish and Arabic Wikipedia, and Italian and English Wikisource. The feature will provide a better way for new and experienced contributors to recall and discover templates via the template dialog, by allowing users to put templates on a special "favourite list". The feature works with both the visual editor and the wikitext editor. The feature is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|community wishlist focus area]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused some Notifications to be sent multiple times. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397103] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.8|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:२६, १ जुलाई २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28917415 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary accounts|Temporary accounts]] have been rolled out on 18 large and medium-sized Wikipedias, including German, Japanese, French, and Chinese. Now, about 1/3 of all logged-out activity across wikis is coming from temporary accounts. Users involved in patrolling may be interested in two new documentation pages: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Access to IP|Access to IP]], explaining everything related to access to temporary account IP addresses, and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Repository|Repository]] with a list of new gadgets and user scripts. '''Updates for editors''' * Anyone can play an experimental new game, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|WikiRun]], that lets you race through Wikipedia by clicking from one article to another, aiming to reach a target page in as few steps and in as little time as possible. The project's goal is to explore new ways of engaging readers. [https://wikirun-game.toolforge.org/ Try playing the game] and let the team know what you think [[mw:Talk:New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|on the talk page]]. * Users of the Wikipedia Android app in some languages can now play the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|trivia game]]. ''Which came first?'' is a simple history game where you guess which of two events happened earlier on today's date. It was previously available as an A/B test. It is now available to all users in English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Arabic, Turkish, and Chinese. The goal of the feature is to help engage with new generations of readers. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22] * Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in some languages may see a new tabbed browsing feature that enables you to open multiple tabs while reading. This feature makes it easier to explore related topics and switch between articles. The A/B test is currently running in Arabic, English, and Japanese in selected regions. More details are available on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)|Tabbed Browsing project page]]. * Bureaucrats on Wikimedia wikis can now use [[{{#special:VerifyOATHForUser}}]] to check if users have enabled [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265726] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed later this week to all Wikimedia projects: a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Template categories|template category browser]] will be introduced to assist users in finding templates to put in their “favourite” list. The browser will allow users to browse a list of templates which have been organised into a given category tree. The feature has been requested by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Select templates by categories|through the Community Wishlist]]. * It is now possible to access watchlist preferences from the watchlist page. Also the redundant button to edit the watchlist has been removed. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Watchlist] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of [[mw:MediaWiki_1.44|MediaWiki 1.44]] there is now a unified built-in Notifications system that makes it easier for developers to send, manage, and customize notifications. Check out the updated documentation at [[mw:Manual:Notifications|Manual:Notifications]], information about migration in [[phab:T388663|T388663]] and details on deprecated hooks in [[phab:T389624|T389624]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.9|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WikidataCon 2025|WikidataCon 2025]], the conference dedicated to Wikidata is now open for [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon-2025/cfp session proposals] and for [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1340|registration]]. This year's event will be held online from October 31 – November 02 and will explore on the theme of "Connecting People through Linked Open Data". '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:५१, ८ जुलाई २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28930584 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Featured templates|Featured templates]], a new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed this week to all Wikimedia projects: With this feature, editors will be able to quickly access a list of templates that are likely to be useful. These templates will be displayed in a list, under the "featured" tab of the template discovery interface. Administrators can define the list via the Community Configuration interface. The feature fulfills a request by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Easy access Templates|through the Community Wishlist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367428][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392896] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the request to add Malayalam fonts in the [[oldWikisource:Special:MyLanguage/Wikisource:WS Export|Wikisource Book Export Tool]] was resolved and now, the rendering of Malayalam letters in exported Wikisource books are accurate. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374457] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Developers, designers, and all Wikimedians are invited to [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/7953/ submit a project idea] for the Wikimania Hackathon 2025. Read [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/30/call-for-projects-wikimania-hackathon-2025-is-coming-to-nairobi/ this Diff blog post] for more details. '''Meetings and events''' * [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2025|WikiIndaba 2025]] scholarship application and program submission is open until 23:59 GMT on July 20. WikiIndaba is a regional conference for African Wikimedians both on the continent and in the diaspora to unite and grow together. Submit [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJTv68R1OPASXXDfpIl8EWiMLTM-TDwh6_5gNVvFuWccFZ2Q/viewform your scholarship application] and [https://ee.kobotoolbox.org/x/BI3omIfH program proposal] now! * [https://br.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCon_Brasil_2025 WikiCon Brasil 2025] will take place on July 19-20 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The Brazilian community members are encouraged to register and attend! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:५५, १५ जुलाई २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28980963 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Translation Suggestions feature in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content Translation tool]] now has another level of article filters added to the "[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=fi#/ ... More]" category. Translators who use the Suggestions feature can now select and receive article suggestions that are customized to geographical locations of their interest using the new "{{int:Cx-sx-suggestions-filters-tab-regions}}" filter. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T113257] * Administrators can now limit "Add a Link" to newcomers. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|"Add a Link"]] Structured Task [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Constructive activation experimentation#Enwiki A/B test & "Add a Link" Improvements (Wiki Experiences 1.2.11 & 1.2.16)|helps new account holders start editing]], but some communities have requested the ability to restrict it to its intended audience: newcomers. Administrators can configure this setting within the [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/GrowthSuggestedEdits|Community Configuration]] feature. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * For AbuseFilter editors on [[phab:T392144|some wikis]], it is now possible to filter edits based on the RevertRisk score of the edit being attempted. It is only populated if the action being evaluated is an edit. For more information, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ORES/AbuseFilter variables#What variables are available for use|ORES/AbuseFilter variables]] documentation. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|Beta Cluster]] wikis have [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/YDABPV75LADRQCXMJAFWUP256N4EQ25B/|been moved]] from <code dir=ltr>beta.wmflabs.org</code> to <code dir=ltr>beta.wmcloud.org</code>. Users may need to update URLs in any tools, or in their password managers. Any related issues can be [[phab:T289318|reported in the task]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiCite 2025|WikiCite 2025]] will take place from 29–31 August, both online and in-person in Bern, Switzerland. The event's goals are to reconnect communities, institutions, and individuals working with open citations, bibliographic data, and the Wikidata/Wikibase ecosystem. Registration is open and the call for proposals will be announced soon. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/KQZUG3ETKLBWPBYSB2YAWZIRPWHS24TG/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:२८, २२ जुलाई २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29005283 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Community Tech team will be focusing on wishes related to Watchlists and Recent Changes pages, over the next few months. They are looking for feedback. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#July 24, 2025: Watchlists and Recent Changes pages|read the latest update]], and if you have ideas, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|submit a wish]] on the topic. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Commons community has decided to block [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Upload dialog|cross-wiki uploads]] to Wikimedia Commons, for all users without autoconfirmed rights on that wiki, starting on August 16. This is because of [[:c:Commons:Cross-wiki media upload tool/History|widespread problems]] related to files that are uploaded by newcomers. Users who are affected by this will get an error message with a link to the less restrictive UploadWizard on Commons. Please help translating the [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki:Abusefilter-disallowed-cross-wiki-upload|message]] or give feedback on the message text. Please also update your local help pages to explain this restriction. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370598] * On wikis with temporary accounts enabled and Meta-Wiki, administrators may now set up a footer for the Special:Contributions pages of temporary accounts, similar to those which can be shown on IP and user-account pages. They may do it by creating the page named <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-footer-temp</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398347] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the "no camera" icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as: ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KFEFVG/ Temporary Accounts: Enhancing privacy for our unregistered editors] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/WTRQCJ/ A dozen visions for wikitext!] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/8YKKP9/ Coordinate Across Stakeholders with the Product and Technology Advisory Council] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Fall 2025]] will be held 28–30 October 2025 in Hanover, Germany. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०६:१२, २९ जुलाई २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29051727 --> == This Month in Education: July 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 7 • July 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Crafting Impactful Education Newsletters: Shared Insights from EduWiki 2025|Crafting Impactful Education Newsletters: Shared Insights from EduWiki 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Educational Outreach with Youth Centers in Albania|Educational Outreach with Youth Centers in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Discussing educational resources at WikiCon Brasil 2025|Discussing educational resources at WikiCon Brasil 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Enhancing Mobile-Friendly Contribution in Wikimedia Education Programs|Enhancing Mobile-Friendly Contribution in Wikimedia Education Programs]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/The second semester of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia with challenges and learning|The second semester of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia with challenges and learning]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/When Travel Fails, Learning Continues: A Reflection from EduWiki 2025 |When Travel Fails, Learning Continues: A Reflection from EduWiki 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Wiki club in Kumanovo - the newest Wiki club of Wikimedia MKD|Wiki club in Kumanovo - the newest Wiki club of Wikimedia MKD]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Jaroslav Mašek: How KISK FF MU students used AI to write Wikipedia|Jaroslav Mašek: How KISK FF MU students used AI to write Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Various programmes up and rolling with Charles University Prague|Various programmes up and rolling with Charles University Prague]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ०८:४६, १ अगस्ट २०२५ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29005310 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors can now enable the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info card]]. This feature adds an icon next to usernames on history pages and similar user-contribution log pages. When you tap or click on the icon, it displays data related to that user account such as the number of edits, reverted edits, blocks, and more. It's part of a broader project to make it easier for moderators to evaluate account trustworthiness. The feature can be enabled in [[testwiki:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|your global preferences]], and later this week it will be available in local preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386439] * Everybody is invited to share comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative Contributions]], a project recently launched by the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team|Connection team]]. The project aims to create a new way to display the impact of collaborative editing activities (such as edit-a-thons, backlog drives, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. Post your comments on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378035] * Administrators can now define the default block duration for temporary accounts. To do that, they need to create a page named <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Ipb-default-expiry-temporary-account</code> and use a value defined in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Ipboptions</code>. This allows administrators to easily block temporary accounts for 90 days, which is functionally equivalent to an indefinite block. The advantage of this solution is that it does not clutter Special:BlockList. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block and unblock#Default block duration options|More documentation]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398626] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Gadgets can now include <code dir=ltr>.vue</code> files. This makes it easier to develop modern user interfaces using [[mw:Vue.js|Vue.js]], in particular using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the official design system of Wikimedia. [[wmdoc:codex/latest/icons/overview.html|Codex icons]] can be loaded through the gadget definition. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Pages|The documentation]] has examples. For user scripts that use Vue.js, an [[mw:API:CodexIcons|API module]] now exists to load Codex icons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340460][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311099] * Module developers can now use a [[mw:Help:Extension:Translate/Message Bundles/Lua reference|Lua interface]] to simplify the preparation of Lua modules for translation on Meta-Wiki. This improvement makes it easier for translators to find and edit module strings without dealing with raw Lua code. It helps prevent mistakes that could break the module during translation. Module developers and translators are invited to [[commons:File:Translatable modules video demo July 2025.webm|watch the demo video]], read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translatable modules|translatable modules]] to understand how it works, refer to Meta-Wiki's [[m:Module:User Wikimedia project|Module:User Wikimedia project]] for example usage, and [[mw:Talk:Translatable modules|share their feedback]] on how well it addresses the challenges in their workflow. The interface still has some performance issues, so it should not be used in widely used modules yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359918] * Developers of external tools that connect to Wikimedia pages must set a user-agent that complies with [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|the user-agent policy]]. This policy will start to be more strongly enforced in August because of external crawlers that are [[diffblog:2025/04/01/how-crawlers-impact-the-operations-of-the-wikimedia-projects/|overusing]] Wikimedia's resources. Tools that are hosted on Wikimedia's Toolforge or Cloud VPS will not be affected by this for now, but should still set a user-agent. [[phab:T400119|More technical details are available]], and related questions are welcome in that task. * Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to some smaller Wikipedias over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyages and Wiktionaries to Parsoid Read Views. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/profile/7694/] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the "no camera" icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as: ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/GEH9DH/ Wikimedia’s knowledge infrastructure in a changing internet: Establishing sustainable pathways for content reuse] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/7ELN9Q/ Wikifunctions is coming soon to a wiki near you!] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/ZMGVJV/ Shaping the Future of Wikipedia’s Reader Experience] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KCKTFZ/ Making Wikipedia More Readable: What Comes Next] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०९:२६, ५ अगस्ट २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29083927 --> == विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२५ मा सहभागी हुने सम्बन्धमा == {{fmbox | image = [[File:Wiki Women-Nepal 2015.png|90px|link=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AB]] | imageright= [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-ne.svg|80px|link=]] | style = | textstyle = | text = <center> [[नेपाली विकिपिडिया]]मा ०५ अगस्ट २०२५ देखि ३१ अगस्ट २०२५ सम्म नारी सम्मानमा समर्पित '''"महिला स्वास्थ तथा स्वच्छता सम्बन्धी जागरूकता"''' नाराको साथ [[विकिपिडिया:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२५|विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२५]] सञ्चालन भइरहेको छ, सहभागी हुनका लागि सहभागीहरूले '''[[विकिपिडिया:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२५/सहभागीहरू|यहाँ]]''' आफ्नो नाम दर्ता गर्नको लागि अनुरोध गरिन्छ।<br> <span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive">[[विकिपिडिया:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२५|<span style="color:white">अझ थप जानकारी...</span>]]</span></br></center> }} <!-- Message sent by User:पर्वत सुबेदी@newiki using the list at https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE:Nabin_K._Sapkota/Mass_Message_Users_List&oldid=1299914 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The WikiEditor toolbar now includes [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|its keyboard shortcuts]] in the tooltips for its buttons. This will help to improve the discoverability of this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400583] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] published a set of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|proposed experiments]] the Wikimedia Foundation can try to improve communication with community. Feedback on the proposals are welcomed until August 22 on [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|this talk page]]. * The search bar on the Minerva skin (mobile) has been updated to use the same type-ahead search component that is used on the Vector 2022 skin. There are no changes in search functionality but there are minor visual changes. Specifically, the close-search button has been changed from an "X" to a back arrow. This helps to distinguish it from the other "X" button that is used to clear any text. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393944] * Editors on some wikis will see a new toggle for "Group results by page" on watchlist, related changes, and recent changes pages. This is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment|an A/B experiment]] that is planned to start on August 11, and will run for 3–6 weeks on the Bengali, Chinese, Czech, French, Greek, Portuguese, and Urdu Wikipedias. The experiment will examine how making this feature more discoverable might affect editors' ability to find the edits they are looking for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The multiwiki datasets of [[:wikt:en:Module:Unicode data|Unicode data]] have been moved to [[c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|Category:Unicode Module Datasets]] on Wikimedia Commons, to follow the idea of "One common data source, multiple local wikis". Most wikis have been updated to use the Commons version. You can ask questions at [[c:Category talk:Unicode Module Datasets|the talkpage]]. [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Module_talk:Unicode_data#Data_from_commons] * Lua code can add warnings when something is wrong, by using the <code dir=ltr>mw.addWarning()</code> function. It is now possible to add more than one warning, instead of new warnings replacing old ones. If you maintain a Lua module that used warnings, you should check it still works as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398390] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:१५, १२ अगस्ट २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29106516 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Later this week, people who are logged-in and have the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|Discussion tools]]" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] enabled will gain the ability to "Thank" individual comments directly from talk pages, rather than needing to navigate to page history. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Comment actions|Learn more about this feature]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400849] * An A/B test comparing two versions of the desktop donate link launched on testwiki on 12 August and on English Wikipedia 14 August for 0.1% of logged out users on the desktop site. The experiment will run for three weeks, ending on 12 September. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395716] * An A/A test to measure the baseline for reader retention was launched 12 August using [[wikitech:Experimentation Lab|Experimentation Lab]]. This measures the percentage of users who revisit a wiki after their initial visit over a 14-day period. No visual changes are expected. The experiment will run through 31 August. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399227] * Five new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q34057|Tagalog]] ([[s:tl:|<code>s:tl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388639] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[s:mad:|<code>s:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391747] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3450749|Rakhine]] ([[w:rki:|<code>w:rki:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392490] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikibooks/en}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[b:min:|<code>b:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395452] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q7598268|Standard Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[wikt:zgh:|<code>wikt:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399684] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:46}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:46|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W34"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०६:२४, १९ अगस्ट २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29127690 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template authors can now use additional CSS properties, since the CSS sanitizer used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] was updated. For example: <code>width: fit-content</code>; <code>ruby-align</code>; relative units such as <code>lh</code>; and custom strings in <code>list-style-type</code>. These improvements are a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Allow use of modern CSS in templates by updating the TemplateStyles CSS sanitizer|Community Wishlist wish]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277755][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293633][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295088][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326906][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340057][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360725][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371809][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375344][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T394619] * On large wikis, the default time period to display edits from, within the Special:RecentChanges page, has been changed from 7 days to 1 day. This is part of a performance improvement project. This should have no user-facing impact due to the quantity of edits on these wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399455] * Administrators can now access the [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] page from the [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}]] list page. This makes it easier to find. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393240] * Wikimedia Commons videos were not shown in the Videos tab in Google Search. The problem was investigated and reported to Google who have now fixed the issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396168][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/Wishes/Do_something_about_Google_%26_DuckDuckGo_search_not_indexing_media_files_and_categories_on_Commons] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[wikt:bew:|<code>wikt:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:39}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:39|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Two fields of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Recentchanges table|recentchanges database table]] are being removed. <code>rc_new</code> and <code>rc_type</code> are being removed in favor of <code>rc_source</code>. Queries to these older fields will start to fail starting this week and developers should use <code>rc_source</code> instead. These older fields were deprecated over 10 years ago and should not be in use. This is part of work to improve the performance and stability of queries to the recentchanges table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400696] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/July|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: support for new languages in MediaWiki and translatewiki; the start of the Language Onboarding and Development project to help support the growth of new and small wikis; updates on research projects; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#29 August 2025|Language Community Meeting]] is happening soon, August 29th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1756479600 15:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: the Avro keyboard developers from Wikimedia Bangladesh, who were recently awarded a national award for their contributions to this keyboard; and other topics. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:५८, २६ अगस्ट २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29175124 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki] * The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as "Templates used on this page," will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066] * On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the <code>Special:RecentChanges</code>, <code>Special:Watchlist</code>, and <code>Special:RelatedChanges</code> pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions now has a new capability called "lightweight enumeration types", an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more. * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions: ** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these]. ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:३६, २ सेप्टेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29196010 --> == This Month in Education: August 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 8 • August 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Bootcamp Wikipedia in Classroom|Bootcamp Wikipedia in Classroom]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Brazil launches campaign about Open Science on Wiki|Brazil launches campaign about Open Science on Wiki]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Breaking Barriers: Yoruba Wikipedia Fan Club Offa's Historic Wins|Breaking Barriers: Yoruba Wikipedia Fan Club Offa's Historic Wins]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Emerging Voices in Free Knowledge: The Journey of Wiki Club SATI|Emerging Voices in Free Knowledge: The Journey of Wiki Club SATI]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/From a Curious Student to a Wikimedia Leader|From a Curious Student to a Wikimedia Leader]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/From webinars to conferences: Wikimedia Ukraine’s approach to events for educators|From webinars to conferences: Wikimedia Ukraine’s approach to events for educators]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Higher education with Wikipedia in Spain|Higher education with Wikipedia in Spain]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Scientific Contribution from Serbia: Wikipedia in Education Research Published in a Prestigious Journal|Scientific Contribution from Serbia: Wikipedia in Education Research Published in a Prestigious Journal]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Teachers with Wikipedia. What if we create a Spanish-speaking collaboration network|Teachers with Wikipedia. What if we create a Spanish-speaking collaboration network]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/The brains behind Wikipedia|The brains behind Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Why EduWiki Should Be Considered by Policymakers|Why EduWiki Should Be Considered by Policymakers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wikimedia Chile in Visviri: Free knowledge and education at Chile’s starting point|Wikimedia Chile in Visviri: Free knowledge and education at Chile’s starting point]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wikipedia as a tool presented at Media Education Summer School for Teachers|Wikipedia as a tool presented at Media Education Summer School for Teachers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wikipedia vs AI at La Trobe University|Wikipedia vs AI at La Trobe University]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/St Aloysius University – Wikipedia training session for newcomers|St Aloysius University – Wikipedia training session for newcomers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wiki Loves Academics, WUGN Kaduna|Wiki Loves Academics, WUGN Kaduna]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/In Just 3 Minutes: The Power of Wiki Education|In Just 3 Minutes: The Power of Wiki Education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Sensing Cebu: Fieldnotes of an Academic as a Wiki Volunteer|Sensing Cebu: Fieldnotes of an Academic as a Wiki Volunteer]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] २१:०१, २ सेप्टेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29205629 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team is working on a new check: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Paste check|Paste check]]. This check informs newcomers who paste text into Wikipedia that the content might not be accepted. This check is an effort to increase the likelihood that the new content people are adding to Wikipedia is aligned with the Movement's commitment to offering information under a free content license. This check will soon be tested at a few wikis. If your community is interested in this test, please [[phab:T403680|tell us in this task]], or [[mw:Talk:Edit check|contact the team]]. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will be able to use a [[w:en:Lint (software)|linting tool]] to see errors or other potential problems in wikitext in real time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|help page for more information]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381577] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] When browsing a wiki (like <code dir=ltr>en.wikipedia.org</code>), the software responds in one of two ways: a desktop page, or a redirect to a mobile version on an "m" domain (like <code dir=ltr>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). Over the next three weeks, MediaWiki will start displaying the mobile version to mobile devices directly on the standard domain, without this redirect. This change does not affect existing m-dot URLs, or the "Desktop view" opt-out. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * When an edit changes the categories of a page, the changes to the category membership counts are now happening asynchronously. This improves the speed of saving edits, especially when moving many pages to or from the same category, and reduces the risk of site outages, but it means that the counts can show outdated information for a few minutes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365303] * Edits on Wikidata to qualifiers (properties and values) and references (properties and values) in a Wikidata item statement will now not add entries to the RecentChanges or Watchlist pages on all other Wikis. This is a temporary change to improve performance while other solutions are created. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: Turn off (temporarily) Qualifiers and References Wikidata edits to the Recent Changes tables|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400698] * Japanese-language wikis have had a major upgrade to the way that search works. The new search should generally give more accurate and more relevant search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318269] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०७:००, ९ सेप्टेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29238161 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * References lists that are made using the <code dir=ltr><nowiki><references/></nowiki></code> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite#references-tag|tag]] will now automatically display with columns in Vector 2022 when readers are using its 'standard' settings for text-size and page-width. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334941] * Starting in the week of October 6, on [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small wikis]] and [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] that have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled, all autoconfirmed users will be able to use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] as an organizer. No changes will be made for [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/large.dblist|large wikis]] unless requested in Phabricator. This change is being made to make it easier for more people to use Event Registration, especially on wikis that are less likely to have policies related to the Event Organizer right. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Proposal to grant autoconfirmed users on small and medium wikis the organizer access to the event registration tool|Learn more]]. * Users that search using regular expressions (regex) can now use additional features including: ** for the <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code> keyword: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Metacharacters|metacharacters]] for start-of-line (<code dir=ltr>^</code>) and end-of-line (<code dir=ltr>$</code>) anchors [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317599] ** for both <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code> and <code dir=ltr>insource:</code> keywords: shorthand [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Character_Classes|character classes]] for digits (<code dir=ltr>\d</code>), whitespace (<code dir=ltr>\s</code>), and word characters (<code dir=ltr>\w</code>); and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Escape codes|escape codes]] for line feed (<code dir=ltr>\r</code>), newline (<code dir=ltr>\n</code>), tab (<code dir=ltr>\t</code>), and unicode (e.g. <code dir=ltr>\uHHHH</code>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403212] * When you search for text that looks like an IP, the system will now show search results. It used to take you to the contributions for that IP instead of showing search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306325] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on September 24. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests which happen twice a year. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that affected users who used the page-tabs to switch from wikitext editing of a section into the visualeditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401043] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is redesigning the Wikimedia REST API Sandbox with Codex. If you have feedback on improvements for the API documentation or what makes developer experiences smooth (or frustrating), you’re invited to [https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/0/appointments/schedules/AcZssZ2aZzbXeQvjOF7gB1fJXiwAYemQjKf4sXNaRODPA7_obFyNBwkzNkoVCoTF-aeov89kIjXHbCQm join an upcoming discovery interview], or [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Developer Feedback/Wikimedia Web APIs|leave feedback onwiki]]. [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/C4FBAOA57PH6G5ORVMAUF5TGYBLZDU5Q/|Learn more]]. * Edits to Wikidata aliases (an alternative name for an item or a property) will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: More granular Alias tracking|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401288] * The new [https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode17.0.0/ Unicode 17.0] version has been released. The [[:c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|datasets on Commons]] for the [[:d:Q39301585|Module:Unicode data]] have been updated. Wikipedias that do not use the Commons datasets should either update their own data or switch to the Commons datasets. * Users of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] Structured Contents endpoints can now access [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/parsed-wikipedia-tables/ Parsed Tables]. The new Parsed Tables feature extracts and represents Wikipedia tables in structured JSON. This improves machine accessibility as part of the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/api/structured-contents/ Structured Contents initiative]. Structured Contents output is freely available through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/on-demand/#article-structured-contents-beta On-demand API], or through Wikimedia Cloud Services. * A [https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/wikimedia-foundation/english-wikipedia-people-dataset dataset of English Wikipedia biographical information] from [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has been published on Kaggle, for evaluation and research. This provides structured data from more than 1.5 million biographies, including birth and death dates, education, affiliations, careers, awards, and more (from a June 2024 snapshot). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Scholarships|Scholarship applications]] for Wikimania 2026 in Paris, France, are open until October 31. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २२:५३, १५ सेप्टेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29263921 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 On September 24th at 15:00 UTC], all Wikimedia sites users will experience a brief read-only period due to a scheduled [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter server switchover]]. The Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team will redirect all traffic from one primary server to its backup. You can listen to the switchover using the [http://listen.hatnote.com/ "Listen to Wikipedia"] tool, where you will hear edits stop for a few minutes during the read-only phase, then resume. This twice-yearly datacenter server switchover ensures reliability by testing the backup datacenter, so that our sites can stay online even if the primary datacenter fails. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the process on the Diff blog]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors of [[f:Special:Mylanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12#Next round of Wiktionaries to receive embedded Wikifunctions calls|60 more Wiktionaries]] will soon be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them into their pages. A function takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, like adding numbers, converting miles to meters, calculating elapsed time, or declining a word into a case. They will join the other [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29#Wikifunctions available on 65 Wiktionaries|65 Wiktionary language editions]], which already have access to embedded Wikifunctions calls. Later this year, plans are in place to expand to more Wiktionaries and the Incubator. * A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Technical metadata of another page|parser function]] has been added: <code><nowiki>{{#contentmodel}}</nowiki></code>. Template editors and admins can use it to get the localized or canonical name of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of a specific page. The function makes it easier to create and edit system messages, such as ''MediaWiki:editinginterface'', even when you switch types of pages, like wiki, JavaScript, CSS or JSON page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328254] * Adding or editing a <code>DISPLAYTITLE</code> for an article using VisualEditor will no longer be broken. Editors who use VisualEditor mode to modify the <code><nowiki>{{DISPLAYTITLE}}</nowiki></code> would no longer have the literal text "DISPLAYTITLE" or its localized variant added to their articles. A list of pages that may have been affected and might need cleanup is documented in [[phab:P83438|this ticket]]. * Beta users of the Wikipedia Android app can now try the redesigned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity tab]], which replaces the Edits tab. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions users can now import many essential facts involving [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6011|geo-coordinates]], [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6010|quantities]] and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6064|time]] values from Wikidata. This is made possible by the creation of Wikifunctions types for these values, which makes them available for use by functions in Wikifunctions. Learn more about how this works in [[c:File:ImportingWikidataDatatypesIntoWikifunctions.webm|this video]] and Wikifunctions' [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-01#News in Types I: Wikidata quantity|August 1 newsletter]] (for quantities) and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-22#News in Types: Wikidata geo-coordinate|August 22 newsletter]] (for geo-coordinates). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:४१, २३ सेप्टेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29305556 --> ==[[:सुदन गुरुङ]] [[विकिपिडिया:शीघ्र मेट्नुपर्ने आधार|शीघ्र मेट्नुपर्ने]]मा मनोनित== [[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]] {{Quote box|quote=<p>यदि यो तपाईँले सृजना गर्नुभएको पहिलो लेख हो भने, तपाईँ [[विकिपिडिया:स्वशिक्षा|लेखन सहयोग स्वशिक्षा]] पढ्न सक्नुहुन्छ।</p><p>लेख सृजना गर्न मद्दत गर्ने [[विकिपिडिया:लेख विजार्ड|लेख सहायिका]] पनि तपाईँ प्रयोग गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ।</p>|width=20%|align=right}} यस [[:सुदन गुरुङ]]लाई विकिपिडिया देखि [[विकिपिडिया:पृष्ठ हटाउने नीति|चाँडैनै मेटिने]] भनेर एउटा चिनो राखिएको छ। यसले [[वि:शीमे#ले७|ले७]] मापदण्ड अन्तर्गत एक वास्तविक व्यक्ति वा मानिसहरूको समूहलाई जनाउदछ। विकिपिडियाको [[विकिपिडिया:प्रमानिकता|विश्वसनीयता]] ज्ञानकोशमा भएका सम्पूर्ण सामग्री प्रमाणित भएको हुनुपर्नेछ । तर [[विकिपिडिया:प्रमानिकता|विश्वसनीयता]] नभएका सम्पूर्ण सामग्रीलाई [[विकिपिडिया:शीघ्र मेट्नुपर्ने आधार|शीघ्र मेट्नुपर्ने मापदण्ड]]को आधारमा कुनै पनि समयमा मेटाउन सकिन्छ। थप जानकारिका लागि कृपया [[विकिपिडिया:उल्लेखनियता|विकिपिडिया उल्लेखनियता]] पढ्नुहोला। यदि तपाईँलाई लाग्छ पृष्ठलाई यस कारणले मेटाउनु हुँदैन, तपाईँ '''नामाङ्कन विरोध गर्न''' [[:सुदन गुरुङ|पृष्ठमा गएर]] आफ्नो विचार राख्नुहोला। यसले तपाईँलाई पृष्ठ किन मेटाउनु हुँदैन वर्णन गर्ने अवसर दिनेछ। यद्यपि, याद रहोस्, एक पटक पृष्ठ शीघ्र मेटाउन अङ्कित भएमा, यो तत्काल मेटाइनेछ। कृपया पृष्ठबाट शीघ्र मेटाउने चिनो आफैंले नहटाउनुहोला, तर विकिपिडियाको [[विकिपिडिया:नीति तथा दिशानिर्देशहरूको सूची|नीति तथा दिशानिर्देशहरू]] अनुरूप जानकारी थप्न नहिचकिचाउनुहोला। यदि पृष्ठ मेटिसकिएको, र भविष्यका सन्दर्भ वा सुधारको लागि तपाईँ मेटाइएको सामग्री पुनःप्राप्त गर्न चाहनुहुन्छ भने, कृपया {{Querylink|Special:Log|qs=type=delete&page=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%99|मेटाउने प्रशासकलाई सम्पर्क गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ}}। <!-- Template:Db-notability-notice --><!-- Template:Db-csd-notice-custom --> [[User:Saroj|Saroj]] ([[User talk:Saroj|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) १२:५२, २३ सेप्टेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A major software upgrade has been made to [[phab:|Phabricator]]. The update introduces performance improvements, a refreshed search interface, enhancements to Maniphest task search, updates to user profile pages and project workboards, new Herald automation features, as well as general text input, mobile experience improvements and more. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/321/iterative_improvements_september_2025/] '''Updates for editors''' * The Community Tech team will release the new Community Wishlist extension on October 1, that will improve the way wishes will be submitted. The new extension will allow users to add tags to their wishes to better categorise them, and (in a future iteration) to filter them by status, tags and focus areas. It will also be possible to support individual wishes again, as requested by the community in many instances. The old system will be retired. There will be a brief period of downtime while the extension is deployed and wishes are migrated to the new system. You can read more about this [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|in the latest update]] or you can consult the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CommunityRequests|current documentation on MediaWiki]]. * As announced [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|on Diff blog]], the production trial of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|hCaptcha]] service for bot detection has begun. The trial is currently using hCaptcha to protect account creation on Chinese, Persian, Portuguese, Indonesian, Japanese, and Turkish Wikipedias, where it will replace our existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ConfirmEdit#FancyCaptcha|CAPTCHA]] (FancyCaptcha). The goal with the trial is to better block bots while also improving usability and accessibility for users who encounter CAPTCHA challenges. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|deployed]] to Wikimedia Commons. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. On Commons, anyone who is a registered user can use it as an event participant. To use it as an organizer, someone needs to have the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Event organizers|event organizer right]]. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to German Wikipedia. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|test the feature]] on testwiki or [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on betawiki] as well. Please share your thoughts on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Templates used in sub-references|using templates in sub-references]] or [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|volunteer to become a pilot wiki]]. * On wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]] system, communities can now opt experienced editors out of Mentorship through [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship}}]]. Within this setting, communities may define thresholds, based on edit count and account age, to decide when an editor is considered experienced enough to no longer receive Mentorship. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403563] * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Tone check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Tone language model for the following languages: Arabic, Czech, German, Hebrew, Indonesian, Dutch, Polish, Russian, Turkish, Chinese, Farsi, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian and Latvian. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/Tone_Check/Model_evaluation|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on October 3, which will be the start date of the test. * The rollout of [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|multiblocks]] had the side effect that non-active block logs may have been shown on {{#special:Contributions}} and on blocked users' user and user_talk pages. This issue will be fully resolved in a few days. As part of the fix, [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=sp-contributions-blocked-notice}} messages prefixed with <code>sp-contributions-blocked-notice</code>] will be removed and replaced with [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=blocked-notice-logextract}} those prefixed with <code>blocked-notice-logextract</code>] in a few weeks. Please help translate the new messages and update any local overrides if needed. * There was a bug with links added using visual editor if they included characters such as <code dir=ltr><nowiki>[ ] |</nowiki></code> after the fragment identifier (<code><nowiki>#</nowiki></code>). They were not encoded properly creating an incorrect link. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404823] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote/en}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[q:ms:|<code>q:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404698] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info Card]] now displays currently active global lock/blocks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401128] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, editors using Lua modules will be able to use the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.title.newBatch|mw.title.newBatch]]</code> function to look up the existence of up to 25 pages at once, in a way that only increases the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions#Expensive parser functions|expensive function]] count once. * A new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Unsupported Tools Working Group]] has been formed as part of ongoing efforts to collectively determine technical work priorities, similar to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). The working group will help prioritize and review requests for support of unmaintained extensions, gadgets, bots, and tools. For the first cycle, the group will be prioritizing an unsupported Wikimedia Commons tool. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:३८, ३० सेप्टेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29355230 --> == This Month in Education: September 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 9 • September 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Brazil organizes seminar to discuss open science and scientific dissemination|Brazil organizes seminar to discuss open science and scientific dissemination]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/CBSUA Recognizes Wiki Training Completers, Awards Feminism & Folklore 2025 Winners|CBSUA Recognizes Wiki Training Completers, Awards Feminism & Folklore 2025 Winners]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/2nd International Conference on Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures Mexico 2025|2nd International Conference on Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures Mexico 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Accredited seminar for teachers in Veliko Gradište|Accredited seminar for teachers in Veliko Gradište]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Breaking Barriers, Why open Knowledge matters|Breaking Barriers, Why open Knowledge matters]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Cross-Continental Knowledge Exchange: Offa Youth Impact Initiative and St Aloysius University in 3D Education Outreach |Cross-Continental Knowledge Exchange: Offa Youth Impact Initiative and St Aloysius University in 3D Education Outreach]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Igbo Language Audio Project in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club IMSU & Alvan|Igbo Language Audio Project in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club IMSU & Alvan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Let's Read Wikipedia reached teachers of the Weenhayek indigenous nation in Bolivia|Let's Read Wikipedia reached teachers of the Weenhayek indigenous nation in Bolivia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Monográfico sobre Wikipedia en el aula, Revista Docere|Monograph on Wikipedia in the classroom, Docere Magazine]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/The Third Training Course of the “Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom” Program in Jordan|The Third Training Course of the “Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom” Program in Jordan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/The Ukrainian Educators’ Wikimedia Conference 2025|The Ukrainian Educators’ Wikimedia Conference 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Wikimedia MKD's edit-a-thon: Lakes|Wikimedia MKD's edit-a-thon: Lakes]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Cultura libre en las aulas|Free culture in the classroom]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki clubs|Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki clubs]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] २०:५५, २ अक्टोबर २०२५ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29344785 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#paste|Paste Check]] is a new Edit Check feature to help avoid and fight copyright violations. When editors paste text into an article, Paste Check prompts them to confirm the origin and licensing of the content. Starting Wednesday, 8 October, [[phab:T403680|22 wikis will test Paste Check]]. Paste Check will help new volunteers understand and follow the policies and guidelines necessary to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia projects. '''Updates for editors''' * Mobile devices will receive mobile articles directly on the standard domain (like <code>en.wikipedia.org</code>), instead of via a redirect to an "m" domain (like <code>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). This change improves performance. This week it will be enabled on Wikipedias. The existing mobile URLs and the "Desktop view" opt-out remain available. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * New [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#creationdate and lasteditdate|date filters]], <code dir=ltr>creationdate:</code> and <code dir=ltr>lasteditdate:</code>, are now available in the wiki search engine. This allows users to filter search results by a page's first or last revision date. The filters support comparison operators (e.g. <code dir=ltr>>2024</code>) and relative dates (e.g. <code dir=ltr>today-1d</code>), making it easier to find recently updated content or pages within specific age ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403593] * [[f:|Wikifunctions]] now supports rich text in embedded calls across the 150 wikis where it's enabled. To showcase this, the team created a [[f:Z26333|Latin declination table]] that Wiktionary editors can use to automatically generate noun forms, producing clear, formatted results — see an [[f:Wikifunctions:Embedded function calls/Wiktionary tables demonstration|example output]]. If you need any help or have any feedback, please [[f:Wikifunctions:Project chat|contact the Wikifunctions Team]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397402] * An edit link will now appear inside the categories box on article pages for logged in users, which will directly launch the VisualEditor category dialog. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291691] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a problem downloading pdf files last week and that has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405957] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The field <code dir=ltr>rev_sha1</code> in the revision database table is being removed in favor of <code dir=ltr>content_sha1</code> in the content database table. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2D2M3SP4WHR6BXXKTZ2PBLZQYR3EGQVR/ the announcement] for more information. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web|Reader Experience team]] will roll out [[w:en:Light-on-dark color scheme|Dark Mode]] user interface on all Wikimedia sites on October 29, 2025. All anonymous users of Wikimedia sites will have the option to activate a color scheme that features light-colored text on a dark background. This is designed to provide a more comfortable reading experience, especially in low-light situations. Template authors and technical contributors are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|learn how to make pages ready for Dark mode]] and address any compatibility issues found in templates in their wiki before the enablement. Please contact the Web team for questions or any support on [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading#|this talk page]] before the enablement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Starting on Monday, October 6, API endpoints under the <code>rest.php</code> path will be rerouted through a new internal API Gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २३:०९, ६ अक्टोबर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29400897 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Last week, improvements to account security and two-factor authentication (2FA) features were enabled across all wikis. These changes include user interface improvements for [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity], the support of multiple 2FA methods via authenticator apps and portable security keys (previously users could only enable one method), and a new Recovery Codes module which facilitates fewer account lockouts due to lost two-factor apps and devices. As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project, work is continuing through the rest of 2025 on further user experience improvements, and support for passkeys as an alternate second factor. '''Updates for editors''' * Another part of the Account security project is making 2FA generally available to all users. Along with editors with advanced privileges, such as administrators and bureaucrats, 40% of editors now have access to 2FA. You can check if you have access at [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity]. Instructions for activation are on the linked page. The plan is to continue increasing availability if it is determined that the user support capabilities are able to support global usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400579] * This week, users at wikis where talk page [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|Usability Improvements]] are already available by default (everywhere ''except'' the 12 wikis listed in [[phab:T379264|T379264]]) will gain the ability to Thank a comment directly from the talk page it appears on. Before this change, Thanking could only be done by visiting the revision history of the talk page. You can [[diffblog:2025/10/13/revolutionizing-gratitude-a-new-era-of-thanking-comments/|learn more about this change]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366095] * Users who have not [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|verified their email address]] will soon be receiving monthly Notification reminders to do so. This is because users who have verified their email can more easily recover their account. These reminders will not be sent if the user is inactive or removes the unverified email from their account. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58074] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a fix was made for an occasional error with saving translated paragraphs in the Content Translation tool, and the related error messages are now easier to see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376531] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Unsupported Tools Working Group has chosen [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] as the first tool for its pilot cycle. The group will explore ways to improve and sustain the tool over the coming months. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Learn more on Meta]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ००:४५, १४ अक्टोबर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29434481 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * To optimize how user data is stored in our databases, the saved preferences of users who haven't logged in for over five years and have fewer than 100 edits will be cleared. When those users return, default settings will apply. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406724] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a broken link from the GlobalContributions interface message to the XTools GlobalContributions page which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406415] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The work to reroute all traffic to API endpoints under the <code dir=ltr><nowiki>rest.php</nowiki></code> route through a common API gateway is now complete. If any issues are observed, please file a phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. * Edits to Wikidata references or qualifiers will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401290] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:२२, २१ अक्टोबर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29478670 --> == विकिपिडिया एसियाली महिना २०२५ मा सहभागिता == [[File:Wikipedia Asian Month Logo.svg|right|200px]] नमस्ते {{BASEPAGENAME}} ज्यू!<br /> तपाईंलाई '''[[विकिपिडिया:विकिपिडिया एसियाली महिना २०२५|विकिपिडिया एसियाली महिना २०२५]]''' मा सहभागी हुन हार्दिक निमन्त्रणा गर्दछौं। नोभेम्बर महिनाभर सञ्चालन हुने अनलाइन सम्पादन–थन प्रतियोगिताको उद्देश्य नेपाली विकिपिडियामा नेपालबाहेकका एसियाली देशहरूको लेख संख्या र गुणस्तर बढाउनु हो। चार वा सोभन्दा बढी योग्य लेख सिर्जना गर्ने सहभागीहरूले विशेष '''डिजिटल बार्नस्टार''' पाउनुहुनेछ। सहभागी हुन [[विकिपिडिया:विकिपिडिया एसियाली महिना २०२५/सहभागीहरू|यहाँ क्लिक गर्नुहोस्]]। आउनुहोस्, योगदान गरेर एसियाली विकिपिडिया समुदायबीच मित्रता र सहकार्य बढाऔं! --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Saroj|Saroj]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:Saroj|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) २०:४८, २५ अक्टोबर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Saroj@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Saroj/SampleInvitation&oldid=29506389 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikipedia iOS app has launched an A/B/C test of improvements made to the tabbed browsing feature for select regions and languages. The test, named “More dynamic tabs”, explores new tab experiences and includes “Did you know” and “Because you read” article recommendations. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)/New Tab Experience and Recommendations Experiment|read more on the project page]]. * Autoconfirmed users on [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small]] and [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] with the CampaignEvents extension can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] without the Event Organizer right. This feature lets organizers enable registration, manage participants, and lets users register with one click instead of signing event pages. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue of flashing colors when holding or pressing the arrow keys under the dark mode settings in Vector 2022 has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402285] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The CampaignEvents extension will be deployed to all remaining wikis during the week of 17 November 2025. The extension currently includes three features: Event Registration, Collaboration List, and Invitation List. For this rollout, Invitation List will not be enabled on Wikifunctions and MediaWiki unless requested by those communities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|Visit the deployment page to learn more]]. * The SwaggerUI-based REST sandbox experience is now live on all wiki projects. The sandbox can be accessed through the [[{{#special:RestSandbox}}]] page. Please report any issues to the MediaWiki Interfaces team board, or join the discussion on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|project launch]] page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/6931/] * Transform endpoints with a trailing slash path in the MediaWiki REST API are now marked as deprecated. They will remain functional during this time, but removal is expected by the end of January 2026. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=mw-extra&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. See the [[mw:API/Deprecation|MediaWiki REST API Deprecation]] page for more detailed information about the API deprecation policies and procedures. * A dedicated [[mw:API:REST API/Changelog|changelog now exists for the MediaWiki REST API]]. The changelog provides an overview of these changes, making it easier for developers to keep track of improvements and iterations. Announcements will also continue to flow through the standard communication channels, including Tech News and email distribution lists, but can now be more easily referenced from a central location. If you have feedback about the style, structure, or content of this changelog, please [[mw:API talk:REST API/Changelog|join the discussion]]. * Administrators can delete the tracking category which was previously added by the JsonConfig extension, as it is no longer used. See the categories linked from [[d:Q130635582#sitelinks-wikipedia|Q130635582]]. It is OK if there are still pages listed in the category as that is just a caching issue, and they will be automatically cleared out the next time each page is edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378352] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:१७, २८ अक्टोबर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29513638 --> == This Month in Education: October 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 10 • October 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/"WikiDonne Internship: Wikimedia Platforms for Open Education and Inclusive Culture!" winner at the Open Education Awards 2025|"WikiDonne Internship: Wikimedia Platforms for Open Education and Inclusive Culture!" winner at the Open Education Awards 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/A Proud Chapter in My Wikimedia Journey 🇳🇬: From Editor to Organizer|A Proud Chapter in My Wikimedia Journey 🇳🇬: From Editor to Organizer]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Debating open science and scientific dissemination in Brazil|Debating open science and scientific dissemination in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Enhancing Academic Articles on Wikipedia with the State University of Jakarta|Enhancing Academic Articles on Wikipedia with the State University of Jakarta]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/India’s Students and Educators Lead the Way in the Wiki Science Competition 2025|India’s Students and Educators Lead the Way in the Wiki Science Competition 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/JDACA & Amman Arab University|JDACA & Amman Arab University]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/New starting page for Wikipedia users had been launched in September|New starting page for Wikipedia users had been launched in September]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Teaching Evidence Synthesis Automation with the Wikipedia–Kaggle Dataset|Teaching Evidence Synthesis Automation with the Wikipedia–Kaggle Dataset]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Wikimedia MKD’s Education Program activities for October|Wikimedia MKD’s Education Program activities for October]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Wikimedia Serbia prepares eight annual Edu Wiki camp|Wikimedia Serbia prepares eight annual Edu Wiki camp]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Wikivoyage editathon in Peshkopia, Albania|Wikivoyage editathon in Peshkopia, Albania]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ११:५०, २ नोभेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29511272 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators will now find that [[{{#special:MergeHistory}}]] is now significantly more flexible about what it can merge. It can now merge sections taken from the middle of the history of the source (rather than only the start) and insert revisions anywhere in the history of the destination page (rather than only the start). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382958] * For users with "{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|enabled in their preferences]], starting a new topic or adding a reply to an existing topic will now subscribe them to replies to that topic. Previously, this would only happen if the DiscussionTools "{{int:Skin-action-addsection}}" or "{{int:Discussiontools-replybutton}}" widgets were used. When DiscussionTools was originally launched existing accounts were not opted in to automatic topic subscriptions, so this change should primarily affect newer accounts and users who have deliberately changed their preferences since that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290778] * Scribunto modules can now be used to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#SVG library|generate SVG images]]. This can be used to build charts, graphics and other visualizations dynamically through Lua, reducing the need to compose them externally and upload them as files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405861] * Wikimedia sites now provide all anonymous users with the option to enable a dark mode color scheme, featuring light-colored text on a dark background. This enhancement aims to deliver a more enjoyable reading experience, especially in dimly lit environments. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Users with large watchlists have long faced timeouts when editing [[Special:EditWatchlist|Special:EditWatchlist]]. The page now loads entries in smaller sections instead of all at once due to a paging update, allowing everyone to edit their watchlists smoothly. As part of the database update, sorting by expiry has been removed because it was over 100× slower than sorting by title. A [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/W454 community wish] has been created to explore alternative ways to restore sort-by-expiry. If this feature is important to you, please support the wish! [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T41510] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the fixing of the persisting highlighting when using VisualEditor find and replace during a query. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407318] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Since 2019 the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]] at https://w.wiki is available for all Wikimedia wikis to create short links to articles, permalinks, diffs, etc. It is available in the sidebar as "Get shortened URL". There are 30 wikis that also install an older "ShortUrl" extension. The old extension will soon be removed. This means <code>/s/</code> URLs will not be advertised under article titles via HTML <code dir=ltr>class="title-shortlink"</code>. The <code>/s/</code> URLs will keep working. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107188] * On Thursday, October 30, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team|MediaWiki Interfaces]] and [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Service Operations]] teams began rerouting Action API traffic through a common API gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/serviceops/ Service Ops team] board. * MediaWiki Train deployments will pause for the final two weeks of 2025: 22 December and 29 December. Backport windows will also pause between Monday, 22 December 2025 and Thursday, 2 January 2026. A backport window is a scheduled time to add things like bug fixes and configuration changes. There are seven deployment trains remaining for 2025. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SMWTEAES4SDLDUSK4HMWNBSKNCXZAWYN/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * In 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation reported that AI systems and search engines increasingly use Wikipedia content without driving users to the site, contributing to an 8% drop in human pageviews compared to 2024. After detecting bots disguised as humans, Wikimedia updated its traffic data to reflect this shift. Read more about current user trends on Wikipedia in [[diffblog:2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/|a Diff blog post]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:२०, ४ नोभेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29552512 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * Starting November 12, users will see a change in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Usability improvements|appearance of talk pages]] on [[Phab:T379264|some Wikipedias]]. Almost [[phab:T392121|all wikis]] have received this design change; [[phab:T409297|English Wikipedia]] will get these changes later. You can read more [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. Users can opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in their user preferences]] in "{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379264] * MediaWiki can now display a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protection indicators|page indicator]] automatically while a page is protected. This feature is disabled by default. It can be enabled by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|community request]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12347] * Using the "{{int:showpreview}}" or "{{int:showdiff}}" buttons in the wikitext editor will now carry over certain URL parameters like '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#useskin|useskin]]', '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#uselang|uselang]]' and '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Section#Editing sections|section]]'. This update also fixes an issue where, if the browser crashed while previewing an edit to a single section, saving this edit could overwrite the entire page with just that section’s content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62744][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24029][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155097] * Wikivoyage wikis can use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Markers and counters|colored map markers in the article text]]. The text of these markers will now be shown in contrasting black or white color, instead of always being white. Local workarounds for the problem can be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369454] * The Activity tab in the Wikipedia Android app is now available for all users. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Activity_Tab_Experiment] * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment called "Image browsing" to test how to make it easier for readers to browse and discover images on Wikipedia articles. This experiment, a mobile-only A/B test, will go live on English Wikipedia in the week of November 17 and will run for four weeks, affecting 0.05% of users on English wiki. The test launched on November 3 on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese wikis, affecting up to 10% of users on those wikis. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Growth/WE3.1.3_Image_Browsing] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example the inability to lock accounts on mobile sites has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256185] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2025 committee nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]] members. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open through 2025-11-28. * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT issuer field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]] has been changed to <code><nowiki>https://meta.wikimedia.org</nowiki></code>. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT subject field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] will soon change from <code><user id></code> to <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">mw:<identity type>:<user id></code>, where <code><identity type></code> is typically <code dir=ltr>CentralAuth:</code><!-- not a typo --> (for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]]) or <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">local:<wiki id></code> (for other wikis). This is to avoid conflicts between different user ID types, and to make OAuth 2 access tokens and the <code>sessionJwt</code> cookie more similar. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * MediaWiki's block messages ([[MediaWiki:Blockedtext|blockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial|blockedtext-partial]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext|autoblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Systemblockedtext|systemblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser|blockedtext-tempuser]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext-tempuser|autoblockedtext-tempuser]]) now support additional parameters indicating whether the user is blocked from editing their own user talk page <code><nowiki>$9</nowiki></code> or emailing other users <code><nowiki>$</nowiki><nowiki>10</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285612] * A <code>REL1_45</code> branch for MediaWiki core and each of the extensions and skins in Wikimedia git has been created. This is the first step in the release process for MediaWiki 1.45.0, scheduled for late November 2025. If you are working on a critical bug fix or working on a new feature, you may need to take note of this change. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZUY7TY3Z6XPZWZVAZV63OPO5OW52Q6GE/] * The process for generating CirrusSearch dumps has been updated due to slowing performance. If you encounter any issues migrating to the replacement dumps, please contact the Search Platform Team for support. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366248][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3KQPOR6ACVN6OVLMLZPIBXQSWQKW4E3K/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:२३, ११ नोभेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29606150 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is experimenting with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4_Reading lists|reading lists on mobile web]], allowing logged-in readers with no edits to save private lists of articles for later. The experiment is running on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias since the week of 10 November, and will begin on English Wikipedia the week of 17 November. * Users who can’t receive their email verification code during login can now get help by submitting a form on a new special page. This update is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. If your account has an email address, please make sure you still have access to it. When logging in from a new device or location without 2FA, you may be asked to enter a 6-digit code sent by email to finish logging in. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Why are you requiring me to enter a code from my email to log in? Can I opt out of this?|Learn more]]. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[s:min:|<code>s:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408317] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, the Content Transform Team rolled out Parsoid as the default parser to many low-traffic Wikipedias and is preparing the next step to high traffic ones. This message is an invitation for you to opt-in to Parsoid, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation, and identify any issues you might encounter with your own workflow using bots, gadgets, or user scripts. Please, let us know through the ''"Report Visual Bug"'' link in the Tools sidebar or create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. * Unsupported Tools: Several issues with [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] have been fixed, including filename-related upload failures, black-video imports, and retry handling. AV1 support has also been added. Ongoing work focuses on backend stability, ffmpeg errors, subtitle imports, metadata handling, and playlist uploads. To track specific tasks, check the [[phab:tag/video2commons/|Phabricator board]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Save the date for the next Wikimedia Hackathon happening in Milan, Italy from May 1–3, 2026. Registration will open in January 2026. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2026/ Scholarship applications are currently open], and will close on November 28, 2025. If you have any questions, please email <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">hackathon@wikimedia.org</bdi>. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २३:११, १७ नोभेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29627455 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Wikimedia Search Team]] recreated the "DWIM" (Do What I Mean) gadget functionality server-side, for Russian and Hebrew Wikipedias. This feature adds cross-keyboard suggestions to the standard search-box suggestions. For example, searching for ''<span lang="und" dir="ltr">cxfcnmt</span>'' on Russian Wikipedia will now add suggestions for ''<span lang="ru" dir="ltr">счастье</span>'' ("happiness") that the user probably intended. They plan to enable this feature for other Russian and Hebrew wikis this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408734] * Later this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have syntax highlighting available in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]]. This requires that the "{{int:discussiontools-preference-sourcemodetoolbar}}" preference be set. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407918] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Campaign events extension]] – the set of tools for coordinating events and other on-wiki collaborations has now been deployed to all Wikimedia wikis. A new feature known as [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative contribution]] to help organizers and participants see the impact of activities has also been added. Join the upcoming [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Connection learning session 3|learning session]] to see the new feature in action and share your feedback. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug which stopped CodeReviewBot from working, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410417] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Users of Wikimedia API can join a usability study to help validate the new design of Wikimedia REST API sandboxes. Interested participants should fill the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/487662 recruitment survey]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IREJRRWTZTGCYWQHDMSNJFTQAEPOOAE3/] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is deprecating XSLT stylesheets within the Action API. Support for <code dir=ltr>format=xml'''&xlst={stylesheet}'''</code> will be removed from Wikimedia projects by the end of November, 2025. In addition, it will soon be disabled by default in MediaWiki release versions: v1.43 (LTS), v1.44, and v1.45. Support for XSLT stylesheets will be fully removed from MediaWiki v1.46 (expected to release between April and May 2026). [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/5AX7UWAVVUNUSBOIRHMNOKWOZ5EZI3JX/] * The WDQS legacy endpoint ([https://query-legacy-full.wikidata.org/ query-legacy-full.wikidata.org]) will be decommissioned at the end of December 2025, and finally closed down on 7th January 2026. After this date, users should expect requests to query.wikidata.org that require the full graph to fail or return invalid results if they are not rewritten to use SPARQL federation. The team encourages users to ensure that tools and workflows use the supported WDQS endpoints (<span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> - Main graph or <span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> - Scholarly graph). For support with migrating use cases, please review the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Data_access|Data Access]] and [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query|Request a Query]] pages for details and assistance on alternative access methods. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २१:४२, २४ नोभेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29702226 --> == This Month in Education: November 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 11 • November 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Auckland Museum's Wiki Summer Student Programme is back for 2025 & 2026|Auckland Museum's Wiki Summer Student Programme is back for 2025 & 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Edu Wiki camp 2025 in Belgrade, Serbia|Edu Wiki camp 2025 in Belgrade, Serbia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wikidata na Escola: estudantes da zona rural de Minas Gerais contribuem com dados sobre mulheres negras brasileiras|Wikidata na Escola: estudantes da zona rural de Minas Gerais contribuem com dados sobre mulheres negras brasileiras]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/190 students from Oteitza Lizeoa create 48 articles on the history of the Basque Country for Txikipedia in one day|190 students from Oteitza Lizeoa create 48 articles on the history of the Basque Country for Txikipedia in one day]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/2nd International Congress Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures – WECUDI|2nd International Congress Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures – WECUDI]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Africa and Proud Leads Wiki Classroom Project Across Three Nigerian States|Africa and Proud Leads Wiki Classroom Project Across Three Nigerian States]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/November 2025November 2025/Annual Czech Wiki Conference took place on Saturday, Nov 8th|November 2025November 2025/Annual Czech Wiki Conference took place on Saturday, Nov 8th]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/EduWiki Meetup at GLAM Wiki Conference 2025|EduWiki Meetup at GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Highly productive autumn education activities in Macedonia|Highly productive autumn education activities in Macedonia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Kannada Wikipedia Asian Month 2025: Edit-a-thon & Workshop Highlights from Loyola College, Karnataka|Kannada Wikipedia Asian Month 2025: Edit-a-thon & Workshop Highlights from Loyola College, Karnataka]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Kosovo Wikivoyage Editathons in Gjakova and Krusha e Madhe|Kosovo Wikivoyage Editathons in Gjakova and Krusha e Madhe]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Ukrainian educators create open lesson plans based on the «Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom» course|Ukrainian educators create open lesson plans based on the «Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom» course]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/United Architects of the Philippines Student Auxiliary – University of Nueva Caceres joins Wikisource Training|United Architects of the Philippines Student Auxiliary – University of Nueva Caceres joins Wikisource Training]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Videos on Teaching Experiences with Wikipedia, Wikidata, Commons, and OSM|Videos on Teaching Experiences with Wikipedia, Wikidata, Commons, and OSM]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wiki as a tool for technological empowerment of indigenous knowledge|Wiki as a tool for technological empowerment of indigenous knowledge]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wiki Science Competition in Albania and Kosovo|Wiki Science Competition in Albania and Kosovo]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wiki Workshop 2026 Call for Contributions|Wiki Workshop 2026 Call for Contributions]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wikipedia Contribution with Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences Students in Kosovo|Wikipedia Contribution with Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences Students in Kosovo]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Impact of Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki Clubs in Growth of Wikimedia User Group Rwanda Community|Impact of Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki Clubs in Growth of Wikimedia User Group Rwanda Community]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १९:३१, ३० नोभेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29716809 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikipedia Year in Review 2025 will be available on December 2 for users of iOS and Android Wikipedia apps, featuring new personalized insights, updated reading highlights, and refreshed designs. Learn more on the review's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/Updates|project page]]. * The Growth team is working on improving the text and presentation of the Verification Email sent to new users to make them more welcoming, useful and informative. Some new text have been drafted for A/B testing and you can help by translating them. See [[phab:T396155|Phabricator]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] will now be deployed at Japanese, Urdu and Chinese Wikipedias on December 2. Add a link is based on a prediction model that suggests links to be added to articles. While this feature has already been available on most Wikipedias, the prediction model could not support certain languages. A new model has now been developed to handle these languages, and it will be gradually rolled out to other Wikipedias over time. If you would like to know more, please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where search boxes on some Commons pages showed no results due to switch from SpecialSearch to MediaSearch, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399476] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36846|Toki Pona]] ([[w:tok:|<code>w:tok:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404457] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q33655|Nigerian Pidgin]] ([[q:pcm:|<code>q:pcm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408318] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is in the early stages of exploring approaches to '''Article guidance'''. The initiative aims to identify interventions that could help new editors easily understand and apply existing Wikipedia practices and policies when creating an article. The project is in the exploration and early experimental design phase. All community members are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|learn more]] about the project, and share their thoughts on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Article guidance|the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ००:४३, २ डिसेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29732328 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Anybody who wishes to secure their user account can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). This is available to all registered users of all Wikimedia projects. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. Later, 2FA will be required for all users who can take security- or privacy-sensitive actions. '''Updates for editors''' * Following last week's deployments, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] feature, which allows editors to add suggested links during editing, will be available to an additional [[Phab:T410469|33 Wikipedias]] starting on 9 December. This expansion is possible thanks to the new prediction model that now supports all languages, including those that were previously not covered. While the feature has been available on most Wikipedias for some time, this rollout brings us closer to using the improved model everywhere. If you have any questions or would like more details please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Search Platform team]] added [[w:en:Transliteration|transliterated]] as-you-type search suggestions to Georgian wikis. If there are only a few regular search suggestions, then queries in Latin or Cyrillic script [[phab:T127003|are now rewritten into Georgian script]] to look for more matches. For example, searching for either <bdi lang="ka-Latn" dir="ltr">''bedniereba''</bdi> or <bdi lang="ka-Cyrl" dir="ltr">''бедниереба''</bdi> will now suggest the existing article about <bdi lang="ka" dir="ltr">ბედნიერება</bdi> ("happiness"). You can recommend other languages where transliterated suggestions would be useful [[phab:T375215|on Phabricator]] for future development. * Later this week, a controlled experiment will begin for editors on the 100 largest Wikipedias who are editing a section in the mobile web visual editor. 50% of these editors will notice a new "Edit full page" button that will enable them to expand their editing session to the whole page. This feature is intended to make it easier for people on mobile web to edit any article section, regardless of which section-edit icon they tapped to begin. The experiment will last ~4 weeks. You can find [[phab:T409112|more details]] about the project. * Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] will launch a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.1.14 Expanded Mobile Sections|mobile web experiment]] to expand all article sections by default (currently they are collapsed by default) and pin the section header the user is currently reading to the top of the page. The experiment will affect 10% of users on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409485] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/2025 Year in Review|Wikipedia Year in Review 2025]], a feature in the Wikipedia mobile apps (iOS and Android) that provides users with a personalised summary of their engagement with Wikipedia over the year, is now available on the iOS and Android apps. This edition includes expanded personalised insights, improved reading highlights, new donor messaging, and updated designs. Open the app to view your Year in Review and explore your reading journey from 2025. * A recent software bug caused edits made with VisualEditor to make unintended changes to wikitext, including removing whitespace and replacing spaces with underscores in wikilinks inside citations. This was partially fixed last week, and further fixes are in progress. Editors who used VisualEditor between November 28 and December 2 should review their edits for unexpected modifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411238] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the incorrect handling of URLs copied from the address bar of Microsoft Edge users, has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341281] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] as the editor for Lua, JavaScript, CSS, JSON and Vue content models, instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. With this, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linters]] will be upgraded. This is part of a larger effort to eventually replace CodeEditor and provide a consistent code editing experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373711] * Developers are encouraged to take the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/552643 2025 Developer Satisfaction Survey], which remains open until 5 January 2026. If you build software for the Wikimedia ecosystem and would like to share your experiences or feedback, your participation is greatly appreciated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/W4WBKO6Q55UWWCCSFWQATKEXBEHP3QNR/] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २३:३१, ८ डिसेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29738112 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, one of the fixes addressed an issue for temporary accounts adding an external URL, which triggered an hCaptcha request in more cases than intended, and did not display the required popup on the first attempt to publish the edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411927] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To improve database and site performance, external links to Wikimedia projects will no longer be stored in the database. This means they will not be searchable in [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]], will not be checked by the Spam Blacklist or AbuseFilter as new links, and will not be in the <code dir=ltr>externallinks</code> table on database replicas. In the future this may be extended to other highly-linked trusted websites on a per-wiki basis, such as Creative Commons links on Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405005] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ००:४८, १६ डिसेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29796010 --> == This Month in Education: December 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 12 • December 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/WikiLatih Wiktionary with the Goethe-Institut: Strengthening the Digital Presence of Indonesia’s Local Languages|WikiLatih Wiktionary with the Goethe-Institut: Strengthening the Digital Presence of Indonesia’s Local Languages]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Wiki in schools - Architecture and Open Heritage|Wiki in schools - Architecture and Open Heritage]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/What are the challenges and opportunities in scientific dissemination? Reflecting on the topic in the Brazilian context|What are the challenges and opportunities in scientific dissemination? Reflecting on the topic in the Brazilian context]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/WikipediaxAI: Wikipedia, AI, and the future of knowledge|WikipediaxAI: Wikipedia, AI, and the future of knowledge]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Wikipedia at University Another year of working alongside higher education institutions in Argentina|Wikipedia at University Another year of working alongside higher education institutions in Argentina]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/WAM - Tulu Edit-a-thon & Workshop in St Aloysius University |WAM - Tulu Edit-a-thon & Workshop in St Aloysius University]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Visibilizando memórias negras: estudantes da UFRGS ampliam a Wikipédia com foco na imprensa e no associativismo pós-abolição|Visibilizando memórias negras: estudantes da UFRGS ampliam a Wikipédia com foco na imprensa e no associativismo pós-abolição]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Transforming Education Through Wikimedia in Kosovo: 2025|Transforming Education Through Wikimedia in Kosovo: 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/New WikiClubs and educational partnership in Albania|New WikiClubs and educational partnership in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/New WikiClub with the Dibra Youth Center in Albania|New WikiClub with the Dibra Youth Center in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Landmark Educational Initiatives and Wikimedia Programs Transform Learning in 2025|Landmark Educational Initiatives and Wikimedia Programs Transform Learning in 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Knowledge in the Digital Age: A WMUK Collaborative Workshop|Knowledge in the Digital Age: A WMUK Collaborative Workshop]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] २०:०७, १७ डिसेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29814101 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-52</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W52"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * From January, edit filters [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Access flags|can be set]] to automatically suppress their details such as rules and list of attempted edits and actions. This will help oversighters use edit filters to prevent doxxing or other suppressible material. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290324] * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 12 January 2026 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the crash that occurred when tapping "First Steps" in the Wikipedia Android Year in Review has now been fixed, and the feature opens as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411546] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Interface elements such as diffs and categories generated by MediaWiki used to have the attribute <code dir=ltr>data-mw="interface"</code> to distinguish from wiki content. The attribute has been replaced with <code dir=ltr>data-mw-interface=""</code>, to avoid potential conflicts with other <code dir=ltr>data-mw</code> attributes, which are generated by Parsoid. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409187] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications just opened mid-December and will close in mid-January or earlier if capacity is reached. With space for approximately 100 participants, early application is encouraged. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W52"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०३:३०, २३ डिसेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29831856 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support "map" as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:१९, १३ जनवरी २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29907192 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: <code dir=ltr>https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/</code>) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]! * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:१५, २० जनवरी २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29943403 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February. * All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. * Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the "prevent this user from editing their own talk page" is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new AbuseFilter variable, <code>account_type</code>, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the <code>createaccount</code> and <code>autocreateaccount</code> actions. As part of this change, the variable <code>accountname</code> has been renamed to <code>account_name</code>, and <code>accountname</code> is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code> will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०३:०३, २७ जनवरी २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29969530 --> == This Month in Education: January 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 1 • January 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Strengthening Wikimedia Education and Digital Literacy in 2026|Strengthening Wikimedia Education and Digital Literacy in 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Dzongkha Wikipedia Education Program in Bhutan|Dzongkha Wikipedia Education Program in Bhutan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Wikipedia Education Program - Train The Trainer in Nepal|Wikipedia Education Program – Train The Trainer in Nepal]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Wikipedia 25 celebration in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club Alvan and IMSU|Wikipedia 25 celebration in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club Alvan and IMSU]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/CBSUA boosts Open Knowledge and Local Culture through expanded Wiki Education Program|CBSUA boosts Open Knowledge and Local Culture through expanded Wiki Education Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/WikiChallenge African Schools: Young voices, real impact, and continued (reasonable) growth|WikiChallenge African Schools: Young voices, real impact, and continued (reasonable) growth]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Updates on Auckland Museum Summer Student Programme|Updates on Auckland Museum Summer Student Programme]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Stronger and bolder Wikiforhumanrights 2025 in Anambra Network|Stronger and bolder Wikiforhumanrights 2025 in Anambra Network]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Official Opening of IFAK Secondary School Wiki Club: Engaging Youth in Learning Through Open Knowledge|Official Opening of IFAK Secondary School Wiki Club: Engaging Youth in Learning Through Open Knowledge]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Greetings from the Jeronim de Rada WikiClub in Elbasan, Albania, for Christmas 2025|Greetings from the Jeronim de Rada WikiClub in Elbasan, Albania, for Christmas 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Great and productive final activities of 2025 Wikimedia MKD education programme|Great and productive final activities of 2025 Wikimedia MKD education programme]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Envisioning an Open Future together - WikiForAll|Envisioning an Open Future together – WikiForAll]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A look back: reviewing the main education activities in Brazil in 2025|A look back: reviewing the main education activities in Brazil in 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A 147-Year-Old Institution Celebrates 25 Years of Wikipedia: St Aloysius University and the Spirit of Open Knowledge|A 147-Year-Old Institution Celebrates 25 Years of Wikipedia: St Aloysius University and the Spirit of Open Knowledge]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/¡Celebrando 25 años de conocimiento libre! El Proyecto "25x25" llega a las aulas de Córdoba, Argentina|Celebrating 25 years of free knowledge! The '25x25' Project reaches the classrooms of Córdoba, Argentina]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A atuação em rede da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora para a difusão do conhecimento livre na Wikipédia|The collaborative efforts of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora for the dissemination of free knowledge on Wikipedia]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ००:११, २९ जनवरी २०२६ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29951116 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The "{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}" feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''Weekly highlight''' * Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २३:२९, २ फेब्रुअरी २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30000986 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors. * A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] * When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458] * The automatic "magic links" for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] <code dir=ltr><nowiki>{{#isbn}}</nowiki></code> available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|<code>w:kaj:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|<code>w:ppl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:१६, १० फेब्रुअरी २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30026671 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237] '''Updates for editors''' * The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval] * The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. * Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add <code dir="ltr">#siteNotice { display: none; }</code> to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the "view new changes since…" button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:०२, १७ फेब्रुअरी २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30086330 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764] * Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new "Edit full page" button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered "beta" on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:skin-theme-description</code> and <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag</code> to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta. * The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], <code dir=ltr>ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild</code>, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ००:४९, २४ फेब्रुअरी २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30119102 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki. '''Updates for editors''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&filter=&optional=1&action=translate help to localize] this and related features. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912] * Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807] * Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no <code dir=ltr>uselang=</code> URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111] * The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust & Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696] * The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views. * The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users. * [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २३:३७, २ मार्च २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30137798 --> == This Month in Education: February 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 2 • February 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Cairo University Spanish Language Volunteers document Madrid’s Historic and Contemporary Palaces|Cairo University Spanish Language Volunteers document Madrid’s Historic and Contemporary Palaces]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Celebrating 25 Years of Wikipedia in Uzbekistan|Celebrating 25 Years of Wikipedia in Uzbekistan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Encontro da Rede Latino Americana de Inteligência Artificial Feminista: construindo futuros possíveis|Meeting of the Latin American Network of Feminist Artificial Intelligence: building possible futures]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Farewelling the Auckland Museum Summer Students|Farewelling the Auckland Museum Summer Students]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Inclusive Climate Learning with Wikimedia Reaches Special School in Kumasi|Inclusive Climate Learning with Wikimedia Reaches Special School in Kumasi]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Introducing Wikimedia in Academic curriculum for students of higher education in universities of Telangana |Introducing Wikimedia in Academic curriculum for students of higher education in universities of Telangana]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Learning from Finland: Edit-a-thon on Finnish Education set to take place in Belgrade|Learning from Finland: Edit-a-thon on Finnish Education set to take place in Belgrade]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Library of IME-USP Workshop: Edits in History of Mathematics|Library of IME-USP Workshop: Edits in History of Mathematics]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/LitFest 2026: Room to Dream to amplify local voices across Wikimedia|LitFest 2026: Room to Dream to amplify local voices across Wikimedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/New online workshops for the German language Wikipedia|New online workshops for the German language Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Road to Wiki Cohort 1: Building India's Next Generation of Wikimedia Technical Contributors|Road to Wiki Cohort 1: Building India's Next Generation of Wikimedia Technical Contributors]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/The history of the Wikimedia movement in a Brazil: a book about stories and projects|The history of the Wikimedia movement in a Brazil: a book about stories and projects]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Club Federal Government Boys College Celebrates Mother Tongue Day|Wiki Club Federal Government Boys College Celebrates Mother Tongue Day]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Club Minalabac joins Freedom to Read 2026: One World, Many Languages|Wiki Club Minalabac joins Freedom to Read 2026: One World, Many Languages]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Love Folklore Photowalk at Khajuraho Dance Festival 2026|Wiki Love Folklore Photowalk at Khajuraho Dance Festival 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Loves Fish Workshop Empowers Students to Document Coastal Biodiversity|Wiki Loves Fish Workshop Empowers Students to Document Coastal Biodiversity]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/WikiCendekia 2026: Insights from our training of admins in Indonesia|WikiCendekia 2026: Insights from our training of admins in Indonesia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wikimedia MKD's activities- new wiki club and a lots of new training workshops|Wikimedia MKD's activities- new wiki club and a lots of new training workshops]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/WikiPatrimoine Senghor : Valorisation du patrimoine culturel africain à l'Université Senghor|WikiPatrimoine Senghor : Valuation of African cultural heritage at the University Senghor]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wikipedia Turns 25: Young Voices, Big Future|Wikipedia Turns 25: Young Voices, Big Future]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १७:४०, ३ मार्च २०२६ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=30155806 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. * Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]). '''Updates for editors''' * Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ००:३८, १० मार्च २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30213008 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055] * On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016] * Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]]. * Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874] * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror</code> or <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.lib</code> modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.switch</code> hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:२१, १७ मार्च २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30260505 --> == अत्यावश्यक ज्ञान अभियान २०२६ == नमस्ते {{BASEPAGENAME}} ज्यू! तपाईंलाई [[Event:अत्यावश्यक ज्ञान अभियान २०२६|अत्यावश्यक ज्ञान अभियान २०२६]] मा सहभागी हुन हार्दिक निमन्त्रणा गर्दछौं। यो ३-हप्ते अभियान (२३ मार्च – १३ अप्रिल २०२६) मार्फत नेपाली विकिपिडियामा अत्यावश्यक लेखहरू सुधार र विस्तार गर्ने लक्ष्य राखिएको छ। यस अभियानमा सहभागी भई तपाईंले: * विकिपिडियामा सम्पादन गर्ने सीप विकास गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ * लेखहरू सुधार, अनुवाद तथा नयाँ लेख सिर्जना गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ * नेपाली विकिपिडियामा महत्त्वपूर्ण योगदान दिन सक्नुहुन्छ उत्कृष्ट योगदानकर्ताहरूलाई [https://diff.wikimedia.org/ Diff] (विकिमिडिया समुदाय ब्लग) मार्फत विशेष पहिचान दिइनेछ। प्रति हप्ता २–५ घण्टा समय दिएर पनि तपाईं सहभागी हुन सक्नुहुन्छ। सहभागी हुन र थप जानकारीका लागि कृपया [[Event:अत्यावश्यक ज्ञान अभियान २०२६|अभियान पृष्ठ हेर्नुहोस्]]। धन्यवाद! --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Saroj|Saroj]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:Saroj|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) १५:३६, २३ मार्च २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Saroj@newiki using the list at https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE:Saroj/MassMessage&oldid=1347853 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|"Log in with passkey" button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २२:३६, २३ मार्च २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30268305 --> ==[[:राष्ट्रिय शिक्षा पद्धतिको योजना (२०२८ - २०३२ )]] [[विकिपिडिया:शीघ्र मेट्नुपर्ने आधार|शीघ्र मेट्नुपर्ने]]मा मनोनित== [[Image:Information icon4.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]] {{Quote box|quote=<p>यदि यो तपाईँले सृजना गर्नुभएको पहिलो लेख हो भने, तपाईँ [[विकिपिडिया:स्वशिक्षा|लेखन सहयोग स्वशिक्षा]] पढ्न सक्नुहुन्छ।</p><p>लेख सृजना गर्न मद्दत गर्ने [[विकिपिडिया:लेख विजार्ड|लेख सहायिका]] पनि तपाईँ प्रयोग गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ।</p>|width=20%|align=right}} नमस्कार, विकिपिडियामा तपाईँलाई [[विकिपिडिया:स्वागत/नव आगन्तुक|स्वागत]] छ। यस [[:राष्ट्रिय शिक्षा पद्धतिको योजना (२०२८ - २०३२ )]]लाई विकिपिडिया देखि [[विकिपिडिया:पृष्ठ हटाउने नीति|चाँडैनै मेटिने]] भनेर एउटा चिनो राखिएको छ। यसले [[वि:शीमे#ले१|ले१]] मापदण्ड अन्तर्गत '''कुनै सन्दर्भ नभएको''' वा '''विषय पहिचान गर्न पर्याप्त सन्दर्भको कमी भएको''' जनाउदछ। [[विकिपिडिया:प्रमानिकता|कुनै सन्दर्भ नभएका]] सम्पूर्ण सामग्रीलाई [[विकिपिडिया:शीघ्र मेट्नुपर्ने आधार|शीघ्र मेट्नुपर्ने मापदण्ड]]को आधारमा कुनै पनि समयमा मेटिन सक्छ। यदि तपाईँलाई लाग्छ पृष्ठलाई यस कारणले मेटाउनु हुँदैन, तपाईँ '''नामाङ्कन विरोध गर्न''' [[:राष्ट्रिय शिक्षा पद्धतिको योजना (२०२८ - २०३२ )|पृष्ठमा गएर]] आफ्नो विचार राख्नुहोला। यसले तपाईँलाई पृष्ठ किन मेटाउनु हुँदैन वर्णन गर्ने अवसर दिनेछ। यद्यपि, याद रहोस्, एक पटक पृष्ठ शीघ्र मेटाउन अङ्कित भएमा, यो तत्काल मेटाइनेछ। कृपया पृष्ठबाट शीघ्र मेटाउने चिनो आफैंले नहटाउनुहोला, तर विकिपिडियाको [[विकिपिडिया:नीति तथा दिशानिर्देशहरूको सूची|नीति तथा दिशानिर्देशहरू]] अनुरूप जानकारी थप्न नहिचकिचाउनुहोला। यदि पृष्ठ मेटिसकिएको, र भविष्यका सन्दर्भ वा सुधारको लागि तपाईँ मेटाइएको सामग्री पुनःप्राप्त गर्न चाहनुहुन्छ भने, कृपया {{Querylink|Special:Log|qs=type=delete&page=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%28%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AE+-+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%A8+%29|मेटाउने प्रशासकलाई सम्पर्क गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ}}, वा यदि तपाईँले पहिल्यै त्यसो गरिसक्नुभएमा, एउटा अनुरोध तपाईँ [[विकिपिडिया:मेटाइएको संशोधन|यहाँ राख्न सक्नुहुन्छ]]। <!-- Template:Db-nocontext-notice --> <!-- Template:Db-csd-notice-custom --> [[User:पर्वत सुवेदी|पर्वत सुवेदी]] ([[User talk:पर्वत सुवेदी|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) २१:५०, २८ मार्च २०२६ (नेपाली समय) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]]. * The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap "Edit". This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:११, ३१ मार्च २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30329462 --> == This Month in Education: March 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 3 • March 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Advancing 21st-Century Education: Proposal to Establish the Yorùbá Wikipedia Fan Club at Arolu College of Education, Ilemona|Advancing 21st-Century Education: Proposal to Establish the Yorùbá Wikipedia Fan Club at Arolu College of Education, Ilemona]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Awareness Programme on Language and Culture Protection by KWUG|Awareness Programme on Language and Culture Protection by KWUG]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Teachers from Various Institutions in Rio de Janeiro Explore Wikipedia as a Means of Preserving Memory and Checking Sources|Teachers from Various Institutions in Rio de Janeiro Explore Wikipedia as a Means of Preserving Memory and Checking Sources]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Edu Wiki Nigeria Co-Founder Facilitates Textbook Donation to AHAJAS Integrated School, Gombe|Edu Wiki Nigeria Co-Founder Facilitates Textbook Donation to AHAJAS Integrated School, Gombe]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Inside Wikimedia Ukraine's education program|Inside Wikimedia Ukraine's education program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Karavali Wikimedians at Mangaluru Design Summit 2026|Karavali Wikimedians at Mangaluru Design Summit 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/One School, One Article Campaign Wrap Up|One School, One Article Campaign Wrap Up]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Seeds of Knowledge: A Wiki Project that Sparked a Community at ADUN|Seeds of Knowledge: A Wiki Project that Sparked a Community at ADUN]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Student workshops at Serbian Universities: enriching Wikipedia with topics on culture and technology|Student workshops at Serbian Universities: enriching Wikipedia with topics on culture and technology]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/The Open Knowledge Alliance: Wikimedia and Libraries|The Open Knowledge Alliance: Wikimedia and Libraries]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikimedia CR published updated guide for beginners|Wikimedia CR published updated guide for beginners]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikimedia goes back to the classroom in Brazil|Wikimedia goes back to the classroom in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Workshop on Feminism and Folklore 2026 by Wiki Club SATI|Workshop on Feminism and Folklore 2026 by Wiki Club SATI]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/“Wikimedia MKD in Action: Teacher Conferences and Education Activities|“Wikimedia MKD in Action: Teacher Conferences and Education Activities]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikipedia & Libraries: Building New Contributors|Wikipedia & Libraries: Building New Contributors]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १६:०६, १ अप्रिल २०२६ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=30317659 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]]. * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304] * All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]]. * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>format=php</nowiki></code></bdi>, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538] * The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example "WP" for the "Project" ("Wikipedia") namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २२:०४, ६ अप्रिल २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30362761 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature. '''Updates for editors''' * On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294] * The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=query&meta=notifications</nowiki></code></bdi>) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991] * Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २१:०४, १३ अप्रिल २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30380527 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest "Liquid Glass" visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias. * An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]]. * On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> directly, please update them to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २०:४६, २० अप्रिल २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == This Month in Education: April 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 4 • April 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Empowering Knowledge: Wikimedia MKD Education Update|Empowering Knowledge: Wikimedia MKD Education Update]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/WikiScholar: A School-Level Initiative to Promote Free Knowledge in Bangladesh|WikiScholar: A School-Level Initiative to Promote Free Knowledge in Bangladesh]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikipedia for School 2025–2026: A Competition That Continued Despite Frost, Power Outages, and War|Wikipedia for School 2025–2026: A Competition That Continued Despite Frost, Power Outages, and War]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful delivery new media literacy teacher training course|Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful delivery new media literacy teacher training course]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikimedia CR supporting SDG's in Czech schools|Wikimedia CR supporting SDG's in Czech schools]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/University Students’ Mandatory Internships at Wikimedia Armenia|University Students’ Mandatory Internships at Wikimedia Armenia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Third year of collaboration with Aleksandër Xhuvani University in Elbasan, Albania|Third year of collaboration with Aleksandër Xhuvani University in Elbasan, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Students Discover Open Source and Learn Wikipedia and Wikidata Skills for the First Time in Zarqa, Jordan|Students Discover Open Source and Learn Wikipedia and Wikidata Skills for the First Time in Zarqa, Jordan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Leveraging on Wikipedia as a tool for curbing Health Misinformation and Disinformation in Akwa Ibom and Rivers State, Nigeria|Leveraging on Wikipedia as a tool for curbing Health Misinformation and Disinformation in Akwa Ibom and Rivers State, Nigeria]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Governance and Public Knowledge: Wikipedia as a Learning Tool in Sustainability Education through UNESCO Designated Sites|Governance and Public Knowledge: Wikipedia as a Learning Tool in Sustainability Education through UNESCO Designated Sites]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/A month full of encounters with students in Brazil|A month full of encounters with students in Brazil]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] २१:४६, २७ अप्रिल २०२६ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=30406002 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the "automatically enable most beta features" option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २३:५१, २७ अप्रिल २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30458046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]]. * The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909] * From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the "Translate to English" dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as "changes 3" instead of "3 changes" in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:२८, ५ मे २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30498077 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward. '''Updates for editors''' * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks. * The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui.input</nowiki></code></bdi>, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:०५, १२ मे २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30524429 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]]. '''Updates for editors''' * An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions. * To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the "Tools > Action" menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]]. * The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for "Who Wrote That" and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:०७, १९ मे २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30539262 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">You may be eligible to vote in the U4C election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> I am contacting you because you previously voted in elections related to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]]. You may be eligible to vote in the current U4C election, which is open now and closes on 2 June 2026. You can find out more about the candidates and the election on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the election page on Meta]], and from there you can access the vote itself. Your participation in these elections is important to the governance of Wikimedia communities, and your time spent learning about the candidates and voting is appreciated. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) २३:०१, २० मे २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30569826 --> == Belated Wiki Anniversary Wishes 🎉 == <div style="border: 3px solid #f75920; background: #f8f9fa; padding: 15px; margin: 10px 0; font-size: 95%; line-height: 1.6em;"> [[File:Rose and Carnation Flower Bouquet 02.png|150px|right|Happy Wiki Anniversary]] Dear [[User:Nawaraj Ghimire|Nawaraj Ghimire]], Your wiki anniversary was '''26 days''' ago, marking '''12 years''' of dedicated service! I wanted to extend a heartfelt thanks for your amazing contributions. With over '''7,473''' edits, your dedication is an inspiration to the community. Wishing you all the best for the year ahead! ''Use this [https://wiki-anniversary.toolforge.org/ '''Tool'''] to send wiki anniversary wishes to other amazing Wikimedians.'' - [[User:Suyash.dwivedi|Suyash.dwivedi]] ([[User talk:Suyash.dwivedi|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) १८:४२, २१ मे २०२६ (नेपाली समय) </div> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] '''Updates for editors''' * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis. * After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The legacy CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tright</nowiki></code></bdi> have been replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०३:३७, २६ मे २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30584502 --> == This Month in Education: May 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 5 • May 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Teaching innovation with Wikimedia. Shared experiences in Spanish Universities|Teaching innovation with Wikimedia. Shared experiences in Spanish Universities]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Editing Wikipedia with Viktor Hygo High School in Albania|Editing Wikipedia with Viktor Hygo High School in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Debating free license in Brazil|Debating free license in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Microclimatic Explainers: A short-form media approach to build micro-level environmental awareness in India|Microclimatic Explainers: A short-form media approach to build micro-level environmental awareness in India]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Ukraine publishes the first academic collection of papers on Wikipedia and Wikimedia Projects|Ukraine publishes the first academic collection of papers on Wikipedia and Wikimedia Projects]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wiki Digital Youth Club Launches in Tanzania: Youth Build Digital Skills Through Competitive Quest Challenges|Wiki Digital Youth Club Launches in Tanzania: Youth Build Digital Skills Through Competitive Quest Challenges]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wiki Youth Participation in Building Rwanda’s Open Knowledge Ecosystem|Wiki Youth Participation in Building Rwanda’s Open Knowledge Ecosystem]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wikimedia Digi-Youth Club in Nigeria|Wikimedia Digi-Youth Club in Nigeria]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wikimedia MKD's Education News & Activities|Wikimedia MKD's Education News & Activities]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wikipedia Serbia's interns and Wiki Ambassadors provide crucial support towards end of the school year|Wikipedia Serbia's interns and Wiki Ambassadors provide crucial support towards end of the school year]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] २२:३८, १ जुन २०२६ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=30604297 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is conducting an experiment to show the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] feature, which is still in development, to logged-out mobile readers to test whether it encourages account creation at a higher rate compared to the watchstar button. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|experiment]] was launched on May 18th on German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu wikis, and it will run for a month. * The Wikimedia Apps team released [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Phase 1]] of the redesigned Home Feed to the Android Beta app. The new Home Feed includes a refreshed "Community" tab and a personalized "For You" tab featuring daily updated reading recommendations. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve content discovery and create more engaging learning experiences in the Wikipedia apps. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where images could fail to load for some suggested edits on [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], leaving the thumbnail stuck in a loading state, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:५४, २ जुन २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30613639 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia Enterprise has increased the free usage limits for its API offerings. The monthly request limit for the On-demand API has increased from 5,000 to 50,000 requests, while the Snapshot API limit has increased from 15 to 30 requests per month. In addition, Structured Contents snapshots are now available for free accounts. These changes expand access to Wikimedia Enterprise data for developers, researchers, and organizations using Wikimedia content. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|refreshed Explore Feed]], now called the Home Feed, is rolling out to 50% of users of the Wikipedia Android app. The Home Feed helps readers discover relevant content through two new tabs: ''Community'' and ''For You''. The Community tab provides a scrollable feed of curated content and updates from the broader Wikimedia community and movement, while the ''For You'' tab offers a full-screen, swipeable experience that shows content tailored to a user's interests. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve discovery and enhance the learning experience in the Wikipedia app. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/"Which came first?" Game|Which came first?]] daily trivia game is now available in the beta version of the Wikipedia iOS app in English, German, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. The game uses historical events from Wikipedia's "On This Day" content and challenges readers to guess which of two events happened first. The game was previously released on Android. Communities interested in making the game available in their languages can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Games#Game availability by language|read the instructions and requirements]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details, will begin rolling out to Wikimedia wikis following a successful pilot phase. Deployment will start on 8 June for most [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Wednesday|Group 1 wikis]] and French Wikipedia, with additional Wikipedia language editions receiving the feature over the coming months. Communities are encouraged to prepare by checking for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-cite&language=en&action_source=search&filter=%21translated&optional=1&action=translate untranslated Cite extension messages] in their language and reviewing any use of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]], which may require [[:phab:T416304#11668731|updates]] to support the new functionality. Wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] do not need to take any action. Communities may also wish to create the ''cite-tracking-category-ref-details'' [[Special:TrackingCategories|tracking category]] as a hidden category using <code><nowiki>__HIDDENCAT__</nowiki></code> (or a dedicated template), and connect it to the corresponding Wikidata item [[d:Q129764848]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425662] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews#Experimentation|Page Previews experiment]] on mobile web has concluded. The team decided not to roll out the feature after the results showed no statistically significant impact on reader retention, as the primary success metric was retention improvement. Page Previews, which are already available on desktop and in the apps, display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and link to the full article when readers tap a blue link. The experiment tested this experience on mobile web across six Wikipedias. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Design/Icons|user interface icon library]] will be [[phab:T399175|updated later this week or next week]]. Most of the ~300 icons have been slightly refined and ~30 new icons have been added. These changes improve the icons to make them more consistent and comprehensible, and provide more visual balance when they are used in groups. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector|Universal Language Selector]] (ULS) interface in MediaWiki, which helps users select content in other languages, has been updated. The new version improves speed and accessibility, and users of Wikimedia projects can now pin languages for quicker language switching. The deployment to Wikimedia sites will happen gradually in the coming weeks. You can test it now as a beta feature by selecting [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] in your profile preferences and share your feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector/New ULS|the project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Pageviews Analysis dashboard on pageviews.wmcloud.org stopped updating graph data in May 2026, affecting all users, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The function signature for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink()</nowiki></code></bdi> has been simplified. Developers can now pass a configuration object instead of a list of positional parameters when creating portlet links. The previous function signature remains supported for backwards compatibility. For example, instead of: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', '#', 'Stub', 'ca-stubtag', 'Add a stub tag to this page');</nowiki></code></bdi> use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', { href: '#', text: 'Stub', id: 'ca-stubtag', tooltip: 'Add a stub tag to this page' });</nowiki></code></bdi>. Script maintainers are encouraged to review existing uses of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink()</nowiki></code></bdi> and update them where appropriate. This change will be available on all wikis from 11 June. Thanks to community volunteer Gerges for contributing this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427945] * '''Community Wishlist discussion''': Product & Technology [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 20, 2026: Community Tech becomes a program|introduced changes]] meant to increase the number and complexity of wishes fulfilled, including the disbanding of the Community Tech team. They are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|engaging in discussions]] about a [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist#Proposed direction for Wishlist|proposed direction for the wishlist]] from community members. Includes ways to structure annual voting, better tracking of wishes, removing focus areas, and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|staffing updates]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०३:१५, ९ जुन २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30650573 --> og6o4ht266plu7j535refrr8i7mbyw6 0 65355 1358546 1237369 2026-06-09T08:11:44Z Markuss86 52905 1358546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox national football team | Name = इङ्ल्यान्ड | Flag = | Badge = Arms of The Football Association (include star).svg | Badge_size = | FIFA Trigramme = ENG | Nickname = ''द थ्री लायन्स'' | Association = [[फुटबल सङ्घ]] | Confederation = [[युरोपेली फुटबल महासङ्घ|युइएफए]] (युरोप) | Coach = [[गरेथ सोउथ्गते]] | Most caps = [[पिटर शिल्टन]] (१२५) | Captain = [[ह्यारी केन]] | Top scorer = [[वाइन रुनी]] (५३) | Home Stadium = [[वेम्ब्ले स्टेडियम]] | FIFA Rank = {{Nft rank|४|up|१|date=०४ अप्रिल २०१९}}<ref name=FIFArank>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/ranking-table/men/index.html |title=FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking: Men's Ranking |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref> | FIFA max = ३ | FIFA max date = अगस्त २०१२<ref name=FIFArank/> | FIFA min = २७ | FIFA min date = फेब्रुअरी १९९६<ref name=FIFArank/> | Elo Rank = {{Nft rank|१०|down|५|date=१६ अगस्त २९१८}}<!-- Elo rankings change often and irregularly; there are no "releases" from which a team can go up or down in ranking --><ref name=EloEngland>{{cite web |url=http://www.eloratings.net/England |title=World Football Elo Ratings: England |website=Eloratings.net |accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref> | Elo max = १ | Elo max date = १८७२–१९७६ <br>१८९२–१९११<br>१९९६–१९७०<br>१९८७–१९८८ | Elo min = १७ | Elo min date = ११ जून १९९५ | pattern_la1 = _eng26H | pattern_b1 = _eng26H | pattern_ra1 = _eng26H | pattern_sh1 = _eng26H | pattern_so1 = _eng26Hl | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_la2 = _eng26A | pattern_b2 = _eng26A | pattern_ra2 = _eng26A | pattern_sh2 = _eng26A | pattern_so2 = _eng26Al | leftarm2 = fe080a | body2 = fe080a | rightarm2 = fe080a | shorts2 = 000040 | socks2 = fe080a | First game = {{fb|SCO}} ०–० {{fb-rt|ENG}}<br>([[प्याट्रिक]], स्कटल्याण्ड; ३० नोभेम्बर १८७२) | Largest win = {{fb|ENG}} १३–० {{fb-rt|Ireland}}<br>([[बेलफास्ट]], आयरल्यान्ड; ३१ जुलाई १८८२) | Largest loss = {{fb|Hungary}} ७–१ {{fb-rt|ENG}}<br>([[बुडापेस्ट]], हङ्गेरी; २३ मे १९५४) | First win = {{flagicon|ENG}} इङ्ल्यान्ड ४–२ {{fb-rt|SCO}}<br>(लन्डन, इङ्ल्यान्ड ; ८ मार्च १८७३) | First loss = {{fb|ENG}} १–२ {{fb-rt|SCO}}<br>([[ह्यामिल्टन, स्कटल्याण्ड]]; ७ मार्च १८७४) | World cup apps = १५ | World cup first = १९५० | World cup best = बिजेता ([[१९६६ फिफा विश्वकप|१९६६]]) | Regional name = [[युइएफए युरोपेली च्याम्पियनसिप|युरोपेली च्याम्पियनसिप]] | Regional cup apps = ९ | Regional cup first = [[UEFA Euro 1968|१९६८]] | Regional cup best = तेस्रो स्थान ([[UEFA Euro 1968|१९६८]]) }} '''इङ्ल्यान्ड राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टिम'''ले अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय फुटबल प्रतियोगिताहरूमा इङ्ल्यान्डको प्रतिनिधित्व गर्ने गर्छ । ==सन्दर्भ सामग्री== {{reflist}} {{stub}} {{कमन्सश्रेणी|England national association football team}} [[श्रेणी:युरोपेली राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोलीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:फिफा विश्वकप विजेता देशहरू]] 0wcfgvaggicf5v5uaxntiooypx7u377 1358552 1358546 2026-06-09T09:42:32Z Markuss86 52905 1358552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox national football team | Name = इङ्ल्यान्ड | Flag = | Badge = Arms of The Football Association (include star).svg | Badge_size = 170px | FIFA Trigramme = ENG | Nickname = ''द थ्री लायन्स'' | Association = [[फुटबल सङ्घ]] | Confederation = [[युरोपेली फुटबल महासङ्घ|युइएफए]] (युरोप) | Coach = [[गरेथ सोउथ्गते]] | Most caps = [[पिटर शिल्टन]] (१२५) | Captain = [[ह्यारी केन]] | Top scorer = [[वाइन रुनी]] (५३) | Home Stadium = [[वेम्ब्ले स्टेडियम]] | FIFA Rank = {{Nft rank|४|up|१|date=०४ अप्रिल २०१९}}<ref name=FIFArank>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/ranking-table/men/index.html |title=FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking: Men's Ranking |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref> | FIFA max = ३ | FIFA max date = अगस्त २०१२<ref name=FIFArank/> | FIFA min = २७ | FIFA min date = फेब्रुअरी १९९६<ref name=FIFArank/> | Elo Rank = {{Nft rank|१०|down|५|date=१६ अगस्त २९१८}}<!-- Elo rankings change often and irregularly; there are no "releases" from which a team can go up or down in ranking --><ref name=EloEngland>{{cite web |url=http://www.eloratings.net/England |title=World Football Elo Ratings: England |website=Eloratings.net |accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref> | Elo max = १ | Elo max date = १८७२–१९७६ <br>१८९२–१९११<br>१९९६–१९७०<br>१९८७–१९८८ | Elo min = १७ | Elo min date = ११ जून १९९५ | pattern_la1 = _eng26H | pattern_b1 = _eng26H | pattern_ra1 = _eng26H | pattern_sh1 = _eng26H | pattern_so1 = _eng26Hl | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_la2 = _eng26A | pattern_b2 = _eng26A | pattern_ra2 = _eng26A | pattern_sh2 = _eng26A | pattern_so2 = _eng26Al | leftarm2 = fe080a | body2 = fe080a | rightarm2 = fe080a | shorts2 = 000040 | socks2 = fe080a | First game = {{fb|SCO}} ०–० {{fb-rt|ENG}}<br>([[प्याट्रिक]], स्कटल्याण्ड; ३० नोभेम्बर १८७२) | Largest win = {{fb|ENG}} १३–० {{fb-rt|Ireland}}<br>([[बेलफास्ट]], आयरल्यान्ड; ३१ जुलाई १८८२) | Largest loss = {{fb|Hungary}} ७–१ {{fb-rt|ENG}}<br>([[बुडापेस्ट]], हङ्गेरी; २३ मे १९५४) | First win = {{flagicon|ENG}} इङ्ल्यान्ड ४–२ {{fb-rt|SCO}}<br>(लन्डन, इङ्ल्यान्ड ; ८ मार्च १८७३) | First loss = {{fb|ENG}} १–२ {{fb-rt|SCO}}<br>([[ह्यामिल्टन, स्कटल्याण्ड]]; ७ मार्च १८७४) | World cup apps = १५ | World cup first = १९५० | World cup best = बिजेता ([[१९६६ फिफा विश्वकप|१९६६]]) | Regional name = [[युइएफए युरोपेली च्याम्पियनसिप|युरोपेली च्याम्पियनसिप]] | Regional cup apps = ९ | Regional cup first = [[UEFA Euro 1968|१९६८]] | Regional cup best = तेस्रो स्थान ([[UEFA Euro 1968|१९६८]]) }} '''इङ्ल्यान्ड राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टिम'''ले अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय फुटबल प्रतियोगिताहरूमा इङ्ल्यान्डको प्रतिनिधित्व गर्ने गर्छ । ==सन्दर्भ सामग्री== {{reflist}} {{stub}} {{कमन्सश्रेणी|England national association football team}} [[श्रेणी:युरोपेली राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोलीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:फिफा विश्वकप विजेता देशहरू]] s4oz1jqeos1bidj9ftk62tydwp2cgtk 10 67723 1358462 1143501 2026-06-08T18:48:27Z बडा काजी 52836 [[प्रयोगकर्ता:बडा काजी/नेपालीकरण|एक उपकरण]] प्रयोग गरेर व्याकरण ठीक गरियो 1358462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Largest cities | name = नेपालका ठुला सहरहरू | country = नेपाल | stat_ref = [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cdn80YAupQOPaqCGG7beWLMDe8diEH1X/view राष्ट्रिय जनगणना, २०७८] | list_by_pop = | class = nav | div_name = प्रदेश | div_link = |city_1 = काठमाडौँ |div_1 = बागमती प्रदेश{{!}}बागमती |pop_1 = ८६२,४०० |img_1 = Kathmandu Avion 01.JPG |city_2 = पोखरा महानगरपालिका{{!}}पोखरा |div_2 = गण्डकी प्रदेश{{!}}गण्डकी |pop_2 = ५१३,५०४ |img_2 = Pokhara Valley.jpg |city_3 = भरतपुर महानगरपालिका{{!}}भरतपुर |div_3 = बागमती प्रदेश{{!}}बागमती |pop_3 = ३६९,२६८ |img_3 = Gaindakot Town.jpg |city_4 = ललितपुर महानगरपालिका{{!}}ललितपुर |div_4 = बागमती प्रदेश{{!}}बागमती |pop_4 = २९४,०९८ |img_4 = Nepal Patan Mangal.jpg |city_5 = वीरगन्ज महानगरपालिका{{!}}वीरगन्ज |div_5 = मधेश प्रदेश{{!}}मधेश |pop_5 = २७२,३८२ |city_6 = विराटनगर महानगरपालिका{{!}}विराटनगर |div_6 = कोशी प्रदेश{{!}}कोशी |pop_6 = २४४,७५० |city_7 = घोराही उपमहानगरपालिका{{!}}घोराही |div_7 = लुम्बिनी प्रदेश{{!}}लुम्बिनी |pop_7 = २००,५३० |city_8 = धनगढी उपमहानगरपालिका{{!}}धनगढी |div_8 = सुदूरपश्चिम प्रदेश{{!}}सुदूरपश्चिम |pop_8 = १,९८,७९२ |city_9 = इटहरी उपमहानगरपालिका{{!}}इटहरी |div_9 = कोशी प्रदेश{{!}}कोशी |pop_9 = १९७,२४१ |city_10 = जनकपुरधाम उपमहानगरपालिका{{!}}जनकपुरधाम |div_10 = मधेश प्रदेश{{!}}मधेश |pop_10 = १९४,५५६ |city_11 = बुटवल उपमहानगरपालिका{{!}}बुटवल |div_11 = लुम्बिनी प्रदेश{{!}}लुम्बिनी |pop_11 = १९४,३३५ |city_12 = हेटौँडा उपमहानगरपालिका{{!}}हेटौँडा |div_12 = बागमती प्रदेश{{!}}बागमती |pop_12 = १९३,५७६ |city_13 = तुलसीपुर उपमहानगरपालिका{{!}}तुलसीपुर |div_13 = लुम्बिनी प्रदेश{{!}}लुम्बिनी |pop_13 = १७९,७५५ |city_14 = बूढानीलकण्ठ नगरपालिका{{!}}बूढानीलकण्ठ |div_14 = बागमती प्रदेश{{!}}बागमती |pop_14 = १७७,५५७ |city_15 = धरान उपमहानगरपालिका{{!}}धरान |div_15 = कोशी प्रदेश{{!}}कोशी |pop_15 = १६६,५३१ |city_16 = नेपालगन्ज उपमहानगरपालिका{{!}}नेपालगन्ज |div_16 = लुम्बिनी प्रदेश{{!}}लुम्बिनी |pop_16 = १६४,४४४ |city_17 = वीरेन्द्रनगर नगरपालिका{{!}}वीरेन्द्रनगर |div_17 = कर्णाली प्रदेश{{!}}कर्णाली |pop_17 = १५३,८६३ |city_18 = तारकेश्वर नगरपालिका{{!}}तारकेश्वर |div_18 = बागमती प्रदेश{{!}}बागमती |pop_18 = १५१,४७९ |city_19 = तिलोत्तमा नगरपालिका{{!}}तिलोत्तमा |div_19 = लुम्बिनी प्रदेश{{!}}लुम्बिनी |pop_19 = १४९,४७९ |city_20 = गोकर्णेश्वर नगरपालिका{{!}}गोकर्णेश्वर |div_20 = बागमती प्रदेश{{!}}बागमती |pop_20 = १४९,३६६ }}<noinclude> [[श्रेणी:एसियाका ठुला सहरहरूको ढाँचा|नेपाल]] </noinclude> ndgug74g7x728likex2k3dakcybqroa 0 69169 1358470 1357351 2026-06-09T01:46:32Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358470 wikitext text/x-wiki कुनै पनि वस्तुमा भएको [[पदार्थ]]को जम्मा परिमाणलाई त्यस वस्तुको पिण्ड भनिन्छ। पिण्ड भनेको वस्तुको [[इनर्सिया]]को मापन हो, जसले वस्तुको [[प्रवेग]]लाई प्रतिरोध गर्छ।<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bray |first1=Nancy |date=28 April 2015 |title=Science |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/about/information/science_faq.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530095526/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/about/information/science_faq.html |archive-date=30 May 2023 |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=NASA |quote=Mass can be understood as a measurement of inertia, the resistance of an object to be set in motion or stopped from motion. }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530095526/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/about/information/science_faq.html |date=30 May 2023 }}</ref> पिण्ड वस्तुमा भएका [[परमाणु]] संख्या र परमाणुको औसत पिण्डमा निर्भर रहन्छ। कुनै वस्तुलाई पृथ्वीको जुनसुकै भागमा वा अन्तरीक्षमा वा अन्य ग्रहमा लगे तापनी त्यसको पिण्ड परिवर्तन हुँदैन । == मापन == पिण्डलाई भौतिक [[तराजु]] वा बिम तराजु वा [[स्प्रिङ तराजु]]बाट नापिन्छ। काटा तराजु मानी नापिन्छ। == एकाइ == पिण्डको आधारभूत एकाई किलोग्राम हो । जसलाई छोटकरीमा कि.ग्रा.(Kg) लेखिन्छ । त्यसदेखी बाहेक पिण्डका अन्य एकाइहरु मिलिग्राम, ग्राम, पाउण्ड, [[क्विन्टल]], [[टन|मेट्रिक टन]] आदि हुन् । [[श्रेणी:भौतिक शास्त्र]] [[श्रेणी:भौतिक परिमाण]] ma74pfx2mwfnm8y987m7034m0bcrw3i 0 70868 1358423 1307017 2026-06-08T12:48:03Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358423 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Berlinermauer.jpg|thumb|200px|बर्लिन पर्खाल]] '''बर्लिन पर्खाल''' ([[अङ्ग्रेजी भाषा|अङ्ग्रेजी]]: <span class="plainlinks">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall Berlin Wall]</span>) सन् १९६१ देखि १९८९ सम्म [[पूर्व जर्मनी]] र [[पश्चिम]] [[बर्लिन]] (जर्मन लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र) बीच सिमेन्ट र इँटाद्धारा बनाइएको बाधा रेखा थियो । सन् १९८९ [[नोभेम्बर]] ११ मा [[बर्लिन]]को पर्खाल भत्काइएको थियो । == निर्माणको सुरुवात == {{मुख्य|बर्लिन सङ्कट, १९६१}} {{ठुटो}} {{Commonscat|Berlin Wall}} {{Cold War}} 46gxhl6g44lgs1ucowva8znisjy9h8o 0 71425 1358511 1153675 2026-06-09T06:38:37Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=अक्टोबर २०२२}} {{Infobox officeholder |name = अब्दुल्ला यमिन |image =Abdulla Yameen portrait.jpg |office = छैठौँ [[माल्दिभ्सका राष्ट्रपति]] |vicepresident = [[मोहम्मद जमील अहमद]] |term_start = १७ नोभेम्बर २०१३ |term_end = |predecessor = [[मोहम्मद वाहीद हस्सन]] |successor = |birthname = अब्दुल्ला यामीन अब्दुल गयूम |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|5|21|df=y}} |birth_place = [[माले]], [[माल्दिभ्स]] |death_date = |death_place = |party = प्रोग्रेसिभ पार्टी अफ माल्दिभ्स |spouse = फथीमाथ इब्राहिम |residence = मुलीएज {{small|(आधिकारिक)}} |religion = [[इस्लाम धर्म|इस्लाम]] |alma_mater = बेरुत अमेरिकन विश्वविद्यालय<br>क्लेरमोन्ट स्नातक विश्वविद्यालय |image caption=अब्दुल्ला यमिन}} '''अब्दुल्ला यामिन अब्दुल गयूम''' ({{lang-dv|އަބްދުﷲ ޔާމީން އަބްދުލް ގައްޔޫމް}}) वर्तमानमा [[माल्दिभ्स]]को ६ औँ राष्ट्रपति हुन् । सन् २०१३ नोभेम्बर १७ मा उनले राष्ट्रपति [[पदको शपथ]] ग्रहण गरे ।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2013/11/maldives-swears-new-president-2013111711353221929.html |title=माल्दिभ्सको राष्ट्रपतिको शपथ ग्रहण |publisher=Al-Jazeera |date= |accessdate=17 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24977601 |title=Yameen sworn in as president of the Maldives |publisher=BBC World News |date= |accessdate=17 July 2013}}</ref> ==प्रारम्भिक जीवन== {{ठुटो}} ==सन्दर्भ== {{reflist}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[मोहम्मद वाहीद हस्सन]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[माल्दिभ्सका राष्ट्रपति]]|years=२०१३–हाल सम्म}} {{s-inc}} {{s-end}} {{कमन्सश्रेणी|Abdulla Yameen}} [[श्रेणी:माल्दिभ्सका राष्ट्रपतिहरू]] [[श्रेणी:राजनीतिज्ञहरू]] [[श्रेणी:सन् १९५९ मा जन्म]] [[श्रेणी:जीवित मानिसहरू]] bpntibtralxewgeuw4d3t1wo1t8xztx 0 71912 1358517 1329304 2026-06-09T06:50:12Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Political post | post = राष्ट्रपति | body = [[भारत]] | nativename = भारत गणतन्त्र को राष्ट्रपति | flag = File:emblem of India.svg | flagsize = 150px | flagcaption = राष्ट्रपति मानक | termlength = पाँच वर्ष (नवीकरणीय) | residence = [[राष्ट्रपति भवन, भारत|राष्ट्रपति भवन]] | appointer = निर्वाचन समिति (भारत) | style = सम्माननीय राष्ट्रपति <br>{{small|(भारतमा)}}<br>[[महामहिम]]<br>{{small|(भारत बाहिर)}} | image = | incumbent = [[द्रौपदी मुर्मु|द्रौपदी मुर्मू]] | incumbentsince = २५ जुलाई २०२२ | formation = [[भारतीय संविधान|भारतको संबिधान]]<br />२६ जनवरी १९५० | inaugural = [[राजेन्द्र प्रसाद]]<br />२६ जनवरी १९५० | salary = {{INRConvert|150000}} (प्रत्येक महिना)<ref name="salary hike for president">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/president-okays-her-own-salary-hike-by-300-p/406240/ |title=President okays her own salary hike by 300 per cent |newspaper=The Indian Express |accessdate=6 May 2012}}</ref> | website = [http://presidentofindia.nic.in/index.html भारतको राष्ट्रपति] }} '''भारतको राष्ट्रपति''' [[भारत|भारत गणतन्त्र]] को राज्य प्रमुख हुन्छन् । भारतको राष्ट्रपति भारतको कार्यपालिका, व्यवस्थापिका र न्यायपालिकाको औपचारिक प्रमुख हुन्छन् र भारतीय सशस्त्र बलहरूको सेनापतिको रूपमा कायम हुन्छन् । भारतको संविधानको धारा ५३ बमोजिम सिद्धांततः राष्ट्रपति सँग पर्याप्त शक्ति हुन्छन् तर केही अपवादहरू सँगै प्रत्यक्ष वा अधिनस्थ पदाधिकारी द्वारा आफ्नो वा आफ्नो अधिकारको प्रयोग गर्न सक्छन भनी व्याख्या गरिएको छ । हुनत, राष्ट्रपतिमा निहित कार्यकारी अधिकारको प्रयोग तथा व्यवहार हाल भारत सरकार द्वारा गरिदैं आएको छ । यसको प्रयोग कार्यकारी शक्ति मन्त्रीपरिषदको मद्दत ले प्रधानमन्त्री द्वारा प्रयोग गर्ने गरिन्छ । भारतको राष्ट्रपति कुनै प्रकारको [[सङ्कटकाल|आपातकाल]] लगाउन वा हटाउन, [[युद्धको घोषणा|युद्ध]]/शान्तिको घोषणा गर्ने अधिकारि हुन्छ । राष्ट्रपतिलाई देशको प्रथम नागरिक मानिन्छ । भारतीय राष्ट्रपतिलाई भारतीय नागरिक हुनु आवश्यक हुन्छ । भारतको राष्ट्रपति [[नयाँ दिल्ली]] स्थित [[राष्ट्रपति भवन, भारत|राष्ट्रपति भवन]]मा निवास गर्छन्, जसलाई [[रायसीना हिल]]को नाम ले पनि जानिन्छ । राष्ट्रपति अधिकतम दुई कार्यकाल सम्म मात्रै पदमा रहन सक्छन । अहिले सम्म पहिलो राष्ट्रपति [[राजेन्द्र प्रसाद]]ले मात्रै यस पदमा दुई कार्यकाल पुरा गरेका छन् । [[प्रतिभा पाटिल]] भारतको १२औ तथा यस पदमा आसिन हुने पहिलो भारतीय महिला राष्ट्रपति हुन् ।<ref>{{cite news |title=Patil Poised to Become India's First Female President |author=Bibhudatta Pradhan |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg.com]] |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601091&sid=aHJhXtWRZ4bA&refer=india |date=2007-07-19 |accessdate=2007-07-20}}</ref> उनले आफ्नो पद तथा गोपनीयताको [[पदको शपथ|शपथ]] २५ जुलाई २००७ मा लिएको थिइन् । वर्तमानमा [[रामनाथ कोविन्द|राम नाथ कोविन्द]] भारतको १३औ राष्ट्रपति हुन् । उहाँ भारतको रास्ट्रपति हुन। ==इतिहास== {{ठुटो}}[[भारतका राष्ट्रप्रमुखहरूको सूची]] ==राष्ट्रपतिको चुनाव== ==सन्दर्भ सामग्री== {{reflist}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== {{भारतका राष्ट्रपति}} * [http://presidentofindia.nic.in/ भारत को राष्ट्रपति (आधिकारिक वेबसाइट)] * [http://presidentofindia.nic.in/formerpresidents.html भूतपूर्व भारत को राष्ट्रपति (आधिकारिक वेबसाइट)] [[श्रेणी:भारत सरकार]] [[श्रेणी:देशका आधारमा राष्ट्रपतिहरू]] dpe0v01lzcqr6n12w94xancd0e6el7e 0 77821 1358480 1166142 2026-06-09T03:30:56Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox World Heritage Site | WHS = फुलहरूको उपत्यका राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज | Image = [[चित्र:Valley of flowers uttaranchal full view.JPG|300px|फूलों की घाटी का दृश्य]] | State Party = {{flag|भारत}} | Type = प्राकृतिक | Criteria = vii, x | ID = ३३५ | Region = [[विश्व सम्पदा क्षेत्र]] | Year = १९८८ | Session = १औँ | Extension = २००५ | Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/335 }} '''फुलहरूको उपत्यका निकुञ्ज''' ([[अङ्ग्रेजी भाषा|अंग्रेजी]]:Valley of Flowers National Park) [[भारत]] का एक राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज हो । यो निकुञ्ज [[उत्तराखण्ड]]को हिमालयी क्षेत्रमा अवस्थित छ । '''नन्दा देवी राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज'''र '''फुलहरूको राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज'''लाई समेटेर यो क्षेत्र लाई [[विश्व सम्पदा क्षेत्र]] घोषित गरिएको छ । यो निकुञ्ज ८७.५०&nbsp;किमी² क्षेत्रमा फैलिएको छ । [[चित्र:Valley of flowers pic.jpg|thumb|right|फुलको उपत्यकामा पाइने एक पुष्प]] [[चित्र:ValleyofFlowers FlowerwithBees.JPG|thumb|right|]] [[चित्र:ValleyOfFlowers purpleflower.JPG|thumb|right|]] [[चित्र:ValleyOf Flowers RedFlowerwithBee.jpg|thumb|right]] [[File:Pedicularis Hofmeisteri flower in the middle part of Valley of Flowers..jpg|thumb|This flower is found in the second half of July in middle part of valley of flowers.]] <gallery> Image:ValleyOfFlowers MorningDew.JPG|गुलाबी पुष्पमा ओसको थोपा Image:ValleyOfFlowers MultistoryFlower.JPG | बहुमंजिला पुष्प Image:ValleyofFlowers whiteFlower.JPG | An exquisite white flower File:White blooming flower.jpg|white flower </gallery> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== ==बाह्यलिङ्कहरू== * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/regionalnews/story/2003/10/031024_valley_flowers.shtml फुलको उपत्यकामा केही दुर्लभ फूल] * [http://www.valleyofflowers.ind.in फूलको अनौठो उपत्यकामा फेला तीन प्रजाती प्रजाति] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708100533/http://www.valleyofflowers.ind.in/ |date=2014-07-08 }} * [http://www.valleyofflowersindia.co.in प्रकृतिले नैसर्गिक छोड्यो - फूलको उपत्यका ] * [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/335 Official UNESCO website entry] * [http://fractalenlightenment.blogspot.com/2007/07/valley-of-flowers.html Pictures, Food, Guide, Prices & Acomodation at the Valley of Flowers] * [http://www.saos.org/egotrips/vof/gallery/index.htm Image Gallery of Journey to Valley of Flowers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215050913/http://www.saos.org/egotrips/vof/gallery/index.htm |date=2007-12-15 }} * [http://www.gmvnl.com/newgmvn/sports/trekdetail.aspx# GMVN Trek details] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070506184706/http://www.gmvnl.com/newgmvn/sports/trekdetail.aspx |date=2007-05-06 }} * [http://www.indiawildliferesorts.com/national-parks/valley-of-flower-park.html Valley of Flowers National Park] * [http://www.valleyofflowers.info Full information of valley of flowers] * [http://www.valleyofflowers.co.uk valley of flowers trek guide] ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== # [[विश्व सम्पदा क्षेत्र]] # [[विश्व सम्पदा क्षेत्रहरूको सूची]] [[श्रेणी:भारतका विश्व सम्पदा क्षेत्रहरू]] [[श्रेणी:विश्वसम्पदाथन २०१५ मा बनाइएका वा सुधारिएका लेखहरू]] 4q5y4asp51nhosshu0fgpb5sb1e3no6 0 87233 1358528 1318374 2026-06-09T07:34:15Z ~2026-34114-88 79211 1358528 wikitext text/x-wiki यो अभिमानसंह बस्नेत हुन रानामगर होइनन् यो गलत छ।{{Infobox Officeholder |name=काजी जनरल अभिमान सिंह राना मगर |native_name= |image=Abhiman Singh Rana Magar.jpg |caption=अभिमान सिंह राना |death_date=कोत पर्व |rank= काजी जनरल |allegiance={{flag|Nepal}} }} '''अभिमान सिंह बस्नेत''' [[राजेन्द्र वीरविक्रम शाह|राजा राजेन्द्र]]को समयमा नेपाल दरबारका एक भारदार थिए। उनी काजी र जनरल पनि थिए। उनी [[कोत पर्व]]मा मारिने ३२ जना व्यक्तिहरु मध्य पहिलो व्यक्ति थिए।<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://gorkhapatraonline.com/news/13532|title=कोतपर्वको पहिलो सिकार|last=दिक्पाल|first=राजकुमार|date=७ जेठ २०७९|website=गाेरखापत्र|accessdate=२२ जेष्ठ २०७९}}</ref> == पुर्वज == १६१६ सालमा राजा द्रव्य शाह लिगलिगकोटको राजा हुँदादेखि नै रानामगरहरू काजी दर्जामा काम गर्न थालेको पाइन्छ। दरबारभित्रको दादा, सुरक्षाको कामदेखि रणभूमिसम्म गोर्खा शाहवंशीय प्रशासनकालमा मगरहरूको भूमिका थियो। राना गोर्खा राज्य स्थापना हुँदा लिगलिग कोटमा १६१६ सालमा कानुनमन्त्री हुने काजी गंगाराम रानामगरकै नजिकका परिवार सन्तति थिए। अभिमानसिंह बस्नेत काजी भाष्करका छोरा कप्तान शमशेरका छोरा थिए। शमशेर बस्नेतका छोरा तीनजना थिए– कप्तान (पछि प्रधानसेनापति) अभिमानसिंह बस्नेत, धर्म नरसिंह बस्रेत वीरमानसिंह बस्नेत। काजी भाष्कर बस्नेत संवत १८४९ सालको श्रावण नेपाल–तिब्बत–चीन युद्धमा मारिए। कप्तान शमशेरकी श्रीमती हृदयप्रियादेवी र तीन छोरासमेत भएर नुवाकोट थानसिङमा पौवा बनाई राजा रणबहादुर शाहमार्फत ४० मुरी धान आउने खेतको गुठीसमेत राखेका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |last=बस्न्यात |first=प्रेमसिंह |date=२०८० कात्तिक १८ |title=सेनामा मगर महिमा |url=https://www.annapurnapost.com/story/445770/ |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=Annapurna Post |language=Nepali}}</ref><ref>यो जानकारी यी ३ भाइ र आमा हृदयप्रीयादेवी ले भास्कर, कृष्णकला र सम्सेर रानाको सम्झनामा [[नुवाकोट जिल्ला|नुवाकोट]]मा बनाएको पौवाको शिलालेखमा भेटिएको छ ।</ref> == प्रारम्भिक जीवन == अभिमानसिंह बस्नेत जन्ममिति खुल्ने कुनै लिखित हालसम्म यो लेखकले फेला पार्न सकेको छैन । तर यो भन्न सकिन्छ कि उनी एक 'साक्षर व्यक्ति' थिए किनभने उनको हस्ताक्षर सरकारी कागजातहरूमा पाइन्छ। उनको नाम उल्लेख भएको ऐतिहासिक पत्र भने पाइएको छ == फत्तेजंग शाह मन्त्रिमण्डल == माथवरसिंह थापाको सत्तामा पकड भएपछि राना निर्वासित जीवन बिताइरहेका थिए । उनको हत्यापछि चौतारिया फत्तेजङ र अभिमानसिंह राना नेपाल फर्के । १९०२ जेठ २ मा [[माथवरसिंह थापा|माथवर सिंह]]को हत्या भए पछि १९०२ साउनमा चौतरिया फत्तेजङ्ग शाहलाई प्रधानमन्त्रीको जिम्मेवारी दिइयो । चौतरियालाई पाल्पा, गोरखा र डोटी गरी तीन जिल्लाको जङ्गी निजामतीका साथै वैदेशिक मामिला सम्हाल्ने जिम्मेवारी दिइयो । जनरल गगनसिंहलाई सात पल्टनको अख्तियारीका साथ सिलखाना, बारुदखाना र तोपखानाको अख्तियारी दिइयो । जनरल अभिमानसिंह रानालाई तीन पल्टनको अख्तियारीका साथ पूर्वपश्चिम र तराई मधेसको सम्पूर्ण रेखदेख गर्ने जिम्मेवारी दिइएको थियो । प्रधानमन्त्री [[फत्तेजङ्ग शाह|फत्तेजंग शाह]]को मन्त्रिमण्डलमा उनी प्रधानमन्त्री र प्रधान सेनापति गगन सिंह पछि तेश्रो बरियता मा थिए । भने जनरल [[जङ्गबहादुर राणा|जंगबहादुर]] चौथो बरियता मा थिए ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/magazine/122192-2022-3-1-13-14-17|title=पहिलो ‘जनजाति सेनापति’ बन्ने सनकमा छत्रमानले मेटाउन खोजेका थिए अभिमानसिंहको इतिहास|website=नेपाल खबर|language=ne|accessdate=2022-10-31}}</ref> == कोतपर्व == मुख्य लेख : [[कोत पर्व|कोतपर्व]] कोतमा भारदारहरु [[गगनसिंह भण्डारी|गगन सिंह]]को हत्यारा पत्ता लगाउन जम्मा भएका थिए । रानी [[राज्यलक्ष्मी देवी]]ले कसैलाई पनि बाहिर निस्कन नदिन आदेश दिएकी थिइन् । कोतभित्र जंगबहादुरको मात्र सेना देखे पछि उनलाई शंका लाग्यो । र आफ्ना सेनालाई भेट्न जाँदा उनलाई ढोकामा रहेका भिम आले (कतै युद्धवीर अधिकारी उल्लेख गरिएको ) ले रोके । उनले भिम आलेलाई धक्का दिएर बाहिर जान लागे । तब भिम आलेले जंगबहादुरको सङ्केतमा उनीमाथि सङ्गीन छातीमा रोपे । आफु मर्ने पक्का पक्कि जस्तो भएपछी उनले "गगन सिंहको हत्यारा [[जङ्गबहादुर राणा|जंगे]] हो " भन्दै भित्तामा रगतले लेखेर चिच्याए l == प्रधानसेनापति विवाद == ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[अभिमानसिंह बस्न्यात]] == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:नेपाली भारदारहरू]] [[श्रेणी:कोत पर्वमा मारिएकाहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपाली सैन्य कर्मचारीहरू]] molq3pjhx6zpo0575h8x5umhq6fld3j 0 88788 1358514 1348802 2026-06-09T06:47:50Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{छोटो विवरण|नेपालको पहिलो महिला प्रधानन्यायधीश तथा पूर्वप्रधानमन्त्री}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[सम्माननीय]] | name = सुशीला कार्की | honorific_suffix = | image =Sushila Karki.jpg | alt = | caption = आधिकारिक तस्वीर | office = नेपालको अन्तरिम [[नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरूको सूची| प्रधानमन्त्री]] | status = अन्तरिम | president = [[रामचन्द्र पौडेल]] | successor = [[बालेन्द्र शाह]] | preceded = [[केपी शर्मा ओली]] | term_start = २७ भदौ २०८२ | term_end = १३ चैत २०८२ | office1 = [[नेपालको प्रधानन्यायाधीश|नेपालको २५औँ प्रधानन्यायाधीश]]<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite web|title=First woman Chief Justice of Nepal, Sushilaa Karki, takes a path|date=11 July 2016|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/first-woman-chief-justice-of-nepal-sushila-karki-takes-oath-2907173/|accessdate=1 December 2017}}</ref> | term_start1 = २०७३ असार २७ | term_end1 = २०७४ जेठ २४ | nominator = | appointer1 = [[विद्यादेवी भण्डारी]] ([[नेपालको राष्ट्रपति]]) | predecessor1 = [[कल्याण श्रेष्ठ]] | successor1 = [[गोपाल पराजुली]] | birth_date = २००९ जेठ २५ <br>(वर्ष ७३)<ref name="thehimalayantimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/sushila-karki-recommended-chief-justice/|title=Sushila Karki recommended for Chief Justice|date=10 April 2016|publisher=}}</ref> | birth_place = शङ्खरपुर, [[विराटनगर महानगरपालिका|विराटनगर]], [[मोरङ जिल्ला]], नेपाल<ref name="wikinepal.org"/> | death_date = | death_place = | spouse = दुर्गाप्रसाद सुवेदी | native_name = | native_name_lang = नेपाली | alma_mater = [[त्रिभुवन विश्वविद्यालय]]<br/>[[बनारस हिन्दु विश्वविद्यालय]] }} '''सुशीला कार्की ''' (जन्म:२००९ जेठ २५) नेपालकी पूर्वप्रधानमन्त्री<ref>{{Cite web |title=सुशिला कार्की अन्तरिम सरकारको प्रधानमन्त्री नियुक्त |url=https://www.nepalpress.com/2025/09/12/639089/ |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=नेपाल प्रेस |language=नेपाली}}</ref> तथा [[सर्वोच्च अदालत (नेपाल)|सर्वोच्च अदालत]]को पूर्वप्रधानन्यायाधीश हुन्। उनी नेपालको प्रथम महिला प्रधानन्यायाधीश र नेपालको पहिलो महिला प्रधानमन्त्री पनि हुन्।<ref name="ndtv.com">http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/nepal-gets-first-woman-chief-justice-sign-of-changing-attitudes-1395219</ref> प्रधानमन्त्री [[खड्गप्रसाद ओली]]को अध्यक्षताको संवैधानिक परिषद्ले नेपालको सर्वोच्च अदालतले प्रधानन्यायाधीश पदको लागि उनको नाम सिफारिस गरेको थियो।<ref name="ndtv.com"/><ref>http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/karki-to-be-chief-justice-of-nepal-s-supreme-court-116041100432_1.html</ref> कार्की न्यायपालिकामा भ्रष्टाचारविरूद्ध शून्य सहिष्णुताको लागि परिचित छिन्। उनी २०७३ असाढ २७ देखि २०७४ जेठ २४ सम्म [[नेपालको प्रधानन्यायाधीश]] थिइन्। भदौ २०८२ मा भएको सरकार विरोधी [[नेपालमा जेन जी आन्दोलन|जेन जी आन्दोलन]] चर्किएसँगै प्रधानमन्त्री [[केपी शर्मा ओली]]ले राजीनामा दिएका थिए जसको परिणाम स्वरूप [[प्रतिनिधि सभा (नेपाल)|प्रतिनिधि सभा]] विघटन गर्ने<ref>{{cite web|title=शीतलनिवासमा जुट्यो सहमति : सुशीला कार्कीको आजै शपथ, प्रतिनिधिसभा विघटन हुने|date=|url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2025/09/1763361/consensus-reached-at-sheelat-niwas-sushila-karki-to-take-oath-today-after-dissolution-of-house-of-representatives|accessdate=२६ भदौ २०८२|work=अनलाइन खबर|language=नेपाली}}</ref> र पूर्वप्रधानन्यायाधीश सुशीला कार्कीलाई २६ भदौ २०८२ मा [[सरकार प्रमुख]] बनाउने गरी सहमति जुटेको थियो<ref>{{cite web|title=राष्ट्रपति कार्यालयले भन्यो : नयाँ प्रधानमन्त्रीको शपथ ९ बजे|date=|url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2025/09/1763378/presidents-office-says-new-prime-minister-to-be-sworn-in-at-9-am|accessdate=२६ भदौ २०८२|work=अनलाइन खबर|language=नेपाली}}</ref> र उनले सोही दिन राष्ट्रपति [[रामचन्द्र पौडेल]]बाट [[पदको शपथ|शपथ ग्रहण]] गरेकी थिइन्।<ref>{{cite web|title=नवनियुक्त प्रधानमन्त्री कार्कीले लिइन् शपथ|date=|url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2025/09/1763468/newly-appointed-prime-minister-karki-takes-oath|accessdate=२६ भदौ २०८२|work=अनलाइन खबर|language=नेपाली}}</ref> == व्यक्तिगत जीवन == उनी आफ्नो पिताको सात सन्तानमध्ये जेठी हुन्। उनको परिवार किसानी गर्दथे।<ref name="ndtv.com">http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/nepal-gets-first-woman-chief-justice-sign-of-changing-attitudes-1395219</ref> उनीहरू विराटनगर स्थित [[बीपी कोइराला]]को परिवारसँग नजिक थिए। सुशीलाका बुवाले उनलाई डाक्टर बनाउन चाहे पनि उनले भने अध्ययनका लागि कानुन रोजेको थिइन्। [[बनारस हिन्दु विश्वविद्यालय]] वाराणसीमा अध्ययनरत रहँदा [[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]]का युवा नेता दुर्गाप्रसाद सुवेदीसँग भेट भई उनीहरूको विवाह समेत भएको थियो।<ref name="wikinepal.org">http://www.wikinepal.org/sushila-karki/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420035451/http://www.wikinepal.org/sushila-karki/ |date=2016-04-20 }}</ref> == शिक्षा == सुशीलाले [[महेन्द्र मोरङ आदर्श बहुमुखी क्याम्पस|महेन्द्र मोरङ क्याम्पस]]बाट २०२८ सालमा बिए र बनारस हिन्दु विश्वविद्यालयबाट २०३१ सालमा राजनीतिशास्त्रमा एमए गरेकी थिइन्।<ref name="thehimalayantimes.com"/> त्यसपछि उनले [[त्रिभुवन विश्वविद्यालय]]बाट २०३४ सालमा कानुनमा स्नातक उपाधि हासिल गरेकी थिइन्।<ref name="thehimalayantimes.com"/> == व्यवसायिक जीवन == === न्यायधीशको रूपमा === उनको व्यावसायिक जीवन भने शिक्षण पेशाबाट सुरु भएको थियो। उनले २०४२ देखि २०४६ सालसम्म [[महेन्द्र बहुमुखी क्याम्पस, धरान |महेन्द्र बहुमुखी क्याम्पस]], [[धरान]]मा प्राध्यापन गरेकी थिइन्। उनी विराटनगरस्थित पुनरावेदन अदालतको बार अध्यक्षसमेत थिइन्। २०३५ सालबाट वकालत सुरु गरेकी उनी सन् २०६५ मा सर्वोच्च अदालतमा न्यायाधीशको रूपमा प्रवेश गरेकी थिइन्। सर्वोच्च अदालतको प्रधान न्यायाधीश नियुक्ति हुनुपूर्व कार्की सर्वोच्च अदालतकै वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीश बनेकी थिइन्।<ref name="ndtv.com"/> २०६५ माघ ९ मा सर्वोच्च अदालतको अस्थायी न्यायाधीशमा नियुक्त भएकी उनी २०६७ मङ्सिर २ मा स्थायी न्यायधीश बनेकी थिइन्। <ref name="thehimalayantimes.com"/> प्रधानन्यायाधीशको रुुपमा सपथ २०७३ असार २७ मा लिएकी थिइन्। उनले न्यायाधीश हुँदा थुप्रै चर्चित मुद्दाहरूमा फैसला गरेकी थिइन्।<ref name="फैसला">{{cite web|title=सुशीला कार्कीका आधा दर्जन बहुचर्चित फैसला |date=|url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2017/05/578917/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C|accessdate=२६ भदौ २०८२|work=अनलाइन खबर|language=नेपाली}}</ref> ==== उल्लेखनीय फैसलाहरू ==== * ओमभक्त राणा विरुद्ध अख्तियार दुरुपयोग अनुसन्धान आयोग/नेपाल सरकार (सुडान शान्ति सेना भ्रष्टाचार) * नेपाल ट्रस्टको कार्यालय विरुद्ध प्रेरणा राज्यलक्ष्मी राणा (पूर्व राजकुमारीको सम्पत्ति) * पृथ्वीबहादुर पाण्डे विरुद्ध काठमाडौँ जिल्ला अदालत (अस्ट्रेलियामा पोलिमर बैङ्क नोटको छपाईमा भएको भ्रष्टाचार) * [[काठमाडौँ तराई द्रुतमार्ग]] प्रकरण * [[सरोगेसी]] सम्बन्धि मुद्दा * जयप्रकाश गुप्तालाई भ्रष्टाचार मुद्दामा दोषी ठहर<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-02-19 |title=Justice with conviction |url=https://kathmandupost.com/miscellaneous/2018/02/19/justice-with-conviction |work=The Kathmandu Post}}</ref> * [[अख्तियार दुरुपयोग अनुसन्धान आयोग, नेपाल|अख्तियार दुरुपयोग अनुसन्धान आयोग]]मा [[लोकमान सिंह कार्की]] को नियुक्ति उल्ट्याउने<ref>{{cite web|title=सुशीलालाई जसले न्यायाधीश बनायो, उसैले गलहत्यायो |date=२०७४ वैशाख १७|url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2017/04/578367/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6|accessdate=२५ भदौ २०८२|work=अनलाइन खबर|language=नेपाली}}</ref> *जयबहादुर चन्दलाई [[नेपाल प्रहरी महानिरीक्षक]] नियुक्त गर्ने सरकारको निर्णय बदर<ref name="फैसला"/> *[[माओवादी जनयुद्ध]]को मैना सुनारको बलात्कारपछि हत्या भएको मुद्दा संलग्न सैनिक अधिकृतहरुलाई जन्मकैदको फैसला<ref name="फैसला"/> === असफल महाभियोग === प्रधानन्यायाधीश रहेकै बेला सुशीला कार्की विरुद्ध तत्कालीन सत्ता गठबन्धनका सांसदहरूले अधिकार क्षेत्रमा हस्तक्षेप गरेको र कार्यसम्पादन क्षमता नभएको आदि कारण देखाउँदै महाभियोगको प्रस्ताव दर्ता गरेका थिए, जुन असफल भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|title=सुशीला कार्कीमाथिको त्यो महाभियोग, जबराले जसलाई जोगाए ! |date=२०७४ वैशाख १७|url=https://www.ratopati.com/story/220962|accessdate=२५ भदौ २०८२|work=रातोपाटी|language=नेपाली}}</ref> कार्की विरुद्ध १७ वैशाख २०७४ मा सत्तारूढ गठबन्धनका प्रमुख दल [[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]] र [[नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]]का २४९ सांसदको हस्ताक्षरसहित महाभियोग प्रस्ताव संसद सचिवालयमा दर्ता भएको थियो। तुरुन्तै कार्कीलाई निलम्बित भएको पत्र पनि दिइएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|title=प्रधानन्यायाधीश कार्कीविरुद्ध महाअभियोग दर्ता, पदबाट निलम्बित |date=२०७४ वैशाख १७|url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2017/04/578208/breaking-news-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95|accessdate=२५ भदौ २०८२|work=रातोपाटी|language=नेपाली}}</ref> [[नेकपा (एमाले)]] लगायत प्रतिपक्षी दलहरूको अवरोधका कारण संसद् बैठकमा यो विषयले सहज प्रवेश पाउन भने सकेको थिएन। २२ वैशाखमा सर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीश [[चोलेन्द्रशमशेर ज.ब.रा.|चोलेन्द्रशमशेर राणा]]को इजलासले अन्तरिम आदेश जारी गर्दै उक्त प्रस्तावलाई निष्प्रभावी बनाएका थिए र कार्की पुन: सर्वोच्च अदालत फर्किएकी थिइन्।<ref>{{cite web|title=महाभियोगको पटाक्षेप |date=२०७४ वैशाख १७|url=https://nepalmag.com.np/contemporary/2017/05/08/20170508180923|accessdate=२५ भदौ २०८२|work=नेपाल राष्ट्रिय साप्ताहिक|language=नेपाली}}</ref> === सर्वोच्च अदालतबाट विदा === प्रधानन्यायाधीश सुशीला कार्की आफ्नो कार्यकाल सकिनु एक दिनअघि २०७४ जेठ २३ मा [[नेपालको सर्वोच्च अदालत|सर्वोच्च अदालत]]बाट बिदा भएकी थिइन्। उनको कार्यकाल बुधबार (जेठ २४ गते) सकिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|title=सर्वोच्च अदालतबाट बिदा भइन् प्रधानन्यायाधीश कार्की |date=२०७४ वैशाख १७|url=http://annapurnapost.com/news/72576|accessdate=२५ भदौ २०८२|work=अन्नपूर्ण पोष्ट|language=नेपाली}}</ref> === साहित्यमा === कार्कीले दुई पुस्तकहरू प्रकाशित गरिसकेकी छिन्। उनको पहिलो आत्मकथात्मक पुस्तक न्याय २०७५ असोज १२ मा प्रकाशित भएको थियो<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sajhapana.com/special/2818/|date=|title=सुशीला कार्कीको आत्मकथा ‘न्याय’लोकार्पण |accessdate=२५ भदौ २०८२|work=साझा पाना|language=नेपाली}}</ref> र उनको दोस्रो पुस्तक, उपन्यास कारा, मङ्सिर २०७६ मा प्रकाशित भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ratopati.com/story/109328|date=|title=पूर्वप्रधानन्यायाधीश कार्कीको उपन्यास ‘कारा’ बजारमा|accessdate=२५ भदौ २०८२|work=रातोपाटी|language=नेपाली}}</ref> === प्रधानमन्त्री === {{main article|सुशीला कार्कीको अन्तरिम मन्त्रिपरिषद्, २०८२}} [[नेपालमा जेन जी आन्दोलन|२०८२ को जेनजी आन्दोलन]] पछि, प्रधानमन्त्री [[केपी शर्मा ओली]]ले राजिनामा दिएका थिए जसले नयाँ सरकारको माग सिर्जना गरेको थियो। ३ दिनको छलफल र रस्साकस्सी पछि,२o८२ भदौ २७ शुक्रबार संविधानको धारा–६१ अनुसार सुशीला कार्कीलाई प्रधानमन्त्रीको रूपमा चयन गरिएको थियो, जसले गर्दा उनी [[नेपालको इतिहास]]मा यस पदमा रहने पहिलो महिला प्रधानमन्त्री बन्न पुगेकी थिइन्।<ref>{{Cite web |title=पहिलो महिला सरकार प्रमुख बनिन् सुशीला कार्की |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2025/09/1763407/sushila-karki-becomes-the-first-female-head-of-government |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=अनलाइन खबर |language=नेपाली}}</ref> उनकै सिफारिसमा प्रतिनिधि सभा विघटन भएको थियो र उक्त सरकारले ६ महिना भित्र प्रतिनिधि सभाको निर्वाचन गर्ने गरि सहमति भएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=६ महिनाभित्र प्रतिनिधिसभाको नयाँ निर्वाचन हुने|url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2025/09/1763471/new-elections-to-the-house-of-representatives-will-be-held-within-6-months |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=अनलाइन खबर |language=नेपाली}}</ref> उनी [[नेपालको संविधान २०७२]]को धारा ६१ को उपधारा ४ बमोजिम चुनाबी सरकारको प्रधानमन्त्रीको रूपमा शपथ ग्रहण गरेकी थिइन्।<ref>{{Cite web |title=सुशीला कार्की प्रधानमन्त्री नियुक्त |url=https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/politics/sushila-karki-appointed-prime-minister-49-75.html |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=नागरिक दैनिक |language=नेपाली}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}}‍‍ == बाह्य कडीहरू == * {{कमन्सश्रेणी|Sushila Karki|सुशीला कार्की}} * [http://www.nepalitimes.com/blogs/thebrief/2016/11/23/interview-chief-justice-sushila-karki/ सुशीला कार्कीसँगको अन्तरवार्ता] * [http://www.bbc.com/nepali/multimedia/2016/11/161122_iv_sushila सुशीला कार्की] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IfOrkSz1Ruo&feature=youtu.be सुशीला कार्कीसँगको टफ-टक - कान्तिपुर टेलिभिजन] {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-break}} {{s-bef|before=[[केपी शर्मा ओली]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरूको सूची|नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री]] (अन्तरिम)|years=२०८२ भदौ–चैत}} {{s-aft|after=[[बालेन शाह]]}} {{s-end}} {{नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरू}} {{वर्तमान सार्क नेताहरू}} [[श्रेणी:महिला प्रधानन्यायाधीशहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका प्रधानन्यायाधीशहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपाली न्यायाधीशहरू]] [[श्रेणी:जीवित मानिसहरू]] [[श्रेणी:विराटनगरका मानिसहरू]] [[श्रेणी:सन् १९५२ मा जन्म]] [[श्रेणी:नेपाली हिन्दुहरू]] [[श्रेणी:२१औँ शताब्दीका नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरू]] 9gnnnjwh4rt7nb0ex8bf7wz6268hgeq 0 93502 1358549 1357281 2026-06-09T08:52:59Z ~2026-33961-14 79212 /* वंशहरूको सूची */ 1358549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = कुशवाहा (कोइरी)<br>kushwaha (Koiri) | image = [[File:Koiri caste couple of nepal.png|thumb|Koiri caste couple of nepal]] | caption = | popplace = {{flag|नेपाल}}, {{flag|भारत}}, {{flag|मौरिसस }}, {{flag|पाकिस्तान }}, {{flag|बर्मा }}, {{flag|बङ्गलादेश }} | pop = ३,५५,७०७ (नेपालको कुल जनसंख्याको १.२२%) २०२१ राष्ट्रिय जनगणना | languages = [[मैथिली भाषा|मैथिली]], [[नेपाली भाषा|नेपाली]] र [[भोजपुरी]] | religions = [[हिन्दू धर्म]] १००% (२०२१) | related = अन्य इन्डो-आर्यन जाति र [[मधेशी]] समुदायहरू<ref>{{cite web |title=नेपाली मधेशी समाज (Nepalko Madheshi Samaj) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340827126 |website=ResearchGate |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/93185530/Social-Composition-of-Nepal-Caste-Ethnicity-amp-Religion |title=Chapter 3. Social composition of the Population: Caste/Ethnicity and Religion in Nepal |author=Dr. Dilli Ram Dahal |publisher=[[Government of Nepal]], Central Bureau of Statistics |date=2002-12-30 |accessdate=2013-12-05}}</ref> }} '''कुशवाहा (कोइरी)''' [[तराई]] मा वसोवास गर्ने एक उच्च जाति हो । नेपालमा कुशवाहा समुदायको जनसंख्या करिब १.२२% जति रहेको छ। यसको संख्या करिब ३ लाख ५५ हजार भन्दा बढी छ। यो समुदाय मुख्य रूपमा [[मधेश प्रदेश]], [[कोशी प्रदेश]], [[लुम्बिनी प्रदेश]] का जिल्लाहरूमा बढी बसोबास गर्छन् र मधेशी समाजमा एक महत्वपूर्ण समुदाय मानिन्छ। <ref>Government of Nepal, National Statistics Office. ''National Population and Housing Census 2021: Caste/Ethnicity Report''. Kathmandu: NSO, 2023. https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/files/result-folder/Caste%20Ethnicity_report_NPHC_2021.pdf</ref> यिनीहरूको मुख्य पुरखौली पेशा कृषि अनि जमिन्दारी हो । तर अब तिनीहरू हरेक पेशा, व्यवसाय, शिक्षा, निजामती सेवा, सेना आदिमा छन्, तिनीहरू अन्य मधेशी जातिहरूको तुलनामा प्रभावशाली र सुव्यवस्थित शक्तिशाली जाति हुन्। यिनीहरू निकै परिश्रमी हुन्छन् । कुशवाहा समुदाय मधेशी उच्च जातिको [[वैश्य]] वर्ग मा पर्दछन्<ref>Government of Nepal; Central Bureau of Statistics; UNFPA. ''Population Monograph of Nepal, Volume II: Social Demography''. Kathmandu: CBS/UNFPA, 2014. https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf</ref>, तर धेरैले आफूलाई [[क्षत्रिय]] दर्जा भएको दाबी पनि गर्छन्। यिनीहरूका पूर्वज शाकाहारी भएतापनि हाल यसमा परिवर्तन हुँदै आएको छ। यस समुदायमा परम्परागत रूपमा प्रचलित थर महतो रहेको पाइन्छ। नेपालमा कुशवाहा/कोइरी समुदायमा प्रयोग हुने थरहरूमा महतो, सिंह, कुशवाहा, मेहता, मौर्य, मुराव, भगत, सिन्हा तथा वर्मा आदि पर्दछन्। नेपालका केही कुशवाहा संगठनहरूले नेपालमा कुशवाहा(कोइरी) समुदायको जनसंख्या १० लाखभन्दा बढी रहेको दाबी गरेका छन्। यदि यो संख्या मानिने हो भने, यो नेपालका कुल जनसंख्याको करिब ३.४% बराबर हुन्छ।<ref>{{cite web |title=Kushwaha community claims over 10 lakh population in Nepal |url=https://www.enewsbureau.com/news-details/9602/2021-01-20 |website=eNews Bureau |date=20 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=National Population and Housing Census 2021 |url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/files/result-folder/Final_Population_compostion_12_2.pdf |publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal}}</ref> == इतिहास == === उत्पत्ति === कुशवाहा समुदायको ऐतिहासिक र सांस्कृतिक सम्बन्ध भारतका [[बिहार]] र [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] का कुशवाहासँग गहिरो छ। सयौं वर्षअघिदेखि धेरैजसो कुशवाहा नेपालमा बसोबास गर्न आएका हुन् र आफ्नो समृद्ध कृषि परम्परा ल्याएका छन्। यो समुदाय आफ्नो वंशलाई सूर्यवंशी राजवंशसँग जोड्दछ र परम्परागत रूपमा [[क्षत्रिय]] वर्गसँग सम्बन्धित मानिन्छ। उनीहरूलाई पौराणिक राजा कुश, जो भगवान् रामका पुत्र थिए, का वंशज मानिन्छ।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Hari Bansh |title=The Terai Community and National Integration in Nepal |date=1993 |publisher=Centre for Economic and Technical Studies |isbn=978-81-7022-523-2}}</ref> ऐतिहासिक अभिलेखहरूले देखाउँछन् कि उनीहरूको मधेश क्षेत्रमा बसोबास आधुनिक नेपाल निर्माण हुनु अघि देखि नै रहेको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kushwaha Identity |url=https://kushwaha.in/kushwaha-our-identity/ |website=Kushwaha Community Portal|date=3 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="madeshi EthnicGroupsNepal">{{cite web |title=Ethnic Groups in Nepal |url=https://www.madhesiyouth.com/data/federal-states-in-nepal/ethnic-groups-in-nepal/ }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> नेपाल र विश्वभर कुशवाहा थर पनि व्यापक रूपमा प्रयोग हुन्छ।<ref name="KushwahaSurname">{{cite web |title=Kushwaha Surname Distribution |url=https://forebears.io/surnames/kushwaha}}</ref> कुशवाहा समुदायका केही प्रतिनिधि खेलकुद र अन्य क्षेत्रमा पनि परिचित छन्, जस्तै अजय कुशवाहा(Ajay Kushwaha)।<ref name="AjayKushwahaFIBA">{{cite web |title=Ajay Kushwaha - FIBA Profile |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/251732-ajay-kushwaha}}</ref> नेपालमा कुशवाहाहरूको प्राचीन इतिहास विभिन्न क्षेत्रका ऐतिहासिक अभिलेखबाट ट्रेस गर्न सकिन्छ। मधेश क्षेत्रमा कुशवाहाहरूको उपस्थिति आधुनिक नेपालको स्थापना हुनु अघि नै देखिन्छ, जसलाई [[मिथिला |मिथिला]] र वरिपरि क्षेत्रहरूमा उनीहरूको बसोबास र शासनको ऐतिहासिक सन्दर्भहरूले प्रमाणित गर्दछ।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kushwaha Identity and History |url=https://kushwaha.in/kushwaha-our-identity/ |website=Kushwaha Community Portal |date=3 March 2011 |access-date=2025-03-11}}</ref> कुशवाहा समुदायले आफ्नो [[क्षत्रिय]] दर्जा प्राचीन शासन गर्ने [[वंश]]हरूसँगको ऐतिहासिक, सांस्कृतिक र परम्परागत सम्बन्धको आधारमा दाबी गरेको छ।<ref name="KushwahaHistory">{{cite web |title=History of Kushwaha |url=https://kushwaha.in/history-of-kushwaha/}}</ref> {{Infobox royalty | name = कुश | title = [[अयोध्या|अयोध्या]] का राजकुमार<br>कासुर का राजा | type = हिन्दू | image = Kusa, one of Rāma’s sons..jpg | image_size = 100px | caption = कुश, [[राम]] र [[सीता]]का जुडवाँ पुत्रमध्ये एक | father = [[राम]] | mother = [[सीता]] | dynasty = [[रघुवंश|रघुवंश]]-[[सूर्यवंश]] | issue = अतिथि | spouse = कुमुदवती (''आनन्द रामायण'' अनुसार चम्पिका भनिने) }} नेपालमा कुशवाहा समुदायले आफ्नो [[क्षत्रिय]] दर्जा प्राचीन शासन गर्ने वंशहरूसँगको ऐतिहासिक, सांस्कृतिक र परम्परागत सम्बन्धको आधारमा दाबी गरेको छ।<ref name="KushwahaHistory"/> भारत र नेपालमा कुशवाहा समुदायले आफूलाई [[राम]] र [[सीता]]का पुत्र कुशका वंशज मान्दछ, मुख्य रूपमा रामायणसँगको ऐतिहासिक र सांस्कृतिक सम्बन्धका कारण। हिन्दू परम्पराअनुसार, कुश आफ्नो जुडवाँ भाई [[लव]]सँगै पिता रामद्वारा निर्वासित गरिएपछि [[वाल्मीकि]]द्वारा हुर्काइएका थिए र पछि एक महत्वपूर्ण व्यक्तित्व बने। कुशवाहा समुदायले विश्वास गर्छ कि उनीहरूको नाम “कुश” बाट उत्पन्न भएको हो, जसले उनीहरूलाई [[अयोध्या]]को शाही वंशसँग प्रतीकात्मक रूपमा जोड्दछ।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Ashwani |title=Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar |date=2008 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=9781843317098 |page=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC}}</ref> यो दाबी प्रायः उनीहरूको ऐतिहासिक भूमिका युद्धकर्मी र कृषकको रूपमा रहेर पनि बलियो बनाइन्छ, जुन [[क्षत्रिय]] वर्ग, अर्थात् युद्धकर्मी वर्ग,सँग मेल खान्छ, जसमा कुश रहेको मानिन्छ। धेरै कुशवाहाहरूले आफूलाई [[मौर्य वंश]] र [[शाक्य]] वंश (गौतम बुद्धको वंशज)सँग पनि जोड्ने दाबी गर्छन्, जसले उनीहरूको क्षत्रिय वंशावलीको विश्वासलाई थप बलियो बनाउँछ। समयसँगै, समुदायले आफ्नो सांस्कृतिक पहिचान कायम राख्दै आएको छ, जुन मुख्य रूपमा कृषि र कुशको विरासतमा आधारित रहेको छ।सांस्कृतिक रूपमा, कुशवाहा समुदायले अझै पनि केही संस्कार, प्रथा र परम्पराहरू पालन गर्दै आएको छ, जसलाई उनीहरूले आफ्नो शाही विरासतसँग सम्बन्धित ठान्छन्। कुशसँगको यो सम्बन्ध उनीहरूको पहिचानको महत्वपूर्ण भाग हो र प्राचीन, कुलीन वंशावलीप्रति गर्वको अनुभूति प्रदान गर्छ। कुषावती कोसाल राज्य को एउटा नगर थियो, जसलाई महाकाव्य [[रामायण]]सँग सम्बन्धित गरिएको छ र कुश तथा कुशवाहा समुदायसँग जोडिएको मानिन्छ। पिता राम पछि कुश शासनमा आएका थिए र उनले क्रमशः लवपुरी (आजको लाहोर) र कुष (कासुर)का शहरहरू स्थापना गरेका थिए।[[File:Valmiki train Lava Kushas in Art of Archery.jpg|thumb|left|वाल्मीकि लव र कुशलाई धनुर्विद्यामा प्रशिक्षण दिँदै]] [[File:The Poet Valmiki, teaching Ramayana to Kusa and Lava.jpg|thumb|250px|ऋषि वाल्मीकि, लव र कुशलाई रामायण सिकाउँदै]] [[रामायण]] अनुसार, गर्भवती रानी [[सीता]]लाई राजा [[राम]]ले अयोध्याबाट बाहिर पठाउनुभयो। यसको उद्देश्य धर्मको सर्वोच्चता देखाउनु र आफ्नो राज्यका एक नागरिकले लगाएको आरोपलाई खारेज गर्नु थियो। त्यसपछि सीता वाल्मीकि आश्रम मा शरण लिए, जुन त्रिवेणी धाम नजिक अवस्थित थियो, जहाँ तमासा नदी, सोना र सप्तगण्डकी नदीहरू भेटिन्छन्। यो आश्रम हालको [[चितवन जिल्ला]] मा तमसा नदी को नजिक रहेको छ।<ref>{{cite book|title=Historic Rama of Valmiki|author=Vishvanath Limaye|publisher=Gyan Ganga Prakashan|year=1984}}</ref> त्यहाँ सीताले जुडवाँ पुत्रहरू, [[कुश]] र [[लव]] जन्माइन्। उनीहरू वाल्मीकि ऋषिद्वारा शिक्षा र सैनिक प्रशिक्षण प्राप्त गरे। साथै, उनीहरूले [[राम]]को कथा पनि सिके।'''कुश''' ({{langx|sa|कुश}}, {{IAST3|Kuśa}}) [[राम]] र [[सीता]]का पुत्र थिए।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Chandra Mauli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0xludqcKE4IC&pg=PA77 |title=Memorable Characters from the Rāmāyaṇa and the Mahābhārata |date=2009 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-257-8 |pages=77 |language=en}}</ref> उनको कथा हिन्दू महाकाव्य [[रामायण]]मा वर्णन गरिएको छ। हिन्दू परम्पराअनुसार, उनले [[कश्मीर]], [[सिन्धु नदी]] र हिन्दू कुश क्षेत्रहरू भारतको सीमा भूभागको रूपमा शासन गरेको मानिन्छ, जसलाई हिन्दू कुश क्षेत्र भनेर चिनिन्छ। कथा अनुसार उनले [[कश्मीर उपत्यका]]मा [[श्रीनगर]] नगर स्थापना गरे र कासुर नगर लवपुरीसँगै स्थापना गरेको पनि बताइन्छ।<ref>{{cite book | last = Nadiem | first = Ihsan N | title = Punjab | page = 111 | year = 2005 | publisher = Al-Faisal Nashran | isbn = 9789695034347 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pyFuAAAAMAAJ }}</ref> यद्यपि स्थानीय कथाहरूले जनाउँछन् कि कासुर १५२५ मा पश्तुन आप्रवासीहरूले स्थापना गरेका थिए।<ref>{{Citebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZifwYm8MT0C&q=kasur+arabic+punjab|title=Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab|last=Chopra|first=Gulshan Lall|date=1940|publisher=Government Printing|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xoJICgAAQBAJ&dq=kasur+arabic&pg=PT77|title=Beyond The Border: An Indian in Pakistan|last=Sikand|first=Yoginder|date=2011-07-19|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9789352141326|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyFuAAAAMAAJ&q=kasur+pashtun|title=Punjab: land, history, people|last=Nadiem|first=Ihsan H.|date=2005|publisher=al-Faisal Nashran|isbn=9789695032831|language=en}}</ref> काशी–बनारस राज्य र [[मौर्य साम्राज्य]], जसले ईसा पूर्व ३२० देखि १८५ सम्म [[दक्षिण एशिया]]मा शासन गरेको थियो, का शासक वंशहरूले आफूलाई कुशका वंशज भएको दाबी गरेका छन्। कुशलाई [[रघुवंश]]का इक्ष्वाकु वंश तथा [[सूर्यवंश]]सँग सम्बन्धित मानिन्छ। कथा अनुसार, उनले आफ्नी पत्नी कुमुदवतीबाट दुई सन्तान प्राप्त गरेका थिए: अतिथि (पुत्र) र कनिकमालिका (पुत्री), जसको विवाह यादव वंशका राजा महाभोजसँग भएको बताइन्छ। === वंशहरूको सूची === कुशवाहा समुदाय ऐतिहासिक रूपमा विभिन्न शासन गर्ने तथा योद्धा वंशहरूसँग सम्बन्धित मानिन्छ, जसमध्ये केही प्रमुख वंशहरू यसप्रकार छन्: * '''[[मौर्य साम्राज्य|मौर्य वंश]]''': सम्राट [[चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य]]सँग सम्बन्धित मानिन्छ।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |title=Ashoka and the Decline of the Mauryas |date=1961 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> कुशवाहा समुदायले ऐतिहासिक तथा सांस्कृतिक परम्पराका आधारमा आफ्नो वंशावली [[मौर्य साम्राज्य]]सँग जोड्ने दाबी गर्छ। उनीहरूले आफूलाई [[सूर्यवंशी]] क्षत्रिय का वंशजको रूपमा पनि पहिचान गर्ने गर्दछन्, विशेष गरी मौर्य वंशका संस्थापक [[चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य]]सँग सम्बन्धित भएको बताइन्छ।<ref name="MauryaHistory">{{cite web |title=About Maurya |url=https://www.sksmcommunity.com/AboutMaurya.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thapar |first1=Romila |title=Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas |date=1998 |publisher=OUP India |isbn=9780195644456 |pages=334}}</ref> * '''[[शाक्य]]''': [[गौतम बुद्ध]]सँग सम्बन्धित प्राचीन वंश। कुशवाहा समुदायका केही समूहहरूले आफ्नो वंशावली [[शाक्य]] वंशसँग पनि जोड्ने दाबी गर्छन्। शाक्यहरू उत्तरी भारत र नेपाल क्षेत्रमा बसोबास गर्ने एक प्राचीन समुदाय थिए, जसलाई प्रायः [[क्षत्रिय]] वर्गसँग सम्बन्धित मानिन्छ। शाक्य गणराज्यको पतनपछि यसको केही सदस्यहरूले कृषि कार्यलाई निरन्तरता दिएका थिए।<ref name="ShakyaCaste">{{cite web |title=Shakya Caste |url=https://sites.google.com/view/shakya-caste}}</ref> [[File:Koiri kushwaha heritage Nepal.png|thumb| Koiri kushwaha heritage Nepal terai region]] * '''लिच्छवि''': प्राचीन नेपालका शिलालेखहरूमा विभिन्न समुदायहरूको प्रशासनिक भूमिकाको उल्लेख पाइन्छ। कोइरी जातिले लिच्छवीहरू आफ्नो जात को भएको दाबी गर्छन् किनभने तिनीहरू मूल रूपमा वैशाली बिहारका का हुन्। उनीहरूले नेपालमा शासन गरे। <ref>{{Cite book |last=Regmi |first=D.R. |title=Ancient Nepal |date=1969 |publisher=Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay}}</ref> * '''कछवाहा(कुशवाहा)''': कछवाहा/कुशवाहा वंश एक प्रमुख राजपूत वंश हो, जसले विशेष गरी [[राजस्थान]] र [[जयपुर]] क्षेत्रमा शासन गरेको इतिहास पाइन्छ।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Rajendra |title=The Kachhwaha Dynasty: History and Heritage |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |pages=45–60}}</ref> *'''हरिकेल''' (वा हरकल): प्राचीन पूर्वी बंगालको एक शक्तिशाली र स्वतन्त्र राज्य थियो। यस राज्यको स्थापना र प्रारम्भिक शासन [[कोइरी]] (Koiri/Koeri) जातका '''महाराजाधिराज कान्तिदेव'''ले गरेका थिए।<ref name="Ray2014">{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Himanshu Prabha |title=Archaeology of Religion in South Asia |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Archaeology_of_Religion_in_South_Asia/QEkgEAAAQBAJ?hl=en |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-0415325912 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> हरिकेल राज्य करिब ५०० वर्षसम्म अस्तित्वमा रहेको थियो, जसमा वर्तमान बंगलादेशका सिलेट र चट्टग्राम विभागहरूका साथै भारतको त्रिपुरा र दक्षिण आसाम (कछार) का केही भागहरू समावेश थिए। [[File:The flag of the Harikela dynasty, which belonged to the Koiri caste.jpg|thumb|The flag of the Harikela dynasty which belonged to the Koiri caste.]] मध्यकालको प्रारम्भिक चरण (इस्वी संवत् ८ औँ शताब्दी) मा दरभंगा जिल्लाको मानपुर नजिकै कोइरी समुदायसँग सम्बन्धित एउटा महत्वपूर्ण शिलालेख फेला परेको छ। उक्त शिलालेखमा 'भूमिस्पर्श मुद्रा' मा रहेका गौतम बुद्धको मूर्ति दान गरिएको उल्लेख छ। मूर्तिको आसनमुनि '''"येन धर्मदत्त कोइरी"''' (Yena dhar-madatta Koiri) भन्ने वाक्यांश कुँदिएको छ, जसले त्यस समयमा कोइरी समुदायको धार्मिक र सामाजिक प्रतिष्ठालाई झल्काउँछ।<ref name="Ray2014" /> [[File:Silver coins of the Harikela dynasty, associated with the Koiri caste; the first coin features a bull (Nandi), and the second features a trident (Trishula).jpg|thumb|Silver coins of the Harikela dynasty associated with the Koiri caste; the first coin features a bull (Nandi) and the second features a trident (Trishula)]] [[File:Mata Prasad was owner of easte in Katehir who belonged to koiri caste.jpg|thumb|Mata Prasad was owner of easte in Katehir who belonged to koiri caste .]] [[File:Mata PrasRaja Bodh Ram who obtained Raja title from Asaf-ud-daula who was Koiri by caste.jpg|thumb|Raja Bodh Ram who obtained Raja title from Asaf-ud-daula who was Koiri by caste.]] == सामाजिक-आर्थिक अवस्था == [[File:Literacy rate of nepali koiri.png|thumb|Caste-wise literacy rate of Nepali Koiris]] नेपालमा कुशवाहा (कोइरी) समुदाय मुख्यतः कृषि सम्बन्धित पेशामा संलग्न भए पनि, उच्च साक्षरताको कारण उनीहरू सामाजिक र आर्थिक रूपमा अत्यन्त सशक्त बनेका छन्। विशेष गरी तराई क्षेत्रमा, कुशवाहा समुदायले शिक्षा, पेशागत दक्षता, र नेतृत्व क्षमतामा उल्लेखनीय प्रगति हासिल गरेको छ।पछिल्लो जनगणना अनुसार ८०% भन्दा बढी कुशवाहा साक्षर छन् जुन नेपालको औसत साक्षरता दरभन्दा बढी हो। नेपालको औसत साक्षरता दर ७७.४% छ। कोइरी समुदाय केवल कृषिमा सीमित नभई सरकारी सेवा, राजनीति, व्यवसाय, र अन्य पेशागत क्षेत्रमा पनि प्रभावशाली उपस्थित छ। उनीहरूको उच्च साक्षरता दर र सामुदायिक एकता उनीहरूलाई नीति निर्माण, प्रशासन, र स्थानीय नेतृत्वमा अग्रणी बनाउँछ। कुशवाहा एकताबद्ध र शक्तिशाली प्रमुख मधेशी जाति मध्ये एक हुन्।नेपालमा जमिन नभएको र गरिब कोइरी विरलै देख्नुहुनेछ, तिनीहरू नेपालमा आर्थिक, राजनीतिक रूपमा माथिल्लो जातका जमिनदार हुन्। समुदायका विभिन्न सामाजिक र सामुदायिक संस्थाहरूले शिक्षा सचेतना, सांस्कृतिक संरक्षण, सामाजिक विकास, र नेतृत्व क्षमताको विकासमा सक्रिय भूमिका खेलिरहेका छन्। यी पहलहरूले कुशवाहा समुदायलाई नेपाली समाजभित्र प्रभावशाली, सशक्त, र अग्रणी समुदायको रूपमा स्थापित गर्न सहयोग पुर्‍याएको छ।<ref name="NKKS">{{cite web |title=Nepal Kushwaha Kalyan Samaj |url=https://nkks.org.np/}}</ref> == तराई क्षेत्रमा जाति अनुसार कृषि जमिन स्वामित्व == [[File:Caste-wise Agricultural Landholding Data - Terai Region.jpg|thumb|Caste-wise Agricultural Landholding Data - Terai Region.]] नेपालको २०२१ को राष्ट्रिय जनगणनासँग सम्बन्धित तथ्यांकका आधारमा तयार गरिएको यस तालिकाले तराई क्षेत्रमा विभिन्न जाति समुदायहरूको औसत कृषि जमिन स्वामित्व तथा कुल कृषि जमिनमा उनीहरूको हिस्सा देखाउँछ। कुशवाहाको तराईमा अन्य कुनै पनि जातिको तुलनामा धेरै जग्गा छ, उनीहरू तराई क्षेत्रमा बहुमत जग्गाधनी हुन्। धेरै तल्लो जातका मानिसहरू पहिले कोइरीको जमिनमा मजदुरी गर्थे र कोही अझै पनि गर्छन्। यस अनुसार कुशवाहा (कोइरी) समुदाय मुख्यतः कृषिमा संलग्न रहेको देखिन्छ र औसत रूपमा करिब ६.२ बिगाहा जमिन स्वामित्व रहेको उल्लेख गरिएको छ, जुन तालिकामा समावेश गरिएको समुदायहरू मध्ये उच्चमध्ये एक हो। यस्तै यादव, भूमिहार र थारु समुदायहरू पनि कृषिमा प्रमुख रूपमा संलग्न देखिन्छन् र उनीहरूको पनि उल्लेखनीय कृषि जमिन स्वामित्व रहेको देखिन्छ। कृषि नेपालको अर्थतन्त्रको मेरुदण्ड हो र तराई नेपालको अन्न भण्डार हो। यस प्रकारको तथ्यांकले तराई क्षेत्रमा कृषि पेशामा संलग्न विभिन्न समुदायहरूको आर्थिक र सामाजिक संरचनालाई बुझ्न मद्दत पुर्‍याउँछ। कोइरी नेपालको एक बलियो कृषिप्रधान जाति हो। == संस्कृति == [[File:Holi festival celebration in Kathmandu 2025-070A3169.jpg|thumb|women's of kushwaha (koiri) community celebrating holi in nepal]] [[File:Chhath Puja Ritual from India.jpg|thumb|Nepali kushwaha (koiri) community celebrating chhath puja in Kathmandu]] कुशवाहा समुदाय मुख्यतः [[हिन्दू धर्म]] मान्ने समुदाय हो। यस समुदायले विशेषगरी [[शिव]], [[राम]] र [[विष्णु]] जस्ता देवताहरूको पूजा–आराधना गर्ने गर्छन्। कुशवाहा समुदायमा मनाइने प्रमुख पर्वहरूमा [[छठ पर्व]], [[दीपावली]] र [[होली]] पर्दछन्।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kushwaha Religious Practices |url=https://news.sainicaste.com/2024/03/who-is-kushwaha-caste-god.html |website=Saini Caste News}}</ref> == उपसमूह (कुलहरू) == ऐतिहासिक रूपमा [[कोइरी]] समुदायभित्र विभिन्न उपसमूहहरू(कुलहरू) रहेको उल्लेख पाइन्छ। ब्रिटिशकालीन जाति अध्ययनहरूमा कोइरी समुदायभित्र निम्न उपसमूहहरूको उल्लेख गरिएको छ:<ref>{{cite book |title=The Tribes and Castes of Bengal |last=Risley |first=H. H. |year=1891 |publisher=Government of Bengal}}</ref> * बरकी-दांगी (Barki-Dangi) * छोटकी-दांगी (Chhotki-Dangi) * जरुहार (Jaruhar) * कनौजिया (Kanaujia) * मगहिया (Magahiya) * तिरहुतिया (Tirhutia) * चिरमैट (Chirmait) * कुम्रह (Kumrh) * बनाफर (Banaphar) * गोइता (Goita) * धार (Dhar) * रेतिया (Reutia) * पौरिया (Pauria) * बराकर (Barakar) * पालमोहाँ (Palmohan) == वास्तुकला == [[File:Janaki temple janakpur.jpg|thumb|जानकी मन्दिर जनकपुर कोइरी शैलीको वास्तुकला ]] कोइरी (कुशवाहा) समुदायसँग सम्बन्धित वास्तुकलाको एक उदाहरण [[जानकी मन्दिर]] (जनकपुर) मा देख्न सकिन्छ, जसलाई प्रायः ‘‘कोइरी शैली’’को वास्तुकलाको महत्वपूर्ण नमुना मानिन्छ। यो कोइरी जातिले पनि निर्माण गरेको हुन सक्छ। कुशवाहा (कोइरी) वैदिक क्षत्रिय वा विगतका क्षत्रिय हुन् भन्ने कुरा प्रमाणित हुन्छ । <ref>{{cite web |title=Janaki Mandir |url=https://visitsnepal.com/product/janaki-mandir/}}</ref> [[File:Drone image of jankai temple ( jankapur nepal) in koiri style architecture.png|thumb|Drone image of janaki temple ( jankapur nepal) in koiri style architecture]] यस प्रकारको वास्तुकलामा हिन्दु, मुगल र क्षेत्रीय मिथिला कलाको मिश्रण देखिन्छ। जनकपुरस्थित जानकी मन्दिर तीन तलाको संरचना हो र यो मुख्यतः ढुंगा तथा सेतो संगमरमरबाट निर्माण गरिएको छ।<ref>{{cite web |title=Janaki Mandir |url=https://visitsnepal.com/product/janaki-mandir/}}</ref> मन्दिरको संरचनामा गुम्बज, झ्यालहरूमा जालीदार नक्काशी, रंगीन सिसा, स्तम्भ तथा मिथिला चित्रकलाबाट सजावट गरिएको हुन्छ। मन्दिर परिसरमा करिब ६० वटा कोठाहरू रहेको उल्लेख पाइन्छ, जसले यस वास्तुकलालाई विशिष्ट र आकर्षक बनाउँछ।<ref>{{cite web |title=Janaki Mandir |url=https://visitsnepal.com/product/janaki-mandir/}}</ref> यस शैलीको वास्तुकलाले मधेश तथा मिथिला क्षेत्रको सांस्कृतिक प्रभाव र धार्मिक परम्परालाई प्रतिबिम्बित गरेको मानिन्छ। == सामाजिक स्थिति == नेपालका विभिन्न जाति तथा जातीय समूहहरूको ऐतिहासिक रूपमा सरकार, कृषि, व्यापार, निजामती सेवा, न्यायपालिका र सैनिक संस्थाहरूमा प्रतिनिधित्व फरक–फरक रहेको छ। नेपालको [[शाह वंश]]को शासनकाल (१७६८–२००८) मा पहाडी उच्च जाति जस्तै [[बाहुन]] र [[क्षेत्री]]हरूले निजामती सेवा, न्यायपालिका तथा सेनाको उच्च पदहरूमा उल्लेखनीय प्रभुत्व राखेका थिए। तराई क्षेत्रमा गरिएको केही अध्ययनहरू अनुसार (२०१५ भन्दा अगाडिका तथ्याङ्कहरू), केही मधेसी जाति समूहहरूको निजामती सेवामा प्रतिनिधित्व उनीहरूको जनसंख्या अनुपातभन्दा बढी देखिएको थियो। उदाहरणका लागि, कुशवाहा ([[कोइरी]]) समुदायको नेपाल सरकारको निजामती सेवामा प्रतिनिधित्व उनीहरूको राष्ट्रिय जनसंख्या हिस्साभन्दा करिब ३.२ गुणा बढी रहेको उल्लेख गरिएको छ, जसले उनीहरूलाई प्रतिनिधित्वको हिसाबले देशमा चौथो स्थानमा राख्दछ। यसैगरी [[राजपूत]] समुदायको प्रतिनिधित्व उनीहरूको जनसंख्या अनुपातभन्दा करिब ५.६ गुणा बढी रहेको पाइन्छ भने [[मैथिल ब्राह्मण]]हरूको प्रतिनिधित्व करिब ४.२ गुणा रहेको देखिन्छ।<ref name="Hatlebakk07">{{cite web |last=Hatlebakk |first=Magnus |year=2007 |title=Economic and social structures that may explain the recent conflicts in the Terai of Nepal |location=Kathmandu |publisher=Norwegian Embassy |url=http://www.norway.org.np/NR/rdonlyres/0993F5660B3548A98F819167B4FD596C/72944/http___wwwcmi.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724190445/http://www.norway.org.np/NR/rdonlyres/0993F5660B3548A98F819167B4FD596C/72944/http___wwwcmi.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724190445/http://www.norway.org.np/NR/rdonlyres/0993F5660B3548A98F819167B4FD596C/72944/http___wwwcmi.pdf |date=2011-07-24 }}</ref> [[यादव]] समुदाय नेपालका मधेसी समुदायभित्रका सबैभन्दा ठूलो जाति समूहहरूमध्ये एक हो। केही जिल्लाहरूमा उनीहरूको ठूलो जनसंख्याका कारण पछिल्ला दशकहरूमा राजनीतिक प्रतिनिधित्व पनि उल्लेखनीय रूपमा बढेको छ। यस समुदायका एक प्रमुख व्यक्तित्व [[रामबरन यादव]] हुन्, जो सन् २००८ जुलाई २३ देखि २०१५ अक्टोबर २९ सम्म नेपालका प्रथम राष्ट्रपति बनेका थिए।<ref name="OCHA1">{{cite journal|url=http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/(httpDocuments)/B66F206172F49BE4C12572D50030C3F0/$file/OCHA+overview+no+12+April+07.pdf |title=Highlights |journal=OCHA Nepal Situation Overview |issue=12 |date=April 2007 |publisher=OCHA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113112940/http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/(httpDocuments)/B66F206172F49BE4C12572F49BE4C12572D50030C3F0/$file/OCHA+overview+no+12+April+07.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2009}}</ref> नेपालमा [[नेपाली भाषा]] राष्ट्रिय भाषा हो भने [[मैथिली भाषा]] दोस्रो धेरै बोलिने भाषामध्ये एक हो। हिन्दू समाजमा प्रचलित [[जाति व्यवस्था]]लाई सन् १९६१ मा लागू गरिएको ''नयाँ मुलुकी ऐन'' द्वारा कानुनी रूपमा निषेध गरिएको थियो।<ref name="OCHA2">{{cite journal|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/2E89F2121C2C57A24925733F000F4F21-Full_report.pdf |title=Highlights |journal=OCHA Nepal Situation Overview |issue=16 |date=July–August 2007 |publisher=OCHA}}</ref><ref name="OCHA3">{{cite journal|url=http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/(httpDocuments)/5CC0BE0C971587F2C1257496004A9B9E/$file/ocha+sitrep+12+july08.pdf |title=Highlights |journal=OCHA Nepal Situation Overview |issue=30 |date=June–July 2008 |publisher=OCHA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218090410/http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/(httpDocuments)/5CC0BE0C971587F2C1257496004A9B9E/$file/ocha+sitrep+12+july08.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2010}}</ref><ref name="Him-ext">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Body+of+murder+victim+found+in+Gulmi&NewsID=266104 |title=Body of murder victim found in Gulmi |publisher=The Himalayan Times |first=Hari |last=Sharma |date=2010-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525142109/http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Body+of+murder+victim+found+in+Gulmi&NewsID=266104 |archive-date=25 May 2012 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525142109/http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Body+of+murder+victim+found+in+Gulmi&NewsID=266104 |date=2012-05-25 }}</ref> [[File:Average Height of Nepalese Men and Women in every Province.png|thumb|'''नेपालका विभिन्न प्रदेशहरूमा पुरुष तथा महिलाको औसत उचाइ''']] == जनसंख्या == नेपालको केन्द्रीय तथ्यांक विभागले कुशवाहा जातिलाई व्यापक मधेसी जाति समूह अन्तर्गतको एक उपसमूहका रूपमा वर्गीकृत गरेको छ। यो समुदाय मुख्यतः नेपालको [[तराई]] क्षेत्रमा बसोबास गर्दै आएको छ, जहाँ कृषिलाई मुख्य पेशाका रूपमा अपनाइन्छ। [[राष्ट्रिय तथ्यांक कार्यालय (नेपाल)|राष्ट्रिय तथ्यांक कार्यालय]] द्वारा प्रकाशित [[२०२१ नेपाल जनगणना]] अनुसार नेपालमा कुशवाहा समुदायको जनसंख्या ३५५,७०७ रहेको छ, जुन नेपालको कुल जनसंख्याको करिब १.२२% हो।<ref name="Census2021">{{Cite book |title=National Population and Housing Census 2021: Caste/Ethnicity Report |publisher=National Statistics Office, Nepal |year=2021}}</ref> प्रदेश अनुसार कुशवाहा जनसंख्याको वितरण निम्नानुसार रहेको छ:<ref name="Census2021"/> * [[मधेश प्रदेश]] – ४.५६% * [[लुम्बिनी प्रदेश]] – २% * [[कोशी प्रदेश]] – १% * [[बागमती प्रदेश]] – ०.५% * [[गण्डकी प्रदेश]] – ०.१% * [[कर्णाली प्रदेश]] – ०.१% * [[सुदूरपश्चिम प्रदेश]] – ०.७% राष्ट्रिय औसत (करिब १.३%) भन्दा बढी कुशवाहा जनसंख्या रहेका जिल्लाहरू निम्न छन्:<ref>{{Cite web |title=2011 Nepal Census, District Level Detail Report |url=https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |access-date=2025-06-20 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314170005/https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |date=2023-03-14 }}</ref> * [[सर्लाही]] – ७.९% * [[रौतहट]] – ३.५% * [[बारा]] – ४.५% * [[पर्सा]] – ३.९% * [[धनुषा]] – ५.१% * [[सिराहा]] – ६.०% * [[सप्तरी]] – १.०% * [[महोत्तरी]] – ५.८% * [[सुनसरी]] – ४.१% * [[मोरङ]] – १.०% * [[कपिलवस्तु]] – ०.५% * [[रुपन्देही]] – १.०% * [[बाँके]] – ०.५% * [[बर्दिया]] – ०.२% * [[झापा]] – ०.१% * [[चितवन]] – <०.१% * [[नवलपरासी]] – <०.१% * [[काठमाडौं]] – ०.१% ==उल्लेखनीय व्यक्तित्वहरू== * '''रामचन्द्र सिंह कुशवाहा''' – नेपालका लोकतान्त्रिक आन्दोलनसँग सम्बन्धित एक स्वतन्त्रता सेनानी। उहाँ महोत्तरी जिल्लाको पडरिया निवासी हुनुहुन्थ्यो। लामो समयदेखि क्यान्सरबाट पीडित रहनु भएका उहाँको काठमाडौँस्थित वीर अस्पतालमा उपचारका क्रममा सन् २०२5 मा निधन भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web |title=Freedom fighter Kushwaha no more |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/freedom-fighter-kushwaha-no-more.html |website=OnlineKhabar |date=16 July 2025}}</ref> * [[डॉ. उपेन्द्र महतो]] (नेपाली: डॉ. उपेन्द्र महतो), व्यवसायी, परोपकारी तथा गैर‑आवासीय नेपाली संघ (NRNA) का संस्थापक अध्यक्ष।<ref>{{cite web |title=Upendra Mahato: Nepali Business Tycoon & NRNA Founder |url=https://www.sourcenepal.com/upendra-mahato/}}</ref> * [[राजेन्द्र महतो]] (नेपाली: राजेन्द्र महतो; जन्म १९५८), नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ, पूर्व उप–प्रधानमन्त्री तथा विभिन्न पार्टीका नेता।<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajendra Mahato |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajendra_Mahato}}</ref> * [[लक्ष्मी महतो कोइरी]] (नेपाली: लझ्मी महतो कोइरी; जन्म १९६४), नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ, House of Representatives का सदस्य (२०८० सम्म) र CPN (UML) का प्रतिनिधि।<ref>{{cite web |title=Laxmi Mahato Koiri |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxmi_Mahato_Koiri}}</ref> * उपेन्द्र महतो (राजनीतिज्ञ) – मधेश प्रदेश सभाका सदस्य, Sarlahi‑1 (A) बाट निर्वाचित प्रदेश विपक्षी नेता (२०१७ देखि)।<ref>{{cite web |title=Upendra Mahato |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upendra_Mahato}}</ref> * [[बिरेन्द्र प्रसाद महतो]] (नेपाली: बिरेन्द्र प्रसाद महतो; जन्म १९६९), नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ, पूर्व वन तथा वातावरण मन्त्री र संघीय संसद सदस्य।<ref>{{cite web |title=Birendra Prasad Mahato |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birendra_Prasad_Mahato}}</ref> * [[संजय कुमार महतो]] (नेपाली: संजयकुमार महतो), नेपाली कांग्रेसका प्रदेश सभा सदस्य, मधेश प्रदेश १ (Dhanusha‑1A) बाट निर्वाचित।<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanjay Kumar Mahato |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjay_Kumar_Mahato}}</ref> * [[सिताराम महतो]] (नेपाली: सिताराम महतो; जन्म १९५५), नेपाली कांग्रेस पार्टीका राजनीतिज्ञ र संघीय प्रतिनिधि सभा सदस्य, Sunsari‑2 बाट निर्वाचित।<ref>{{cite web |title=Sitaram Mahato |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitaram_Mahato}}</ref> * [[मुगा लाल महतो]] (नेपाली: मुगा लाल महतो), नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ, Sunsari‑4 निर्वाचन क्षेत्रमा संविधान सभा सदस्य।<ref>{{cite web |title=Muga Lal Mahato |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muga_Lal_Mahato}}</ref> * रबिन महतो (Rabin Mahato) – रास्ट्रिया स्वतन्त्र पार्टीका उम्मेदवार; सर्लाही–२ क्षेत्रबाट प्रतिनिधि सभा सदस्यमा विजयी।<ref>{{cite news |title=RSP’s Rabin Mahato defeats NCP’s Yadav in Sarlahi-2 by 33,989 votes |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/rsps-rabin-mahato-defeats-ncps-yadav-in-sarlahi-2-by-33989-votes-41-52.html}}</ref> * प्रमोद कुमार महतो (Pramod Kumar Mahato) – रास्ट्रिया स्वतन्त्र पार्टीका उम्मेदवार; महोत्तरी–१ क्षेत्रबाट प्रतिनिधि सभा सदस्यमा विजयी।<ref>{{cite news |title=Pramod Kumar Mahato Wins Mahottari-1 Seat with 34,636 Votes |url=https://khojsamachar.com/pramod-kumar-mahato-wins-mahottari-1-election/}}</ref> * '''इर. बसन्त कुशवाहा''' – मधेश प्रदेशका एक नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ तथा इन्जिनियर। उहाँ २०२५ देखि मधेश प्रदेश सरकारमा खेलकुद तथा समाज कल्याण मन्त्रीको रूपमा कार्यरत हुनुहुन्छ र मधेश प्रदेश सभाका सदस्य पनि हुनुहुन्छ।<ref>{{cite web |title=Er. Basant Kushwaha |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er._Basant_Kushwaha}}</ref> * '''सरोज सिंह कुशवाहा''' – मधेश प्रदेशका प्रदेश सभा सदस्य तथा जनता समाजवादी पार्टी (नेपाल) का राजनीतिज्ञ। उहाँ महोत्तरी निर्वाचन क्षेत्रबाट निर्वाचित भएका हुन्।<ref>{{cite web |title=JSP-N lawmaker Saroj Singh Kushwaha suspended |url=https://kathmandupost.com/province-no-2/2025/10/17/jsp-n-lawmaker-saroj-singh-kushwaha-suspended}}</ref> * '''अजय कुमार कुशवाहा''' – बारा जिल्लाको कलैया उपमहानगरपालिका वडा नं. ११ का निर्वाचित वडा अध्यक्ष।<ref>{{cite web |title=Ajay Kumar Kushwaha |url=https://kalaiyamun.gov.np/en/content/ajay-kumar-kushwaha}}</ref> * '''राम प्रसाद मेहता''' – सुनसरी जिल्लाका नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ तथा कोशी प्रदेश सरकारका सामाजिक विकास मन्त्री। उहाँ नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी) (CPN-UML) सँग सम्बन्धित हुनुहुन्छ। उहाँले २०७९ को निर्वाचनमा सुनसरी २ (ख) बाट प्रदेश सभा सदस्य निर्वाचित भएका थिए र हाल कोशी प्रदेशमा मन्त्रीको रूपमा कार्यरत हुनुहुन्छ।<ref>{{cite web |title=Over 47000 votes invalid in Sunsari |url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/19590 |website=Rising Nepal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=“Effective Cooperation Needed for Drug Control,” Says Koshi Province Chief Minister |url=https://english.pardafas.com/effective-cooperation-needed-for-drug-control-says-koshi-province-chief-minister |website=Pardafas}}</ref> * '''राजन मेहता''' – सुनसरी जिल्लाको इनरुवा नगरपालिकाका मेयर तथा राजनीतिज्ञ। उहाँ नेपाली कांग्रेससँग सम्बन्धित हुनुहुन्छ र स्थानीय तह निर्वाचनमा निर्वाचित भएका हुन्। उहाँले जिल्ला समन्वय समिति, सुनसरीको प्रमुखको रूपमा पनि जिम्मेवारी सम्हाल्नु भएको छ।<ref>{{cite web |title=District Coordination Committee, Sunsari Chief Mr. Rajan Mehta hosted the coordination meeting |url=https://daosunsari.moha.gov.np/en/post/district-coordination-committee-sunsari-chief-mr-rajan-mehta-hosted-the |website=DAO Sunsari}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mayor Rajan Mehta Receiving Victory Certificate after Local Level Election |url=https://www.dreamstime.com/rajan-mehta-the-newly-elected-mayor-of-inaruwa-municipality-is-receiving-the-official-certificate-of-victory-from-the-election-image422987909 |website=Dreamstime }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *'''[[निशा मेहता]]''' सुनसरी जिल्लासँग सम्बन्धित राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी (रास्वपा) की नेतृ तथा प्रतिनिधि सभा सदस्य हुन्। उहाँ २०७९ सालको प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचनमा रास्वपाबाट मधेसी महिला क्लस्टर अन्तर्गत समानुपातिक निर्वाचन प्रणालीमार्फत निर्वाचित हुनुभएको हो।<ref>{{cite web |title=प्रतिनिधि सभा समानुपातिक सदस्यहरूको सूची|url=https://election.gov.np}}</ref>उहाँ नेपाल सरकारको मन्त्रिपरिषद्मा स्वास्थ्य तथा जनसंख्या मन्त्री तथा खानेपानी मन्त्रीको रूपमा नियुक्त हुनुभएको छ।<ref>{{cite web |title=नयाँ मन्त्रिपरिषद् गठन |url=https://moha.gov.np}}</ref>मेहता स्वास्थ्य क्षेत्रसँग सम्बन्धित व्यक्ति हुन्। उहाँले नर्सिङ विषयमा स्नातकोत्तर (Master’s) उपाधि हासिल गर्नुभएको छ र यसअघि स्वास्थ्य सेवा तथा शिक्षण क्षेत्रमा कार्यरत रहनुभएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web |title=Nisha Mehta |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisha_Mehta}}</ref> *'''जवाहरलाल कुशवाहा''' मधेश प्रदेश सभाका सदस्य हुन्, जो सर्लाही निर्वाचन क्षेत्र नम्बर ३ (क) बाट निर्वाचित भएका थिए। उनी स्वतन्त्र उम्मेदवारको रूपमा निर्वाचित भई पछि नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र) मा प्रवेश गरेका हुन्।<ref name="JawaharMaoist">{{cite news |title=स्वतन्त्र सांसद जवाहरलाल कुशवाहा माओवादी केन्द्रमा प्रवेश |url=https://www.ratopati.com/story/321456/jawaharlal-kushwaha |work=रातोपाटी |date=२०२३-०१-२२ |access-date=२०२६-०३-१२ |language=ne}}</ref><ref name="MadheshAssembly">{{cite web |title=प्रदेश सभा सदस्यहरूको विवरण |url=https://pams.gov.np/member |website=मधेश प्रदेश सभा सचिवालय |access-date=२०२६-०३-१२ |language=ne }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *'''रघुनाथ महतो कोइरी''' सुनसरी जिल्लाका एक स्वतन्त्र राजनीतिज्ञ हुन्। उनले विभिन्न तहका निर्वाचनमा स्वतन्त्र उम्मेदवारको रूपमा सहभागिता जनाउँदै स्थानीय राजनीतिमा सक्रिय भूमिका खेल्दै आएका छन्।<ref name="EC_Nepal_Result">{{cite web |title=प्रतिनिधि सभा तथा प्रदेश सभा निर्वाचन परिणाम |url=https://result.election.gov.np/ |publisher=निर्वाचन आयोग नेपाल |access-date=२०२६-०३-१२ |language=ne }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123062409/https://result.election.gov.np/ |date=2022-11-23 }}</ref> *'''लक्ष्मण महतो कोइरी''' धनुषा जिल्लासँग सम्बन्धित राजनीतिज्ञ हुन्। उनले मधेश प्रदेशको प्रदेश सभा तथा स्थानीय तहका निर्वाचनहरूमा स्वतन्त्र उम्मेदवारको रूपमा प्रतिस्पर्धा गरेका छन्।<ref name="ElectionRecord">{{cite news |title=धनुषामा स्वतन्त्र उम्मेदवारहरूको प्रभाव |url=https://ekantipur.com/news |work=कान्तिपुर पब्लिकेसन्स |access-date=२०२६-०३-१२ |language=ne}}</ref> *'''रामनरेश महतो कोइरी''' धनुषा जिल्लाका स्वतन्त्र राजनीतिज्ञ हुन्। उनले मुख्यतया तराई-मधेस क्षेत्रमा कुशवाहा (कोइरी) समुदायको हकहित र प्रतिनिधित्वको सवालमा आवाज उठाउँदै आएका छन्।<ref name="CommunityLeader">{{cite web |title=मधेसको राजनीतिमा जातीय समीकरण र प्रतिनिधित्व |url=https://gorkhapatraonline.com/ |website=गोरखापत्र अनलाइन |access-date=२०२६-०३-१२ |language=ne}}</ref> *'''राज किशोर महतो''' राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी (रास्वपा) का राजनीतिज्ञ हुन्। उनी २०८२ को प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचनमा धनुषा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र नम्बर ४ बाट भारी मतका साथ निर्वाचित भएका हुन्। उनले नेपाली कांग्रेसका प्रभावशाली नेता महेन्द्र यादवलाई पराजित गर्दै युवा राजनीतिको लहरलाई स्थापित गरेका थिए।<ref name="Dhanusa4_2082">{{cite news |title=धनुषा ४ मा रास्वपाका राज किशोर महतो विजयी |url=https://election.ekantipur.com/pradesh-2/district-dhanusa/constituency-4 |work=कान्तिपुर पब्लिकेसन्स |date=२०२६-०३-११ |access-date=२०२६-०३-१२ |language=ne}}</ref> *'''वीरेन्द्र कुमार मेहता''' राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टीका केन्द्रीय सदस्य हुन्। उनी मधेस प्रदेशमा पार्टीको संगठन विस्तार र वैकल्पिक राजनीतिको प्रवर्द्धनमा सक्रिय भूमिका खेलिरहेका छन्। उनी २०८२ को निर्वाचनमा पार्टीको रणनीतिक योजना निर्माण र युवा परिचालनमा संलग्न रहेका थिए।<ref name="VirendraRSP">{{cite news |title=रास्वपा केन्द्रीय समितिमा नयाँ अनुहार |url=https://kfgo.com/2026/03/07/inside-the-nepal-campaign |work=The Mighty 790 KFGO |date=२०२६-०३-०७ |access-date=२०२६-०३-१२ |language=en}}</ref> *'''फकिरा महतो''' मधेस प्रदेश सभाका सदस्य हुन्। उनी सर्लाही निर्वाचन क्षेत्र नम्बर ४ (ख) बाट निर्वाचित भएका थिए। उनी हाल मधेस प्रदेश सभामा नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र) को प्रतिनिधित्व गर्दै विभिन्न संसदीय समितिहरूमा सक्रिय छन्।<ref name="FakeeraMadhesh">{{cite web |title=मधेस प्रदेश सभा सदस्यहरूको विवरण |url=https://pams.gov.np/member |website=मधेश प्रदेश सभा सचिवालय |access-date=२०२६-०३-१२ |language=ne }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *'''सञ्जय कुमार महतो''' धनुषा जिल्लाका राजनीतिज्ञ हुन्। उनले २०८२ को प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचनमा धनुषा-४ बाट नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको तर्फबाट उम्मेदवारी दिएका थिए। उनी मधेसको स्थानीय राजनीति र सामुदायिक विकासका मुद्दाहरूमा सक्रिय रहँदै आएका छन्।<ref name="SanjayDhanusa">{{cite web |title=प्रतिनिधि सभा सदस्य निर्वाचन २०८२ - परिणाम |url=https://result.election.gov.np/ |publisher=निर्वाचन आयोग नेपाल |access-date=२०२६-०३-१२ |language=ne }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123062409/https://result.election.gov.np/ |date=2022-11-23 }}</ref> *'''प्रमेश्वर महतो''' (सहिद) सिरहा जिल्लाको लाहानसँग सम्बन्धित एक मधेशी आन्दोलनकारी हुन्। उनले २०६३ सालको ऐतिहासिक मधेश आन्दोलनका क्रममा लाहानमा भएको प्रदर्शनमा सहादत प्राप्त गरेका थिए। उनलाई नेपाल सरकारले औपचारिक रूपमा सहिद घोषणा गरेको छ र उनको सम्मानमा लाहानका विभिन्न स्थानमा स्मारकहरू निर्माण गरिएका छन्।<ref name="Sahid_Lahan">{{cite news |title=मधेश आन्दोलनका सहिदहरूको सम्झना |url=https://gorkhapatraonline.com/news/72431 |work=गोरखापत्र अनलाइन |date=२०२२-०१-२२ |access-date=२०२६-०३-१२ |language=ne}}</ref><ref name="Madesh_Martyrs">{{cite web |title=सहिदहरूको सूची - मधेश प्रदेश सरकार |url=https://madesh.gov.np/martyrs-list |website=मधेश प्रदेश सरकार मुख्यमन्त्री तथा मन्त्रिपरिषद्को कार्यालय |access-date=२०२६-०३-१२ |language=ne }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *'''बेचन मेहता''' (सहिद) सुनसरी जिल्लाको इनरुवासँग सम्बन्धित एक मधेशी आन्दोलनकारी हुन्। उनले २०६३ सालको मधेश आन्दोलनका क्रममा माघ महिनामा इनरुवामा भएको विरोध प्रदर्शनका क्रममा सहादत प्राप्त गरेका थिए। नेपाल सरकारले उनलाई औपचारिक रूपमा सहिद घोषणा गरेको छ। इनरुवा नगरपालिका भित्र उनको सम्मानमा 'सहिद बेचन मेहता चोक' र उनको पूर्ण कदको सालिक निर्माण गरिएको छ।<ref name="BechanSahid">{{cite news |title=मधेश आन्दोलनका सहिद बेचन मेहताको स्मरण |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2019/01/735624 |work=अनलाइनखबर |date=२०१९-०१-२१ |access-date=२०२६-०३-१२ |language=ne}}</ref><ref name="SunsariMartyr">{{cite web |title=सुनसरीका सहिदहरूको विवरण |url=https://madesh.gov.np/ |website=मधेश प्रदेश सरकार |access-date=२०२६-०३-१२ |language=ne }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *'''अनिता देवी''' जनमत पार्टीकी एक प्रभावशाली नेतृ हुन्। उनी नेपाल सरकारको संघीय मामिला तथा सामान्य प्रशासन मन्त्रीको रूपमा कार्य गरिसकेकी छिन्। उनी कुशवाहा समुदायबाट राष्ट्रिय राजनीतिमा उच्च तहमा पुग्ने थोरै महिला नेतृहरूमध्ये एक हुन्।<ref name="AnitaDevi">{{cite news |title=अनिता देवी सामान्य प्रशासन मन्त्री नियुक्त |url=https://www.nepallive.com/story/301245 |work=नेपाल लाइभ |date=२०२३-०८-१४ |access-date=२०२६-०३-१७ |language=ne}}</ref> === खेलकुद === * [[पुजा महतो]] (नेपाली: पुजा महतो; जन्म १७ फेब्रुअरी २००६), नेपाली महिला क्रिकेट टोलीकी अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय खेलाडी।<ref name="ESPNCricinfo"/> * [[किशोर महतो]] (नेपाली: किशोर महतो), नेपाली पुरुष क्रिकेट खेलाडी।<ref>{{cite web |title=Kishore Mahato |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishore_Mahato |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> * [[संगम महतो]] (नेपाली: संगम महतो), नेपाली महिला भलिबल टोलीकी खेलाडी।<ref>{{cite web |title=Sangam Mahato Profile |url=https://www.hamrokhelkud.net/players/sangam-mahato/ |website=HamroKhelkud }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[भरत सिंह महता]] (नेपाली: भरत सिंह महता; जन्म १२ अगस्ट १९९७), नेपाली पारा‑टाइक्वान्डो प्रतिस्पर्धी; पेरालम्पिक्समा प्रतिस्पर्धा।<ref>{{cite web |title=Bharat Singh Mahata |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Singh_Mahata |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> * कुशल सिंह मेहता (Kushal Singh Mehta), क्रिकेट खेलाडी (क्रिकहिरोज प्रोफाइल अनुसार)।<ref>{{cite web |title=Kushal‑singh‑mehta Cricket Stats |url=https://cricheroes.com/player-profile/8161779/kushal-singh-mehta/stats}}</ref> *'''सर्वज्ञ सिंह कुशवाहा''' विश्वकै सबैभन्दा कम उमेरका 'फिडे रेटेड' (FIDE rated) चेस खेलाडी हुन्। उनले मात्र ३ वर्ष ७ महिनाको उमेरमा १५७२ रेटिङ प्राप्त गरेर गिनिज बुक अफ वर्ल्ड रेकर्ड्समा आफ्नो नाम दर्ता गराउने प्रयास गरिरहेका छन्।<ref name="Sarwagya_Chess">{{cite news |title=Sarwagya Singh Kushwaha becomes youngest FIDE-rated chess player |url=https://khelnow.com/chess/sarwagya-singh-kushwaha-youngest-fide-rated-202512 |work=Khel Now |date=२०२५-१२-०३ |access-date=२०२६-०३-१२ |language=en}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== [[श्रेणी:नेपालका जातिहरू]] * [[क्षत्रिय ]] * [[मौर्य साम्राज्य ]] * [[मधेश प्रदेश ]] * [[तराई]] * [[निशा मेहता]] 9yy77x3gwk23mhkm4lhoau134twzfjb 0 94821 1358426 1358082 2026-06-08T12:58:20Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358426 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:NATO vs. Warsaw (1949-1990).svg|right|thumb|upright=2|नेटो तथा वार्सा पक्षका राष्ट्रहरू]] [[दोस्रो विश्व युद्ध|दोस्रो विश्वयुद्ध]] पछि [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]] तथा [[सोभियत सङ्घ]] को बिच उत्पन्न तनावको स्थितलाई '''शीत युद्ध''' को संज्ञा दिइएको थियो। शीतयुद्ध [[अन्तरिक्ष दौड]], जासुसी, प्रचार अभियान, प्रतिबन्ध र खेल कूटनीति जस्ता प्राविधिक प्रतिद्वन्द्विताहरू मार्फत व्यक्त गरिएको थियो। १९५६ मा हंगेरी क्रान्ति र १९६८ मा चेकोस्लोभाकियामा [[वार्सा सम्झौता]]को आक्रमण गरेर [[सोभियत सङ्घ|सोभियत संघ]]ले पूर्वी युरोपमा आफ्नो प्रभुत्व बलियो बनायो। १९६१ सम्ममा सोभियत संघ र चीन बीचको सम्बन्ध बिग्रियो, १९६९ मा सीमा द्वन्द्वको बीचमा चीन-सोभियत विभाजनले दुई राज्यहरूलाई युद्धको नजिक पुगेका थिए। १९७२ मा, अमेरिकाले चीनसँग कूटनीतिक सम्पर्क सुरु गर्‍यो र अमेरिका र सोभियत संघले आफ्नो आणविक शस्त्रागारलाई सीमित गर्ने सन्धिहरूको श्रृंखलामा हस्ताक्षर गरे। १९७९ मा, इरान र निकारागुआमा अमेरिका-सहयोगी सरकारहरूको पतन र सोभियत-अफगान युद्धको सुरुवातले फेरि तनाव बढायो। १९८५ मा, [[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ|मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभ]] सोभियत संघको नेता बने र राजनीतिक स्वतन्त्रताहरू विस्तार गरे, जसले पूर्वी ब्लकमा १९८९ को क्रान्ति र १९९१ मा [[सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन|सोभियत संघको पतन]]मा योगदान पुर्‍यायो, जसले शीतयुद्धको अन्त्य गर्‍यो। ==शीतयुद्धको अर्थ== [[दोस्रो विश्व युद्ध]] सकिएपछि सन् १९४५ देखि १९८९ को बीचको समयमा संसार दुई ध्रुवमा बाँडिएको थियो । ती दुई ध्रुवको नेतृत्व अमेरिका र सोभियत सङ्घले गरेका थिए । शीतयुद्ध शब्दको प्रयोग अमेरिका र सोभियत सङ्घबीच त्यो समयमा रहेको तनावपूर्ण सम्बन्धलाई लिएर गरिन्छ । परमाणु युद्धको आशंकामा दुवै पक्ष कहिलै पनि सिधै युद्धमा होमिएनन् । तर त्यो समयमा करोडौं मानिस डरमा बाँच्न बाध्य रहे । इतिहासकार यसलाई सरकार संचालनका दुई व्यवस्था ([[पूँजीवाद|पुँजीवाद]] र [[साम्यवाद]])बीचको लडाईकारूपमा हेर्छन् । यसमा अमेरिकाले पुँजीवादी व्यवस्थाको प्रतिनिधित्व गरेको थियो भने रूसले साम्यवादी व्यवस्थाको । देश चलाउने तरिका दुवै देशको फरक थियो र दुवैलाई लाग्थ्यो की आफ्नो प्रणाली उत्कृष्ट छ । दुवै देश यो मान्न थालेका थिए की दोस्रो पक्ष आफ्नो व्यवस्था संसारभर लागु गराउने कोसिस गरिरहेको छ । यही नै तनावको सबैभन्दा ठूलो कारण थियो । == सुरूवात == सन् १९४५ मा [[दोस्रो विश्व युद्ध]] सकिनु त्यस्तो मोड थियो जसका कारण शीत युद्ध सुरू भयो । युद्धको समयमा अमेरिका र [[सोभियत सङ्घ]] एक अर्काका सहयोगी थिए र नाजी जर्मनी उनीहरूको साझा दुस्मन थियो । तर वास्तविकता यो थियो की युद्ध सकिएपछि नाजी जर्मनीको अस्तित्व सकियो । यो युद्धले यूरोपलाई छुट्टाइदिएको थियो र दुवै देश शक्तिशाली हुँदै गएका थिए । युद्ध सकिएपछि दुवै देश संसारलाई आ–आफ्नै तरिकाले चलाउन चाहान्थे । उनीहरूकाबीचमा युरोपलाई कसरी फुटाउने भन्ने बारेमा पनि ठूलो मतभेद थियो । यही कारण [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|अमेरिका]] र सोभियत सङ्घको बीचमा दुश्मनी सुरू भएको हो । किनकी दुवै देश संसारमा आफ्नो दबदबा बढाउने होडमा अघि बढेका थिए । दुवै देशले आफ्ना सहयोगी देशको [[गठबन्धन]] बनाउन सुरू गरे । अमेरिका र पश्चिमी देशले मिलेर ‘[[उत्तर एट्लान्टिक सन्धि सङ्गठन|नेटो]]’ गठन गरे । अर्को तर्फ सोभियत सङ्घलाई पूर्वी युरोपका पोल्यान्ड र हङ्गेरी जस्ता देशको समर्थन थियो । दुवै पक्षलाई एक अर्काले हमला गर्ने डर थियो । यसको नतिजा हतियार निर्माणमा भएको होडबाजीमा देखियो । उनीहरूले हतियारको भण्डार बढाउन सुरू गरे । ६० को दशकमा आइपुग्दासम्म अमेरिका र सोभियत सङ्घले आफ्नो तागत यतीसम्म बढाएका थिएकी उनीहरूको परमाणु मिसाइल महादेशको सिमा पार गरेर हमला गर्न सक्षम थिए । सन् १९६२ मा [[क्युबा क्षेप्यास्त्र सङ्कट|क्युबा मिसाइल संकट]]को दिनमा परमाणु युद्धको सम्भावना चरम थियो । संसारभर [[गृहयुद्ध]]को स्थिति थियो । अमेरिका र सोभियत सङ्घको समर्थनमा अप्रत्यक्षरूपमा लड्नु समान्य झैं थियो । लिभरपुल जोन मुरिस युनिभर्सिटीका सिनियर लेक्चरर मेलकम क्रेग भन्छन्, ‘शीत युद्ध कहिलै शितल थिएन । दुवै शक्तिबीचको लडाईमा लाखौं मानिसको ज्यान गएको थियो । [[कम्बोडिया]], [[कङ्गो|कंगो]], [[कोरिया]], [[इथोपिया]], [[सोमालिया]] जस्ता ठाँउमा शित युद्ध एक बर्बाद गरिदिने लडाई थियो ।’ ==अन्तराष्ट्रिय राजनीतिमा शीतयुद्धको प्रभाव== ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== *[[विश्वयुद्ध]] ==स्रोत== {{reflist}} {{Cold War}} [[श्रेणी:युद्ध]] [[श्रेणी:शीतयुद्ध]] [[श्रेणी:ऐतिहासिक युगहरू]] 7ti6yslzlibvjfr5roooburu9blnd02 0 96829 1358547 1341253 2026-06-09T08:29:04Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox character | name = मिस्टर बिन | series = [[मिस्टर बिन (अङ्ग्रेजी सिटकम)]] | image = [[File:Atkinson Rowan crop.jpg|260px]] | caption = अगस्ट १९९७ मा मिस्टर बिनको चरित्रमा रोवन अटकिनसन | first = ''[[मिस्टर बिन (चलचित्र)]]'' | last = ''[[मिस्टर बिन्स होलिडे]]'' | creator = [[रोवान एटकिनसन|रोवन अटकिनसन]] | portrayer = [[रोवान एटकिनसन|रोवन अटकिनसन]] | voice = [[रोवान एटकिनसन|रोवन अटकिनसन]] | lbl1 = जन्म | data1 = {{Birth date and age|१९५५|०९|१५|df=y}} | lbl2 = स्थान | data2 = फ्ल्याट २, १२ आरबर रोड, [[हाइबरी]], [[लन्डन]], [[बेलायत]] | lbl3 = | data3 = | fullname = | nickname = | alias = | species = [[मानव]] | gender = [[पुरुष]] | occupation = | title = | family = | spouse = | significantother = | children = | relatives = | religion = | nationality = [[बेलायती]] | lbl21 = सम्बन्ध | data21 = इर्मा गोब | lbl22 = शत्रु | data22 = मिसेस विकेट<br/>स्क्र्यापर | lbl23 = कपाल | data23 = [[कालो कपाल|कालो]] | extra-hdr = बाहिरी लिङ्क | lbl31 = वेभसाइट | data31 = [http://www.mrbean.com/uk/about-mr-bean/ Mr. Bean] }} '''मिस्टर बिन''' (English: Mr.Bean; अर्थ: महाशय बिन) बेलायती हाँस्य टेलिभिजन कार्यक्रम मिस्टर बिनका केन्द्रिय [[काल्पनिक पात्र]] हुन् । यस पात्रको रचना तथा निर्वाह [[रोवान एटकिनसन|रोवन अटकिनसन]]ले गरेका हुन् । १ जनवरी १९९० मा प्रथम पटक यस पात्रको हाँस्य टेलिभिजन कार्यक्रम सञ्चालन गरिएको थियो । यो एक विश्व प्रख्यात हाँस्य चरित्र हो । ==सन्दर्भ साम्रगीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== {{ठुटो}} * [https://www.mrbean.com/ मिस्टर बिनको आधिकारीक वेवसाइड] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118040003/https://www.mrbean.com/ |date=2020-01-18 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170404121700/http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0008859/ मिस्टर बिन] IMDb मा *[https://youtube.com/@mrbean?si=23WsI1Cr9IOhTaAH मिस्टर बिनको युट्युब च्यानल] [[श्रेणी:मिस्टर बिन]] [[श्रेणी:हास्य पात्रहरू]] gri3l18992efvamttd5his99ozuk44v 0 96976 1358515 1345845 2026-06-09T06:48:24Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder | image = LalBabuRaut.png | name = लालबाबु राउत | caption = राउत | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|06|29}} | birth_place = [[पर्सा जिल्ला]], [[जगरनाथपुर गाउँपालिका|जगरनाथपुर]] | residence = [[पर्सा जिल्ला]] | nationality = [[नेपाली]] | constituency = [[पर्सा १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|पर्सा १ (ख)]] | office = [[मधेश प्रदेशका मुख्यमन्त्री|मधेश प्रदेशको पहिलो मुख्यमन्त्री]] | term_start = वि.सं. २०७४ फागुन ३ | term_end = वि.सं. २०७९ असोज १ | deputy = [[राम सरोज यादव]] | governor = * [[रत्नेश्वर लाल कायस्थ]] * [[तिलक परियार]] * [[राजेश झा]] * [[हरिशङ्कर मिश्र|हरि शंकर मिश्र]] | predecessor = [[सरोज कुमार यादव]] | office1 =[[मधेश प्रदेश सभा]] | predecessor1 = पद सिर्जना | successor1 = | party = [[जनता समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल]] | spouse = | children = | website = | source = }} '''लालबाबु राउत''' नेपालको [[मधेश प्रदेश]]को पहिलो मुख्यमन्त्री हुन्।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/lalbabu-raut-sworn-province-2-cm-today/|title=Lalbabu Raut to be sworn in Province 2 CM today|date=2018-02-14|work=The Himalayan Times|access-date=2018-02-16|language=en-US}}</ref> नेपालका सात सङ्घीय प्रदेशहरू मध्ये नेपालको मधेश प्रदेशबाट [[जनता समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल]] पार्टीबाट संसदीय दलका नेता समेत रहेका उनी नेपालको मुख्यमन्त्री बन्ने पहिलो र हालसम्मको एक मात्र [[मुसलमान|मुस्लिम]] नेता हुन्।<ref>http://ratopati.com/story/33504</ref> गैरसरकारी संस्थाका रूपमा वि.सं. २०५७ सालमा फोरम स्थापना कालदेखि पार्टी अध्यक्ष [[उपेन्द्र यादव]]लाई सक्रिय रूपमा सघाएका थिए।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nepalpatra.com/politics/19745/|title=को हुन् मोहम्मद लालबाबु राउत गद्दी ?|accessdate=2019-02-27}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612212416/http://nepalpatra.com/politics/19745/ |date=2018-06-12 }}</ref> पर्साका निवासी राउत [[पर्सा १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|पर्सा १ (ख)]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-02-12/seven-chief-ministers-set-to-take-oath.html|title=Seven chief ministers set to take oath|access-date=2018-02-16|language=en}}</ref> बाट वि.सं. २०७४ मा प्रदेशसभा चुनावमा निर्वाचित भएका थिए। यसभन्दा पहिले, उनी [[संविधान सभा निर्वाचन २०७०|संविधान सभा सदस्य]]का रूपमा समेत निर्वाचित भएका थिए। वि.सं. २०७४ फागुन ३ मा मधेश प्रदेशका तत्कालिन प्रदेश प्रमुख [[रत्नेश्वर लाल कायस्थ]]ले प्रदेश प्रमुखको कार्यालय [[जनकपुरधाम उपमहानगरपालिका|जनकपुर]]मा राउतलाई पद एवं गोपनीयताको [[पदको शपथ|शपथ दिलाएका]] थिए। == व्यक्तिगत जीवन == राउत नेपालको [[संविधान सभा निर्वाचन २०७०]] मा [[मधेशी जनअधिकार फोरम, नेपाल|मधेशी जनअधिकार फोरम]]को सामानुपातिक सदस्यको रूपमा [[संविधान सभा निर्वाचन, २०७० का निर्वाचित उम्मेदवारहरू|संविधान सभा सदस्य]]को रूपमा निर्वाचित हुनुभन्दा पहिले केही वर्षको लागि [[वीरगन्ज महानगरपालिका|वीरगंज]]को [[ठाकुरराम बहुमुखी क्याम्पस]]मा अध्यापन गराइरहेका थिए। == निर्वाचन इतिहास == === [[मधेश प्रदेश सभा निर्वाचन, २०७४]] === {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |राजनीतिक दल !उम्मेदवार !मत |- | style="background-color:pink" | |[[जनता समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल]] |लालबाबु राउत |९,८०४ |- | style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" | |[[नेपाली कांग्रेस]] |विजय कुमार सर्राफ |६,८२९ |- | style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |शम्भु प्रसाद |२,८७६ |- | | colspan="2" |अन्य |१,६२६ |- | colspan="3" |अवैध मतहरू |७६३ |- ! colspan="2" |नतिजा ! colspan="2" |जसपा विजयी |- | colspan="4" |स्रोत: [https://result.election.gov.np/ElectionResultCentral.aspx निर्वाचन आयोग] |} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== [[श्रेणी:नेपालका मुख्यमन्त्रीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:जीवित मानिसहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपाली मुसलमानहरू]] [[श्रेणी:मधेश प्रदेश सभाका सदस्यहरू]] [[श्रेणी:सन् १९६६ मा जन्म]] [[श्रेणी:जनता समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपालका राजनीतिज्ञहरू]] [[श्रेणी:पर्सा जिल्लाका मानिसहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालको दोस्रो संविधान सभाका सदस्यहरू]] sr0c9spalah5bj9e0s71mnigg97x201 0 97512 1358505 1334749 2026-06-09T06:29:34Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* शपथ ग्रहण */ 1358505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox official post |post = <big>प्रतिनिधि सभा अध्यक्ष</big><br>सभामुख |body = |native_name = |image = File: |incumbent = [[अग्नीप्रसाद सापकोटा]] |Term_start = फाल्गुन २६, २०७४ |style = [[माननीय]](औपचारिक)<br/>सभामुख महोदय |appointer = [[प्रतिनिधि सभा (नेपाल)|प्रतिनिधि सभा]] का सांसदगण |termlength = प्रतिनिधि सभाको कार्यकाल सम्म (अधिक्तत्म ५ वर्ष) |inaugural = [[कृष्णप्रसाद भट्टराई]] |formation = |deputy = [[डा.शिबमाया तुम्बाहाङफे]] |salary = |website = [http://hr.parliament.gov.np/np] }} नेपालको संविधानमा माथिल्लो सदन सहितको द्विसदनात्मक व्यवस्था रहेको छ।[[चित्र:Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly_Building.jpg|alt=Nepalese Constituent Assembly Building.jpg|thumb|प्रतिनिधि सभा]] == प्रतिनिधि सभाको गठन == (१) प्रतिनिधि सभामा देहाय बमोजिमका दुई सय पचहत्तर सदस्य रहनेछन्ः– (क) नेपाललाई जनसङ्ख्या र भौगोलिक अनुकुलता तथा विशिष्टताका आधारमा एक सय पैंसठ्ठी निर्वाचन क्षेत्र कायम गरी प्रत्येक निर्वाचन क्षेत्रबाट एक जना रहने गरी पहिलो हुने निर्वाचित हुने निर्वाचन प्रणाली बमोजिम निर्वाचित हुने एक सय पैंसठ्ठी सदस्य, (ख) सम्पूर्ण देशलाई एक निर्वाचन क्षेत्र मानी राजनीतिक दललाई मत दिने समानुपातिक निर्वाचन प्रणाली बमोजिम निर्वाचित हुने एक सय दश सदस्य । (२) समानुपातिक निर्वाचन प्रणाली बमोजिम हुने प्रतिनिधि सभाको निर्वाचनका लागि राजनीतिक दलले उम्मेदवारी दिंदा जनसङ्ख्याको आधारमा महिला, दलित, आदिवासी जनजाति, खस आर्य, मधेसी, थारू, मुस्लिम, पिछडिएको क्षेत्र समेतबाट बन्द सूचीका आधारमा प्रतिनिधित्व गराउने व्यवस्था सङ्घीय कानुन बमोजिम हुनेछ । त्यसरी उम्मेदवारी दिंदा भूगोल र प्रादेशिक सन्तुलनलाई समेत ध्यान दिनु पर्नेछ <ref>नेपालको संबिधान २०७२</ref>। === प्रतिनिधि सभाको सभामुख र उपसभामुख निर्वाचन === प्रतिनिधि सभाको पहिलो बैठक प्रारम्भ भएको मितिले पन्ध्र दिनभित्र प्रतिनिधि सभाका सदस्यहरूले आफूमध्येबाट प्रतिनिधि सभाको सभामुख र उपसभामुखको निर्वाचन गर्नेछन्। === शपथ ग्रहण === सभामुखको [[पदको शपथ|शपथ ग्रहण]] राष्ट्रपतिबाट हुन्छ । === पद रिक्त === (क) निज प्रतिनिधि सभाको सदस्य नरहेमा, तर प्रतिनिधि सभा विघटन भएको अवस्थामा आफ्नो पदमा बहाल रहेका प्रतिनिधि सभाका सभामुख र उपसभामुख प्रतिनिधि सभाका लागि हुने अर्को निर्वाचनको उम्मेदवारी दाखिल गर्ने अघिल्लो दिनसम्म आफ्नो पदमा बहाल रहनेछन्। (ख) निजले लिखित राजीनामा दिएमा, (ग) निजले पद अनुकूल आचरण नगरेको भन्ने प्रस्ताव प्रतिनिधि सभाको तत्काल कायम रहेको सम्पूर्ण सदस्य संख्याको दुई तिहाइ बहुमतबाट पारित भएमा । == राष्ट्रिय सभा == माथिल्लो सदनमा सदस्यता पुर्ण रुपले रिक्त नहुने, खास समयमा निश्चित प्रतिशत सदस्यको पदावधि समाप्त भए पनि पुनः निर्वाचित हुने हुनाले यसलाई स्थायी सदनको रुपमा लिने गरिन्छ । नेपालको सन्दर्भमा राष्ट्रिय सभा प्रत्येक दुई वर्षमा एक तिहाई सांसदको अवधि समाप्त हुने र पुनः सोही प्रक्रियाबाट सांसद चुनिने संवैधानिक व्यवस्था छ। नेपालको संविधानले [[राष्ट्रिय सभा (नेपाल)|राष्ट्रिय सभा]]लाई स्थायी प्रकृतिको व्यवस्थापकीय अंगको रुपमा परिकल्पना गरेको छ। प्रदेशहरुको न्यायोचित प्रतिनिधित्व व्यस्थापकीय शक्ति सन्तुलन तथा कार्यकौशलता र प्रभावकारीताको सन्तुलन समेतलाई संवोधन गर्न नेपालको संविधानले राष्ट्रिय सभाको व्यवस्था गरेको छ। प्रदेश सभाका सदस्य, स्थानीय तहका प्रमुख र उपप्रमुख रहेको निर्वाचक मणडलद्वारा प्रत्येक प्रदेशबाट कम्तीमा तीन जना महिला, एक जना दलित र एक जना अपांगता भएका व्यक्ति वा अल्पसंख्यक सहित आठ जना गरी निर्वाचित छपन्न जना र नेपाल सरकारको सिफारिसमा राष्ट्रपतिबाट मनोनीत कम्तीमा एक जना महिला सहित तीन जना गरी राष्ट्रिय सभामा उनान्साठी सदस्य रहेका छन्। ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:नेपालको सङ्घीय संसद]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालको संविधान सभा]] bjv8piu5w8oi4xxyu4mu0b73jzzdjxk 0 98775 1358506 1318784 2026-06-09T06:30:24Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* राजनीतिक जीवन */ 1358506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = एन्टोनियो गुट्रेस |image = António Guterres, 23.03.23.jpg |caption = |office = महासचिव संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घ |term_start = जनवरी १, २०१७ |term_end = |predecessor =[[बान कि-मुन]] |birth_name = एन्टोनियो मैन्युएल डी ओलिविएरा गुटेरेस |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|4|30|df=y}} |birth_place = [[लिस्बन]], पुर्तगाल |alma_mater = [[लिस्बन]] [[विश्वविद्यालय]] |religion = [[कैथोलिक चर्च | रोमन कैथोलिक]] |website = {{URL|antonioguterres.gov.pt|Campaign website}} }} एन्टोनियो गुट्रेस {{Post-nominals|list=[[Order of Christ (Portugal)|GCC]] [[Order of Liberty|GCL]]}} ({{IPAc-en|g|ʊ|ˈ|t|ɛr|ə|s}}; {{IPA-pt|ɐ̃ˈtɔnju ɡuˈtɛʁɨʃ|eu}}; जन्म ३० अप्रिल १९४९ ) [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घ]]का [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र सचिवालय|महासचिव]] हुन् | गुट्रेसले १ जनवरी २०१७ मा आफ्नो कार्यकाल सम्हालेका थिए । उनको कार्यकाल ३१ डिसेम्बर २०२२ सम्म रहने छ । गुट्रेस सन् १९९५ देखि २००२ सम्म [[पोर्तगाल|पोर्चुगल]]का प्रधानमन्त्रीका रूपमा कार्यरत थिए भने २००५ देखि २०१५ सम्म उनी संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघको उच्चायुक्तका रूपमा कार्यरत रहेका थिए । ==प्रारम्भिक जीवन== उनको जन्म [[पोर्तगाल|पोर्चुगल]]को राजधानी [[लिस्बन]]मा ३० अप्रिल १९४९ मा भएको थियो। प्रेस्टिजियस लिसउ डे कैमोएस नामको माध्यमिक विद्यालयमा यिनको प्रारम्भिक शिक्षा भएको थियो। वर्ष १९७१ मा उनले लिस्बन विश्वविद्यालयबाट स्नातक उपाधि प्राप्त गरे । यसपछि उनले सहायक प्राध्यापकको रूपमा शिक्षण कार्य प्रारम्भ गरे। ==राजनीतिक जीवन== *वर्ष १९९२ मा सोशलिस्ट इन्टरनेशनलको उपाध्यक्ष नियुक्त । *वर्ष १९९५बाट २००० सम्म पोर्चुगलको प्रधानमन्त्री । * अक्टूबर ६.२०१६ को संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघको ९ औ महासचिव नियुक्त भए। महासचिव का पद जनवरी १, २०१७ कार्यकाल सुरु हुन्छ। *वर्ष २००५ देखी २०१५ सम्म [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घ]] मा शरणार्थिको उच्चायुक्त रहे। *१२ डिसेम्बर २०१६ मा [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घ]] का ९ औँ महासचिवको पदको [[पदको शपथ|शपथ ग्रहण]] गरे। <ref>http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=55783#.WGjzpmXbvIX</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:पोर्चुगलका प्रधानमन्त्री]] [[श्रेणी:संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घका महासचिवहरू]] iwc7xvse0hp9wv5o4d68s2ug9xj8wjz 0 99862 1358545 1314077 2026-06-09T08:11:29Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = मार्सेलु | image = FC RB Salzburg versus Real Madrid (Testspiel, 7. August 2019) 16.jpg | image_size = 220 | caption = सन् २०१९ मा मार्सेलु रेआल माद्रिदको तर्फबाट खेल्दै | fullname = मार्सेलु भियेरा दा सिल्भा जुनियर<ref>{{वेब स्रोत |युआरएल=https://www.fifadata.com/document/fwc/2014/pdf/fwc_2014_squadlists.pdf |शीर्षक=2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil: List of players: Brazil |प्रकाशक=FIFA |पृष्ठ=6 |मिति=14 July 2014 |पहुँचमिति=13 May 2019 |अभिलेखयुआरएल=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121051710/http://www.fifadata.com/document/fwc/2014/pdf/fwc_2014_squadlists.pdf |पहुँचमिति=21 January 2016 |युआरएल-स्थिति= }}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|5|12|df=y}}<ref>{{वेब स्रोत |युआरएल=http://www.fifadata.com/documents/FCWC/2017/pdf/FCWC_2017_Squadlists.pdf |शीर्षक=FIFA Club World Cup UAE 2017: List of players: Real Madrid CF |प्रकाशक=FIFA |पृष्ठ=5 |मिति=16 December 2017 |पहुँचमिति=23 December 2017 |अभिलेखयुआरएल=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223004345/http://www.fifadata.com/documents/FCWC/2017/pdf/FCWC_2017_Squadlists.pdf |अभिलेखमिति=23 December 2017 |युआरएल-स्थिति= }}</ref> | birth_place = [[रियो दी जेनेरियो]], ब्राजिल | height = १.७४ मिटर<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|शीर्षक=Player Profile|युआरएल=http://www.realmadrid.com/en/football/squad/marcelo-vieira-da-silva|प्रकाशक=Real Madrid C.F Official Web Site|पहुँचमिति=6 February 2014}}</ref> | position = [[रक्षापङ्क्ति (फुटबल)|रक्षापङ्क्ति]] | currentclub = [[रियल म्याड्रिड|रियल म्याड्रिड]] | clubnumber = १२ | youthyears1 = सन् २००२–२००५ | youthclubs1 = [[फ्लुमिनेन्स फुटबल क्लब|फ्लुमिनेन्स]] | years1 = सन् २००५–२००६ | clubs1 = [[फ्लुमिनेन्स फुटबल क्लब|फ्लुमिनेन्स]] | caps1 = ३० | goals1 = ६ | years2 = सन् २००७–2022 | clubs2 = [[रियल म्याड्रिड|रियल म्याड्रिड]] | caps2 = ३५४ | goals2 = २५ | nationalyears1 = सन् २००५ | nationalteam1 = [[ब्राजिल राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोली (१७ वर्ष मुनि)|ब्राजिल १७ वर्ष मुनी]] | nationalcaps1 = ३ | nationalgoals1 = १ | nationalyears2 = सन् २००७ | nationalteam2 = [[ब्राजिल राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोली (२० वर्ष मुनि)|ब्राजिल २० वर्ष मुनी]] | nationalcaps2 = ४ | nationalgoals2 = ० | nationalyears3 = सन् २००८–२०१२ | nationalteam3 = [[ब्राजिल राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोली (२३ वर्ष मुनि)|ब्राजिल २३ वर्ष मुनी]] | nationalcaps3 = १२ | nationalgoals3 = १ | nationalyears4 = सन् २००६–2018 | nationalteam4 = [[ब्राजिल राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोली|ब्राजिल]] | nationalcaps4 = ५८ | nationalgoals4 = ६ | club-update = २१:५९, ८ मार्च २०२० | nationalteam-update = २०:०५, ६ जुलाई २०१८ | medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{fb|BRA}}}} {{MedalOlympic}} {{MedalSilver|[[२०१२ ग्रीष्मकालीन ओलम्पिक|२०१२ लन्डन]]|[[२०१२ ग्रीष्मकालीन ओलम्पिकमा फुटबल – पुरुष प्रतियोगिता|टोली]]}} {{MedalBronze|[[२००८ ग्रीष्मकालीन ओलम्पिक|२००८ बेइजिङ]]|[[२००८ ग्रीष्मकालीन ओलम्पिकमा फुटबल – पुरुष प्रतियोगिता|टोली]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[फिफा कन्फेडेरेसन कप]]}} {{Medal|Winner|[[२०१३ फिफा कन्फेडेरेसन कप|२०१३ ब्राजिल]]|}} }} '''मार्सेलु भियेरा दा सिल्भा जुनियर''' ( जन्म : १२ मे १९८८) सामान्यतय '''मार्सेलु'''ले चिनिन्छन् एक ब्राजिलि व्यावसायिक फुटबल खेलाडी हुन् जो हाल स्पेनी क्लब [[रियल म्याड्रिड|रेआल माद्रिद]] र [[ब्राजिल राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोली|ब्राजिल राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टिम]]का लागि [[रक्षापङ्क्ति (फुटबल)|रक्षापङ्क्ति]] को रूपमा खेल्दै आएका छन्।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|शीर्षक=Marcelo é o melhor lateral esquerdo do mundo {{!}} Real Madrid CF|युआरएल=https://www.realmadrid.com/pt/noticias/2017/09/marcelo-e-o-melhor-lateral-esquerdo-do-mundo|कार्य=Real Madrid C.F. - Web Oficial|पहुँचमिति=2019-02-19|भाषा=}}</ref><ref>{{वेब स्रोत|शीर्षक=Marcelo: ele superou um exigente legado e se tornou o melhor lateral do mundo|युआरएल=https://epoca.globo.com/esporte/meia-cancha/noticia/2018/05/marcelo-ele-superou-um-exigente-legado-e-se-tornou-o-melhor-lateral-do-mundo.html|कार्य=epoca.globo.com|पहुँचमिति=2019-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{वेब स्रोत|शीर्षक=Roberto Carlos afirma que Marcelo é o melhor lateral-esquerdo do mundo|युआरएल=http://espn.com.br/noticia/647689_roberto-carlos-afirma-que-marcelo-e-o-melhor-lateral-esquerdo-do-mundo|कार्य=ESPN|पहुँचमिति=2019-02-19|भाषा=}}</ref> सन् २००५ मा मार्सेलुले फ्लुमिनेन्स नामक एक ब्राजिली फुटबल क्लब मार्फत व्यावसायिक फुटबल कार्यकालको सुरुवात गरेका थिए भने तात्कालिक समयमा उनी मात्र १८ वर्षका थिए।<ref name="globoesporte.globo.com">{{वेब स्रोत|शीर्षक=Marcelo e Sergio Ramos chegam aos 20 títulos pelo Real Madrid e se aproximam de recorde|युआरएल=https://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/mundial-de-clubes/noticia/marcelo-e-sergio-ramos-chegam-aos-20-titulos-pelo-real-madrid-e-se-aproximam-de-recorde.ghtml|कार्य=Globoesporte|पहुँचमिति=2019-02-18|भाषा=}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{वेब स्रोत|शीर्षक=Ídolos do Real e da Seleção, Marcelo e Roberto Carlos abrem o jogo|युआरएल=http://globoesporte.globo.com/programas/esporte-espetacular/noticia/2016/11/idolos-do-real-e-da-selecao-marcelo-e-roberto-carlos-abrem-o-jogo.html|कार्य=globoesporte.com|पहुँचमिति=2019-02-18|भाषा=|प्रथम=GloboEsporte.comMadrid|अन्तिम=Espanha}}</ref><ref>{{वेब स्रोत|शीर्षक="É um orgulho imenso poder entrar para história do Real Madrid", diz Marcelo|युआरएल=https://www.efe.com/efe/brasil/esportes/e-um-orgulho-imenso-poder-entrar-para-historia-do-real-madrid-diz-marcelo/50000244-3379384|कार्य=www.efe.com|पहुँचमिति=2019-02-19|भाषा=}}</ref><ref>{{वेब स्रोत|शीर्षक=Uma década de Marcelo no Real Madrid: O menino que virou ídolo :: ogol.com.br|युआरएल=https://www.ogol.com.br/news.php?id=187530|कार्य=www.ogol.com.br|पहुँचमिति=2019-02-19|भाषा=}}</ref> सोही वर्ष उनले उक्त क्लबका लागि काम्पियोनातो काररिको नामक एक वार्षिक फुटबल प्रतियोगितामा फ्लुमिनेन्स क्लबका लागि उपस्थिति जनाएका थिए उक्त वर्षको त्यस फुटबल प्रतियोगिता फ्लुमिनेन्स क्लबले जित्न सफल भएको थियो भने सोही वर्ष उनले ब्राजिल १७ वर्ष मुनीको राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोलीका लागि पनि पर्दापण गरेका थिए। सन् २००७ मा उनले रेआल माद्रिद नामक एक बहुप्रतिष्ठित फुटबल टोलीका लागि ५० लाख युरोमा आवद्ध भएका थिए।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत |युआरएल=http://www.adifferentleague.co.uk/p6_1_14158_la-liga-headlines-roberto-carlos-marcelo-best-in-world.html |शीर्षक=La Liga Headlines: Roberto Carlos: Marcelo best in world |पहुँचमिति=2013-06-02 |अभिलेखयुआरएल=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331225328/http://www.adifferentleague.co.uk/p6_1_14158_la-liga-headlines-roberto-carlos-marcelo-best-in-world.html |पहुँचमिति=2012-03-31}}</ref> यस क्लबका लागि उनले २१ उपाधिका लागि जित हासिल गर्नका लागि अहम् भूमिका निभाएका थिए भने उनको उपस्थितिमा रेआल माद्रिदले २१ उपाधिहरू जित्न सफल भएको थियो। सन् २००६ मा उनले ब्राजिल १७ वर्ष मुनीको राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोलीका लागि वेल्स विरुद्धको खेलमा राष्ट्रिय टोलीका लागि पर्दापण गरेका थिए जहाँ उनले एक गोल गर्न सफल भएका थिए। सन् २००८ मा चीनको राजधानी बेइजिङमा आयोजित ग्रीष्मकालीन ओलम्पिकमा उनले ब्राजिल २३ वर्ष मुनीको राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोलीको तर्फबाट उक्त प्रतियोगितामा भाग लिएका थिए भने उक्त प्रतियोगितामा उनले काश्यपदक हासिल गर्न सफल भएका थिए। उक्त ओलम्पिक खेलको ४ वर्ष पश्चात् लन्डनमा आय‍जित सन् २०१२ को ग्रीष्मकालीन ओलम्पिकमा पनि उनले २३ वर्ष मुनीको राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोलीका लागि उपस्थिति जनाएका थिए भने उक्त प्रतियोगितामा ब्राजिल राष्ट्रिय टोलीले रजत पदम जित्न सफल भएको थियो।<ref name="globoesporte.globo.com"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/> सन् २०१३ मा ब्राजिलमा आयोजित फिफा कन्फेडेरेसन कपमा उनले राष्ट्रिय टोलीका लागि उपस्थिति जनाएका थिए भने उक्त प्रतियोगिताको अन्तिम खेलमा ब्राजिल राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोलील स्पेनलाई ३-० गोल अन्तरले पराजित गर्दै उक्त प्रतियोगिता चौँथोपटक जित्न सफल भएको थियो। सन् २०१४ मा ब्राजिलमा आयोजित फिफा विश्वकपमा मार्सेलुले राष्ट्रिय टोलीको तर्फबाट उपस्थिति जनाएका थिए भने उक्त प्रतियोगितामा राष्ट्रिय टोली चौँथो हुन सफल भएको थियो। सन् २०१८ मा रूसमा आयोजित फिफा विश्वकपमा पनि उनले राष्ट्रिय टोलीका तर्फबाट उपस्थिति जनाएका थिए। ==क्लब कार्यकाल== === फ्लुमिनेन्स=== सन् २००५ मा मार्सेलुले फ्लुमिनेन्स नामक एक ब्राजिली फुटबल क्लब मार्फत व्यावसायिक फुटबल कार्यकालको सुरुवात गरेका थिए भने तात्कालिक समयमा उनी मात्र १८ वर्षका थिए।सोही वर्ष उनले उक्त क्लबका लागि काम्पियोनातो काररिको नामक एक वार्षिक फुटबल प्रतियोगितामा फ्लुमिनेन्स क्लबका लागि उपस्थिति जनाएका थिए उक्त वर्षको त्यस फुटबल प्रतियोगिता फ्लुमिनेन्स क्लबले जित्न सफल भएको थियो। === रेआल माद्रिद === सन् २००७ मा मार्सेलुले रेआल माद्रिद नामक ऐक बहुप्रतिष्ठित स्पेनी फुटबल क्लबका लागि आवद्ध पत्रमा हस्ताक्षर गरेका थिए भने तत्कालीन समयमा उनी उक्त क्लबका लागि युवा खेलाडीको रूपमा स्थापित हुन सफल भएका थिए।<ref>[http://www.sportsnews24h.com/Soccer/Spain/Real-Madrid C.F./12069.html Brazilian Marcelo to join Real Madrid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217144949/http://www.sportsnews24h.com/Soccer/Spain/Real-Madrid/ |date=17 December 2007 }} SportsNews24h.com Retrieved 27 October 2007</ref> सन् २००७ जनवरी ७ मा दिन उनले रेआल माद्रिका लागि पहिलो आधिकारिक खेल दिपोर्तिभ ला करूनाको विरुद्धमा खेलका थिए भने उक्त खेलमा उनी अतिरिक्त खेलाडीको रूपमा मैदान उत्रिएका थिए। <ref>{{cite news |url=http://home.skysports.com/matchreport.aspx?fxid=306162&cpid=23 |work=Sky Sports |title=Sky Sports – Football – Match Facts – Deportivo v Real Madrid – 7th January 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070114175616/http://home.skysports.com/matchreport.aspx?fxid=306162&cpid=23 |archivedate=14 January 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070114175616/http://home.skysports.com/matchreport.aspx?fxid=306162&cpid=23 |date=14 January 2007 }}</ref> सन् २००७ अप्रिल १४ का दिन रेआल माद्रिदका प्रशिक्षक फाबियो कापेलोले उनलाई रेसिङ दे सान्तान्दर विरुद्धको खेलमा मैदान प्रवेश गराएका थिए तर उक्त खेलमा माद्रिद २-१ गोल अन्तरले पराजित भएको थियो। सन् २००७-०८ संस्करणदेखि मार्सेलुले प्रायः सबै लिग खेलहरू खेल्न सुरुवात गरेका थिए भने तात्कालिक समयमा यस क्लबका प्रशिक्षक ब्रेन्द थिए।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.realmadridnews.com/marcelo-ten-years-success-real-madrid-19515|title=Marcelo, Ten Years of Success at Real Madrid -|last=Realmadridnews.com|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010031900/http://www.realmadridnews.com/marcelo-ten-years-success-real-madrid-19515 |date=10 October 2022 }}</ref> मार्सेलुले पछि उक्त क्लबका लागि उत्कृष्ट प्रदर्शन तथा उत्कृष्ट खेल प्रस्तुत गरेका कारण उनी रेआल माद्रिदका महत्त्वपूर्ण खेलाडीको रूपमा स्थापित हुँदै अनुयायीहरूको मन जित्न सफल भएका थिए। सन् २००९ को लिग संस्करणको सुरुवातमा मार्सेलुले खराब प्रदर्शन गरेका कारण उनलाई प्रायः अतिरिक्त खेलाडी रूपमा क्लब लिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/12/spain/2009/04/18/1216947/marcelo-sees-real-madrid-past-recreativo-huelva|title=Marcelo Sees Real Madrid Past Recreativo Huelva|date=18 April 2009|work=goal.com}}</ref> मार्सेलुले पछि उक्त क्लबका प्रशिक्षक रामोसको निर्देशनमा रक्षापङ्क्तिको रूपमा खेल्न सुरु गरेका थिए। सन् २००९ अप्रिल १८ मा मार्सेलुले रेआल माद्रिदका लागि तेस्रो व्यक्तिगत गोल गर्न सफल भएका थिए। ====सन् २००९–१० सत्र==== रेआल माद्रिदका नयाँ प्रशिक्षक मनुएल पेलेग्रीनीको प्रशिक्षण अन्तर्गत मार्सेलुले आफ्नो बहुमुखी प्रतिभा र वेगपूर्ण भूमिकाको रूपमा रक्षात्मक मध्यपङ्क्तिबाट खेल्न सुरु गरेका थिए। सन् २००९-१० को ला लिगा सत्रमा उनले रेआल माद्रिदका लागि लिग खेलहरूमा टोलीलाई जिताउनका लागि महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका निर्वाह गरेका थिए भने उक्त वर्षको ला लिगा संस्करणको उनले सफलता प्राप्त गरेका थिए।<ref>[http://goal.com/en/news/12/spain/2010/02/05/1777837/marcelo-signs-real-madrid-contract-extension FINISHED Marcelo Signs Real Madrid Contact Extension] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208192641/http://www.goal.com/en/news/12/spain/2010/02/05/1777837/marcelo-signs-real-madrid-contract-extension |date=2010-02-08 }} गोल डटकम (५ फेब्रुअरी २०१०) पहुँचमिति: २१ जुन २०१२</ref> ====थप सफलता: सन् २०१०–११ सत्र==== [[File:Marcelo Vieira 48609.jpg|thumb|150px|right|सन् २०११ मा मार्सेलु]] मार्सेलुले सन् २०१०-११ ला लिगा सत्र रेआल माद्रिदका नयाँ प्रशिक्षक जोजे मउरिन्होको प्रशिक्षणमा सुरुवात गरेका थिए भने उनले रक्षापङ्क्तिबाटै खेल्न सुरु गरेका थिए। उनले त्यस वर्षको लगभग सबै ला लिगा खेलहरू खेलेका थिए जहाँ उनले आफ्नो शैली तथा आक्रमक रूपमा खेलेका करण सबैको ध्यान उनमा केन्द्रित भएको थियो। सन् २०१० नोभेम्बर २५ का दिन उनलाई फिफा विश्व एक्सएलको ५५ खेलाडीहरूको सूचीमा पनि सूचीकृत गरिएको थियो। मार्सेलुले १३ फेब्रुअरीका दिन उक्त सत्रको खेलमा क्लबका लागि एक गोल गर्न सफल भएका थिए भने उनले गरेको गोलनै खेलमन निर्णायक बनेको थियो जसकारण माद्रिदे इस्पान्योललाई १-० गोल अन्तरले पराजित गरेको थियो। उनले पछि च्याम्पियन्स लिगको खेलमा पनि ओलाँपिक लियोनेको विरुद्धमा उत्कृष्ट प्रदर्शन गरेका थिए।<ref>[http://www.goal.com/en/news/745/fifa/2010/11/25/2231246/fifa-announces-55-man-shortlist-for-2010-world-xi FIFA Announces 55-Man Shortlist For 2010 World XI]. Goal.com (25 November 2010). Retrieved on 21 June 2012.</ref> उक्त खेलमा उनले आफ्नो आक्रमणकारी स्वभाव र रक्षात्मक सीप देखाउँदै च्याम्पियन्स लिगमा व्यक्तिगत पहिलो गोल गर्न सफल भएकन थिए भने उनले सोही खेलमा करिम बेन्जेमालाई गोल गर्नमा मद्दत पुर्‍याएका थिए जसकारण खेल माद्रिदले ३-० गोल अन्तरले जित्न सफल भएको थियो भने उनी उक्त खेलका उत्कृष्ट खेलाडी समेत बन्न सफल भएका थिए। मार्सेलुले पछि बार्सेलोना विरुद्ध खेलमा पनि एक गोल गर्न सफल भएका थिए भने उक्त खेल १-१ को बराबरीमा टुङ्गिएक‍ थियो। त्यस सत्रको ला लिगा चलिरहँदा मार्सेलुको विश्वव्यापी सामाजिक सञ्जालमा धेरै प्रशंसा गरिएको थियो भने उनले थुप्रै सञ्चार माध्यमहरूले सर्वोत्कृष्ट मध्यपङ्क्तिको भन्दै उनको प्रशंसा गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/marcelo-calms-real-nerves-as-mourinho-ends-sevenyear-wait-2244053.html | location=London | work=The Independent | first=Pete | last=Jenson | title=Marcelo calms Real nerves as Mourinho ends seven-year wait | date=17 March 2011}}</ref> उनको उत्कृष्ट फुटबल शैली देखेर दिएगो मारादोनाले उनी क्रिस्ताआनो रोनल्दो र लियोनल मेसीको पछिका ला लिगामा तेस्रो सर्वश्रेष्ठ खेलाडी भएको धारणा व्यक्त गरेका थिए। ====सन् २०११–१२ सत्र==== [[File:Marcelo Vieira 609.jpg|thumb|150px|left|सन् २०१२ मा मार्सेलु]] सन् २०११-१२ को ला लिगा सत्रको पनि मार्सेलुले रेआल माद्रिदबाट खेलेका थिए। १७ अगष्ट २०११ मा उनले लिग खेलमा बार्सेलोनाको विरुद्ध रेआल माद्रिदको प्रतिनिधित्व गर्दै खेलेका थिए तर उक्त खेलमा माद्रिद बार्सेलोना विरुद्धको खेलमा पराजित भएको थियो। सन् २०११ डिसेम्बर ३ का दिन मार्सेलुले स्पोर्तिङ दे सिसन विरुद्धको खेलमा माद्रिदको तर्फबाट तेस्रो गोल गर्न सफल भएका थिए जसकारण उक्त खेलमा माद्रिदले सिसनलनई ३-० गोल अन्तरले पराजित गरेको थियो। सोही वर्षको च्याम्पियन्स लिगको खेलमा पनि मार्सेलुले रेआल माद्रिदका तर्फबाट उत्कृष्ट प्रदर्शन गर्न सफल भएमन थिए। सन् २०१२ को ग्रीष्मकालीन ओलम्पिकमा उनले २३ वर्ष मुनीको राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोलीका लागि उपस्थिति जनाएका थिए भने उक्त प्रतियोगितामा ब्राजिल राष्ट्रिय टोलीले रजत पदम जित्न सफल भएको थियो। ====सन् २०१२–१३ सत्र ==== सन् २०१२-१३ को च्याम्पियन्स लिगको एक खेलमा मार्सेलुले अङ्ग्रेजी क्लब म्यानचेस्टर युनाइटेड विरुद्धको समूह चरणको खेलमा उक्त सत्रमा रेआल माद्रिदका लागि पहिलो गोल गरेका थिए। केही महिनाको अस्थायी अवकाश पश्चात् उनी सन् २०१३ फेब्रुअरीमा पुनः खेलमा फर्किएका थिए भने उनले आउने बित्तिकै रेआल माद्रिदको कप्तानको पद सम्हालेका थिए।<ref>{{cite news|last=Bevan|first=Paul|title=Real Madrid 3–2 Man City|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/19553991|accessdate=26 May 2014|newspaper=BBC Sport|date=12 September 2012}}</ref> सन् २०१३ अप्रिलमा उनको कप्तानीमा माद्रिदको सामना रेआल बेतिससँग भएको थियो भने उक्त खेल माद्रिदले ३-१ गोल अन्तरले जित्न सफल भएको थियो। ====सन् २०१३–१४ सत्र ==== सन् २०१३ अगष्ट ७ का दिन आयोजित गिनिज अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय च्याम्पियनसिपको अन्तिम खेलमा मार्सेलुले अङ्ग्रेजी फुटबल क्लब चेल्सी विरुद्ध सुरुवात गोल गरेका थिए भने उक्त खेलमा माद्रिदले चेल्सीलाई ३-१ गोल अन्तरले पराजित गर्दै उक्त प्रतियोगिताको उपाधि जित्न सफल भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news|title=Real Madrid beat Chelsea 3–1 to claim the International Champions Cup|url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/live/match/300010/report|accessdate=26 May 2014|newspaper=Sky Sports News|date=7 August 2013}}</ref> सन् २०१३-१४ को ला लिगामा उनले रेआल माद्रिदका लागि कुल २८ खेलहरू खेलेका थिए भने मार्च ९ का दिन आय‍जित ला लिगाको एक लिग चरणको खेलमा उनले लिभान्ते युदीको विरुद्ध एक गोल गरेका थिए भने उक्त खेल माद्रिदले ३-० गोल अन्तरले जित्न सफल भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news|last=Jurejko|first=Jonathan|title=Real Madrid 3–0 Levante|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26489866|accessdate=26 May 2014|newspaper=BBC Sport|date=9 March 2014}}</ref> सन् २०१४ को च्याम्पियन्स लिगको एक खेलमा मार्सेलुले एत्लेतिको माद्रिदको विरुद्धमा माद्रिदको तर्फबाट तेस्रो गोल गरेका थिए भने उक्त खेल रेआल माद्रिदले ४-१ गोल अन्तरले जित्न सफल भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news|title=Real Madrid 4 Atlético Madrid 1|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/27383593|accessdate=25 May 2014|newspaper=BBC Sport}}</ref> ====सन् २०१५–१६ सत्र==== सन् २०१५ जुलाई १० का दिन मार्सेलुले रेआल माद्रिदसँगको सम्बन्धन पत्रको सीमालाई सन् २०२० सम्म पुर्‍याई उक्त क्लबसँग सन् २०२० सम्म आवद्ध हुने भएका थिए।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.realmadrid.com/en/news/2015/07/marcelo-at-real-madrid-until-2020|title=Marcelo, at Real Madrid until 2020|date=10 July 2015|accessdate=10 July 2015|publisher=Real Madrid C.F.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.realmadrid.com/en/news/2015/07/official-announcement-marcelo|title=Official Announcement: Marcelo|date=10 July 2015|accessdate=10 July 2015|publisher=Real Madrid C.F.}}</ref> सन् २०१५ अक्टोबर १८ मा दिन उनले उक्त वर्षको ला लिगा संस्करणमा लिभान्ते युडीको विरुद्धमा पहिलो गोल गर्न सफल भएका थिए जसको फलस्वरूप माद्रिदले युदीलाई ३-० गोल अन्तरले पराजित गर्न सफल भएको थियो। ला लिगाको सँगसँगै मार्सेलुले सन् २०१५-१६ को युइएफए च्याम्पियन्स लिगमा पनि रेआल माद्रिदको तर्फबाट उपस्थिति जनाएका थिए।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2016/matches/round=2000638/match=2015789/postmatch/report/index.html|title=Spot-on Real Madrid defeat Atlético in final again|date=28 May 2016|work=uefa.com}}</ref> ====सन् २०१६–१७ सत्र==== सन् २०१६-१७ को ला लिगा संस्करण अन्तर्गत मार्सेलुले कुल ३० लिग खेलहरू खेलेका थिए भने उक्त वर्षको ला लिगा र युइएफए च्याम्पियन्स लिग पनि माद्रिदले हात पर्न सफल भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laliga.es/noticias/real-madrid-campeon-de-laliga-santander-2016-17|title=El Real Madrid, campeón de LaLiga Santander 2016/17|date=21 May 2017|work=laliga.es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/39926301|title=Real Madrid win La Liga title with victory at Malaga|date=21 May 2017|work=bbc.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2017/matches/round=2000787/match=2019641/postmatch/report/index.html|title=Majestic Real Madrid win Champions League in Cardiff|date=3 June 2017|work=uefa.com}}</ref> ====सन् २०१७–१८ सत्र==== सन् २०१७ सेप्टेम्बर १३ का दिन मार्सेलुले रेआल माद्रिदसँगको सम्बन्धन पत्रको सीमालाई सन् २०२२ सम्म पुर्‍याई उक्त क्लबसँग सन् २०२२ सम्म आवद्ध हुने भएका थिए।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.realmadrid.com/en/news/2017/09/marcelos-contract-extension|title=Marcelo's contract extension|date=13 September 2017|work=realmadrid.com}}</ref> सन् २०१७-१८ च्याम्पियन्स लिगको संस्करणमा उनले माद्रिदको तर्फबाट कुल ११ उपस्थिति जनाएका थिए जहाँ उनले ३ ग‍ोल गर्न सफल भएका थिए।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2018/matches/round=2000885/match=2021711/postmatch/report/index.html|title=Madrid beat Liverpool to complete hat-trick|date=26 May 2018|work=uefa.com}}</ref> == अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय कार्यकाल == [[चित्र:20180610 FIFA Friendly Match Austria vs. Brazil Marcelo 850 1622.jpg|size|210px|thumb|सन् २०१८ मा मार्सेलु [[ब्राजिल राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोली|ब्राजिल]]सँग]] सन् २००६ मा उनले ब्राजिल १७ वर्ष मुनीको राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोलीका लागि वेल्स विरुद्धको खेलमा राष्ट्रिय टोलीका लागि पर्दापण गरेका थिए जहाँ उनले एक गोल गर्न सफल भएका थिए।<ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/02/06/how-marcelo-replaced-the-irreplaceable-roberto-carlos/|title=How Marcelo replaced the irreplaceable Roberto Carlos|last=McTear|first=Euan|date=6 February 2017|work=These Football Times|accessdate=3 May 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401070815/https://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/02/06/how-marcelo-replaced-the-irreplaceable-roberto-carlos/ |date=1 April 2019 }}</ref> सन् २००८ मा चीनको राजधानी बेइजिङमा आयोजित ग्रीष्मकालीन ओलम्पिकमा उनले ब्राजिल २३ वर्ष मुनीको राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोलीको तर्फबाट उक्त प्रतियोगितामा भाग लिएका थिए भने उक्त प्रतियोगितामा उनले काश्यपदक हासिल गर्न सफल भएका थिए।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbf.com.br/php/noticias.php?e=29&n=11190 |title=Comissão técnica da Seleção Brasileira divulga a lista complementar enviada à FIFA |date=11 May 2010 |accessdate=12 May 2010 |work=CBF.com.br |language=पुर्तुगाली |url-status=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515030023/http://www.cbf.com.br/php/noticias.php?e=29&n=11190 |archivedate=15 May 2010 }}</ref> मार्सेलुले सन् २०११ अक्टोबर ११ का दिन मेखिको विरुद्ध आयोजित एक मैत्रीपूर्ण खेलमा राष्ट्रिय टोलीका लागि व्यक्तिगत दोस्रो गोल गर्न सफल भएका थिए भने उक्त खेलमा ब्राजिलले मेखिक‍लाई पराजित गर्न सफल भएक‍ थियो।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ma/marcelo-2.html|title=Marcelo Bio, Stats, and Results|website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|language=en|access-date=31 July 2017}}</ref> उनले सन् २०१२ फेब्रुअरी २८ का दिन बोस्निया र हर्जगोभिजा विरुद्ध आयोजित एक मैत्रीपूर्ण खेलमा राष्ट्रिय टोलीका लागि व्यक्तिगत तेस्रो गोल गर्न सफल भएका थिए भने उक्त खेलमा ब्राजिलले बोस्निया र हर्जगोभिनालाई २-१ गोल अन्तरले पराजित गर्न सफल भएक‍ थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbf.com.br/Not%C3%ADcias/2013/05/14/Felip%C3%A3o%20convocou%20os%2023%20jogadores%20para%20a%20Copa%20das%20Confedera%C3%A7%C3%B5es|title=Felipão convocou os 23 jogadores para a Copa das Confederações|language=पुर्तुगाली|trans-title=Scolari called on 23 players for the FIFA Confederations Cup|publisher=CBF|date=14 May 2013|accessdate=17 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607140113/http://www.cbf.com.br/Not%C3%ADcias/2013/05/14/Felip%C3%A3o%20convocou%20os%2023%20jogadores%20para%20a%20Copa%20das%20Confedera%C3%A7%C3%B5es|archive-date=7 June 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> लन्डनमा आय‍जित सन् २०१२ को ग्रीष्मकालीन ओलम्पिकमा पनि उनले २३ वर्ष मुनीको राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोलीका लागि उपस्थिति जनाएका थिए भने उक्त प्रतियोगितामा ब्राजिल राष्ट्रिय टोलीले रजत पदम जित्न सफल भएको थियो। सन् २०१२ मे ३० का दिन संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका विरुद्धको एक मैत्रीपूर्ण खेलमा मार्सेलुले एक गोल गर्न सफल भएका थिए जुन उनको अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय कार्यकालको व्यक्तिगत चौँथो गोल थियो भने उक्त खेलमा ब्राजिलले संयुक्त राज्यलाई ४-१ गोल अन्तरले पराजित गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/jun/30/brazil-spain-live-confederations-cup-final|title= Brazil v Spain: Confederations Cup final – as it happened|date=1 July 2013|work=Guardian UK|accessdate=4 July 2013 }}</ref> सन् २०१३ मा ब्राजिलमा आयोजित फिफा कन्फेडेरेसन कपमा उनले राष्ट्रिय टोलीका लागि उपस्थिति जनाएका थिए भने उक्त प्रतियोगिताको अन्तिम खेलमा ब्राजिल राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोलील स्पेनलाई ३-० गोल अन्तरले पराजित गर्दै उक्त प्रतियोगिता चौँथोपटक जित्न सफल भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news|title=Brazil 3–1 Croatia|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25285029|accessdate=12 June 2014|work=BBC Sport|date=12 June 2014}}</ref> सन् २०१४ मा ब्राजिलमा आयोजित फिफा विश्वकपमा मार्सेलुले राष्ट्रिय टोलीको तर्फबाट उपस्थिति जनाएका थिए भने उक्त प्रतियोगितामा राष्ट्रिय टोली चौँथो हुन सफल भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|title=Neymar fires Brazil to comeback victory|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=6/news=neymar-fires-brazil-to-comeback-victory-2368620.html|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=12 June 2014}}</ref> सन् २०१७ मार्च २७ मा दिन पारावाई विरुद्धको २०१८ फिफा विश्वकप छनोट खेलमा उनले राष्ट्रिय टोलीलाई जिताउन महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका निर्वाह गर्दै एक गोल गर्न सफल भएका थिए भने उक्त खेलमा ब्राजिलले पारावाईलाई ३-० गोल अन्तरले पराजित गर्न सफल भएको थियो।<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44116590|title=World Cup: Neymar named in Brazil's 23-man squad|date=14 May 2018|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> सन् २०१८ मा रूसमा आयोजित फिफा विश्वकपमा पनि उनले राष्ट्रिय टोलीका तर्फबाट उपस्थिति जनाएका थिए। सन् २०१९ मे महिनामा तात्कालिक राष्ट्रिय टोलीका प्रशिक्षक तितेले उनलाई २३ खेलाडीको सूचीबाट हटाएका थिए जसकारण उनी २०१९ कोपा अमेरिका नामक एक फुटबल प्रतियोगितामा उपस्थिति जनाउनबाट बञ्चित बनेका थिए। <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/real-madrid/2019/05/17/5cde9af1268e3efd328b45fa.html |title=Brasil deja a Vinícius y Marcelo sin Copa América |publisher=Marca |language=स्पेनी |author1=Santi Siguero |date=17 May 2019 |accessdate=21 May 2019 }}</ref> ==कार्यकाल तथ्याङ्क== ===क्लब=== {{Updated|८ मार्च २०२०}}<ref>{{Soccerway|17462|पहुँचमिति=२ मार्च २०१९}}</ref> [[File:Brazil and Croatia match at the FIFA World Cup 2014-06-12 (53).jpg|thumb|175px|right|२०१४ फिफा विश्वकपमा मार्सेलु]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- !rowspan="2"|क्लब !rowspan="2"|डिभिनन !rowspan="2"|संस्करण !colspan="2"|लिग !colspan="2"|कप^१ !colspan="2"|युरोपा !colspan="2"|अन्य^२ !colspan="2"|जम्मा |- !उपस्थिति!!गोल!!उपस्थिति!!गोल!!उपस्थिति!!गोल!!उपस्थिति!!गोल!!उपस्थिति!!गोल |- | rowspan="3"|[[फ्लुमिनेन्स फुटबल क्लब|फ्लुमिनेन्स]] | rowspan="2" |काम्पियोनातो ब्रासिलेरो सिरी आ |[[२००५ काम्पियोनातो ब्रासिलेरो सिरी आ|२००५]] |१२||२||०||०||०||०||०||०||१२||२ |- |[[२००६ काम्पियोनातो ब्रासिलेरो सिरी आ|२००६]] |१८||४||०||०||०||०||०||०||१८||४ |- ! colspan="2" |जम्मा !३०!!६!!०!!०!!०!!०!!०!!०!!३०!!६ |- | rowspan="15"|[[रियल म्याड्रिड|रेआल माद्रिद]] | rowspan="14" |[[ला लिगा]] |[[२००६–०७ रेआल माद्रिद संस्करण|२००६–०७]] |६||०||०||०||०||०||०||०||६||० |- |[[२००७–०८ रेआल माद्रिद संस्करण|२००७–०८]] |२४||०||२||०||६||०||०||०||३२||० |- |[[२००८–०९ रेआल माद्रिद संस्करण|२००८–०९]] |२७||४||२||०||५||०||०||०||३४||४ |- |[[२००९–१० रेआल माद्रिद संस्करण|२००९–१०]] |३५||४||२||०||६||०||०||०||४३||४ |- |[[२०१०–११ रेआल माद्रिद संस्करण|२०१०–११]] |३२||३||६||०||१२||२||०||०||५०||५ |- |[[२०११–१२ रेआल माद्रिद संस्करण|२०११–१२]] |३२||३||५||०||७||०||०||०||४४||३ |- |[[२०१२–१३ रेआल माद्रिद संस्करण|२०१२–१३]] |१४||०||३||०||२||१||०||०||१९||१ |- |[[२०१३–१४ रेआल माद्रिद संस्करण|२०१३–१४]] |२८||१||४||०||७||१||०||०||३९||२ |- |[[२०१४–१५ रेआल माद्रिद संस्करण|२०१४–१५]] |३४||२||५||१||११||१||३||०||५३||४ |- |[[२०१५–१६ रेआल माद्रिद संस्करण|२०१५–१६]] |३०||२||०||०||११||०||०||०||४१||२ |- |[[२०१६–१७ रेआल माद्रिद संस्करण|२०१६–१७]] |३०||२||३||१||११||०||३||०||४७||३ |- |[[२०१७–१८ रेआल माद्रिद संस्करण|२०१७–१८]] |२८||२||२||०||११||३||३||०||४४||५ |- |[[२०१८–१९ रेआल माद्रिद संस्करण|२०१८–१९]] |२३||२||४||०||४||१||३||०||३४||३ |- |[[२०१९–२० रेआल माद्रिद संस्करण|२०१९–२०]] |११||०||४||१||४||०||०||०||१९||१ |- ! colspan="2" |जम्मा !३५४!!२५!!४२!!३!!९७!!९!!१२!!०!!५०५!!३७ |- ! colspan="3" |कार्यकाल जम्मा !३८४!!३१!!४२!!३!!९७!!९!!१२!!०!!५३५!!४३ |} <small>^१ सुपरकोपा दे स्पाना</small><br> <small>^२ [[युइएफए सुपर कप]] र [[फिफा क्लब विश्वकप]] सहित</small> ===अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय=== {{updated|६ जुलाई २०१८}}<ref name=nft>{{NFT player|id=15093|name=मार्सेलु|पहुँचमिति=२३ March २०१८}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- !colspan=4|[[ब्राजिल राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोली|ब्राजिल]] |- !वर्ष!!उपस्थिति!!गोल |- |सन् २००६||१||१ |- |सन् २००७||१||० |- |सन् २००८||२||० |- |सन् २००९||२||० |- |सन् २०१०||०||० |- |सन् २०११||२||१ |- |सन् २०१२||८||२ |- |सन् २०१३||१२||० |- |सन् २०१४||९||० |- |सन् २०१५||५||० |- |सन् २०१६||३||० |- |सन् २०१७||५||२ |- |सन् २०१८||८||० |- !जम्मा||५८||६ |} ==सन्दर्भ सामाग्री== {{reflist}} == बाह्य कडीहरू == {{Commons category|Marcelo Vieira|मार्सेलु}} *[http://www.realmadrid.com/en/football/squad/marcelo-vieira-da-silva रेआल माद्रिदको आधिकारिक वेबसाइटमा मार्सेलुको जानाकारी] *{{Soccerway}} *{{NFT player}} *{{FIFA player}} [[श्रेणी:ब्राजिलका फुटबल खेलाडीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:सन् १९८८ मा जन्म]] adv7lfxg6eycc5z9dehn0thl20ms9jn 0 99996 1358479 1321840 2026-06-09T03:30:29Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358479 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Martijn Bosman.jpg|right|200px|thumb|alt= एउटा खुट्टाले उभिएका एक व्यक्तिको अर्को खुट्टाको घुँडा कम्मरको उचाइसम्म पुगेको छ । फुटबल लगभग उनको घुँडाभन्दा ५० से.मि. जति माथी छ ।]] [[एसोसिएसन फुटबल]] (जसलाइ फुटबल वा सकर मात्र पनि भन्ने गरिन्छ) को लागि सन् १८६३ मा बेलायतमा पहिलो पटक कानुन सङ्ग्रह (Codify) गरिएको थियो । यद्दपी फुटबललाई लात्ती हानेर खेल्न थालिएको धेरै अघिदेखि हो ।<ref name="FAhistory">[https://archive.is/20050407161619/http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/TheOrganisation/Postings/2004/03/HISTORY_OF_THE_FA.htm "History of the FA"]. [[The Football Association]]. Archived from [http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/TheOrganisation/Postings/2004/03/HISTORY_OF_THE_FA.htm the original] on 7 April 2005. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</ref> आजसम्म फुटबल सँग सम्बन्धित शब्दावलीको सङ्ख्या हजारौँको तादातमा पुगेका छन् । यस खेलको क्रमविकासलाई समयसँगै टर्मिनोलोजी ( कुनै विषयमा प्रयुक्त शब्दावलीसँग सम्बन्धित)मा आएको परिवर्तनले प्रतिविम्वित गर्छ । जस्तै ; २-३-५ फर्मेसनमा इनसाइड फरवार्डको भुमिका र आक्रामक मिडफिल्डरको भुमिकामा केहि भिन्नता छैन ।<ref>Ponting, Ivan (11 February 2009). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/reg-davies-footballer-who-renounced-singing-for-sport-1606279.html "Reg Davies: Footballer who renounced singing for sport"]. ''The Independent''. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</ref> त्यस्तै , २-३-५ फर्मेसनको सेन्टर हाल्फ लाई ४-१-३-२ को होल्डिङ् मिडफिल्डरसँग तुलना गर्न सकिन्छ ।<ref name="ww">[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2010/oct/26/the-question-barcelona-reinventing-w-w "The Question: Are Barcelona reinventing the W-W formation?"]. ''The Guardian''. 26 October 2010. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</ref> कुनै एउटै धारणा (Concept)को लागि दुइभन्दा बढी शब्दहरूको न्वारन भएको छ । यसको एउटा कारण भाषाको उन्नति पनि हो भन्दा अत्युक्ति नहोला । पहिले एसोसिएसन फुटबल भन्ने गरिएता पनि आजकल यसलाई छोट्याएर फुटबल अथवा सकर मात्र भन्ने गरिन्छ ।<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/02/99/e-cyclopedia/2050053.stm "Soccer: A different ball game"]. [[BBC]]. 18 June 2002. Retrieved 20 May 2011.</ref> अङ्ग्रेजी भाषाका प्रकार अलग भएकाले केही शब्दहरूको उत्पत्तिको श्रेय यिनै भाषालाइ दिन सकिन्छ । यूरोप महाद्विप, जहाँ ब्रिटिस अङ्ग्रेजी भाषाको बोलबाला छ, त्यहाँ कुनै एउटा टिमले खेल अवधिभर एक गोल पनि नखाएमा यो उपलब्धिलाई क्लिन सिट भन्ने गरिन्छ ।<ref name="cleansheet">Smith, Frank (29 November 2010). [http://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/sport/8709121.Clean_sheet_feels_like_a_hat_trick_for_Loach/ "England goalkeeper Scott Loach says Watford's clean sheet at Barnsley feels like a hat-trick"]. ''[[Watford Observer]]''. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</ref> उत्तर अमेरिका र क्यानडा, जहाँ अमेरिकन र क्यानेडियन अङ्ग्रेजीको वर्चश्व छ, त्यहाँ त्यही उपलब्धिलाई सटआउट भन्ने गरिन्छ ।<ref name="shutout">[https://www.usatoday.com/sports/soccer/mls/2009-04-04-sounders-fc-toronto_N.htm MLS' "Sounders stay unbeaten with 2–0 win over Toronto"]. ''[[USA Today]]''. [[Associated Press]]. 4 April 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</ref> कहिलेकाहीँ एउटा व्यक्तिको खेल वा व्यवहारका कारण पनि फुटबलमा शब्दको न्वारन भएको छ । जस्तै सन् १९८६ को विश्वकप क्वार्टरफाइनलमा म्याराडोनाले हातले गरेको गोललाई हेन्ड अफ गड भन्ने गरिन्छ ।<ref>Cassidy, Sarah (23 September 2004). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/sports-stars-undermine-the-teaching-of-fair-play-547329.html "Sports stars 'undermine the teaching of fair play'"]. ''The Independent''. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</ref> ==शब्द समावेश हुन पुग्नुपर्ने कुरा (Inclusion Criteria)== यो शब्दभण्डार/शब्दसञ्चय/शब्दावली ले फुटबलसँग सम्बन्धित शब्दहरूको सन्दर्भ सामाग्रीको काम गर्छ । यहाँ केही त्यस्ता शब्दहरू र वाक्यांश अपवादको रूपमा रहेका छन् जसले खेलसँग खासै चासो नराख्ने व्यक्तिहरूलाई दोधारमा पार्न सक्छ (जस्तै क्लिन सिट) । साथै एकदमै सरल शब्दहरू (जस्तै : गोल) पनि समावेश गरिएको छ । कुनै पनि खेलाडीको वा टोलीको उपनामसँग सम्बन्ध राख्ने शब्दहरू यहाँ राख्न परहेज गरिएको छ । समावेश नगरिएका अन्य वाक्याशंमा फुटबल टिम, क्लब, क्लबहरूको प्रतिद्वन्द्वी (rivalry) आदि छन् तर एल-क्लासिको र रोय अफ द रोभर्स स्टफ को फुटबलमा आफ्नै अर्थ भएकाले यिनिहरूलाइ समावेश गरिएको छ । ==०–९== [[File:4-3-2-1.png|thumb|200px|alt= ११ खेलाडी देखाइएको एक तस्विर । गोलरक्षक पुछारमा छन् भने अन्य दश खेलाडी त्रिभुजको स्वरूपमा देखिन्छन् : ४ जना रक्षापंक्तिका खेलाडी गोलरक्षकको अगाडि छन् । केन्द्रिय मध्यपंक्तिका ३ खेलाडी रक्षापंक्तिका खेलाडीको पङ्क्ति अगाडि छन् जसलाई अगाडि दुइ आक्रामक मिडफिल्डरले कभर गरेका छन् । अगाडि एक जना स्ट्राइकरले ठाउँ ओगट्दा ४-३-२-१ संरचना बन्न जान्छ जसलाइ क्रिसमस ट्रि फर्मेसन भनिन्छ ।]] *'''[[:en:12th man (football)|१२औँ खेलाडी]]''': यस शब्दका तिन फरक परिभाषा छन् । प्राय: यो शब्द खेलका दौरान टिमको समर्थनमा ठूलो आवाज निकाल्ने फुटबल प्रशंसक(फ्यान) का लागि प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।यसरी कराउँदा वा चिच्याउँदा खेलाडीहरूको मनोबल बढ्ने विश्वास राखिन्छ ।<ref>Barkham, Patrick (2 March 2005). [https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/mar/02/football.patrickbarkham "Delia overeggs the half-time crowd, but the Canaries fail to sing"]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 17 October 2018.</ref> यदि रेफ्री कुनै टिमलाई जिताउन उक्त टिमकै पक्षका नतिजा दिन्छ भने यहाँ १२औँ खेलाडी भन्दै रेफ्रीलाई अङ्कित गर्ने गरिन्छ । " उनीहरूको टिममा १२ जना खेलाडी थिए" , यस वाक्यमा १२ औँ खेलाडी रेफ्री हो जसले अर्को टिमसँग मिलेमतो गरेको छ । १२ औँ खेलाडी भन्नाले सुरूवाती एघारमा नपरेको तर खेलको अन्तिम केही समय ग्राउण्डमा स्थानापन्न खेलाडीको रूपमा खेल्ने व्यक्ति पनि हो । *'''[[:en:2–3–5|२-३-५]]''': १९ औँ र २०औँ सताब्दीको सुरूवातको सामान्य संरचना (formation) जहाँ दुइ रक्षापंक्ति, तिन मध्यपंक्ति र पाँच अग्रपंक्तिका खेलाडीहरू हुन्छन् । यसलाई ''पिरामिड संरचना" पनि भन्ने गरिन्छ । यही संरचनालाई बदलेर २-३-२-३ संरचना पनि बनाइन्छ जसलाई "द मिटुडु" वा "WW संरचना" भन्ने गरिन्छ जहाँ इनसाइड फरवार्डले डिप पोजिसन लिन्छन् ।<ref name=ww/> * '''[[:en:Three points for a win|३ अङ्क जितको लागि]]''': थ्री पोइन्ट्स फर अ विन अर्थात लिग खेलमा कुनै टिमले खेल जितेमा ३ अङ्क हाँसिल गर्छ । * '''[[:en:Game 39|३९ औँ गेम]]''': "गेम ३९" इङ्लिस प्रिमियर लिगकै खेल हो जुन बेलायत बाहिर एक तटस्थ स्थानमा खेलिने फुटबल खेलको एउटा अतिरिक्त चरण हो । प्रिमियर लिग दोहोरो राउण्ड-रोबिन लिग हो जहाँ प्रत्येक टोलीले १९ वटा घरेलु र १९ अवे (विपक्षीको घरेलु मैदान) गर्दै कुल ३८ खेल खेल्छन् । यसपछी खेलिने चरण नै अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय चरण हो र यो योजना सन् २००८ फेब्रुएरी ७ मा प्रिमियर लिगका २० क्लबहरूसँग बैठक गरी सन् २०१०-११ को सिजनदेखि सुरू गर्ने भनियो तर दुर्भाग्यवस् यो चरण अहिलेसम्मका कुनै लिगमा भएको छैन । *'''[[:en:4–4–2|४-४-२]]''': सामान्य आधुनिक संरचना जहाँ रक्षापंक्ति र मध्यपंक्तिमा ४/४ जना खेलाडी हुन्छन् भने अग्रपंक्तिमा २ खेलाडी हुन्छन् । यही संरचनाका धेरै प्रकार छन् जसमा ४-४-२ डायमण्ड र ४-१-३-२ फर्मेसन पनि पर्दछन् । ४-४-२ संरचनामा चार जना मध्यपंक्तिका खेलाडीलाई हिराको आकारमा मिलाइएको हुन्छ र वाइड मिलफिल्डर हटाइएको हुन्छ । त्यस्तै ४-१-३-२ संरचना (फर्मेसन)मा एक जना मध्यपंक्तिका खेलाडीले रक्षात्मक क्षेत्रमा गएर रक्षापंक्तिको भूमिका पनि निर्वाह गर्ने र अगाडिका तिन मध्यपंक्तिका खेलाडीलाई विपक्षीको गोलपोष्टमा आक्रमण गर्न बल वितरण गर्ने काम गर्छन् ।<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/rules_and_equipment/4197518.stm "Formations guide"]. [[BBC Sport]]. Retrieved 17 October 2018.</ref> *'''[[:en:4–5–1|४-५-१]]''': सामान्य आधुनिक संरचना जहाँ चार खेलाडीले रक्षापंक्ति, पाँच खेलाडीले मध्यपंक्ति र एक जनाले अग्रपंक्तिको बागडौर सम्हाल्ने गर्छन् । पार्श्वखेलाडी (विङ्गर) अग्रपंक्तिमा ठेलेर यो संरचनालाई ४-३-३ को स्वरूपमा ढाल्न सकिन्छ । अधिकांश अवस्थामा बल पोजेसन धेरै हुँदा टोलीले ४-३-३ संरचना अवलम्बन गरेको हुन्छ भने बल होल्ड गर्न गाह्रो परेको बेला ४-५-१ संरचना बनाएर खेल्ने गरेको पाइन्छ ।<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/rules_and_equipment/4197702.stm "Formations guide: 4-5-1"]. BBC Sport. Retrieved 17 October 2018.</ref> *'''[[चौथो स्थानको ट्रफि|४ औँ स्थानको ट्रफि]]''': इङ्लिस प्रिमियर लिगको एउटा सिजनमा कम्तिमा चौथो भएर यूइएफए च्याम्पियन्स लिगका लागि छनौट हुने उपलब्धिलाई नै चौथो स्थानको ट्रफि (फोर्थ प्लेस ट्रफि) भनिन्छ । यस शब्दका पिता आर्सनल फुटबल क्लबका प्रशिक्षक आर्सेन वेङ्गर हुन्, जसले भनेका थिए "मेरा लागि, पाँच उपाधि (ट्रफि) हरू छन्, पहिलो प्रिमियर लिग जित्नु... तेस्रो च्याम्पियन्स लिगका लागि छनौट हुनु," *'''५०-५०''': एउटा चुनौती जहाँ दुवै खेलाडीले बललाई आफ्नो नियन्त्रणमा पार्ने सम्भाव्यता बराबर हुन्छ । *'''६+५ नियम''': सिक्स प्लस फाइभ रूल फिफाले सन् २००८ मा अनुमोदन गरेको प्रस्ताव हो जसलाई "बोस्मेन रूलिङ" को प्रभावलाई निस्तेज पार्न डिजाइन गरिएको हो । बोस्मेन रूलिङ्ले युरोपियन क्लबमा विदेशी खेलाडीको संख्या जति पुर्याउन पनि पाइने बनाएको थियो तर सिक्स प्लस फाइभ रूलले गर्दा एउटा क्लबमा कम्तिमा ६ जना खेलाडी जुन देशको क्लब हो त्यही देशको राष्ट्रिय टोलीका खेलाडी हुनु पर्ने नियम बनायो ।<ref name="6plus5fifa">[https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/bodies/congress/news/newsid=783657/index.html "FIFA Congress supports objectives of 6+5"]. FIFA. 30 May 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2018.</ref> युरोपियन पार्लियामेन्टले यो नियमलाइ युरोपियन युनियन भित्र कार्यान्वयन हुन दिएन ।<ref>Ennis, Darren (8 May 2008) [https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news-and-comment/blow-for-blatter-as-eu-rejects-65-plan-to-limit-foreign-players-824091.html "Blow for Blatter as EU rejects '6+5' plan to limit foreign players"] London: ''The Independent''. Retrieved 17 October 2018.</ref> ==अ== * '''एकेडेमी (Academy)''': केही व्यवसायिक फुटबल क्लबहरूले युवाहरूको फुटबल खेल शैली विकास गर्न प्रयोग गर्ने नमुना स्कुल । यहाँ युवा खेलाडीहरूसँग करार गरेर उच्च स्तरिय फुटबल खेल खेल्न तालिम दिइन्छ ताकी केही व्यवसायिक फुटबलरका रूपमा स्थापित हुन सकुन् ।<ref>Fletcher, Paul (9 December 2010). [http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/paulfletcher/2010/12/watford_offer_a_glimpse_of_the.html "Watford break the mould in youth development"]. BBC Sport. Retrieved 18 October 2018.</ref> *अवे (Away): विपक्षीको घरेलु मैदान *अवे गोल नियम (Away goals rule): कुनै दुइ टिमको घरेलु र बाह्य खेलको कुल गोल बराबर भए कुन टोलीले जित्यो भनेर निर्क्यौल गर्न बनाइएको नियम । उदाहरणका लागि टिम-क र टिम-ख दुवैको ३/३ गोल भयो । पहिलो खेल टिम-क को मैदानमा हुँदा टिम-क ले २-२ को बराबरी खेल्यो अनि दोस्रो खेल टिम-ख को मैदानमा हुँदा दुवैले १-१ को बराबरी खेले भने टिम-ख ले जितेको मानिन्छ किनकी उसले टिम-क को मैदानमा २ गोल हाल्न सफल भयो । तर टिम-क ले टिम-ख को मैदानमा गएर १ गोल मात्र हाल्न सक्यो । *[[अन्डरडग]] (Underdog) : त्यो टिम जसले खास खेल वा प्रतियोगिता जित्छ भनेर आशा गरिँदैन । *अन्डर द कस (Under the cosh) : *अल्ट्राज (Ultras): युरोपमन पाइने बहुसंख्यक फुटबल प्रशंसक जो आफ्नो टोलीको अन्धभक्त अथवा कट्टर समर्थक हुन्छन् । *अपसेट (Upset) : अन्डरडगले ठूलो टोलीलाई पराजित गरेको खेल *'''अरिना फुटबल (Arena football)''': * '''अगेन्स्ट द रन अफ प्ले (Against the run of play)''': यो एउटा वाक्यांश हो जसले गरिएको गोल, टिमको जित अथवा बराबरीको बारेमा वर्णन गर्छ, हारको बारेमा गर्दैन ।<ref>Mather, Victor (14 October 2011). [http://goal.blogs.nytimes.com/tag/england/ "ENGLAND - Goal Blog"]. ''The New York Times Soccer Blog''. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved 18 October 2018.</ref> ==आ== [[File:Liverpool footballer Steven Gerrard.jpg|thumb|right|180px|alt=स्टेभेन जेरार्ड फुटबल प्रहार गर्न लागेको अवस्थामा । उनले लिभरपुलको जर्सी लगाएका छन् भने पाखुरामा आर्मब्यान्ड पनि छ जहाँ 'C' अक्षर प्रष्ट देखिन्छ जसको अर्थ कप्तान हो ।]] *आर्मब्यान्ड (Armband) : टोलीको कप्तानले पाखुरामा लगाउने गर्छन । कालो आर्मब्यान्ड भने कहिलेकाहीँ सम्पुर्ण खेलाडीले कसैको मृत्यु वा त्यस्तै दुखपुर्ण घटनाको सम्झनार्थ लगाउने गर्छन् ।<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/7999279.stm "Fans remember Hillsborough dead"]. BBC Sport. 15 April 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2018.</ref> * '''आइफ्याब (IFAB)''': अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय फुटबल सङ्घ समिति हो जसले फुटबलका नियमहरू बनाउँछ ।<ref name=goalline>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/mobile/football/8553463.stm "Football's lawmakers reject goal-line technology"]. BBC Sport. 6 March 2010. Retrieved 17 October 2018.</ref> ==इ/ई== [[File:ComplexeSoccerHoncoLévis.JPG|right|thumb|alt=|इन डुअर (indoor) फुटबल सुविधा]] * इक्वालाइजर (Equaliser): गोल जसले दुवै टिमलाई बराबरीको स्थितिमा ल्याउँछ । अथवा त्यो गोल जसले गर्दा खेलमा भएको जम्मा गोल संख्या जोर अङ्क (even number) हुन्छ । *'''इनडाइरेक्ट फ्रि-किक''': एक प्रकारको फ्रि-किक जुन अदण्डनिय फाउलको कारणले अथवा प्राविधिक कारणले खेल रोकिँएको परिणामस्वरूप विपक्षी टोलीलाइ दिइन्छ । डाइरेक्ट फ्रि-किक जस्तो यसमा गोललाई सिधै गोलपोष्टमा ताकेर हान्न पाइँदैन । पोष्टमा प्रहार गर्न कम्तिमा एक पटक पास खेल्नुपर्छ ।<ref name=FIFA33>FIFA: Laws of the Game. p.33.</ref> *'''इन डुअर फुटबल (Indoor football)''': *'''[[:en:Indoor soccer|इन डुअर सकर]]''': * '''इन्ज्युरी टाइम (Injury time)''': * '''इनसाइड फरवार्ड (Inside forward)''': २-३-५ संरचनाको फुटबलमा अग्रपंक्तिको खेलाडी । आधुनिक आक्रामक मध्यपंक्तिका खेलाडीले जस्तै इनसाइड फरवार्डले सेन्टर फरवार्डको ठीक पछाडीबाट खेल्छन् ।<ref>Wilson, Jonathan (18 August 2010). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2010/aug/18/what-is-a-playmakers-role-in-modern-game "The Question: What is a playmaker's role in the modern game"]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 18 October 2018.</ref> * '''इन्टरसेप्ट (Intercept)''': विपक्षीको खुट्टामा रहेको बललाई खोसेर आफ्नो समकक्षीको खुट्टामा पुर्याउनु<ref>{{cite web|first=Woodfield|last=Jack|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/match_commentary/0,19764,11065_3389960,00.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906033952/http://www.skysports.com/football/match_commentary/0,19764,11065_3389960,00.html|archivedate=2011-09-06|title="FT: Man Utd 4 Schalke 1 (Agg: 6-1)"|work=SkySports.com|date=5 May 2011|accessdate=2018-10-18}}</ref> * '''इन्टरनेशनल ब्रेक (International break)''': फिफाले तोकेको समयावधि जतिबेला क्लब स्तरका खेल ठप्प हुन्छन् र खेलाडी हरू अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय खेलका (राष्ट्रका लागि) लागि केन्द्रित हुन्छन् ।<ref>[https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/worldfootball/calendarlive/intl_mc_2008_2014_en_34822.pdf "International match calendar"]. FIFA. 21 January 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2018.</ref> * '''इन्टरनेशनल क्लियरेन्स (International clearance)''': ==उ/ऊ== ==ए== * '''एडेड टाइम (Added time)''': थप गरिएको समय *'''एड्मिनिस्ट्रेसन (Administration)''': वैध प्रक्रिया जहाँ व्यवसायीले ऋणदातालाई ऋण तिर्न नसकेमा अल्पकालिन वैध सुरक्षाको माग गर्छ जुन समयमा उसले कर्जा फिर्ता गर्ने प्रयास गर्छ । एड्मिनिस्ट्रेसनमा जाने क्लबहरूको प्राय अङ्क घट्छ ।<ref>Farquhar, Gordon (20 March 2008). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7305998.stm "Football administration"]. BBC Sport. Retrieved 4 October 2011.</ref> * '''एड्भान्टेज (Advantage)''': यो खेलका दौरान रेफ्रीले गर्ने निर्णय हो । यस्तो अवस्थामा कुनै एउटा खेलाडी माथी फाउल भए खेल नरोकि फाउलका कारण फ्रि-किक पाएको पक्षले बललाई अघि बढाउँछ किनकी खेल रोकेर फ्रि-किक हान्दा भन्दा खेल नरोकी बल चलाउँदा टोलीलाई फाइदाजनक हुने देखिन्छ । यसलाई नै रेफ्रीले प्रदान गरेको एड्भान्टेज भनिन्छ ।<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/rules_and_equipment/4188646.stm "Referee's signals: advantage"]. BBC Sport. Retrieved 18 October 2018.</ref> * '''एएफसी (AFC)''': एसियाली फुटबल सङ्घ । यो एसियामा भएका फुटबल संघहरूको काम र गतिविधी नियन्त्रण गर्ने संस्था हो । एएफसीको अर्थ ''एसोसिएसन फुटबल क्लब" पनि हुन्छ । जस्तै : [[Sunderland A.F.C.|सन्डरल्यान्ड एएफसी]].<ref>[http://www.safc.com/the-club/about-us/faqs "SAFC FAQs"]. Sunderland AFC. Retrieved 18 October 2018.</ref> * '''[[एग्रिगेट (Aggregate)]]''' : दुइ टिमबिच भएको दुइ लेग खेलको कुल गोल संख्या । जस्तै : [[झापा-११]] ले डोमलाल रङ्गशालामा [[मनाङ् मर्स्याङ्दी क्लब]]लाई ४-१ ले पराजित गर्यो र मनाङ् मर्स्याङ्दी क्लबले [[दशरथ रङ्गशालामा]] झापा-११ सँग २-२ को बराबरी खेल्यो भने झापा-११ ले गरेको कुल गोल ४+२=६ र मनाङ्ले गरेको कुल गोल १+२=३ हुन्छ । यही ६-३ को स्कोरलाई नै एग्रिगेट भन्ने गरिन्छ ।<ref name=p5051/> *'''एन्टी-फुटबल (Anti-football)''': आफ्नो रक्षापंक्तिमा विश्वास राख्ने र हर समय रक्षात्मक खेल मात्र खेल्ने खेलाडी र टिमलाई लक्षित गरेर भनिने निन्दनिय/अपमानजनक/अवमुल्यन गर्ने शब्द ।<ref>Aitken, Kevin (12 July 2010). [http://www.metro.co.uk/sport/834914-johan-cruyff-saddened-by-hollands-anti-football "Johan Cruyff saddened by Holland's 'anti-football"]. ''[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]''. Retrieved 18 October 2018.</ref> *'''एपर्च्युरा एन्ड क्ल्उसुरा (Apertura and Clausura)''': लेटिन अमेरिकामा खेलिने लिग फुटबल फरम्याट (शैली) जहाँ अगष्ट देखि मे महिनासम्म खेलिने लिग लाइ दुइ भागमा बाँडिन्छ र दुवैको अलग अलग विजेता हुन्छन् । ''एपर्च्युरा (Apertura)'' र ''क्ल्उसुरा (Clausura)'' स्पेनिस शब्द हुन् जसको अर्थ क्रमश: प्रारम्भ र अन्त्य हुन्छ ।<ref>[[Tim Vickery|Vickery, Tim]] (18 May 2009). [http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/timvickery/2009/05/how_football_conquered_brazil.html?page=15 "How football conquered Brazil"]. BBC Sport. Retrieved 18 October 2018.</ref> * '''[[एल क्लासिको]]''': दुई चिर प्रतिद्वन्दी स्पेनीस फुटबल क्लब रियल म्याड्रिड र बार्सिलोना बिच हुने जुनसुकै खेललाई पनि एल क्लासिको भनिन्छ । *'''[[एसिस्ट (फुटबल)|एसिस्ट (Assist)]]''': गोल लाग्नु भन्दा अगाडि दिइएको पास<ref>''Chambers sports factfinder.'' Edinburgh: Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd. 2008. p. 247. {{ISBN|978-0-550-10342-0}}.</ref> *'''एसिस्टेन्ट रेफ्री (Assistant referee)''': रेफ्रीलाई खेल अगाडि बढाउन सहयोगी भूमिका खेल्ने सहायक रेफ्री<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/rules_and_equipment/4995710.stm "Know your assistant referee's signals?"]. BBC Sport. Retrieved 18 October 2018.</ref> ==ऐ== ==ओ== * '''ओपन गोल (Open goal)''' : यदि कुनै पनि खेलाडीले गोललाई आफ्नो गोलपोष्टको जाली चुम्नबाट रोक्न सक्दैन भने त्यसलाई ओपन गोल भनिन्छ । वान भर्सेस जिरोको अवस्थामा गरिएको गोल । * '''ओलम्पिक गोल (Olympic goal)''' : कर्नर किकबाट अरू कसैलाई नछोइ सिधै भएको गोल * '''ओएफसी (OFC)''': ओसिनिया फुटबल सङ्घ * '''ओभरहेड किक (Overhead kick)''' : बाइसाइकल किक * '''ओभरल्याप (Overlap)''' : ==औ== ==अं== ==अ:== ==क== * '''क्याफ (CAF)''': अफ्रिकी फुटबल सङ्घ * '''क्याप (Cap)''': फुटबल खेलाडीको राष्ट्रिय टोलीमा उपस्थिति । जस्तै : [[मिरोस्लाभ क्लोज]]ले जर्मनी राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोलीबाट १३७ क्याप जितेका छन् भन्नुको अर्थ उनले जर्मनी राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोलीका लागि १३७ खेल खेलेका छन् । * '''क्याप-टाइड (Cap-tied)''' : फुटबलमा प्रयुक्त शब्द जुन निम्न अवस्थामा प्रयोग हुन्छ : जब कुनै खेलाडीले कुनै देशको प्रतिनिधित्व गर्दै राष्ट्रिय टोलीबाट फुटबल खेल्छ जसका कारण ऊ अन्य देशको टोलीबाट खेल्न अयोग्य ठहरिन्छ । * '''क्याप्टेन/कप्तान (Captain)''': कुनै टोलीको नेतृत्व गर्न चुनिएको खेलाडी जसले खेलपुर्व टस गर्ने काममा सहभागिता जनाउँछ । कप्तानलाई स्किपर पनि भन्ने चलन छ । * '''केयरटेकर म्यानेजर (Caretaker manager)''' : स्थायी प्रशिक्षक नचुनेको अवस्थामा प्रशिक्षकका व्यवस्थापकीय अभिभारा पुरा गर्न राखिएको कार्यवाहक प्रशिक्षक । * '''क्याटेनास्सियो (Catenaccio)''' : रक्षापंक्तिमा विशेश जोड दिन अपनाइने खास पद्दती वा कौशल । यस्तो रक्षापंक्तिलाई भेदेर गोल गर्न मुस्किल पर्छ । इटालियन भाषामा क्याटेनास्सियो (catenaccio) को अर्थ ढोकाको आग्लो हुन्छ । * '''कौसन (Caution)''' : चेतावनी । विपक्षीमाथी गलत तरिकाले ट्याकल गरे वा फाउल खेले रेफ्रीले चेतावनी स्वरूप पहेँलो कार्ड देखाउने गर्छन् । ==ख== ==ग== [[File:Footballet - geograph.org.uk - 1024351.jpg|right|thumb|alt=धेरै खेलाडीहरू गोल नजिकै छन् र गोल नजिक पुग्ने प्रयास गर्दैछन् । केही खेलाडीको शरीर पुर्णतया हावामा छ तर आफ्नो शरीर नियन्त्रण गर्न सक्षम अवस्थामा छन् ।]] * '''गेम अफ टु हाभ्स (Game of two halves)''': प्रत्यक्ष व्याख्याता (कमेन्टेटर)ले प्रयोग गर्ने अभिव्यक्ति जब एक टिमले एउटा र अर्कोले खेलको अर्को ४५ मिनेट खेल आफ्नो पकडमा पार्छ ।<ref name=bbcvocab/> *'''[[:en:Game 39|गेम ३९ (Game 39)]]''': प्रिमियर लिगको अतिरिक्त चरण बेलायत बाहिर खेल्न गरिएको प्रस्तावित कार्यक्रम<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/7875726.stm "Top-flight 39th-game idea on hold"]. BBC Sport. 6 February 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2018.</ref> * '''गिभ-एन्ड-गो (Give-and-go)''': *'''[[:en:Goal (sport)#Association football|गोल (goal)]]''': फुटबल खेलमा अग्रता लिने वा जित्ने एक मात्र तरिका । गोल हुनका लागि भकुण्डोले क्रसबार, क्रसबारको उँधोपट्टीको रेखा र दुइ गोलपोष्टको बिचको भागलाई पार गर्नुपर्छ ।<ref name="FIFA: Laws of the Game. p. 30"/> * '''गोल एभरेज/गोल औसत (Goal average)''': टोलीको गोल औसत निकाल्दा गरिएको गोल लाई खाएको गोलले भाग गरिन्छ । खेलाडीको गोल औसत निकाल्दा उसले गरेको जम्मा गोललाई जम्मा उपस्थितिले भाग गरिन्छ (गरेको गोल ÷ क्याप)<ref>[https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=1430059.html "England's tense title finales"]. FIFA. 6 May 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2018.</ref> *'''[[:en:Goal difference|गोल डिफरेन्स (goal difference)]]''': गरेको गोल र खाएको गोलबिचको अन्तर (गरेको गोल-खाएको गोल=गोल अन्तर)<ref name=bbcvocab/>कुनै क्लबहरूले यदि लिग प्रतियोगितामा बराबर अङ्क ल्याएका छन् भने को माथिल्लो स्थानमा रह्यो र को तल्लो स्थानमा रह्यो भनेर गोल अन्तरलाई आधार बनाइन्छ ।<ref>Fletcher, Paul (20 April 2011). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/9457016.stm "Chelsea 3&ndash;1 Birmingham"]. BBC Sport. Retrieved 20 October 2018.</ref> *'''गोल हेङ्गर (Goal hanger)''': नेपालीहरूले भन्ने "पोल ढुकुवा" नै गोल हेङ्गर हो । गोल गर्ने मौका खोज्दै खेलको अधिकतम समय विपक्षीको पेनाल्टी क्षेत्रमा समय व्यतित गर्ने स्ट्राइकर ।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://talksport.com/football/classic-transfer-spurs-sign-world-cup-golden-boot-winner-barcelona-150614150723|title=Classic Transfer: Spurs sign World Cup Golden Boot winner from Barcelona|first=Adam|last=Jones|date=14 June 2015|website=talksport.com|accessdate=20 October 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120202/http://talksport.com/football/classic-transfer-spurs-sign-world-cup-golden-boot-winner-barcelona-150614150723 |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2009/mar/18/filippo-inzaghi-ac-milan-serie-a|title=Inzaghi finds greatness in greed|first=Rob|last=Bagchi|date=17 March 2009|publisher=|accessdate=20 October 2018|via=The Guardian}}</ref> *'''[[गोलरक्षक (फुटबल)|गोलकिपर (Goalkeeper)]]''': विपक्षीलाई गोल गर्नबाट रोक्ने अभिभारा पाएको टोलीको मुख्य सदस्य । आफ्नो पेनाल्टी क्षेत्रमा यिनिहरूले हातले भकुण्डो समाउन पाउँछन् ।<ref name=bbcvocab/> अनौपचारिक रूपमा किपर अथवा ''गोली (goalie)'' पनि भन्ने गरिन्छ । * '''गोल किक (Goal kick)''': गोल नगरी आक्रमण गर्ने टोलीको खेलाडीले भकुण्डोलाई गोल लाइन कटायो भने खेल पुन सुचारू गर्न रक्षात्मक टोलीले पेनाल्टी क्षेत्रबाट गर्ने प्रहार ।<ref name=bbcvocab/> * '''गोल लाइन (Goal line)''': कर्नर हान्ने ठाउँदेखि गोलपोष्ट हुँदै अर्को कर्नर हान्ने ठाउँसम्म कोरिएको सिधा रेखा ; कहिलेकाहीँ दुइ गोलपोष्ट अथवा क्रसबारको ठीक उँधोपट्टीको रेखालाई गोल लाइन भनिन्छ ।<ref>FIFA: Laws of the Game. pp. 6&ndash;10.</ref> * '''गोल-लाइन क्लियरेन्स (Goal-line clearance)''': कुनै खेलाडीले गोल लाइनको बलको विपथगमन गराउनु<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsdefinitions.com/soccer/Goal-line-clearance.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716174516/http://www.sportsdefinitions.com/soccer/Goal-line-clearance.html|title=What is Goal-line clearance in soccer? Definition and meaning|work=sportsdefinitions.com|archivedate=16 July 2016|accessdate=20 October 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716174516/http://www.sportsdefinitions.com/soccer/Goal-line-clearance.html |date=16 July 2016 }}</ref> * '''गोल-लाइन टेक्नोलोजी (Goal-line technology)''': एउटा प्रणाली जसबाट भकुण्डोले गोल लाइन पार गरेको छ/छैन भनेर एक सेकेन्ड मै पत्ता लगाइन्छ । *'''गोल पोचर (Goal poacher)''': एक प्रकारको अग्रपंक्तिको खेलाडी वा स्ट्राइकर जसमा जस्तो अवस्थामा पनि गोल गर्ने क्षमता हुन्छ र पेनाल्टी क्षेत्रमा हुने उसको चालका कारण चिनिन्छ ।<ref>Wilson, Jonathan (4 June 2007). [https://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/jun/04/sport.comment "Croatia's big-game poacher strikes again"]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 20 October 2018.</ref> * '''गोल माउथ (Goalmouth)''': मैदानको त्यो भाग जुन गोलपोष्टको ठीक अगाडि हुन्छ । विपक्षीले आफ्नो गोल माउथमा बल पुर्याउनु भनेको खतराको घण्टी बज्नु हो ।<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2009/sep/16/mowbray-celtic-europa-league-officials "Tony Mowbray fears interference of Uefa's extra goalmouth officials"]. ''The Guardian''. 16 September 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2018.</ref> * '''गोल माउथ स्क्र्याम्बल (Goalmouth scramble)''': जब दुवै टोलीका खेलाडी अलि धेरै सङ्ख्यामा गोल माउथमा पुग्छन्, एकदमै छोटो अवधिमा अस्तव्यस्तपुर्ण खेल हुन्छ जहाँ आक्रमण गर्ने टोलीले गोलपोष्टतिर बल प्रहार गर्छ भने रक्षात्मक टोलीले विपक्षीका प्रहारलाई विफल पार्न खोज्छ । एकदमै छोटो अवधिमा त्यहाँ खेलको नतिजा उथलपुथल हुन सक्छ जसलाइ गोल माउथ स्क्र्याम्बल भनिन्छ ।<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_1/1566487.stm "Gillingham 1–2 Coventry"]. BBC Sport. 29 September 2001. Retrieved 20 October 2018.</ref> यसलाई स्क्रिमेज पनि भनिन्छ । ''scrimmage''<ref>Tongue, Steve (19 September 1999). [https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-phillips-hattrick-demolishes-derby-1120324.html "Phillips' hat-trick demolishes Derby"]. ''The Independent''. Retrieved 20 October 2018.</ref> *'''गोल अफ द सेन्च्युरी (Goal of the century)''': [[डिएगो म्याराडोना]]ले सन् १९८६ को फिफा विश्वकपको क्वार्टरफाइनलमा इङ्लैण्ड विरूद्ध गरेको दोस्रो गोल ।<ref name="maradona">[https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/matches/match=392/index.html "Maradona's brace buries England"]. [[FIFA]]. Retrieved 20 October 2018</ref> * '''गोल पोष्ट (Goalpost)''': मैदानको दुवै क्षेत्रमा गाडिएका ठाडा खम्बाहरू ।<ref>FIFA: Laws of the Game. p. 3.</ref> * '''गोलसाइड (Goalside)''': जब कुनै खेलाडी विपक्षी खेलाडीभन्दा गोल नजिक छ भने त्यसलाई गोलसाइड भनिन्छ । *'''गोल्डेन जेनेरेसन (Golden Generation)''': स्वर्ण पुस्ता । असमान्य प्रतिभाशाली खेलाडीहरूको पुस्ता जसबाट उच्च श्रेणीको सफलताको अपेक्षा गरिएको हुन्छ ।<ref>McNulty, Phil (23 November 2007). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/7108049.stm "Time up for the 'golden generation'"]. BBC Sport. Retrieved 20 October 2018.</ref> त्यो पुस्ता जसले टोलीको इतिहाँसमै सबभन्दा धेरै सफलता हाँसिल गर्छ । *'''गोल्डेन गोल (Golden goal)''': खेलको विजेता निर्णय गर्ने तरिका जब कुनै दुइ टोली बिचको खेल ९० मिनेटसम्म बराबरीमा टुङ्गिएको हुन्छ । यस प्रणालीमा दुइ टोलीबिच १५/१५ मिनेटको अतिरिक्त खेल खेलाइन्छ र त्यो समयमा जसले पहिले गोल गर्छ, त्यही टिम विजेता बन्छ ।<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2003/apr/28/newsstory.sport10 "Golden goal rule downgraded to silver"]. ''The Guardian''. 28 April 2003. Retrieved 20 October 2018.</ref> * '''ग्र्यान्ड स्ल्याम (Grand Slam)''': कुनै क्लबले सम्पुर्ण आधिकारिक अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय प्रतियोगिताको उपाधि जितेमा त्यो उपलब्धिलाई ग्र्यान्ड स्ल्याम भनिन्छ ।<ref>Perucca, Bruno (16 January 1985) [http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,20/articleid,0999_01_1985_0013_0021_13830122/ Primo attacco al grande slam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627194612/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,20/articleid,0999_01_1985_0013_0021_13830122/ |date=2015-06-27 }} [[La Stampa]], p.20. Retrieved 20 October 2018.</ref> * '''ग्रीन कार्ड (Green card)''': इटालीको सिरि-बि (Serie B) मा रेफ्रीले त्यस्ता खेलाडीलाई अवास्तविक कार्ड प्रदान गर्छन जसको गतिविधिले सकारात्मक व्यवहार दर्शाउँछ ।<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/34162999 Green cards: Italy's Serie B to reward positive player behaviour], BBC Sport, 5 September 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2018.</ref> *'''ग्राउन्डहोपिङ (Groundhopping)''': फुटबल प्रसंसकको धेरै भन्दा धेरै फुटबल रङ्गशाला र मैदान भ्रमण गर्ने सौख ।<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/fans-eye-view-no-222--groundhopping-1237748.html "FAN'S EYE VIEW: No 222 Groundhopping"]. ''The Independent''. 6 September 1997. Retrieved 20 October 2018.</ref> *'''[[ग्रुप अफ डेथ|ग्रुप अफ डेथ (Group of death)]]''': ठूलो प्रतियोगिताको कुनै एउटा समूह जसमा अघिल्लो चरणमा प्रवेश पाउने टोलीको कोटा भन्दा धेरै शक्तिशाली टोलीहरू पर्छन् र तिनिहरूबिचको खेल प्राय रोमान्चक हुने अपेक्षा गरिन्छ ।<ref>Staniforth, Mark (4 December 2009). [https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/brazil-lead-group-of-death-1834506.html "Brazil lead 'group of death'"]. ''The Independent''. Retrieved 20 October 2018.</ref> ==घ== * '''घोष्ट गेम (Ghost game)''': जालसाजीपूर्ण सट्टेबाजी जसको सुरूवात २०१० को सुरूवात तिर भएको हो जहाँ बुकीहरूले त्यस्तो खेलमा सट्टा लगाउँछन् जुन कहिले हुनेवाला छैन ।<ref>Kelso, Paul (19 October 2011) [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/international/8835176/Fifa-haunted-by-new-gambling-phenomenon-ghost-games.html Fifa haunted by new gambling phenomenon: 'ghost games'] ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. Retrieved October 20, 2018</ref><ref>Forrest, Brett (15 August 2012) [http://espn.go.com/espn/print?id=7927946 All the world is staged], ''[[ESPN The Magazine]]''. Retrieved 20 October 2018.</ref> *'''[[घोष्ट गोल (Ghost goal)]]''': भकुण्डोले क्रसबारको उँधोपट्टीको रेखा पार गर्दा पनि नदिइएको गोल, वा भकुण्डोले उक्त रेखा पार नगरी दिइएको गोल ।<ref>Gilmour, Rod (22 September 2008). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/watford/3046314/Watford-v-Reading-The-own-goal-controversy-Football.html "Watford v Reading: The own goal controversy"]. ''The Daily Telegraph''. Retrieved 20 October 2018.</ref><ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-1296539/FIFA-aim-prevent-Frank-Lampard-ghost-goal-repeat-adding-goalline-officials-Champions-League.html "FIFA aim to prevent Frank Lampard 'ghost goal' repeat by adding goalline officials for Champions League"]. ''Daily Mail''. 21 July 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2018.</ref> ==ङ== ==च== * '''च्यालेन्ज (Challenge)''' : ट्याकल । विपक्षीको खुट्टामा रहेको बल जित्ने तरिका । बल खोस्न खुट्टाको प्रयोग प्राय गरिन्छ । ग्राउण्डमा चिप्लिएर वा भनौँ स्लाइड ट्याकल गरेर पनि विपक्षीको खुट्टाको बललाई खोस्न सकिन्छ ।खतरनाख ट्याकलले गर्दा खेलाडीले पहेँलो वा रातो कार्ड नै पनि खान सक्छ । त्यसैले बल जित्ने काम विपक्षीलाई नछोइ गर्नुपर्छ । * '''च्यानल (Channel)''': रक्षापंक्तिमा चार जना खेलाडी हुँदा फुल ब्याक (fullback) र केन्द्रीय रक्षापंक्तिका खेलाडीको बिचमा रहेको खाली स्थान । * '''[[यूइएफए च्याम्पियन्स लिग|च्याम्पियन्स लिग (Champions League)''': बार्षिक रूपमा प्रत्येक महादेशमा फाल्टा फाल्टै हुने क्लब फुटबल प्रतियोगिता जहाँ त्यही महादेशका राष्ट्रहरूमा हुने माथिल्लो श्रेणीको घरेलु लिगका विजेता, उपविजेता आदि भिड्ने गर्छन् । यो वाक्यांशले एसिया(एएफसी), अफ्रिका (क्याफ), कन्काक्याफ वा ओसिनिया (ओएफसी) मा हुने प्रतियोगितालाई पनि जनाउँछ तर युरोप (युइएफए) को प्रतियोगितालाई नै बढी महत्त्व दिइन्छ । कन्मिबल (CONMEBOL)को च्याम्पियन्स लिगलाई कोपा लिबर्टाडोर्स (Copa Libertadores) भन्ने गरिन्छ । * '''चान्स (Chance)''': मौका । त्यस्तो अवस्था जहाँ आक्रामक खेलाडीले मौका छोपेर गोल गर्ने हिसाबले बल प्रहार गर्छ । * '''चिप (Chip)''' : गोलरक्षकलाई भेदेर गोल गर्ने हिसाबले प्रहार गरिएको अग्लो सट । ==छ== ==ज== * '''जाइन्ट-किलिङ (Giant-killing)''': अत्याधिक प्रयोगले गर्दा मौलिक प्रभाव गुमाएको शब्द अथवा थेगो जुन तल्लो डिभिजनको टोलीले माथिल्लो डिभिजनको टोलीलाई पराजित गर्दा प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।<ref>Smith, Martin (5 January 2008). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2288067/FA-Cup-third-round-Top-10-giant-killing-goals.html "FA Cup third-round: Top 10 giant-killing goals"]. ''The Daily Telegraph''. Retrieved 20 October 2018.</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa_cup/9402205.stm "Man Utd fear Crawley giant-killing in FA Cup"]. BBC Sport. 18 February 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2018.</ref> * '''ज्यु गोल (Jew goal)''' : आक्रमणमा दुइ खेलाडी र बचाउमा एक जना गोलरक्षक मात्र भएको अवस्थामा जब एउटा खेलाडीले अर्कोलाई पास खेल्छ र ओपन गोलको अवसर सिर्जना गर्छ भने यस्तो अवस्थामा भएको गोललाई ज्यु गोल भनिन्छ । यो शब्द यहुदीहरूको आत्मसम्मानमा ठेस पुर्याउने खालको छ । * '''जोर्नीमेन (Journeyman)''' : त्यस्तो खेलाडी जसले आफ्नो खेल जीवन धेरै क्लबहरूबाट खेलेर पुरा गरेको छ । [[एक क्लब खेलाडीहरूको सुची|वान क्लब मेन]] को विपरितार्थी शब्द । * '''जम्पर्स फर गोलपोष्ट्स (Jumpers for goalposts)''' : सडक फुटबलको रूपान्तरित अनौपचारिक नाम जहाँ खेलाडीहरूले कपडा, ढुङगा, इँटा आदि राखेर गोलपोष्टको रूप दिन्छन् । यो शब्द बेलायतमा 'विगतको आनन्दकर समयको कारक तत्व'को वर्णन गर्न प्रयोग हुन्छ । ==झ== ==ञ== ==ट== * '''ट्याकल (Tackle)''': विपक्षीको खुट्टामा रहेको बल जित्ने तरिका । बल खोस्न खुट्टाको प्रयोग प्राय गरिन्छ । ग्राउण्डमा चिप्लिएर वा भनौँ स्लाइड ट्याकल गरेर पनि विपक्षीको खुट्टाको बललाई खोस्न सकिन्छ ।खतरनाख ट्याकलले गर्दा खेलाडीले पहेँलो वा रातो कार्ड नै पनि खान सक्छ । त्यसैले बल जित्ने काम विपक्षीलाई नछोइ गर्नुपर्छ । * '''टेक अ टच (Take a touch)''' : पास खेल्नु वा प्रहार गर्नुपुर्व शरिरको वैध अङ्गले भकुण्डो को चाललाइ नियन्त्रण गर्नु । ==ठ== ==ड== * '''डी (D)''' : अर्ध-वृत्तकार चाप जुन पेनाल्टी क्षेत्रको किनारामा हुन्छ । * '''डेड बल (Dead ball)''' : फ्रि-किक वा त्यस्तै अरू कुनै स्थिर अवस्थाबाट बललाई प्रहार गरी खेल पुन: सुचारू गर्नु । * '''डीप (Deep)''': मध्यपंक्ति र रक्षापंक्तिका खेलाडीको स्थान र स्थिति वर्णन गर्न प्रयोग गरिने शब्द । जब उनीहरू आफ्नो वास‌तविक स्थानभन्दा अलि पछि वा धेरै पछि सरेर खेल्दैछन् भने त्यही अवस्थितिलाई डीप भनिन्छ । * '''डिफेन्डर (Defender)''': रक्षापंक्तिका खेलाडी । फुटबलका चार प्रमुख स्थानबाट खेल्ने खेलाडी मध्ये एक । यिनिहरूलाई गोलरक्षक भन्दा ठीक अगाडि राखिएको हुन्छ । * '''डर्बी (Derby) : दुइ स्थानिय चिर प्रतिद्वन्दी बिच हुने खेल । ==ढ== ==ण== ==त== * '''तार्गेट मेन (Target man)''' : एक प्रकारको स्ट्राइकर जो अग्लो हुन्छ, जसमा हेड गरेर गोल गर्ने क्षमता हुन्छ र हावामा रहेको बललाई सजिलै नियन्त्रण गरेर आफू अनुकुल बनाउन सक्छ । ==थ== * '''थर्ड मेन रनिङ् (Third man running)''' : जब टिमले खेलमा आक्रामक शैली अपनाउँछ, पास खेल्ने र पास लिने दुइ खेलाडी सँगै अर्को तेस्रो खेलाडीले त्यो आक्रमणमा हातेमालो गर्दै पास लिने वैकल्पिक खेलाडीको रूपमा कुद्दै उनीहरू सँगसँगै अगाडि आउँछ । त्यही तेस्रो खेलाडी नै थर्ड मेन हो । ==द== ==ध== ==न== * '''नियर पोष्ट/ब्याक पोष्ट (Near post/Back post)''' : गोल पोष्ट सँग सम्बन्धित गोलरक्षकको स्थान बारे बयान गर्ने अनुमानित वा कल्पित धारणा । जब आक्रमक टोलीको खेलाडीले गोलरक्षक र गोलपोष्टको बिचबाट बल पठाएर गोल गर्छ, त्यतिबेला गोलरक्षक नियर पोष्टमा चुकेको भन्ने गरिन्छ । ==प== * '''प्यानेन्का (Panenka)''' : पेनाल्टी प्रहार गर्नुअघि खेलाडीले गोलरक्षकलाई झुक्याउन देखाउने शारीरिक चाल । ==फ== * '''फल्स नाइन (False nine)''' : अग्रपंक्तिको पनि मध्यभागबाट खेल्ने खेलाडी जो निरन्तर मध्यपंक्ति तिर गएर विपक्षीले गर्ने मार्किङ् लाई छिन्नभिन्न पार्छ । ==ब== <nowiki>*</nowiki> '''ब्याक-पास नियम (Back-pass rule)''' : खेललाई द्रुत गति दिनका लागि सन् १९९२ मा प्रारम्भ गरिएको नियम जसअनुसार आफ्नै टोलीका खेलाडीले जानीजानी गोलरक्षकलाई पास खेलेमा गोलरक्षकले हातले भकुण्डो समाउन पाउँदैनन् । * '''ब्याक हिल (Backheel)''': एउटै टिमका खेलाडीले पास खेल्दा यदि कुनै एउटा खेलाडीले बुटको पछाडीको भागले अर्को खेलाडीतिर बल ठेल्यो भने त्यसैलाई ब्याक हिल भनिन्छ । * '''बल (Ball)''': भकुण्डो । गोलाकार वस्तु जसलाई फुटबलरले खुट्टाले प्रहार गरेर खेल्ने गर्छन् । आधिकारिक फुटबल प्रतियोगितातिर खेलिने बलहरूको आकार, वजन, त्यसमा प्रयोग हुने [[काँचो पदार्थ|कच्चा पदार्थ]] वा सामाग्री स्तरिय हुन्छ । <nowiki>*</nowiki> '''बल ब्वाइ (Ball boy)''': केटा अथवा केटी/बालबालिका जसको काम खेलका दौरान बाहिर गएको बललाई राख्नु र आवश्यक परेको बेला ग्राउन्ड तिर पठाउनु हो । * '''बलोन डी'ओर (Ballon d'Or) : * "'बरास ब्रेभस (Barras bravas)"' : युरोपियन फुटबलमा अल्ट्राज जस्तै लेटिन अमेरिकामा बरास ब्रेभस शब्द संगठानिक प्रशंसक/हुलिगेन समूह लाई बखान्न प्रयोग हुन्छ । * '''बिच फुटबल (Beach football)''' : समुद्री तट वा बालुवामा खेलिने फुटबल । यसलाई बिच सकर अथवा बिसल (beasal) पनि भन्ने गरिन्छ । * '''बिहाइन्ड क्लोज्ड डुअर्स (Behind closed doors)''' : त्यस्तो खेल जहाँ दर्शकहरू अनुपस्थित हुन्छन् । खेलाडीहरूको कमजोर प्रदर्शनका कारण क्लबका समर्थकहरूले उनीहरूमाथी अनुपयुक्त व्यवहार देखाएकाले उनीहरूलाई दण्डस्वरूप खेल हेर्ने अनुमति नदिएको कारणले पनि यस्तो हुन सक्छ । यस्ता खेलहरू कहिलेकाहीँ खेलाडीहरूको मनोबल चाँडो बढाउन पनि खेलाइन्छ । * '''बेन्च (Bench)''': ग्राउण्डको किनारा नजिकैको क्षेत्र जहाँ स्थानापन्न खेलाडी र प्रशिक्षकहरू बस्ने गर्छन् । उक्त क्षेत्रमा पङ्क्ति र लहर मिलाएर सिटहरू राखिएका हुन्छन् । यो क्षेत्रलाई डगआउट (dugout) पनि भन्ने गरिन्छ । * '''बेन्ड (Bend)''' : एक किसिमको कौशल जहाँ खेलाडीले भकुण्डो प्रहार गरेपछी हावामा अलिकति वा पुरै बलको दिशा परिवर्तन हुन्छ । यस्तो प्रहारलाई बनाना किक (Banana kick) पनि भन्ने गरिन्छ ।यसरी बलको दिशा परिवर्तन गर्न सक्ने खेलाडीहरू प्राय फ्रि-किक र कर्नर किक हान्ने गर्छन् । * '''बाइसाइकल किक (Bicycle kick)''': कुनै दिशाबाट आफूतिर आएको बललाई भुइँमा झर्न नदिइ खेलाडीले शरीरलाई हावातिर हुत्याउँछ र एक खुट्टाले टाउको माथीबाट जाने गरी बल प्रहार गर्छ भने त्यो प्रहारलाई बाइसाइकल किक भनिन्छ । यसलाई ओभरहेड किक पनि भन्ने गरिन्छ । * '''बट्लर (Bottler)''': सिजनको सुरूवातमा राम्रो प्रदर्शन गर्ने तर आफ्नै गल्तीका कारण सिजनको अन्त्यतिर आइपुग्दा खेलमा खासै प्रभाव जमाउन नसक्ने खेलाडी । * '''बुकिङ (Booking)''' : खेलको भावना विरूद्ध जाने खेलाडीलाई पहेँलो कार्ड देखाएर चेतावनी दिनु । * '''बुट ब्वाइ (Boot boy)''': युवा खेलाडी । फुटबल ट्रेनिङ्का अलावा बुट ब्वाइले सिनियर खेलाडीको जुत्ता सफा गर्ने अपेक्षा गरिन्छ । * '''बोस्मेन रूलिङ् (Bosman ruling)''' : युरोपियन कोर्ट अफ जस्टिस (युरोपियन न्यायपालिका) ले अघि सारेको नियम जसअनुसार युरोपियन युनियनका सदस्य राष्ट्रबाट पेशेवर फुटबल खेल्ने खेलाडीहरूले तत्कालिन क्लबसँगको आफ्नो करार अवधि सकिएपछी स्वतन्त्र रूपमा अर्को क्लबमा जान पाउँछन् । सन् १९९५ मा यसले युरोपियन युनियनका खेलाडीले त्यहाँभन्दा बाहिरका लिगमा स्थानान्तरण भएर खेल्न नपाउने नियम खारेज गर्यो । * '''बक्स (Box)''': पेनाल्टी क्षेत्र * '''बक्स-टु-बक्स (Box-to-box)''' : त्यस्ता खेलाडीका लागि प्रयोग हुने शब्द जो खेलमा आक्रमक भुमिका र रक्षात्मक भूमिका दुवैमा आफ्नो सत-प्रतिशत दिन्छन् । * ''''ब्रेस (Brace)'''': कुनै खेलाडीले एउटै खेलमा दुइ गोल गरेमा * '''ब्रेक (Break)''': आक्रामक व्युहरचना जहाँ डिफेन्डिङ् टोलीका अधिकांश खेलाडीले बल हात पार्नेबित्तिकै हतार हतार अर्को गोलपोष्टतिर लगेर आक्रमण गर्छन् । * '''बङ्ग (Bung)''' : गोप्य र अनाधिकृत भुक्तानी, जसलाई वित्तिय पारितोषिकको रूपमा खेलाडी ट्रान्सफर गर्न प्रयोग गरिन्छ । * '''बाइलाइन (Byline)''' : गोलपोष्टदेखि कर्नर सम्मको चौडा क्षेत्रको रेखा । यसलाई इन्ड लाइन पनि भनिन्छ । ==भ== * '''भ्यानिसिङ् स्प्रे (Vanishing spray) : क्यान भाँडोमा भरेर राखिएको क्षणभरमा विलय हुने स्प्रे । क्यानभित्र ८०% पानी, १७% ब्युटेन ग्यास, वनस्पति तेल सहित २% अन्य पदार्थ र १% त्यस्तो पदार्थ हुन्छ जसले तरलको पृष्ठ तनाव घटाउँछ । अधिक दबाबका कारण तरल बनेको ब्युटेनको मिश्रण क्यानबाट निस्कनेबित्तिकै फैलन्छ र वास्पिकरण हुन्छ अनि फिँजको रूप लिन्छ । तरलको पृष्ठ तनाव घटाउने पदार्थ (surfactant) ले फिँजलाई सन्तुलित पार्छ जसका कारण कोल्लोइड [[:en:Colloids|(Colloid)]] बन्छ । अन्तत : फिँज ध्वस्त हुन्छ र बिलाउँछ भने पानी मैदानमै रहन्छ । भ्यानिसिङ् स्प्रे छर्किएको छोटो समयमा नै विलय हुने एरोसल पेन्ट(aerosol paint) हो जसलाई रेफ्रीले फ्रि-किक हान्ने ठाउँबाट १० गज टाढा छर्किएर एउटा रेखा कोरिदिन्छन् । विपक्षी खेलाडीले फ्रिकिक प्रहार गर्नुअघि त्यो रेखा कट्नुहुन्न । ==म== * '''म्याजिक स्पोन्ज (Magic sponge)''': कपास जस्तो नरम वस्तु जसमा पानी भरिएको हुन्छ जुन घाइते भएका खेलाडीहरूको शरीरमा प्रयोग गरिन्छ जसले खेलाडी बौरिन्छ । ==य== * '''यल्लो कार्ड (Yellow card)''': कुनै पनि खेलाडीले खेलको भावना विपरित व्यवहार देखाएमा (फाउल खेलेमा, गालीगलौज गरेमा, रेफ्री वा अरू कसैलाइ अपशब्द प्रयोग गरेमा, खेल चलिरहेको बेला जानीजानी हातले बल छोएमा आदि) चेतावनी स्वरूप देखाइने पहेँलो रङ्को बाक्लो कागजको आयताकार टुक्रा । कुनै खेलाडीले एकै खेलमा दुइवटा पहेँलो कार्ड पाए उसले मैदान छोडेर बाहिर जानुपर्छ । लगातार दुइ खेलमा एक/एक वटा पहेँलो कार्ड पाए ऊ तेस्रो खेल खेल्न प्रतिबन्धित हुन्छ । रेफ्रीले पहेँलो कार्ड देखाएमा त्यसलाई बुकिङ् पनि भन्ने गरिन्छ । ==र== * '''रबोना (Rabona)''': भकुण्डो प्रहार गर्ने तरिका जहाँ भकुण्डो प्रहार गर्ने खुट्टालाई उभिन मद्दत गर्ने खुट्टामा लपेटिन्छ र भकुण्डो प्रहार गरिन्छ । * '''रोय अफ द रोभर्स स्टफ (Roy of the Rovers stuff) : खेलका दौरान घट्ने घटना, जहाँ कुनै एउटा बलियो टोली विरूद्धको खेल जित्न अर्को टोलीलाई अत्याधिक सङ्घर्ष गर्नुपर्छ । ==ल== [[File:Clemens Schüttengruber, Fußballschiedsrichter (03).jpg|right|thumb|upright|alt=कालो पोशाकमा रहेका व्यक्ति; लाइन्स म्यान, जसले हातमा एउटा झण्डा बोकेका छन् ।]] * '''लस्ट द ड्रेसिङ् रूम (Lost the dressing room)]]''': टोलीका प्रशिक्षकले सोच्नु कि टोलीले आफ्नो नियन्त्रण गुमायो । त्यो अवस्थामा खेलाडीहरू बिच तालमेल मिलिरहेको हुँदैन ।<ref name="dressingroom">[http://www.metro.co.uk/sport/football/818047-top-five-managers-sacked-after-losing-dressing-room "Will Albert Riera cost Benitez his job? Top five managers sacked after losing the dressing room"]. ''Metro''. 18 March 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2018.</ref> ==व== ==श== ==ष== ==स== ==ह== ==क्ष== ==त्र== ==ज्ञ== ==सन्दर्भ सामाग्री== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:फुटबल]] 8qkjuaw6wgx0d2lreo9rkayy52412rd 0 100433 1358560 1197641 2026-06-09T11:06:55Z Biplab Anand 13653 [[प्रयोगकर्ता:बडा काजी/नेपालीकरण|एक उपकरण]] प्रयोग गरेर व्याकरण ठीक गरियो 1358560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox international football competition | tourney_name = फिफा विश्वकप | year = २०२६ | other_titles = FIFA World Cup United 2026 <br/>Copa Mundial de la FIFA Unidos 2026<br/>Coupe du Monde de la FIFA - Unis 2026<br /> | image = [[चित्र:NAFTA logo.png|thumbnail]] [[चित्र:Flag of the North American Free Trade Agreement (standard version).svg|thumbnail]][[चित्र:FIFA World Cup wordmark.svg|thumbnail]] | size = | caption = आधिकारिक लोगो | country = {{flagicon|Canada}} क्यानडा | country2 = {{flagicon|Mexico}} मेक्सिको | country3 = {{flagicon|United States}} संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका | dates = जुन–जुलाई | confederations = ६ | num_teams = ४८ | venues = १६ | cities = १६ | champion = | count = | second = | third = | fourth = | matches = | goals = | attendance = | top_scorer = | player = | goalkeeper = | young_player = | fair_play = | prevseason = [[२०२२ फिफा विश्वकप|२०२२]] | nextseason = ''[[२०३० फिफा विश्वकप|२०३०]]'' }} '''२०२६ फिफा विश्वकप''' , अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय पुरुष फुटबल च्याम्पियनसिप हो र यो [[फिफा विश्वकप]]को २३औँ संस्करण हो। यो प्रतियोगिता संयुक्त उत्तरी अमेरिकी देशहरूका १६ शहरहरूमा संयुक्त रूपमा आयोजना गरिने छ। क्वाटरफाइनल, सेमिफाइनल र फाइनलमा ६० खेल [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]द्वारा आयोजना गरिनेछ भने छिमेकी [[क्यानडा|क्यानाडा]] र [[मेक्सिको]]ले प्रत्येक १०-१० खेलहरूको आयोजना गर्नेछन्। यो प्रतियोगिता पहिलो पटक ३ राष्ट्र द्वारा आयोजित हुनेछ।<ref>{{cite news |title=फिफा विश्वकप २०२६: २०२६ फिफा विश्वकप अमेरिका, क्यानडा, र मेक्सिकोमा हुने भएको छ। |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44464913 |accessdate=१३ जुन २०१८ |publisher=बिबिसी|date=१३ जुन २०१८}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== [[श्रेणी:फिफा विश्वकप]] [[श्रेणी:विकिथन-७ मा बनाइएका वा सुधारिएका लेखहरू]] 2id1hy6eollltnw6btynmgbnz3qoxuj 1358561 1358560 2026-06-09T11:13:03Z Biplab Anand 13653 सुधार गरियो 1358561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox international football competition | year = २०२६ | tourney_name = फिफा विश्वकप | other_titles = | image = 2026 FIFA World Cup emblem.svg | size = 250x250px | alt = २०२६ फिफा विश्वकपको प्रतीक चिन्ह <!--Do not add flags to country parameters as per WP:INFOBOXFLAG.--> | country = क्यानडा | country2 = मेक्सिको | country3 = संयुक्त राज्य | dates = जुन ११ – जुलाई १९ | num_teams = ४८ | confederations = ६ | venues = १६ | cities = १६ | champion = | count = | second = | third = | fourth = | matches = <!--{{#invoke:Goalscorers|matches|2026 FIFA World Cup}}--> | goals = <!--{{#invoke:Goalscorers|goals|2026 FIFA World Cup}}--> | attendance = <!--{{#invoke:Football attendance summation|main|groups=A-L}}--> | top_scorer = <!--{{#invoke:Goalscorers|topscorer|2026 FIFA World Cup}}--> | player = | goalkeeper = | young_player = | fair_play = | prevseason = [[२०२२ फिफा विश्वकप|२०२२]] | nextseason = ''[[२०३० फिफा विश्वकप|२०३०]]'' | updated = <!--{{#invoke:Goalscorers|date|2026 FIFA World Cup|mdy=y}}--> }} '''२०२६ फिफा विश्वकप''' अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय पुरुष फुटबल प्रतियोगिता हो र यो [[फिफा विश्वकप]]को २३औँ संस्करण हो। यो प्रतियोगिता संयुक्त उत्तरी अमेरिकी देशहरूका १६ सहरहरूमा संयुक्त रूपमा आयोजना गरिनेछ। क्वाटरफाइनल, सेमिफाइनल र फाइनल गरी जम्मा ६० खेलहरू [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]द्वारा आयोजना गरिनेछ भने छिमेकी [[क्यानडा|क्यानाडा]] र [[मेक्सिको]]ले प्रत्येक १०-१० खेलहरूको आयोजना गर्नेछन्। यो प्रतियोगिता पहिलो पटक ३ राष्ट्रहरूद्वारा आयोजित हुनेछ।<ref>{{cite news |title=फिफा विश्वकप २०२६: २०२६ फिफा विश्वकप अमेरिका, क्यानडा, र मेक्सिकोमा हुने भएको छ। |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44464913 |accessdate=१३ जुन २०१८ |publisher=बिबिसी|date=१३ जुन २०१८}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== [[श्रेणी:फिफा विश्वकप]] [[श्रेणी:विकिथन-७ मा बनाइएका वा सुधारिएका लेखहरू]] biutipf06nk2cmauj7jq7rc6runfjff 14 101041 1358537 684694 2026-06-09T07:51:40Z Saroj 31493 [[श्रेणी:विश्वका दार्शनिकहरू]]बाट [[श्रेणी:राष्ट्रियता अनुसार दार्शनिकहरू]]मा सारियो [[c:Help:Cat-a-lot|क्याट-अ-लट]] प्रयोग गरेर 1358537 wikitext text/x-wiki चिनियाँ दार्शनिकहरू [[श्रेणी:राष्ट्रियता अनुसार दार्शनिकहरू]] d7j6rq8cn46ke0ap5z7pw1nz3qegp6v 1358539 1358537 2026-06-09T07:54:18Z Saroj 31493 // Edit via Wikiplus 1358539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons cat|Philosophers from China}} [[श्रेणी:राष्ट्रियता अनुसार दार्शनिकहरू]] qh08g7n17e9m1dtq70hjyikm3htg5f6 14 101043 1358536 1348266 2026-06-09T07:51:40Z Saroj 31493 [[श्रेणी:विश्वका दार्शनिकहरू]]बाट [[श्रेणी:राष्ट्रियता अनुसार दार्शनिकहरू]]मा सारियो [[c:Help:Cat-a-lot|क्याट-अ-लट]] प्रयोग गरेर 1358536 wikitext text/x-wiki [[श्रेणी:राष्ट्रियता अनुसार दार्शनिकहरू]] hk0frvp541w3e266cobelgfzev77rmo 1358541 1358536 2026-06-09T07:56:35Z Saroj 31493 // Edit via Wikiplus 1358541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons cat|Philosophers from Greece}} [[श्रेणी:राष्ट्रियता अनुसार दार्शनिकहरू]] 79awk6m4bxtylcjsh6q0zwbnweypxpl 14 101045 1358534 684706 2026-06-09T07:51:17Z Saroj 31493 Saroj ले [[श्रेणी:विश्वका दार्शनिकहरू]] मा पुनर्निर्देश नछोडि त्यसलाई [[श्रेणी:राष्ट्रियता अनुसार दार्शनिकहरू]] मा सारेको हो 684706 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 1358538 1358534 2026-06-09T07:52:54Z Saroj 31493 1358538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{commons category}} {{container category}} [[श्रेणी:दार्शनिक| राष्ट्रियता]] f69sempbi9a1drowbqckwz74yividlj 14 101046 1358535 684710 2026-06-09T07:51:40Z Saroj 31493 [[श्रेणी:विश्वका दार्शनिकहरू]]बाट [[श्रेणी:राष्ट्रियता अनुसार दार्शनिकहरू]]मा सारियो [[c:Help:Cat-a-lot|क्याट-अ-लट]] प्रयोग गरेर 1358535 wikitext text/x-wiki भारतीय दार्शनिकहरू [[श्रेणी:राष्ट्रियता अनुसार दार्शनिकहरू]] j1zgr5hkn2iwx8hk7bzf3r7hidw0bmb 1358540 1358535 2026-06-09T07:55:12Z Saroj 31493 // Edit via Wikiplus 1358540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons cat|Philosophers from India}} [[श्रेणी:राष्ट्रियता अनुसार दार्शनिकहरू]] lw7qtqg0ctapzoljorse23a4gmvhmy1 0 102685 1358516 1170892 2026-06-09T06:48:53Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Indian politician | image = Yogi Adityanath.jpg | caption = योगी आदित्यनाथ | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|6|5|df=y}} | birth_place = पंचुर, पौड़ी गढ़वाल, [[उत्तराखण्ड]] | residence = गोरखनाथ मठ, [[गोरखपुर]] | nationality = [[भारतीय]] | constituency = [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] विधान परिषद् | office = [[उत्तर प्रदेश को मुख्यमन्त्री]] | term_start = १९ मार्च २०१७ | term_end = | predecessor = [[अखिलेश यादव]] | successor = | constituency2 = [[गोरखपुर लोक सभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र|गोरखपुर]] | office2 = [[सांसद]] | term2 = १९९८ - २०१७ | predecessor2 = महन्त अवैद्यनाथ | successor2 = प्रवीण कुमार निषाद | party = [[भारतीय जनता पार्टी]] | website = {{URL|http://www.yogiadityanath.in/}} }} '''योगी आदित्यनाथ''' (मूल नाम: अजय सिंह बिष्ट<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/who-is-yogi-adityanath-mp-head-of-gorakhnath-temple-and-a-political-rabble-rouser/story-tTAP7eBbg5nrTU93NLLZbO.html Who is Yogi Adityanath? MP, head of Gorakhnath temple and a political rabble-rouser], Hindustan Times, 7 February 2019.</ref>, जन्म ५ जुन १९७२) एक भारतीय राजनीतिज्ञ तथा उत्तर प्रदेशको वर्तमान मुख्यमन्त्री हुन्। प्रमुख अभियानकार रहेका उनले १९ मार्च २०१७ मा प्रदेश को विधान सभा चुनाव मा [[भारतीय जनता पार्टी]] को ठुलो जीत पछि उनले २१औं मुख्यमन्त्री पद को [[पदको शपथ|शपथ]] लीएका थिए ।<ref name = ndtv>[https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/uttar-pradesh/yogi-adityanath-profile-1670924 योगी आदित्यनाथ को असली नाम ठाकुर अजय सिंह बिस्ट हो । उनको जीवन सङ्ग सम्बन्धित अज्ञात कुराहरु] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318141322/https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/uttar-pradesh/yogi-adityanath-profile-1670924 |date=2017-03-18 }} - एनडीटीवी- ७ फेब्रुअरी २०१९</ref> आदित्यनाथ गोरखपुर को एक हिन्दू मन्दिर गोरखनाथ मठमा मुख्य पुजारी थिए । ==व्यक्तिगत जीवन== == सन्दर्भ == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:राजनीतिज्ञहरू]] [[श्रेणी:भारतको राजनीति]] [[श्रेणी:भारतीय हिन्दुहरू]] 7st5it5lbkhq1h0msosrg44uoqqzbg2 0 102984 1358459 1329858 2026-06-08T17:02:30Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* */ 1358459 wikitext text/x-wiki [[कम्पनी]]ले आर्जन गरेको नाफाबाट आफ्ना सेयरधनी ([[लगानीकर्ता]]) लाई बाँड्ने नाफाको अंशलाई लाभांश भनिन्छ। लाभांश नगद र सेयर दुई किसिमबाट वितरण गरिन्छ ।<ref>नेपालको सेयर बजार : [[रवीन्द्र भट्टराई|रविन्द्र भट्टराई]] </ref> व्यावसायिक सङ्गठनको सञ्चालनको लागि आवश्यक पर्ने पूँजी अंशियारहरूबाट, [[अग्राधिकार सेयर|पूर्वाधिकार सेयरधनी]] र ऋणदाताहरूबाट सङ्कलन गरिन्छ । सङ्गठनले आर्जन गरेको नाफाबाट सर्वप्रथम ऋणदाताहरूलाई व्याज र पूर्वाधिकार सेयरधनीहरूलाई लाभांश वितरण गरिन्छ। सङ्गठनका अंशियार अथवा [[साधारण सेयर|साधारण सेयरधनी]]हरूलाई उक्त सङ्गठनको मालिक मानिन्छ, जसको शेष नाफामा मात्र अधिकार रहन्छ ।<ref>लगानीका आधारभूत सिद्धान्त : अस्मिता बुक्स पब्लिसर्स</ref> == सन्दर्भ सामाग्रीहरू == {{reflist}} == बाह्य सुत्रहरू == {{वित्तीय बजार प्रदर्शन}} [[श्रेणी:वित्तीय बजार]] 86fu1tutjdag3cjnt6mv2pl96bbsauz 0 108936 1358544 1325233 2026-06-09T08:08:11Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = मारिफा | logo = Marefa-logo.png | logo_size = 100px | screenshot = चित्र:मारिफाको पर्दा चित्रण.png | screenshot_size = 300px | caption = गृह पृष्ठ | url = [https://www.marefa.org/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] | alexa = {{DecreasePositive}} १२,३१९ (डिसेम्बर २०१९)<ref name="alexa">{{cite web |title=मारिफाको ट्राफिक, रजनशाङ्खिकि तथा प्रतिस्पर्धाीहरू - अलेक्सा |url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/marefa.org |website=[[अलेक्सा इन्टरनेट|अलेक्सा डटकम]] |accessdate=4 February 2019 |language=अङ्ग्रेजी }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510131844/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/marefa.org |date=10 May 2019 }}</ref> | commercial = ह‌‌न | type = सन्दर्भ | registration = वैकल्पिक | language = अरबी | owner = मारिफा कोष | author = नायल साफेई | launch_date = १६ फेब्रुअरी २०९७ | current_status = चालू }} '''मारिफा''' ({{भाषा-अरबी |المعرفة}}) (अनुवाद - ज्ञान) एक ग‌ैर नाफा मूलक अनलाइन विश्वकोश परियोजना हो जसले विकी प्रणालीको प्रयोग गर्दछ। यसले [[विकिपिडिया]]को समान अरबी विश्वकोश प्रदान गर्दछ। यसलाई १६ फेब्रुअरी २००७ मा नायल साफेईद्वारा स्थापित गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news | last = غصن | first = زينب | title = موسوعة المعرفة ، موسوعة مجانية على الإنترنت ، لزيادة المحتوى الرقمي ، وإحياء تراث نظرية المعرفة باللغة العربية | language = अरबी | work = السفير اللبنانية | date = 18 October 2007 | url = http://www.assafir.com/WeeklyArticle.aspx?EditionId=768&WeeklyArticleId=29106&ChannelId=3894 | accessdate = 9 October 2008 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304002750/http://www.assafir.com/WeeklyArticle.aspx?WeeklyArticleId=29106&EditionId=768&ChannelId=3894 |date=4 March 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = مصطفى | first = الجيش|title=مشروع جديد على الإنترنت لنشر المخطوطات والكتب التراثية|language=अरबी|work=अल राय|date=16 October 2008|url=http://www.alraialaam.com/Alrai/Article.aspx?id=2599&searchText=%C7%E1%D4%C7%DD%DA%ED|accessdate=9 October 2008}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> भातृ परियोजनाहरूमा पाण्डुलिपि दस्तावेज, स्रोत, सहयोगी पुस्तक, मञ्च, इडाँक खाता (असीमित भण्डारणको साथ), श्रव्य / श्रव्य दृश्य पुस्तकालय समावेश छन्। सेप्टेम्बर, २००७ मा, मारिफाले भारत सरकारबाट २५,००० पाण्डुलिपि तथा पुराना पुस्तकहरू अरबी लिपिमा प्राप्त गरेको थियो। यी पुस्तकहरू स्क्यान गरिएका चित्रहरू हुन् जुन [[भारत]]को उस्मानिया विश्वविद्यालय , हैदराबादमा भण्डारण गरिएको थियो। यी पुस्तकहरू अरबी, फारसी र अटोमन टुर्कीमा उपलब्ध थिए। मारिफाले उनीहरूको इलेक्ट्रोनिक प्रकाशन तुरून्त सुरू गर्दै तिनीहरूलाई निःशुल्क उपलब्ध गराएको थियो। अरबी सम्पदाको उल्लेखनीय विश्वव्यापी सांस्कृतिक केन्द्रहरू जस्तै सुलेमानी पुस्तकालय , इस्तानबुल र अजहर विश्वविद्यालय, काइरो सहित नर्थ क्यारोलिना विश्वविद्यालयले मारिफालाई अरबी पाण्डुलिपिहरूको लागि शीर्ष आठ स्रोतहरूमध्ये एकको रूपमा राखेका थिए।<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.unc.edu/~cernst/mss.htm | title = RESOURCES ON PERSIAN AND ARABIC SCRIPTS & MANUSCRIPTS | date = October 2007 | publisher = युएनसी | accessdate = 2008-10-09 }}</ref> मध्य पूर्व पुस्तकालय सङ्घले मारिफालाई आफ्ना सदस्यहरूलाई सिफारिस गर्दै [[भारत सरकार]]बाट अरबी र [[फारसी भाषा|फारसी]] पुस्तक तथा हस्तलिपिहरू प्राप्त गर्नका लागि उद्धृत गरेको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.lib.umich.edu/area/MELANotes/MELANotes80/KhalidiO.pdf | author = عمر الخالدي | title =الام عارف العثمان | publisher = | year = सन् २०९७ |accessdate = 2008-10-09 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.islamonline.net/?p=166|title=دكتور نايل الشافعي: مؤسس “موسوعة المعرفة”: لا يوجد غداء مجاني|author=|date=|work=أرشيف إسلام أون لاين|accessdate=डिसेम्बर २०१८}}</ref> == बहु सञ्चार माध्यम == लेख र मूल पाण्डुलिपिहरूको अतिरिक्त, मारिफाले यसको आगन्तुकहरूको लागि विविध प्रकारका सञ्चार माध्यमका परियोजनाहरू प्रदान गर्दछ। गृह पृष्ठमा, दर्शकहरूले संसारभरका विकास समाचारहरू भेट्टाउन सक्छन् जुन दैनिक रूपमा अद्यावधिक गरिन्छ। मारिफाले हालसालै एक श्रव्य दृश्य पुस्तकालय जोडेको छ जहाँ आगन्तुक, प्रशासक र अन्य आगन्तुकद्वारा उर्ध्वभरण गरिएका श्रव्य दृश्यहरू हेर्न सकिन्छ। सन् २००९ को वसन्तमा, मारिफाले आगन्तुकहरूको लागि साप्ताहिक प्रत्यक्ष सम्मेलन व्याख्यानहरू प्रदान गर्न सुरु गरेको थियो मारिफाका सदस्यहरू र विश्वभरका आगन्तुकहरू उक्त अनलाइन सम्मेलनमा, विश्वव्यापी मुद्दाका बारेमा छलफल गर्न सक्दछन्। आगन्तुकहरू उनीहरूको कम्प्युटरमा वेब क्यामेरा र [[माइक्रोफोन]] राखेर र वास्तविक समयमा एक अर्कासँग कुराकानी पनि गर्न सक्दछन्। साप्ताहिक सम्मेलन एक अतिथि व्याख्याताले आफ्नो विशेषज्ञताको क्षेत्रको बारेमा बोल्दछन्। विगतका सम्मेलनहरूले यमनी सम्बन्ध विच्छेद आन्दोलन, सन् २००९ को इरानी राष्ट्रिय चुनाव र [[सोमालिया]]को वर्तमान सङ्कटको ऐतिहासिकताको आधारमा वार्ता समावेश गरेका छन्। मारिफाले त्यस्ता सेवाका लागि खाता खोल्न सदस्यहरूलाई [[इमेल|इडाँक]] खाताहरूको प्रस्ताव गर्दछ। == अरबी विकिपिडियासँग सम्बन्ध == मारिफाका संस्थापक, नायल साफेई सन् २००५ देखि सन् २००६ सम्ममा, विभिन्न लेखहरूको सङ्ख्यामा [[अरबी विकिपिडिया]]मा योगदानकर्ताहरू मध्ये एक थिए। पछि उनीले अरबी विकिपिडियाको अधिग्रहणको रूपमा वर्णन गरेका थिए जसले गर्दा उनी प्रतिबन्धमा पुगेका थिए र उनले यसमा योगदान दिन छाडि मारिफाको गठन गरेका थिए।<ref>[[:ar:مستخدم:Shafei|صفحة شخصية لنيل شافعي في ويكيبيديا العربية]]</ref><ref>[[:ar:ويكيبيديا:طلب تدقيق مستخدم/Shafei|صفحة من قضية الشافعي في العربية ويكيبيديا]]</ref> मारिफा, [[विकिपिडिया]] सहित धेरै अनुमति स्रोतहरूबाट सामग्रीहरूका साथ सुरु भएको थियो। मारिफाले यसको साइटको लागि विकी ढाँचाको प्रयोग गर्दछ तर यसले व्यक्ति, मुद्दा, र लेखहरूको प्रदान गर्दछ जुन अरबी विकिपिडियामा प्राय: फेला नपर्न सक्दछ। मारिफा प्राय: आधारभूत सामग्रीका लागि अङ्ग्रेजी र अरबी साइटहरूका सामग्रीहरूको प्रयोग गर्दछ तर मारिफाले थप विवरण, स्रोत, तस्वीर, र लेखहरूका लागि टिप्पणी प्रदान गर्दछ जुन अरबी विकिपिडिया नहुन सक्दछ। मारिफाका लेखहरू [[अरबी भाषा|अरबी]]मा रहेका छन् तर बहुभाषी सूत्रबद्ध प्रणाली पनि समावेश छ।<ref name=permitting>{{Cite web | url = http://www.marefa.org/index.php/المعرفة:تصاريح_بالنقل_والاقتباس | title = المصادر التي تسمح بإعادة النشر والنسخ | publisher = موسوعة المعرفة | accessdate = 2009-07-11 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626050127/http://www.marefa.org/index.php/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9:%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3 |date=2009-06-26 }}</ref> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} == बाह्य कडीहरू == * [https://www.marefa.org आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] [[श्रेणी:अनलाइन विश्वकोशहरू]] [[श्रेणी:अरबी भाषाका विश्वकोशहरू]] 5gcqjarc1izcydctfrcegfc76wt1qgk 0 109085 1358453 1028539 2026-06-08T16:07:37Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* सिद्धान्त */ 1358453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''लिओन ट्रोट्स्की'''{{efn|{{lang-rus|links=no|Лев Давидович Троцкий|p=ˈlʲɛf ˈtrotskʲɪj|a=ru-Leon Trotsky.ogg}}; {{lang-uk|link=no|Лев Давидович Троцький}}; also transliterated ''Lyev'', ''Trotski'', ''Trotskij'', ''Trockij'' and ''Trotzky''.}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|r|ɒ|t|s|k|i}};<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Trotsky}}</ref> जन्म लेभ डाभिडोभिच ब्रोन्सटेन;{{efn|Russian and Ukrainian: Лев (Лейба) Давидович Бронштейн}} {{OldStyleDate|७ नोभेम्बर|१८७९|२६ अक्टोबर}} – २१ अगस्ट १९४०) एक रूसी सोभियत क्रान्तिकारी, मार्क्सवादी विचारक चिन्तक र राजनीतिज्ञ थिए। उनको मार्क्सवादी चिन्तनलाई ट्रोट्स्कीवादको नामले चिनिन्छ। ट्रोट्स्कीले सुरुमा [[मेन्सेविकहरू|मेन्सेभिक पार्टि]]लाई समर्थन गरेका थिए। १९१७ को [[अक्टोबर क्रान्ति|अक्टोबरको क्रांति]]को केही अघि मात्र उनले बोल्सेभिक पार्टीमा प्रवेश गरेका थिए। त्यसपछि उनी तुरुन्तै सोभियत सङ्घ कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको नेता बने। ट्रोट्स्की बोल्सेभिक क्रान्तिलाई व्यवस्थापन गर्न १९१७ मा बनेको पहिलो पोलिट्ब्युरो को सात सदस्य मध्ये एक थिए। <ref>Dmitri Volkogonov, ''Lenin. A New Biography'', translated and edited by Harold Shukman (New York: The Free Press, 1994), pg. 185.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref> == बाल्यकाल र परिवार (१८७९ – १८९५) == == रूसी क्रान्ति र पछि == ===सिद्धान्त === ट्रोट्स्की द्वारा विकास गरिएको निरन्तर क्रान्ति को सिद्दान्त अनुसार: # समाजवाद निर्माण एक देशमा अलगै गर्न सकिन्न; त्यसको लागि राष्ट्रिय क्रान्ति क्षेत्रीय, अन्तरराष्ट्रिय क्रान्ति सँग जोडीनु अनिबार्य छ; # [[सर्वहारावर्गको अधिनायकत्व|सर्बहाराको अधिनायकत्व]] लोकतान्त्रिक सिद्दान्तमा आधारित हुनुपर्दछ, अर्थात सर्बहराको लागि लोकतन्त्र र शोषक बिरुद्ध [[तानाशाही]]; {स्टालिन-पन्थी नोकर्शाहीको जस्तो निरपेक्ष्य तानाशाही होइन, किनकी त्यस्तो तानाशाहीले अग्रगमन होइन, केबल मध्ययुग तिर क्रान्तिलाई फर्काउने छ}। # साम्राज्यबादीले पिछडिएको मुलुकमा पूँजीवादको विकास हुन दिँदैन; तेसैले पिछडिएको मुलुकमा हुने लोकतान्त्रिक क्रान्तिहरु सर्बहारा बर्गले नेत्रित्व गर्ने हुनाले ति क्रान्तिहरु समाजबादी क्रान्तिमा रुपान्तरित नभएसम्म निरन्तर चल्छन। # पार्टी भित्रको नोकरशाही तत्वले सत्ता कब्जा गरेमा प्रतिक्रान्ती मार्फत अन्ततोगत्वा ऊ पूँजिबादी शोषक बर्गमा रुपान्तरित हुनेछ। # क्रान्तिको नेत्रित्व श्रमिक सर्बहाराले ग्रामीण किसान समेतको नेत्रित्व गर्दै सम्पन्न गर्नु पर्दछ; किसान बर्गले नेत्रित्व गर्ने क्रान्तिमा अन्ततोगत्वा उस्ले सहरी निम्नपूजिबादी बर्ग मार्फत बुर्झुवा बर्गमै सत्ता हस्तान्तरण हुनेछ। # उत्पादनका साधनहरु राष्ट्रियकरण गरिएको समाजबादि अर्थ ब्यबस्थामा {सामराज्यबादी अर्थब्यबस्था सँग प्रतिस्पर्धा गर्नका लागि} उत्पादक्त्व र उत्पादनको गुणस्तर ब्रिद्धी गर्न समाजबादि उत्पादक र उपभोक्ता बिचमा आलोचाना र पहल गर्ने स्वतन्त्रता सुनिस्चित हुनुपर्दछ; जुन कुराहरु डर; झूट र चाकरीमा आधारित भएको नोकर्शाही ब्यक्ति-सत्तामा सम्भब हुँदैन। == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == [[श्रेणी:मेन्सेविकहरू]] <references group="lower-alpha" /> ogqg2ue9pubtdw97tu8ss9ihbprzhh4 1358454 1358453 2026-06-08T16:08:10Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* सिद्धान्त */ 1358454 wikitext text/x-wiki '''लिओन ट्रोट्स्की'''{{efn|{{lang-rus|links=no|Лев Давидович Троцкий|p=ˈlʲɛf ˈtrotskʲɪj|a=ru-Leon Trotsky.ogg}}; {{lang-uk|link=no|Лев Давидович Троцький}}; also transliterated ''Lyev'', ''Trotski'', ''Trotskij'', ''Trockij'' and ''Trotzky''.}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|r|ɒ|t|s|k|i}};<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Trotsky}}</ref> जन्म लेभ डाभिडोभिच ब्रोन्सटेन;{{efn|Russian and Ukrainian: Лев (Лейба) Давидович Бронштейн}} {{OldStyleDate|७ नोभेम्बर|१८७९|२६ अक्टोबर}} – २१ अगस्ट १९४०) एक रूसी सोभियत क्रान्तिकारी, मार्क्सवादी विचारक चिन्तक र राजनीतिज्ञ थिए। उनको मार्क्सवादी चिन्तनलाई ट्रोट्स्कीवादको नामले चिनिन्छ। ट्रोट्स्कीले सुरुमा [[मेन्सेविकहरू|मेन्सेभिक पार्टि]]लाई समर्थन गरेका थिए। १९१७ को [[अक्टोबर क्रान्ति|अक्टोबरको क्रांति]]को केही अघि मात्र उनले बोल्सेभिक पार्टीमा प्रवेश गरेका थिए। त्यसपछि उनी तुरुन्तै सोभियत सङ्घ कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको नेता बने। ट्रोट्स्की बोल्सेभिक क्रान्तिलाई व्यवस्थापन गर्न १९१७ मा बनेको पहिलो पोलिट्ब्युरो को सात सदस्य मध्ये एक थिए। <ref>Dmitri Volkogonov, ''Lenin. A New Biography'', translated and edited by Harold Shukman (New York: The Free Press, 1994), pg. 185.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref> == बाल्यकाल र परिवार (१८७९ – १८९५) == == रूसी क्रान्ति र पछि == ===सिद्धान्त === ट्रोट्स्की द्वारा विकास गरिएको निरन्तर क्रान्ति को सिद्दान्त अनुसार: # समाजवाद निर्माण एक देशमा अलगै गर्न सकिन्न; त्यसको लागि राष्ट्रिय क्रान्ति क्षेत्रीय, अन्तरराष्ट्रिय क्रान्ति सँग जोडीनु अनिबार्य छ; # [[सर्वहारावर्गको अधिनायकत्व|सर्बहाराको अधिनायकत्व]] लोकतान्त्रिक सिद्दान्तमा आधारित हुनुपर्दछ, अर्थात सर्बहराको लागि लोकतन्त्र र शोषक बिरुद्ध [[तानाशाही]]; {स्टालिन-पन्थी नोकर्शाहीको जस्तो निरपेक्ष्य तानाशाही होइन, किनकी त्यस्तो तानाशाहीले अग्रगमन होइन, केबल मध्ययुग तिर क्रान्तिलाई फर्काउने छ}। # साम्राज्यबादीले पिछडिएको मुलुकमा पूँजीवादको विकास हुन दिँदैन; तेसैले पिछडिएको मुलुकमा हुने लोकतान्त्रिक क्रान्तिहरु सर्बहारा बर्गले नेत्रित्व गर्ने हुनाले ति क्रान्तिहरु समाजबादी क्रान्तिमा रुपान्तरित नभएसम्म निरन्तर चल्छन। # पार्टी भित्रको नोकरशाही तत्वले सत्ता कब्जा गरेमा प्रतिक्रान्ती मार्फत अन्ततोगत्वा ऊ पूँजिबादी शोषक बर्गमा रुपान्तरित हुनेछ। # क्रान्तिको नेत्रित्व श्रमिक सर्बहाराले ग्रामीण किसान समेतको नेत्रित्व गर्दै सम्पन्न गर्नु पर्दछ; किसान बर्गले नेत्रित्व गर्ने क्रान्तिमा अन्ततोगत्वा उस्ले सहरी निम्नपूजिबादी बर्ग मार्फत बुर्झुवा बर्गमै सत्ता हस्तान्तरण हुनेछ। # उत्पादनका साधनहरु राष्ट्रियकरण गरिएको समाजबादि अर्थ ब्यबस्थामा {सामराज्यबादी अर्थब्यबस्था सँग प्रतिस्पर्धा गर्नका लागि} उत्पादक्त्व र उत्पादनको गुणस्तर ब्रिद्धी गर्न समाजबादि उत्पादक र उपभोक्ता बिचमा आलोचाना र पहल गर्ने स्वतन्त्रता सुनिस्चित हुनुपर्दछ; जुन कुराहरु डर; झूट र चाकरीमा आधारित भएको नोकर्शाही ब्यक्ति-सत्तामा सम्भब हुँदैन। == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == [[श्रेणी:मेन्सेविकहरू]] <references group="lower-alpha" /> okqqwytx9c3g873cmg31hj8tf341sea 0 110485 1358510 1350221 2026-06-09T06:38:11Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* प्रतिनिधि सभाको सदस्य */ 1358510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Nepali politician}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = रेशमलाल चौधरी | native_name = | office= प्रतिनिधि सभा सदस्य | term_start = २०७५ पुस २९<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://hr.parliament.gov.np/uploads/attachments/z3qljvte6vwen2cy.pdf |title=संघीय संसद सदस्य, २०७४ परिचयात्मक पुस्तिका |publisher=Federal Parliament Secretariat |year=2021 |location=Nepal |pages=270 |language=ne |trans-title=Federal Parliament Members 2017 Introduction Booklet}}</ref> | term_end = २०७५ फाल्गुन २२ | predecessor = जनकराज चौधरी | successor = | constituency = कैलाली १ | birth_place = २०३४ असोज २१<br>[[टीकापुर]], कैलाली | nationality = नेपाली | spouse = [[रञ्जिता श्रेष्ठ]] | party = [[नागरिक उन्मुक्ति पार्टी]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.setopati.com/politics/258599|title=रेशम चौधरीको नयाँ दलको नाम 'नागरिक उन्मुक्ति पार्टी', अध्यक्षमा श्रीमती श्रेष्ठ रञ्जिता}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | otherparty = [[राष्ट्रिय जनता पार्टी नेपाल|राष्ट्रिय जनता पार्टी]]<br/>[[जनता समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल|जनता समाजवादी पार्टी]] | occupation = राजनीति | module = {{Infobox criminal|child=yes | known for = [[टिकापुर हत्याकाण्ड|टीकापुर घटना]] | movement = ''थरुहट'' आन्दोलन | criminal_charge = murder, conspiracy to commit murder, instigating violence, several others | conviction_status = | conviction_penalty = Life in prison | trial_end = 7 March 2019 | date = २०७२ भदौ ७ | locations = टीकापुर, कैलाली, नेपाल | targets = नेपाल प्रहरीका जवानहरु | fatalities = ८ (एउटा बच्चा) | weapons = | disappeared_date= | time_at_large = | disappeared_status= }} }} [[चित्र:Resham lal chaudhary.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार]] '''रेशम लाल चौधरी''' एक [[नेपाल|नेपाली]] पूर्व [[प्रतिनिधि सभा (नेपाल)|संसद]] सदस्य हुन् जसलाई [[टिकापुर हत्याकाण्ड|२०७२ मा टीकापुर घटना]] गर्न प्रोत्साहन गरेको भूमिकामा जेल सजाय सुनाइएको थियो। <ref name="ktmpost">{{Cite news|url=https://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2019-03-07/resham-chaudhary-10-others-sentenced-to-life-in-prison-for-tikapur-violence.html/|title=Resham Chaudhary and ten others sentenced to life for 2015 violence in Tikapur|access-date=16 April 2019|publisher=The Kathmandu Post}}</ref> उनी २०८० जेठ १५ गते गणतन्त्र दिवसको अवसरमा राष्ट्रपति बाट आममाफी पाई जेलमुक्त भएका हुन। == २०७२ को टीकापुर घटनामा भूमिका == याे पृष्ठ खाली किन छ? == प्रतिनिधि सभाको सदस्य == [[प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचन, २०७४|२०७४ सालको प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचन]]मा कैलाली कैलाली क्षेत्र नम्बर १ को लागि [[राष्ट्रिय जनता पार्टी नेपाल|राष्ट्रिय जनता पार्टी नेपाल (राजपा)]] को तर्फबाट प्रतिनिधिसभा प्रत्यक्ष उम्मेदवार [[रेशमलाल चौधरी]] ३४ हजार ३ सय ४१ मत ल्याउदै विजयी भएका थिए। उनका निकटम प्रतिद्वन्द्वी बामगठबन्धनकी मदनकुमारी शाह (गरिमा ) भन्दा २० हजार ९ सय ३५ मतान्तरले हराउदै विजयी भएका थिए । निर्वाचन सम्पन्न भएको १३ महिनापछि कैलाली–१बाट निर्वाचित चौधरीले पद तथा गोपनीयताको [[पदको शपथ|शपथ ग्रहण]] गरेका थिए । तत्कालीन सभामुख [[कृष्णबहादुर महरा]]ले उनलाई २०७५ पुस १९ गते [[सिंहदरबार]]मा शपथ खुवाएका हुन् । डिल्लीबजारस्थित सदर खोरमा थुनामा रहेका चौधरीलाई सिंहदरबार ल्याएर शपथ गराई, सांसदको लोगोसहित पुनः कारागार पठाइएको थियो। == दोष र वाक्य == ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== *[[नागरिक उन्मुक्ति पार्टी]] == सन्दर्भ == [[श्रेणी:जीवित मानिसहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका सांसदहरू २०७४–२०७९]] ruzgdln5dv9d22s1jowkgr309b5x2vc 0 111843 1358495 1164772 2026-06-09T05:51:30Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* */ 1358495 wikitext text/x-wiki तीन विभिन्न रङको पट्टि भएको झण्डालाई '''तिरङ्गा'' भनिन्छ। यो पट्टि ठूलो सानो वा समान हुन सक्छ; क्षैतिज (तेर्सो) वा उर्ध्व (ठाडो) विभाजित हुन सक्छ। फ्रान्स, इटाली, रोमानिया, मेक्सिको र आयरल्यान्डका झण्डाहरु सबै [[फ्रान्सेली राज्यक्रान्ति]] देखि [[फ्रान्सको क्रान्ति (१८४८)|१८४८ को क्रान्ति]]को बिचको अवधिमा स्वतन्त्र गणराज्य बनेपछि अस्तित्वमा आएका थिए।.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/tricolor|title=tricolor - definition of tricolor in English {{!}} Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English|access-date=2016-10-31}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101101940/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/tricolor |date=2016-11-01 }}</ref> == अन्य तिरङ्गा झण्डा == {{Begin flag gallery}} {{Flag entry|Image=Flag of Armenia.svg|Caption=आर्मीनिया को झण्डा (क्षैतिज तिरंगा)}} {{Flag entry|Image=Flag of Germany.svg|Caption=जर्मनी को ध्वज (क्षैतिज तिरंगा))}} {{Flag entry|Image=Flag of India.svg|Caption=[[भारतको झण्डा]]}} {{New flag row}} {{Flag entry|Image=Flag of the Netherlands.svg|Caption=[[नेदरल्यान्ड को ध्वज]] (horizontal tricolour)}} {{Flag entry|Image=Flag of Russia.svg|Caption=[[रूसको झण्डा|रूसको ध्वज]] (क्षैतिज तिरंगा)}} {{Flag entry|Image=Flag of Serbia.svg|Caption=[[सर्बियाको झण्डा ]] (क्षैतिज तिरंगा)}} {{New flag row}} {{Flag entry|Image=Flag of France.svg|Caption=[[फ्रान्सको झण्डा]] (उर्ध्व तिरंगा)}} {{Flag entry|Image=Flag of Ireland.svg|Caption=[[आयरल्यान्डको झंडा]] (उर्ध्व तिरंगा)}} {{Flag entry|Image=Flag of Italy.svg|Caption=[[इटलीको ध्वज]] (उर्ध्व तिरंगा)}} {{New flag row}} {{Flag entry|Image=Flag of The Gambia.svg|Caption=[[गाम्बियाको झण्डा]]}} {{End flag gallery}} ==सन्दर्भ== {{reflist}} [[Category:Color schemes]] [[Category:झण्डाको किसिम]] [[Category:फ्रान्सेली राज्यक्रान्ति]] [[Category:उदारवाद]] [[Category:राष्ट्रवाद]] [[Category:राजनैतिक झण्डाहरु]] [[Category:गणतन्त्रवाद]] [[Category:क्रान्तिहरू]] [[Category:डिजाइन अनुसार झण्डा]] [[श्रेणी:फ्रान्सेली राज्यक्रान्ति]] bg6j4pvjkev15k4hno58fi08rwlcz3g 0 112958 1358446 1358389 2026-06-08T14:25:23Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* */ 1358446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder | honorific_suffix = | name = चन्द्रशेखर उपाध्याय | honorific_prefix = | image = |image_size = 300px | caption = | birth_date = | death_date = | birth_place = | death_place = | father = दीनानाथ उपाध्याय | mother = | spouse = | citizenship =[[मकवानपुर राज्य|मकवानपुर]] → नेपाल | nationality = [[मकवानपुर राज्य|मकवानपुर]]<br>नेपाल | children = |office = कलकत्तामा नेपालको वकिल |term_start = |term_end = |monarch = [[गीर्वाणयुद्ध विक्रम शाह]] <br> [[राजेन्द्र वीरविक्रम शाह|राजेन्द्र विक्रम शाह]] |predecessor = दीनानाथ उपाध्याय |successor = उमाकान्त उपाध्याय |nickname = | birth_name = | relations = | laterwork = }} '''चन्द्रशेखर उपाध्याय''' [[रणबहादुर शाह]] र [[भीमसेन थापा]]को समयमा नेपालका एक दरबारी, राजदूत, कूटनीतिज्ञ थिए। सन् १८१५ [[सुगौली सन्धि]]मा नेपालको तर्फबाट [[गजराज मिश्र]] र चन्द्रशेखर उपाध्यायले हस्ताक्षर गरेका थिए। उनका पिता दीनानाथ उपाध्याय विशिष्ट कुटनैतिक क्षमता भएका व्यक्तित्व थिए। तर चन्द्रशेखर नेपाल दरबारको सम्पर्कमा बसेर लामो समय कूटनीतिमा सक्रिय रहे पनि उनले वि.सं १८७१–७२ को [[नेपाल अङ्ग्रेज युद्ध|नेपाल–अङ्ग्रेज युद्ध]] टार्न सकेनन्। बरु वि.सं १८७२ फागुनतिर हस्ताक्षर भएको सर्वाधिक विवादित [[सुगौली सन्धि]]मा [[गजराज मिश्र]]सँगै नेपालका तर्फबाट हस्ताक्षर गर्ने काममा उनी संलग्न हुनु पर्‍यो ।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=तलहटी विवादमा, पृथ्वीनारायणको सफल कूटनीति |url=https://gorkhapatraonline.com/news/138513 |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=GorakhaPatra|date=२७ पुस २०८१|last=मोहन थापा|first=Author}}</ref> सन्धिमा नेपालले १/३ भूभाग गुमाउनु पऱ्यो । त्यसपछि चन्द्रशेखरले झाँगाझोलीमा प्रायश्चित गर्दै एउटा पाटी र गुठीको स्थापना गरे । उपाध्याय सुगौली सन्धीपछी [[कोलकाता|कलकत्ता]]मा नेपालको वकील कार्यलयमा वकील भएका थिए। उनले कलकत्ताबाट भीमसेन थापालाई लेखेको केही पत्र [[संशोधन मण्डल]] पूर्णिमाले प्रकाशित गरेको छ।<ref>{{Cite journal |title=ज. भीमसेन थापालाई वकील चन्द्रशेखर उपाध्यायले कलकत्ताबाट वि.सं. १८७५ वैशाखवदि ६ रोज ४ को दिन लेखेको पत्र |url=https://d1i1jdw69xsqx0.cloudfront.net/digitalhimalaya/collections/journals/purnima/pdf/Purnima_15_01.pdf |journal=पूर्णिमा |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=13-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=ज. भीमसेन थापालाई वकील चन्द्रशेखर उपाध्यायले कलकत्ताबाट वि. सं. १८८० आश्विनवदि २ रोज २ को दिन लेखेको पत्र |url=https://d1i1jdw69xsqx0.cloudfront.net/digitalhimalaya/collections/journals/purnima/pdf/Purnima_15_01.pdf |journal=15 |volume=01 |pages=22-24}}</ref> उनले संवत्‌ १८७५ पौष वदि ३० का दिन मुख्तियारलाई बर्मा सरकारले नेपालसँग सम्बन्ध कायम गर्न आशय व्यक्त गरेको कुरा उल्लेख गर्दै पत्र लेखेका थिए।<ref>{{cite book|title=जनरल भीमसेन थापा र तत्कालीन नेपाल|author=[[चित्तरञ्जन नेपाली]]|page=129-133|date=2020 BS|publisher=मेरी राजभण्डारी|isbn=|url=}}</ref> == पूर्वज == उनका पूर्वजहरू [[मकवानपुर राज्य]]का कर्मचारी थिए । उनका पिता दीनानाथ उपाध्याय [[मकवानपुर राज्य|मकवानपुर राजा]]का पालादेखि मालपोत विभागमा काम गर्दै आएका थिए। मकवानपुरमा गोर्खालीको अधिकार भएपछि उनी पनि गोर्खाली बनेका थिए । मालपोतसम्बन्धी काममा निपुण भएकाले पृथ्वीनारायणले उनलाई मकवानपुर मालका सुब्बामा नियुक्त गरे।<ref>{{Cite web |title=तराई मधेश एकीकरणमा राष्ट्रनिर्माता |url=https://gorkhapatraonline.com/news/50691 |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=GorakhaPatra}}</ref> पृथ्वीनारायणले दीनानाथलाई अङ्ग्रेजसित सम्झौता गरी तराईको समस्या समाधान गर्ने निर्णय गरेका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |title=हिमाल खबरपत्रिका {{!}} पृथ्वीनारायणको अंग्रेज नीति |url=https://nepalihimal.com/ |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=nepalihimal.com |language=en-US}}</ref> इस्ट इन्डिया कम्पनी सरकारसग सम्पर्क र सम्बन्ध विस्ता र गर्नका लागि त्यति बेलाबेला राजदूतका रुपमा दीनानाथ उपाध्याय नियुक्त भएका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |title=नेपालको भू-राजनीतिक कूटनीति |url=https://yugyandaily.com/news/5713 |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=Yugyan Daily |language=en}}</ref> [[पृथ्वीनारायण शाह]]कै समयदेखि नेपाली वकिलका रूपमा भारतमा कार्यरत थिए। भीमसेन थापाको उदयपछि उनी खोसुवामा परेका थिए। <ref>{{Cite web |title=लडाकु प्रबल राना |url=https://gorkhapatraonline.com/news/105446 |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=GorakhaPatra|date=१५ वैशाख २०८१|last=दिक्पाल|first=राजकुमार}}</ref> == सन्धिवार्ता == नेपालीहरूले बहादुरीसाथ लडेका थिए, तापनि धन र जनले सुसंपन्न शत्रुसितको भीषण मुकाबिलामा नेपाल विजयी हुन सकेन। सेनापति काजी [[अमरसिंह थापा]]को [[आत्मसमर्पण (सैन्य)|आत्मसमर्पण]] पछि त नेपालको युद्ध जित्ने आशा नै मर्न गयो, र अन्तमा विवश मई सन्धिको प्रस्तावका निम्ति बाध्य हुनुपयो । आखिर सन्धिका निम्ति कुरा चल्यो । नेपालसरकारको प्रतिनिधिस्वरूप [[गजराज मिश्र|गजराज]] [[गजराज मिश्र|मिश्र]] तथा चन्द्रशेखर उपाध्यायहरूले -ब्रिटिश कंपनीसरकारका प्रतिनिधिस्वरूप भई आएका कर्नल ब्राडशासित संधिवार्ताहरूमा भाग लिए । वार्तामा कंपनी सरकारका प्रतिनिधिले- 'नेपालको संपूर्ण तराईक्षेत्रमा कंपनी सरकारको अधिकार हुनेछ' भन्ने शर्त राखेको हुँदा पहिलो वार्ता असफल भई टुंगियो । प्रतिनिधिहरू आफआफ्नो देशमा फर्की पुनः युद्धको तयारीमा लाग्न थाले । पछि कंपनीसरकारका अधिकारीहरूले नेपालको संपूर्ण तराई खण्ड लिने मनसुबालाई त्यागेर कोशी र गण्डकीको बीचको भूभाग र अरू केही- क्षेत्र मात्र आफूसँग राखी त्यसको सट्टा दुइ लाख रुपियाँ नेपालसरकारलाई दिने भन्ने शर्त राखी संधि गर्न मञ्जर गरी प्रतिनिधि पठाएको हुँदा- पुनः संधिवार्ता चालू हुन गयो । संधिको प्रस्तावनामा मेजर ब्राडशाले सन् १८१५ डिसेम्बर २ तारीखका दिन सही गरे; र नेपाली प्रतिनिधिले चाहि २८ नोवेम्बरमा सही गरिसकेका थिए । यस संधिको आखिरी दफामुताबिक नेपालसरकारबाट पन्ध्र दिनभिन्न तथा बृटिश गवर्नर जनरलबाट बीस दिनभित्र, अथवा सकेसम्म त्योभन्दा पनि अगाडि स्वीकृति लिनुपर्ने थियो । तर निश्चित अवधिभिन नेपालसरकारबाट स्वीकृति प्राप्त हुन सकेन । नेपालदरबारमा अंग्रेजद्वारा प्रेषित यस संधिलाई स्वीकार गर्ने नगर्ने, भन्ने कुरामा ठूलो बहस चल्यो । [[अमरसिंह थापा]], [[रणजोर थापा]]हरू पुनः युद्ध गर्ने पक्षमा थिए । उनीहरूको विचारानुसार वर्षा प्रारम्भ हुनासाथ अंग्रेजहरू पछाडि हट्न बाध्य हुने थिए । तर त्यस बेलाको स्थिति यस्तो भैसकेको थियो कि लडाइँ जारी गरिराख्नमा नेपाललाई कल्याण थिएन, न त संभव नै थियो। सन्धिपत्रमा नेपालसरकारतर्फबाट निश्चित अवधिभिन्न सही नभएकोले तथा नेपालको युद्ध ने गर्ने इरादा थियो भन्ने किसिमको सूचना पाएकोले- मेजर जनरल ऑक्टरलोनीको नेतृत्वमा एक दल फौजले काठमाडौंतिर प्रस्थान गयो। युद्ध जारी गर्नुपर्छ भन्ने भारादारमध्येका [[रणजोर थापा]]ले आफ्नो नेतृत्वमा रहेको [[हरिहरपुरगढी|हरिहरपुरको गढी]]लाई रक्षा गर्न सकेनन्। उता अक्टरलोनी [[चुरे|चुरेको पहाड]] हुँदै मकवानपुर पुगे। मकवानपुरमा पनि नेपालीहरू हारेपछि नेपालसरकारका युद्धपक्षीय भारादारहरूसमेत संधिका निम्ति तयार भए। नेपालसरकारका प्रतिनिधि गराई लालमोहर लागेको सन्धिको प्रतिलिपिसमेत दिइएर चन्द्रशेखर उपाध्याय मकवानपुर पठाइए । नेपालीहरूले अगाडि नै कुरा टुंगिसकेकोमा संधिमा सही नगरी युद्ध लम्ब्याएको अपराधमा- पूर्वनिश्चित संधि मात्र लागू नभइ चूरेसम्म कम्पनीसरकारको सीमाना हुनेछ, भनी ऑक्टरलोनीले कुरा थपे । युद्ध जारी गर्नुपर्छ,भन्ने भारादारहरू त्यसमा पनि मञ्जर गरी संधिका निम्ति लडखडाइसकेका थिए । नेपालसरकारको स्वीकृतिको छाप लागेको संधिपत्रको प्रति चन्द्रशेखर उपाध्यायले सन् १८१६ मार्च ४ तारीखका दिन (संवत् १८७२ सालमा) दिउँसोको साढे दुइ बजे अंग्रेज कंपनीसरकारका प्रतिनिधिका हात मकवानपुरमा सुम्पे, तथा अंग्रेज प्रतिनिधिले बृटिश गवर्नर जनरलबाट स्वीकृत गरिएको प्रति नेपाली प्रतिनिधिको जिम्मा लाइदिए। र यसरी करीब २ वर्षदेखि नेपाल र बृटिश भारतको बीच चलेको युद्ध बन्द भइ शान्ति कायम भयो । == आलोचना == चन्द्रशेखर उपाध्याय एक हुन चन्द्र सन १८१५ मा सुगौली सन्धी गर्दा नेपालको तर्फबाट ब्रिटिश भारतीय सरकारसङ्ग नेपालको अहित हुने गरी सन्धीमा हस्ताक्ष्रर गर्ने [[गजराज मिश्र]] र यिनै उपाध्याय थिए ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nepalmag.com.np/history/2014/03/23/6667|title=अंग्रेजको नेपाल हडप्ने योजना|last=सापकोटा|first=जनकराज|last2=पन्त|first2=प्रा दिनेशराज|date=९ चैत्र २०७०|website=नेपाल|accessdate=२२ जेष्ठ २०७९}}</ref> सो सन्धी नेपालको अहित मा छ भन्ने थाहा पाउदा पाउदै उताको प्रलोभनमा परेर यिनले नेपालको अहित हुने गरी हस्तक्षर गरे। '''चन्द्रशेखर उपाध्याय''' नेपालनै त्यागेर उतै बसे , कारण नेपालसङ्गको गद्दारी । ब्रिटिश इन्डिया सरकारलाई फाईदा हुने विभिन्न सन्धी तथा सम्झौतामा हस्ताक्षर गर्न र कार्यन्वयन गर्न अनि गराउन दबाब दिने जस्ता भूमिका यिनले निर्बाह गरे । यिनले र गजराज मिश्रले त्यतिबेला सुगौली सन्धीका केही बुदालाई नमानेको भएर र हस्ताक्ष्रर गर्नु पूर्ण नेपाल सरकारमा सो कुरा राखेको भए शायद आजको नेपाल विशाल नेपाल हुन्थ्यो र भारतसङ्ग हाराहारीमा निर्भिक भएर उभिएको हुन्थ्यो । ब्रिटिस इन्डियन सरकारलाई सहयोग गरे बापत उताको सरकारले यिनलाई चल अचल सम्पती दिएर उतै राख्यो , अनि यिनले स्वत: देशलाई घात गरे । मुज्जफरपुरको कर्नलमा यिनलाई ३६ वटा मौजा पनि दिएर राख्यो। यिनका सन्तान त्यहा मजिस्टेट सेमत भएका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |last=हमाल |first=जीवन |date=2021-11-19 |title=नरहरिनाथलाई कुरौटे देख्नेका नजरमा सुगौली सन्धिकर्ता चन्द्रशेखर देशभक्त ? |url=https://golkhabar.com/2021/11/99349/ |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=GOL Khabar}}</ref> गजराज मिश्र र उपाध्यायकै हस्ताक्ष्ररको नतिजा आज देशले भोगिरहेको छ । चन्द्रशेखर उपाध्यायलाई सुगौली सन्धिसँग जोडेर विवादित बनाइँदा उनका पिता एवं सफल कूटनीतिक व्यक्तित्व दीनानाथ उपाध्यायसमेत चर्चा र मूल्याङ्कनको कसीमा ओझेल परेका छन् । <ref name=":0" />    ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[गजराज मिश्र]] == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:नेपालको एकीकरणकाल]] jg2newfl56o4r6zl5z6w4zab0bogpyk 1358447 1358446 2026-06-08T14:39:53Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* सन्धिवार्ता */ 1358447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder | honorific_suffix = | name = चन्द्रशेखर उपाध्याय | honorific_prefix = | image = |image_size = 300px | caption = | birth_date = | death_date = | birth_place = | death_place = | father = दीनानाथ उपाध्याय | mother = | spouse = | citizenship =[[मकवानपुर राज्य|मकवानपुर]] → नेपाल | nationality = [[मकवानपुर राज्य|मकवानपुर]]<br>नेपाल | children = |office = कलकत्तामा नेपालको वकिल |term_start = |term_end = |monarch = [[गीर्वाणयुद्ध विक्रम शाह]] <br> [[राजेन्द्र वीरविक्रम शाह|राजेन्द्र विक्रम शाह]] |predecessor = दीनानाथ उपाध्याय |successor = उमाकान्त उपाध्याय |nickname = | birth_name = | relations = | laterwork = }} '''चन्द्रशेखर उपाध्याय''' [[रणबहादुर शाह]] र [[भीमसेन थापा]]को समयमा नेपालका एक दरबारी, राजदूत, कूटनीतिज्ञ थिए। सन् १८१५ [[सुगौली सन्धि]]मा नेपालको तर्फबाट [[गजराज मिश्र]] र चन्द्रशेखर उपाध्यायले हस्ताक्षर गरेका थिए। उनका पिता दीनानाथ उपाध्याय विशिष्ट कुटनैतिक क्षमता भएका व्यक्तित्व थिए। तर चन्द्रशेखर नेपाल दरबारको सम्पर्कमा बसेर लामो समय कूटनीतिमा सक्रिय रहे पनि उनले वि.सं १८७१–७२ को [[नेपाल अङ्ग्रेज युद्ध|नेपाल–अङ्ग्रेज युद्ध]] टार्न सकेनन्। बरु वि.सं १८७२ फागुनतिर हस्ताक्षर भएको सर्वाधिक विवादित [[सुगौली सन्धि]]मा [[गजराज मिश्र]]सँगै नेपालका तर्फबाट हस्ताक्षर गर्ने काममा उनी संलग्न हुनु पर्‍यो ।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=तलहटी विवादमा, पृथ्वीनारायणको सफल कूटनीति |url=https://gorkhapatraonline.com/news/138513 |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=GorakhaPatra|date=२७ पुस २०८१|last=मोहन थापा|first=Author}}</ref> सन्धिमा नेपालले १/३ भूभाग गुमाउनु पऱ्यो । त्यसपछि चन्द्रशेखरले झाँगाझोलीमा प्रायश्चित गर्दै एउटा पाटी र गुठीको स्थापना गरे । उपाध्याय सुगौली सन्धीपछी [[कोलकाता|कलकत्ता]]मा नेपालको वकील कार्यलयमा वकील भएका थिए। उनले कलकत्ताबाट भीमसेन थापालाई लेखेको केही पत्र [[संशोधन मण्डल]] पूर्णिमाले प्रकाशित गरेको छ।<ref>{{Cite journal |title=ज. भीमसेन थापालाई वकील चन्द्रशेखर उपाध्यायले कलकत्ताबाट वि.सं. १८७५ वैशाखवदि ६ रोज ४ को दिन लेखेको पत्र |url=https://d1i1jdw69xsqx0.cloudfront.net/digitalhimalaya/collections/journals/purnima/pdf/Purnima_15_01.pdf |journal=पूर्णिमा |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=13-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=ज. भीमसेन थापालाई वकील चन्द्रशेखर उपाध्यायले कलकत्ताबाट वि. सं. १८८० आश्विनवदि २ रोज २ को दिन लेखेको पत्र |url=https://d1i1jdw69xsqx0.cloudfront.net/digitalhimalaya/collections/journals/purnima/pdf/Purnima_15_01.pdf |journal=15 |volume=01 |pages=22-24}}</ref> उनले संवत्‌ १८७५ पौष वदि ३० का दिन मुख्तियारलाई बर्मा सरकारले नेपालसँग सम्बन्ध कायम गर्न आशय व्यक्त गरेको कुरा उल्लेख गर्दै पत्र लेखेका थिए।<ref>{{cite book|title=जनरल भीमसेन थापा र तत्कालीन नेपाल|author=[[चित्तरञ्जन नेपाली]]|page=129-133|date=2020 BS|publisher=मेरी राजभण्डारी|isbn=|url=}}</ref> == पूर्वज == उनका पूर्वजहरू [[मकवानपुर राज्य]]का कर्मचारी थिए । उनका पिता दीनानाथ उपाध्याय [[मकवानपुर राज्य|मकवानपुर राजा]]का पालादेखि मालपोत विभागमा काम गर्दै आएका थिए। मकवानपुरमा गोर्खालीको अधिकार भएपछि उनी पनि गोर्खाली बनेका थिए । मालपोतसम्बन्धी काममा निपुण भएकाले पृथ्वीनारायणले उनलाई मकवानपुर मालका सुब्बामा नियुक्त गरे।<ref>{{Cite web |title=तराई मधेश एकीकरणमा राष्ट्रनिर्माता |url=https://gorkhapatraonline.com/news/50691 |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=GorakhaPatra}}</ref> पृथ्वीनारायणले दीनानाथलाई अङ्ग्रेजसित सम्झौता गरी तराईको समस्या समाधान गर्ने निर्णय गरेका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |title=हिमाल खबरपत्रिका {{!}} पृथ्वीनारायणको अंग्रेज नीति |url=https://nepalihimal.com/ |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=nepalihimal.com |language=en-US}}</ref> इस्ट इन्डिया कम्पनी सरकारसग सम्पर्क र सम्बन्ध विस्ता र गर्नका लागि त्यति बेलाबेला राजदूतका रुपमा दीनानाथ उपाध्याय नियुक्त भएका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |title=नेपालको भू-राजनीतिक कूटनीति |url=https://yugyandaily.com/news/5713 |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=Yugyan Daily |language=en}}</ref> [[पृथ्वीनारायण शाह]]कै समयदेखि नेपाली वकिलका रूपमा भारतमा कार्यरत थिए। भीमसेन थापाको उदयपछि उनी खोसुवामा परेका थिए। <ref>{{Cite web |title=लडाकु प्रबल राना |url=https://gorkhapatraonline.com/news/105446 |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=GorakhaPatra|date=१५ वैशाख २०८१|last=दिक्पाल|first=राजकुमार}}</ref> == सन्धिवार्ता == नेपालीहरूले बहादुरीसाथ लडेका थिए, तापनि धन र जनले सुसंपन्न शत्रुसितको भीषण मुकाबिलामा नेपाल विजयी हुन सकेन। सेनापति काजी [[अमरसिंह थापा]]को [[आत्मसमर्पण (सैन्य)|आत्मसमर्पण]] पछि त नेपालको युद्ध जित्ने आशा नै मर्न गयो, र अन्तमा विवश मई सन्धिको प्रस्तावका निम्ति बाध्य हुनुपयो । आखिर सन्धिका निम्ति कुरा चल्यो । नेपालसरकारको प्रतिनिधिस्वरूप [[गजराज मिश्र|गजराज]] [[गजराज मिश्र|मिश्र]] तथा चन्द्रशेखर उपाध्यायहरूले -ब्रिटिश कंपनीसरकारका प्रतिनिधिस्वरूप भई आएका कर्नल ब्राडशासित संधिवार्ताहरूमा भाग लिए । वार्तामा कंपनी सरकारका प्रतिनिधिले- 'नेपालको संपूर्ण तराईक्षेत्रमा कंपनी सरकारको अधिकार हुनेछ' भन्ने शर्त राखेको हुँदा पहिलो वार्ता असफल भई टुंगियो । प्रतिनिधिहरू आफआफ्नो देशमा फर्की पुनः युद्धको तयारीमा लाग्न थाले । पछि कंपनीसरकारका अधिकारीहरूले नेपालको संपूर्ण तराई खण्ड लिने मनसुबालाई त्यागेर कोशी र गण्डकीको बीचको भूभाग र अरू केही- क्षेत्र मात्र आफूसँग राखी त्यसको सट्टा दुइ लाख रुपियाँ नेपालसरकारलाई दिने भन्ने शर्त राखी संधि गर्न मञ्जर गरी प्रतिनिधि पठाएको हुँदा- पुनः संधिवार्ता चालू हुन गयो । संधिको प्रस्तावनामा मेजर ब्राडशाले सन् १८१५ डिसेम्बर २ तारीखका दिन सही गरे; र नेपाली प्रतिनिधिले चाहि २८ नोवेम्बरमा सही गरिसकेका थिए । यस संधिको आखिरी दफामुताबिक नेपालसरकारबाट पन्ध्र दिनभित्र तथा बृटिश गवर्नर जनरलबाट बीस दिनभित्र, अथवा सकेसम्म त्योभन्दा पनि अगाडि स्वीकृति लिनुपर्ने थियो । तर निश्चित अवधिमा नेपालसरकारबाट स्वीकृति प्राप्त हुन सकेन । नेपालदरबारमा अंग्रेजद्वारा प्रेषित यस संधिलाई स्वीकार गर्ने नगर्ने, भन्ने कुरामा ठूलो बहस चल्यो । [[अमरसिंह थापा]], [[रणजोर थापा]]हरू पुनः युद्ध गर्ने पक्षमा थिए । उनीहरूको विचारानुसार वर्षा प्रारम्भ हुनासाथ अंग्रेजहरू पछाडि हट्न बाध्य हुने थिए । तर त्यस बेलाको स्थिति यस्तो भैसकेको थियो कि लडाइँ जारी गरिराख्नमा नेपाललाई कल्याण थिएन, न त संभव नै थियो। सन्धिपत्रमा नेपालसरकारतर्फबाट निश्चित अवधिभित्र सही नभएकोले तथा नेपालको युद्ध नै गर्ने इरादा थियो भन्ने किसिमको सूचना पाएकोले- मेजर जनरल [[डेभिड अक्टरलोनी|ऑक्टरलोनी]]को नेतृत्वमा एक दल फौजले काठमाडौंतिर प्रस्थान गयो। युद्ध जारी गर्नुपर्छ भन्ने भारादारमध्येका [[रणजोर थापा]]ले आफ्नो नेतृत्वमा रहेको [[हरिहरपुरगढी|हरिहरपुरको गढी]]लाई रक्षा गर्न सकेनन्। उता अक्टरलोनी [[चुरे|चुरेको पहाड]] हुँदै मकवानपुर पुगे। मकवानपुरमा पनि नेपालीहरू हारेपछि नेपाल सरकारका युद्धपक्षीय भारादारहरूसमेत संधिका निम्ति तयार भए। नेपाल सरकारका प्रतिनिधि गराई लालमोहर लागेको सन्धिको प्रतिलिपिसमेत दिइएर चन्द्रशेखर उपाध्याय मकवानपुर पठाइए । नेपालीहरूले अगाडि नै कुरा टुंगिसकेकोमा संधिमा सही नगरी युद्ध लम्ब्याएको अपराधमा- पूर्वनिश्चित संधि मात्र लागू नभइ चूरेसम्म कम्पनीसरकारको सीमाना हुनेछ, भनी ऑक्टरलोनीले कुरा थपे । युद्ध जारी गर्नुपर्छ,भन्ने भारादारहरू त्यसमा पनि मञ्जर गरी संधिका निम्ति लडखडाइसकेका थिए । नेपालसरकारको स्वीकृतिको छाप लागेको संधिपत्रको प्रति चन्द्रशेखर उपाध्यायले सन् १८१६ मार्च ४ तारीखका दिन (संवत् १८७२ सालमा) दिउँसोको साढे दुइ बजे अंग्रेज कंपनीसरकारका प्रतिनिधिका हात मकवानपुरमा सुम्पे, तथा अंग्रेज प्रतिनिधिले बृटिश गवर्नर जनरलबाट स्वीकृत गरिएको प्रति नेपाली प्रतिनिधिको जिम्मा लाइदिए। र यसरी करीब २ वर्षदेखि नेपाल र बृटिश भारतको बीच चलेको युद्ध बन्द भइ शान्ति कायम भयो । == आलोचना == चन्द्रशेखर उपाध्याय एक हुन चन्द्र सन १८१५ मा सुगौली सन्धी गर्दा नेपालको तर्फबाट ब्रिटिश भारतीय सरकारसङ्ग नेपालको अहित हुने गरी सन्धीमा हस्ताक्ष्रर गर्ने [[गजराज मिश्र]] र यिनै उपाध्याय थिए ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nepalmag.com.np/history/2014/03/23/6667|title=अंग्रेजको नेपाल हडप्ने योजना|last=सापकोटा|first=जनकराज|last2=पन्त|first2=प्रा दिनेशराज|date=९ चैत्र २०७०|website=नेपाल|accessdate=२२ जेष्ठ २०७९}}</ref> सो सन्धी नेपालको अहित मा छ भन्ने थाहा पाउदा पाउदै उताको प्रलोभनमा परेर यिनले नेपालको अहित हुने गरी हस्तक्षर गरे। '''चन्द्रशेखर उपाध्याय''' नेपालनै त्यागेर उतै बसे , कारण नेपालसङ्गको गद्दारी । ब्रिटिश इन्डिया सरकारलाई फाईदा हुने विभिन्न सन्धी तथा सम्झौतामा हस्ताक्षर गर्न र कार्यन्वयन गर्न अनि गराउन दबाब दिने जस्ता भूमिका यिनले निर्बाह गरे । यिनले र गजराज मिश्रले त्यतिबेला सुगौली सन्धीका केही बुदालाई नमानेको भएर र हस्ताक्ष्रर गर्नु पूर्ण नेपाल सरकारमा सो कुरा राखेको भए शायद आजको नेपाल विशाल नेपाल हुन्थ्यो र भारतसङ्ग हाराहारीमा निर्भिक भएर उभिएको हुन्थ्यो । ब्रिटिस इन्डियन सरकारलाई सहयोग गरे बापत उताको सरकारले यिनलाई चल अचल सम्पती दिएर उतै राख्यो , अनि यिनले स्वत: देशलाई घात गरे । मुज्जफरपुरको कर्नलमा यिनलाई ३६ वटा मौजा पनि दिएर राख्यो। यिनका सन्तान त्यहा मजिस्टेट सेमत भएका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |last=हमाल |first=जीवन |date=2021-11-19 |title=नरहरिनाथलाई कुरौटे देख्नेका नजरमा सुगौली सन्धिकर्ता चन्द्रशेखर देशभक्त ? |url=https://golkhabar.com/2021/11/99349/ |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=GOL Khabar}}</ref> गजराज मिश्र र उपाध्यायकै हस्ताक्ष्ररको नतिजा आज देशले भोगिरहेको छ । चन्द्रशेखर उपाध्यायलाई सुगौली सन्धिसँग जोडेर विवादित बनाइँदा उनका पिता एवं सफल कूटनीतिक व्यक्तित्व दीनानाथ उपाध्यायसमेत चर्चा र मूल्याङ्कनको कसीमा ओझेल परेका छन् । <ref name=":0" />    ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[गजराज मिश्र]] == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:नेपालको एकीकरणकाल]] ehemycy2oirlrmxmouwxv70ujeupscs 0 113193 1358460 1330014 2026-06-08T17:08:14Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् */ 1358460 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Sauraha-079.JPG|right|thumb| धान रोप्दै नेपाली महिलाहरू ]] [[नेपाल|नेपालमा]] अर्थतन्त्रमा कृषिको प्रभुत्व रहेको छ। १९८० को आखिरी सम्म, ९०% भन्दा बढी जनसंख्याको जीविकाको माध्ययम थियो।, यद्यपी कुल जमिनको २०% क्षेत्र मात्र खेति योग्य थियो । यसबाट [[कुल ग्राहस्थ उत्पादन|जीडीपी]] को ६०% र कुल निर्यात को करिब ७५% हिस्सा ओगटेको थियो । <ref name="LOC">{{Cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/nepal/41.htm|title=Nepal: A Country Study:Agriculture|last=Savada, Andrea Matles|year=1991|publisher=Washington GPO for the [[Library of Congress]]|accessdate=September 4, 2008}}</ref> [[नेपालको पञ्चवर्षीय योजना|पाँचौं पञ्चवर्षीय योजना]] (२०३२-२०३७) को तर्जुमा भएदेखि नै कृषि सबैभन्दा बढी प्राथमिकतामा रहेको छ किनभने आर्थिक वृद्धि विद्यमान बालीको उत्पादकत्व बृद्धि गर्ने र औद्योगिक कच्चा पदार्थको रूपमा प्रयोगका लागि कृषि आधारलाई विविधीकरण गर्ने दुवैमा निर्भर थियो। [[विश्व बैङ्क|विश्व बैङ्कका]] अनुसार नेपालमा बहुसंख्यकका लागि खाना, आय र रोजगारी को मुख्य स्रोत कृषि हो। <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSAREGTOPAGRI/0,,contentMDK:20273771~menuPK:548215~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:452766,00.html|title=Nepal: Priorities for Agriculture and Rural Development|publisher=World Bank}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717132555/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSAREGTOPAGRI/0,,contentMDK:20273771~menuPK:548215~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:452766,00.html |date=2019-07-17 }}</ref> कुल गृहस्थ उत्पादन (GDP) मा कृषिको करिब ३३% योगदान रहेको छ। <ref>[https://cdkn.org/resource/effectiveness-resilience-small-medium-irrigation-nepal/?loclang=en_gb Framework for effectiveness and resilience of small and medium-scale irrigation systems in Nepal], Climate & Development Knowledge Network, 31 July 2017</ref> == इतिहास == कृषि बालीहरूको उत्पादन मौसमी कारण तथा अन्य कारणहरूले व्यापक रूपमा उतार-चढाव आउने गरेको छ। २०३२ देखि २०४६ सम्म कृषि उत्पादन औसत वार्षिक २.४ प्रतिशतको दरले बढेको छ, तर यो जनसंख्या वृद्धिसँग तालमेल राख्दैन, जुन अवधिमा जनसंख्या वार्षिक रूपमा २.६% ले बढेको छ । यसबाहेक, खाद्यान्न उत्पादनको वार्षिक औसत वृद्धि दर समान अवधिमा १.२ प्रतिशत मात्र रह्यो। [[धान]]/ [[चामल]] सबैभन्दा महत्त्वपूर्ण अन्न बाली हो। २०२५ सम्म कुल धान उत्पादन १० लाख टनको हाराहारी थियो; भने २०४५ मा ३० लाख भन्दा बढी उत्पादन भयो। वर्षामा हुने परिवर्तनको कारण, धानको उत्पादनमा उतारचढाव धेरै नै सामान्य थियो; यद्यपि नयाँ खेति प्रविधि र खेती गरिने जमिनमा बृद्धि भएपछि धानको उत्पादन बढेको छ। २०४५ सम्ममा झन्डै ३९ लाख हेक्टर जमिनमा धान खेती हुन्थ्यो। नेपालका धेरै व्यक्ति जीविकोपार्जन लागि धानको खेतीमा आफ्नो निर्भर थिए। २०२५ मा लगभग ५ लाख टन मकै, दोस्रो प्रमुख खाद्यान्न बालीको उत्पादन भयो। २०४५ सम्ममा सम्ममा [[मकै|मकैको]] उत्पादन बढेर १० लाख टन भयो। == तथ्यांक == === खाद्यान्न बाली :क्षेत्रफल, उत्पादन === {| class="wikitable" | colspan="11" |अनुसूची 7.१: प्रमुख खाद्यान्न बाली लगाएको क्षेत्रफल, उत्पादन र उत्पादकत्व |- | | | | | | | colspan="5" |क्षेत्रफलः हजार हेक्टरमा |- | | | | | | | colspan="5" |उत्पादनः हजार [[टन|मे.टन]]मा |- | | | | | | | colspan="5" |उत्पादकत्वः मे. टन प्रति हेक्टरमा |- | colspan="2" rowspan="2" |खाद्यान्न बालीहरु | colspan="9" |आर्थिक वर्ष |- |२०७१/७२ |२०७२/७३ |२०७3/७४ |२०७४/७५ |२०७5/७6 |२०७6/७7 |२०७७/78 |२०७8/79 |२०७9/80* |- | rowspan="3" |[[धान]] |क्षेत्रफल |1425.35 |1362.91 |1552.47 |1469.54 |1491.74 |1458.92 |1473.47 |1477.38 |1447.79 |- |उत्पादन |4788.61 |4299.08 |5230.33 |5151.92 |5610.01 |5550.88 |5621.71 |5130.62 |5486.47 |- |उत्पादकत्व |3.36 |3.15 |3.37 |3.51 |3.76 |3.80 |3.82 |3.47 |3.79 |- | rowspan="3" |[[मकै]] |क्षेत्रफल |882.40 |891.58 |924.32 |954.18 |956.45 |957.65 |979.78 |985.57 |997.87 |- |उत्पादन |2145.29 |2231.52 |2336.68 |2555.84 |2713.63 |2835.67 |2999.73 |3106.40 |3193.17 |- |उत्पादकत्व |2.43 |2.50 |2.53 |2.68 |2.84 |2.96 |3.06 |3.15 |3.20 |- | rowspan="3" |[[गहुँ]] |क्षेत्रफल |762.37 |745.82 |740.15 |706.84 |703.99 |707.51 |711.07 |716.98 |711.38 |- |उत्पादन |1975.63 |1736.85 |1856.19 |1949.00 |2005.67 |2185.29 |2127.28 |2144.57 |2098.56 |- |उत्पादकत्व |2.59 |2.33 |2.51 |2.76 |2.85 |3.09 |2.99 |2.99 |2.95 |- | rowspan="3" |जौ |क्षेत्रफल |28.05 |28.37 |27.39 |24.65 |24.41 |24.40 |21.86 |23.13 |22.34 |- |उत्पादन |37.35 |32.81 |30.51 |27.15 |30.55 |31.15 |29.43 |32.16 |31.28 |- |उत्पादकत्व |1.33 |1.16 |1.11 |1.10 |1.25 |1.28 |1.35 |1.39 |1.40 |- | rowspan="3" |कोदो |क्षेत्रफल |268.05 |266.80 |263.60 |263.50 |263.26 |262.55 |265.40 |267.07 |275.95 |- |उत्पादन |308.49 |302.40 |306.70 |313.99 |314.23 |320.95 |326.44 |339.46 |355.75 |- |उत्पादकत्व |1.15 |1.13 |1.16 |1.19 |1.19 |1.22 |1.23 |1.27 |1.29 |- | rowspan="3" |फापर |क्षेत्रफल |10.82 |10.84 |11.07 |10.30 |10.31 |10.37 |13.87 |16.12 |17.68 |- |उत्पादन |10.87 |11.64 |12.02 |11.47 |11.46 |11.72 |15.92 |19.29 |21.57 |- |उत्पादकत्व |1.00 |1.07 |1.09 |1.11 |1.11 |1.13 |1.15 |1.20 |1.22 |- | colspan="2" |जम्मा क्षेत्रफल |3377.04 |3306.32 |3518.99 |3429.00 |3450.16 |3421.39 |3465.45 |3486.25 |3473.00 |- | colspan="2" |जम्मा उत्पादन |9266.24 |8614.29 |9772.42 |10009.37 |10685.55 |10935.66 |11120.51 |10772.50 |11186.81 |- | colspan="2" |उत्पादकत्व |2.74 |2.61 |2.78 |2.92 |3.10 |3.20 |3.21 |3.09 |3.22 |- | colspan="5" |स्रोतः कृषि तथा पशुपन्छी विकास मन्त्रालय, २०७9 | | | | | colspan="2" |* प्रारम्भिक अनुमान |} === नगदे बाली क्षेत्रफल, उत्पादन === {| class="wikitable" | colspan="12" |अनुसूची 7.२: प्रमुख नगदे बाली लगाएको क्षेत्रफल, उत्पादन र उत्पादकत्व |- | | | | | | | | colspan="5" |क्षेत्रफलः हजार हेक्टरमा |- | | | | | | | | colspan="5" |उत्पादनः हजार मे.टनमा |- | | | | | | | | colspan="5" |उत्पादकत्वः मे.टन प्रति हेक्टरमा (मह: मे.टन प्रति घारमा) |- | colspan="2" rowspan="2" |नगदे बाली | colspan="10" |आर्थिक वर्ष |- |२०७०/७१ |२०७१/७२ |२०७2/७३ |२०७3/७4 |२०७4/७5 |२०७५/७६ |२०७६/७७ |२०७७/78 |२०७8/79 |२०७9/80* |- | rowspan="3" |तेलहन |क्षेत्रफल |216.40 |233.05 |234.11 |234.56 |224.59 |262.13 |258.14 |             259.10 |             260.65 |         261.68 |- |उत्पादन |184.00 |209.63 |211.14 |211.73 |245.86 |282.23 |278.33 |             287.04 |             287.34 |         300.93 |- |उत्पादकत्व |            0.85 |            0.90 |              0.90 |              0.90 |              1.09 |              1.08 |                 1.08 |                 1.11 |                 1.10 |            1.15 |- | rowspan="3" |आलु |क्षेत्रफल |205.72 |197.04 |190.90 |202.30 |195.26 |194.00 |188.10 |             198.79 |             198.25 |         198.55 |- |उत्पादन |2817.51 |2586.29 |2551.74 |2755.88 |2881.29 |3112.95 |3131.83 |3325.23 |3410.83 |3488.32 |- |उत्पादकत्व |         13.70 |         13.13 |            13.37 |            13.62 |            14.76 |            16.05 |               16.65 |               16.73 |               17.20 |          17.57 |- | colspan="2" |जम्मा क्षेत्रफल |४२२.१२ |४३०.०९ |४२५.०१ |४३६.८६ |४१९.८५ |४५६.१३ |४४६.२४ |४५७.८९ |४५८.९० |४६०.२३ |- | colspan="2" |जम्मा उत्पादन |३००१.५१ |२७९५.९२ |२७६२.८८ |२९६७.६१ |३१२७.१५ |३३९५.१८ |३४१०.१६ |३६१२.२७ |३६९८.१७ |३७८९.२५ |- | colspan="2" |उत्पादकत्व |७.११ |६.५० |६.५० |६.७९ |७.४५ |७.४४ |७.६४ |७.८९ |८.०६ |८.२३ |- | rowspan="3" |मह |घार सङ्ख्या | - | - |२२५.०० |२३२.०० |२४०.०० |२४२.०० |२४२.५६ |             244.68 |             249.00 |         249.01 |- |उत्पादन | - | - |३.०० |३.५० |३.९५ |३.९८ |३.८० |                 4.06 |                 4.10 |            4.30 |- |उत्पादकत्व | - | - |०.०१३ |०.०१५ |०.०१६ |०.०१६ |०.०१६ |०.०१७ |०.०१६ |०.०१७ |- | colspan="10" |स्रोतः कृषि तथा पशुपन्छी विकास मन्त्रालय, २०७९ | colspan="2" |* प्रारम्भिक अनुमान |} === दलहन बालीको उत्पादन === {| class="wikitable" | colspan="16" |अनुसूची 7.७: दलहन बालीको उत्पादन विवरण |- | | | | | | | | | | | colspan="6" |क्षेत्रफल: हेक्टरमा |- | | | | | | | | | | | colspan="6" |उत्पादन: मेट्रिक टनमा |- | | | | | | | | | | | colspan="6" |उत्पादकत्व: मेट्रिक टन प्रति हेक्टरमा |- | rowspan="3" |बालीको नाम | colspan="15" |आर्थिक वर्ष |- | colspan="3" |२०७५/७६ | colspan="3" |२०७6/७7 | colspan="3" |२०७7/७8 | colspan="3" |२०७8/७9 | colspan="3" |२०७९/८०* |- |क्षेत्रफल |उत्पादन |उत्पादकत्व |क्षेत्रफल |उत्पादन |उत्पादकत्व |क्षेत्रफल |उत्पादन |उत्पादकत्व |क्षेत्रफल |उत्पादन |उत्पादकत्व |क्षेत्रफल |उत्पादन |उत्पादकत्व |- |मसुरो |208766 |251185 |1.20 |212876 |262835 |1.23 |202416 |246092 |         1.22 |198454 |252283 |          1.27 |202546 |259259 |         1.28 |- |चना |9653 |10675 |1.11 |9982 |11285 |1.13 |9840 |11065 |         1.12 |10793 |12196 |          1.13 |10555 |12455 |         1.18 |- |अरहर |16753 |16538 |0.99 |16895 |17063 |1.01 |16591 |16649 |         1.00 |15512 |15977 |          1.03 |14811 |15700 |         1.06 |- |मास |23492 |19928 |0.85 |23056 |20440 |0.89 |24500 |21633 |         0.88 |28383 |26114 |          0.92 |27324 |27870 |         1.02 |- |भटमास |25179 |31567 |1.25 |26775 |34544 |1.29 |23030 |30648 |         1.33 |24921 |35138 |          1.41 |25128 |37441 |         1.49 |- |ग्रास पी |7952 |9329 |1.17 |7997 |9504 |1.19 |10456 |11965 |         1.14 |10407 |12072 |          1.16 |9657 |11395 |         1.18 |- |हर्स ग्राम |6119 |5754 |0.94 |6326 |6865 |1.09 |13311 |15453 |         1.16 |12248 |14330 |          1.17 |11693 |13564 |         1.16 |- |अन्य |33826 |37011 |1.09 |36785 |41674 |1.13 |34998 |40850 |         1.17 |33832 |40260 |          1.19 |36237 |45296 |         1.25 |- |दलहन बाली जम्मा |331740 |381987 |1.15 |340692 |404210 |1.19 |336474 |397143 |         1.18 |334550 |408371 |          1.22 |337951 |422980 |         1.25 |- | colspan="3" |स्रोतः कृषि तथा पशुपन्छी विकास मन्त्रालय, २०७९ | | | | | | | | | | | colspan="3" |*प्रारम्भिक अनुमान |} === औद्योगिक बालीको उत्पादन === {| class="wikitable" | colspan="19" |अनुसूची 7.८: औद्योगिक बालीको उत्पादन विवरण |- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | colspan="6" |क्षेत्रफल: हेक्टरमा |- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | colspan="6" |उत्पादन: मेट्रिक टनमा |- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | colspan="6" |उत्पादकत्व: मेट्रिक टन प्रति हेक्टरमा |- | rowspan="3" |बाली/बृद्धि दर | colspan="18" |आर्थिक वर्ष |- | colspan="3" |2074/75 | colspan="3" |207५/7६ | colspan="3" |2076/77 | colspan="3" |2077/78 | colspan="3" |2078/79 | colspan="3" |2079/80* |- |क्षेत्रफल |उत्पादन |उत्पादकत्व |क्षेत्रफल |उत्पादन |उत्पादकत्व |क्षेत्रफल |उत्पादन |उत्पादकत्व |क्षेत्रफल |उत्पादन |उत्पादकत्व |क्षेत्रफल |उत्पादन |उत्पादकत्व |क्षेत्रफल |उत्पादन |उत्पादकत्व |- |उखु |७८६०९ |३५५८१८२ |४५.२६ |७१६२५ |३५५७९३४ |४९.६७ |६८५६५ |३४००१७६ |४९.५९ |६४३५४ |३१८३९४३ |         49.48 |६२५६७ |३१५९६३४ |         50.50 |६०६३४ |३०७२३२५ |         50.67 |- |जुट |७६०७ |१११५९ |१.४७ |७२८५ |१०५८५ |१.४५ |७५५५ |१०१६५ |१.३५ |७४१५ |१०४५१ |           1.41 |७१९५ |१०२१७ |           1.42 |६९९५ |१०५६२ |           1.51 |- |चिया |२८५२३ |२४६५३ |०.८६ |२८७३२ |२५२०६ |०.८८ |२८१५७ |२४२७० |०.८६ |१६९०५ |२३७९६ |           1.41 |१७००० |२४६०० |           1.45 |१८७०० |२६८०० |           1.43 |- |कफी |२६९९ |४७५ |०.१८ |२७६१ |५३० |०.१९ |२७१४ |५०५ |०.१९ |३०५२ |३१५ |           0.10 |३३४६ |३५५ |           0.11 |४०८० |३९१ |           0.10 |- |कपास |१२० |१२५ |१.०४ |९७ |९९ |१.०२ |१३५ |१४० |१.०४ |१४२ |१४७ |           1.04 |१५५ |१७२ |           1.11 |१४७ |१५९ |           1.08 |- |औद्योगिक बाली जम्मा |११७५५८ |३५९४५९४ | |११०५०० |३५९४३५४ | |१०७१२६ |३४३५२५६ | |९१८६८ |३२१८६५२ | |९०२६३ |३१९४९७७ | |९०५५६ |३११०२३७ | |- |माछा* |११८९५ |८६५४४ |४.९१ |१२७४९ |९१८३२ |४.९३ | - |९९४३४ |४.९० | - |१०४६२३ |           5.30 | - |१०८३८५ |           5.50 | - |१०९७५६ |           5.60 |- | colspan="3" |स्रोतः कृषि तथा पशुपन्छी विकास मन्त्रालय, २०७९             | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | colspan="2" |*प्रारम्भिक अनुमान |- | colspan="16" |*माछाको क्षेत्रफल र उत्पादकत्वले पोखरीमा माछापालन गर्दाको मात्र समेट्दछ तर उत्पादनले प्राकृतिक जलाशय ब्यबस्थापनबाट र पोखरी मत्स्य पालन ब्यबस्थापनबाट दुवैलाइ समेट्दछ । | | | |} === मसला बालीको उत्पादन === {| class="wikitable" | colspan="19" |अनुसूची 7.९: मसला बालीको उत्पादन विवरण |- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | colspan="6" |क्षेत्रफल: हेक्टरमा |- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | colspan="6" |उत्पादन: मेट्रिक टनमा |- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | colspan="6" |उत्पादकत्व: मेट्रिक टन प्रति हेक्टरमा |- | rowspan="4" |बालीको नाम /  बृद्धि दर | colspan="18" |आर्थिक वर्ष |- | colspan="3" |207४/7५ | colspan="3" |207५/7६ | colspan="3" |2076/77 | colspan="3" |2077/78 | colspan="3" |2078/79 | colspan="3" |2079/80* |- | rowspan="2" |क्षेत्रफल | rowspan="2" |उत्पादन | rowspan="2" |उत्पादकत्व | rowspan="2" |क्षेत्रफल | rowspan="2" |उत्पादन | rowspan="2" |उत्पादकत्व |क्षेत्रफल |उत्पादन |उत्पादकत्व | rowspan="2" |क्षेत्रफल हे. | rowspan="2" |उत्पादन | rowspan="2" |उत्पादकत्व | rowspan="2" |क्षेत्रफल हे. | rowspan="2" |उत्पादन | rowspan="2" |उत्पादकत्व | rowspan="2" |क्षेत्रफल हे. | rowspan="2" |उत्पादन | rowspan="2" |उत्पादकत्व |- | | | |- |अलैची |18000.0 |6500.0 |0.36 |15055.0 |7954.1 |0.53 |16565.0 |9545.0 |0.58 |15668.2 |8288.5 |0.53 |15975.0 |8714.0 |0.55 |16473.8 |9600.9 |0.58 |- |अदूवा |23000.0 |284000.0 |12.35 |22132.1 |297512.0 |13.44 |23500.0 |298945.0 |12.72 |21912.0 |279206.3 |12.74 |22441.0 |287813.0 |12.83 |22973.1 |295806.7 |12.88 |- |लसुन |8500.0 |59500.0 |7.00 |10106.8 |71902.3 |7.11 |10185.0 |73859.0 |7.25 |9784.3 |72489.6 |7.41 |9943.0 |74763.0 |7.52 |10531.0 |82474.0 |7.83 |- |बेसार |7300.0 |71500.0 |9.79 |10160.2 |98904.5 |9.73 |9795.0 |99907.0 |10.20 |10340.4 |105719.2 |10.22 |10847.0 |111074.0 |10.24 |11619.8 |124688.9 |10.73 |- |खुर्सानी |10500.0 |52500.0 |5.00 |10692.4 |67166.8 |6.28 |10276.0 |68025.0 |6.62 |12525.5 |87731.3 |7.00 |12870.0 |83898.0 |6.52 |11895.3 |78692.6 |7.12 |- |मसलाबाली जम्मा |67300.0 |474000.0 |7.04 |72398.5 |502765.5 |6.94 |70321.0 |550281.0 |7.83 |73086.0 |585478.5 |8.01 |72076.0 |566262.0 |7.86 |73493.0 |591263.1 |8.05 |- | colspan="16" |स्रोतः कृषि तथा पशुपन्छी विकास मन्त्रालय, २०७९ | | colspan="2" |*प्रारम्भिक अनुमान |} === पशुपन्छीको सङ्ख्या === {| class="wikitable" | colspan="9" |अनुसूची ७.१०: पशुपन्छीको सङ्ख्या |- | rowspan="2" |पशुपन्छीको किसिम | colspan="8" |आर्थिक वर्ष |- |२०७१/७२ |२०७२/७३ |२०७3/७4 |२०७4/७5 |२०७५/७६ |२०७6/७7 |२०७7/७8 |२०७8/७9 |- |गाई/गोरु   |७२४१४१६ |७३०२८०८ |७३४७४८७ |७३७७६०५ |७३८५०३५ |७४५८८८५ |७४६६८४१ |७४१३१९७ |- |भैंसी/राँगो |५१६७७३३ |५१६८८०९ |५१७७९९८ |५१८४१६६ |५३०८६६४ |५२५७५९१ |५१५९९३१ |५१३२९३१ |- |भेडा/भेडी |७८९३७० |८००६५८ |८०१९७५ |८०२८५९ |७९८८८९ |८०६०७९ |७९३७२५ |७७१२०५ |- |बाख्रा/बोका/खसी |१०२५२२३६ |१०९८६११४ |१११६५०९९ |११२८६९७३ |१२२८३७५२ |१२८११९५३ |१३४४२६१४ |१३९९०७०३ |- |सुंगुर/बङ्गुर |११९८००१ |१२९१३०८ |१३२८०३६ |१३५३३४४ |१४८८३३८ |१५१९५९३ |१५८८८३८ |१५०४६२४ |- |कुखुरा |४८४२९०१६ |६८६३०६३८ |७०००७१५१ |७०९४७९१२ |७५७०९३३० |८२५९८८७९ |७३४१८०७७ |६६८०३११७ |- |हाँस |३९०२८१ |३९२२५५ |३९४७७५ |३९६४७४ |४१६४०० |४२७२२६ |४३२२२६ |६०५९४४ |- |दुधालु गाई |१०२५९४१ |१०२६१३५ |१०२९५२९ |१०३१८११ |१०७८७७५ |११६६१५६ |१२०९०४१ |१२२३०६१ |- |दुधालु भैंसी |१३४९१२४ |१३५५३८४ |१५०९५१२.० |१६२४५२० |१५६०५८४ |१६३५४९२ |१६३०६४२ |१६६६८२७ |- |फुल दिने कुखुरा |८४१२७२८ |१२३५३५१५ |१२३८८८८९ |१२४१२६५७ |१२५२६९७९ |१२९२७८४२ |११३७४०११ |१०१३१६४२ |- |फुल दिने हाँस |१७९४८० |१८०९२७ |१८३९४० |१८५९९२ |१९०७४७ |१९१७०१ |२२०५३२ |३०२४७३ |- |याक/नाक/चौंरी |७०९६६ |६८८३१ |६९३४६ |७१६९० |६९५८८ |७०००५ |६५४०६ |६२५६१ |- |खरायो |२५८७१ |३२२१३ |३४४८७ |३४४८७ |३४६४५ |३४६१० |४४५३१ |४३२३६ |- |घोडा/खच्चड/गधा |५२६५५ |५५८०८ |६८७११ |६८७११ |५९८२२ |५९७६२ |५४८६४ |५४२४८ |- | colspan="9" |स्रोतः कृषि तथा पशुपन्छी विकास मन्त्रालय, २०७९ |} === पशुपन्क्षीजन्य उत्पादन === {| class="wikitable" | colspan="11" |अनुसूची 7.११: पशुपन्क्षीजन्य उत्पादनको स्थिति |- | rowspan="2" |उत्पादन किसिम | colspan="8" |आर्थिक वर्ष | colspan="2" |फागुनसम्मको |- |२०७१/७२ |२०७२/७३ |२०७3/७4 |२०७४/७५ |२०७५/७६ |२०७6/७7 |२०७7/७8 |२०७८/७९ |२०७8/७9 |२०७९/८० |- |दूध उत्पादन (मेट्रिक टन) |1724823 |1853885 |1911239 |2085000 |2168434 |2301000 |2479899 |2566614 |1739663 |1770927 |- |  (गाई) |557669 |639590 |665285 |721090 |795530 |920400 |1060487 |1101812 |768217 |763165 |- |  (भैंसी) |1167154 |1214295 |1249954 |1363910 |1372905 |1380600 |1419412 |1464802 |971446 |1007762 |- |खुद मासु उत्पादन (मेट्रिक टन) |300901 |317854 |332544 |347000 |357082 |552156 |520742 |512788 |381469 |338709 |- |  राँगो |174012 |179110 |180080 |185200 |188574 |189517 |188172 |194090 |127167 |133463 |- |  भेडा |2658 |2785 |2714 |2800 |2763 |2735 |2964 |2880 |1994 |1865 |- |  खसी बोका |60906 |63807 |67706 |70800 |73914 |75023 |70755 |74241 |48722 |51932 |- |  सुंगर बङ्गुर |20135 |21094 |24535 |28200 |28579 |29493 |31450 |36059 |22189 |27562 |- |  कुखुरा |45458 |50815 |57268 |60100 |62899 |255001 |226959 |204923 |181083 |123351 |- |  हाँस |232 |243 |241 |300 |352 |387 |442 |596 |314 |536 |- |फुल (अण्डा) गोटा (हजारमा) |899501 |1208072 |1352296 |1512265 |1549689 |1620000 |1493550 |1330602 |1083200 |792849 |- |  कुखुरा |885947 |1194166 |1338312 |1498024 |1534680 |1603800 |1475620 |1306380 |1071000 |771033 |- |  हाँस |13554 |13906 |13984 |14241 |15009 |15474 |17930 |24223 |12200 |21816 |- |ऊन (के. जी.) |586729 |588348 |594312 |594639 |589738 |592687 |584000 |567412 |395000 |367530 |- | colspan="11" |स्रोतः कृषि तथा पशुपन्छी विकास मन्त्रालय, २०७९ |} == सिंचाई == नेपालको २७ लाख हेक्टर जमिनमध्ये १३ लाख हेक्टर मा मात्र सिंचाई सुविधा छ। अधिकांश सिंचाई प्रणालीहरू साना र मध्यम-स्तरका छन् । <ref>[https://cdkn.org/resource/effectiveness-resilience-small-medium-irrigation-nepal/?loclang=en_gb Framework for effectiveness and resilience of small and medium-scale irrigation systems in Nepal], Climate & Development Knowledge Network, 31 July 2017</ref> {| class="wikitable" | colspan="12" |अनुसूची ७.16: सिँचाइको विस्तार |- | | | | | | | | | | | |(हेक्टरमा) |- | rowspan="2" |सिञ्‍चितको प्रकार | colspan="11" |आर्थिक वर्ष |- |२०६९/७० |२०७०/७१ |२०७१/७२ |२०७२/७३ |२०७३/७४ |२०७४/७५ |२०७५/७६ |२०७६/७७ |2077/78 |2078/79 |207९/८०* |- |कुल सिञ्‍चित क्षेत्र विस्तार |१३३१५२१ |१३५०८३१ |१३६८९१४ |१३९२१७७ |१४३३३५७ |१४७३०२६ |१४७६७३१ |१४८२२९८ |१५०९४२७ |१५३१०६९ |१५३३२६९ |- |वार्षिक सिँचाइ विस्तार |१९५६१ |१९३१० |१८०८३ |२३२६३ |४११८० |३९६६९ |३७०५ |५५६७ |२७१२९ |२१६४२ |२२०० |- |सतह सिँचाइ |९६८३१२ |९७१८२६ |९७३४१२ |९७८१८४ |९८२६५९ |९८६८८९ |९९०२५४ |९९५८१३ |१००७८३३ |१०१७५४५ |१०१८७४५ |- |भूमिगत सिँचाइ |३५९५५६ |३७४६९१ |३९०६३० |४०८०९३ |४४३३६५ |४७८१०४ |४७८४४४ |४७८४५२ |४९३५६१ |५१३५२४ |५१४५२४ |- |नया प्रविधिमा आधारित सिँचाइ |३६५३ |४३१४ |४८७२ |५९०० |७३३३ |८०३३ |८०३३ |८०३३ |८०३३ |० |० |- |नया प्रविधिमा आधारित सिँचाइ वार्षिक |३६५ |६६१ |५५८ |१०२८ |१४३३ |७०० |० |० |० |० |० |- | colspan="11" |स्रोतः ऊर्जा, जलस्रोत तथा सिंचाइ मन्त्रालय, २०७९                                                                                       |  * फागुन सम्म |- | colspan="8" |संघीयता लागु भए पश्चात् नयाँ प्रविधिमा आधारित सिँचाइ कार्यक्रम संघको कार्यक्षेत्र भित्र नरहेको।         | | | | |} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[नेपालको अर्थतन्त्र|नेपालको अर्थव्यवस्था]] * [[कालीमाटी फलफूल तथा तरकारी बजार]] == नेपालमा माहुरीपालन यो मुख्य परम्परागत काम हो == * नेपालमा फ्लेक्स उत्पादन * नेपालमा ओखर उत्पादन * नेपालमा चना == सन्दर्भ == {{Loc}} {{Reflist}} == बाह्य [[लिंकहरू]] == [[श्रेणी:नेपालको अर्थतन्त्र|कृषि]] ntnys3ic7nrbuvy9e15an6hhnxt5ts1 0 113235 1358555 1266874 2026-06-09T10:35:06Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox government cabinet | cabinet_name = राणा - काङ्ग्रेस मन्त्रिपरिषद् | cabinet_number = पहिलो | cabinet_type = मन्त्रिपरिषद् | jurisdiction = [[नेपाल]] | flag = Flag of Nepal.svg | flag_border = true | incumbent = | image = Rana - Congress cabinet, Nepal 1951.jpg | image_size = x220px | caption = राणा - काङ्ग्रेस मन्त्रिपरिषद्को सामूहिक तस्विर | date_formed = {{Start date|df=yes|1951|02|17}}<br>वि.सं. २००७ फागुन ७ | date_dissolved = {{Start date|df=yes|1951|11|12}}<br>वि.सं. २००८ कार्तिक २६ | government_head = [[मोहन शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा]] | government_head_history = | deputy_government_head = | state_head = राजा [[त्रिभुवन वीरविक्रम शाह|त्रिभुवन शाह]] | members_number = | former_members_number = | total_number = | political_party = [[राणा शासन|राणा]]<br>[[नेपाली कांग्रेस|नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]] | legislature_status = | opposition_cabinet = | opposition_party = ''थिएन'' | opposition_leader = ''थिएन'' | election = | last_election = [[आम निर्वाचन २०१५]] | legislature_term = {{Age in years, months and days|1951|02|17|1951|11|12}} | budget = | advice_and_consent1 = | advice_and_consent2 = <!-- etc. --> | incoming_formation = | outgoing_formation = | previous = | successor = [[पहिलो मातृकाप्रसाद मन्त्रिपरिषद्]] }} वि.सं. [[सात सालको क्रान्ति|२००७ सालको क्रान्ति]]पछि [[नेपाल]]मा [[राणा शासन]]को अन्त्य भई वि.सं. २००७ साल फागुन ७ गते तदनुसार सन् १९५१ फेब्रुअरी १७ तारिखका दिन नेपालमा [[लोकतन्त्र|प्रजातन्त्र]] स्थापना भएपछि सर्वप्रथम गठन भएको '''राणा - काङ्ग्रेस मन्त्रिपरिषद्'''को बागडोर [[मोहन शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा]]ले सम्हालेका थिए। उनले आफ्नो नेतृत्वमा १० जना सहितको मन्त्रिपरिषद् गठन गरेका थिए जसलाई नेपालमा प्रजातन्त्र उदय भएपछि गठन भएको पहिलो मन्त्रिपरिषद् पनि भनिन्छ।<ref name="Cabinet">{{cite web|title=२००७ को राणा–कांग्रेस मन्त्रीमण्डल : को–को थिए मन्त्री ?|url=https://lokpati.com/2019/23/51937/|website=लोकपाटी|accessdate=१२ जुन २०२०}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612152133/https://lokpati.com/2019/23/51937/ |date=2020-06-12 }}</ref> ==पृष्ठभूमि== {{मुख्य|सात सालको क्रान्ति}} [[नेपाली कांग्रेस|नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]]को नेतृत्व र सोहि पार्टीद्वारा गठित राजनीतिक दस्ता मुक्ति सेनाले वि.सं. २००७ कार्तिक २१ गतेबाट सुरू गरेको देशव्यापी शसस्त्र क्रान्ति भयावह र प्रतिकूल बनेपछि तत्कालिन राणा प्रधानमन्त्री [[मोहन शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा]]ले अन्त्यमा [[भारत]]लाई मध्यस्थता गर्न अनुरोध गरेका थिए। तत्कालिन भारतीय प्रधानमन्त्री [[जवाहरलाल नेहरू|जवाहरलाल नेहरु]]को संयोजकत्वमा [[नयाँ दिल्ली]]मा वि.सं. २००७ फागुन १ गते तदनुसार १२ फेब्रुअरी १९५१ तारिखका दिन [[राणा वंश|राणा]], काङ्ग्रेस र [[नेपालका राजाहरूको सूची|राजा]]बीच त्रिपक्षीय दिल्ली सम्झौता हस्ताक्षर भयो। सम्झौतापछि काङ्ग्रेसले आन्दोलन स्थगन गर्ने निर्णय गर्‍यो। लामो समयदेखि आफ्नो परिवार सहित भारत गएका तत्कालिन राजा त्रिभुवन वि.सं. २००७ फागुन ६ गते [[नेपाल]] फर्किए र त्यसको भोलिपल्ट शाही घोषणा मार्फत प्रजातन्त्रको घोषणा गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite web|title=राजा त्रिभुवनको २००७ साल फागुन ७ गतेको शाही घोषणा|url=https://rastriyasamachar.com/2019/02/19/15201/|website=राष्ट्रिय समाचार|accessdate=१२ जुन २०२०}}</ref> दिल्ली सम्झौता अनुसार ५ नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस र ५ राणाहरूको तर्फबाट गरी १० जना सदस्य रहने अन्तरिम मन्त्रिपरिषद् गठन गर्ने निर्णयको फलस्वरुप [[मोहन शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा]]को नेतृत्वमा मन्त्रिपरिषद्<ref>{{cite web|title=प्रधानमन्त्री दर्जा पाउने मातृकाप्रसाद कोइराला पहिलो|url=https://pahilopost.com/content/-45.html|website=पहिलो पोस्ट|accessdate=१२ जुन २०२०}}</ref> विस्तार गरियो।<ref>{{cite web|title=त्यो ७ फागुन|url=https://www.souryaonline.com/2016/02/124568.html|website=सौर्य अनलाइन|accessdate=१२ जुन २०२०}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=भारतीय फौजको आक्रमण बेहोरेका मुक्ति सेनाका लडाकुको सम्झनामा सात सालको क्रान्ति|url=https://www.bbc.com/nepali/news-47288795|website=बिबिसी|accessdate=१२ जुन २०२०}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=२००७ सालमा वी.पी गृहमन्त्री हुँदा गरेका निर्णयहरु|url=https://www.nayabikalpa.com/2017/12/650|website=नयाँ विकल्प|accessdate=१२ जुन २०२०}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518071318/https://www.nayabikalpa.com/2017/12/650 |date=2021-05-18 }}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights="180"> Tribhuvan at Delhi Airport, 1951.jpg|त्रिभुवन, बिपी कोइराला र नेहरु (दिल्ली विमानस्थलमा) Historical royal proclamation 1951 February 18.jpg|सात सालको शाही घोषणाको कानूनी दस्तावेज </gallery> ==मन्त्रिपरिषद् सदस्यहरू== [[नेपाल]]को पहिलो मन्त्रिपरिषद्मा १० जना सदस्यहरूको सहभागिता रहेको थियो जसमा ५ जना राणाहरूको पक्षबाट र ५ जना [[नेपाली कांग्रेस|नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]]को पक्षबाट रहेको थियो। नेपालको पहिलो मन्त्रिपरिषद्मा रहेका सदस्यहरूको सूची निम्नलिखित रहेको छ।<ref name="Cabinet"/><ref>{{cite web|title=ईतिहास: २००७ साल फागुन ७|url=https://nepalindata.com/insight/ईतिहास-२००७-साल-फागुन-७/|website=नेपाल इन डेटा|accessdate=२०२० जुन १४}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614024229/https://nepalindata.com/insight/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AD-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A5%AD/ |date=2020-06-14 }}</ref> {{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}} {{Cabinet table minister | title = [[नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री|प्राइममिनिस्टर]]<br />[[परराष्ट्र मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|परराष्ट्र मन्त्री]] | minister1 = [[मोहन शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा]] | minister1_termstart = १७ फेब्रुअरी १९५१<br>वि.सं. २००७ फागुन ७ | minister1_termend = १२ नोभेम्बर १९५१<br>वि.सं. २००८ कार्तिक २६ | minister1_party = राणा पक्ष }} {{Cabinet table minister | title = [[रक्षा मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|रक्षा मन्त्री]] | minister1 = [[बबर शम्शेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा]] | minister1_termstart = १७ फेब्रुअरी १९५१<br>वि.सं. २००७ फागुन ७ | minister1_termend = १० जुन १९५१<br>वि.सं. २००८ जेठ २७ | minister1_party = राणा पक्ष }} {{Cabinet table minister | title = [[गृह मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|गृह मन्त्री]] | minister1 = [[विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइराला]] | minister1_termstart = १७ फेब्रुअरी १९५१<br>वि.सं. २००७ फागुन ७ | minister1_termend = १२ नोभेम्बर १९५१<br>वि.सं. २००८ कार्तिक २६ | minister1_party = नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस }} {{Cabinet table minister | title = [[अर्थ मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|अर्थ मन्त्री]] | minister1 = [[सुवर्ण शमशेर राणा]] | minister1_termstart = १७ फेब्रुअरी १९५१<br>वि.सं. २००७ फागुन ७ | minister1_termend = १२ नोभेम्बर १९५१<br>वि.सं. २००८ कार्तिक २६ | minister1_party = नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस }} {{Cabinet table minister | title = [[वन तथा वातावरण मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|वन विभागको मन्त्री]] | minister1 = [[चूडाराज शमशेर|चूडाराज समशेर ज.ब.रा.]] | minister1_termstart = १७ फेब्रुअरी १९५१<br>वि.सं. २००७ फागुन ७ | minister1_termend = १० जुन १९५१<br>वि.सं. २००८ जेठ २७ | minister1_party = राणा पक्ष | minister2 = [[सिंहसम्शेर राणा]] | minister2_termstart = १० जुन १९५१<br>वि.सं. २००८ जेठ २७ | minister2_termend = १२ नोभेम्बर १९५१<br>वि.सं. २००८ कार्तिक २६ | minister2_party = राणा पक्ष }} {{Cabinet table minister | title = [[उद्योग, वाणिज्य तथा आपूर्ति मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|उद्योग वाणिज्य मन्त्री]] | minister1 = [[गणेशमान सिंह]] | minister1_termstart = १७ फेब्रुअरी १९५१<br>वि.सं. २००७ फागुन ७ | minister1_termend = १२ नोभेम्बर १९५१<br>वि.सं. २००८ कार्तिक २६ | minister1_party = नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस }} {{Cabinet table minister | title = [[शिक्षा, विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|शिक्षा मन्त्री]] | minister1 = [[नृपजङ्ग राणा]] | minister1_termstart = १७ फेब्रुअरी १९५१<br>वि.सं. २००७ फागुन ७ | minister1_termend = १२ नोभेम्बर १९५१<br>वि.सं. २००८ कार्तिक २६ | minister1_party = राणा पक्ष }} {{Cabinet table minister | title = [[यातायात मन्त्री (नेपाल)|यातायात मन्त्री]] | minister1 = [[भद्रकाली मिश्र]] | minister1_termstart = १७ फेब्रुअरी १९५१<br>वि.सं. २००७ फागुन ७ | minister1_termend = १२ नोभेम्बर १९५१<br>वि.सं. २००८ कार्तिक २६ | minister1_party = नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस }} {{Cabinet table minister | title = [[स्वास्थ्य मन्त्री (नेपाल)|स्वास्थ्य]] तथा स्थानीय स्वायत्तशासन मन्त्री | minister1 = [[यज्ञबहादुर बस्न्यात]] | minister1_termstart = १७ फेब्रुअरी १९५१<br>वि.सं. २००७ फागुन ७ | minister1_termend = १० जुन १९५१<br>वि.सं. २००८ जेठ २७ | minister1_party =राणा पक्ष }} {{Cabinet table minister | title = [[स्वास्थ्य मन्त्री (नेपाल)|स्वास्थ्य मन्त्री]] | minister1 = [[यज्ञबहादुर बस्न्यात]] | minister1_termstart = १० जुन १९५१<br>वि.सं. २००८ जेठ २७ | minister1_termend = १२ नोभेम्बर १९५१<br>वि.सं. २००८ कार्तिक २६ | minister1_party =राणा पक्ष }} {{Cabinet table minister | title = खाद्य तथा [[कृषि मन्त्री (नेपाल)|कृषि मन्त्री]] | minister1 = [[भरतमणि शर्मा]] | minister1_termstart = १७ फेब्रुअरी १९५१<br>वि.सं. २००७ फागुन ७ | minister1_termend = १० जुन १९५१<br>वि.सं. २००८ जेठ २७ | minister1_party = नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस | minister2 = [[सूर्यप्रसाद उपाध्याय]] | minister2_termstart = १० जुन १९५१<br>वि.सं. २००८ जेठ २७ | minister2_termend = १२ नोभेम्बर १९५१<br>वि.सं. २००८ कार्तिक २६ | minister2_party = नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस }} {{Cabinet table minister | title = स्थानीय स्वायत्तशासन मन्त्री | minister1 = [[चूडाराज शमशेर|चूडाराज समशेर ज.ब.रा.]] | minister1_termstart = १० जुन १९५१<br>वि.सं. २००८ जेठ २७ | minister1_termend = १२ नोभेम्बर १९५१<br>वि.सं. २००८ कार्तिक २६ | minister1_party = राणा पक्ष }} |} == उल्लेख्यानीय कार्यहरू == * २००८ साल भदौ १३ गते [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|सं.रा.अमेरिका]]सँग राजदूत स्तरमा सम्बन्ध कायम * नेपाल राजपत्रको प्रकाशनको सुरुवात == राजीनामा == २००८ कार्तिक २० मा प्रदर्शनमा प्रहरीको गोली लागेर चिनियाँकाजी मारिए। २००८ कार्तिक २४ मा '''राणा - काङ्ग्रेस मन्त्रिपरिषद्''' लाई अप्राकृतिक गठबन्धन भन्दै नेपाली कांग्रेसका मन्त्रीहरूले राजीनामा दिए ।<ref>[https://books.google.com.np/books/about/Democratic_Innovations_In_Nepal_A_Case_S.html?id=LAJ9PwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y Democratic Innovations In Nepal: A Case Study Of Political Acculturation]</ref> त्यसपछि कार्तिक २६ मा प्रधानमन्त्री मोहन शमशेरले राजीनामा दिएपछी यो मन्त्रीमण्डल भङ्ग भयो । ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} {{नेपाली मन्त्रिपरिषद्हरू}} [[श्रेणी:नेपालका मन्त्रिपरिषद्हरू]] [[श्रेणी:सात सालको क्रान्ति]] gqfkfc1ajsmhzbvswsvgt4wcarm1w4i 0 113948 1358503 1225559 2026-06-09T06:29:02Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* ग्रीसको प्रधानमन्त्री */ 1358503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = किरियाकोस मिट्सोटाकिस<br />{{small|{{lang|el|Κυριάκος Μητσοτάκης}}}} | honorific-suffix = | image = EPP Zagreb Congress in Croatia, 20-21 November 2019 (49099472986) (cropped3).jpg | office = ग्रीसका प्रधानमन्त्री | status = | president = [[Prokopis Pavlopoulos]]<br>[[Katerina Sakellaropoulou]] | deputy = [[Panagiotis Pikrammenos]] | term_start = ८ जुलाई २०१९ | term_end = | succeeded = | predecessor = [[एलेक्सिस सिप्रास]] | successor = | office1 = न्यु डेमोक्रेसी पार्टी अध्यक्ष | vicepresident1 = [[Adonis Georgiadis]]<br>[[Kostis Hatzidakis]] | term_start1 = 10 January 2016 | term_end1 = | predecessor1 = [[Ioannis Plakiotakis]] | successor1 = | office2 = प्रतिपक्षी नेता (ग्रीस) | primeminister2 = [[एलेक्सिस सिप्रास]] | term_start2 = 10 January 2016 | term_end2 = 8 July 2019 | predecessor2 = [[Ioannis Plakiotakis]] | successor2 = [[एलेक्सिस सिप्रास]] | office3 = प्रसासनिक सुधार मन्त्री | primeminister3 = [[Antonis Samaras]] | term_start3 = 25 June 2013 | term_end3 = 27 January 2015 | predecessor3 = [[Antonis Manitakis]] | successor3 = [[Nikos Voutsis]] | office4 = Member of the [[Hellenic Parliament]]<br />for Athens B2 (West)<br /><small>[[Athens B]] (2004-2019)</small> | term_start4 = 7 March 2004 | term_end4 = | birth_name = किरियाकोस मिट्सोटाकिस | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|3|4|df=y}} | birth_place = [[एथेन्स]], ग्रीस | death_date = | death_place = | party = न्यु डेमोक्रेसी (ग्रीस) | religion = ग्रीक अर्थोडक्स | father = [[Konstantinos Mitsotakis]] | spouse = Mareva Grabowski | children = ३ | education = हार्वड विश्वविद्यालय ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]])<br />[[Stanford University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]]) | awards = [[Thomas T. Hoopes Prize]] <small>(1990)</small><br>[[Prix Alexis de Tocqueville|Tocqueville Prize ( Harvard ) ]] <small>(1990)</small><br> | signature = Kyriakos Mitsotakis signature.svg }} '''किरियाकोस मिट्सोटाकिस''' ( {{Lang-el|Κυριάκος Μητσοτάκης}} ; जन्म ४ मार्च १९६८) एक ग्रीक राजनितिज्ञ हुन् जसले ८ जुलाई २०१९ देखि ग्रीसको प्रधानमन्त्रीको रूपमा सेवा गरिरहेका छन्। उनी न्यू डेमोक्रेसीका पार्टीका सदस्य हुन् र २०१६ देखि सो पार्टी को अध्यक्ष बनेका छन्। मिट्सोटाकिस यस अघि २०१६ देखि २०१९ सम्म [[एलेक्सिस सिप्रास]]को प्रधानमन्त्रीकालमा विपक्षी नेता र २०१६ देखि २०१५ सम्म प्रशासनिक सुधार मन्त्री थिए । उनी २००४ मा पहिलो पटक ग्रीक संसदमा निर्वाचित भएका थिए। २०१५ मा सम्पन्न निर्वाचनमा न्यु डेमोक्रेसी पार्टीले पराजय बेहोरेपछी,, २०१६ जनवरीमा उनी सो पार्टीको नेता निर्वाचित भए। तीन वर्ष पछि, ७ जुलाई २०१९ मा भएको निर्वाचनमा उनले आफ्नो पार्टीलाई बहुमतमा पुर्‍याए जुन २००७ पछि उनीहरूको पहिलो हो। उनी प्रधानमन्त्री कोन्स्टान्टिनोस मित्सोटाकिसका छोरा हुन् । <ref name="aljazeerajuly8inaug">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/07/pm-elect-vows-greece-proud-landslide-win-190708035649498.html|title=Kyriakos Mitsotakis sworn in as Greece's new prime minister|website=www.aljazeera.com|accessdate=Jul 8, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="guardianjuly8inaug">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/08/kyriakos-mitsotakis-takes-over-greece-pm-new-democracy|title=Mitsotakis takes over as Greece's PM with radical change of style|last=Smith|first=Helena|date=Jul 8, 2019|accessdate=Jul 8, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="dwjuly8inaug">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/greek-conservative-mitsotakis-sworn-in-as-prime-minister/a-49511142|title=Greek conservative Mitsotakis sworn in as prime minister &#124; DW &#124; 08.07.2019|website=DW.COM|accessdate=Jul 8, 2019}}</ref> == प्रारम्भिक जीवन र शिक्षा == == राजनीतिक क्यारियर == [[चित्र:EPP_Summit,_Brussels,_March_2016_(25834276136).jpg|left|thumb| २०१६ मा मिट्सोटाकिस र अर्मेनियाली राष्ट्रपति सेर्ज सरगस्यान ]] [[चित्र:EPP_Summit,_Brussels,_March_2017_(33212125861).jpg|thumb| २०१७ मा मिट्सोटाकिस र स्पेनिश प्रधानमन्त्री [[मारियानो राखोय|मारियानो राजोय]] ]] == ग्रीसको प्रधानमन्त्री == २०१९ को संसदीय निर्वाचनमा न्यु डेमोक्रेसी पार्टीले ३९.८५ % मत ल्याउदै र १५८ सिटमा जीत हासिल गरेर विजयी भयो । ८ जुलाई २०१९ मा, ग्रीसका राष्ट्रपति प्रोकोपिस पावलोपलोसले [[एलेक्सिस सिप्रास|सिप्रस]]को राजीनामा स्वीकृत गरे र मिट्सोटाकिसलाई नयाँ सरकार गठन गर्ने जिम्मेवारी दिए। <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2019/07/08/greek-conservative-mitsotakis-sworn-in-as-prime-minister/|title=Greek conservative Mitsotakis sworn in as prime minister|last=Service|first=Reuters News|date=2019-07-08|website=Cyprus Mail|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-07-08}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708133909/https://cyprus-mail.com/2019/07/08/greek-conservative-mitsotakis-sworn-in-as-prime-minister/ |date=2019-07-08 }}</ref> मिट्सोटाकिसले सोही दिन प्रधानमन्त्रीको रूपमा [[शपथ ग्रहण|शपथ]] लिए। <ref name="guardianjuly8inaug"/> <ref name="dwjuly8inaug"/> <ref name="aljazeerajuly8inaug"/> ९ जुलाईमा उनको सरकारमा रहेका मन्त्रीहरूले शपथ लिए। == व्यक्तिगत जीवन == ग्रीक बाहेक उनी अंग्रेजी, फ्रेन्च र जर्मन बोल्छन्। <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://neoskosmos.com/en/140719/new-greek-pm-kyriakos-mitsotakis-is-a-scion-of-one-of-greeces-most-influential-political-families/|title=New Greek PM Kyriakos Mitsotakis is a scion of one of Greece's most influential political families &#124; Neos Kosmos|date=Jul 7, 2019|website=English Edition|accessdate=Jul 8, 2019}}</ref> मिट्सोटाकिस ग्रीक अर्थोडक्स गिर्जाघरका सदस्य हुन्। == विवाद == === सीमेन्स घोटाला आरोप === == सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist}} == बाह्य लिंकहरू == * {{आधिकारिक वेबसाइट}} (in English and Greek) * CV and office terms of Kyriakos Mitsotakis at the Hellenic Parliament (in English) [[श्रेणी:जीवित मानिसहरू]] [[श्रेणी:ग्रीसका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरू]] pgvstno0gywhbdbinjvduztgazd5a52 0 114569 1358501 1342282 2026-06-09T06:28:18Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* २०औँ राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा */ 1358501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = मोहम्मद अब्दुल हमिद <br>মোহাম্মাদ আব্দুল হামিদ | image = Abdul Hamid - 2014 (cropped).jpg | office = [[file:Presidential Emblem of Bangladesh.svg|50px]]<br>[[बङ्गलादेशका राष्ट्रपतिहरूको सूची|बङ्गलादेशका राष्ट्रपति]] | primeminister = [[शेख हसिना|शेख हसिना]] | term_start = १४ मार्च २०१३ | term_end = २४ अप्रिल २०२३<br>{{small|कामचलाउ: १४ मार्च २०१३ – २४ अप्रिल २०१३}} | predecessor = [[जिल्लुर रहमान]] | succeeding = | successor = | office1 = [[राष्ट्रिय संसद (बङ्गलादेश)|राष्ट्रिय संसदका]] सभापति | term_start1 = २५ जनवरी २००९ | predecessor1 = जमिरुद्दिन सरकार | term_end1 = २४ अप्रिल २०१३ | successor1 = शिरीन शारमिन चौधुरी | office2 = राष्ट्रिय संसदका उपसभामुख | term_start2 = १४ जुलाई १९९६ | term_end2 = १० जुलाई २००१ | predecessor2 = एल. के. सिद्दिकी | successor2 = आखतार हमिद सिद्दिकी | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1944|1|1|df=y}} | birth_place = कामालपुर, मिटामइन, [[किशोरगन्ज जिल्ला|किशोरगञ्ज]], [[ब्रिटिस भारतका प्रेसिडेन्सी र प्रदेशहरू|ब्रिटिस भारत]] ({{small|वर्तमान बङ्गलादेश}}) | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = {{झण्डा चिन्ह|बङ्गलादेश}} बङ्गलादेशी | other_names = | known_for = राजनीतिज्ञ, सभामुख, राष्ट्रपति | occupation = राजनीतिज्ञ | party = [[बङ्गलादेश अवामी लिग|अवामी लिग]] | otherparty = [[महाजोट (बङ्गलादेश)|महाजोट]] {{small|(सन् २००८-२०१३)}} | alma_mater = गुरुदयाल क्याम्पस | religion = मुसलमान | spouse = रशिदा हमिद<ref name=award>{{वेब स्रोत|युआरएल=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2013/03/25/eight-receive-independence-awards|शीर्षक=Eight receive Independence Awards|मिति=2013-03-25|पहुँचमिति=2013-04-21|प्रकाशक=bdnews24.com}}</ref> | children = रेजवान आहम्मद तौफिक <br />रासेल आहमेद तुहिन <br />रियाद आहमेद तुषार <br />स्वर्ना हमिद | awards = स्वतन्त्रता दिवस पुरस्कार ({{small|सन् २०१३}}) }} '''अब्दुल हमिद''' ({{भाषा-बाङ्ला|আব্দুল হামিদ}},जन्म: सन् १९४४ जनवरी १) एक बङ्गलादेशी राजनितीज्ञ तथा बङ्गलादेशका १५औँ राष्ट्रपति हुन्।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|युआरएल=https://bn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE&oldid=2907966|शीर्षक=জাতীয় সংসদের স্পিকারদের তালিকা|मिति=2018-02-15|भाषा=bn}}</ref> बङ्गलादेशको राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा पहिलो कार्यकाल सकिएपछि उनले सन् २०१६ जुलाई १४ का दिनबाट दोस्रो कार्यकालका लागि राष्ट्रपति पदमा निर्वाचित भएका थिए। उनी सप्तम राष्ट्रिय संसदको उपसभामुखको रूपमा सन् १९९६ जुलाई १४ देखि सन् २००१ जुलाई १० कार्यरत थिए भने उनले सन् २००१ देखि सन् २००१ अक्टोबर ८ सम्म प्रमुख सभामुखको रूपमा भूमिका निर्वाह गरेका थिए। उनले नवौँ राष्ट्रिय संसदको प्रमुख सभामुखको रूपमा सन् १००९ जनवरी २५ देखि सन् २०१३ अप्रिल २४ सम्म कार्यरत रहेका थिए।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत |शीर्षक="Speaker's Biography". Bangladesh Parliament. Retrieved 22 March 2011. |युआरएल=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/biography_speaker.pdf# |पहुँचमिति=२६ नोभेम्बर २०१८ |अभिलेखमिति=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706132401/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/biography_speaker.pdf# |अभिलेखमिति=६ जुलाई २०११ }}</ref> घातक रोगका कारण बङ्गलादेशका तत्कालीन राष्ट्रिय जिल्लुर रहमानको निधन हुनुभन्दा ६ दिन पहिलेनै सन् २०१३ मार्च १४ का दिन उनी भारप्राप्त राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा आसित भएका थिए। उनी हाल बङ्गलादेशको राष्ट्रपतिहरूको इतिहासमै सबैभन्दा लामो समयसम्म राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा रहिरहने पहिला राजनितीज्ञ हुन्।<ref>{{Cite news|others=PTI|date=2019-01-03|title=বাংলাদেশের রাষ্ট্রপতি হাসিনাকে সরকার গঠনের আমন্ত্রণ জানিয়েছেন|language=ইংরেজি|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/bangladesh-president-invites-hasina-to-form-government/article25900462.ece|access-date=2020-05-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=রাষ্ট্রপতি হামিদ একটি অনন্য রেকর্ড করেছেন|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/president-abdul-hamid-made-unique-record-in-the-history-of-bangladesh-by-swearing-1567549|date=2018-04-25|website=দ্য ডেইলি স্টার|language=ইংরেজি|access-date=2020-05-14}}</ref> सन् १९७१ को बङ्गलादेश स्वतन्त्रता युद्धको क्रममा उनले महत्त्वपूर्ण योगदान दिएका कारण उनलाई सन् २०१३ मा स्वतन्त्रता दिवस पदकबाट सम्मानित गरिएको थियो।<ref name=award/> == प्रारम्भिक जीवन == हमिदको जन्म सन् १९४४ जनवरी १ का दिन [[किशोरगन्ज जिल्ला|किशोरगञ्ज जिल्ला]] अन्तर्गत पर्ने मिठामइन उपजिल्लाको कामालपुर गाउँमा भएको। कामालपुर गाउँको एक विद्यालयबाट प्रारम्भिक शिक्षा हासिल गरेका हमिदले निकली जिसी पाइलट उच्च विद्यालयबाट प्रवेशिका परीक्षा उतिर्ण गरेका थिए। किशोरगञ्ज सरकारी गुरुदयाल क्याम्पसबाट हमिदले उच्च माध्यमिक परीक्षा तथा कला स्नातक गरेका थिए। पछि सरकारी गुरुदयाल क्याम्पसको उनी एक प्रमुख कार्यकारीको रूपमा निर्वाचित भएका थिए। उनले बङ्गलादेशका राष्ट्रपित बङ्गोबोन्धु [[शेख मुजिबुर रहमान]]को परामर्शमा ढाका केन्द्रिय कानुन क्याम्पसबाट कानुन विषयमा स्नातकोत्तर गर्न सफल भएका थिए। उनको पेशा एक वकिलको थियो भने उनले किशोरगञ्ज न्यायाधीशको आदालतमा वकालत गर्ने गरेका थिए। उनी किशोरगञ्ज वकालत संस्थाका सभापतिमा समेत चुनिएका थिए। व्यक्तिगत रूपमा उनी उनको श्रीमती रशिदा हमिदको साथ बस्दै आएका छन् भने रशिदा हमिद किशोरगञ्ज जिल्लाको महिला आवामी लीगकी एक नेत्री हुन्। उक्त दाम्पतीको जेठा सुपूत्र रेजवान आहाम्मद तौफिक बङ्गलादेश आवामी लीग नामक राजनैतिक दलका सांसद सदस्य हुन्। यसबाहेक उक्त दाम्पतीको कान्छा माइला छोरा रासेल आहमेद तुहिन, कान्छा छोरा रियाद आहमेद तुषार र एक छोरी स्वर्ना हमिद छन्। == राजनैतिक कार्यकाल == उनले क्याम्पसहरूमा पढ्दा खेरीबाटै राजनीति गर्न सुरु गरेका थिए। उनले आफ्नो राजनैतिक कार्यकालको लगभग सबै समयम बङ्गलादेश आवामी लीगको एक नेताको रूपमा बिताइरहेका छन्। उनी किशोरगञ्ज -४ निर्वाचन क्षेत्रबाट सांसदको रूपमा निर्वाचित भएका थिए भने १०औँ संसदीय चुनावहरू मध्ये उनी ७ पटक सोही निर्वाचन क्षेत्रबाट सांसदको रूपमा निर्वाचित भएका थिए। सन् २००१ मा उनी राष्ट्रिय संसदका विपक्षी दलीय उपनेताको रूपमा रहेका थिए। उनी सन् २००९ जनवरी २५ का दिन बङ्गलादेश राष्ट्रिय संसदको वर्तमान संसद सदस्यको रूपमा संसदको सभामुखको रूपमा नियुक्त भएका थिए। === २०औँ राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा === सन् २०१३ मार्च १४ का दिन उनी बङ्गलादेशका २०औँ राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा निर्विरोध निर्वाचित भएका थिए। सन् २०१३ अप्रिल २१ का दिन उनले बङ्गलादेशको एक क्षमताशील राजनैतिक दल बङ्गलादेश आवामी लीगको एक राजनितीज्ञको रूपबाट उनले राष्ट्रपति पदका लागि मनोनयनपत्र दाखिल गरेका थिए। कुनै अन्य उम्मेदवारले राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा मनोनयन पत्र दाखिल नगरेका कारण बङ्गलादेश निर्वाचन आयोगमा मुख्य निर्वाचन आयुक्त काजी रकिबउद्दिन आहमदले २० अप्रिलका दिन उनलाई बङ्गलादेशको राष्ट्रपति घोषित गरेका थिए।<ref>[http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/hamid-elected-president/ Hamid elected president, retrieved: 23 April, 2013]</ref> हमिद राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा निर्विरोध निर्वाचित हुनु भन्दा पहिला उनी बङ्गलादेशको सभामुखको रूपमा कार्यरत थिए भने उनी राष्ट्रपति बनिरहेपछि सभामुख पद खाली भएको थियो। यसअधि बङ्गलादेशका पूर्व राष्ट्रिय आब्दुर रहमान विश्वास सन् १९९१ मा ५औँ राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा निर्वाचित हुने बेलामा पनि विश्वास संसदका सभामुख थिए। नवनिर्वाचित राष्ट्रपति हमिदले सन् २०१३ अप्रिल २४ का दिन राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा [[शपथ ग्रहण]] गरिसकेपछि सभामुखको रूपमा शत्तकत आलीले शपथ लिएका थिए।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत |शीर्षक="Former Presidents:Abdur Rahman Biswas" (HTML)। Official website of the Bangabhaban (The president house of bangladesh). Retrieved 2008-04-17 |युआरएल=http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/biswas.html |पहुँचमिति=२०१३-०४-२३ |अभिलेखयुआरएल=https://www.webcitation.org/68a5sGbzY?url=http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/biswas.html |अभिलेखमिति=२०१२-०६-२१ }}</ref> अब्दुल हमिद सन् २०१७ फेब्रुअरी ७ का दिन लगातार दोस्रो कार्यकालका लागि राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा निर्विरोध निर्वाचित भएका थिए भने उनले सन् २०१७ अप्रिल २४ का दिन पुनर्निर्वाचित राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा [[पदको शपथ|शपथ]] लिएका थिए।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत |शीर्षक=আরও ৫ বছরের জন্য রাষ্ট্রপতি আবদুল হামিদ |युआरएल=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/article/1476391/আবদুল-হামিদ-প্রথম-রাষ্ট্রপতি-যিনি-টানা-দ্বিতীয় |पहुँचमिति=१ जनवरी २०१९ |कार्य=দৈনিক প্রথম আলো |मिति=२४ अप्रिल २०१८ |भाषा=bn}}</ref> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} == बाह्य कडीहरू == {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[जिल्लुर रहमान]]<br> (भारप्राप्त)}} {{s-ttl|title=[[बङ्गलादेशका राष्ट्रपतिहरूको सूची|बङ्गलादेशका राष्ट्रपति]]|years=२२ अप्रिल २०१३ - २३ अप्रिल २०२३}} {{s-aft|after=[[मोहम्मद साहाबुद्दिन]]}} {{s-end}} {{बाकस सुरु}} {{निरन्तरता तालिका|शीर्षक=[[बङ्गलादेशको राष्ट्रिय संसदका सभामुख|राष्ट्रिय संसदका सभामुख]]| पूर्ववर्ती= जमिरउद्दिन सरकार|उत्तराधिकारी= कर्णेल शओकत अली|वर्ष= २५ जनवरी, २००९-२४ अप्रिल, २०१३}} {{बाकस अन्तिम}} {{कमन्सश्रेणी|Abdul Hamid (politician)|अब्दुल हमिद}} [[श्रेणी:बङ्गलादेशका राजनीतिज्ञहरू]] [[श्रेणी:बङ्गलादेश अवामी लिगका राजनीतिज्ञहरू]] [[श्रेणी:जीवित मानिसहरू]] [[श्रेणी:बङ्गलादेशका राष्ट्रपतिहरू]] dblv14x2fwmxkx0tsedg49fvqdgjyf3 0 115097 1358432 1358045 2026-06-08T13:41:09Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358432 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:President Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev at The First Summit in Geneva Switzerland - DPLA - b534f3d00bb05c3cc293789b180d2116.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|[[अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपति| राष्ट्रपति]] [[रोनाल्ड रेगन]] र महासचिव [[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ]], [[शीतयुद्ध|शीत युद्ध]]का प्रतिस्पर्धी महाशक्ति का नेताहरू, जेनेभा, स्विजरल्याण्डमा भेटवार्ता गर्दै नोबेम्बर १९८५]] अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सम्बन्धको सन्दर्भमा '''महाशक्ति ({{lang-en|superpower}})''' त्यस राज्य (वा राज्यहरू) लाई भनिन्छ जो वैश्विक स्तरमा प्रभाव पार्न सक्ने क्षमता राख्छन् जुन अन्य राज्यमा हुदैन । १९४४ मा, [[दोस्रो विश्वयुद्ध]]को समयमा, यो शब्द पहिलो पटक [[ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य]], [[सोभियत संघ]] र [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]को लागि प्रयोग भएको थियो।<ref name="The Super-Powers; The United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union—Their Responsibility for Peace. By William T. R. Fox.2">{{cite journal |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/superpowers-the-united-states-britain-and-the-soviet-uniontheir-responsibility-for-peace-by-william-t-r-fox-new-york-harcourt-brace-and-company-1944-pp-162-200-the-great-decision-by-james-t-shotwell-new-york-the-macmillan-company-1944-pp-234-300/62275F7F5673D641D4FCAAAC069A5BCA|title=The Super-Powers; The United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union—Their Responsibility for Peace. By William T. R. Fox. (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. 1944. Pp. 162. $2.00.)|journal=[[American Political Science Review]]|volume=38|issue=5|pages=1013–1015|publisher=cambridge.org|doi=10.2307/1949612|jstor=1949612|access-date=2013-09-02|last1=Hall|first1=H. Duncan|date=October 1944|issn=0003-0554|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[शीतयुद्ध]]को समयमा, ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यको पतन भयो, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका र सोभियत संघले विश्व मामिलामा प्रभुत्व कायम भयो। शीतयुद्धको अन्त्य र १९९१ मा [[सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन|सोभियत संघको विघटन]]सँगै, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका विश्वको एकमात्र महाशक्ति बन्यो।,<ref name="Time-May-28-20152">{{Cite magazine |last=Bremer|first=Ian|date=28 May 2015|title=These Are the 5 Reasons Why the U.S. Remains the World's Only Superpower|url=https://time.com/3899972/us-superpower-status-military/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=18 November 2024|archive-date=9 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609130806/http://time.com/3899972/us-superpower-status-military/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Herring|first=George C.|url=https://archive.org/details/fromcolonytosupe00herr|title=From colony to superpower|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-19-507822-0}}</ref> अमेरिकाको यो स्थितिलाई कहिलेकाहीं परमशक्ति (Hyperpower)को रूपमा पनि चिनिन्छ।<ref name="Nossal2">{{cite conference |first=Kim Richard|last=Nossal|title=Lonely Superpower or Unapologetic Hyperpower? Analyzing American Power in the post–Cold War Era|url=http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm|conference=Biennial meeting, South African Political Studies Association, 29 June-2 July 1999|access-date=2007-02-28|archive-date=2012-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807084022/http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm|url-status=dead}}<!-- subtitle: "Paper for presentation at the biennial meetings of the South African Political Studies Association Saldanha, Western Cape 29 June-2 July 1999 --></ref> === सम्भावित महाशक्तिहरू=== {{main|सम्भावित महाशक्ति}} [[File:Potential Superpowers.svg|upright=1.35|thumb| संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकालाई वर्तमान महाशक्तिको रूपमा देखाउने नक्सा, सम्भावित महाशक्तिको रूपमा शैक्षिक समर्थनको फरक-फरक डिग्री भएका अन्य राजनीतिक संस्थाहरूसँग: {{legend|#75507b|<big>[[ब्राजिल]]</big>}} {{legend|#cc0000|<big>[[चीन]]</big>}} {{legend|#3465a4|<big>[[युरोपेली सङ्घ]]</big>}} {{legend|#80CE0E|<big>[[भारत]]</big>}} {{legend|#f57900|<big>[[रुस|रसिया]]</big>}} {{legend|#edd400|<big>[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|अमेरिका]]</big>}}]] बिद्वानहरू र अन्य समालोचकहरूले [[२१औँ शताब्दी|२१ औं शताब्दी]]मा महाशक्ति बन्ने सक्ने सम्भावना भएका केही राजनैतिक शक्तिहरूलाई "सम्भावित महाशक्ति" शब्दावलीको प्रयोग गरेका छन्। आफ्नो विशाल बजार, बढ्दो सैन्य ताकत, आर्थिक सम्भावना र अन्तराष्ट्रिय परिस्थितिमा बढ्दो प्रभावको कारणले, [[चीन]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19995218|title=What kind of superpower could China be?|date=19 October 2012|publisher=|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=848 |title=China as a global power |publisher=China.usc.edu |date=2007-11-13 |accessdate=2010-08-27 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331180904/http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=848 |date=2009-03-31 }}</ref><ref>CNN (1999). Visions of China. CNN Specials, 1999. Retrieved on 2007-03-11 from http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/china.50/asian.superpower/.</ref> [[युरोपेली सङ्घ]],<ref>Leonard, Mark (2005-02-18). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327034443/http://www.cer.org.uk/articles/leonard_irish_times_18feb05.html Europe: the new superpower]. Irish Times, 28 February 2005. Retrieved on 31-05-2015</ref><ref>[[John McCormick (political scientist)|John McCormick]],(2007). The European Superpower. Palgrave Macmillan.</ref> [[भारत]]<ref>Meredith, R (2008) ''The Elephant and the Dragon: The Rise of India and China and What it Means for All of Us'', "W.W Norton and Company" {{ISBN|978-0-393-33193-6}}</ref> र [[रुस|रसिया]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Russia in the 21st Century|publisher=[[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|UNC]] Press|date=February 2005|last=Rosefielde|first=Steven|authorlink=Steven Rosefielde|isbn=978-0-521-54529-7|url=http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/economics/international-economics/russia-21st-century-prodigal-superpower}}</ref> २१ औ शताब्दीको सम्भावित महाशक्ति हुन्। २०२० मा गरिएको एक सर्वे अनुसार, ५७% वैश्विक लगानीकर्ताहरूले चीनले अमेरिकालाई विश्वको महाशक्तिको रूपमा २०३० सम्ममा स्थानान्तरण गर्ने अनुमान गरेका छन्। <ref>{{cite news |last=Saloway |first=Scott |title=China will replace the US as the world's biggest superpower by 2030: UBS survey |language=en |publisher=Yahoo Finance ([[UBS]])|date=24 January 2020 |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/ubs-survey-china-world-superpower-185949233.html |accessdate= }}</ref> यद्यपि, धेरै इतिहासकारहरू, लेखक तथा आलोचकहरूले यी देशहरू महाशक्तिको रूपमा उदाउनेमा शङ्का व्यक्त गरेका छन्। <ref>{{cite news|last=Biswas|first=Soutik|title=Why India Will Not Become a Superpower|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-17350650|publisher=BBC India|accessdate=2012-04-29|date=2012-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Yuanan|first=Zhang|url=http://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/why-china-is-still-no-superpower/china-usa-economy-superpower-confucius/c2s12860/#.UyNI_j-SxA0|title=Why China Is Still No Superpower|accessdate=2014-03-14|date=2013-07-31}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314204837/http://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/why-china-is-still-no-superpower/china-usa-economy-superpower-confucius/c2s12860/#.UyNI_j-SxA0 |date=2014-03-14 }}</ref> केही राजनैतिक बैज्ञानिक र अध्येताहरूले यी राष्ट्रहरू सम्भावित महाशक्ति भन्दा पनि उदयीमान शक्ति हुने बताएका छन्। <ref name="BRICS">{{cite web|url=http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/China_Monitor_JUNE_2010.pdf|title=The Centre for Chinese Studies – Study of China and East Asia on the African continent|website=www.ccs.org.za|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011005/http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/China_Monitor_JUNE_2010.pdf|archivedate=2013-12-04}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011005/http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/China_Monitor_JUNE_2010.pdf |date=2013-12-04 }}</ref> ==महाशक्तिको पतन== ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== {{columns-list|colwidth=30em| * [[अमेरिकी शताब्दी]] * [[चिनियाँ शताब्दी]] * [[सोभियत साम्राज्य]] * [[उदयीमान शक्ति]] * [[ठूला शक्ति|विशाल शक्ति]] * [[ठूला शक्ति‎]] * [[Group of Two]] * [[आधिपत्य]] (अङ्ग्रेजी: Hegemony) * [[Historic recurrence]] * [[परमशक्ति]] * [[International relations theory]] * [[List of modern great powers]] * [[मध्यम शक्ति]] * [[मुनरो सिद्धान्त|मनरो डक्ट्रिन]] * [[नाटो|नेटो]] * [[सम्भावित महाशक्ति]] * [[साङ्घाई सहयोग सङ्गठन]] * [[Second Superpower]] * [[Small power]] * [[Polarity (international relations)#Unipolarity|Unipolarity]] }} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:राजनीतिक शब्दावली]] dmkakfswqnueqml1r26knmwr4dfuz1m 1358433 1358432 2026-06-08T13:43:21Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* महाशक्तिको पतन */ 1358433 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:President Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev at The First Summit in Geneva Switzerland - DPLA - b534f3d00bb05c3cc293789b180d2116.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|[[अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपति| राष्ट्रपति]] [[रोनाल्ड रेगन]] र महासचिव [[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ]], [[शीतयुद्ध|शीत युद्ध]]का प्रतिस्पर्धी महाशक्ति का नेताहरू, जेनेभा, स्विजरल्याण्डमा भेटवार्ता गर्दै नोबेम्बर १९८५]] अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सम्बन्धको सन्दर्भमा '''महाशक्ति ({{lang-en|superpower}})''' त्यस राज्य (वा राज्यहरू) लाई भनिन्छ जो वैश्विक स्तरमा प्रभाव पार्न सक्ने क्षमता राख्छन् जुन अन्य राज्यमा हुदैन । १९४४ मा, [[दोस्रो विश्वयुद्ध]]को समयमा, यो शब्द पहिलो पटक [[ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य]], [[सोभियत संघ]] र [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]को लागि प्रयोग भएको थियो।<ref name="The Super-Powers; The United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union—Their Responsibility for Peace. By William T. R. Fox.2">{{cite journal |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/superpowers-the-united-states-britain-and-the-soviet-uniontheir-responsibility-for-peace-by-william-t-r-fox-new-york-harcourt-brace-and-company-1944-pp-162-200-the-great-decision-by-james-t-shotwell-new-york-the-macmillan-company-1944-pp-234-300/62275F7F5673D641D4FCAAAC069A5BCA|title=The Super-Powers; The United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union—Their Responsibility for Peace. By William T. R. Fox. (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. 1944. Pp. 162. $2.00.)|journal=[[American Political Science Review]]|volume=38|issue=5|pages=1013–1015|publisher=cambridge.org|doi=10.2307/1949612|jstor=1949612|access-date=2013-09-02|last1=Hall|first1=H. Duncan|date=October 1944|issn=0003-0554|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[शीतयुद्ध]]को समयमा, ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यको पतन भयो, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका र सोभियत संघले विश्व मामिलामा प्रभुत्व कायम भयो। शीतयुद्धको अन्त्य र १९९१ मा [[सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन|सोभियत संघको विघटन]]सँगै, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका विश्वको एकमात्र महाशक्ति बन्यो।,<ref name="Time-May-28-20152">{{Cite magazine |last=Bremer|first=Ian|date=28 May 2015|title=These Are the 5 Reasons Why the U.S. Remains the World's Only Superpower|url=https://time.com/3899972/us-superpower-status-military/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=18 November 2024|archive-date=9 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609130806/http://time.com/3899972/us-superpower-status-military/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Herring|first=George C.|url=https://archive.org/details/fromcolonytosupe00herr|title=From colony to superpower|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-19-507822-0}}</ref> अमेरिकाको यो स्थितिलाई कहिलेकाहीं परमशक्ति (Hyperpower)को रूपमा पनि चिनिन्छ।<ref name="Nossal2">{{cite conference |first=Kim Richard|last=Nossal|title=Lonely Superpower or Unapologetic Hyperpower? Analyzing American Power in the post–Cold War Era|url=http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm|conference=Biennial meeting, South African Political Studies Association, 29 June-2 July 1999|access-date=2007-02-28|archive-date=2012-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807084022/http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm|url-status=dead}}<!-- subtitle: "Paper for presentation at the biennial meetings of the South African Political Studies Association Saldanha, Western Cape 29 June-2 July 1999 --></ref> === सम्भावित महाशक्तिहरू=== {{main|सम्भावित महाशक्ति}} [[File:Potential Superpowers.svg|upright=1.35|thumb| संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकालाई वर्तमान महाशक्तिको रूपमा देखाउने नक्सा, सम्भावित महाशक्तिको रूपमा शैक्षिक समर्थनको फरक-फरक डिग्री भएका अन्य राजनीतिक संस्थाहरूसँग: {{legend|#75507b|<big>[[ब्राजिल]]</big>}} {{legend|#cc0000|<big>[[चीन]]</big>}} {{legend|#3465a4|<big>[[युरोपेली सङ्घ]]</big>}} {{legend|#80CE0E|<big>[[भारत]]</big>}} {{legend|#f57900|<big>[[रुस|रसिया]]</big>}} {{legend|#edd400|<big>[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|अमेरिका]]</big>}}]] बिद्वानहरू र अन्य समालोचकहरूले [[२१औँ शताब्दी|२१ औं शताब्दी]]मा महाशक्ति बन्ने सक्ने सम्भावना भएका केही राजनैतिक शक्तिहरूलाई "सम्भावित महाशक्ति" शब्दावलीको प्रयोग गरेका छन्। आफ्नो विशाल बजार, बढ्दो सैन्य ताकत, आर्थिक सम्भावना र अन्तराष्ट्रिय परिस्थितिमा बढ्दो प्रभावको कारणले, [[चीन]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19995218|title=What kind of superpower could China be?|date=19 October 2012|publisher=|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=848 |title=China as a global power |publisher=China.usc.edu |date=2007-11-13 |accessdate=2010-08-27 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331180904/http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=848 |date=2009-03-31 }}</ref><ref>CNN (1999). Visions of China. CNN Specials, 1999. Retrieved on 2007-03-11 from http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/china.50/asian.superpower/.</ref> [[युरोपेली सङ्घ]],<ref>Leonard, Mark (2005-02-18). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327034443/http://www.cer.org.uk/articles/leonard_irish_times_18feb05.html Europe: the new superpower]. Irish Times, 28 February 2005. Retrieved on 31-05-2015</ref><ref>[[John McCormick (political scientist)|John McCormick]],(2007). The European Superpower. Palgrave Macmillan.</ref> [[भारत]]<ref>Meredith, R (2008) ''The Elephant and the Dragon: The Rise of India and China and What it Means for All of Us'', "W.W Norton and Company" {{ISBN|978-0-393-33193-6}}</ref> र [[रुस|रसिया]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Russia in the 21st Century|publisher=[[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|UNC]] Press|date=February 2005|last=Rosefielde|first=Steven|authorlink=Steven Rosefielde|isbn=978-0-521-54529-7|url=http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/economics/international-economics/russia-21st-century-prodigal-superpower}}</ref> २१ औ शताब्दीको सम्भावित महाशक्ति हुन्। २०२० मा गरिएको एक सर्वे अनुसार, ५७% वैश्विक लगानीकर्ताहरूले चीनले अमेरिकालाई विश्वको महाशक्तिको रूपमा २०३० सम्ममा स्थानान्तरण गर्ने अनुमान गरेका छन्। <ref>{{cite news |last=Saloway |first=Scott |title=China will replace the US as the world's biggest superpower by 2030: UBS survey |language=en |publisher=Yahoo Finance ([[UBS]])|date=24 January 2020 |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/ubs-survey-china-world-superpower-185949233.html |accessdate= }}</ref> यद्यपि, धेरै इतिहासकारहरू, लेखक तथा आलोचकहरूले यी देशहरू महाशक्तिको रूपमा उदाउनेमा शङ्का व्यक्त गरेका छन्। <ref>{{cite news|last=Biswas|first=Soutik|title=Why India Will Not Become a Superpower|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-17350650|publisher=BBC India|accessdate=2012-04-29|date=2012-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Yuanan|first=Zhang|url=http://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/why-china-is-still-no-superpower/china-usa-economy-superpower-confucius/c2s12860/#.UyNI_j-SxA0|title=Why China Is Still No Superpower|accessdate=2014-03-14|date=2013-07-31}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314204837/http://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/why-china-is-still-no-superpower/china-usa-economy-superpower-confucius/c2s12860/#.UyNI_j-SxA0 |date=2014-03-14 }}</ref> केही राजनैतिक बैज्ञानिक र अध्येताहरूले यी राष्ट्रहरू सम्भावित महाशक्ति भन्दा पनि उदयीमान शक्ति हुने बताएका छन्। <ref name="BRICS">{{cite web|url=http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/China_Monitor_JUNE_2010.pdf|title=The Centre for Chinese Studies – Study of China and East Asia on the African continent|website=www.ccs.org.za|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011005/http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/China_Monitor_JUNE_2010.pdf|archivedate=2013-12-04}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011005/http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/China_Monitor_JUNE_2010.pdf |date=2013-12-04 }}</ref> ==महाशक्तिको पतन== ===ब्रिटिस साम्राज्य=== ===सोभियत सङ्घ=== ===संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका=== ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== {{columns-list|colwidth=30em| * [[अमेरिकी शताब्दी]] * [[चिनियाँ शताब्दी]] * [[सोभियत साम्राज्य]] * [[उदयीमान शक्ति]] * [[ठूला शक्ति|विशाल शक्ति]] * [[ठूला शक्ति‎]] * [[Group of Two]] * [[आधिपत्य]] (अङ्ग्रेजी: Hegemony) * [[Historic recurrence]] * [[परमशक्ति]] * [[International relations theory]] * [[List of modern great powers]] * [[मध्यम शक्ति]] * [[मुनरो सिद्धान्त|मनरो डक्ट्रिन]] * [[नाटो|नेटो]] * [[सम्भावित महाशक्ति]] * [[साङ्घाई सहयोग सङ्गठन]] * [[Second Superpower]] * [[Small power]] * [[Polarity (international relations)#Unipolarity|Unipolarity]] }} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:राजनीतिक शब्दावली]] qmhdnpkw74txokbsgq9mmywzac4sbbk 1358434 1358433 2026-06-08T13:52:17Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* महाशक्तिको पतन */ 1358434 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:President Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev at The First Summit in Geneva Switzerland - DPLA - b534f3d00bb05c3cc293789b180d2116.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|[[अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपति| राष्ट्रपति]] [[रोनाल्ड रेगन]] र महासचिव [[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ]], [[शीतयुद्ध|शीत युद्ध]]का प्रतिस्पर्धी महाशक्ति का नेताहरू, जेनेभा, स्विजरल्याण्डमा भेटवार्ता गर्दै नोबेम्बर १९८५]] अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सम्बन्धको सन्दर्भमा '''महाशक्ति ({{lang-en|superpower}})''' त्यस राज्य (वा राज्यहरू) लाई भनिन्छ जो वैश्विक स्तरमा प्रभाव पार्न सक्ने क्षमता राख्छन् जुन अन्य राज्यमा हुदैन । १९४४ मा, [[दोस्रो विश्वयुद्ध]]को समयमा, यो शब्द पहिलो पटक [[ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य]], [[सोभियत संघ]] र [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]को लागि प्रयोग भएको थियो।<ref name="The Super-Powers; The United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union—Their Responsibility for Peace. By William T. R. Fox.2">{{cite journal |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/superpowers-the-united-states-britain-and-the-soviet-uniontheir-responsibility-for-peace-by-william-t-r-fox-new-york-harcourt-brace-and-company-1944-pp-162-200-the-great-decision-by-james-t-shotwell-new-york-the-macmillan-company-1944-pp-234-300/62275F7F5673D641D4FCAAAC069A5BCA|title=The Super-Powers; The United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union—Their Responsibility for Peace. By William T. R. Fox. (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. 1944. Pp. 162. $2.00.)|journal=[[American Political Science Review]]|volume=38|issue=5|pages=1013–1015|publisher=cambridge.org|doi=10.2307/1949612|jstor=1949612|access-date=2013-09-02|last1=Hall|first1=H. Duncan|date=October 1944|issn=0003-0554|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[शीतयुद्ध]]को समयमा, ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यको पतन भयो, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका र सोभियत संघले विश्व मामिलामा प्रभुत्व कायम भयो। शीतयुद्धको अन्त्य र १९९१ मा [[सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन|सोभियत संघको विघटन]]सँगै, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका विश्वको एकमात्र महाशक्ति बन्यो।,<ref name="Time-May-28-20152">{{Cite magazine |last=Bremer|first=Ian|date=28 May 2015|title=These Are the 5 Reasons Why the U.S. Remains the World's Only Superpower|url=https://time.com/3899972/us-superpower-status-military/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=18 November 2024|archive-date=9 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609130806/http://time.com/3899972/us-superpower-status-military/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Herring|first=George C.|url=https://archive.org/details/fromcolonytosupe00herr|title=From colony to superpower|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-19-507822-0}}</ref> अमेरिकाको यो स्थितिलाई कहिलेकाहीं परमशक्ति (Hyperpower)को रूपमा पनि चिनिन्छ।<ref name="Nossal2">{{cite conference |first=Kim Richard|last=Nossal|title=Lonely Superpower or Unapologetic Hyperpower? Analyzing American Power in the post–Cold War Era|url=http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm|conference=Biennial meeting, South African Political Studies Association, 29 June-2 July 1999|access-date=2007-02-28|archive-date=2012-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807084022/http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm|url-status=dead}}<!-- subtitle: "Paper for presentation at the biennial meetings of the South African Political Studies Association Saldanha, Western Cape 29 June-2 July 1999 --></ref> === सम्भावित महाशक्तिहरू=== {{main|सम्भावित महाशक्ति}} [[File:Potential Superpowers.svg|upright=1.35|thumb| संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकालाई वर्तमान महाशक्तिको रूपमा देखाउने नक्सा, सम्भावित महाशक्तिको रूपमा शैक्षिक समर्थनको फरक-फरक डिग्री भएका अन्य राजनीतिक संस्थाहरूसँग: {{legend|#75507b|<big>[[ब्राजिल]]</big>}} {{legend|#cc0000|<big>[[चीन]]</big>}} {{legend|#3465a4|<big>[[युरोपेली सङ्घ]]</big>}} {{legend|#80CE0E|<big>[[भारत]]</big>}} {{legend|#f57900|<big>[[रुस|रसिया]]</big>}} {{legend|#edd400|<big>[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|अमेरिका]]</big>}}]] बिद्वानहरू र अन्य समालोचकहरूले [[२१औँ शताब्दी|२१ औं शताब्दी]]मा महाशक्ति बन्ने सक्ने सम्भावना भएका केही राजनैतिक शक्तिहरूलाई "सम्भावित महाशक्ति" शब्दावलीको प्रयोग गरेका छन्। आफ्नो विशाल बजार, बढ्दो सैन्य ताकत, आर्थिक सम्भावना र अन्तराष्ट्रिय परिस्थितिमा बढ्दो प्रभावको कारणले, [[चीन]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19995218|title=What kind of superpower could China be?|date=19 October 2012|publisher=|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=848 |title=China as a global power |publisher=China.usc.edu |date=2007-11-13 |accessdate=2010-08-27 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331180904/http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=848 |date=2009-03-31 }}</ref><ref>CNN (1999). Visions of China. CNN Specials, 1999. Retrieved on 2007-03-11 from http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/china.50/asian.superpower/.</ref> [[युरोपेली सङ्घ]],<ref>Leonard, Mark (2005-02-18). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327034443/http://www.cer.org.uk/articles/leonard_irish_times_18feb05.html Europe: the new superpower]. Irish Times, 28 February 2005. Retrieved on 31-05-2015</ref><ref>[[John McCormick (political scientist)|John McCormick]],(2007). The European Superpower. Palgrave Macmillan.</ref> [[भारत]]<ref>Meredith, R (2008) ''The Elephant and the Dragon: The Rise of India and China and What it Means for All of Us'', "W.W Norton and Company" {{ISBN|978-0-393-33193-6}}</ref> र [[रुस|रसिया]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Russia in the 21st Century|publisher=[[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|UNC]] Press|date=February 2005|last=Rosefielde|first=Steven|authorlink=Steven Rosefielde|isbn=978-0-521-54529-7|url=http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/economics/international-economics/russia-21st-century-prodigal-superpower}}</ref> २१ औ शताब्दीको सम्भावित महाशक्ति हुन्। २०२० मा गरिएको एक सर्वे अनुसार, ५७% वैश्विक लगानीकर्ताहरूले चीनले अमेरिकालाई विश्वको महाशक्तिको रूपमा २०३० सम्ममा स्थानान्तरण गर्ने अनुमान गरेका छन्। <ref>{{cite news |last=Saloway |first=Scott |title=China will replace the US as the world's biggest superpower by 2030: UBS survey |language=en |publisher=Yahoo Finance ([[UBS]])|date=24 January 2020 |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/ubs-survey-china-world-superpower-185949233.html |accessdate= }}</ref> यद्यपि, धेरै इतिहासकारहरू, लेखक तथा आलोचकहरूले यी देशहरू महाशक्तिको रूपमा उदाउनेमा शङ्का व्यक्त गरेका छन्। <ref>{{cite news|last=Biswas|first=Soutik|title=Why India Will Not Become a Superpower|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-17350650|publisher=BBC India|accessdate=2012-04-29|date=2012-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Yuanan|first=Zhang|url=http://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/why-china-is-still-no-superpower/china-usa-economy-superpower-confucius/c2s12860/#.UyNI_j-SxA0|title=Why China Is Still No Superpower|accessdate=2014-03-14|date=2013-07-31}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314204837/http://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/why-china-is-still-no-superpower/china-usa-economy-superpower-confucius/c2s12860/#.UyNI_j-SxA0 |date=2014-03-14 }}</ref> केही राजनैतिक बैज्ञानिक र अध्येताहरूले यी राष्ट्रहरू सम्भावित महाशक्ति भन्दा पनि उदयीमान शक्ति हुने बताएका छन्। <ref name="BRICS">{{cite web|url=http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/China_Monitor_JUNE_2010.pdf|title=The Centre for Chinese Studies – Study of China and East Asia on the African continent|website=www.ccs.org.za|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011005/http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/China_Monitor_JUNE_2010.pdf|archivedate=2013-12-04}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011005/http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/China_Monitor_JUNE_2010.pdf |date=2013-12-04 }}</ref> ==महाशक्तिको पतन== ===ब्रिटिस साम्राज्य=== केही टिप्पणीकारहरू १९५६ को [[स्वेज सङ्कट|स्वेज संकट]]लाई बेलायतको महाशक्तिको रूपमा अवधिको अन्त्यको सुरुवात मान्छन्।,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/mar/14/past.education1|title=1956: Suez and the end of empire|last=Brown|first=Derek|date=14 March 2001|work=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5199392.stm|title=Suez: End of empire|last=Reynolds|first=Paul|date=24 July 2006|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>History's worst decisions and the people who made them, pp. 167–172</ref> तर अन्य टिप्पणीकारहरूले पहिले नै बेलायतको पतन र महाशक्तिको हैसियत अन्त्यको सुरुवात पहिलेका घटनाबाट नै सुरु भैसकेको देखाएका छन्, जस्तै: युद्धपछिको आर्थिक मितव्ययिताको काल, १९४६ को एङ्ग्लो-अमेरिकी ऋण, १९४६-४७ को जाडो, र ब्रिटिश भारतको स्वतन्त्रता । <ref>{{Cite web |title=United Kingdom {{!}} History, Geography, Facts, & Points of Interest |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom |access-date=2019-04-17 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> ===सोभियत सङ्घ=== ===संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका=== ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== {{columns-list|colwidth=30em| * [[अमेरिकी शताब्दी]] * [[चिनियाँ शताब्दी]] * [[सोभियत साम्राज्य]] * [[उदयीमान शक्ति]] * [[ठूला शक्ति|विशाल शक्ति]] * [[ठूला शक्ति‎]] * [[Group of Two]] * [[आधिपत्य]] (अङ्ग्रेजी: Hegemony) * [[Historic recurrence]] * [[परमशक्ति]] * [[International relations theory]] * [[List of modern great powers]] * [[मध्यम शक्ति]] * [[मुनरो सिद्धान्त|मनरो डक्ट्रिन]] * [[नाटो|नेटो]] * [[सम्भावित महाशक्ति]] * [[साङ्घाई सहयोग सङ्गठन]] * [[Second Superpower]] * [[Small power]] * [[Polarity (international relations)#Unipolarity|Unipolarity]] }} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:राजनीतिक शब्दावली]] ktwtisuglvudyhy0ctdrobccr20ax9k 1358435 1358434 2026-06-08T14:08:28Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* महाशक्तिको पतन */ 1358435 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:President Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev at The First Summit in Geneva Switzerland - DPLA - b534f3d00bb05c3cc293789b180d2116.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|[[अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपति| राष्ट्रपति]] [[रोनाल्ड रेगन]] र महासचिव [[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ]], [[शीतयुद्ध|शीत युद्ध]]का प्रतिस्पर्धी महाशक्ति का नेताहरू, जेनेभा, स्विजरल्याण्डमा भेटवार्ता गर्दै नोबेम्बर १९८५]] अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सम्बन्धको सन्दर्भमा '''महाशक्ति ({{lang-en|superpower}})''' त्यस राज्य (वा राज्यहरू) लाई भनिन्छ जो वैश्विक स्तरमा प्रभाव पार्न सक्ने क्षमता राख्छन् जुन अन्य राज्यमा हुदैन । १९४४ मा, [[दोस्रो विश्वयुद्ध]]को समयमा, यो शब्द पहिलो पटक [[ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य]], [[सोभियत संघ]] र [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]को लागि प्रयोग भएको थियो।<ref name="The Super-Powers; The United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union—Their Responsibility for Peace. By William T. R. Fox.2">{{cite journal |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/superpowers-the-united-states-britain-and-the-soviet-uniontheir-responsibility-for-peace-by-william-t-r-fox-new-york-harcourt-brace-and-company-1944-pp-162-200-the-great-decision-by-james-t-shotwell-new-york-the-macmillan-company-1944-pp-234-300/62275F7F5673D641D4FCAAAC069A5BCA|title=The Super-Powers; The United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union—Their Responsibility for Peace. By William T. R. Fox. (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. 1944. Pp. 162. $2.00.)|journal=[[American Political Science Review]]|volume=38|issue=5|pages=1013–1015|publisher=cambridge.org|doi=10.2307/1949612|jstor=1949612|access-date=2013-09-02|last1=Hall|first1=H. Duncan|date=October 1944|issn=0003-0554|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[शीतयुद्ध]]को समयमा, ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यको पतन भयो, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका र सोभियत संघले विश्व मामिलामा प्रभुत्व कायम भयो। शीतयुद्धको अन्त्य र १९९१ मा [[सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन|सोभियत संघको विघटन]]सँगै, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका विश्वको एकमात्र महाशक्ति बन्यो।,<ref name="Time-May-28-20152">{{Cite magazine |last=Bremer|first=Ian|date=28 May 2015|title=These Are the 5 Reasons Why the U.S. Remains the World's Only Superpower|url=https://time.com/3899972/us-superpower-status-military/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=18 November 2024|archive-date=9 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609130806/http://time.com/3899972/us-superpower-status-military/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Herring|first=George C.|url=https://archive.org/details/fromcolonytosupe00herr|title=From colony to superpower|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-19-507822-0}}</ref> अमेरिकाको यो स्थितिलाई कहिलेकाहीं परमशक्ति (Hyperpower)को रूपमा पनि चिनिन्छ।<ref name="Nossal2">{{cite conference |first=Kim Richard|last=Nossal|title=Lonely Superpower or Unapologetic Hyperpower? Analyzing American Power in the post–Cold War Era|url=http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm|conference=Biennial meeting, South African Political Studies Association, 29 June-2 July 1999|access-date=2007-02-28|archive-date=2012-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807084022/http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm|url-status=dead}}<!-- subtitle: "Paper for presentation at the biennial meetings of the South African Political Studies Association Saldanha, Western Cape 29 June-2 July 1999 --></ref> === सम्भावित महाशक्तिहरू=== {{main|सम्भावित महाशक्ति}} [[File:Potential Superpowers.svg|upright=1.35|thumb| संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकालाई वर्तमान महाशक्तिको रूपमा देखाउने नक्सा, सम्भावित महाशक्तिको रूपमा शैक्षिक समर्थनको फरक-फरक डिग्री भएका अन्य राजनीतिक संस्थाहरूसँग: {{legend|#75507b|<big>[[ब्राजिल]]</big>}} {{legend|#cc0000|<big>[[चीन]]</big>}} {{legend|#3465a4|<big>[[युरोपेली सङ्घ]]</big>}} {{legend|#80CE0E|<big>[[भारत]]</big>}} {{legend|#f57900|<big>[[रुस|रसिया]]</big>}} {{legend|#edd400|<big>[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|अमेरिका]]</big>}}]] बिद्वानहरू र अन्य समालोचकहरूले [[२१औँ शताब्दी|२१ औं शताब्दी]]मा महाशक्ति बन्ने सक्ने सम्भावना भएका केही राजनैतिक शक्तिहरूलाई "सम्भावित महाशक्ति" शब्दावलीको प्रयोग गरेका छन्। आफ्नो विशाल बजार, बढ्दो सैन्य ताकत, आर्थिक सम्भावना र अन्तराष्ट्रिय परिस्थितिमा बढ्दो प्रभावको कारणले, [[चीन]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19995218|title=What kind of superpower could China be?|date=19 October 2012|publisher=|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=848 |title=China as a global power |publisher=China.usc.edu |date=2007-11-13 |accessdate=2010-08-27 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331180904/http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=848 |date=2009-03-31 }}</ref><ref>CNN (1999). Visions of China. CNN Specials, 1999. Retrieved on 2007-03-11 from http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/china.50/asian.superpower/.</ref> [[युरोपेली सङ्घ]],<ref>Leonard, Mark (2005-02-18). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327034443/http://www.cer.org.uk/articles/leonard_irish_times_18feb05.html Europe: the new superpower]. Irish Times, 28 February 2005. Retrieved on 31-05-2015</ref><ref>[[John McCormick (political scientist)|John McCormick]],(2007). The European Superpower. Palgrave Macmillan.</ref> [[भारत]]<ref>Meredith, R (2008) ''The Elephant and the Dragon: The Rise of India and China and What it Means for All of Us'', "W.W Norton and Company" {{ISBN|978-0-393-33193-6}}</ref> र [[रुस|रसिया]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Russia in the 21st Century|publisher=[[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|UNC]] Press|date=February 2005|last=Rosefielde|first=Steven|authorlink=Steven Rosefielde|isbn=978-0-521-54529-7|url=http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/economics/international-economics/russia-21st-century-prodigal-superpower}}</ref> २१ औ शताब्दीको सम्भावित महाशक्ति हुन्। २०२० मा गरिएको एक सर्वे अनुसार, ५७% वैश्विक लगानीकर्ताहरूले चीनले अमेरिकालाई विश्वको महाशक्तिको रूपमा २०३० सम्ममा स्थानान्तरण गर्ने अनुमान गरेका छन्। <ref>{{cite news |last=Saloway |first=Scott |title=China will replace the US as the world's biggest superpower by 2030: UBS survey |language=en |publisher=Yahoo Finance ([[UBS]])|date=24 January 2020 |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/ubs-survey-china-world-superpower-185949233.html |accessdate= }}</ref> यद्यपि, धेरै इतिहासकारहरू, लेखक तथा आलोचकहरूले यी देशहरू महाशक्तिको रूपमा उदाउनेमा शङ्का व्यक्त गरेका छन्। <ref>{{cite news|last=Biswas|first=Soutik|title=Why India Will Not Become a Superpower|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-17350650|publisher=BBC India|accessdate=2012-04-29|date=2012-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Yuanan|first=Zhang|url=http://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/why-china-is-still-no-superpower/china-usa-economy-superpower-confucius/c2s12860/#.UyNI_j-SxA0|title=Why China Is Still No Superpower|accessdate=2014-03-14|date=2013-07-31}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314204837/http://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/why-china-is-still-no-superpower/china-usa-economy-superpower-confucius/c2s12860/#.UyNI_j-SxA0 |date=2014-03-14 }}</ref> केही राजनैतिक बैज्ञानिक र अध्येताहरूले यी राष्ट्रहरू सम्भावित महाशक्ति भन्दा पनि उदयीमान शक्ति हुने बताएका छन्। <ref name="BRICS">{{cite web|url=http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/China_Monitor_JUNE_2010.pdf|title=The Centre for Chinese Studies – Study of China and East Asia on the African continent|website=www.ccs.org.za|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011005/http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/China_Monitor_JUNE_2010.pdf|archivedate=2013-12-04}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011005/http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/China_Monitor_JUNE_2010.pdf |date=2013-12-04 }}</ref> ==महाशक्तिको पतन== ===ब्रिटिस साम्राज्य=== केही टिप्पणीकारहरू १९५६ को [[स्वेज सङ्कट|स्वेज संकट]]लाई बेलायतको महाशक्तिको रूपमा अवधिको अन्त्यको सुरुवात मान्छन्।,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/mar/14/past.education1|title=1956: Suez and the end of empire|last=Brown|first=Derek|date=14 March 2001|work=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5199392.stm|title=Suez: End of empire|last=Reynolds|first=Paul|date=24 July 2006|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>History's worst decisions and the people who made them, pp. 167–172</ref> तर अन्य टिप्पणीकारहरूले पहिले नै बेलायतको पतन र महाशक्तिको हैसियत अन्त्यको सुरुवात पहिलेका घटनाबाट नै सुरु भैसकेको देखाएका छन्, जस्तै: युद्धपछिको आर्थिक मितव्ययिताको काल, १९४६ को एङ्ग्लो-अमेरिकी ऋण, १९४६-४७ को जाडो, र ब्रिटिश भारतको स्वतन्त्रता । <ref>{{Cite web |title=United Kingdom {{!}} History, Geography, Facts, & Points of Interest |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom |access-date=2019-04-17 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> विशेष गरी स्वेज संकटलाई इतिहासकारहरूले ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यको लागि राजनीतिक र कूटनीतिक विपत्ति मान्छन्, किनकि यसले संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका र सोभियत संघबाट व्यापक दबाब सहित ठूलो मात्रामा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय निन्दा खेप्नुपर्‍यो। यसले बेलायती र फ्रान्सेली सेनाहरूलाई लज्जास्पद रूपमा पछि हट्न बाध्य बनायो र सोभियत संघ र संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका बीचको बढ्दो द्विध्रुवीय शीतयुद्धको राजनीतिलाई बलियो बनायो। १९६० को दशकमा, उपनिवेशीकरणको आन्दोलन चरम सीमामा पुगेको थियो, बाँकी रहेका साम्राज्यका भुभागहरूले स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्त गरे, जसले गर्दा ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यबाट राष्ट्रमंडल राष्ट्रहरूमा परिवर्तन हुने क्रम तीव्र भयो। साम्राज्यको पतन जारी रहँदा, संयुक्त अधिराज्यको गृह टापुहरूले पछि १९७० को दशकभरि उद्योग धारासायीको सामना गर्नुपर्‍यो, यससँग उच्च मुद्रास्फीति र औद्योगिक अशान्तिसँग जोडिए। यसले गर्दा केही अर्थशास्त्रीहरूले बेलायतलाई "युरोपको बिरामी" भनेर सम्बोधन गरेका थिए। १९७६ मा, संयुक्त अधिराज्यले [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मुद्रा कोष]] (IMF) बाट सहयोग माग्नुपर्‍यो। कुनै जमानामा बेलायतले नै पैसा जम्मा गरेर यो कोष स्थापना गरेको थियो। बेलायतले ३.९ अर्ब डलरको कार्जा पायो, जुन त्यस बिन्दुसम्म अनुरोध गरिएको सबैभन्दा ठूलो ऋण हो। <ref>{{cite web |title=National Archives |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/imf-crisis.htm |access-date=17 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="NA-SterlingDevalued2">{{cite web |title=Sterling devalued and the IMF loan |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/sterling-devalued-imf-loan.htm |access-date=17 December 2015 |website=The National Archives}}</ref> १९७९ मा, देशले ठुलो व्यापक हडतालहरूको सामना गर्‍यो, यसलाई असन्तुष्टिको जाडो भनेर चिनिन्छ। यी सबै कारकहरूलाई शिक्षाविद्, अर्थशास्त्री र राजनीतिज्ञहरूले बेलायतको पतनको प्रतीकको रूपमा हेरे। अन्तमा, जुलाई १९९७ मा हङकङ चीनलाई हस्तान्तरण गर्नुलाई विज्ञहरूले ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यको पक्का अन्त्यको रूपमा हेरे। ===सोभियत सङ्घ=== ===संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका=== ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== {{columns-list|colwidth=30em| * [[अमेरिकी शताब्दी]] * [[चिनियाँ शताब्दी]] * [[सोभियत साम्राज्य]] * [[उदयीमान शक्ति]] * [[ठूला शक्ति|विशाल शक्ति]] * [[ठूला शक्ति‎]] * [[Group of Two]] * [[आधिपत्य]] (अङ्ग्रेजी: Hegemony) * [[Historic recurrence]] * [[परमशक्ति]] * [[International relations theory]] * [[List of modern great powers]] * [[मध्यम शक्ति]] * [[मुनरो सिद्धान्त|मनरो डक्ट्रिन]] * [[नाटो|नेटो]] * [[सम्भावित महाशक्ति]] * [[साङ्घाई सहयोग सङ्गठन]] * [[Second Superpower]] * [[Small power]] * [[Polarity (international relations)#Unipolarity|Unipolarity]] }} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:राजनीतिक शब्दावली]] ji2tgtciiev32cq30nhxb12ri2kkz1y 1358440 1358435 2026-06-08T14:14:04Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* ब्रिटिस साम्राज्य */ 1358440 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:President Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev at The First Summit in Geneva Switzerland - DPLA - b534f3d00bb05c3cc293789b180d2116.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|[[अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपति| राष्ट्रपति]] [[रोनाल्ड रेगन]] र महासचिव [[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ]], [[शीतयुद्ध|शीत युद्ध]]का प्रतिस्पर्धी महाशक्ति का नेताहरू, जेनेभा, स्विजरल्याण्डमा भेटवार्ता गर्दै नोबेम्बर १९८५]] अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सम्बन्धको सन्दर्भमा '''महाशक्ति ({{lang-en|superpower}})''' त्यस राज्य (वा राज्यहरू) लाई भनिन्छ जो वैश्विक स्तरमा प्रभाव पार्न सक्ने क्षमता राख्छन् जुन अन्य राज्यमा हुदैन । १९४४ मा, [[दोस्रो विश्वयुद्ध]]को समयमा, यो शब्द पहिलो पटक [[ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य]], [[सोभियत संघ]] र [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]को लागि प्रयोग भएको थियो।<ref name="The Super-Powers; The United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union—Their Responsibility for Peace. By William T. R. Fox.2">{{cite journal |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/superpowers-the-united-states-britain-and-the-soviet-uniontheir-responsibility-for-peace-by-william-t-r-fox-new-york-harcourt-brace-and-company-1944-pp-162-200-the-great-decision-by-james-t-shotwell-new-york-the-macmillan-company-1944-pp-234-300/62275F7F5673D641D4FCAAAC069A5BCA|title=The Super-Powers; The United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union—Their Responsibility for Peace. By William T. R. Fox. (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. 1944. Pp. 162. $2.00.)|journal=[[American Political Science Review]]|volume=38|issue=5|pages=1013–1015|publisher=cambridge.org|doi=10.2307/1949612|jstor=1949612|access-date=2013-09-02|last1=Hall|first1=H. Duncan|date=October 1944|issn=0003-0554|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[शीतयुद्ध]]को समयमा, ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यको पतन भयो, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका र सोभियत संघले विश्व मामिलामा प्रभुत्व कायम भयो। शीतयुद्धको अन्त्य र १९९१ मा [[सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन|सोभियत संघको विघटन]]सँगै, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका विश्वको एकमात्र महाशक्ति बन्यो।,<ref name="Time-May-28-20152">{{Cite magazine |last=Bremer|first=Ian|date=28 May 2015|title=These Are the 5 Reasons Why the U.S. Remains the World's Only Superpower|url=https://time.com/3899972/us-superpower-status-military/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=18 November 2024|archive-date=9 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609130806/http://time.com/3899972/us-superpower-status-military/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Herring|first=George C.|url=https://archive.org/details/fromcolonytosupe00herr|title=From colony to superpower|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-19-507822-0}}</ref> अमेरिकाको यो स्थितिलाई कहिलेकाहीं परमशक्ति (Hyperpower)को रूपमा पनि चिनिन्छ।<ref name="Nossal2">{{cite conference |first=Kim Richard|last=Nossal|title=Lonely Superpower or Unapologetic Hyperpower? Analyzing American Power in the post–Cold War Era|url=http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm|conference=Biennial meeting, South African Political Studies Association, 29 June-2 July 1999|access-date=2007-02-28|archive-date=2012-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807084022/http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm|url-status=dead}}<!-- subtitle: "Paper for presentation at the biennial meetings of the South African Political Studies Association Saldanha, Western Cape 29 June-2 July 1999 --></ref> === सम्भावित महाशक्तिहरू=== {{main|सम्भावित महाशक्ति}} [[File:Potential Superpowers.svg|upright=1.35|thumb| संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकालाई वर्तमान महाशक्तिको रूपमा देखाउने नक्सा, सम्भावित महाशक्तिको रूपमा शैक्षिक समर्थनको फरक-फरक डिग्री भएका अन्य राजनीतिक संस्थाहरूसँग: {{legend|#75507b|<big>[[ब्राजिल]]</big>}} {{legend|#cc0000|<big>[[चीन]]</big>}} {{legend|#3465a4|<big>[[युरोपेली सङ्घ]]</big>}} {{legend|#80CE0E|<big>[[भारत]]</big>}} {{legend|#f57900|<big>[[रुस|रसिया]]</big>}} {{legend|#edd400|<big>[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|अमेरिका]]</big>}}]] बिद्वानहरू र अन्य समालोचकहरूले [[२१औँ शताब्दी|२१ औं शताब्दी]]मा महाशक्ति बन्ने सक्ने सम्भावना भएका केही राजनैतिक शक्तिहरूलाई "सम्भावित महाशक्ति" शब्दावलीको प्रयोग गरेका छन्। आफ्नो विशाल बजार, बढ्दो सैन्य ताकत, आर्थिक सम्भावना र अन्तराष्ट्रिय परिस्थितिमा बढ्दो प्रभावको कारणले, [[चीन]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19995218|title=What kind of superpower could China be?|date=19 October 2012|publisher=|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=848 |title=China as a global power |publisher=China.usc.edu |date=2007-11-13 |accessdate=2010-08-27 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331180904/http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=848 |date=2009-03-31 }}</ref><ref>CNN (1999). Visions of China. CNN Specials, 1999. Retrieved on 2007-03-11 from http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/china.50/asian.superpower/.</ref> [[युरोपेली सङ्घ]],<ref>Leonard, Mark (2005-02-18). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327034443/http://www.cer.org.uk/articles/leonard_irish_times_18feb05.html Europe: the new superpower]. Irish Times, 28 February 2005. Retrieved on 31-05-2015</ref><ref>[[John McCormick (political scientist)|John McCormick]],(2007). The European Superpower. Palgrave Macmillan.</ref> [[भारत]]<ref>Meredith, R (2008) ''The Elephant and the Dragon: The Rise of India and China and What it Means for All of Us'', "W.W Norton and Company" {{ISBN|978-0-393-33193-6}}</ref> र [[रुस|रसिया]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Russia in the 21st Century|publisher=[[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|UNC]] Press|date=February 2005|last=Rosefielde|first=Steven|authorlink=Steven Rosefielde|isbn=978-0-521-54529-7|url=http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/economics/international-economics/russia-21st-century-prodigal-superpower}}</ref> २१ औ शताब्दीको सम्भावित महाशक्ति हुन्। २०२० मा गरिएको एक सर्वे अनुसार, ५७% वैश्विक लगानीकर्ताहरूले चीनले अमेरिकालाई विश्वको महाशक्तिको रूपमा २०३० सम्ममा स्थानान्तरण गर्ने अनुमान गरेका छन्। <ref>{{cite news |last=Saloway |first=Scott |title=China will replace the US as the world's biggest superpower by 2030: UBS survey |language=en |publisher=Yahoo Finance ([[UBS]])|date=24 January 2020 |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/ubs-survey-china-world-superpower-185949233.html |accessdate= }}</ref> यद्यपि, धेरै इतिहासकारहरू, लेखक तथा आलोचकहरूले यी देशहरू महाशक्तिको रूपमा उदाउनेमा शङ्का व्यक्त गरेका छन्। <ref>{{cite news|last=Biswas|first=Soutik|title=Why India Will Not Become a Superpower|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-17350650|publisher=BBC India|accessdate=2012-04-29|date=2012-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Yuanan|first=Zhang|url=http://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/why-china-is-still-no-superpower/china-usa-economy-superpower-confucius/c2s12860/#.UyNI_j-SxA0|title=Why China Is Still No Superpower|accessdate=2014-03-14|date=2013-07-31}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314204837/http://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/why-china-is-still-no-superpower/china-usa-economy-superpower-confucius/c2s12860/#.UyNI_j-SxA0 |date=2014-03-14 }}</ref> केही राजनैतिक बैज्ञानिक र अध्येताहरूले यी राष्ट्रहरू सम्भावित महाशक्ति भन्दा पनि उदयीमान शक्ति हुने बताएका छन्। <ref name="BRICS">{{cite web|url=http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/China_Monitor_JUNE_2010.pdf|title=The Centre for Chinese Studies – Study of China and East Asia on the African continent|website=www.ccs.org.za|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011005/http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/China_Monitor_JUNE_2010.pdf|archivedate=2013-12-04}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011005/http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/China_Monitor_JUNE_2010.pdf |date=2013-12-04 }}</ref> ==महाशक्तिको पतन== ===ब्रिटिस साम्राज्य=== केही टिप्पणीकारहरू १९५६ को [[स्वेज सङ्कट|स्वेज संकट]]लाई बेलायतको महाशक्तिको रूपमा अवधिको अन्त्यको सुरुवात मान्छन्।,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/mar/14/past.education1|title=1956: Suez and the end of empire|last=Brown|first=Derek|date=14 March 2001|work=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5199392.stm|title=Suez: End of empire|last=Reynolds|first=Paul|date=24 July 2006|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>History's worst decisions and the people who made them, pp. 167–172</ref> तर अन्य टिप्पणीकारहरूले पहिले नै बेलायतको पतन र महाशक्तिको हैसियत अन्त्यको सुरुवात पहिलेका घटनाबाट नै सुरु भैसकेको देखाएका छन्, जस्तै: युद्धपछिको आर्थिक मितव्ययिताको काल, १९४६ को एङ्ग्लो-अमेरिकी ऋण, १९४६-४७ को जाडो, र ब्रिटिश भारतको स्वतन्त्रता । <ref>{{Cite web |title=United Kingdom {{!}} History, Geography, Facts, & Points of Interest |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom |access-date=2019-04-17 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> विशेष गरी स्वेज संकटलाई इतिहासकारहरूले ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यको लागि राजनीतिक र कूटनीतिक विपत्ति मान्छन्, किनकि यसले संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका र सोभियत संघबाट व्यापक दबाब सहित ठूलो मात्रामा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय निन्दा खेप्नुपर्‍यो। यसले बेलायती र फ्रान्सेली सेनाहरूलाई लज्जास्पद रूपमा पछि हट्न बाध्य बनायो र सोभियत संघ र संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका बीचको बढ्दो द्विध्रुवीय शीतयुद्धको राजनीतिलाई बलियो बनायो। १९६० को दशकमा, उपनिवेशीकरणको आन्दोलन चरम सीमामा पुगेको थियो, बाँकी रहेका साम्राज्यका भुभागहरूले स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्त गरे, जसले गर्दा ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यबाट राष्ट्रमंडल राष्ट्रहरूमा परिवर्तन हुने क्रम तीव्र भयो। साम्राज्यको पतन जारी रहँदा, संयुक्त अधिराज्यको गृह टापुहरूले पछि १९७० को दशकभरि उद्योग धारासायीको सामना गर्नुपर्‍यो, यससँग उच्च मुद्रास्फीति र औद्योगिक अशान्तिसँग जोडिए। यसले गर्दा केही अर्थशास्त्रीहरूले बेलायतलाई "युरोपको बिरामी" भनेर सम्बोधन गरेका थिए। १९७६ मा, संयुक्त अधिराज्यले [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मुद्रा कोष]] (IMF) बाट सहयोग माग्नुपर्‍यो। कुनै जमानामा बेलायतले नै पैसा जम्मा गरेर यो कोष स्थापना गरेको थियो। बेलायतले ३.९ अर्ब डलरको कार्जा पायो, जुन त्यस बिन्दुसम्म अनुरोध गरिएको सबैभन्दा ठूलो ऋण हो। <ref>{{cite web |title=National Archives |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/imf-crisis.htm |access-date=17 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="NA-SterlingDevalued2">{{cite web |title=Sterling devalued and the IMF loan |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/sterling-devalued-imf-loan.htm |access-date=17 December 2015 |website=The National Archives}}</ref> १९७९ मा, देशले ठुलो व्यापक हडतालहरूको सामना गर्‍यो, यसलाई असन्तुष्टिको जाडो भनेर चिनिन्छ। यी सबै कारकहरूलाई शिक्षाविद्, अर्थशास्त्री र राजनीतिज्ञहरूले बेलायतको पतनको प्रतीकको रूपमा हेरे। अन्तमा, जुलाई १९९७ मा हङकङ चीनलाई हस्तान्तरण गर्नुलाई विज्ञहरूले ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यको पक्का अन्त्यको रूपमा हेरे। तैपनि, आज संयुक्त अधिराज्यले २१ औं शताब्दीमा विश्वव्यापी [[नरम शक्ति]] कायम राखेको छ। यसको राजधानी शहर, [[लन्डन]], विश्वको प्रख्यात शहरहरू मध्ये एक मानिन्छ, मोरी फाउन्डेसन द्वारा विश्वव्यापी शहरको रूपमा स्थान दिइएको छ। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Power City Index 2020 |url=http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/ius2/gpci2/2020.shtml |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=The Mori Memorial Foundation}}</ref> २०२२ मा, ब्रान्ड फाइनान्स द्वारा संयुक्त अधिराज्यलाई नरम शक्तिको सन्दर्भमा अग्रणी युरोपेली देशको रूपमा स्थान दिइएको थियो।<ref name="Global soft power index2">{{cite web |date=15 March 2022 |title=Global Soft Power Index 2022: USA bounces back better to top of nation brand ranking |url=https://brandfinance.com/press-releases/global-soft-power-index-2022-usa-bounces-back-better-to-top-of-nation-brand-ranking |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=brandfinance.com}}</ref> संयुक्त अधिराज्यले पनि एक शक्तिशाली सेना कायम राखेको छ र आणविक हतियार राख्ने राज्यहरू मध्ये एक हो। ===सोभियत सङ्घ=== ===संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका=== ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== {{columns-list|colwidth=30em| * [[अमेरिकी शताब्दी]] * [[चिनियाँ शताब्दी]] * [[सोभियत साम्राज्य]] * [[उदयीमान शक्ति]] * [[ठूला शक्ति|विशाल शक्ति]] * [[ठूला शक्ति‎]] * [[Group of Two]] * [[आधिपत्य]] (अङ्ग्रेजी: Hegemony) * [[Historic recurrence]] * [[परमशक्ति]] * [[International relations theory]] * [[List of modern great powers]] * [[मध्यम शक्ति]] * [[मुनरो सिद्धान्त|मनरो डक्ट्रिन]] * [[नाटो|नेटो]] * [[सम्भावित महाशक्ति]] * [[साङ्घाई सहयोग सङ्गठन]] * [[Second Superpower]] * [[Small power]] * [[Polarity (international relations)#Unipolarity|Unipolarity]] }} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:राजनीतिक शब्दावली]] l34ib24g45oyzjb2828qnn9d86iagn9 1358442 1358440 2026-06-08T14:20:51Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* महाशक्तिको पतन */ 1358442 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:President Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev at The First Summit in Geneva Switzerland - DPLA - b534f3d00bb05c3cc293789b180d2116.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|[[अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपति| राष्ट्रपति]] [[रोनाल्ड रेगन]] र महासचिव [[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ]], [[शीतयुद्ध|शीत युद्ध]]का प्रतिस्पर्धी महाशक्ति का नेताहरू, जेनेभा, स्विजरल्याण्डमा भेटवार्ता गर्दै नोबेम्बर १९८५]] अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सम्बन्धको सन्दर्भमा '''महाशक्ति ({{lang-en|superpower}})''' त्यस राज्य (वा राज्यहरू) लाई भनिन्छ जो वैश्विक स्तरमा प्रभाव पार्न सक्ने क्षमता राख्छन् जुन अन्य राज्यमा हुदैन । १९४४ मा, [[दोस्रो विश्वयुद्ध]]को समयमा, यो शब्द पहिलो पटक [[ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य]], [[सोभियत संघ]] र [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]को लागि प्रयोग भएको थियो।<ref name="The Super-Powers; The United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union—Their Responsibility for Peace. By William T. R. Fox.2">{{cite journal |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/superpowers-the-united-states-britain-and-the-soviet-uniontheir-responsibility-for-peace-by-william-t-r-fox-new-york-harcourt-brace-and-company-1944-pp-162-200-the-great-decision-by-james-t-shotwell-new-york-the-macmillan-company-1944-pp-234-300/62275F7F5673D641D4FCAAAC069A5BCA|title=The Super-Powers; The United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union—Their Responsibility for Peace. By William T. R. Fox. (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. 1944. Pp. 162. $2.00.)|journal=[[American Political Science Review]]|volume=38|issue=5|pages=1013–1015|publisher=cambridge.org|doi=10.2307/1949612|jstor=1949612|access-date=2013-09-02|last1=Hall|first1=H. Duncan|date=October 1944|issn=0003-0554|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[शीतयुद्ध]]को समयमा, ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यको पतन भयो, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका र सोभियत संघले विश्व मामिलामा प्रभुत्व कायम भयो। शीतयुद्धको अन्त्य र १९९१ मा [[सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन|सोभियत संघको विघटन]]सँगै, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका विश्वको एकमात्र महाशक्ति बन्यो।,<ref name="Time-May-28-20152">{{Cite magazine |last=Bremer|first=Ian|date=28 May 2015|title=These Are the 5 Reasons Why the U.S. Remains the World's Only Superpower|url=https://time.com/3899972/us-superpower-status-military/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=18 November 2024|archive-date=9 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609130806/http://time.com/3899972/us-superpower-status-military/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Herring|first=George C.|url=https://archive.org/details/fromcolonytosupe00herr|title=From colony to superpower|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-19-507822-0}}</ref> अमेरिकाको यो स्थितिलाई कहिलेकाहीं परमशक्ति (Hyperpower)को रूपमा पनि चिनिन्छ।<ref name="Nossal2">{{cite conference |first=Kim Richard|last=Nossal|title=Lonely Superpower or Unapologetic Hyperpower? Analyzing American Power in the post–Cold War Era|url=http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm|conference=Biennial meeting, South African Political Studies Association, 29 June-2 July 1999|access-date=2007-02-28|archive-date=2012-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807084022/http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm|url-status=dead}}<!-- subtitle: "Paper for presentation at the biennial meetings of the South African Political Studies Association Saldanha, Western Cape 29 June-2 July 1999 --></ref> === सम्भावित महाशक्तिहरू=== {{main|सम्भावित महाशक्ति}} [[File:Potential Superpowers.svg|upright=1.35|thumb| संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकालाई वर्तमान महाशक्तिको रूपमा देखाउने नक्सा, सम्भावित महाशक्तिको रूपमा शैक्षिक समर्थनको फरक-फरक डिग्री भएका अन्य राजनीतिक संस्थाहरूसँग: {{legend|#75507b|<big>[[ब्राजिल]]</big>}} {{legend|#cc0000|<big>[[चीन]]</big>}} {{legend|#3465a4|<big>[[युरोपेली सङ्घ]]</big>}} {{legend|#80CE0E|<big>[[भारत]]</big>}} {{legend|#f57900|<big>[[रुस|रसिया]]</big>}} {{legend|#edd400|<big>[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|अमेरिका]]</big>}}]] बिद्वानहरू र अन्य समालोचकहरूले [[२१औँ शताब्दी|२१ औं शताब्दी]]मा महाशक्ति बन्ने सक्ने सम्भावना भएका केही राजनैतिक शक्तिहरूलाई "सम्भावित महाशक्ति" शब्दावलीको प्रयोग गरेका छन्। आफ्नो विशाल बजार, बढ्दो सैन्य ताकत, आर्थिक सम्भावना र अन्तराष्ट्रिय परिस्थितिमा बढ्दो प्रभावको कारणले, [[चीन]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19995218|title=What kind of superpower could China be?|date=19 October 2012|publisher=|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=848 |title=China as a global power |publisher=China.usc.edu |date=2007-11-13 |accessdate=2010-08-27 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331180904/http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=848 |date=2009-03-31 }}</ref><ref>CNN (1999). Visions of China. CNN Specials, 1999. Retrieved on 2007-03-11 from http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/china.50/asian.superpower/.</ref> [[युरोपेली सङ्घ]],<ref>Leonard, Mark (2005-02-18). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327034443/http://www.cer.org.uk/articles/leonard_irish_times_18feb05.html Europe: the new superpower]. Irish Times, 28 February 2005. Retrieved on 31-05-2015</ref><ref>[[John McCormick (political scientist)|John McCormick]],(2007). The European Superpower. Palgrave Macmillan.</ref> [[भारत]]<ref>Meredith, R (2008) ''The Elephant and the Dragon: The Rise of India and China and What it Means for All of Us'', "W.W Norton and Company" {{ISBN|978-0-393-33193-6}}</ref> र [[रुस|रसिया]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Russia in the 21st Century|publisher=[[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|UNC]] Press|date=February 2005|last=Rosefielde|first=Steven|authorlink=Steven Rosefielde|isbn=978-0-521-54529-7|url=http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/economics/international-economics/russia-21st-century-prodigal-superpower}}</ref> २१ औ शताब्दीको सम्भावित महाशक्ति हुन्। २०२० मा गरिएको एक सर्वे अनुसार, ५७% वैश्विक लगानीकर्ताहरूले चीनले अमेरिकालाई विश्वको महाशक्तिको रूपमा २०३० सम्ममा स्थानान्तरण गर्ने अनुमान गरेका छन्। <ref>{{cite news |last=Saloway |first=Scott |title=China will replace the US as the world's biggest superpower by 2030: UBS survey |language=en |publisher=Yahoo Finance ([[UBS]])|date=24 January 2020 |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/ubs-survey-china-world-superpower-185949233.html |accessdate= }}</ref> यद्यपि, धेरै इतिहासकारहरू, लेखक तथा आलोचकहरूले यी देशहरू महाशक्तिको रूपमा उदाउनेमा शङ्का व्यक्त गरेका छन्। <ref>{{cite news|last=Biswas|first=Soutik|title=Why India Will Not Become a Superpower|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-17350650|publisher=BBC India|accessdate=2012-04-29|date=2012-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Yuanan|first=Zhang|url=http://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/why-china-is-still-no-superpower/china-usa-economy-superpower-confucius/c2s12860/#.UyNI_j-SxA0|title=Why China Is Still No Superpower|accessdate=2014-03-14|date=2013-07-31}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314204837/http://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/why-china-is-still-no-superpower/china-usa-economy-superpower-confucius/c2s12860/#.UyNI_j-SxA0 |date=2014-03-14 }}</ref> केही राजनैतिक बैज्ञानिक र अध्येताहरूले यी राष्ट्रहरू सम्भावित महाशक्ति भन्दा पनि उदयीमान शक्ति हुने बताएका छन्। <ref name="BRICS">{{cite web|url=http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/China_Monitor_JUNE_2010.pdf|title=The Centre for Chinese Studies – Study of China and East Asia on the African continent|website=www.ccs.org.za|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011005/http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/China_Monitor_JUNE_2010.pdf|archivedate=2013-12-04}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011005/http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/China_Monitor_JUNE_2010.pdf |date=2013-12-04 }}</ref> ==महाशक्तिको पतन== ===ब्रिटिस साम्राज्य=== केही टिप्पणीकारहरू १९५६ को [[स्वेज सङ्कट|स्वेज संकट]]लाई बेलायतको महाशक्तिको रूपमा अवधिको अन्त्यको सुरुवात मान्छन्।,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/mar/14/past.education1|title=1956: Suez and the end of empire|last=Brown|first=Derek|date=14 March 2001|work=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5199392.stm|title=Suez: End of empire|last=Reynolds|first=Paul|date=24 July 2006|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>History's worst decisions and the people who made them, pp. 167–172</ref> तर अन्य टिप्पणीकारहरूले पहिले नै बेलायतको पतन र महाशक्तिको हैसियत अन्त्यको सुरुवात पहिलेका घटनाबाट नै सुरु भैसकेको देखाएका छन्, जस्तै: युद्धपछिको आर्थिक मितव्ययिताको काल, १९४६ को एङ्ग्लो-अमेरिकी ऋण, १९४६-४७ को जाडो, र ब्रिटिश भारतको स्वतन्त्रता । <ref>{{Cite web |title=United Kingdom {{!}} History, Geography, Facts, & Points of Interest |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom |access-date=2019-04-17 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> विशेष गरी स्वेज संकटलाई इतिहासकारहरूले ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यको लागि राजनीतिक र कूटनीतिक विपत्ति मान्छन्, किनकि यसले संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका र सोभियत संघबाट व्यापक दबाब सहित ठूलो मात्रामा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय निन्दा खेप्नुपर्‍यो। यसले बेलायती र फ्रान्सेली सेनाहरूलाई लज्जास्पद रूपमा पछि हट्न बाध्य बनायो र सोभियत संघ र संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका बीचको बढ्दो द्विध्रुवीय शीतयुद्धको राजनीतिलाई बलियो बनायो। १९६० को दशकमा, उपनिवेशीकरणको आन्दोलन चरम सीमामा पुगेको थियो, बाँकी रहेका साम्राज्यका भुभागहरूले स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्त गरे, जसले गर्दा ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यबाट राष्ट्रमंडल राष्ट्रहरूमा परिवर्तन हुने क्रम तीव्र भयो। साम्राज्यको पतन जारी रहँदा, संयुक्त अधिराज्यको गृह टापुहरूले पछि १९७० को दशकभरि उद्योग धारासायीको सामना गर्नुपर्‍यो, यससँग उच्च मुद्रास्फीति र औद्योगिक अशान्तिसँग जोडिए। यसले गर्दा केही अर्थशास्त्रीहरूले बेलायतलाई "युरोपको बिरामी" भनेर सम्बोधन गरेका थिए। १९७६ मा, संयुक्त अधिराज्यले [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मुद्रा कोष]] (IMF) बाट सहयोग माग्नुपर्‍यो। कुनै जमानामा बेलायतले नै पैसा जम्मा गरेर यो कोष स्थापना गरेको थियो। बेलायतले ३.९ अर्ब डलरको कार्जा पायो, जुन त्यस बिन्दुसम्म अनुरोध गरिएको सबैभन्दा ठूलो ऋण हो। <ref>{{cite web |title=National Archives |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/imf-crisis.htm |access-date=17 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="NA-SterlingDevalued2">{{cite web |title=Sterling devalued and the IMF loan |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/sterling-devalued-imf-loan.htm |access-date=17 December 2015 |website=The National Archives}}</ref> १९७९ मा, देशले ठुलो व्यापक हडतालहरूको सामना गर्‍यो, यसलाई असन्तुष्टिको जाडो भनेर चिनिन्छ। यी सबै कारकहरूलाई शिक्षाविद्, अर्थशास्त्री र राजनीतिज्ञहरूले बेलायतको पतनको प्रतीकको रूपमा हेरे। अन्तमा, जुलाई १९९७ मा हङकङ चीनलाई हस्तान्तरण गर्नुलाई विज्ञहरूले ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यको पक्का अन्त्यको रूपमा हेरे। तैपनि, आज संयुक्त अधिराज्यले २१ औं शताब्दीमा विश्वव्यापी [[नरम शक्ति]] कायम राखेको छ। यसको राजधानी शहर, [[लन्डन]], विश्वको प्रख्यात शहरहरू मध्ये एक मानिन्छ, मोरी फाउन्डेसन द्वारा विश्वव्यापी शहरको रूपमा स्थान दिइएको छ। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Power City Index 2020 |url=http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/ius2/gpci2/2020.shtml |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=The Mori Memorial Foundation}}</ref> २०२२ मा, ब्रान्ड फाइनान्स द्वारा संयुक्त अधिराज्यलाई नरम शक्तिको सन्दर्भमा अग्रणी युरोपेली देशको रूपमा स्थान दिइएको थियो।<ref name="Global soft power index2">{{cite web |date=15 March 2022 |title=Global Soft Power Index 2022: USA bounces back better to top of nation brand ranking |url=https://brandfinance.com/press-releases/global-soft-power-index-2022-usa-bounces-back-better-to-top-of-nation-brand-ranking |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=brandfinance.com}}</ref> संयुक्त अधिराज्यले पनि एक शक्तिशाली सेना कायम राखेको छ र आणविक हतियार राख्ने राज्यहरू मध्ये एक हो। ===सोभियत सङ्घ=== १९८० र १९९० को दशकको सुरुवातमा सोभियत संघ र पूर्वी ब्लकमा पेरेस्ट्रोइका र ग्लासनोस्त, नोभेम्बर १९८९ मा [[बर्लिनको पर्खाल|बर्लिन पर्खाल]] ढल्नु र अन्ततः डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा [[सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन|सोभियत संघको विघटन]] जस्ता नाटकीय परिवर्तन भए। १९७० को प्रारम्भमा, आन्द्रेई अमलरिकले सोभियत पतनको भविष्यवाणी गरेका थिए, र इमानुएल टोडले १९७६ मा यस्तै भविष्यवाणी गरेका थिए।<ref>The final fall, Todd, 1976</ref> युक्रेनमा रूसी आक्रमणको समयमा रूसको परम्परागत युद्धको क्षमताका कारण पल क्रुगम्यानले रूसलाई "पोटेमकिन सुपरपावर" (देखावटी महाशक्ति)सँग तुलना गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite journal |author=[[Paul Krugman]] |date=28 February 2022 |title=Russia Is a Potemkin Superpower |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/28/opinion/putin-military-sanctions-weakness.html |url-status=live |journal=[[New York Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301041314/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/28/opinion/putin-military-sanctions-weakness.html |archive-date=1 March 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> रूस आणविक हतियार सम्पन राज्य हो।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=William H |first=Boothby |date=10 March 2016 |title=13 Nuclear Weapons |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198728504.003.0013 |journal=Weapons and the Law of Armed Conflict |pages=208–216 |doi=10.1093/law/9780198728504.003.0013 |isbn=978-0-19-872850-4 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ===संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका=== ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== {{columns-list|colwidth=30em| * [[अमेरिकी शताब्दी]] * [[चिनियाँ शताब्दी]] * [[सोभियत साम्राज्य]] * [[उदयीमान शक्ति]] * [[ठूला शक्ति|विशाल शक्ति]] * [[ठूला शक्ति‎]] * [[Group of Two]] * [[आधिपत्य]] (अङ्ग्रेजी: Hegemony) * [[Historic recurrence]] * [[परमशक्ति]] * [[International relations theory]] * [[List of modern great powers]] * [[मध्यम शक्ति]] * [[मुनरो सिद्धान्त|मनरो डक्ट्रिन]] * [[नाटो|नेटो]] * [[सम्भावित महाशक्ति]] * [[साङ्घाई सहयोग सङ्गठन]] * [[Second Superpower]] * [[Small power]] * [[Polarity (international relations)#Unipolarity|Unipolarity]] }} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:राजनीतिक शब्दावली]] 6jspsc1i65fpeo58paq84jyqsfzexiu 1358486 1358442 2026-06-09T04:17:09Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* महाशक्तिको पतन */ 1358486 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:President Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev at The First Summit in Geneva Switzerland - DPLA - b534f3d00bb05c3cc293789b180d2116.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|[[अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपति| राष्ट्रपति]] [[रोनाल्ड रेगन]] र महासचिव [[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ]], [[शीतयुद्ध|शीत युद्ध]]का प्रतिस्पर्धी महाशक्ति का नेताहरू, जेनेभा, स्विजरल्याण्डमा भेटवार्ता गर्दै नोबेम्बर १९८५]] अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सम्बन्धको सन्दर्भमा '''महाशक्ति ({{lang-en|superpower}})''' त्यस राज्य (वा राज्यहरू) लाई भनिन्छ जो वैश्विक स्तरमा प्रभाव पार्न सक्ने क्षमता राख्छन् जुन अन्य राज्यमा हुदैन । १९४४ मा, [[दोस्रो विश्वयुद्ध]]को समयमा, यो शब्द पहिलो पटक [[ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य]], [[सोभियत संघ]] र [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]को लागि प्रयोग भएको थियो।<ref name="The Super-Powers; The United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union—Their Responsibility for Peace. By William T. R. Fox.2">{{cite journal |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/superpowers-the-united-states-britain-and-the-soviet-uniontheir-responsibility-for-peace-by-william-t-r-fox-new-york-harcourt-brace-and-company-1944-pp-162-200-the-great-decision-by-james-t-shotwell-new-york-the-macmillan-company-1944-pp-234-300/62275F7F5673D641D4FCAAAC069A5BCA|title=The Super-Powers; The United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union—Their Responsibility for Peace. By William T. R. Fox. (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. 1944. Pp. 162. $2.00.)|journal=[[American Political Science Review]]|volume=38|issue=5|pages=1013–1015|publisher=cambridge.org|doi=10.2307/1949612|jstor=1949612|access-date=2013-09-02|last1=Hall|first1=H. Duncan|date=October 1944|issn=0003-0554|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[शीतयुद्ध]]को समयमा, ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यको पतन भयो, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका र सोभियत संघले विश्व मामिलामा प्रभुत्व कायम भयो। शीतयुद्धको अन्त्य र १९९१ मा [[सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन|सोभियत संघको विघटन]]सँगै, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका विश्वको एकमात्र महाशक्ति बन्यो।,<ref name="Time-May-28-20152">{{Cite magazine |last=Bremer|first=Ian|date=28 May 2015|title=These Are the 5 Reasons Why the U.S. Remains the World's Only Superpower|url=https://time.com/3899972/us-superpower-status-military/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=18 November 2024|archive-date=9 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609130806/http://time.com/3899972/us-superpower-status-military/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Herring|first=George C.|url=https://archive.org/details/fromcolonytosupe00herr|title=From colony to superpower|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-19-507822-0}}</ref> अमेरिकाको यो स्थितिलाई कहिलेकाहीं परमशक्ति (Hyperpower)को रूपमा पनि चिनिन्छ।<ref name="Nossal2">{{cite conference |first=Kim Richard|last=Nossal|title=Lonely Superpower or Unapologetic Hyperpower? Analyzing American Power in the post–Cold War Era|url=http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm|conference=Biennial meeting, South African Political Studies Association, 29 June-2 July 1999|access-date=2007-02-28|archive-date=2012-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807084022/http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm|url-status=dead}}<!-- subtitle: "Paper for presentation at the biennial meetings of the South African Political Studies Association Saldanha, Western Cape 29 June-2 July 1999 --></ref> === सम्भावित महाशक्तिहरू=== {{main|सम्भावित महाशक्ति}} [[File:Potential Superpowers.svg|upright=1.35|thumb| संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकालाई वर्तमान महाशक्तिको रूपमा देखाउने नक्सा, सम्भावित महाशक्तिको रूपमा शैक्षिक समर्थनको फरक-फरक डिग्री भएका अन्य राजनीतिक संस्थाहरूसँग: {{legend|#75507b|<big>[[ब्राजिल]]</big>}} {{legend|#cc0000|<big>[[चीन]]</big>}} {{legend|#3465a4|<big>[[युरोपेली सङ्घ]]</big>}} {{legend|#80CE0E|<big>[[भारत]]</big>}} {{legend|#f57900|<big>[[रुस|रसिया]]</big>}} {{legend|#edd400|<big>[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|अमेरिका]]</big>}}]] बिद्वानहरू र अन्य समालोचकहरूले [[२१औँ शताब्दी|२१ औं शताब्दी]]मा महाशक्ति बन्ने सक्ने सम्भावना भएका केही राजनैतिक शक्तिहरूलाई "सम्भावित महाशक्ति" शब्दावलीको प्रयोग गरेका छन्। आफ्नो विशाल बजार, बढ्दो सैन्य ताकत, आर्थिक सम्भावना र अन्तराष्ट्रिय परिस्थितिमा बढ्दो प्रभावको कारणले, [[चीन]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19995218|title=What kind of superpower could China be?|date=19 October 2012|publisher=|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=848 |title=China as a global power |publisher=China.usc.edu |date=2007-11-13 |accessdate=2010-08-27 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331180904/http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=848 |date=2009-03-31 }}</ref><ref>CNN (1999). Visions of China. CNN Specials, 1999. Retrieved on 2007-03-11 from http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/china.50/asian.superpower/.</ref> [[युरोपेली सङ्घ]],<ref>Leonard, Mark (2005-02-18). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327034443/http://www.cer.org.uk/articles/leonard_irish_times_18feb05.html Europe: the new superpower]. Irish Times, 28 February 2005. Retrieved on 31-05-2015</ref><ref>[[John McCormick (political scientist)|John McCormick]],(2007). The European Superpower. Palgrave Macmillan.</ref> [[भारत]]<ref>Meredith, R (2008) ''The Elephant and the Dragon: The Rise of India and China and What it Means for All of Us'', "W.W Norton and Company" {{ISBN|978-0-393-33193-6}}</ref> र [[रुस|रसिया]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Russia in the 21st Century|publisher=[[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|UNC]] Press|date=February 2005|last=Rosefielde|first=Steven|authorlink=Steven Rosefielde|isbn=978-0-521-54529-7|url=http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/economics/international-economics/russia-21st-century-prodigal-superpower}}</ref> २१ औ शताब्दीको सम्भावित महाशक्ति हुन्। २०२० मा गरिएको एक सर्वे अनुसार, ५७% वैश्विक लगानीकर्ताहरूले चीनले अमेरिकालाई विश्वको महाशक्तिको रूपमा २०३० सम्ममा स्थानान्तरण गर्ने अनुमान गरेका छन्। <ref>{{cite news |last=Saloway |first=Scott |title=China will replace the US as the world's biggest superpower by 2030: UBS survey |language=en |publisher=Yahoo Finance ([[UBS]])|date=24 January 2020 |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/ubs-survey-china-world-superpower-185949233.html |accessdate= }}</ref> यद्यपि, धेरै इतिहासकारहरू, लेखक तथा आलोचकहरूले यी देशहरू महाशक्तिको रूपमा उदाउनेमा शङ्का व्यक्त गरेका छन्। <ref>{{cite news|last=Biswas|first=Soutik|title=Why India Will Not Become a Superpower|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-17350650|publisher=BBC India|accessdate=2012-04-29|date=2012-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Yuanan|first=Zhang|url=http://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/why-china-is-still-no-superpower/china-usa-economy-superpower-confucius/c2s12860/#.UyNI_j-SxA0|title=Why China Is Still No Superpower|accessdate=2014-03-14|date=2013-07-31}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314204837/http://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/why-china-is-still-no-superpower/china-usa-economy-superpower-confucius/c2s12860/#.UyNI_j-SxA0 |date=2014-03-14 }}</ref> केही राजनैतिक बैज्ञानिक र अध्येताहरूले यी राष्ट्रहरू सम्भावित महाशक्ति भन्दा पनि उदयीमान शक्ति हुने बताएका छन्। <ref name="BRICS">{{cite web|url=http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/China_Monitor_JUNE_2010.pdf|title=The Centre for Chinese Studies – Study of China and East Asia on the African continent|website=www.ccs.org.za|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011005/http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/China_Monitor_JUNE_2010.pdf|archivedate=2013-12-04}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011005/http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/China_Monitor_JUNE_2010.pdf |date=2013-12-04 }}</ref> ==महाशक्तिको पतन== ===सोभियत सङ्घ=== १९८० र १९९० को दशकको सुरुवातमा [[सोभियत सङ्घ|सोभियत संघ]] र पूर्वी ब्लकमा पेरेस्ट्रोइका र ग्लासनोस्त, नोभेम्बर १९८९ मा [[बर्लिनको पर्खाल|बर्लिन पर्खाल]] ढल्नु र अन्ततः डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा [[सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन|सोभियत संघको विघटन]] जस्ता नाटकीय परिवर्तन भए। १९७० को प्रारम्भमा, आन्द्रेई अमलरिकले सोभियत पतनको भविष्यवाणी गरेका थिए, र इमानुएल टोडले १९७६ मा यस्तै भविष्यवाणी गरेका थिए।<ref>The final fall, Todd, 1976</ref> युक्रेनमा रूसी आक्रमणको समयमा रूसको परम्परागत युद्धको क्षमताका कारण पल क्रुगम्यानले रूसलाई "पोटेमकिन सुपरपावर" (देखावटी महाशक्ति)सँग तुलना गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite journal |author=[[Paul Krugman]] |date=28 February 2022 |title=Russia Is a Potemkin Superpower |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/28/opinion/putin-military-sanctions-weakness.html |url-status=live |journal=[[New York Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301041314/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/28/opinion/putin-military-sanctions-weakness.html |archive-date=1 March 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> रूस आणविक हतियार सम्पन राज्य हो।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=William H |first=Boothby |date=10 March 2016 |title=13 Nuclear Weapons |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198728504.003.0013 |journal=Weapons and the Law of Armed Conflict |pages=208–216 |doi=10.1093/law/9780198728504.003.0013 |isbn=978-0-19-872850-4 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ===ब्रिटिस साम्राज्य=== केही टिप्पणीकारहरू १९५६ को [[स्वेज सङ्कट|स्वेज संकट]]लाई बेलायतको महाशक्तिको रूपमा अवधिको अन्त्यको सुरुवात मान्छन्।,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/mar/14/past.education1|title=1956: Suez and the end of empire|last=Brown|first=Derek|date=14 March 2001|work=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5199392.stm|title=Suez: End of empire|last=Reynolds|first=Paul|date=24 July 2006|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>History's worst decisions and the people who made them, pp. 167–172</ref> तर अन्य टिप्पणीकारहरूले पहिले नै बेलायतको पतन र महाशक्तिको हैसियत अन्त्यको सुरुवात पहिलेका घटनाबाट नै सुरु भैसकेको देखाएका छन्, जस्तै: युद्धपछिको आर्थिक मितव्ययिताको काल, १९४६ को एङ्ग्लो-अमेरिकी ऋण, १९४६-४७ को जाडो, र ब्रिटिश भारतको स्वतन्त्रता । <ref>{{Cite web |title=United Kingdom {{!}} History, Geography, Facts, & Points of Interest |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom |access-date=2019-04-17 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> विशेष गरी स्वेज संकटलाई इतिहासकारहरूले ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यको लागि राजनीतिक र कूटनीतिक विपत्ति मान्छन्, किनकि यसले संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका र सोभियत संघबाट व्यापक दबाब सहित ठूलो मात्रामा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय निन्दा खेप्नुपर्‍यो। यसले बेलायती र फ्रान्सेली सेनाहरूलाई लज्जास्पद रूपमा पछि हट्न बाध्य बनायो र सोभियत संघ र संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका बीचको बढ्दो द्विध्रुवीय शीतयुद्धको राजनीतिलाई बलियो बनायो। १९६० को दशकमा, उपनिवेशीकरणको आन्दोलन चरम सीमामा पुगेको थियो, बाँकी रहेका साम्राज्यका भुभागहरूले स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्त गरे, जसले गर्दा ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यबाट राष्ट्रमंडल राष्ट्रहरूमा परिवर्तन हुने क्रम तीव्र भयो। साम्राज्यको पतन जारी रहँदा, संयुक्त अधिराज्यको गृह टापुहरूले पछि १९७० को दशकभरि उद्योग धारासायीको सामना गर्नुपर्‍यो, यससँग उच्च मुद्रास्फीति र औद्योगिक अशान्तिसँग जोडिए। यसले गर्दा केही अर्थशास्त्रीहरूले बेलायतलाई "युरोपको बिरामी" भनेर सम्बोधन गरेका थिए। १९७६ मा, संयुक्त अधिराज्यले [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मुद्रा कोष]] (IMF) बाट सहयोग माग्नुपर्‍यो। कुनै जमानामा बेलायतले नै पैसा जम्मा गरेर यो कोष स्थापना गरेको थियो। बेलायतले ३.९ अर्ब डलरको कार्जा पायो, जुन त्यस बिन्दुसम्म अनुरोध गरिएको सबैभन्दा ठूलो ऋण हो। <ref>{{cite web |title=National Archives |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/imf-crisis.htm |access-date=17 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="NA-SterlingDevalued2">{{cite web |title=Sterling devalued and the IMF loan |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/sterling-devalued-imf-loan.htm |access-date=17 December 2015 |website=The National Archives}}</ref> १९७९ मा, देशले ठुलो व्यापक हडतालहरूको सामना गर्‍यो, यसलाई असन्तुष्टिको जाडो भनेर चिनिन्छ। यी सबै कारकहरूलाई शिक्षाविद्, अर्थशास्त्री र राजनीतिज्ञहरूले बेलायतको पतनको प्रतीकको रूपमा हेरे। अन्तमा, जुलाई १९९७ मा हङकङ चीनलाई हस्तान्तरण गर्नुलाई विज्ञहरूले ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यको पक्का अन्त्यको रूपमा हेरे। तैपनि, आज संयुक्त अधिराज्यले २१ औं शताब्दीमा विश्वव्यापी [[नरम शक्ति]] कायम राखेको छ। यसको राजधानी शहर, [[लन्डन]], विश्वको प्रख्यात शहरहरू मध्ये एक मानिन्छ, मोरी फाउन्डेसन द्वारा विश्वव्यापी शहरको रूपमा स्थान दिइएको छ। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Power City Index 2020 |url=http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/ius2/gpci2/2020.shtml |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=The Mori Memorial Foundation}}</ref> २०२२ मा, ब्रान्ड फाइनान्स द्वारा संयुक्त अधिराज्यलाई नरम शक्तिको सन्दर्भमा अग्रणी युरोपेली देशको रूपमा स्थान दिइएको थियो।<ref name="Global soft power index2">{{cite web |date=15 March 2022 |title=Global Soft Power Index 2022: USA bounces back better to top of nation brand ranking |url=https://brandfinance.com/press-releases/global-soft-power-index-2022-usa-bounces-back-better-to-top-of-nation-brand-ranking |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=brandfinance.com}}</ref> संयुक्त अधिराज्यले पनि एक शक्तिशाली सेना कायम राखेको छ र आणविक हतियार राख्ने राज्यहरू मध्ये एक हो। ===संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका=== ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== {{columns-list|colwidth=30em| * [[अमेरिकी शताब्दी]] * [[चिनियाँ शताब्दी]] * [[सोभियत साम्राज्य]] * [[उदयीमान शक्ति]] * [[ठूला शक्ति|विशाल शक्ति]] * [[ठूला शक्ति‎]] * [[Group of Two]] * [[आधिपत्य]] (अङ्ग्रेजी: Hegemony) * [[Historic recurrence]] * [[परमशक्ति]] * [[International relations theory]] * [[List of modern great powers]] * [[मध्यम शक्ति]] * [[मुनरो सिद्धान्त|मनरो डक्ट्रिन]] * [[नाटो|नेटो]] * [[सम्भावित महाशक्ति]] * [[साङ्घाई सहयोग सङ्गठन]] * [[Second Superpower]] * [[Small power]] * [[Polarity (international relations)#Unipolarity|Unipolarity]] }} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:राजनीतिक शब्दावली]] ijfkqnm2pdl0hplg2r8047x30t6pol4 1358530 1358486 2026-06-09T07:43:09Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358530 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:President Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev at The First Summit in Geneva Switzerland - DPLA - b534f3d00bb05c3cc293789b180d2116.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|[[अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपति| राष्ट्रपति]] [[रोनाल्ड रेगन]] र महासचिव [[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ]], [[शीतयुद्ध|शीत युद्ध]]का प्रतिस्पर्धी महाशक्ति का नेताहरू, जेनेभा, स्विजरल्याण्डमा भेटवार्ता गर्दै नोबेम्बर १९८५]] अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सम्बन्धको सन्दर्भमा '''महाशक्ति ({{lang-en|superpower}})''' त्यस राज्य (वा राज्यहरू) लाई भनिन्छ जो वैश्विक स्तरमा प्रभाव पार्न सक्ने क्षमता राख्छन् जुन अन्य राज्यमा हुदैन । १९४४ मा, [[दोस्रो विश्वयुद्ध]]को समयमा, यो शब्द पहिलो पटक [[ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य]], [[सोभियत संघ]] र [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]को लागि प्रयोग भएको थियो।<ref name="The Super-Powers; The United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union—Their Responsibility for Peace. By William T. R. Fox.2">{{cite journal |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/superpowers-the-united-states-britain-and-the-soviet-uniontheir-responsibility-for-peace-by-william-t-r-fox-new-york-harcourt-brace-and-company-1944-pp-162-200-the-great-decision-by-james-t-shotwell-new-york-the-macmillan-company-1944-pp-234-300/62275F7F5673D641D4FCAAAC069A5BCA|title=The Super-Powers; The United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union—Their Responsibility for Peace. By William T. R. Fox. (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. 1944. Pp. 162. $2.00.)|journal=[[American Political Science Review]]|volume=38|issue=5|pages=1013–1015|publisher=cambridge.org|doi=10.2307/1949612|jstor=1949612|access-date=2013-09-02|last1=Hall|first1=H. Duncan|date=October 1944|issn=0003-0554|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[शीतयुद्ध]]को समयमा, ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यको पतन भयो, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका र सोभियत संघले विश्व मामिलामा प्रभुत्व कायम भयो। शीतयुद्धको अन्त्य र १९९१ मा [[सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन|सोभियत संघको विघटन]]सँगै, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका विश्वको एकमात्र महाशक्ति बन्यो।,<ref name="Time-May-28-20152">{{Cite magazine |last=Bremer|first=Ian|date=28 May 2015|title=These Are the 5 Reasons Why the U.S. Remains the World's Only Superpower|url=https://time.com/3899972/us-superpower-status-military/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=18 November 2024|archive-date=9 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609130806/http://time.com/3899972/us-superpower-status-military/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Herring|first=George C.|url=https://archive.org/details/fromcolonytosupe00herr|title=From colony to superpower|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-19-507822-0}}</ref> अमेरिकाको यो स्थितिलाई कहिलेकाहीं परमशक्ति (Hyperpower)को रूपमा पनि चिनिन्छ।<ref name="Nossal2">{{cite conference|first=Kim Richard|last=Nossal|title=Lonely Superpower or Unapologetic Hyperpower? Analyzing American Power in the post–Cold War Era|url=http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm|conference=Biennial meeting, South African Political Studies Association, 29 June-2 July 1999|access-date=2007-02-28|archive-date=2012-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807084022/http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518001002/http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm |date=2020-05-18 }}<!-- subtitle: "Paper for presentation at the biennial meetings of the South African Political Studies Association Saldanha, Western Cape 29 June-2 July 1999 --></ref> === सम्भावित महाशक्तिहरू=== {{main|सम्भावित महाशक्ति}} [[File:Potential Superpowers.svg|upright=1.35|thumb| संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकालाई वर्तमान महाशक्तिको रूपमा देखाउने नक्सा, सम्भावित महाशक्तिको रूपमा शैक्षिक समर्थनको फरक-फरक डिग्री भएका अन्य राजनीतिक संस्थाहरूसँग: {{legend|#75507b|<big>[[ब्राजिल]]</big>}} {{legend|#cc0000|<big>[[चीन]]</big>}} {{legend|#3465a4|<big>[[युरोपेली सङ्घ]]</big>}} {{legend|#80CE0E|<big>[[भारत]]</big>}} {{legend|#f57900|<big>[[रुस|रसिया]]</big>}} {{legend|#edd400|<big>[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|अमेरिका]]</big>}}]] बिद्वानहरू र अन्य समालोचकहरूले [[२१औँ शताब्दी|२१ औं शताब्दी]]मा महाशक्ति बन्ने सक्ने सम्भावना भएका केही राजनैतिक शक्तिहरूलाई "सम्भावित महाशक्ति" शब्दावलीको प्रयोग गरेका छन्। आफ्नो विशाल बजार, बढ्दो सैन्य ताकत, आर्थिक सम्भावना र अन्तराष्ट्रिय परिस्थितिमा बढ्दो प्रभावको कारणले, [[चीन]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19995218|title=What kind of superpower could China be?|date=19 October 2012|publisher=|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=848 |title=China as a global power |publisher=China.usc.edu |date=2007-11-13 |accessdate=2010-08-27 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331180904/http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=848 |date=2009-03-31 }}</ref><ref>CNN (1999). Visions of China. CNN Specials, 1999. Retrieved on 2007-03-11 from http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/china.50/asian.superpower/.</ref> [[युरोपेली सङ्घ]],<ref>Leonard, Mark (2005-02-18). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327034443/http://www.cer.org.uk/articles/leonard_irish_times_18feb05.html Europe: the new superpower]. Irish Times, 28 February 2005. Retrieved on 31-05-2015</ref><ref>[[John McCormick (political scientist)|John McCormick]],(2007). The European Superpower. Palgrave Macmillan.</ref> [[भारत]]<ref>Meredith, R (2008) ''The Elephant and the Dragon: The Rise of India and China and What it Means for All of Us'', "W.W Norton and Company" {{ISBN|978-0-393-33193-6}}</ref> र [[रुस|रसिया]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Russia in the 21st Century|publisher=[[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|UNC]] Press|date=February 2005|last=Rosefielde|first=Steven|authorlink=Steven Rosefielde|isbn=978-0-521-54529-7|url=http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/economics/international-economics/russia-21st-century-prodigal-superpower}}</ref> २१ औ शताब्दीको सम्भावित महाशक्ति हुन्। २०२० मा गरिएको एक सर्वे अनुसार, ५७% वैश्विक लगानीकर्ताहरूले चीनले अमेरिकालाई विश्वको महाशक्तिको रूपमा २०३० सम्ममा स्थानान्तरण गर्ने अनुमान गरेका छन्। <ref>{{cite news |last=Saloway |first=Scott |title=China will replace the US as the world's biggest superpower by 2030: UBS survey |language=en |publisher=Yahoo Finance ([[UBS]])|date=24 January 2020 |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/ubs-survey-china-world-superpower-185949233.html |accessdate= }}</ref> यद्यपि, धेरै इतिहासकारहरू, लेखक तथा आलोचकहरूले यी देशहरू महाशक्तिको रूपमा उदाउनेमा शङ्का व्यक्त गरेका छन्। <ref>{{cite news|last=Biswas|first=Soutik|title=Why India Will Not Become a Superpower|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-17350650|publisher=BBC India|accessdate=2012-04-29|date=2012-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Yuanan|first=Zhang|url=http://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/why-china-is-still-no-superpower/china-usa-economy-superpower-confucius/c2s12860/#.UyNI_j-SxA0|title=Why China Is Still No Superpower|accessdate=2014-03-14|date=2013-07-31}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314204837/http://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/why-china-is-still-no-superpower/china-usa-economy-superpower-confucius/c2s12860/#.UyNI_j-SxA0 |date=2014-03-14 }}</ref> केही राजनैतिक बैज्ञानिक र अध्येताहरूले यी राष्ट्रहरू सम्भावित महाशक्ति भन्दा पनि उदयीमान शक्ति हुने बताएका छन्। <ref name="BRICS">{{cite web|url=http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/China_Monitor_JUNE_2010.pdf|title=The Centre for Chinese Studies – Study of China and East Asia on the African continent|website=www.ccs.org.za|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011005/http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/China_Monitor_JUNE_2010.pdf|archivedate=2013-12-04}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011005/http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/China_Monitor_JUNE_2010.pdf |date=2013-12-04 }}</ref> ==महाशक्तिको पतन== ===सोभियत सङ्घ=== १९८० र १९९० को दशकको सुरुवातमा [[सोभियत सङ्घ|सोभियत संघ]] र पूर्वी ब्लकमा पेरेस्ट्रोइका र ग्लासनोस्त, नोभेम्बर १९८९ मा [[बर्लिनको पर्खाल|बर्लिन पर्खाल]] ढल्नु र अन्ततः डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा [[सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन|सोभियत संघको विघटन]] जस्ता नाटकीय परिवर्तन भए। १९७० को प्रारम्भमा, आन्द्रेई अमलरिकले सोभियत पतनको भविष्यवाणी गरेका थिए, र इमानुएल टोडले १९७६ मा यस्तै भविष्यवाणी गरेका थिए।<ref>The final fall, Todd, 1976</ref> युक्रेनमा रूसी आक्रमणको समयमा रूसको परम्परागत युद्धको क्षमताका कारण पल क्रुगम्यानले रूसलाई "पोटेमकिन सुपरपावर" (देखावटी महाशक्ति)सँग तुलना गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite journal |author=[[Paul Krugman]] |date=28 February 2022 |title=Russia Is a Potemkin Superpower |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/28/opinion/putin-military-sanctions-weakness.html |url-status=live |journal=[[New York Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301041314/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/28/opinion/putin-military-sanctions-weakness.html |archive-date=1 March 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> रूस आणविक हतियार सम्पन राज्य हो।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=William H |first=Boothby |date=10 March 2016 |title=13 Nuclear Weapons |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198728504.003.0013 |journal=Weapons and the Law of Armed Conflict |pages=208–216 |doi=10.1093/law/9780198728504.003.0013 |isbn=978-0-19-872850-4 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ===ब्रिटिस साम्राज्य=== केही टिप्पणीकारहरू १९५६ को [[स्वेज सङ्कट|स्वेज संकट]]लाई बेलायतको महाशक्तिको रूपमा अवधिको अन्त्यको सुरुवात मान्छन्।,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/mar/14/past.education1|title=1956: Suez and the end of empire|last=Brown|first=Derek|date=14 March 2001|work=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5199392.stm|title=Suez: End of empire|last=Reynolds|first=Paul|date=24 July 2006|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>History's worst decisions and the people who made them, pp. 167–172</ref> तर अन्य टिप्पणीकारहरूले पहिले नै बेलायतको पतन र महाशक्तिको हैसियत अन्त्यको सुरुवात पहिलेका घटनाबाट नै सुरु भैसकेको देखाएका छन्, जस्तै: युद्धपछिको आर्थिक मितव्ययिताको काल, १९४६ को एङ्ग्लो-अमेरिकी ऋण, १९४६-४७ को जाडो, र ब्रिटिश भारतको स्वतन्त्रता । <ref>{{Cite web |title=United Kingdom {{!}} History, Geography, Facts, & Points of Interest |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom |access-date=2019-04-17 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> विशेष गरी स्वेज संकटलाई इतिहासकारहरूले ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यको लागि राजनीतिक र कूटनीतिक विपत्ति मान्छन्, किनकि यसले संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका र सोभियत संघबाट व्यापक दबाब सहित ठूलो मात्रामा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय निन्दा खेप्नुपर्‍यो। यसले बेलायती र फ्रान्सेली सेनाहरूलाई लज्जास्पद रूपमा पछि हट्न बाध्य बनायो र सोभियत संघ र संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका बीचको बढ्दो द्विध्रुवीय शीतयुद्धको राजनीतिलाई बलियो बनायो। १९६० को दशकमा, उपनिवेशीकरणको आन्दोलन चरम सीमामा पुगेको थियो, बाँकी रहेका साम्राज्यका भुभागहरूले स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्त गरे, जसले गर्दा ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यबाट राष्ट्रमंडल राष्ट्रहरूमा परिवर्तन हुने क्रम तीव्र भयो। साम्राज्यको पतन जारी रहँदा, संयुक्त अधिराज्यको गृह टापुहरूले पछि १९७० को दशकभरि उद्योग धारासायीको सामना गर्नुपर्‍यो, यससँग उच्च मुद्रास्फीति र औद्योगिक अशान्तिसँग जोडिए। यसले गर्दा केही अर्थशास्त्रीहरूले बेलायतलाई "युरोपको बिरामी" भनेर सम्बोधन गरेका थिए। १९७६ मा, संयुक्त अधिराज्यले [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मुद्रा कोष]] (IMF) बाट सहयोग माग्नुपर्‍यो। कुनै जमानामा बेलायतले नै पैसा जम्मा गरेर यो कोष स्थापना गरेको थियो। बेलायतले ३.९ अर्ब डलरको कार्जा पायो, जुन त्यस बिन्दुसम्म अनुरोध गरिएको सबैभन्दा ठूलो ऋण हो। <ref>{{cite web |title=National Archives |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/imf-crisis.htm |access-date=17 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="NA-SterlingDevalued2">{{cite web |title=Sterling devalued and the IMF loan |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/sterling-devalued-imf-loan.htm |access-date=17 December 2015 |website=The National Archives}}</ref> १९७९ मा, देशले ठुलो व्यापक हडतालहरूको सामना गर्‍यो, यसलाई असन्तुष्टिको जाडो भनेर चिनिन्छ। यी सबै कारकहरूलाई शिक्षाविद्, अर्थशास्त्री र राजनीतिज्ञहरूले बेलायतको पतनको प्रतीकको रूपमा हेरे। अन्तमा, जुलाई १९९७ मा हङकङ चीनलाई हस्तान्तरण गर्नुलाई विज्ञहरूले ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यको पक्का अन्त्यको रूपमा हेरे। तैपनि, आज संयुक्त अधिराज्यले २१ औं शताब्दीमा विश्वव्यापी [[नरम शक्ति]] कायम राखेको छ। यसको राजधानी शहर, [[लन्डन]], विश्वको प्रख्यात शहरहरू मध्ये एक मानिन्छ, मोरी फाउन्डेसन द्वारा विश्वव्यापी शहरको रूपमा स्थान दिइएको छ। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Power City Index 2020 |url=http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/ius2/gpci2/2020.shtml |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=The Mori Memorial Foundation}}</ref> २०२२ मा, ब्रान्ड फाइनान्स द्वारा संयुक्त अधिराज्यलाई नरम शक्तिको सन्दर्भमा अग्रणी युरोपेली देशको रूपमा स्थान दिइएको थियो।<ref name="Global soft power index2">{{cite web |date=15 March 2022 |title=Global Soft Power Index 2022: USA bounces back better to top of nation brand ranking |url=https://brandfinance.com/press-releases/global-soft-power-index-2022-usa-bounces-back-better-to-top-of-nation-brand-ranking |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=brandfinance.com}}</ref> संयुक्त अधिराज्यले पनि एक शक्तिशाली सेना कायम राखेको छ र आणविक हतियार राख्ने राज्यहरू मध्ये एक हो। ===संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका=== ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== {{columns-list|colwidth=30em| * [[अमेरिकी शताब्दी]] * [[चिनियाँ शताब्दी]] * [[सोभियत साम्राज्य]] * [[उदयीमान शक्ति]] * [[ठूला शक्ति|विशाल शक्ति]] * [[ठूला शक्ति‎]] * [[Group of Two]] * [[आधिपत्य]] (अङ्ग्रेजी: Hegemony) * [[Historic recurrence]] * [[परमशक्ति]] * [[International relations theory]] * [[List of modern great powers]] * [[मध्यम शक्ति]] * [[मुनरो सिद्धान्त|मनरो डक्ट्रिन]] * [[नाटो|नेटो]] * [[सम्भावित महाशक्ति]] * [[साङ्घाई सहयोग सङ्गठन]] * [[Second Superpower]] * [[Small power]] * [[Polarity (international relations)#Unipolarity|Unipolarity]] }} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:राजनीतिक शब्दावली]] 5g50w6tpcv3zibxeh9niq9b0xp7wfc0 0 115217 1358490 1320131 2026-06-09T04:57:48Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358490 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg|right|thumb|340x340px| जेरेमी बेन्थम ]] '''जेरेमी बेन्थम''' जन्म : १५ फेब्रुअरी १७४८-६ जुन १८३२) एक [[इङ्ल्यान्ड|बेलायती ]] न्यायविद्, [[दार्शनिक]] र कानुनी र सामाजिक सुधारवादी थिए। उनी उपयोगितावादको कट्टर समर्थक थिए। उनी प्राकृतिक कानून र प्राकृतिक अधिकारको सिद्धान्तको कट्टर विरोधी थिए। उनले व्यक्तिगत र [[आर्थिक स्वतन्त्रता]], [[चर्च र राज्यको पृथकीकरण]], अभिव्यक्ति स्वतन्त्रता, महिलाहरूको लागि समान अधिकार, [[सम्बन्ध विच्छेद]]को अधिकार, र (अप्रकाशित निबन्धमा) समलिङ्गी कार्यहरूको अपराधीकरणको वकालत गरे। {{sfn|Bentham|2008|pp=389–406}}{{sfn|Campos Boralevi|2012|pp=37-40}} उनले [[दासप्रथा|दासत्व]],<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=12 July 2006 |title=Utilitarianism and Empire |url=https://ndpr.nd.edu/reviews/utilitarianism-and-empire/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816091909/https://ndpr.nd.edu/reviews/utilitarianism-and-empire/ |archive-date=16 August 2024 |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> [[मृत्युदण्ड]], र शारीरिक दण्डको उन्मूलनको लागि आह्वान गरे। {{sfn|Bedau|1983|pp=1033–1065}} उनी पशु अधिकारको प्रारम्भिक वकालतकर्ताको रूपमा पनि परिचित छन्।{{sfn|Sunstein|2004|pp=3–4}}{{sfn|Francione|2004|p=139|ps=: footnote 78}}{{sfn|Gruen|2003|p=}}{{sfn|Benthall|2007|p=1}} '''प्रसिद्ध कृतिहरू''' == बाह्य लिंकहरू == [[श्रेणी:दर्शन]] [[श्रेणी:सन् १७४८ मा जन्म]] [[श्रेणी:सन् १८३२ मा मृत्यु]] jhupsx4rufv1n1czgamp1pm48uv4kue 0 115349 1358467 1342580 2026-06-09T00:47:18Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{संक्षिप्त विवरण|अमेरिकी र्यापर, गायक र सङ्गीतकार}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = पप स्मोक | image = | background = एकल गायक | birth_name = ब्याशार बराका ज्याक्सन<ref name="bmi">{{cite web |title=वेलकम टु द पार्टी - बिएमआइ रिपोर्ट |url=http://repertoire.bmi.com/DetailView.aspx?detail=titleid&keyid=31018312&ShowNbr=0&ShowSeqNbr=0&blnWriter=True&blnPublisher=True&blnArtist=True |website=बिएमआइ }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1999|7|20}}<ref name="ReferenceA">{{YouTube|id=b_wcv25JcgM|time=५७ सेकेन्ड}}</ref> | birth_place = ब्रुकलिन, [[न्युयोर्क सहर|न्यु योर्क]], [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|2|19|1999|7|20}} | death_place = [[लस एन्जलस]], [[क्यालिफोर्निया]], संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका | genre = {{plainlist| * हिप हप * ड्रिल }} | instrument = स्वर | years_active = सन् २०१८ - सन् २०२० | label = {{plainlist| * भिक्टर भिक्टर * रिपब्लिक }} | associated_acts = {{plainlist| * [[फिफ्टी सेन्ट|५० सेन्ट]] * [[अ बूगी विथ द हुडी]] * [[क्यालबोइ]] * [[फिभियो फोरेन]] * [[लिल टीजे]] * [[पीएनबी रक]] * [[क्वेभो]] }} | URL = {{plainlist| * {{URL|realpopsmoke.com/}} * {{URL|popsmokeforever.com/}} }} }} '''पप स्मोक''' (अङ्ग्रेजी: [[:en:Pop Smoke|Pop Smoke]]) नामले चिनिने '''ब्याशार बराका ज्याक्सन''' (अङ्ग्रेजी: [[:en:Pop Smoke|Bashar Barakah Jackson]]) (जुलाई २०, १९९९ - फेब्रुअरी १९, २०२०)<ref name="ReferenceA"/> एक अमेरिकी र्यापर, गायक र सङ्गीतकार थिए । ब्रुकलिनको केनर्सीमा जन्मेका र हुर्केका पप स्मोकले सन् २०१८ मा बेलायती ड्रिल कलाकार र रचनाकारसँग काम गरी आफ्नो साङ्गीतिक कार्य जीवनको सुरुवात गरे ।<ref name="jon">{{Cite news|last=क्याराम्यानिका|first=जोन|date=सेप्टेम्बर ६, २०१८|title=ब्रुकलिन र्याप होमकमिङ किङ, पप स्मोकको उदय|language=en|work=द न्यु योर्क टाइम्स|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/06/arts/music/pop-smoke-rap.html|access-date=2020-07-08|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=अन्तिम अन्तर्वार्तामा पप स्मोकसँग बेलायती ड्रिलको कुराकानी|url=https://uproxx.com/music/pop-smoke-final-interview-uk-drill/|date=फेब्रुअरी २४, २०२०|website=यूप्रोक्स|language=en}}</ref> अप्रिल २०१९ मा "वेलकम टु द पार्टी" निकाले पछि उनी सङ्गीत जगतमा प्रख्यात भए ।<ref name="jon" /> पप स्मोकले भिक्टर भिक्टर वर्ल्डवाइड र रिपब्लिक रेकर्ड्ससँग साझेदारी गरी सन् २०१९ मा आफ्नो प्रथम मिक्सटेप ''मीट द वू'' सार्वजनिक गरे ।<ref name="Victor">{{Cite web |url=https://variety.com/2019/biz/news/steven-victor-shifts-from-def-jam-to-senior-vp-of-ar-at-universal-exclusive-1203302119/ |title=सङ्ग्रहित प्रतिलिपि |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914045632/https://variety.com/2019/biz/news/steven-victor-shifts-from-def-jam-to-senior-vp-of-ar-at-universal-exclusive-1203302119/ |archive-date=सेप्टेम्बर १४, २०१९|url-status=सक्रिय}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.republicrecords.com/artists/pop-smoke|title=पप स्मोक|date=अक्टोबर २५, २०१९|website=रिपब्लिक रेकर्ड्स|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220051557/http://www.republicrecords.com/artists/pop-smoke|archive-date=डिसेम्बर २०, २०१९|url-status=सक्रिय}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220051557/http://www.republicrecords.com/artists/pop-smoke |date=2019-12-20 }}</ref> यो मिक्सटेपको "डियोर" नामको दोस्रो एकल [[बिलबोर्ड हट १००]] मा बाइसौँ स्थानमा सूचिकृत भयो । उनको गृह आक्रमणको कारण भएको मृत्यु भन्दा झन्डै दुई हप्ता अगाडि सन् २०२० सार्वजनिक गरिएको उनको दोस्रो मिक्सटेप ''मीट द वू २'' [[बिलबोर्ड २००]] मा सातौँ स्थानमा सूचिकृत भयो । उनको मृत्युपश्चात सार्वजनिक गरिएको प्रथम स्टुडियो एल्बम ''शूट फर द स्टार्ज, एम फर द मून'' बिलबोर्ड २०० मा प्रथम स्थानमा सूचिकृत भयो र त्यसमा रहेका १९ मध्ये १९ गीतहरू नै बिलबोर्ड १०० मा सूचिकृत भयो । ==बाल्यकाल== जुलाई २०, १९९९ मा ब्याशार बराका ज्याक्सनको जन्म जमैकन आमा र पानामेनियन बुबाको ब्रुकलिन, [[न्युयोर्क सहर|न्यु योर्क]]मा अवस्थित घरमा भएको थियो ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/06/arts/music/pop-smoke-rap.html|title=ब्रुकलिन र्याप होमकमिङ किङ, पप स्मोकको उदय|website=द न्यु योर्क टाइम्स|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214182419/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/06/arts/music/pop-smoke-rap.html|archive-date=डिसेम्बर १४, २०१९|url-status=सक्रिय}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|id=GZ0LJY13sEM|time=७ मिनेट ५७ सेकेन्ड}}</ref> उनले आफ्नो बाल्यकाल ब्रुकलिनको केनर्सीमा बिताए । विद्यालयमा बन्दुक बोकेको हुनाले निष्काशन गरिएका पप स्मोकलाई दुई वर्ष घरबाट बाहिर निस्किन दिइएको थिएन ।<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theringer.com/2020/2/20/21145662/pop-smoke-obituary-death-welcome-to-the-party-gatti-dior|title=पप स्मोकको शक्ति|website=द रिङ्गर|language=en|access-date=फेब्रुअरी २०, २०२०}}</ref> १५ वर्षको उमेरमा लागु पदार्थ बेच्नका लागि पप स्मोकले [[फिलाडेल्फिया]]को रकटप एकेडमीमा पाएको बास्केटबल छात्रवृत्तिलाई अस्वीकार गरेका थिए ।<ref>{{Cite web|last=थमसन|first=पौल|date=फेब्रुअरी २०, २०२०|title=पप स्मोकको हत्या ब्रुकलिन ड्रिल र र्याप समुदायका लागि ठूलो घाटा हो|url=https://www.vulture.com/2020/02/pop-smoke-obit-remembering-the-brooklyn-drill-rapper.html|website=भल्चर|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=डकर |first1=एरिक |title=पप स्मोक कसरी न्यु योर्कको सर्वोत्कृष्ट र्यापर बने |url=https://www.xxlmag.com/pop-smoke-rapper-interview/ |website=एक्सएक्सएल}}</ref> ==कार्य जीवन== सन् २०१८ मा मौलिक सङ्गीत र र्याप गीत बनाउनु भन्दा अगाडि पप स्मोक जे ग्वापो जस्ता कलाकारको स्टुडियोमा गई ड्रिल र र्याप गीतको रिमिक्स बनाउँथे । उनका बुबाले उनलाई बोलाउने नाम पपा र उनका साथीहरूले उनलाई बोलाउने नाम स्मोक मिलाएर उनको छद्मनाम पप स्मोक भएको उनले एक जिनियस अन्तर्वार्तामा खुलासा गरे ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://genius.com/videos/Pop-smoke-breaks-down-the-meaning-of-welcome-to-the-party|title=पप स्मोकद्वारा "वेलकम टु द पार्टी" को भाव विस्तार|website=जिनियस|language=en|access-date=जनवरी २५, २०२०|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125172629/https://genius.com/videos/Pop-smoke-breaks-down-the-meaning-of-welcome-to-the-party|archive-date=जनवरी २५, २०२०|url-status=सक्रिय}}</ref> अप्रिल २०१९ मा पप स्मोकले आफ्नो प्रथम मिक्सटेप ''मीट द वू''को प्रथम एकल "वेलकम टु द पार्टी" सार्वजनिक गरे ।<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.redbull.com/gb-en/best-uk-drill-artists|title=बेलायती ड्रिल: तपाईँहरूले चिन्नुपर्ने ८ कलाकारहरू|website=रेडबुल डट कम|url-status=सक्रिय|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905133341/https://www.redbull.com/gb-en/best-uk-drill-artists|archive-date=सेप्टेम्बर ५, २०१९|access-date=फेब्रुअरी १९, २०२०}}</ref> [[निकी मिनाज]]लाई सहयोगी कलाकारको रूपमा बोलाई रिमिक्स निकालिएको यस गीतको [[स्केप्टा]]सँगको दोस्रो रिमिक्स अगस्ट २०१९ मा सार्वजनिक गरियो । बेलायती ड्रिल निर्माता ८०८ मेलोसँग प्रायः गीत बनाउने पप स्मोकका सबै गीतहरूमा जस्तै यो गीतमा पनि बेलायती ड्रिलको प्रयोग गरिएको थियो ।<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theface.com/music/pop-smoke-hip-hop-drill-808melo-london|title=पप स्मोकको लन्डन तीर्थयात्रा|website=द फेस|language=en|access-date=फेब्रुअरी १९, २०२०|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219203533/https://theface.com/music/pop-smoke-hip-hop-drill-808melo-london|archive-date=डिसेम्बर १९, २०१९|url-status=सक्रिय}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219203533/https://theface.com/music/pop-smoke-hip-hop-drill-808melo-london |date=2019-12-19 }}</ref> "वेलकम टु द पार्टी" लोकप्रिय भएपछि उनले [[लिल टीजे]]सँग "वार" र [[क्यालबोइ]]सँग "१०० के अन अ कू" सार्वजनिक गरे । डिसेम्बर २०१९ मा उनले [[ज्याकबोइज]] र [[ट्रेभिस स्कट]]सँग "गाटी" निकाले जुन ट्रेभिस स्कटको सन् २०१९ मा सार्वजनिक गरिएको ''ज्याकबोइज'' नामक एल्बमको अन्तिम ट्र्याक थियो ।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/nl/music-video/gatti/1493039040?l=en|title=गाटी|via=एप्पल म्यूजिक|date=डिसेम्बर ३०, २०१९}}</ref> फेब्रुअरी २०२० मा [[क्वेभो]], [[अ बूगी विथ द हुडी]], [[फिभियो फोरेन]] र लिल टीजेको सहयोगमा पप स्मोकले आफ्नो दोस्रो मिक्सटेप ''मीट द वू २'' सार्वजनिक गरे ।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/meet-the-woo-2/1497237692|title=मीट द वू २|via=एप्पल म्यूजिक|date=फेब्रुअरी ७, २०२०|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208015329/https://music.apple.com/us/album/meet-the-woo-2/1497237692|archive-date=फेब्रुअरी ८, २०२०|url-status=सक्रिय}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208015329/https://music.apple.com/us/album/meet-the-woo-2/1497237692 |date=2020-02-08 }}</ref> यसको सार्वजनिकीकरणको ५ दिनमा नै [[नाव]]सँगको "वुल्भ्स", [[गन]]सँगको "डियोर (रिमिक्स)" र [[पीएनबी रक]]सँगको "लाइक मि" थपिएको एल्बमको डिलक्स संस्करण सार्वजनिक भयो ।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hypebeast.com/2020/2/pop-smoke-meet-the-woo-2-deluxe-edition-gunna-nav-pnb-rock|title=गन, नाव र पीएनबी रकसँगको 'मीट द वू २' डिलक्स संस्करणको सार्वजनिकीकरण|website=हाइपबीस्ट|date=फेब्रुअरी १२, २०२०|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212231900/https://hypebeast.com/2020/2/pop-smoke-meet-the-woo-2-deluxe-edition-gunna-nav-pnb-rock|archive-date=फेब्रुअरी १२, २०२०|url-status=सक्रिय}}</ref> पप स्मोकको मृत्युपश्चात मे १४, २०२० मा उनका व्यवस्थापक स्टिभन भिक्टरले जून १२, २०२० मा पप स्मोकको प्रथम स्टुडियो एल्बम सार्वजनिक गरिने घोषणा गरे ।<ref name="Date" /> अमेरिकी र्यापर [[फिफ्टी सेन्ट|५० सेन्ट]]ले पनि [[ड्रेक]] र [[क्रिस ब्राउन]]को सहयोगमा यो एल्बम पूरा गर्ने इच्छा व्यक्त गर्दै पप स्मोककी आमालाई पुरस्कार कार्यक्रममा लाग्ने वाचा गरे ।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/9326294/50-cent-pop-smoke-album-executive-producer|title=ड्रेक र क्रिस ब्राउनको सहयोगमा ५० सेन्टलाई पप स्मोकको एल्बम पूरा गर्न मन छ|last=लमार|first=कार्ल|website=बिलबोर्ड|date=फेब्रुअरी ३, २०२०}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.complex.com/music/2020/03/50-cent-says-pop-smoke-posthumous-album-will-get-rappers-mom-to-award-show|title=मृत्योपरान्त सार्वजनिक गरिने एल्बमले पप स्मोककी आमालाई पुरस्कार कार्यक्रममा पुर्याउँछ भनी गरे ५० सेन्टले वाचा|last=एस्पिनोजा|first=जशुवा|website=कम्प्लेक्स|date=मार्च ८, २०२०}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216125007/https://www.complex.com/music/2020/03/50-cent-says-pop-smoke-posthumous-album-will-get-rappers-mom-to-award-show |date=2021-02-16 }}</ref> अप्रिलमा पप स्मोकको जीवनीमा आधारित वृत्तचित्र बनिरहेको घोषणा गरियो ।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.complex.com/music/2020/04/pop-smoke-documentary|title=पप स्मोकको वृत्तचित्र निर्माण हुँदै|last=कोवेन|first=ट्रेस विलियम|website=कम्प्लेक्स|date=अप्रिल १६, २०२०}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614101404/https://www.complex.com/music/2020/04/pop-smoke-documentary |date=2020-06-14 }}</ref> जून १२, २०२० मा सार्वजनिक गरिनुपर्ने पप स्मोकको प्रथम स्टुडियो एल्बम ''शूट फर द स्टार्ज, एम फर द मून'' जुलाई १३, २०२० मा सार्वजनिक भएपछि [[बिलबोर्ड २००]] लगायत विश्वव्यापी स्तरमा विभिन्न चार्टमा प्रथम स्थानमा सूचिकृत भयो ।<ref name="Date">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/pop-smoke-posthumous-album-gets-release-date-news.110445.html|title=पप स्मोकको मृत्युपश्चात सार्वजनिक हुने प्रथम स्टुडियो एल्बमको सार्वजनिकीकरण मितिको घोषणा|work=हट न्यू हिप हप|last=लाइह्र|first=रोज लाइला|date=मे १४, २०२०}}</ref><ref name="July3">{{cite web|url=https://www.rap-up.com/2020/06/11/pop-smoke-album-delayed/amp|title=पप स्मोकको प्रथम स्टुडियो एल्बम जुलाईमा सार्वजनिक गरिने|work=र्याप अप|date=जुन ११, २०२०}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611221242/https://www.rap-up.com/2020/06/11/pop-smoke-album-delayed/amp/ |date=2020-06-11 }}</ref> "फर द नाइट" र "द वू" लगायत अन्य गीतहरू [[बिलबोर्ड हट १००]] मा पनि सूचिकृत भयो ।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/9417551/pop-smoke-new-lp-chart-billboard-hot-100|title=पप स्मोकको नयाँ एल्बमको सबै गीतहरू बिलबोर्ड १०० मा सूचिकृत|work=बिलबोर्ड|last=जेल्नर|first=जेन्डर|date=जुलाई १३, २०२०}}</ref> पप स्मोकको २१ औँ जन्मदिन हुनुपर्ने जुलाई २०, २०२० मा उनको स्टुडियो एल्बमको डिलक्स संस्करण सार्वजनिक गरिएको थियो ।<ref>{{Cite web|last=यू|first=नोआ|title=पप स्मोकको स्टुडियो एल्बमको डिलक्स संस्करणमा १५ नयाँ गीतहरू|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/pop-smokes-new-album-shoot-for-the-stars-gets-15-new-songs-in-deluxe-edition-listen/|accessdate=जुलाई २०, २०२०|website=पिचफोर्क}}</ref> अगस्ट २०२० मा पप स्मोकले २०२० फ्रेशम्यान क्लासमा सूचिकृत हुन स्वीकार गरेको एक्सएक्सएलद्वारा खुलासा गरियो । उनलाई पत्रिकामा सूचिकृत नगरेपनि एक्सएक्सएलले पप स्मोकसँगको अन्तर्वार्ता प्रकाशन गरेको थियो र उनको मृत्यु भएपनि उनलाई अझै फ्रेशम्यान क्लासको सदस्य मानिन्छ ।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/xxl-2020-freshman-class-revealed/|title=एक्सएक्सएल २०२० फ्रेशम्यान क्लासको घोषणा|work=एक्सएक्सएल|last=क्लाइन|first=जोर्जेट|date=अगस्ट ११, २०२०}}</ref> ==कानूनी मुद्दा== जनवरी १७, २०२० मा पेरिस फेसन सप्ताहबाट फर्किदा पप स्मोकलाई गाडी चोरी गरेको आरोपमा जोन एफ केनेडी अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थलमा पक्राउ गरिएको थियो ।<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=होङ|first=निकोल|date=जनवरी १७, २०२०|title=$३,७५,००० पर्ने रोल्स-रोइस चोरेको आरोपमा र्यापर पप स्मोक पक्राउ|language=en|work=द न्यु योर्क टाइम्स|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/17/nyregion/pop-smoke-stolen-rolls-royce.html|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> प्रश्नको गाडी $३,७५,००० पर्ने एक रोल्स-रोइस रेथ थियो जुन एक दिनको लागि सङ्गीत भिडियोको लागि पप स्मोकले उधारो लिएका थिए । उक्त गाडीलाई ट्रकमा न्यु योर्क पुर्याइने योजना बनाइएको अनुमान गरे । उनले इन्स्टाग्राम र फेसबुकमा चोरिएको गाडीमा बसेको तस्वीर सार्वजनिक गरेका थिए । प्रहरीले ब्रुकलिनको केनर्सीमा अवस्थित पप स्मोककी आमाको घरबाट गाडी जफत गरी त्यसमा [[आलाबामा|अलाबामा]]को लाइसेन्स प्लेट राखे ।<ref name=":2" /> आफू माथि लागेका आरोपहरू अस्वीकार गरेका पप स्मोकलाई त्यही दिन $२,५०,००० जमानत तिरी मुक्त गरिएको थियो ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/17/us/pop-smoke-rapper-arrest-trnd/index.html|title=रोल्स-रोइस चोरेको आरोपमा र्यापर पप स्मोक पक्राउ|website=सिएनएन|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118052533/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/17/us/pop-smoke-rapper-arrest-trnd/index.html|archive-date=जनवरी १८, २०२०|url-status=सक्रिय}}</ref> ==मृत्यु== [[क्यालिफोर्निया]]को हलिउड हिल्समा अवस्थित घरमा भएको आक्रमणमा परी फेब्रुअरी १९, २०२० मा पप स्मोकको मृत्यु भएको थियो ।<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/pop-smoke-shot-dead-at-20-report/|title=२० वर्षको उमेरमा पप स्मोकको हत्या|first=स्याम|last=सडोम्स्की |work=पिचफोर्क |date= फेब्रुअरी १९, २०२०}}</ref><ref name=lat>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-02-19/up-and-coming-rapper-pop-smoke-killed-in-hollywood-hills-home-by-masked-gunmen-police-say|title=हलिउड हिल्सको घरमा र्यापर पप स्मोकको हत्या|first1=ह्याना|last1=फ्राई|first2=अगस्ट|last2=ब्राउन|first3=रिचार्ड|last3=विन्टन|date= फेब्रुअरी १९, २०२०|work=लस एन्जलस टाइम्स|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219190217/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-02-19/up-and-coming-rapper-pop-smoke-killed-in-hollywood-hills-home-by-masked-gunmen-police-say|archive-date= फेब्रुअरी १९, २०२०|url-status=सक्रिय}}</ref> प्रहरी रिपोर्ट अनुसार फेब्रुअरी १९ को दिन बिहान साँढे ४ बजे ४ जना मुख लुकाएका व्यक्तिहरू पप स्मोकको घरमा आएका थिए । एक जनाले स्की मास्क लगाएका थिए भने अर्कोले बन्दुक बोकेका थिए ।<ref name=lat/> उनको हत्या पश्चिम संयुक्त राज्यमा भएपनि प्रहरीलाई पूर्वबाट सचेत गरिएको थियो । ६ मिनेट पछि प्रहरी आइपुग्दा पप स्मोकलाई टन्नै गोली लागेका थिए । उनलाई सिडर्स-सिनाई स्वास्थ्य केन्द्रमा लागिएको थियो जहाँ उनलाई मृत घोषित गरियो ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/entertainment/music/rapper-pop-smoke-slain-in-hollywood-hills-reports-say-1960889/|title=हलिउड हिल्समा र्यापर पप स्मोकको हत्या|agency=दी असोसिएटेड प्रेस|first=|date=फेब्रुअरी १९, २०२०|website=लस भेगास रीभ्यू जर्नलl|url-status=सक्रिय}}</ref> फेब्रुअरी २१ मा उनको मृत्युको कारण छातीमा लागेको गोली भएको घोषणा गरियो ।<ref name=lat/> पप स्मोकलाई ब्रुकलिनको ग्रीनवुड सेमेटेरीमा गाडिएको थियो ।<ref>[https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/ny-rapper-pop-smoke-laid-to-rest-in-brooklyn-20200302-pzc7mchu5ng43g4wrgcpc7s7am-story.html पप स्मोकलाई ब्रुकलिनमा गाडिने, संदिग्धहरू अझै खुलामा]</ref> जुलाई १० मा पाँच जना पुरुषलाई उनको हत्याको सम्बन्धमा पक्राउ गरिएको थियो ।<ref>{{Cite web|last=स्ट्राउस|first=म्याथ्यू|title=पप स्मोकको हत्याको सम्बन्धमा ५ जना पक्राउ|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/5-arrested-in-connection-with-pop-smoke-murder-report/|access-date=जुलाई १४, २०२०|website=पिचफोर्क|language=en}}</ref> १९ वर्षको कोरी वकर, १८ वर्षको किआन्ड्रे रोजर्स र १७ र १५ वर्षका दुई व्यक्ति लगायत ४ जना व्यक्तिलाई समातिएको थियो । घर आक्रमण र चोरीको बेला हत्या भएको हुनाले यी व्यक्तिहरू मृत्युदण्डका लागि योग्य छन् ।<ref>{{Cite web|title=पप स्मोकको हत्याको आरोपमा ४ जनाको पक्राउ, २ जनालाई मृत्युदण्ड|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/charged-murder-rapper-pop-smoke-face-death-penalty/story?id=71766283|access-date=जुलाई १४, २०२०|website=एबिसी न्यूज|language=en}}</ref> जक्वान मर्फी नामक पाँचौँ व्यक्तिलाई हत्या प्रयासको आरोपमा पक्राउ गरिएको थियो ।<ref>{{Cite news|last=स्नेप्स|first=लरा|date=जुलाई १०, २०२०|title=पप स्मोक: र्यापरको हत्याको आरोपमा ५ जना पक्राउ|language=en|work=द गार्डियन|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/jul/10/pop-smoke-five-arrested-in-connection-with-brooklyn-rappers-murder-bashar-jackson|access-date=जुलाई १४, २०२०|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> ==विरासत== बेलायती ड्रिल प्रयोग गरिरहने पप स्मोकको गीत सन् २०१९ भरिका अन्य [[बिलबोर्ड हट १००]] मा पहिलो स्थानमा सूचिकृत गीतहरू भन्दा बढी सुनिएको थियो ।<ref name=ring>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theringer.com/2020/2/20/21145662/pop-smoke-obituary-death-welcome-to-the-party-gatti-dior|title=पप स्मोकको शक्ति|last=श्वर्ट्ज |first=ड्यानी|date=फेब्रुअरी २०, २०२०|website=द रिङ्गर}}</ref> अमेरिकी ट्र्याप सङ्गीतमा बेलायती ड्रिलको मिश्रणका साथै केहीको पर्वाह नगर्ने खाले उनका गीतका शब्दहरूले गर्दा उनले अरू र्यापरहरूभन्दा बढी प्रसिद्धि पाए ।<ref name=ring/> उनको कार्य नीतिलाई ५० सेन्ट र क्वेभोले पनि प्रशंसा गरेका थिए । आफ्नो पुरानो र गरिब जीवनशैलीलाई छाडेर आफ्नो लागि राम्रो जीवन बनाउने उसको चाहनाले उनका प्रशंसकलाई पनि प्रेरित गरेको छ ।<ref name="lastdays">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/25/arts/music/pop-smoke.html|title=पप स्मोकका अन्तिम दिनहरू|last=क्याराम्यानिका|first=जोन|date=जून २५, २०२०|website=द न्यु योर्क टाइम्स}}</ref> उनको मृत्युको केही महिना पछि उनको परिवार र प्रियजनहरूले प्रतिकूल अवस्थामा बस्नुपरेका युवायुवतीलाई आफ्ना इच्छा चाहना पूरा गर्न सहयोग गर्न शूट फर द स्टार्ज नामक संस्थाको स्थापना गरे ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hypebeast.com/2020/6/pop-smokes-family-announces-shoot-for-the-stars-foundation-info|title=पप स्मोकको परिवारद्वारा शूट फर द स्टार्ज फाउन्डेशनको घोषणा|last=झाङ|first=चार्ली|date=जून १९, २०२०|website=हाइपबीस्ट}}</ref> उनको मृत्युपश्चात केनर्सीमा उनका भित्तेचित्रहरू बनाइएका थिए ।<ref name="liveagain">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nylon.com/entertainment/pop-smoke-life-after-death-discography-protests|title=पप स्मोक ब्रुकलिनमा सधैँ बाँच्नेछन्|last=इब्राहिम|first=शमीरा|website=नाइलन|accessdate=जून २७, २०२०}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://brooklyn.news12.com/story/41809772/3-murals-in-canarsie-to-honor-murdered-rapper-pop-smoke|title=मारिएका र्यापर पप स्मोकको स्मृतिमा भित्तेचित्रहरूको रचना|date=फेब्रुअरी २५, २०२०|website=न्यूज १२ ब्रुकलिन}}</ref> उनको दाहसंस्कारमा अनुमानित हजार जना व्यक्तिहरू उपस्थित थिए ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.revolt.tv/news/2020/3/5/21167190/pop-smoke-funeral-procession-through-streets-brooklyn|title=पप स्मोकको दहसंस्कार ब्रुकलिनमा|last=गन|first=टम्यान्था|date=मार्च ५, २०२०|website=रिभोल्ट}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710165842/https://www.revolt.tv/news/2020/3/5/21167190/pop-smoke-funeral-procession-through-streets-brooklyn |date=2020-07-10 }}</ref> पप स्मोकका गीतमा रङ्गभेद र प्रहरीको क्रूरताको बारेमा केही उल्लेख नगरिए पनि न्यु योर्क सहरमा जोर्ज फ्लोइड आन्दोलनमा उनलाई प्रतिरोधको चिनो बनाइएको थियो ।<ref name="liveagain" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/pop-smoke-dior-protest-music/|title=पप स्मोकको "डियोर" जोर्ज फ्लोइड आन्दोलनमा बजाइयो|last=पिएर|first=एल्फोन्सो|date=जून ९, २०२०|website=पिचफोर्क}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/g5pv33/the-unlikely-soundtrack-of-the-new-york-protests|title=न्यु योर्क आन्दोलनको असम्भव साउन्डट्र्याक|last=ब्रेक|first=डेभिड एरन|date=जून १५, २०२०|website=भाइस}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218190456/https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/g5pv33/the-unlikely-soundtrack-of-the-new-york-protests |date=2022-02-18 }}</ref> ==सङ्गीत== * ''शूट फर द स्टार्ज, एम फर द मून'' (सन् २०२०) ==पुरस्कार तथा नामाङ्कन== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width: auto;" |- ! scope="col" | वर्ष ! scope="col" | पुरस्कार ! scope="col" | नामाङ्कित ! scope="col" | श्रेणी ! scope="col" | परिणाम ! scope="col" class="unsortable"| सन्दर्भ |- | सन् २०२० | बिइटी अवार्ड्स | आफैँ | सर्वोत्कृष्ट नवीन कलाकार | {{nom}} | <ref>{{Cite web|title=२०२० बिइटी अवार्ड्स|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/9402347/2020-bet-awards-exclusive-drake-megan-thee-stallion-roddy-ricch-cbs|work=बिलबोर्ड|access-date=जून १५, २०२०}}</ref> |- {{end}} ==अभिनय== {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! वर्ष !! नाम !! भूमिका !! टिप्पणी !! सन्दर्भ |- || सन् २०२० || ''टीबीए'' || आफैँ || वृत्तचित्र ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.complex.com/music/2020/04/pop-smoke-documentary|title=पप स्मोकको वृत्तचित्र निर्माण हुँदै|last=कोवेन|first=ट्रेस विलियम|date=अप्रिल १५, २०२०|publisher=कम्प्लेक्स}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614101404/https://www.complex.com/music/2020/04/pop-smoke-documentary |date=2020-06-14 }}</ref> |- || सन् २०२० || ''बूगी'' || || सानो भूमिका ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iheart.com/content/2020-02-19-pop-smoke-filmed-movie-months-before-his-murder/|title=पप स्मोकको हत्या भन्दा पहिले उनले एउटा चलचित्रमा सानो भूमिका निभाएका थिए|last=ब्लेकमोर|first=पेटन|date=फेब्रुअरी १९, २०२०|publisher=आइहार्ट रेडियो}}</ref> |- |} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्री== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:सन् १९९९ मा जन्म]] [[श्रेणी:अफ्रिकी अमेरिकी र्यापर]] [[श्रेणी:ड्रिल सङ्गीतकार]] [[श्रेणी:मारिएका र्यापर]] [[श्रेणी:सन् २०२० मा मृत्यु]] r5p1wvj80opnbhhii6ot3cx333cwgww 0 118210 1358548 1167286 2026-06-09T08:46:20Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} [[File:Cover page of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar's 'Mooknayak'.jpg|thumb|''मूकनायक''को मुखपृष्ठ, पहिलो अङ्क]] '''''मूकनायक''''' समाजमा विद्यमान वेदना र विद्रोह प्रकट गर्ने उद्देश्यले सन् १९२० देखि [[बाबासाहेब आम्बेडकर]]द्वारा पाक्षिक रूपमा प्रकाशित [[मराठी भाषा|मराठी]] पत्रिका थियो ।<ref>{{cite web |url= https://maharashtratimes.com/editorial/ravivar-mata/100-years-of-the-makers-of-mukuneka/articleshow/68865388.cms|title= ‘मूकनायका’च्या हाकेची शंभर वर्षे !|date=१४ अप्रिल २०१९|publisher=महाराष्ट्र टाइम्स}}</ref> यसको पहिलो अङ्क ३१ जनवरी १९२० मा प्रकाशन गरिएको थियो । आम्बेडकर आफैँ व्यस्त भएको हुनाले उनले छानेका [[महार|महार जात]]का पाण्डुरङ्ग नन्दराम भटकरको सम्पादन र ज्ञानदेव ध्रुवनाथ घोलपको प्रबन्धनमा ''मूकनायक''लाई पाक्षिक रूपमा [[मुम्बई]]बाट सञ्चालन गरिन्थ्यो । यसको पहिलो अङ्कको अग्रलेख "मनोगत" आम्बेडकरले स्वयम् लेखेका थिए र पत्रिकाका तेह्र अङ्कका लागि पनि विभिन्न लेख लेखेका थिए । [[कोहलपुरको शाहू|छत्रपति राजर्षि शाहू महाराज]]ले ''मूकनायक''लाई ₹२,५०० दान गरी ''मूकनायक''लाई आर्थिक सहयोग गरेका थिए । आम्बेडकरको तत्कालीन कर्मभूमि [[महाराष्ट्र]]मा मराठीलाई आधिकारिक भाषाको दर्जा दिइनुका साथै [[दलित|दलित समुदाय]]मा साक्षरता दर कम भएको हुनाले आम्बेडकरले ''मूकनायक''लाई [[अङ्ग्रेजी भाषा|अङ्ग्रेजी]]को साटो [[मराठी भाषा|मराठी]]मा प्रकाशन गरेका थिए ।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://velivada.com/2018/03/28/dr-ambedkar-as-a-journalist/|title=Dr. Ambedkar as a Journalist|date=२८ मार्च २०१८|access-date=२७ डिसेम्बर २०१८|language=अमेरिकी अङ्ग्रेजी|website=वेलिवाडा}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911225433/http://velivada.com/2018/03/28/dr-ambedkar-as-a-journalist/ |date=2018-09-11 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2017/07/vartma-ke-sandrbh-men-ambedkar-ki-patrakarita-ka-mahatv/|title=वर्तमान के सन्दर्भ में आंबेडकर की पत्रकारिता का महत्त्व|last=चौबे|first=कृपाशङ्कर|date=२८ मार्च २०१८|access-date=२७ डिसेम्बर २०१८|language=अमेरिकी अङ्ग्रेजी|website=फारवर्ड प्रेस}}</ref> यस पाक्षिकको प्रमुख उद्देश्य दलित, गरिब र शोषित जनताको आवाज सरकार र अन्य जनताको समक्ष पुर्याउनु थियो । यसका लागि बाबासाहेब आम्बेडकरले आफ्ना लेखहरूमा बहिष्कृत अस्पृश्य समुदायले भोग्नुपरेका अन्यायमा प्रकाश पारी उक्त समुदायको अभिवृद्धि र उन्नतिका लागि तत्कालीन ब्रिटिस सरकारले चाल्न सक्ने कदमको सुझाव दिन्थे । अस्पृश्य समुदायको विकास र उत्थानका लागि राजकीय सत्ता र शैक्षणिक ज्ञान आवश्यक छ भन्ने आम्बेडकरको मान्यता थियो । ५ जुलाई १९२० मा आम्बेडकर उच्च शिक्षाका लागि [[लन्डन]]तर्फ लागेपछि ३१ जुलाई १९२० देखि ज्ञानेश्वर ध्रुवनाथ घोलपलाई पत्रिकाको सम्पादकको पदमा नियुक्त गरिएको थियो ।<ref>{{cite book|title=Mahamanav Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar|last=गायकवाड|first=डा. ज्ञानराज काशीनाथ|publisher=रिया प्रकाशन|year=सन् २०१६|pages=१०२|language=मराठी}}</ref> हालसम्म ''मूकनायक''का १९ अङ्क प्रकाशन भएका छन्, जसमा आम्बेडकरले वैचारिक लेख लेखेका छन् ।<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.mahanews.gov.in/Home/FrontMantralayDetails.aspx?str=utYf/MWKOh8=|title= Mahanews|website= महान्यूज|access-date= २७ डिसेम्बर २०१८}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103210546/https://www.mahanews.gov.in/Home/FrontMantralayDetails.aspx?str=utYf/MWKOh8= |date=2019-01-03 }}</ref> ''मूकनायक''मा प्रकाशित पत्रमा विविध विचार, समसामयिक घटना, चुनावित पत्रका सार, क्षेम, समाचार तथा कुशल पत्र समावेश गरिएको हुन्थ्यो । अप्रिल १९२३ मा यसको प्रकाशन बन्द भयो ।<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.beedlive.com/newsdetail.php|title= Beed Live|website= बीड लाइभ|access-date= २७ डिसेम्बर २०१८}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202120210/http://www.beedlive.com/newsdetail.php |date=2020-02-02 }}</ref> ==पहिलो अङ्क== [[File:MookNayak (Mute Hero - 1920) and Bahishkrit Bharat (India Ostracised - 1927) were two Marathi journals edited by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar.jpg|thumb|right|300px|बाबासाहेब आम्बेडकरद्वारा प्रकाशित ''मूकनायक'' र ''[[बहिष्कृत भारत]]'']] बाबासाहेब आम्बेडकरले भनेका थिए, "कुनै पनि आन्दोलन सफल हुनका लागि उक्त आन्दोलनको सम्बन्धमा एक पत्रिका हुन आवश्यक छ । पत्रिका नभएको आन्दोलन पखेटा नभएको चरा समान हुन्छ ।" यस पाक्षिकले बहिष्कृत अछुत समुदायको चेतना अभिवृद्धि गरी उनीहरूलाई आफ्नो अधिकारको बारेमा सचेत गरायो । ''मूकनायक''को उद्देश्यको स्पष्टिकरण गर्नका लागि [[तुकाराम|सन्त तुकाराम]]का यी शब्द पर्याप्त छन्: <blockquote> के गरिरहेका छौ अहिले ?<br> निसन्देह तोडेका छन् उनले ।।१।।<br> फरक पर्दैन संसारमा जो रहेपनि ।<br> सार्थक हुन्छ लाजोनी, हुँदैन रुचि ।।२।। </blockquote> पहिलो अङ्कको सम्पादकीयमा उनले निम्न जन्मप्रतिज्ञा व्यक्त गरेका थिए, <blockquote> "पिछडिएका वर्गले सहन गर्नुपरेका अन्यायमा प्रकाश पर्न र ती समस्याको समाधान गर्न चालिनुपर्ने कदमको बारेमा छलफल गर्नका लागि पत्रिका भन्दा राम्रो कुनै माध्यम छैन । यद्यपि, केही पत्रिका पढ्दा कुनै एक जातिको मात्रै प्रतिनिधित्व गरेको स्पष्ट हुन्छ । अन्तर्निहित रूपमा भन्ने हो भने यसमा कुनै समस्या छैन । तर, जब एउटा जातिको उत्थानका लागि अरू जातिलाई नराम्रो भनिन्छ, तब समस्या उत्पन्न हुन्छ । समाजलाई एउटा डुङ्गासँग तुलना गर्न सकिन्छ । जलमग्न डुङ्गामा एउटा व्यक्तिले अर्को व्यक्तिलाई हानि पुर्याई आफू राम्रो बन्न चाहेपनि अन्ततः दुबै पक्षले नोक्सान व्यहोर्नुपर्छ नै । यसरी नै अरूलाई हानि पुर्याउने व्यक्तिले स्वयम् पनि परिणाम भोग्नुपर्छ । तसर्थ, आफ्नो हितको लागि अरूलाई नराम्रो गर्नु भने हुँदैन ।"<ref>{{cite book|title=आधुनिक महाराष्ट्राचा इतिहास|last=गाठल|first=डा. एस. एस.|publisher=कैलाश प्रकाशन|year=सन् २०१७|location=औरङ्गापुर, औरङ्गाबाद, महाराष्ट्र|pages=४२४-४२५|language=मराठी}}</ref> </blockquote> ''मूकनायक''को पहिलो अङ्कमा छापिएको लेख निम्न प्रस्तुत छ: <blockquote> हिन्दु समाज एक मिनार हो र जाति व्यवस्था उक्त मिनारको तल्ला तर ध्यानमा राख्नुपर्ने कुरा के हो भने यो मिनारमा तल माथि गर्नका लागि कुनै सिढी राखिएको छैन । कुनै पनि व्यक्ति जुन तल्लामा जन्म्यो, त्यही तल्लामा मर्नुपर्छ । भुइँ तल्लामा रहेको मान्छे जति सक्षम भएपनि ऊ माथिल्लो तलामा पुग्न सक्दैन । त्यसैगरी माथिल्लो तल्लाको मान्छे जति असक्षम भएपनि उसलाई भुइँ तल्लामा झारिँदैन ।<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.forwardpress.in/2017/02/baba-sahab-dr-ambedkar-ka-srijnatmak-sahity/|title= बाबासाहेब डा. आंबेडकर का सृजनात्मक साहित्य|author=राज बहादुर|date=१० फेब्रुअरी २०१७|website=फारवर्ड प्रेस|access-date=२७ डिसेम्बर २०१८}}</ref> </blockquote> ==प्रचलित संस्कृतिमा ''मूकनायक''== [[गङ्गाधर पानतावणे]]ले ''मूकनायक'' शीर्षकमा आम्बेडकरको जीवनी लेखेका थिए ।<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.amazon.in/Muknayak-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95-Dr-Gangadhar-Pantavane/dp/B07TJHVLD4|title= मूकनायक|last= पानतावणे|first= गङ्गाधर|date= १ जनवरी २०१०|website= अमेजन}}</ref> ==थप लेख== * ''[[बहिष्कृत भारत]]'' * ''[[समता (पत्रिका)|समता]]'' * ''[[जनता (मराठी पत्रिका)|जनता]]'' * ''[[प्रबुद्ध भारत]]'' ==सन्दर्भ सामग्री== {{reflist}} ==बाह्य कडी== {{Commonscat|Mooknayak|मूकनायक}} {{बाबासाहेब आम्बेडकर}} [[श्रेणी:बाबासाहेब आम्बेडकरद्वारा प्रकाशित पत्रिकाहरू]] fmrjarg6khhr8u66z8bq2owb4fe5zue 10 119295 1358564 961145 2026-06-09T11:33:52Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358564 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="2" style="border:none;" align="center" ![[भियना सम्मेलन|१८१५]]!![[बर्लिन सममेलन|१८७८]]!![[Eight-Nation Alliance|१९००]]!![[भर्सेलिज सन्धि|१९१९]]!![[दोस्रो विश्व युद्ध|१९३९]]!![[संयुक्त राष्ट्रसङ्घको वडापत्र|१९४५]]!![[Contemporary history|c. २०००]] | rowspan="1"| |- style="text-align:left;" <!-- AUSTRIA --> | style="border:1px solid #FF8C00;"<!-- 1815 -->|{{flag|Austrian Empire|name=Austria}}{{#tag:ref|For Austria in 1815, see: <ref name="Encarta"> {{cite encyclopedia|author=Peter Howard |encyclopedia=Encarta |title=Great Powers |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwqEr8pe|archivedate=2009-10-31|accessdate=2008-12-20 |edition= |year=2008 |publisher=MSN |archiveurl=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="World history, 1815-1920">{{cite book | last = Fueter| first = Eduard | title=World history, 1815–1920| publisher=Harcourt, Brace and Company| year=1922| location=United States of America | pages = 25–28, 36–44| isbn = 1584770775| url=https://books.google.com/?id=XeKyv9l-3QEC&pg=PA25&dq=%22Great+Powers%22+%22Congress+of+Vienna%22#v=onepage}}</ref><ref name="When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers">Danilovic, Vesna. "When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers", University of Michigan Press (2002), pp 27, 225–228 [http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailLookInside.do?id=16953 (PDF chapter downloads)] [http://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/0472112872-appb.pdf (PDF copy)].</ref>|name="austria-1815"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #A0522D;"<!-- c. 1880 -->|{{flag|Austria-Hungary}}{{#tag:ref|For Austria in 1880, see: <ref name="1880 to the Diamond Jubilee">{{cite book | last = McCarthy| first = Justin| title=A History of Our Own Times, from 1880 to the Diamond Jubilee| publisher=Harper & Brothers, Publishers| year=1880| location=New York, United States of America | pages = 475–476| isbn = | url=https://books.google.com/?id=kvYoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA480&dq=%22Great+Powers%22#PPA475,M1}}</ref>|name="austria-1880"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{flag|Austria-Hungary}}{{#tag:ref|For Austria in 1900, see: <ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia">{{cite book | last = Dallin | first = David | title = The Rise of Russia in Asia | publisher = | date = November 2006| location = | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/?id=Q5nIUd_mlEcC&pg=PA62&lpg=PA62&dq=%22boxer+rebellion%22+%22great+powers%22#PPA56,M1 | doi = | id = | isbn = 9781406729191}}</ref>|name="austria-1900"|group="nb"}} | rowspan="1"|<!-- 1919 --> |- style="text-align:left;" <!--UNITED KINGDOM--> | style="border:1px solid #FF8C00;"<!-- 1815 -->|{{flag|ब्रिटिस साम्राज्य|1801}}{{#tag:ref|For the United Kingdom in 1815, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="World history, 1815-1920"/><ref name="When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers"/>|name="britain-1815"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #A0522D;"<!-- c. 1880 -->|{{flag|ब्रिटिस साम्राज्य|1801}}{{#tag:ref|For the United Kingdom in 1880, see: <ref name="1880 to the Diamond Jubilee"/>|name="britain-1880"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{flag|ब्रिटिस साम्राज्य|1801}}{{#tag:ref|For the United Kingdom in 1990, see: <ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia"/>|name="britain-1900"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid blue;"<!-- 1919 -->|{{flag|ब्रिटिस साम्राज्य}}{{#tag:ref|For the United Kingdom in 1919, see: <ref name="Margaret MacMillan"> {{cite book | last = MacMillan | first = Margaret | authorlink = Margaret MacMillan | title = [[Peacemakers: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War|Paris 1919]] | publisher = Random House Trade | year = 2003 | location = United States of America | pages = 36, 306, 431 | isbn = 0-375-76052-0 }}</ref>|name="britain-1919"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid red;"<!-- c. 1938 -->|{{flag|संयुक्त अधिराज्य|1801}}{{#tag:ref|For the United Kingdom in 1938, see: <ref group="nb">After the [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]] came into effect in 1931, the United Kingdom no longer represented the British Empire in world affairs.</ref><ref name="The Economics of World War II"/>|name="britain-1938"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #22AA55;"<!-- 1946 -->|{{flag|संयुक्त अधिराज्य|1801}}{{#tag:ref|For the United Kingdom in 1946, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="The Superpowers">''The Superpowers: The United States, Britain and the Soviet Union – Their Responsibility for Peace'' (1944), written by [[William Thornton Rickert Fox|William T.R. Fox]]</ref>|name="britain-1946"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- c. 2000 -->|{{flag|संयुक्त अधिराज्य|1801}}{{#tag:ref|For the United Kingdom in 2000, see: <ref name="Canada Among Nations">{{cite book|title=Canada Among Nations, 2004: Setting Priorities Straight|date=17 January 2005|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=0773528369|page=85|url=https://books.google.com/?id=nTKBdY5HBeUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Canada+Among+Nations,+2004:+Setting+Priorities+Straight#v=onepage|accessdate=13 June 2016}} ("''The United States is the sole world's superpower. France, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom are great powers''")</ref><ref name="Balance of Power"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="Milena Sterio">{{cite book|last1=Sterio|first1=Milena|title=The right to self-determination under international law : "selfistans", secession and the rule of the great powers|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=978-0415668187|page=xii (preface)|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-QuI6n_OVMYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Right+to+Self-determination+Under+International+Law:+%22selfistans%22,+Secession+and+the+Rule+of+the+Great+Powers#v=onepage|accessdate=13 June 2016}} ("''The great powers are super-sovereign states: an exclusive club of the most powerful states economically, militarily, politically and strategically. These states include veto-wielding members of the United Nations Security Council (United States, United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia), as well as economic powerhouses such as Germany, Italy and Japan.''")</ref><ref name="Theo Farrell">{{cite book|title=Transforming Military Power since the Cold War: Britain, France, and the United States, 1991–2012|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1107471498|page=224|url=https://books.google.com/?id=canqAAAAQBAJ&dq=Transforming+Military+Power+since+the+Cold+War:+Britain,+France,+and+the+United+States,+1991%E2%80%932012|accessdate=13 June 2016}} (During the Kosovo War (1998) "''...Contact Group consisting of six great powers (the United states, Russia, France, Britain, Germany and Italy).''")</ref><ref name="David M. McCourt">{{cite book|last=McCourt|first=David|title=Britain and World Power Since 1945: Constructing a Nation's Role in International Politics|publisher=University of Michigan Press|date=28 May 2014|location=United States of America|pages=|isbn=978-0472072217|url=https://books.google.com/?id=lwpOnwEACAAJ&dq=Britain+and+World+Power+Since+1945:+Constructing+a+Nation%27s+Role+in+International+Politics}}</ref><ref name="Joshua Baron">{{cite book|last1=Baron|first1=Joshua|title=Great Power Peace and American Primacy: The Origins and Future of a New International Order|date=22 January 2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=United States|isbn=978-1137299482}}</ref><ref name="chalmers">{{cite journal|last1=Chalmers|first1=Malcolm|title=A Force for Order: Strategic Underpinnings of the Next NSS and SDSR|journal=Royal United Services Institute|date=May 2015|volume=Briefing Paper|issue=SDSR 2015: Hard Choices Ahead|page=2|url=https://rusi.org/sites/default/files/201505_bp_a_force_for_order.pdf|quote="While no longer a superpower (a position it lost in the 1940s), the UK remains much more than a 'middle power'."}}</ref><ref name=IISSUK>{{cite journal|last1=Walker|first1=William|title=Trident's Replacement and the Survival of the United Kingdom|journal=International Institute for Strategic Studies, Global Politics and Strategy|date=22 September 2015|volume=57|issue=5|pages=7–28|url=http://www.iiss.org/en/publications/survival/sections/2015-1e95/survival--global-politics-and-strategy-october-november-2015-3ec2/57-5-02-walker-b122|accessdate=31 December 2015|quote="''Trident as a pillar of the transatlantic relationship and symbol of the UK's desire to remain a great power with global reach.''"}}</ref>|name="britain-2000"|group="nb"}} |- style="text-align:left;" <!-- CHINA --> | rowspan="1"|<!-- 1815 --> | rowspan="1"|<!-- 1878 --> | rowspan="1"|<!-- 1900 --> | rowspan="1"|<!-- 1919 --> | rowspan="1"|<!-- 1934 --> | style="border:1px solid #22AA55;"<!-- 1946 -->|{{flag|Republic of China (1912–1949)|name=China}}{{#tag:ref|For China in 1946, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/>|name="china-1946"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- c. 2000 -->|{{flag|चीन|1949}}{{#tag:ref|For China in 2000, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="Balance of Power"/><ref name="Joshua Baron"/><ref name="UW Press"/><ref>[http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/pdfs/china_views.pdf Yong Deng and Thomas G. Moore (2004) "China Views Globalization: Toward a New Great-Power Politics?" ''The Washington Quarterly'']{{dead link|date=July 2014}}</ref>|name="china-2000"|group="nb"}} |- style="text-align:left;" <!-- FRANCE --> | style="border:1px solid #FF8C00;"<!-- 1815 -->|{{flag|Bourbon Restoration|name=फ्रान्स}}{{#tag:ref|For France in 1815, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="World history, 1815-1920"/><ref name="When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers"/>|name="france-1815"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #A0522D;"<!-- c. 1880 -->|{{flag|French Third Republic|name=फ्रान्स}}{{#tag:ref|For France in 1880, see: <ref name="1880 to the Diamond Jubilee"/>|name="france-1880"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{flag|French Third Republic|name=फ्रान्स}}{{#tag:ref|For France in 1900, see: <ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia"/>|name="france-1900"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid blue;"<!-- 1919 -->|{{flag|French Third Republic|name=फ्रान्स}}{{#tag:ref|For France in 1919, see: <ref name="Margaret MacMillan"/>|name="france-1919"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid red;"<!-- 1938 -->|{{flag|French Third Republic|name=फ्रान्स}}{{#tag:ref|For France in 1938, see: <ref name="The Economics of World War II"/>|name="france-1938"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #22AA55;"<!-- 1946 -->|{{flag|French Fourth Republic|name=फ्रान्स}}{{#tag:ref|For France in 1946, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want">{{cite book | last = Louden | first = Robert| title=The world we want| publisher=Oxford University Press US| year=2007| location=United States of America | pages = 187| isbn = 978-0195321371| url=https://books.google.com/?id=WuKmrwgrL9IC&pg=PA187}}</ref>|name="france-1946"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- c. 2000 -->|{{flag|France}}{{#tag:ref|For France in 2000, see: <ref name="Canada Among Nations"/><ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="Balance of Power"/><ref name="Milena Sterio"/><ref name="Theo Farrell"/><ref name="Joshua Baron"/>|name="france-2000"|group="nb"}} |- style="text-align:left;" <!-- PRUSSIA/GERMANY --> | style="border:1px solid #FF8C00;"<!-- 1815 -->|{{flag|Kingdom of Prussia|name=Prussia}}{{#tag:ref|For Germany in 1815, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="World history, 1815-1920"/><ref name="When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers"/>|name="germany-1815"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #A0522D;"<!-- c. 1880 -->|{{flag|German Empire|name=जर्मनी}}{{#tag:ref|For Germany in 1880, see: <ref name="1880 to the Diamond Jubilee"/>|name="germany-1880"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{flag|German Empire|name=जर्मनी}}{{#tag:ref|For Germany in 1900, see: <ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia"/>|name="germany-1900"|group="nb"}} | rowspan="1"|<!-- 1919 --> | style="border:1px solid red;"<!-- 1938 -->|{{flag|Nazi Germany|name=नाजी जर्मनी}}{{#tag:ref|For Germany in 1938, see: <ref name="The Economics of World War II"/>|name="germany-1946"|group="nb"}} | rowspan="1"|<!-- 1946 --> | style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- c. 2000 -->|{{flag|जर्मनी}}{{#tag:ref|For Germany in 2000, see: <ref name="Canada Among Nations"/><ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="Balance of Power"/><ref name="Milena Sterio"/><ref name="Theo Farrell"/><ref name="Joshua Baron"/>|name="germany-2000"|group="nb"}} |- style="text-align:left;" <!-- ITALY --> | rowspan="1"|<!-- 1815 --> | style="border:1px solid #A0522D;"<!-- c. 1880 -->|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|name=इटाली}}{{#tag:ref|For Italy in 1880, see: <ref>{{cite book | last = Kennedy| first = Paul| authorlink = Paul Kennedy| title= [[The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers]]| publisher= [[Random House]]| year= 1987| location= United States of America| page = 204| isbn = 0-394-54674-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Best | first1 = Antony| last2 = Hanhimäki| first2 = Jussi| last3 = Maiolo| first3 = Joseph| last4 = Schulze| first4 = Kirsten| title= International History of the Twentieth Century and Beyond| publisher= [[Routledge]]| year= 2008| location= United States of America| page = 9| isbn = 978-0415438964}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Wight| first = Martin| authorlink = Martin Wight| title= Power Politics| publisher= [[Continuum International Publishing Group]]| year= 2002| location= United Kingdom| page = 46| isbn = 0826461743}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Waltz| first = Kenneth| authorlink = Kenneth Waltz| title= [[Theory of International Politics]]| publisher= [[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill]]| year= 1979| location= United States of America| page = 162| isbn = 0-07-554852-6}}</ref>|name="italy-1880"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|name=इटाली}}{{#tag:ref|For Italy in 1900, see: <ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia"/>|name="italy-1900"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid blue;"<!-- 1919 -->|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|name=इटाली}}{{#tag:ref|For Italy in 1919, see: <ref name="Margaret MacMillan"/>|name="italy-1919"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid red;"<!-- 1938 -->|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|name=इटाली}}{{#tag:ref|For Italy in 1938, see: <ref name="The Economics of World War II"/>|name="italy-1938"|group="nb"}} | rowspan="1"|<!-- 1946 --> | style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- c. 2000 -->|{{flag|इटाली}}{{#tag:ref|For Italy in 2000, see: <ref name="Canada Among Nations"/><ref name="Milena Sterio"/><ref name="Theo Farrell"/><ref name="HCSS2014">{{cite book|title=Why are Pivot States so Pivotal? The Role of Pivot States in Regional and Global Security|date=2014|publisher=The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies|location=Netherlands|page=Table on page 10 (Great Power criteria)|url=http://www.hcss.nl/reports/download/150/2483/|accessdate=14 June 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011200310/http://www.hcss.nl/reports/download/150/2483/|archivedate=11 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150413191614/http://www.eurasia-rivista.org/italia-150-anos-de-uma-pequena-grande-potencia/7478/ Italy: 150 years of a small great power], eurasia-rivista.org, 21 December 2010</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.defenceconnect.com.au/key-enablers|title=''Clarifying the nation's role strengthens the impact of a National Security Strategy 2019''|last=Kuper|first= Stephen|language=en|quote=''Traditionally, great powers have been defined by their global reach and ability to direct the flow of international affairs. There are a number of recognised great powers within the context of contemporary international relations – with Great Britain, France, India and Russia recognised as nuclear capable great powers, while Germany, Italy and Japan are identified as conventional great powers''|access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref>|name="italy-2000"|group="nb"}} |- style="text-align:left;" <!-- JAPAN --> | rowspan="1"|<!-- 1815 --> | rowspan="1"|<!-- 1880 --> | style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{flag|Empire of Japan|name=जापान}}{{#tag:ref|For Japan in 1900, see: <ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia"/>|name="japan-1900"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid blue;"<!-- 1919 -->|{{flag|Empire of Japan|name=जापान}}{{#tag:ref|For Japan in 1919, see: <ref name="Margaret MacMillan"/><ref group="nb">"The [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (during the [[Treaty of Versailles]]) said that there were 'only three major powers left in the world the United States, Britain and Japan' ... (but) The Great Powers could not be consistent. At the instance of Britain, Japan's ally, they gave Japan five delegates to the Peace Conference, just like themselves, but in the Supreme Council the Japanese were generally ignored or treated as something of a joke." from {{cite book | last=MacMillan | first=Margaret | authorlink=Margaret MacMillan | title=[[Peacemakers: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War|Paris 1919]] | publisher=Random House Trade | year=2003 | location=United States of America | page=306 | isbn=0-375-76052-0}}</ref>|name="japan-1919"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid red;"<!-- 1938 -->|{{flag|Empire of Japan|name=Japan}}{{#tag:ref|For Japan in 1938, see: <ref name="The Economics of World War II">Harrison, M (2000) ''[http://www.google.com/books?id=ZgFu2p5uogwC&dq=great+powers&printsec=frontcover&source=bn#PPA1,M1 The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison]'', Cambridge University Press.</ref>|name="japan-1938"|group="nb"}} | rowspan="1"|<!-- 1946 --> | style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- c. 2000 -->|{{flag|जापान}}{{#tag:ref|For Japan in 2000, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="Balance of Power">{{cite book |author1=T. V. Paul |author2=James J. Wirtz |author3=Michel Fortmann | title=Balance of Power| publisher=State University of New York Press, 2005| year=2005| location=United States of America | pages = 59, 282 | isbn = 0791464016| url=http://www.google.com/books?id=9jy28vBqscQC&pg=PA59}} ''Accordingly, the great powers after the Cold War are Britain, China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, and the United States'' p.59</ref><ref name="UW Press"/><ref name="Asias overlooked Great Power">Richard N. Haass, "[http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/haass17 Asia's overlooked Great Power]", ''Project Syndicate'' April 20, 2007.</ref><ref name="Milena Sterio"/><ref name="Joshua Baron"/>|name="japan-2000"|group="nb"}} |- style="text-align:left;" <!-- RUSSIA --> |- style="text-align:left;" | style="border:1px solid #FF8C00;"<!-- 1815 -->|{{flag|रूसी साम्राज्य|name=रूसी साम्राज्य}}{{#tag:ref|For Russia in 1815, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="World history, 1815-1920"/><ref name="When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers"/>|name="russia-1815"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #A0522D;"<!-- c. 1880 -->|{{flag|रूसी साम्राज्य|1858|name=Russia}}{{#tag:ref|For Russia in 1880, see: <ref name="1880 to the Diamond Jubilee"/>|name="russia-1880"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{flag|रूसी साम्राज्य|name=Russia}}{{#tag:ref|For Russia in 1900, see: <ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia"/>|name="russia-1900"|group="nb"}} | rowspan="1"|<!-- 1919 --> | style="border:1px solid red;"<!-- 1938 -->|{{flag|सोभियत सङ्घ|1936}}{{#tag:ref|For Russia in 1938, see: <ref name="The Economics of World War II"/>|name="russia-1938"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #22AA55;"<!-- 1946 -->|{{flag|सोभियत सङ्घ|1936}}{{#tag:ref|For Russia in 1946, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="The Superpowers"/>|name="russia-1946"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- c. 2000 -->|{{flag|रूस}}{{#tag:ref|For Russia in 2000, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="Balance of Power"/><ref name="UW Press"> [http://www.washington.edu/uwpress/search/books/EBEKOR.html UW Press: Korea's Future and the Great Powers]</ref><ref name="Milena Sterio"/><ref name="Theo Farrell"/><ref name="Joshua Baron"/>|name="russia-2000"|group="nb"}} |- style="text-align:left;" <!-- UNITED STATES --> |- style="text-align:left;" | rowspan="1"|<!-- 1815 --> | rowspan="1"|<!-- c. 1880 --> | style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{flag|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|1896}}{{#tag:ref|For the United States in 1900, see: <ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia"/>|name="usa-1900"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid blue;"<!-- 1919 -->|{{flag|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|1912}}{{#tag:ref|For the United States in 1919, see: <ref name="Margaret MacMillan"/>|name="usa-1919"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid red;"<!-- 1938 -->|{{flag|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|1912}}{{#tag:ref|For the United States in 1938, see: <ref name="The Economics of World War II"/>|name="usa-1938"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #22AA55;"<!-- 1946 -->|{{flag|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|1912}}{{#tag:ref|For the United States in 1946, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="The Superpowers"/>|name="usa-1946"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- c. 2000 -->|{{flag|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|1960}}{{#tag:ref|For the United States in 2000, see: <ref name="Canada Among Nations"/><ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="Balance of Power"/><ref name="Paper for presentation at the biennial meetings of the South African Political Studies Association Saldanha, Western Cape 29 June-2 July 1999">{{cite web|url=http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm|title=Analyzing American Power in the Post-Cold War Era|accessdate=2007-02-28}}</ref><ref name="Milena Sterio"/><ref name="Theo Farrell"/><ref name="Joshua Baron"/>|name="usa-2000"|group="nb"}} |- style="text-align:left;" |}<noinclude> {{{headerextension|}}}{{{header|==Notes included with template==}}}{{{headerextension|}}} <references group="nb"/> {{{headerextension|}}}{{{header|==References included with template==}}}{{{headerextension|}}} {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] </noinclude> 80bvoouxrtnmws8ldjv4l3itojli7gp 0 120660 1358498 1307210 2026-06-09T06:20:29Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Distinguish|सरकार प्रमुख}} {{multiple image | perrow = 3 | total_width = 300 | image1 = Joko_Widodo_2019_official_portrait.jpg | image2 = Emperor Naruhito at TICAD7 (cropped).jpg | image3 = Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 2018 (cropped).jpg | footer = Kepala negara dari berbagai negara: * [[जोको विदोदो]], इन्डोनेसिया राष्ट्रपति * [[नारुहितो|नारोहितो]], जापानको १२६ औँ सम्राट * [[रजेप तैयप एर्दोगान]], टर्की राष्ट्रपति | align = | direction = | alt1 = | caption1 = | caption2 = }} '''राष्ट्रप्रमुख''' अथवा राष्ट्राध्यक्ष कुनै पनि सम्प्रभु राष्ट्रको एक सार्वजनिक राजनैतिक व्यक्तित्व हो। राष्ट्रप्रमुखलाई सम्पूर्ण राष्ट्रको एकता तथा संविधान रक्षा तथा पालनको चिन्हात्मक मानवीय स्वरूपको रुप मानिन्छ। विभिन्न देशहरूमा राष्ट्रप्रमुखलाई [[राजा]] ([[नेपाल अधिराज्य]]), [[राजा]] / [[महारानी]] (बेलायत), [[जार]] ([[रुसी साम्राज्य]]), [[सम्राट]] ([[जापान|जापानी साम्राज्य]]) , [[शाह]] [[फारसी साम्राज्य]]/ राजतन्त्रात्मक इरान) [[सुल्तान]] (सल्तानत), [[बादशाह]] ([[मुगल साम्राज्य|मुगल साम्राज्]])), [[राष्ट्रपति]] (गणतन्त्र), परमाधिपति, [[अयातुल्लाह]] (इस्लामिक गणतन्त्र इरान), [[राजकुमार]] (साउदी अरब), [[सर्वोच्च नेता]] (उत्तर कोरिया), परम-नेता, इत्यादि जस्ता विभिन्न उपाधीहरूले सम्बोधन गरिन्छ। देशको शासकीय स्वरुप तथा शक्ति पृथकीकरणको आधारमा , राष्ट्रप्रमुख आलंकारिक संवैधानिक प्रमुख (बेलायति राजतन्त्र , जापानी राजतन्त्र, [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतीय राष्ट्रपति]], [[नेपालको राष्ट्रपति]]) वा समानान्तर रुपमा एकसाथ सरकार प्रमुख पनि ([[अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपति|अमेरिकी राष्ट्रपति]], जो [[अमेरिकी सशस्त्र बल|अमेरिकी सेना]]को [[परमाधिपति]] समेत हुन्) हुन सक्छन् । == काम कर्तव्य == राष्ट्रप्रमुख सम्प्रभुसत्ता सम्पन्न राष्ट्रमा सर्वोच्च ओहोदा हो। राष्ट्रप्रमुखसंग [[संविधान]]ले दिए अनुसार निम्न उल्लेखित केही वा सबै अधिकार निहित हुन्छ। कुनै व्यक्ति राष्ट्रप्रमुख बनेपछि वा बनेको केही समय पश्चात, राष्ट्रप्रमुखले कार्यभार ग्रहण गर्ने बेलामा प्रायः औपचारिक समारोह हुन्छ। यसलाई [[गणतन्त्र|गणतन्त्रमा]] राष्ट्रपतिको [[पदको शपथ|सपथ ग्रहण]], वा [[राजतन्त्र]]मा राज्यारोहण/ [[राज्याभिषेक]] भनिन्छ । === प्रतीकात्मक भूमिका === समसामयिक विश्वमा राष्ट्रप्रमुखलाई एक देशको जीवित राष्ट्रिय प्रतीकको रुपमा मानिन्छ। धेरै देशहरूमा, राष्ट्रप्रमुखको आधिकारिक पोट्रेट चित्र सरकारी कार्यालय, अदालत र अन्य सार्वजनिक भवनहरूमा देख्न सकिन्छ। यो अवधारणा मध्यकालीन समय देखि नै प्रचलनमा आएको थियो। यो प्रचलन कहिले काहीं अति उग्र रुपमा लिइन्छ र राष्ट्रप्रमुखलाई नै राष्ट्रको प्रतीक मानिन्छ जसले गर्दा व्यक्ति पुजाको सुरुवात हुन्छ र अन्य प्रतिक जस्तै झण्डा भन्दा पनि राष्ट्रप्रमुखलाई देशको प्रतिनिधित्व मानिन्छ। === कार्यकारी भूमिका === ==== उच्च आधिकारीहरूको नियुक्ति ==== धेरै देशहरूमा [[सरकार प्रमुख]], अन्य क्याबिनेट मन्त्रीहरू, न्यायाधीश र प्रमुख निजामति सेवाका, कुटनैतिक सेवाका, सैन्य अधिकारी र संवैधानिक अंगका आयुक्तहरू लगायत धेरै उच्च अधिकारीहरूको नियुक्ति राष्ट्रप्रमुखले गर्ने प्रचलन छ। धेरै संसदीय देशहरूमा सरकार प्रमुखको नियुक्ति संसदको समर्थनमा राष्ट्रप्रमुखले गर्ने र अन्यको नियुक्ति सरकार प्रमुखको सिफारिसमा राष्ट्रप्रमुखद्वारा गरिन्छ। राष्ट्रपतीय व्यवस्था भएको देशमा, जस्तै संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका, नियुक्तिहरू राष्ट्रपतिद्वारा मनोनित गरिन्छ , तर यी मनोनयनहरू व्यवस्थापिकाद्वारा, (अमेरिका मा [[अमेरिकी सिनेट]]) सामान्य बहुमतले अनुमोदन गरिनुपर्छ ।<ref name="us constitution">[https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html Constitution of the United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819235454/http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html|date=19 August 2011}}, [[National Archives and Records Administration]]. Retrieved on 11 November 2012.</ref> राष्ट्रप्रमुखद्वारा अधिकारीहरूलाई बर्खास्त पनि हुन सक्छन् । ==== कुटनैतिक भूमिका ==== [[File:Vladimir_Putin_with_Tekiso_Hati.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_with_Tekiso_Hati.jpg|thumb|रसियाका लागि लेसोथोका राजदुत [[रुसको राष्ट्रपति|रुसका राष्ट्रपति]] [[भ्लादिमिर पुटिन]] समक्ष आफ्नो ओहोदाको प्रमाणपत्र प्रस्तुत गर्दै ]] [[राजदुत]]हरूको नियुक्ति तथा विदेशी [[राजदूत|राजदुत]]को ओहोदाको प्रमाणपत्र बुझ्ने कार्य राष्ट्रप्रमुखद्वारा हुन्छ। ==== सैन्य भूमिका ==== राष्ट्रप्रमुख [[सेना]]को [[कमान्डर-इन-चिफ|परमाधिपति]] रहने प्रचलन छ। === व्यवस्थापकीय भूमिका === धेरै देशहरूमा, संसदले पास गरेको विधेयक राष्ट्रप्रमुखले प्रमाणीकरण गरेपछि / लालमोहर लगाएपछि कानून बन्ने व्यवस्था छ। यद्यपि संसदीय देशहरूमा राष्ट्रप्रमुखले कानून प्रमाणीकरण गर्न अस्वीकार गर्न सक्दैन। अमेरिकामा राष्ट्रपतिसंग [[भिटो]] गर्ने अधिकार हुन्छ। === संसद अधिवेशन आह्वान तथा अन्त्य; संसद भंग === धेरै देशहरूमा राष्ट्रप्रमुखलाई संसद अधिवेशन आह्वान तथा अन्त्य तथा संसद भङ्ग गर्ने अधिकार दिइएको छ। धेरै [[संसदीय व्यवस्था|संसदीय]] देशहरूमा यो काम [[सरकार प्रमुख]]को सिफारिसमा गरिन्छ। कुनै संसदीय देश तथा कुनै राष्ट्रपतीय शासन व्यवस्था भएको देशमा राष्ट्रप्रमुख आफैले स्वविवेकमा संसद भङ्ग पनि गर्न सक्छन्। === अन्य विशेषाधिकार === राष्ट्रप्रमुखको मानपदवी प्रदान गर्ने आममाफी दिने जस्ता आलंकारिक अधिकार पनि रहन्छ । ==== मानपदवी तथा विभूषण ==== [[चित्र:Purna_Nepali_taking_award_with_King_Gyanendra_Bir_Bikram_Shah.jpg|thumb|महाराज श्री ५ [[ज्ञानेन्द्र वीरविक्रम शाह|ज्ञानेन्द्र]] द्वारा पूर्ण नेपालीलाई मानपदवी बक्स हुँदै ]] राज्यको तर्फबाट प्रदान गरिने मानपदवी तथा विभूषणहरू राष्ट्रप्रमुखले दिने प्रचलन छ। देशको इज्जत, प्रतिष्ठा बढाउने स्वदेशी र विदेशी नागरिकहरूलाई मानपदवी तथा विभूषण विभूषित गरिन्छ। ==== प्रतिरक्षा ==== ==== आममाफी ==== '''उदाहरण''' राष्ट्रपतिलाई [[महाभियोग]]को मामिला बाहेक, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका विरुद्धको अपराधको लागि राहत र आममाफी प्रदान गर्ने अधिकार हुनेछ। <ref name="us constitution2">[https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html Constitution of the United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819235454/http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html|date=19 August 2011}}, [[National Archives and Records Administration]]. Retrieved on 11 November 2012.</ref> * [[अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपति|अमेरिकाका राष्ट्रपति]] [[डोनाल्ड ट्रम्प]]ले आफ्नो कार्यकाल अन्त्यको पूर्वसन्धामा ७३ जनालाई आममाफी दिएका थिए। == बैधता == ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[सरकार प्रमुख]] ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:राष्ट्रप्रमुख|राष्ट्रप्रमुख]] cm6dniko38hgzxvafri6ixqx2k255k7 4 120717 1358466 1358382 2026-06-09T00:34:21Z हिमाल सुवेदी 30817 /* */ 1358466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item (COUNT(distinct ?sitelink) as ?count) WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5 . ?item wdt:P21 wd:Q6581072 . ?item wdt:P27 wd:Q837 . ?sitelink schema:about ?item . FILTER NOT EXISTS { ?wne schema:about ?item . ?wne schema:inLanguage "ne" } MINUS {?item wdt:P106 wd:Q10833314} } GROUP BY ?item ORDER BY DESC(?count) |columns=number:#,label:Article,description,p106,p569,p570,p18,item |thumb=100 |links=red }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! # ! लेख ! विवरण ! व्यवसाय ! जन्म मिति ! देहान्त मिति ! तस्वीर ! item |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[सुशील आचार्य]] | | [[उद्यमी]]<br/>[[environmental scientist]] | data-sort-value="1901" | 20th century | | [[चित्र:Shilshila acharya 2 cropped.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q131389521|Q131389521]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[भूमिका गिरी]] | एक नेपाली लोक गायिका हुन् | [[गायक]] | | | | [[:d:Q94413431|Q94413431]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[सपना रोका मगर]] | | | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-02-10 | | | [[:d:Q102271811|Q102271811]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[दावा याङ्जुम शेर्पा]] | नेपाली पर्वतारोही सहयोगी | [[पर्वतारोही सहयोगी]] | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990 | | [[चित्र:Dawa Yangzum Sherpa 1.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q64406217|Q64406217]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[गीता शाही]] | नेपाली अभिनेत्री र मोडल | [[अभिनेता]]<br/>[[मोडल (मानिस)|मोडल]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-02-03 | | [[चित्र:Gita Shahi 2.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q37467229|Q37467229]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[तेजश्री थापा]] | मानव अधिकारकर्मी, वकिल र खोजकर्ता | [[मानव अधिकार कार्यकर्ता]]<br/>[[अधिवक्ता]]<br/>[[लेखक]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966-11-10 | data-sort-value="2019" | 2019-03-26 | | [[:d:Q62581438|Q62581438]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[शान्ति मिश्र]] | नेपाली लाइब्रेरियन तथा लेखक (१९३८–२०१९) | [[लेखक]]<br/>[[librarian]]<br/>[[अनुवादक]]<br/>[[lecturer]]<br/>[[historian]] | data-sort-value="1938" | 1938-06-22 | data-sort-value="2019" | 2019-05-15 | [[चित्र:Shanti Mishra graduation.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q94508889|Q94508889]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[पेम्बा डोमा शेर्पा]] | नेपाली हिमाल आरोही | [[पर्वतारोही]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-07-07 | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-05-22 | [[चित्र:Pemba Doma Sherpa.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q4357604|Q4357604]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[मोतिलक्ष्मी उपासिका]] | | [[लेखक]]<br/>[[कवि]] | data-sort-value="1909" | 1909-06-30 | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997 | [[चित्र:Moti laxmi upasika.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q16013979|Q16013979]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[पासाङ ल्हामु शेर्पा अकिता]] | नेपाली महिला पर्वतारोही | [[पर्वतारोही]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984 | | | [[:d:Q27975671|Q27975671]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[सङ्गीता श्रेष्ठ]] | नेपाली महिला चलचित्र निर्देशक | [[चलचित्र निर्देशक]] | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976-10-16 | | [[चित्र:Sangita Shrestha 02.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q56190200|Q56190200]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[सङ्गीता मगर]] | नेपाली महिला अधिकारकर्मी | [[मानव अधिकार कार्यकर्ता]] | data-sort-value="1995" | 1990s | | | [[:d:Q63384810|Q63384810]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[सरस्वती चौधरी]] | नेपाली महिला एथलेटिक्स खेलाडी | [[sprinter]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-02-12 | | | [[:d:Q68973687|Q68973687]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[उषा शेरचन]] | | [[कवि]]<br/>[[lyricist]] | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955-08-22 | | [[चित्र:Usha Sherchan1.JPG|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q110983836|Q110983836]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[केल्साङ चुकी तेथोङ]] | अभिनेत्री र चलचित्र निर्देशक | [[अभिनेता]]<br/>[[चलचित्र कलाकार]]<br/>[[गायक]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-11 | | [[चित्र:CHUCKIE KESLANG TETHONG.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q3194932|Q3194932]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | [[अधिराजकुमारी प्रेरणा]] | नेपाली अधिराजकुमारी | [[शाही सदस्य]] | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978-02-20 | | | [[:d:Q4202325|Q4202325]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | [[नाङ्सल तामाङ]] | ब्याडमिन्टन खेलाडी | [[ब्याडमिन्टन खेलाडी]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-12-28 | | | [[:d:Q18175685|Q18175685]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | [[करुणा भण्डारी]] | नेपाली राष्ट्रिय महिला क्रिकेट टोलि को सदस्य | [[क्रिकेट खेलाडी]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-11-24 | | | [[:d:Q47089258|Q47089258]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | [[उपासना सिंह ठकुरी]] | | [[अभिनेता]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-09-20 | | | [[:d:Q61778826|Q61778826]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | [[धनकुमारी बज्राचार्य]] | कुमारी | [[कुमारी (जीवित देवी)|कुमारी]] | | | | [[:d:Q68005618|Q68005618]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 21 | [[सोनिया भट्ट]] | नेपाली जुडो खेलाडी | [[जुडोका]] | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-01-04 | | | [[:d:Q107456052|Q107456052]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 22 | [[रेणु कुमारी यादव]] | नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-06-19 | | | [[:d:Q3425614|Q3425614]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 23 | [[चन्द्रकला थापा]] | नेपाली खेलाडी | [[एथ्लेटिक्स प्रतियोगी]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-09-02 | | | [[:d:Q5071283|Q5071283]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 24 | [[मिङ किपा]] | नेपाली हिमाल आरोही | [[पर्वतारोही]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988 | | | [[:d:Q6864647|Q6864647]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 25 | [[नगमा श्रेष्ठ]] | मिस नेपाल प्रतियोगी | [[मोडल (मानिस)|मोडल]]<br/>[[सौन्दर्य प्रतियोगिता प्रतियोगी]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991-11-10 | | | [[:d:Q6958877|Q6958877]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 26 | [[Chandra Kumari Gurung]] | | | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956 | | | [[:d:Q16166617|Q16166617]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 27 | [[देवु थापा]] | ओलम्पिक जुडो खेलाडी | [[जुडोका]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-02-07 | | | [[:d:Q16215125|Q16215125]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 28 | [[Nimdoma Sherpa]] | | [[पर्वतारोही]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991 | | | [[:d:Q16762305|Q16762305]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 29 | [[दिलमाया कार्की]] | नेपाली महिला खेलाडी | [[एथ्लेटिक्स प्रतियोगी]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-10-05<br/>1988-08-05 | | | [[:d:Q20895958|Q20895958]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 30 | [[Srijana Regmi]] | | [[अभिनेता]]<br/>[[मोडल (मानिस)|मोडल]]<br/>[[सौन्दर्य प्रतियोगिता प्रतियोगी]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992-12-28 | | | [[:d:Q23796629|Q23796629]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 31 | [[निशा रावल]] | नेपाली तेक्वान्दो खेलाडी | [[तेक्वान्दो खेलाडी]] | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995-09-11 | | [[चित्र:Olynisharawal.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q24678840|Q24678840]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 32 | [[Samita Bajracharya]] | | [[schoolchild]] | | | [[चित्र:Kumari.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q27990214|Q27990214]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 33 | [[Laxmi Kunwar]] | | [[पौडी खेलाडी]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-03-29 | | | [[:d:Q28718095|Q28718095]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 34 | [[रोनाली अमात्य]] | नेपाली महिला मोडल | [[मोडल (मानिस)|मोडल]] | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995-12-18 | | [[चित्र:Ronali Amatya.png|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q51757185|Q51757185]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 35 | [[Khandro Lhamo]] | | [[चिकित्सक]] | data-sort-value="1914" | 1914 | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-03-30 | [[चित्र:Dilgo Khyentse Family.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q59877941|Q59877941]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 36 | [[रवीना देसराज श्रेष्ठ]] | नेपाली बैंकर तथा पब्लिक फिगर | [[banker]]<br/>[[अभिनेता]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-04-27 | | | [[:d:Q62570956|Q62570956]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 37 | [[Bandana Nepal]] | | [[dancer]] | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001 | | | [[:d:Q96059398|Q96059398]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 38 | [[Sonika Manandhar]] | | [[environmentalist]]<br/>[[programmer]] | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990-01-17 | | [[चित्र:Sonika Manandhar UN Award Speech.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q104420892|Q104420892]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 39 | [[बेलमाया नेपाली]] | | [[documentary filmmaker]] | | | | [[:d:Q109283523|Q109283523]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 40 | [[रोशनी रसाइली]] | नेपाली गायीका | [[गायक]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-11-05 | | [[चित्र:Singer roshani rasaili.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q120496223|Q120496223]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 41 | [[प्रेक्ष्या शाह]] | नेपाल शाह वंशीय सदस्य | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-01-19 | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-11-12 | | [[:d:Q3910252|Q3910252]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 42 | [[मोनी मुलेपती]] | नेपाली महिला पर्वतारोही | [[पर्वतारोही]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980 | | [[चित्र:41214461 everestlarga.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q6899850|Q6899850]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 43 | [[सुष्मा जोशी]] | नेपाली लेखिका | [[लेखक]]<br/>[[director]]<br/>[[कलाकार]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-05-26 | | [[चित्र:Sushma Joshi.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q7648973|Q7648973]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 44 | [[बिभाश्वरी राई]] | नेपाली महिला खेल सुटर | [[खेल सुटर]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-03-25 | | | [[:d:Q11854223|Q11854223]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 45 | [[सोफिया शाह]] | पौडी खेलाडी | [[पौडी खेलाडी]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-08-09 | | | [[:d:Q16239784|Q16239784]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 46 | [[मणिकला राई]] | नेपाली अल्ट्राम्याराथन धावक | [[अल्ट्राम्याराथन धावक]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-11-27 | | [[चित्र:Manikala Rai.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q20127296|Q20127296]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 47 | [[Princess Shanti Singh of Nepal]] | | | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-20 | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-06-01 | | [[:d:Q21009742|Q21009742]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 48 | [[Princess Jayanti of Nepal]] | | [[सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-08-04 | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-06-01 | | [[:d:Q21009741|Q21009741]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 49 | [[Princess Shova Shahi of Nepal]] | | | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-01-13 | | [[चित्र:Statiefoto van Koninklijke familie, voorste rij HM, Koning Nepal, Koningin Nepal, Bestanddeelnr 920-2634 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q21067412|Q21067412]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 50 | [[सोनी राजभण्डारी]] | मिस नेपाल २०१४ प्रतियोगी | [[मोडल (मानिस)|मोडल]]<br/>[[सौन्दर्य प्रतियोगिता प्रतियोगी]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989 | | | [[:d:Q23883481|Q23883481]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 51 | [[Raj Kumari Pandey]] | | [[एथ्लेटिक्स प्रतियोगी]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-12-13 | | | [[:d:Q29995877|Q29995877]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 52 | [[प्रिया सिग्देल]] | सौन्दर्य प्रतियोगिता प्रतियोगी | [[मोडल (मानिस)|मोडल]] | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995-12-08 | | | [[:d:Q51756966|Q51756966]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 53 | [[कञ्चन अमात्य]] | महिला मानव अधिकारकर्मी | [[social entrepreneur]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996 | | | [[:d:Q53870564|Q53870564]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 54 | [[प्रदिप्ता अधिकारी]] | नेपाली महिला सौन्दर्य प्रतियोगिता प्रतियोगी | [[मोडल (मानिस)|मोडल]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-06-03 | | | [[:d:Q64009491|Q64009491]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 55 | [[Shova Kumari Lama]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-05-17 | | [[चित्र:Shova Kumari Lama (1) (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q64015981|Q64015981]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 56 | [[करिमा बेगम]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976-03-23 | | [[चित्र:Karima Begam (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q64063158|Q64063158]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 57 | [[रुबी कर्ण]] | नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-07-06 | | [[चित्र:Rubi Karna (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q64133042|Q64133042]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 58 | [[Prashna Shakya]] | | [[गायक]] | | | [[चित्र:Prashna Shakya.png|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q64746550|Q64746550]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 59 | [[हसिमा खातुन]] | नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | [[चित्र:Hasima Khatun (1).jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q67911139|Q67911139]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 60 | [[सृजना सुब्बा]] | नेपाली अभिनेत्री | [[अभिनेता]] | | | | [[:d:Q93439703|Q93439703]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 61 | [[गिता राना]] | | [[फुटबल खेलाडी]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-09-10 | | | [[:d:Q106003615|Q106003615]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 62 | [[Sanu Siva]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | data-sort-value="2020" | 2020 | | [[:d:Q107026786|Q107026786]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 63 | [[Preeti Rai]] | | [[फुटबल खेलाडी]] | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004 | | [[चित्र:Preeti Rai Women’s National Football Team 1 (cropped).png|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q125429179|Q125429179]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 64 | [[Manita Shrestha Pradhan]] | | [[जुडोका]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-06-01 | | | [[:d:Q127690896|Q127690896]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 65 | [[सम्पदा घिमिरे]] | नेपाली सौन्दर्य प्रतियोगिता विजेता | [[सौन्दर्य प्रतियोगिता प्रतियोगी]]<br/>[[मोडल (मानिस)|मोडल]]<br/>[[marketer]]<br/>[[climate activist]]<br/>[[yogini]] | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001 | | | [[:d:Q130289252|Q130289252]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 66 | [[Luna Luitel]] | | [[मोडल (मानिस)|मोडल]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-03-03 | | [[चित्र:Luna Luitel Miss Nepal World 2025 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q136031827|Q136031827]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 67 | [[जनक कुमारी चालिसे]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q6150649|Q6150649]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 68 | [[देविका बन्दना]] | नेपाली गायिका | [[गायक]] | | | | [[:d:Q16197783|Q16197783]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 69 | [[नयना शाक्य]] | ओलम्पिक पौडी खेलाडी | [[पौडी खेलाडी]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-05-10 | | | [[:d:Q16222041|Q16222041]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 70 | [[सम्पदा मल्ल]] | | [[चलचित्र निर्माता]]<br/>[[लेखक]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-02-19 | | | [[:d:Q16231931|Q16231931]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 71 | [[Supriya Maskey]] | | [[मोडल (मानिस)|मोडल]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-06-17 | | | [[:d:Q16240366|Q16240366]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 72 | [[Lily Thapa]] | | [[अभियानी]] | | | | [[:d:Q16886068|Q16886068]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 73 | [[प्रिन्सा श्रेष्ठ]] | नेपाली महिला मोडल | [[सौन्दर्य प्रतियोगिता प्रतियोगी]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992-09-11 | | | [[:d:Q19661026|Q19661026]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 74 | [[सीता कुमारी राई]] | नेपाली खेलाडी | [[तेक्वान्दो खेलाडी]] | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-02-16 | | | [[:d:Q19830111|Q19830111]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 75 | [[Princess Princep Shah of Nepal]] | | | data-sort-value="1930" | 1930-03-16 | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-05-22 | | [[:d:Q21070386|Q21070386]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 76 | [[सुशीला सिंह]] | | [[न्यायाधीश|न्यायधिश]] | | data-sort-value="2020" | 2020-05-22 | | [[:d:Q21459157|Q21459157]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 77 | [[Nilu Doma Sherpa]] | | [[चलचित्र निर्देशक]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985 | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017-07-01 | [[चित्र:Nilu Doma Sherpa, Filmmaker, IVLP participant from Nepal (27700381796).png|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q23769975|Q23769975]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 78 | [[बिनिता बराल]] | | [[अभिनेता]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-10-08 | | [[चित्र:Binita Baral actress.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q27924720|Q27924720]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 79 | [[अञ्जुकुमारी बिष्ट]] | | [[अभिनेता]] | | | | [[:d:Q31314642|Q31314642]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 80 | [[देवीमाया पनेरू]] | नेपाली महिला धावक | [[sprinter]] | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978-08-25 | | | [[:d:Q32381507|Q32381507]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 81 | [[Tisa Shakya]] | | [[पौडी खेलाडी]] | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-02-04 | | | [[:d:Q33320546|Q33320546]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 82 | [[कान्छीमाया कोजु]] | नेपाली एथलेटिक्स खेलाडी | [[खेलकुद विज्ञ]]<br/>[[एथ्लेटिक्स प्रतियोगी]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-02-03 | | | [[:d:Q42667977|Q42667977]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 83 | [[पार्वती थापा]] | नेपाली महिला खेल सुटर | [[खेल सुटर]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970 | | | [[:d:Q43120853|Q43120853]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 84 | [[दुर्गा पौडेल]] | नेपालको संविधान सभा सदस्य | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-09-21 | | | [[:d:Q44783325|Q44783325]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 85 | [[सुजाता परियार]] | नेपालको दोश्रो संविधान सभा सदस्य | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-02-15 | | | [[:d:Q44802020|Q44802020]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 86 | [[सिता देवी यादव]] | संबिधान सभा सदस्य | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q45086943|Q45086943]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 87 | [[सोभा आले]] | नेपाल महिला राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट टिम | [[क्रिकेट खेलाडी]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-06-29 | | | [[:d:Q47087984|Q47087984]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 88 | [[अनिता श्रेष्ठ]] | नेपाली खेल सुटर | [[खेलकुद विज्ञ]]<br/>[[खेल सुटर]] | | | | [[:d:Q48869417|Q48869417]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 89 | [[Nishma Gurung]] | | [[पौडी खेलाडी]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-03-11 | | | [[:d:Q48869749|Q48869749]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 90 | [[रमा सिंह]] | नेपाली टेलिभिजन व्यक्तित्व र महिला फुटबल खेलाडी | [[फुटबल खेलाडी]] | | | [[चित्र:Rama Singh.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q51655395|Q51655395]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 91 | [[शशिला महर्जन]] | नेपाली जीवरासायनिक शास्त्री | [[biochemist]]<br/>[[biotechnologist]] | | | | [[:d:Q51845108|Q51845108]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 92 | [[Anju Kumari]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979-02-12 | | [[चित्र:Anju Kumari (1) (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q64015754|Q64015754]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 93 | [[भीमा यादव]] | नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-06-29 | | [[चित्र:Bhima Yadav (1).jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q64039326|Q64039326]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 94 | [[निलम देवी भुमिहारनी]] | नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-05-08 | | [[चित्र:Nilam Devi Bhumiharin (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q64117314|Q64117314]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 95 | [[शशिकला दाहाल]] | | | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-05-28 | | | [[:d:Q66486498|Q66486498]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 96 | [[अनिता कुमारी]] | नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966-08-13 | | | [[:d:Q67867869|Q67867869]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 97 | [[असिया देवी थरुनी]] | नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-05-13 | | | [[:d:Q67868468|Q67868468]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 98 | [[गीता कुमारी यादव]] | नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971 | | [[चित्र:Gita Kumari Yadav.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q67871177|Q67871177]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 99 | [[जगतारेण देवी सुडिन]] | नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | [[चित्र:Jaktarain Devi Sah Sudin (2).jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q67911690|Q67911690]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 100 | [[मन्जु कुमारी]] | नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q67915651|Q67915651]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 101 | [[मन्जु कुमारी यादव]] | नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-01-11 | | | [[:d:Q67915719|Q67915719]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 102 | [[Chandra Kala Lamgade]] | | [[एथ्लेटिक्स प्रतियोगी]]<br/>[[javelin thrower]] | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993-09-10 | | | [[:d:Q80046291|Q80046291]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 103 | [[रानी कुमारी तिवारी]] | नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979-10-26 | | | [[:d:Q105942772|Q105942772]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 104 | [[Surita Kumari Shah]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966-03-03 | | | [[:d:Q105942922|Q105942922]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 105 | [[Gyani Maiya Sen-Kusunda]] | | [[किसान|कृषक]] | data-sort-value="1937" | 1937 | data-sort-value="2020" | 2020-01-25 | [[चित्र:Gyani Maiya Sen Kusunda-"Gyani Maiya" (2019 documentary).jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q106811256|Q106811256]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 106 | [[Sarita Neupane]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q107026755|Q107026755]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 107 | [[Chandra Kanta Devi Malla]] | | [[शिक्षक]]<br/>[[educator]] | data-sort-value="1897" | 1897 | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986 | | [[:d:Q109332415|Q109332415]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 108 | [[Saru Limbu]] | | [[फुटबल खेलाडी]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-03-06 | | | [[:d:Q113040053|Q113040053]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 109 | [[Sabita Dangol]] | | [[कलाकार]]<br/>[[चित्रकार]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984 | | [[चित्र:Sabita Dangol Contemporary Artist from Nepal WikiProfile.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q116250871|Q116250871]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 110 | [[Bidya Chamling Rai]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q117471294|Q117471294]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 111 | [[Indu Kadariya]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q123382520|Q123382520]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 112 | [[Sony Pakhrin]] | | [[क्रिकेट खेलाडी]] | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-11-02 | | | [[:d:Q131698540|Q131698540]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 113 | [[Sahara Sharma]] | | [[चलचित्र निर्माता]] | | | | [[:d:Q139583451|Q139583451]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 114 | [[सुजना श्रेष्ठ]] | ब्याडमिन्टन खेलाडी | [[ब्याडमिन्टन खेलाडी]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-12-05 | | | [[:d:Q1342014|Q1342014]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 115 | [[Sara Devi Tamang]] | ब्याडमिन्टन खेलाडी | [[ब्याडमिन्टन खेलाडी]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-06-04 | | | [[:d:Q2224151|Q2224151]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 116 | [[अमिशा बस्नेत]] | | [[अभिनेता]]<br/>[[मोडल (मानिस)|मोडल]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-04-19 | | | [[:d:Q4746814|Q4746814]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 117 | [[सरिता श्रेष्ठ]] | नेपाली चिकित्सक | [[चिकित्सक]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-07-07 | | [[चित्र:Dr Sarita Shrestha.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q4794239|Q4794239]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 118 | [[दामा कुमारी शर्मा]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q5211861|Q5211861]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 119 | [[धर्मशिला चापागाईं]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-01-18 | | | [[:d:Q5269249|Q5269249]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 120 | [[दुर्गा कुमारी बि.क]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q5316379|Q5316379]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 121 | [[हसिना मिया]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q5679156|Q5679156]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 122 | [[जुन कुमारी रोका]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q6311490|Q6311490]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 123 | [[लीला कुमारी भण्डारी]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q6547472|Q6547472]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 124 | [[निलम केसी खँड्का]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q7036868|Q7036868]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 125 | [[फूलमाया क्याप्छाकी]] | | [[खेल सुटर]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-11-24 | | | [[:d:Q7187340|Q7187340]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 126 | [[फूलमती देवी चौधरी]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q7188331|Q7188331]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 127 | [[पूर्णाकुमारी सुवेदी]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q7261334|Q7261334]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 128 | [[रेनु चन्द]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q7313568|Q7313568]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 129 | [[रुपा सोसी चौधरी]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q7380185|Q7380185]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 130 | [[सदिच्छा श्रेष्ठ]] | | [[मोडल (मानिस)|मोडल]]<br/>[[सौन्दर्य प्रतियोगिता प्रतियोगी]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991-11-23 | | | [[:d:Q7397907|Q7397907]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 131 | [[सरला रेग्मी]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q7423017|Q7423017]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 132 | [[सबकी देवी दास तात्मा]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q7442335|Q7442335]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 133 | [[सीतादेबी बौडेल]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q7531571|Q7531571]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 134 | [[सुष्मा शर्मा घिमिरे]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q7648977|Q7648977]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 135 | [[उर्मिला अर्याल]] | नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q7900743|Q7900743]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 136 | [[सरिता डङ्गोल]] | नेपाली चित्रकार | [[चित्रकार]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974 | | | [[:d:Q11305353|Q11305353]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 137 | [[योग माया]] | नेपाली अभियन्ता, समाजसेविका | [[अभियानी]] | data-sort-value="1861" | 1861 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942 | | [[:d:Q12011003|Q12011003]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 138 | [[अप्साना गिरी]] | नेपाली महिला एस्पेरान्तोभाषी | [[Esperantist]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-04-21 | data-sort-value="2008" | 2008-01-02 | | [[:d:Q12345243|Q12345243]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 139 | [[मिनाक्षी झा]] | संविधान सभा सदस्य | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-06-07 | | | [[:d:Q13184904|Q13184904]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 140 | [[काशी पौडेल]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q16191006|Q16191006]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 141 | [[सलमा खातुन मिकरानी]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976-01-25 | | | [[:d:Q16215941|Q16215941]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 142 | [[रुना प्रधान]] | | [[पौडी खेलाडी]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-12-05 | | | [[:d:Q16223375|Q16223375]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 143 | [[लिला कुमारी बगाले सोमई]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q16239920|Q16239920]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 144 | [[Sarita Gurung]] | | [[philanthropist]]<br/>[[सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता]] | | | [[चित्र:SaritaGurung.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q16256873|Q16256873]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 145 | [[ज्ञानकुमारी छन्त्याल]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953 | data-sort-value="2020" | 2020-07-01 | | [[:d:Q17385735|Q17385735]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 146 | [[राधा ज्ञवाली]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954 | | | [[:d:Q17386003|Q17386003]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 147 | [[निज्मा खुतान]] | नेपालको दोश्रो संविधान सभा सदस्य | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q17386175|Q17386175]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 148 | [[शिक्षा श्रेष्ठ]] | ब्याडमिन्टन खेलाडी | [[ब्याडमिन्टन खेलाडी]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-01-09 | | | [[:d:Q18171093|Q18171093]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 149 | [[पुनम गुरुङ]] | ब्याडमिन्टन खेलाडी | [[ब्याडमिन्टन खेलाडी]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992-10-17 | | | [[:d:Q18175684|Q18175684]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 150 | [[Shashi Kumary Adhikary]] | | | | | | [[:d:Q19917629|Q19917629]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 151 | [[पूर्ण शोभा चित्रकार]] | नेपाली महिला शान्तिकर्मी | | | | [[चित्र:4MSP Lusaka 2013 ©CMC (9967354346).jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q19921542|Q19921542]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 152 | [[Indu Devi Thapaliya]] | | [[Esperantist]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-06-20 | | [[चित्र:Indu Devi Thapaliya.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q20479334|Q20479334]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 153 | [[Nirjala Tamrakar]] | | [[sport cyclist]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979-08-24 | | [[चित्र:Worldcup France 2012.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q24898424|Q24898424]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 154 | [[Bhagawati Khatri]] | | [[खेल सुटर]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | | [[:d:Q27907431|Q27907431]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 155 | [[रोजिना श्रेष्ठ]] | | [[मोडल (मानिस)|मोडल]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994-03-19 | | [[चित्र:Rojina Shrestha.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q30110052|Q30110052]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 156 | [[सहारा बस्नेत]] | नेपाली महिला मोडल | [[मोडल (मानिस)|मोडल]] | | | [[चित्र:Sahara Basnet.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q30110208|Q30110208]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 157 | [[मदन कुमारी शाह (गरिमा शाह)]] | संबिधान सभा सदस्य | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q44148576|Q44148576]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 158 | [[रञ्जु कुमारी झा]] | नेपालको दोश्रो संविधान सभा सदस्य | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-09-07 | | [[चित्र:Ranju Kumari Jha.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q44271483|Q44271483]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 159 | [[निर्जला राउत]] | नेपालको दोश्रो संविधान सभा सदस्य | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-10-13 | | | [[:d:Q44274982|Q44274982]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 160 | [[लक्ष्मी कुमारी चौधरी]] | नेपालको दोश्रो संविधान सभा सदस्य | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-04-03 | | | [[:d:Q44279370|Q44279370]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 161 | [[दुलारी देवी]] | नेपालको संविधान सभा सदस्य | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970 | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017-03-23 | | [[:d:Q44789020|Q44789020]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 162 | [[ईश्वरी न्यौपाने]] | नेपालको संविधान सभा सदस्य | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | [[चित्र:सांसद ईश्वरी न्यौपाने Ishwari Neupane.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q45004136|Q45004136]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 163 | [[शोभा गौचन]] | ब्याडमिन्टन खेलाडी | [[ब्याडमिन्टन खेलाडी]] | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993-04-18 | | | [[:d:Q46902413|Q46902413]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 164 | [[सरस्वती कुमारी चौधरी]] | नेपाली राष्ट्रिय महिला क्रिकेट टोलि को सदस्य | [[क्रिकेट खेलाडी]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-01-28 | | | [[:d:Q47087995|Q47087995]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 165 | [[Rejina Uprety]] | | [[अभिनेता]]<br/>[[चलचित्र निर्माता]] | | | [[चित्र:Rejina Uprety (cropped).jpeg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q47464928|Q47464928]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 166 | [[स्नेहा श्रेष्ठ]] | | [[basketball player]] | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995-03-01<br/>1995-01-21 | | | [[:d:Q50717791|Q50717791]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 167 | [[Thinley Lhamo]] | | [[अभिनेता]] | | | [[चित्र:Shambhala (Premiere Berlinale 2024) 1.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q54958039|Q54958039]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 168 | [[Sabita Rajbhandari]] | | [[तेक्वान्दो खेलाडी]] | | | | [[:d:Q56318222|Q56318222]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 169 | [[सुवेक्षा खड्का]] | नेपाली महिला सौन्दर्य प्रतियोगिता प्रतियोगी | [[मोडल (मानिस)|मोडल]]<br/>[[सौन्दर्य प्रतियोगिता प्रतियोगी]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994 | | [[चित्र:Subeksha Khadka.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q59656231|Q59656231]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 170 | [[नैनकला ओझा]] | | | | | | [[:d:Q66370970|Q66370970]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 171 | [[Bodhmaya Kumari Yadav]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q66391512|Q66391512]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 172 | [[विना पोखरेल]] | | | | | | [[:d:Q66606785|Q66606785]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 173 | [[कलिला खातुन]] | नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | [[चित्र:Kalila Khatun PP.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q66659072|Q66659072]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 174 | [[थारु, शिवानी सिंह]] | | [[television presenter]]<br/>[[उपन्यासकार]]<br/>[[पत्रकार]]<br/>[[नाटककार]] | | | | [[:d:Q66860332|Q66860332]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 175 | [[बबिता कुमारी]] | नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-07-18 | | | [[:d:Q67868805|Q67868805]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 176 | [[Bechi Lungeli]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978-10-28 | | | [[:d:Q67869573|Q67869573]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 177 | [[चमेली देवी दास]] | नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-07-07 | | | [[:d:Q67870449|Q67870449]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 178 | [[Fuliya Devi Saday]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978-06-03 | | | [[:d:Q67871104|Q67871104]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 179 | [[किरण कुमारी राई]] | नेपाल राजनीतिज्ञ | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978-10-01 | | | [[:d:Q67915184|Q67915184]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 180 | [[निरा कुमारी शाह]] | नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-06-12 | | | [[:d:Q67935365|Q67935365]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 181 | [[दिलकुमारी रावल थापा]] | नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ | | | | | [[:d:Q69524324|Q69524324]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 182 | [[केशरी चौधरी]] | नेपाली महिला खेलाडी | [[एथ्लेटिक्स प्रतियोगी]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991-07-25 | | | [[:d:Q96249806|Q96249806]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 183 | [[शेषकला पाण्डे]] | समाजसेवी | | | | | [[:d:Q106205604|Q106205604]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 184 | [[पूर्णिमा श्रेष्ठ]] | | [[photographer]]<br/>[[photojournalist]] | | | | [[:d:Q109324620|Q109324620]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 185 | [[पल्पसा डङ्गोल]] | नेपाली अभिनेत्री | [[अभिनेता]] | | | [[चित्र:Palpasa Dangol.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q109389899|Q109389899]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 186 | [[Monalisha Khamboo]] | | [[chess player]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992 | | | [[:d:Q109419600|Q109419600]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 187 | [[आशा मगराती]] | नेपाली कलाकार | [[अभिनेता]]<br/>[[casting director]]<br/>[[चलचित्र निर्माता]]<br/>[[पटकथाकार]] | | | [[चित्र:Actress Asha Magrati at 81st Venice International Film Festival for Pouja, Sir EDITED.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q110620940|Q110620940]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 188 | [[Kamala Panta]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q110700869|Q110700869]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 189 | [[Kamala Sen-Khatri]] | | | | | | [[:d:Q113585474|Q113585474]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 190 | [[Nirmala Sharma]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]]<br/>[[पत्रकार]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-08-29 | | [[चित्र:Nirmala Sharma2.JPG|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q113729137|Q113729137]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 191 | [[Kanta Rizal]] | | [[diplomat]] | | | [[चित्र:Kanta Rizal (GPOHZ0 2834) (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q115764140|Q115764140]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 192 | [[लक्ष्मी तिवारी]] | नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q115857024|Q115857024]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 193 | [[Chanda Karki]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | [[चित्र:Chanda Karki.png|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q115857184|Q115857184]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 194 | [[Maya Panta]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q117471297|Q117471297]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 195 | [[Sabina Bajagain]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q117824504|Q117824504]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 196 | [[सुनमाया बुढा]] | नेपाली महिला धाविका | [[धावक]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998 | | | [[:d:Q123690167|Q123690167]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 197 | [[Sheila Dixit Karki]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q123945408|Q123945408]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 198 | [[Nimsari Rajbanshi]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q124006702|Q124006702]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 199 | [[बबिना भट्टराई]] | नेपाली गायिका | [[गायक]] | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990-09-17 | | [[चित्र:Babina bhattarai.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q124396920|Q124396920]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 200 | [[बन्दना झाँगड]] | नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | | | | [[:d:Q128784714|Q128784714]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 201 | [[शुक माया तामाङ]] | | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-07-09 | | [[चित्र:Hon'able Minister Shuk Maya Tamang.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q130266573|Q130266573]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 202 | [[Ashmina Ranjit]] | | [[interdisciplinary artist]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966 | | | [[:d:Q133226301|Q133226301]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 203 | [[कोमल ओली]] | | [[मनोरञ्जनकर्ता]]<br/>[[contemporary folk singer]]<br/>[[रेडियो व्यक्तित्व]]<br/>[[समाचार प्रस्तोता]]<br/>[[राजनीतिज्ञ]]<br/>[[गायक]] | | | [[चित्र:Komal oli.jpg|center|100px]] | [[:d:Q133759654|Q133759654]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 204 | [[पुष्पा कुमारी चौधरी]] | नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ | [[Auxiliary nurse midwife]]<br/>[[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-11-20 | | | [[:d:Q138664900|Q138664900]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 205 | [[गौरी कुमारी]] | नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-01-19 | | | [[:d:Q138798005|Q138798005]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 206 | [[नीतिमा भण्डारी]] | नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञ तथा उद्यमी | [[राजनीतिज्ञ]]<br/>[[उद्यमी]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-07-17 | | | [[:d:Q138798022|Q138798022]] |} {{Wikidata list end}} nvanitvclszqsnkxc51fame0qmm39ad 0 121362 1358425 1321644 2026-06-08T12:52:19Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Former Country |native_name = ''Deutsche Demokratische Republik'' |conventional_long_name = जर्मन जन गणतन्त्र<br /> |common_name = पूर्वी जर्मनी |continent = युरोप |region = जर्मनी |country = जर्मनी |era = [[शीतयुद्ध|शीत युद्ध]] |event_start = [[History of Germany since 1945|स्थापना]] |year_start = १९४९ |date_start = अक्टुबर |event_end = [[जर्मन पुन: एकीकरण]] |year_end = १९९० |date_end = अक्टुबर |life_span = १९४९ - १९९० |event1 = [[Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany|Final Settlement]] |date_event1 = सेप्टेम्बर २५ , १९९० |p1 = Allied Occupation Zones in Germany |flag_p1 = Flag of Germany (1946-1949).svg |s1 = जर्मनी |flag_s1 = Flag of Germany.svg |image_flag = Flag of East Germany.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of East Germany (1955–1990).svg |image_map = LocationEastGermany.png |national_anthem = "[[Auferstanden aus Ruinen]]" and "[[Das Lied der Deutschen]]" |national_motto = [[जर्मनेली भाषा|जर्मन]]: "Proletarier aller Länder, vereinigt Euch!" <br /> [[अङ्ग्रेजी भाषा|अङ्ग्रेजी]]: [[Workers of the world, unite!]] <br /> [[नेपाली भाषा|नेपाली]]: [[संसारभरका मजदुरहरू, एक होऊ!]] |common_languages = [[जर्मनेली भाषा|जर्मन]] |capital = पूर्व [[बर्लिन]] ||latd=52 |latm=31 |latNS=N |longd=13 |longm=24 |longEW=E |government_type = समाजवादी गणतन्त्र |legislature = Volkskammer |title_leader = [[राष्ट्रप्रमुख|राष्ट्र प्रमुख]] |leader1 = Wilhelm Pieck |year_leader1 = समाजवादी गणतन्त्र |leader2 = Walter Ulbricht |year_leader2 =१ ––०–१63 |leader3 = Willi Stoph |year_leader3 = 1983–198 |leader4 = एरिक होनकर |year_leader4 = 196–1969 |leader5 = Egon Krenz |year_leader5 = १ 69। |leader6 = Manfred Gerlach |year_leader6 = १ –– – -१ 90 ० |leader7 = Sabine Bergmann-Pohl |year_leader7 = १ 1990 1990 ० |title_deputy = [[सरकार प्रमुख]] |deputy1 = Otto Grotewohl |year_deputy1 = १९४९–१९६४ |deputy2 = Willi Stoph |year_deputy2 = १९६४–१९७३ |deputy3 = Horst Sindermann |year_deputy3 = १९७३–१९७६ |deputy4 = Willi Stoph |year_deputy4 = १९७६–१९८९ |deputy5 = Hans Modrow |year_deputy5 = १९८९–१९९० |deputy6 = Lothar de Maizière |year_deputy6 = १९९० |stat_area1 = 108333 |stat_pop1 = 16111000 |stat_year1 = 1990 |currency = पूर्वी जर्मन मार्क |footnotes = [[Country code top-level domain|Internet TLD]]: [[.dd]], [[List of country calling codes|calling code]]: +৩৭ }} '''पूर्व जर्मनी''', आधिकारिक रुपमा '''जर्मन प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र''' ('''GDR'''; {{lang-de|Deutsche Demokratische Republik}}, {{IPA-de|ˈdɔʏtʃə demoˈkʁaːtɪʃə ʁepuˈbliːk|pron|De-Deutsche Demokratische Republik.ogg}}, '''DDR''', {{IPA-de|ˌdeːdeːˈʔɛʁ|pron|De-DDR.ogg}}), [[शीतयुद्ध]]को समयमा १९४९ देखि १९९० सम्म अस्तित्वमा रहेको पूर्वी ब्लकको एक देश थियो। [[कम्युनिस्ट राज्य]]को रुपमा व्याख्या गरिने यो देशले आफूलाई समाजवादी राज्य ''किसान र मजदुरको राज्य''को रुपमा परिभाषित गर्थ्यो।<ref name="MajorOsmond">Patrick Major, Jonathan Osmond, ''The Workers' and Peasants' State: Communism and Society in East Germany Under Ulbricht 1945–71'', [[Manchester University Press]], 2002, {{ISBN|978-0-7190-6289-6}}</ref> पूर्वी जर्मनीमा दोश्रो विश्वयुद्धमा सोभियत सेनाद्वारा नियन्त्रण गरिएको र प्रशासित भूभाग थिए। ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[पश्चिम जर्मनी]] * [[जर्मन पुन: एकीकरण]] * [[नाजी जर्मनी]] ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:भूतपूर्व देश]] 7skhi7s3dgf52tl1umuouj2vnfkwbey 0 121505 1358565 1262309 2026-06-09T11:36:38Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox treaty |name=Charter of the United Nations<br>संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघको वडापत्र |condition_effective= [[चीन|चीन]], [[फ्रान्स]], [[सोभियत सङ्घ|सोभियत संघ]], the [[संयुक्त अधिराज्य]], [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]] र अन्य हस्ताक्षरकर्ता अधिकांश राज्यहरूद्वारा अनुमोदन |languages=[[अरबी भाषा|अरबी]], [[चिनियाँ भाषा|चिनियाँ]], [[अङ्ग्रेजी भाषा|अङ्ग्रेजी]], [[फ्रान्सेली भाषा|फ्रान्सेली]], [[रुसी भाषा|रूसी]], र [[स्पेनी भाषा|स्पेनी]] |language= |depositor=[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]] |parties=१९३ |signatories= |date_expiration= |date_effective=२४ अक्टोबर १९४५ |image=Uncharter.pdf |date_sealed= |location_signed=[[सान फ्रान्सिस्को]], [[क्यालिफोर्निया]], [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|संयुक्त राज्य]] |date_signed=२६ जुन १९४५ |date_drafted=१४ अगस्ट १९४१ |type= |caption=UN Charter|border=yes |wikisource=Charter of the United Nations }} '''संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघको बडापत्र''' [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र|संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ]]को अधारशिला तयार गर्ने एक सन्धि हो। [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र|संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ]] अन्तरसरकारी संस्था हो। <ref name="intro">{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/|title=Introductory Note|publisher=Un.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050509082013/http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/|archivedate=9 May 2005|accessdate=9 February 2013}}</ref> यसले [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र सचिवालय|सचिवालय]], [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र महासभा|महासभा]], [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषद्|सुरक्षा परिषद]], आर्थिक र सामाजिक परिषद, अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय न्याय अदालत र विश्वस्त परिषद जस्ता संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघको प्रमुख अंगहरू र संयुक्त राष्ट्रसघीय प्रणालीको उद्देश्य, शासकीय संरचना र समग्र रूपरेखा स्थापना गर्दछ। [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषद्|संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषद]]का पाँच [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषदका स्थायी सदस्यहरू|स्थायी]] [[चीन]],<ref group="Note">१९४९ पछि [[ताइवान]]लाई मानिन्थ्यो; २५ अक्टोबर १९७१ बाट [[चीन|जनवादी गणतन्त्र चीन]]द्वारा स्थानतरित </ref> फ्रान्स,<ref group="Note">Later replaced by the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] and then the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]].</ref> [[सोभियत सङ्घ|सोभियत संघ]] ,<ref group="Note">१९९१ मा [[रुस|रूसी महासंघ]]द्वारा स्थानतरित</ref> [[संयुक्त अधिराज्य]], र [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]—र अन्य बहुमत हस्ताक्षरकर्ताहरूले २४ अक्टोबर १९४५ मा अनुमोदन गरेपछि वडापत्र कार्यान्वयनमा आएको थियो; र यस मितिलाई संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघको सुरुवात भएको आधिकारिक मिति मानिन्छ र आउँदो जनवरीमा लन्डनमा ५१ प्रारम्भिक राष्ट्रहरूको प्रतिनिधिहरूको महासभाको पहिलो सत्रको बैठक बसेको थियो। महासभाले १९४७ मा औपचारिक रुपमा २४ अगस्टलाई [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र दिवस]]को रुपमा मान्यता दियो र यसलाई आधिकारिक अन्तराष्ट्रिय बिदा दिन सुरु गर्यो। १९३ पक्षहरू सहित, [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घका सदस्य राष्ट्रहरू|अधिकांश देशहरूले]] यस वडापत्रलाई अनुमोदन गरेका छन्। == सारांश == [[चित्र:UN_charter_logo.png|thumb| इग्निनिया संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघको हालको लोगोको प्रोटोटाइप चार्टरको फ्रन्टस्पीसमा देखा पर्‍यो।]] वडापत्रमा एक प्रस्तावना र १११ लेखहरू समाविष्ट १९ भाग (अध्याय) छन्। <ref name="intro">{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/|title=Introductory Note|publisher=Un.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050509082013/http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/|archivedate=9 May 2005|accessdate=9 February 2013}}</ref> प्रस्तावनामा दुई प्रमुख खण्ड छन्। पहिलो खण्डले शान्ति र अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सुरक्षाको कायम गर्न र मानव अधिकारको सम्मानका लागि आह्वान गर्दछ। प्रस्तावनाको दोस्रो खण्ड "संयुक्त राष्ट्रका देशका सरकारले वडापत्रमा सहमति जनाइसकेको छ र यो मानव अधिकार सम्बन्धी पहिलो अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय कागजात हो" भन्ने कुरा घोषणा गरिएको छ। * पहिलो अध्यायले संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघको अन्तराष्ट्रिय [[शान्ति]] र सुरक्षाको मर्मतको महत्वपूर्ण प्रावधान सहितका उद्देश्यहरू तय गर्दछ। * दोस्रो अध्यायले संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघमा सदस्यताका लागि मापदण्ड परिभाषित गर्दछ। * अध्याय ३-१५,संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघका अंग र संस्थाहरू र उनीहरूको सम्बन्धित शक्तिको वर्णन गर्ने कागजात हो। * अध्याय १६ र अध्याय १७ स्थापित अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय कानून संग संयुक्त राष्ट्र एकीकृत गर्ने व्यवस्था वर्णन गर्दछ। * अध्याय १८ र अध्याय १९ वडापत्रको संशोधन तथा प्रमाणीकरणको व्यवस्था । निम्न अध्यायहरूले संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघको निकायहरूको अधिकारको वर्णन गर्छ: * अध्याय ६ ले [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषद्|सुरक्षा परिषदको]] [[wiktionary:dispute|विवादहरू]] छानबिन र मध्यस्थता गर्ने अधिकारको वर्णन गर्दछ; * अध्याय ७ ले सुरक्षा परिषद्को आर्थिक, कूटनीतिक र सैन्य प्रतिबन्ध गर्ने अधिकारका साथसाथै विवाद सुल्झाउन सैन्य बलको प्रयोगलाई अधिकार प्रदान गर्दछ; * आठौं ८ ले क्षेत्रीय प्रबन्धहरूलाई उनीहरूको आफ्नै क्षेत्रमा शान्ति र सुरक्षा कायम गर्न अधिकार प्रदान गर्दछ;; * अध्याय ९ र अध्याय १० ले आर्थिक र सामाजिक सहयोगको लागि संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघको शक्तिको वर्णन गर्दछ, र यी शक्तिको निरीक्षण गर्ने काम [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र आर्थिक एवम् सामाजिक परिषद्|आर्थिक र सामाजिक परिषद]]ले गर्दछ । ; * अध्याय १२ र अध्याय १३ वि-उपनिवेशीकरणको निरिक्षण गर्न [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र जिम्मा जमानी परिषद्|जिम्मा जमानी कोष]]को वर्णन गर्दछ। * अध्याय १४ र अध्याय १५ ले क्रमश: [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय न्यायालय|अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय अदालत]] र [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र सचिवालय|संयुक्त राष्ट्र सचिवालयको]] अधिकार स्थापित गर्दछ। * अध्याय १६ देखि अध्याय १९ क्रमश: १६: विविध प्रावधानहरू, १७: दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धबाट सम्बन्धित संक्रमणकालीन सुरक्षा व्यवस्था १८: बडापत्र संशोधन प्रक्रिया, र १९: बडापत्रको अनुमोदन == नोटहरू == {{reflist|group=Note}} ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== {{UN Charter}} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} [[Category:संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघको वडापत्र| ]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालले गरेका सन्धि]] e2pctfqyqevrfdxxj6vfesqcpqwj80t 10 121892 1358451 1358311 2026-06-08T14:56:34Z Biplab Anand 13653 उद्यतन गरियो 1358451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox with collapsible groups | name = भारतका विमानस्थलहरू | state = {{{state|autocollapsed}}} | title = [[भारतका विमानस्थलहरूको सूची|भारतका विमानस्थलहरू]] | titlestyle = background:lightsteelblue; | bodyclass = hlist | state1 = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} | group1 = [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय]] <!---Airport's location appended as <small> link if not already in its name/s---> | list1 ={{Navbox|child | group1=[[पूर्वी भारत]] | list1= * [[महाराजा वीर विक्रम विमानस्थल|अगरतला]] * [[वीर टिकेन्द्रजीत अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|इम्फाल]] * [[नेताजी सुभाष चन्द्र बोस अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|कोलकाता]] * [[गया विमानस्थल|गया]]{{ref|restricted|†}} * [[लोकप्रिय गोपीनाथ बारदोलोई अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|गुवाहाटी]] * [[जय प्रकाश नारायण विमानस्थल|पटना]]{{ref|restricted|†}} * [[बिजु पटनायक अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|भुवनेश्वर]] * [[बागडोगरा विमानस्थल|सिलिगुडी]]{{ref|restricted|†}} | group2=[[उत्तर भारत]] | list2= * [[श्री गुरु राम दास जी अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|अमृतसर]] * [[अयोध्या विमानस्थल|अयोध्या]] * [[कुशीनगर अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|कुशीनगर]] * [[चण्डीगढ विमानस्थल|चण्डीगढ]]{{ref|restricted|†}} * [[जयपुर अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|जयपुर]] * [[इन्दिरा गान्धी अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|दिल्ली]] * [[नोयडा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|नोयडा]] * [[चौधरी चरण सिंह विमानस्थल|लखनउ]] * [[लाल बहादुर शास्त्री विमानस्थल|वाराणसी]] * [[श्रीनगर अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|श्रीनगर]] | group3=[[दक्षिण भारत]] | list3= * [[कन्नुर अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|कन्नुर]] * [[कोचिन अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|कोची]] * [[कालिकट अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|कोझिकोड]] * [[कोयम्बटोर अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|कोयम्बटोर]] * [[चेन्नई अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|चेन्नई]] * [[तिरुचिरापल्ली अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|तिरुचिरापल्ली]] * [[तिरुपति विमानस्थल|तिरुपति]] * [[त्रीवेन्द्रम अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|थिरुवनन्तपुरम]] * [[वीर सवारकर अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|पोर्ट ब्लेयर]] * [[केम्पेगौडा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|बेङ्गलोर]] * [[मदुरै विमानस्थल|मदुरै]] * [[मेङ्गलोर विमानस्थल (भारत)|मेङ्गलोर]] * [[विजयवाडा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|विजयवाडा]] * [[विसाखापट्टनम विमानस्थल|विसाखापट्टनम]]{{ref|restricted|†}} * [[राजीव गान्धी अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|हैदराबाद]] | group4=[[पश्चिम भारत]] | list4= * [[सरदार वल्लभभाई पटेल अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|अहमदाबाद]] * [[औरङ्गाबाद विमानस्थल|औरङ्गाबाद]]{{ref|restricted|†}} * [[राजा भोज विमानस्थल|भोपाल]]{{ref|restricted|†}} * [[ड्याबोलिम विमानस्थल|गोवा-ड्याबोलिम]] * [[मनोहर अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|गोवा-मोपा]] * [[देवी अहिल्या बाई होलकर विमानस्थल|इन्दौर]]{{ref|restricted|†}} * [[छत्रपति शिवाजी अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|मुम्बई-शिवाजी]] * [[बाबासाहेब आम्बेडकर अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|नागपुर]] * [[नासिक विमानस्थल|नासिक]] * [[नवी मुम्बई अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|नवी मुम्बई]] * [[पुणे विमानस्थल|पुणे]]{{ref|restricted|†}} * [[राजकोट अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल|राजकोट]] * [[शिरडी विमानस्थल|शिरडी]] * [[सुरत विमानस्थल|सुरत]] * [[वडोदरा विमानस्थल|वडोदरा]]{{ref|restricted|†}} | below = * {{note|restricted|†}} {{allow wrap|एक "प्रतिबन्धित अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल" (भन्सार विमानस्थल)को रूपमा रहेको; अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय उडानहरू सीमित सङ्ख्यामा यी विमानस्थलहरूमा अनुमति दिने गरिएको छ।}} }} | state2 = collapsed | group2 = आन्तरिक | list2 = {{Navbox|child | group1 = केन्द्रीय भारत | list1 = {{Navbox|child | group2 = छत्तीसगढ | list2 = * [[Ambikapur Airport|Ambikapur]] * [[Bhilai Airport|Bhilai]] * [[Bilaspur Airport|Bilaspur]] * [[Jagdalpur Airport|Jagdalpur]] * [[Jashpur Airport|Jashpur]] * [[Korba Airport|Korba]] * [[Raigarh Airport|Raigharh]] * [[Swami Vivekananda Airport|Raipur]] | group4 = मध्य प्रदेश | list4 = * [[Raja Bhoj Airport|Bhopal]] * [[Datia Airstrip|Datia]] * [[Gwalior Airport|Gwalior]] * [[Jabalpur Airport|Jabalpur]] * [[Khajuraho Airport|Khajuraho]] * [[Panna Airport|Panna]] * [[Satna Airport|Satna]] | group5 = उत्तर प्रदेश | list5 = * [[आगरा विमानस्थल|आगरा]] * [[अलीगढ विमानस्थल|अलीगढ]] * [[आजमगढ विमानस्थल|आजमगढ]] * [[प्रयागराज विमानस्थल|प्रयागराज]] * [[बरेली विमानस्थल|बरेली]] * [[चित्रकुट विमानस्थल|चित्रकुट]] * [[हिन्डन विमानस्थल|गाजियाबाद]] * [[गोरखपुर विमानस्थल|गोरखपुर]] * [[श्रावस्ती विमानस्थल|श्रावस्ती]] * [[कानपुर विमानस्थल|कानपुर चकेरी]] }} | group2 = पूर्वी भारत | list2 = {{Navbox|child | group1 = बिहार | list1 = * [[दरभङ्गा विमानस्थल|दरभङ्गा]] * [[मुङ्गेर विमानस्थल|मुङ्गेर]] * [[मुजफ्फरपुर विमानस्थल|मुजफ्फरपुर]] * [[पूर्णिया विमानस्थल|पूर्णिया]] * [[रक्सौल विमानस्थल|रक्सौल]] | group2 = झारखण्ड | list2 = * [[Bokaro Airport|Bokaro]] * [[Chakulia Airport|Chakulia]] * [[Deoghar Airport|Deoghar]] * [[Dhanbad Airport|Dhanbad]] * [[Dumka Airport|Dumka]] * [[Sonari Airport|Jamshedpur]] * [[Birsa Munda Airport|Ranchi]] | group3 = ओडिशा | list3 = * [[Savitri Jindal Airport|Angul]] * [[Nuagaon Airport|Balangir]] * [[Barbil Tonto Aerodrome|Barbil]] * [[Satibhata Airstrip|Bargarh]] * [[Berhampur Airport|Berhampur]] * [[RAF Amarda Road|Baripada]] * [[Utkela Airstrip|Bhawanipatna]] * [[Charbatia Air Base|Cuttack]] * [[Birasal Airstrip|Dhenkanal]] * [[Jajpur Airstrip|Jajpur]] * [[Jeypore Airport|Jeypore]] * [[Jharsuguda Airport|Jharsuguda]] * [[Kendujhar Airstrip|Kendujhar]] * [[Lanjigarh Airstrip|Lanjigarh]] * [[Nawapara Airport|Nuapada]] * [[Phulbani Airstrip|Phulbani]] * [[Rairangpur Airport|Rairangpur]] * [[Gunupur Airstrip|Rayagada]] * [[Rourkela Airport|Rourkela]] * [[Hirakud Airstrip|Sambalpur]] * [[Therubali Airport|Therubali]] | group4 = पश्चिम बंगाल | list4 = * [[Burnpur Airport|Asansol]] * [[Balurghat Airport|Balurghat]] * [[Behala Airport|Behala]] * [[Cooch Behar Airport|Cooch Behar]] * [[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport|Durgapur]] * [[Malda Airport|Malda]] * [[Charra Airfield|Purulia]] }} | group3 = उत्तरपूर्वी भारत | list3 = {{Navbox|child | group1 = अरुणाचल प्रदेश | list1 = * [[Along Airport|Along]] * [[Daporijo Airport|Daporijo]] * [[Pasighat Airport|Pasighat]] * [[Tezu Airport|Tezu]] * [[Zero Airport|Zero]] | group2 = असम | list2 = * [[Rupsi Airport|Dhubri]] * [[Dibrugarh Airport|Dibrugarh]] * [[Jorhat Airport|Jorhat]] * [[Lilabari Airport|North Lakhimpur]] * [[Silchar Airport|Silchar]] * [[Tezpur Airport|Tezpur]] | group3 = मेघालय | list3 = * [[Shillong Airport|Shillong]] * [[Baljek Airport|Tura]] | group4 = मिजोरम | list4 = * [[Lengpui Airport|Aizawl]] | group5 = नागाल्याण्ड | list5 = * [[Dimapur Airport|Dimapur]] | group6 = सिक्किम | list6 = * [[Pakyong Airport|Gangtok]] | group7 = त्रिपुरा | list7 = * [[Agartala Airport|Agartala]] * [[Kailashahar Airport|Kailashahar]] * [[Kamalpur Airport|Kamalpur]] * [[Khowai Airport|Khowai]] }} | group4 = उत्तरी भारत | list4 = {{Navbox|child | group1 = हरियाणा | list1 = * [[Bhiwani Airport|Bhiwani]] * [[Gurugram Airstrip|Gurugram]] * [[Hisar Airport|Hisar]] * [[Karnal Airport|Karnal]] * [[Narnaul Airport|Narnaul]] * [[Pinjore Airport|Pinjore]] | group2 = हिमाचल प्रदेश | list2 = * [[Kangra Airport|Kangra]] * [[Kullu–Manali Airport|Kullu–Manali]] * [[Shimla Airport|Shimla]] | group3 = जम्मू कश्मीर | list3 = * [[Jammu Airport|Jammu]] * [[Kishtwar Airstrip|Kishtwar]] * [[Poonch Airport|Poonch]] * [[Rajouri Airport|Rajouri]] | group4 = लद्दाख | list4 = * [[Kargil Airport|Kargil]] * [[Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport|Leh]] | group5 = पञ्जाब | list5 = * [[Bathinda Airport|Bathinda]] * [[Sahnewal Airport|Ludhiana]] * [[Pathankot Airport|Pathankot]] | group6 = राजस्थान | list6 = * [[Nal Airport|Bikaner]] * [[Lalgarh Airport|Ganganagar]] * [[Jaisalmer Airport|Jaisalmer]] * [[Kolana Airport|Jhalawar]] * [[Jodhpur Airport|Jodhpur]] * [[Kishangarh Airport|Kishangarh]] * [[Kota Airport|Kota]] * [[Maharana Pratap Airport|Udaipur]] | group7 = उत्तराखण्ड | list7 = * [[Chinyalisaur Airport|Chinyalisaur]] * [[Dehradun Airport|Dehradun]] * [[Pantnagar Airport|Pantnagar]] * [[Pithoragarh Airport|Pithoragarh]] }} | group5 = दक्षिण भारत | list5 = {{Navbox|child | group1 = आन्ध्र प्रदेश | list1 = * [[Kadapa Airport|Kadapa]] * [[Kurnool Airport|Kurnool]] * [[Nagarjuna Sagar Airport|Nagarjuna Sagar]] * [[Sri Sathya Sai Airport|Puttaparthi]] * [[Rajahmundry Airport|Rajahmundry]] * [[Tirupati Airport|Tirupati]] | group2 = कर्नाटक | list2 = * [[Belgaum Airport|Belgaum]] * [[Bellary Airport|Bellary]] * [[New Bellary Airport|Bellary (new)]] * [[Bijapur Airport|Bijapur]] * [[Gulbarga Airport|Gulbarga]] * [[Hassan Airport (Karnataka)|Hassan]] * [[Hubli Airport|Hubli]] * [[Karwar Airport|Karwar]] * [[Mysore Airport|Mysore]] * [[Shimoga Airport|Shimoga]] * [[Jindal Vijaynagar Airport|Toranagallu]] | group3 = लक्षद्वीप | list3 = * [[Agatti Airport|Agatti]] | group4 = पुडुचेरी | list4 = * [[Pondicherry Airport|Pondicherry]] | group5 = तमिलनाडु | list5 = * [[Salem Airport (India)|Salem]] * [[Tuticorin Airport|Tuticorin]] * [[Vellore Airport|Vellore]] | group6 = तेलंगाना | list6 = }} | group6 = पश्चिमी भारत | list6 = {{Navbox|child <!--- | group1 = दादरा र नगर हवेली | list1 = * --> | group2 = दमन र दीव | list2 = * [[Daman Airport|Daman]] * [[Diu Airport|Diu]] <!--- | group3 = गोवा | list3 = * --> | group4 = गुजरात | list4 = * [[Bhavnagar Airport|Bhavnagar]] * [[Bhuj Airport|Bhuj]] * [[Deesa Airport|Deesa]] * [[Jamnagar Airport|Jamnagar]] * [[Kandla Airport|Kandla]] * [[Keshod Airport|Keshod]] * [[Mehsana Airport|Mehsana]] * [[Mundra Airport|Mundra]] * [[Naliya Air Force Station|Naliya]] * [[Porbandar Airport|Porbandar]] * [[Rajkot Airport|Rajkot]] * [[Vadodara Airport|Vadodara]] | group5 = महाराष्ट्र | list5 = * [[Aamby Valley Airport|Aamby Valley]] * [[Akola Airport|Akola]] * [[Aurangabad Airport|Aurangabad]] * [[Baramati Airport|Baramati]] * [[Chandrapur Airport|Chandrapur]] * [[Dhule Airport|Dhule]] * [[Hadapsar Airport|Hadapsar]] * [[Jalgaon Airport|Jalgaon]] * [[Karad Airport|Karad]] * [[Kolhapur Airport|Kolhapur]] * [[Latur Airport|Latur]] * [[Juhu Aerodrome|Mumbai Juhu]] * [[Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji Airport|Nanded]] * [[Gandhinagar Airport|Nasik]] * [[Osmanabad Airport|Osmanabad]] * [[Ozar Airport|Ozar]] * [[Ratnagiri Airport|Ratnagiri]] * [[Shirdi Airport|Shirdi]] * [[Sindhudurg Airport|Sindhudurg]] * [[Solapur Airport|Solapur]] * [[Yavatmal Airport|Yavatmal]] }} }} | state3 = collapsed | group3 = प्रस्तावित | list3 = {{Navbox|child | group1= अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय | list1={{Navbox|child | group1= केन्द्रीय | list1= * [[Noida International Airport|नोएडा]] | group2= पूर्व | list2= * [[Sonari Airport#New Airports|जमशेदपुर]] | group3= उत्तर | list3= * [[Mandi International Airport|मण्डी]] | group4= दक्षिण | list4= * [[Aranmula International Airport|Aranmula]] * [[Bhogapuram Airport|Bhogapuram]] * [[Sabarigiri International Airport|Kottayam]] * [[Thiruvambady International Airport|Thiruvambady]] * [[Tuticorin Airport|Tuticorin]] | group5= पश्चिम | list5= * [[Dholera International Airport|Dholera]] * [[Navi Mumbai International Airport|Navi Mumbai]] * [[Chhatrapati Sambhaji Raje International Airport|Purandar, Pune]] * [[Solapur Airport#Proposed New Airport|Solapur]] }} | group2= घरेलु | list2={{Navbox|child | group1= दक्षिण | list1= * [[Bidar Airport|Bidar]] * [[Bijapur Airport|Bijapur]] * [[Donakonda Airport|Donakonda]] * [[Karaikal Airport|Karaikal]] * [[Karwar Airport|Karwar]] * [[Kothagudem Airport|Kothagudem]] * [[Kuppam Airport|Kuppam]] * [[Nellore Airport|Nellore]] * [[Nizamabad Airport|Nizamabad]] * [[Warangal Airport|Warangal]] | group2= पूर्व | list2= * [[Itanagar Airport|Itanagar]] * [[Dhamra Airport|Dhamra]] | group3= पश्चिम | list3= * [[Ankleshwar Airport|Ankleshwar]] * [[Chandrapur Greenfield Airport|Chandrapur]] * [[Mopa Airport|Mopa]] * [[Rajkot Greenfield Airport|Rajkot]] | group4= उत्तर | list4= * [[Adampur Airport|Adampur]] * [[Chaukhutia Airport|Chaukhutia]] * [[Gauchar Airport|Gauchar]] * [[Kishtwar Airstrip|Kishtwar]] | group5= केन्द्रीय | list5= * [[Aligarh Airport|Aligarh]] * [[Azamgarh Airport|Azamgarh]] * [[Faizabad Airport|Faizabad]] * [[Ghazipur Airport|Ghazipur]] * [[Jhansi Airport|Jhansi]] * [[Moradabad Airport|Moradabad]] * [[Muirpur Airport|Muirpur (Sonbhadra)]] * [[Shravasti Airport|Shravasti]] }} }} | state4 = collapsed | group4 = सैन्य | list4 = {{Navbox|child | group1 = Indian Air Force | list1 = {{Navbox|child | group1 = Western Air Command | list1 = * [[Adampur Air Force Base|Adampur AFS]] * [[Ambala Air Force Station|Ambala AFS]] * [[Amritsar Air Force Station|Amritsar AFS]] * [[Awantipur Air Force Station|Awantipur AFS]] * [[Bathinda Airport|Bathinda AFS]] * [[Chandigarh Air Force Station|Chandigarh AFS]] * [[Halwara Air Force Station|Halwara AFS]] * [[Hindan Air Force Station|Hindan AFS]] * [[Leh Air Force Station|Leh AFS]] * [[Palam Air Force Station|Palam AFS]] * [[Pathankot Air Force Station|Pathankot AFS]] * [[Sarsawa Air Force Station|Sarsawa AFS]] * [[Siachen Glacier|Siachen Glacier AFS]] * [[Sirsa Air Force Station|Sirsa AFS]] * [[Srinagar Air Force Station|Srinagar AFS]] * [[Udhampur Air Force Station|Udhampur AFS]] | group2 = पूर्वी वायु कमाण्ड | list2 = * [[Agartala Air Force Station|Agartala AFS]] * [[Baghdogra Air Force Station|Bagdogra AFS]] * [[Shillong Airport|Barapani AFS]] * [[Barrackpore Air Force Station|Barrackpore AFS]] * [[Chabua Air Force Station|Chabua AFS]] * [[Dum Dum Air Force Station|Dum Dum AFS]] * [[Hasimara Air Force Station|Hasimara AFS]] * [[Jorhat Air Force Station|Jorhat AFS]] * [[Kalaikunda Air Force Station|Kalaikunda AFS]] * [[Kumbhigram Air Force Station|Kumbhigram AFS]] * [[Mohanbari Air Force Station|Mohanbari AFS]] * [[Mountain Shadow Air Force Station|Mountain Shadow AFS]] * [[Panagarh Air Force Station|Panagarh AFS]] * [[Tawang Air Force Station|Tawang AFS]] * [[Tezpur Air Force Station|Tezpur AFS]] | group3 = केन्द्रीय वायु कमाण्ड | list3 = * [[Agra Air Force Station|Agra AFS]] * [[Lucknow Air Force Station|Bakshi Ka Talab AFS]] * [[Bamrauli Air Force Station|Bamrauli AFS]] * [[Bareilly Airport|Bareilly AFS]] * [[Bihta Air Force Station|Bihta AFS]] * [[Kanpur Airport|Chakeri AFS]] * [[Darbhanga#Airport|Darbhanga AFS]] * [[Gorakhpur Air Force Station|Gorakhpur AFS]] * [[Maharajpur Air Force Station|Maharajpur AFS]] | group4 = दक्षिणी वायु कमाण्ड | list4 = * [[Sulur Air Force Station|Coimbatore AFS]] * [[Madurai Air Force Station|Madurai AFS]] * [[Tambaram Air Force Station|Tambaram AFS]] * [[Thanjavur Air Force Station|Thanjavur AFS]] | group5 = दक्षिण पश्चिमी वायु कमाण्ड | list5 = * [[Bhuj Rudra Mata Air Force Base|Bhuj AFS]] * [[Jaisalmer Air Force Station|Jaisalmer AFS]] * [[Jamnagar Air Force Station|Jamnagar AFS]] * [[Jodhpur Airport|Jodhpur AFS]] * [[Lohegaon Air Force Station|Lohegaon AFS]] * [[Civil Airport Harni|Makarpura AFS]] * [[Nal-Bikaner Air Force Station|Nal-Bikaner AFS]] * [[Naliya Air Force Station|Naliya AFS]] * [[Phalodi Air Force Station|Phalodi AFS]] * [[Suratgarh Air Force Station|Suratgarh AFS]] * [[Uttarlai Air Force Station|Uttarlai AFS]] | group6 = तालिम कमाण्ड | list6 = * [[Begumpet Air Force Station|Begumpet AFS]] * [[Bidar Air Force Station|Bidar AFS]] * [[Dundigal Air Force Station|Dundigal AFS]] * [[Hakimpet Air Force Station|Hakimpet AFS]] * [[Yelahanka Air Force Station|Yelahanka AFS]] | group7 = मर्मत कमाण्ड | list7 = * [[Nagpur Air Force Station|Nagpur AFS]] * [[Ozar Airport|Ojhar AFS]] }} | group2 = भारतीय नौसेना | list2 = {{Navbox|child | group1 = पूर्वी नौसेना कमाण्ड | list1= * [[INS Rajali|Arakkonam INS Rajali]] * [[INS Parundu|Uchipuli INS Parundu]] * [[INS Dega|Visakapatnam INS Dega]] | group2 = पश्चिमी नौसेना कमाण्ड | list2= * [[INS Hansa|Dabolim INS Hansa]] * [[INS Shikra|Mumbai INS Shikra]] | group3 = दक्षिणी नौसेना कमाण्ड | list3= * [[INS Garuda|Kochi INS Garuda]] }} | group3 = Joint | list3 = {{Navbox|child | group1 = अण्डमान र निकोबार कमाण्ड | list1= * [[INS Baaz|Campbell Bay INS Baaz]] * [[Car Nicobar Air Force Base|Car Nicobar AFS]] * [[INS Kohassa|Diglipur INS Kohassa]] * [[NDA Gliderdrome]] (Training) * [[INS Utkrosh|Port Blair INS Utkrosh]] }} }} | state5 = collapsed | group5 = विमानस्थलहरूको राज्य-वार सूची | list5 = * [[List of airports in Andhra Pradesh|आन्ध्र प्रदेश]] * [[List of airports in Bihar|बिहार]] * [[List of airports in Karnataka|कर्नाटक]] * [[List of airports in Kerala state|केरला]] * [[List of airports in Madhya Pradesh|मध्य प्रदेश]] * [[List of airports in Gujarat|गुजरात]] * [[List of airports in Maharashtra|महाराष्ट्र]] * [[List of airports in Odisha|ओडिशा]] * [[List of airports in Tamil Nadu|तमिलनाडु]] * [[List of airports in Telangana|तेलंगाना]] * [[List of airports in Uttar Pradesh|उत्तर प्रदेश]] * [[List of airports in West Bengal|पश्चिम बंगाल]] }}<noinclude>{{Documentation|content= {{Check completeness of transclusions}} {{Collapsible option}} [[Category:Airport templates|India]] [[Category:India transport templates]] [[Category:Airports in India|τ]] }}</noinclude> ft9by9bw33hgzh8n7v5v8630rq89oip 0 121901 1358461 1153825 2026-06-08T17:14:40Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* */ 1358461 wikitext text/x-wiki '''अल्पमत सरकार''' वा '''अल्पमत मन्त्रिपरिषद्''' वा '''अल्पमत संसद भनेको''' [[संसदीय व्यवस्था|संसदीय प्रणालीमा]] कुनै पनि राजनीतिक दल वा [[गठबन्धन|दलको गठबन्धनले]] [[संसद|संसदमा]] बहुमत प्राप्त गर्न नसकेेेको अवस्थामा गठन भएको बिना बहुमतको मन्त्रिपरिषद् हो। यस्तो सरकार अन्तर्गत, बहुदलीयतालाई प्रोत्साहन गर्दै बहुमत प्रदान गर्न व्यवस्थापिकाका अन्य सदस्यहरूको समर्थन वा सहमतिमा मात्र कानून पारित गर्न सकिन्छ। ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[गठबन्धन सरकार]] * [[त्रिशंकु संसद]] * [[बहुमतको सरकार]] ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:राजनीतिक शब्दावली]] {{stub}} [[श्रेणी:अल्पमतको सरकार]] k66fdf9pcydlvnt9mywhomuoqvi7uve 0 121931 1358484 1321767 2026-06-09T03:47:06Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358484 wikitext text/x-wiki '''प्रशिया राज्य''' वा प्रशा अधिराज्य) (Kingdom of Prussia ; [[जर्मनेली भाषा|जर्मन]] : Königreich Preußen) एक जर्मन अधिराज्य थियो। यो १७०१ देखि १९१ ८ सम्म प्रशाको हिस्सा थियो।<ref name="Marriott">[[Marriott, J. A. R.]], and Charles Grant Robertson. ''The Evolution of Prussia, the Making of an Empire''. Rev. ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1946.</ref> प्रशिया राज्यमा [[जर्मनी|वर्तमान जर्मनी]], [[पोल्यान्ड|पोल्याण्ड]], [[रुस|रूस]], [[लिथुआनिया]], [[डेनमार्क]], [[बेल्जियम]] र [[चेक गणतन्त्र]]का केही भागहरू सम्मिलित थिए। सन् १८७१ मा [[जर्मनीको एकीकरण]] पछाडि यस राज्यको ठूलो भूमिका थियो। <ref name="Marriott" /> Although it took its name from the [[Prussia (region)|region called Prussia]], it was based in the [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]]. यसको राजधानी बर्लिन थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prussia {{!}} History, Maps, & Definition |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Prussia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508092225/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/480893/Prussia |archive-date=2015-05-08 |access-date=2020-11-02 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> सन् १९१८मा जर्मन साम्राज्यको विघटन नभएसम्म यो प्रमुख राज्य थियो। यद्यपि यसको नाम 'प्रशा' भन्ने क्षेत्रबाट आएको हो, यो ब्रान्डनबर्गको मार्ग्राभेटमा अवस्थित थियो र [[बर्लिन]] यसको [[राजधानी|राजधानी थियो]] । प्रशियाको राज्यको स्थापनाकाल देखि नै एक महान शक्ति थियो। ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[जर्मनेली साम्राज्य|जर्मन साम्राज्य]] ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} {{notelist}} [[श्रेणी:युरोपको इतिहास]] l28w7j0wgmjm8uijt3frza0tg5h2zed 1358485 1358484 2026-06-09T03:50:18Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* */ 1358485 wikitext text/x-wiki '''प्रशिया राज्य''' वा प्रशा अधिराज्य) (Kingdom of Prussia ; [[जर्मनेली भाषा|जर्मन]] : Königreich Preußen) एक जर्मन अधिराज्य थियो। यो १७०१ देखि १९१ ८ सम्म प्रशाको हिस्सा थियो।<ref name="Marriott">[[Marriott, J. A. R.]], and Charles Grant Robertson. ''The Evolution of Prussia, the Making of an Empire''. Rev. ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1946.</ref> प्रशिया राज्यमा [[जर्मनी|वर्तमान जर्मनी]], [[पोल्यान्ड|पोल्याण्ड]], [[रुस|रूस]], [[लिथुआनिया]], [[डेनमार्क]], [[बेल्जियम]] र [[चेक गणतन्त्र]]का केही भागहरू सम्मिलित थिए। सन् १८७१ मा [[जर्मनीको एकीकरण]] पछाडि यस राज्यको ठूलो भूमिका थियो। <ref name="Marriott" /> सन् १९१८मा जर्मन साम्राज्यको विघटन नभएसम्म यो प्रमुख राज्य थियो। यसको नाम 'प्रशा' भन्ने क्षेत्रबाट आएको हो, यद्यपि यो ब्रान्डनबर्गको मार्ग्राभेटमा अवस्थित थियो। यसको राजधानी बर्लिन थियो।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Prussia {{!}} History, Maps, & Definition |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Prussia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508092225/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/480893/Prussia |archive-date=2015-05-08 |access-date=2020-11-02 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> [[बर्लिन]] यसको [[राजधानी|राजधानी थियो]] ।<ref name=":0" /> प्रशियाको राज्यको स्थापनाकाल देखि नै एक महान शक्ति थियो। ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[जर्मनेली साम्राज्य|जर्मन साम्राज्य]] ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} {{notelist}} [[श्रेणी:युरोपको इतिहास]] a97z2wk2r4ncqyh1vom17blpgonnqbo 0 122041 1358469 1339283 2026-06-09T01:20:58Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{संक्षिप्त विवरण|पाकिस्तानको प्रशासनिक विभाजन अन्तर्गतका एकाईहरू}} {{Infobox subdivision type | name = प्रशासनिक एकाइ:<br />इस्लामी गणतन्त्र पाकिस्तान<br />{{small|{{Nastaliq|پاکستان کی انتظامی اکائیاں}}}} | map = File:Pakistan location map2.svg | category = सङ्घीय राज्य | start_date = १ जुलाई १९७० | current_number = {{plainlist| * ४ [[प्रदेश]] * २ प्रशासनिक क्षेत्र * १ सङ्घीय क्षेत्र}} | number_date = | population_range = '''कम:''' १२,४९,००० बढी:''' ११,००,१२,४४२ ([[पन्जाब, पाकिस्तान|पञ्जाब]]) | area_range = '''सानो:''' {{Convert|349.81|sqmi|order=flip|abbr=on}}, [[इस्लामाबाद राजधानी क्षेत्र]]<br/>'''ठूलो:''' {{Convert|134050|sqmi|order=flip|abbr=on}}, [[बलुचिस्तान, पाकिस्तान|बलुचिस्तान]] | government = '''[[पाकिस्तान|सरकार]]''' * प्रादेशिक सरकार * जिल्ला सरकार * तहसील * स्थानीय सरकार | subdivision = [[पाकिस्तानको विभाग|विभाग]], [[पाकिस्तानका जिल्लाहरू|जिल्ला]], [[पाकिस्तानको तहसील|तहसील]], [[पाकिस्तानको सङ्घ परिषद्|सङ्घ परिषद्]] {{small|(घट्दो क्रममा राखिएको)}} |territory={{झण्डा|पाकिस्तान}} }} {{पाकिस्तानको राजनीति}} '''पाकिस्तानको प्रशासनिक एकाई'''ले, पाकिस्तानको प्रशासनमा भूमिका निर्वाह गर्ने उपराष्ट्रिय प्रशासनिक विभाजनलाई जनाउँछ। यो देशको चार प्रदेश र एक सङ्घीय प्रदेशहरू मिलेर बनेको छ प्रदेशहरूमा [[बलुचिस्तान, पाकिस्तान|बलुचिस्तान]], [[पन्जाब, पाकिस्तान|पञ्जाब]], सिन्ध, [[खैबर पख्तुनख्वा]] र सङ्घीय प्रशासित [[इस्लामाबाद राजधानी क्षेत्र]] पर्दछ। साथै पाकिस्तानले कश्मीरको विवादित क्षेत्रमा पनि : [[गिल्गित बल्तिस्तान|गिल्गित बल्तिस्तान]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan's Gilgit-Baltistan: Between the Kashmir conflict and China|url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/pakistan-s-gilgit-baltistan-between-the-kashmir-conflict-and-china-40053|access-date=2020-11-05|website=|language=en}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104211548/https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/pakistan-s-gilgit-baltistan-between-the-kashmir-conflict-and-china-40053 |date=2020-11-04 }}</ref> र [[आजाद कश्मीर|आजाद जम्मु र कश्मीर]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=1998-07-20|editor-last=Tikkanen|editor-first=Amy|editor2-last=Gorlinski|editor2-first=Virginia|editor3-last=Javed|editor3-first=Murtaza|editor4-last=Tesch|editor4-first=Noah|title=Azad Kashmir {{!}} quasi-state, Kashmir region, India-Pakistan|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Azad-Kashmir|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012065802/https://www.britannica.com/place/Azad-Kashmir|archive-date=2020-10-12|access-date=2020-11-05|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> गरि दुई स्वायत्त प्रदेशहरूको व्यवस्था गरेको छ।{{#tag:ref|कश्मीरको विवादित क्षेत्रमा [[पाकिस्तान|पाकिस्तान सरकार]]द्वारा स्वायत्त प्रदेशको रूपमा दावी गरिएको|group="टिप्पणी"}} [[गिल्गित बल्तिस्तान|गिल्गित बल्तिस्तान]]{{#tag:ref|नोभेम्बर २०२० मा, पाकिस्तानी प्रधानमन्त्री [[इमरान खान]]ले [[गिल्गित बल्तिस्तान|गिल्गित बल्तिस्तान]]को जनताको माग अनुसार, २०२० को सभा निर्वाचन पश्चात्, यसलाई अस्थायी प्रदेश बनाउने घोषणा गरेका थिए।<ref name="ProvisionalProvincialStatus1">{{cite web |title=Fifth province |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2270797/fifth-province |website= |publisher=द एक्सप्रेस ट्रिब्युन |access-date=14 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109185546/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2270797/fifth-province |archive-date=9 November 2020 |date=2 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ProvisionalProvincialStatus2">{{cite web |title=Pakistani PM says he will upgrade status of part of Kashmir, angering India |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/pakistan-politics-kashmir/pakistani-pm-says-he-will-upgrade-status-of-part-of-kashmir-angering-india-idINKBN27H1FP |website=Pakistani PM says he will upgrade status of part of Kashmir, angering India {{pipe}} Reuters |publisher=Reuters |access-date=14 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102040803/https://www.reuters.com/article/pakistan-politics-kashmir/pakistani-pm-says-he-will-upgrade-status-of-part-of-kashmir-angering-india-idINKBN27H1FP |archive-date=2 November 2020 |date=1 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ProvisionalProvincialStatus3">{{cite web |title=Gilgit-Baltistan to get provisional provincial status post-election: PM Imran |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/737641-gilgit-baltistan-to-get-provisional-provincial-status-post-election-pm-imran |website=द न्युज अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय|location=कराची |access-date=14 November 2020 |date=2 November 2020 }}</ref>|group="टिप्पणी"}} छिमेकी देश [[भारत]]सँग चलिरहेको कश्मीर विवादका कारण, यसले [[लद्दाख]] र जम्मू र कश्मीरका सङ्घ शासित प्रदेशहरूमाथि पनि सार्वभौमिकताको दावा गरेको छ, तर सन् १९४७–१९४८ मा [[भारत]]बाट स्वतन्त्र भएदेखि र त्यसपछिको युद्धदेखि यसले कुनै पनि क्षेत्रमाथि प्रशासनिक अधिकार प्रयोग गरेको छैन। [[पाकिस्तान]]का सबै प्रदेश र क्षेत्रहरू विभाजनमा विभाजित छन्, जसलाई जिल्लाहरूमा अझ उपविभाजन गरिएको छ, र त्यसपछि तहसील, जसलाई फेरि सङ्घ परिषदहरूमा अझ उपविभाजन गरिएको छ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20DISTRICTS%20%26%20TEHSILS.pdf|title=اضلاع ، تحصیل / تالہ کی فہرست|date=July 2014|website=पाकिस्तानको केन्द्रीय तथ्याङ्क विभाग|access-date=15 October 2016}}</ref> == इतिहास == === प्रारम्भिक इतिहास === पाकिस्तानले १४ अगस्त १९४७ मा भएको [[भारतको विभाजन]]पछि [[ब्रिटिस राज|बेलायती शासन]]बाट आफ्नो वर्तमान प्रदेशहरू समावेश भएको भूभाग उत्तराधिकार प्राप्त गरेको थियो। स्वतन्त्रताको दुई दिनपछि बङ्गालको मुस्लिम-बहुसङ्ख्यक मुर्शिदाबाद जिल्लालाई पाकिस्तानको साम्राज्यबाट बाहिर सारिएको थियो र भारतको साम्राज्य भित्र राखिएको थियो।<ref name="Murshidabad Govt Website">{{Cite web |url=http://murshidabad.gov.in/ |title=Murshidabad Govt Website |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716073018/http://murshidabad.gov.in/ |archive-date=16 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatterji|first1=Joya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjQ0iWSq2R0C&pg=PA59|title=The Spoils of Partition: Bengal and India, 1947–1967|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139468305|page=59|language=en|access-date=21 June 2019}}</ref> राडक्लिफ आयोगले सीमा समायोजन गरेको थियो जसको उद्देश्य हुगली नदीलाई पूर्णतया भारत भित्र राख्नु थियो। यसको स्थापनाकालमा पाकिस्तानमा दुई क्षेत्रहरू थिए, जुन भारतीय भूभागको लगभग १,६०० किलोमिटर (९९० मिटर) द्वारा एक अर्काबाट अलग गरिएको थियो। पश्चिमी क्षेत्रमा उत्तर-पश्चिम सीमा प्रदेश, पश्चिम पञ्जाब, [[सिन्ध]], बलुचिस्तान र १३ वटा राजशाही राज्यहरू गाभिएको थियो। पूर्वी क्षेत्रमा पूर्वी बङ्गालका साथै सिलेट र बौद्ध-बहुसङ्ख्यक चट्टोग्राम समावेश थियो। पूर्वी बेलायती आसाम प्रदेशमा [[पाकिस्तान]]लाई बाँडिएको थियो। सन् १९४८ मा [[कराची]]लाई सिन्ध प्रदेशबाट टुक्राएर सङ्घीय राजधानी क्षेत्र गठन गरिएको थियो। सन् १९५० मा उत्तर-पश्चिम सीमा प्रदेशले एम्ब र फुलाराका प्रमुख राज्यहरूलाई ग्रहण गरेको थियो भने पश्चिम पञ्जाब (पूर्वमा भारतको पञ्जाबबाट अलग गर्न 'पश्चिम' नामकरण गरिएको थियो) को नाम केवल पञ्जाब थियो। सन् १९५२ मा दक्षिण पश्चिममा रहेका चार प्रमुख राज्यहरूले बालुचिस्तान राज्यसङ्घ गठन गरेका थिए। सन् १९५५ मा तत्कालीन प्रधानमन्त्री मोहम्मद अली बगुडाले एक एकाई नीतिको सुरुवात गरेका थिए जसबाट पश्चिमी क्षेत्रमा सबै प्रदेश र राजशाही राज्यहरूलाई गाभेर पश्चिम पाकिस्तानको प्रान्तीय क्षेत्रको निर्माण गरिएको थियो। [[लाहोर]]ले यसको प्रादेशिक राजधानीको रूपमा काम गरेको थियो। साथै, पूर्वी बङ्गाललाई ([[सिलेट]] र चट्टोग्राम सहित) [[पूर्वी पाकिस्तान|पूर्व पाकिस्तान]]को रूपमा पुन: नामकरण गरिएको थियो र ढाका यसको प्रादेशिक राजधानीको रूपमा कार्यरत थियो।<ref>{{cite book|title=Pakistan Affairs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hFIdAQAAMAAJ|year=1968|publisher=Information Division, Embassy of Pakistan.|page=19}}</ref> एक एकाई नीतिको उद्देश्य, खर्च कम गर्ने र प्रादेशिक पूर्वाग्रह हटाउने थियो तर सन् १९५८ को सैन्य विद्रोहले पहिलो सैनिक राष्ट्रपति अयुब खानले राज्यपाल शासनको पक्षमा पश्चिम पाकिस्तानको मुख्यमन्त्रीको पद खारेज गर्दा कठिनाइहरू ल्याएको थियो। ७ सेप्टेम्बर १९५८ मा, चार वर्षको वार्तापछि (छ महिनाको गहन वार्ता सहित) पाकिस्तानले [[ओमान]]बाट ग्वादरको विदेशी अन्तःक्षेत्र ५.५ अरब रुपैयाँ (३० लाख अमेरिकी डलर; सन् २०१७ मा लगभग २२,४१०,३११.४२ अमेरिकी डलर) मा खरिद गरेको थियो। ग्वादर औपचारिक रूपमा ८ डिसेम्बर १९५८ मा पाकिस्तानको एक भाग बनेको थियो। ओमानी शासनको १७४ वर्ष पछि समाप्त भएको थियो। सन् १९६० मा [[कराची]]बाट रावलपिन्डीमा सङ्घीय राजधानी सारिएको थियो र १९६१ मा सङ्घीय राजधानी क्षेत्र पनि पश्चिम [[पाकिस्तान]]मा गाभिएको थियो। सन् १९६६ मा यो राजधानी फेरि नवनिर्मित सहर [[इस्लामाबाद]]मा सारिएको थियो। सन् १९६२ मा पूर्वी पाकिस्तानको उच्च जनसङ्ख्याका कारण [[ढाका]]लाई देशको विधायी राजधानी बनाइएको थियो। === सन् १९७० देखि === सन् १९७० मा दोस्रो सैनिक राष्ट्रपति याह्या खानले पश्चिम पाकिस्तानको राजनीतिक संरचनालाई खारेज गरेर चार नयाँ प्रान्तहरू स्थापना गरेका थिए जसमा सिन्ध, पञ्जाब, बलुचिस्तान र उत्तर-पश्चिम सीमान्त प्रदेश पर्दछन्। सन् १९७१ मा [[बङ्गलादेशको स्वतन्त्रता युद्ध]]पछि पूर्वी पाकिस्तानको बङ्गाली-बहुसङ्ख्यक क्षेत्र पाकिस्तानी सङ्घबाट अलग भएको थियो। फलस्वरूप स्वतन्त्र जनगणतन्त्र बङ्गलादेश गठन भएको थियो। सन् १९७४ मा हुना र नगरका बाँकी प्रमुख राज्यहरू खारेज गरिएको थियो र तिनीहरूको इलाकाहरू गिल्गित एजेन्सीमा गाभिएको थियो र त्यसपछि उत्तरी क्षेत्रहरू स्थापना भएका थिए। सन् १९७५ मा पेशावर र डेरा इस्माइल खानका जिल्लाहरूको केही भाग सङ्घीय प्रशासित आदिवासी क्षेत्रहरू बनाउन अलग-अलग गरिएको थियो। सन् १९८१ मा इस्लामाबादको वरिपरिको क्षेत्र पञ्जाब प्रान्तबाट अलग भएको थियो र यसको नाम फेरि [[इस्लामाबाद राजधानी क्षेत्र]] राखिएको थियो। अगस्त २००० मा स्थानीय सरकारहरूको पुनर्गठन गर्ने योजनाको भागको रूपमा विभाजनहरू खारेज गरिएको थियो र त्यसपछि सन् २००१ मा निर्वाचन गराइएको थियो। पहिले प्रादेशिक स्तरमा सम्हालेका थुप्रै कार्यहरू व्यक्तिगत जिल्ला र तहसीलहरूमा हस्तान्तरण गरिएका थिए। सन् २००८ मा सरकारले पूर्व विभाजनहरू पुनर्स्थापित गरेर आयुक्तहरू नियुक्त गरेको थियो। सन् २००९ मा उत्तरी इलाकाको नाम फेरि [[गिल्गित बल्तिस्तान|गिल्गित बल्तिस्तान]] नामाकरण गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news|title=Northern Areas renamed Gilgit-Baltistan Poll for assembly, CM in Nov Regional groups unhappy: Autonomy package for NAs approved|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/851176|work=DAWN|date=August 30, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Disputed Northern Areas renamed as Gilgit-Baltistan|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/disputed-northern-areas-renamed-as-gilgit-baltistan/story-qickZAJF82JoXg1CnzZJsJ.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=Aug 30, 2009}}</ref> र स्वायत्त क्षेत्रको रूपमा आफ्नो औपचारिक दर्जा कायम राखिएको थियो। सन् २०१० मा उत्तर-पश्चिम सीमा प्रदेशको नाम औपचारिक रूपमा [[खैबर पख्तुनख्वा]] नामाकरण गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news|title=From NWFP to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/854215|work=DAWN|date=April 1, 2010}}</ref> सन् २०१८ मा पाकिस्तानको राष्ट्रिय सभा र [[खैबर पख्तुनख्वा]] प्रादेशिक सभाले एक्काइसौँ संविधान संशोधनसहित ऐतिहासिक फाटा विधेयक पारित गरेको थियो। ३१ मे २०१८ मा तत्कालीन राष्ट्रपति मम्नून हुसेनले २५ औँ संविधान संशोधन विधेयकमा हस्ताक्षर गरेसँगै खैबर पख्तुनख्वासँग सङ्घिय प्रशासित जनजाति क्षेत्रहरू गाभ्ने अन्तिम कदम पूरा भएको थियो। संशोधनको हस्ताक्षरले सङ्घीय प्रशासित जनजाति क्षेत्रलाई छुट्टै राजनीतिक संस्थाको रूपमा खारेज गरेर [[खैबर पख्तुनख्वा]] प्रदेशमा गाभेको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1720162/1-jui-f-stages-protest-outside-k-p-assembly-ahead-vote-31st-amendment-bill/|title=New dawn for FATA as K-P approves merger - The Express Tribune|date=27 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1410351|title=KP Assembly approves landmark bill merging Fata with province|first=Arif|last=Hayat|date=27 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1411156/president-signs-kp-fata-merger-bill-into-law|title=President signs KP-Fata merger bill into law|first=Amir|last=Wasim|date=31 May 2018}}</ref> == शासनको स्तर == तलको चित्रले पाकिस्तानको प्रशासनिक विभाजनलाई दर्साउँछ। {{Familytree/start}} {{Familytree|}} {{Familytree| | | FED | FED=[[पाकिस्तान|केन्द्रीय सरकार]]}} {{Familytree| | | |!| | | | | }} {{Familytree| | | PRO | PRO=प्रदेश (उदाहरण [[खैबर पख्तुनख्वा]])}} {{Familytree| | | |!| | | | | }} {{Familytree| | | DIV | DIV=विभाग (उदाहरण [[मालाकान्द विभाग]])}} {{Familytree| | | |!| | | | | }} {{Familytree| | | DIS | DIS=जिल्ला] (उदाहरण [[टोबा टेक सिंह जिल्ला]])}} {{Familytree| | | |!| | | | | }} {{Familytree| | | TEH | TEH=[[तहसिल|तहसील]]/सहर (उदाहरण [[अरिफवाला]])}} {{Familytree| | | |!| | | | | }} {{Familytree| | | UNC | UNC=सङ्घ परिषद् (उदाहरण [[डोमेली]])}} {{Familytree|}} {{Familytree/end}} === जिल्ला === जिल्ला समन्वय अधिकारी जिल्ला प्रशासनको प्रशासकीय प्रमुख हुन्छन्। जिल्ला सरकारको स्वीकृत योजनाहरुको निरीक्षण, सुधार र निर्देशन गर्ने उनीहरूको व्यापक जिम्मेवारी हुन्छन्। सन् २०१० सम्म जिल्ला प्रशासनको कार्यकारी प्रमुखको रूपमा जिल्ला नाजीम थियो जब सरकारले जिल्ला समन्वय अधिकारीहरूलाई पनि आफ्नो अधिकार दिएको थियो। तिनीहरूको भूमिका जिल्ला गभर्नर वा प्रान्तको जस्तै छ। सरकारी रणनीति कार्यान्वयन गर्ने र यसबाट उत्पन्न पहलहरूको विकास गर्ने जिम्मेवारी यसमा रहेको हुन्छ।<ref>[http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/district_government_05.htm DCO job description] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430030015/http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/district_government_05.htm |date=2013-04-30 }}</ref> स्थानीय सरकारप्रति उत्तरदायी हुने गरी प्रशासनिक र वित्तीय अधिकार विकेन्द्रीकृत गर्न, सुशासन, सेवाको प्रभावकारी वितरण र जनताको संस्थागत सहभागिता मार्फत गर्ने पारदर्शी निर्णयका लागि आधारभूत तहका जनताको सहभागिताबाट स्थानीय सरकारका संस्थाहरूको निर्वाचन प्रत्येक चार वर्षपछि पाकिस्तानका प्रमुख निर्वाचन आयुक्तले कुनै पनि दलीय आधारमा गर्दैनन्।<ref>[http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/district_government_01.htm Zila Nazim job description] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704031120/http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/district_government_01.htm |date=2007-07-04 }}</ref> === तहसील === स्थानीय सरकारका तीन तहमध्ये तहसील सरकार दोस्रो तहको सरकार हो। यहाँ जिल्ला सरकारका कार्य, जिम्मेवारी र अधिकारीहरूलाई अझ साना एकाईहरूमा विभाजन गरिएको छ, यी एकाइहरूलाई "तहसील" भनिन्छ। यी तहसीलहरू सिन्ध प्रान्त बाहेक पाकिस्तानभरि प्रयोग गरिन्छ जहाँ यसको सट्टामा "तालुका" शब्द प्रयोग गरिन्छ, यद्यपि कार्य र अधिकारीहरू समान छन्। तहसील सरकारका प्रमुख "तहसील नजीम" हुन् जसलाई तहसील नाइब-नाजीमले सहयोग गरेका हुन्छन्। प्रत्येक तहसीलमा तहसील परिषद्, तहसील नाजिम, तहसील/तालुका नगरपालिकाका पदाधिकारी, प्रमुख अधिकृत र स्थानीय परिषद्का अन्य पदाधिकारीहरू रहेको तहसील नगरपालिका प्रशासन रहेको छ।.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Administrative-Structure-of-the-Tehsil-Municipal-Administration_fig3_253292593|title=Administrative Structure of the Tehsil Municipal Administration|website=Research Gate|last1=Ebel|first1=Robert E.|date=January 2006|accessdate=September 6, 2020}}</ref> === सङ्घ परिषद् === सङ्घ व्यवस्थापिका र उपाध्यक्ष सहित सङ्घ परिषद्का सदस्यहरू मताधिकार र संयुक्त निर्वाचनको आधारमा प्रत्यक्ष निर्वाचन मार्फत निर्वाचित हुन्छन् । तथापि, जिल्ला परिषद्मा महिलाहरूका लागि आरक्षित सीटको निर्वाचनका लागि तहसील वा सहरहरूमा समानुपातिक रूपमा विभाजित सङ्घ परिषद्का सबै सदस्यहरू तहसील वा शहरमा हुनेछन्। यी निर्वाचनलाई व्यवस्थित र सञ्चालन गर्ने जिम्मेवारी प्रमुख निर्वाचन आयुक्तको हो। ==हालको प्रशासनिक एकाइहरू== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;" |- ! नाम (नेपाली) ! नाम (उर्दू) ! राजधानी ! दोस्रो ठूलो सहर ! class="unsortable" | निशान छाप ! class="unsortable" | झण्डा ! class="unsortable" | नक्सा ! नक्सा सूचक ! जनसङ्ख्या<br>(सन् २०१७) ! क्षेत्र<br>(वर्ग किमी)<ref name="statpak">{{cite web |url=http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/area_pop/area_pop.html |title=انتظامی یونٹوں کے ذریعہ رقبہ ، آبادی ، کثافت اور شہری / دیہی تناسب |publisher=آبادی مردم شماری کی تنظیم ، حکومت پاکستان |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222185234/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/area_pop/area_pop.html |archive-date=22 December 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222185234/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/area_pop/area_pop.html |date=22 December 2010 }}</ref> ! जनघनत्व<br/>(वर्ग किमी) |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[आजाद कश्मीर]]{{efn|name=disputed|भारतसँग विवादित।}} | {{nastaliq|آزاد جموں و کشمیر}} | style="text-align:left;" | [[मुजफ्फराबाद]] | style="text-align:left;" | [[मिरपुर, पाकिस्तान|मिरपुर]] | style="text-align:center;" | [[File:State Seal of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (Pakistan).png|60px]] | style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Flag of Azad Kashmir.svg|border|50px]] | [[File:Azad Kashmir in Pakistan (claims hatched).svg|120px]] | ६ | ४,०४५,३६६ | १३,२९७ | २२३.५५ |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[बलुचिस्तान, पाकिस्तान|बलुचिस्तान]] | {{nastaliq|بلوچستان}} | style="text-align:left;" | [[क्वेटा]] | style="text-align:left;" | [[खुज्दर]] | style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Coat of arms of Balochistan.svg|60px]] | style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Flag of Balochistan.svg|border|50px]] | [[File:Balochistan in Pakistan (claims hatched).svg|120px]] | १ | १२,३४४,४०८ | ३४७,१९० | ३७.९१ |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[गिल्गित बल्तिस्तान|गिल्गित बल्तिस्तान]]{{efn|name=disputed|भारतसँग विवादित।}} | {{nastaliq|گلگت بلتستان}} | style="text-align:left;" | [[गिल्गित]] | style="text-align:left;" | [[स्कार्दू]] | style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Gilgit Baltistan Government Logo.svg|60px]] | style="text-align:center;" | | [[File:Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan (de-facto + wo Glacier) (claims hatched).svg|120px]] | ७ | १,२४९,००० | ६४,८१७ | २६ |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[इस्लामाबाद राजधानी क्षेत्र]] | {{nastaliq|اسلام آباد دار الحکومت}} | style="text-align:left;" | [[इस्लामाबाद]] | style="text-align:left;" | उपलब्ध छैन | style="text-align:center;" |उपलब्ध छैन | style="text-align:center;" |उपलब्ध छैन | [[File:Islamabad Capital Territory in Pakistan (special marker) (claims hatched).svg|120px]] | ५ | २,००६,५७२ | ९०६ | १,२७१.३८ |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[खैबर पख्तुनख्वा]] | {{nastaliq|خیبرپختونخوا}} | style="text-align:left;" | [[पेसावर|पेशावर]] | style="text-align:left;" | [[मरदान]] | style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Coat of arms of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.svg|60px]] | style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Flag of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.svg|border|50px]] | [[File:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan (claims hatched).svg|120px]] | २ | ३५,५२५,०४७ | १०१,७४१ | ३४९.१७ |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[पन्जाब, पाकिस्तान|पञ्जाब]] | {{nastaliq|پنجاب}} | style="text-align:left;" | [[लाहोर]] | style="text-align:left;" | [[फैसलाबाद]] | style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Coat of arms of Punjab.svg|60px]] | style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Flag of Punjab.svg|border|50px]] | [[File:Punjab in Pakistan (claims hatched).svg|120px]] | ३ | ११०,०१२,४४२ | २०५,३४४ | ५३५.७४ |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[सिन्ध]] | {{nq|سندھ}} | style="text-align:left;" | [[कराची]] | style="text-align:left;" | [[हैदराबाद, पाकिस्तान|हैदराबाद]] | style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Coat of arms of Sindh Province.svg|60px]] | style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Flag of Sindh.svg|border|50px]] | [[File:Sindh in Pakistan (claims hatched).svg|120px]] | ४ | ४७,८८६,०५१ | १४०,९१४ | ३३९.८२ |- |- class="sortbottom" ! style="text-align:left;" | [[पाकिस्तान]] ! style="text-align:right;" | {{nastaliq|پاکستان}} ! style="text-align:left;" | इस्लामाबाद ! style="text-align:left;" | ! style="text-align:center;" | [[File:State emblem of Pakistan.svg|60px]] ! style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Flag of Pakistan.svg|border|50px]] ! [[File:Pakistan adm location map.svg|120px]] ! ! style="text-align:right;" | '''२१,४२,६१,४०९''' ! style="texut-align:right;" | ८,७४,२०९ ! style="text-align:right;" | २२३.७९ |} === प्रस्ताव गरिएका प्रान्तहरू === * [[बहावलपुर प्रान्त]] * [[सराइकिस्तान|दक्षिण पञ्जाब प्रदेश]] / [[सराइकिस्तान|सराइकिस्तान प्रान्त]] * [[कराची|कराची प्रदेश]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1079781|title=Karachi as a province|first=S. Akbar|last=Zaidi|date=11 January 2014}}</ref> / [[जिनाहपुर|जिनाहपुर प्रदेश]] * [[हजारा प्रदेश आन्दोलन|हजारा प्रदेश]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1409134|title=TSH to shut Hazara after Eid|first=The Newspaper's|last=Correspondent|date=22 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brecorder.com/2018/05/08/416588/treasury-benches-demand-appreciation-opposition-criticize-govt-for-ignoring-development/|title=Treasury benches demand appreciation, opposition criticize govt for ignoring development -|date=8 May 2018}}</ref> * [[कबाइलिस्तान|कबाइलिस्तान प्रदेश]] * [[गिल्गित बल्तिस्तान|गिल्गित बल्तिस्तान प्रदेश]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/gilgitbaltistan-a-question-of-autonomy/519428/2|title=Gilgit-Baltistan: A question of autonomy|last=Singh|first=Pallavi|date=29 April 2010|work=The Indian Express|access-date=27 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-election-idUSTRE5AB1ZE20091112|title=Pakistan's disputed Northern Areas go to polls|last=Shigri|first=Manzar|date=12 November 2009|work=Reuters|access-date=27 December 2016}}</ref> / [[बलवारिस्तान|बलवारिस्तान प्रदेश]] * [[पाकिस्तानको विभाग|नयाँ प्रदेशहरूको लागि पाकिस्तानको विभागहरूको समीक्षा]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Babakhel|first=Mohammad Ali|date=2019-01-16|title=New provinces?|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1457865|access-date=2020-11-06|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1905813/6-new-provincial-map-pakistan|title=A new provincial map of Pakistan?|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=5 January 2021}}</ref> ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[पाकिस्तानको स्थानीय सरकार]] ** [[पाकिस्तानको विभाग]] ** [[पाकिस्तानको जिल्ला]] ** [[पाकिस्तानको तहसील]] ** [[पाकिस्तानको सङ्घ परिषद्]] * [[पाकिस्तानको पूर्व प्रशासनिक एकाइहरू]] * [[पाकिस्तानको सहरहरू]] ==टिप्पणी== {{reflist|group="टिप्पणी"}} {{टिप्पणीसूची}} == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== * [http://www.ajk.gov.pk/ आजाद जम्मू र कश्मीर सरकार] * [http://www.balochistan.gov.pk/ बलुचिस्तान सरकार] * [http://gilgitbaltistan.gov.pk/ गिल्गित बल्तिस्तान सरकार] * [http://www.islamabad.gov.pk/ इस्लामाबाद राजधानी क्षेत्र सरकार] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122033707/http://www.islamabad.gov.pk/ |date=2008-11-22 }} * [http://www.khyberpakhtunkhwa.gov.pk/ ख‌ैैैैब पख्तुनख्वा सरकार] * [http://www.punjab.gov.pk/ पञ्जाब सरकार] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510003636/http://www.punjab.gov.pk/ |date=2015-05-10 }} * [http://www.sindh.gov.pk/ सिन्ध सरकार] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509053029/http://www.sindh.gov.pk/ |date=2015-05-09 }} [[श्रेणी:पाकिस्तानको उपविभागहरूको सूची]] 188m8trvsfwc3bjftsl8hlfigeht4ca 0 122308 1358512 1350047 2026-06-09T06:41:55Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* बनावट */ 1358512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox government cabinet |cabinet_name=देउवा मन्त्रिपरिषद्, २०७८ |former_members_resigned= |successor=[[तेस्रो प्रचण्ड मन्त्रिपरिषद्|तेस्रो दाहाल मन्त्रिपरिषद्]] |previous=[[तेस्रो ओली मन्त्रिपरिषद्]] |outgoing_formation= |legislature_term=[[नेपालको पहिलो सङ्घीय संसद|पहिलो सङ्घीय संसद]] |election=[[प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचन, २०७४|प्रतिनिधिसभा निर्वाचन, २०७४]] |opposition_party=[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एमाले]]) |opposition_leader=[[खड्गप्रसाद ओली|केपी शर्मा ओली]], {{small|[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एमाले]])}} |opposition_cabinet= |legislature_status=नेपालको संबिधान धारा ७६ उपधारा ५ |total_members= |former_members_number= |cabinet_type=मन्त्रिपरिषद् | state_head_title = राष्ट्रपति | state_head = [[विद्यादेवी भण्डारी]] |government_head_history= |other_government_minister=vacant |other_government_minister_title={{nowrap|उपप्रधानमन्त्री}} |government_head=[[शेरबहादुर देउवा]] |government_head_title=[[नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री|प्रधानमन्त्री]] |date_dissolved= |date_formed=२९ असार २०७८ |image=File:The former Prime Minister of Nepal, Mr. Sher Bahadur Deuba meeting the Union Minister for Commerce & Industry and Textiles, Shri Anand Sharma, in New Delhi on June 13, 2013 (cropped).jpg |flag=Flag_of_Nepal.svg |jurisdiction=नेपाल |political_parties= {{colorbox|{{Nepali Congress/meta/color}}}} [[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]]<br /> {{colorbox|#8B0000}} [[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)]]<br />{{colorbox|#FFC0CB}} [[जनता समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल]] }} वि.सं २०७८ असार २८ मा [[नेपालको सर्वोच्च अदालत|सर्वोच्च अदालत]]ले जारी गरेको परमादेश अनुसार, [[शेरबहादुर देउवा]] प्रधानमन्त्री नियुक्त भएका थिए।<ref>[https://www.setopati.com/politics/243073 देउवा प्रधानमन्त्री नियुक्त, सपथको तयारी ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714113230/https://www.setopati.com/politics/243073/ |date=2021-07-14 }}</ref>[[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]]ले नेतृत्व गर्ने यस सरकारमा [[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] , [[जनता समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल]] र [[राष्ट्रिय जनमोर्चा]]ले समर्थन गरेका थिए।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=सर्वोच्च अदालत: कांग्रेस सभापति देउवालाई प्रधानमन्त्री नियुक्त गर्न परमादेश|युआरएल=https://www.bbc.com/nepali/news-57803101.amp|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=[[बीबीसी नेपाली]]|भाषा=नेपाली)|अभिलेखमिति=|अभिलेखयुआरएल=|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१४ जुलाई २०२१}}</ref> == इतिहास == === बनावट === [[नेपालको सर्वोच्च अदालत|सर्वोच्च अदालत]]ले २८ असार २०७८ मा, राष्ट्रपति [[विद्यादेवी भण्डारी]]लाई नेपालको संविधानको धारा ७६(५) लाई उद्धृत गर्दै अदालतको निर्णयको २८ घण्टाभित्र [[शेरबहादुर देउवा]]लाई नेपालको अर्को प्रधानमन्त्री नियुक्त गर्न आदेश दिएको थियो।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=सर्वोच्चद्वारा प्रतिनिधिसभा पुन:स्थापना, देउवालाई प्रधानमन्त्री बनाउन परमादेश|युआरएल=https://ekantipur.com/news/2021/07/12/162606988455742874.html|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=कान्तिपुर दैनिक|भाषा=नेपाली)|अभिलेखमिति=|अभिलेखयुआरएल=|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१४ जुलाई २०२१}}</ref> त्यस्तै, पूर्वप्रधानमन्त्री [[खड्गप्रसाद ओली]]को सिफारिसमा भण्डारीद्वारा प्रतिनिधिसभा विघटन पनि गैरकानुनी भएको अदालत ठहर गरेको थियो।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=सर्वोच्चद्वारा प्रतिनिधिसभा विघटन बदर, देउवालाई प्रधानमन्त्री बनाउन परमादेश|युआरएल=https://newsofnepal.com/2021/07/12/420320/|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=न्युज अफ नेपाल|वेबसाइट=|भाषा=नेपाली)|अभिलेखमिति=|अभिलेखयुआरएल=|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१४ जुलाई २०२१}}</ref> आदेश दिएको भोलीपल्ट अर्थात् २०७८ असार २९ गते नेपालको [[नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री|४३औँ प्रधानमन्त्री]] बनेका थिए।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=कांग्रेस सभापति देउवा मुलुकको ४३ औँ प्रधानमन्त्री, लिए पद तथा गोपनीयताको सपथ|युआरएल=https://kathmandupress.com/news/39704|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=काठमाडौँ एक्सप्रेस|भाषा=नेपाली)|अभिलेखमिति=|अभिलेखयुआरएल=|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१४ जुलाई २०२१}}</ref> नियुक्तिमा धारा उल्लेख नभएका कारण [[पदको शपथ|शपथग्रहण]] अस्वीकार गरेका देउवाले<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=नियुक्तिमा धारा उल्लेख नहुँदा देउवाले गरे शपथग्रहण अस्वीकार, बल्ल मिल्यो विवाद|युआरएल=https://deshsanchar.com/2021/07/13/532278/|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=देशसञ्चार|भाषा=नेपाली)|अभिलेखमिति=|अभिलेखयुआरएल=|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१४ जुलाई २०२१}}</ref> पछि, नेपालको संविधानको धारा ७६ को उपधारा ५ अनुसार शपथ लिएका थिए।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=७६ (५) अनुसार नै देउवाले लिए प्रधानमन्त्रीको शपथ|युआरएल=https://ratopati.com/story/189618/2021/7/13/sher-bahadur-deuba-|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=रातोपाटी|भाषा=नेपाली)|अभिलेखमिति=|अभिलेखयुआरएल=|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१४ जुलाई २०२१}}</ref> == मन्त्रीहरू == २०७९ साल असार १२ गते आइतबार अनुसार<ref name=":1">[https://president.gov.np/मन्त्रिपरिषद्-गठन-3/ नियुक्ति र कार्यविभाजन गरी मन्त्रिपरिषद् गठन]. ''राष्ट्रपतिको कार्यालय'', Posted on १२ असार २०७९, आईतवार १९:०४Author राष्ट्रपतिको कार्यालय, शुक्रबार २०७९ साल असार १२ गते आइतबार (सागर आचार्य) प्रवक्ता</ref> {| class="wikitable" |'''क्र.सं.''' |'''नाम, थर''' |'''पदनाम''' |'''कार्यविभाजन''' |- |1.             ''' ''' |श्री शेरबहादुर देउवा |प्रधानमन्त्री |रक्षा |- |2.             ''' ''' |श्री बालकृष्ण खाँण |मन्त्री |गृह |- |3. |श्री ज्ञानेन्द्रबहादुर कार्की |मन्त्री |सञ्चार तथा सूचना प्रविधि |- |4. |श्री पम्फा भुसाल |मन्त्री |ऊर्जा''',''' जलस्रोत तथा सिंचाइ |- |5. |श्री राजेन्द्रप्रसाद श्रेष्ठ |मन्त्री |सङ्‍घीय मामिला तथा सामान्य प्रशासन |- |6. |श्री जनार्दन शर्मा |मन्त्री |अर्थ |- |7. |श्री उमाकान्त चौधरी |मन्त्री |खानेपानी |- |8. |डा. नारायण खड्का |मन्त्री |परराष्ट्र |- |9. |श्री रेनुकुमारी यादव |मन्त्री |भौतिक पूर्वाधार तथा यातायात |- |10. |श्री दिलेन्द्रप्रसाद बडू |मन्त्री |उद्योग''',''' वाणिज्य तथा आपूर्ति |- |11. |श्री देवेन्द्र पौडेल |मन्त्री |शिक्षा''',''' विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि |- |12. |श्री महिन्द्र राय यादव |मन्त्री |कृषि तथा पशुपन्छी विकास |- |13. |श्री उमा रेग्मी |मन्त्री |महिला''',''' बालबालिका तथा ज्येष्ठ नागरिक |- |14. |श्री शशी श्रेष्ठ |मन्त्री |भूमि व्यवस्था''',''' सहकारी तथा गरिबी निवारण |- |15. |श्री रामसहाय प्रसाद यादव |मन्त्री |वन तथा वातावरण |- |16. |श्री महेश्‍वरजंग गहतराज |मन्त्री |युवा तथा खेलकुद |- |17. |श्री गोविन्द प्रसाद शर्मा (कोइराला) |मन्त्री |कानुन''',''' न्याय तथा संसदीय मामिला |- |18. |श्री जीवनराम श्रेष्ठ |मन्त्री |संस्कृति''',''' पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन |- |19. |श्री मेटमणि चौधरी |मन्त्री |सहरी विकास |- |20. |श्री भवानी प्रसाद खापुङ |मन्त्री |स्वास्थ्य तथा जनसङ्‍ख्‍या |- |21. |श्री शेरबहादुर कुँवर |मन्त्री |श्रम''',''' रोजगार तथा सामाजिक सुरक्षा |- |22. |श्री उमेश श्रेष्ठ |राज्यमन्त्री |प्रधानमन्त्री तथा मन्त्रिपरिषद्को कार्यालय |- |23. |श्री बोधमायाकुमारी यादव |राज्यमन्त्री |शिक्षा''',''' विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि |- |24. |श्री हिराचन्द्र के.सी. |राज्यमन्त्री |स्वास्थ्य तथा जनसङ्‍ख्‍या |} २९ असार २०७८ निम्नानुसार मन्त्रिपरिषद् गठन भयो : {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! क्र.स.!! पद !मन्त्रीहरू ! colspan="2" |राजनीतिक दल ! पदभार ग्रहण !पद छोडेको!! वेबसाइट |- | colspan="8" bgcolor="darkgrey" |'''मन्त्रीहरू''' |- | style="text-align:center;" |१ | '''[[नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री]]''' |[[शेरबहादुर देउवा]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=देउवा प्रधानमन्त्री नियुक्त, सपथको तयारी|url=https://www.setopati.com/politics/243073/|access-date=2021-07-13|website=सेतोपाटी}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027220534/https://www.setopati.com/politics/243073/ |date=2021-10-27 }}</ref> | bgcolor="{{Nepali Congress/meta/color}}" | |[[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]] |२९ असार २०७८ | |[https://www.opmcm.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226140929/https://www.opmcm.gov.np/en/ |date=2022-12-26 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |२ | [[गृह मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|गृह]] मन्त्री |[[बालकृष्ण खाँण|बालकृष्ण खाँड]]<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=|शीर्षक=प्रधानमन्त्री देउवाद्वारा चार सदस्यीय मन्त्रिपरिषद् गठन|युआरएल=https://sagarmatha.tv/2021/07/13/80943|कार्य=|प्रकाशक=|वेबसाइट=सगरमाथा टिभी|भाषा=नेपाली)|अभिलेखमिति=|अभिलेखयुआरएल=|मिति=|पहुँचमिति=१४ जुलाई २०२१}}</ref> | bgcolor="{{Nepali Congress/meta/color}}" | |[[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]] |२९ असार २०७८ | |[https://www.moha.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |३ | [[सञ्चार तथा सूचना प्रविधि मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|सञ्चार तथा सूचना प्रविधि]] मन्त्री |[[ज्ञानेन्द्रबहादुर कार्की]] मन्त्री | bgcolor="{{Nepali Congress/meta/color}}" | |[[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]] |२२ असोज २०७८ | |[https://www.mocit.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |४ | [[ऊर्जा, जलस्रोत तथा सिँचाइ मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|ऊर्जा, जलस्रोत तथा सिँचाइ]] मन्त्री |[[पम्फा भुसाल]] | bgcolor="{{Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)/meta/color}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |२९ असार २०७८ | |[https://www.moewri.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511121835/http://www.moewri.gov.np/en/ |date=2020-05-11 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |५ | [[सङ्घीय मामिला तथा सामान्य प्रशासन मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|सङ्‍घीय मामिला तथा सामान्य प्रशासन]] मन्त्री |[[राजेन्द्रप्रसाद श्रेष्ठ]] | bgcolor="{{People's Socialist Party, Nepal/meta/color}}" | |[[जनता समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल]] |२२ असोज २०७८ | |[https://www.mofaga.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |६ | [[स्वास्थ्य तथा जनसङ्ख्या मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|स्वास्थ्य तथा जनसङ्‍ख्या]] मन्त्री |[[विरोध खतिवडा]] | bgcolor="{{Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist)/meta/color}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत समाजवादी)|नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत-समाजवादी)]] |२२ असोज २०७८ | |[https://mohp.gov.np/eng/index.php आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009035747/https://mohp.gov.np/eng/index.php |date=2021-10-09 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |७ | [[अर्थ मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|अर्थ]] मन्त्री |[[जनार्दन शर्मा]] | bgcolor="{{Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)/meta/color}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|माओवादी केन्द्र]] |२९ असार २०७८ | |[https://www.mof.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620074907/https://www.mof.gov.np/en/ |date=2021-06-20 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |८ | [[रक्षा मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|रक्षा]] मन्त्री |[[मिनेन्द्रप्रसाद रिजाल]] | bgcolor="{{Nepali Congress/meta/color}}" | |[[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]] |२२ असोज २०७८ | |[https://www.mod.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |९ | [[खानेपानी मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|खानेपानी तथा सरसफाई]] मन्त्री |[[उमाकान्त चौधरी]] | bgcolor="{{Nepali Congress/meta/color}}" | |[[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]] |२२ असोज २०७८ | |[https://www.mows.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117092330/https://mows.gov.np/ |date=2023-01-17 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |१० | [[परराष्ट्र मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|परराष्ट्र]] मन्त्री |[[नारायण खड्का]] | bgcolor="{{Nepali Congress/meta/color}}" | |[[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]] |६ असोज २०७८ | |[https://www.mofa.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105235540/https://www.mofa.gov.np/en/ |date=2025-01-05 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |११ | [[भौतिक पूर्वाधार तथा यातायात मन्त्रालय|भौतिक योजना तथा निर्माण]] मन्त्री |[[रेणु यादव]] | bgcolor="{{People's Socialist Party, Nepal/meta/color}}" | |[[जनता समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल|जनता समाजवादी पार्टी]] |२२ असोज २०७८ | |[https://www.mopid.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |१२ | [[संस्कृति, पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|संस्कृति, पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन]] मन्त्री |[[प्रेमबहादुर आले|प्रेम आले]] | bgcolor="{{Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist)/meta/color}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत समाजवादी)|नेकपा एकीकृत समाजवाद]] |२२ असोज २०७८ | |[https://www.tourism.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |१३ | rowspan="2" | [[कानुन, न्याय तथा संसदीय मामिला मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|कानुन, न्याय तथा संसदीय मामिला]] मन्त्री |[[ज्ञानेन्द्रबहादुर कार्की]] | rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{Nepali Congress/meta/color}}" | | rowspan="2" |[[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]] |२९ असार २०७८ |२२ असोज २०७८ | rowspan="2" |[https://www.moljpa.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718014027/https://www.moljpa.gov.np/en/ |date=2024-07-18 }} |- |[[दिलेन्द्रप्रसाद बडू|दिलेन्द्र प्रसाद बडू]] |२२ असोज २०७८ | |- | style="text-align:center;" |१४ | [[शिक्षा, विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि मन्त्रालय, नेपाल|शिक्षा, विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि]] मन्त्री |[[देवेन्द्र पौडेल]] |bgcolor="{{Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)/meta/color}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा माओवादी केन्द्र]] |२२ असोज २०७८ | |[https://www.moe.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117092331/https://www.moe.gov.np/ |date=2023-01-17 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |१५ | [[कृषि तथा पशुपन्छी विकास मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|कृषि तथा पशुपंक्षी विकास]] मन्त्री |[[महेन्द्र यादव]] | bgcolor="{{People's Socialist Party, Nepal/meta/color}}" | |[[जनता समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल|जसपा नेपाल]] |२२ असोज २०७८ | |[https://www.moald.gov.np// आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |१६ | [[महिला, बालबालिका तथा ज्येष्ठ नागरिक मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|महिला, बालबालिका तथा ज्येष्ठ नागरिक]] मन्त्री |[[उमा रेग्मी]] | bgcolor="{{Nepali Congress/meta/color}}" | |[[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]] |२२ असोज २०७८ | |[https://www.mowcsc.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715103139/https://mowcsc.gov.np/ |date=2024-07-15 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |१७ | [[भूमि व्यवस्था, सहकारी तथा गरिबी निवारण मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|भूमि व्यवस्था, सहकारी तथा गरिबी निवारण]] मन्त्री |[[शशि श्रेष्ठ]] | bgcolor="{{Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)/meta/color}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा माओवादी केन्द्र]] |२२ असोज २०७८ | |[https://www.molcpa.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |१८ | [[सहरी विकास मन्त्रालय, नेपाल|सहरी विकास]] मन्त्री |[[रामकुमारी झाँक्री]] | bgcolor="{{Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist)/meta/color}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत समाजवादी)|नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत-समाजवादी)]] |२२ असोज २०७८ | |[https://www.moud.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |२९ | [[उद्योग, वाणिज्य तथा आपूर्ति मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|उद्योग, वाणिज्य तथा आपूर्ति]] मन्त्री |[[गजेन्द्रबहादुर हमाल]] | bgcolor="{{Nepali Congress/meta/color}}" | |[[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]] |२२ असोज २०७८ |२४ असोज २०७८ |[https://www.moics.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |२० | [[वन तथा वातावरण मन्त्रालय, नेपाल|वन तथा वातावरण]] मन्त्री |[[रामसहाय यादव]] | bgcolor="{{People's Socialist Party, Nepal/meta/color}}" | |[[जनता समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल|जसपा नेपाल]] |२२ असोज २०७८ | |[https://www.mofe.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |२१ | [[श्रम, रोजगार तथा सामाजिक सुरक्षा मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|श्रम, रोजगार तथा सामाजिक सुरक्षा]] मन्त्री |[[कृष्णकुमार श्रेष्ठ]] | bgcolor="{{Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist)/meta/color}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत समाजवादी)|नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत-समाजवादी)]] |२२ असोज २०७८ | |[https://www.moless.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |२२ | [[युवा तथा खेलकुद मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|युवा तथा खेलकुद]] मन्त्री |[[महेश्वर जङ्ग गहतराज]] | bgcolor="{{Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)/meta/color}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा माओवादी केन्द्र]] |२२ असोज २०७८ | |[https://www.moys.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118193145/https://moys.gov.np/ |date=2022-01-18 }} |- |colspan="8" bgcolor="darkgrey" |'''राज्यमन्त्रीहरू''' |- |style="text-align:center;" |२३ | [[प्रधानमन्त्री तथा मन्त्रिपरिषदको कार्यालय (नेपाल)|प्रधानमन्त्री तथा मन्त्रिपरिषदको कार्यालय]]का राज्यमन्त्री |rowspan="2" |[[उमेश श्रेष्ठ]] |rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{Nepali Congress/meta/color}}" | |rowspan="2" |[[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]] |२२ असोज २०७८ | |[https://opmcm.gov.np आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- |rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |२४ |rowspan="2" | [[स्वास्थ्य तथा जनसङ्ख्या मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|स्वास्थ्य तथा जनसङ्ख्या]] राज्यमन्त्री |३१ असार २०७८ |२२ असोज २०७८ |rowspan="2" |[https://mohp.gov.np/eng/index.php आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009035747/https://mohp.gov.np/eng/index.php |date=2021-10-09 }} |- |[[भवानीप्रसाद खापुङ]] |bgcolor="{{Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist)/meta/color}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत समाजवादी)|नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत-समाजवादी)]] |२२ असोज २०७८ | |- |style="text-align:center;" |२५ | [[शिक्षा, विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|शिक्षा, विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि]] राज्यमन्त्री |[[बोधमायाकुमारी यादव]] |bgcolor="{{Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)/meta/color}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा माओवादी केन्द्र]] |२२ असोज २०७९ | |[https://moe.gov.np आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107141336/https://moe.gov.np/ |date=2021-11-07 }} |- |} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[चौथो देउवा मन्त्रिपरिषद्|देउवा मन्त्रिपरिषद्, २०७४]] *[[शेरबहादुर देउवा]] *[[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस|नेपाली कांग्रेस]] ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} {{नेपाली मन्त्रिपरिषद्हरू}} [[श्रेणी:नेपालका मन्त्रिपरिषद्हरू]] ozsv2qdh4wvethpjv01u14zxfdxx1r2 0 122670 1358493 1093786 2026-06-09T05:10:30Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358493 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:ICE.XCheckII.3cops1arrest.jpg|right|thumb|अमेरिकी अध्यागमन तथा भन्सार प्रवर्तन (ICE) एजेन्टहरूद्वारा पक्राउ परेका एक व्यक्ति]] [[चित्र:Kidnappers_arrested_Rio.jpg|thumb|[[ब्राजिल]]को [[रियो दी जेनेरियो|रियो दि जेनेरियो]]मा पक्राउ परेका अपहरणकारीहरू भुइँमा घोप्टो पारेर लडाइएको]] [[चित्र:American_Airborne_Soldier_arresting_an_Iraqi_suspect.jpg|right|thumb|[[इराक युद्ध]]को समयमा जुन २००७ मा एक अमेरिकी सेनाका सिपाहीले एक जना मानिसलाई पक्राउ ।]] कुनै व्यक्तिले [[अपराध (चलचित्र)|अपराध]] गर्दछ वा कुनै व्यक्ति अपराधसँग सम्बन्धित छ भने त्यस्तो व्यक्तिलाई कानुनी अधिकार प्रयोग गरि [[हिरासत]]मा लिने कार्यलाई पक्राउ भन्न सकिन्छ। ==पक्राउको उद्देश्य == # कानुनको पालना गराउन # शंकित व्यक्तिलाई लगाइएको अभियोग प्रमाणित गर्नको लागि अदालतमा उपस्थित गराउन, # अपराध अनुसन्धान कार्यमा सहयोग पुर्याउन, # भविष्यमा हुने सम्भावित अपराध हुनबाट रोक लगाउन # शान्ति सुव्यवस्था कायम राख्न ==पक्राउ पछि गरिने कारबाही == ===दुर्ववहार बारेमा सोधपुछ === ===घाइते वा बिरामी भएमा उपचारको व्यवस्था === ===तलासी === ===रोजनाम्चामा जनाउने === ===पक्राउ परेको जाहेरी === ===सुरक्षाको व्यवस्था === ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[पक्राउ पुर्जी]] opfhps2f0kbalwv237y82xkb9sse0xv 0 122745 1358482 1034363 2026-06-09T03:39:04Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358482 wikitext text/x-wiki '''कन्सुलर सेवा''' भन्नाले विदेशमा रहेका नागरिकहरुका हक-हितको सुरक्षा, उद्धार, क्षतिपूर्तिको पहल, कन्सुलर प्रमाणीकरण, विदेशी नियोग तथा कूटनीतिक पदाधाकरीहरुलाई प्रदान गरिने सुविधा तथा उन्मुक्ति, देशको सरकारको मनोनयनमा विदेश भ्रमण गर्ने पदाधिकारीहरुका लागि सम्बन्धित देशको [[प्रवेशाज्ञा]]को लागि सिफारिस गर्ने लगायतका कार्यहरुलाई वुझाउछ ।<ref>{{Cite web |title=विवरण {{!}} Department of Consular Services |url=https://nepalconsular.gov.np/pages/details/ |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=nepalconsular.gov.np |language=en}}</ref> ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== [[अस्वीकार्य व्यक्ति]] [[श्रेणी:राहदानी]] 4kwqygr3ah37e5hucus2u4fza1pgyt6 1358483 1358482 2026-06-09T03:39:52Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358483 wikitext text/x-wiki '''कन्सुलर सेवा''' भन्नाले विदेशमा रहेका नागरिकहरुका हक-हितको सुरक्षा, उद्धार, क्षतिपूर्तिको पहल, कन्सुलर प्रमाणीकरण, विदेशी नियोग तथा कूटनीतिक पदाधाकरीहरुलाई प्रदान गरिने सुविधा तथा उन्मुक्ति, देशको सरकारको मनोनयनमा विदेश भ्रमण गर्ने पदाधिकारीहरुका लागि सम्बन्धित देशको [[प्रवेशाज्ञा]]को लागि सिफारिस गर्ने लगायतका कार्यहरुलाई वुझाउछ ।<ref>{{Cite web |title=विवरण {{!}} Department of Consular Services |url=https://nepalconsular.gov.np/pages/details/ |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=nepalconsular.gov.np |language=en}}</ref> ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== [[अस्वीकार्य व्यक्ति]] ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:राहदानी]] aq8imw5gzp39kj1p9xmiu19208mdu6n 1358489 1358483 2026-06-09T04:33:47Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358489 wikitext text/x-wiki '''कन्सुलर सेवा''' भन्नाले विदेशमा रहेका नागरिकहरुका हक-हितको सुरक्षा, उद्धार, क्षतिपूर्तिको पहल, कन्सुलर प्रमाणीकरण, विदेशी नियोग तथा कूटनीतिक पदाधाकरीहरुलाई प्रदान गरिने सुविधा तथा उन्मुक्ति, देशको सरकारको मनोनयनमा विदेश भ्रमण गर्ने पदाधिकारीहरुका लागि सम्बन्धित देशको [[प्रवेशाज्ञा]]को लागि सिफारिस गर्ने लगायतका कार्यहरुलाई वुझाउछ ।<ref>{{Cite web |title=विवरण {{!}} Department of Consular Services |url=https://nepalconsular.gov.np/pages/details/ |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=nepalconsular.gov.np |language=en}}</ref> यस्तो सुविधा निम्न प्रकारका हुन सक्छन्: * यात्रा कागजातहरू * दुर्घटना, गम्भीर रोग, वा मृत्युको अवस्थामा सल्लाह र सहयोग * विदेशमा गम्भीर अपराधका पीडितहरूलाई सल्लाह र समर्थन, र नजिकको आफन्तलाई जानकारी गराउने व्यवस्था * कारागारमा रहेका नागरिकहरूसँग भेटघाट सम्पर्क * विदेशमा अपहरण वा हराएका नागरिकहरूको मामिलामा स्थानीय प्रहरी अधिकारीहरूसँग सम्पर्क * पीडित यात्रीहरूलाई ऋण * अशान्ति र प्राकृतिक प्रकोप जस्ता संकटको समयमा मद्दत * सामाजिक कल्याणकारी लाभहरूको विदेश भुक्तानीलाई सहज बनाउने * विदेशमा जन्मेका नागरिकको जन्म दर्ता गर्ने * चिकित्सा र/वा कानुनी मुद्दाहरूको लागि स्थानीय डाक्टर र वकिलहरूको सूची प्रदान गर्ने * विदेशी बन्दरगाहहरूमा आफ्नो झण्डा जहाजहरूको निरीक्षण गर्ने ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[अस्वीकार्य व्यक्ति]] ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:राहदानी]] 3sntehwdjmfjgi4hmnc91yaavbqvrbx 0 122800 1358518 1317148 2026-06-09T06:52:29Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* भारत */ 1358518 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:BP_Koirala_taking_oath_as_22nd_Prime_minister_of_Nepal.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[महेन्द्र वीरविक्रम शाह|राजा महेन्द्र]] (दायाँ)द्वारा [[विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइराला|बिपी कोइराला]]लाई नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री [[पदको शपथ|पदको सपथ]]ग्रहण समारोहमा]] कुनै पनि व्यक्ति द्वारा कुनै पदमा काम शुरू गर्नु भन्दा पहिले लिने [[शपथ]]लाई [[पदको शपथ]] (oath of office) भनिन्छ। यस्तो शपथ सामान्यतया सरकारी पद वा धार्मिक पद ग्रहण गर्नु भन्दा पहिले लिईन्छ, तर कहिलेकाहिँ यो अन्य संगठनका पदाधिकारीहरुद्वारा पनि लिइन्छ। == नेपाल == ===राष्ट्रपति र उप-राष्ट्रपति=== [[नेपालको राष्ट्रपति]] र उप-राष्ट्रपतिले लिने पद तथा गोपनियताको शपथ को ढाँचा <ref>{{Cite web |title=राष्ट्रपति तथा उपराष्ट्रपतिको पारिश्रमिक तथा सुविधा सम्बन्धी ऐन, २०७४ |url=https://giwmscdnone.gov.np/media/app/public/275/posts/1720419393_98.pdf |website=नेपाल कानून आयोग }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414155430/https://giwmscdnone.gov.np/media/app/public/275/posts/1720419393_98.pdf |date=2025-04-14 }}</ref> {{Blockquote|म... ... ... ... ... ... ... मुलुक र जनता प्रति पूर्ण बफादार रही सत्य निष्ठापूर्वक प्रतिज्ञा गर्दछु ईश्वरको नाममा शपथ लिन्छु कि नेपालको राज्कीयसत्ता र सार्वभौमसत्ता नेपाली जनतामा रहेको नेपालको संविधान प्रति पूर्ण बफादार रही .....................पदको कामकाज प्रचलित कानूनको अधीनमा रही मुलुक र जनताको सोझो चिताई, कसैको डर नमानी, पक्षपात नगरी, पूर्वाग्रह वा खराब भावना नलिई इमान्दारीताका साथ सम्पादन गनेछु र आफ्नो कर्तव्य पालनको सिलसिलामा आफूलाई जानकारीमा आएको प्रचलित कानून बमोजिम गोप्य राख्नु पने कुरा म पदमा बहाल रहँदा वा नरहँदा जुनसुकै अवस्थामा पनि कानूनको पालना गर्दा बाहेक अरु अवस्थामा कुनै किसिमबाट प्रकट वा सङ्केत गर्ने छैन । |अनुसूची-४ |राष्ट्रपति तथा उपराष्ट्रपतिको पारिश्रमिक तथा सुविधा सम्बन्धी ऐन, २०७४}} === अन्य अधिकारीहरू === {{Blockquote|म... ... ... ... ... ... ... नेपालको सार्वभौमसत्ता र राजकीयसत्ता मुलुक र जनता प्रति पूर्ण बफादार रही सत्य निष्ठापूर्वक प्रतिज्ञा गर्दै ईश्वरकोदेश र जनाताको नाममा शपथ लिन्छु कि... ... ... ... ... ... ... पदको जिम्मेवारी प्रचलित कानूनको अधीनमा रही मुलुक र जनताको भलो चिताई, कसैको डर नमानी, पक्षपात नगरी, पूर्वाग्रह वा खराब भावना नलिई इमान्दारीताका साथ बहन गनेछु र आफ्नो कर्तव्य पालनको सिलसिलामा आफूलाई जानकारीमा आएको प्रचलित कानून बमोजिम गोप्य राख्नु पने कुरा म पदमा बहाल रहँदा वा नरहँदा जुनसुकै अवस्थामा पनि कानूनको पालना गर्दा बाहेक अरु अवस्थामा कुनै किसिमबाट प्रकट वा सङ्केत गर्ने छैन । |अनुसूची |शपथ सम्बन्धी ऐन, २०७९}} == बंगलादेश == राष्ट्रपतिको शपथ (वा पुष्टि) सभामुखद्वारा गरिन्छ: {{Blockquote|আমি, (নাম) সশ্রদ্ধচিত্তে শপথ (বা দৃঢ়ভাবে ঘোষণা) করিতেছি যে, আমি আইন-অনুযায়ী বাংলাদেশের রাষ্ট্রপতি-পদের কর্তব্য বিশ্বস্ততার সহিত পালন করিব; আমি বাংলাদেশের প্রতি অকৃত্রিম বিশ্বাস ও আনুগত্য পোষণ করিবঃ আমি সংবিধানের রক্ষণ, সমর্থন ও নিরাপত্তাবিধান করিব: এবং আমি ভীতি বা অনুগ্রহ, অনুরাগ বা বিরাগের বশবর্তী না হইয়া সকলের প্রতি আইন-অনুযায়ী যথাবিহীত আচরণ করিব।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8.djvu/%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AE|title=পাতা:গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশের সংবিধান.djvu/৮৮ - উইকিসংকলন একটি মুক্ত পাঠাগার}}</ref>|Third Schedule|[[Constitution of Bangladesh]]}} {{Blockquote|I, (name) do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully discharge the duties of the office of President of Bangladesh according to law. That I will bear true faith and allegiance to Bangladesh; that I will preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and that I will do right to all manner of people according to law, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.<ref name="schedule">{{Cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/upload/act/2022-04-18-13-27-54-Scheudle__367.pdf |title=Schedule - Constitution of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=[[Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division]], [[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs]]}}</ref>|Third Schedule|[[Constitution of Bangladesh]]}}अनौपचारिक नेपाली अनुवाद: म, (नाम) निष्ठापूर्वक शपथ लिन्छु (वा पुष्टि गर्छु) कि म कानून अनुसार बंगलादेशको राष्ट्रपतिको पदको कर्तव्य इमानदारीपूर्वक निर्वाह गर्नेछु। म बंगलादेशप्रति साँचो विश्वास र निष्ठा राख्नेछु; म संविधानको संरक्षण, रक्षा र रक्षा गर्नेछु र म सबै प्रकारका मानिसहरूलाई कानून अनुसार, डर वा पक्षपात, स्नेह वा शत्रुता बिना, उचित व्यवहार गर्नेछु। == भारत == ===भारतको राष्ट्रपति=== [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति]]को शपथ यस प्रकार छ::<ref name="Pratiyogita Darpan 0 google books">{{cite book|author=Pratiyogita Darpan|title=Pratiyogita Darpan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xOgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT67|access-date=31 May 2012|date=October 2007|publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan|pages=67}}</ref> {{Blockquote|I,(name), do swear in the name of God that I will faithfully execute the office of Presidentof India, and will do the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] and the [[Law of India|law]], and that I will devote myself to the service and well-being of the people of Republic of India. |[[s:Constitution of India/Part V#Article 60 .7BOath or affirmation by the President.7D|Article 60]] |[[भारतीय संविधान]]}}भारतको राष्ट्रपतिको पदको शपथ हिन्दी संस्करणमा {{Blockquote|मैं, (अमुक), ईश्वर की शपथ लेता हूँ (सत्यनिष्ठा से प्रतिज्ञान करता हूँ) कि मैं श्रद्धापूर्वक भारत के राष्ट्रपति के पद का कार्यपालन (अथवा राष्ट्रपति के कृत्यों का निर्वहन) करूँगा, तथा अपनी पूरी योग्यता से संविधान और विधि का परिरक्षण, संरक्षण और प्रतिरक्षण करूँगा, और मैं भारत की जनता की सेवा और कल्याण में निरत रहूँगा।|अनुच्‍छेद 60 |[[:hi:भारत का संविधान|भारत का संविधान]]}} अनौपचारिक नेपाली अनुवाद: म, (अमुक), ईश्वरको शपथ लिन्छु (सत्यनिष्ठासँग प्रतिज्ञान गर्छु) कि म श्रद्धापूर्वक भारतको राष्ट्रपतिको पदको कार्यपालन (अथवा राष्ट्रपतिको कृत्यहरूको निर्वहन) गर्दछु, तथा आफ्नो पूर्ण योग्यतासाथ संविधान र विधिको परिरक्षण, संरक्षण र प्रतिरक्षण गर्दछु, र म भारतका जनताको सेवा र कल्याणमा निरन्तर रहन्छु। === भारतका प्रधानमन्त्री र भारतका संघीय मन्त्रीहरू === [[चित्र:Prime_Minister_Modi's_taking_the_oath_of_secrecy_for_the_third_time.jpg|पाठ=Prime_Minister_Modi's_taking_the_oath_of_secrecy_for_the_third_time|अङ्गुठाकार|311x311पिक्सेल|भारतका प्रधानमन्त्री [[नरेन्द्र मोदी]]को तेस्रो कार्यकालको लागि शपथ ग्रहण]] [[भारतको प्रधानमन्त्री|भारतका प्रधानमन्त्री]] र संघीय मन्त्रिपरिषद्का अन्य सदस्यहरूको शपथ ग्रहण: पदको शपथ यस प्रकार छ: {{blockquote|text=I, (name), do swear in the name of God (or, solemnly affirm) that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a Prime Minister (or, Minister) for the Union and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law, without fear or favour, afection or ill-will.|sign=Schedule III|source=[[Constitution of India]]}} भारतका प्रधानमन्त्री र संघीय मन्त्रिपरिषद्को शपथ हिन्दी संस्करणमा {{blockquote|text='मैं, (अमुक), ईश्वर की शपथ लेता हूँ (सत्यनिष्ठा से प्रतिज्ञान करता हूँ) कि मैं विधि द्वारा स्थापित भारत के संविधान के प्रति सच्ची श्रद्धा और निष्ठा रखूँगा, मैं भारत की प्रभुता और अखंडता अक्षुण्ण रखूँगा, मैं संघ के प्रधानमंत्री (या, मंत्री) के रूप में अपने कर्तव्यों का श्रद्धापूर्वक और शुद्ध अंतःकरण से निर्वहन करूँगा तथा मैं भय या पक्षपात, अनुराग या द्वेष के बिना, सभी प्रकार के लोगों के प्रति संविधान और विधि के अनुसार न्याय करूँगा।'|sign=तीसरी अनुसूची|source=[[:hi:भारत का संविधान|भारत का संविधान]]}} गोपनीयताको शपथ यस प्रकार छ: {{blockquote|text=I, (name), do swear in the name of God (or, solemnly affirm) that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person or persons any matter which shall be brought under my consideration, or shall become known to me as a Prime Minister (or, Minister) for the Union, except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as Prime Minister (or, Such Minister).|sign=Schedule III|source=[[Constitution of India]]}} हिन्दी संस्करणमा गोपनीयताको शपथ {{blockquote|text='मैं, (अमुक), ईश्वर की शपथ लेता हूँ (सत्यनिष्ठा से प्रतिज्ञान करता हूँ) कि जो विषय संघ के प्रधानमंत्री (या, मंत्री) के रूप में मेरे विचार के लिए लाया जाएगा अथवा मुझे ज्ञात होगा उसे किसी व्यक्ति या व्यक्तियों को, तब के सिवाय जबकि प्रधानमंत्री (या, ऐसे मंत्री) के रूप में अपने कर्तव्यों के सम्यक्‌ निर्वहन के लिए ऐसा करना अपेक्षित हो, मैं प्रत्यक्ष अथवा अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से संसूचित या प्रकट नहीं करूँगा।'|sign=तीसरी अनुसूची|source=[[:hi:भारत का संविधान|भारत का संविधान]]}} == संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका == === राष्ट्रपति === अमेरिकी राष्ट्रपतिको सपथ सम्बन्धी व्यवस्था [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाको संविधान|संविधानको]] दोस्रो धारामा उल्लेख छ । {{blockquote|Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:— '''"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."'''<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation, Centennial Edition, Interim Edition: Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26, 2013|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CONAN-2013/pdf/GPO-CONAN-2013.pdf|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|location=Washington, DC|page=13|year=2013}}</ref>}} अनौपचारिक नेपाली अनुवाद: राष्ट्रपतिले आफ्नो पदभार ग्रहण गर्नु अघि, उनले निम्न शपथ वा प्रतिज्ञा लिनेछन् :-'''"म सत्यनिष्ठापूर्वक शपथ (वा पुष्टि) लिन्छु कि म संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपतिको पद इमानदारीपूर्वक कार्यान्वयन गर्नेछु, र मेरो क्षमताले भ्याएसम्म संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाको संविधानको संरक्षण, संरक्षण र रक्षा गर्नेछु।"''' ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} 7v3bwjj51bkbcyza09hvu2g6asjgci3 1358519 1358518 2026-06-09T06:55:18Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* राष्ट्रपति */ 1358519 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:BP_Koirala_taking_oath_as_22nd_Prime_minister_of_Nepal.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[महेन्द्र वीरविक्रम शाह|राजा महेन्द्र]] (दायाँ)द्वारा [[विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइराला|बिपी कोइराला]]लाई नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री [[पदको शपथ|पदको सपथ]]ग्रहण समारोहमा]] कुनै पनि व्यक्ति द्वारा कुनै पदमा काम शुरू गर्नु भन्दा पहिले लिने [[शपथ]]लाई [[पदको शपथ]] (oath of office) भनिन्छ। यस्तो शपथ सामान्यतया सरकारी पद वा धार्मिक पद ग्रहण गर्नु भन्दा पहिले लिईन्छ, तर कहिलेकाहिँ यो अन्य संगठनका पदाधिकारीहरुद्वारा पनि लिइन्छ। == नेपाल == ===राष्ट्रपति र उप-राष्ट्रपति=== [[नेपालको राष्ट्रपति]] र उप-राष्ट्रपतिले लिने पद तथा गोपनियताको शपथ को ढाँचा <ref>{{Cite web |title=राष्ट्रपति तथा उपराष्ट्रपतिको पारिश्रमिक तथा सुविधा सम्बन्धी ऐन, २०७४ |url=https://giwmscdnone.gov.np/media/app/public/275/posts/1720419393_98.pdf |website=नेपाल कानून आयोग }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414155430/https://giwmscdnone.gov.np/media/app/public/275/posts/1720419393_98.pdf |date=2025-04-14 }}</ref> {{Blockquote|म... ... ... ... ... ... ... मुलुक र जनता प्रति पूर्ण बफादार रही सत्य निष्ठापूर्वक प्रतिज्ञा गर्दछु ईश्वरको नाममा शपथ लिन्छु कि नेपालको राज्कीयसत्ता र सार्वभौमसत्ता नेपाली जनतामा रहेको नेपालको संविधान प्रति पूर्ण बफादार रही .....................पदको कामकाज प्रचलित कानूनको अधीनमा रही मुलुक र जनताको सोझो चिताई, कसैको डर नमानी, पक्षपात नगरी, पूर्वाग्रह वा खराब भावना नलिई इमान्दारीताका साथ सम्पादन गनेछु र आफ्नो कर्तव्य पालनको सिलसिलामा आफूलाई जानकारीमा आएको प्रचलित कानून बमोजिम गोप्य राख्नु पने कुरा म पदमा बहाल रहँदा वा नरहँदा जुनसुकै अवस्थामा पनि कानूनको पालना गर्दा बाहेक अरु अवस्थामा कुनै किसिमबाट प्रकट वा सङ्केत गर्ने छैन । |अनुसूची-४ |राष्ट्रपति तथा उपराष्ट्रपतिको पारिश्रमिक तथा सुविधा सम्बन्धी ऐन, २०७४}} === अन्य अधिकारीहरू === {{Blockquote|म... ... ... ... ... ... ... नेपालको सार्वभौमसत्ता र राजकीयसत्ता मुलुक र जनता प्रति पूर्ण बफादार रही सत्य निष्ठापूर्वक प्रतिज्ञा गर्दै ईश्वरकोदेश र जनाताको नाममा शपथ लिन्छु कि... ... ... ... ... ... ... पदको जिम्मेवारी प्रचलित कानूनको अधीनमा रही मुलुक र जनताको भलो चिताई, कसैको डर नमानी, पक्षपात नगरी, पूर्वाग्रह वा खराब भावना नलिई इमान्दारीताका साथ बहन गनेछु र आफ्नो कर्तव्य पालनको सिलसिलामा आफूलाई जानकारीमा आएको प्रचलित कानून बमोजिम गोप्य राख्नु पने कुरा म पदमा बहाल रहँदा वा नरहँदा जुनसुकै अवस्थामा पनि कानूनको पालना गर्दा बाहेक अरु अवस्थामा कुनै किसिमबाट प्रकट वा सङ्केत गर्ने छैन । |अनुसूची |शपथ सम्बन्धी ऐन, २०७९}} == बंगलादेश == राष्ट्रपतिको शपथ (वा पुष्टि) सभामुखद्वारा गरिन्छ: {{Blockquote|আমি, (নাম) সশ্রদ্ধচিত্তে শপথ (বা দৃঢ়ভাবে ঘোষণা) করিতেছি যে, আমি আইন-অনুযায়ী বাংলাদেশের রাষ্ট্রপতি-পদের কর্তব্য বিশ্বস্ততার সহিত পালন করিব; আমি বাংলাদেশের প্রতি অকৃত্রিম বিশ্বাস ও আনুগত্য পোষণ করিবঃ আমি সংবিধানের রক্ষণ, সমর্থন ও নিরাপত্তাবিধান করিব: এবং আমি ভীতি বা অনুগ্রহ, অনুরাগ বা বিরাগের বশবর্তী না হইয়া সকলের প্রতি আইন-অনুযায়ী যথাবিহীত আচরণ করিব।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8.djvu/%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AE|title=পাতা:গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশের সংবিধান.djvu/৮৮ - উইকিসংকলন একটি মুক্ত পাঠাগার}}</ref>|Third Schedule|[[Constitution of Bangladesh]]}} {{Blockquote|I, (name) do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully discharge the duties of the office of President of Bangladesh according to law. That I will bear true faith and allegiance to Bangladesh; that I will preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and that I will do right to all manner of people according to law, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.<ref name="schedule">{{Cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/upload/act/2022-04-18-13-27-54-Scheudle__367.pdf |title=Schedule - Constitution of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=[[Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division]], [[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs]]}}</ref>|Third Schedule|[[Constitution of Bangladesh]]}}अनौपचारिक नेपाली अनुवाद: म, (नाम) निष्ठापूर्वक शपथ लिन्छु (वा पुष्टि गर्छु) कि म कानून अनुसार बंगलादेशको राष्ट्रपतिको पदको कर्तव्य इमानदारीपूर्वक निर्वाह गर्नेछु। म बंगलादेशप्रति साँचो विश्वास र निष्ठा राख्नेछु; म संविधानको संरक्षण, रक्षा र रक्षा गर्नेछु र म सबै प्रकारका मानिसहरूलाई कानून अनुसार, डर वा पक्षपात, स्नेह वा शत्रुता बिना, उचित व्यवहार गर्नेछु। == भारत == ===भारतको राष्ट्रपति=== [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति]]को शपथ यस प्रकार छ::<ref name="Pratiyogita Darpan 0 google books">{{cite book|author=Pratiyogita Darpan|title=Pratiyogita Darpan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xOgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT67|access-date=31 May 2012|date=October 2007|publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan|pages=67}}</ref> {{Blockquote|I,(name), do swear in the name of God that I will faithfully execute the office of Presidentof India, and will do the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] and the [[Law of India|law]], and that I will devote myself to the service and well-being of the people of Republic of India. |[[s:Constitution of India/Part V#Article 60 .7BOath or affirmation by the President.7D|Article 60]] |[[भारतीय संविधान]]}}भारतको राष्ट्रपतिको पदको शपथ हिन्दी संस्करणमा {{Blockquote|मैं, (अमुक), ईश्वर की शपथ लेता हूँ (सत्यनिष्ठा से प्रतिज्ञान करता हूँ) कि मैं श्रद्धापूर्वक भारत के राष्ट्रपति के पद का कार्यपालन (अथवा राष्ट्रपति के कृत्यों का निर्वहन) करूँगा, तथा अपनी पूरी योग्यता से संविधान और विधि का परिरक्षण, संरक्षण और प्रतिरक्षण करूँगा, और मैं भारत की जनता की सेवा और कल्याण में निरत रहूँगा।|अनुच्‍छेद 60 |[[:hi:भारत का संविधान|भारत का संविधान]]}} अनौपचारिक नेपाली अनुवाद: म, (अमुक), ईश्वरको शपथ लिन्छु (सत्यनिष्ठासँग प्रतिज्ञान गर्छु) कि म श्रद्धापूर्वक भारतको राष्ट्रपतिको पदको कार्यपालन (अथवा राष्ट्रपतिको कृत्यहरूको निर्वहन) गर्दछु, तथा आफ्नो पूर्ण योग्यतासाथ संविधान र विधिको परिरक्षण, संरक्षण र प्रतिरक्षण गर्दछु, र म भारतका जनताको सेवा र कल्याणमा निरन्तर रहन्छु। === भारतका प्रधानमन्त्री र भारतका संघीय मन्त्रीहरू === [[चित्र:Prime_Minister_Modi's_taking_the_oath_of_secrecy_for_the_third_time.jpg|पाठ=Prime_Minister_Modi's_taking_the_oath_of_secrecy_for_the_third_time|अङ्गुठाकार|311x311पिक्सेल|भारतका प्रधानमन्त्री [[नरेन्द्र मोदी]]को तेस्रो कार्यकालको लागि शपथ ग्रहण]] [[भारतको प्रधानमन्त्री|भारतका प्रधानमन्त्री]] र संघीय मन्त्रिपरिषद्का अन्य सदस्यहरूको शपथ ग्रहण: पदको शपथ यस प्रकार छ: {{blockquote|text=I, (name), do swear in the name of God (or, solemnly affirm) that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a Prime Minister (or, Minister) for the Union and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law, without fear or favour, afection or ill-will.|sign=Schedule III|source=[[Constitution of India]]}} भारतका प्रधानमन्त्री र संघीय मन्त्रिपरिषद्को शपथ हिन्दी संस्करणमा {{blockquote|text='मैं, (अमुक), ईश्वर की शपथ लेता हूँ (सत्यनिष्ठा से प्रतिज्ञान करता हूँ) कि मैं विधि द्वारा स्थापित भारत के संविधान के प्रति सच्ची श्रद्धा और निष्ठा रखूँगा, मैं भारत की प्रभुता और अखंडता अक्षुण्ण रखूँगा, मैं संघ के प्रधानमंत्री (या, मंत्री) के रूप में अपने कर्तव्यों का श्रद्धापूर्वक और शुद्ध अंतःकरण से निर्वहन करूँगा तथा मैं भय या पक्षपात, अनुराग या द्वेष के बिना, सभी प्रकार के लोगों के प्रति संविधान और विधि के अनुसार न्याय करूँगा।'|sign=तीसरी अनुसूची|source=[[:hi:भारत का संविधान|भारत का संविधान]]}} गोपनीयताको शपथ यस प्रकार छ: {{blockquote|text=I, (name), do swear in the name of God (or, solemnly affirm) that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person or persons any matter which shall be brought under my consideration, or shall become known to me as a Prime Minister (or, Minister) for the Union, except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as Prime Minister (or, Such Minister).|sign=Schedule III|source=[[Constitution of India]]}} हिन्दी संस्करणमा गोपनीयताको शपथ {{blockquote|text='मैं, (अमुक), ईश्वर की शपथ लेता हूँ (सत्यनिष्ठा से प्रतिज्ञान करता हूँ) कि जो विषय संघ के प्रधानमंत्री (या, मंत्री) के रूप में मेरे विचार के लिए लाया जाएगा अथवा मुझे ज्ञात होगा उसे किसी व्यक्ति या व्यक्तियों को, तब के सिवाय जबकि प्रधानमंत्री (या, ऐसे मंत्री) के रूप में अपने कर्तव्यों के सम्यक्‌ निर्वहन के लिए ऐसा करना अपेक्षित हो, मैं प्रत्यक्ष अथवा अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से संसूचित या प्रकट नहीं करूँगा।'|sign=तीसरी अनुसूची|source=[[:hi:भारत का संविधान|भारत का संविधान]]}} == संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका == === राष्ट्रपति === [[File:Donald Trump takes the Presidential Oath of Office, January 20th 2025.webm|thumb|जनवरी २०, २०२५ मा [[डोनाल्ड ट्रम्प]]लाई राष्ट्रपति पदको शपथ ग्रहण गराउँदै प्रधानन्यायाधीश जोन रोबर्ट्स]] अमेरिकी राष्ट्रपतिको सपथ सम्बन्धी व्यवस्था [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाको संविधान|संविधानको]] दोस्रो धारामा उल्लेख छ । {{blockquote|Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:— '''"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."'''<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation, Centennial Edition, Interim Edition: Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26, 2013|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CONAN-2013/pdf/GPO-CONAN-2013.pdf|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|location=Washington, DC|page=13|year=2013}}</ref>}} अनौपचारिक नेपाली अनुवाद: राष्ट्रपतिले आफ्नो पदभार ग्रहण गर्नु अघि, उनले निम्न शपथ वा प्रतिज्ञा लिनेछन् :-'''"म सत्यनिष्ठापूर्वक शपथ (वा पुष्टि) लिन्छु कि म संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपतिको पद इमानदारीपूर्वक कार्यान्वयन गर्नेछु, र मेरो क्षमताले भ्याएसम्म संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाको संविधानको संरक्षण, संरक्षण र रक्षा गर्नेछु।"''' ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} 2ik83kv7c2719xm3xgexz8wh1qr9nvc 1358525 1358519 2026-06-09T07:24:50Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू */ 1358525 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:BP_Koirala_taking_oath_as_22nd_Prime_minister_of_Nepal.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[महेन्द्र वीरविक्रम शाह|राजा महेन्द्र]] (दायाँ)द्वारा [[विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइराला|बिपी कोइराला]]लाई नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री [[पदको शपथ|पदको सपथ]]ग्रहण समारोहमा]] कुनै पनि व्यक्ति द्वारा कुनै पदमा काम शुरू गर्नु भन्दा पहिले लिने [[शपथ]]लाई [[पदको शपथ]] (oath of office) भनिन्छ। यस्तो शपथ सामान्यतया सरकारी पद वा धार्मिक पद ग्रहण गर्नु भन्दा पहिले लिईन्छ, तर कहिलेकाहिँ यो अन्य संगठनका पदाधिकारीहरुद्वारा पनि लिइन्छ। == नेपाल == ===राष्ट्रपति र उप-राष्ट्रपति=== [[नेपालको राष्ट्रपति]] र उप-राष्ट्रपतिले लिने पद तथा गोपनियताको शपथ को ढाँचा <ref>{{Cite web |title=राष्ट्रपति तथा उपराष्ट्रपतिको पारिश्रमिक तथा सुविधा सम्बन्धी ऐन, २०७४ |url=https://giwmscdnone.gov.np/media/app/public/275/posts/1720419393_98.pdf |website=नेपाल कानून आयोग }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414155430/https://giwmscdnone.gov.np/media/app/public/275/posts/1720419393_98.pdf |date=2025-04-14 }}</ref> {{Blockquote|म... ... ... ... ... ... ... मुलुक र जनता प्रति पूर्ण बफादार रही सत्य निष्ठापूर्वक प्रतिज्ञा गर्दछु ईश्वरको नाममा शपथ लिन्छु कि नेपालको राज्कीयसत्ता र सार्वभौमसत्ता नेपाली जनतामा रहेको नेपालको संविधान प्रति पूर्ण बफादार रही .....................पदको कामकाज प्रचलित कानूनको अधीनमा रही मुलुक र जनताको सोझो चिताई, कसैको डर नमानी, पक्षपात नगरी, पूर्वाग्रह वा खराब भावना नलिई इमान्दारीताका साथ सम्पादन गनेछु र आफ्नो कर्तव्य पालनको सिलसिलामा आफूलाई जानकारीमा आएको प्रचलित कानून बमोजिम गोप्य राख्नु पने कुरा म पदमा बहाल रहँदा वा नरहँदा जुनसुकै अवस्थामा पनि कानूनको पालना गर्दा बाहेक अरु अवस्थामा कुनै किसिमबाट प्रकट वा सङ्केत गर्ने छैन । |अनुसूची-४ |राष्ट्रपति तथा उपराष्ट्रपतिको पारिश्रमिक तथा सुविधा सम्बन्धी ऐन, २०७४}} === अन्य अधिकारीहरू === {{Blockquote|म... ... ... ... ... ... ... नेपालको सार्वभौमसत्ता र राजकीयसत्ता मुलुक र जनता प्रति पूर्ण बफादार रही सत्य निष्ठापूर्वक प्रतिज्ञा गर्दै ईश्वरकोदेश र जनाताको नाममा शपथ लिन्छु कि... ... ... ... ... ... ... पदको जिम्मेवारी प्रचलित कानूनको अधीनमा रही मुलुक र जनताको भलो चिताई, कसैको डर नमानी, पक्षपात नगरी, पूर्वाग्रह वा खराब भावना नलिई इमान्दारीताका साथ बहन गनेछु र आफ्नो कर्तव्य पालनको सिलसिलामा आफूलाई जानकारीमा आएको प्रचलित कानून बमोजिम गोप्य राख्नु पने कुरा म पदमा बहाल रहँदा वा नरहँदा जुनसुकै अवस्थामा पनि कानूनको पालना गर्दा बाहेक अरु अवस्थामा कुनै किसिमबाट प्रकट वा सङ्केत गर्ने छैन । |अनुसूची |शपथ सम्बन्धी ऐन, २०७९}} == बंगलादेश == राष्ट्रपतिको शपथ (वा पुष्टि) सभामुखद्वारा गरिन्छ: {{Blockquote|আমি, (নাম) সশ্রদ্ধচিত্তে শপথ (বা দৃঢ়ভাবে ঘোষণা) করিতেছি যে, আমি আইন-অনুযায়ী বাংলাদেশের রাষ্ট্রপতি-পদের কর্তব্য বিশ্বস্ততার সহিত পালন করিব; আমি বাংলাদেশের প্রতি অকৃত্রিম বিশ্বাস ও আনুগত্য পোষণ করিবঃ আমি সংবিধানের রক্ষণ, সমর্থন ও নিরাপত্তাবিধান করিব: এবং আমি ভীতি বা অনুগ্রহ, অনুরাগ বা বিরাগের বশবর্তী না হইয়া সকলের প্রতি আইন-অনুযায়ী যথাবিহীত আচরণ করিব।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8.djvu/%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AE|title=পাতা:গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশের সংবিধান.djvu/৮৮ - উইকিসংকলন একটি মুক্ত পাঠাগার}}</ref>|Third Schedule|[[Constitution of Bangladesh]]}} {{Blockquote|I, (name) do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully discharge the duties of the office of President of Bangladesh according to law. That I will bear true faith and allegiance to Bangladesh; that I will preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and that I will do right to all manner of people according to law, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.<ref name="schedule">{{Cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/upload/act/2022-04-18-13-27-54-Scheudle__367.pdf |title=Schedule - Constitution of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=[[Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division]], [[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs]]}}</ref>|Third Schedule|[[Constitution of Bangladesh]]}}अनौपचारिक नेपाली अनुवाद: म, (नाम) निष्ठापूर्वक शपथ लिन्छु (वा पुष्टि गर्छु) कि म कानून अनुसार बंगलादेशको राष्ट्रपतिको पदको कर्तव्य इमानदारीपूर्वक निर्वाह गर्नेछु। म बंगलादेशप्रति साँचो विश्वास र निष्ठा राख्नेछु; म संविधानको संरक्षण, रक्षा र रक्षा गर्नेछु र म सबै प्रकारका मानिसहरूलाई कानून अनुसार, डर वा पक्षपात, स्नेह वा शत्रुता बिना, उचित व्यवहार गर्नेछु। == भारत == ===भारतको राष्ट्रपति=== [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति]]को शपथ यस प्रकार छ::<ref name="Pratiyogita Darpan 0 google books">{{cite book|author=Pratiyogita Darpan|title=Pratiyogita Darpan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xOgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT67|access-date=31 May 2012|date=October 2007|publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan|pages=67}}</ref> {{Blockquote|I,(name), do swear in the name of God that I will faithfully execute the office of Presidentof India, and will do the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] and the [[Law of India|law]], and that I will devote myself to the service and well-being of the people of Republic of India. |[[s:Constitution of India/Part V#Article 60 .7BOath or affirmation by the President.7D|Article 60]] |[[भारतीय संविधान]]}}भारतको राष्ट्रपतिको पदको शपथ हिन्दी संस्करणमा {{Blockquote|मैं, (अमुक), ईश्वर की शपथ लेता हूँ (सत्यनिष्ठा से प्रतिज्ञान करता हूँ) कि मैं श्रद्धापूर्वक भारत के राष्ट्रपति के पद का कार्यपालन (अथवा राष्ट्रपति के कृत्यों का निर्वहन) करूँगा, तथा अपनी पूरी योग्यता से संविधान और विधि का परिरक्षण, संरक्षण और प्रतिरक्षण करूँगा, और मैं भारत की जनता की सेवा और कल्याण में निरत रहूँगा।|अनुच्‍छेद 60 |[[:hi:भारत का संविधान|भारत का संविधान]]}} अनौपचारिक नेपाली अनुवाद: म, (अमुक), ईश्वरको शपथ लिन्छु (सत्यनिष्ठासँग प्रतिज्ञान गर्छु) कि म श्रद्धापूर्वक भारतको राष्ट्रपतिको पदको कार्यपालन (अथवा राष्ट्रपतिको कृत्यहरूको निर्वहन) गर्दछु, तथा आफ्नो पूर्ण योग्यतासाथ संविधान र विधिको परिरक्षण, संरक्षण र प्रतिरक्षण गर्दछु, र म भारतका जनताको सेवा र कल्याणमा निरन्तर रहन्छु। === भारतका प्रधानमन्त्री र भारतका संघीय मन्त्रीहरू === [[चित्र:Prime_Minister_Modi's_taking_the_oath_of_secrecy_for_the_third_time.jpg|पाठ=Prime_Minister_Modi's_taking_the_oath_of_secrecy_for_the_third_time|अङ्गुठाकार|311x311पिक्सेल|भारतका प्रधानमन्त्री [[नरेन्द्र मोदी]]को तेस्रो कार्यकालको लागि शपथ ग्रहण]] [[भारतको प्रधानमन्त्री|भारतका प्रधानमन्त्री]] र संघीय मन्त्रिपरिषद्का अन्य सदस्यहरूको शपथ ग्रहण: पदको शपथ यस प्रकार छ: {{blockquote|text=I, (name), do swear in the name of God (or, solemnly affirm) that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a Prime Minister (or, Minister) for the Union and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law, without fear or favour, afection or ill-will.|sign=Schedule III|source=[[Constitution of India]]}} भारतका प्रधानमन्त्री र संघीय मन्त्रिपरिषद्को शपथ हिन्दी संस्करणमा {{blockquote|text='मैं, (अमुक), ईश्वर की शपथ लेता हूँ (सत्यनिष्ठा से प्रतिज्ञान करता हूँ) कि मैं विधि द्वारा स्थापित भारत के संविधान के प्रति सच्ची श्रद्धा और निष्ठा रखूँगा, मैं भारत की प्रभुता और अखंडता अक्षुण्ण रखूँगा, मैं संघ के प्रधानमंत्री (या, मंत्री) के रूप में अपने कर्तव्यों का श्रद्धापूर्वक और शुद्ध अंतःकरण से निर्वहन करूँगा तथा मैं भय या पक्षपात, अनुराग या द्वेष के बिना, सभी प्रकार के लोगों के प्रति संविधान और विधि के अनुसार न्याय करूँगा।'|sign=तीसरी अनुसूची|source=[[:hi:भारत का संविधान|भारत का संविधान]]}} गोपनीयताको शपथ यस प्रकार छ: {{blockquote|text=I, (name), do swear in the name of God (or, solemnly affirm) that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person or persons any matter which shall be brought under my consideration, or shall become known to me as a Prime Minister (or, Minister) for the Union, except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as Prime Minister (or, Such Minister).|sign=Schedule III|source=[[Constitution of India]]}} हिन्दी संस्करणमा गोपनीयताको शपथ {{blockquote|text='मैं, (अमुक), ईश्वर की शपथ लेता हूँ (सत्यनिष्ठा से प्रतिज्ञान करता हूँ) कि जो विषय संघ के प्रधानमंत्री (या, मंत्री) के रूप में मेरे विचार के लिए लाया जाएगा अथवा मुझे ज्ञात होगा उसे किसी व्यक्ति या व्यक्तियों को, तब के सिवाय जबकि प्रधानमंत्री (या, ऐसे मंत्री) के रूप में अपने कर्तव्यों के सम्यक्‌ निर्वहन के लिए ऐसा करना अपेक्षित हो, मैं प्रत्यक्ष अथवा अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से संसूचित या प्रकट नहीं करूँगा।'|sign=तीसरी अनुसूची|source=[[:hi:भारत का संविधान|भारत का संविधान]]}} == संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका == === राष्ट्रपति === [[File:Donald Trump takes the Presidential Oath of Office, January 20th 2025.webm|thumb|जनवरी २०, २०२५ मा [[डोनाल्ड ट्रम्प]]लाई राष्ट्रपति पदको शपथ ग्रहण गराउँदै प्रधानन्यायाधीश जोन रोबर्ट्स]] अमेरिकी राष्ट्रपतिको सपथ सम्बन्धी व्यवस्था [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाको संविधान|संविधानको]] दोस्रो धारामा उल्लेख छ । {{blockquote|Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:— '''"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."'''<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation, Centennial Edition, Interim Edition: Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26, 2013|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CONAN-2013/pdf/GPO-CONAN-2013.pdf|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|location=Washington, DC|page=13|year=2013}}</ref>}} अनौपचारिक नेपाली अनुवाद: राष्ट्रपतिले आफ्नो पदभार ग्रहण गर्नु अघि, उनले निम्न शपथ वा प्रतिज्ञा लिनेछन् :-'''"म सत्यनिष्ठापूर्वक शपथ (वा पुष्टि) लिन्छु कि म संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपतिको पद इमानदारीपूर्वक कार्यान्वयन गर्नेछु, र मेरो क्षमताले भ्याएसम्म संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाको संविधानको संरक्षण, संरक्षण र रक्षा गर्नेछु।"''' ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:शपथ]] eems8y0mfva2s7ubynq6170t4rix8ma 0 123034 1358427 1284950 2026-06-08T13:04:23Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = | name = हेल्मुट कोल | honorific_suffix = | image = Helmut Kohl (1996) cropped (2).jpg | alt = portrait photograph of a 66-year-old Chancellor Kohl | caption = सन् १९९६ मा कोल | office = [[जर्मनीको चान्सलर]]<br />{{Small|([[पश्चिम जर्मनी]], १९८२ -१९९०)}} | term_start = सन् १९८२ अक्टोबर १ | term_end = सन् १९९० अक्टोबर २७{{efn|सन् १९८२ अक्टोबर १ देखि सन् १९९० अक्टोबर २ सम्म, हेल्मुट कोल [[पश्चिम जर्मनी]]को मात्र चान्सलर थिए, [[पश्चिम जर्मनी]] र [[पूर्व जर्मनी]] एकीकरण भएपछि सन् १९९० अक्टोबर ३ बाट उनी [[जर्मन पुन: एकीकरण|एकीकृत जर्मनी]]को चान्सलर भएका थिए।}} | president = {{ubl|[[कार्ल कार्सटेन्स]]|[[Richard von Weizsäcker]]|[[रोमन हर्जोग]]}} | 1blankname = उप-चान्सलर | 1namedata = {{ubl|[[Hans-Dietrich Genscher]]|[[Jürgen Möllemann]]|[[Klaus Kinkel]]}} | predecessor = [[हेल्मुट Schmidt]] | successor = [[गेर्हार्ड स्रोडर]] }} '''हेल्मुट जोसेफ माइकल कोहल''' ({{IPA-de|ˈhɛlmuːt ˈkoːl|-|De-Helmut Kohl.ogg}}; सन् १९३० अप्रिल ३- सन् २०१७ जुन १६) एक जर्मन [[राजनेता]] तथा क्रिस्चियन डेमोक्रेटिक पार्टीका राजनीतिज्ञ थिए। उनले सन् १९८२ देखि सन् १९९८ सम्म जर्मनीको [[चान्सलर]] (सन् १९८२ देखि सन् १९९० सम्म [[पश्चिम जर्मनी]]को, सन् १९९० देखि सन् १९९८ सम्म [[जर्मन पुन: एकीकरण|पुनः एकीकृत जर्मनी]]को) को रूपमा सेवा गरेका थिए। उनले सन् १९७३ देखि सन् १९९८ सम्म क्रिस्चियन डेमोक्रेटिक पार्टीको अध्यक्षको रूपमा काम गरेका थिए। कोलको १६ वर्षको कार्यकाल [[ओट्टो बिस्मार्क|ओटो भोन बिस्मार्क]]पछि कुनै पनि जर्मन चान्सलरको सबैभन्दा लामो कार्यकाल थियो। उनको कार्यकालमा [[शीतयुद्ध|शीत युद्ध]]को अन्त्य, [[जर्मन पुन: एकीकरण|जर्मन पुनर्मिलन]], [[सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन]] र [[युरोपेली सङ्घ]]को निर्माण जस्ता विश्व घटनाहरू भएका थिए। ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} {{notelist}} {{ढाँचा:Chancellors of Germany}} [[श्रेणी:जर्मनीका चान्सलरहरू]] [[श्रेणी:सन् २०१७ मा मृत्यु]] [[श्रेणी:सन् १९३० मा जन्म]] mynvefn8pw0i6luanjs9y50wfa3ukvi 0 124111 1358558 1350209 2026-06-09T11:02:35Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox project | logo = | image = National Identity Card (Nepal).png | caption = | launched = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2001|09|30}} | country = {{flag|नेपाल}} | budget = | key_people = | ministry = गृह मन्त्रालय, नेपाल | website = {{URL|http://www.nidmc.gov.np/}} | current_status = सन् २०१८ नोभेम्बरदेखि मुद्रण सुरु<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2018/11/720550 |title=राष्ट्रिय परिचयपत्र वितरण आजदेखि, सबैभन्दा पहिले १०१ वर्षीया भगवतीलाई |website=अनलाइन खबर |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-01-07}}</ref> }} '''राष्ट्रिय परिचयपत्र''' प्रत्येक व्यक्तिको लागि अद्वितीय पहिचान क्रमाङ्क [[नेपाल]]को सङ्घीय स्तरको परिचयपत्र हो जुन नेपाली नागरिकहरूले उनीहरूको बायोमेट्रिक र जनसाङ्ख्यिकीय डेटाको आधारमा प्राप्त गर्न सक्छन्।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2016/04/420689 |title=राष्ट्रिय परिचय पत्र बन्ने भो, लेखा समितिले दियो स्वीकृति |website=अनलाइन खबर |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-01-07}}</ref> नेपाली नागरिकसँग सम्बन्धित सबै व्यक्तिगत जानकारी राष्ट्रिय परिचयपत्र व्यवस्थापन केन्द्रद्वारा सङ्कलन गरिएको छ जुन [[नेपाल सरकार]]ले गृह मन्त्रालयको क्षेत्राधिकार अन्तर्गत सन् २०११ जुलाईमा स्थापना गरेको वैधानिक प्राधिकरण हो।<ref name="NICMChome">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nidmc.gov.np/home|title=एनआइडिएमसीको बारेमा |website=राष्ट्रिय परिचयपत्र |language=अङ्ग्रेजी |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/nepali/news-59377831 |title=ई-पासपोर्टका लागि राष्ट्रिय परिचयपत्र अनिवार्य, कहाँबाट कसरी लिने |website=बिबिसी नेपाली सेवा |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-01-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://farakdhar.com/story/6803/ |title=सोमबारदेखि राष्ट्रिय परिचय पत्र वितरण |website=फरकधार |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-01-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107161624/https://farakdhar.com/story/6803/ |date=2022-01-07 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/nepali/news-48919775 |title=असी हजार जनताको हातमा राष्ट्रिय परिचयपत्र, गोपनीयताको चिन्ता उस्तै |website=बिबिसी नेपाली सेवा |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-01-07}}</ref> [https://saranepal.org/easily-apply-rastriya-parichaya-patra-online-nid/ राष्ट्रिय परिचय पत्र (National ID) Form Online कसरी भर्ने ?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122160511/https://saranepal.org/easily-apply-rastriya-parichaya-patra-online-nid/ |date=2023-11-22 }} यो कार्डमा एक अद्वितीय क्रमाङ्क, तस्विर, व्यक्तिगत जानकारी र वाहकको दशवटै औँठाका छापहरू समावेश हुनेछ। पूर्ण कार्यान्वयनपछि यो कार्ड हालको 'नेपाली नागरिकता'लाई प्रतिस्थापन गर्नेछ र यसलाई राष्ट्रिय परिचय, व्यक्तिगत परिचय, मतदाता परिचय पत्रको रूपमा र यसको अद्वितीय क्रमाङ्कमार्फत सामाजिक सुरक्षा कार्डको रूपमा प्रयोग गरिनेछ।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://infopana.com/archives/469 |title=के हो राष्ट्रिय परिचय पत्र के छन् यसका विशेषता ? |date=2018-11-22 |website=इन्फोपाना |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-01-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107161624/https://infopana.com/archives/469 |date=2022-01-07 }}</ref> यो कार्डले राहदानी, सवारी चालक अनुमतिपत्र जस्ता अन्य कागजातहरू प्रतिस्थापन गर्दैन।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.setopati.com/social/165577/ |title=राष्ट्रिय परिचय पत्र वितरण अन्तिम चरणमा |website=सेतोपाटी |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-01-07 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == राष्ट्रिय परिचयपत्रको ऐन कानूनी व्यवस्था == नेपालको संविधानको धारा ५१ (च) (७) मा एकीकृत राष्ट्रिय परिचय व्यवस्थापन सूचना प्रणाली विकास गरी नागरिकका सबै प्रकारका विवरण र सुचनाहरु एकीकृत रुपमा व्यवस्थापन गर्ने तथा यसलाई राज्यबाट उपलव्ध हुने सेवा सुविधा र राष्ट्रिय विकास योजनासँग आवद्ध गर्ने उल्लेख गरिएको पाइन्छ । सरकार कार्य विभाजन नियमावलीमा राष्ट्रिय परिचय पत्रसम्बन्धी कार्य गृह मन्त्रालयको कार्य क्षेत्रअन्तर्गत रहेको राष्ट्रिय परिचय पत्र तथा पञ्जीकरण ऐन, २०७६ ले प्रत्येक नेपाली नागरिकको परिचय खुल्ने गरी अभिलेख राख्ने, वैयक्तिक तथा जैविक विवरण र राष्ट्रिय परिचय नम्बरसहितको बहुपयोगी राष्ट्रिय परिचयपत्र प्रदान गर्ने, एकीकृत राष्ट्रिय परिचय व्यवस्थापन सूचना प्रणालीको विकास गरी सो प्रणालीलाई राज्यबाट उपलव्ध सेवा सुविधा र राष्ट्रिय विकास योजना एवं सुरक्षा व्यवस्थासँग आबद्ध गर्ने गरी कानूनी आधार तयार गरिको छ। <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://meronews.com/2021/06/53315.html |title= राष्ट्रिय परिचयपत्र किन आवश्यक |website=MERONEWS}}</ref> == राष्ट्रिय परिचयपत्र अनिवार्य == राजस्वसम्बन्धी व्यक्तिगत आयकर दर्ता, सवारी चालक अनुमतिपत्रसम्बन्धी र कम्पनी दर्ता एवं नवीकरणका लागि पनि आगामी साउनदेखि देशभर नै परिचयपत्र अनिवार्य गरिएको छ । बैंकिङ तथा वित्तीय सेवा, टेलिफोन तथा सिमकार्ड, सामाजिक सुरक्षा कोष तथा घरजग्गा किनबेचमा भने आगामी माघ १ देखि परिचयपत्र अनिवार्य गरिएको राजपत्रमा उल्लेख छ ।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2024/06/28/national-id-card-mandatory-from-july-17-49.html |title= साउनदेखि राष्ट्रिय परिचयपत्र अनिवार्य|website=कान्तिपुर}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[श्रेणी:नेपाल सरकार]] mv5v17uqcvpfxfek0h5p2tmmyt7u3af 0 124585 1358491 1250283 2026-06-09T05:02:23Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* नेपाल */ 1358491 wikitext text/x-wiki '''गज''' एसियाको कुनै कुनै क्षेत्रमा प्रयोग हुने लम्बाइ मापनको एकाइ हो। यसको मान [[भारत|भारत,]] नेपालका विभिन्न क्षेत्रहरूमा अलि फरक हुन्छ। भारतमा गजको प्रयोग पहिलो पटक [[मुगल साम्राज्य]]को समयमा स्थापित भएको थियो। == भारत == * ३६&nbsp;इन्च (९१.४४ &nbsp;सेमी) [[बङ्गाल|बंगालमा]] * २७&nbsp;इन्च (६८.५८&nbsp;सेमी) [[मुम्बई|मुम्बईमा]] * ३३&nbsp;इन्च (८३.८२&nbsp;सेमी) [[चेन्नई]]<ref name="OED" /><ref>{{citation |author=Bedford, Frederick George D. |title=The sailor's pocket book: A Collection of Practical Rules, Notes and Tables |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BmABAAAAQAAJ |page=323 |year=1875 |authorlink=Frederick Bedford}}.</ref> * ३३&nbsp;इन्च (८३.८२&nbsp;सेमी) सरकारी सर्वेक्षणको लागि। == नेपाल == * [[नेपाल|नेपालमा]] १ गज बराबर १ यार्ड (०.९१&nbsp; मिटर) मानिन्छ। == अरेबिया == * अरबीमा यसको मान २७ देखि ३७ इन्च (६८.५८ देखि ९३.९८&nbsp;सेमी) सम्म थियो।<ref name="Sizes">{{citation |title=Guz |url=http://www.sizes.com/units/guz.htm |work=Sizes, grades, units, scales, calendars, chronologies] |year=2008 |publisher=Sizes, Inc. |accessdate=20 January 2007}}</ref> ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[दसगजा]] ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:लम्बाइका एकाइहरू]] f67jstzq0pfsgs3ft89uf9c1g90ek7y 1358492 1358491 2026-06-09T05:02:56Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* भारत */ 1358492 wikitext text/x-wiki '''गज''' एसियाको कुनै कुनै क्षेत्रमा प्रयोग हुने लम्बाइ मापनको एकाइ हो। यसको मान [[भारत|भारत,]] नेपालका विभिन्न क्षेत्रहरूमा अलि फरक हुन्छ। भारतमा गजको प्रयोग पहिलो पटक [[मुगल साम्राज्य]]को समयमा स्थापित भएको थियो। == भारत == * ३६&nbsp;इन्च (९१.४४ &nbsp;सेमी) [[बङ्गाल|बंगालमा]] * २७&nbsp;इन्च (६८.५८&nbsp;सेमी) [[मुम्बई|मुम्बईमा]] * ३३&nbsp;इन्च (८३.८२&nbsp;सेमी) [[चेन्नई]]<ref name="OED">{{citation | contribution = Guz | title = A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles | volume = 4 | page = 525 | year = 1900| title-link = Oxford English Dictionary }}</ref><ref>{{citation |author=Bedford, Frederick George D. |title=The sailor's pocket book: A Collection of Practical Rules, Notes and Tables |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BmABAAAAQAAJ |page=323 |year=1875 |authorlink=Frederick Bedford}}.</ref> * ३३&nbsp;इन्च (८३.८२&nbsp;सेमी) सरकारी सर्वेक्षणको लागि। == नेपाल == * [[नेपाल|नेपालमा]] १ गज बराबर १ यार्ड (०.९१&nbsp; मिटर) मानिन्छ। == अरेबिया == * अरबीमा यसको मान २७ देखि ३७ इन्च (६८.५८ देखि ९३.९८&nbsp;सेमी) सम्म थियो।<ref name="Sizes">{{citation |title=Guz |url=http://www.sizes.com/units/guz.htm |work=Sizes, grades, units, scales, calendars, chronologies] |year=2008 |publisher=Sizes, Inc. |accessdate=20 January 2007}}</ref> ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[दसगजा]] ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:लम्बाइका एकाइहरू]] snm0g7wwkanugr0ls57n0bo2imq809q 0 128714 1358430 1357437 2026-06-08T13:32:28Z AnishLama 76740 1358430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{छोटो विवरण|नेपालको एक मध्यमार्गी राजनीतिक दल}} {{Infobox political party | name = राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी | native_name = रास्वपा | logo = 500px-Logo of the Rastriya Swatantra Party.svg.png | colorcode = {{party color|राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी}} | colours = {{colour box|{{party color|राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी}}}} [[नीलो|आकाशे नीलो]] | chairperson = [[रवि लामिछाने]] | spokesperson = [[मनिष झा]] | leader2_title = वरिष्ठ नेता | leader2_name = [[बालेन्द्र शाह]] | leader3_title = उपसभापति | leader3_name = [[स्वर्णिम वाग्ले]] | leader4_title = महामन्त्री | leader4_name = [[कविन्द्र बुर्लाकोटी]] | leader5_title = पार्टी कोषाध्यक्ष | leader5_name = लिमा अधिकारी | membership = ५,१६,२९६ (२०८३)<ref name="total_party_members">{{cite web |url=https://www.setopati.com/politics/390947 |title=रास्वपाको पार्टी सदस्य सवा पाँच लाख नाघ्यो|language=ne|website=Setopati|date=2026-06-08}}</ref><br /><small>२,४१,७९९ (२०८२)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ratopati.com/story/522466/national-independent-party-members-241799 |title=राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टीका सदस्य २ लाख ४१ हजार ७९९ |lang=ne}}</ref> बाट बढेको;<br />+२,७४,४९७ ({{up}}११३.५%)</small>| foundation = {{start date and age|2022|07|01|df=y}} | ideology = [[सामाजिक उदारवाद]]<ref name="GP"/><br />[[संवैधानिक समाजवाद]]<ref name="JOL">{{cite web |date=2023-04-02 |title=Mainstreaming of Social Protection Agenda in the Political Parties' Election Manifesto in Nepal |url=https://www.academia.edu/106495973/Mainstreaming_of_Social_Protection_Agenda_in_the_Political_Parties_Election_Manifesto_in_Nepal |access-date=2025-02-05 |publisher=Nepal Journals Online |language=en |quote=Rastriya Swatantra Party, was formed on 16 June 2022. The party supports constitutional socialism, participatory democracy, progressivism, and political freedom. The party is described as centre-left, centrist, and centre-right.}}</ref><br />[[प्रगतिवाद]]<ref name="JOL"/> | position = देश कै सबैभन्दा ठूलो र २०१५ पछी शक्तिशाली दल | slogan = ''अब जान्नेलाई छान्ने'' | symbol = [[File:Nepalese Election Symbol Bell no cirlce.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert|100px]] | headquarters = च:मती, वनस्थली १६, [[काठमाडौँ]] | country = नेपाल | blank1_title = [[निर्वाचन आयोग (नेपाल)|निर्वाचन आयोग]]को स्थिति | blank1 = [[नेपालका राजनीतिक दलहरूको सूची#राष्ट्रिय दलहरू|राष्ट्रिय दल (पहिलो ठूलो)]] | seats1_title = [[प्रतिनिधि सभा (नेपाल)|प्रतिनिधि सभा]]मा सिटहरू | seats1 = {{Composition bar|182|275|hex={{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}}} | seats2_title = [[राष्ट्रिय सभा (नेपाल)|राष्ट्रिय सभा]]मा सिटहरू | seats2 = {{Composition bar|0|59|hex={{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}}} | seats3_title = [[नेपालका नगर प्रमुखहरूको सूची|प्रमुख]]/[[नेपालका गाउँपालिका अध्यक्षहरूको सूची|अध्यक्ष]] | seats3 = {{Composition bar|1|753|hex={{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}}} | seats4_title = [[प्रदेश सभा (नेपाल)|प्रदेश सभा]]मा सिटहरू | seats4 = {{Composition bar|0|550|hex={{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}}} | seats5_title = [[नेपालमा स्थानीय सरकार|वडा सदस्यहरू]] | seats5 = {{composition bar|12|35011|hex={{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}}} | website = {{URL|http://rspnepal.org/}} | Ruling party = शक्तिशाली बहुमत प्राप्त सत्तारुढ दल }} '''राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी''' ('''रास्वपा''') नेपालको समतामूलक उन्नति, समाजिक न्याय सहितको उदार अर्थतन्त्रमा विश्वास गर्ने देश कै सबैभन्दा ठुलो बहुलवादी लोकतान्त्रिक राजनीतिक दल हो। यो दल [[प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचन, २०८२]] मा भारी जीत हासिल गरेसँगै नेपालको [[नेपालका राजनीतिक दलहरूको सूची|सबैभन्दा ठूलो राष्ट्रिय दल]] बनेको छ । एक मध्यमार्गी दलका रूपमा यसले आफ्ना निर्वाचित सांसदहरूका लागि 'प्रत्याह्वानको अधिकार', वि.सं. २०४७ देखि सार्वजनिक पद धारण गरेका व्यक्तिहरूको सम्पत्ति छानबिन गर्ने भ्रष्टाचार विरोधी अडान, सीमान्तकृत समुदायका लागि [[सामाजिक न्याय]], निजामती सेवामा योग्यता प्रणाली, एकीकृत स्वास्थ्य सेवाको पारदर्शिता, डिजिटल सुशासन र साना निक्षेपकर्ताहरूको सुरक्षाका लागि वित्तीय संस्थाहरूमाथि कडा निगरानी जस्ता मुद्दाहरूलाई आफ्नो राजनीतिक एजेन्डामा राखेको छ।<ref>{{cite web |date=२०८२ चैत १२|url=https://www.ratopati.com/story/549310/the-election-manifesto-of-the-first-party-to-emerge-as-the-rashtriya-swayamsevak-sangh-rss-includes-the-following-economic-reform-agenda |title=पहिलो दल बनेको रास्वपाको चुनावी वाचापत्रमा यस्ता छन् आर्थिक सुधारका ‘एजेन्डा’ |publisher=रातोपाटी |language=नेपाली}}</ref> यो दल २०८० फागुन २३ देखि २०८१ असार २८ सम्म [[प्रचण्ड]] नेतृत्वको सरकारमा चारवटा मन्त्राल यसहित सत्ता साझेदार थियो। यसअघि यो दल २०७९ पुस ११ देखि २०७९ माघ २२ सम्म पनि सरकारमा सहभागी भएको थियो। [[रवि लामिछाने]]ले २०७९ असारमा यस दलको घोषणा गरेका थिए र २०७९ असार १७ मा [[निर्वाचन आयोग (नेपाल)|निर्वाचन आयोग]]मा दर्ता भएको थियो। [[प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचन, २०७९]]पछि यो नेपालको चौथो ठूलो दल बनेको थियो भने प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचन, २०८२ पछि [[बालेन्द्र शाह]]को नेतृत्वमा यो १८२ सिट सहित पहिलो ठूलो दल बन्न सफल भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web |date=२०८२ चैत १२|url=https://suryakhabar.com/2026/03/481538/ |title=रास्वपा बहुमतको सरकार बनाउने पहिलो दल बन्यो|publisher=सूर्य खबर|language=नेपाली}}</ref> == इतिहास == === स्थापना र प्रारम्भिक वर्षहरू (२०७९–२०८२) === १६ जुन २०२२ मा, [[रवि लामिछाने]]ले [[ग्यालेक्सी फोरके टेलिभिजन]]को प्रबन्ध निर्देशक पदबाट राजीनामा दिँदै [[प्रतिनिधि सभा (नेपाल)|प्रतिनिधि सभा]]को सदस्यका लागि [[प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचन, २०७९|२०७९ को आम निर्वाचन]] लड्ने घोषणा थिए।<ref>{{Cite web|author=|title=चितवन २ बाट चुनाव लड्ने भए रवि लामिछाने|url=https://shilapatra.com/detail/96918|work=|publisher=|website=शिलापत्र|language=नेपाली|archive-date=|archive-url=|date=|accessdate=१७ कात्तिक २०७९}}</ref> उनले यसभन्दा अगाडि ७ असार २०७९ मा, २१ सदस्यीय केन्द्रीय समिति सहित राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी गठनको घोषणा गरेका थिए।<ref name="RL">{{Cite web |title=Rabi Lamichhane announces National Independent Party |url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/12850 |website=गोरखापत्र}}</ref> १ जुलाई २०२२ मा रवि लामिछाने संस्थापक सभापति र 'गोलाकार भित्रको घन्टी' निर्वाचन चिन्हसहित यो दल [[निर्वाचन आयोग (नेपाल)|निर्वाचन आयोग]]मा औपचारिक रूपमा दर्ता भएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=यी हुन् रवि लामिछानेको पार्टीका २१ केन्द्रीय सदस्य |url=https://www.setopati.com/politics/275710/ |website=सेतोपाटी }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> यस दलले २०७९ को निर्वाचनमा १३१ निर्वाचन क्षेत्रमा उम्मेदवार उठाए पनि प्रदेश सभा निर्वाचनमा भने भाग लिएन। प्रतिनिधि सभामा यसले प्रत्यक्षतर्फ ७ र समानुपातिकतर्फ १३ सिट जित्न सफल भएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two new forces enter federal parliament as national parties |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2022/11/30/two-new-forces-enter-federal-parliament-as-national-parties |website=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> १०.७०% समानुपातिक मत प्राप्त गर्दै यो दल सङ्घीय संसदको सातवटा [[नेपालका राजनीतिक दलहरूको सूची|राष्ट्रिय दलहरू]] मध्ये एक बनेको थियो।<ref name="s">{{Cite web |title=प्रतिनिधिसभामा १२ दल, राष्ट्रिय पार्टी ७ मात्रै |url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/12/06/167034242099737230.html |website=कान्तिपुर}}</ref> निर्वाचनपछि, दलका सभापति रवि लामिछाने उपप्रधानमन्त्रीको रूपमा [[पुष्पकमल दाहाल]] नेतृत्वको गठबन्धन सरकारमा सहभागी भएका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal's former TV anchor Lamichhane becomes Deputy PM, Home minister |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/nepal-s-former-tv-anchor-lamichhane-becomes-deputy-pm-home-minister-122122600906_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref> दलकी [[इन्दिरा राना मगर]] प्रतिनिधि सभाको उपसभामुखमा निर्वाचित भएकी थिइन्।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indira Rana Magar elected as Deputy Speaker of HoR |url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/21711 |website=गोरखापत्र}}</ref> [[सर्वोच्च अदालत (नेपाल)|सर्वोच्च अदालत]]ले लामिछानेको नागरिकता अमान्य घोषित गरेपछि दल मन्त्रिपरिषद्बाट बाहिरिएको थियो तर सरकारलाई समर्थन भने कायमै राख्ने निर्णय गरेको थयो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Court strips Lamichhane of all posts over citizenship|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/01/28/court-strips-lamichhane-of-all-posts-over-citizenship|website=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> उक्त निर्णयपछि [[डोलप्रसाद अर्याल]] दलको कार्यवाहक सभापति बनेका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2023/01/1254503|title=डोलप्रसाद बने राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टीको कार्यवाहक सभापति|website=अनलाइन खबर|language=नेपाली|accessdate=2023-01-28}}</ref> भ्रष्टाचारको आरोप लागेपछि दलले समानुपातिक सांसद ढाकाकुमार श्रेष्ठलाई निष्कासन गरी उनको ठाउँमा बिन्ध्यवासिनी कंसाकारलाई नयाँ सांसदको रूपमा नियुक्त गरेको थियो। २०८० को उपनिर्वाचनमा रास्वपाले [[तनहुँ १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|तनहुँ १]] मा एक सिट थप्न सफल भएको थियो भने लामिछाने [[चितवन २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|चितवन २]] बाट पुनः निर्वाचित भएका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |title=RSP's Dr Swarnim Wagle wins by-election in Tanahun-1 |url=https://republicaorigin.nagariknetwork.com/news/rsp-s-dr-swarnim-wagle-wins-by-election-in-tanahun-1-with-a-wide-margin |website=My Republica}}</ref> २०८० फागुनमा यो दल पुनः दाहाल सरकारमा सहभागी भएको थियो, तर एक महिनापछि गठबन्धनमा आएको फेरबदलका कारण मन्त्रिपरिषद् विघटन हुन पुगेको थियो। दलको मर्यादा उल्लङ्घन गरेको भन्दै तात्कालीन महामन्त्री मुकुल ढकाललाई पार्टीबाट निष्कासन गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rastriya Swatantra Party expels Mukul Dhakal |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2024/08/27/rastriya-swatantra-party-expels-mukul-dhakal-from-party |website=काठमाडौँ पोस्ट}}</ref> सहकारी ठगीको आरोपमा २०८० मा सभापति लामिछाने पक्राउ परेपछि डोलप्रसाद अर्यालले कार्यवाहक सभापतिको जिम्मेवारी सम्हालेका थिए। असार २०८१ मा कबिन्द्र बुर्लाकोटीलाई महामन्त्री र [[मनिष झा]]लाई प्रवक्ता नियुक्त गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=RSP appoint Kabindra Burlakoti as general secretary, Manish Jha as spokesperson |url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2025/21/479251/ |website=Khabarhub}}</ref> === जेन्जी आन्दोलन र विस्तार (वि.सं २०८२–वर्तमान) === 'जेन्जी' आन्दोलनपछि पूर्व सांसद [[सुमना श्रेष्ठ]]ले दलबाट राजीनामा दिएकी थिइन्। प्रमुख सचेतक सन्तोष परियारले पनि दल त्याग गरी [[प्रगतिशील लोकतान्त्रिक पार्टी (नेपाल)|प्रगतिशील लोकतान्त्रिक पार्टी]]मा आबद्ध भएका थिए। १४ मङ्सिर २०८२ मा [[विवेकशील साझा पार्टी]] रास्वपामा विलय भएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web|title=मन जित्ने विवेकशील र मत जित्ने रास्वपा जोड्यो एकता सभाले |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2025/11/1816898/ekta-sabha-unites-rsp-which-wins-hearts-and-votes|access-date=१३ मङ्सिर २०८२|website=अनलाइन खबर}}</ref> दलले [[काठमाडौँको नगर प्रमुख]] [[बालेन्द्र शाह]]लाई पार्टीमा ल्याउन र '[[उज्यालो नेपाल पार्टी]]'सँग एकता गर्ने सम्झौता गरे पनि उज्यालो नेपालसँगको एकता भने सफल हुन सकेन। २०८२ को आम निर्वाचनमा रास्वपाले २७५ मध्ये १८२ सिट जित्दै दुई-तिहाइ नजिकको बहुमत हासिल गरेको थियो र [[बालेन शाह]]ले १३ चैत २०८२ मा, प्रधानमन्त्रीको रूपमा शपथ लिएका थिए। == सङ्गठन == दलले आफ्नो कुनै पनि [[भ्रातृ सङ्गठन]] नहुने र केवल सदस्यहरू मात्र हुने, कुनै पनि [[कार्यकर्ता (राजनीति)|कार्यकर्ता]] नहुने घोषणा गरेको थियो। दलका तर्फबाट निर्वाचनका लागि उम्मेदवार छनोट गर्न प्रारम्भिक निर्वाचन गरिने घोषणा पनि गरिएको थियो।<ref name="JR">{{Cite web |title=Journalist Rabi Lamichhane announces new political party |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/journalist-rabi-lamichhane-announces-new-political-party |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=The Himalayan Times |date=22 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="RL"/> दलले २०७९ को प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचनका लागि उम्मेदवारहरूको छनोट प्रारम्भिक निर्वाचन मार्फत नै गरेको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rastriya Swatantra Party drawing public attention ahead of polls |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2022/11/10/rastriya-swatantra-party-drawing-public-attention-ahead-of-polls |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref> == विचारधारा == दलले [[संवैधानिक समाजवाद]], [[प्रगतिवाद]], राजनीतिक व्यावहारिकता, [[सहभागितामूलक लोकतन्त्र]], [[कल्याणकारी राज्य]]सहितको [[आर्थिक उदारवाद]]<ref name="GP">{{Cite web |title=Rastriya Swatantra Party adopts 'pluralistic democracy' as its guiding principle |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2023/11/30/rastriya-swatantra-party-adopts-pluralistic-democracy-as-its-guiding-principle |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> र राजनीतिक स्वतन्त्रताको समर्थन गर्दछ।<ref>{{Cite web |title=वाचा पत्र |url=https://rspnepal.org/rspmanifesto2079 |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=rspnepal.org |language=ne }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103174754/https://rspnepal.org/rspmanifesto2079 |date=2022-11-03 }}</ref> दलका विभिन्न सदस्यहरूले यसलाई एक [[मध्यमार्ग|मध्यमार्गी]] दलका रूपमा वर्णन गरेका छन्।<ref name="RS">{{Cite web |title=Rastriya Swatantra Party Manifesto |url=https://api.rspnepal.org/manifesto/download |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Rastriya Swatantra Party}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How serious is the Rastriya Prajatantra Party about promoting youth leaders and meritocracy? |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2023/08/06/how-serious-is-the-rastriya-prajatantra-party-about-promoting-youth-leaders-and-meritocracy |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=स्वतन्त्र पार्टीमा दुई धार : दायाँ जाने कि बायाँ ? |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2022/12/1227209 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Online Khabar |language=ne}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hi8yv2G7bS8 |title=अब आश्वासन बिक्दैन, मतदाता जागरुक भइसके |date=2022-11-27 |publisher=}}</ref> == नीतिगत अवधारणा == === अर्थतन्त्रको प्राकृतिक स्वरूप === दलले व्यक्तिगत अधिकारसहितको अर्थतन्त्रको समर्थन गर्दछ, जहाँ औद्योगिक र व्यापारिक गतिविधिहरूमा सरकारको संलग्नता रहँदैन। व्यक्ति, समूह, वर्ग वा राष्ट्रहरूबीचको आर्थिक सम्बन्धमा सरकारले हस्तक्षेप गर्न नपाउने यसको मान्यता छ। [[आर्थिक स्वतन्त्रता]]ले अर्थतन्त्रलाई समृद्धितर्फ लैजाने र सरकारको योजना वा हस्तक्षेपले अर्थतन्त्रमा अवरोध पुर्‍याई प्रतिकूल असर पार्ने विचारलाई दलले समर्थन गर्दछ।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swatantra Party leaders seek rewrite of political paper |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2023/06/18/swatantra-party-leaders-seek-rewrite-of-political-paper |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Kathmandu Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Can the Swatantra Party answer the bell? |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2022/12/01/can-the-swatantra-party-answer-the-bell |website=Kathmandu Post}}</ref> === निर्वाचन सुधार === रास्वपाले 'रिकल इलेक्सन' (निर्वाचित प्रतिनिधिलाई फिर्ता बोलाउने), 'राइट टु रिजेक्ट' (अस्वीकार गर्ने अधिकार) र 'एब्सेन्टी ब्यालेट' (अनुपस्थित मतदान) को व्यवस्थालाई समर्थन गर्दछ। दलले [[नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री|प्रधानमन्त्री]] र सातै प्रदेशका [[मुख्यमन्त्री (नेपाल)|मुख्यमन्त्री]]को [[प्रत्यक्ष निर्वाचन|प्रत्यक्ष निर्वाचन]] हुनुपर्ने पक्षमा वकालत गर्दछ।<ref name="RL" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=सांसदहरूलाई फिर्ता बोलाउन सकिने ‘राइट टू रिकल’ को फ्रेमवर्क बनाउँदै रास्वपा |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2026/03/1895881/rsp-is-creating-a-framework-for-right-to-recall-that-can-be-used-to-recall-mps |access-date=२०८२ चैत १२ |website=अनलाइन खबर|language=नेपाली}}</ref> २०७९ को निर्वाचनको वाचा पत्रमा दलले वडा अध्यक्षदेखि सङ्घीय सांसदसम्म सम्मिलित विस्तारित निर्वाचक मण्डलद्वारा निर्वाचित गैर-दलीय [[नेपालको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]]को अवधारणा अघि सारेको थियो। साथै, [[राष्ट्रिय सभा (नेपाल)|राष्ट्रिय सभा]]को अध्यक्षले नै उपराष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा कार्य गर्ने प्रस्ताव गरेको थियो। संवैधानिक निकायहरूमा हुने राजनीतिक नियुक्ति अन्त्य गर्न संवैधानिक परिषद् खारेज गरी राष्ट्रिय सभाको सिफारिस र प्रतिनिधि सभाको अनुमोदनमा नियुक्ति गरिनुपर्ने यसको माग रहेको छ। दलले वर्तमान [[प्रदेश सभा (नेपाल)|प्रदेश सभा]] र [[जिल्ला समन्वय समिति]] खारेजीको माग गर्दै स्थानीय तहका प्रमुखहरूद्वारा निर्वाचित हुने 'प्रदेश परिषद्' को पक्षमा उभिएको छ।<ref>{{Cite web|author=|title=राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टीको वाचापत्र : स्वतन्त्र व्यक्ति राष्ट्रपति, गैरदलीय राष्ट्रियसभा (पूर्णपाठ)|url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2022/11/1212699|work=|publisher=|website=अनलाइन खबर|language=नेपाली|archive-date=|archive-url=|date=|accessdate=१७ कात्तिक २०७९}}</ref> === आर्थिक तथा सामाजिक कल्याण === दलले निजी क्षेत्र, सहकारी र सरकारी क्षेत्रलाई अर्थतन्त्रका तीन खम्बाका रूपमा हेर्दछ। जनतालाई सेवा प्रवाह र आर्थिक वृद्धिका लागि सरकारी क्षेत्रको विकल्पका रूपमा निजी क्षेत्रको बढ्दो भूमिका र प्रतिस्पर्धालाई यसले प्राथमिकता दिन्छ। देशको सबैभन्दा न्यून आय भएका व्यक्तिहरूको आयकर अन्त्य गर्ने र प्रत्येक वडामा 'फुड बैङ्क' स्थापना गरी गरिबीको रेखा मुनि रहेकाहरूलाई 'रासन कार्ड' मार्फत पोषण सहायता सुनिश्चित गर्ने यसको लक्ष्य राखेको छ।<ref name="RSP">{{Cite web |title=Rastriya Swatantra Party - RSP |url=https://rspnepal.org/ |website=Rastriya Swatantra Party - RSP}}</ref> === स्वास्थ्य सेवा === दलले 'सिङ्गल-पेयर' स्वास्थ्य प्रणाली र सातै प्रदेशमा कम्तीमा एउटा प्रयोगशाला सहित ७५० शैयाको अस्पताल, ७७ वटै जिल्लामा ५० देखि १०० शैयाको अस्पताल, र प्रत्येक वडामा क्लिनिक स्थापना गर्ने लक्ष्य राखेको छ। केन्द्रिकृत राष्ट्रिय एम्बुलेन्स सेवा, खाद्य तथा औषधि विभाग र स्वास्थ्य नवप्रवर्तन बोर्ड जस्ता निकायहरू स्थापना गर्ने यसको योजना रहेको छ।<ref name="RSP" /> === भ्रष्टाचार निवारण === भ्रष्टाचार विरुद्ध कठोर कदम चाल्न दलले सुराकीहरूको सुरक्षाका लागि कानुन ल्याउने र [[अख्तियार दुरुपयोग अनुसन्धान आयोग, नेपाल|अख्तियार दुरुपयोग अनुसन्धान आयोग]] मातहत भ्रष्टाचार विरोधी प्रहरी दस्ता स्थापना गर्ने प्रस्ताव गरेको छ। === महिला र यौनिक अल्पसङ्ख्यक === हिंसा पीडितहरूका लागि आश्रयस्थल निर्माण र मानव बेचबिखन, घरेलु हिंसा तथा [[तेजाब आक्रमण]]मा परेकाहरूको सहयोगका लागि कोष स्थापना गर्ने यसको नीति छ। महिला वा यौनिक अल्पसङ्ख्यकहरूको ६० प्रतिशत सेयर वा कर्मचारी रहेका व्यवसायहरूलाई प्रोत्साहन गर्न विशेष कोषमार्फत उद्यमशीलता प्रवर्द्धन गर्ने लक्ष्य दलले राखेको छ।<ref name="RSP" /> == जिम्मेवारी सम्हालेका मन्त्रालयहरू == === दाहाल मन्त्रिपरिषद् अन्तर्गत === {{मुख्य|तेस्रो प्रचण्ड मन्त्रिपरिषद्}} ==== २०८० फागुन २३ देखि २०८१ असार २८ सम्म ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ |- ! colspan="6" |[[तेस्रो प्रचण्ड मन्त्रिपरिषद्|तेस्रो दाहाल मन्त्रिपरिषद्]] |- !क्र.सं. !मन्त्री !पदभार !पदबहाली (वि.सं.) !पदत्याग (वि.सं.) !कार्यकाल |- |१. |[[रवि लामिछाने]] |[[गृह मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|गृह मन्त्रालय]], [[नेपालको उपप्रधानमन्त्री|उपप्रधानमन्त्री]] |२३ फागुन २०८० |२८ असार २०८१ |१२८ दिन |- |२. |[[सुमना श्रेष्ठ]] |[[शिक्षा, विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|शिक्षा, विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि मन्त्रालय]] |२३ फागुन २०८० |२८ असार २०८१ |१२८ दिन |- |३. |[[डोलप्रसाद अर्याल]] |[[श्रम, रोजगार तथा सामाजिक सुरक्षा मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|श्रम, रोजगार तथा सामाजिक सुरक्षा मन्त्रालय]] |२३ फागुन २०८० |२८ असार २०८१ |१२८ दिन |- |४. |[[विराजभक्त श्रेष्ठ]] |[[युवा तथा खेलकुद मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|युवा तथा खेलकुद मन्त्रालय]] |२३ फागुन २०८० |२८ असार २०८१ |१२८ दिन |} ==== २०७९ माघ ३ देखि २०७९ माघ २२ सम्म ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ |- ! colspan="7" |[[तेस्रो प्रचण्ड मन्त्रिपरिषद्|तेस्रो दाहाल मन्त्रिपरिषद्]] |- !क्र.सं. !मन्त्री !पदभार !पदबहाली (वि.सं.) !पदत्याग (वि.सं.) !कार्यकाल !उत्तराधिकारी |- |१. |[[डोलप्रसाद अर्याल]] |[[श्रम, रोजगार तथा सामाजिक सुरक्षा मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|श्रम, रोजगार तथा सामाजिक सुरक्षा मन्त्रालय]] |३ माघ २०७९ |२२ माघ २०७९ |१९ दिन |[[शरतसिंह भण्डारी]] |- |२. |[[शिशिर खनाल]] |[[शिक्षा, विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|शिक्षा, विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि मन्त्रालय]] |३ माघ २०७९ |२२ माघ २०७९ |१९ दिन |[[अशोककुमार राई]] |- |३. |[[तोसिमा कार्की]] | राज्यमन्त्री, [[स्वास्थ्य तथा जनसङ्ख्या मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|स्वास्थ्य तथा जनसङ्ख्या मन्त्रालय]] |३ माघ २०७९ |२२ माघ २०७९ |१९ दिन |[[पुष्पकमल दाहाल]] ''(मन्त्रालय रिक्त)'' |} == निर्वाचन परिणामहरू == <graph>{ "legends": [], "scales": [ { "type": "ordinal", "name": "x", "zero": false, "domain": { "data": "chart", "field": "x" }, "padding": 0.2, "range": "width", "nice": true }, { "type": "linear", "name": "y", "domain": { "data": "chart", "field": "y" }, "zero": true, "range": "height", "nice": true }, { "domain": { "data": "chart", "field": "series" }, "type": "ordinal", "name": "color", "range": [ "#0095DA" ] } ], "version": 2, "marks": [ { 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url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1vL0CDaVGjp8kd7B_IDCjKlYzBaFkcN5Q/view | title=प्रतिनिधिसभा-उम्मेदवार-अन्तिम-सूची.PDF }}</ref> त्यस्तै, [[प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचन, २०८२]]का लागि पार्टीले प्रत्यक्ष प्रणालीतर्फ १६४ निर्वाचन क्षेत्रमा आफ्ना उम्मेदवारहरू मनोनयन गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.setopati.com/politics/380341|title=राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टीका यी हुन् १६४ उम्मेदवार |website=सेतोपाटी |access-date=१२ चैत २०८२|language=नेपाली }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;"|निर्वाचन ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;"|नेता ! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;"|प्रत्यक्ष मत ! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;" |समानुपातिक मत ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;" |सिट संख्या ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;"| ± ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;" |स्थान ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;"|नतिजा |- !style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;"|मत सङ्ख्या !style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;"|% !style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;" | ± !style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;"|मत सङ्ख्या !style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;"|% !style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;" | ± |- | rowspan="2" |[[प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचन, २०७९|२०७९]] | [[रवि लामिछाने]] | rowspan="2" |८,१५,०२३ | rowspan="2" |७.७७ | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" |११,३०,३४४ | rowspan="2" |१०.७० | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" |{{Infobox political party/seats|21|275|{{party color|राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी}}}} | rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"| | rowspan="2" |चौथो |{{yes2|गठबन्धन सरकार}} |- | [[रवि लामिछाने]] |{{no2|प्रतिपक्ष}} |- |[[प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचन, २०८२|२०८२]] |'''[[बालेन्द्र शाह]]''' |'''४६,५०,६९७''' |'''४४.१७''' |{{Increase}} ३६.४० |'''५१,८३,४९३''' |'''४७.८४''' |{{Increase}} ३७.१४ |'''{{Infobox political party/seats|182|275|{{party color|राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी}}}}''' |{{Increase}} १६१ |{{Increase}} प्रथम |{{yes2|बहुमतको सरकार}} |} == नेतृत्व == === पार्टी सभापति === {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="background:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;" |क्र.सं. ! style="background:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;" |सभापति ! style="background:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;" |तस्बिर ! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;" |कार्यकाल (वि.सं.) |- !१ |[[रवि लामिछाने]] |[[File:Rabi Lamichhane.png|100x100px]] |१७ असार २०७९ |१३ माघ २०७९ |- !― |[[डोलप्रसाद अर्याल]] |[[File:Dol Prasad Aryal RSP (cropped).jpg|100x00px]] |१३ माघ २०७९ |१५ माघ २०७९ |- !(१) |[[रवि लामिछाने]] |[[File:Rabi Lamichhane.png|100x100px]] |१५ माघ २०७९<ref name="IP">{{Cite web |title=Ravi Lamichhane's National Independent Party registered at EC |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/128547/ |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref> |बहालवाला |} === उपसभापति === {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="background:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;" |क्र.सं. ! style="background:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;" |उपसभापति ! style="background:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;" |तस्बिर ! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;" |कार्यकाल (वि.सं.) |- ! rowspan="2" |१ |[[डोलप्रसाद अर्याल]] |[[File:Dol Prasad Aryal RSP (cropped).jpg|100x00px]] |१७ असार २०७९<ref name="rsp"/> |बहालवाला |- |[[स्वर्णिम वाग्ले]] | |१३ मंसिर २०८०<ref name="rsp">{{Cite web |title=राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी |url=https://rspnepal.org/executive-members |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=आधिकारिक वेबसाइट}}</ref> |बहालवाला |} === संसदीय दलको नेता === * [[बालेन्द्र शाह]] (२०८२ फागुन–वर्तमान)<ref>{{Cite web |title=RSP to amend statute to make Balen Shah parliamentary party leader |url=https://en.setopati.com/political/166075/ |website=Setopati}}</ref> === सह-महामन्त्री === * [[विपिनकुमार आचार्य]] (२०८१–वर्तमान) * [[सुमना श्रेष्ठ]] (२०८०–२०८१) === संसदीय दलको उपनेता === * [[विराजभक्त श्रेष्ठ]] (२०७९–वर्तमान) === प्रमुख सचेतक === * [[निशा डाँगी]] (२०८१ फागुन–वर्तमान) * [[सन्तोष परियार]] (२०७९–२०८१) === महामन्त्री === * [[कविन्द्र बुर्लाकोटी]] (२०८१ असार–वर्तमान) * मुकुल ढकाल (२०७९ असार–२०८१ असार) === प्रवक्ता === * [[मनिष झा]] (२०८०–वर्तमान) === सह-प्रवक्ता === * प्रतिभा रावल (२०८१ फागुन–वर्तमान) === पार्टी कोषाध्यक्ष === * लिमा अधिकारी (२०८१ चैत–वर्तमान) === उपप्रधानमन्त्रीहरूको सूची === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;" |क्र.सं. ! rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;" |उपप्रधानमन्त्री ! rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;" |तस्बिर ! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;" |कार्यकाल (वि.सं.) ! rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;" |संसद ! rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;" |निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ! rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;" |प्रधानमन्त्री |- ! style="background:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;" |सुरुवात ! style="background:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;" |अन्त्य ! style="background:{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}; color:white;" |अवधि |- |१ |[[रवि लामिछाने]] |[[File:Rabi Lamichhane.png|center|frameless|133x133px]] |११ पुस २०७९ |१३ माघ २०७९ |३२ दिन |[[नेपालको दोस्रो सङ्घीय संसद|दोस्रो सङ्घीय संसद]] |[[चितवन २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|चितवन २]] |[[पुष्पकमल दाहाल]] |} == संसद सदस्यहरू == === प्रतिनिधि सभा (वि.सं २०८२–हाल) === {{Main|प्रतिनिधि सभा (नेपाल)}} सांसदहरूको यो सूची दलको शक्ति सन्तुलन, मन्त्रीस्तरीय दर्जा र प्रतिनिधि सभाको कार्यकालका आधारमा क्रमबद्ध गरिएको छ। {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !क्रम !सांसद !तस्विर !पदभार ग्रहण !पद मुक्त !कार्यकाल !निर्वाचन क्षेत्र !पूर्ववर्ती |- |१. |[[रवि लामिछाने]] |[[चित्र:Rabi Lamichhane.png|अङ्गुठाकार|सभापति]]☢ |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[चितवन २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|चितवन २]] |[[कृष्णभक्त पोखरेल]] |- |२. |[[बालेन शाह|बालेन्द्र शाह]] | [[चित्र:Balen Shah3-cropped.png|अङ्गुठाकार|252x252पिक्सेल|वरिष्ठ नेता एवं प्रधानमन्त्री]] |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[झापा ५]] |[[केपी शर्मा ओली]] |- |३. |[[स्वर्णिम वाग्ले]] | [[चित्र:Swarnim Wagle MP 2023.png|अङ्गुठाकार|उपसभापति एवं अर्थमन्त्री]]☢ |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[तनहुँ १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|तनहुँ १]] |[[रामचन्द्र पौडेल]] |- |४. |[[डोलप्रसाद अर्याल]] |[[File:Dol Prasad Aryal RSP (cropped).jpg|center|frameless|117x117px]]पूर्व उपसभापति |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[काठमाडौँ ९ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|काठमाडौँ ९]] |[[कृष्णगोपाल श्रेष्ठ]] |- |५. |[[कविन्द्र बुर्लाकोटी]] |[[File:Rhodes Forum 2014 (15264202163).jpg|center|frameless|136x136px]]महामन्त्री |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[गोरखा २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|गोरखा २]] |[[पुष्पकमल दाहाल]] |- |६. |[[मनिष झा]] |[[File:Manish Jha - RSP.png|center|frameless|147x147px]]प्रवक्ता |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[धनुषा ३ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|धनुषा ३]] |[[जुलीकुमारी महतो]] |- |७. |[[शिशिर खनाल]] |[[File:ShishirKhanal.png|center|frameless|137x137px]]परराष्ट्रमंत्री |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[काठमाडौँ ६ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|काठमाडौँ ६]] |[[भिमसेनदास प्रधान]] |- |८. |[[विराजभक्त श्रेष्ठ]] |[[File:BirajBhaktaShrestha.png|center|frameless|117x117px]]उर्जामन्त्री |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[काठमाडौँ ८ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|काठमाडौँ ८]] |[[जीवनराम श्रेष्ठ]] |- |९. |[[हरि ढकाल]] |[[File:Hari Dhakal.gif|center|frameless|103x103px]] |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[चितवन १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|चितवन १]] |[[सुरेन्द्र पाण्डे]] |- |१०. |[[निशा डाँगी]] | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[झापा १]] |[[विश्वप्रकाश शर्मा]] |- |११. |[[सोविता गौतम]] | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[चितवन ३ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|चितवन ३]] |[[विक्रम पाण्डे]] |- |१२. |[[विपिन कुमार आचार्य]] |[[File:Bipin Kumar Acharya RSP.png|center|frameless|116x116px]] |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[दाङ २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|दाङ २]] |[[रेखा शर्मा]] |- |१३. |[[तोसिमा कार्की]] | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[ललितपुर ३ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|ललितपुर ३]] |[[पम्फा भुसाल]] |- |१४. |[[इन्दिरा राना मगर]] |[[File:Indira Ranamagar.png|center|frameless|116x116px]] |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[झापा २]] |[[देवराज घिमिरे]] |- |१५. |[[गणेश पराजुली]] |[[File:GaneshParajuli.png|center|frameless|116x116px]] |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[काठमाडौँ ७ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|काठमाडौँ ७]] |[[रामवीर मानन्धर]] |- |१६. |[[अमरेशकुमार सिंह]] |[[File:Dr. Amresh Kumar Singh.jpg|center|frameless|124x124px]] |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[सर्लाही ४ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|सर्लाही ४]] | - |- |१७. |जगदीश खरेल |[[File:Jagdish Kharel.jpg|center|frameless|116x116px]] |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[ललितपुर २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|ललितपुर २]] |[[प्रेमबहादुर महर्जन]] |- |१८. |सस्मित पोखरेल | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[काठमाडौँ ५ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|काठमाडौँ ५]] |[[प्रदिप पौडेल]] |- |१९. |[[रन्जु दर्शना]] | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[काठमाडौँ १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|काठमाडौँ १]] |[[प्रकाशमान सिंह]] |- |२०. |[[बब्लु गुप्ता]] |[[File:Bablu Gupta RSP.png|center|frameless|107x107px]] |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[सिराहा १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|सिराहा १]] |[[रामशङ्कर यादव]] |- |२१. |राजुनाथ पाण्डे |[[File:Rajunath Pandey.png|center|frameless|116x116px]] |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[काठमाडौँ ३ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|काठमाडौँ ३]] |[[सन्तोष चालिसे]] |- |२२. |यज्ञमणि न्यौपाने |[[File:Yagyamani Neupane RSP.png|center|frameless|117x117px]] |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[मोरङ १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|मोरङ १]] |[[डिगबहादुर लिम्बू]] |- |२३. |[[केपी खनाल]] |[[File:KP Khanal.jpg|center|frameless|117x117px]] |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[कैलाली २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|कैलाली २]] |[[अरुण कुमार चौधरी]] |- |२४. |पुकार बम |[[File:Pukar Bam RSP.png|center|frameless|116x116px]] |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[काठमाडौँ ४ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|काठमाडौँ ४]] |[[गगन थापा]] |- |२५. |दीपकराज बोहरा |[[File:Deepak Raj Bohara RSP.png|center|frameless|117x117px]] |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[कञ्चनपुर २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|कञ्चनपुर २]] |[[नारायणप्रकाश साउद]] |- |२६. |सुदन गुरुङ | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[गोरखा १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|गोरखा १]] |[[राजेन्द्र बजगाईं]] |- |२७. |अशोककुमार चौधरी |[[File:Ashok Kumar Chaudhary RSP.png|center|frameless|117x117px]] |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[सुनसरी ३ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|सुनसरी ३]] |[[भगवती चौधरी]] |- |२८. |शिवशङ्कर यादव |[[File:Shiv Shankar Yadav RSP.png|center|frameless|117x117px]] |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[सिराहा २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|सिराहा २]] |[[राजकिशोर यादव]] |- |२९. |धनञ्जय रेग्मी |[[File:Dhananjaya Regmi RSP.png|center|frameless|116x116px]] |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[स्याङ्जा १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|स्याङ्जा १]] |[[राजु थापा]] |- |३०. |गणेश कार्की |[[File:Ganesh Karki RSP.png|center|frameless|117x117px]] |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[मोरङ ३ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|मोरङ ३]] |[[सुनिलकुमार शर्मा|सुनिल शर्मा]] |- |३१. |सागर ढकाल | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[गुल्मी १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|गुल्मी १]] |[[चन्द्र भण्डारी]] |- |३२. |प्रदिप बिष्ट | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[काठमाडौँ १० (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|काठमाडौँ १०]] |[[राजेन्द्रकुमार केसी]] |- |३३. |राजिव खत्री | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[भक्तपुर २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|भक्तपुर २]] |[[दुर्लभ थापा क्षेत्री]] |- |३४. |लेकजङ्ग थापा | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[रुपन्देही ३ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|रुपन्देही ३]] |[[दीपक बोहरा]] |- |३५. |कृष्णहरि बुढाथोकी | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[रामेछाप १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|रामेछाप १]] |[[पूर्णबहादुर तामाङ]] |- |३६. |सुनिल केसी | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[काठमाडौँ २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|काठमाडौँ २]] |[[सोबिता गौतम]] |- |३७. |विश्वराज पोखरेल |[[File:Bishwaraj Pokharel RSP.png|center|frameless|117x117px]] |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[ओखलढुङ्गा १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|ओखलढुङ्गा १]] |[[रामहरि खतिवडा]] |- |३८. |[[आशिका तामाङ]] | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[धादिङ १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|धादिङ १]] |[[राजेन्द्रप्रसाद पाण्डे]] |- |३९. |सुलभ खरेल |[[File:Sulabh Kharel RSP.png|center|frameless|117x117px]] |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[रुपन्देही २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|रुपन्देही २]] |[[विष्णुप्रसाद पौडेल]] |- |४०. |प्रकाश पाठक |[[File:Prakash Pathak RSP.png|center|frameless|116x116px]] |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[झापा ३]] |[[राजेन्द्र लिङ्देन]] |- |४१. |[[ताराप्रसाद जोशी]] |[[File:Tara-Joshi.jpg|center|frameless|112x112px]] |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[डडेल्धुरा १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|डडेल्धुरा १]] |[[शेरबहादुर देउवा]] |- |४२. |श्रीराम न्यौपाने | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[तनहुँ २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|तनहुँ २]] |[[शङ्कर भण्डारी]] |- |४३. |आशा झा | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[मोरङ ५ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|मोरङ ५]] |[[योगेन्द्र मण्डल]] |- |४४. |अरविन्द साह | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[बारा ३ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|बारा ३]] |[[ज्वालाकुमारी साह]] |- |४५. |शम्भुप्रसाद ढकाल | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[झापा ४]] |[[लालप्रसाद साँवा लिम्बू]] |- |४६. |उत्तमप्रसाद पौडेल | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[कास्की २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|कास्की २]] |[[विद्या भट्टराई]] |- |४७. |जगदीश खरेल | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[दोलखा १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|दोलखा १]] |[[गङ्गा कार्की]] |- |४८. |सुनिल लम्साल | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[रुपन्देही १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|रुपन्देही १]] |[[छबिलाल विश्वकर्मा]] |- |४९. |हरिप्रसाद भुसाल | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[अर्घाखाँची १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|अर्घाखाँची १]] |[[टोपबहादुर रायमाझी]] |- |५०. |सूर्यबहादुर तामाङ | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[उदयपुर २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|उदयपुर २]] |[[अम्बरबहादुर रायमाझी]] |- |५१. |सुशील खड्का | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[बागलुङ १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|बागलुङ १]] |[[चित्रबहादुर केसी]] |- |५२. |आशिष गजुरेल | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[सिन्धुली २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|सिन्धुली २]] |[[लेखनाथ दाहाल]] |- |५३. |रुविना आचार्य | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[मोरङ ६ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|मोरङ ६]] |[[शेखर कोइराला]] |- |५४. |बिना गुरुङ | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[कास्की ३ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|कास्की ३]] |दामोदर प्रसाद वैरागी |- |५५. |मधुकुमार चौलागाईं | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[काभ्रेपलाञ्चोक १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|काभ्रेपलाञ्चोक १]] |[[सूर्यमान दोङ तामाङ]] |- |५६. |ज्ञानेन्द्र सिंह महता | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[कञ्चनपुर ३ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|कञ्चनपुर ३]] |[[रमेश लेखक]] |- |५७. |सोम शर्मा | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[बागलुङ २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|बागलुङ २]] |[[देवेन्द्र पौडेल]] |- |५८. |हरिमोहन भण्डारी | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[बैतडी १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|बैतडी १]] |[[दामोदर भण्डारी]] |- |५९. |सुरेश कुमार चौधरी | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[बाँके १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|बाँके १]] |[[सूर्यप्रसाद ढकाल]] |- |६०. |खगेन्द्र सुनार | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[बाँके ३ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|बाँके ३]] |[[किशोर सिंह राठौर]] |- |६१. |गणेश धिमाल | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[बारा १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|बारा १]] |[[अच्युतप्रसाद मैनाली]] |- |६२. |रुकेश रञ्जित | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[भक्तपुर १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|भक्तपुर १]] |[[प्रेम सुवाल]] |- |६३. |ठाकुर सिंह थारु | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[बर्दिया १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|बर्दिया १]] |[[सञ्जयकुमार गौतम]] |- |६४. |रामजी यादव | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[सप्तरी २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|सप्तरी २]] |[[सीके राउत]] |- |६५. |लालबिक्रम थापा | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[सुनसरी २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|सुनसरी २]] |[[भिम आचार्य]] |- |६६. |तपेश्वर यादव | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[सिराहा ४ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|सिराहा ४]] |[[वीरेन्द्रप्रसाद महतो]] |- |६७. |भरतप्रसाद पराजुली | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[सिन्धुपाल्चोक १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|सिन्धुपाल्चोक १]] |[[माधव सापकोटा]] |- |६८. |नितिमा भण्डारी | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[सर्लाही १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|सर्लाही १]] |[[रामप्रकाश चौधरी]] |- |६९. |चन्दन कुमार सिंह | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[बारा २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|बारा २]] |[[उपेन्द्र यादव]] |- |७०. |राहबार अन्सारी | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[बारा ४ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|बारा ४]] |[[कृष्णकुमार श्रेष्ठ]] |- |७१. |श्रीधर पोखरेल | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[बर्दिया २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|बर्दिया २]] |[[लालवीर चौधरी]] |- |७२. |देवराज पाठक | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[दाङ १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|दाङ १]] |[[मेटमणि चौधरी]] |- |७३. |कमल सुवेदी | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[दाङ ३ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|दाङ ३]] |[[दीपक गिरी]] |- |७४. |बोधनारायण श्रेष्ठ | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[धादिङ २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|धादिङ २]] |[[रामनाथ अधिकारी]] |- |७५. |रामविनोद शाह | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[धनुषा २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|धनुषा २]] |[[रामकृष्ण यादव]] |- |७६. |राजकिशोर महतो | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[धनुषा ४ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|धनुषा ४]] |[[रघुवीर महासेठ]] |- |७७. |गोविन्द पन्थी | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[गुल्मी २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|गुल्मी २]] |[[गोकर्ण विष्ट]] |- |७८. |कोमल ज्ञवाली | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[कैलाली १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|कैलाली १]] |[[रञ्जिता श्रेष्ठ]] |- |७९. |जगतप्रसाद जोशी | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[कैलाली ३ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|कैलाली ३]] |[[गङ्गाराम चौधरी]] |- |८०. |खेमराज कोइराला | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[कैलाली ४ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|कैलाली ४]] |[[वीरबहादुर बलायर]] |- |८१. |आनन्दबहादुर चन्द | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[कैलाली ५ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|कैलाली ५]] |[[डिल्लीराज पन्त]] |- |८२. |जनक सिंह धामी | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[कञ्चनपुर १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|कञ्चनपुर १]] |[[तारा लामा तामाङ]] |- |८३. |मोहनलाल आचार्य | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[कपिलवस्तु १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|कपिलवस्तु १]] |[[बलराम अधिकारी]] |- |८४. |विक्रम थापा | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[कपिलवस्तु २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|कपिलवस्तु २]] |[[सुरेन्द्रराज आचार्य]] |- |८५. |खडकराज पौडेल | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[कास्की १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|कास्की १]] |[[मानबहादुर गुरुङ]] |- |८६. |वदन कुमार भण्डारी | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[काभ्रेपलाञ्चोक २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|काभ्रेपलाञ्चोक २]] |[[गोकुलप्रसाद बास्कोटा]] |- |८७. |बुद्धरत्न तुलाधर | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[ललितपुर १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|ललितपुर १]] |[[उदयशमशेर राणा]] |- |८८. |धर्मराज केसी | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[लमजुङ १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|लमजुङ १]] |[[पृथ्वी सुब्बा गुरुङ]] |- |८९. |प्रमोदकुमार महतो | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[महोत्तरी १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|महोत्तरी १]] |[[गिरीराजमणि पोखरेल]] |- |९०. |दीपक कुमार साह | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[सुनसरी ४ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|सुनसरी ४]] |[[ज्ञानेन्द्रबहादुर कार्की]] |- |९१. |उज्ज्वलकुमार झा | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[महोत्तरी ३ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|महोत्तरी ३]] |[[महन्थ ठाकुर]] |- |९२. |गौरी कुमारी | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[महोत्तरी ४ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|महोत्तरी ४]] |[[महेन्द्र कुमार राय]] |- |९३. |प्रकाश गौतम | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[मकवानपुर १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|मकवानपुर १]] |[[दीपकबहादुर सिंह]] |- |९४. |प्रशान्त उप्रेती | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[मकवानपुर २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|मकवानपुर २]] |[[महेशकुमार बर्तौला]] |- |९५. |कृष्णकुमार कार्की | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[मोरङ २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|मोरङ २]] |[[ऋषिकेश पोखरेल]] |- |९६. |सन्तोष राजवंशी | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[मोरङ ४ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|मोरङ ४]] |[[अमनलाल मोदी]] |- |९७. |राजन् गौतम | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[नवलपरासी (बर्दघाट सुस्ता पूर्व) १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|नवलपुर १]] |[[शशाङ्क कोइराला]] |- |९८. |मनिष खनाल | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[नवलपरासी (बर्दघाट सुस्ता पूर्व) २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|नवलपुर २]] |[[विष्णुकुमार कार्की]] |- |९९. |विक्रम तिमिल्सिना | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[नुवाकोट १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|नुवाकोट १]] |[[हितबहादुर तामाङ]] |- |१००. |अच्युत लामिछाने | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[नुवाकोट २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|नुवाकोट २]] |[[अर्जुननरसिंह केसी]] |- |१०१. |माधवबहादुर थापा | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[पाल्पा २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|पाल्पा २]] |[[ठाकुरप्रसाद गैरे]] |- |१०२. |विक्रम खनाल | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[नवलपरासी (बर्दघाट सुस्ता पश्चिम) १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|नवलपरासी १]] |[[विनोद चौधरी]] |- |१०३. |नरेन्द्र कुमार गुप्ता | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[नवलपरासी (बर्दघाट सुस्ता पश्चिम) २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|नवलपरासी २]] |[[ध्रुवबहादुर प्रधान]] |- |१०४. |सागर भुसाल | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[पर्वत १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|पर्वत १]] |[[पदम गिरी]] |- |१०५. |बुद्धिप्रसाद पन्त | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[पर्सा १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|पर्सा १]] |[[प्रदीप यादव (राजनीतिज्ञ)|प्रदीप यादव]] |- |१०६. |सुशील कुमार कानु | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[पर्सा २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|पर्सा २]] |[[अजय चौरसिया]] |- |१०७. |रमाकान्त चौरसिया | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[पर्सा ३ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|पर्सा ३]] |[[राजकुमार गुप्ता]] |- |१०८. |टेकबहादुर शाक्य | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[पर्सा ४ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|पर्सा ४]] |[[रमेश रिजाल]] |- |१०९. |सुशान्त वैदिक | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[प्युठान १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|प्युठान १]] |[[सूर्यबहादुर थापा क्षेत्री]] |- |११०. |राजेश कुमार चौधरी | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[रौतहट १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|रौतहट १]] |[[माधवकुमार नेपाल]] |- |१११. |रविन्द्र पटेल | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[रौतहट ३ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|रौतहट ३]] |[[प्रभु साह]] |- |११२. |गणेश पौडेल | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[रौतहट ४ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|रौतहट ४]] |[[देव प्रसाद तिमिल्सेना]] |- |११३. |[[कन्हैया बनिया]] | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[रुपन्देही ४ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|रुपन्देही ४]] |[[सर्वेन्द्रनाथ शुक्ल]] |- |११४. |तौफिक अहमद खान | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[रुपन्देही ५ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|रुपन्देही ५]] |[[वासुदेव घिमिरे]] |- |११५. |[[पुष्पा कुमारी चौधरी]] | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[सप्तरी १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|सप्तरी १]] |[[नवलकिशोर साह]] |- |११६. |[[अमरकान्त चौधरी]] | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[सप्तरी ३ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|सप्तरी ३]] |[[दिनेशकुमार यादव]] |- |११७. |[[सिताराम साह]] | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[सप्तरी ४ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|सप्तरी ४]] |[[तेजुललाल चौधरी]] |- |११८. |नरेन्द्र साह कलवार | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[सर्लाही ३ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|सर्लाही ३]] |[[रामेश्वर राय यादव]] |- |११९. |धानन्द्र कार्की | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[सिन्धुली १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|सिन्धुली १]] |[[श्यामकुमार घिमिरे]] |- |१२०. |रविन महतो | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[सर्लाही २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|सर्लाही २]] |[[महिन्द्र राय यादव]] |- |१२१. |पाराशमणि गेलाल | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[उदयपुर १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|उदयपुर १]] |[[नारायण खड्का]] |- |१२२. |झबिलाल डुम्रे | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[स्याङ्जा २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|स्याङ्जा २]] |[[धनराज गुरुङ]] |- |१२३. |रमेश कुमार सापकोटा | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[सुर्खेत २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|सुर्खेत २]] |[[हृदयराम थानी]] |- |१२४. |शम्भु कुमार यादव | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[सिराहा ३ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|सिराहा ३]] |[[लिलानाथ श्रेष्ठ]] |- |१२५. |दीपक कुमार साह | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[महोत्तरी २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|महोत्तरी २]] |[[शरतसिंह भण्डारी]] |} ==== समानुपातिक निर्वाचन प्रणाली (वि.सं २०८२–हाल) ==== {{Main|समानुपातिक निर्वाचन प्रणाली}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !क्रम !सांसद !तस्विर !पदभार ग्रहण !पद मुक्त !कार्यकाल !समूह |- |१२६. |प्रतिभा रावल | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} | rowspan="3" |[[खस आर्य]] |- |१२७. |लिमा अधिकारी | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१२८. |रमेश प्रसाईं | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१२९. |रिमा विश्वकर्मा | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} | rowspan="2" |[[दलित]] |- |१३०. |अमृता विक | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१३१. |पुरुषोत्तम यादव | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |[[मधेशी]] |- |१३२. |समिना मियाँ | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} | rowspan="3" |[[नेपालमा इस्लाम|मुस्लिम]] |- |१३३. |अफसाना बानु | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१३४. |गलाजा समिम मिकरानी | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१३५. |गीता चौधरी | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} | rowspan="4" |[[थारू जाति|थारू]] |- |१३६. |सुरेन्द्र चौधरी | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१३७. |प्रेमलाल चौधरी | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१३८. |करिश्मा कठरिया | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१३९. |खगेन्द्र कर्ण | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} | rowspan="7" |[[मधेशी]] |- |१४०. |कामिनी कुमारी | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१४१. |सरिता महतो | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१४२. |अङ्किता ठाकुर | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१४३. |ललिता कुमारी | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१४४. |निशा मेहता | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१४५. |पुनमकुमारी अग्रवाल | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१४६. |बसुमाया तामाङ | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} | rowspan="16" |[[आदिवासी जनजाति]] |- |१४७. |गङ्गा छन्त्याल | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१४८. |सुमरिमा उदास | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१४९. |[[अनुष्का श्रेष्ठ]] |[[File:Anushka Shrestha.jpg|center|frameless|116x116px]] |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१५०. |ओजस्वी शेरचन | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१५१. |सिर्जना श्रेष्ठ | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१५२. |रजिनी श्रेष्ठ | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१५३. |कुसुम महर्जन | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१५४. |भूमिका श्रेष्ठ | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१५५. |प्रमिला कुलुजु | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१५६. |सुजाता तामाङ | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१५७. |कृपा महर्जन | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१५८. |अलिजा गुरुङ | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१५९. |राम लामा | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१६०. |खुश्बु श्रेष्ठ | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१६१. |[[मिङ्मा ग्याबु शेर्पा]] |[[File:Mingma Gyab Sherpa.jpg|center|frameless|116x116px]] |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१६२. |प्रभा ढकाल | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} | rowspan="14" |[[खस आर्य]] |- |१६३. |ज्ञानु पौडेल | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१६४. |रताकुमारी थापा | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१६५. |शोभा खनाल | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१६६. |प्रभा कार्की | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१६७. |मञ्जु भुसाल | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१६८. |सृष्टि भट्टराई | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१६९. |आकृति अवस्थी | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१७०. |क्रान्ति शिखा धिताल | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१७१. |टीका संग्रौला | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१७२. |श्रद्धा कुँवर | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१७३. |समीक्षा बास्कोटा | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१७४. |विदुषी राणा | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१७५. |रचना खतिवडा | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१७६. |प्रकाशचन्द्र परियार | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} | rowspan="6" |[[दलित]] |- |१७७. |खिमा विक | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१७८. |तारा विश्वकर्मा | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१७९. |सुष्मा स्वर्णकार | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१८०. |स्मृति सेन्चुरी | |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |- |१८१. |[[सीता बादी|सीता वादी]] |[[चित्र:Sita Badi RSP.png|केन्द्र|फ्रेमहीन|117x117पिक्सेल]] |१३ चैत २०८२ | |{{Age in years and days|27 March 2026}} |} === प्रतिनिधि सभा (२०७९–२०८२) === {{मुख्य|प्रतिनिधि सभा (नेपाल)}} सांसदहरूको यो सूची दलको शक्ति सन्तुलन, मन्त्रीस्तरीय दर्जा र प्रतिनिधि सभाको कार्यकालका आधारमा क्रमबद्ध गरिएको छ। {| class="wikitable sortable" !क्रम !सांसद !तस्विर !पदभार ग्रहण !पद मुक्त !कार्यकाल !पूर्ववर्ती !निर्वाचन क्षेत्र |- | rowspan="2" |१. | rowspan="2" |[[रवि लामिछाने]] | rowspan="2" |[[File:Rabi Lamichhane RSP.jpg|center|frameless|119x119px]] |१७ असार २०७९ ||१३ माघ २०७९ |{{Age in years and days|1 July 2022|27 January 2023}} |''पद सिर्जना'' | rowspan="2" |[[चितवन २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|चितवन २]] |- |१५ माघ २०७९ | rowspan="21" |''२७ भदौ २०८२'' |{{Age in years and days|29 January 2023|12 September 2025}} |[[डोलप्रसाद अर्याल]] |- |२. |[[स्वर्णिम वाग्ले]] | |DTS|१५ वैशाख २०८० |{{Age in years and days|28 April 2023|12 September 2025}} |[[रामचन्द्र पौडेल]] |[[तनहुँ १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|तनहुँ १]] |- |३. |[[सुमना श्रेष्ठ]] | [[File:Sumana Shrestha.png|center|frameless|103x103px]] | rowspan="3" |७ पुस २०७९ | rowspan="3" |{{Age in years and days|22 December 2022|12 September 2025}} | rowspan="3" | - | rowspan="3" |''समानुपातिक निर्वाचन प्रणालीबाट निर्वाचित'' |- |४. |[[डोलप्रसाद अर्याल]] | [[File:Dol Prasad Aryal RSP (cropped).jpg|center|frameless|106x106px]] |- |५. |[[मनिष झा]] |[[File:Manish Jha - RSP.png|center|frameless|112x112px]] |- |६. |[[विराजभक्त श्रेष्ठ]] |[[File:Biraj Bhakta Shrestha.jpg|center|frameless|96x96px]] |७ पुस २०७९ |{{Age in years and days|22 December 2022|12 September 2025}} |[[जीवनराम श्रेष्ठ]] |[[काठमाडौँ ८ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|काठमाडौँ ८]] |- |७. |[[तोसिमा कार्की]] | [[File:Toshima Karki - RSP.jpg|center|frameless|140x140px]] |७ पुस २०७९ |{{Age in years and days|22 December 2022|12 September 2025}} |[[पम्फा भुसाल]] |[[ललितपुर ३ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|ललितपुर ३]] |- |८. |[[हरि ढकाल]] | |७ पुस २०७९ |{{Age in years and days|22 December 2022|12 September 2025}} |[[सुरेन्द्र पाण्डे]] |[[चितवन १ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|चितवन १]] |- |९. |[[शिशिर खनाल]] |[[File:ShishirKhanal.png|center|frameless|138x138px]] |७ पुस २०७९ |{{Age in years and days|22 December 2022|12 September 2025}} |[[भिमसेनदास प्रधान]] |[[काठमाडौँ ६ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|काठमाडौँ ६]] |- |१०. |[[सोविता गौतम]] |[[File:SobitaGautam.png|center|frameless|130x130px]] |७ पुस २०७९ |{{Age in years and days|22 December 2022|12 September 2025}} |[[माधव कुमार नेपाल]] |[[काठमाडौँ २ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|काठमाडौँ २]] |- |११. |[[गणेश पराजुली]] | |७ पुस २०७९ |{{Age in years and days|22 December 2022|12 September 2025}} |[[रामवीर मानन्धर]] |[[काठमाडौँ ७ (निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)|काठमाडौँ ७]] |- |१२. |[[सन्तोष परियार]] |[[File:Santosh Pariyar संतोष परियार.jpg|center|frameless|117x117px]] |७ पुस २०७९ |{{Age in years and days|22 December 2022|12 September 2025}} | rowspan="9" | - | rowspan="10" |''समानुपातिक निर्वाचन प्रणालीबाट निर्वाचित'' |- |१३. |[[इन्दिरा राना मगर]] | [[File:Indira Ranamagar.png|center|frameless|115x115px]] |७ पुस २०७९ |{{Age in years and days|22 December 2022|12 September 2025}} |- |१४. |[[चन्दा कार्की]] | [[File:Chanda Karki.png|center|frameless|88x88px]] |७ पुस २०७९ |{{Age in years and days|22 December 2022|12 September 2025}} |- |१५. |[[निशा डाँगी]] | [[File:Nisha Dangi.jpg|center|frameless|94x94px]] |७ पुस २०७९ |{{Age in years and days|22 December 2022|12 September 2025}} |- |१६. |[[असिम शाह]] | [[File:Asim Shah.png|center|frameless|165x165px]] |७ पुस २०७९ |{{Age in years and days|22 December 2022|12 September 2025}} |- |१७. |[[शिव नेपाली]] |[[File:Shiva Nepali.png|center|frameless|108x108px]] |७ पुस २०७९ |{{Age in years and days|22 December 2022|12 September 2025}} |- |१८. |[[अशोककुमार चौधरी]] | |७ पुस २०७९ |{{Age in years and days|22 December 2022|12 September 2025}} |- |१९. |[[विनीता कठायत]] | |७ पुस २०७९ |{{Age in years and days|22 December 2022|12 September 2025}} |- |२०. |[[लक्ष्मी तिवारी]] | |७ पुस २०७९ |{{Age in years and days|22 December 2022|12 September 2025}} |- |२१. |[[बिन्दबासिनी कंसाकार]] | |७ पुस २०७९ |{{Age in years and days|22 December 2022|12 September 2025}} |[[ढाकाकुमार श्रेष्ठ]] |} == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} {{नेपालका राजनीतिक दलहरू}} [[श्रेणी:राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी| ]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका राजनीतिक दलहरू]] tw5sau73t1qij5847mti1ar5a8heuje 0 129344 1358513 1356064 2026-06-09T06:42:40Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* पृष्ठभूमि */ 1358513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|नेपालको वर्तमान संघीय मन्त्रिपरिषद}} {{Infobox government cabinet | cabinet_name = दाहाल मन्त्रिपरिषद, २०२२ | jurisdiction = नेपाल | flag = Flag_of_Nepal.svg | incumbent = २०२२–वर्तमान | image = File:Prachanda 2009.jpg | date_formed = २६ डिसेम्बर २०२२ | date_dissolved = | government_head_title = {{nowrap|[[नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री|प्रधानमन्त्री]]}} | government_head = [[पुष्पकमल दाहाल]] | deputy_government_head_title = [[नेपालका उपप्रधानमन्त्री|उपप्रधानमन्त्रीहरू]] | deputy_government_head = [[नारायणकाजी श्रेष्ठ]]<br />[[रवि लामिछाने]]<br />[[रघुबीर महासेठ|रघुवीर महासेठ]] | government_head_history = | state_head_title = [[नेपालको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]] | state_head = [[विद्यादेवी भण्डारी]]<br>[[रामचन्द्र पौडेल]] | former_members_number = १५ | total_number = २५ | political_party = {{Unbulleted list |{{color box|{{party color|नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)}}}} {{Party shortname linked|नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)}}{{Efn|[[नेपाल समाजवादी पार्टी]]ले [[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]]सँग संयुक्त रूपमा [[२०२२ को नेपाली आम चुनाव|२०२२ को चुनाव]]मा दर्ता गरेको थियो, र सबै सांसदहरू नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)को संसदीय दलका सदस्य हुन्।|name=NSP}}<br/> '''गठबन्धनका साझेदारहरू:''' |{{color box|{{party color|नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी–लेनिनवादी)}}}} {{Party shortname linked|नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी–लेनिनवादी)}}{{Efn|२७ फेब्रुअरी २०२३ सम्म सरकारमा र ४ मार्च २०२४ देखि}} |{{color box|{{party color|राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी}}}} {{Party shortname linked|राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी}}{{Efn|५ फेब्रुअरी २०२३ सम्म सरकारमा र ४ मार्च २०२४ देखि। ५ मे २०२३ सम्म सरकारलाई समर्थन।}} <br/> |{{color box|{{party color|जनता समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल}}}} {{Party shortname linked|जनता समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल}} |{{color box|{{party color|नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत समाजवादी)}}}} {{Party shortname linked|नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत समाजवादी)}}<br/> '''''पूर्व सदस्यहरू:''''' |{{color box|{{party color|नेपाली कांग्रेस}}}} {{Party shortname linked|नेपाली कांग्रेस}} |{{color box|{{party color|राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी}}}} {{Party shortname linked|राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी}}{{Efn|२५ फेब्रुअरी २०२३ सम्म सरकारमा}} |{{color box|{{party color|जनमत पार्टी}}}} {{Party shortname linked|जनमत पार्टी}}{{Efn|३१ मार्च र १४ अगस्ट २०२३ बीच बाह्य समर्थन; ४ मार्च २०२४ देखि विपक्ष}} |{{color box|{{party color|लोकतान्त्रिक समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल}}}} {{Party shortname linked|लोकतान्त्रिक समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल}} |{{color box|{{party color|नागरिक उन्मुक्ति पार्टी}}}} {{Party shortname linked|नागरिक उन्मुक्ति पार्टी}}<br/> }} | legislature_status = ''[[प्रतिनिधि सभा (नेपाल)|प्रतिनिधि सभा]]''<br />{{Composition bar|१५२|२७५|{{party color|नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=१}} ''[[राष्ट्रिय सभा (नेपाल)|राष्ट्रिय सभा]]''<br />{{Composition bar|३८|५९| {{party color|नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=१}} | opposition_cabinet = | opposition_party = {{color box|{{party color|नेपाली कांग्रेस}}}} {{Party shortname linked|नेपाली कांग्रेस}} | opposition_leader = [[शेरबहादुर देउवा]] | election = [[प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचन, २०७९]] | legislature_term = [[नेपालको दोस्रो सङ्घीय संसद]] | outgoing_formation = | previous = [[पाँचौं देउवा मन्त्रिपरिषद, २०२१|देउवा मन्त्रिपरिषद]] | successor = }} '''दाहाल मन्त्रिपरिषद, २०२२''' वा '''तेस्रो दाहाल मन्त्रिपरिषद''' हालको [[नेपाल सरकार]] हो, जुन २६ डिसेम्बर २०२२ मा गठन गरिएको थियो जब [[पुष्पकमल दाहाल]]लाई नयाँ [[नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरूको सूची|प्रधानमन्त्री]]का रूपमा नियुक्त गरिएको थियो [[नेपालको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]] [[विद्यादेवी भण्डारी]]द्वारा, [[प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचन, २०७९|२०२२ को नेपाली आम चुनाव]] पछि।<ref>{{Cite web |title=दाहालले प्रधानमन्त्रीको रूपमा शपथ ग्रहण गरे |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/12/26/dahal-sworn-in-as-prime-minister |access-date=26 डिसेम्बर 2022 |website=The Kathmandu Post |language=English}}</ref> == पृष्ठभूमि == दाहालको प्रधानमन्त्री पदको दाबीलाई उनको आफ्नै दल [[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] का साथै [[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]], [[राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी]], [[राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी]], [[जनता समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल]], [[जनमत पार्टी]] र [[नागरिक उन्मुक्ति पार्टी]]ले समर्थन गरेको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2022/12/25/oli-dahal-reaches-sheetal-niwas-to-claim-government-leadership|title=Oli, Dahal reach Sheetal Niwas to claim government leadership|website=kathmandupost.com|language=English|access-date=2023-02-11}}</ref> प्रधानमन्त्री दाहालले वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ मा तीन [[नेपालको उपप्रधानमन्त्री|उपप्रधानमन्त्री]] र चार मन्त्रीसँगै [[पदको शपथ|शपथ]] लिएका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/134911/|title=PM Dahal forms eight-member cabinet including three deputy prime ministers|last=Republica|website=My Republica|language=en|access-date=2023-02-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211072223/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/134911/ |date=2023-02-11 }}</ref> वि.सं. २०७९ पौष २६ मा प्रधानमन्त्री दाहालले २७५ सदस्यीय [[प्रतिनिधि सभा (नेपाल)|प्रतिनिधि सभा]]मा खसेका २७० मत मध्ये २६८ मत ल्याई विश्वासको मत जितेका थिए, जहाँ उनलाई सत्तारूढ गठबन्धनका साथै प्रतिपक्षी [[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस|नेपाली कांग्रेस]], [[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत समाजवादी)|नेकपा (एकीकृत समाजवादी)]] र [[लोकतान्त्रिक समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल]] को समेत समर्थन प्राप्त भयो।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/01/10/prime-minister-pushpa-kamal-dahal-secures-vote-of-confidence|title=Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal secures vote of confidence|website=kathmandupost.com|language=English|access-date=2023-02-11}}</ref> त्यसपछि माघ ३ मा थप एक उपप्रधानमन्त्री, ११ मन्त्री र तीन राज्यमन्त्री समावेश गरी मन्त्रिपरिषद् विस्तार गरियो।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/01/17/prime-minister-dahal-expands-cabinet-inducts-12-new-ministers-three-state-ministers|title=Prime Minister Dahal expands Cabinet; inducts 12 ministers, three state ministers|website=kathmandupost.com|language=English|access-date=2023-01-17}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.opmcm.gov.np/en/cabinet/|title=Council of Ministers|website=Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers|language=en-US|access-date=26 December 2022}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250908132331/https://www.opmcm.gov.np/en/cabinet/ |date=8 September 2025 }}</ref> वि.सं. २०७९ माघ १३ मा [[नेपालको सर्वोच्च अदालत|सर्वोच्च अदालत]]ले [[नेपालको उपप्रधानमन्त्री|उपप्रधान]] तथा [[गृह मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|गृहमन्त्री]] [[रवि लामिछाने]]ले अमेरिकी नागरिकता त्यागेर नेपाली नागरिकता पुन: प्राप्त गर्ने बेला उचित प्रक्रिया पालना नगरेकाले उनी कानुनी रूपमा नेपाली नागरिक नरहेको फैसला गरेपछि लामिछानेलाई सबै निर्वाचित पदबाट हटाइएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/01/28/court-strips-lamichhane-of-all-posts-over-citizenship|title=Court strips Lamichhane of all posts over citizenship|website=kathmandupost.com|language=English|access-date=2023-02-11}}</ref> रास्वपाले सरकारलाई दिएको समर्थन कायम राख्दै मन्त्रिपरिषद्बाट आफ्ना सदस्य फिर्ता बोलाउने निर्णय गरेपछि सो पार्टीका बाँकी मन्त्रीहरूले माघ २२ गते राजीनामा दिए।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/rastriya-swatantra-party-decides-to-quit-govt|title=Rastriya Swatantra Party decides to quit govt|last=Samiti|first=Rastriya Samachar|date=2023-02-05|website=The Himalayan Times|language=en|access-date=2023-02-11}}</ref> वि.सं. २०७९ फाल्गुन १३ मा राप्रपाका सबै मन्त्रीहरूले सरकारबाट राजीनामा दिंदै सो पार्टीले सरकारलाई दिएको समर्थन पनि फिर्ता लियो, जब नेपाली कांग्रेस, नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र), जसपा, नेकपा (एस), जनमत पार्टी, लोसपा, नाउपा र राष्ट्रिय जनमोर्चाले आगामी राष्ट्रपति निर्वाचनमा नेपाली कांग्रेसका उम्मेदवारलाई समर्थन गर्ने सहमतिमा नयाँ गठबन्धन गठन गरे।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/02/25/rastriya-prajatantra-party-exits-government|title=Rastriya Prajatantra Party exits government|website=kathmandupost.com|language=English|accessdate=2023-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2023/02/24/eight-political-parties-to-support-congress-candidate-in-presidential-election|title=Eight political parties to support Congress candidate in presidential election|website=kathmandupost.com|language=English|accessdate=2023-02-28}}</ref> त्यसपछि फाल्गुन १५ मा नेकपा (एमाले) ले सरकार छाड्ने र आफ्नो समर्थन फिर्ता लिने निर्णय गरेपश्चात् त्यही दिन सो पार्टीका मन्त्रीहरूले सामूहिक राजीनामा दिए।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/02/27/uml-pulls-out-of-government-1677481576|title=UML pulls out of government|website=kathmandupost.com|language=English|accessdate=2023-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theannapurnaexpress.com/news/uml-decides-to-quit-dahal-led-government-38862|title=UML decides to quit Dahal-led government|website=The Annapurna Express|language=en|accessdate=2023-02-28}}</ref> प्रधानमन्त्री दाहालले अब चैत १४ गते सम्ममा संसदमा विश्वासको मत लिनुपर्नेछ र उनले छिट्टै नयाँ गठबन्धनका सदस्यहरूलाई मन्त्रिपरिषद्मा समावेश गर्ने अपेक्षा गरिएको छ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/137069/|title=PM Dahal under constitutional obligation to seek vote of confidence as UML and RPP withdraw their support to govt|last=Republica|website=My Republica|language=en|accessdate=2023-02-28}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228075825/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/137069/ |date=2023-02-28 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2023/02/28/dahal-moulding-a-small-cabinet-after-uml-pullout|title=Dahal moulding a small Cabinet after UML pullout|website=kathmandupost.com|language=English|accessdate=2023-02-28}}</ref> == वर्तमान व्यवस्था == {| class="wikitable sortable" !क्र.सं. !'''कार्यविभाजन''' !'''नाम''' ! colspan="2" |राजनीतिक दल !पदभार ग्रहण !पदभार अन्त्य !वेबसाइट |- | colspan="8" bgcolor="darkgrey" |'''मन्त्रिपरिषद्''' |- | style="text-align:center;" |१. |'''[[नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री ]]'''<br>{{small|अरू सबै मन्त्रालयहरू कसैलाई छुट्याइएको छैन।}} |[[पुष्पकमल दाहाल]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पुस ११ |''पदासिन'' |[https://www.opmcm.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226140929/https://www.opmcm.gov.np/en/ |date=2022-12-26 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |२. |[[नेपालको उपप्रधानमन्त्री|उपप्रधानमन्त्री]]<br>[[रक्षा मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|रक्षा]] मन्त्री |[[पूर्णबहादुर खड्का]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" | |[[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस|नेपाली कांग्रेस]] |वि.सं. २०७९ चैत्र १७<ref name="विस्तार">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-31 |title=प्रचण्डद्वारा मन्त्रिपरिषद् विस्तार, नेपाली कांग्रेसका पूर्णबहादुर खड्का उपप्रधानमन्त्री बने |url=https://www.bbc.com/nepali/articles/cg6220gx7gyo |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=बिबिसी समाचार नेपाली |language=नेपाली}}</ref> |''पदासिन'' |[https://mod.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |३. |[[नेपालको उपप्रधानमन्त्री|उपप्रधानमन्त्री]] |rowspan="2" |[[नारायणकाजी श्रेष्ठ]] |bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |rowspan="2" |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पुस ११ | rowspan="2" |''पदासिन'' | rowspan="2" |[http://www.moha.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- |[[गृह मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|गृह]] मन्त्री{{Efn|श्रेष्ठलाई वि.सं. २०७९ पुस ११ मा [[नेपालको उपप्रधानमन्त्री|उपप्रधानमन्त्री]] र [[भौतिक पूर्वाधार तथा यातायात मन्त्रालय|भौतिक पूर्वाधार तथा यातायात मन्त्री]] नियुक्त गरिएको थियो। वि.सं. २०७९ चैत्र १७ मा उनी [[नेपालको उपप्रधानमन्त्री|उपप्रधानमन्त्री]] र [[गृह मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|गृह मन्त्री]]को रूपमा सेवा गर्दै छन्।<ref>{{Cite web |title=नारायणकाजी श्रेष्ठ उपप्रधानमन्त्री बन्ने |url=https://www.setopati.com/politics/290496 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=सेतोपाटी |language=नेपाली }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=भौतिक मन्त्री नारायणकाजी श्रेष्ठले गरे पदभार ग्रहण |url=https://www.setopati.com/politics/290528 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=सेतोपाटी |language=नेपाली }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401044523/https://www.setopati.com/politics/290528 |date=2023-04-01 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=नारायणकाजी श्रेष्ठ गृहमन्त्री बन्दै! |url=https://www.setopati.com/politics/298302 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=सेतोपाटी |language=नेपाली }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=चौथो पटक मन्त्री बन्दा नारायणकाजी दोस्रो पटक गृहमन्त्री |url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2023/03/31/16802558122037813.html |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=कान्तिपुर समाचार |language=नेपाली}}</ref>|name=NKS}} |bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |वि.सं. २०७९ चैत्र १७<ref name="विस्तार"/> |- | style="text-align:center;" |४. |[[कृषि तथा पशुपन्छी विकास मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|कृषि तथा पशुपंक्षी विकास]] मन्त्री |[[बेदुराम भुसाल]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत समाजवादी)|नेकपा (एकीकृत समाजवादी)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ चैत्र १७<ref name="विस्तार"/> |''पदासिन'' |[https://www.moald.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |५. |[[शिक्षा, विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|शिक्षा, विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि]] मन्त्री |[[अशोककुमार राई|अशोक कुमार राई]] | bgcolor="{{party color|People's Socialist Party, Nepal}}" | |[[जनता समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल|जसपा, नेपाल]] |वि.सं. २०७९ चैत्र १७<ref name="विस्तार"/> |''पदासिन'' |[https://www.moe.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117092331/https://www.moe.gov.np/ |date=2023-01-17 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |६. |[[श्रम, रोजगार तथा सामाजिक सुरक्षा मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|श्रम, रोजगार तथा सामाजिक सुरक्षा]] मन्त्री |[[शरतसिंह भण्डारी]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ चैत्र १७<ref name="विस्तार"/> |''पदासिन'' |[https://www.moless.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |७. |[[अर्थ मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|अर्थ]] मन्त्री |[[प्रकाशशरण महत]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" | |[[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस|नेपाली कांग्रेस]] |वि.सं. २०७९ चैत्र १७<ref name="विस्तार"/> |''पदासिन'' |[https://www.mof.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |८. |[[महिला, बालबालिका तथा ज्येष्ठ नागरिक मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|महिला, बालबालिका तथा ज्येष्ठ नागरिक]] मन्त्री |[[महिन्द्र राय यादव]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Nepal Socialist Party}}" | |[[नेपाल समाजवादी पार्टी]] |वि.सं. २०७९ चैत्र १७<ref name="विस्तार"/> |''पदासिन'' |[https://www.mowcsc.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715103139/https://mowcsc.gov.np/ |date=2024-07-15 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |९. |[[ऊर्जा, जलस्रोत तथा सिँचाइ मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|ऊर्जा, जलस्रोत तथा सिंचाई]] मन्त्री |[[शक्तिबहादुर बस्नेत]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ चैत्र १७<ref name="विस्तार"/> |''पदासिन'' |[https://www.moewri.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117110112/https://www.moewri.gov.np/ |date=2023-01-17 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |१०. |[[सञ्चार तथा सूचना प्रविधि मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|सञ्चार तथा सूचना प्रविधि]] मन्त्री |[[रेखा शर्मा]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३<ref name="थप मन्त्री"/> |''पदासिन'' |[https://www.mocit.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |११. |[[संस्कृति, पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन मन्त्रालय (नेपाल) |संस्कृति, पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन]] मन्त्री |[[सुदन किराँती|सुदन किराती]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३<ref name="थप मन्त्री"/> |''पदासिन'' |[https://www.tourism.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |१२. |[[सङ्घीय मामिला तथा सामान्य प्रशासन मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|सङ्घीय मामिला तथा सामान्य प्रशासन]] मन्त्री |[[अमनलाल मोदी]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३<ref name="थप मन्त्री"/> |''पदासिन'' |[https://www.mofaga.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |१३. |[[भौतिक पूर्वाधार तथा यातायात मन्त्रालय|भौतिक पूर्वाधार तथा यातायात]] मन्त्री |[[प्रकाश ज्वाला]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत समाजवादी)|नेकपा (एकीकृत समाजवादी)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ चैत्र १७<ref name="विस्तार"/> |''पदासिन'' |[https://www.mopit.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |१४. |[[भूमि व्यवस्था, सहकारी तथा गरिबी निवारण मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|भूमि व्यवस्था, सहकारी तथा गरिबी निवारण]] मन्त्री |[[रञ्जिता श्रेष्ठ]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Nagrik Unmukti Party}}" | |[[नागरिक उन्मुक्ति पार्टी]] |वि.सं. २०७९ चैत्र १७<ref name="विस्तार"/> |''पदासिन'' |[https://www.molcpa.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |१५. |[[उद्योग, वाणिज्य तथा आपूर्ति मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|उद्योग, वाणिज्य तथा आपूर्ति]] मन्त्री |[[रमेश रिजाल]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" | |[[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस|नेपाली कांग्रेस]] |वि.सं. २०७९ चैत्र १७<ref name="विस्तार"/> |''पदासिन'' |[https://moics.gov.np/np आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231195849/https://moics.gov.np/np |date=2023-12-31 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |१६. |[[सहरी विकास मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|सहरी विकास]] मन्त्री |[[सिता गुरुङ]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" | |[[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस|नेपाली कांग्रेस]] |वि.सं. २०७९ चैत्र १७<ref name="विस्तार"/> |''पदासिन'' |[https://www.moud.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |१७. |[[परराष्ट्र मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|परराष्ट्र]] मन्त्री |[[नारायणप्रकाश साउद|नारायण प्रकाश साउद]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत समाजवादी)|नेकपा (एकीकृत समाजवादी)]] |वि.सं. २०८० बैशाख ३<ref name="नारायण">{{Cite web |title=एकीकृत समाजवादीबाट नन्दा चपाई बनिन् राज्यमन्त्री |url=https://baahrakhari.com/detail/384840/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=बाह्रखरी |language=नेपाली }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420070749/https://baahrakhari.com/detail/384840/ |date=2023-04-20 }}</ref> |''पदासिन'' |[https://www.mofa.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | colspan="8" bgcolor="darkgrey" |'''राज्य मन्त्री''' |- | style="text-align:center;" |१८. |[[संस्कृति, पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|संस्कृति, पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन]] राज्य मन्त्री |[[सुशिला सिर्पाली ठकुरी]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३<ref name="थप मन्त्री">{{Cite web |title=राष्ट्रपतिसमक्ष नवनियुक्त मन्त्रीद्वारा शपथ ग्रहण |url=https://gorkhapatraonline.com/news/51307 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=गोरखापत्र अनलाइन |language=नेपाली}}</ref> |''पदासिन'' |[https://www.tourism.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |१९. |[[भौतिक पूर्वाधार तथा यातायात मन्त्रालय|भौतिक पूर्वाधार तथा यातायात]] राज्य मन्त्री |[[नन्दा चपाई]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत समाजवादी)|नेकपा (एकीकृत समाजवादी)]] |वि.सं. २०८० बैशाख ३<ref name="नारायण"/> |''पदासिन'' |[https://www.mopit.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | colspan="8" |स्रोत:<ref>{{Cite web |title=मन्त्रिपरिषद् |url=https://www.opmcm.gov.np/cabinet/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=नेपाल सरकार, प्रधानमन्त्री तथा मन्त्रिपरिषद्को कार्यालय |language=नेपाली }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606050946/http://www.opmcm.gov.np/cabinet/ |date=2017-06-06 }}</ref>(वि.सं. २०८० बैशाख ३ मा अद्यावधिक) |} == पूर्व व्यवस्था == === वि.सं. २०७९ फाल्गुन १५ सम्म === {| class="wikitable sortable" !क्र.सं. !'''कार्यविभाजन''' !'''नाम''' ! colspan="2" |राजनीतिक दल !पदभार ग्रहण !पदभार अन्त्य !वेबसाइट |- | colspan="8" bgcolor="darkgrey" |'''मन्त्रिपरिषद्''' |- | style="text-align:center;" |१. |'''[[नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री]]'''<br>{{Small|कार्यविभाजन नगरिएका बाँकी सबै मन्त्रालय}} |[[पुष्पकमल दाहाल]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |''हाल'' |[https://www.opmcm.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226140929/https://www.opmcm.gov.np/en/ |date=2022-12-26 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |२. |[[नेपालको उपप्रधानमन्त्री|उपप्रधान]] तथा [[अर्थ मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|अर्थ मन्त्री]] |[[विष्णुप्रसाद पौडेल]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |वि.सं. २०७९ फाल्गुन १५ |[https://mof.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |३. |[[नेपालको उपप्रधानमन्त्री|उपप्रधान]] तथा [[भौतिक पूर्वाधार तथा यातायात मन्त्रालय|भौतिक पूर्वाधार तथा यातायात]] [[अर्थ मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|मन्त्री]] |[[नारायणकाजी श्रेष्ठ]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |''हाल'' |[http://www.mopit.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |४. |[[सञ्चार तथा सूचना प्रविधि मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|सञ्चार तथा सूचना प्रविधि मन्त्री]] |[[रेखा शर्मा]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.mocit.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |५. |[[कृषि तथा पशुपन्छी विकास मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|कृषि तथा पशुपंक्षी विकास]] [[सहरी विकास मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|मन्त्री]] |[[ज्वालाकुमारी शाह]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |वि.सं. २०७९ फाल्गुन १५ |[https://www.moald.gov.np// आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |६. |[[उद्योग, वाणिज्य तथा आपूर्ति मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|उद्योग, वाणिज्य तथा आपूर्ति मन्त्री]] |[[दामोदर भण्डारी]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |वि.सं. २०७९ फाल्गुन १५ |[https://moics.gov.np/np आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231195849/https://moics.gov.np/np |date=2023-12-31 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |७. |[[भूमि व्यवस्था, सहकारी तथा गरिबी निवारण मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|भूमि व्यवस्था, सहकारी तथा गरिबी निवारण]] [[उद्योग, वाणिज्य तथा आपूर्ति मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|मन्त्री]] |[[राजेन्द्रकुमार राई|राजेन्द्र कुमार राई]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |वि.सं. २०७९ फाल्गुन १५ |[https://www.molcpa.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |८. |[[खानेपानी मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|खानेपानी मन्त्री]] |[[अब्दुल खान]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Janamat Party}}" | |[[जनमत पार्टी]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |''हाल'' |[https://www.mows.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117092330/https://mows.gov.np/ |date=2023-01-17 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |९. |[[परराष्ट्र मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|परराष्ट्र मन्त्री]] |[[विमला राई पौड्याल]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |वि.सं. २०७९ फाल्गुन १५ |[https://www.mofa.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105235540/https://www.mofa.gov.np/en/ |date=2025-01-05 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |१० |[[स्वास्थ्य तथा जनसङ्ख्या मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|स्वास्थ्य तथा जनसङ्ख्या मन्त्री]] |[[पदम गिरी]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |वि.सं. २०७९ फाल्गुन १५ |[https://mohp.gov.np/eng/index.php आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009035747/https://mohp.gov.np/eng/index.php |date=2021-10-09 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |११. |[[महिला, बालबालिका तथा ज्येष्ठ नागरिक मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|महिला, बालबालिका तथा ज्येष्ठ नागरिक मन्त्री]] |[[भगवती चौधरी]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |वि.सं. २०७९ फाल्गुन १५ |[https://www.mowcsc.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715103139/https://mowcsc.gov.np/ |date=2024-07-15 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |१२. |[[रक्षा मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|रक्षा मन्त्री]] |[[हरिप्रसाद उप्रेती]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |वि.सं. २०७९ फाल्गुन १५ |[https://www.mod.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |१३. |[[संस्कृति, पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|संस्कृति, पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन मन्त्री]] |[[सुदन किराँती|सुदन किराती]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.tourism.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |१४. |[[सङ्घीय मामिला तथा सामान्य प्रशासन मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|सङ्घीय मामिला तथा सामान्य प्रशासन मन्त्री]] |[[अमनलाल मोदी]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.mofaga.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | colspan="8" bgcolor="darkgrey" |'''राज्यमन्त्रीहरू''' |- | style="text-align:center;" |१५. |[[संस्कृति, पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|संस्कृति, पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन राज्यमन्त्री]] |[[सुशीला सिरपाली ठकुरी]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.tourism.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |} === वि.सं. २०७९ फाल्गुन १३ सम्म === {| class="wikitable sortable" !क्र.सं. !'''कार्यविभाजन''' !'''नाम''' ! colspan="2" |राजनीतिक दल !पदभार ग्रहण !पदभार अन्त्य !वेबसाइट |- | colspan="8" bgcolor="darkgrey" |'''मन्त्रिपरिषद्''' |- | style="text-align:center;" |१. |'''[[नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री]]'''<br>{{Small|कार्यविभाजन नगरिएका बाँकी सबै मन्त्रालय}} |[[पुष्पकमल दाहाल]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |''हाल'' |[https://www.opmcm.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226140929/https://www.opmcm.gov.np/en/ |date=2022-12-26 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |२. |[[नेपालको उपप्रधानमन्त्री|उपप्रधान]] तथा [[अर्थ मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|अर्थ मन्त्री]] |[[विष्णुप्रसाद पौडेल]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |''हाल'' |[https://mof.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |३. |[[नेपालको उपप्रधानमन्त्री|उपप्रधान]] तथा [[भौतिक पूर्वाधार तथा यातायात मन्त्रालय|भौतिक पूर्वाधार तथा यातायात]] [[अर्थ मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|मन्त्री]] |[[नारायणकाजी श्रेष्ठ]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |''हाल'' |[http://www.mopit.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |४. |[[नेपालको उपप्रधानमन्त्री|उपप्रधान]] तथा [[ऊर्जा, जलस्रोत तथा सिँचाइ मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|ऊर्जा, जलस्रोत तथा सिंचाई मन्त्री]] |[[राजेन्द्रप्रसाद लिङ्देन|राजेन्द्र प्रसाद लिङ्देन]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" | |[[राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |वि.सं. २०७९ फाल्गुन १३ |[https://www.moewri.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511121835/http://www.moewri.gov.np/en/ |date=2020-05-11 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |५. |[[सञ्चार तथा सूचना प्रविधि मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|सञ्चार तथा सूचना प्रविधि मन्त्री]] |[[रेखा शर्मा]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.mocit.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |६. |[[सहरी विकास मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|सहरी विकास मन्त्री]] |[[विक्रम पाण्डे]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" | |[[राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |वि.सं. २०७९ फाल्गुन १३ |[https://www.moud.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |७. |[[कृषि तथा पशुपन्छी विकास मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|कृषि तथा पशुपंक्षी विकास]] [[सहरी विकास मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|मन्त्री]] |[[ज्वालाकुमारी शाह]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |''हाल'' |[https://www.moald.gov.np// आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |८. |[[उद्योग, वाणिज्य तथा आपूर्ति मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|उद्योग, वाणिज्य तथा आपूर्ति मन्त्री]] |[[दामोदर भण्डारी]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |''हाल'' |[https://moics.gov.np/np आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231195849/https://moics.gov.np/np |date=2023-12-31 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |९. |[[भूमि व्यवस्था, सहकारी तथा गरिबी निवारण मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|भूमि व्यवस्था, सहकारी तथा गरिबी निवारण]] [[उद्योग, वाणिज्य तथा आपूर्ति मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|मन्त्री]] |[[राजेन्द्रकुमार राई|राजेन्द्र कुमार राई]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |''हाल'' |[https://www.molcpa.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |१० |[[खानेपानी मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|खानेपानी मन्त्री]] |[[अब्दुल खान]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Janamat Party}}" | |[[जनमत पार्टी]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |''हाल'' |[https://www.mows.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117092330/https://mows.gov.np/ |date=2023-01-17 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |११. |[[परराष्ट्र मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|परराष्ट्र मन्त्री]] |[[विमला राई पौड्याल]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.mofa.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105235540/https://www.mofa.gov.np/en/ |date=2025-01-05 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |१२. |[[स्वास्थ्य तथा जनसङ्ख्या मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|स्वास्थ्य तथा जनसङ्ख्या मन्त्री]] |[[पदम गिरी]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://mohp.gov.np/eng/index.php आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009035747/https://mohp.gov.np/eng/index.php |date=2021-10-09 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |१३. |[[महिला, बालबालिका तथा ज्येष्ठ नागरिक मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|महिला, बालबालिका तथा ज्येष्ठ नागरिक मन्त्री]] |[[भगवती चौधरी]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.mowcsc.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715103139/https://mowcsc.gov.np/ |date=2024-07-15 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |१४. |[[रक्षा मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|रक्षा मन्त्री]] |[[हरिप्रसाद उप्रेती]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.mod.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |१५. |[[संस्कृति, पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|संस्कृति, पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन मन्त्री]] |[[सुदन किराँती|सुदन किराती]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.tourism.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |१६. |[[सङ्घीय मामिला तथा सामान्य प्रशासन मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|सङ्घीय मामिला तथा सामान्य प्रशासन मन्त्री]] |[[अमनलाल मोदी]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.mofaga.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |१७. |[[कानुन, न्याय तथा संसदीय मामिला मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|कानुन, न्याय तथा संसदीय मामिला मन्त्री]] |[[ध्रुवबहादुर प्रधान]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" | |[[राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |वि.सं. २०७९ फाल्गुन १३ |[https://www.moljpa.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718014027/https://www.moljpa.gov.np/en/ |date=2024-07-18 }} |- | colspan="8" bgcolor="darkgrey" |'''राज्यमन्त्रीहरू''' |- | style="text-align:center;" |१८. |[[संस्कृति, पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|संस्कृति, पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन राज्यमन्त्री]] |[[सुशीला सिरपाली ठकुरी]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.tourism.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |१९. |[[ऊर्जा, जलस्रोत तथा सिँचाइ मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|ऊर्जा, जलस्रोत तथा सिंचाई राज्यमन्त्री]] |[[दिपकबहादुर सिंह]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" | |[[राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |वि.सं. २०७९ फाल्गुन १३ |[https://www.moewri.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511121835/http://www.moewri.gov.np/en/ |date=2020-05-11 }} |} === वि.सं. २०७९ माघ २२ सम्म === {| class="wikitable sortable" !क्र.सं. !'''कार्यविभाजन''' !'''नाम''' ! colspan="2" |राजनीतिक दल !पदभार ग्रहण !पदभार अन्त्य !वेबसाइट |- | colspan="8" bgcolor="darkgrey" |'''मन्त्रिपरिषद्''' |- | style="text-align:center;" |१. |'''[[नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री]]'''<br>{{Small|कार्यविभाजन नगरिएका बाँकी सबै मन्त्रालय}} |[[पुष्पकमल दाहाल]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |''हाल'' |[https://www.opmcm.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226140929/https://www.opmcm.gov.np/en/ |date=2022-12-26 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |२. |[[नेपालको उपप्रधानमन्त्री|उपप्रधान]] तथा [[अर्थ मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|अर्थ मन्त्री]] |[[विष्णुप्रसाद पौडेल]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |''हाल'' |[https://mof.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |३. |[[नेपालको उपप्रधानमन्त्री|उपप्रधान]] तथा [[भौतिक पूर्वाधार तथा यातायात मन्त्रालय|भौतिक पूर्वाधार तथा यातायात]] [[अर्थ मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|मन्त्री]] |[[नारायणकाजी श्रेष्ठ]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |''हाल'' |[http://www.mopit.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |४. |[[नेपालको उपप्रधानमन्त्री|उपप्रधान]] तथा [[ऊर्जा, जलस्रोत तथा सिँचाइ मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|ऊर्जा, जलस्रोत तथा सिंचाई मन्त्री]] |[[राजेन्द्रप्रसाद लिङ्देन|राजेन्द्र प्रसाद लिङ्देन]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" | |[[राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.moewri.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511121835/http://www.moewri.gov.np/en/ |date=2020-05-11 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |५. |[[सञ्चार तथा सूचना प्रविधि मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|सञ्चार तथा सूचना प्रविधि मन्त्री]] |[[रेखा शर्मा]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.mocit.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |६. |[[सहरी विकास मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|सहरी विकास मन्त्री]] |[[विक्रम पाण्डे]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" | |[[राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.moud.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |७. |[[कृषि तथा पशुपन्छी विकास मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|कृषि तथा पशुपंक्षी विकास]] [[सहरी विकास मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|मन्त्री]] |[[ज्वालाकुमारी शाह]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |''हाल'' |[https://www.moald.gov.np// आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |८. |[[उद्योग, वाणिज्य तथा आपूर्ति मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|उद्योग, वाणिज्य तथा आपूर्ति मन्त्री]] |[[दामोदर भण्डारी]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |''हाल'' |[https://moics.gov.np/np आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231195849/https://moics.gov.np/np |date=2023-12-31 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |९. |[[भूमि व्यवस्था, सहकारी तथा गरिबी निवारण मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|भूमि व्यवस्था, सहकारी तथा गरिबी निवारण]] [[उद्योग, वाणिज्य तथा आपूर्ति मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|मन्त्री]] |[[राजेन्द्रकुमार राई|राजेन्द्र कुमार राई]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |''हाल'' |[https://www.molcpa.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |१० |[[खानेपानी मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|खानेपानी मन्त्री]] |[[अब्दुल खान]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Janamat Party}}" | |[[जनमत पार्टी]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |''हाल'' |[https://www.mows.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117092330/https://mows.gov.np/ |date=2023-01-17 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |११. |[[परराष्ट्र मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|परराष्ट्र मन्त्री]] |[[विमला राई पौड्याल]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.mofa.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105235540/https://www.mofa.gov.np/en/ |date=2025-01-05 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |१२. |[[स्वास्थ्य तथा जनसङ्ख्या मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|स्वास्थ्य तथा जनसङ्ख्या मन्त्री]] |[[पदम गिरी]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://mohp.gov.np/eng/index.php आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009035747/https://mohp.gov.np/eng/index.php |date=2021-10-09 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |१३. |[[महिला, बालबालिका तथा ज्येष्ठ नागरिक मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|महिला, बालबालिका तथा ज्येष्ठ नागरिक मन्त्री]] |[[भगवती चौधरी]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.mowcsc.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715103139/https://mowcsc.gov.np/ |date=2024-07-15 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |१४. |[[रक्षा मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|रक्षा मन्त्री]] |[[हरिप्रसाद उप्रेती]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.mod.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |१५. |[[संस्कृति, पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|संस्कृति, पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन मन्त्री]] |[[सुदन किराँती|सुदन किराती]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.tourism.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |१६. |[[सङ्घीय मामिला तथा सामान्य प्रशासन मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|सङ्घीय मामिला तथा सामान्य प्रशासन मन्त्री]] |[[अमनलाल मोदी]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.mofaga.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |१७. |[[शिक्षा, विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|शिक्षा, विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि मन्त्री]] |[[शिशिर खनाल]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}" | |[[राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ २२ |[https://www.moe.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117092331/https://www.moe.gov.np/ |date=2023-01-17 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |१८. |[[श्रम, रोजगार तथा सामाजिक सुरक्षा मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|श्रम, रोजगार तथा सामाजिक सुरक्षा मन्त्री]] |[[डोलप्रसाद अर्याल]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}" | |[[राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ २२ |[https://www.moless.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |१९. |[[कानुन, न्याय तथा संसदीय मामिला मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|कानुन, न्याय तथा संसदीय मामिला मन्त्री]] |[[ध्रुवबहादुर प्रधान]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" | |[[राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.moljpa.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718014027/https://www.moljpa.gov.np/en/ |date=2024-07-18 }} |- | colspan="8" bgcolor="darkgrey" |'''राज्यमन्त्रीहरू''' |- | style="text-align:center;" |२०. |[[संस्कृति, पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|संस्कृति, पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन राज्यमन्त्री]] |[[सुशीला सिरपाली ठकुरी]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.tourism.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |२१. |[[स्वास्थ्य तथा जनसङ्ख्या मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|स्वास्थ्य तथा जनसङ्ख्या राज्यमन्त्री]] |[[तोसिमा कार्की]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}" | |[[राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ २२ |[https://mohp.gov.np/eng/index.php आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009035747/https://mohp.gov.np/eng/index.php |date=2021-10-09 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |२२. |[[ऊर्जा, जलस्रोत तथा सिँचाइ मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|ऊर्जा, जलस्रोत तथा सिंचाई राज्यमन्त्री]] |[[दिपकबहादुर सिंह]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" | |[[राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.moewri.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511121835/http://www.moewri.gov.np/en/ |date=2020-05-11 }} |} === वि.सं. २०७९ माघ १३ सम्म === {| class="wikitable sortable" !क्र.सं. !'''कार्यविभाजन''' !'''नाम''' ! colspan="2" |राजनीतिक दल !पदभार ग्रहण !पदभार अन्त्य !वेबसाइट |- | colspan="8" bgcolor="darkgrey" |'''मन्त्रिपरिषद्''' |- | style="text-align:center;" |१. |'''[[नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री]]'''<br>{{Small|कार्यविभाजन नगरिएका बाँकी सबै मन्त्रालय}} |[[पुष्पकमल दाहाल]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |''हाल'' |[https://www.opmcm.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226140929/https://www.opmcm.gov.np/en/ |date=2022-12-26 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |२. |[[नेपालको उपप्रधानमन्त्री|उपप्रधान]] तथा [[अर्थ मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|अर्थ मन्त्री]] |[[विष्णुप्रसाद पौडेल]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |''हाल'' |[https://mof.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |३. |[[नेपालको उपप्रधानमन्त्री|उपप्रधान]] तथा [[भौतिक पूर्वाधार तथा यातायात मन्त्रालय|भौतिक पूर्वाधार तथा यातायात]] [[अर्थ मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|मन्त्री]] |[[नारायणकाजी श्रेष्ठ]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |''हाल'' |[http://www.mopit.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |४. |[[नेपालको उपप्रधानमन्त्री|उपप्रधान]] तथा [[गृह मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|गृह मन्त्री]] |[[रवि लामिछाने]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}" | |[[राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ १३ |[https://www.moha.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |५. |[[नेपालको उपप्रधानमन्त्री|उपप्रधान]] तथा [[ऊर्जा, जलस्रोत तथा सिँचाइ मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|ऊर्जा, जलस्रोत तथा सिंचाई मन्त्री]] |[[राजेन्द्रप्रसाद लिङ्देन|राजेन्द्र प्रसाद लिङ्देन]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" | |[[राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.moewri.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511121835/http://www.moewri.gov.np/en/ |date=2020-05-11 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |६. |[[सञ्चार तथा सूचना प्रविधि मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|सञ्चार तथा सूचना प्रविधि मन्त्री]] |[[रेखा शर्मा]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.mocit.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |७. |[[सहरी विकास मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|सहरी विकास मन्त्री]] |[[विक्रम पाण्डे]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" | |[[राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.moud.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |८. |[[कृषि तथा पशुपन्छी विकास मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|कृषि तथा पशुपंक्षी विकास]] [[सहरी विकास मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|मन्त्री]] |[[ज्वालाकुमारी शाह]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |''हाल'' |[https://www.moald.gov.np// आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |९. |[[उद्योग, वाणिज्य तथा आपूर्ति मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|उद्योग, वाणिज्य तथा आपूर्ति मन्त्री]] |[[दामोदर भण्डारी]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |''हाल'' |[https://moics.gov.np/np आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231195849/https://moics.gov.np/np |date=2023-12-31 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |१० |[[भूमि व्यवस्था, सहकारी तथा गरिबी निवारण मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|भूमि व्यवस्था, सहकारी तथा गरिबी निवारण]] [[उद्योग, वाणिज्य तथा आपूर्ति मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|मन्त्री]] |[[राजेन्द्रकुमार राई|राजेन्द्र कुमार राई]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |''हाल'' |[https://www.molcpa.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |११. |[[खानेपानी मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|खानेपानी मन्त्री]] |[[अब्दुल खान]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Janamat Party}}" | |[[जनमत पार्टी]] |वि.सं. २०७९ पौष ११ |''हाल'' |[https://www.mows.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117092330/https://mows.gov.np/ |date=2023-01-17 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |१२. |[[परराष्ट्र मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|परराष्ट्र मन्त्री]] |[[विमला राई पौड्याल]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.mofa.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105235540/https://www.mofa.gov.np/en/ |date=2025-01-05 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |१३. |[[स्वास्थ्य तथा जनसङ्ख्या मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|स्वास्थ्य तथा जनसङ्ख्या मन्त्री]] |[[पदम गिरी]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://mohp.gov.np/eng/index.php आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009035747/https://mohp.gov.np/eng/index.php |date=2021-10-09 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |१४. |[[महिला, बालबालिका तथा ज्येष्ठ नागरिक मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|महिला, बालबालिका तथा ज्येष्ठ नागरिक मन्त्री]] |[[भगवती चौधरी]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.mowcsc.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715103139/https://mowcsc.gov.np/ |date=2024-07-15 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |१५. |[[रक्षा मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|रक्षा मन्त्री]] |[[हरिप्रसाद उप्रेती]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)|नेकपा (एमाले)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.mod.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |१६. |[[संस्कृति, पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|संस्कृति, पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन मन्त्री]] |[[सुदन किराँती|सुदन किराती]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.tourism.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |१७. |[[सङ्घीय मामिला तथा सामान्य प्रशासन मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|सङ्घीय मामिला तथा सामान्य प्रशासन मन्त्री]] |[[अमनलाल मोदी]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.mofaga.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |१८. |[[शिक्षा, विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|शिक्षा, विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि मन्त्री]] |[[शिशिर खनाल]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}" | |[[राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.moe.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117092331/https://www.moe.gov.np/ |date=2023-01-17 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |१९. |[[श्रम, रोजगार तथा सामाजिक सुरक्षा मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|श्रम, रोजगार तथा सामाजिक सुरक्षा मन्त्री]] |[[डोलप्रसाद अर्याल]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}" | |[[राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.moless.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |२०. |[[कानुन, न्याय तथा संसदीय मामिला मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|कानुन, न्याय तथा संसदीय मामिला मन्त्री]] |[[ध्रुवबहादुर प्रधान]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" | |[[राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.moljpa.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718014027/https://www.moljpa.gov.np/en/ |date=2024-07-18 }} |- | colspan="8" bgcolor="darkgrey" |'''राज्यमन्त्रीहरू''' |- | style="text-align:center;" |२१. |[[संस्कृति, पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|संस्कृति, पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन राज्यमन्त्री]] |[[सुशीला सिरपाली ठकुरी]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}" | |[[नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र)|नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र)]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.tourism.gov.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] |- | style="text-align:center;" |२२. |[[स्वास्थ्य तथा जनसङ्ख्या मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|स्वास्थ्य तथा जनसङ्ख्या राज्यमन्त्री]] |[[तोसिमा कार्की]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}" | |[[राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://mohp.gov.np/eng/index.php आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009035747/https://mohp.gov.np/eng/index.php |date=2021-10-09 }} |- | style="text-align:center;" |२३. |[[ऊर्जा, जलस्रोत तथा सिँचाइ मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|ऊर्जा, जलस्रोत तथा सिंचाई राज्यमन्त्री]] |[[दिपकबहादुर सिंह]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" | |[[राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी]] |वि.सं. २०७९ माघ ३ |''हाल'' |[https://www.moewri.gov.np/en/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511121835/http://www.moewri.gov.np/en/ |date=2020-05-11 }} |} === २०८१/०१/३१ मा पुनर्गठन === {| class="wikitable" | rowspan="2" |'''क्र.सं.''' | rowspan="2" |'''नाम, थर''' | rowspan="2" |'''कार्य विभाजन''' |- |- | colspan="3" |'''सम्माननीय प्रधानमन्त्री''' | |- |१ |श्री पुष्पकमल दाहाल ‘प्रचण्ड’ | |- | colspan="3" |'''माननीय उपप्रधानमन्त्री''' |- |२ |श्री रघुबीर महासेठ |भौतिक पूर्वाधार तथा यातायात |- |३ |श्री नारायणकाजी श्रेष्ठ |परराष्ट्र |- |४ |श्री रवि लामिछाने |गृह |- | colspan="3" |'''माननीय मन्त्री''' |- |५ |श्री वर्षमान पुन |अर्थ |- |६ |श्री शक्तिबहादुर बस्नेत |[[ऊर्जा, जलस्रोत तथा सिँचाइमन्त्री|ऊर्जा, जलस्रोत तथा सिँचाई]] |- |७ |श्री भानुभक्त जोशी |सङ्घीय मामिला तथा सामान्य प्रशासन |- |८ |श्री हितबहादुर तामाङ |संस्कृति, पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन |- |९ |श्री रेखा शर्मा |सञ्‍चार तथा सूचना प्रविधि |- |१० |श्री पदम गिरी |कानुन, न्याय तथा संसदीय मामिला |- |११ |श्री ज्वालाकुमारी साह |कृषि तथा पशुपंक्षी विकास |- |१२ |श्री प्रदीप यादव |स्वास्थ्य तथा जनसङ्‌ख्या |- |१३ |श्री बलराम अधिकारी |भूमि व्यवस्था, सहकारी तथा गरिबी निवारण |- |१४ |श्री दामोदार भण्डारी |उद्योग, वाणिज्य तथा आपूर्ति |- |१५ |श्री भगवती चौधरी |महिला, बालबालिका तथा ज्येष्ठ नागरिक |- |१६ |श्री राजेन्द्रकुमार राई |खानेपानी |- |१७ |श्री हरिप्रसाद उप्रेती |रक्षा |- |१८ |श्री धन बहादुर बुढा |सहरी विकास |- |१९ |श्री डोल प्रसाद अर्याल |श्रम, रोजगार तथा सामाजिक सुरक्षा |- |२० |श्री सुमना श्रेष्ठ |शिक्षा, विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि |- |२१ |श्री विराज भक्त श्रेष्ठ |युवा तथा खेलकुद |- |२२ |श्री नवलकिसोर साह सुडी |वन तथा वातावरण |- | colspan="3" |'''माननीय राज्यमन्त्री''' |- |२३ |श्री हसीना खान |स्वास्थ्य तथा जनसङ्‌ख्या |} ==टिप्पणीहरू== {{notelist}} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} {{नेपाली मन्त्रिपरिषद्हरू}} [[श्रेणी:नेपालका मन्त्रिपरिषद्हरू]] hmxreop2tsxk3mtfjpnh8iwrq0a34q9 0 129448 1358520 1166881 2026-06-09T07:12:35Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox OS | name = मञ्जारो | logo = Manjaro logo text.svg | screenshot = [[File:Manjaro 20.2 screenshot.png|300px]] | caption = मञ्जारो २०.२ | developer = Manjaro GmbH & Co. KG | family = लिनक्स (यूनिक्स-लाइक)` | working state = वर्तमान ([[रोलिंग रिलीज]]) | source model = [[खुला स्रोत सफ्टवेयर|खुला स्रोत]] | released = {{Start date and age|2011|07|10}}<ref name=ForumRelease>{{cite web | url = https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=959229 | title = Manjaro Linux Distribution | last = Singer | first = Roland (ying) | publisher = Community Contributions, Arch Linux Forums | date = 2011-07-10 | access-date = 2015-12-12 | quote = Hi all, I am working now since a longer time on my arch linux livecd. It is called manjaro linux and uses the Desktop Environment Xfce. I uploaded a first testing livecd which is very experimental and many features are still missing. I would be thankful for any bugs reported,.... or if somebody wants to help and join the project he is always welcome. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160926084135/https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=959229 | archive-date = 2016-09-26 | url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://classicforum.manjaro.org/index.php?topic=8662.0 |title = [0.8.8] Release Candidate 4 released (XFCE/Openbox) - Final images |website = manjaro.org |access-date = 2015-02-08 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160917022904/https://classicforum.manjaro.org/index.php?topic=8662.0 |archive-date = 2016-09-17 |url-status = dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917022904/https://classicforum.manjaro.org/index.php?topic=8662.0 |date=2016-09-17 }}</ref> | latest release version = 22.0 (Sikaris)<ref name="release">{{cite web|url=https://forum.manjaro.org/t/manjaro-22-0-sikaris-released/129983|title=Manjaro 22.0 Sikaris released|date=24 December 2022|website=Manjaro forum|access-date=2022-12-26}}</ref> | latest release date = {{Start date and age|2022|12|24}} | latest preview version = 22.4 Beta 1 | latest preview date = 2022-06-23 | kernel type = [[मोनोलिथिक कर्नेल|मोनोलिथिक]] ([[लिनक्स कर्नेल]]) | package manager = pacman, libalpm (back-end)<ref>{{cite web |title=Pacman Home Page |url=https://www.archlinux.org/pacman/ |website=www.archlinux.org |access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> | supported platforms = {{ubl|x86-64|P6 (microarchitecture)|i686 (अनौपचारिक){{Efn|i686 support is maintained by the manjaro32 project.}}|ARM architecture{{Efn|ARM support is maintained by the Manjaro ARM project.}}}} | userland = GNU Core Utilities | ui = [[एक्सएफसीई]], [[केडीई प्लाज्मा ५]], [[जीनोम]], [[प्लाज्मा मोबाइल]], [[फोस]]<ref>{{cite web |url = https://manjaro.org/get-manjaro/ |title = Get Manjaro |publisher = मञ्जारो लिनक्स |access-date = 2019-09-12 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190909160202/https://manjaro.org/get-manjaro/ |archive-date = 2019-09-12 |url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909160202/https://manjaro.org/get-manjaro/ |date=2019-09-09 }}</ref> | license = नि:शुल्क सफ्टवेयर इजाजतपत्र (मुख्यतया GNU GPL) | website = {{URL|https://manjaro.org}} }} '''मञ्जारो''' [[आर्क लिनक्स]] अपरेटिंग सिस्टममा आधारित एक स्वतन्त्र र खुला-स्रोत [[लिनक्स]] वितरण हो जसले प्रयोगकर्ता-मित्रता र पहुँचमा ध्यान केन्द्रित गर्दछ। यसले रोलिंग रिलीज अपडेट मोडेल र [[प्याकम्यान]]लाई यसको प्याकेज प्रबन्धकको रूपमा प्रयोग गर्दछ।<ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro|title=About page on the Manjaro Wiki|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105094634/http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro|archive-date=2013-01-05|access-date=2013-01-08|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105094634/http://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/About_Manjaro |date=2013-01-05 }}</ref> यो मुख्यतया अस्ट्रिया, फ्रान्स र जर्मनीमा विकसित भएको छ। == इतिहास == {{ठुटो}} == आधिकारिक संस्करण == == विशेषताहरू == == रिलीज इतिहास == == आर्क लिनक्सको सम्बन्ध == == व्युत्पन्न == == हार्डवेयर == == रिसेप्शन == == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:नि:शुल्क र खुला-स्रोत सफ्टवेयरहरू]] [[श्रेणी:लिनक्स]] [[श्रेणी:कम्प्युटर अपरेटिङ सिस्टम]] [[श्रेणी:कम्प्युटर]] [[श्रेणी:कम्प्युटर सञ्चालन प्रणाली]] 4vy81ddxnz8qvrfs69iz92hkk8lz44l 0 133312 1358411 1343513 2026-06-08T12:16:21Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358411 wikitext text/x-wiki यो '''[[सार्वजनिक ऋण#ऋण प्राप्ति स्रोतको अनुसार|बाह्य ऋण]]को आधारमा देशहरूको सूची''' हो। == सूची == {{Static row numbers}} {| {{Static row numbers table}} |+बाह्य ऋणको आधारमा देशहरूको सूची |- ! देश ! data-sort-type="numeric" ! |बाह्य ऋण<br /> <small>[[अमेरिकी डलर]] </small> ! मिति !! data-sort-type="numeric" |[[प्रतिव्यक्ति आय]]<br /><small>US dollars</small> ! data-sort-type="numeric" ! |ऋण-जिडिपी अनुपात<!-- Thousands separators will be displayed automatically. 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web|title=Australian Bureau of Statistics|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats%5Cabs@.nsf/0/F819B0F0ED6658B1CA257C76007C944E?Opendocument|access-date=2017-07-09}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|71906}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|130}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Switzerland}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1820695000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/switzerland/external-debt|access-date=2018-04-04|archive-date=2018-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821031901/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/switzerland/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|213100}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|285}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Singapore}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1669200000000}}|| ३० जुन २०२१<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistics Singapore|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/methodologies-standards/data-dissemination-standard/national-summary-page#external_sector|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501190735/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/methodologies-standards/data-dissemination-standard/national-summary-page#external_sector|archive-date=2016-05-01|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501190735/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/methodologies-standards/data-dissemination-standard/national-summary-page#external_sector |date=2016-05-01 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|231000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|471}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Belgium}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1278465000000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=National Bank of 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|{{flag|Austria}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|757055300000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०२०<ref>{{cite web|title=Oesterreichische NationalBank|url=https://www.oenb.at/isaweb/report.do?lang=EN&report=9.1.10|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917171259/https://www.oenb.at/isaweb/report.do?lang=EN&report=9.1.10|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|84061}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|165}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Norway}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|721000000000}}|| जुन २०२२<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/norway/external-debt#:~:text=Norway%20External%20Debt%20reached%20721.0,bn%20in%20the%20previous%20quarter | title=Norway External Debt, 2003 – 2022 &#124; CEIC Data }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|132676}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|133.4}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|South Korea}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|718892000000}}|| सेप्टेम्बर २०२२<ref>{{cite web|title=South Korea National Government Debt|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/korea/national-government-debt|access-date=2023-04-28|archive-date=2023-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428062440/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/korea/national-government-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|7500}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|48.1}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Finland}}|| align="right" |६१३.९ billion|| ३१ मार्च २०२२<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/finland/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002022104/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/finland/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|24578}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|218}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|India}}|| align="right" |६१०.५ billion|| सेप्टेम्बर २०२२<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Quarterly External Debt Report for quarter ending September 2022 |url=https://dea.gov.in/sites/default/files/Quarterly%20Report%20on%20India%27s%20External%20Debt%20as%20at%20end-Sept%202022.pdf}}</ref>|| align="right" |४३७|| align="right" |{{Format price|19.2}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Brazil}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|556418000000}}|| ३० सेप्टेम्बर २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Banco Central do brazil|url=https://www.bcb.gov.br/ingles/economic/seriehistdivextbru.asp|website=BCB|access-date=2017-11-04|archive-date=2017-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322114357/https://www.bcb.gov.br/ingles/economic/seriehistdivextbru.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|3200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|38}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Netherlands}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|554890000000}}||डिसेम्बर २०२१<ref>{{cite web|title=Netherlands: National debt|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/276719/national-debt-of-the-netherlands/|access-date=2022-04-19}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|26540}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|52}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Indonesia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|517723000000}}|| जनवरी २०२३<ref>{{cite web|title=Indonesia National Government Debt|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/indonesia/national-government-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1431}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|39.5}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Denmark}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|491617000000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Danmarks Nationalbank|url=http://www.nationalbanken.dk/en/statistics/find_statistics/Pages/External-debt-position.aspx|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002022546/http://www.nationalbanken.dk/en/statistics/find_statistics/Pages/External-debt-position.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|85700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|158}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Russia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|489200000000}}|| १ सेप्टेम्बर २०२१<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbr.ru/eng/statistics/macro_itm/svs/ext-debt/|title=Estimate of External Debt of the Russian Federation as of September 30, 2021 &#124; Bank of Russia|website=www.cbr.ru|access-date=October 15, 2021|archive-date=September 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902105751/https://cbr.ru/eng/statistics/macro_itm/svs/ext-debt/|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|3700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|32}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Turkey}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|444100000000}}|| ३१ मार्च २०२२ <ref>{{cite web|title=T.C. Başbakanlık Hazine Müsteşarlığı|url=https://t24.com.tr/haber/brut-dis-borc-stoku-444-1-milyar-dolar-oldu,1024706|access-date=2022-06-16|archive-date=2022-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331111813/https://t24.com.tr/haber/brut-dis-borc-stoku-444-1-milyar-dolar-oldu,1024706|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|5155}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|55}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Argentina}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|382281000000}}|| ३१ सेप्टेम्बर २०२२<ref>{{cite web|title=Argentina National Government Debt|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/argentina/national-government-debt|access-date=2023-04-28|archive-date=2023-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428060358/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/argentina/national-government-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|6037}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|79.3}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Greece}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|349674000000}}|| सेप्टेम्बर २०२२<ref>{{cite web|title=Greece National Government Debt|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/greece/national-government-debt|access-date=2023-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428063827/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/greece/national-government-debt|archive-date=2023-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|42800}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|175.7}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Poland}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|343547000000}}|| डिसेम्बर २०२२<ref>{{cite web|title=Poland National Government Debt|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/poland/national-government-debt|access-date=2023-04-28|archive-date=2023-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428060731/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/poland/national-government-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|9500}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|49.3}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Portugal}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|291612000000}}|| डिसेम्बर २०२२<ref>{{cite web |title=Portugal External Debt Position |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/portugal/national-government-debt|access-date=2023-04-28}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|39478}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|113.9}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Thailand}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|285493000000}}|| जनवरी २०२३<ref>{{cite web |title=Thailand National Government Debt|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/thailand/national-government-debt|publisher=CEIC Data|access-date=2023-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429001449/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/thailand/national-government-debt|archive-date=2023-04-29 |url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2170}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|53.6}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Philippines}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|251141000000}}|| जनवरी २०२३<ref>{{cite web|title=Philippines National Government Debt|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/philippines/national-government-debt|access-date=2023-04-28|archive-date=2023-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428020609/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/philippines/national-government-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|3623}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|60.9}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Malaysia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|245350000000}}|| डिसेम्बर २०२२<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysia National Government Debt|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/malaysia/national-government-debt|access-date=2023-04-28|archive-date=2023-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428021228/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/malaysia/national-government-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|6800}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|60.4}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Ireland}}|| align="right" | {{Format price|227600000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Statista|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/270408/national-debt-of-ireland/|access-date=2019-01-13|archive-date=2019-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114044528/https://www.statista.com/statistics/270408/national-debt-of-ireland/|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|49000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|701}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Ukraine}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|225281000000}}|| ३० जुन २०२१<ref>{{cite web|title=Foreign Debt of Ukraine|url=https://index.minfin.com.ua/ua/economy/foreigndebt/|access-date=2021-10-15|archive-date=2021-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628075230/https://index.minfin.com.ua/ua/economy/foreigndebt/|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|81}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|220400000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ae|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ae|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ae |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|23500}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|59}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|200900000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sa|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sa|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sa |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|6100}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|31}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Mauritius}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|199710000000}}|| ३० जुन २०१८<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/mauritius/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-17|archive-date=2017-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917171327/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/mauritius/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|148000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2.01}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Taiwan}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|199051000000}}|| ३० जुन २०१८<ref>{{cite web|title=Central Bank of the Republic of China (TAIWAN)|url=https://www.cbc.gov.tw/public/data/economic/statistics/bop/Debt2.pdf|access-date=2018-08-20|archive-date=2018-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821093906/https://www.cbc.gov.tw/public/data/economic/statistics/bop/Debt2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|7400}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|28}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|New Zealand}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|191943700000}}|| ३१ मार्च २०२०<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/new-zealand/external-debt|access-date=2020-07-04|archive-date=2020-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714195254/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/new-zealand/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|38400}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|90}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Chile}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|186697000000}}|| ३१ मार्च २०१९<ref>{{cite web|title=Deuda Externa - Banco Central de Chile|url=https://www.bcentral.cl/en/deuda-externa|access-date=2019-07-23|archive-date=2019-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723133746/https://www.bcentral.cl/en/deuda-externa|url-status=dead}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|9771}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|82}} |- | align="left" |''{{flag|Puerto Rico}}'' (United States)|| align="right" |{{Format price|167400000000}}|| ३१ जनवरी २०१५ <small>est.</small>|| align="right" |{{Format price|47800}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|164}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Kazakhstan}}|| align="right" |१६७ billion|| ३१ मार्च २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/kazakhstan/external-debt|access-date=2017-08-06|archive-date=2017-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806023053/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/kazakhstan/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|9100}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|91}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Qatar}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|159200000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#qa|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#qa|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#qa |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|68100}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|83}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Egypt}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|157800000000}}|| मार्च २०२२ est.<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/egypt/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612111143/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/egypt/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|34}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Hungary}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|148024000000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/hungary/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917170712/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/hungary/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|15000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|160}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|South Africa}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|142833000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/south-africa/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425015152/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/south-africa/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2600}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|57}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Vietnam}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|141978000000}}|| डिसेम्बर २०२१<ref>{{cite web|title=Vietnam National Government Debt|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/vietnam/national-government-debt|access-date=2023-04-29|archive-date=2023-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429002448/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/vietnam/national-government-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|500}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|39.1}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Czech Republic}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|137606000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref>{{cite web|title=Czech National Bank|url=http://www.cnb.cz/en/statistics/bop_stat/external_debt/zz_usd_en.htm|access-date=2017-04-30|archive-date=2017-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917171655/http://www.cnb.cz/en/statistics/bop_stat/external_debt/zz_usd_en.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|13000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|76}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Pakistan}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|122210000000}}|| ३० सेप्टेम्बर २०२१<ref>{{cite web|work=The Express Tribune|title=Business Pakistan's external debt soars to record $91.8b|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1711866/2-pakistans-external-debt-soars-record-91-8b/|access-date=2018-05-30|archive-date=2018-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625000119/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1711866/2-pakistans-external-debt-soars-record-91-8b/|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|554}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|43}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Colombia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|121097200000}}|| ३१ जनवरी २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/colombia/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612114426/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/colombia/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2500}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|57}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Cyprus}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|119672000000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/cyprus/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917170902/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/cyprus/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|97200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|849}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Venezuela}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|110878000000}}|| ३० सेप्टेम्बर २०१५<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/venezuela/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612111245/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/venezuela/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|3500}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|23}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Romania}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|108880000000}}|| ३१ जुलाई २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/romania/external-debt|access-date=2017-07-09|archive-date=2017-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706192826/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/romania/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|5100}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|58}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Malta}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|96251300000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/malta/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918020827/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/malta/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|223000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|691}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Sweden}}|| align="right" |{{Format price| 94924477062}}|| ३० सेप्टेम्बर २०२२<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/sweden/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807020236/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/sweden/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|94330}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|23}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Israel}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|89438400000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boi.org.il/he/DataAndStatistics/Pages/IndicatorsDynamic.aspx?Level=1&IndicatorId=7&sId=2|title=Bank Of Israel|access-date=2017-06-30|archive-date=2017-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721181143/http://www.boi.org.il/he/DataAndStatistics/Pages/IndicatorsDynamic.aspx?Level=1&IndicatorId=7&sId=2|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721181143/http://www.boi.org.il/he/DataAndStatistics/Pages/IndicatorsDynamic.aspx?Level=1&IndicatorId=7&sId=2 |date=2017-07-21 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|10700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|33}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Slovakia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|86630000000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/slovakia/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917170859/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/slovakia/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|15900}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|112}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Bangladesh}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|78430000000}}|| १६ अक्टोबर २०२१<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/economy/bangladeshs-per-capita-foreign-debt-buildup-hits-460-1634348084|access-date=2021-10-16|archive-date=2017-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706220712/https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/economy/bangladeshs-per-capita-foreign-debt-buildup-hits-460-1634348084|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|460}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|22}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Peru}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|74651200000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/peru/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612104536/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/peru/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2300}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|44}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Iraq}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|68010000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#iz|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#iz|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#iz |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1800}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|44}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Morocco}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|63748848000}}|| १ मार्च २०२२<ref>[Euromoney https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/morocco/external-debt Institutional Investor Company Morocco External Debt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127083754/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/morocco/external-debt |date=27 يناير 2022}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1400}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|46}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Slovenia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|51980800000}}|| ३० अप्रिल २०२०<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/slovenia/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917171500/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/slovenia/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|25000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|104}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Kuwait}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|47890000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ku|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ku|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ku |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|11700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|51}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Sri Lanka}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|46585700000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/sri-lanka/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612112319/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/sri-lanka/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|68}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Croatia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|46084700000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/croatia/external-debt|access-date=2022-11-01|archive-date=2022-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918021033/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/croatia/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|10700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|74}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Sudan}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|45000000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१५<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/sudan/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612113438/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/sudan/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1100}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|121}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Latvia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|41147000000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/latvia/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917171330/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/latvia/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|21200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|126}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Bulgaria}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|40419000000}}|| ३१ जनवरी २०१८<ref>{{cite web|title=Bulgarian National Bank|url=http://www.bnb.bg/PressOffice/POStatisticalPressReleases/POPRSGrossExternalDebt/index.htm|access-date=2018-04-04|archive-date=2018-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409122618/http://www.bnb.bg/PressOffice/POStatisticalPressReleases/POPRSGrossExternalDebt/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|5700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|63}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Lebanon}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|39580000000}}|| ३० अप्रिल २०२२<ref>{{cite web|title=Moody's Analytics|url=https://www.economy.com/lebanon/outstanding-public-debt-foreign|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|6000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|220}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Belarus}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|38975000000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/belarus/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612113610/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/belarus/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|4000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|66}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Angola}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|37700000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ao|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ao|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ao |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1400}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|41}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Ecuador}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|36747200000}}|| ३१ अगस्ट २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/ecuador/external-debt|access-date=2017-11-04|archive-date=2017-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917170709/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/ecuador/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2100}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|57}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Lithuania}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|36427700000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/lithuania/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917170638/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/lithuania/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|12700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|74}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Serbia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|27954000000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/serbia/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806221635/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/serbia/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|3200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|62}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Jordan}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|27756400000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/jordan/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918021030/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/jordan/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|3400}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|83}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Cuba}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|26320000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cu|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cu|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cu |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2300}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|34}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Uruguay}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|26149200000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/uruguay/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612113427/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/uruguay/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|7600}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|50}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Dominican Republic}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|26050000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#dr|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#dr|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#dr |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2400}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|36}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Mongolia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|25215000000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/mongolia/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-17|archive-date=2017-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918021123/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/mongolia/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|7800}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|245}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Tunisia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|25124700000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१२<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/tunisia/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612112856/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/tunisia/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|97}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Costa Rica}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|24910000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cs|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cs|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cs |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|5100}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|43}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Iceland}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|24390600000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/iceland/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918021120/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/iceland/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|72700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|81}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Ethiopia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|22490000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#et|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#et|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#et |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|220}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|32}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Kenya}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|22171900000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/kenya/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917171046/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/kenya/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|370}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|26}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|22040000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#pp|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#pp|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#pp |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2800}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|111}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Trinidad & Tobago}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|21532100000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref>{{cite web|title=Central Bank of Trinidad & Tobago|url=http://www.central-bank.org.tt/content/debt-annual|access-date=2017-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511143302/http://www.central-bank.org.tt/content/debt-annual|archive-date=2017-05-11|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511143302/http://www.central-bank.org.tt/content/debt-annual |date=2017-05-11 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|15700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|76}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Ghana}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|21170000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gh|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gh|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gh |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|30}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Bahrain}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|21160000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ba|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ba|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ba |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|14900}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|66}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Oman}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|20850000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#mu|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-04-30|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#mu|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#mu |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|4400}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|35}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Estonia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|20525100000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/estonia/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706191219/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/estonia/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|15700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|89}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Guatemala}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|19090000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gt|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gt|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gt |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1100}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|28}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Palau}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|18380000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१४ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ps|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ps|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ps |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|846000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|6.21}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Panama}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|18341000000}}|| २८ फेब्रुअरी २०१८<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/panama/external-debt|access-date=2018-04-04|archive-date=2018-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821093807/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/panama/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|4400}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|157}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Bahamas}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|17560000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१३ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ps|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ps|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ps |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|44200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|194}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Jamaica}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|16760000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#jm|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#jm|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#jm |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|6000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|122}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Monaco}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|16500000000}}|| ३० जुन २०१० <small>est.</small>|| align="right" |{{Format price|434000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|240}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Georgia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|16416500000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/georgia/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612112209/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/georgia/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|3900}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|128}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Paraguay}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|16122400000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/bolivia/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612112946/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/bolivia/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2400}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|54}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Tanzania}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|15890000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#tz|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#tz|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#tz |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|280}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|34}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Uzbekistan}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|15750000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#uz|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-04-09|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#uz|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#uz |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|500}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|24}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Nigeria}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|15047000000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/nigeria/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612112220/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/nigeria/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|60}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|El Salvador}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|14900000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#es|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#es|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#es |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2400}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|56}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Laos}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|11980000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#la|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#la|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#la |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|53}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Nicaragua}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|11100000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#nu|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#nu|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#nu |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1800}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|83}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Zimbabwe}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|10900000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#zi|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-04-08|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#zi|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#zi |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|670}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|77}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Luxembourg}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|10617780000}}|| ३१ मार्च २०२० <ref>{{cite web|title=Trésorerie de l'État|url=https://te.public.lu/fr/dette_publique/moyen_long_terme/Caracteristiques_de_la_dette_de_l_Etat_central.html|access-date=2020-06-08|archive-date=2020-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607222903/https://te.public.lu/fr/dette_publique/moyen_long_terme/Caracteristiques_de_la_dette_de_l_Etat_central.html|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607222903/https://te.public.lu/fr/dette_publique/moyen_long_terme/Caracteristiques_de_la_dette_de_l_Etat_central.html |date=2020-06-07 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|114704}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|22.1}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Albania}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|10461000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०२०<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/albania/external-debt|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-31|archive-date=2020-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509150200/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/albania/external-debt}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|3634}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|66}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Ivory Coast}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|10028100000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१५<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/ivory-coast/nigeria/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2021-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023215511/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/country/ivory-coast|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|420}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|24}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Cambodia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|9824400000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/cambodia/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612104413/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/cambodia/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|600}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|57}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Mozambique}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|9554000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sy|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sy|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sy |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|320}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|72}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Zambia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|9270000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#za|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#za|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#za |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|540}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|45}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Honduras}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|8042000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ho|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ho|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ho |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|38}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|7866800000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/kyrgyzstan/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612104904/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/kyrgyzstan/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1300}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|112}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|North Macedonia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|7645500000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/macedonia/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612111930/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/macedonia/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|3700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|73}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Cameroon}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|7375000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cm|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cm|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cm |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|300}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|24}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Yemen}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|7191500000}}|| ३१ जनवरी २०१५<ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/azerbaijan/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612112120/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/azerbaijan/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|260}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|21}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Iran}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|7116000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ir|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-04-09|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ir|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ir |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|90}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Azerbaijan}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|6913200000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref name=autogenerated4 />|| align="right" |{{Format price|1300}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|22}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Moldova}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|6594700000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/moldova/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612111859/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/moldova/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1600}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|70}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Namibia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|6515000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#wa|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#wa|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#wa |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2500}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|64}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Bolivia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|6340800000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१५<ref name=autogenerated1 />|| align="right" |{{Format price|600}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|33}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Uganda}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|6241000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ug|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ug|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ug |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|150}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|24}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Senegal}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|6186000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sg|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sg|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sg |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|390}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|42}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Armenia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|6053100000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०२०<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/armenia/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612112545/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/armenia/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2043}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|102}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Myanmar}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|6401200000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१५<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/myanmar/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612111426/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/myanmar/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|120}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|17}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Syria}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|5918000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref name=autogenerated3 />|| align="right" |{{Format price|300}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|24}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|5331000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cg|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-04-08|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cg|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cg |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|70}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|13}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Gabon}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|5158000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gb|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gb|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gb |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2900}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|35}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|North Korea}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|5000000000}}|| २०१३ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#kn|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#kn|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#kn |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|18}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Republic of the Congo}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|4817000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cf|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-04-08|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cf|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cf |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|55}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|4716600000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/bosnia-and-herzegovina/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006214608/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/bosnia-and-herzegovina/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1300}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|23}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Barbados}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|4490000000}}|| २०१० <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bb|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bb|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bb |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|15700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|100}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Montenegro}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|4408000000}}|| २६ मार्च २०२१<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-26 |title=Saopštenje sa 16. sjednice Vlade Crne Gore |url=https://www.gov.me/vijesti/241430/Saopstenje-sa-16-sjednice-Vlade-Crne-Gore.html |access-date=2021-03-27 |website=Government of Montenegro |archive-date=2021-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326185626/https://www.gov.me/vijesti/241430/Saopstenje-sa-16-sjednice-Vlade-Crne-Gore.html |url-status=live }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|6742}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|151}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Madagascar}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|4007000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ma|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ma|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ma |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|160}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|41}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Algeria}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|3838000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१९<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/algeria/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612111813/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/algeria/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|89}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Mali}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|3626000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ml|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ml|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ml |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|26}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Mauritania}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|3585000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#mr|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#mr|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#mr |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|840}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|76}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Libya}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|3531000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ly|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ly|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ly |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|550}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|9}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Nepal}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|3450200000}}|| ३१ जुलाई २०१५<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/nepal/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612113056/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/nepal/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|120}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|16}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Burkina Faso}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|3092000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#uv|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#uv|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#uv |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|160}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|26}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Somalia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|3054000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१३ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#so|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-04-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#so|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#so |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|270}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|52}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Niger}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2729000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ng|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ng|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ng |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|130}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|36}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Seychelles}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2552000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#se|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#se|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#se |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|26200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|180}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Rwanda}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2442000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#rw|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#rw|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#rw |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|29}} |- | align="left" |''{{flag|Bermuda}}'' (UK)|| align="right" |{{Format price|2435000000}}|| २०१५ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bd|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bd|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bd |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|39700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|47}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Kosovo}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2389700000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/kosovo/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006162046/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/kosovo/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|37}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Benin}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2340000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bn|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bn|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bn |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|26}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Tajikistan}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2274100000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/tajikistan/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612113259/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/tajikistan/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|260}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|38}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Bhutan}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2261000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bt|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bt|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bt |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2900}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|108}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Haiti}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2022000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ha|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ha|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ha |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|180}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|24}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Malawi}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1921000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#mi|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-04-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#mi|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#mi |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|100}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|39}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|South Sudan}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1918620000}}|| २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/#economy|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2022-07-06|archive-date=2022-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706110837/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706110837/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/#economy |date=2022-07-06 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|167}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|62.70}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Chad}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1875000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cd|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-04-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cd|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cd |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|130}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|18}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Botswana}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1685400000}}|| ३१ मार्च २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/botswana/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612114052/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/botswana/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|720}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|8}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Palestine}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1662000000}}|| ३१ मार्च २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#we|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-04-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#we|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#we |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|340}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|35}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Cape Verde}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1660000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cv|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cv|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cv |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|3100}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|99}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Sierra Leone}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1561000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sl|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sl|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sl |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|230}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|36}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1364000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bh|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bh|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bh |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1500}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|12}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Djibouti}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1339000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#dj|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#dj|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#dj |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1500}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|71}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Guinea}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1332000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref name=autogenerated5 />|| align="right" |{{Format price|100}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|20}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Belize}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1327000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref name=autogenerated2 />|| align="right" |{{Format price|3500}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|75}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Afghanistan|Taliban}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1280000000}}|| FY-२०१०/११<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#af|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#af|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#af |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|40}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|7}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Suriname}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1235000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ns|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ns|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ns |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|30}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Togo}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1173000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#to|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#to|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#to |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|150}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|26}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Guyana}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1143000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१५<ref>{{cite web|title=Caribbean Development Bank|url=http://www.caribank.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/CountryStrategyPaper_Guyana_2017-2020.pdf|access-date=2017-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417094417/http://www.caribank.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/CountryStrategyPaper_Guyana_2017-2020.pdf|archive-date=2018-04-17|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417094417/http://www.caribank.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/CountryStrategyPaper_Guyana_2017-2020.pdf |date=2018-04-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1500}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|36}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Andorra}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1111920000}}|| २०१४ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/andorra/#economy|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2022-07-06|archive-date=2022-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706110207/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/andorra/|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706110207/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/andorra/#economy |date=2022-07-06 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|14345}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|41}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Liberia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1111000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#li|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#li|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#li |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|230}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|51}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1095000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१० <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#pu|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#pu|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#pu |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|570}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|94}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Lesotho}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|948800000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#lt|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#lt|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#lt |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|430}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|53}} |- | align="left" |''{{flag|Faroe Islands}}'' (Denmark)|| align="right" |{{Format price|888800000}}|| २०१०<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#fo|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#fo|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#fo |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|18400}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|38}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Fiji}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|833400000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#fj|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-04-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#fj|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#fj |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|900}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|18}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Eritrea}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|820200000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#er|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#er|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#er |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|150}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|15}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Maldives}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|741600000}}|| २०१४ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#mv|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#mv|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#mv |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|23}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Burundi}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|705200000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#by|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-04-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#by|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#by |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|60}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|26}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Aruba}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|693200000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१४ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#aa|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#aa|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#aa |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|6600}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|28}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Central African Republic}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|686900000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ct|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ct|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ct |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|130}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|39}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Grenada}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|679000000}}|| २०१३ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gj|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gj|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gj |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|6300}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|66}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Gambia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|541800000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ga|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ga|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ga |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|260}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|61}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Saint Lucia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|513200000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#st|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#st|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#st |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|36}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Turkmenistan}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|502800000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#tx|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#tx|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#tx |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|90}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Solomon Islands}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|491500000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१३ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bp|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bp|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bp |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|800}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|40}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Eswatini}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|470500000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#wz|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#wz|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#wz |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|360}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|14}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Samoa}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|447200000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१३ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ws|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ws|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ws |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2300}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|51}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|441200000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१२<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ac|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ac|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ac |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|4700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|34}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|San Marino}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|352000000}} ||२०१६<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://countryeconomy.com/national-debt/san-marino|title=San Marino National Debt 2016|website=countryeconomy.com|language=en|access-date=2019-01-15|archive-date=2019-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115182053/https://countryeconomy.com/national-debt/san-marino|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|10604}} | align="right" |{{Format price|23}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Brunei}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|339640000}}|| २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brunei/#economy|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2022-07-06|archive-date=2022-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706104959/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brunei/|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721102115/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bx.html#economy |date=2015-07-21 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|27200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2.8}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|321100000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#vc|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#vc|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#vc |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2900}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|42}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Timor-Leste}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|311500000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१४ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#tt|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#tt|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#tt |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|250}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|12}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Dominica}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|288600000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#do|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#do|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#do |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|3900}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|55}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Cook Islands}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|281200000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०११<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian Development Bank|url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/cobp-coo-2015-2017-strategic-analysis.pdf|website=ADB|publisher=Asian Development Bank|access-date=2017-08-11|archive-date=2018-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628054818/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/cobp-coo-2015-2017-strategic-analysis.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|13400}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|23}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Sao Tome and Principe}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|236500000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#tp|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#tp|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#tp |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|67}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Tonga}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|233100000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#en|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#en|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#en |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|54}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Vanuatu}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|208100000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#nh|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#nh|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#nh |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|750}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|27}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|187500000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sc|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sc|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sc |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|3300}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|20}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Comoros}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|133300000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cn|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cn|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cn |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|160}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|21}} |- | align="left" |''{{flag|New Caledonia}}'' (France)|| align="right" |{{Format price|112000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१३ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#nc|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#nc|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#nc |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|420}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Marshall Islands}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|97960000}}|| २०१३ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#rm|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#rm|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#rm |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1800}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|52}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Micronesia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|93600000}}|| २०१३ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#fm|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#fm|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#fm |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|900}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|29}} |- | align="left" |''{{flag|Cayman Islands}}'' (UK)|| align="right" |{{Format price|79000000}}|| १९९८ <small>est.</small>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2100}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|7}} |- | align="left" |''{{flag|Greenland}}'' (Denmark)|| align="right" |{{Format price|36400000}}|| २०१०<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gl|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gl|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gl |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|650}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Nauru}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|33300000}}|| २००४ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#nr|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#nr|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#nr |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|3200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|22}} |- | align="left" |''{{flag|British Virgin Islands}}'' (UK)|| align="right" |{{Format price|17670000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref>{{cite web|title=Government of the Virgin Islands|url=http://www.bvi.gov.vg/statistics|access-date=2017-05-13|archive-date=2017-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519173613/http://www.bvi.gov.vg/statistics|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|570}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Tuvalu}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|14800000}}|| २०१७ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tuvalu/#economy|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2022-07-06|archive-date=2022-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706105803/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tuvalu/|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112151520/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tuvalu/#economy |date=2021-01-12 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1224}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|37}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Kiribati}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|13600000}}|| २०१३ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#kr|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#kr|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#kr |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|120}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|8}} |- | align="left" |''{{flag|Anguilla}}'' (UK)|| align="right" |{{Format price|8800000}}|| १९९८<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#av|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#av|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#av |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|590}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|5}} |- | align="left" |''{{flag|Wallis and Futuna}}'' (France)|| align="right" |{{Format price|3670000}}|| २००४<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#wf|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#wf|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#wf |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|280}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|6}} |- | align="left" |''{{flag|Montserrat}}'' (UK)|| align="right" |{{Format price|1040000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०११<ref>{{cite web|title=Caribbean Development Bank|url=http://www.caribank.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/BD85_12_CSP_Montserrat_June_30_FINAL.pdf|access-date=2017-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812021327/http://www.caribank.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/BD85_12_CSP_Montserrat_June_30_FINAL.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-12|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812021327/http://www.caribank.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/BD85_12_CSP_Montserrat_June_30_FINAL.pdf |date=2017-08-12 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Liechtenstein}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|0}}|| २००१<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ls|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ls|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ls |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|0}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|0}} |- | align="left" |''{{flag|Niue}}'' (New Zealand)|| align="right" |{{Format price|0}}|| २७ अक्टोबर २०१६<ref>{{cite web|title=The Guardian|website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/27/land-that-debt-forgot-tiny-pacific-country-of-niue-has-no-interest-in-loans|access-date=2016-10-27|archive-date=2017-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805221902/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/27/land-that-debt-forgot-tiny-pacific-country-of-niue-has-no-interest-in-loans|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|0}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|0}} |- |} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} hplwl5akjmv61r87hn9hzzj3mbwrn4x 1358412 1358411 2026-06-08T12:25:45Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* सूची */ 1358412 wikitext text/x-wiki यो '''[[सार्वजनिक ऋण#ऋण प्राप्ति स्रोतको अनुसार|बाह्य ऋण]]को आधारमा देशहरूको सूची''' हो। == सूची == {{Static row numbers}} {| {{Static row numbers table}} |+बाह्य ऋणको आधारमा देशहरूको सूची |- ! देश ! data-sort-type="numeric" ! |बाह्य ऋण<br /> <small>[[अमेरिकी डलर]] </small> ! मिति !! data-sort-type="numeric" |[[प्रतिव्यक्ति आय]]<br /><small>US dollars</small> ! data-sort-type="numeric" ! |ऋण-जिडिपी अनुपात<!-- Thousands separators will be displayed automatically. Please don't type them as it causes a sorting error. --> |- | align="left" |{{flag|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|31048762000000}}||जनवरी २०२३<ref name="Ceicdata.com">{{cite web |title=External Debt {{!}} Economic Indicators {{!}} CEIC |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/external-debt |website=www.ceicdata.com}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|94188}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|121.08}} |- | align="left" |{{nowrap|{{flag|संयुक्त अधिराज्य}}}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|8733613600000}}|| जुन २०२२<ref name="Ceicdata.com" />|| align="right" |{{Format price|129203}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|273.06}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|फ्रान्स}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|7038358900000}}|| जुन २०२२<ref name="Ceicdata.com" />|| align="right" |{{Format price|107245}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|253.35}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|जर्मनी}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|6464043200000}}|| जुन २०२२<ref name="Ceicdata.com" />|| align="right" |{{Format price|77607}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|160.35}} |- |align="left" |{{flag|जापान}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|4361081500000}}|| जुन २०२२<ref name="Ceicdata.com" />|| align="right" |{{Format price|34841}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|101.41}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|चीन}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2635959300000}}||जुन २०२२<ref name="Ceicdata.com" />|| align="right" |{{Format price|1866}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|14.39}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|इटाली}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2510690000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/italy/external-debt|access-date=2018-04-04|archive-date=2019-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503071554/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/italy/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|42300}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|141}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|स्पेन}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2259127000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=http://www.bde.es/webbde/en/estadis/bpagos/deudae.pdf|access-date=2018-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107113551/https://www.bde.es/webbde/en/estadis/bpagos/deudae.pdf|archive-date=2017-11-07|url-status=dead}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|48700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|170}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|क्यानडा}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|3201900000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistics Canada|url=http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&id=3760148&p2=33|access-date=2018-04-04|archive-date=2017-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906091128/http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&id=3760148&p2=33|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|52300}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|143}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|अस्ट्रेलिया}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1833532100000}}|| ३१ सेप्टेम्बर २०२०<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian Bureau of Statistics|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats%5Cabs@.nsf/0/F819B0F0ED6658B1CA257C76007C944E?Opendocument|access-date=2017-07-09}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|71906}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|130}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|स्विट्जरल्यान्ड}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1820695000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/switzerland/external-debt|access-date=2018-04-04|archive-date=2018-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821031901/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/switzerland/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|213100}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|285}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|सिङ्गापुर}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1669200000000}}|| ३० जुन २०२१<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistics Singapore|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/methodologies-standards/data-dissemination-standard/national-summary-page#external_sector|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501190735/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/methodologies-standards/data-dissemination-standard/national-summary-page#external_sector|archive-date=2016-05-01|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501190735/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/methodologies-standards/data-dissemination-standard/national-summary-page#external_sector |date=2016-05-01 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|231000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|471}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|बेल्जियम}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1278465000000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=National Bank of Belgium|url=http://stat.nbb.be/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EXTDBPM6&lang=en|website=NBB|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518165824/http://stat.nbb.be/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EXTDBPM6&lang=en|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518165824/http://stat.nbb.be/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EXTDBPM6&lang=en |date=2017-05-18 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|112000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|269}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|मेक्सिको}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|769313000000}}|| जनवरी २०२३<ref>{{cite web|title=Mexico National Government Debt|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/mexico/national-government-debt|access-date=2023-04-28|archive-date=2023-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428063404/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/mexico/national-government-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|3300}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|51.7}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|अस्ट्रिया}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|757055300000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०२०<ref>{{cite web|title=Oesterreichische NationalBank|url=https://www.oenb.at/isaweb/report.do?lang=EN&report=9.1.10|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917171259/https://www.oenb.at/isaweb/report.do?lang=EN&report=9.1.10|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|84061}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|165}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|नर्वे}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|721000000000}}|| जुन २०२२<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/norway/external-debt#:~:text=Norway%20External%20Debt%20reached%20721.0,bn%20in%20the%20previous%20quarter | title=Norway External Debt, 2003 – 2022 &#124; CEIC Data }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|132676}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|133.4}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|दक्षिण कोरिया}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|718892000000}}|| सेप्टेम्बर २०२२<ref>{{cite web|title=South Korea National Government Debt|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/korea/national-government-debt|access-date=2023-04-28|archive-date=2023-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428062440/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/korea/national-government-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|7500}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|48.1}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|फिनल्यान्ड}}|| align="right" |६१३.९ billion|| ३१ मार्च २०२२<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/finland/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002022104/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/finland/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|24578}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|218}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|भारत}}|| align="right" |६१०.५ billion|| सेप्टेम्बर २०२२<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Quarterly External Debt Report for quarter ending September 2022 |url=https://dea.gov.in/sites/default/files/Quarterly%20Report%20on%20India%27s%20External%20Debt%20as%20at%20end-Sept%202022.pdf}}</ref>|| align="right" |४३७|| align="right" |{{Format price|19.2}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|ब्राजिल}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|556418000000}}|| ३० सेप्टेम्बर २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Banco Central do brazil|url=https://www.bcb.gov.br/ingles/economic/seriehistdivextbru.asp|website=BCB|access-date=2017-11-04|archive-date=2017-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322114357/https://www.bcb.gov.br/ingles/economic/seriehistdivextbru.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|3200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|38}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|नेदरल्यान्ड}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|554890000000}}||डिसेम्बर २०२१<ref>{{cite web|title=Netherlands: National debt|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/276719/national-debt-of-the-netherlands/|access-date=2022-04-19}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|26540}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|52}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|इन्डोनेसिया}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|517723000000}}|| जनवरी २०२३<ref>{{cite web|title=Indonesia National Government Debt|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/indonesia/national-government-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1431}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|39.5}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|डेनमार्क}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|491617000000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Danmarks Nationalbank|url=http://www.nationalbanken.dk/en/statistics/find_statistics/Pages/External-debt-position.aspx|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002022546/http://www.nationalbanken.dk/en/statistics/find_statistics/Pages/External-debt-position.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|85700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|158}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|रुस}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|489200000000}}|| १ सेप्टेम्बर २०२१<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbr.ru/eng/statistics/macro_itm/svs/ext-debt/|title=Estimate of External Debt of the Russian Federation as of September 30, 2021 &#124; Bank of Russia|website=www.cbr.ru|access-date=October 15, 2021|archive-date=September 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902105751/https://cbr.ru/eng/statistics/macro_itm/svs/ext-debt/|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|3700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|32}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|टर्की}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|444100000000}}|| ३१ मार्च २०२२ <ref>{{cite web|title=T.C. Başbakanlık Hazine Müsteşarlığı|url=https://t24.com.tr/haber/brut-dis-borc-stoku-444-1-milyar-dolar-oldu,1024706|access-date=2022-06-16|archive-date=2022-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331111813/https://t24.com.tr/haber/brut-dis-borc-stoku-444-1-milyar-dolar-oldu,1024706|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|5155}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|55}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|अर्जेन्टिना}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|382281000000}}|| ३१ सेप्टेम्बर २०२२<ref>{{cite web|title=Argentina National Government Debt|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/argentina/national-government-debt|access-date=2023-04-28|archive-date=2023-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428060358/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/argentina/national-government-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|6037}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|79.3}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|ग्रिस}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|349674000000}}|| सेप्टेम्बर २०२२<ref>{{cite web|title=Greece National Government Debt|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/greece/national-government-debt|access-date=2023-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428063827/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/greece/national-government-debt|archive-date=2023-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|42800}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|175.7}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|पोल्यान्ड}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|343547000000}}|| डिसेम्बर २०२२<ref>{{cite web|title=Poland National Government Debt|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/poland/national-government-debt|access-date=2023-04-28|archive-date=2023-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428060731/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/poland/national-government-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|9500}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|49.3}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|पोर्तगाल}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|291612000000}}|| डिसेम्बर २०२२<ref>{{cite web |title=Portugal External Debt Position |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/portugal/national-government-debt|access-date=2023-04-28}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|39478}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|113.9}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|थाइल्यान्ड}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|285493000000}}|| जनवरी २०२३<ref>{{cite web |title=Thailand National Government Debt|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/thailand/national-government-debt|publisher=CEIC Data|access-date=2023-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429001449/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/thailand/national-government-debt|archive-date=2023-04-29 |url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2170}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|53.6}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Philippines}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|251141000000}}|| जनवरी २०२३<ref>{{cite web|title=Philippines National Government Debt|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/philippines/national-government-debt|access-date=2023-04-28|archive-date=2023-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428020609/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/philippines/national-government-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|3623}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|60.9}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Malaysia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|245350000000}}|| डिसेम्बर २०२२<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysia National Government Debt|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/malaysia/national-government-debt|access-date=2023-04-28|archive-date=2023-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428021228/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/malaysia/national-government-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|6800}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|60.4}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Ireland}}|| align="right" | {{Format price|227600000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Statista|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/270408/national-debt-of-ireland/|access-date=2019-01-13|archive-date=2019-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114044528/https://www.statista.com/statistics/270408/national-debt-of-ireland/|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|49000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|701}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Ukraine}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|225281000000}}|| ३० जुन २०२१<ref>{{cite web|title=Foreign Debt of Ukraine|url=https://index.minfin.com.ua/ua/economy/foreigndebt/|access-date=2021-10-15|archive-date=2021-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628075230/https://index.minfin.com.ua/ua/economy/foreigndebt/|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|81}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|220400000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ae|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ae|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ae |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|23500}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|59}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|200900000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sa|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sa|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sa |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|6100}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|31}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Mauritius}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|199710000000}}|| ३० जुन २०१८<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/mauritius/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-17|archive-date=2017-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917171327/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/mauritius/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|148000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2.01}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Taiwan}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|199051000000}}|| ३० जुन २०१८<ref>{{cite web|title=Central Bank of the Republic of China (TAIWAN)|url=https://www.cbc.gov.tw/public/data/economic/statistics/bop/Debt2.pdf|access-date=2018-08-20|archive-date=2018-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821093906/https://www.cbc.gov.tw/public/data/economic/statistics/bop/Debt2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|7400}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|28}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|New Zealand}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|191943700000}}|| ३१ मार्च २०२०<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/new-zealand/external-debt|access-date=2020-07-04|archive-date=2020-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714195254/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/new-zealand/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|38400}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|90}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Chile}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|186697000000}}|| ३१ मार्च २०१९<ref>{{cite web|title=Deuda Externa - Banco Central de Chile|url=https://www.bcentral.cl/en/deuda-externa|access-date=2019-07-23|archive-date=2019-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723133746/https://www.bcentral.cl/en/deuda-externa|url-status=dead}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|9771}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|82}} |- | align="left" |''{{flag|Puerto Rico}}'' (United States)|| align="right" |{{Format price|167400000000}}|| ३१ जनवरी २०१५ <small>est.</small>|| align="right" |{{Format price|47800}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|164}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Kazakhstan}}|| align="right" |१६७ billion|| ३१ मार्च २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/kazakhstan/external-debt|access-date=2017-08-06|archive-date=2017-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806023053/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/kazakhstan/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|9100}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|91}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Qatar}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|159200000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#qa|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#qa|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#qa |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|68100}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|83}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Egypt}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|157800000000}}|| मार्च २०२२ est.<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/egypt/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612111143/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/egypt/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|34}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Hungary}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|148024000000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/hungary/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917170712/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/hungary/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|15000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|160}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|South Africa}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|142833000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/south-africa/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425015152/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/south-africa/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2600}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|57}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Vietnam}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|141978000000}}|| डिसेम्बर २०२१<ref>{{cite web|title=Vietnam National Government Debt|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/vietnam/national-government-debt|access-date=2023-04-29|archive-date=2023-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429002448/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/vietnam/national-government-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|500}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|39.1}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Czech Republic}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|137606000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref>{{cite web|title=Czech National Bank|url=http://www.cnb.cz/en/statistics/bop_stat/external_debt/zz_usd_en.htm|access-date=2017-04-30|archive-date=2017-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917171655/http://www.cnb.cz/en/statistics/bop_stat/external_debt/zz_usd_en.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|13000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|76}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Pakistan}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|122210000000}}|| ३० सेप्टेम्बर २०२१<ref>{{cite web|work=The Express Tribune|title=Business Pakistan's external debt soars to record $91.8b|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1711866/2-pakistans-external-debt-soars-record-91-8b/|access-date=2018-05-30|archive-date=2018-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625000119/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1711866/2-pakistans-external-debt-soars-record-91-8b/|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|554}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|43}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Colombia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|121097200000}}|| ३१ जनवरी २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/colombia/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612114426/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/colombia/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2500}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|57}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Cyprus}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|119672000000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/cyprus/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917170902/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/cyprus/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|97200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|849}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Venezuela}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|110878000000}}|| ३० सेप्टेम्बर २०१५<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/venezuela/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612111245/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/venezuela/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|3500}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|23}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Romania}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|108880000000}}|| ३१ जुलाई २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/romania/external-debt|access-date=2017-07-09|archive-date=2017-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706192826/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/romania/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|5100}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|58}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Malta}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|96251300000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/malta/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918020827/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/malta/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|223000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|691}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Sweden}}|| align="right" |{{Format price| 94924477062}}|| ३० सेप्टेम्बर २०२२<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/sweden/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807020236/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/sweden/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|94330}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|23}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Israel}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|89438400000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boi.org.il/he/DataAndStatistics/Pages/IndicatorsDynamic.aspx?Level=1&IndicatorId=7&sId=2|title=Bank Of Israel|access-date=2017-06-30|archive-date=2017-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721181143/http://www.boi.org.il/he/DataAndStatistics/Pages/IndicatorsDynamic.aspx?Level=1&IndicatorId=7&sId=2|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721181143/http://www.boi.org.il/he/DataAndStatistics/Pages/IndicatorsDynamic.aspx?Level=1&IndicatorId=7&sId=2 |date=2017-07-21 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|10700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|33}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Slovakia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|86630000000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/slovakia/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917170859/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/slovakia/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|15900}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|112}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Bangladesh}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|78430000000}}|| १६ अक्टोबर २०२१<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/economy/bangladeshs-per-capita-foreign-debt-buildup-hits-460-1634348084|access-date=2021-10-16|archive-date=2017-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706220712/https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/economy/bangladeshs-per-capita-foreign-debt-buildup-hits-460-1634348084|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|460}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|22}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Peru}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|74651200000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/peru/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612104536/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/peru/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2300}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|44}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Iraq}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|68010000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#iz|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#iz|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#iz |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1800}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|44}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Morocco}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|63748848000}}|| १ मार्च २०२२<ref>[Euromoney https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/morocco/external-debt Institutional Investor Company Morocco External Debt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127083754/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/morocco/external-debt |date=27 يناير 2022}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1400}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|46}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Slovenia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|51980800000}}|| ३० अप्रिल २०२०<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/slovenia/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917171500/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/slovenia/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|25000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|104}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Kuwait}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|47890000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ku|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ku|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ku |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|11700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|51}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Sri Lanka}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|46585700000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/sri-lanka/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612112319/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/sri-lanka/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|68}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Croatia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|46084700000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/croatia/external-debt|access-date=2022-11-01|archive-date=2022-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918021033/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/croatia/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|10700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|74}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Sudan}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|45000000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१५<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/sudan/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612113438/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/sudan/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1100}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|121}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Latvia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|41147000000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/latvia/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917171330/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/latvia/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|21200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|126}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Bulgaria}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|40419000000}}|| ३१ जनवरी २०१८<ref>{{cite web|title=Bulgarian National Bank|url=http://www.bnb.bg/PressOffice/POStatisticalPressReleases/POPRSGrossExternalDebt/index.htm|access-date=2018-04-04|archive-date=2018-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409122618/http://www.bnb.bg/PressOffice/POStatisticalPressReleases/POPRSGrossExternalDebt/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|5700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|63}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Lebanon}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|39580000000}}|| ३० अप्रिल २०२२<ref>{{cite web|title=Moody's Analytics|url=https://www.economy.com/lebanon/outstanding-public-debt-foreign|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|6000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|220}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Belarus}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|38975000000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/belarus/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612113610/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/belarus/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|4000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|66}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Angola}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|37700000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ao|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ao|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ao |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1400}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|41}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Ecuador}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|36747200000}}|| ३१ अगस्ट २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/ecuador/external-debt|access-date=2017-11-04|archive-date=2017-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917170709/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/ecuador/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2100}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|57}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Lithuania}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|36427700000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/lithuania/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917170638/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/lithuania/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|12700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|74}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Serbia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|27954000000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/serbia/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806221635/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/serbia/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|3200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|62}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Jordan}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|27756400000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/jordan/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918021030/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/jordan/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|3400}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|83}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Cuba}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|26320000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cu|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cu|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cu |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2300}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|34}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Uruguay}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|26149200000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/uruguay/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612113427/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/uruguay/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|7600}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|50}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Dominican Republic}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|26050000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#dr|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#dr|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#dr |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2400}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|36}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Mongolia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|25215000000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/mongolia/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-17|archive-date=2017-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918021123/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/mongolia/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|7800}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|245}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Tunisia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|25124700000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१२<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/tunisia/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612112856/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/tunisia/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|97}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Costa Rica}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|24910000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cs|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cs|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cs |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|5100}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|43}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Iceland}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|24390600000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/iceland/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918021120/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/iceland/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|72700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|81}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Ethiopia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|22490000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#et|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#et|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#et |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|220}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|32}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Kenya}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|22171900000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/kenya/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917171046/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/kenya/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|370}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|26}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|22040000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#pp|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#pp|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#pp |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2800}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|111}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Trinidad & Tobago}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|21532100000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref>{{cite web|title=Central Bank of Trinidad & Tobago|url=http://www.central-bank.org.tt/content/debt-annual|access-date=2017-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511143302/http://www.central-bank.org.tt/content/debt-annual|archive-date=2017-05-11|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511143302/http://www.central-bank.org.tt/content/debt-annual |date=2017-05-11 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|15700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|76}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Ghana}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|21170000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gh|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gh|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gh |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|30}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Bahrain}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|21160000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ba|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ba|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ba |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|14900}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|66}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Oman}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|20850000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#mu|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-04-30|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#mu|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#mu |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|4400}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|35}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Estonia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|20525100000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/estonia/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706191219/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/estonia/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|15700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|89}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Guatemala}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|19090000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gt|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gt|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gt |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1100}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|28}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Palau}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|18380000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१४ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ps|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ps|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ps |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|846000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|6.21}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Panama}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|18341000000}}|| २८ फेब्रुअरी २०१८<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/panama/external-debt|access-date=2018-04-04|archive-date=2018-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821093807/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/panama/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|4400}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|157}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Bahamas}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|17560000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१३ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ps|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ps|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ps |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|44200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|194}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Jamaica}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|16760000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#jm|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#jm|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#jm |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|6000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|122}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Monaco}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|16500000000}}|| ३० जुन २०१० <small>est.</small>|| align="right" |{{Format price|434000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|240}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Georgia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|16416500000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/georgia/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612112209/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/georgia/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|3900}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|128}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Paraguay}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|16122400000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/bolivia/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612112946/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/bolivia/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2400}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|54}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Tanzania}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|15890000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#tz|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#tz|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#tz |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|280}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|34}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Uzbekistan}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|15750000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#uz|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-04-09|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#uz|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#uz |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|500}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|24}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Nigeria}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|15047000000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/nigeria/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612112220/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/nigeria/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|60}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|El Salvador}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|14900000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#es|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#es|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#es |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2400}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|56}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Laos}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|11980000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#la|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#la|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#la |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|53}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Nicaragua}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|11100000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#nu|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#nu|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#nu |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1800}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|83}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Zimbabwe}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|10900000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#zi|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-04-08|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#zi|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#zi |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|670}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|77}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Luxembourg}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|10617780000}}|| ३१ मार्च २०२० <ref>{{cite web|title=Trésorerie de l'État|url=https://te.public.lu/fr/dette_publique/moyen_long_terme/Caracteristiques_de_la_dette_de_l_Etat_central.html|access-date=2020-06-08|archive-date=2020-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607222903/https://te.public.lu/fr/dette_publique/moyen_long_terme/Caracteristiques_de_la_dette_de_l_Etat_central.html|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607222903/https://te.public.lu/fr/dette_publique/moyen_long_terme/Caracteristiques_de_la_dette_de_l_Etat_central.html |date=2020-06-07 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|114704}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|22.1}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Albania}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|10461000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०२०<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/albania/external-debt|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-31|archive-date=2020-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509150200/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/albania/external-debt}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|3634}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|66}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Ivory Coast}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|10028100000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१५<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/ivory-coast/nigeria/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2021-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023215511/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/country/ivory-coast|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|420}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|24}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Cambodia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|9824400000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/cambodia/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612104413/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/cambodia/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|600}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|57}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Mozambique}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|9554000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sy|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sy|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sy |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|320}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|72}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Zambia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|9270000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#za|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#za|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#za |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|540}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|45}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Honduras}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|8042000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ho|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ho|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ho |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|38}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|7866800000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/kyrgyzstan/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612104904/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/kyrgyzstan/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1300}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|112}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|North Macedonia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|7645500000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/macedonia/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612111930/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/macedonia/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|3700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|73}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Cameroon}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|7375000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cm|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cm|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cm |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|300}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|24}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Yemen}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|7191500000}}|| ३१ जनवरी २०१५<ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/azerbaijan/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612112120/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/azerbaijan/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|260}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|21}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Iran}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|7116000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ir|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-04-09|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ir|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ir |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|90}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Azerbaijan}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|6913200000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref name=autogenerated4 />|| align="right" |{{Format price|1300}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|22}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Moldova}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|6594700000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/moldova/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612111859/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/moldova/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1600}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|70}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Namibia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|6515000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#wa|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#wa|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#wa |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2500}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|64}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Bolivia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|6340800000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१५<ref name=autogenerated1 />|| align="right" |{{Format price|600}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|33}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Uganda}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|6241000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ug|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ug|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ug |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|150}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|24}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Senegal}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|6186000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sg|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sg|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sg |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|390}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|42}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Armenia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|6053100000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०२०<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/armenia/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612112545/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/armenia/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2043}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|102}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Myanmar}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|6401200000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१५<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/myanmar/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612111426/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/myanmar/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|120}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|17}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Syria}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|5918000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref name=autogenerated3 />|| align="right" |{{Format price|300}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|24}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|5331000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cg|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-04-08|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cg|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cg |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|70}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|13}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Gabon}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|5158000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gb|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gb|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gb |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2900}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|35}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|North Korea}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|5000000000}}|| २०१३ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#kn|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#kn|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#kn |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|18}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Republic of the Congo}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|4817000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cf|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-04-08|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cf|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cf |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|55}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|4716600000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/bosnia-and-herzegovina/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006214608/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/bosnia-and-herzegovina/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1300}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|23}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Barbados}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|4490000000}}|| २०१० <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bb|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bb|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bb |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|15700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|100}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Montenegro}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|4408000000}}|| २६ मार्च २०२१<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-26 |title=Saopštenje sa 16. sjednice Vlade Crne Gore |url=https://www.gov.me/vijesti/241430/Saopstenje-sa-16-sjednice-Vlade-Crne-Gore.html |access-date=2021-03-27 |website=Government of Montenegro |archive-date=2021-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326185626/https://www.gov.me/vijesti/241430/Saopstenje-sa-16-sjednice-Vlade-Crne-Gore.html |url-status=live }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|6742}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|151}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Madagascar}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|4007000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ma|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ma|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ma |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|160}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|41}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Algeria}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|3838000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१९<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/algeria/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612111813/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/algeria/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|89}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Mali}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|3626000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ml|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ml|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ml |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|26}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Mauritania}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|3585000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#mr|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#mr|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#mr |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|840}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|76}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Libya}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|3531000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ly|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ly|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ly |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|550}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|9}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Nepal}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|3450200000}}|| ३१ जुलाई २०१५<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/nepal/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612113056/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/nepal/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|120}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|16}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Burkina Faso}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|3092000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#uv|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#uv|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#uv |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|160}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|26}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Somalia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|3054000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१३ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#so|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-04-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#so|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#so |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|270}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|52}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Niger}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2729000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ng|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ng|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ng |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|130}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|36}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Seychelles}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2552000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#se|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#se|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#se |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|26200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|180}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Rwanda}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2442000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#rw|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#rw|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#rw |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|29}} |- | align="left" |''{{flag|Bermuda}}'' (UK)|| align="right" |{{Format price|2435000000}}|| २०१५ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bd|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bd|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bd |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|39700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|47}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Kosovo}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2389700000}}|| ३० जुन २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/kosovo/external-debt|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-date=2017-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006162046/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/kosovo/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|37}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Benin}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2340000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bn|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bn|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bn |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|26}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Tajikistan}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2274100000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/tajikistan/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612113259/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/tajikistan/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|260}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|38}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Bhutan}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2261000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bt|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bt|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bt |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2900}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|108}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Haiti}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2022000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ha|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ha|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ha |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|180}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|24}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Malawi}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1921000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#mi|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-04-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#mi|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#mi |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|100}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|39}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|South Sudan}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1918620000}}|| २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/#economy|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2022-07-06|archive-date=2022-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706110837/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706110837/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/#economy |date=2022-07-06 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|167}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|62.70}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Chad}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1875000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cd|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-04-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cd|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cd |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|130}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|18}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Botswana}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1685400000}}|| ३१ मार्च २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Institutional Investor Company|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/botswana/external-debt|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612114052/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/botswana/external-debt|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|720}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|8}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Palestine}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1662000000}}|| ३१ मार्च २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#we|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-04-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#we|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#we |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|340}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|35}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Cape Verde}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1660000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cv|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cv|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cv |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|3100}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|99}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Sierra Leone}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1561000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sl|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sl|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sl |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|230}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|36}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1364000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bh|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bh|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bh |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1500}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|12}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Djibouti}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1339000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#dj|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#dj|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#dj |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1500}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|71}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Guinea}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1332000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref name=autogenerated5 />|| align="right" |{{Format price|100}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|20}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Belize}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1327000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref name=autogenerated2 />|| align="right" |{{Format price|3500}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|75}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Afghanistan|Taliban}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1280000000}}|| FY-२०१०/११<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#af|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#af|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#af |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|40}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|7}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Suriname}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1235000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ns|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ns|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ns |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|30}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Togo}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1173000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#to|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#to|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#to |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|150}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|26}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Guyana}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1143000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१५<ref>{{cite web|title=Caribbean Development Bank|url=http://www.caribank.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/CountryStrategyPaper_Guyana_2017-2020.pdf|access-date=2017-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417094417/http://www.caribank.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/CountryStrategyPaper_Guyana_2017-2020.pdf|archive-date=2018-04-17|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417094417/http://www.caribank.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/CountryStrategyPaper_Guyana_2017-2020.pdf |date=2018-04-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1500}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|36}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Andorra}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1111920000}}|| २०१४ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/andorra/#economy|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2022-07-06|archive-date=2022-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706110207/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/andorra/|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706110207/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/andorra/#economy |date=2022-07-06 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|14345}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|41}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Liberia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1111000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#li|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#li|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#li |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|230}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|51}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1095000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१० <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#pu|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#pu|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#pu |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|570}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|94}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Lesotho}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|948800000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#lt|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#lt|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#lt |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|430}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|53}} |- | align="left" |''{{flag|Faroe Islands}}'' (Denmark)|| align="right" |{{Format price|888800000}}|| २०१०<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#fo|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#fo|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#fo |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|18400}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|38}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Fiji}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|833400000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#fj|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-04-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#fj|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#fj |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|900}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|18}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Eritrea}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|820200000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#er|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#er|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#er |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|150}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|15}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Maldives}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|741600000}}|| २०१४ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#mv|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#mv|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#mv |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2000}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|23}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Burundi}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|705200000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#by|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-04-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#by|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#by |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|60}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|26}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Aruba}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|693200000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१४ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#aa|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#aa|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#aa |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|6600}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|28}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Central African Republic}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|686900000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ct|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ct|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ct |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|130}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|39}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Grenada}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|679000000}}|| २०१३ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gj|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gj|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gj |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|6300}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|66}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Gambia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|541800000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ga|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ga|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ga |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|260}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|61}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Saint Lucia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|513200000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#st|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#st|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#st |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|36}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Turkmenistan}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|502800000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#tx|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#tx|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#tx |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|90}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Solomon Islands}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|491500000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१३ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bp|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bp|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#bp |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|800}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|40}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Eswatini}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|470500000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#wz|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#wz|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#wz |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|360}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|14}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Samoa}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|447200000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१३ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ws|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ws|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ws |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2300}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|51}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|441200000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१२<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ac|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ac|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ac |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|4700}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|34}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|San Marino}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|352000000}} ||२०१६<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://countryeconomy.com/national-debt/san-marino|title=San Marino National Debt 2016|website=countryeconomy.com|language=en|access-date=2019-01-15|archive-date=2019-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115182053/https://countryeconomy.com/national-debt/san-marino|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|10604}} | align="right" |{{Format price|23}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Brunei}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|339640000}}|| २०१७<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brunei/#economy|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2022-07-06|archive-date=2022-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706104959/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brunei/|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721102115/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bx.html#economy |date=2015-07-21 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|27200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2.8}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|321100000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#vc|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#vc|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#vc |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2900}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|42}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Timor-Leste}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|311500000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१४ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#tt|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#tt|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#tt |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|250}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|12}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Dominica}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|288600000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#do|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#do|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#do |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|3900}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|55}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Cook Islands}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|281200000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०११<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian Development Bank|url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/cobp-coo-2015-2017-strategic-analysis.pdf|website=ADB|publisher=Asian Development Bank|access-date=2017-08-11|archive-date=2018-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628054818/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/cobp-coo-2015-2017-strategic-analysis.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|13400}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|23}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Sao Tome and Principe}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|236500000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#tp|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#tp|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#tp |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|67}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Tonga}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|233100000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#en|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#en|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#en |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|54}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Vanuatu}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|208100000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#nh|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#nh|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#nh |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|750}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|27}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|187500000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sc|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sc|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#sc |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|3300}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|20}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Comoros}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|133300000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cn|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cn|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#cn |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|160}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|21}} |- | align="left" |''{{flag|New Caledonia}}'' (France)|| align="right" |{{Format price|112000000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१३ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#nc|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#nc|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#nc |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|420}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|1}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Marshall Islands}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|97960000}}|| २०१३ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#rm|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#rm|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#rm |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1800}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|52}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Micronesia}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|93600000}}|| २०१३ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#fm|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#fm|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#fm |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|900}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|29}} |- | align="left" |''{{flag|Cayman Islands}}'' (UK)|| align="right" |{{Format price|79000000}}|| १९९८ <small>est.</small>|| align="right" |{{Format price|2100}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|7}} |- | align="left" |''{{flag|Greenland}}'' (Denmark)|| align="right" |{{Format price|36400000}}|| २०१०<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gl|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gl|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#gl |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|650}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Nauru}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|33300000}}|| २००४ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#nr|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#nr|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#nr |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|3200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|22}} |- | align="left" |''{{flag|British Virgin Islands}}'' (UK)|| align="right" |{{Format price|17670000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१६<ref>{{cite web|title=Government of the Virgin Islands|url=http://www.bvi.gov.vg/statistics|access-date=2017-05-13|archive-date=2017-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519173613/http://www.bvi.gov.vg/statistics|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|570}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Tuvalu}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|14800000}}|| २०१७ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tuvalu/#economy|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2022-07-06|archive-date=2022-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706105803/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tuvalu/|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112151520/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tuvalu/#economy |date=2021-01-12 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|1224}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|37}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Kiribati}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|13600000}}|| २०१३ <small>est.</small><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#kr|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#kr|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#kr |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|120}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|8}} |- | align="left" |''{{flag|Anguilla}}'' (UK)|| align="right" |{{Format price|8800000}}|| १९९८<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#av|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#av|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#av |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|590}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|5}} |- | align="left" |''{{flag|Wallis and Futuna}}'' (France)|| align="right" |{{Format price|3670000}}|| २००४<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#wf|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#wf|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#wf |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|280}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|6}} |- | align="left" |''{{flag|Montserrat}}'' (UK)|| align="right" |{{Format price|1040000}}|| ३१ डिसेम्बर २०११<ref>{{cite web|title=Caribbean Development Bank|url=http://www.caribank.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/BD85_12_CSP_Montserrat_June_30_FINAL.pdf|access-date=2017-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812021327/http://www.caribank.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/BD85_12_CSP_Montserrat_June_30_FINAL.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-12|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812021327/http://www.caribank.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/BD85_12_CSP_Montserrat_June_30_FINAL.pdf |date=2017-08-12 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|200}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|2}} |- | align="left" |{{flag|Liechtenstein}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|0}}|| २००१<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ls|website=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ls|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317104350/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html#ls |date=2019-03-17 }}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|0}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|0}} |- | align="left" |''{{flag|Niue}}'' (New Zealand)|| align="right" |{{Format price|0}}|| २७ अक्टोबर २०१६<ref>{{cite web|title=The Guardian|website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/27/land-that-debt-forgot-tiny-pacific-country-of-niue-has-no-interest-in-loans|access-date=2016-10-27|archive-date=2017-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805221902/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/27/land-that-debt-forgot-tiny-pacific-country-of-niue-has-no-interest-in-loans|url-status=live}}</ref>|| align="right" |{{Format price|0}}|| align="right" |{{Format price|0}} |- |} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} kjj2u2tufz6yhvvrhkfhvijs4qnunj4 0 136475 1358521 1343096 2026-06-09T07:19:26Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = मध्य प्रदेश | native_name = {{lang|si|මධ්‍යම පළාත}}<br />{{lang|ta|மத்திய மாகாணம்}} | other_name = | settlement_type = [[श्रीलङ्काका प्रदेशहरू|प्रदेश]] | image_skyline = Summer in Kandy.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = क्यान्डी (प्रान्तको राजधानी) | image_flag = Central Province.png | flag_alt = | image_map = Sri Lanka Central Province locator map.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = श्रीलङ्का भित्रको स्थान | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = {{coord|7|20|N|80|45|E|region:LK_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = देश | subdivision_name = [[श्रीलङ्का]] | established_title = सिर्जना | established_date = सन् १८३३ | established_title1 = [[श्रीलङ्काको संविधान|प्रवेशित]] | established_date1 = १४ नोभेम्बर १९८७ | founder = | seat_type = राजधानी | seat = [[क्यान्डी]] | seat1_type = सबैभन्दा ठुलो सहर | seat1 = [[क्यान्डी]] | parts_type = [[श्रीलङ्काका जिल्लाहरू|जिल्ला]] | parts_style = सूची | parts = | p1 = [[क्यान्डी जिल्ला|क्यान्डी]] | p2 = [[मटाले जिल्ला|मटाले]] | p3 = [[नुवारा इलिया जिल्ला|नुवारा इलिया]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = प्रान्तीय परिषद् | governing_body = [[केन्द्रीय प्रान्तीय परिषद्]] | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = ५,६७४ | area_rank = छैटौँ (कुल क्षेत्रफलको ८.६३%) | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = २५५८७१६ | population_rank = दोस्रो (कुल जनसङ्ख्याको १२.९७%) | population_as_of = सन् २०११ को जनगणना | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | demographics_type1 = [[सकल क्षेत्रीय घरेलु उत्पादन]] | demographics1_footnotes = &nbsp;(सन् २०११)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cbsl.gov.lk/sites/default/files/cbslweb_documents/press/pr/press_pgdp_2021_e.pdf |title=.Provincial Gross Domestic Product (PGDP) - 2021 --> |access-date=14 June 2023 }}</ref> | demographics1_title1 = जम्मा | demographics1_info1 = १७ खर्ब ८७ अर्ब रुपैयाँ | demographics1_title2 = श्रेणी | demographics1_info2 = तेस्रो (कुलको १०.१%) | timezone1 = श्रीलङ्का | utc_offset1 = +०५:३० | blank_name_sec1 = आधिकारिक भाषाहरू | blank_info_sec1 = [[सिंहली भाषा|सिंहली]]<br>[[तमिल भाषा|तमिल]] }} '''मध्य प्रदेश''' ({{lang-si|මධ්‍යම පළාත}}; {{lang-ta|மத்திய மாகாணம்}}) [[श्रीलङ्काका प्रदेशहरू|श्रीलङ्काको ९ प्रदेशहरू]]मध्ये एक हो। यस प्रदेशको क्षेत्रफल ५,६७४ वर्ग किलोमिटर र जनसङ्ख्या २,४२१,१४८ रहेको छ जसले गर्दा यो दोस्रो सबैभन्दा बढी जनसङ्ख्या भएको प्रदेश हो। [[क्यान्डी|क्यान्डी सहर]] यस प्रदेशको राजधानी हो। मध्य प्रदेश मुख्यतया श्रीलङ्काको मध्य पहाडी भूभागमा अवस्थित छ। यसको उत्तरमा उत्तर मध्य प्रदेश, पूर्वमा उवा प्रदेश, पश्चिममा उत्तर पश्चिमी प्रदेश र दक्षिण र पश्चिममा सबरागमुवा प्रदेश रहेको छ। यो प्रदेश सिलोन चियाको उत्पादनको लागि प्रसिद्ध छ, जहाँ १८६० को दसकमा ब्रिटिसहरूले एक विनाशकारी रोगले प्रदेशका सबै कफी बगानहरू मारेपछि वृक्षारोपण सुरु गरेका थिए। यस प्रदेशले धेरै पर्यटकहरूलाई आकर्षित गर्दछ, हिल स्टेशन सहरहरू जस्तै गाम्पोला, ह्याटन र नुवारा एलिया। यस प्रदेशमा युनेस्कोका चार वटा [[विश्व सम्पदा क्षेत्र]]हरू रहेका छन्। == इतिहास == १६औँ र १९औँ शताब्दीको बीचमा लगातार तीन युरोपेली शक्तिहरूले श्रीलङ्काटापुमा आक्रमण गरी उपनिवेशहरू स्थापना गरे तापनि मध्य प्रदेशले सन् १८१५ सम्म आफ्नो स्वतन्त्रता कायम राख्न सफल भयो, जब अङ्ग्रेजहरूले क्यान्डी राज्यमाथि विजय प्राप्त गरे। त्यसपछि बेलायतीहरूले सन् १८२४ मा औपनिवेशिक हेडम्यान रैंकिंग प्रणाली स्थापना गरे, जुन १८३२ मा लागु भयो। श्रीलङ्काका प्रदेशहरू सन् १८३३ मा अङ्ग्रेजहरूले स्थापना गरेका थिए। स्वतन्त्र श्रीलङ्कामा सन् १९८७ सम्म प्रदेशहरूको कुनै कानुनी हैसियत वा शक्ति थिएन, जब श्रीलङ्काको संविधानको तेह्रौं संशोधनले प्रदेशीय परिषद्हरूको स्थापना गऱ्यो।<ref>{{cite web |title=Provinces of Sri Lanka |url=http://www.statoids.com/ulk.html |publisher=Statoids}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Councils |url=http://www.priu.gov.lk/ProvCouncils/ProvicialCouncils.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707214924/http://www.priu.gov.lk/ProvCouncils/ProvicialCouncils.html |archive-date=2009-07-07 |publisher=[[Government of Sri Lanka]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707214924/http://www.priu.gov.lk/ProvCouncils/ProvicialCouncils.html |date=2009-07-07 }}</ref> ==== औपनिवेशिक प्रमुख मुदलियार ==== * सर क्रिस्टोफर डी-सिल्वा (१८२४–१८४२) * डन विलियम गुनावर्देन डे-सरम तेस्रो (१८४२-१८५६) * सर हेन्ड्रिक एकनायके (१८५६–१८६०) * सर अलेक्जेन्डर-जेम्स दिबाकर महती (१८६०–१८८८) * डन गोरिस दिवाकर महती (१८८८–१९२४) मुदलियार कार्यालय सन् १९२४ मा खारेज गरियो र औपनिवेशिक प्रमुखहरूमध्ये अन्तिमले आफ्नो पदबाट अवकाश लिए र १९२६ मा ब्रिटिस अधिकारीहरूलाई शासन दिए। त्यसपछि सबै प्रमुख पदहरू मध्य प्रदेशको नवनिर्वाचित गभर्नर-जनरललाई हस्तान्तरण गरियो। यसको स्थापना सन् १९२९ मा अङ्ग्रेजहरूले प्रदेशहरूमा प्रत्यक्ष रूपमा शासन गर्ने तरिकाको रूपमा गरिएको थियो। मध्य प्रदेशमा धेरै ऐतिहासिक र सांस्कृतिक महत्वका स्थलहरू छन्, जस्तै ऐतिहासिक शहर माटाले, दाँतको मन्दिर, दाम्बुला गुफा मन्दिर, अलुविहारे मन्दिर र सिगिरिया चट्टान किल्ला। == भूगोल == यस प्रदेशको क्षेत्रफल ५,६७४ वर्ग किलोमिटर र जनसङ्ख्या २४,२१,१४८ रहेको छ। प्रमुख शहरहरूमा क्यान्डी, माटाले, दाम्बुला, गाम्पोला, नुवारा एलिया र ह्याटन समावेश छन्। === हिमशृङ्खला === मध्य प्रदेशको भू-भाग प्राय: पहाडी छ, र यसमा गहिरो घाटीहरू काटिएका छन्। नक्कल्स पर्वत शृङ्खला, एडम्स पिक र हॉर्टन मैदानहरू श्रीलङ्काको केन्द्रीय हाइल्यान्ड्समा अवस्थित युनेस्कोविश्व सम्पदा क्षेत्रहरू हुन्। श्रीलङ्काको २,५२४ मिटर (८,२८१ फिट) अग्लो र सबैभन्दा अग्लो हिमाल पिदुरुतालागालाको पर्वत पनि मध्य प्रदेशमा अवस्थित छ। === जलवायु === मध्य प्रदेशमा तुलनात्मक रूपमा चिसो हावापानी छ, र १,५०० मिटर भन्दा माथिका धेरै क्षेत्रहरूमा प्राय: चिसो रातहरू हुन्छन्। पश्चिमी ढलानहरू धेरै भिजेका छन्, केही ठाउँहरूमा प्रति वर्ष लगभग ७,००० मिमी वर्षा हुन्छ। पूर्वी ढलानहरू मध्य-सुख्खा क्षेत्रका भागहरू हुन् र उत्तर-पूर्वी मनसुनबाट मात्र वर्षा हुन्छ। क्यान्डीमा २४ डिग्री सेल्सियसदेखि नुवारा एलियामा १६ डिग्री सेल्सियससम्म तापक्रम हुन्छ, जुन समुद्र सतहबाट १,८८९ मिटर माथि छ। == जनसाङ्ख्यिकी == मध्य प्रदेश एक जातीय विविधतायुक्त प्रदेश हो, जसमा सिंहली, तमिल र मूर समुदायहरूको मिश्रण छ। चिया बारीमा काम गर्ने धेरै मजदुर भारतीय तमिल हुन्, जसलाई १९औँ शताब्दीमा अङ्ग्रेजहरूले श्रीलङ्कामा ल्याएका थिए। === जातीयता === {{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = केन्द्रीय प्रदेश, श्रीलङ्कामा जातीय समूहहरू (२०१२ जनगणना)<ref name="CIATONGA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sri-lanka/ |title=South Asia: Sri Lanka |date=22 September 2021 |publisher=[[CIA]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217185333/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sri-lanka/ |date=17 December 2021 }}</ref> |label1 = [[सिंहली जाति|सिंहली]] |value1 = 65.35 |color1 = Gold |label2 = भारतीय तमिल |value2 = 19.92 |color2 = Red |label3 = श्रीलङ्काली मुर |value3 = 9.2 |color3 = Green |label4 = श्रीलङ्काली तमिल |value4 = 5.05 |color4 = DodgerBlue |label5 = बर्गर |value5 = 0.15 |color5 = Black |label6 = अन्य |value6 = 0.32 |color6 = White }} {| class="wikitable" !जातीय समूह !जनसङ्ख्या ! % |- |सिंहली |१,५८४,१०० |६५.३५% |- |भारतीय तमिल |४८२,९४५ |१९.९२% |- |श्रीलङ्काली मुर |२२३,०७६ |९.२% |- |श्रीलङ्काली तमिल |१२२,४३८ |५.०५% |- |बर्गर |३,५८९ |०.१५% |- |अन्य |७,८१८ |०.३२% |- |'''जम्मा''' |२,४२३,९६६ |१००% |} === धर्म === {{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = केन्द्रीय प्रदेश, श्रीलङ्कामा धर्म (२०१२ जनगणना) |label1 = [[बुद्ध धर्म|बौद्ध धर्म]] |value1 = 65.04 |color1 = Gold |label2 = [[हिन्दु धर्म]] |value2 = 21.01 |color2 = DarkOrange |label3 = [[इस्लाम धर्म]] |value3 = 10.26 |color3 = Green |label4 = [[इसाई धर्म|ईसाई धर्म]] |value4 = 3.67 |color4 = Blue |label5= अन्य |value5= 0.01 |color5= Grey }} सन् २०१२ को श्रीलङ्काको जनगणना अनुसार मध्य प्रदेशमा १६,७२,६२५ [[बुद्ध धर्म|बौद्ध]], ५,४०,३३९ [[हिन्दु धर्म|हिन्दु]], २,६३,८७४ [[मुसलमान|मुस्लिम]], ९४,४०२ [[इसाई धर्म|इसाई]] र ३१७ अन्य धर्मावलम्बी रहेका छन्। == प्रशासनिक विभाजन == मध्य प्रदेशलाई तीन जिल्ला र ३६ विभागीय सचिवालयमा विभाजन गरिएको छ। === जिल्लाहरू === {| class="wikitable" |+मध्य प्रदेशको प्रशासनिक महाशाखाहरू !जिल्ला !राजधानी !क्षेत्रफल (कि.मी.२) !जनसङ्ख्या |- |[[क्यान्डी जिल्ला]] |क्यान्डी |१,९४० |१,२७९,०२८ |- |[[मटाले जिल्ला]] |मटाले |१,९९३ |४४१,३२८ |- |[[नुवारा एलिया जिल्ला]] |नुवारा एलिया |१,७४१ |७०३,६१० |} === विभागीय सचिवालयहरू === श्रीलङ्काका जिल्लाहरू प्रशासनिक उप-एकाइहरूमा विभाजित छन् जसलाई विभागीय सचिवालयभनिन्छ। यिनीहरू मूलतः सामन्ती काउन्टीहरू, कोरलेस र रातामा आधारित थिए। उनीहरूलाई पहिले 'डिभिजनल रेभेन्यू अफिसर' पछि 'डी.आर.ओ. डिभिजन' भनेर चिनिन्थ्यो। पछि डी.आर.ओ.एस.हरू 'सहायक सरकारी एजेन्टहरू' भए र विभागहरूलाई 'ए.जी.ए. हाल, विभागहरू 'विभागीय सचिव' द्वारा प्रशासित छन् र यसलाई 'डीएस डिभिजन' को रूपमा चिनिन्छ। मध्य प्रदेशमा ३६ वटा विभागीय सचिवालय छन्। क्यान्डी जिल्लामा २०, माताले जिल्लामा ११ र नुवारा एलिया जिल्लामा ५ छन्। ===प्रमुख जनसङ्ख्या केन्द्रहरू=== {{Largest cities | country = मध्य प्रदेश (श्रीलङ्का) | stat_ref = सन् २०१२ को जनगणना अनुसार<ref name="CHAPTER XV">{{cite web|title=Area, Population, Registered voters and Employees of Municipalities, 2011 - 2012|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract%202013/CHAP15/15.1.pdf|website=Statistics Statistical Abstract 2013|publisher=Department of Census and Statistics Sri Lanka|access-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213093342/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract%202013/CHAP15/15.1.pdf|archive-date=13 December 2014|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213093342/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract%202013/CHAP15/15.1.pdf |date=13 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>http://www.statistics.gov.lk/abstract2019/CHAP2/2.4 {{Bare URL inline|date=June 2022}}</ref> | list_by_pop = श्रीलङ्काका सहरहरूको सूची | div_name = जिल्ला | div_link = श्रीलङ्काका जिल्लाहरू{{!}}जिल्ला | city_1 = क्यान्डी | div_1 = क्यान्डी जिल्ला{{!}}क्यान्डी | pop_1 = १२५,१८२ | img_1 = Kandy Lake (8).jpg | city_2 = मातले | div_2 = मातले जिल्ला{{!}}मातले | pop_2 = ४८,२२५ | img_2 = | city_3 = गम्पोला | div_3 = क्यान्डी जिल्ला{{!}}क्यान्डी | pop_3 = ३७,८७१ | img_3 = Gampola Town - Sri Lanka.jpg | city_4 = नुवारा इलिया | div_4 = नुवारा इलिया जिल्ला{{!}}नुवारा इलिया | pop_4 = ३५,०८१ | img_4 = NuwaraEliya from top.jpg | city_5 = डम्बुला | div_5 = मातले जिल्ला{{!}}मातले | pop_5 = २६,००० | city_6 = ह्याटन, श्रीलङ्का{{!}}ह्याटन | div_6 = नुवारा इलिया जिल्ला{{!}}नुवारा इलिया | pop_6 = १४,५८५ | city_7 = नवलापिटिया | div_7 = क्यान्डी जिल्ला{{!}}क्यान्डी | pop_7 = १३,३३८ | city_8 = कडुगन्नावा | div_8 = क्यान्डी जिल्ला{{!}}क्यान्डी | pop_8 = १२,६५४ | city_9 = वाट्टेगामा | div_9 = क्यान्डी जिल्ला{{!}}क्यान्डी | pop_9 = ८,१५७ | city_10 = तलावाकेले | div_10 = नुवारा इलिया जिल्ला{{!}}नुवारा इलिया | pop_10 = ४,६९१ }} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} {{श्रीलङ्काका प्रदेशहरू}} [[श्रेणी:मध्य प्रदेश (श्रीलङ्का)]] [[श्रेणी:श्रीलङ्काका प्रदेशहरू]] t7m6oekxf3pbqtbewrgoht42n3pas2m 0 136535 1358472 1332845 2026-06-09T02:11:11Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = पूर्वी प्रदेश | native_name = {{lang|ta|கிழக்கு மாகாணம்}}<br />{{lang|si|නැගෙනහිර පළාත}} | settlement_type = [[श्रीलङ्काका प्रदेशहरू|प्रदेश]] | image_skyline = Batticaloa lagoon, sunset.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = बट्टिकालोआ दहमा सूर्यास्त | image_flag = Eastern Province Flag (SRI LANKA).png | image_map = Sri Lanka Eastern Province locator map.svg | map_caption = श्रीलङ्का भित्रको स्थान | coordinates = {{coord|07|55|N|81|30|E|region:LK_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = देश | subdivision_name = [[श्रीलङ्का]] | established_title = सिर्जना | established_date = १ अक्टोबर १८३३ | established_title1 = प्रदेशीय परिषद् | established_date1 = १४ नोभेम्बर १९८७ | seat_type = राजधानी | seat = [[त्रिन्कोमाली]] | seat1_type = सबैभन्दा ठुलो सहर | seat1 = [[कालमुनै]] | parts_type = [[श्रीलङ्काका जिल्लाहरू|जिल्लाहरू]] | parts_style = सूची | parts = | p1 = [[अम्पारा जिल्ला]] | p2 = [[बट्टिकालोआ जिल्ला]] | p3 = [[त्रिन्कोमाली जिल्ला]] | government_type = प्रदेशीय परिषद् | governing_body = पूर्वी प्रदेशीय परिषद् | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = <ref name=area>{{cite web|title=Area of Sri Lanka by province and district |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract2011/CHAP1/AB1-1.pdf |work=Statistical Abstract 2011 |publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113190301/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract2011/CHAP1/AB1-1.pdf |archive-date=2012-11-13 }}</ref> | area_total_km2 = ९९९६ | area_land_km2 = ९३६१ | area_water_km2 = ६३५ | area_water_percent = ६.३५ | area_rank = दोस्रो (कुल क्षेत्रफलको १५.२४%) | population_footnotes = <ref name=2012eth>{{cite web|title=A2 : Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3|work=Census of Population & Housing, 2011|publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428063924/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3 |date=2017-04-28 }}</ref> | population_total = १५५१३८१ | population_rank = छैटौँ (कुल जनसङ्ख्याको ७.६६%) | population_as_of = सन् २०१२ को जनगणना | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone1 = श्रीलङ्का | utc_offset1 = +०५:३० | blank_name_sec1 = आधिकारिक भाषाहरू | blank_info_sec1 = [[तमिल भाषा|तमिल]], [[सिंहली भाषा|सिंहली]] | website = {{URL|www.ep.gov.lk}} }}'''पूर्वी प्रदेश''' ({{lang-ta|கிழக்கு மாகாணம்}}; {{lang-si|නැගෙනහිර පළාත}}) [[श्रीलङ्काका प्रदेशहरू|श्रीलङ्काको ९ प्रदेशहरू]]मध्ये एक हो, जुन देशको पहिलो स्तरको प्रशासनिक विभाजन हो। यी प्रदेशहरू १९औँ शताब्दीदेखि अस्तित्वमा छन् तर सन् १९८७ मा [[श्रीलङ्काको संविधान]]को १३औँ संशोधनले प्रदेशीय परिषद्हरूको स्थापना नगरेसम्म यसको कुनै कानुनी हैसियत थिएन।<ref>{{cite web |title=Provinces of Sri Lanka |url=http://www.statoids.com/ulk.html |publisher=Statoids}}</ref><ref name="GOSL">{{cite web |title=Provincial Councils |url=http://www.priu.gov.lk/ProvCouncils/ProvicialCouncils.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707214924/http://www.priu.gov.lk/ProvCouncils/ProvicialCouncils.html |archive-date=2009-07-07 |publisher=[[Government of Sri Lanka]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707214924/http://www.priu.gov.lk/ProvCouncils/ProvicialCouncils.html |date=2009-07-07 }}</ref> सन् १९८८ र २००६ को बीचमा यस प्रदेशलाई अस्थायी रूपमा उत्तरी प्रदेशमा गाभिएर उत्तर पूर्वी प्रदेश बनाइएको थियो। यस प्रदेशको राजधानी [[त्रिन्कोमाली]] हो। कालमुनाई पूर्वी प्रदेशको सबैभन्दा ठुलो र सबैभन्दा बढी जनसङ्ख्या भएको सहर हो। == इतिहास == [[चित्र:Batticaloa Portuguese (dutch) fort.jpg|left|thumb|250px|बट्टिकलोआ गढी, १६२८ मा पोर्तगाली द्वारा निर्मित]] [[चित्र:Batticaloa - Polonnaruwa Road (near Punanai).JPG|left|thumb|बट्टिकलोआ-पोलोनारुवा रोड विकसित]] [[चित्र:Ottamavadi Bridge - inside view.JPG|left|thumb|नयाँ ओड्डामवादी पुल]] सन् १८१५ मा अङ्ग्रेजहरूले सिलोन को सम्पूर्ण टापुमाथि नियन्त्रण जमाए। तिनीहरूले टापुलाई तीन जातीय आधारित प्रशासनिक संरचनाहरूमा विभाजित गरे: लो कन्ट्री सिंहली, कान्द्यान सिंहली र [[तमिल जाति|तमिल]]। पूर्वी प्रदेश तमिल प्रशासनको हिस्सा थियो। सन् १८३३ मा, कोलेब्रुक-क्यामरून आयोगको सिफारिसअनुसार, जातीय आधारित प्रशासनिक संरचनाहरूलाई पाँच भौगोलिक प्रदेशहरूमा विभाजित एकल प्रशासनमा एकीकृत गरियो।<ref>{{cite book|last=Mills|first=Lennox A.|title=Ceylon Under British Rule (1795 - 1932)|year=1933|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=London|pages=67–68|url=http://www.noolaham.org/wiki/index.php?title=Ceylon_Under_British_Rule_%281795_-_1932%29}}</ref> बट्टिकलोआ, बिन्तेन्ना (हालको बडुल्ला जिल्लाको भाग), तमानकडुवा (हालको पोलोन्नारुवा जिल्ला) र त्रिन्कोमाली जिल्लाहरूले नयाँ पूर्वी प्रदेश गठन गरे।<ref>{{cite book|last=Medis|first=G. C.|title=Ceylon Under the British|year=1946|publisher=The Colombo Apothecaries Co.|location=Colombo|pages=39–40|url=http://www.noolaham.org/wiki/index.php?title=Ceylon_Under_the_British|edition=2nd (revised)}}</ref> तमानकाडुवालाई सन् १८७३ मा नवनिर्मित उत्तर मध्य प्रदेशमा स्थानान्तरण गरिएको थियो र बिन्टेन्नालाई सन् १८८६ मा नवनिर्मित उवा प्रदेशमा स्थानान्तरण गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite book|last=Medis|first=G. C.|title=Ceylon Under the British|year=1946|publisher=The Colombo Apothecaries Co.|location=Colombo|page=84|url=http://www.noolaham.org/wiki/index.php?title=Ceylon_Under_the_British|edition=2nd (revised)}}</ref><ref name="GOSL2">{{cite web |title=Provincial Councils |url=http://www.priu.gov.lk/ProvCouncils/ProvicialCouncils.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707214924/http://www.priu.gov.lk/ProvCouncils/ProvicialCouncils.html |archive-date=2009-07-07 |publisher=[[Government of Sri Lanka]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707214924/http://www.priu.gov.lk/ProvCouncils/ProvicialCouncils.html |date=2009-07-07 }}</ref> २९ जुलाई १९८७ मा हस्ताक्षर गरिएको भारत-श्रीलङ्का सम्झौताले श्रीलङ्का सरकारलाई प्रदेशहरूलाई अधिकार हस्तान्तरण गर्न र अन्तरिम रूपमा उत्तरी र पूर्वी प्रदेशहरूलाई एउटै प्रशासनिक एकाइमा गाभ्न आवश्यक थियो। यस सम्झौताले ३१ डिसेम्बर १९८८ सम्ममा पूर्वी प्रदेशमा जनमत सङ्ग्रह गर्न आवश्यक थियो ताकि विलय स्थायी हुने वा नहुने निर्णय गर्न सकियोस्। महत्वपूर्ण कुरा, यो सम्झौताले [[श्रीलङ्काको राष्ट्रपति|श्रीलङ्काका राष्ट्रपति]]लाई आफ्नो विवेकमा जनमत सङ्ग्रह स्थगित गर्न अनुमति दियो।<ref>{{cite web |title=Indo Sri Lanka Agreement, 1987 |url=http://www.tamilnation.co/conflictresolution/tamileelam/87peaceaccord.htm |publisher=Tamil Nation }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204171815/http://www.tamilnation.co/conflictresolution/tamileelam/87peaceaccord.htm |date=2017-12-04 }}</ref> १४ नोभेम्बर १९८७ मा श्रीलङ्काको संसदले श्रीलङ्काको सन् १९७८ को संविधान र सन् १९८७ को प्रदेशीय परिषद् ऐन नं ४२ मा १३औँ संशोधन पारित गर्दै प्रदेशीय परिषद्हरूको स्थापना गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Constitution |url=http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/AMENDMENTS.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817113810/http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/AMENDMENTS.html |archive-date=2009-08-17 |access-date=2009-02-04 |publisher=[[Government of Sri Lanka]]}}</ref> सेप्टेम्बर २ र ८ १९८८ मा राष्ट्रपति जयवर्धनेले उत्तरी र पूर्वी प्रदेशहरूलाई एक निर्वाचित परिषदद्वारा प्रशासित एक प्रशासनिक एकाइ को रूपमा सक्षम बनाउने घोषणा जारी गरे। उत्तर-पूर्वी प्रदेशको जन्म भएको थियो।<ref name="LNP">{{cite web |title=North-East merger illegal: SC |url=http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2006/10/8947.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524142033/http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2006/10/8947.html |archive-date=2009-05-24 |publisher=LankaNewspapers.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524142033/http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2006/10/8947.html |date=2009-05-24 }}</ref> पूर्वी प्रदेशमा दुई प्रदेशबीच स्थायी एकीकरणका लागि जनमत सङ्ग्रह नहुञ्जेलसम्म यी घोषणाहरू अस्थायी उपाय मात्र थिए। यद्यपि, जनमत सङ्ग्रह कहिल्यै हुन सकेन र श्रीलङ्काका राष्ट्रपतिहरूले "अस्थायी" अस्तित्वको आयु बढाउने वार्षिक घोषणाहरू जारी गरे।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/11/14/stories/2003111411881500.htm|title=Sri Lanka's North-East to remain united for another year|last=Sambandan|first=V. S.|date=14 November 2003|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040225085959/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/11/14/stories/2003111411881500.htm|archive-date=25 February 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref> यस विलयको श्रीलङ्काका राष्ट्रवादीहरूले कडा विरोध गरेका थिए। संयुक्त उत्तर-पूर्वी प्रदेशले श्रीलङ्काको एक चौथाई भाग ओगटेको थियो। विद्रोही लिबरेशन टाइगर्स अफ तमिल ईलमले प्रत्यक्ष वा परोक्ष रूपमा यस प्रदेशलाई नियन्त्रण गर्ने विचारले उनीहरूलाई निकै चिन्तित तुल्यायो। १४ जुलाई २००६ मा, एकीकरणको बिरूद्ध लामो अभियान पछि, जनता विमुक्ती पेरामुना राजनीतिक दलले सर्वोच्च न्यायालयमा पूर्वको लागि छुट्टै प्रदेशीय परिषदको अनुरोध गर्दै तीन अलग-अलग याचिकाहरू दायर गरेको थियो। १६ अक्टोबर २००६ मा सर्वोच्च न्यायालयले राष्ट्रपति जयवर्धनेद्वारा जारी गरिएको घोषणाहरू अमान्य र अमान्य भएको र यसको कुनै कानुनी प्रभाव नरहेको फैसला सुनाएको थियो। १ जनवरी २००७ मा उत्तर-पूर्वी प्रदेशलाई औपचारिक रूपमा उत्तरी र पूर्वी प्रदेशहरूमा गाभिएको थियो।<ref name="LNP" /> पूर्वी प्रदेशको अधिकांश भाग गृहयुद्धको समयमा धेरै वर्षसम्म विद्रोही लिबरेशन टाइगर्स अफ तमिल ईलमको नियन्त्रणमा थियो। सन् २००७ मा श्रीलङ्काको सेनाले उक्त प्रदेश पुनः नियन्त्रणमा लिएको थियो। धेरै समुदायका सदस्यहरूले तमिल मक्कल विदुथलाई पुलिकल (टीएमभीपी) जस्ता सरकार समर्थक तमिल समूहहरूलाई दोषी ठहराए। सन् २००८ मा विभिन्न तमिल गुटहरू द्वारा अन्धाधुन्ध बन्दुक प्रयोगको कारण सरकारले तमिल अर्धसैनिक समूहहरूलाई निशस्त्र गर्ने योजना बनायो। यद्यपि टीएमभीपीले लिट्टेको धम्कीका कारण हतियार राखेको थियो र उनीहरू नागरिक क्षेत्रमा सक्रिय रहेको अस्वीकार गरेको थियो। सन् २००९ मा लिट्टे पराजित भएपछि टिएमभीपीलाई निःशस्त्रीकरण गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2009 |title="TMVP to disarm completely" Global Tamil News |url=http://www.globaltamilnews.net/GTMNEditorial/tabid/71/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/43418/language/en-US/TMVP-to-disarm-completely-.aspx }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220121742/http://www.globaltamilnews.net/GTMNEditorial/tabid/71/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/43418/language/en-US/TMVP-to-disarm-completely-.aspx |date=20 December 2014 }}</ref> इन्टरनेसनल क्राइसिस ग्रुपका अनुसार सन् २००७ मा श्रीलङ्का सरकारको नियन्त्रणमा आएयता पूर्वी प्रदेशले अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय दाताहरूबाट कम्तीमा ५० करोड अमेरिकी डलर प्राप्त गरेको छ। युद्धको अन्त्यपछि पूर्वी प्रदेशले नागेनहिरा नवोदय (पूर्वी पुनरुत्थान) कार्यक्रम अन्तर्गत उल्लेखनीय विकास देखेको छ जसमा विभिन्न कृषि, पूर्वाधार र सामाजिक विकास परियोजनाहरू समावेश छन्। यसमा सडक, विद्यालय, अस्पतालहरूको निर्माण र मर्मत, आईडीपीहरूको पुनर्स्थापना र नानसाला आईसीटी केन्द्रहरूको निर्माण समावेश छ। पूर्वी प्रदेशमा वर्तमान ८८ वटा नानसाला आईसीटी शिक्षा केन्द्रहरू छन्। अन्य परियोजनाहरूमा लिट्टेद्वारा नष्ट गरिएको वालाई इरावु पुलको पुनर्निर्माण, बट्टिकलोआ शहरमा वेबर रङ्गशालाको विकास, कृषि उत्पादन वृद्धि, मनमुनाई, वावुनाटिवु र न्यू ओडामावाडी पुलहरूको निर्माण, कार्पेटिङ सडकहरू, गरीबीको रेखामुनि बस्ने मानिसहरूका लागि पूर्वी प्रदेशमा ४८,००० घरहरू निर्माण, ट्रिन्कोमाली हार्बरको विकास, सम्पुर पावर स्टेसनको निर्माण,  ट्रिन्कोमालीमा समुद्री पार्क र समुद्री सङ्ग्रहालयको विकास, सम्पुर औद्योगिक क्षेत्रको निर्माण, बस स्ट्यान्ड, नहरहरू र अम्पारा जिल्लामा ओलुविल बन्दरगाहको विकास।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Features &#124; Online edition of Daily News - Lakehouse Newspapers |url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2012/08/18/fea03.asp}}</ref> == भूगोल == [[चित्र:Batticaloa lagoon, fishing boats.jpg|left|thumb|250px|बट्टिकलोआ दहमा माछा मार्ने डुङ्गाहरू]] पूर्वी प्रदेशको क्षेत्रफल ९,९९६ वर्ग किलोमिटर (३,८५९ वर्ग माइल) रहेको छ। यस प्रदेशलाई उत्तरमा उत्तरी प्रदेश, पूर्वमा [[बङ्गालको खाडी]], दक्षिणमा दक्षिणी प्रदेश र पश्चिममा उवा, मध्य र उत्तर मध्य प्रदेशहरूले घेरेको छ। यस प्रदेशको तटमा दहहरूको प्रभुत्व छ, सबैभन्दा ठुलो बट्टिकलोआ दह, कोक्किलाइ दह, उपर दह र उल्लाक्कली दह हो। == प्रशासनिक एकाइहरू, नगरहरू र सहरहरू == === प्रशासनिक एकाइहरू === यस प्रदेशमा ३ प्रशासनिक जिल्लाहरू, ४५ विभागीय सचिवविभागहरू र १,०८५ ग्राम निलाधारी विभागहरूमा विभाजन गरिएको छ। {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;" ! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;" |जिल्ला ! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;" |राजधानी ! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;" |सचिवविभागह ! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;" |ग्राम निलाधारी विभाग ! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;" |कुल क्षेत्र (कि.मी.२)<ref name="area" /> ! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;" |भूमि क्षेत्र (कि.मी.२)<ref name="area" /> ! colspan="6" |जनसङ्ख्या (सन् २०१२को जनगणना)<ref name="2012eth" /> ! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;" |जनसङ्ख्या घनत्व (कि.मि.२) |- ! style="width:70px;" |श्रीलङ्काली तमिल ! style="width:70px;" |श्रीलङ्काली मुर ! style="vertical-align:bottom; width:70px;" |सिंहली ! style="width:70px;" |भारतीय तमिल ! style="vertical-align:bottom; width:70px;" |अन्य ! style="vertical-align:bottom; width:70px;" |जम्मा |- | align="left" |अम्पारा | align="left" |अम्पारा |२० |५०७ |४,४१५ |४,२२२ |११२,७५० |२८२,४८४ |२५१,०१८ |१६५ |१,६४० |'''६४८,०५७''' |१४७ |- | align="left" |बट्टिकालोआ | align="left" |बट्टिकालोआ |१४ |३४८ |२,८५४ |२,६१० |३८१,२८५ |१३३,८४४ |६,१२७ |१,०१५ |२,८७१ |'''५२५,१४२''' |१८४ |- | align="left" |त्रिन्कोमाली | align="left" |त्रिन्कोमाली |११ |२३० |२,७२७ |२,५२९ |११५,५४९ |१५२,८५४ |१०१,९९१ |६,५३१ |१,२५७ |'''३७८,१८२''' |१३९ |- style="font-weight:bold" | colspan="2" align="left" |जम्मा |४५ |१,०८५ |९,९९६ |९,३६१ |६०९,५८४ |५६९,१८२ |३५९,१३६ |७,७११ |५,७६८ |१,५५१,३८१ |१५५ |} === प्रमुख नगर र सहरहरू === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;" ! valign="bottom" |सहर/नगर ! valign="bottom" |जिल्ला !<small>जनसङ्ख्या</small> <small>(२०१२</small> <small>अनुमान)</small><ref>{{cite web |title=Sri Lanka: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population |url=http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-127&srt=pnan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500 |publisher=World Gazetteer}}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> |- |कालमुनै |अम्पारा | align="right" |१०६,७८३ |- |त्रिन्कोमाली |त्रिन्कोमाली | align="right" |९९,१३५ |- |बट्टिकालोआ |बट्टिकालोआ | align="right" |९२,३३२ |- |कट्टानकुडी |बट्टिकालोआ | align="right" |४०,८८३ |- |एरावुर |बट्टिकालोआ | align="right" |२५,५८२ |- |अम्पारा |अम्पारा | align="right" |२०,३०९ |} == जनसाङ्ख्यिकी == === जनसङ्ख्या === सन् २०१२ मा पूर्वी प्रदेशको जनसङ्ख्या १५,५१,३८१ थियो। यो प्रदेश श्रीलङ्कामा जातीय र धार्मिक दुवै गणितले सबैभन्दा विविधतायुक्त छ।<ref name="2012eth2">{{cite web |title=A2 : Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3 |work=Census of Population & Housing, 2011 |publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428063924/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3 |date=2017-04-28 }}</ref> उत्तरी प्रदेशको जस्तै यस प्रदेशको जनसङ्ख्या पनि गृहयुद्धबाट धेरै प्रभावित भएको थियो। यस युद्धमा अनुमानित १,००,००० मानिसहरूको मृत्यु भएको थियो। युद्धको दौडान लाखौँ श्रीलङ्काली तमिलहरू, सम्भवतः १० लाख जति, पश्चिममा बसाइँ सरेका थिए। धेरै श्रीलङ्काली तमिलहरू पनि राजधानी कोलम्बोको सापेक्षिक सुरक्षामा सरेका थिए। यस द्वन्द्वका कारण यस प्रदेशमा बसोबास गर्ने केही तमिल, मुर र सिंहलीहरू श्रीलङ्काका अन्य भागहरूमा भाग्न बाध्य भएका छन्, यद्यपि उनीहरूमध्ये अधिकांश गृहयुद्धको अन्त्यपछि यस प्रदेशमा फर्केका छन्।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3090111.stm|title=Twenty years on - riots that led to war|last=Harrison|first=Frances|date=23 July 2003|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> === जातीय === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;" |+'''जातीय समूह द्वारा पूर्वी प्रदेशको जनसङ्ख्या सन् १८८१ देखि २०१२ सम्म'''<ref name="2012eth3">{{cite web |title=A2 : Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3 |work=Census of Population & Housing, 2011 |publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428063924/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3 |date=2017-04-28 }}</ref><ref name="2007enuamp">{{cite web |title=Special Enumeration 2007, Ampara |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/Preliminary%20Reports%20Special%20Enumeration%202007/Basic%20Population%20Information%20on%20Ampara%20District%202007.pdf |publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924120925/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/Preliminary%20Reports%20Special%20Enumeration%202007/Basic%20Population%20Information%20on%20Ampara%20District%202007.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }}</ref><ref name="2007enubat">{{cite web |title=Special Enumeration 2007, Batticaloa |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/Preliminary%20Reports%20Special%20Enumeration%202007/Basic%20Population%20Information%20of%20Batticaloa%20District%202007.pdf |publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807040754/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/Preliminary%20Reports%20Special%20Enumeration%202007/Basic%20Population%20Information%20of%20Batticaloa%20District%202007.pdf |date=2015-08-07 }}</ref><ref name="2007enutri">{{cite web |title=Special Enumeration 2007, Trincomalee |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/Preliminary%20Reports%20Special%20Enumeration%202007/Basic%20Population%20Information%20on%20Trincomalee%20District%202007.pdf |publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706210337/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/Preliminary%20Reports%20Special%20Enumeration%202007/Basic%20Population%20Information%20on%20Trincomalee%20District%202007.pdf |date=2012-07-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Demographic Changes by the LTTE Peace Secretariat, April 2008 |url=http://www.sangam.org/2008/05/Demographic_Changes.pdf |publisher=Sangam}}</ref> ! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;" |वर्ष ! colspan="2" |तमिल ! colspan="2" |मुस्लिम ! colspan="2" |सिंहली ! colspan="2" |अन्य ! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;" |जम्मा |- ! style="width:60px;" |सङ्ख्या ! style="width:50px;" |% ! style="width:60px;" |सङ्ख्या ! style="width:50px;" |% ! style="width:60px;" |सङ्ख्या ! style="width:50px;" |% ! style="width:60px;" |सङ्ख्या ! style="width:50px;" |% |- | align="left" |सन् १८८१ को जनगणना |७५,३१८ |५८.९६% |४३,००१ |३३.६६% |५,९४७ |४.६६% |३,४८९ |२.७३% |'''१२७,७५५''' |- | align="left" |सन् १८९१ को जनगणना |८६,७०१ |५८.४१% |५१,२०६ |३४.५०% |७,५०८ |५.०६% |३,०२९ |२.०४% |'''१४८,४४४''' |- | align="left" |सन् १९०१ जनगणना |९६,९१७ |५५.८३% |६२,४४८ |३५.९७% |८,७७८ |५.०६% |५,४५९ |३.१४% |'''१७३,६०२''' |- | align="left" |सन् १९११ को जनगणना |१०१,१८१ |५५.०८% |७०,३९५ |३८.३२% |६,९०९ |३.७६% |५,२१३ |२.८४% |'''१८३,६९८''' |- | align="left" |सन् १९२१ को जनगणना |१०३,२४५ |५३.५४% |७५,९९२ |३९.४१% |८,७४४ |४.५३% |४,८४० |२.५१% |'''१९२,८२१''' |- | align="left" |सन् १९४६ को जनगणना |१३६,०५९ |४८.७५% |१०९,०२४ |३९.०६% |२३,४५६ |८.४०% |१०,५७३ |३.७९% |'''२७९,११२''' |- | align="left" |सन् १९५३ को जनगणना |१६७,८९८ |४७.३७% |१३५,३२२ |३८.१८% |४६,४७० |१३.११% |४,७२० |१.३३% |'''३५४,४१०''' |- | align="left" |सन् १९६३ को जनगणना |२४६,०५९ |४५.०३% |१८४,४३४ |३३.७५% |१०८,६३६ |१९.८८% |७,३४५ |१.३४% |'''५४६,४७४''' |- | align="left" |सन् १९७१ को जनगणना |३१५,५६६ |४३.९८% |२४७,१७८ |३४.४५% |१४८,५७२ |२०.७०% |६,२५५ |०.८७% |'''७१७,५७१''' |- | align="left" |सन् १९८१ को जनगणना |४१०,१५६ |४२.०६% |३१५,४३६ |३२.३४% |२४३,७०१ |२४.९९% |५,९८८ |०.६१% |'''९७५,२५१''' |- | align="left" |सन् २००१ जनगणना |गरिएन |गरिएन |गरिएन |गरिएन |गरिएन |गरिएन |गरिएन |गरिएन |'''गरिएन''' |- | align="left" |सन् २००७ को गणना |५९०,१३२ |४०.३९% |५४९,८५७ |३७.६४% |३१६,१०१ |२१.६४% |४,८४९ |०.३३% |'''१,४६०,९३९''' |- | align="left" |सन् २०१२ को जनगणना |६१७,२९५ |३९.७९% |५६९,७३८ |३६.७२% |३५९,१३६ |२३.१५% |५,२१२ |०.३४% |'''१,५५१,३८१''' |} === धर्म === इस्लाम पूर्वी प्रदेशमा बहुलता धर्म हो। {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;" |+'''धर्म अनुसार पूर्वी प्रदेशको जनसङ्ख्या सन् १९८१ देखि २०१२ सम्म'''<ref name="2012rel">{{cite web |title=A3 : Population by religion according to districts, 2012 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop43&gp=Activities&tpl=3 |work=Census of Population & Housing, 2011 |publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107065148/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop43&gp=Activities&tpl=3 |date=2019-01-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Population by religion and district, Census 1981, 2001 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract2011/CHAP2/AB2-15.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113190535/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract2011/CHAP2/AB2-15.pdf |archive-date=2012-11-13 |work=Statistical Abstract 2011 |publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113190535/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract2011/CHAP2/AB2-15.pdf |date=2012-11-13 }}</ref> ! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;" |वर्ष ! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;" |मुस्लिम ! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;" |हिन्दु ! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;" |बौद्ध ! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;" |ईसाई ! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;" |अन्य ! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;" |'''जम्मा''' |- ! style="width:60px;" |सङ्ख्या ! style="width:50px;" |% ! style="width:60px;" |सङ्ख्या ! style="width:50px;" |% ! style="width:60px;" |सङ्ख्या ! style="width:50px;" |% ! style="width:60px;" |सङ्ख्या ! style="width:50px;" |% ! style="width:60px;" |सङ्ख्या ! style="width:50px;" |% |- | align="left" |सन् १८८१ को जनगणना |३१७,३५४ |३२.५४% |३७२,४६४ |३८.१९% |२३७,४१६ |२४.३४% |४७,११२ |४.८३% |९०५ |०.०९% |'''९७५,२५१''' |- | align="left" |सन् २०१२ को जनगणना |५७५,९३६ |३७.१२% |५३९,५७० |३४.७८% |३५४,७७२ |२२.८७% |८०,८०१ |५.२१% |३०२ |०.०२% |'''१,५५१,३८१''' |} == अर्थतन्त्र == [[चित्र:TrincomaleeHabour.jpg|thumbnail|त्रिन्कोमाली बन्दरगाह जसले प्रदेशको अर्थव्यवस्थामा ठुलो भूमिका खेल्छ]] पूर्वी प्रदेशमा मुख्यतया कृषिमा आधारित अर्थव्यवस्था छ र यसलाई सामान्यतया "श्रीलङ्काको अन्न भण्डार" को रूपमा चिनिन्छ। यसले राष्ट्रिय धान उत्पादनमा २५%, राष्ट्रिय दूध उत्पादनमा १७% र राष्ट्रिय माछा उत्पादनमा २१% योगदान गर्दछ। मकै खेती विस्तार हुँदै गएको, हाइब्रिड बीउसहितको ठुलो परिमाणमा मकै खेती र करारमा बजारीकरणले उत्पादनमा उल्लेख्य वृद्धि भएको र मुलुकको मकैआवश्यकताको २५ प्रतिशत उत्पादन गर्ने लक्ष्य राखिएको छ। औद्योगिक क्षेत्रले प्रदेशको कुल गार्हस्थ्य उत्पादनमा ३४% योगदान पुर् याएको छ र निर्यात प्रशोधन क्षेत्रहरू जस्तै ट्रिन्कोमाली ईपीजेड र सम्पुर हेभी औद्योगिक क्षेत्र त्रिन्कोमाली हार्बरको साथ औद्योगिक क्षेत्रलाई बढावा दिन विकसित गरिएको छ, जुन ब्रेक बल्क, बल्क कार्गो र भारी उद्योगहरू सहित औद्योगिक गतिविधिहरूको लागि विकास भइरहेको छ।<ref>{{Cite web |title=investineast.lk Eastern Province economy |url=http://investineast.lk/eastern-province-economy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101105630/http://investineast.lk/eastern-province-economy/ |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=1 January 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101105630/http://investineast.lk/eastern-province-economy/ |date=1 January 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sundaytimes.lk "Developing the varied resources of the Eastern Province |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/141019/columns/developing-the-varied-resources-of-the-eastern-province-123168.html}}</ref> यस प्रदेशले ठुलो पर्यटन उद्योगबाट लाभ उठाउँछ जसमा धेरै समुद्री किनारका रिसोर्टहरू र होटलहरू मुख्य तया लैगूनहरूमा अवस्थित छन् साथै पासिकुडाह, निलावेली, उपपुवेली र कलकुदह जस्ता समुद्र तटहरूमा अवस्थित छन्। ऐतिहासिक स्थलहरू र अन्य प्राकृतिक आकर्षणहरू जस्तै पिजन टापु, प्रवाल भित्ताहरूले उद्योगमा योगदान पुर्याउँछन्।<ref>{{Cite web |title=A 'hotel away from hotel' rises in the East {{!}} The Sunday Times Sri Lanka |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/150816/plus/a-hotel-away-from-hotel-rises-in-the-east-160604.html |access-date=2017-01-29 |website=www.sundaytimes.lk}}</ref> == सरकार र राजनीति == श्रीलङ्काको सन् १९७८ को संविधानको तेह्रौँ संशोधनले प्रदेशीय परिषद्हरूको स्थापना गरेको थियो। प्रदेशीय परिषद्हरूको लागि पहिलो निर्वाचन २८ अप्रिल १९८८ मा उत्तर मध्य, उत्तर पश्चिम, सबरागामुवा र उवा प्रदेशहरूमा भएको थियो।<ref>[http://www.ices.lk/sl_database/ethnic_conflict/time_line.shtml Ethnic Conflict of Sri Lanka: Time Line - From Independence to 1999, ICES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212123102/http://www.ices.lk/sl_database/ethnic_conflict/time_line.shtml |date=2009-12-12 }}</ref> नयाँ गाभिएको उत्तर-पूर्वी प्रदेशमा चुनाव १९ नोभेम्बर १९८८ का लागि निर्धारित गरिएको थियो। यद्यपि, भारतीय शान्ति सेना (आईपीकेएफ), जसले त्यस समयमा उत्तर-पूर्वी प्रदेशमा नियन्त्रण गरेको थियो, उत्तरको चुनावमा धाँधली गर्यो ताकि ईलम पिपुल्स रिभोल्युसनरी लिबरेशन फ्रन्ट (ईपीआरएलएफ) र ईलम नेशनल डेमोक्रेटिक लिबरेशन फ्रन्ट (ईएनडीएलएफ), दुई भारतीय समर्थित अर्धसैनिक समूहहरूले उत्तरका सबै ३६ सीटहरू निर्विरोध जिते। तर, पूर्वका ३५ सिटका लागि भने निर्वाचन भएको थियो। श्रीलङ्का मुस्लिम कंग्रेसले १७, ईपीआरएलएफले १२, एन्डएलएफले ५ र युनाइटेड नेसनल पार्टीले १ सिट जितेका छन्। १० डिसेम्बर १९८८ को ईपीआरएलएफ के अन्नामलाई वरथारजाह पेरुमल उत्तर-पूर्व प्रांतीय परिषद के पहले मुख्यमन्त्री बने। उत्तर-पूर्वमा कोलम्बोबाट सीधै शासन गरिएको थियो मे २००८ सम्म जब पूर्वी प्रदेशमा चुनाव भयो (उत्तरी प्रदेश कोलम्बोबाट शासित भइरह्यो)।<ref>{{Cite web |title=I'm no traitor, says Perumal, Sunday Island 10 September 2000 |url=http://www.priu.gov.lk/news_update/features/20000912no_traitor.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501173226/http://www.priu.gov.lk/news_update/features/20000912no_traitor.htm |archive-date=1 May 2009 |access-date=4 February 2009}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} {{श्रीलङ्काका प्रदेशहरू}} [[श्रेणी:श्रीलङ्काका प्रदेशहरू]] 0b0an7sxe5smgatnngt5hlgi3itilm5 0 136549 1358468 1184405 2026-06-09T01:00:36Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = पश्चिमी प्रदेश | native_name = {{lang|si|බස්නාහිර පළාත}}<br />{{lang|ta|மேல் மாகாணம்}} | settlement_type = [[श्रीलङ्काका प्रदेशहरू|प्रदेश]] | image_skyline = Colombo City, Sri Lanka.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = [[कोलम्बो]] | image_flag = Western Province Flag (SRI LANKA).png | image_map = Sri Lanka Western Province locator map.svg | map_caption = श्रीलङ्का भित्रको स्थान | coordinates = {{coord|06|50|N|80|05|E|region:LK_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = देश | subdivision_name = [[श्रीलङ्का]] | established_title = सिर्जना | established_date = १ अक्टोबर १८३३ | established_title1 = प्रान्तीय परिषद् | established_date1 = १४ नोभेम्बर १९८७ | seat_type = राजधानी | seat = [[कोलम्बो]] | seat1_type = सबैभन्दा ठुलो सहर | seat1 = [[कोलम्बो]] | parts_type = [[श्रीलङ्काका जिल्लाहरू|जिल्लाहरू]] | parts_style = सूची | parts = | p1 = [[कोलम्बो जिल्ला|कोलम्बो]] | p2 = [[गम्पाहा जिल्ला|गम्पाहा]] | p3 = [[कालुतारा जिल्ला|कालुतारा]] | government_type = प्रान्तीय परिषद् | governing_body = पश्चिमी प्रान्तीय परिषद् | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_total_km2 = ३६८४ | area_land_km2 = ३५९३ | area_rank = ९औँ (कुल क्षेत्रफलको ५.६१%) | area_water_percent = २.४७ | population_total = ५८२१७१० | population_rank = पहिलो (कुल जनसङ्ख्याको २८.७३%) | population_as_of = सन् २०१२ को जनगणना | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone1 = श्रीलङ्का | utc_offset1 = +०५:३० | website = {{URL|www.wp.gov.lk}} }}'''पश्चिमी प्रदेश''' ({{lang-si|බස්නාහිර පළාත}}; {{lang-ta|மேல் மாகாணம்}}) [[श्रीलङ्काका प्रदेशहरू|श्रीलङ्काको ९ प्रदेशहरू]]मध्ये एक हो, जुन देशको पहिलो स्तरको प्रशासनिक विभाजन हो। यी प्रदेशहरू १९औँ शताब्दीदेखि अस्तित्वमा छन् तर सन् १९८७ मा श्रीलङ्काको संविधानको १३औँ संशोधनले प्रदेशीय परिषद्हरूको स्थापना नगरेसम्म यसको कुनै कानुनी हैसियत थिएन। पश्चिमी प्रदेश देशको सबैभन्दा घना जनसङ्ख्या भएको प्रदेश हो र यो विधायी राजधानी [[श्री जयवर्दनेपुरा कोटे|श्री जयवर्धनेपुरा कोट्टे]]को साथै [[कोलम्बो]], देशको प्रशासनिक र व्यापारिक केन्द्रको घर हो।<ref>{{cite web |title=Provinces of Sri Lanka |url=http://www.statoids.com/ulk.html |publisher=Statoids}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Councils |url=http://www.priu.gov.lk/ProvCouncils/ProvicialCouncils.html |publisher=[[Government of Sri Lanka]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707214924/http://www.priu.gov.lk/ProvCouncils/ProvicialCouncils.html |date=2009-07-07 }}</ref> == इतिहास == हालको पश्चिमी प्रदेशका केही भागहरू पूर्व-औपनिवेशिक राज्य कोट्टेको भाग थिए। त्यसपछि यो प्रदेश पोर्चुगिज, डच र बेलायती नियन्त्रणमा आयो। सन् १८१५ मा अङ्ग्रेजहरूले सिलोन को सम्पूर्ण टापुमाथि कब्जा जमाए। तिनीहरूले टापुलाई तीन जातीय आधारित प्रशासनिक संरचनाहरूमा विभाजित गरे: लो कन्ट्री सिंहली, कान्द्यान सिंहली र तमिल। पश्चिमी प्रदेश लो कन्ट्री सिंहली प्रशासनको एक भाग थियो। सन् १८३३ मा, कोलेब्रुक-क्यामरून आयोगको सिफारिसअनुसार, जातीय आधारित प्रशासनिक संरचनाहरूलाई पाँच भौगोलिक प्रदेशहरूमा विभाजित एकल प्रशासनमा एकीकृत गरियो।<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Medis|first=G. C.|title=Ceylon Under the British|year=1946|publisher=The Colombo Apothecaries Co.|location=Colombo|page=85|url=http://www.noolaham.org/wiki/index.php?title=Ceylon_Under_the_British|edition=2nd (revised)}}</ref> चिलाउ, कोलम्बो, कालुतारा, पुत्तलाम, सेभेन कोरलेस (हालको कुरुनेगाला जिल्ला), तीन कोरलेस, चार कोरलेस र लोअर बुलाटगामा (हालको केगाले जिल्ला) ले नयाँ पश्चिमी प्रदेश को गठन गरे। चिलाउ जिल्ला, पुत्तलम जिल्ला र सेभेन कोरलेसलाई सन् १८४५ मा नवनिर्मित उत्तर पश्चिमी प्रदेशमा स्थानान्तरण गरिएको थियो। सन् १८८९ मा तीन कोरलेस, चार कोरलेस र लोअर बुलटगामालाई नवनिर्मित सबरागामुवा प्रदेशमा स्थानान्तरण गरिएको थियो।<ref name=":0" /> सुर्बानाद्वारा डिजाइन गरिएको पश्चिमी प्रदेशमा पश्चिमी क्षेत्र मेगापोलिस योजना अन्तर्गत योजनाबद्ध मेगासिटी सिर्जना गर्ने योजना छ। सन् २००४ मा रानिल विक्रमासिंघेले सुरु गरेको यो कार्यक्रम उनको चुनावी हारपछि रोकिएको थियो र सन् २०१५ मा उनी सत्तामा फर्केपछि पुनः सुरु गरिएको थियो। परियोजनाले कोलम्बो, गाम्पाहा र कालुतारा जिल्लाहरू मर्ज गर्ने र जोनिङ सुरु गर्ने योजना बनाएको छ।<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2015 |title=What is the Singapore-styled Western Region Megapolis plan for Colombo? {{!}} Adaderana Biz English {{!}} Sri Lanka Business News |url=http://bizenglish.adaderana.lk/what-is-the-western-region-megapolis-plan-to-make-colombo-a-singapore/ |access-date=2016-01-30 |website=bizenglish.adaderana.lk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2016 |title=Project Megapolis explained - Colombo, Gampaha, Kalutara to merge - Newsfirst |url=http://newsfirst.lk/english/2016/01/project-megapolis-explained-colombo-gampaha-kalutara-to-merge/126380 |access-date=2016-01-30 |website=Sri Lanka News - Newsfirst {{!}} News1st {{!}} newsfirst.lk {{!}} Breaking |language=en-US }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128013543/http://newsfirst.lk/english/2016/01/project-megapolis-explained-colombo-gampaha-kalutara-to-merge/126380 |date=2016-01-28 }}</ref> == भूगोल र जलवायु == पश्चिमी प्रदेश श्रीलङ्काको दक्षिणपश्चिममा अवस्थित छ। यसको क्षेत्रफल ३,६८४ वर्ग किलोमिटर (१,४२२ वर्ग माइल) रहेको छ। यस प्रदेशलाई पश्चिममा [[लक्षद्वीप सागर]], उत्तरमा उत्तर पश्चिमी प्रदेश, पूर्वमा सबरागामुवा प्रदेश र दक्षिणमा दक्षिणी प्रदेशले घेरेको छ। पश्चिमी प्रदेश को पूर्वाधार, उपयोगिता आपूर्ति, र शहरी अर्थव्यवस्था मा दस्तक-मा प्रभाव संग भारी वर्षा घटनाहरू संग औसत वर्षा मा वृद्धि को परिणाम को रूप मा बार-बार बाढ़ को लागि असुरक्षित छ। श्रीलङ्काको सबैभन्दा शहरीकरण भएको प्रदेशको रूपमा, यी जलवायु घटनाहरूले यस प्रदेशको तीव्र शहरी विकासको कारण धेरै समस्याहरू खडा गर्दछ।<ref>[http://cdkn.org/resource/integrating-urban-agriculture-and-forestry-into-climate-change-action-plans-lessons-from-sri-lanka/ Integrating urban agriculture and forestry into climate change action plans: Lessons from Sri Lanka], Marielle Dubbeling, the [[Climate and Environment Knowledge Network]], 2014</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} {{श्रीलङ्काका प्रदेशहरू}} [[श्रेणी:श्रीलङ्काका प्रदेशहरू]] rchirdrqba0q45yt1hqzbwmbr8h4lxq 0 136593 1358557 1293953 2026-06-09T10:59:39Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox holiday | holiday_name = राष्ट्रिय दिवस<br>संयुक्त अरब इमिरेट्स | type = Dhirimayh,cge | image = Union House on 2 December 2007.jpg | observedby = [[संयुक्त अरब इमिरेट्स]] | litcolor = | longtype = | date = २ डिसेम्बर | significance = संयुक्त अरब इमिरेट्सको निर्माण भएको स्मरणमा | frequency = वार्षिक | scheduling = प्रत्येक वर्ष सोही दिन | duration = 1 day any }} '''युएई राष्ट्रिय दिवस''' ({{Lang-ar|اليوم الوطني}}; ''Al Yawm Al Watani")'' [[संयुक्त अरब इमिरेट्स]]को निर्माण भएको स्मरणमा वर्षेनी डिसेम्बर २ तारिकमा मनाइन्छ।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Everything you need to know about UAE National Day |url=https://www.jumeirah.com/en/article/stories/dubai/everything-you-need-to-know-about-uae-national-day |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=www.jumeirah.com |language=en }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730125339/https://www.jumeirah.com/en/article/stories/dubai/everything-you-need-to-know-about-uae-national-day |date=2023-07-30 }}</ref> संयुक्त अरब इमिरेट्सको सङ्घमा सन् १९७२ फेब्रुअरी १ का दिन सातौँ अमिरातको रूपमा रास अल खैमाह जोडिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/47140175|title=United Arab Emirates : a new perspective|date=2001}}</ref> == इतिहास == युएईको निर्माण भन्दा अगाडी, यी अमिरातहरू सन् १८२०, सन् १८५३ र सन् १८९६ मा भएका सन्धीअनुसार ब्रिटिस संरक्षक राज्य थिए। सन् १९६८ मा, प्रधानमन्त्री [[हेरोल्ड विलसन]] नेतृत्वको ब्रिटिस सरकारले संरक्षक राज्य सहित [[स्वेज नहर|स्वेज]] पूर्वबाट आफ्ना फौज फिर्ता गर्ने मनसाय व्यक्त गरेका थिए। [[इरान]] र [[साउदी अरब]]जस्ता क्षेत्रीय शक्तिबाट घेरिएका कमजोर राज्यहरूले एउटा सङ्घको प्रस्ताव गरेपछि प्रस्तावित सङ्घमा [[कतार]] र [[बहराइन]] सामावेश गरिने भएपनि सो प्रयास व्यर्थ हुन पुगेको थियो। बहराइनले सन् १९७१ अगस्ट र कतारले सन् १९७१ सेप्टेम्बर मा स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणा गरेको थियो। १ डिसेम्बरमा ब्रिटिस सन्धिको म्याद सकिनु अगाडी, इरानी सेनाले अबु मुसा र ग्रेटर एन्ड लेसर टुन्ब टापुमा कब्जा जमाएको थियो।<ref>{{Citation |last=Rabi |first=Uzi |title=The United Arab Emirates |date=2021-09-08 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429034411-35 |work=Middle East Contemporary Survey |pages=693–702 |access-date=2023-11-27 |place=New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-03441-1}}</ref> सन्धी समाप्ति भएपछी युएईले (रास अल खैमाह बाहेक) २ डिसेम्बरमा स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणा गरेको थियो।<ref>{{Cite book|title=Oman: The True-Life Drama and Intrigue of an Arab State|location=Edinburgh, Scotland}}</ref> रास अल खैमाह सन् १९७२ फेब्रुअरी १० मा युएई सङ्घमा जोडिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Public holidays {{!}} The Official Portal of the UAE Government |url=https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/public-holidays-and-religious-affairs/public-holidays#:~:text=UAE%E2%80%99s%20National%20Day%20falls%20on%C2%A02%20December%C2%A0and%20marks%20the%20UAE's%20formal%20nationalisation%20and%20the%20start%20of%20the%20federal%20unification%20of%20the%20emirates%20in%201971. |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=u.ae |language=en }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120014613/https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/public-holidays-and-religious-affairs/public-holidays#:~:text=UAE%E2%80%99s%20National%20Day%20falls%20on%C2%A02%20December%C2%A0and%20marks%20the%20UAE's%20formal%20nationalisation%20and%20the%20start%20of%20the%20federal%20unification%20of%20the%20emirates%20in%201971. |date=2022-01-20 }}</ref> शेख [[जायद बिन सुल्तान अल नाह्यान]] यस सङ्घको पहिलो राष्ट्रपति थिए र उनलाई देशको संस्थापक राष्ट्रपिता मानिन्छ। युएई राष्ट्रिय दिवससँगै अमिराती शहिद दिवस नोभेम्बर ३० मा पर्छ।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hilton |first=Tommy |date=2022-11-30 |title=What is Commemoration Day 2022 and why is it celebrated in the UAE? |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/2022/11/29/when-is-commemoration-day-2022/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref> == उत्सव == उक्त दिवसको अवसरमा देशैभर भव्य उत्सव मनाइन्छ। आतिशबाजी, कार र्‍याली र नृत्य कार्यक्रम सबैभन्दा सामान्य गतिविधिहरू हुन्।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Article Uae National Day |url=https://www.fnp.ae/article/uae-national-day |access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref> मानिसहरू सामान्यतया युएई राष्ट्रिय झण्डाको रङ्गहरूमा लुगा लगाउँछन् र दिवस मनाउन आफ्नो घर, कार्यस्थल, कार र सडकहरू सजाउँछन्। खजुर (ताड)का रूखहरू झण्डाका रङहरूबाट बत्तीहरूले सजिएका हुन्छन्। होटलहरू र अन्य सार्वजनिक स्थानहरू झण्डा र बत्तीहरूले सजाइएका हुन्छन्। प्रायजसो दुबई सहरी क्षेत्रभन्दा बाहिर आतिशबाजी गरिन्छ जबकि [[बुर्ज खलिफा]]ले [[संयुक्त अरब इमिरेट्सको झण्डा|युएई झण्डा]] प्रदर्शन गर्दछ। राष्ट्रिय दिवस आतिशबाजी र उत्सव हेर्न खोज्ने मानिसहरूको ठूलो भीड लाग्ने गरेको छ। सपिङ सेन्टर, मल र संस्थालाई पनि देशको झण्डाले सजाइएको हुन्छ। ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:संयुक्त अरब इमिरेट्स]] 12zj71km4rwbkapzms74xdp1gi02vv4 0 137910 1358488 1202106 2026-06-09T04:25:23Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358488 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Seat of the House of Justice.jpg|thumb|300px|न्यायको विश्वव्यापी सदनको सिट, बहाईहरूको शासक निकाय, हाइफा, [[इजरायल]]मा]] '''बहाई धर्म''' १९औँ शताब्दीमा स्थापित एक [[धर्म]] हो जसले सबै धर्मको आवश्यक मूल्य र सबै मानिसहरूको एकता सिकाउँछ। बहाउल्लाहद्वारा स्थापित, यो सुरुमा [[इरान|कजार इरान]] र [[मध्य पूर्व]]का केही भागहरूमा विकसित भएको थियो, जहाँ यसले यसको स्थापनादेखि निरन्तर सतावटको सामना गरिरहेको छ। यस धर्मका ५० देखि ८० लाख अनुयायीहरू रहेको अनुमान गरिएको छ, जसलाई बहाई भनिन्छ, जुन विश्वका अधिकांश देश र क्षेत्रहरूमा फैलिएको छ।<ref>{{Cite web |title=नेपालमा बहाई धर्मको इतिहास |url=https://bahai.org.np/history-of-bahai/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=बहाई }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527210544/https://bahai.org.np/history-of-bahai/ |date=2024-05-27 }}</ref> बहाई शिक्षा अनुसार, धर्मलाई व्यवस्थित र प्रगतिशील तरिकाले एकल ईश्वरद्वारा ईश्वरका अभिव्यक्तिहरू मार्फत प्रकट गरिन्छ, जो मानव इतिहासभरि प्रमुख विश्व धर्महरूको संस्थापक हुन्; बुद्ध, येशू र मुहम्मदलाई बाब र बहाउल्लाह भन्दा पहिले यी मध्ये सबैभन्दा भर्खरको रूपमा उल्लेख गरिएको छ। बहाईहरूलाई संसारका प्रमुख धर्महरूले उद्देश्यमा मौलिक रूपमा एकीकृत रूपमा मानेका छन्, तर सामाजिक अभ्यास र व्याख्याको सन्दर्भमा फरक छन्। बहाई विश्वासले सबै मानिसहरूको एकतालाई यसको मूल शिक्षाको रूपमा जोड दिन्छ र जातिवाद, लिंगवाद र राष्ट्रवादको धारणालाई स्पष्ट रूपमा अस्वीकार गर्दछ। बहाई शिक्षाको केन्द्रमा सबै जाति, जाति, सम्प्रदाय र वर्गको समृद्धि सुनिश्चित गर्ने एकीकृत विश्व व्यवस्थाको लक्ष्य छ।<ref>{{Cite web |last=पाण्डेय |first=विशाल |date=2018-10-29 |title=बहाई धर्मावलम्वीहरूको पश्चिम क्षेत्रको अधिवेशन दाङमा सम्पन्न (फोटो फिचर) |url=https://himalpost.com/bahai-dharmawolambi/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=हिमाल पोस्ट |language=}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:बहाई धर्म| ]] jqhb715wjxpbs65dh4klpo8tlw0art5 0 139828 1358456 1251759 2026-06-08T16:49:11Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* राष्ट्रिय वा उप-राष्ट्रिय विधायिका */ 1358456 wikitext text/x-wiki '''साधारण सभा''' वा '''महासभा''' भनेको कुनै [[सङ्गठन]]को सबै सदस्य वा [[कम्पनी]]का [[सेयरधनी]]हरूको बैठक हो। == अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय संस्थाहरू == * एफआइए साधारण सभा, एक अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मोटर-रेसिङ सङ्गठन * अमेरिकी राज्यहरूको सङ्गठनको साधारण सभा, ओएएसको मुख्य निकाय * [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र महासभा]] : [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र]]का ६ प्रमुख अङ्गहरू मध्ये एक == राष्ट्रिय वा उप-राष्ट्रिय विधायिका == * महासभा (नेपाल): बि.सं. २०१६-२०१७ सम्म नेपालको व्यवस्थापिकाको माथिल्लो सभा ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[बार्षिक साधारण सभा]] * [[बिशेष साधारण सभा]] ogkkfze40zihlsvc861rv3f5twtma3i 1358457 1358456 2026-06-08T16:59:28Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358457 wikitext text/x-wiki '''साधारण सभा''' वा '''महासभा''' भनेको कुनै [[सङ्गठन]]को सबै सदस्य वा [[कम्पनी]], [[सहकारी |सहकारी संस्था]]का [[सेयरधनी]]हरूको बैठक हो। == साधारण सभाको मुख्य कार्य == * '''वित्तीय अनुमोदन:''' अघिल्लो सालको नाफा-नोक्सानको हिसाब, वासलत र वार्षिक रिपोर्ट पारित गर्नु * '''सञ्चालक समितिको चुनाव:''' कम्पनीको बोर्ड अफ डायरेक्टर्सको नियुक्ति वा पुनर्नियुक्ति गर्नु * '''लाभांशको घोषणा:''' शेयरधनीहरूलाई नाफाको हिस्सा बाढ्ने निर्णय लिनु निर्णय लेना。 [<nowiki/>[[बार्षिक साधारण सभा|1]]] * '''लेखापरीक्षकको नियुक्ति:''' अर्को वर्षको लागि लेखापरीक्षकको चयन र उनको पारिश्रमिक तय गर्नु == अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय संस्थाहरू == * एफआइए साधारण सभा, एक अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मोटर-रेसिङ सङ्गठन * अमेरिकी राज्यहरूको सङ्गठनको साधारण सभा, ओएएसको मुख्य निकाय * [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र महासभा]] : [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र]]का ६ प्रमुख अङ्गहरू मध्ये एक == राष्ट्रिय वा उप-राष्ट्रिय विधायिका == * महासभा (नेपाल): बि.सं. २०१६-२०१७ सम्म नेपालको व्यवस्थापिकाको माथिल्लो सभा ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[बार्षिक साधारण सभा]] * [[बिशेष साधारण सभा]] oebmfe5hmgjhxanf50qqobkd2wxamlu 1358458 1358457 2026-06-08T17:01:04Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* साधारण सभाको मुख्य कार्य */ 1358458 wikitext text/x-wiki '''साधारण सभा''' वा '''महासभा''' भनेको कुनै [[सङ्गठन]]को सबै सदस्य वा [[कम्पनी]], [[सहकारी |सहकारी संस्था]]का [[सेयरधनी]]हरूको बैठक हो। == साधारण सभाको मुख्य कार्य == * '''वित्तीय अनुमोदन:''' अघिल्लो सालको नाफा-नोक्सानको हिसाब, वासलत र वार्षिक रिपोर्ट पारित गर्नु * '''सञ्चालक समितिको चुनाव:''' कम्पनीको बोर्ड अफ डायरेक्टर्सको नियुक्ति वा पुनर्नियुक्ति गर्नु * '''[[लाभांश]]को घोषणा:''' शेयरधनीहरूलाई नाफाको हिस्सा बाढ्ने निर्णय लिनु * '''लेखापरीक्'''<nowiki/>'''षकको नियुक्ति:''' अर्को वर्षको लागि लेखापरीक्षकको चयन र उनको पारिश्रमिक तय गर्नु == अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय संस्थाहरू == * एफआइए साधारण सभा, एक अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मोटर-रेसिङ सङ्गठन * अमेरिकी राज्यहरूको सङ्गठनको साधारण सभा, ओएएसको मुख्य निकाय * [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र महासभा]] : [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र]]का ६ प्रमुख अङ्गहरू मध्ये एक == राष्ट्रिय वा उप-राष्ट्रिय विधायिका == * महासभा (नेपाल): बि.सं. २०१६-२०१७ सम्म नेपालको व्यवस्थापिकाको माथिल्लो सभा ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[बार्षिक साधारण सभा]] * [[बिशेष साधारण सभा]] h94z6tn3vup1kdv4bp24lpyi12bdomy 1358478 1358458 2026-06-09T03:28:39Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* साधारण सभाको मुख्य कार्य */ 1358478 wikitext text/x-wiki '''साधारण सभा''' वा '''महासभा''' भनेको कुनै [[सङ्गठन]]को सबै सदस्य वा [[कम्पनी]], [[सहकारी |सहकारी संस्था]]का [[सेयरधनी]]हरूको बैठक हो। == साधारण सभाको मुख्य कार्य == * '''वित्तीय अनुमोदन:''' अघिल्लो सालको नाफा-नोक्सानको हिसाब, वासलत र वार्षिक रिपोर्ट पारित गर्नु * '''बजेट अनुमोदन''' आगामी वर्षको आम्दानी र खर्चको अनुमानित विवरण पारित गर्नु * '''सञ्चालक समितिको चुनाव:''' कम्पनीको बोर्ड अफ डायरेक्टर्सको नियुक्ति वा पुनर्नियुक्ति गर्नु * '''[[लाभांश]]को घोषणा:''' शेयरधनीहरूलाई नाफाको हिस्सा बाढ्ने निर्णय लिनु * '''लेखापरीक्'''<nowiki/>'''षकको नियुक्ति:''' अर्को वर्षको लागि लेखापरीक्षकको चयन र उनको पारिश्रमिक तय गर्नु == अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय संस्थाहरू == * एफआइए साधारण सभा, एक अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मोटर-रेसिङ सङ्गठन * अमेरिकी राज्यहरूको सङ्गठनको साधारण सभा, ओएएसको मुख्य निकाय * [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र महासभा]] : [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र]]का ६ प्रमुख अङ्गहरू मध्ये एक == राष्ट्रिय वा उप-राष्ट्रिय विधायिका == * महासभा (नेपाल): बि.सं. २०१६-२०१७ सम्म नेपालको व्यवस्थापिकाको माथिल्लो सभा ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[बार्षिक साधारण सभा]] * [[बिशेष साधारण सभा]] fp15ql39dvulbj4harjpwzasejahgzd 1358481 1358478 2026-06-09T03:33:08Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* साधारण सभाको मुख्य कार्य */ 1358481 wikitext text/x-wiki '''साधारण सभा''' वा '''महासभा''' भनेको कुनै [[सङ्गठन]]को सबै सदस्य वा [[कम्पनी]], [[सहकारी |सहकारी संस्था]]का [[सेयरधनी]]हरूको बैठक हो। == साधारण सभाको मुख्य कार्य == *'''नियम तथा बिधान संशोधन''' संस्थाको नियम तथा बिधानमा संशोधन गर्न पेश भएको प्रस्ताव माथि छलफल र पारित गर्ने नगर्ने निर्णय गर्नु * '''वित्तीय अनुमोदन:''' अघिल्लो सालको नाफा-नोक्सानको हिसाब, वासलत र वार्षिक रिपोर्ट पारित गर्नु * '''बजेट अनुमोदन''' आगामी वर्षको आम्दानी र खर्चको अनुमानित विवरण पारित गर्नु * '''सञ्चालक समितिको चुनाव:''' कम्पनीको बोर्ड अफ डायरेक्टर्सको नियुक्ति वा पुनर्नियुक्ति गर्नु * '''[[लाभांश]]को घोषणा:''' शेयरधनीहरूलाई नाफाको हिस्सा बाढ्ने निर्णय लिनु * '''लेखापरीक्षकको नियुक्ति:''' अर्को वर्षको लागि लेखापरीक्षकको चयन र उनको पारिश्रमिक तय गर्नु == अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय संस्थाहरू == * एफआइए साधारण सभा, एक अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मोटर-रेसिङ सङ्गठन * अमेरिकी राज्यहरूको सङ्गठनको साधारण सभा, ओएएसको मुख्य निकाय * [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र महासभा]] : [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र]]का ६ प्रमुख अङ्गहरू मध्ये एक == राष्ट्रिय वा उप-राष्ट्रिय विधायिका == * महासभा (नेपाल): बि.सं. २०१६-२०१७ सम्म नेपालको व्यवस्थापिकाको माथिल्लो सभा ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[बार्षिक साधारण सभा]] * [[बिशेष साधारण सभा]] 710qwzcza73dzdpm8r0spdgqcybxst8 0 140005 1358424 1357273 2026-06-08T12:50:05Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358424 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam_at_the_Dien_Bien_Phu_street_in_2015_01.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|भियतनामको [[हनोइ|हनोई]] भियतनामी राष्ट्रिय झण्डा बाहेक उडाइएको भियतनामको कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको झण्डा]] '''कम्युनिस्ट राज्य''', ('''मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी राज्य''' भनेर पनि चिनिन्छ । ) [[मालेवाद|मार्क्सवाद-लेनिनवाद]] निर्देशित कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी द्वारा प्रशासित र शासन हुने [[एकदलीय राज्य|एक दलीय राज्य]] हो। बोल्सेभिकरण पछिको [[तृतीय (कम्युनिष्ट) इन्टरनेसनल|कमिन्टर्न]] र कमक, पूर्वी ब्लक र [[वार्सा सम्झौता]] भित्रका कम्युनिस्ट राज्यहरूमा मार्क्सवाद-लेनिन्वाद [[सोभियत सङ्घ]] राज्य विचारधारा थियो।<ref>{{Cite book|doi=Thomas Bottomore|date=1991|title=A Dictionary of Marxist Thought|page=54}}</ref> मार्क्सवाद-लेनिनवाद अहिले पनि संसारभरका केही दलहरूको विचारधारा बनेको छ। यसको शिखर अवस्थामा, जब धेरै कम्युनिस्ट राज्यहरू स्थापित भए। १९८९ को क्रान्तिले अधिकांश कम्युनिस्ट राज्यहरू धारासायी भए , तथापि, यो अझै पनि [[चीन]], [[क्युबा]], [[लाओस]], [[भियतनाम कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी|भियतनाम]], र केही हदसम्म [[उत्तर कोरिया]] शासक दलहरूको आधिकारिक विचारधारा हो।<ref>{{Cite book|date=1998|title=Dictionary of Historical Terms}}</ref><ref name="lee">Lee, Grace (Spring 2003)) [https://www.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/korea1.pdf "The Political Philosophy of Juche"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626105332/https://time.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/korea1.pdf |date=2024-06-26 }}. v.3, n.1. ''Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs''. Quote: "The DPRK claims that juche is Kim Il Sung's creative application of Marxist-Leninist principle to the modern political realities in North Korea."</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Atsuhito |first=Isozaki |date=21 June 2021 |title=A Revival of North Korean Communism?: The rhetoric is there. But what does it mean? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/06/a-revival-of-north-korean-communism/ |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=[[The Diplomat]] |quote=In his closing address at the Conference of Cell Secretaries of the Workers' Party of Korea in late April, Kim mentioned the word “communism” six times. His recent claim that North Korea aims to become a “communist utopia” is a notable change in rhetoric.}}</ref> [[बीसौँ शताब्दी|२० औँ शताब्दी]]को उत्तरार्धमा, १९८९ को क्रान्ति भन्दा पहिले, विश्वको लगभग एक तिहाइ जनसंख्या कम्युनिस्ट राज्यहरूमा बस्थे ।<ref name="Ball & Dagger 2019">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Communism|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/communism|access-date=10 June 2020|date=2019}}</ref> == अवलोकन == [[चित्र:Communist_countries.svg|अङ्गुठाकार|आफ्नो इतिहासको कुनै न कुनै समयमा एक-पार्टी मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनिस्ट राज्यद्वारा शासित देशहरूको एउटा कालातीत नक्सा। सन् 1979 देखि 1983 सम्म, [[ग्रेनाडा]] जन क्रान्तिकारी सरकार समयमा, माथिका सबै रङ्गिन राष्ट्रहरू एकैसाथ मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनिस्ट थिए।]] ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:साम्यवाद]] ctwj3bnuevzkaau55gjzpvh63poljiv 0 140386 1358475 1254093 2026-06-09T02:48:20Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{छोटो विवरण|नेपाली पटकथा लेखक तथा चलचित्र निर्देशक}} {{Infobox person | name = प्रदीप भट्टराई | image = Pradip Bhattarai.jpg | caption = वि.सं २०७८ मा, भट्टराई | native_name = | birth_date = २०४० साउन २१ | birth_place = [[सर्लाही जिल्ला|सर्लाही]], [[नेपाल]] | nationality = नेपाली | occupation = {{hlist|[[चलचित्र निर्देशक|निर्देशक]]|[[पटकथा लेखक]]}} | children = | yearsactive = वि.सं २०७३–हाल }} '''प्रदीप भट्टराई''' एक नेपाली पटकथा लेखक तथा [[चलचित्र निर्देशक]] हुन्। उनले वि.सं २०७३ मा, प्रदर्शनमा आएको चलचित्र '[[जात्रा (चलचित्र)|जात्रा]]'बाट निर्देशनमा पाइला टेकेका थिए। षट्कोण आर्टस्को ब्यानरमा सिङ्गे लामा र यादव पौडेलले निर्माण गरेको यो चलचित्र हास्यप्रधान चलचित्र हो।<ref name="onlinekhabar1">{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=#Yearinreview2016: A notable year for cinema |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/yearinreview2016-notable-year-cinema.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120011944/https://english.onlinekhabar.com/yearinreview2016-notable-year-cinema.html |archive-date=2021-11-20 |website=[[अनलाइन खबर]]}}</ref><ref name="enolinekhabar">{{Cite web |date=2016-11-13 |title=Nepali cinema's latest comic offering Jatra opens to housefull weekend |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/nepali-cinemas-latest-comic-offering-jatra-opens-housefull-weekend.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122083841/https://english.onlinekhabar.com/nepali-cinemas-latest-comic-offering-jatra-opens-housefull-weekend.html |archive-date=2021-11-22 |website=[[अनलाइन खबर]]}}</ref> यो चलचित्र व्यावसायिक रूपमा सफल भएको थियो।<ref name="enolinekhabar" /> त्यसपछि उनले वि.सं २०७५ मा [[शत्रु गते]]<ref name=":0" /> , र सन् २०७६ मा [[जात्रै जात्रा]] गरी दुई अन्य चलचित्र निर्देशन गरेका थिए, जुन दुवै व्यावसायिक रूपमा सफल भएका थिए।<ref name=":1" /> भट्टराई पहिलो नेपाली हास्य वास्तविक टेलिभिजन कार्यक्रम [[कमेडी च्याम्पियन]]का निर्णायक पनि हुन्।<ref>{{Cite web |last=कार्की |first=प्रदीप |date=2021-08-30 |title=प्रदीप भट्टराईले यसरी खुलाए 'कमेडी च्याम्पियन' मा निर्णायक बन्नुको कारण |url=https://rajdhanidaily.com/id/45676/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830111413/https://rajdhanidaily.com/id/45676/ |archive-date=2021-08-30 |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=राजधानी |language=ne-NP}}</ref> उनी व्यावसायिक जीवनको सुरुदेखि नै प्रख्यात नेपाली हास्य कलाकार [[महजोडी]]सँग जोडिएका छन्।<ref name="lensnepal" /> ==प्रारम्भिक जीवन == भट्टराईको जन्म २०४० साउन २१ गते [[सर्लाही जिल्ला]]मा भएको थियो।<ref name="lensnepal">{{cite web |title=Pradip Bhattarai's details in LensNepal |url=https://www.lensnepal.com/profile/pradeep-bhattarai/biography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082320/https://www.lensnepal.com/profile/pradeep-bhattarai/biography.html |archive-date=2021-11-22 |website=लेन्स नेपाल}}</ref> == निर्देशित चलचित्रहरू == '''कुञ्जी''' {| class="wikitable" | style="background:#FFFFCC;" |{{dagger|alt=प्रदर्शन हुन बाँकी नभएका चलचित्रहरू}} |प्रदर्शन हुन बाँकी नभएका चलचित्रहरू |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !वर्ष (वि.सं) ! scope="col" |चलचित्र ! scope="col" |निर्देशन ! scope="col" |लेखक ! scope="col" class="unsortable"|टिप्पणी ! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|स्रोत(हरू)|सन्दर्भ(हरू)}} |- |२०७३ ! scope="row" |''[[जात्रा (चलचित्र)|जात्रा]]'' |{{yes}} |{{yes}} |पहिलो निर्देशित चलचित्र |style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rimal |first=Prasansha |date=2016-11-10 |title=Using comedy to make a point |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/8917/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=myRepublica |language=en }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605164627/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/8917/ |date=2022-06-05 }}</ref> |- |२०७५ ! scope="row" |''[[शत्रु गते]]'' |{{yes}} |{{yes}} | |style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-03-27 |title=Shatru Gate off to a flyer |url=https://kathmandupost.com/art-entertainment/2018/03/27/shatru-gate-off-to-a-flyer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109041422/https://kathmandupost.com/art-entertainment/2018/03/27/shatru-gate-off-to-a-flyer |archive-date=2020-11-09 |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=The Kathmandu Post |language=English}}</ref> |- |२०७६ ! scope="row" |''[[जात्रै जात्रा]]'' |{{yes}} |{{yes}} | |style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Pyakurel |first=Diwakar |date=2019-05-19 |title=Jatrai Jatra movie review: Comic retelling of life's complex philosophy |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/jatrai-jatra-movie-review-comic-retelling-of-lifes-complex-philosophy.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523204039/https://english.onlinekhabar.com/jatrai-jatra-movie-review-comic-retelling-of-lifes-complex-philosophy.html |archive-date=2022-05-23 |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=[[अनलाइन खबर]] |language=en}}</ref> |- |२०७८ ! scope="row" |''[[महापुरुष]]'' |{{yes}} |{{yes}} | |style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukhiya |first=Shiva |date=4 November 2022 |title=Mahapurush movie review: Close to reality, yet a failed promise as a work for art |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/mahapurush-movie-film-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109121621/https://english.onlinekhabar.com/mahapurush-movie-film-review.html |archive-date=2022-11-09 |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=[[अनलाइन खबर]] |language=en}}</ref> |- |२०८० ! scope="row" |''[[महाजात्रा]]'' |{{yes}} |{{yes}} | |style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |last=मोक्तान |first=रीना |date=2024-03-22 |title=फिल्म समीक्षा : राजनीति र अतिरञ्जनाभित्र जेलिएको ‘महाजात्रा’ |url=https://ekantipur.com/entertainment/2024/03/23/film-review-mahajatra-trapped-in-politics-and-exaggeration-01-26.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325214409/https://ekantipur.com/entertainment/2024/03/23/film-review-mahajatra-trapped-in-politics-and-exaggeration-01-26.html |archive-date=2024-03-25 |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=कान्तिपुर |language=ne}}</ref> |} == पुरस्कारहरू == {| class="wikitable" |+ !वर्ष !पुरस्कार !श्रेणी !चलचित्र !नतिजा !स्रोत(हरू) |- |२०७४ |[[कामना फिल्म अवार्ड|कामना फिल्म अवार्ड २०७४]] |सर्वश्रेष्ठ पटकथा |[[जात्रा (चलचित्र)|''जात्रा'']] |{{Won}} |<ref>{{cite web |title=Kamana Film Awards 2074 : Check Out The Complete List Of Winners |url=http://www.moviemandu.com/kamana-film-awards-2074-check-out-the-complete-list-of-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211083457/http://www.moviemandu.com/kamana-film-awards-2074-check-out-the-complete-list-of-winners/ |archive-date=2018-02-11 |website=www.moviemandu.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116133804/http://www.moviemandu.com/kamana-film-awards-2074-check-out-the-complete-list-of-winners/ |date=2019-11-16 }}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |२०७५ | rowspan="3" |सिने सर्कल पुरस्कार २०७४ |सर्वश्रेष्ठ चलचित्र | rowspan="3" |[[जात्रा (चलचित्र)|''जात्रा '']] |{{Won}} | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-29 |title='सिने सर्कल' अवार्डमा कुन विधामा कुन चलचित्र र चलचित्रकर्मीले अवार्ड पाए ? |url=https://www.makalukhabar.com/2017/05/11706/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=Makalukhabar.com |language=ne}}</ref> |- |उत्कृष्ट निर्देशक |{{Won}} |- |सर्वश्रेष्ठ पटकथा |{{Won}} |- | rowspan="2" |२०७५ | rowspan="2" |[[कामना फिल्म अवार्ड|कामना फिल्म अवार्ड २०७५]] |सर्वश्रेष्ठ पटकथा | rowspan="2" |''[[शत्रु गते]]'' |{{Won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref name="thecine">{{cite web |date=2018-12-02 |title=Kamana Awards 2075: Superstar Anmol bags Best Actor, Benisha wins Best Actress. Read more |url=https://en.thecinematimes.com/kamana-awards-2075-superstar-anmol-bags-best-actor-benisha-wins-best-actress-read-more |website=The Cinema Times}}</ref> |- |उत्कृष्ट संवाद |{{Won}} |} == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} == बाह्य कडीहरू == *{{IMDb name|8584662}} [[श्रेणी:जीवित मानिसहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपाली चलचित्र निर्देशकहरू]] 7yhdevnv50uaj7roayiwyr4mh84qumu 0 140772 1358431 1327072 2026-06-08T13:37:38Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* जिडिपिमा सार्वजनिक ऋणको हिस्सा */ 1358431 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:1976_$5000_8%25_Treasury_Note.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|अमेरिकी [[सरकारी ऋणपत्र]]: १९७६ ८% ट्रेजरी नोट्, ऋणपत्र सरकारले ऋण उठाउने एक माध्यम हो। ]] '''सार्वजनिक ऋण''' ({{lang-en|Government debt}}, अन्य नामः '''सरकारी ऋण''', '''राष्ट्रिय ऋण''' र '''सार्वभौम ऋण''') [[केन्द्रीय सरकार|केन्द्रीय सरकारको]] [[ऋण]] हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bureau of the Public Debt Homepage |url=http://www.publicdebt.treas.gov/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013020929/http://www.publicdebt.treas.gov/ |archive-date=October 13, 2010 |access-date=October 12, 2010 |website=United State Department of the Treasury}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013020929/http://www.publicdebt.treas.gov/|date=October 13, 2010}}</ref> [[सङ्घीयता|संघीय राज्यहरूमा]], सार्वजनिक ऋणले [[राज्य सरकार|राज्य वा प्रान्त]] [[केन्द्रीय सरकार|सरकार]], वा [[नगरपालिका]] वा [[स्थानीय तह|स्थानीय सरकार]]को ऋणलाई पनि जनाउन सक्छ। वार्षिक ''[[राजकीय घाटा|सरकारी घाटाले]]'' एक वर्षमा सरकारी आय र व्यय बीचको भिन्नतालाई बुझाउँछ। == ऋण लिनुपर्ने कारण == == वर्गीकरण == सार्वजनिक ऋणलाई स्रोतको वा वर्गीकरणलाई निम्न आधारमा विभाजन गर्न सकिन्छ: === समय अनुसार === प्रत्येक [[ऋण]] निश्चित अवधिको लागि लिइन्छ। समय अनुसार, सार्वजनिक ऋणलाई निम्नानुसार उल्लेख गर्न सकिन्छ: # अल्पकालीन कर्जा : सरकारले एक वर्षसम्मका लागि लिने ऋणलाई अल्पकालीन ऋण भनिन्छ। (उदाहरण: [[ट्रेजरी बिल]]) # दीर्घकालीन ऋण: यी ऋणहरू दस वर्षभन्दा बढीका लागि हुन् # फन्डेड लोन: सरकारले ऋणको मूल रकम फिर्ता गर्न बाध्य नभएको अवस्थामा त्यसलाई फन्डेड लोन भनिन्छ। # अनफन्डेड कर्जाः सरकारले निश्चित मितिभित्र साँवा र ब्याज तिर्न प्रतिवद्धता गरेको ऋणलाई अनफन्डेड ऋण भनिन्छ। === प्रयोग अनुसार === प्रयोग अनुसार, सार्वजनिक ऋण निम्न तरिकामा उल्लेख गर्न सकिन्छ: # उत्पादक ऋण: उत्पादनमूलक ऋण उत्पादन उद्देश्यका लागि प्रयोग गरिने ऋण हो। # अनुत्पादक कर्जाः अनुत्पादक ऋण भन्नाले त्यस्तो कर्जा हो जसको खर्चले न आय आर्जन गर्छ न उत्पादन क्षमता बढाउँछ। === प्रकृति अनुसार === सार्वजनिक ऋणहरूलाई तिनीहरूको प्रकृति अनुसार निम्नानुसार उल्लेख गर्न सकिन्छ: # स्वैच्छिक ऋण: यी ऋणहरू जनताले आफ्नो इच्छा अनुसार सरकारलाई उपलब्ध गराउँछन्। सरकारले ऋणको सर्त र शर्त अनुसार ब्याजसहित ऋण चुक्ता गर्छ। # अनैच्छिक ऋण: [[युद्ध]] वा [[सङ्कटकाल|संकटको]] अवस्थामा, सरकारले मानिसहरूलाई ऋण दिन दबाब दिन सक्छ। मानिसहरूले स्वेच्छिक रूपमा यी ऋणहरू दिँदैनन्, त्यसैले यी ऋणहरूलाई अनैच्छिक ऋण भनिन्छ। === ऋण प्राप्ति स्रोतको अनुसार === ऋण प्राप्तिको आधारमा सार्वजनिक ऋणहरू निम्नानुसार उल्लेख गर्न सकिन्छ: # आन्तरिक कर्जाः आन्तरिक ऋण भनेको कुनै देशभित्र त्यस देशका जनता वा बैंकहरू जस्ता वित्तीय संस्थाहरूबाट प्राप्त गर्न सकिने ऋण हो। # वैदेशिक ऋण : विदेशी तथा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय संस्थाबाट प्राप्त ऋणलाई विदेशी ऋण भनिन्छ। == जिडिपिमा सार्वजनिक ऋणको हिस्सा == {{मुख्य|बाह्य ऋणको आधारमा देशहरूको सूची}} [[चित्र:Government_debt_gdp.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|432x432पिक्सेल|[[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मुद्रा कोष]] अनुसार, जिडिपिमा सार्वजनिक ऋणको हिस्सा]] [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मुद्रा कोष]] अनुसार, जिडिपि भन्दा धेरै सार्वजनिक ऋण भएका देशहरू {| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text" |+सरकारी ऋण (जिडिपिको % ) !Country and region !General government gross debt २०२४<ref>{{Cite web |title=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/GGXWDG_NGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/GGXWDG_NGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=www.imf.org}}</ref> ! data-sort-type="number" |कुल ऋण<ref name="weo">[https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=,GGXWDG_NGDP,&sy=1995&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1]</ref> २०२२ ! data-sort-type="number" |खुद ऋण<ref name="weoOct2022">{{cite web |author=International Monetary Fund |date=October 2022 |title=World Economic Outlook Database |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October}}</ref> २०२१ |- |{{Flag|दक्षिण सुडान}} |२८०.३ |१२७.५५२ | |- |{{Flag|जापान}} |२५४.६ |२६१.२८९ |१६८.१ |- |{{Flag|सिङ्गापुर}} |१६२.५ |१३४.१५९ | |- |{{Flag|ग्रिस}} |१५८.८ |१७७.४३४ | |- |{{Flag|इटाली}} |१३९.२ |१४४.६९६ |१३८.३ |- |{{Flag|बहराइन}} |१२६ |११७.५८७ | |- |{{Flag|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका}} |१२३.३ |१२१.६८३ |९९.६ |- |{{Flag|माल्दिभ्स}} |१२१.१ |११४.९४३ | |- |{{Flag|लाओस}} |११५.५ |१२८.५१४ | |- |{{Flag|केप भर्ड|Cabo Verde (Cape Verde)}} |११२.२ |१२७.४०७ |१३०.५ |- |{{Flag|फ्रान्स}} |१११.६ |१११.०६३ |१०१.१ |- |{{Flag|भुटान}} |१११.४ |१२४.७९५ | |- |{{Flag|बार्बाडोस}} |१०७.५ |१२०.७८१ |१३४.३ |- |{{Flag|स्पेन}} |१०६.३ |१११.९७८ |१०२.८ |- |{{Flag|बेल्जियम}} |१०५.४ |१०५.२७० |९३.७ |- |{{Flag|क्यानडा}} |१०४.७ |१०६.५९० |३१.६ |- |{{Flag|संयुक्त अधिराज्य}} |१०४.३ |१०२.६३६ |८४.३ |} == प्रभाव == सरकारी ऋण सङ्कलनले ब्याजदर बढ्न सक्छ,<ref name ="sndo">{{cite web | title=What governs the size of central government debt? | author=Swedish National Debt Office | url=https://www.riksgalden.se/fi/our-operations/central-government-debt/what-governs-the-size-of-central-government-debt/ }}</ref> जसले निजी लगानीलाई रोक्न सक्छ किनभने सरकारहरूले सीमित लगानी कोषका लागि निजी फर्महरूसँग प्रतिस्पर्धा गर्छन्। केही प्रमाणहरूले जिडिपिको लगभग ८० प्रतिशत भन्दा बढी सरकारी ऋण भएका देशहरूको लागि वृद्धि दर कम रहेको बताउँछ।<ref name="sndo" /><ref name="rugy">{{cite journal |last1=de Rugy |first1=Veronique |last2=Salmon |first2=Jack |date=April 2020 |title=Debt and Growth: A Decade of Studies |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3690510 |publisher=Mercatus Center: George Mason University |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3690510 |s2cid=233762964}}</ref> ==जोखिम== ===टाट पल्टने जोखिम=== ===मुद्रास्फीति जोखिम=== ===विनिमय दर जोखिम=== ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:सरकारी ऋण]] ti9wk47h6oqp44u9zckiatcoootl3ol 0 141375 1358542 1260626 2026-06-09T08:01:59Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|नेपालका माध्यमिक विद्यालयहरूद्वारा प्रदान गरिने प्रमाणपत्र}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox | titlestyle = background:#cfc; | title = माध्यमिक शिक्षा परीक्षा | header1 = नेपालमा कक्षा १० का लागि परीक्षा बोर्ड | label2 = संक्षिप्त रूप | data2 = SEE | label3 = शिक्षा ऐन | data3 = २०७३ ब.स. (२०१६ A.D) | label4 = सुरु भएको वर्ष | data4 = २०७४ ब.स. ({{Start date and age|2017}} A.D) | label5 = पूर्ववर्ती | data5 = [[विद्यालय शिक्षाको प्रमाणपत्र (नेपाल)]] | label6 = वेबसाइट | data6 = [https://www.see.gov.np see.gov.np] }} '''माध्यमिक शिक्षा परीक्षा''' ('''SEE''') नेपालमा माध्यमिक विद्यालय प्रणालीको अन्तिम परीक्षा हो, जसलाई राष्ट्रिय परीक्षा बोर्डले लिन्छ। [[राष्ट्रिय परीक्षा बोर्ड]]ले पहिले [[विद्यालय शिक्षाको प्रमाणपत्र (नेपाल)]] (SLC) को रूपमा चिनिने परीक्षा प्रणालीलाई स्तरोन्नति गरेको हो।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/secondary-education-exams-begin-today/|title=माध्यमिक शिक्षा परीक्षा आज सुरु|date=१६ मार्च २०१७|website=The Himalayan Times}}</ref> हरेक विद्यार्थीले आफ्नो अध्ययनको १० कक्षा पूरा गर्नका लागि यो परीक्षा दिनुपर्छ (नयाँ शिक्षा ऐन अनुसार) र त्यसपछि उनीहरू उच्च माध्यमिक वा इन्टरमिडियट स्तरको शिक्षा (१२ कक्षा) मा सामेल हुन्छन्। यो परीक्षा प्रत्येक वर्ष मार्च महिनामा हुने गर्छ। नयाँ शिक्षा ऐन, २०१६ (२०७३) लागू भएपछि, SLC परीक्षा १२ कक्षामा राष्ट्रिय स्तरको परीक्षा हुने र १० कक्षाको परीक्षा 'माध्यमिक शिक्षा परीक्षा' (SEE) भनेर चिनिनेछ।<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=SEE Result 2080 2081 by SEE Board Nepal (Updated)|url=https://wapnepal.com.np/see-result/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=WapNepal.com.np}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923141041/https://wapnepal.com.np/see-result/ |date=23 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>http://www.doe.gov.np/assets/uploads/files/0328fd46cc0b600d6f66609439fd0f09.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=मार्च २०२२}}</ref> यो नयाँ शिक्षा ऐन सन् २०१७ को मार्चमा लागू गरिएको थियो, जहाँ ५३८,००० विद्यार्थीले यो परीक्षा दिएका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/538000-students-take-secondary-education-examinations/|title=५३८,००० विद्यार्थीले माध्यमिक शिक्षा परीक्षा दिनेछन्|date=१३ मार्च २०१७|website=The Himalayan Times}}</ref> == ग्रेडिङ प्रणाली == नेपालमा पुरानो ग्रेडिङ प्रणालीको विवरणहरू निम्नलिखित छन्, जसलाई कक्षा १२ का लागि नेपाल सरकारले नयाँ शिक्षा ऐन २०७३ विकास गरेर लागू गरेको हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=नेपालमा ग्रेडिङ प्रणाली |url=https://wapnepal.com.np/see-result/ |access-date=२ जुन २०२२ }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923141041/https://wapnepal.com.np/see-result/ |date=23 September 2024 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;" ! SN ! प्रतिशतको अन्तराल ! ग्रेड ! विवरण ! ग्रेड बिन्दु |- | १ || ९० देखि १०० || A+ || उत्कृष्ट || ३.६५-४.०० |- | २ || ८० देखि ९० || A || उत्कृष्ट || ३.२५-३.६५ |- | ३ || ७० देखि ८० || B+ || धेरै राम्रो || २.८०-३.२५ |- | ४ || ६० देखि ७० || B || राम्रो || २.४०-२.८० |- | ५ || ५० देखि ६० || C+ || सन्तोषजनक || २.००-२.४० |- | ६ || ४० देखि ५० || C || स्वीकार्य || १.६०-२.०० |- | ७ || ३० देखि ४० || D+ || आंशिक रूपमा स्वीकार्य || १.२०-१.६० |- | ८ || २० देखि ३० || D || अपर्याप्त || ०.८०-१.२० |- | ९ || ० देखि २० || NG || ग्रेड छैन || - |} '''नोट''': * ''०.८० GPA भन्दा कमका अंकहरू स्वीकार्य हुँदैनन्।'' * ''A+ — ३.६५ सम्म समावेश।'' नेपालमा कक्षा १० का लागि नयाँ ग्रेडिङ प्रणाली २०७८ ब.स. मा पुनः परिमार्जन गरिएको विवरणहरू निम्नलिखित छन्।<ref>{{Cite web |title=नेपालको नयाँ ग्रेडिङ प्रणाली २०७८ |url=https://www.acharyar.com.np/2021/12/new-see-grading-system-2078-nepal.html|access-date=१९ जुन २०२२}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=नेपालमा लेटर ग्रेडिङ प्रणाली |url=https://edusanjal.com/blog/letter-grading-system-in-nepal-grade-1-12/|access-date=१९ जुन २०२२}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SEE ग्रेडिङ प्रणाली नेपाल २०७८|url=https://aim4slam.com/blog/see-result-2079/#SEE_Grading_System_in_Nepal_2078|access-date=१९ जुन २०२२}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624232559/https://aim4slam.com/blog/see-result-2079/#SEE_Grading_System_in_Nepal_2078 |date=24 June 2022 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;" ! SN ! प्रतिशतको अन्तराल ! ग्रेड ! विवरण ! ग्रेड बिन्दु |- | १ || ९०% देखि १००% || A+= || उत्कृष्ट || ४.० |- | २ || ८०% देखि ९०% || A || उत्कृष्ट || ३.६ |- | ३ || ७०% देखि ८०% || B+ || धेरै राम्रो || ३.२ |- | ४ || ६०% देखि ७०% || B || राम्रो || २.८ |- | ५ || ५०% देखि ६०% || C+ || सन्तोषजनक || २.४ |- | ६ || ४०% देखि ५०% || C || स्वीकार्य || २.० |- | ७ || ३५% देखि ४०% || D || आधारभूत || १.६ |- | ८ || ३५% भन्दा तल || NG || ग्रेड छैन || NG |} '''नोट''': * ''१.६० GPA भन्दा कमका अंकहरू ग्रेड गरिँदैनन्।'' * ''A+ — ४.० सम्म समावेश।'' == नतिजा == {| class="wikitable sortable" !क्र.सं. !मिति !4GPA !A+= (%) !A (%) !B+(%) !B(%) !C+(%) !C(%) !D(%) !कुल सहभागिता !कुल अनुत्तीर्ण !अनुत्तीर्ण प्रतिशत (%) |- |1 |२०८० (वि.सं) - २०२३ (ई.सं) |१८६ | | | | | | | | | |५२% |- |2 | | | | | | | | | | | |- |3 | | | | | | | | | | | |} == हेर्नुहोस् == * [[जिल्ला स्तरीय परीक्षा]] * [[राष्ट्रिय परीक्षा बोर्ड]] * [[नेपालको शिक्षा]] * [[नेपालका विद्यालयहरूको सूची]] * [[नेपालका इन्जिनियरिङ कलेजहरूको सूची]] (इन्जिनियरिङ कलेजहरूको क्षमतासहित) ==सन्दर्भ== {{Reflist}} ==बाह्य लिङ्कहरू== {{Official website|https://www.see.gov.np}} [https://saranepal.org/officially-check-see-result-with-marksheet/ मार्कशीटसहित SEE नतिजा जाँच गर्नुहोस्] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731052839/https://saranepal.org/officially-check-see-result-with-marksheet/ |date=31 July 2024 }} {{authority control}} [[Category:विद्यालय परीक्षा]] [[Category:नेपालको शिक्षा]] 53dosutj6pol0dnn7vjym13e9it0bek 0 143551 1358507 1328564 2026-06-09T06:31:28Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* सङ्घीय स्तर */ 1358507 wikitext text/x-wiki [[नेपालको संविधान २०७२]]ले सबै [[मातृभाषा]]हरूलाई [[नेपाल]]को [[राष्ट्रभाषा|राष्ट्रिय भाषा]]को मान्यता दिएको छ। == इतिहास == वि.सं. १९१० को [[मुलुकी ऐन]]को पहिलो कानूनले '''गोरखा भाषा'''लाई नेपालको एक मात्र आधिकारिक कामकाजी भाषाको रूपमा मान्यता दिएको थियो।<ref name="mulukiain">{{cite web |title=मुलुकी ऐन १९१० |url=https://www.lawcommission.gov.np/np/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6.pdf |website=नेपाल कानुन आयोग |publisher=नेपाल कानुन आयोग |access-date=२० फागुन २०८१}}</ref> [[नेपाल अधिराज्यको संविधान २०१५]]ले [[नेपाली भाषा]]लाई एक मात्र आधिकारिक र राष्ट्रिय भाषाको रूपमा मान्यता दिएको थियो।<ref name="constitution2015">{{cite web |title=नेपाल अधिराज्यको संविधान २०१५ |url=https://www.lawcommission.gov.np/np/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB.pdf |website=नेपाल कानुन आयोग |publisher=नेपाल कानुन आयोग |access-date=२० फागुन २०८१}}</ref> [[नेपालको अन्तरिम संविधान २०६३]]ले नेपाललाई बहुभाषी राष्ट्रको रूपमा मान्यता प्रदान गर्दै नेपालका सबै मातृभाषाहरूलाई राष्ट्रिय भाषाको दर्जा प्रदान गरेको थियो। यद्यपि, यसले नेपाली भाषालाई एक मात्र आधिकारिक भाषाको रूपमा पनि निरन्तरता दिएको थियो।<ref name="constitution2063">{{cite web |title=नेपालको अन्तरिम संविधान २०६३ |url=https://www.lawcommission.gov.np/np/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%A9.pdf |website=नेपाल कानुन आयोग |publisher=नेपाल कानुन आयोग |access-date=२० फागुन २०८१}}</ref> == संविधान == [[नेपालको संविधान २०७२]]को धारा १ मा नेपालको भाषासम्बन्धी यी प्रावधानहरू छन्:<ref name=":1">[http://constitution.org.np/userfiles/Preliminary-Draft-Constitution-EN.pdf Nepali Constitution 2015] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095818/http://constitution.org.np/userfiles/Preliminary-Draft-Constitution-EN.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} PDF</ref> *धारा ६ : नेपालमा बोलिने सबै मातृभाषाहरू नेपालका राष्ट्रिय भाषाहरू हुन्। *धारा ७क: [[देवनागरी लिपि]]मा लेखिएको नेपाली भाषा नेपाल सरकारको कामका लागि प्रयोग गरिन्छ। (आदिवासी भाषाहरू पनि देवनागरीको प्रयोग गरेर लेख्नु पर्दछ)। *धारा ७ख : नेपाली भाषाका अतिरिक्त प्रदेशले सरकारी कामकाजका लागि सो प्रदेशको बहुसङ्ख्यक जनसङ्ख्याले बोल्ने एक वा एकभन्दा बढी अन्य भाषा छनौट गर्न सक्नेछ। == सङ्घीय स्तर == संवैधानिक व्यवस्था अनुसार [[देवनागरी लिपि]]मा लेखिएको [[नेपाली भाषा]] सङ्घीय तहमा आधिकारिक कामकाजको भाषा हो। [[नेपालको सङ्घीय संसद]] भित्र मातृभाषाको प्रयोगको अभ्यास गरिन्छ। प्रतिनिधि सभा नियमावली, २०७५ र राष्ट्रिय सभा नियमावली, २०७५ मा सदस्यले आफ्नो मातृभाषामा बोल्न पाउने र त्यसको अभिलेखीकरण गर्न सकिने व्यवस्था गरेको छ।<ref>{{cite web |title=प्रतिनिधि सभा नियमावली, २०७५ |url=https://www.lawcommission.gov.np/np/archives/category/documents/prevailing-law/rules-and-regulations/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A5%A8 |website=नेपाल कानुन आयोग|access-date=२० फागुन २०८१}} २३८. भाषा :- (१) प्रतिनिधि सभा वा यसका समितिको काम कारबाही नेपाली भाषामा हुनेछ । कुनै सदस्यले आफ्नो मातृभाषामा बोलेको अवस्थामा त्यसलाई अभिलेख राख्ने व्यवस्था मिलाउन सकिनेछ ।</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=राष्ट्रिय सभा नियमावली, २०७५ |url=https://www.lawcommission.gov.np/np/archives/category/documents/prevailing-law/rules-and-regulations/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A5%A8 |website=नेपाल कानुन आयोग |access-date=२० फागुन २०८१}}२२०. भाषा :- (१) राष्ट्रिय सभा वा यसका समितिको काम कारबाही नेपाली भाषामा हुनेछ। कुनै सदस्यले आफ्नो मातृभाषामा बोलेको अवस्थामा त्यसलाई अभिलेख राख्ने व्यवस्था मिलाउन सकिनेछ ।</ref> वि.सं २०७४ मा, सांसदहरूले आफ्नो मातृभाषामा [[पदको शपथ|शपथ]] लिएका थिए, तर उनीहरूले प्रतिनिधि सभाको पहिलो बैठकभन्दा तीन दिन अघि आवेदन दिनुपरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |title=Oath in mother tongue |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/oath-of-office-and-secrecy-mother-tongue |agency=The Himalayan Times |publisher=Himalayan News Service |date=28 Feb 2018}}</ref> त्यसैगरी शपथ ग्रहणसम्बन्धी अध्यादेश, २०७८ ले सार्वजनिक पद धारण गर्ने व्यक्तिले नेपालमा बोलिने मातृभाषामा [[शपथ ग्रहण|शपथ]] लिन सक्ने व्यवस्था गरेको छ। कसैले पनि नेपाली बाहेक अन्य कुनै पनि भाषामा शपथ लिन भन्दा अगाडी उनीहरूले शपथको ढाँचा आफैँ नेपालीमा अनुवाद गर्नुपर्दछ र शपथ अधिकारीलाई पूर्व जानकारी दिनुपर्दछ।<ref>{{cite web |title=शपथ सम्बन्धी अध्यादेश, २०७८ |url=https://www.lawcommission.gov.np/np/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A5-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AE.pdf |website=नेपाल कानुन आयोग |access-date=२० फागुन २०८१}}५. (२)</ref> == प्रदेश स्तर == चौध वटा भाषालाई प्रादेशिक स्तरमा आधिकारिक दर्जाका लागि सिफारिस गरिएको थियो।<ref name="langcomreport">{{cite web |title=सरकारी कामकाजको भाषाका आधारहरूको निर्धारण तथा भाषासम्बन्धी सिफारिसहरू (पञ्चवर्षीय प्रतिवेदन- साराांश) २०७८ |url=https://languagecommission.gov.np/files/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE.pdf |website=भाषा आयोग |publisher= |access-date=२० फागुन २०८१ }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906171816/https://languagecommission.gov.np/files/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE.pdf |date=2021-09-06 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ नेपालका प्रदेशहरूका आधिकारिक भाषाहरूको सूची |- ! प्रदेश !! आधिकारिक भाषाहरू |- | [[कोशी प्रदेश]]|| [[मैथिली भाषा|मैथिली]], [[लिम्बू भाषा|लिम्बू]] |- | [[मधेश प्रदेश]]|| [[मैथिली भाषा|मैथिली]], [[भोजपुरी भाषा|भोजपुरी]], [[बज्जिका]] |- | [[बागमती प्रदेश]] || [[तामाङ भाषा|तामाङ]], [[नेवारी भाषा]] |- | [[गण्डकी प्रदेश]] || [[मगर भाषा|मगर]], [[गुरुङ भाषा|गुरुङ]] |- | [[लुम्बिनी प्रदेश]] || [[थारू भाषा|थारू]], [[अवधी भाषा|अवधि]] |- | [[सुदूरपश्चिम प्रदेश]] || [[थारू भाषा|थारू]], [[डोटेली भाषा|डोटेली]] |- | [[कर्णाली प्रदेश]] || [[नेपाली भाषा|नेपाली भाषा (कर्णाली उपभाषिका)]], [[मगर भाषा|मगर]] |} == स्थानीय तह == स्थानीय तहमा सरकारी कामकाजको भाषासम्बन्धी कुनै संवैधानिक व्यवस्था छैन। तर, स्थानीय तहले आ–आफ्नो आधिकारिक भाषा निर्धारणका लागि आफ्नै पहल कदमी लिएका छन्। भाषा आयोगले आफ्नो प्रतिवेदनमा संविधानले मुलुकमा भाषिक व्यवस्था निर्धारण गर्ने अधिकार प्रदान गरेकाले स्थानीय तहमा सरकारी कामकाजको भाषा सिफारिस गरेको उल्लेख गरेको छ।<ref name="langcomreport" /> === कोशी प्रदेश === {| class="wikitable" |+ कोशी प्रदेशका स्थानीय तहमा सरकारी कामकाजको भाषा |- ! क्रम !! स्थानीय तह !! आधिकारिक भाषा(हरू) |- | १|| [[चुलाचुली गाउँपालिका]] || लिम्बू<ref name="chulachuli">{{cite news |title=Limbu official language in Chulachuli rural municipality |url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/28/212050/ |access-date=29 October 2021 |agency=Khabarhub |date=28 Sep 2018}}</ref> |- | २|| [[हलेसी तुवाचुङ नगरपालिका]] || [[चाम्लिङ भाषा|चाम्लिङ]], [[वाम्बुले भाषा|वाम्बुले]], [[तिलुङ भाषा|तिलुङ]]<ref name="halesi">{{cite news |title=Khotang's Halesi Tuwachung Municipality recognizes three more languages as official ones |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/khotang-s-halesi-tuwachung-municipality-recognizes-three-more-languages-as-official-ones/ |access-date=30 October 2021 |agency=My Republica |publisher=My Republica |date=29 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="halesi2">{{cite news |title=Recognition of Chamling, Wambule and Tillung Rai languages in municipal authorities features |url=https://himalsanchar.com/recognition-of-chamling-wambule-and-tillung-rai-languages-%e2%80%8b%e2%80%8bin-municipal-authorities-features/ |access-date=30 October 2021 |agency=Himal Sansar |publisher=Himal Sansar |date=15 June 2020 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030101708/https://himalsanchar.com/recognition-of-chamling-wambule-and-tillung-rai-languages-%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Bin-municipal-authorities-features/ |date=30 October 2021 }}</ref> |- | ३ || [[माङसेबुङ गाउँपालिका]] || लिम्बू<ref name="mangsebung">{{cite news |last1=Chapagain |first1=Bhim |title=Limbu language declared official language |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/limbu-language-declared-official-language/ |access-date=29 October 2021 |agency=My Republica |publisher=My Republica |date=1 Dec 2018}}</ref> |- | ४ || [[फाल्गुनन्द गाउँपालिका]] || लिम्बू<ref name="phalgunanda">{{cite news |title=फाल्गुनन्द गाउँपालिकाको सरकारी कामकाजको भाषा याक्थुङ लिम्बु हुने |url=https://silautitimes.com/2021/06/25/8794/ |access-date=30 October 2021 |agency=Silauti Times |publisher=Silauti Times |date=25 June 2021}}</ref> |} === बागमती प्रदेश === {| class="wikitable" |+ बागमती प्रदेशका स्थानीय तहमा सरकारी कामकाजको भाषा |- ! क्रम !! स्थानीय तह !! आधिकारिक भाषा(हरू) |- | १|| [[काठमाडौँ|काठमाडौँ महानगरपालिका]]|| [[नेवारी भाषा|नेवारी]]<ref name="kathmandu">{{cite news |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |title=Nepal Bhasa as official language in metropolis|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2017/06/22/nepal-bhasa-as-official-language-in-metropolis |access-date=29 October 2021 |agency=The Kathmandu Post |publisher=The Kathmandu Post |date=22 June 2017}}</ref> |- | २|| [[कीर्तिपुर नगरपालिका]]|| [[नेवारी भाषा|नेवारी]]<ref name="kirtipur">{{cite web |title=कीर्तिपुर नगर साँस्कृतिक संरक्षित क्षेत्र सम्बन्धमा व्यवस्था गर्न बनेको ऐन, २०७८ |url=https://kirtipurmun.gov.np/sites/kirtipurmun.gov.np/files/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A8.pdf |website=Kirtipur Municipality |publisher=Kirtipur Municipality |access-date=30 October 2021 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030100216/https://kirtipurmun.gov.np/sites/kirtipurmun.gov.np/files/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A8.pdf |date=30 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kapali |first1=Rukshana |title=स्थानीय तहमा नेपालभाषा सम्बन्धी सूचनाको हकद्वारा प्राप्त सूचनाको संगालो (व्यक्तिगत अभिलेखको उतार) |isbn=978-9937-0-9816-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/978-9937-0-9816-8 |access-date=1 November 2021|pages=93, 94}}</ref> |- | ३|| [[ललितपुर महानगरपालिका]]|| [[नेवारी भाषा|नेवारी]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kapali |first1=Rukshana |title=स्थानीय तहमा नेपालभाषा सम्बन्धी सूचनाको हकद्वारा प्राप्त सूचनाको संगालो (व्यक्तिगत अभिलेखको उतार) |isbn=978-9937-0-9816-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/978-9937-0-9816-8 |access-date=1 November 2021|pages=104, 105}}</ref> |} === लुम्बिनी प्रदेश === {| class="wikitable" |+ लुम्बिनी प्रदेशका स्थानीय तहमा सरकारी कामकाजको भाषा |- ! क्रम !! स्थानीय तह !! आधिकारिक भाषा(हरू) |- | १|| [[घोराही उपमहानगरपालिका]]|| [[थारू भाषा|थारू]]<ref name="ghorahi1">{{cite news |title=Tharu to become official language in Ghorahi |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/tharu-to-become-official-language-in-ghorahi/ |access-date=30 October 2021 |agency=My Republica |publisher=My Republica |date=7 Jan 2018}}</ref><ref name="ghorahi2">{{cite news |title=Ghorahi Sub-Metropolitan City recognises Tharu as official language |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/ghorahi-sub-metropolitan-city-recognises-tharu-as-official-language.html |access-date=30 October 2021 |agency=Online Khabar |publisher=Online Khabar |date=7 Jan 2018}}</ref> |} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == *[[नेपालमा बोलिने भाषाहरू]] *[[नेपालका जातीहरू|नेपालका जातीय समूहहरू]] == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} {{नेपालमा बोलिने भाषाहरू}} [[श्रेणी:नेपालमा बोलिने भाषाहरू]] [[श्रेणी:आधिकारिक भाषाहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका आधिकारिक भाषाहरू| ]] kvb82rg5v1w4y4ogs247qbrbs0j4d62 10 144413 1358428 1334710 2026-06-08T13:05:21Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Navbox|navbox | name = Chancellors of Germany | title = [[जर्मनीको चान्सलर|जर्मनीको चान्सलर (सन् १८६७ यता)]] | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | listclass = hlist | group1 =[[उत्तर जर्मनेली सङ्घ]] [[File:Flag of the German Empire.svg|20px|class=noviewer|जर्मनीको झण्डा]] <br /> बुन्डेलकान्च्ल (सन् १८६७–१८७१) | list1 = * [[ओटो भोन बिस्मार्क]] | group2 = [[जर्मन साम्राज्य]] [[File:Flag of the German Empire.svg|20px|class=noviewer|जर्मनीको झण्डा]] <br /> राइसकान्च्ल (सन् १८७१–१९१८) | list2 = * [[ओटो भोन बिस्मार्क]] * [[लियो फोन काप्रिफी]] * [[क्लोडभिस, होहेनलोहे-सिलिङफुर्स्टका राजकुमार|राजकुमार क्लोडभिस चु होहेनलोहे-सिलिङफुर्स्टका]] * [[बेर्नहार्ट फोन बुलो]] * [[थियोबाल्ट फोन बेथमान होल्भिस]] * [[गेअर्ग मिखाएलिस]] * [[गेअर्ग फोन हेर्टलिङ]] * [[माक्स फोन बाडेन]] | group3 = [[वाइमर गणतन्त्र]] [[File:Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg|20px|class=noviewer|जर्मनीको झण्डा]] <br /> राइस राइसकान्च्ल (सन् १९१९–१९३३) | list3 = * [[फ्रिडरिस इबार्ट]] * [[फिलिप साइडमान]] <span style="font-size:85%;">( राज्य प्रमुखको रूपमा)</span> * [[गुस्ताफ बाउअ]] <span style="font-size:85%;">(राज्य प्रमुखको रूपमा, पछि चान्सलर बनेका)</span> * [[हेरमान मुलर]] * [[कोन्सटानटिन फेरेनबाख]] * [[योसेफ भिर्ट]] * [[भिल्हेल्म कुनो]] * [[गुस्ताफ स्टेजमान]] * [[भिल्हेल्म माक्स]] * [[हान्स लुथर]] * [[भिल्हेल्म माक्स]] * [[हेरमान मुलर]] * [[हाइनरिस ब्रुइनिङ]] * [[फ्रान्च फोन पापेन]] * [[कुर्ट फोन स्लाइस]] * [[एडल्फ हिटलर]] | group4 = [[नाजी जर्मनी]] [[File:Flag of Germany (1933–1935).svg|20px|class=noviewer|Flag of Germany]] [[File:Flag of German Reich (1935–1945).svg|20px|class=noviewer|जर्मनीको झण्डा]] <br /> राइसकान्च्ल (सन् १९३३–१९४५) | list4 = * [[एडल्फ हिटलर]] * ''[[योसेफ गबल्स]]'' (दे फाक्तो) * ''[[लुच ग्राफ स्भेरिन फोन क्रोसिक]]'' (दे फाक्तो) | group5 = [[जर्मनी|सङ्घीय गणतन्त्र]] [[File:Flag of Germany.svg|20px|class=noviewer|Flag of Germany]]<br /> [[जर्मनीको चान्सलर|बुन्डेसकान्च्ल (सन् १९४९–हाल)]] | list5 = {{plainlist}} * [[कोनार्ट आडनावर]] * [[लुडभिस एर्हार्ट]] * [[कुर्ट गेओर्क किजिङ]] * [[भिली ब्रान्ट]] * [[हेलमुट स्मिट]] * [[हेल्मुट कोल]] * [[गेर्हार्ड श्रोडर|गेहार्ट स्रोड]] * [[एन्जेला मर्केल]] * [[ओलाफ सोल्त्स]] * [[फ्रिडरिस मेअर्च]]{{endplainlist}} |below = [[जर्मनीका चान्सलरहरूको सूची|चान्सलरहरूको सूची]] }}<noinclude> {{navbox documentation}} [[Category:Germany political leader navigational boxes]] </noinclude> 1pw29slybd0ir7f0l52lo2kjsmyik2r 0 146066 1358474 1302289 2026-06-09T02:46:07Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358474 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Mrs. Jehan Sadat and Mrs. Rosalynn Carter in Cairo, March 8, 1979 (10729894473).jpg|thumb|right| [[इजिप्ट]]की प्रथम महिला जिहान सदातले काइरोमा अमेरिकी समकक्षी रोसलिन कार्टरलाई स्वागत गर्दै गर्दाको एक तस्वीर, ८ मार्च १९७९]] [[चित्र:First Ladies 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[न्युयोर्क सहर|न्युयोर्क]] सहरको मेट्रोपोलिटन आर्ट म्यूजियममा प्रथम महिलाहरूको एक समूह, २२ सेप्टेम्बर २००८]] [[चित्र:Michelle Obama and the spouses of the G20 leaders.jpg|thumb|right|[[जी-ट्वान्टी]]का प्रथम महिलाहरू, पिट्सबर्ग, पेन्सिलभेनिया, २५ सेप्टेम्बर २००९]] '''प्रथम महिला''' विशेषगरी राष्ट्रपतीय गणतन्त्रात्मक राज्यहरूका राष्ट्रप्रमुखको श्रीमतीलाई प्रधान गरिने एक सम्मानजनक उपाधि हो।<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/first%20lady ''First Lady'', Merriam-Webster Dictionary], retrieved December 30, 2014</ref> यो विश्वका केही निश्चित देशका निर्वाचित राष्ट्रप्रमुखहरूको श्रीमतीलाई दिइने उपाधि पनि हो। यो उपाधिलाई ती महिलाहरूले अलिखित रूपमा प्रचार माध्यमसहित जनताका बीचमा ग्रहण गर्दै प्रयोग गर्दछिन्। अविवाहित वा विधवा पदाधिकारीहरूका लागि पनि यो शब्द प्रयोग गरिएको पाइन्छ। यो उपाधि नगरप्रमुख, राज्यपाल, लगायतका उच्चपदस्थ अधिकारीहरूको श्रीमतीका लागि पनि प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ। पुरुषहरूका लागि भने यसको लिङ्ग भिन्नताका कारणले प्रथम पुरुष उपाधि प्रदान गरिन्छ। [[अङ्ग्रेजी भाषा]] बोल्ने विश्वका देशहरू मध्ये यो शब्द मुख्य रूपमा [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|संयुक्त राज्य]]सँग सम्बन्धित छ तर यो उपाधि केही [[राष्ट्रमण्डलका सदस्य राष्ट्रहरू|राष्ट्रमण्डल देश]]हरूमा सरकार प्रमुखको श्रीमतीको सन्दर्भमा पनि प्रयोग गरिएको छ।<ref>{{cite news |last1=McGuirk |first1=Rod |date=May 2, 2018 |title=Australian first lady 'flattered' by 'delicious' description |url=https://apnews.com/article/a60ddf8ed23e4f0dae7f9b943cc5878b |access-date=September 20, 2021 |work=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name="visentin20180826">{{Cite news |last=Visentin |first=Lisa |date=August 26, 2018 |title=Jenny Morrison, Australia's new first lady |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/jenny-morrison-australia-s-new-first-lady-20180825-p4zzr2.html |access-date=September 20, 2021 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Step forward Fionnuala -- Taoiseach's wife and his perfect partner as he runs country - Herald.ie |url=http://www.herald.ie/incoming/step-forward-fionnuala-taoiseachs-wife-and-his-perfect-partner-as-he-runs-country-27980889.html }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205115642/http://www.herald.ie/incoming/step-forward-fionnuala-taoiseachs-wife-and-his-perfect-partner-as-he-runs-country-27980889.html |date=2016-02-05 }}</ref><ref name="SGFirstLady">{{cite news |last1=Lin |first1=Yijun |date=September 19, 2021 |title=【第一配偶】最會賺錢第一夫人：何晶將從新加坡淡馬錫退休 年薪至今仍是謎|url=https://vip.udn.com/vip/story/121937/5728782 |access-date=September 27, 2021 |work=United Daily News |language=चिनियाँ}}</ref> धेरै जसो अवस्थामा प्रथम महिलाको भूमिकाको परम्परागत जिम्मेवारी र सामाजिक कार्य रानीको भूमिकासँग मिल्दोजुल्दो छ। संयुक्त राज्य बाहिर यो भूमिका रहेका महिलाहरू प्रायः ल्याटिन अमेरिकी देशहरूमा भेटिन्छन्।<ref>[http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/first-lady ''First Lady'', Collins English Dictionary], retrieved December 30, 2014</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131130143409/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/First-Lady ''First Lady'', Oxford Dictionaries], retrieved December 30, 2014</ref> प्रथम महिला शब्दले पेशामा वा कलामा सबैभन्दा माथि रहेको महिला व्यक्ति भनेर वर्णन गर्न पनि प्रयोग गरिएको छ भने कहिलेकाहीँ यो संयुक्त राज्यका केही इसाई मण्डलीका पादरीहरूका श्रीमतीको लागि पनि प्रयोग आउन सक्छ।<ref name="Banks2007">{{cite web |last1=Banks |first1=Adelle M. |date=10 February 2007 |title=Pastors' Wives Move Beyond The Front Pew |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2007/02/10/pastors-wives-move-beyond-the-front-pew-span-classbankheadfirst-ladies-of-black-churches-take-on-more-leadership-rolesspan/35e4db19-e16b-4b88-b88b-0dfd1cbb2884/ |access-date=1 October 2024 |publisher=The Washington Post |language=अङ्ग्रेजी}}</ref> == उत्पत्ति == [[चित्र:Barack and Michelle Obama at the Home States Ball.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|अमेरिकी पूर्व राष्ट्रपति [[बाराक ओबामा]] र उनकी श्रीमती [[मिसेल ओबामा]]]] सन् १८४० मा अमेरिकाबाट प्रथम महिला पदको उत्पत्ति भएको मानिन्छ। अमेरिकाका तत्कालीन राष्ट्रपति ज्याकरी टेलरकी श्रीमती डली मेडिसन थिइन्। प्रिय श्रीमतीको मृत्युमा राष्ट्रिय शोक व्यक्त गर्नको बेला उनले स्वलेखित र उच्च प्रशंसा गरिएको कवितामा प्रथम महिलाको रूपमा मेडिसनलाई व्यक्त गरेका थिए।<ref name="MerriamWebsterFirstLady">{{cite web |title=The Story Behind 'First person' |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/first-lady-flotus-history-usage |website= Merriam-Webster |access-date=September 24, 2021}}</ref> सुरुवाती समयमा राष्ट्रपतिको श्रीमतीलाई नियमित र स्वीकार्य कुनै पनि पद दिइने गरिएको थिएन। त्यतिबेला धेरै प्रथम महिलाहरूले उनीहरूको आफ्नै क्षमता र योग्यताको आधारमा विभिन्न तरिकामा शीर्षक र उपाधि प्रयोग गर्न पाउने गर्थे। तीमध्ये लेडी वा क्विन अफ द ह्वाइट हाउस जस्ता उपाधिहरू चलनमा थियो जसलाई रानीको जस्तो उपाधिको रूपमा हेरिन्थ्यो। पहिले अन्य कुनै महिलाले प्रथम महिलाको पदवी पाउने हक राख्दथे तीमध्ये राष्ट्रपतिकी छोरीले उनकी आमाको अनिच्छाका कारण वा असमर्थताको कारणले रिक्त स्थान भर्न वैकल्पिक रूपमा प्रथम महिलाको जिम्मेदारी लिनु पर्दथ्यो भने यदि राष्ट्रपति अविवाहित वा विदुर भएको खण्डमा ह्वाइट हाउसमा बसिरहेका अन्य कुनै महिला यो जिम्मेवारी लिने गर्दथे। हाल, विश्वको शक्तिशाली राष्ट्रहरू मध्ये एक अमेरिकाका ४५औँ राष्ट्रपति [[डोनाल्ड ट्रम्प]]की श्रीमती मेलानिया ट्रम्पले व्यापक रूपमा चर्चित र उत्साहका साथ प्रथम महिलाको पदवीमा विराजमान छिन्। अमेरिकी मिडिया र समाचार माध्यमहरूले प्रायः अन्य देशका राजनीतिक प्रमुखहरूको श्रीमतीलाई प्रथम महिलाको रूपमा उल्लेख गर्ने गरेतापनि कुनै देशमा राष्ट्रपतिको श्रीमतीको विशेष उपाधि भएमा यस नियममा भिन्नता देखा पर्दछ।<ref name="Dolley Madison">{{वेब स्रोत|युआरएल=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=4|शीर्षक=Dolley Madison|पहुँच-मिति=2007-04-29|प्रकाशक=National First Ladies Library|अभिलेख-मिति=२०१२-०५-०९|अभिलेख-युआरएल=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509065835/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=4}}</ref> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:प्रथम महिला]] [[श्रेणी:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२५ मा बनाइएका वा सुधारिएका लेखहरू]] gclmwoq3k4jy375dxdxzue923r3i8z7 0 147129 1358477 1342040 2026-06-09T03:18:13Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{छोटो विवरण|बङ्गलादेशको प्रस्तावित विभाग}} {{Infobox settlement | name = {{पृष्ठको नाम}} | native_name = ফরিদপুর বিভাগ | native_name_lang = bn<!-- ISO 639-2 code --> | other_name = | settlement_type = [[बङ्गलादेशका विभागहरू#प्रस्तावित विभागहरू|प्रस्तावित विभाग]] | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = पद्मा | image_map = Faridpur Division.png | map_alt = | map_caption = बङ्गलादेशमा प्रस्तावित फरिदपुर विभाग | coordinates = {{coord|23.60|89.84|region:BD_type:adm1st_sourc Pe:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = देश | subdivision_name = {{झन्डा|बङ्गलादेश}} | established_title = प्रस्तावित | established_date = | seat_type = राजधानी | seat = [[फरिदपुर]] | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 6,913.44 | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 7,235,343 | population_as_of = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | timezone1 = [[बङ्गलादेशको प्रमाणिक समय]] | utc_offset1 = +६ | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''फरिदपुर विभाग''' ([[बङ्गाली भाषा|बङ्गाली]]: ফরিদপুর বিভাগ), [[ढाका विभाग]]को [[फरिदपुर जिल्ला|फरिदपुर]], [[गोपालगन्ज जिल्ला (बङ्गलादेश)|गोपालगन्ज]], [[मादारिपुर जिल्ला|मादारिपुर]], [[राजबाडी जिल्ला|राजबाडी]], र [[शरियतपुर जिल्ला|शरियतपुर]] जिल्लाहरू मिलेर अवस्थित ढाका विभागको दक्षिणी भागहरूका लागि [[बङ्गलादेश]] भित्रको प्रस्तावित एक प्रशासनिक विभाग हो।<ref name=theindependentbd.com>{{cite news |title=3 new divisions to be formed |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=245618:3-new-divisions-to-be-formed&catid=129:frontpage&Itemid=121 |work=[[The Independent (Bangladesh)]] |location=[[Dhaka]] |access-date=15 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215161101/http://www.theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=245618%3A3-new-divisions-to-be-formed&catid=129%3Afrontpage&Itemid=121 |archive-date=15 February 2015 }}</ref><ref name=newstoday.com.bd>{{cite news|title=People want Faridpur division early|url=http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2402457&date=2015-02-09|work=[[The News Today]]|access-date=15 February 2015|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124091932/http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2402457&date=2015-02-09|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124091932/http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2402457&date=2015-02-09 |date=2021-01-24 }}</ref> विभागको सदरमुकाम फरिदपुरमा राख्न प्रस्ताव गरिएको छ। यस विभागलाई यसको सम्बद्ध नदी पद्माको नामबाट नामाकरण गर्न प्रस्ताव गरिएको थियो तर सन् २०२४ मा, लोक प्रशासन सुधार आयोगले यस विभागलाई फरिदपुर विभागको रूपमा सिर्जना गर्ने निर्णय गरेको थियो।<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/99123/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE|title=দেশের নবম বিভাগ পদ্মা|website=The Daily Ittefaq}}</ref> == इतिहास == प्रस्तावित फरिदपुर विभाग कुनै समय प्राचीन बङ्गालको [[गङ्गाऋद्धि]] र [[वङ्ग राज्य]]को अधीनमा थियो जसको राजधानी हालको [[बङ्गलादेश]]को गोपालगन्ज जिल्लाको कोटालीपाडामा थियो।<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Kotalipara}}</ref> पछि, १६औँ शताब्दीमा मुगलहरूले बङ्गालको विजय नगरुन्जेलसम्म यसमा स्थानीय हिन्दु राजाहरू र [[मुसलमान|मुस्लिम]] सुल्तानहरूले शासन गर्दथे, त्यसपछि उत्तर भारतका धेरै कुलीन र व्यापारीहरू यस क्षेत्रमा बसोबास गरेका थिए। सन् १५८२ मा सम्राट [[अकबर]]को शासनकालमा, बङ्गाललाई ३३ सरकार वा वित्तीय उप-विभाजनहरूमा गठन गरिएको थियो, र फरिदपुर क्षेत्र मुहम्मद अबुदको सरकार भित्र समावेश गरिएको देखिन्छ जसलाई फतेहाबादको रूपमा चिनिन्थ्यो। सन् १७६५ मा, बेलायतीहरूले बाँकी बङ्गालसँगै फरिदपुरको वित्तीय प्रशासन कब्जा गरेका थिए। फरिदपुरको ठूलो भाग त्यसपछि ढाका जिल्ला भित्र समावेश गरिएको थियो। सन् १८११ मा, फरिदपुरलाई ढाका सङ्कलन कार्यालयबाट अलग गरिएको थियो। जिल्लालाई सुरुमा फतेहाबादको रूपमा चिनिन्थ्यो।<ref name="Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics">{{cite web|title=Faridpur|url=http://www.bbs.gov.bd/Census2011/Dhaka/Faridpur/Faridpur%20at%20a%20glance%20General.pdf|access-date=28 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111229/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/Census2011/Dhaka/Faridpur/Faridpur%20at%20a%20glance%20General.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>सन् १८६० मा बेलायती शासनकालमा, १२औँ शताब्दीका सुफी सन्त शाह शेख फरिदउद्दीनको नाममा जिल्लाको नाम फरिदपुर राखिएको थियो।<ref name=Banglapedia>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Local Government}}</ref><ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/201860/Faridpur|title=Faridpur |website=[[इन्साइक्लोपिडिया ब्रिटानिका]] |access-date=28 March 2015}}</ref> सन् १९८४ मा, बङ्गलादेश सरकारको विकेन्द्रीकरण कार्यक्रमसँगै, फरिदपुर जिल्लालाई पाँच अलग जिल्लाहरूमा पुनर्गठन गरिएको थियो जसमा राजबाडी, गोपालगन्ज, मादारीपुर, शरीयतपुर र फरिदपुर समावेश छन्। ६ मे २०१७ मा, स्थानीय सरकार, ग्रामीण विकास तथा सहकारी मन्त्री खण्डोकार मोशरफ हुसेनले प्रस्तावित विभागको उत्तरपूर्वमा बग्ने पद्मा नदीको नाममा नयाँ विभागको नाम पद्मा विभाग राख्ने घोषणा गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite news |title=Faridpur will be made as 'Padma division' soon: Mosharraf |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/post/224552/Faridpur-will-be-made-as- |date=6 May 2017 |work=Daily Sun (Bangladesh) }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103112236/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/224552/Faridpur-will-be-made-as- |date=3 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=বিভাগ হচ্ছে ফরিদপুর তিন মাসের মধ্যে সিটির নির্বাচন |url=http://www.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/article/1171726/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8 |date=6 May 2017 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn |archive-date=15 June 2017 |access-date=7 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615135517/http://www.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/article/1171726/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615135517/http://www.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/article/1171726/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8 |date=15 June 2017 }}</ref> "पद्मा" नाम विवादास्पद थियो र धेरैले नामको विरोध गरेका थिए, जसले यसलाई "फरिदपुर"मा परिवर्तन गर्न माग गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/zb0q0jre32|title=নতুন বিভাগের খবরে ফরিদপুরে উচ্ছ্বাস, তবে ‘পদ্মা’ নাম নিয়ে আক্ষেপ|date=22 November 2022|access-date=18 December 2024|work=Prothom Alo|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://banglanews24.com/national/news/bd/994546.details|title=পদ্মা নামেই বিভাগ, ফরিদপুরে উল্লাস-আক্ষেপ|date=22 November 2022|access-date=18 December 2024|work=Banglanews24.com|language=bn}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> नोभेम्बर २०२२ मा प्रस्ताव स्थगित गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/0q51khm6ka|title=পদ্মা ও মেঘনা বিভাগ করার প্রস্তাব স্থগিত|date=27 November 2022|access-date=18 December 2024|work=Prothom Alo|language=bn}}</ref> १७ डिसेम्बर २०२४ मा, सार्वजनिक प्रशासन सुधार आयोगले कुमिल्ला र फरिदपुर विभागहरू सिर्जना गर्न सिफारिस गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.voabangla.com/a/7904372.html|title=কুমিল্লা ও ফরিদপুরকে বিভাগ করার সুপারিশ দেবে জনপ্রশাসন সংস্কার কমিশন|date=17 December 2024|access-date=18 December 2024|work=Voice of America|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/reform-commission-making-cumilla-faridpur-new-divisions-1021071|title=Reform commission for making Cumilla, Faridpur new divisions|date=17 December 2024|access-date=18 December 2024|work=The Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/public-administration-reform-commission-to-recommend-creating-cumilla-faridpur-divisions/149299|title=Public Administration Reform Commission to recommend creating Faridpur division|date=17 December 2024|access-date=18 December 2024|work=United News of Bangladesh}}</ref> == प्रशासनिक जिल्लाहरू == [[File:Proposed Divisions of Bangladesh (Bengali).svg|thumb|347x347px|सार्वजनिक प्रशासन सुधार आयोगद्वारा बङ्गलादेशको प्रस्तावित विभाजनहरू]] यस विभाजनलाई पाँच जिल्लामा विभाजन गर्ने र त्यसपछि ३० [[उपजिल्ला]]मा विभाजन गर्ने गरि प्रस्ताव गरिएको थियो। {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom: 0;" ! नाम !! राजधानी !! क्षेत्रफल (किमी^२) !! जनसङ्ख्या <br /> सन् १९९१ जनगणना !! जनसङ्ख्या <br /> सन् २००१ जनगणना !! जनसङ्ख्या <br /> सन् २०११ जनगणना |- | [[फरिदपुर जिल्ला]] || [[फरिदपुर सदर उपजिल्ला|फरिदपुर]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 2052.68}} || {{formatnum: 1505686}} || {{formatnum: 1756470}} || {{formatnum: 1912969}} |- | [[गोपालगन्ज जिल्ला, बङ्गलादेश|गोपालगन्ज जिल्ला]] || [[गोपालगन्ज सदर उपजिल्ला|गोपालगन्ज]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1468.74}} || {{formatnum: 1060791}} || {{formatnum: 1165273}} || {{formatnum: 1172415}} |- | [[मादारिपुर जिल्ला]] || [[मादारिपुर सदर उपजिल्ला|मादारीपुर]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1125.69}} || {{formatnum: 1069176}} || {{formatnum: 1146349}} || {{formatnum: 1165952}} |- | [[राजबाडी जिल्ला]] || [[राजबाडी सदर उपजिल्ला|राजबाडी]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1092.28}} || {{formatnum: 835173}} || {{formatnum: 951906}} || {{formatnum: 1049778}} |- | [[शरियतपुर जिल्ला]] || [[शरियतपुर सदर उपजिल्ला|शरियतपुर]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1174.05}} || {{formatnum: 953021}} || {{formatnum: 1082300}} || {{formatnum: 1155824}} |- | ''जम्मा'' || ५ || align="right"| {{formatnum: 6,913.44}} || ५,४२३,८४७ || ६,१०२,२९८ || ६,४५६,९३८ |} == जनसाङ्ख्यिकी == यस विभागको जनसङ्ख्या ७,२३५,३४३ हुनेछ जसमा ६,३८६,५९५ (८८.२७%) [[बङ्गलादेशमा इस्लाम धर्म|मुस्लिम]], ८,२९,७३२ (११.४७%) [[बङ्गलादेशमा हिन्दु धर्म|हिन्दु]] छन्।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zila Series: Bangladesh 2022 Census |url=http://www.bbs.gov.bd/site/page/47856ad0-7e1c-4aab-bd78-892733bc06eb/- |website=bbs.gov.bd |publisher=[[बङ्गलादेश तथ्याङ्क ब्युरो]]}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} {{Geographic location |Centre = फरिदपुर विभाग |North = [[ढाका विभाग]] |Northeast = |East = [[कुमिल्ला विभाग]] |Southeast = |South = [[बरिसाल विभाग]] |Southwest = |West = [[खुलना विभाग]] |Northwest = [[राजशाही विभाग]] }} [[श्रेणी:बङ्गलादेशका विभागहरू]] [[श्रेणी:ढाका विभाग]] [[श्रेणी:बङ्गलादेशका प्रस्तावित विभागहरू]] 8oi9bk4ms6gegjtuotlenafb8cll7fj 0 147937 1358531 1348096 2026-06-09T07:47:24Z Saroj 31493 [[विकिपिडिया:हटक्याट|हटक्याट]]द्वारा [[श्रेणी:दार्शनिक]] हटाइयो 1358531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher | birth_name = जँ-पल चार्ल्स एमार्द सार्त्र | region = [[पाश्चात्य दर्शन]] | era = [[२०औँ शताब्दीको दर्शन]] | image = Jean Paul Sartre 1965.jpg | caption = सन् १९६५ मा सार्त्र | name = जँ-पल सार्त्र | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1905|6|21}} | birth_place = [[पेरिस]], [[फ्रान्स]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1980|4|15|1905|6|21}} | death_place = पेरिस, फ्रान्स | school_tradition = [[महादेशीय दर्शन]], [[अस्तित्ववाद]], [[घटनाविज्ञान]], [[अस्तित्ववादी घटना विज्ञान]], [[शब्दार्थमीमांसा]], [[पश्चिमी मार्क्सवाद]], [[अराजकतावाद]] | main_interests = [[तत्त्वज्ञान]], [[प्रमाणशास्त्र]], [[नीतिशास्त्र]], [[चेतना]], [[आत्म-चेतना]], [[साहित्य]], [[राजनीतिक दर्शन]], [[तत्त्वविद्या]] | education = [[कला स्नातक]], [[कला स्नातकोत्तर]] | notable_ideas = खराब आस्था (अस्तित्ववाद), "अस्तित्व सारभन्दा अघि हुन्छ", शुन्यता, पूर्व-प्रतिबिम्बित आत्म-चेतना,<ref>Sartre, J.-P. 2004 [1937]. ''The Transcendence of the Ego''. Trans. Andrew Brown. Routledge, p. 7.</ref><ref>Siewert, Charles, [http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2011/entries/consciousness-intentionality/ "Consciousness and Intentionality"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202061313/http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2011/entries/consciousness-intentionality/ |date=2 December 2013 }}, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).</ref> कल्पनाको मनोविज्ञान, आत्म-स्वरूप, नव-उपनिवेशवाद | partner = सिमोन द बोभवार (सन् १९२९–१९८०) | signature = Jean-Paul Sartre signature.svg | signature_size = 100px | signature_alt = |awards=[[नोबेल साहित्य पुरस्कार]] (सन् १९६४, अस्वीकार गरिएको) }} [[चित्र:Simone de Beauvoir & Jean-Paul Sartre in Beijing 1955.jpg|thumb|[[बेइजिङ]]मा [[सिमोन द बोभवार]] र जँ पल सार्त्र, सन् १९५५]] '''जँ-पल चार्ल्स एमार्द सार्त्र''' ({{भाषा-फ्रान्सेली|'''Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre'''}}, {{IPA-fr|ʒɑ̃pɔl saʁtʁ|pronunciation}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prononciation de « Jean-Paul Sartre » en français|url=https://forvo.com/word/jean-paul_sartre/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=forvo.com |language=फ्रान्सेली}}</ref>, २१ जुन १९०५ – १५ अप्रिल १९८०) २०औँ शताब्दीको फ्रान्सेली दर्शन र [[मार्क्सवाद]]का प्रमुख व्यक्तित्वको रूपमा परिचित एक फ्रान्सेली [[दार्शनिक]], [[नाटककार]], उपन्यासकार, [[पटकथा लेखक]], राजनीतिक कार्यकर्ता, जीवनी लेखक तथा साहित्यिक समालोचक थिए। सार्त्र [[अस्तित्ववाद]] र घटनाविज्ञान दर्शनका एक प्रमुख व्यक्तित्व थिए जसको कार्यले समाजशास्त्र, आलोचनात्मक सिद्धान्त, उत्तर उपनिवेशवाद सिद्धान्त र साहित्यिक अध्ययनमा गहिरो प्रभाव पारेको थियो। उनलाई सन् १९६४ मा उनलाई साहित्य तर्फको [[नोबेल साहित्य पुरस्कार|नोबेल पुरस्कार]] प्रदान गरिएको भएतापनि आधिकारिक सम्मान तथा पुरस्कारहरूलाई अस्वीकार गर्दै आएका उनले एक लेखकले आफूलाई संस्थामा परिणत हुन दिनु हुँदैन भन्ने धारणाका साथ यस पुरस्कारलाई अस्वीकार गर्ने प्रयास गरेका थिए। सार्त्र प्रख्यात [[नारीवाद|नारीवादी]] तथा अस्तित्ववादी दार्शनिक सिमोन द बोभवारसँग खुला सम्बन्धमा थिए। आफ्ना बिचारहरूमा अग्रगामी र महान ठानिएका सांस्कृतिक तथा सामाजिक मान्यता र अपेक्षाहरूलाई उनीहरूले जीवनशैली र विचार दुवैमा एकजुट भएर चुनौती दिएका थिए जोसँग उनीहरू परिचित थिए। सार्त्रले आफ्नो दर्शनको परिचय सन् १९४६ मा प्रकाशित आफ्नो कृति ''अस्तित्ववाद मानवतावाद हो'' मा दिएका थिए जसलाई मूल रूपमा व्याख्यानको रूपमा प्रस्तुत गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite book |last=McCloskey |first=Deirdre N. |title=The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce |url=https://archive.org/details/bourgeoisvirtues00mccl |url-access=registration |year=2006 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-55663-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bourgeoisvirtues00mccl/page/n315 297]}}</ref> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} == बाह्य कडीहरू == {{sister project links|n=no|voy=no|species=no|mw=no|m=no|s=no|wikt=no|v=no|b=no|d=Q9364}} * {{Nobelprize}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Jean-Paul Sartre}} * [https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/americans-and-their-myths/ अमेरिकी र तिनका मिथकहरू"]—"द नेसन (अमेरिकी पत्रिका)" मा सार्त्रको निबन्ध (१८ अक्टोबर १९४७ अङ्क) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110408111752/http://www.philosophyarchive.com/index.php?title=सार्त्रका पाठहरू] दर्शन अभिलेख * [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/sartre/index.htm सार्त्रको इन्टरनेट अभिलेख] [http://www.marxists.org/ मार्क्ससिस्ट डट ओआरजी]मा * {{OL author|OL117592A}} * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150730033039/http://www.sartreuk.org/ युके सार्त्र समाज]}} * [http://www.ges-sartre.fr/ सार्त्रेली अध्ययन समूह], पेरिस * {{PM20|FID=pe/015376}} [[श्रेणी:फ्रान्सेली दार्शनिकहरू]] r63ltv1fah8kigni3c6gmg3jslfximb 0 148981 1358550 1346533 2026-06-09T08:57:36Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{छोटो विवरण|सन् १९६३ मा अमेरिकाको डालसमा भएको राष्ट्रपतिको हत्या}} {{Infobox civilian attack | title = जोन एफ. केनेडीको हत्याकाण्ड | image = JFK Motorcade GettyImages-517330536.jpg | caption = राष्ट्रपति [[जोन एफ. केनेडी]], उनकी पत्नी [[ज्याकलिन केनेडी ओनासिस]], टेक्सासका गभर्नर [[जोन कोनाली]] र कोनालीकी पत्नी [[नेली कोनाली]] डालसमा राष्ट्रपतिको हत्या हुनु भन्दा केही मिनेट अघि | alt = राष्ट्रपति जोन एफ. केनेडी, उनकी पत्नी ज्याकलिन, टेक्सासका गभर्नर जोन कोनाली र कोनालीकी पत्नी नेली डालसमा हत्या हुनु केही मिनेट अघि राष्ट्रपतिको लिमोजिनमा | mapframe = no | location = [[डिली प्लाजा]], [[डालस]], टेक्सास, संयुक्त राज्य | coordinates = {{Coord|32|46|45.4|N|96|48|30.6|W|region:US-TX_type:event|format=dms|display=inline}} | target = [[जोन एफ. केनेडी]] | date = {{start date and age|1963|11|22}} | time = १२:३० अपराह्न | timezone = केन्द्रीय प्रमाणिक समय | weapons = {{ubl|६.५×५२मिमी इटालियन कार्कानो एम९१/३८ राइफल|.३८ क्यालिबर स्मिथ एन्ड वेसन भिक्ट्री मोडल रिभल्भर (टिपिट)}} | fatalities = {{ubl|जोन एफ. केनेडी|[[जे. डी. टिपिट]]}} | injuries = {{ubl|[[जोन कोनाली]]|[[जेम्स टाग]]}} | type = गोली हानी हत्या | perp = [[लि हार्वे ओसवाल्ड]] | charges = हत्या (२ मुद्दा, पुर्पक्ष अघि नै हत्या गरिएको) }} संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाका ३५औँ राष्ट्रपति '''[[जोन एफ. केनेडी]]'''को हत्या सन् १९६३ नोभेम्बर २२ को शुक्रबारका दिन टेक्सासको [[डालस]]स्थित [[डिली प्लाजा]]मा राष्ट्रपतिको [[मोटरकेड]] (सवारी) मा सवार भइरहेका बेला भएको थियो। केनेडी आफ्नी पत्नी [[ज्याकलिन केनेडी ओनासिस|ज्याकलिन]], टेक्सासका गभर्नर [[जोन कोनाली]] र कोनालीकी पत्नी [[नेली कोनाली|नेली]]सँग सवारीमा थिए भने उनलाई नजिकैको [[टेक्सास स्कुल बुक डिपोजिटरी]]बाट पूर्व अमेरिकी जलसैनिक [[लि हार्वे ओसवाल्ड]]ले गोली हानी हत्या गरेका थिए। मोटरकेडलाई तुरुन्तै [[पार्कल्यान्ड स्मारक अस्पताल]] पुर्‍याइन्छ जहाँ गोली चलेको लगभग ३० मिनेटपछि केनेडीलाई मृत घोषित गरियो। उक्त आक्रमणमा कोनाली घाइने बनी पछि निको भएका थिए। दुई घण्टा आठ मिनेटपछि डालस लभ फिल्डमा एयर फोर्स वन जहाजभित्र उपराष्ट्रपति [[लिन्डन बेन्स जोन्सन|लिन्डन बि. जोन्सन]]ले हतारमा राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा शपथ ग्रहण गरेका थिए। हत्यापछि, ओसवाल्ड पेस्तोल लिन घर फर्किँदा त्यसको केही समयपछि उनले एक्लै रहेका डालसका प्रहरी अधिकारी [[जे. डी. टिपिट]]लाई पनि गोली हानी हत्या गरेका थिए। केनेडी र कोनालीलाई गोली प्रहार भएको करिब ७० मिनेटपछि, ओसवाल्डलाई डालस प्रहरी विभागले पक्राउ गर्छ र टेक्सास राज्यको कानुन अनुसार केनेडी र टिपिटको हत्याको अभियोग लगाए। दुई दिनपछि, प्रत्यक्ष टेलिभिजन क्यामेराहरूले ओसवाल्डलाई डालस प्रहरी मुख्यालयको भूमिगत तल्लाबाट लैजाँदै गरेको दृश्य कैद गरिरहेका बेला, डालसका नाइटक्लब सञ्चालक [[ज्याक रुबी]]ले उनलाई गोली हानी हत्या गरिदिन्छन्। केनेडीलाई जस्तै ओसवाल्डलाई पनि पार्कल्यान्ड स्मारक अस्पताल लगिन्छ जहाँ उनको केही समयमै मृत्यु हुन्छ। रुबीलाई ओसवाल्डको हत्यामा दोषी ठहर गरिएतापनि सो निर्णय पुनरावेदनमा उल्टियो र सन् १९६७ मा नयाँ पुर्पक्षको प्रतीक्षा गरिरहँदा रुबीको जेलमै मृत्यु भएको थियो। १० महिनाको अनुसन्धानपछि, '''[[वारेन आयोग]]'''ले ओसवाल्डले नै केनेडीको हत्या गरेको र ओसवाल्ड वा रुबी कुनै षड्यन्त्रको हिस्सा भएको कुनै प्रमाण नभएको निष्कर्ष निकालेको थियो। सन् १९६७ मा, न्यु अर्लिन्सका जिल्ला सरकारी वकिल [[जिम ग्यारिसन]]ले व्यवसायी [[क्ले स]] विरुद्ध केनेडीको हत्याको लागि एकमात्र मुद्दा चलाउँदा क्ले स निर्दोष सावित भएका थिए। त्यसपछिका सङ्घीय अनुसन्धानहरू—जस्तै रकफेलर आयोग र चर्च समिति—वारेन आयोगको सामान्य निष्कर्षसँग सहमत भएका थिए। सन् १९७९ को आफ्नो प्रतिवेदनमा, '''हाउस सेलेक्ट कमिटी अन एसासिनेसन'''ले केनेडीको सम्भवतः "एक षड्यन्त्रको परिणाम स्वरूप हत्या भएको" निष्कर्ष निकालेको थियो। उक्त आयोगले सम्भावित षड्यन्त्रकारीहरूको पहिचान नगरेतापनि "राष्ट्रपतिमाथि दुईजना बन्दुकधारीले गोली प्रहार गरेको उच्च सम्भावना" रहेको निष्कर्ष निकालेको थियो। यस आयोगका निष्कर्षहरू मुख्यतया डालस प्रहरीको रेडियो च्यानलबाट रेकर्ड गरिएको एउटा विवादास्पद अडियो रेकर्डिङमा आधारित थिए जसलाई पछि अमेरिकी न्याय मन्त्रालयले झुटो सावित गरिदिएको थियो। केनेडीको हत्या अझै पनि व्यापक बहसको विषय हो र यसले धेरै षड्यन्त्रका सिद्धान्तहरू र वैकल्पिक अनुमानहरूलाई जन्म दिएको छ। सर्वेक्षणहरूले देखाए अनुसार धेरैजसो अमेरिकीहरू यो एक षड्यन्त्र थियो भन्ने कुरामा विश्वास गर्छन्। यस हत्याकाण्डले गहिरो प्रभाव पारेको र यो सन् १९६० को दशकमा अमेरिकामा भएका चार प्रमुख हत्याहरूमध्ये पहिलो थियो। यसको दुई वर्षपछि सन् १९६५ मा माल्कम एक्सको र पाँच वर्षपछि अर्थात् सन् १९६८ मा मार्टिन लुथर किङ जुनियर र केनेडीका भाइ रोबर्ट केनेडीको पनि हत्या भएको थियो। केनेडी हत्या गरिएका चौथो अमेरिकी राष्ट्रपति हुन् भने पदमा बहाल रहँदै मृत्यु हुने उनी हालसम्मकै पछिल्ला राष्ट्रपति हुन्। == हत्याकाण्डका फिल्म र तस्वीरहरू == {{quote box | bgcolor = powderblue | width = 22em | align = left | quote = भगवान, मैले सबै कुरा देखेँ। मैले उहाँको टाउकोबाट गिदी बाहिर निस्किएको देखेँ। | source = — [[अब्राहम जाप्रुडर]] | style = padding:1.5em | fontsize = 85% }} [[File:Zaprudercamera.jpg|thumb|left|alt=अब्राहम जाप्रुडरले प्रयोग गरेको बेल एन्ड हावेल जुम्याटिक मुभी क्यामेरा|मोटरकेड र केनेडीको हत्याको फुटेज कैद गर्न [[अब्राहम जाप्रुडर]]ले प्रयोग गरेको [[बेल एन्ड हावेल]] जुम्याटिक मुभी क्यामेरा, जसलाई पछि [[जाप्रुडर फिल्म]] भनिएको थियो। यो क्यामेरा अमेरिकी राष्ट्रिय अभिलेखालयको सङ्ग्रहमा सुरक्षित छ।]] सडकबाट करिब {{convert|65|ft|m}} टाढा पर्गोलाको पर्खालमा उभिएर,<ref>[[#Trask|Trask (1994)]], pp. 59–61, 73.</ref> दर्जी अब्राहम जाप्रुडरले केनेडीको हत्यालाई २६ सेकेन्डको मौन ८ मिमी फिल्ममा रेकर्ड गरेका थिए जसलाई 'जाप्रुडर फिल्म' भनिन्छ।<ref name="lifezap"/> यसको फ्रेम ३१३ ले केनेडीको टाउको विष्फोट भएको ठ्याक्कै क्षण कैद गरेको छ। ''[[लाइफ (पत्रिका)|लाइफ]]'' पत्रिकाले हत्याको केही समयपछि जाप्रुडर फिल्मका फ्रेमहरू ठूलो पारेर प्रकाशित गरेको थियो।<ref name="lifezap">[[#Cosgrove|Cosgrove (2011)]]</ref><ref>[[#Pasternack1|Pasternack (2011)]]</ref> यो फुटेज पहिलोपटक सन् १९६९ मा क्ले सको मुद्दामा सार्वजनिक रूपमा देखाइएको र यसलाई पनि सन् १९७५ मा [[जेराल्डो रिभेरा]]ले टेलिभिजनमा देखाएका थिए।<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 371.</ref> सन् १९९९ मा, एक मध्यस्थता समितिले सङ्घीय सरकारलाई जाप्रुडरका हकदारहरूलाई प्रति सेकेन्ड ६,१५,३८४ डलर तिर्न आदेश दिएको थियो जसले पूरा फिल्मको मूल्य १ करोड ६० लाख डलर (सन् २०२५ मा ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|16000000|1999}}}} बराबर) कायम गरेको थियो।<ref>[[#Inverne|Inverne (2004)]]</ref><ref>[[#Pasternack2|Pasternack (2012)]]</ref> जाप्रुडर डिली प्लाजामा गोली चलेको समयमा वा त्यसको आसपास फिल्म वा स्थिर तस्वीरहरू खिच्ने कम्तीमा ३२ व्यक्तिहरूमध्ये एक थिए।<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (1998)]], p. 291.</ref> फोटोग्राफरहरूमध्ये सबैभन्दा उल्लेखनीय रूपमा, [[मेरी मुरम्यान]]ले आफ्नो पोलरोइड क्यामेराबाट केनेडीका धेरै तस्वीरहरू खिचेकी थिइन् जसमा टाउकोमा गोली लागेको १/६ सेकेन्ड भन्दा कम समय पछिको केनेडीको तस्वीर पनि समावेश छ।<ref name="bug885">[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 885.</ref> जाप्रुडरका अतिरिक्त, चार्ल्स ब्रन्सन, [[मारी मचमोर]], र [[ओर्भिल निक्स]]ले पनि हत्याकाण्डको भिडियो खिचेका तर जाप्रुडरको तुलनामा उनीहरूले अलिक टाढाबाट खिचेका थिए।<ref>[[#Friedman|Friedman (1963)]], p. 17.</ref><ref name="bug452">[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 452.</ref> ती तीनमध्ये, केवल निक्सले—जसले जाप्रुडरको विपरीत तर्फबाट 'घाँसे ढिस्को' कैद गर्दै भिडियो खिचेका थिए भने यसैबेला वास्तवमै घातक गोली प्रहारको क्षण रेकर्ड भएको थियो।<ref name="bug452"/><ref name="nix"/>{{efn|group=note|निक्स आफैँले गोलीहरू घाँसे ढिस्कोबाट आएको विश्वास गर्दथे।<ref name="nix"/>}} सन् १९६६ मा, निक्सले दाबी गरे अनुसार उनले फिल्म एफबिआईलाई दिएपछि उनीहरूले फिर्ता गरेको प्रतिलिपिमा केही फ्रेमहरू "गायब" वा "बिग्रिएका" थिए। यद्यपि कम गुणस्तरका प्रतिलिपिहरू अस्तित्वमा रहेतापनि यसको मौलिक फिल्म सन् १९७८ देखि हराइरहेको छ।<ref name="nix">[[#Rose|Rose (2015)]]</ref> जर्ज जेफरीजले खिचेको यसअघि अज्ञात फुटेजलाई सन् २००७ मा सार्वजनिक गरिएको थियो।<ref>[[#Jeffries1|"George Jefferies Film"]]. Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza.</ref><ref>[[#Jeffries2|"Newly released film of JFK before assassination"]]. Associated Press.</ref> गोली चल्नुभन्दा केही समय अगाडि खिचिएको यो फिल्मले केनेडीको कोट खुम्चिएको देखाउँछ, जसले केनेडीको ढाडमा लागेको गोलीको घाउ र उनको कोटमा भएको प्वालको स्थान बीचको भिन्नतालाई स्पष्ट पार्दछ।<ref>[[#MacAskill|MacAskill (2007)]]</ref> केही फिल्म र तस्वीरहरूले एक अज्ञात महिलालाई हत्याकाण्डको भिडियो खिच्दै गरेको कैद गरेका छन्; अनुसन्धानकर्ताहरूले उनलाई टाउकोमा बाँधेको रुमालका कारण '''[[बबुस्का लेडी]]''' उपनाम दिएका छन्।<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 1045.</ref> सन् १९७८ मा, [[गोर्डन आर्नोल्ड]]ले अगाडि आएर आफूले घाँसे ढिस्कोबाट हत्याकाण्डको भिडियो खिचेको र एक प्रहरी अधिकारीले आफ्नो फिल्म जफत गरेको दाबी गरेका थिए।<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. 886–887.</ref> तर सो क्षेत्रमा खिचिएका कुनै पनि तस्वीरहरूमा आर्नोल्ड देखिँदैनन् जसलाई ''रिक्लेमिङ हिस्ट्री'' का लेखक [[भिन्सेन्ट बुग्लियोसी]]ले "आर्नोल्डको कथा मनगढन्ते भएको निर्णायक तस्वीर प्रमाण" भनेका छन्।<ref name="bug887">[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 887.</ref> == टिप्पणीहरू == <references group="note"/> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:जोन एफ केनेडी]] [[श्रेणी:जोन एफ. केनेडीको हत्याकाण्ड]] jyk2q5s7dsr51v966taw4po9kbhq9ee 0 149021 1358504 1357236 2026-06-09T06:29:17Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{छोटो विवरण|नेपालको कार्यकारी वर्तमान मन्त्रिपरिषद्}} {{about|बालेन शाहको अध्यक्षतामा रहेको मन्त्रिपरिषद्|अन्य प्रयोग|बालेन शाह}} {{Infobox government cabinet | cabinet_type = मन्त्रिपरिषद् | cabinet_number = | jurisdiction = नेपाल | flag = Flag of Nepal.svg | flag_border = false | incumbent = वि.सं २०८२ चैत–हाल | image = | image_size = | caption = | date_formed = १३ चैत २०८२ | date_dissolved = | state_head_title = [[नेपालका राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]] | state_head = [[रामचन्द्र पौडेल]] | government_head_title = [[नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्री|प्रधानमन्त्री]] | government_head = [[बालेन्द्र शाह]] | deputy_government_head_title = [[नेपालको उपप्रधानमन्त्री|उपप्रधानमन्त्री]] | deputy_government_head = | government_head_history = [[काठमाडौँको नगर प्रमुख]] (२०७९-२०८२) | current_number = १५ (प्रधानमन्त्री सहित) | former_members_number = | total_number = १७ | political_parties = {{color box|{{party color|Rastriya Swatantra Party}}}} [[राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी]] | legislature_status = [[बहुमतको सरकार|बहुमत]] | opposition_party = {{color box|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}} [[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]] | opposition_leader = [[भीष्मराज आङदेम्बे]] | election = [[प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचन, २०८२|२०८२]] | last_election = [[प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचन, २०८२|२०८२]] | legislature_term = [[नेपालको तेस्रो सङ्घीय संसद|२०८२–वर्तमान]] | budget = | advice_and_consent1 = | advice_and_consent2 = | incoming_formation = | outgoing_formation = | previous = [[सुशीला कार्की मन्त्रिपरिषद्]] | successor = | former_members_dismissed = १ | former_members_resigned = १ }} [[प्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचन, २०८२]] मा, झण्डै दुई–तिहाइ (१८२) सिट जितेर पहिलो दल बनेको [[राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी]]को वरिष्ठ नेता [[बालेन शाह]]को नेतृत्वमा रहेको हाल कार्यकारी मन्त्रिपरिषद् हो। यसले जेनजी आन्दोलनको जगमा बनेको [[सुशीला कार्कीको अन्तरिम मन्त्रिपरिषद्, २०८२|सुशीला कार्कीको अन्तरिम मन्त्रिपरिषद्]]लाई प्रतिस्थापन गरेको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |date=२५ भदौ २०८२|title=मन्त्रालय संख्या १५ देखि १८ मा सीमित गरिने, मन्त्री को–को?|url=https://www.setopati.com/politics/384727|date=६ चैत २०८२ |access-date=६ चैत २०८२ |website=सेतोपाटी |language=नेपाली}}</ref> यस मन्त्रिपरिषद्मा मन्त्रालयको सङ्ख्या घटाएर १८ सम्ममा सीमित गर्ने योजना अनुसार हाल १५ सदस्यीय मन्त्रिपरिषद् गठन भएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |date=२५ भदौ २०८२|title=मन्त्रालय र मन्त्री छनोटबाटै देखिनेछ सुशासनको पहिलो मुहार|url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2026/03/1894424/the-first-face-of-good-governance-will-be-seen-through-the-selection-of-ministries-and-ministers|date=६ चैत २०८२ |access-date=६ चैत २०८२ |website=अनलाइन खबर|language=नेपाली}}</ref> राष्ट्रपति रामचन्द्र पौडेलले शीतल निवासमा २०८२ चैत १३ मा, आयोजित विशेष समारोहमा ३६ वर्षीय [[बालेन शाह]]लाई प्रधानमन्त्री पदको [[पदको शपथ|शपथ ग्रहण]] गराएका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |title=बालेनले लिए प्रधानमन्त्री पदको शपथ |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2026/03/1898843/balen-takes-oath-as-prime-minister |access-date=२०८२ चैत १३ |website=अनलाइन खबर |language=नेपाली}}</ref> == मन्त्रिपरिषद्का मन्त्रीहरू == {| class="wikitable" !क्र.सं. !मन्त्रालय/विभाग !मन्त्री !तस्वीर !पदभार ग्रहण !पदमुक्त |- | colspan="6" bgcolor="darkgrey" |'''क्याबिनेट मन्त्रीहरू''' |- !१ |'''[[नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्री|प्रधानमन्त्री]]'''<br>^{[[रक्षा मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|रक्षा मन्त्री]]<br>[[गृह मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|गृह मन्त्री]]<br> विज्ञान, प्रविधि तथा नवप्रवर्तन मन्त्री} |[[बालेन्द्र शाह]] |[[File:Balen Shah3-cropped.png|center|frameless|117x117px]] |२०८२ चैत १३<ref name="cabinet_initial">{{Cite web |date=27 March 2026 |title=Balen Shah sworn in as Prime Minister, forms Cabinet |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/balen-shah-sworn-in-as-prime-minister-forms-cabinet |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en}}</ref> |बहालवाला |- !२ |[[अर्थ मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|अर्थ मन्त्री]] |[[स्वर्णिम वाग्ले]] |[[File:Swarnim Wagle MP 2023.png|center|frameless|117x117px]] |२०८२ चैत १३<ref name="cabinet" /> |बहालवाला |- !३ |[[परराष्ट्र मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|परराष्ट्र मन्त्री]] |[[शिशिर खनाल]] |[[File:Shishir Khanal Official Portrait RSP.png|center|frameless|117x117px]] |२७ मार्च २०२६<ref name="cabinet">{{Cite web |date=१३ चैत २०८२ |title=यस्तो छ १५ सदस्यीय मन्त्रिपरिषद् |url=https://kantipurtv.com/news/2026/03/27/1774597239.html |website=कान्तिपुर |language=नेपाली}}</ref> |बहालवाला |- !४ |[[ऊर्जा, जलस्रोत तथा सिँचाइ मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|ऊर्जा, जलस्रोत तथा सिँचाइ मन्त्री]] |[[विराजभक्त श्रेष्ठ]] |[[File:Biraj Bhakta Shrestha.jpg|center|100px]] |२०८२ चैत १३<ref name="cabinet" /> |बहालवाला |- !५ |[[पूर्वाधार विकास मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|पूर्वाधार विकास मन्त्री]] |[[सुनील लम्साल]] |[[File:Sunil Lamsal RSP.png|center|frameless|117x117px]] |२०८२ चैत १३<ref name="cabinet" /> |बहालवाला |- !६ |[[कानुन, न्याय तथा संसदीय मामिला मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|कानुन, न्याय तथा संसदीय मामिला मन्त्री]] |[[सोबिता गौतम]] |[[File:SobitaGautam.png|center|frameless|117x117px]] |२०८२ चैत १३<ref name="cabinet" /> |बहालवाला |- !७ |[[महिला, बालबालिका, लैङ्गिक तथा यौनिक अल्पसङ्ख्यक र सामाजिक सुरक्षा मन्त्रालय|महिला, बालबालिका, लैङ्गिक तथा यौनिक अल्पसङ्ख्यक र सामाजिक सुरक्षा मन्त्री]] |[[सीता वादी]] | |२०८२ चैत १३<ref name="cabinet" /> |बहालवाला |- !८ |[[भूमि व्यवस्था, सहकारी, सङ्घीय मामिला तथा सामान्य प्रशासन मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|भूमि व्यवस्था, सहकारी, सङ्घीय मामिला तथा सामान्य प्रशासन मन्त्री]] |[[प्रतिभा रावल]] | |२०८२ चैत १३<ref name="cabinet" /> |बहालवाला |- !९ |[[स्वास्थ्य तथा खाद्य स्वच्छता मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|स्वास्थ्य तथा खाद्य स्वच्छता मन्त्री]] |[[निशा मेहता]] |[[File:Nisha Mehta (cropped) (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] |२०८२ चैत १३<ref name="cabinet" /> |बहालवाला |- !१० |[[शिक्षा तथा खेलकुद मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|शिक्षा तथा खेलकुद मन्त्री]] |[[सस्मित पोखरेल]] |[[File:Sasmitportrait1.jpg|center|100px]] |२०८२ चैत १३<ref name="cabinet" /> |बहालवाला |- !११ |[[संस्कृति, पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|संस्कृति, पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन मन्त्री]] |[[खडकराज पौडेल]] |[[File:Khadak Raj Paudel RSP.png|center|120x120px]] |२०८२ चैत १३<ref name="cabinet" /> |बहालवाला |- !१२ |[[सूचना तथा सञ्चार मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|सूचना तथा सञ्चार मन्त्री]] |[[विक्रम तिमिल्सिना|डा. विक्रम तिमिल्सिना]] | |२०८२ चैत १३<ref name="cabinet" /> |बहालवाला |- !१३ |[[कृषि, वन तथा पर्यावरण मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|कृषि, वन तथा पर्यावरण मन्त्री]] |[[गीता चौधरी]] | |२०८२ चैत १३<ref name="cabinet" /> |बहालवाला |- !१४ |[[उद्योग, वाणिज्य तथा आपूर्ति मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|उद्योग, वाणिज्य तथा आपूर्ति मन्त्री]] |[[गौरीकुमारी यादव]] |[[File:Gauri Kumari.jpg|center|120x120px]] |२०८२ चैत २७<ref name="Ramjee_Gauri" /> |बहालवाला |- !१५ |[[युवा, श्रम तथा रोजगार मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|युवा, श्रम तथा रोजगार मन्त्री]] |[[रामजी यादव]] | |२०८२ चैत २७<ref name="Ramjee_Gauri">{{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=Prime Minister Shah recommends Ramjee Yadav and Gauri Kumari Yadav as ministers |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2026/04/10/prime-minister-shah-recommends-ramjee-yadav-and-gauri-kumari-yadav-as-ministers |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=The Kathmandu Post |language=en}}</ref> |बहालवाला |- | colspan="6" bgcolor="darkgrey" |'''पूर्व मन्त्रीहरू''' |- !— |[[गृह मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|गृह मन्त्री]] |[[सुदन गुरुङ]] |[[File:Sudhan Gurung, portrait.jpg|center|100px]] |२०८२ चैत १३<ref name="cabinet" /> |२०८३ वैशाख ९<ref>{{Cite news |title=Home Minister Sudhan Gurung Resigns Amid Controversy |url=https://english.ratopati.com/story/60090/home-minister-sudhan-gurung-resigns |access-date=22 April 2026 |work=Ratopati}}</ref> |- !— |[[श्रम, रोजगार तथा सामाजिक सुरक्षा मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|श्रम, रोजगार तथा सामाजिक सुरक्षा मन्त्री]] |[[दीपककुमार साह]] | |२०८२ चैत १३ |२०८२ चैत २६<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-09 |title=Labour minister Sah sacked over disciplinary breach |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2026/04/09/labour-minister-sah-sacked-over-disciplinary-breach |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=The Kathmandu Post |language=en}}</ref> |} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[नेपालको मन्त्रिपरिषद्]] * [[नेपाल सरकार]] == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} {{नेपाली मन्त्रिपरिषद्हरू}} [[श्रेणी:नेपालका मन्त्रिपरिषद्हरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपाल सरकार]] q9x1oej9quw3oq684wdwezx0ao2z477 14 149186 1358532 1348097 2026-06-09T07:48:46Z Saroj 31493 सुधार गरियो 1358532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Philosophers from France}} [[श्रेणी:राष्ट्रियता अनुसार दार्शनिकहरू]] efix04dv966d1ig4208jro1mi183wym 0 150382 1358543 1357293 2026-06-09T08:02:03Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358543 wikitext text/x-wiki '''मानक तापक्रम र दबाब''' प्रयोगात्मक मापनका लागि विभिन्न मापदण्डहरूको संग्रह हो। यसको प्रयोग अलग-अलग आंकडाका बीच तुलना गर्नको गरिन्छ। सबैभन्दा बढी प्रयोग हुने मापदण्डहरू इन्टरनेशनल युनियन अफ प्योर एण्ड एप्लाइड केमिस्ट्री (IUPAC)<ref name="IUPAC print">{{cite book|title=IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology|year=1997|publisher=Blackwell Scientific Publications|location=Oxford|isbn=0-632-03583-8|author=A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson|editor5-first=Alan|editor5-last=McNaught|editor4-first=Aubrey|editor4-last=Jenkins|editor3-first=Bedřich|editor3-last=Košata|editor2-first=Jiří|editor2-last=Jirát|editor1-first=Miloslav|editor1-last=Nič|edition=2nd|url=https://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/files/pdf/green_book_2ed.pdf#page=62|page=54|doi=10.1351/goldbook|quote=Standard conditions for gases: ... and pressure of 10⁵&nbsp;pascals. The previous standard [[absolute pressure]] of 1&nbsp;atm (equivalent to 101.325&nbsp;kPa) was changed to 100&nbsp;[[Pascal (unit)|kPa]] in 1982. IUPAC recommends that the former pressure should be discontinued.}}</ref> र नेशनल इन्स्टिच्युट अफ स्ट्यान्डर्ड्स एण्ड टेक्नोलोजी (NIST) का हुन्, यद्यपि यी विश्वव्यापी रूपमा स्वीकार्य छैनन्। अन्य संस्थाहरूले विभिन्न अन्य परिभाषाहरू स्थापित गरेका छन्। == तालिका == <!-- Only edit this table in source mode, not in visual mode! --> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="white-space:nowrap" |+ हालको प्रयोगमा मानक अवस्था ! colspan=2| [[तापक्रम]] ! colspan=4| [[चाप]] ! [[Relative humidity|आद्रता]] ! rowspan=3 class="unsortable" | प्रकाशन गर्ने संस्था |- ! [[°सेल्सियस]] ! [[°फह्रेनहाइट]] ! [[किलोपास्कल]] ! [[मिमि पारो]] ! पि एस आइ ! इन्च पारो ! % |- ! !! !! !! !! !! !! &nbsp; |- |{{convert|0|C|F|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||{{convert|100.000|kPa|mmHg psi inHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | || इन्टरनेशनल युनियन अफ प्योर एण्ड एप्लाइड केमिस्ट्री |[[IUPAC]] १९८२ देखि<ref name="IUPAC print" /> |- |{{convert|0|C|F|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||{{convert|101.325|kPa|mmHg psi inHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | ||[[नेशनल इन्स्टिच्युट अफ स्ट्यान्डर्ड्स एण्ड टेक्नोलोजी|NIST]],<ref name="NISTDataBase7">{{cite web|url=https://www.nist.gov/pml/data/star/index.cfm |title=NIST Standard Reference Database 124&nbsp;– Stopping-Power and Range Tables for Electrons, Protons, and Helium Ions |access-date=2008-07-25 |author=NIST |year=1989 |quote=If you want the program to treat the material as an ideal gas, the density will be assumed given by ''M''/''V'', where ''M'' is the gram molecular weight of the gas and ''V'' is the mol volume of 22414&nbsp;cm³ at standard conditions (0&nbsp;deg&nbsp;C and 1&nbsp;atm). |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006154629/https://www.nist.gov/pml/data/star/index.cfm |archive-date=October 6, 2010 |author-link=National Institute of Standards and Technology }}</ref> [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मानकीकरण सङ्गठन|आइ.एस.ओ]] १०७८०,<ref name="ISO10780">{{cite web |author=ISO | title=ISO 10780:1994 : Stationary source emissions&nbsp;– Measurement of velocity and volume flowrate of gas streams in ducts |year=1994 |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=18855| author-link=अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मानकीकरण सङ्गठन }}</ref> formerly [[IUPAC]] (STP) until १९८२<ref name="IUPAC print" /> |- |{{convert|15|C|F|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||{{convert|101.325|kPa|mmHg psi inHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | style="text-align:center;" |० ||[[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय नागरिक उड्डयन सङ्गठन|आइकाओ]]'s [[International Standard Atmosphere|ISA]],<ref name="Handbook"> {{cite book|editor=Robert C. Weast |title=Handbook of Physics and Chemistry|edition=56th|publisher=CRC Press|pages=F201–F206|year=1975|isbn=978-0-87819-455-1}}</ref> ISO १३४४३,<ref name="ISO13443">{{cite book |title=Natural gas&nbsp;– Standard reference conditions (ISO 13443) |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |location=Geneva, Switzerland |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=20461 |year=1996}}</ref> [[European Environment Agency|EEA]],<ref name="EEA">{{cite book |title=Extraction, First Treatment and Loading of Liquid & Gaseous Fossil Fuels (Emission Inventory Guidebook B521, Activities 050201&nbsp;– 050303) |date=September 1999 |publisher=European Environmental Agency |location=Copenhagen, Denmark |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/EMEPCORINAIR3/B521vs3.1.pdf/view |format=PDF }}</ref> EGIA{{Efn|Electricity and Gas Inspection Act (of Canada).|name=test}} (SI Definition)<ref name="EGIA">{{Cite web|title=Electricity and Gas Inspection Regulations|url=http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/E-4/SOR-86-131/95708.html|website=laws.justice.gc.ca|access-date=2026-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050103235031/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/E-4/SOR-86-131/95708.html|archive-date=2005-01-03|last=Government of Canada, Department of Justice}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050103235031/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/E-4/SOR-86-131/95708.html |date=2005-01-03 }}</ref>, [https://www.thermexcel.com/french/tables/massair.htm Air density १.२२५ kg/m३] |- |{{convert|20|C|F|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||{{convert|101.325|kPa|mmHg psi inHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | ||[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]],<ref name="NSPS">"Standards of Performance for New Sources", 40 CFR—Protection of the Environment, Chapter I, Part 60, Section 60.2, 1990.</ref> NIST.<ref name="NISTJournal">{{cite journal |title=Design and Uncertainty for a PVTt Gas Flow Standard |journal=Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology |volume=108 |year=2003 |url=http://www.cstl.nist.gov/div836/836.01/PDFs/2003/j80wri.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040721040809/http://www.cstl.nist.gov/div836/836.01/PDFs/2003/j80wri.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-07-21 |issue=1 |pages=21–47 |doi=10.6028/jres.108.004 |pmid=27413592 |pmc=4844527 |last1=Wright |first1=J. D. |last2=Johnson |first2=A. N. |last3=Moldover |first3=M. R. }}</ref><ref>(Also called NTP, Normal Temperature and Pressure.)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-difference-between-stp-and-ntp |title=What is the difference between STP and NTP?|website=Socratic |access-date=2018-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127035351/http://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-difference-between-stp-and-ntp |archive-date=2015-11-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{convert|22|C|F|1|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||{{convert|101.325|kPa|mmHg psi inHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{val|20|-|80}}||American Association of Physicists in Medicine<ref name="MedPHys">{{cite journal |title=AAPM's TG-51 protocol for clinical reference dosimetry of high-energy photon and electron beams|journal=Medical Physics |volume=26 |year=1999|issue=9|pages=1847–1870 |doi=10.1118/1.598691|pmid=10505874 |bibcode=1999MedPh..26.1847A|last1=Almond |first1=Peter R. |last2=Biggs |first2=Peter J. |last3=Coursey |first3=B. M. |last4=Hanson |first4=W. F. |last5=Huq |first5=M. Saiful |last6=Nath |first6=Ravinder |last7=Rogers |first7=D. W. O. |s2cid=12687636 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |- |{{convert|25|C|F|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||{{convert|101.325|kPa|mmHg psi inHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | || &nbsp; |IUPAC (SATP),<ref name="CRC">"CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics", Definition of Ambient, Chapter 1-26, 95th Edition, William M. Haynes, ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2014.</ref> EPA<ref name="NAAQS">"National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards", 40 CFR—Protection of the Environment, Chapter I, Part 50, Section 50.3, 1998.</ref> |- |{{convert|20|C|F|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||{{convert|100.000|kPa|mmHg psi inHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | style="text-align:center;" |०||[[Compressed Air and Gas Institute|CAGI]]<ref name="CAGI">{{cite web |title=Glossary |year=2002 |publisher=Compressed Air and Gas Institute |location=Cleveland, OH, US |url=http://www.cagi.org/toolbox/glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070902020158/http://www.cagi.org/toolbox/glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-09-02 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028065918/http://www.cagi.org/toolbox/glossary.htm |date=2007-10-28 }}</ref> |- |{{convert|15|C|F|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||{{convert|100.000|kPa|mmHg psi inHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | || &nbsp; |[[Society of Petroleum Engineers|SPE]]<ref name="SPE">{{cite web |url=https://www.spe.org/authors/docs/metric_standard.pdf |title=The SI Metric System of Units and SPE Metric Standard (1982) |at=Standard Temperature (Page 24), and Notes for Table 2.3, (on PDF page 25 of 42 PDF pages), define two different sets of reference conditions, one for the standard cubic foot and one for the standard cubic meter |publisher=Society of Petroleum Engineers}}</ref> |- |{{convert|20|C|F|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||{{convert|101.3|kPa|mmHg psi inHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | style="text-align:center;" |५०|| [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मानकीकरण सङ्गठन|आइ.एस.ओ]] ५०११<ref name="ISO5011">{{cite book |title=Air Intake Filters (ISO 5011:2002) |year=2002 |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |location=Geneva, Switzerland |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/en/prods-services/ISOstore/store.html}}</ref> |- |{{convert|20|C|F|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||{{convert|760.0|mmHg|kPa|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{convert|760.0|mmHg|psi|disp=number|sortable=on}}|| style="text-align:center;" |{{convert|760.0|mmHg|inHg|disp=number|sortable=on}} | style="text-align:center;" |०||[[GOST]] २९३९-६३ |- |{{convert|60|F|C|2|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}}||{{convert|14.696|psi|kPa mmHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{convert|14.696|psi|inHg|disp=number|sortable=on}} | ||SPE,<ref name="SPE" /> U.S. [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]],<ref name="OSHA">"Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases" and "Storage and Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia", 29 CFR—Labor, Chapter XVII—Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Part 1910, Sect. 1910.110 and 1910.111, 1993 &nbsp;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060719085519/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=f169acd0f57a17565c9984fa0f57d285&rgn=div8&view=text&node=29%3A5.1.1.1.8.8.33.10&idno=29 Storage/Handling of LPG].</ref> [[SCAQMD]]<ref name="SCAQMD">"Rule 102, Definition of Terms (Standard Conditions)", Amended December 2004, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Los Angeles, California, US &nbsp;[http://www.aqmd.gov/ SCAQMD Rule 102]</ref> |- |{{convert|60|F|C|2|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}}||{{convert|14.73|psi|kPa mmHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{convert|14.73|psi|inHg|disp=number|sortable=on}} | ||EGIA{{Efn|Electricity and Gas Inspection Act (of Canada).|name=test}} (Imperial System Definition)<ref name="EGIA" /> |- |{{convert|60|F|C|2|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}}||{{convert|14.7|psi|kPa mmHg|2|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{convert|14.7|psi|inHg|2|disp=number|sortable=on}} | || &nbsp; |[[U.S. DOT]] ([[Standard cubic foot|SCF]])<ref name="USDOT">{{cite web|url=https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=4cb9c4fbd569caade0b61e28dec528f2&mc=true&node=se49.2.171_18&rgn=div8 |title=49 C.F.R. § 171 |access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref> |- |{{convert|59|F|C|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}}||{{convert|14.503|psi|kPa mmHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{convert|14.503|psi|inHg|disp=number|sortable=on}} | style="text-align:center;" |७८|||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकी सेना|अमेरिकी सेना]] Standard Metro<ref name="ArmyStdMetro">{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.exteriorballistics.com/ebexplained/5th/31.cfm |title=Rifle and Handgun Reloading Manual |edition=5 |chapter=Chapter 3&nbsp;– Effects of Altitude and Atmospheric Conditions (Exterior Ballistics Section) |author=Sierra Bullets |location=Sedalia, MO, US |access-date=2006-02-03 |archive-date=2006-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060309023230/http://www.exteriorballistics.com/ebexplained/5th/31.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{efn|The pressure is specified as 750 [[mmHg]]. However, the [[mmHg]] is temperature-dependent, since mercury expands as temperature goes up. Here the values for the 0–20&nbsp;°C range are given.}} |- |{{convert|59|F|C|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}}||{{convert|14.696|psi|kPa mmHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{convert|14.696|psi|inHg|disp=number|sortable=on}} | style="text-align:center;" |६०||[[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मानकीकरण सङ्गठन|आइ.एस.ओ]] २३१४,<ref name="ISO2314">{{cite book |title=Gas turbines&nbsp;– Acceptance tests (ISO 2314:2009) |year=2009 |edition=2 |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |location=Geneva, Switzerland |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/42989.html}}</ref> [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मानकीकरण सङ्गठन|आइ.एस.ओ]] ३९७७-२,<ref name="ISO3977-2">{{cite book |title=Gas turbines&nbsp;– Procurement&nbsp;– Part 2: Standard reference conditions and ratings (ISO 3977-2:1997) |year=1997 |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |location=Geneva, Switzerland |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/24755.html}}</ref> [[ASHRAE]] Fundamentals Handbook<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASHRAE Handbook Online |url=https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/ashrae-handbook/ashrae-handbook-online |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=www.ashrae.org}}</ref> |- |{{convert|70|F|C|2|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}}||{{convert|29.92|inHg|kPa mmHg psi|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}} | style="text-align:center;" |०||[[Air Movement and Control Association|AMCA]],<ref name="AMCA">ANSI/AMCA Standard 210, "Laboratory Methods Of Testing Fans for Aerodynamic Performance Rating", as implied by http://www.greenheck.com/pdf/centrifugal/Plug.pdf when accessed on October 17, 2007.</ref>{{efn|The standard is given as 29.92 [[inHg]] at an unspecified temperature. This most likely corresponds to a standard pressure of 101.325 kPa, converted into ~29.921 inHg at {{convert|32|F|C}}.}} air density = ०.०७५ lbm/ft^३.<ref>This AMCA standard applies only to air; Compressed Gas Association [CGA] applies to industrial gas use in US.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Compressed Gas Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5EfhBwAAQBAJ&q=%22compressed+gas+association%22+handbook+fifth+edition|access-date=22 Nov 2017|isbn = 9781461306733|last1 = Association|first1 = Compressed Gas|date = 2012-12-06| publisher=Springer }}</ref> |- |{{convert|59|F|C|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}}||{{convert|29.92|inHg|kPa mmHg psi|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}} | ||[[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]]<ref name="FAA">{{cite book|year=2016|title=Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge|url=https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/2022-03/pilot_handbook.pdf|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration|page=4{{hyphen}}3}}</ref> |- |{{convert|20|C|F|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||{{convert|101.325|kPa|mmHg psi inHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | | | 0 | EN १४५११-१:२०१३<ref name="EN14511-1:2013">{{cite book |title=Air Conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with electrically driven compressors for space heating and cooling |year=2013 |publisher=BSI EN|location=UK|url=https://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail/?pid=000000000030271396}}</ref> |- |{{convert|15|C|F|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||{{convert|101.325|kPa|mmHg psi inHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | style="text-align:center;" |०||[[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मानकीकरण सङ्गठन|आइ.एस.ओ]] २५३३:१९७५<ref name="ISO2533:1975">{{cite book |title=Standard Atmosphere|year=1975|publisher=International Organization for Standardization|location=Geneva, Switzerland|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/7472.html}}</ref> [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मानकीकरण सङ्गठन|आइ.एस.ओ]] १३४४३:२००५,<ref name="ISO13443:1996">{{cite book |title=Natural gas - Standard reference conditions|year=1996|publisher=International Organization for Standardization|location=Geneva, Switzerland|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/20461.html}}</ref> [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मानकीकरण सङ्गठन|आइ.एस.ओ]]७५०४:२०१५<ref name="ISO7504:2015">{{cite book |title=Gas analysis - Vocabulary|year=2015|publisher=International Organization for Standardization|location=Geneva, Switzerland|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/53596.html}}</ref> |- |{{convert|0|C|F|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||{{convert|101.325|kPa|mmHg psi inHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | style="text-align:center;" |०||[[DIN]] १३४३:१९९०<ref name="DIN1343:1990">{{cite book |title=Referenzzustand, Normzustand, Normvolumen; Begriffe und Werte|year=1990|publisher=Deutsches Institut für Normung|location=Germany|url=https://www.din.de/en/getting-involved/standards-committees/natg/standards/wdc-beuth:din21:1505240 }}</ref> |} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:उष्मागतिकी]] 4bd4b63g65jlpq5tu81bzkphhp1h31z 0 150390 1358476 1357414 2026-06-09T03:13:37Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358476 wikitext text/x-wiki '''प्रोपेन''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|r|oʊ|p|eɪ|n}}) तीन वटा [[कार्बन]] भएको [[हाइड्रोकार्बन]][[अल्केन]] हो। यसको आणविक सूत्र C₃H₈ हो। यो [[मानक तापक्रम र दबाब]]मा ग्याँस अवस्थामा रहन्छ, तर यातायात र भण्डारणका लागि कम्प्रेस गर्दा तरल हुन्छ। यो [[प्राकृतिक ग्याँस|प्राकृतिक ग्यास]] प्रशोधन र [[खनिज तेल|पेट्रोलियम]] प्रशोधनको एक उप-उत्पादन, यो प्रायः [[एलपी ग्यास|तरलीकृत पेट्रोलियम ग्यास]] (एलपीजी) को एक हिस्सा हो जुन सामान्यतया घरेलु र औद्योगिक प्रयोगहरूमा र कम उत्सर्जन सार्वजनिक यातायातमा ईन्धनको रूपमा प्रयोग गरिन्छ। १८५७ मा फ्रान्सेली रसायनशास्त्री मार्सेलिन बर्थेलोटले पत्ता लगाएको यो १९११ सम्ममा अमेरिकामा व्यावसायिक रूपमा उपलब्ध भयो। प्रोपेनमा पेट्रोल वा कोइला भन्दा कम आयतन ऊर्जा घनत्व हुन्छ, तर तिनीहरूको भन्दा उच्च ग्रेभिमेट्रिक ऊर्जा घनत्व हुन्छ र यो बढी सफासँग जल्छ। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fuels |url=https://www.globalfueleconomy.org/transport/gfei/autotool/approaches/technology/fuels.asp |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=www.globalfueleconomy.org }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == प्रयोगहरू == === पोर्टेबल स्टोभ === {{convert|-42|C|F}} को कम उम्लने बिन्दुले यसलाई प्रोपेनको दबाबयुक्त कन्टेनरबाट निस्कने बित्तिकै वाष्पीकरण गर्छ। तसर्थ, कुनै कार्बोरेटर वा अन्य वाष्पीकरण गर्ने उपकरण आवश्यक पर्दैन-एउटा साधारण नोजल पर्याप्त हुन्छ। त्यसैले प्रोपेन बारबेक्यू र पोर्टेबल स्टोभका लागि लोकप्रिय विकल्प हो। === रेफ्रिजरेटर === === घरेलु तथा औद्योगिक इन्धन === यसलाई सजिलै ढुवानी गर्न सकिने हुनाले, यो [[प्राकृतिक ग्याँस|प्राकृतिक ग्यास]] पाइपलाइनहरू नभएका क्षेत्रहरूमा घरको इन्धन र ब्याकअप विद्युत उत्पादनका लागि लोकप्रिय इन्धन हो। === मोटर इन्धन === अमेरिकामा, १९०,००० भन्दा बढी सडक सवारी साधनहरूले प्रोपेन प्रयोग गर्छन्, र ४५०,००० भन्दा बढी फोर्कलिफ्टहरूले यसलाई शक्तिको लागि प्रयोग गर्छन्। यो [[पेट्रोल]] र [[डिजेल इन्जिन|डिजेल इन्धन]] पछि विश्वको तेस्रो सबैभन्दा लोकप्रिय सवारी साधन इन्धन हो। विश्वका अन्य भागहरूमा, सवारी साधनहरूमा प्रयोग हुने प्रोपेनलाई [[अटोग्यास]] भनिन्छ। २००७ मा, विश्वभर लगभग १ करोड ३० लाख सवारी साधनहरूले अटोग्यास प्रयोग गर्छन्।<ref name="propane-as-fuel">{{Cite web |last=Propane Education |last2=Research Council |name-list-style=amp |title=Autogas |url=http://www.propanecouncil.org/propane-as-fuel/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923030304/http://www.propanecouncil.org/propane-as-fuel/ |archive-date=September 23, 2010 |access-date=2012-05-17 |publisher=PERC}}</ref> === अन्य प्रयोगहरू === * [[सोल्डरिङ|सोल्डरिङ]] लागि ब्लोटोर्चहरूमा प्रोपेन ग्यास प्रयोग गरिन्छ। * प्रोपेनको प्रयोग अक्सी-इन्धन वेल्डिङ र काट्ने काममा गरिन्छ। * प्रोपेन हावाका बेलुनहरूका लागि प्राथमिक इन्धन हो। * प्रोपेन सामान्यतया थिम पार्कहरूमा र चलचित्र निर्माणमा विस्फोट र अन्य विशेष प्रभावहरूका लागि सस्तो, उच्च-ऊर्जा ईन्धनको रूपमा प्रयोग गरिन्छ। * प्रोपेन खाना पकाउने इन्धनको रूपमा पनि प्रयोग गरिन्छ। * प्रोपेन प्रोपिलिनको उत्पादनका लागि एक कच्चा पदार्थ हो ।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Feng |first=Bohan |last2=Wei |first2=Yue-Chang |last3=Song |first3=Wei-Yu |last4=Xu |first4=Chun-Ming |date=2022 |title=A review on the structure-performance relationship of the catalysts during propane dehydrogenation reaction |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petsci.2021.09.015 |journal=Petroleum Science |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=819–838 |doi=10.1016/j.petsci.2021.09.015 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == अन्य ग्रहहरूमा == प्रोपेन पहिलो पटक अन्तरिक्षमा १९८१ मा शनिको चन्द्रमा [[टाइटन]]को वायुमण्डलमा पत्ता लागेको थियो।<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maguire |first1=W. C. |last2=Hanel |first2=R. A. |last3=Jennings |first3=D. E. |last4=Kunde |first4=V. G. |last5=Samuelson |first5=R. E. |date=August 1981 |title=C3H8 and C3H4 in Titan's atmosphere |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/292683a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=292 |issue=5825 |pages=683–686 |doi=10.1038/292683a0 |issn=0028-0836 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} {{Fuel gas}} [[श्रेणी:प्राकृतिक ग्यास]] [[श्रेणी:अल्केन]] t79pud54nzbfbkzl9gj2j63wz4fvf3v 0 150436 1358405 1358404 2026-06-08T12:07:13Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event | title = सोभियत संघको विघटन{{Efn|{{langx|ru|Распад Советского Союза|Raspád Sovétskogo Soyúza}}, also negatively connoted as {{langx|ru|Развал Советского Союза|Razvál Sovétskogo Soyúza}}, ''Ruining of the Soviet Union''.}} | Image_Name = Map of USSR with SSR names.svg | Imagesize = 300px | Image_Alt = Labeled map of the 15 Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union. Listed include: | caption = Between 1990 and 1991, all 15 [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Republics]] broke out from the Soviet Union. | participants = {{bulleted list|सोभियत संघ|सोभियत सरकार|सोभियत गणराज्यका सरकारहरू|सोभियत स्वायत्त गणराज्यका सरकारहरू|[[राष्ट्रवाद|राष्ट्रवादी]] र [[उदारवाद|उदारवादी]] विपक्षी}} | date = {{nowrap|{{start and end dates|1988|11|16|1991|12|26|df=y}}}}<br>(3 years, 1 month, and 10 days) | location = {{Collapsible list |title=[[सोभियत सङ्घ]] |bullets=on |'''पूर्व सोभियत गणराज्य''':<br/> * [[रसिया]], * [[युक्रेन]], * [[बेलारुस]],{{ref label|a|a}} * [[लिथुआनिया]], * [[लात्भिया]], * [[इस्टोनिया]], * [[मोल्दोभा]],{{ref label|c|c}} * [[जर्जिया]], * [[आर्मेनिया]], * [[अजरबैजान]], * [[कजाख्स्तान|कजाखस्तान]], * [[तुर्कमेनिस्तान|तुर्केमिनिस्तान]],{{ref label|p|d}} * [[उज्बेकिस्तान]] * [[ताजिकिस्तान]], * [[किर्गिस्तान]],{{ref label|b|b}} |'''[[Post-Soviet states#Separatist conflicts|Self-proclaimed breakaway states]]'''{{ref label|e|e}}:<br/> * '''अब्खाजिया''' (1992–present), * [[Republic of Artsakh|Artsakh]] (1991–2023), * [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria|Ichkeria]] (1991–2000), * [[Republic of Crimea (Russia)|Crimea]] (1992; 2014), * [[Gagauz Republic|Gagauzia]] (1990–95), * [[Karakalpakstan]] (1992–93), * [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]] (1990–93), * '''[[South Ossetia]]''' (1992–present), * [[Tatarstan#Present-day|Tatarstan]] (1992–94), * '''ट्रास्न्सनिस्ट्रिया''' (1990–present) }} | cause = {{Collapsible list |title=विघटनको कारणहरू |bullets=on| मुल कारण * आर्थिक सुस्तताको युग * सोभियत संघ भित्र जातीय तनाब * [[ग्लास्नोस्त]] र [[पेरेस्त्रोइका]] नीति * आर्थिक तथा राजनैतिक बिराम, विशेष गरी [[वार्सा सम्झौता|वार्सा सन्धी]]मा * सोभियत राज्यहरूमा कम्युनिस्ट बिरोधी, सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी बिरोधी, र पश्चिमा सर्मर्थक प्रदर्शन }} | result = {{Collapsible list|सोभियत संघ १५ स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरूमा बिखन्डन |सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको शासनको अन्त्य |एघार स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरू बीच कमनवेल्थ अफ इन्डिपेनडेन्ट स्टेट्सको स्थापना |पूर्व स्वायत्त क्षेत्रहरूमा कयौं पृथकतावादी आन्दोलन, अधिकांश असफल |कयौं सैन्य द्वन्द र जातीय तनाब, जसबाट मानबीय संकट उत्पन्न भयो र धेरै मानिसहरू बिस्थापित भए |Republics declare [[multi-party system|multi-party]] [[Presidential republic|presidential]] or [[semi-presidential republic|semi-presidential]] systems|Republics move to adopt [[capitalism|capitalist]] [[market economy]]|[[Soviet ruble|Ruble]] zone active in most of the new states between 1991 and 1994, with national currencies adopted later|Unified [[Soviet Armed Forces]] divided {{Circa|1992}}–1993|[[Black Sea Fleet dispute]] between Russia and Ukraine from 1992 to 1997 and its [[Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet|partition]] in 1997.|Lease of [[Sevastopol Naval Base]] to [[Russia]], [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|terminated in 2014]]|Issues with value loss of savings of former Soviet citizens|Issues with social and medical support for veterans of the [[Soviet–Afghan War]]|Relocation of the [[Soviet Armed Forces]] from [[East Germany]] and the rest of [[Central Europe]]|Economic support to [[North Korea]] had stopped|Start of the [[Special Period]] in [[Cuba]]|End of the [[Cold War]] with [[Western Bloc]] victory|Decline of [[Communism|communist]] and far-left movements around the world|[[चीन]] बिश्वको सबैभन्दा ठूलो कम्युनिस्ट राष्ट्र रह्यो। | अमेरिका विश्वको एकमात्र [[महाशक्ति]] बन्यो। }} | partof = [[शीतयुद्ध]] | notes = <div style="text-align: left">{{nowrap|{{note|a}} Then romanized as ''Byelorussia'' ({{langx|ru|Белоруссия}}).}}<br/>{{note|b}} Then romanized as ''Kirghizia'' ({{langx|ru|Киргизия}}).<br/>{{note|c}} Then romanized as ''Moldavia'' ({{langx|ru|Молдавия}}).<br/>{{note|d}} Then romanized as ''Turkmenia'' ({{langx|ru|Туркмения}}).<br/>{{note|e}} States in '''bold''' still exist to this present day.</div> | mapframe = no }}१९९१ डिसेम्बर २६ मा, [[सोभियत सङ्घ|सोभियत संघ]]को विघटन भएको घोषणा भयो। यो घोषणामा सोभियत संघका पूर्व गणतन्त्रहरूलाई स्वतन्त्र राज्यको रूपमा मान्यता दिइयो। विघटन हुनुभन्दा अघि [[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ|मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभ]] सोभियत संघका राष्ट्रपति थिए। विघटनको घोषणा हुनुभन्दा अघिल्लो दिन उनले राजीनामा दिएका थिए। यो विघटन प्रक्रियाको सुरुवात सामान्यतया गोर्बाचेभले सत्ता ग्रहण गर्नुसँग सम्बन्धित छ। वास्तवमा, सोभियत संघको विघटनको प्रक्रिया धेरै पहिले नै सुरु भइसकेको थियो। १९९१ मा सोभियत संघको पतन धेरै कारणहंरू थिए: दीर्घकालीन आर्थिक सुस्तता, [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]सँगको हतियार दौड र विदेशी द्वन्द्वको दिगो वित्तीय भार, यसका आंगिक गणराज्यहरू भित्र तीव्र जातीय राष्ट्रवाद र पृथकतावाद, र गोर्बाचेभको सुधारहरू (विशेष गरी ग्लासनोस्ट र पेरेस्ट्रोइका) को अस्थिरता बनाउने प्रभावहरू। यो प्रक्रिया देशका विभिन्न घटक गणराज्यहरूमा बढ्दो अशान्तिसँगै सुरु भयो। अशान्ति गणराज्य र केन्द्रीय सरकार बीचको निरन्तर राजनीतिक र विधायीकी द्वन्द्वमा परिणत भयो। १६ नोभेम्बर १९८८ मा संघ भित्र राज्य सार्वभौमिकता घोषणा गर्ने इस्टोनिया पहिलो सोभियत गगणराज्य थियो। लिथुआनिया सोभियत संघबाट पुनर्स्थापित पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता घोषणा गर्ने पहिलो गणराज्य थियो, त्यसपछि यसको बाल्टिक छिमेकी लाटभिया, र दक्षिणी काकेशस गणराज्य जर्जिया अर्को दुई महिनामा यसमा सामेल भयो। १९९१ को अगस्टको असफल कुको समयमा, कम्युनिस्ट कट्टरपन्थी र सैन्य अभिजात वर्गले गोर्बाचेभलाई अपदस्थ गर्ने र असफल सुधारहरूलाई रोक्ने प्रयास गरे। यद्यपि, उथलपुथलको कारण केन्द्रीय सरकारले मस्कोको प्रभाव गुमायो, अन्ततः धेरै गणराज्यहरूले त्यसपछिका दिन र महिनाहरूमा स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणा गरे। २५ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा, गोर्बाचेभले राजीनामा दिए र आणविक प्रक्षेपण कोडहरूको नियन्त्रण सहित - आफ्नो राष्ट्रपतिय अधिकार - [[बोरिस येल्तसिन|येल्तसिन]]लाई सुम्पिए, जो अब [[रुसको राष्ट्रपति|रूसी संघका पहिलो राष्ट्रपति]] बनेका थिए। त्यो साँझ, सोभियत झण्डा अन्तिम पटक क्रेमलिनबाट तल झारियो र [[रूसको झण्डा|रूसी तिरंगा झण्डा]] फहराइयो। भोलिपल्ट, सोभियत संघको माथिल्लो सदनको सर्वोच्च सोभियत, गणतन्त्रहरूको सोभियतले औपचारिक रूपमा संघलाई विघटन गर्‍यो। <ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite journal |title=Declaration No. 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, formally establishing the dissolution of the Soviet Union as a state and subject of international law. |url=https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%BE%D1%82_26.12.1991_%E2%84%96_142-%D0%9D |journal=Russian Wikisource |language=ru}}</ref> यस घटनाको परिणामस्वरूप यसका १५ घटक गणतन्त्रहरूले पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्त गरे र [[शीतयुद्ध]]को अन्त्य भयो।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marques |first=Clara Ferreira |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-12-23/30-years-later-soviet-union-s-collapse-still-hasessons-for-china |title=For China, USSR's 1991 Collapse is Still News It Can Use |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=23 December 2021 |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107200259/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-12-23/30-years-later-soviet-union-s-collapse-still-has-lessons-for-china |url-status=live }}</ref> == पृष्ठभूमि == [[चित्र:Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg|दायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|500x500पिक्सेल|१९८९ मा उदय भएका सोभियत संघका भागहरू]] १९१७ को बोल्सेभिक क्रान्तिले सोभियत संघ भनिने नयाँ [[साम्यवाद|कम्युनिस्ट]] राज्यलाई जन्म दियो। सोभियत संघले सुरुमा नै स्पष्ट पारेको थियो कि यसको राजनीतिक प्रणाली र कम्युनिस्ट संगठनहरू समाजवादी विचारधारामा आधारित हुनेछन्, र कम्युनिस्ट मार्क्सवादी विश्वदृष्टिकोण राष्ट्रिय हित परिभाषित गर्ने एकमात्र मापदण्ड हुनेछ। स्वाभाविक रूपमा, [[पूँजीवाद|पूँजीवादी]] पश्चिमी राज्यहरूले यो क्रान्तिकारी कम्युनिस्ट राज्यलाई आफ्नो प्राकृतिक शत्रुको रूपमा बुझे। १९२० र १९३० को दशकमा [[भ्लादिमिर लेनिन|लेनिनको]] मृत्युपछि, [[जोसेफ स्टालिन|स्टालिनले]] आफूलाई सर्वोच्च नेताको रूपमा स्थापित गरे, देशमा कम्युनिष्ट पार्टीको [[तानाशाही]] स्थापना भयो। स्टालिनले आफ्ना विरोधीहरूलाई क्रूरतापूर्वक समाप्त पारे र दमन गरे। यस कारण सोभियत संघलाई लोकतन्त्रको उल्लङ्घन गर्ने राज्यको रूपमा चिनियो। स्टालिनको मृत्यु पछि पनि, [[निकिता ख्रुश्चेभ|ख्रुश्चेभ]] र [[लियोनिद ब्रेझनेभ|ब्रेज्नेभ]]को शासनकालमा अधिनायकवादी प्रवृत्तिहरू कायम रह्यो। नागरिक स्वतन्त्रता, प्रशासन र विदेश यात्रामा प्रतिबन्धहरू जारी रहे। एक अर्थमा, जनभावनामाथि "फलामको पर्दा" राखिएको थियो। "[[सर्वहारावर्गको अधिनायकत्व|सर्वहारा वर्गको अधिनायकत्व]]" को अर्थ नै सर्वहारा वर्गको हातमा शक्ति हुनुपर्छ भन्ने थियो। श्रमजीवी जनताको आधारभूत अधिकारको ग्यारेन्टी गर्नु र राज्य नीति निर्माणमा उनीहरूको सहभागिता सुनिश्चित गर्नु समाजवादी प्रजातन्त्रको सार थियो। सोभियत संघले यो प्रजातन्त्र स्थापना गर्ने प्रयास गरेन। फलस्वरूप, "सर्वहारा वर्गको अधिनायकत्व" सर्वहारा वर्गमाथि राज्य र पार्टीको शीर्ष पदमा रहेका नेताहरूको अधिनायकत्वमा परिणत भयो। जनता राज्य र प्रणालीप्रति उदासीन भए। उनीहरूको उदासीनता र आक्रोश यस्तो स्तरमा पुग्यो कि जब प्रणाली समाप्त भयो, जनताको कुनै पनि वर्गबाट यसको बचाउमा एक आवाज पनि उठेन। [[रुस|रूस]] भौगोलिक रूपमा विश्वको सबैभन्दा ठूलो राज्य मात्र थिएन, तर यसको जनसंख्या पनि अदभूत बिबिधतायुक्त थियो। रूसी जारहरूले यो विशाल साम्राज्यलाई केन्द्रीय प्रशासन अन्तर्गत ल्याउन कुनै प्रयास गरेनन्, तर सोभियत कम्युनिष्ट पार्टीले यसलाई केन्द्रीकृत गर्ने प्रयास गरे, र यो जातीय विविधता सोभियत संघको राष्ट्रिय एकता र अखण्डताको लागि खतरा बनी रह्यो। सोभियत कम्युनिष्ट पार्टीले यो जटिल समस्याको समाधान खोज्न सकेन। [[शीतयुद्ध|शीतयुद्धको समयमा,]] पश्चिमी शक्तिहरूको प्रचारले यो चुनौतीलाई बढाउँदै लग्यो। सोभियत साम्राज्यले आफ्नो प्रभावमा ल्याएपछि [[हङ्गेरी|हंगेरी]], [[पोल्यान्ड|पोल्याण्ड]], [[चेकोस्लोभाकिया]], [[रोमानिया]] आदि सबै पूर्वी देशहरूमा स्वतन्त्रताको चाहना सोभियत साम्राज्यको लागि चिन्ताको विषय बनेको थियो। सोभियत संघको कम्युनिष्ट पार्टीले अगाडि सारेका आर्थिक विकास र सामाजिक पुनर्निर्माणका उपायहरू असफल साबित भए। [[लिओन त्रोत्स्की|ट्रोटस्की]] जस्ता आलोचकहरूले धेरै पहिले स्टालिनका नीतिहरूलाई समाजवाद प्रति विश्वासघातको रूपमा निन्दा गरेका थिए र ख्रुश्चेभले पनि स्टालिन र स्टालिनवादको निन्दा गरेका थिए। ख्रुश्चेभको शासनकालमा, [[माओ त्सेतुङ|माओवादी]] चीनले पनि सोभियत संघ कम्युनिष्ट क्रान्तिकारी राज्य हुन छोडेको र सुधारवादी, प्रतिक्रियावादी, अवसरवादी, सम्झौतावादी शक्ति बनेको आरोप लगाउन थालेको थियो। यसरी, सोभियत नेतृत्वले आफ्ना सहयोगीहरू, अन्य कम्युनिष्ट देशहरूको विश्वास गुमायो। यसलाई सामूहिक, राष्ट्रिय र क्रान्तिकारी हितभन्दा आफ्नो राष्ट्रिय हितलाई प्राथमिकता दिने रूपमा हेरिएको थियो। चाहे त्यो सोभियत-चीन विवाद होस् वा पूर्वी युरोपका कम्युनिष्ट देशहरूमा असन्तुष्टि, यी सबैले सोभियत कम्युनिष्टहरूलाई कमजोर बनाए। सोभियत संघको विघटनको लागि कम्युनिष्ट पार्टीको शीर्ष नेतृत्व पनि केही हदसम्म जिम्मेवार थियो। सोभियत संघमा पार्टी र राज्य बीच कुनै भिन्नता नभएकोले, पार्टी र राज्य दुवैको नेतृत्व उनीहरूसँगै रह्यो। पार्टी नेतृत्व आफ्नो विशेषाधिकार प्राप्त जीवनशैली, नातावाद र भ्रष्ट अभ्यासहरूका लागि कुख्यात भयो। फलस्वरूप, सोभियत नेताहरूले जनताका लागि आदर्शको रूपमा आफ्नो भूमिका गुमाए। === आर्थिक संकट === [[आर्थिक विकास|आर्थिक विकासको]] सन्दर्भमा, सैन्य र रणनीतिक क्षेत्रमा सोभियत उपलब्धिहरू अमेरिकीहरूको बराबर र कहिलेकाहीं उछिनेको देखिए पनि, यी उपलब्धिहरूले सोभियत संघको आर्थिक वृद्धि दरलाई उल्लेखनीय रुपमा पछि पार्‍यो। वास्तवमा, उन्नत अनुसन्धानको लागि प्रतिस्पर्धा, हतियार उत्पादनमा अत्यधिक खर्च, र आफ्नो प्रभुत्व कायम राख्न अन्य देशहरू (अफगानिस्तान, प्यालेस्टाइन) को आन्तरिक समस्याहरूमा हस्तक्षेपले सोभियत संघको अर्थतन्त्रको पतन निम्त्यायो। यसबाहेक, पूर्वी युरोपमा स्थापित समाजवादी राज्यहरूलाई आर्थिक, सैन्य र राजनीतिक समर्थन प्रदान गर्नु सोभियत संघको नैतिक जिम्मेवारी थियो। यसबाहेक, नयाँ स्वतन्त्र देशहरूको अर्थतन्त्रलाई अमेरिकी शिविरमा पर्नबाट रोक्न आर्थिक सहयोग प्रदान गर्नु यसको नीति थियो। यी सबै कारणहरूले सोभियत संघको आर्थिक पतन निम्त्यायो। १९७० देखि १९८५ सम्म सोभियत संघको वृद्धि दर १०% ले घट्यो। मेसिनरी र उपकरण निर्यातको हिस्सा घट्यो। कृषि र औद्योगिक उत्पादनमा गिरावट आयो। फलस्वरूप, उपभोग्य वस्तुहरूको लागि लामो लाइनहरू बन्न थाले, र नागरिकहरूको जीवनस्तर घट्यो। यसरी, औसत उपभोक्ताको लागि अभाव सामान्य कुरा हुन थाल्यो। शीतयुद्धको समयमा पश्चिमी प्रचार कम्युनिष्ट प्रणाली उत्पादन र वितरण दुवैमा पूर्ण असफल भएको प्रमाणित गर्नमा केन्द्रित थियो। अभावको यो वातावरण, बढ्दो उपभोक्ता असन्तुष्टि, अभिव्यक्ति स्वतन्त्रताको अभाव र मानव अधिकार उल्लङ्घनले सोभियत प्रणालीलाई अझ चर्काएको थियो। संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकासँग [[परमाणु निर्मित अस्त्र-शस्त्रों|आणविक हतियारमा]] प्रतिस्पर्धा गर्ने महत्वाकांक्षाले सोभियत संघको अर्थतन्त्रमा ठूलो बोझ ल्यायो। राष्ट्रपति रेगनको नेतृत्वमा घोषणा गरिएको [[स्टार वार्स परियोजना|स्टार वार्स परियोजनालाई]] रद्द गर्न, सोभियत संघले आफ्नो रक्षा बजेटमा भारी वृद्धि गर्नुपर्‍यो। सोही समयमा, सोभियत संघले [[अफगानिस्तान|अफगानिस्तानमा]] सैन्य हस्तक्षेप गर्‍यो। यो हस्तक्षेपले सोभियत संघमा आर्थिक बोझ मात्र थपेन तर यसलाई अलोकप्रिय पनि बनायो। यसले सोभियत संघलाई अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय समुदायमा पूर्ण रूपमा एक्लो बनायो। त्यही समयमा, पूर्वी युरोपमा कम्युनिस्ट सोभियत साम्राज्यलाई चुनौती दिँदै क्रान्तिकारी आन्दोलन सुरु भयो। पोल्याण्डमा, सैन्य संगठन " [[सॉलिडेटरी|सोलिडारिटी" ले]] आफ्नो देशको कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी विरुद्ध लडिरहेको थियो, र [[रोमानिया|रोमानियामा]], [[चेचेस्क्यू|चाउसेस्कुको]] भ्रष्ट शासनलाई समर्थन गर्न गाह्रो हुँदै गइरहेको थियो। यी परिस्थितिहरूमा मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभले सत्ता ग्रहण गरे। === गोर्बाचेभ र उनका नीतिहरू === [[चित्र:Mikhail_Gorbachev_1987.jpg|दायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|305x305पिक्सेल|मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभ]] मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभ ११ मार्च १९८५ मा पोलिटब्युरोद्वारा महासचिवमा निर्वाचित भए। उनको चयन उनका पूर्ववर्ती कोन्स्टान्टिन चेर्नेन्कोको ७३ वर्षको उमेरमा मृत्यु भएको चार घण्टाभन्दा बढी समयपछि भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/12/world/chernenko-dead-moscow-73-gorbachev-succeeds-him-urges-arms-control-economic.html |title=Chernenko is Dead in Moscow at 73; Gorbachev Succeeds Him and Urges Arms Control and Economic Vigor |work=द न्युयोर्क टाइम्स|date=12 March 1985 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008023935/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/12/world/chernenko-dead-moscow-73-gorbachev-succeeds-him-urges-arms-control-economic.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ५४ वर्षीय गोर्बाचेभ पोलिटब्युरोका सबैभन्दा कान्छा सदस्य थिए। महासचिवको रूपमा उनको प्रारम्भिक लक्ष्य स्थिर सोभियत अर्थतन्त्रलाई पुनर्जीवित गर्नु थियो। त्यसो गर्न अन्तर्निहित राजनीतिक र सामाजिक संरचनाहरूमा सुधार आवश्यक पर्ने उनले महसुस गरे।<ref>{{cite web |date=27 March 2009 |title=Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв (Mikhail Sergeyevičh Gorbačhëv) |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/ussr/ussr_state/gorbachev.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111111753/http://www.archontology.org/nations/ussr/ussr_state/gorbachev.php |archive-date=11 November 2019 |access-date=3 April 2009 |publisher=Archontology}}</ref> सुधारको सुरुवात ब्रेज्नेभ-युगका वरिष्ठ अधिकारीहरूको कर्मचारी परिवर्तनबाट सुरु भयो जसले राजनीतिक र आर्थिक परिवर्तनमा बाधा पुर्‍याउन सक्थे।<ref>{{cite book|last1=Carrere D'Encausse |first1=Helene|title=The End of the Soviet Empire: The Triumph of the Nations|url=https://archive.org/details/endofsovietemp00carr |url-access=registration |date=1993|publisher=BasicBooks |location=New York|isbn=978-0-465-09812-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/endofsovietemp00carr/page/16 16]|edition=English |translator-first= Franklin|translator-last= Philip}}</ref> २३ अप्रिल १९८५ मा, गोर्बाचेभले दुई कार्यकर्ता, येगोर लिगाचेभ र निकोलाई रिज्कोभलाई पूर्ण सदस्यको रूपमा पोलिटब्यूरोमा ल्याए। उनले केजीबी प्रमुख भिक्टर चेब्रिकोभलाई उम्मेदवारबाट पूर्ण सदस्यमा पदोन्नति गरेर र रक्षामन्त्री मार्शल सर्गेई सोकोलोभलाई पोलिटब्यूरोको उम्मेदवारको रूपमा नियुक्त गरेर "शक्तिशाली" मन्त्रालयहरूलाई अनुकूल बनाए। गोर्बाचेभको सुधारले ल्याएको अभिव्यक्ति स्वतन्त्रताले सोभियत संघ भित्र राष्ट्रवादी आन्दोलन र जातीय विवादहरूलाई अभिव्यक्त गर्न र प्रमुख राजनीतिक आन्दोलनहरूमा बढ्न छुट दियो।{{Sfnp|Beissinger|2009|pages=5–6}} यसले अप्रत्यक्ष रूपमा १९८९ को क्रान्तिहरूको नेतृत्व पनि गर्‍यो जसमा वार्सा सम्झौताको सोभियत-समर्थित समाजवादी शासनहरू शान्तिपूर्ण (रोमानियाको उल्लेखनीय अपवाद बाहेक) रूपमा ढालिए ।,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7972755.stm |title=Gorbachev's role in 1989 turmoil |work=बिबिसी न्युज |date=1 April 2009 |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=9 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409121205/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7972755.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> यस घटनाले गोर्बाचेभमाथि सोभियत संघका घटक गणराज्यहरूका लागि बढी प्रजातन्त्र र स्वायत्तता लागू गर्न दबाब बढायो। गोर्बाचेभको नेतृत्वमा, १९८९ मा सोभियत संघ कम्युनिष्ट पार्टीले नयाँ केन्द्रीय व्यवस्थापिका, जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको कांग्रेस मा सीमित प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक चुनावहरू सुरु गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/30/world/the-gorbachev-plan-restructuring-soviet-power.html |title=The Gorbachev Plan: Restructuring Soviet Power |work=The New York Times |date=30 June 1988 |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=16 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516202450/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/30/world/the-gorbachev-plan-restructuring-soviet-power.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ((यद्यपि अन्य राजनीतिक दलहरूमाथिको प्रतिबन्ध १९९० सम्म हटाइएको थिएन)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/08/opinion/the-third-russian-revolution-transforming-the-communist-party.html |title=The Third Russian Revolution; Transforming the Communist Party |work=द न्युयोर्क टाइम्स |date=8 February 1990 |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=16 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516201709/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/08/opinion/the-third-russian-revolution-transforming-the-communist-party.html |url-status=live }}</ref> रूसको आर्थिक अवस्था सुधार गर्न र साम्यवादलाई सकारात्मक रूपमा बलियो बनाउन, गोर्बाचेभले उस्कोरेनी (त्वरण), पेरेस्ट्रोइका (पुनर्संरचना), र ग्लासनोस्त (खुलापन) भनेर चिनिने आफ्ना विशिष्ट नीतिहरूको घोषणा गरे। <ref name="m446">{{Cite web |title=Gorbachev and Perestroika |url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/gorbachev |access-date=16 April 2026 |website=Short History |ref={{sfnref|Short History}}}}</ref> गोर्बाचेभको उद्देश्य यी अवधारणाहरू मार्फत सोभियत प्रणालीलाई आमूल रूपान्तरण गर्नु थियो। उनको प्रयास नयाँ परिवर्तनहरू ल्याएर साम्यवादको जग प्रदान गर्नु थियो। त्यसैले, उनको परिवर्तनलाई दोस्रो सोभियत क्रान्तिको आगमनको प्रतीकात्मक मानिन्छ। === उस्कोरेनी === गोर्बाचेभका अनुसार, तत्कालीन सोभियत अर्थतन्त्र कम गुणस्तरका सामानहरू, अदक्षता र प्रतिस्पर्धाको अभावबाट पीडित थियो। जनतालाई प्रदान गरिने सामान र सेवाहरू र उनीहरूले माग गरेका सामान र सेवाहरू बीच अन्तर थियो। यसरी, उस्कोरेनी अर्थतन्त्रको संरचनालाई यस्तो तरिकाले रूपान्तरण गर्नेछ जसले जनताको आवश्यकताहरूको सन्तुष्टिलाई अझ गतिशील, कुशल र सामाजिक रूपमा उन्मुख बनाउनेछ भन्ने विश्वास गरिएको थियो। यसले अधिक स्रोतहरू प्रयोग गर्नुको सट्टा दक्षता बढाएर उत्पादन बढाउन जोड दियो। === पेरेस्त्रोइका === पेरेस्त्रोइकाको अर्थ पुनर्गठन वा पुनर्संरचना हो। यसको माध्यमबाट, समाजमा सुधार ल्याउने संकल्प गरिएको थियो जसले पुरानो कठोरताहरूको अन्त्य गर्नेछ र मानव आर्थिक, सामाजिक, राजनीतिक, सांस्कृतिक र आध्यात्मिक विकासको लागि मार्ग प्रशस्त गर्नेछ। <ref name="m521">{{Cite web |title=Google Books |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Samyavad_Ko_Chunotiya_lkE_okn_dks_pqukSf/y6c2KYkSpVsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE&pg=PA76&printsec=frontcover |access-date=16 April 2026 |website=Google |ref={{sfnref|Google}}}}</ref> यसरी, यो नयाँ समाजतर्फ अघि बढ्ने प्रक्रिया थियो। पेरेस्ट्रोइकामा निम्न समावेश थिए: (१) सामाजिक-आर्थिक प्रगतिलाई तीव्र पार्ने। (२) समाजको व्यापक लोकतान्त्रिकरण ल्याउन। (३) लोकतान्त्रिक विकेन्द्रीकरण हासिल गर्न। (४) व्यक्तिको नैतिक र आध्यात्मिक विकास गर्न। (५) समाजका कुरीतिहरूको पर्दाफास गर्ने। यसरी, पेरेस्त्रोइकाको उद्देश्य एउटा यस्तो समाजको विस्तार गर्नु थियो जहाँ मानवीय मर्यादा र गौरव केन्द्रमा हुन्छ र मानवीय मूल्यमान्यताको सम्मान गरिन्छ। गोर्बाचोभले पेरेस्त्रोइकाको अन्तर्गत, कृषि क्षेत्र, पट्टा र सम्झौतामा सुधार मार्फत निजी खेतीलाई प्रोत्साहित गरे। कृषिमा, सामूहिक संस्थाहरू भन्दा सहकारी संस्थाहरूलाई बढी महत्त्व दिइयो किनभने यसमा, व्यक्तिको काम गर्ने प्रेरणा रहिरहन्छ। त्यसैगरी, उपभोक्ता उद्योगहरू विकास गरियो, ज्याला उत्पादकत्वसँग जोडियो र दक्ष कामदारहरूलाई उच्च तलब र सुविधा प्रदान गरियो। त्यसैगरी, प्रविधि र लगानीसँग सम्बन्धित नीतिमा परिवर्तन ल्याएर, अर्थतन्त्रलाई गहिरो संरचनात्मक रूपमा पुनर्संरचना गर्ने प्रयास गरियो। अर्थतन्त्रलाई स्थिरताबाट बाहिर निकालेर बलियो र द्रुत विकासको बाटोमा राख्ने प्रयास गरियो। पेरेस्ट्रोइका मार्फत, गोर्बाचेभले सोभियत संघलाई नयाँ समाजतर्फ डोऱ्याउन खोजे। उनले लेनिनको विचारधारामा आधारित यो नयाँ समाजको पुनर्निर्माण गर्ने उद्देश्य राखे। यी नीतिहरूको यथास्थितिवादीहरूले व्यापक रूपमा विरोध गरे। === ग्लासनोस्त === ग्लासनोस्तको अर्थ "खुलापन" हो। ग्लासनोस्तको माध्यमले खुला बहस लाई प्रोत्साहन दिइयो जसबाट लोकतन्त्रको शक्तिलाई बलियो बनोस्। गोर्बाचेभले जोड दिए कि ग्लासनोस्त योजना र प्रशासनका सबै पक्षहरूमा विस्तार गरिनुपर्छ, र देश भित्र क्षेत्रीय, आर्थिक, जातीय, युवा, वातावरणीय, सामाजिक र अन्य मुद्दाहरूमा खुला बहस गरिनुपर्छ, ताकि जनताको वास्तविक र सटीक विचारहरू पत्ता लगाउन सकियोस्। गोर्बाचेभले यो पनि भने कि हामीलाई हावा जति चाहिन्छ त्यति नै ग्लासनोस्त पनि चाहिन्छ। ग्लासनोस्त मार्फत, समाजवादले लोकतन्त्रको बाटोमा लाग्नु थियो। वास्तवमा, पेरेस्ट्रोइकाको व्यापक अवधारणा, जसले सामाजिक, आर्थिक र राजनीतिक रूपान्तरण खोज्यो, र मानिसहरूले भाग लिएको समाजको पुनर्निर्माण गर्ने प्रयास गर्‍यो, ग्लासनोस्ट वा खुलापन आवश्यक थियो। यसैले यो भनिएको थियो कि ग्लासनोस्ट बिना, पेरेस्ट्रोइका र लोकतन्त्र थिएन। ग्लासनोस्टको प्रक्रिया वास्तवमा चुनौतीपूर्ण थियो किनभने बन्द समाज खुला ठाउँमा बस्न अभ्यस्त थिएन। ; <nowiki>गोर्बाचेभको नीतिका परिणामहरू:</nowiki> १. ग्लासनोस्त र पेरेस्ट्रोइका केवल शब्द मात्र नभई परिवर्तनका प्रतीक बने। सोभियत समाजको हरेक कुनामा परिवर्तनले पकड जमाउन थाल्यो र राजनीतिक बन्दीहरूलाई रिहा गरियो। २. देशमा खुला बहस हुन थाल्यो। सोभियत जनताले बहुदलीय चुनावको नयाँ अनुभव प्राप्त गरे। ३. सोभियत नागरिकहरूलाई विदेश यात्रा र नागरिक आप्रवासनको स्वतन्त्रता दिइएको थियो। ४. विदेश नीतिमा परिवर्तन ल्याइयो र शीतयुद्धको सट्टा तनाव कम गर्नलाई महत्त्व दिइयो। ५. सुधार कार्यक्रमहरू मार्फत, सोभियत समाजलाई कडा अनुशासन र कठोर नीतिबाट मुक्त गरियो। ६. यो खुला बहस सोभियत संघमा पनि दुरुपयोग गरिएको थियो, जहाँ मानिसहरूले यसलाई गुटबन्दी र साँघुरो स्वार्थलाई बढावा दिन प्रयोग गरे। यसैबीच, सोभियत संघ गठन गर्ने गणतन्त्रहरूले बढी स्वायत्तताको माग गरे। केही गणतन्त्रहरूले पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता पनि चाहेका थिए। ७. लोकतान्त्रिक तत्वहरू र कट्टरपन्थी कम्युनिस्टहरू बीचको रस्साकस्सीले प्रशासनलाई निष्क्रिय बनायो। पृथकतावाद हिंसात्मक रुपमा फैलियो, जसले सोभियत संघलाई अराजकताको छेउमा पुर्‍यायो। अगस्ट १९९१ मा, केही कम्युनिस्ट नेताहरूले असफल विद्रोहको प्रयास गरे। फलस्वरूप, सोभियत संघको विघटन तीव्र भयो, र यो अन्ततः विघटन भयो। गोर्बाचेभले राजीनामा दिए। डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा, सोभियत संघको ठाउँमा १५ स्वतन्त्र गणतन्त्रहरू देखा परे। == १९९० == === सोभियत कम्युनिष्ट पार्टीले पाँच गणराज्य गुमायो === ७ फेब्रुअरी १९९० मा, सोभियत कम्युनिष्ट पार्टीको केन्द्रीय समितिले पार्टीले राजनीतिक शक्तिमा आफ्नो [[एकाधिकार]] त्याग्नुपर्छ भन्ने गोर्बाचेभको सिफारिसलाई स्वीकार गर्‍यो। <ref>{{cite web |title=Soviet Communist Party gives up monopoly on political power: This Day in History – 2/7/1990 |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviet-communist-party-gives-up-monopoly-on-political-power |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122002621/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviet-communist-party-gives-up-monopoly-on-political-power |archive-date=22 January 2018 |access-date=23 June 2011 |publisher=History.com}}</ref> १९९० मा, सोभियत संघका सबै पन्ध्र घटक गणराज्यहरूले आफ्नो पहिलो प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक चुनाव सम्पन्न भयो, जसमा सुधारवादी र जातीय राष्ट्रवादीहरूले धेरै सिटहरू जिते। कम्युनिष्ट पार्टीले पाँच गणराज्यहरूमा चुनाव हार्‍यो: लिथुआनिया, मोल्डोभा, इस्टोनिया, लाटभिया, जर्जियामा घटक गणराज्यहरूले आफ्ना राज्यको सार्वभौमिकता घोषणा गर्न थाले र मस्को केन्द्रीय सरकारसँग "कानूनको युद्ध" सुरु गर्‍यो; गणराज्यहरूले स्थानीय कानूनहरूसँग बाझिने संघ-व्यापी कानूनलाई अस्वीकार गरे, आफ्नो स्थानीय अर्थतन्त्रमा नियन्त्रण कायम राखे, र सोभियत सरकारलाई कर तिर्न अस्वीकार गरे। लिथुआनियाले लिथुआनियाली पुरुषहरूलाई सोभियत सशस्त्र सेनामा अनिवार्य सेवा गर्नुपर्ने नियम अन्त्य गर्‍यो। यो द्वन्द्वले आपूर्ति प्रणाली अवरुद्ध हुँदा आर्थिक अव्यवस्था निम्त्यायो र सोभियत अर्थतन्त्रमा थप गिरावट आयो। <ref name="Russia, The Tsarist and Soviet Legacy">Acton, Edward (1995). ''Russia, The Tsarist and Soviet Legacy''. Longman Group Ltd. {{ISBN|0-582-08922-0}}.</ref> === सोभियत संघ र रूसी सोभियत संघीय समाजवादी गणराज्य बीचको प्रतिस्पर्धा === ४ मार्च १९९० मा, रूसी सोभियत संघीय समाजवादी गणराज्यले रूसको जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको कांग्रेसको लागि चुनाव गर्‍यो। [[बोरिस येल्तसिन]] ७२ प्रतिशत मत प्राप्त गर्दै निर्वाचित भए। <ref>Leon Aron, ''Boris Yeltsin: A Revolutionary Life''. HarperCollins, 2000. pp. 739–740.</ref> २९ मे १९९० मा, येल्तसिन रूसी गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च सोभियतको अध्यक्षमा निर्वाचित भए, यद्यपि गोर्बाचेभले रूसी प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई उनलाई मतदान नगर्न आग्रह गरेका थिए। येल्तसिनलाई सर्वोच्च सोभियतका लोकतान्त्रिक र रूढिवादी सदस्यहरूले समर्थन गरेका थिए, जसले विकासशील राजनीतिक परिस्थितिमा शक्ति खोजेका थिए। रूसी गणराज्य र सोभियत संघ बीच एक नयाँ शक्ति संघर्ष देखा पर्‍यो। १२ जुन १९९० मा, रूसी गणराज्यको जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको कांग्रेसले सार्वभौमिकताको घोषणापत्र घोषणा गर्‍यो। १२ जुलाई १९९० मा, येल्तसिनले २८ औं कांग्रेसमा नाटकीय भाषणमा कम्युनिष्ट पार्टीबाट राजीनामा दिए।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/12/newsid_4493000/4493177.stm|title=1990: Yeltsin Resignation Splits Soviet Communists|date=12 July 1990|access-date=29 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023134854/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/12/newsid_4493000/4493177.stm|archive-date=23 October 2012|publisher=BBC News|url-status=live}}</ref> === बाल्टिक गणराज्यहरू === ११-१३ जनवरी १९९० मा गोर्बाचेभको लिथुआनियाली राजधानी भिल्नियसको गरे। उनको भ्रमणले अनुमानित २५०,००० मानिसहरूको उपस्थिति रहेको स्वतन्त्रता समर्थक र्‍यालीलाई उत्तेजित बनायो। ११ मार्चमा, लिथुआनियाली गणराज्यको नवनिर्वाचित संसदले भाइटौटास ल्यान्ड्सबर्गिसलाई आफ्नो अध्यक्षको रूपमा निर्वाचित गर्‍यो र "लिथुआनिया राज्यको पुनर्स्थापनाको ऐन"को घोषणा गर्‍यो, जसले लिथुआनियालाई सोभियत संघबाट स्वतन्त्रता घोषणा गर्ने पहिलो सोभियत गणराज्य बनायो। मस्कोले "जातीय रूसीहरूको अधिकार सुरक्षित गर्ने" कारण देखाउँदै लिथुआनियामा सेनाहरू राखेर आर्थिक नाकाबन्दीको प्रतिक्रिया दियो। <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bandelj|first=Nina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlhoP8snGTgC&pg=PA41|title=From Communists to Foreign Capitalists: The Social Foundations of Foreign Direct Investment in Postsocialist Europe|date=2008|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-12912-9|page=41|access-date=11 October 2015|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124205849/https://books.google.com/books?id=RlhoP8snGTgC&pg=PA41|url-status=live}}</ref> २५ मार्च १९९० मा, एस्टोनियाली कम्युनिष्ट पार्टीले छ महिनाको संक्रमणकाल पछि सोभियत कम्युनिष्ट पार्टीबाट अलग हुने पक्षमा मतदान गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/26/world/upheaval-in-the-east-party-in-estonia-votes-split-and-also-a-delay.html|title=Upheaval in the East; Party in Estonia Votes Split and Also a Delay|date=26 March 1990|work=The New York Times|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701214430/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/26/world/upheaval-in-the-east-party-in-estonia-votes-split-and-also-a-delay.html|archive-date=1 July 2017|agency=Associated Press|url-status=live}}</ref> ३० मार्च १९९० मा, इस्टोनियाली सर्वोच्च परिषद्ले दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धदेखि इस्टोनियामा सोभियत कब्जालाई अवैध घोषणा गर्‍यो र गणतन्त्र भित्र राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्रताको औपचारिक पुनर्स्थापनातर्फ प्रकृया सुरु गर्‍यो। ३ अप्रिल १९९० मा, एडगर सविसार मन्त्रिपरिषद्को अध्यक्षमा निर्वाचित भए (प्रधानमन्त्री हुनु बराबर), र चाँडै नै स्वतन्त्रता समर्थक मन्त्रिपरिषद् गठन भयो। लाटभियाले ४ मे १९९० मा स्वतन्त्रताको पुनर्स्थापनाको घोषणा गर्‍यो। घोषणापत्रमा भनिएको थियो कि लाटभियाले दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धमा वास्तविक रूपमा आफ्नो स्वतन्त्रता गुमाएको भए तापनि, देश कानूनतः एक सार्वभौम देश बनेको थियो किनभने विलय असंवैधानिक र लाटभियाली जनताको इच्छा विपरीत थियो। घोषणापत्रमा यो पनि भनिएको थियो कि लाटभियाले सोभियत संघसँगको आफ्नो सम्बन्ध १९२० को लाटभियन-सोभियत शान्ति सन्धिको आधारमा बनाउनेछ, जसमा सोभियत संघले लाटभियाको स्वतन्त्रतालाई "भविष्यका सबै समयका लागि" अटूट मानेको थियो। अहिले मे ४ [[लात्भिया|लाटभिया]]मा राष्ट्रिय बिदा हो। ८ मे १९९० मा, एस्टोनियाली सोभियत गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले स्वतन्त्र गणतन्त्र इस्टोनियाको १९३८ को संविधानको पुनर्स्थापनाको आधिकारिक घोषणा गर्दै एक कानून अपनायो। <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2019 |title=О символике эстонии Эстония |trans-title=About the symbolism of Estonia |url=http://estonia.news-city.info/docs/sistemsf/dok_ierskz.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906230101/http://estonia.news-city.info/docs/sistemsf/dok_ierskz.htm |archive-date=6 September 2019 |website= |language=ru}}</ref> === ककेशस === === पश्चिमी गणराज्यहरू === === मध्य एसियाली गणराज्यहरू === ==१९९१== ===मस्कोको सङ्कट=== १४ जनवरी १९९१ मा, निकोलाई रिज्कोभले सोभियत संघको प्रधानमन्त्री वा मन्त्रिपरिषद्को अध्यक्षको पदबाट राजीनामा दिए र सोभियत संघको नयाँ प्रधानमन्त्री मा भ्यालेन्टिन पाभलोभ बने। १७ मार्च १९९१ मा, संघ-व्यापी जनमत संग्रहमा ७७.८५% मतदाताले सुधारिएको सोभियत संघको अवधारणलाई समर्थन गरे।<ref>[http://soviethistory.org/index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991march&Year=1991&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme 1991: March Referendum] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330025028/http://soviethistory.org/index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991march&Year=1991&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme|date=30 March 2014}} SovietHistory.org</ref> बाल्टिक गणराज्यहरू, आर्मेनिया, जर्जिया र मोल्डोभाले जनमत संग्रह बहिष्कार गरे साथै चेचेनो-इङ्गुशेतिया (रूस भित्रको एक स्वायत्त गणराज्य जसमा स्वतन्त्रताको तीव्र इच्छा थियो, र अहिले आफूलाई इच्केरिया भनेर चिनाउँछ) पनि बहिष्कार गरे। <ref>Charles King, ''The Ghost of Freedom: History of the Caucasus''</ref> अन्य नौ गणराज्यहरूमा, बहुमत मतदाताहरूले सुधारिएको सोभियत संघको अवधारणाको समर्थन गरे, जर्जियाली क्षेत्रहरू दक्षिण ओसेशिया र अबखाजियाकामा पनि संघको निरन्तरताको पक्षमा पनि मतदान गरे। ===रसियाको प्रमुख बोरिस येल्तसिन=== [[चित्र:Борис_Николаевич_Ельцин-1_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|255x255पिक्सेल|[[बोरिस येल्तसिन]], रसियाको पहिलो प्रजातान्त्रिक निर्वाचित राष्ट्रपति]] १२ जुन १९९१ मा, [[बोरिस येल्तसिन]] देशको पहिलो राष्ट्रपति चुनावमा ५७ प्रतिशत लोकप्रिय मतका साथ रूसी सोभियत संघीय समाजवादी गणराज्यको प्रमुख निर्वाचित भए, उनले गोर्बाचेभले रुचाएका उम्मेदवार "निकोलाई रिज्कोभ"लाई पराजित गरे, जसले १६ प्रतिशत मत प्राप्त गरे। येल्तसिन राष्ट्रपतिमा निर्वाचित भएपछि, रुसी गणराज्यले सोभियत संघबाट आफूलाई स्वायत्त घोषणा गर्‍यो।<ref>{{Cite book|title=The world transformed : 1945 to the present|last=Hunt|first=Michael H.|isbn=9780199371020|page=321|oclc=907585907|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> आफ्नो चुनावी अभियानमा, येल्तसिनले "केन्द्रको तानाशाही" को आलोचना गरे, तर [[बजार अर्थव्यवस्था|बजार अर्थतन्त्र]] लागू गर्ने वाचा भने दिएनन्। === ककेसस: जर्जिया === सोभियत संघ-व्यापी जनमत संग्रहको प्रतिक्रियामा, ३१ मार्च १९९१ मा, जर्जियाली स्वतन्त्रताको विषयमा स्वतन्त्रता जनमत संग्रह आयोजना गरियो। दक्षिण ओसेटियन र अब्खाज अल्पसंख्यकहरूले बहिष्कार गरे यो जनमत संग्रह बहिष्कार गरेका थिए । त्यस महिनाको सुरुमा भएको सोभियत संघमा नै रहने भन्ने जनमत संग्रहमा उनीहरू उपस्थित थिए। ९९.५% जर्जियाली मतदाताले जर्जियाली स्वतन्त्रताको पुनर्स्थापनाको पक्षमा मतदान गरे जबकि ०.५% ले यसको विपक्षमा मतदान गरे। मतदान ९०.६% थियो। <ref name="Cornell">Cornell, Svante E., [http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/publications/0419dissertation.pdf ''Autonomy and Conflict: Ethnoterritoriality and Separatism in the South Caucasus – Case in Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630141309/http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/publications/0419dissertation.pdf|date=30 June 2007}}. Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Report No. 61. p. 163. University of Uppsala, {{ISBN|91-506-1600-5}}.</ref> ९ अप्रिल १९९१ मा, तिब्लिसीमा भएको नरसंहारको दुई वर्ष पछि र लिथुआनियाले पुनर्स्थापित स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणा गरेको एक वर्ष दुई महिना पछि, जर्जियाली सोभियत गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च परिषद्ले पूर्ण सत्रमा सोभियत सशस्त्र सेनाले प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्रलाई अपदस्त गरेको ७० वर्ष पछि, सोभियत संघबाट जर्जियाको स्वतन्त्रताको औपचारिक पुनर्गठनको घोषणा गर्‍यो। जर्जियाले गरेको स्वतन्त्रताको यो ऐतिहासिक घोषणाले यसलाई सोभियत संघबाट आधिकारिक रूपमा अलग हुने कोकेशियन गणराज्यहरूमध्ये पहिलो र समग्रमा अहिलेसम्म तेस्रो गणराज्य बनायो। === बाल्टिक === ===अगस्ट कु को प्रयास=== १९ अगस्ट १९९१ मा, गोर्बाचेभका उपराष्ट्रपति गेनाडी यानायेभ, प्रधानमन्त्री भ्यालेन्टिन पावलोभ, रक्षामन्त्री दिमित्री याजोभ, केजीबी प्रमुख भ्लादिमिर क्र्युचकोभ र अन्य वरिष्ठ अधिकारीहरूले "राज्य आपतकाल सम्बन्धी समिति" गठन गरेर संघ सन्धिमा हस्ताक्षर हुनबाट रोक्नको लागि प्रयास गरे, जसले फोरोस, [[क्रिमिया|क्राइमिया]]मा बिदामा रहेका गोर्बाचेभलाई घरमै नजरबन्दमा राख्यो र उनको सञ्चार काट्यो। कू नेताहरूले राजनीतिक गतिविधि निलम्बन गर्ने र धेरैजसो पत्रपत्रिकाहरूमा प्रतिबन्ध लगाउने आपतकालीन आदेश जारी गरे। त्यतिबेला रूसी सार्वभौमिकताको प्रतीकात्मक केन्द्र ह्वाइट हाउस (रूसी संघको संसद र येल्तसिनको कार्यालय) को रक्षा गर्न हजारौं मस्कोवासीहरू बाहिर निस्के। ट्याङ्कमाथिबाट भाषण दिएर कूको विरोध गर्ने येल्तसिनलाई पक्राउ गर्ने प्रयास गरे तर अन्ततः असफल भए। तीन दिन पछि, २१ अगस्ट १९९१ मा, विद्रोह समाप्त भयो। आयोजकहरूलाई पक्राउ गरियो र गोर्बाचेभलाई राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा पुनर्स्थापित गरियो, यद्यपि उनको शक्ति धेरै कम भयो।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ostrovsky |first=Alexander Vladimirovich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XM1VywAACAAJ |title=Глупость или измена?: расследование гибели СССР |date=2011 |publisher=Crimean Bridge-9D |isbn=978-5-89747-068-6 |page=864 |language=ru |trans-title=Stupidity or Treason?: Investigation into the Death of the USSR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Андрей Грачев – к годовщине путча: 'Из Фороса Горбачев вернулся заложником Ельцина' |trans-title=Andrey Grachev – on the anniversary of the coup: 'Gorbachev returned from Foros as Yeltsin's hostage' |url=https://sobesednik.ru/obshchestvo/20210819-andrei-gracev-k-godovshhine-putca-iz-f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223085337/https://sobesednik.ru/obshchestvo/20210819-andrei-gracev-k-godovshhine-putca-iz-f |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=sobesednik.ru |language=ru}}</ref> ===अगस्ट-डिसेम्बर सङ्क्रमणकाल=== २४ अगस्ट १९९१ मा, गोर्बाचेभले सोभियत कम्युनिष्ट पार्टीको महासचिवको पदबाट राजीनामा दिए<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 1991 |title=Заявление М. С. Горбачева о сложение обязанностей генерального секретаря КПСС (24 августа 1991) |trans-title=Statement by M. S. Gorbachev on the resignation of the duties of General Secretary of the CPSU (24 August 1991) |url=http://www.illuminats.ru/component/content/article/29-new/1198-statement-by-mikhail-gorbachev-on-the-addition-of-duties-the-secretary-general-of-the-cpsu-24-august-1991?directory=29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721014247/http://www.illuminats.ru/component/content/article/29-new/1198-statement-by-mikhail-gorbachev-on-the-addition-of-duties-the-secretary-general-of-the-cpsu-24-august-1991?directory=29 |archive-date=21 July 2018 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=www.illuminats.ru |language=ru}}</ref> र सरकारमा रहेका सबै पार्टी एकाइहरू भंग गरे। सोही दिन, युक्रेनी गणतन्त्रको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले युक्रेनको स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणापत्र पारित गर्‍यो, जसमा सोभियत संघबाट युक्रेनको स्वतन्त्रताको लागि राष्ट्रिय जनमत संग्रहको लागि आह्वान गरिएको थियो। पाँच दिन पछि, सोभियत संघको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले सोभियत क्षेत्रको सबै सोभियत कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी गतिविधि अनिश्चित कालका लागि निलम्बन गर्‍यो<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2013 |title=Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 29 августа 1991 г. N 2371-I 'О ситуации, возникшей в стране в связи с имевшим место государственным переворотом' |trans-title=Resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 29 August 1991 N 2371-I 'On the situation that arose in the country in connection with the coup d'état' |url=http://www.ruspravo.org/list/89358/1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207002848/http://www.ruspravo.org/list/89358/1.html |archive-date=7 December 2013 |website= |page=1 |language=ru}}</ref>, जसले गर्दा सोभियत संघमा कम्युनिष्ट शासनको प्रभावकारी अन्त्य भयो र देशमा बाँकी रहेको एकमात्र एकताकारी शक्तिलाई विघटन गरियो। गोर्बाचेभले सेप्टेम्बर ५ मा सोभियत संघको राज्य परिषद् स्थापना गरे, जुन उनलाई र बाँकी गणतन्त्रका उच्च अधिकारीहरूलाई सामूहिक नेतृत्वमा ल्याउन डिजाइन गरिएको थियो। राज्य परिषद्लाई सोभियत संघको प्रधानमन्त्री नियुक्त गर्ने अधिकार पनि दिइएको थियो। प्रधानमन्त्री पदले कहिल्यै राम्रोसँग काम गरेन, यद्यपि इभान सिलायेभले सोभियत अर्थतन्त्रको सञ्चालन व्यवस्थापन समिति र अन्तर-गणतन्त्र आर्थिक समिति मार्फत पदभार ग्रहण गरे र द्रुत रूपमा घट्दो शक्तिहरू सहित सरकार गठन गर्ने प्रयास गरे। १९९१ को अन्तिम त्रैमासिकमा सोभियत संघ नाटकीय गतिमा पतन भयो। अगस्ट र डिसेम्बरको बीचमा, मुख्यतया अर्को विद्रोहको डरको कारणले १० गणतन्त्रहरू संघबाट अलग भए, । सेप्टेम्बरको अन्त्यसम्ममा, गोर्बाचेभसँग मस्को बाहिरका घटनाहरूलाई प्रभाव पार्ने क्षमता रहेन। उनलाई त्यहाँ पनि [[बोरिस येल्तसिन|येल्तसिन]]ले चुनौती दिए, जसले क्रेमलिन सहित सोभियत सरकारको बाँकी रहेको भाग कब्जा गर्न थालेका थिए। सोभियत संघले ६ सेप्टेम्बर १९९१ मा बाल्टिक गणतन्त्रहरूको स्वतन्त्रतालाई मान्यता दियो।<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2020 |title=Prof. Alpo Russi. About Recognition of Independence of Baltic States |url=https://www.vdu.lt/en/prof-alpo-russi-about-recognition-of-independence-of-baltic-states/ |work=[[Vytautas Magnus University]]}}</ref> जर्जियाले सेप्टेम्बर ७ मा सोभियत संघसँगको सबै सम्बन्ध तोड्यो। उसले बाल्टिक राज्यहरूको पृथकतालाई मान्यता दिँदा पनि सोभियत संघले आफ्नो स्वतन्त्रतालाई किन मान्यता दिएन भन्ने "पर्याप्त आधारभूत जवाफ" प्राप्त नभएको उल्लेख गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite web |author=Cherian |first=Regi |date=6 September 2016 |title=September 7, 1991: Georgia revolts, cuts ties with USSR |url=https://gulfnews.com/today-history/september-7-1996-georgia-revolts-cuts-ties-with-ussr-1.1892039 |work=Gulf News}}</ref> १७ सेप्टेम्बर १९९१ मा, संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ महासभाको प्रस्ताव नम्बर ४६/४, ४६/५, र ४६/६ ले इस्टोनिया, लाटभिया र लिथुआनियालाई संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघमा सदस्यता दियो, जुन सुरक्षा परिषद्को प्रस्ताव नम्बर ७०९, ७१० र ७११ अनुरूप थियो र १२ सेप्टेम्बरमा मतदान बिना पारित भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web |title=Resolutions adopted by the United Nations Security Council in 1991 |url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/1991.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719210549/http://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/1991.shtml |archive-date=19 July 2017 |access-date=17 June 2016 |work=[[United Nations]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=46th Session (1991–1992) – General Assembly – Quick Links – Research Guides at United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld Library |url=http://research.un.org/en/docs/ga/quick/regular/46 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830083857/http://research.un.org/en/docs/ga/quick/regular/46 |archive-date=30 August 2016 |access-date=17 June 2016 |work=[[United Nations]]}}</ref> ६ नोभेम्बरमा, येल्तसिन - जसले त्यतिबेलासम्म सोभियत सरकारको धेरैजसो हिस्सा आफ्नो नियन्त्रणमा लिइसकेका थिए - ले रूसी भूभागमा कम्युनिष्ट पार्टीका सबै गतिविधिहरूमा प्रतिबन्ध लगाउने आदेश जारी गरे। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Указ Президента РСФСР от 06.11.1991 г. № 169 |trans-title=Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated 06.11.1991 No. 169 |url=http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/385 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301170411/http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/385 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |access-date=22 October 2020 |website=President of Russia |language=ru}}</ref> ७ नोभेम्बर १९९१ सम्म, धेरैजसो अखबारहरूले 'पूर्व सोभियत संघ' लाई उल्लेख गरे।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/07/world/pre-1917-ghosts-haunt-a-bolshevik-holiday.html?pagewanted=all|title=Pre-1917 Ghosts Haunt a Bolshevik Holiday|last1=Schmemann|first1=Serge|date=7 November 1991|work=The New York Times|access-date=21 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053646/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/07/world/pre-1917-ghosts-haunt-a-bolshevik-holiday.html?pagewanted=all|archive-date=22 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[चित्र:Grand_Kremlin_Palace_façade,_1982-2008.jpg|बायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|The [[State Emblem of the Soviet Union|state emblem of the Soviet Union]] and the СССР letters{{Efn|Russian acronym for "USSR"}} (top) in the façade of the [[Grand Kremlin Palace]] were replaced by five double-headed [[Coat of arms of Russia|Russian eagles]] (bottom) after the dissolution of the [[Soviet Union]], the eagles having been removed by the Bolsheviks after the revolution.]] सोभियत संघको पतनको अन्तिम चरण १ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा सुरु भयो। त्यस दिन, "युक्रेनी लोकप्रिय जनमत संग्रह"मा युक्रेनका ९१ प्रतिशत मतदाताले अगस्टमा पारित स्वतन्त्रता घोषणालाई समर्थन गर्दै मतदान गरे र औपचारिक रूपमा संघबाट अलग भयो। आर्थिक र राजनीतिक शक्तिमा रूसपछि दोस्रो स्थानमा रहेको युक्रेनको पृथकताले गोर्बाचेभले सीमित मात्रामा भए पनि सोभियत संघलाई एकसाथ राख्ने झिनो सम्भावनालाई पनि समाप्त गर्‍यो। तीन स्लाभिक गणतन्त्रहरू, रूस, युक्रेन र बेलारुस (पहिले बेलोरुसिया) का नेताहरू संघको सम्भावित विकल्पहरूबारे छलफल गर्न सहमत भए। डिसेम्बर ८ मा, रूस, युक्रेन र बेलारुसका नेताहरूले पश्चिमी बेलारुसको बेलाभेजस्काया पुष्चामा गोप्य रूपमा भेटे र बेलाभेजा सम्झौतामा हस्ताक्षर गरे, जसले सोभियत संघको अस्तित्व समाप्त भएको घोषणा गर्‍यो र यसको स्थानमा कमनवेल्थ अफ इन्डिपेन्डेन्ट स्टेट्स (CIS) को गठनको घोषणा गर्‍यो। उनीहरूले अन्य गणतन्त्रहरूलाई पनि सिआइ.एस मा सामेल हुन आमन्त्रित गरे। गोर्बाचेभले यसलाई असंवैधानिक कू भने। यद्यपि, यस समयसम्ममा कुनै उचित विकल्प थिएन किनकी सम्झौताको प्रस्तावनामा भनिएझैं, सोभियत संघ अब "अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय कानून र भूराजनीतिक वास्तविकताको विषयको रूपमा" अस्तित्वमा थिएन। डिसेम्बर १० मा, युक्रेनको बिधायिका भेर्खोभना राडा <ref>{{Cite web |title=Про ратифікацію Угоди про створення Співдружності Незалежних Держав |trans-title=On the ratification of the Agreement on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/1958-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124205855/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1958-12 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=Official website of the Parliament of Ukraine |language=uk}}</ref> र बेलारुसको सर्वोच्च परिषद्ले <ref>{{Cite web |title=Постановление Верховного Совета РБ № 1296-XII О ратификации Соглашения об образовании Содружества Независимых Государств от 10.12.1991 |trans-title=Resolution of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus No. 1296-XII On the ratification of the Agreement on the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States dated 10.12.1991 |url=https://belzakon.net/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%91/1994/96572 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223192600/https://belzakon.net/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%91/1994/96572 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=belzakon.net |language=ru}}</ref> सम्झौतालाई अनुमोदन गरेको थियो। डिसेम्बर १२ मा, रूसी सोभियत गणराज्य को सर्वोच्च सोभियतले बेलाभेझा सम्झौतालाई औपचारिक रूपमा अनुमोदन गर्‍यो,,<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 1991 |title=Постановление ВС РСФСР от 12.12.1991 N 2014-I 'О ратификации Соглашения о создании Содружества Независимых Государств' |trans-title=Resolution of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR of 12.12.1991 N 2014-I 'On ratification of the Agreement on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States' |url=http://base.garant.ru/10164306/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113130902/http://base.garant.ru/10164306/ |archive-date=13 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=base.garant.ru |language=ru}}</ref> १९२२ को संघ सन्धिको निन्दा गर्‍यो,,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Постановление Верховного Совета РСФСР от 12.12.1991 № 2015-I – Сейчас.ру |url=https://www.lawmix.ru/abrolaw/13907 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125075549/https://www.lawmix.ru/abrolaw/13907 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=www.lawmix.ru}}</ref> र सोभियत संघको सर्वोच्च सोभियतबाट रूसी प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई फिर्ता बोलायो। यस अनुमोदनको वैधानिकताले रूसी संसदका केही सदस्यहरूमा शंका उत्पन्न गर्‍यो, किनकि १९७८ को रुसी सोभियत गणराज्यको संविधान अनुसार यस कागजातको विचार जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको कांग्रेसको विशेष क्षेत्राधिकारमा थियो।.<ref name="sssr.net.ru">{{Cite web |last1=Pribylovsky |first1=V. |last2=Tochkin |first2=Gr. |title=Кто и как упразднил СССР |trans-title=Who and how abolished the USSR |url=https://sssr.net.ru/denons.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126160310/http://sssr.net.ru/denons.html |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date= |website=sssr.net.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2015 |title=Из СССР В СНГ: подчиняясь реальности. |trans-title=From the USSR to the CIS: submitting to reality. |url=http://n-discovery.spb.ru/news_full.php?id=379 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403001152/http://n-discovery.spb.ru/news_full.php?id=379 |archive-date=3 April 2015 |website=www.n-discovery.spb.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Бабурин С.Н. На гибель Советского Союза |trans-title=Baburin S.N. On the death of the Soviet Union |url=http://www.ni-journal.ru/archive/2006/n_506/38b39a96/39cf8ddd/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107165055/http://www.ni-journal.ru/archive/2006/n_506/38b39a96/39cf8ddd/ |archive-date=2017-11-07 |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=www.ni-journal.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref name="sovross.ru">{{Cite web |last=Voronin |first=Yu. M. |title=Беловежское предательство |trans-title=Belovezhskaya betrayal |url=http://www.sovross.ru/articles/555/9021/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812180933/http://www.sovross.ru/articles/555/9021/ |archive-date=2020-08-12 |access-date= |website=www.sovross.ru |language=ru}}</ref> थप, सोभियत संविधानले गणतन्त्रलाई एकतर्फी रूपमा आफ्ना प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई फिर्ता बोलाउन अनुमति दिएको थिएन।<ref>The Russian SFSR has constitutional right to "freely secede from the Soviet Union" ([[s:ru:Конституция РСФСР 1978 года (в редакции 1 ноября 1991 года)#Глава_7._РСФСР_–_союзная_республика_в_составе_СССР|art. 69 of the RSFSR Constitution]], [[s:ru:Конституция СССР (1977)/редакция 26 декабря 1990 года#Глава_8._СССР_–_союзное_государство|art. 72 of the USSR Constitution]]), but according to USSR laws [[s:ru:Закон о выходе союзной республики из СССР|1409-I]] (enacted on 3 April 1990) and [http://iv.garant.ru/SESSION/PILOT/loadfavorite.html?pid=6335703&page=1&para_id=2147483649 1457-I]{{dead link|date=May 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} (enacted on 26 April 1990) this can be done only by a referendum and only if two-thirds of all registered voters of the republic has supported that motion. No special referendum on the secession from the USSR was held in the RSFSR</ref> यद्यपि, रूस वा क्रेमलिनमा कसैले पनि आपत्ति जनाएनन्। क्रेमलिनको कुनै पनि आपत्तिको कुनै प्रभाव पर्ने थिएन, किनकि सोभियत सरकारको बाँकी रहेको कुरा डिसेम्बर भन्दा धेरै अघि नै प्रभावकारी रूपमा निष्क्रिय बनाइएको थियो। धेरै वकिलहरू विश्वास गर्छन् कि १९२२ को संघ सन्धिको निन्दा अर्थहीन थियो किनकि यो १९२४ मा सोभियत संघको पहिलो संविधान अपनाएसँगै अमान्य भइसकेको थियो। । <ref>''Исаков В. Б.'' Расчленёнка. Кто и как развалил Советский Союз: Хроника. Документы. – М., Закон и право. 1998. – C. 58. –209 с.</ref><ref>''Станкевич З. А.'' История крушения СССР: политико-правовые аспекты. – М., 2001. – C. 299–300</ref><ref>''Лукашевич Д. А.'' Юридический механизм разрушения СССР. – М, 2016. – С. 254–255. – 448 с.</ref> (१९९६ मा राजकीय डुमाले पनि उही अडान लिएको थियो)).<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 1986 |title=Постановление Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания РФ от 10 апреля 1996 года № 225-II ГД «Об Обращении Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации "К членам Совета Федерации Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации" |trans-title=Resolution of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of 10 April 1996 No. 225-II GD "On the Appeal of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation "To the members of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation" |url=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&link_id=16&nd=102040638 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026061236/http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&link_id=16&nd=102040638 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |access-date=22 October 2020 |language=ru}}</ref> त्यस दिनको अन्तमा, गोर्बाचेभले पहिलो पटक आफू पद त्याग्ने विचार गरिरहेको संकेत गरे। <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/13/world/soviet-disarry-gorbachev-is-ready-to-resign-as-post-soviet-plan-advances.html|title=Gorbachev is Ready to Resign as Post-Soviet Plan Advances|last=Schmemann|first=Serge|date=1991-12-13|work=The New York Times|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917211606/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/13/world/soviet-disarry-gorbachev-is-ready-to-resign-as-post-soviet-plan-advances.html|archive-date=2018-09-17|issn=0362-4331|url-status=live}}</ref> सतहमा देखिदा, यो सबैभन्दा ठूलो गणराज्य औपचारिक रूपमा अलग भएको देखिन्थ्यो। यद्यपि, यो मामला होइन। बरु, रूसले स्पष्ट रूपमा बतायो यो कि सोभियत संविधानमा वर्णन गरिएको पृथकताको प्रक्रियालाई पालना गर्न आवश्यक छैन किनभने अब अस्तित्वमा नै नभएको देशबाट अलग हुन सम्भव छैन। १६ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा, कजाख गणराज्य सोभियत संघबाट औपचारिक रूपमा अलग हुने अन्तिम गणतन्त्र बन्यो, जसले गर्दा सोभियत संघले न त कुनै क्षेत्र नियन्त्रण गर्न सक्यो न त कुनै क्षेत्र नियन्त्रण गर्ने दाबी नै गर्न सक्यो (यद्यपि सोभियत दूतावासहरू अझै पनि अस्तित्वमा थिए)। <ref>{{cite web |date=22 October 2021 |title=Kazakhstan, Not Russia, Was the Last Republic to the Leave the USSR |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/kazakhstan-not-russia-was-last-republic-leave-ussr-195400}}</ref> डिसेम्बर १८ मा, सोभियत संघको सर्वोच्च सोभियत (गणतन्त्र परिषद्) को माथिल्लो सदनले कमनवेल्थ अफ इन्डिपेन्डेन्ट स्टेट्स (राष्ट्रमण्डल)को निर्माण सम्बन्धी सम्झौतालाई स्वीकार गर्दै र तीव्र राजनीतिक तथा आर्थिक संकटबाट बाहिर निस्कने बाटो प्रदान गर्न यसलाई विचार गर्दै एक विज्ञप्ति पारित गर्‍यो। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Заявление Совета Республик Верховного Совета СССР от 18.12.1991 N 138-Н О поддержке Соглашения Республики Беларусь, РСФСР и Украины о создании Содружества Независимых Государств &#124; ГАРАНТ |trans-title=Statement of the Council of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated 18.12.1991 N 138-N On support for the Agreement of the Republic of Belarus, the RSFSR and Ukraine on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States - GARANTEE |url=http://base.garant.ru/6334158/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407115029/https://base.garant.ru/6334158/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=base.garant.ru |language=ru}}</ref> गोर्बाचेभले येल्तसिनसँग भेट गरे र सोभियत संघको विघटनको वास्तविकता स्वीकार गरे। सोभियत संघको विघटन र औपचारिक रूपमा स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरूको राष्ट्रमण्डल स्थापना गर्ने उद्देश्यले अल्मा-अटा प्रोटोकलमा हस्ताक्षर भएको दिन, रूसी गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले रूसको कानूनी नाम "रूसी सोभियत संघीय समाजवादी गणतन्त्र" बाट "रूसी संघ" मा परिवर्तन गर्न एक विधान अपनायो। यस अनुसार रुस अब पूर्ण रूपमा सार्वभौम गैर-कम्युनिस्ट राज्य थियो। बेलाभेजा सम्झौताले सोभियत संघलाई कानुनी रूपमा विघटन गरेको छ कि छैन भन्ने बारेमा शंकाहरू कायमै थिए, किनकि यसमा तीन गणराज्यले (रुस, बेलारुस, युक्रेन) मात्र हस्ताक्षर गरेका थिए।यद्यपि, डिसेम्बर २१ मा, जर्जिया बाहेक बाँकी १२ गणतन्त्रहरू मध्ये ११ का प्रतिनिधिहरूले अल्मा-अटा प्रोटोकलमा हस्ताक्षर गरे, जसले सोभियत संघको विघटन पुष्टि गर्‍यो र औपचारिक रूपमा राष्ट्रमण्डल स्थापना गर्‍यो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=ПРОТОКОЛ к Соглашению о создании Содружества Независимых Государств, подписанному 8 декабря 1991 года в г. Минске Республикой Беларусь, Российской Федерацией (РСФСР), Украиной |trans-title=Protocol to the Agreement on the Creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, signed on 8 December 1991 in г. Minsk Republic of Belarus, Russian Federation (РСФСР), Ukraine |url=http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511073849/http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=6 |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=cis.minsk.by |language=ru}}</ref> उनीहरूले गोर्बाचेभको राजीनामा पनि "स्वीकार" गरे।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Посткремлевская жизнь правителей |trans-title=Post-Kremlin life of rulers |url=https://www.ng.ru/style/2000-01-06/1-162.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407115029/https://www.ng.ru/style/2000-01-06/1-162.html |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=www.ng.ru |language=ru}}</ref> सोभियत संघको सशस्त्र सेनाको कमान्ड रक्षामन्त्री येभगेनी शापोश्निकोभलाई सुम्पिएको थियो। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Минобороны. Министерство обороны РФ |trans-title=Ministry of Defense. Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation |url=http://www.panorama.ru/prav/minobor.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225004736/http://www.panorama.ru/prav/minobor.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2020 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=www.panorama.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ПРОТОКОЛ совещания Глав Независимых Государств |trans-title=MINUTES of the meeting of the Heads of Independent States |url=http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=3412 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511073849/http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=3412 |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=cis.minsk.by |language=ru}}</ref> यस क्षणमा पनि, गोर्बाचेभले अहिलेसम्म दृश्यबाट पछि हट्ने कुनै औपचारिक योजना बनाएका थिएनन्। यद्यपि, अब बहुमत गणतन्त्रहरूले सोभियत संघ अब अस्तित्वमा छैन भन्ने कुरामा सहमति जनाएपछि, गोर्बाचेभले अपरिहार्यताको अगाडि झुके, सीबीएस न्यूजलाई भने कि उनले सीआईएस साँच्चै वास्तविकता हो भनेर देख्ने बित्तिकै राजीनामा दिनेछन्।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/22/world/end-soviet-union-11-soviet-states-form-commonwealth-without-clearly-defining-its.html|title=11 Soviet States Form Commonwealth Without Clearly Defining Its Powers|last=Clines|first=Francis X.|date=1991-12-22|work=The New York Times|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414022306/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/22/world/end-soviet-union-11-soviet-states-form-commonwealth-without-clearly-defining-its.html|archive-date=2017-04-14|issn=0362-4331|url-status=live}}</ref> [[चित्र:RIAN_archive_469069_Final_session_of_the_Council_for_Nationalities_of_the_USSR_Supreme_Soviet.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|सर्वोच्च सोभियतको माथिल्लो सदनले आफ्नो अन्तिम सत्रमा, २६ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा सोभियत संघको अस्तित्व समाप्त गर्ने मतदान गर्दै।]] २५ डिसेम्बरको साँझ राष्ट्रिय टेलिभिजनमा प्रसारित भाषणमा, गोर्बाचेभले सोभियत संघको राष्ट्रपतिको पदबाट राजीनामा दिए - वा, जसरी उनले भने, "म यसद्वारा सोभियत समाजवादी गणतन्त्र संघको अध्यक्ष पदमा मेरा गतिविधिहरू बन्द गर्दछु।" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Заявление Президента СССР об отставке от 25 декабря 1991 г. |trans-title=Statement of resignation of the President of the USSR, 25 December 1991 |url=https://www.gorby.ru/userfiles/file/zayavleniem_ob_otstavke_prezidenta_sssr_m.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904230942/https://www.gorby.ru/userfiles/file/zayavleniem_ob_otstavke_prezidenta_sssr_m.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |language=ru}}</ref> उनले आफ्नो संस्था समाप्ति घोषणा गरे, र यसको सबै शक्तिहरू (जस्तै आणविक शस्त्रागारको नियन्त्रण)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Указ Президента СССР от 25.12.1991 N УП-3162 |trans-title=Decree of the President of the USSR dated 25.12.1991 N UP-3 |url=http://www.libussr.ru/doc_ussr/usr_19889.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412222644/http://www.libussr.ru/doc_ussr/usr_19889.htm |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=www.libussr.ru |language=ru}}</ref> येल्तसिनलाई सुम्पे। २५ डिसेम्बरको राति, मस्को समय अनुसार ७:३५ बजे, गोर्बाचेभ टेलिभिजनमा देखा परेपछि, सोभियत झण्डा तल झारियो <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 1991 |title=С флагштока над Кремлем спущен советский флаг, поднят российский |trans-title=The Soviet flag is lowered from the flagpole over the Kremlin; the Russian flag is raised |url=https://www.interfax.ru/30years/800619 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101022148/https://www.interfax.ru/30years/800619 |archive-date=1 January 2022 |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=[[Interfax]] |language=ru}}</ref> र ७:४५ बजे [[रूसको झण्डा|रूसी तिरंगा]] यसको ठाउँमा उठाइयो,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/26/world/end-of-the-soviet-union-on-moscow-s-streets-worry-and-regret.html|title=End of the Soviet Union; On Moscow's Streets, Worry and Regret|last=Clarity|first=James F.|date=26 December 1991|work=The New York Times|access-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302163000/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/26/world/end-of-the-soviet-union-on-moscow-s-streets-worry-and-regret.html|archive-date=2 March 2022|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-status=live}}</ref> जुन प्रतीकात्मक रुपमा सोभियत संघको अन्त्यको प्रतीक थियो। आफ्नो बिदाई शब्दहरूमा, गोर्बाचेभले घरेलु सुधारमा आफ्नो रेकर्डको बचाउ गरे, तर स्वीकार गरे, "नयाँले काम सुरु गर्न समय पाउनु अघि पुरानो प्रणाली ध्वस्त भयो।"<ref>{{Cite book|title=The world transformed : 1945 to the present|last=Hunt|first=Michael H.|isbn=9780199371020|pages=323–324|oclc=907585907|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> सोही दिन, [[अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपति|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाका राष्ट्रपति]] [[जर्ज एच डब्लू बुस|जर्ज एच. डब्लु. बुश]]ले बाँकी ११ गणतन्त्रहरूको स्वतन्त्रतालाई आधिकारिक रूपमा मान्यता दिँदै छोटो टेलिभिजन भाषण दिए। गोर्बाचेवको भाषण र सोवियत झन्डाको ठाउँमा रुसी झन्डा फहराएपछि, एक हिसाबले सोवियत यूनियनको अन्त्य भयो। तर, सोभियत संघको विघटनको अन्तिम कानुनी कदम डिसेम्बर २६ मा बयो, जब सोभियत संघको सर्वोच्च सोभियतको माथिल्लो सदन, सोभियत अफ नेसनालिटिले बेलाभेजा सम्झौतालाई अनुमोदन गर्‍यो, जसले गर्दा सोभियत संघको अस्तित्व समाप्त भयो।<ref name="ReferenceC2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt5OLD3vp4UC&q=26+december+1991+ussr&pg=PR5|title=Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis|isbn=9781563246371|last1=Brzezinski|first1=Zbigniew|last2=Brzezinski|first2=Zbigniew K.|last3=Sullivan|first3=Paige|year=1997|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124205853/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt5OLD3vp4UC&q=26+december+1991+ussr&pg=PR5|url-status=live}}</ref> (तल्लो सदन, सोभियत अफ युनियन, रूसी प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई फिर्ता बोलाउँदा डिसेम्बर १२ देखि काम गर्न असमर्थ थियो, कोरम बिना नै छोडियो).<ref name="sssr.net.ru2" /> भोलिपल्ट येल्तसिन गोर्बाचेभको पूर्व कार्यालयमा सरे, ,<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2016 |title=Как меня хоронили |trans-title=How I was buried |url=http://www.novayagazeta.ru/society/66087.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727023444/http://www.novayagazeta.ru/society/66087.html |archive-date=27 July 2016 |website=Novaya Gazeta |language=ru}}</ref> यद्यपि रूसी अधिकारीहरूले दुई दिन अघि नै सुइटलाई आफ्नो नियन्त्रणमा लिएका थिए। सोभियत सशस्त्र सेनाहरूलाई स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरूको राष्ट्रमंडलको कमान्डमा राखिएको थियो, तर अन्ततः नयाँ स्वतन्त्र गणतन्त्रहरूले यसलाई समाहित गरे, जसको ठूलो हिस्सा रूसी संघको सशस्त्र सेना बन्यो। १९९१ को अन्त्यसम्ममा, रूसले कब्जा नगरेका केही बाँकी सोभियत संस्थाहरूले सञ्चालन बन्द गरे, र स्वतन्त्र नयाँ गणतन्त्रहरूले केन्द्रीय सरकारको भूमिका ग्रहण गरे। == सोभियत संघको विघटनमा गोर्बाचेभको भूमिका == गोर्भाचोबको नीतिको कारण सोवियत संघको केन्द्रीय सत्ता कमजोर भयो, फलस्वरूप सोवियत संघमा केन्द्र विरूद्ध संघर्ष गर्बे शक्ति हौसले बढ्दै गयो। गोर्बाचोबको नीतिले गणराज्यहरूको सोवियत संघसँग अलग हुनलाई मान्यता दियो। फलस्वरूप हेर्दा हेर्दै एकपछि अर्को गर्दै सोवियत संघ के गणराज्य स्वतंत्र भए र सोवियत संघको विघटन भयो। यो गोर्भाचोबको नीतिहरूको नै परिणाम थियो कि सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको शक्तिमा निरन्तर ह्रास हुँदै गयो। फलतः सोवियत संघलाई एकताको सूत्रमा बाध्ने सबैभन्दा ठूलो सम्पर्क सुत्रको शक्ति घट्दै गयो। यसको परिणाम कम्युनिस्ट बिरोधी शक्ति बढ्दै गयो। अमेरिका र पाश्चात्य देशहरूले पनि सोवियत संघलाई टोड्ने शक्तिलाई समर्थन गरे। परिणामस्वरूप यी शक्ति सोवियत संघको एकतालाई खोक्रो बनाउँदै गए। गोर्बाच्योवले पूर्वी यूरोपमा पनि साम्यवादको किल्लालाई पतन हुन नदिन कुनै प्रयास गरेनन्, बरु उनको नीतिको कारण पूर्वी यूरोपमा साम्यवाद विरोधी शक्ति हावी भयो। चेकोस्लोवाकिया, रोमानिया, हंगरी, पूर्वी जर्मनीमा साम्यवादको पतम भयो र यो पतनले सोवियत संघको [[महाशक्ति]]को छविलाई समाप्त गरिदियो। सोभियत संघको पतनको जिम्मेवारी गोर्बाचेभ एक्लैले लिन्छन् भन्न सजिलो छ। त्यसो गर्नु भनेको कुनै पनि व्यक्तिलाई ऐतिहासिक प्रवृत्ति भन्दा बढी महत्त्वपूर्ण ठान्नु हो। गोर्बाचेभ यी ऐतिहासिक प्रवृत्तिहरूलाई प्रतिबिम्बित गर्ने ऐना मात्र थिए, तर उनी आफैं चकनाचुर भए। वास्तवमा, सोभियत संघको विघटनको बीउ यसको स्थापनामा रोपिएको थियो। समाजवादी प्रणालीलाई दिगो बनाउन, देश भित्र समाजवादी मानवता र संस्कृति खेती गर्नु आवश्यक थियो, जुन कार्य सोभियत प्रणालीले हासिल गर्न असफल भयो। स्टालिनको शासनकालमा लगभग दुई दशकसम्म, सोभियत संघको एकता केन्द्रीय सरकारको निर्दयी जबरजस्ती अनुशासनले मात्र कायम राखेको थियो। देशका विभिन्न भागहरूलाई साम्यवादको रक्षा गर्न राष्ट्रिय हित वा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय भ्रातृत्वको नाममा बलिदान दिन बाध्य पारिएको थियो। यो त्यस्तो होइन कि असन्तुष्टि र क्रोध उत्पन्न भएन; यो केवल दमनकारी नीतिहरूले उनीहरूको आवाज अभिव्यक्तिलाई गाह्रो बनायो। गोर्बाचेभको उदार नीतिहरूले यो क्रोध व्यक्त गर्ने तरिका प्रदान गर्‍यो। == सोभियत संघको विघटनको प्रभाव == [[चित्र:EasternBloc_BasicMembersOnly.svg|दायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|454x454पिक्सेल|पूर्वी ब्लक देशहरू]] सोभियत संघको विघटनले विश्व राजनीतिक परिदृश्यलाई नै परिवर्तन गरिदियो। सोभियत संघ [[महाशक्ति]] रहेन, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका एकमात्र महाशक्तिको रूपमा रह्यो र विश्व एकध्रुवीय भयो। अमेरिकाले सम्पूर्ण विश्वमा आफ्नो प्रभुत्व स्थापित गर्‍यो। सोभियत संघको विघटनसँगै [[शीतयुद्ध]] स्वतः समाप्त भयो। * पूर्वी युरोपेली देशहरूमा साम्यवादको अन्त्य भयो र बहुदलीय लोकतान्त्रिक शासन प्रणाली स्थापित भयो। * सोभियत संघको पतनले तेस्रो विश्वका देशहरूलाई गम्भीर रूपमा असर गर्‍यो, जसले सोभियत संघबाट आर्थिक, सैन्य र प्राविधिक सहयोग प्राप्त गरेका थिए। विघटित गणतन्त्रहरूले अब सहयोग प्रदान गर्ने क्षमता राखेनन्। यस सन्दर्भमा, तेस्रो विश्व नव-उपनिवेशवादको खतराको सामना गरिरहेको छ। * विश्वमा बजार अर्थतन्त्रलाई बलियो भयो। लामो सनयसम्म दमन र नागरिक स्वतन्त्रतालाई कुल्चचेर शासन चलाउन सकिदैन भन्ने विश्वासलाई बलियो बनायो। यसले, फलस्वरूप, लोकतान्त्रिक प्रक्रियालाई प्रवर्द्धन गर्‍यो। === आर्थिक गिरावट र अत्यधिक मृत्युदर === शीतयुद्धको अन्त्य पछिका दशकहरूमा, सोभियत संघका पाँच वा छ वटा राज्यहरू मात्र पश्चिमका धनी पूँजीवादी राज्यहरूमा सामेल हुने बाटोमा छन्, र धेरैजसो पछि परेका छन्, केही यति हदसम्म कि साम्यवादको अन्त्य हुनुभन्दा पहिलेको अवस्थामा पुग्न ५० वर्षभन्दा बढी समय लाग्नेछ।<ref>{{cite book|last=Ghodsee|first=Kristen|date=2017|title=Red Hangover: Legacies of Twentieth-Century Communism|url=https://www.dukeupress.edu/red-hangover|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|pages=63–64|isbn=978-0822369493|author-link=Kristen Ghodsee|access-date=4 August 2018|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207032254/https://www.dukeupress.edu/red-hangover|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/05775132.2015.1012402| title =After the Wall Fell: The Poor Balance Sheet of the Transition to Capitalism| journal =[[Challenge (economics magazine)|Challenge]]| volume = 58| issue = 2| pages =135–138| year = 2015| last1 = Milanović | first1 = Branko| s2cid =153398717|author-link=Branko Milanović}}</ref> २०११ सम्म, पूर्व सोभियत गणतन्त्रहरूको अनुभव मिश्रित थियो, केहीले कुल गार्हस्थ्य उत्पादनको हिसाबले सुधार गरेका थिए भने केहीले सुधार गरेका थिएनन्।<ref>{{Cite web |title=End of the USSR: visualising how the former Soviet countries are doing, 20 years on {{!}} Russia {{!}} The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/aug/17/ussr-soviet-countries-data |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=amp.theguardian.com |date=17 August 2011 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128064905/https://amp.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/aug/17/ussr-soviet-countries-data |url-status=live }}</ref> सोभियत संघ पछिका राष्ट्रहरूमा जिडिपी मा उल्लेखनीय गिरावट आएको थियो र औसतमा लगभग ५१% थियो। १९९० देखि २००० सम्म, जिडिपी मा गिरावट निम्नानुसार थियो:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dabrowski |first=Marek |date=2022-07-29 |title=Thirty years of economic transition in the former Soviet Union: Macroeconomic dimension |url=https://rujec.org/article/90947/ |journal=Russian Journal of Economics |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=95–121 |doi=10.32609/j.ruje.8.90947 |issn=2405-4739|doi-access=free }}</ref> * आर्मेनियामा ६३% * अजरबैजानमा ६०% * बेलारुसमा ३५% * इस्टोनियामा ३५% * जर्जियामा ७८% * काजाकिस्तानमा ४१% * किर्गिस्तानमा ५०% * लाटभियामा ५१% * लिथुआनियामा ४४% * मोल्डोभामा ६३% * रूसमा ४०% * ताजिकिस्तानमा ५०% * तुर्कमेनिस्तानमा ४८% * युक्रेनमा ५९% सोभियत संघको पतन पछि शान्तिकालमा रूसले औसत आयुमा रेकर्ड गरिएको इतिहासमा सबैभन्दा ठूलो गिरावट अनुभव गर्यो।<ref name=":BMJ">{{Cite journal|last=Ciment|first=James|date=1999-08-21|title=Life expectancy of Russian men falls to 58|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1116380/|journal=BMJ : British Medical Journal|pages=468}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Men|first=Tamara|last2=Brennan|first2=Paul|last3=Boffetta|first3=Paolo|last4=Zaridze|first4=David|date=2003-10-25|title=Russian mortality trends for 1991-2001: analysis by cause and region|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC259165/|journal=BMJ : British Medical Journal|volume=327|issue=7421|pages=964}}</ref> ९० को दशकको अन्त्यतिर सोभियत संघको पतन पछि गरिबी आकाशियो। गरिबीको रेखामुनि बाँच्ने मानिसहरूको संख्या १९८७-८८ मा ३% बाट २०% वा लगभग ८ करोड ८० लाख पुगेको थियो।<ref name=":RSE">{{Cite journal|last=Izyumov|first=Alexei|date=2010|title=Human Costs of Post-communist Transition: Public Policies and Private Response|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41288494|journal=Review of Social Economy|volume=68|issue=1|pages=93–125}}</ref> Only 4% of the region lived on $4 a day or less but by 1994 this number skyrocketed to 32%.<ref name=":BMJ" /> पूर्वी ब्लकको पतन पछि अपराध, मदिरा सेवन, लागूपदार्थको प्रयोग र आत्महत्या सबै आकाशिएको थियो।<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":RSE" /> अर्थशास्त्री स्टीवन रोजफिल्डले सन् २००१ मा गरेको एक अध्ययनमा, उनले गणना गरे कि १९९० देखि १९९८ सम्म रूसमा ३४ लाख अकाल मृत्यु भएको थियो, जसको लागि उनी आंशिक रूपमा वाशिंगटन सहमतिसँगै आएको "[[सक थेरापी]]" लाई दोष दिन्छन्। <ref>{{cite journal |last1= Rosefielde|first1=Steven|date=2001 |title=Premature Deaths: Russia's Radical Economic Transition in Soviet Perspective|journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies]]|volume=53 |issue=8 |pages=1159–1176|doi= 10.1080/09668130120093174|s2cid=145733112}}</ref> २०१७ को एक अध्ययनले अनुमान गरेको छ कि समग्रमा ७० लाख अकाल मृत्यु शक थेरापीको परिणामस्वरूप भएको थियो।<ref name="AzarovaEtAl2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Azarova |first1=Aytalina |last2=Irdam |first2=Darja |last3=Gugushvili |first3=Alexi |last4=Fazekas |first4=Mihaly |last5=Scheiring |first5=Gábor |last6=Horvat |first6=Pia |last7=Stefler |first7=Denes |last8=Kolesnikova |first8=Irina |last9=Popov |first9=Vladimir |last10=Szelenyi |first10=Ivan |last11=Stuckler |first11=David |last12=Marmot |first12=Michael |last13=Murphy |first13=Michael |last14=McKee |first14=Martin |last15=Bobak |first15=Martin |date=2017-05-01 |title=The effect of rapid privatisation on mortality in mono-industrial towns in post-Soviet Russia: a retrospective cohort study |journal=The Lancet Public Health |language=English |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=e231–e238 |doi=10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30072-5 |issn=2468-2667 |pmid=28626827|pmc=5459934 }}</ref> ===सोभियत पश्चात् का द्वन्द === ===चीन=== ===क्युबा=== ===उत्तर कोरिया=== ===इजरायल === ===अफ्गानिस्तान=== ===खेलकुद === ===दूरसञ्चार === ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[सोभियत सङ्घ|सोभियत संघ]] * [[रुस|रूस]] * [[साम्यवाद]] * [[साम्यवादको पतन]] ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} {{ढाँचा:Cold War}} [[श्रेणी:रुसको इतिहास]] [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] a4bt6erh5qbucshioj2zh4tfgjdbxnj 1358414 1358405 2026-06-08T12:28:12Z Biplab Anand 13653 Biplab Anand ले [[सोभियत संघको विघटन]] मा पुनर्निर्देश नछोडि त्यसलाई [[सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन]] मा सारेको हो: [[व्याकरण|व्याकरणीय]] अशुद्ध शीर्षक: प्रचलित शीर्षकमा सार्दै 1358405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event | title = सोभियत संघको विघटन{{Efn|{{langx|ru|Распад Советского Союза|Raspád Sovétskogo Soyúza}}, also negatively connoted as {{langx|ru|Развал Советского Союза|Razvál Sovétskogo Soyúza}}, ''Ruining of the Soviet Union''.}} | Image_Name = Map of USSR with SSR names.svg | Imagesize = 300px | Image_Alt = Labeled map of the 15 Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union. Listed include: | caption = Between 1990 and 1991, all 15 [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Republics]] broke out from the Soviet Union. | participants = {{bulleted list|सोभियत संघ|सोभियत सरकार|सोभियत गणराज्यका सरकारहरू|सोभियत स्वायत्त गणराज्यका सरकारहरू|[[राष्ट्रवाद|राष्ट्रवादी]] र [[उदारवाद|उदारवादी]] विपक्षी}} | date = {{nowrap|{{start and end dates|1988|11|16|1991|12|26|df=y}}}}<br>(3 years, 1 month, and 10 days) | location = {{Collapsible list |title=[[सोभियत सङ्घ]] |bullets=on |'''पूर्व सोभियत गणराज्य''':<br/> * [[रसिया]], * [[युक्रेन]], * [[बेलारुस]],{{ref label|a|a}} * [[लिथुआनिया]], * [[लात्भिया]], * [[इस्टोनिया]], * [[मोल्दोभा]],{{ref label|c|c}} * [[जर्जिया]], * [[आर्मेनिया]], * [[अजरबैजान]], * [[कजाख्स्तान|कजाखस्तान]], * [[तुर्कमेनिस्तान|तुर्केमिनिस्तान]],{{ref label|p|d}} * [[उज्बेकिस्तान]] * [[ताजिकिस्तान]], * [[किर्गिस्तान]],{{ref label|b|b}} |'''[[Post-Soviet states#Separatist conflicts|Self-proclaimed breakaway states]]'''{{ref label|e|e}}:<br/> * '''अब्खाजिया''' (1992–present), * [[Republic of Artsakh|Artsakh]] (1991–2023), * [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria|Ichkeria]] (1991–2000), * [[Republic of Crimea (Russia)|Crimea]] (1992; 2014), * [[Gagauz Republic|Gagauzia]] (1990–95), * [[Karakalpakstan]] (1992–93), * [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]] (1990–93), * '''[[South Ossetia]]''' (1992–present), * [[Tatarstan#Present-day|Tatarstan]] (1992–94), * '''ट्रास्न्सनिस्ट्रिया''' (1990–present) }} | cause = {{Collapsible list |title=विघटनको कारणहरू |bullets=on| मुल कारण * आर्थिक सुस्तताको युग * सोभियत संघ भित्र जातीय तनाब * [[ग्लास्नोस्त]] र [[पेरेस्त्रोइका]] नीति * आर्थिक तथा राजनैतिक बिराम, विशेष गरी [[वार्सा सम्झौता|वार्सा सन्धी]]मा * सोभियत राज्यहरूमा कम्युनिस्ट बिरोधी, सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी बिरोधी, र पश्चिमा सर्मर्थक प्रदर्शन }} | result = {{Collapsible list|सोभियत संघ १५ स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरूमा बिखन्डन |सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको शासनको अन्त्य |एघार स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरू बीच कमनवेल्थ अफ इन्डिपेनडेन्ट स्टेट्सको स्थापना |पूर्व स्वायत्त क्षेत्रहरूमा कयौं पृथकतावादी आन्दोलन, अधिकांश असफल |कयौं सैन्य द्वन्द र जातीय तनाब, जसबाट मानबीय संकट उत्पन्न भयो र धेरै मानिसहरू बिस्थापित भए |Republics declare [[multi-party system|multi-party]] [[Presidential republic|presidential]] or [[semi-presidential republic|semi-presidential]] systems|Republics move to adopt [[capitalism|capitalist]] [[market economy]]|[[Soviet ruble|Ruble]] zone active in most of the new states between 1991 and 1994, with national currencies adopted later|Unified [[Soviet Armed Forces]] divided {{Circa|1992}}–1993|[[Black Sea Fleet dispute]] between Russia and Ukraine from 1992 to 1997 and its [[Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet|partition]] in 1997.|Lease of [[Sevastopol Naval Base]] to [[Russia]], [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|terminated in 2014]]|Issues with value loss of savings of former Soviet citizens|Issues with social and medical support for veterans of the [[Soviet–Afghan War]]|Relocation of the [[Soviet Armed Forces]] from [[East Germany]] and the rest of [[Central Europe]]|Economic support to [[North Korea]] had stopped|Start of the [[Special Period]] in [[Cuba]]|End of the [[Cold War]] with [[Western Bloc]] victory|Decline of [[Communism|communist]] and far-left movements around the world|[[चीन]] बिश्वको सबैभन्दा ठूलो कम्युनिस्ट राष्ट्र रह्यो। | अमेरिका विश्वको एकमात्र [[महाशक्ति]] बन्यो। }} | partof = [[शीतयुद्ध]] | notes = <div style="text-align: left">{{nowrap|{{note|a}} Then romanized as ''Byelorussia'' ({{langx|ru|Белоруссия}}).}}<br/>{{note|b}} Then romanized as ''Kirghizia'' ({{langx|ru|Киргизия}}).<br/>{{note|c}} Then romanized as ''Moldavia'' ({{langx|ru|Молдавия}}).<br/>{{note|d}} Then romanized as ''Turkmenia'' ({{langx|ru|Туркмения}}).<br/>{{note|e}} States in '''bold''' still exist to this present day.</div> | mapframe = no }}१९९१ डिसेम्बर २६ मा, [[सोभियत सङ्घ|सोभियत संघ]]को विघटन भएको घोषणा भयो। यो घोषणामा सोभियत संघका पूर्व गणतन्त्रहरूलाई स्वतन्त्र राज्यको रूपमा मान्यता दिइयो। विघटन हुनुभन्दा अघि [[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ|मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभ]] सोभियत संघका राष्ट्रपति थिए। विघटनको घोषणा हुनुभन्दा अघिल्लो दिन उनले राजीनामा दिएका थिए। यो विघटन प्रक्रियाको सुरुवात सामान्यतया गोर्बाचेभले सत्ता ग्रहण गर्नुसँग सम्बन्धित छ। वास्तवमा, सोभियत संघको विघटनको प्रक्रिया धेरै पहिले नै सुरु भइसकेको थियो। १९९१ मा सोभियत संघको पतन धेरै कारणहंरू थिए: दीर्घकालीन आर्थिक सुस्तता, [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]सँगको हतियार दौड र विदेशी द्वन्द्वको दिगो वित्तीय भार, यसका आंगिक गणराज्यहरू भित्र तीव्र जातीय राष्ट्रवाद र पृथकतावाद, र गोर्बाचेभको सुधारहरू (विशेष गरी ग्लासनोस्ट र पेरेस्ट्रोइका) को अस्थिरता बनाउने प्रभावहरू। यो प्रक्रिया देशका विभिन्न घटक गणराज्यहरूमा बढ्दो अशान्तिसँगै सुरु भयो। अशान्ति गणराज्य र केन्द्रीय सरकार बीचको निरन्तर राजनीतिक र विधायीकी द्वन्द्वमा परिणत भयो। १६ नोभेम्बर १९८८ मा संघ भित्र राज्य सार्वभौमिकता घोषणा गर्ने इस्टोनिया पहिलो सोभियत गगणराज्य थियो। लिथुआनिया सोभियत संघबाट पुनर्स्थापित पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता घोषणा गर्ने पहिलो गणराज्य थियो, त्यसपछि यसको बाल्टिक छिमेकी लाटभिया, र दक्षिणी काकेशस गणराज्य जर्जिया अर्को दुई महिनामा यसमा सामेल भयो। १९९१ को अगस्टको असफल कुको समयमा, कम्युनिस्ट कट्टरपन्थी र सैन्य अभिजात वर्गले गोर्बाचेभलाई अपदस्थ गर्ने र असफल सुधारहरूलाई रोक्ने प्रयास गरे। यद्यपि, उथलपुथलको कारण केन्द्रीय सरकारले मस्कोको प्रभाव गुमायो, अन्ततः धेरै गणराज्यहरूले त्यसपछिका दिन र महिनाहरूमा स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणा गरे। २५ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा, गोर्बाचेभले राजीनामा दिए र आणविक प्रक्षेपण कोडहरूको नियन्त्रण सहित - आफ्नो राष्ट्रपतिय अधिकार - [[बोरिस येल्तसिन|येल्तसिन]]लाई सुम्पिए, जो अब [[रुसको राष्ट्रपति|रूसी संघका पहिलो राष्ट्रपति]] बनेका थिए। त्यो साँझ, सोभियत झण्डा अन्तिम पटक क्रेमलिनबाट तल झारियो र [[रूसको झण्डा|रूसी तिरंगा झण्डा]] फहराइयो। भोलिपल्ट, सोभियत संघको माथिल्लो सदनको सर्वोच्च सोभियत, गणतन्त्रहरूको सोभियतले औपचारिक रूपमा संघलाई विघटन गर्‍यो। <ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite journal |title=Declaration No. 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, formally establishing the dissolution of the Soviet Union as a state and subject of international law. |url=https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%BE%D1%82_26.12.1991_%E2%84%96_142-%D0%9D |journal=Russian Wikisource |language=ru}}</ref> यस घटनाको परिणामस्वरूप यसका १५ घटक गणतन्त्रहरूले पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्त गरे र [[शीतयुद्ध]]को अन्त्य भयो।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marques |first=Clara Ferreira |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-12-23/30-years-later-soviet-union-s-collapse-still-hasessons-for-china |title=For China, USSR's 1991 Collapse is Still News It Can Use |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=23 December 2021 |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107200259/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-12-23/30-years-later-soviet-union-s-collapse-still-has-lessons-for-china |url-status=live }}</ref> == पृष्ठभूमि == [[चित्र:Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg|दायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|500x500पिक्सेल|१९८९ मा उदय भएका सोभियत संघका भागहरू]] १९१७ को बोल्सेभिक क्रान्तिले सोभियत संघ भनिने नयाँ [[साम्यवाद|कम्युनिस्ट]] राज्यलाई जन्म दियो। सोभियत संघले सुरुमा नै स्पष्ट पारेको थियो कि यसको राजनीतिक प्रणाली र कम्युनिस्ट संगठनहरू समाजवादी विचारधारामा आधारित हुनेछन्, र कम्युनिस्ट मार्क्सवादी विश्वदृष्टिकोण राष्ट्रिय हित परिभाषित गर्ने एकमात्र मापदण्ड हुनेछ। स्वाभाविक रूपमा, [[पूँजीवाद|पूँजीवादी]] पश्चिमी राज्यहरूले यो क्रान्तिकारी कम्युनिस्ट राज्यलाई आफ्नो प्राकृतिक शत्रुको रूपमा बुझे। १९२० र १९३० को दशकमा [[भ्लादिमिर लेनिन|लेनिनको]] मृत्युपछि, [[जोसेफ स्टालिन|स्टालिनले]] आफूलाई सर्वोच्च नेताको रूपमा स्थापित गरे, देशमा कम्युनिष्ट पार्टीको [[तानाशाही]] स्थापना भयो। स्टालिनले आफ्ना विरोधीहरूलाई क्रूरतापूर्वक समाप्त पारे र दमन गरे। यस कारण सोभियत संघलाई लोकतन्त्रको उल्लङ्घन गर्ने राज्यको रूपमा चिनियो। स्टालिनको मृत्यु पछि पनि, [[निकिता ख्रुश्चेभ|ख्रुश्चेभ]] र [[लियोनिद ब्रेझनेभ|ब्रेज्नेभ]]को शासनकालमा अधिनायकवादी प्रवृत्तिहरू कायम रह्यो। नागरिक स्वतन्त्रता, प्रशासन र विदेश यात्रामा प्रतिबन्धहरू जारी रहे। एक अर्थमा, जनभावनामाथि "फलामको पर्दा" राखिएको थियो। "[[सर्वहारावर्गको अधिनायकत्व|सर्वहारा वर्गको अधिनायकत्व]]" को अर्थ नै सर्वहारा वर्गको हातमा शक्ति हुनुपर्छ भन्ने थियो। श्रमजीवी जनताको आधारभूत अधिकारको ग्यारेन्टी गर्नु र राज्य नीति निर्माणमा उनीहरूको सहभागिता सुनिश्चित गर्नु समाजवादी प्रजातन्त्रको सार थियो। सोभियत संघले यो प्रजातन्त्र स्थापना गर्ने प्रयास गरेन। फलस्वरूप, "सर्वहारा वर्गको अधिनायकत्व" सर्वहारा वर्गमाथि राज्य र पार्टीको शीर्ष पदमा रहेका नेताहरूको अधिनायकत्वमा परिणत भयो। जनता राज्य र प्रणालीप्रति उदासीन भए। उनीहरूको उदासीनता र आक्रोश यस्तो स्तरमा पुग्यो कि जब प्रणाली समाप्त भयो, जनताको कुनै पनि वर्गबाट यसको बचाउमा एक आवाज पनि उठेन। [[रुस|रूस]] भौगोलिक रूपमा विश्वको सबैभन्दा ठूलो राज्य मात्र थिएन, तर यसको जनसंख्या पनि अदभूत बिबिधतायुक्त थियो। रूसी जारहरूले यो विशाल साम्राज्यलाई केन्द्रीय प्रशासन अन्तर्गत ल्याउन कुनै प्रयास गरेनन्, तर सोभियत कम्युनिष्ट पार्टीले यसलाई केन्द्रीकृत गर्ने प्रयास गरे, र यो जातीय विविधता सोभियत संघको राष्ट्रिय एकता र अखण्डताको लागि खतरा बनी रह्यो। सोभियत कम्युनिष्ट पार्टीले यो जटिल समस्याको समाधान खोज्न सकेन। [[शीतयुद्ध|शीतयुद्धको समयमा,]] पश्चिमी शक्तिहरूको प्रचारले यो चुनौतीलाई बढाउँदै लग्यो। सोभियत साम्राज्यले आफ्नो प्रभावमा ल्याएपछि [[हङ्गेरी|हंगेरी]], [[पोल्यान्ड|पोल्याण्ड]], [[चेकोस्लोभाकिया]], [[रोमानिया]] आदि सबै पूर्वी देशहरूमा स्वतन्त्रताको चाहना सोभियत साम्राज्यको लागि चिन्ताको विषय बनेको थियो। सोभियत संघको कम्युनिष्ट पार्टीले अगाडि सारेका आर्थिक विकास र सामाजिक पुनर्निर्माणका उपायहरू असफल साबित भए। [[लिओन त्रोत्स्की|ट्रोटस्की]] जस्ता आलोचकहरूले धेरै पहिले स्टालिनका नीतिहरूलाई समाजवाद प्रति विश्वासघातको रूपमा निन्दा गरेका थिए र ख्रुश्चेभले पनि स्टालिन र स्टालिनवादको निन्दा गरेका थिए। ख्रुश्चेभको शासनकालमा, [[माओ त्सेतुङ|माओवादी]] चीनले पनि सोभियत संघ कम्युनिष्ट क्रान्तिकारी राज्य हुन छोडेको र सुधारवादी, प्रतिक्रियावादी, अवसरवादी, सम्झौतावादी शक्ति बनेको आरोप लगाउन थालेको थियो। यसरी, सोभियत नेतृत्वले आफ्ना सहयोगीहरू, अन्य कम्युनिष्ट देशहरूको विश्वास गुमायो। यसलाई सामूहिक, राष्ट्रिय र क्रान्तिकारी हितभन्दा आफ्नो राष्ट्रिय हितलाई प्राथमिकता दिने रूपमा हेरिएको थियो। चाहे त्यो सोभियत-चीन विवाद होस् वा पूर्वी युरोपका कम्युनिष्ट देशहरूमा असन्तुष्टि, यी सबैले सोभियत कम्युनिष्टहरूलाई कमजोर बनाए। सोभियत संघको विघटनको लागि कम्युनिष्ट पार्टीको शीर्ष नेतृत्व पनि केही हदसम्म जिम्मेवार थियो। सोभियत संघमा पार्टी र राज्य बीच कुनै भिन्नता नभएकोले, पार्टी र राज्य दुवैको नेतृत्व उनीहरूसँगै रह्यो। पार्टी नेतृत्व आफ्नो विशेषाधिकार प्राप्त जीवनशैली, नातावाद र भ्रष्ट अभ्यासहरूका लागि कुख्यात भयो। फलस्वरूप, सोभियत नेताहरूले जनताका लागि आदर्शको रूपमा आफ्नो भूमिका गुमाए। === आर्थिक संकट === [[आर्थिक विकास|आर्थिक विकासको]] सन्दर्भमा, सैन्य र रणनीतिक क्षेत्रमा सोभियत उपलब्धिहरू अमेरिकीहरूको बराबर र कहिलेकाहीं उछिनेको देखिए पनि, यी उपलब्धिहरूले सोभियत संघको आर्थिक वृद्धि दरलाई उल्लेखनीय रुपमा पछि पार्‍यो। वास्तवमा, उन्नत अनुसन्धानको लागि प्रतिस्पर्धा, हतियार उत्पादनमा अत्यधिक खर्च, र आफ्नो प्रभुत्व कायम राख्न अन्य देशहरू (अफगानिस्तान, प्यालेस्टाइन) को आन्तरिक समस्याहरूमा हस्तक्षेपले सोभियत संघको अर्थतन्त्रको पतन निम्त्यायो। यसबाहेक, पूर्वी युरोपमा स्थापित समाजवादी राज्यहरूलाई आर्थिक, सैन्य र राजनीतिक समर्थन प्रदान गर्नु सोभियत संघको नैतिक जिम्मेवारी थियो। यसबाहेक, नयाँ स्वतन्त्र देशहरूको अर्थतन्त्रलाई अमेरिकी शिविरमा पर्नबाट रोक्न आर्थिक सहयोग प्रदान गर्नु यसको नीति थियो। यी सबै कारणहरूले सोभियत संघको आर्थिक पतन निम्त्यायो। १९७० देखि १९८५ सम्म सोभियत संघको वृद्धि दर १०% ले घट्यो। मेसिनरी र उपकरण निर्यातको हिस्सा घट्यो। कृषि र औद्योगिक उत्पादनमा गिरावट आयो। फलस्वरूप, उपभोग्य वस्तुहरूको लागि लामो लाइनहरू बन्न थाले, र नागरिकहरूको जीवनस्तर घट्यो। यसरी, औसत उपभोक्ताको लागि अभाव सामान्य कुरा हुन थाल्यो। शीतयुद्धको समयमा पश्चिमी प्रचार कम्युनिष्ट प्रणाली उत्पादन र वितरण दुवैमा पूर्ण असफल भएको प्रमाणित गर्नमा केन्द्रित थियो। अभावको यो वातावरण, बढ्दो उपभोक्ता असन्तुष्टि, अभिव्यक्ति स्वतन्त्रताको अभाव र मानव अधिकार उल्लङ्घनले सोभियत प्रणालीलाई अझ चर्काएको थियो। संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकासँग [[परमाणु निर्मित अस्त्र-शस्त्रों|आणविक हतियारमा]] प्रतिस्पर्धा गर्ने महत्वाकांक्षाले सोभियत संघको अर्थतन्त्रमा ठूलो बोझ ल्यायो। राष्ट्रपति रेगनको नेतृत्वमा घोषणा गरिएको [[स्टार वार्स परियोजना|स्टार वार्स परियोजनालाई]] रद्द गर्न, सोभियत संघले आफ्नो रक्षा बजेटमा भारी वृद्धि गर्नुपर्‍यो। सोही समयमा, सोभियत संघले [[अफगानिस्तान|अफगानिस्तानमा]] सैन्य हस्तक्षेप गर्‍यो। यो हस्तक्षेपले सोभियत संघमा आर्थिक बोझ मात्र थपेन तर यसलाई अलोकप्रिय पनि बनायो। यसले सोभियत संघलाई अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय समुदायमा पूर्ण रूपमा एक्लो बनायो। त्यही समयमा, पूर्वी युरोपमा कम्युनिस्ट सोभियत साम्राज्यलाई चुनौती दिँदै क्रान्तिकारी आन्दोलन सुरु भयो। पोल्याण्डमा, सैन्य संगठन " [[सॉलिडेटरी|सोलिडारिटी" ले]] आफ्नो देशको कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी विरुद्ध लडिरहेको थियो, र [[रोमानिया|रोमानियामा]], [[चेचेस्क्यू|चाउसेस्कुको]] भ्रष्ट शासनलाई समर्थन गर्न गाह्रो हुँदै गइरहेको थियो। यी परिस्थितिहरूमा मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभले सत्ता ग्रहण गरे। === गोर्बाचेभ र उनका नीतिहरू === [[चित्र:Mikhail_Gorbachev_1987.jpg|दायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|305x305पिक्सेल|मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभ]] मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभ ११ मार्च १९८५ मा पोलिटब्युरोद्वारा महासचिवमा निर्वाचित भए। उनको चयन उनका पूर्ववर्ती कोन्स्टान्टिन चेर्नेन्कोको ७३ वर्षको उमेरमा मृत्यु भएको चार घण्टाभन्दा बढी समयपछि भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/12/world/chernenko-dead-moscow-73-gorbachev-succeeds-him-urges-arms-control-economic.html |title=Chernenko is Dead in Moscow at 73; Gorbachev Succeeds Him and Urges Arms Control and Economic Vigor |work=द न्युयोर्क टाइम्स|date=12 March 1985 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008023935/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/12/world/chernenko-dead-moscow-73-gorbachev-succeeds-him-urges-arms-control-economic.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ५४ वर्षीय गोर्बाचेभ पोलिटब्युरोका सबैभन्दा कान्छा सदस्य थिए। महासचिवको रूपमा उनको प्रारम्भिक लक्ष्य स्थिर सोभियत अर्थतन्त्रलाई पुनर्जीवित गर्नु थियो। त्यसो गर्न अन्तर्निहित राजनीतिक र सामाजिक संरचनाहरूमा सुधार आवश्यक पर्ने उनले महसुस गरे।<ref>{{cite web |date=27 March 2009 |title=Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв (Mikhail Sergeyevičh Gorbačhëv) |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/ussr/ussr_state/gorbachev.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111111753/http://www.archontology.org/nations/ussr/ussr_state/gorbachev.php |archive-date=11 November 2019 |access-date=3 April 2009 |publisher=Archontology}}</ref> सुधारको सुरुवात ब्रेज्नेभ-युगका वरिष्ठ अधिकारीहरूको कर्मचारी परिवर्तनबाट सुरु भयो जसले राजनीतिक र आर्थिक परिवर्तनमा बाधा पुर्‍याउन सक्थे।<ref>{{cite book|last1=Carrere D'Encausse |first1=Helene|title=The End of the Soviet Empire: The Triumph of the Nations|url=https://archive.org/details/endofsovietemp00carr |url-access=registration |date=1993|publisher=BasicBooks |location=New York|isbn=978-0-465-09812-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/endofsovietemp00carr/page/16 16]|edition=English |translator-first= Franklin|translator-last= Philip}}</ref> २३ अप्रिल १९८५ मा, गोर्बाचेभले दुई कार्यकर्ता, येगोर लिगाचेभ र निकोलाई रिज्कोभलाई पूर्ण सदस्यको रूपमा पोलिटब्यूरोमा ल्याए। उनले केजीबी प्रमुख भिक्टर चेब्रिकोभलाई उम्मेदवारबाट पूर्ण सदस्यमा पदोन्नति गरेर र रक्षामन्त्री मार्शल सर्गेई सोकोलोभलाई पोलिटब्यूरोको उम्मेदवारको रूपमा नियुक्त गरेर "शक्तिशाली" मन्त्रालयहरूलाई अनुकूल बनाए। गोर्बाचेभको सुधारले ल्याएको अभिव्यक्ति स्वतन्त्रताले सोभियत संघ भित्र राष्ट्रवादी आन्दोलन र जातीय विवादहरूलाई अभिव्यक्त गर्न र प्रमुख राजनीतिक आन्दोलनहरूमा बढ्न छुट दियो।{{Sfnp|Beissinger|2009|pages=5–6}} यसले अप्रत्यक्ष रूपमा १९८९ को क्रान्तिहरूको नेतृत्व पनि गर्‍यो जसमा वार्सा सम्झौताको सोभियत-समर्थित समाजवादी शासनहरू शान्तिपूर्ण (रोमानियाको उल्लेखनीय अपवाद बाहेक) रूपमा ढालिए ।,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7972755.stm |title=Gorbachev's role in 1989 turmoil |work=बिबिसी न्युज |date=1 April 2009 |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=9 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409121205/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7972755.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> यस घटनाले गोर्बाचेभमाथि सोभियत संघका घटक गणराज्यहरूका लागि बढी प्रजातन्त्र र स्वायत्तता लागू गर्न दबाब बढायो। गोर्बाचेभको नेतृत्वमा, १९८९ मा सोभियत संघ कम्युनिष्ट पार्टीले नयाँ केन्द्रीय व्यवस्थापिका, जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको कांग्रेस मा सीमित प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक चुनावहरू सुरु गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/30/world/the-gorbachev-plan-restructuring-soviet-power.html |title=The Gorbachev Plan: Restructuring Soviet Power |work=The New York Times |date=30 June 1988 |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=16 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516202450/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/30/world/the-gorbachev-plan-restructuring-soviet-power.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ((यद्यपि अन्य राजनीतिक दलहरूमाथिको प्रतिबन्ध १९९० सम्म हटाइएको थिएन)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/08/opinion/the-third-russian-revolution-transforming-the-communist-party.html |title=The Third Russian Revolution; Transforming the Communist Party |work=द न्युयोर्क टाइम्स |date=8 February 1990 |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=16 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516201709/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/08/opinion/the-third-russian-revolution-transforming-the-communist-party.html |url-status=live }}</ref> रूसको आर्थिक अवस्था सुधार गर्न र साम्यवादलाई सकारात्मक रूपमा बलियो बनाउन, गोर्बाचेभले उस्कोरेनी (त्वरण), पेरेस्ट्रोइका (पुनर्संरचना), र ग्लासनोस्त (खुलापन) भनेर चिनिने आफ्ना विशिष्ट नीतिहरूको घोषणा गरे। <ref name="m446">{{Cite web |title=Gorbachev and Perestroika |url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/gorbachev |access-date=16 April 2026 |website=Short History |ref={{sfnref|Short History}}}}</ref> गोर्बाचेभको उद्देश्य यी अवधारणाहरू मार्फत सोभियत प्रणालीलाई आमूल रूपान्तरण गर्नु थियो। उनको प्रयास नयाँ परिवर्तनहरू ल्याएर साम्यवादको जग प्रदान गर्नु थियो। त्यसैले, उनको परिवर्तनलाई दोस्रो सोभियत क्रान्तिको आगमनको प्रतीकात्मक मानिन्छ। === उस्कोरेनी === गोर्बाचेभका अनुसार, तत्कालीन सोभियत अर्थतन्त्र कम गुणस्तरका सामानहरू, अदक्षता र प्रतिस्पर्धाको अभावबाट पीडित थियो। जनतालाई प्रदान गरिने सामान र सेवाहरू र उनीहरूले माग गरेका सामान र सेवाहरू बीच अन्तर थियो। यसरी, उस्कोरेनी अर्थतन्त्रको संरचनालाई यस्तो तरिकाले रूपान्तरण गर्नेछ जसले जनताको आवश्यकताहरूको सन्तुष्टिलाई अझ गतिशील, कुशल र सामाजिक रूपमा उन्मुख बनाउनेछ भन्ने विश्वास गरिएको थियो। यसले अधिक स्रोतहरू प्रयोग गर्नुको सट्टा दक्षता बढाएर उत्पादन बढाउन जोड दियो। === पेरेस्त्रोइका === पेरेस्त्रोइकाको अर्थ पुनर्गठन वा पुनर्संरचना हो। यसको माध्यमबाट, समाजमा सुधार ल्याउने संकल्प गरिएको थियो जसले पुरानो कठोरताहरूको अन्त्य गर्नेछ र मानव आर्थिक, सामाजिक, राजनीतिक, सांस्कृतिक र आध्यात्मिक विकासको लागि मार्ग प्रशस्त गर्नेछ। <ref name="m521">{{Cite web |title=Google Books |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Samyavad_Ko_Chunotiya_lkE_okn_dks_pqukSf/y6c2KYkSpVsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE&pg=PA76&printsec=frontcover |access-date=16 April 2026 |website=Google |ref={{sfnref|Google}}}}</ref> यसरी, यो नयाँ समाजतर्फ अघि बढ्ने प्रक्रिया थियो। पेरेस्ट्रोइकामा निम्न समावेश थिए: (१) सामाजिक-आर्थिक प्रगतिलाई तीव्र पार्ने। (२) समाजको व्यापक लोकतान्त्रिकरण ल्याउन। (३) लोकतान्त्रिक विकेन्द्रीकरण हासिल गर्न। (४) व्यक्तिको नैतिक र आध्यात्मिक विकास गर्न। (५) समाजका कुरीतिहरूको पर्दाफास गर्ने। यसरी, पेरेस्त्रोइकाको उद्देश्य एउटा यस्तो समाजको विस्तार गर्नु थियो जहाँ मानवीय मर्यादा र गौरव केन्द्रमा हुन्छ र मानवीय मूल्यमान्यताको सम्मान गरिन्छ। गोर्बाचोभले पेरेस्त्रोइकाको अन्तर्गत, कृषि क्षेत्र, पट्टा र सम्झौतामा सुधार मार्फत निजी खेतीलाई प्रोत्साहित गरे। कृषिमा, सामूहिक संस्थाहरू भन्दा सहकारी संस्थाहरूलाई बढी महत्त्व दिइयो किनभने यसमा, व्यक्तिको काम गर्ने प्रेरणा रहिरहन्छ। त्यसैगरी, उपभोक्ता उद्योगहरू विकास गरियो, ज्याला उत्पादकत्वसँग जोडियो र दक्ष कामदारहरूलाई उच्च तलब र सुविधा प्रदान गरियो। त्यसैगरी, प्रविधि र लगानीसँग सम्बन्धित नीतिमा परिवर्तन ल्याएर, अर्थतन्त्रलाई गहिरो संरचनात्मक रूपमा पुनर्संरचना गर्ने प्रयास गरियो। अर्थतन्त्रलाई स्थिरताबाट बाहिर निकालेर बलियो र द्रुत विकासको बाटोमा राख्ने प्रयास गरियो। पेरेस्ट्रोइका मार्फत, गोर्बाचेभले सोभियत संघलाई नयाँ समाजतर्फ डोऱ्याउन खोजे। उनले लेनिनको विचारधारामा आधारित यो नयाँ समाजको पुनर्निर्माण गर्ने उद्देश्य राखे। यी नीतिहरूको यथास्थितिवादीहरूले व्यापक रूपमा विरोध गरे। === ग्लासनोस्त === ग्लासनोस्तको अर्थ "खुलापन" हो। ग्लासनोस्तको माध्यमले खुला बहस लाई प्रोत्साहन दिइयो जसबाट लोकतन्त्रको शक्तिलाई बलियो बनोस्। गोर्बाचेभले जोड दिए कि ग्लासनोस्त योजना र प्रशासनका सबै पक्षहरूमा विस्तार गरिनुपर्छ, र देश भित्र क्षेत्रीय, आर्थिक, जातीय, युवा, वातावरणीय, सामाजिक र अन्य मुद्दाहरूमा खुला बहस गरिनुपर्छ, ताकि जनताको वास्तविक र सटीक विचारहरू पत्ता लगाउन सकियोस्। गोर्बाचेभले यो पनि भने कि हामीलाई हावा जति चाहिन्छ त्यति नै ग्लासनोस्त पनि चाहिन्छ। ग्लासनोस्त मार्फत, समाजवादले लोकतन्त्रको बाटोमा लाग्नु थियो। वास्तवमा, पेरेस्ट्रोइकाको व्यापक अवधारणा, जसले सामाजिक, आर्थिक र राजनीतिक रूपान्तरण खोज्यो, र मानिसहरूले भाग लिएको समाजको पुनर्निर्माण गर्ने प्रयास गर्‍यो, ग्लासनोस्ट वा खुलापन आवश्यक थियो। यसैले यो भनिएको थियो कि ग्लासनोस्ट बिना, पेरेस्ट्रोइका र लोकतन्त्र थिएन। ग्लासनोस्टको प्रक्रिया वास्तवमा चुनौतीपूर्ण थियो किनभने बन्द समाज खुला ठाउँमा बस्न अभ्यस्त थिएन। ; <nowiki>गोर्बाचेभको नीतिका परिणामहरू:</nowiki> १. ग्लासनोस्त र पेरेस्ट्रोइका केवल शब्द मात्र नभई परिवर्तनका प्रतीक बने। सोभियत समाजको हरेक कुनामा परिवर्तनले पकड जमाउन थाल्यो र राजनीतिक बन्दीहरूलाई रिहा गरियो। २. देशमा खुला बहस हुन थाल्यो। सोभियत जनताले बहुदलीय चुनावको नयाँ अनुभव प्राप्त गरे। ३. सोभियत नागरिकहरूलाई विदेश यात्रा र नागरिक आप्रवासनको स्वतन्त्रता दिइएको थियो। ४. विदेश नीतिमा परिवर्तन ल्याइयो र शीतयुद्धको सट्टा तनाव कम गर्नलाई महत्त्व दिइयो। ५. सुधार कार्यक्रमहरू मार्फत, सोभियत समाजलाई कडा अनुशासन र कठोर नीतिबाट मुक्त गरियो। ६. यो खुला बहस सोभियत संघमा पनि दुरुपयोग गरिएको थियो, जहाँ मानिसहरूले यसलाई गुटबन्दी र साँघुरो स्वार्थलाई बढावा दिन प्रयोग गरे। यसैबीच, सोभियत संघ गठन गर्ने गणतन्त्रहरूले बढी स्वायत्तताको माग गरे। केही गणतन्त्रहरूले पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता पनि चाहेका थिए। ७. लोकतान्त्रिक तत्वहरू र कट्टरपन्थी कम्युनिस्टहरू बीचको रस्साकस्सीले प्रशासनलाई निष्क्रिय बनायो। पृथकतावाद हिंसात्मक रुपमा फैलियो, जसले सोभियत संघलाई अराजकताको छेउमा पुर्‍यायो। अगस्ट १९९१ मा, केही कम्युनिस्ट नेताहरूले असफल विद्रोहको प्रयास गरे। फलस्वरूप, सोभियत संघको विघटन तीव्र भयो, र यो अन्ततः विघटन भयो। गोर्बाचेभले राजीनामा दिए। डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा, सोभियत संघको ठाउँमा १५ स्वतन्त्र गणतन्त्रहरू देखा परे। == १९९० == === सोभियत कम्युनिष्ट पार्टीले पाँच गणराज्य गुमायो === ७ फेब्रुअरी १९९० मा, सोभियत कम्युनिष्ट पार्टीको केन्द्रीय समितिले पार्टीले राजनीतिक शक्तिमा आफ्नो [[एकाधिकार]] त्याग्नुपर्छ भन्ने गोर्बाचेभको सिफारिसलाई स्वीकार गर्‍यो। <ref>{{cite web |title=Soviet Communist Party gives up monopoly on political power: This Day in History – 2/7/1990 |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviet-communist-party-gives-up-monopoly-on-political-power |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122002621/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviet-communist-party-gives-up-monopoly-on-political-power |archive-date=22 January 2018 |access-date=23 June 2011 |publisher=History.com}}</ref> १९९० मा, सोभियत संघका सबै पन्ध्र घटक गणराज्यहरूले आफ्नो पहिलो प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक चुनाव सम्पन्न भयो, जसमा सुधारवादी र जातीय राष्ट्रवादीहरूले धेरै सिटहरू जिते। कम्युनिष्ट पार्टीले पाँच गणराज्यहरूमा चुनाव हार्‍यो: लिथुआनिया, मोल्डोभा, इस्टोनिया, लाटभिया, जर्जियामा घटक गणराज्यहरूले आफ्ना राज्यको सार्वभौमिकता घोषणा गर्न थाले र मस्को केन्द्रीय सरकारसँग "कानूनको युद्ध" सुरु गर्‍यो; गणराज्यहरूले स्थानीय कानूनहरूसँग बाझिने संघ-व्यापी कानूनलाई अस्वीकार गरे, आफ्नो स्थानीय अर्थतन्त्रमा नियन्त्रण कायम राखे, र सोभियत सरकारलाई कर तिर्न अस्वीकार गरे। लिथुआनियाले लिथुआनियाली पुरुषहरूलाई सोभियत सशस्त्र सेनामा अनिवार्य सेवा गर्नुपर्ने नियम अन्त्य गर्‍यो। यो द्वन्द्वले आपूर्ति प्रणाली अवरुद्ध हुँदा आर्थिक अव्यवस्था निम्त्यायो र सोभियत अर्थतन्त्रमा थप गिरावट आयो। <ref name="Russia, The Tsarist and Soviet Legacy">Acton, Edward (1995). ''Russia, The Tsarist and Soviet Legacy''. Longman Group Ltd. {{ISBN|0-582-08922-0}}.</ref> === सोभियत संघ र रूसी सोभियत संघीय समाजवादी गणराज्य बीचको प्रतिस्पर्धा === ४ मार्च १९९० मा, रूसी सोभियत संघीय समाजवादी गणराज्यले रूसको जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको कांग्रेसको लागि चुनाव गर्‍यो। [[बोरिस येल्तसिन]] ७२ प्रतिशत मत प्राप्त गर्दै निर्वाचित भए। <ref>Leon Aron, ''Boris Yeltsin: A Revolutionary Life''. HarperCollins, 2000. pp. 739–740.</ref> २९ मे १९९० मा, येल्तसिन रूसी गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च सोभियतको अध्यक्षमा निर्वाचित भए, यद्यपि गोर्बाचेभले रूसी प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई उनलाई मतदान नगर्न आग्रह गरेका थिए। येल्तसिनलाई सर्वोच्च सोभियतका लोकतान्त्रिक र रूढिवादी सदस्यहरूले समर्थन गरेका थिए, जसले विकासशील राजनीतिक परिस्थितिमा शक्ति खोजेका थिए। रूसी गणराज्य र सोभियत संघ बीच एक नयाँ शक्ति संघर्ष देखा पर्‍यो। १२ जुन १९९० मा, रूसी गणराज्यको जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको कांग्रेसले सार्वभौमिकताको घोषणापत्र घोषणा गर्‍यो। १२ जुलाई १९९० मा, येल्तसिनले २८ औं कांग्रेसमा नाटकीय भाषणमा कम्युनिष्ट पार्टीबाट राजीनामा दिए।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/12/newsid_4493000/4493177.stm|title=1990: Yeltsin Resignation Splits Soviet Communists|date=12 July 1990|access-date=29 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023134854/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/12/newsid_4493000/4493177.stm|archive-date=23 October 2012|publisher=BBC News|url-status=live}}</ref> === बाल्टिक गणराज्यहरू === ११-१३ जनवरी १९९० मा गोर्बाचेभको लिथुआनियाली राजधानी भिल्नियसको गरे। उनको भ्रमणले अनुमानित २५०,००० मानिसहरूको उपस्थिति रहेको स्वतन्त्रता समर्थक र्‍यालीलाई उत्तेजित बनायो। ११ मार्चमा, लिथुआनियाली गणराज्यको नवनिर्वाचित संसदले भाइटौटास ल्यान्ड्सबर्गिसलाई आफ्नो अध्यक्षको रूपमा निर्वाचित गर्‍यो र "लिथुआनिया राज्यको पुनर्स्थापनाको ऐन"को घोषणा गर्‍यो, जसले लिथुआनियालाई सोभियत संघबाट स्वतन्त्रता घोषणा गर्ने पहिलो सोभियत गणराज्य बनायो। मस्कोले "जातीय रूसीहरूको अधिकार सुरक्षित गर्ने" कारण देखाउँदै लिथुआनियामा सेनाहरू राखेर आर्थिक नाकाबन्दीको प्रतिक्रिया दियो। <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bandelj|first=Nina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlhoP8snGTgC&pg=PA41|title=From Communists to Foreign Capitalists: The Social Foundations of Foreign Direct Investment in Postsocialist Europe|date=2008|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-12912-9|page=41|access-date=11 October 2015|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124205849/https://books.google.com/books?id=RlhoP8snGTgC&pg=PA41|url-status=live}}</ref> २५ मार्च १९९० मा, एस्टोनियाली कम्युनिष्ट पार्टीले छ महिनाको संक्रमणकाल पछि सोभियत कम्युनिष्ट पार्टीबाट अलग हुने पक्षमा मतदान गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/26/world/upheaval-in-the-east-party-in-estonia-votes-split-and-also-a-delay.html|title=Upheaval in the East; Party in Estonia Votes Split and Also a Delay|date=26 March 1990|work=The New York Times|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701214430/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/26/world/upheaval-in-the-east-party-in-estonia-votes-split-and-also-a-delay.html|archive-date=1 July 2017|agency=Associated Press|url-status=live}}</ref> ३० मार्च १९९० मा, इस्टोनियाली सर्वोच्च परिषद्ले दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धदेखि इस्टोनियामा सोभियत कब्जालाई अवैध घोषणा गर्‍यो र गणतन्त्र भित्र राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्रताको औपचारिक पुनर्स्थापनातर्फ प्रकृया सुरु गर्‍यो। ३ अप्रिल १९९० मा, एडगर सविसार मन्त्रिपरिषद्को अध्यक्षमा निर्वाचित भए (प्रधानमन्त्री हुनु बराबर), र चाँडै नै स्वतन्त्रता समर्थक मन्त्रिपरिषद् गठन भयो। लाटभियाले ४ मे १९९० मा स्वतन्त्रताको पुनर्स्थापनाको घोषणा गर्‍यो। घोषणापत्रमा भनिएको थियो कि लाटभियाले दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धमा वास्तविक रूपमा आफ्नो स्वतन्त्रता गुमाएको भए तापनि, देश कानूनतः एक सार्वभौम देश बनेको थियो किनभने विलय असंवैधानिक र लाटभियाली जनताको इच्छा विपरीत थियो। घोषणापत्रमा यो पनि भनिएको थियो कि लाटभियाले सोभियत संघसँगको आफ्नो सम्बन्ध १९२० को लाटभियन-सोभियत शान्ति सन्धिको आधारमा बनाउनेछ, जसमा सोभियत संघले लाटभियाको स्वतन्त्रतालाई "भविष्यका सबै समयका लागि" अटूट मानेको थियो। अहिले मे ४ [[लात्भिया|लाटभिया]]मा राष्ट्रिय बिदा हो। ८ मे १९९० मा, एस्टोनियाली सोभियत गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले स्वतन्त्र गणतन्त्र इस्टोनियाको १९३८ को संविधानको पुनर्स्थापनाको आधिकारिक घोषणा गर्दै एक कानून अपनायो। <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2019 |title=О символике эстонии Эстония |trans-title=About the symbolism of Estonia |url=http://estonia.news-city.info/docs/sistemsf/dok_ierskz.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906230101/http://estonia.news-city.info/docs/sistemsf/dok_ierskz.htm |archive-date=6 September 2019 |website= |language=ru}}</ref> === ककेशस === === पश्चिमी गणराज्यहरू === === मध्य एसियाली गणराज्यहरू === ==१९९१== ===मस्कोको सङ्कट=== १४ जनवरी १९९१ मा, निकोलाई रिज्कोभले सोभियत संघको प्रधानमन्त्री वा मन्त्रिपरिषद्को अध्यक्षको पदबाट राजीनामा दिए र सोभियत संघको नयाँ प्रधानमन्त्री मा भ्यालेन्टिन पाभलोभ बने। १७ मार्च १९९१ मा, संघ-व्यापी जनमत संग्रहमा ७७.८५% मतदाताले सुधारिएको सोभियत संघको अवधारणलाई समर्थन गरे।<ref>[http://soviethistory.org/index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991march&Year=1991&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme 1991: March Referendum] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330025028/http://soviethistory.org/index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991march&Year=1991&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme|date=30 March 2014}} SovietHistory.org</ref> बाल्टिक गणराज्यहरू, आर्मेनिया, जर्जिया र मोल्डोभाले जनमत संग्रह बहिष्कार गरे साथै चेचेनो-इङ्गुशेतिया (रूस भित्रको एक स्वायत्त गणराज्य जसमा स्वतन्त्रताको तीव्र इच्छा थियो, र अहिले आफूलाई इच्केरिया भनेर चिनाउँछ) पनि बहिष्कार गरे। <ref>Charles King, ''The Ghost of Freedom: History of the Caucasus''</ref> अन्य नौ गणराज्यहरूमा, बहुमत मतदाताहरूले सुधारिएको सोभियत संघको अवधारणाको समर्थन गरे, जर्जियाली क्षेत्रहरू दक्षिण ओसेशिया र अबखाजियाकामा पनि संघको निरन्तरताको पक्षमा पनि मतदान गरे। ===रसियाको प्रमुख बोरिस येल्तसिन=== [[चित्र:Борис_Николаевич_Ельцин-1_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|255x255पिक्सेल|[[बोरिस येल्तसिन]], रसियाको पहिलो प्रजातान्त्रिक निर्वाचित राष्ट्रपति]] १२ जुन १९९१ मा, [[बोरिस येल्तसिन]] देशको पहिलो राष्ट्रपति चुनावमा ५७ प्रतिशत लोकप्रिय मतका साथ रूसी सोभियत संघीय समाजवादी गणराज्यको प्रमुख निर्वाचित भए, उनले गोर्बाचेभले रुचाएका उम्मेदवार "निकोलाई रिज्कोभ"लाई पराजित गरे, जसले १६ प्रतिशत मत प्राप्त गरे। येल्तसिन राष्ट्रपतिमा निर्वाचित भएपछि, रुसी गणराज्यले सोभियत संघबाट आफूलाई स्वायत्त घोषणा गर्‍यो।<ref>{{Cite book|title=The world transformed : 1945 to the present|last=Hunt|first=Michael H.|isbn=9780199371020|page=321|oclc=907585907|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> आफ्नो चुनावी अभियानमा, येल्तसिनले "केन्द्रको तानाशाही" को आलोचना गरे, तर [[बजार अर्थव्यवस्था|बजार अर्थतन्त्र]] लागू गर्ने वाचा भने दिएनन्। === ककेसस: जर्जिया === सोभियत संघ-व्यापी जनमत संग्रहको प्रतिक्रियामा, ३१ मार्च १९९१ मा, जर्जियाली स्वतन्त्रताको विषयमा स्वतन्त्रता जनमत संग्रह आयोजना गरियो। दक्षिण ओसेटियन र अब्खाज अल्पसंख्यकहरूले बहिष्कार गरे यो जनमत संग्रह बहिष्कार गरेका थिए । त्यस महिनाको सुरुमा भएको सोभियत संघमा नै रहने भन्ने जनमत संग्रहमा उनीहरू उपस्थित थिए। ९९.५% जर्जियाली मतदाताले जर्जियाली स्वतन्त्रताको पुनर्स्थापनाको पक्षमा मतदान गरे जबकि ०.५% ले यसको विपक्षमा मतदान गरे। मतदान ९०.६% थियो। <ref name="Cornell">Cornell, Svante E., [http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/publications/0419dissertation.pdf ''Autonomy and Conflict: Ethnoterritoriality and Separatism in the South Caucasus – Case in Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630141309/http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/publications/0419dissertation.pdf|date=30 June 2007}}. Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Report No. 61. p. 163. University of Uppsala, {{ISBN|91-506-1600-5}}.</ref> ९ अप्रिल १९९१ मा, तिब्लिसीमा भएको नरसंहारको दुई वर्ष पछि र लिथुआनियाले पुनर्स्थापित स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणा गरेको एक वर्ष दुई महिना पछि, जर्जियाली सोभियत गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च परिषद्ले पूर्ण सत्रमा सोभियत सशस्त्र सेनाले प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्रलाई अपदस्त गरेको ७० वर्ष पछि, सोभियत संघबाट जर्जियाको स्वतन्त्रताको औपचारिक पुनर्गठनको घोषणा गर्‍यो। जर्जियाले गरेको स्वतन्त्रताको यो ऐतिहासिक घोषणाले यसलाई सोभियत संघबाट आधिकारिक रूपमा अलग हुने कोकेशियन गणराज्यहरूमध्ये पहिलो र समग्रमा अहिलेसम्म तेस्रो गणराज्य बनायो। === बाल्टिक === ===अगस्ट कु को प्रयास=== १९ अगस्ट १९९१ मा, गोर्बाचेभका उपराष्ट्रपति गेनाडी यानायेभ, प्रधानमन्त्री भ्यालेन्टिन पावलोभ, रक्षामन्त्री दिमित्री याजोभ, केजीबी प्रमुख भ्लादिमिर क्र्युचकोभ र अन्य वरिष्ठ अधिकारीहरूले "राज्य आपतकाल सम्बन्धी समिति" गठन गरेर संघ सन्धिमा हस्ताक्षर हुनबाट रोक्नको लागि प्रयास गरे, जसले फोरोस, [[क्रिमिया|क्राइमिया]]मा बिदामा रहेका गोर्बाचेभलाई घरमै नजरबन्दमा राख्यो र उनको सञ्चार काट्यो। कू नेताहरूले राजनीतिक गतिविधि निलम्बन गर्ने र धेरैजसो पत्रपत्रिकाहरूमा प्रतिबन्ध लगाउने आपतकालीन आदेश जारी गरे। त्यतिबेला रूसी सार्वभौमिकताको प्रतीकात्मक केन्द्र ह्वाइट हाउस (रूसी संघको संसद र येल्तसिनको कार्यालय) को रक्षा गर्न हजारौं मस्कोवासीहरू बाहिर निस्के। ट्याङ्कमाथिबाट भाषण दिएर कूको विरोध गर्ने येल्तसिनलाई पक्राउ गर्ने प्रयास गरे तर अन्ततः असफल भए। तीन दिन पछि, २१ अगस्ट १९९१ मा, विद्रोह समाप्त भयो। आयोजकहरूलाई पक्राउ गरियो र गोर्बाचेभलाई राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा पुनर्स्थापित गरियो, यद्यपि उनको शक्ति धेरै कम भयो।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ostrovsky |first=Alexander Vladimirovich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XM1VywAACAAJ |title=Глупость или измена?: расследование гибели СССР |date=2011 |publisher=Crimean Bridge-9D |isbn=978-5-89747-068-6 |page=864 |language=ru |trans-title=Stupidity or Treason?: Investigation into the Death of the USSR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Андрей Грачев – к годовщине путча: 'Из Фороса Горбачев вернулся заложником Ельцина' |trans-title=Andrey Grachev – on the anniversary of the coup: 'Gorbachev returned from Foros as Yeltsin's hostage' |url=https://sobesednik.ru/obshchestvo/20210819-andrei-gracev-k-godovshhine-putca-iz-f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223085337/https://sobesednik.ru/obshchestvo/20210819-andrei-gracev-k-godovshhine-putca-iz-f |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=sobesednik.ru |language=ru}}</ref> ===अगस्ट-डिसेम्बर सङ्क्रमणकाल=== २४ अगस्ट १९९१ मा, गोर्बाचेभले सोभियत कम्युनिष्ट पार्टीको महासचिवको पदबाट राजीनामा दिए<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 1991 |title=Заявление М. С. Горбачева о сложение обязанностей генерального секретаря КПСС (24 августа 1991) |trans-title=Statement by M. S. Gorbachev on the resignation of the duties of General Secretary of the CPSU (24 August 1991) |url=http://www.illuminats.ru/component/content/article/29-new/1198-statement-by-mikhail-gorbachev-on-the-addition-of-duties-the-secretary-general-of-the-cpsu-24-august-1991?directory=29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721014247/http://www.illuminats.ru/component/content/article/29-new/1198-statement-by-mikhail-gorbachev-on-the-addition-of-duties-the-secretary-general-of-the-cpsu-24-august-1991?directory=29 |archive-date=21 July 2018 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=www.illuminats.ru |language=ru}}</ref> र सरकारमा रहेका सबै पार्टी एकाइहरू भंग गरे। सोही दिन, युक्रेनी गणतन्त्रको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले युक्रेनको स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणापत्र पारित गर्‍यो, जसमा सोभियत संघबाट युक्रेनको स्वतन्त्रताको लागि राष्ट्रिय जनमत संग्रहको लागि आह्वान गरिएको थियो। पाँच दिन पछि, सोभियत संघको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले सोभियत क्षेत्रको सबै सोभियत कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी गतिविधि अनिश्चित कालका लागि निलम्बन गर्‍यो<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2013 |title=Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 29 августа 1991 г. N 2371-I 'О ситуации, возникшей в стране в связи с имевшим место государственным переворотом' |trans-title=Resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 29 August 1991 N 2371-I 'On the situation that arose in the country in connection with the coup d'état' |url=http://www.ruspravo.org/list/89358/1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207002848/http://www.ruspravo.org/list/89358/1.html |archive-date=7 December 2013 |website= |page=1 |language=ru}}</ref>, जसले गर्दा सोभियत संघमा कम्युनिष्ट शासनको प्रभावकारी अन्त्य भयो र देशमा बाँकी रहेको एकमात्र एकताकारी शक्तिलाई विघटन गरियो। गोर्बाचेभले सेप्टेम्बर ५ मा सोभियत संघको राज्य परिषद् स्थापना गरे, जुन उनलाई र बाँकी गणतन्त्रका उच्च अधिकारीहरूलाई सामूहिक नेतृत्वमा ल्याउन डिजाइन गरिएको थियो। राज्य परिषद्लाई सोभियत संघको प्रधानमन्त्री नियुक्त गर्ने अधिकार पनि दिइएको थियो। प्रधानमन्त्री पदले कहिल्यै राम्रोसँग काम गरेन, यद्यपि इभान सिलायेभले सोभियत अर्थतन्त्रको सञ्चालन व्यवस्थापन समिति र अन्तर-गणतन्त्र आर्थिक समिति मार्फत पदभार ग्रहण गरे र द्रुत रूपमा घट्दो शक्तिहरू सहित सरकार गठन गर्ने प्रयास गरे। १९९१ को अन्तिम त्रैमासिकमा सोभियत संघ नाटकीय गतिमा पतन भयो। अगस्ट र डिसेम्बरको बीचमा, मुख्यतया अर्को विद्रोहको डरको कारणले १० गणतन्त्रहरू संघबाट अलग भए, । सेप्टेम्बरको अन्त्यसम्ममा, गोर्बाचेभसँग मस्को बाहिरका घटनाहरूलाई प्रभाव पार्ने क्षमता रहेन। उनलाई त्यहाँ पनि [[बोरिस येल्तसिन|येल्तसिन]]ले चुनौती दिए, जसले क्रेमलिन सहित सोभियत सरकारको बाँकी रहेको भाग कब्जा गर्न थालेका थिए। सोभियत संघले ६ सेप्टेम्बर १९९१ मा बाल्टिक गणतन्त्रहरूको स्वतन्त्रतालाई मान्यता दियो।<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2020 |title=Prof. Alpo Russi. About Recognition of Independence of Baltic States |url=https://www.vdu.lt/en/prof-alpo-russi-about-recognition-of-independence-of-baltic-states/ |work=[[Vytautas Magnus University]]}}</ref> जर्जियाले सेप्टेम्बर ७ मा सोभियत संघसँगको सबै सम्बन्ध तोड्यो। उसले बाल्टिक राज्यहरूको पृथकतालाई मान्यता दिँदा पनि सोभियत संघले आफ्नो स्वतन्त्रतालाई किन मान्यता दिएन भन्ने "पर्याप्त आधारभूत जवाफ" प्राप्त नभएको उल्लेख गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite web |author=Cherian |first=Regi |date=6 September 2016 |title=September 7, 1991: Georgia revolts, cuts ties with USSR |url=https://gulfnews.com/today-history/september-7-1996-georgia-revolts-cuts-ties-with-ussr-1.1892039 |work=Gulf News}}</ref> १७ सेप्टेम्बर १९९१ मा, संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ महासभाको प्रस्ताव नम्बर ४६/४, ४६/५, र ४६/६ ले इस्टोनिया, लाटभिया र लिथुआनियालाई संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघमा सदस्यता दियो, जुन सुरक्षा परिषद्को प्रस्ताव नम्बर ७०९, ७१० र ७११ अनुरूप थियो र १२ सेप्टेम्बरमा मतदान बिना पारित भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web |title=Resolutions adopted by the United Nations Security Council in 1991 |url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/1991.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719210549/http://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/1991.shtml |archive-date=19 July 2017 |access-date=17 June 2016 |work=[[United Nations]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=46th Session (1991–1992) – General Assembly – Quick Links – Research Guides at United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld Library |url=http://research.un.org/en/docs/ga/quick/regular/46 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830083857/http://research.un.org/en/docs/ga/quick/regular/46 |archive-date=30 August 2016 |access-date=17 June 2016 |work=[[United Nations]]}}</ref> ६ नोभेम्बरमा, येल्तसिन - जसले त्यतिबेलासम्म सोभियत सरकारको धेरैजसो हिस्सा आफ्नो नियन्त्रणमा लिइसकेका थिए - ले रूसी भूभागमा कम्युनिष्ट पार्टीका सबै गतिविधिहरूमा प्रतिबन्ध लगाउने आदेश जारी गरे। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Указ Президента РСФСР от 06.11.1991 г. № 169 |trans-title=Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated 06.11.1991 No. 169 |url=http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/385 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301170411/http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/385 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |access-date=22 October 2020 |website=President of Russia |language=ru}}</ref> ७ नोभेम्बर १९९१ सम्म, धेरैजसो अखबारहरूले 'पूर्व सोभियत संघ' लाई उल्लेख गरे।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/07/world/pre-1917-ghosts-haunt-a-bolshevik-holiday.html?pagewanted=all|title=Pre-1917 Ghosts Haunt a Bolshevik Holiday|last1=Schmemann|first1=Serge|date=7 November 1991|work=The New York Times|access-date=21 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053646/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/07/world/pre-1917-ghosts-haunt-a-bolshevik-holiday.html?pagewanted=all|archive-date=22 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[चित्र:Grand_Kremlin_Palace_façade,_1982-2008.jpg|बायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|The [[State Emblem of the Soviet Union|state emblem of the Soviet Union]] and the СССР letters{{Efn|Russian acronym for "USSR"}} (top) in the façade of the [[Grand Kremlin Palace]] were replaced by five double-headed [[Coat of arms of Russia|Russian eagles]] (bottom) after the dissolution of the [[Soviet Union]], the eagles having been removed by the Bolsheviks after the revolution.]] सोभियत संघको पतनको अन्तिम चरण १ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा सुरु भयो। त्यस दिन, "युक्रेनी लोकप्रिय जनमत संग्रह"मा युक्रेनका ९१ प्रतिशत मतदाताले अगस्टमा पारित स्वतन्त्रता घोषणालाई समर्थन गर्दै मतदान गरे र औपचारिक रूपमा संघबाट अलग भयो। आर्थिक र राजनीतिक शक्तिमा रूसपछि दोस्रो स्थानमा रहेको युक्रेनको पृथकताले गोर्बाचेभले सीमित मात्रामा भए पनि सोभियत संघलाई एकसाथ राख्ने झिनो सम्भावनालाई पनि समाप्त गर्‍यो। तीन स्लाभिक गणतन्त्रहरू, रूस, युक्रेन र बेलारुस (पहिले बेलोरुसिया) का नेताहरू संघको सम्भावित विकल्पहरूबारे छलफल गर्न सहमत भए। डिसेम्बर ८ मा, रूस, युक्रेन र बेलारुसका नेताहरूले पश्चिमी बेलारुसको बेलाभेजस्काया पुष्चामा गोप्य रूपमा भेटे र बेलाभेजा सम्झौतामा हस्ताक्षर गरे, जसले सोभियत संघको अस्तित्व समाप्त भएको घोषणा गर्‍यो र यसको स्थानमा कमनवेल्थ अफ इन्डिपेन्डेन्ट स्टेट्स (CIS) को गठनको घोषणा गर्‍यो। उनीहरूले अन्य गणतन्त्रहरूलाई पनि सिआइ.एस मा सामेल हुन आमन्त्रित गरे। गोर्बाचेभले यसलाई असंवैधानिक कू भने। यद्यपि, यस समयसम्ममा कुनै उचित विकल्प थिएन किनकी सम्झौताको प्रस्तावनामा भनिएझैं, सोभियत संघ अब "अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय कानून र भूराजनीतिक वास्तविकताको विषयको रूपमा" अस्तित्वमा थिएन। डिसेम्बर १० मा, युक्रेनको बिधायिका भेर्खोभना राडा <ref>{{Cite web |title=Про ратифікацію Угоди про створення Співдружності Незалежних Держав |trans-title=On the ratification of the Agreement on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/1958-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124205855/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1958-12 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=Official website of the Parliament of Ukraine |language=uk}}</ref> र बेलारुसको सर्वोच्च परिषद्ले <ref>{{Cite web |title=Постановление Верховного Совета РБ № 1296-XII О ратификации Соглашения об образовании Содружества Независимых Государств от 10.12.1991 |trans-title=Resolution of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus No. 1296-XII On the ratification of the Agreement on the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States dated 10.12.1991 |url=https://belzakon.net/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%91/1994/96572 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223192600/https://belzakon.net/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%91/1994/96572 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=belzakon.net |language=ru}}</ref> सम्झौतालाई अनुमोदन गरेको थियो। डिसेम्बर १२ मा, रूसी सोभियत गणराज्य को सर्वोच्च सोभियतले बेलाभेझा सम्झौतालाई औपचारिक रूपमा अनुमोदन गर्‍यो,,<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 1991 |title=Постановление ВС РСФСР от 12.12.1991 N 2014-I 'О ратификации Соглашения о создании Содружества Независимых Государств' |trans-title=Resolution of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR of 12.12.1991 N 2014-I 'On ratification of the Agreement on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States' |url=http://base.garant.ru/10164306/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113130902/http://base.garant.ru/10164306/ |archive-date=13 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=base.garant.ru |language=ru}}</ref> १९२२ को संघ सन्धिको निन्दा गर्‍यो,,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Постановление Верховного Совета РСФСР от 12.12.1991 № 2015-I – Сейчас.ру |url=https://www.lawmix.ru/abrolaw/13907 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125075549/https://www.lawmix.ru/abrolaw/13907 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=www.lawmix.ru}}</ref> र सोभियत संघको सर्वोच्च सोभियतबाट रूसी प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई फिर्ता बोलायो। यस अनुमोदनको वैधानिकताले रूसी संसदका केही सदस्यहरूमा शंका उत्पन्न गर्‍यो, किनकि १९७८ को रुसी सोभियत गणराज्यको संविधान अनुसार यस कागजातको विचार जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको कांग्रेसको विशेष क्षेत्राधिकारमा थियो।.<ref name="sssr.net.ru">{{Cite web |last1=Pribylovsky |first1=V. |last2=Tochkin |first2=Gr. |title=Кто и как упразднил СССР |trans-title=Who and how abolished the USSR |url=https://sssr.net.ru/denons.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126160310/http://sssr.net.ru/denons.html |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date= |website=sssr.net.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2015 |title=Из СССР В СНГ: подчиняясь реальности. |trans-title=From the USSR to the CIS: submitting to reality. |url=http://n-discovery.spb.ru/news_full.php?id=379 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403001152/http://n-discovery.spb.ru/news_full.php?id=379 |archive-date=3 April 2015 |website=www.n-discovery.spb.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Бабурин С.Н. На гибель Советского Союза |trans-title=Baburin S.N. On the death of the Soviet Union |url=http://www.ni-journal.ru/archive/2006/n_506/38b39a96/39cf8ddd/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107165055/http://www.ni-journal.ru/archive/2006/n_506/38b39a96/39cf8ddd/ |archive-date=2017-11-07 |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=www.ni-journal.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref name="sovross.ru">{{Cite web |last=Voronin |first=Yu. M. |title=Беловежское предательство |trans-title=Belovezhskaya betrayal |url=http://www.sovross.ru/articles/555/9021/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812180933/http://www.sovross.ru/articles/555/9021/ |archive-date=2020-08-12 |access-date= |website=www.sovross.ru |language=ru}}</ref> थप, सोभियत संविधानले गणतन्त्रलाई एकतर्फी रूपमा आफ्ना प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई फिर्ता बोलाउन अनुमति दिएको थिएन।<ref>The Russian SFSR has constitutional right to "freely secede from the Soviet Union" ([[s:ru:Конституция РСФСР 1978 года (в редакции 1 ноября 1991 года)#Глава_7._РСФСР_–_союзная_республика_в_составе_СССР|art. 69 of the RSFSR Constitution]], [[s:ru:Конституция СССР (1977)/редакция 26 декабря 1990 года#Глава_8._СССР_–_союзное_государство|art. 72 of the USSR Constitution]]), but according to USSR laws [[s:ru:Закон о выходе союзной республики из СССР|1409-I]] (enacted on 3 April 1990) and [http://iv.garant.ru/SESSION/PILOT/loadfavorite.html?pid=6335703&page=1&para_id=2147483649 1457-I]{{dead link|date=May 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} (enacted on 26 April 1990) this can be done only by a referendum and only if two-thirds of all registered voters of the republic has supported that motion. No special referendum on the secession from the USSR was held in the RSFSR</ref> यद्यपि, रूस वा क्रेमलिनमा कसैले पनि आपत्ति जनाएनन्। क्रेमलिनको कुनै पनि आपत्तिको कुनै प्रभाव पर्ने थिएन, किनकि सोभियत सरकारको बाँकी रहेको कुरा डिसेम्बर भन्दा धेरै अघि नै प्रभावकारी रूपमा निष्क्रिय बनाइएको थियो। धेरै वकिलहरू विश्वास गर्छन् कि १९२२ को संघ सन्धिको निन्दा अर्थहीन थियो किनकि यो १९२४ मा सोभियत संघको पहिलो संविधान अपनाएसँगै अमान्य भइसकेको थियो। । <ref>''Исаков В. Б.'' Расчленёнка. Кто и как развалил Советский Союз: Хроника. Документы. – М., Закон и право. 1998. – C. 58. –209 с.</ref><ref>''Станкевич З. А.'' История крушения СССР: политико-правовые аспекты. – М., 2001. – C. 299–300</ref><ref>''Лукашевич Д. А.'' Юридический механизм разрушения СССР. – М, 2016. – С. 254–255. – 448 с.</ref> (१९९६ मा राजकीय डुमाले पनि उही अडान लिएको थियो)).<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 1986 |title=Постановление Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания РФ от 10 апреля 1996 года № 225-II ГД «Об Обращении Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации "К членам Совета Федерации Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации" |trans-title=Resolution of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of 10 April 1996 No. 225-II GD "On the Appeal of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation "To the members of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation" |url=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&link_id=16&nd=102040638 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026061236/http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&link_id=16&nd=102040638 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |access-date=22 October 2020 |language=ru}}</ref> त्यस दिनको अन्तमा, गोर्बाचेभले पहिलो पटक आफू पद त्याग्ने विचार गरिरहेको संकेत गरे। <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/13/world/soviet-disarry-gorbachev-is-ready-to-resign-as-post-soviet-plan-advances.html|title=Gorbachev is Ready to Resign as Post-Soviet Plan Advances|last=Schmemann|first=Serge|date=1991-12-13|work=The New York Times|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917211606/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/13/world/soviet-disarry-gorbachev-is-ready-to-resign-as-post-soviet-plan-advances.html|archive-date=2018-09-17|issn=0362-4331|url-status=live}}</ref> सतहमा देखिदा, यो सबैभन्दा ठूलो गणराज्य औपचारिक रूपमा अलग भएको देखिन्थ्यो। यद्यपि, यो मामला होइन। बरु, रूसले स्पष्ट रूपमा बतायो यो कि सोभियत संविधानमा वर्णन गरिएको पृथकताको प्रक्रियालाई पालना गर्न आवश्यक छैन किनभने अब अस्तित्वमा नै नभएको देशबाट अलग हुन सम्भव छैन। १६ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा, कजाख गणराज्य सोभियत संघबाट औपचारिक रूपमा अलग हुने अन्तिम गणतन्त्र बन्यो, जसले गर्दा सोभियत संघले न त कुनै क्षेत्र नियन्त्रण गर्न सक्यो न त कुनै क्षेत्र नियन्त्रण गर्ने दाबी नै गर्न सक्यो (यद्यपि सोभियत दूतावासहरू अझै पनि अस्तित्वमा थिए)। <ref>{{cite web |date=22 October 2021 |title=Kazakhstan, Not Russia, Was the Last Republic to the Leave the USSR |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/kazakhstan-not-russia-was-last-republic-leave-ussr-195400}}</ref> डिसेम्बर १८ मा, सोभियत संघको सर्वोच्च सोभियत (गणतन्त्र परिषद्) को माथिल्लो सदनले कमनवेल्थ अफ इन्डिपेन्डेन्ट स्टेट्स (राष्ट्रमण्डल)को निर्माण सम्बन्धी सम्झौतालाई स्वीकार गर्दै र तीव्र राजनीतिक तथा आर्थिक संकटबाट बाहिर निस्कने बाटो प्रदान गर्न यसलाई विचार गर्दै एक विज्ञप्ति पारित गर्‍यो। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Заявление Совета Республик Верховного Совета СССР от 18.12.1991 N 138-Н О поддержке Соглашения Республики Беларусь, РСФСР и Украины о создании Содружества Независимых Государств &#124; ГАРАНТ |trans-title=Statement of the Council of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated 18.12.1991 N 138-N On support for the Agreement of the Republic of Belarus, the RSFSR and Ukraine on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States - GARANTEE |url=http://base.garant.ru/6334158/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407115029/https://base.garant.ru/6334158/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=base.garant.ru |language=ru}}</ref> गोर्बाचेभले येल्तसिनसँग भेट गरे र सोभियत संघको विघटनको वास्तविकता स्वीकार गरे। सोभियत संघको विघटन र औपचारिक रूपमा स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरूको राष्ट्रमण्डल स्थापना गर्ने उद्देश्यले अल्मा-अटा प्रोटोकलमा हस्ताक्षर भएको दिन, रूसी गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले रूसको कानूनी नाम "रूसी सोभियत संघीय समाजवादी गणतन्त्र" बाट "रूसी संघ" मा परिवर्तन गर्न एक विधान अपनायो। यस अनुसार रुस अब पूर्ण रूपमा सार्वभौम गैर-कम्युनिस्ट राज्य थियो। बेलाभेजा सम्झौताले सोभियत संघलाई कानुनी रूपमा विघटन गरेको छ कि छैन भन्ने बारेमा शंकाहरू कायमै थिए, किनकि यसमा तीन गणराज्यले (रुस, बेलारुस, युक्रेन) मात्र हस्ताक्षर गरेका थिए।यद्यपि, डिसेम्बर २१ मा, जर्जिया बाहेक बाँकी १२ गणतन्त्रहरू मध्ये ११ का प्रतिनिधिहरूले अल्मा-अटा प्रोटोकलमा हस्ताक्षर गरे, जसले सोभियत संघको विघटन पुष्टि गर्‍यो र औपचारिक रूपमा राष्ट्रमण्डल स्थापना गर्‍यो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=ПРОТОКОЛ к Соглашению о создании Содружества Независимых Государств, подписанному 8 декабря 1991 года в г. Минске Республикой Беларусь, Российской Федерацией (РСФСР), Украиной |trans-title=Protocol to the Agreement on the Creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, signed on 8 December 1991 in г. Minsk Republic of Belarus, Russian Federation (РСФСР), Ukraine |url=http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511073849/http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=6 |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=cis.minsk.by |language=ru}}</ref> उनीहरूले गोर्बाचेभको राजीनामा पनि "स्वीकार" गरे।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Посткремлевская жизнь правителей |trans-title=Post-Kremlin life of rulers |url=https://www.ng.ru/style/2000-01-06/1-162.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407115029/https://www.ng.ru/style/2000-01-06/1-162.html |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=www.ng.ru |language=ru}}</ref> सोभियत संघको सशस्त्र सेनाको कमान्ड रक्षामन्त्री येभगेनी शापोश्निकोभलाई सुम्पिएको थियो। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Минобороны. Министерство обороны РФ |trans-title=Ministry of Defense. Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation |url=http://www.panorama.ru/prav/minobor.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225004736/http://www.panorama.ru/prav/minobor.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2020 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=www.panorama.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ПРОТОКОЛ совещания Глав Независимых Государств |trans-title=MINUTES of the meeting of the Heads of Independent States |url=http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=3412 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511073849/http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=3412 |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=cis.minsk.by |language=ru}}</ref> यस क्षणमा पनि, गोर्बाचेभले अहिलेसम्म दृश्यबाट पछि हट्ने कुनै औपचारिक योजना बनाएका थिएनन्। यद्यपि, अब बहुमत गणतन्त्रहरूले सोभियत संघ अब अस्तित्वमा छैन भन्ने कुरामा सहमति जनाएपछि, गोर्बाचेभले अपरिहार्यताको अगाडि झुके, सीबीएस न्यूजलाई भने कि उनले सीआईएस साँच्चै वास्तविकता हो भनेर देख्ने बित्तिकै राजीनामा दिनेछन्।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/22/world/end-soviet-union-11-soviet-states-form-commonwealth-without-clearly-defining-its.html|title=11 Soviet States Form Commonwealth Without Clearly Defining Its Powers|last=Clines|first=Francis X.|date=1991-12-22|work=The New York Times|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414022306/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/22/world/end-soviet-union-11-soviet-states-form-commonwealth-without-clearly-defining-its.html|archive-date=2017-04-14|issn=0362-4331|url-status=live}}</ref> [[चित्र:RIAN_archive_469069_Final_session_of_the_Council_for_Nationalities_of_the_USSR_Supreme_Soviet.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|सर्वोच्च सोभियतको माथिल्लो सदनले आफ्नो अन्तिम सत्रमा, २६ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा सोभियत संघको अस्तित्व समाप्त गर्ने मतदान गर्दै।]] २५ डिसेम्बरको साँझ राष्ट्रिय टेलिभिजनमा प्रसारित भाषणमा, गोर्बाचेभले सोभियत संघको राष्ट्रपतिको पदबाट राजीनामा दिए - वा, जसरी उनले भने, "म यसद्वारा सोभियत समाजवादी गणतन्त्र संघको अध्यक्ष पदमा मेरा गतिविधिहरू बन्द गर्दछु।" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Заявление Президента СССР об отставке от 25 декабря 1991 г. |trans-title=Statement of resignation of the President of the USSR, 25 December 1991 |url=https://www.gorby.ru/userfiles/file/zayavleniem_ob_otstavke_prezidenta_sssr_m.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904230942/https://www.gorby.ru/userfiles/file/zayavleniem_ob_otstavke_prezidenta_sssr_m.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |language=ru}}</ref> उनले आफ्नो संस्था समाप्ति घोषणा गरे, र यसको सबै शक्तिहरू (जस्तै आणविक शस्त्रागारको नियन्त्रण)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Указ Президента СССР от 25.12.1991 N УП-3162 |trans-title=Decree of the President of the USSR dated 25.12.1991 N UP-3 |url=http://www.libussr.ru/doc_ussr/usr_19889.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412222644/http://www.libussr.ru/doc_ussr/usr_19889.htm |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=www.libussr.ru |language=ru}}</ref> येल्तसिनलाई सुम्पे। २५ डिसेम्बरको राति, मस्को समय अनुसार ७:३५ बजे, गोर्बाचेभ टेलिभिजनमा देखा परेपछि, सोभियत झण्डा तल झारियो <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 1991 |title=С флагштока над Кремлем спущен советский флаг, поднят российский |trans-title=The Soviet flag is lowered from the flagpole over the Kremlin; the Russian flag is raised |url=https://www.interfax.ru/30years/800619 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101022148/https://www.interfax.ru/30years/800619 |archive-date=1 January 2022 |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=[[Interfax]] |language=ru}}</ref> र ७:४५ बजे [[रूसको झण्डा|रूसी तिरंगा]] यसको ठाउँमा उठाइयो,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/26/world/end-of-the-soviet-union-on-moscow-s-streets-worry-and-regret.html|title=End of the Soviet Union; On Moscow's Streets, Worry and Regret|last=Clarity|first=James F.|date=26 December 1991|work=The New York Times|access-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302163000/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/26/world/end-of-the-soviet-union-on-moscow-s-streets-worry-and-regret.html|archive-date=2 March 2022|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-status=live}}</ref> जुन प्रतीकात्मक रुपमा सोभियत संघको अन्त्यको प्रतीक थियो। आफ्नो बिदाई शब्दहरूमा, गोर्बाचेभले घरेलु सुधारमा आफ्नो रेकर्डको बचाउ गरे, तर स्वीकार गरे, "नयाँले काम सुरु गर्न समय पाउनु अघि पुरानो प्रणाली ध्वस्त भयो।"<ref>{{Cite book|title=The world transformed : 1945 to the present|last=Hunt|first=Michael H.|isbn=9780199371020|pages=323–324|oclc=907585907|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> सोही दिन, [[अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपति|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाका राष्ट्रपति]] [[जर्ज एच डब्लू बुस|जर्ज एच. डब्लु. बुश]]ले बाँकी ११ गणतन्त्रहरूको स्वतन्त्रतालाई आधिकारिक रूपमा मान्यता दिँदै छोटो टेलिभिजन भाषण दिए। गोर्बाचेवको भाषण र सोवियत झन्डाको ठाउँमा रुसी झन्डा फहराएपछि, एक हिसाबले सोवियत यूनियनको अन्त्य भयो। तर, सोभियत संघको विघटनको अन्तिम कानुनी कदम डिसेम्बर २६ मा बयो, जब सोभियत संघको सर्वोच्च सोभियतको माथिल्लो सदन, सोभियत अफ नेसनालिटिले बेलाभेजा सम्झौतालाई अनुमोदन गर्‍यो, जसले गर्दा सोभियत संघको अस्तित्व समाप्त भयो।<ref name="ReferenceC2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt5OLD3vp4UC&q=26+december+1991+ussr&pg=PR5|title=Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis|isbn=9781563246371|last1=Brzezinski|first1=Zbigniew|last2=Brzezinski|first2=Zbigniew K.|last3=Sullivan|first3=Paige|year=1997|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124205853/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt5OLD3vp4UC&q=26+december+1991+ussr&pg=PR5|url-status=live}}</ref> (तल्लो सदन, सोभियत अफ युनियन, रूसी प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई फिर्ता बोलाउँदा डिसेम्बर १२ देखि काम गर्न असमर्थ थियो, कोरम बिना नै छोडियो).<ref name="sssr.net.ru2" /> भोलिपल्ट येल्तसिन गोर्बाचेभको पूर्व कार्यालयमा सरे, ,<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2016 |title=Как меня хоронили |trans-title=How I was buried |url=http://www.novayagazeta.ru/society/66087.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727023444/http://www.novayagazeta.ru/society/66087.html |archive-date=27 July 2016 |website=Novaya Gazeta |language=ru}}</ref> यद्यपि रूसी अधिकारीहरूले दुई दिन अघि नै सुइटलाई आफ्नो नियन्त्रणमा लिएका थिए। सोभियत सशस्त्र सेनाहरूलाई स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरूको राष्ट्रमंडलको कमान्डमा राखिएको थियो, तर अन्ततः नयाँ स्वतन्त्र गणतन्त्रहरूले यसलाई समाहित गरे, जसको ठूलो हिस्सा रूसी संघको सशस्त्र सेना बन्यो। १९९१ को अन्त्यसम्ममा, रूसले कब्जा नगरेका केही बाँकी सोभियत संस्थाहरूले सञ्चालन बन्द गरे, र स्वतन्त्र नयाँ गणतन्त्रहरूले केन्द्रीय सरकारको भूमिका ग्रहण गरे। == सोभियत संघको विघटनमा गोर्बाचेभको भूमिका == गोर्भाचोबको नीतिको कारण सोवियत संघको केन्द्रीय सत्ता कमजोर भयो, फलस्वरूप सोवियत संघमा केन्द्र विरूद्ध संघर्ष गर्बे शक्ति हौसले बढ्दै गयो। गोर्बाचोबको नीतिले गणराज्यहरूको सोवियत संघसँग अलग हुनलाई मान्यता दियो। फलस्वरूप हेर्दा हेर्दै एकपछि अर्को गर्दै सोवियत संघ के गणराज्य स्वतंत्र भए र सोवियत संघको विघटन भयो। यो गोर्भाचोबको नीतिहरूको नै परिणाम थियो कि सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको शक्तिमा निरन्तर ह्रास हुँदै गयो। फलतः सोवियत संघलाई एकताको सूत्रमा बाध्ने सबैभन्दा ठूलो सम्पर्क सुत्रको शक्ति घट्दै गयो। यसको परिणाम कम्युनिस्ट बिरोधी शक्ति बढ्दै गयो। अमेरिका र पाश्चात्य देशहरूले पनि सोवियत संघलाई टोड्ने शक्तिलाई समर्थन गरे। परिणामस्वरूप यी शक्ति सोवियत संघको एकतालाई खोक्रो बनाउँदै गए। गोर्बाच्योवले पूर्वी यूरोपमा पनि साम्यवादको किल्लालाई पतन हुन नदिन कुनै प्रयास गरेनन्, बरु उनको नीतिको कारण पूर्वी यूरोपमा साम्यवाद विरोधी शक्ति हावी भयो। चेकोस्लोवाकिया, रोमानिया, हंगरी, पूर्वी जर्मनीमा साम्यवादको पतम भयो र यो पतनले सोवियत संघको [[महाशक्ति]]को छविलाई समाप्त गरिदियो। सोभियत संघको पतनको जिम्मेवारी गोर्बाचेभ एक्लैले लिन्छन् भन्न सजिलो छ। त्यसो गर्नु भनेको कुनै पनि व्यक्तिलाई ऐतिहासिक प्रवृत्ति भन्दा बढी महत्त्वपूर्ण ठान्नु हो। गोर्बाचेभ यी ऐतिहासिक प्रवृत्तिहरूलाई प्रतिबिम्बित गर्ने ऐना मात्र थिए, तर उनी आफैं चकनाचुर भए। वास्तवमा, सोभियत संघको विघटनको बीउ यसको स्थापनामा रोपिएको थियो। समाजवादी प्रणालीलाई दिगो बनाउन, देश भित्र समाजवादी मानवता र संस्कृति खेती गर्नु आवश्यक थियो, जुन कार्य सोभियत प्रणालीले हासिल गर्न असफल भयो। स्टालिनको शासनकालमा लगभग दुई दशकसम्म, सोभियत संघको एकता केन्द्रीय सरकारको निर्दयी जबरजस्ती अनुशासनले मात्र कायम राखेको थियो। देशका विभिन्न भागहरूलाई साम्यवादको रक्षा गर्न राष्ट्रिय हित वा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय भ्रातृत्वको नाममा बलिदान दिन बाध्य पारिएको थियो। यो त्यस्तो होइन कि असन्तुष्टि र क्रोध उत्पन्न भएन; यो केवल दमनकारी नीतिहरूले उनीहरूको आवाज अभिव्यक्तिलाई गाह्रो बनायो। गोर्बाचेभको उदार नीतिहरूले यो क्रोध व्यक्त गर्ने तरिका प्रदान गर्‍यो। == सोभियत संघको विघटनको प्रभाव == [[चित्र:EasternBloc_BasicMembersOnly.svg|दायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|454x454पिक्सेल|पूर्वी ब्लक देशहरू]] सोभियत संघको विघटनले विश्व राजनीतिक परिदृश्यलाई नै परिवर्तन गरिदियो। सोभियत संघ [[महाशक्ति]] रहेन, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका एकमात्र महाशक्तिको रूपमा रह्यो र विश्व एकध्रुवीय भयो। अमेरिकाले सम्पूर्ण विश्वमा आफ्नो प्रभुत्व स्थापित गर्‍यो। सोभियत संघको विघटनसँगै [[शीतयुद्ध]] स्वतः समाप्त भयो। * पूर्वी युरोपेली देशहरूमा साम्यवादको अन्त्य भयो र बहुदलीय लोकतान्त्रिक शासन प्रणाली स्थापित भयो। * सोभियत संघको पतनले तेस्रो विश्वका देशहरूलाई गम्भीर रूपमा असर गर्‍यो, जसले सोभियत संघबाट आर्थिक, सैन्य र प्राविधिक सहयोग प्राप्त गरेका थिए। विघटित गणतन्त्रहरूले अब सहयोग प्रदान गर्ने क्षमता राखेनन्। यस सन्दर्भमा, तेस्रो विश्व नव-उपनिवेशवादको खतराको सामना गरिरहेको छ। * विश्वमा बजार अर्थतन्त्रलाई बलियो भयो। लामो सनयसम्म दमन र नागरिक स्वतन्त्रतालाई कुल्चचेर शासन चलाउन सकिदैन भन्ने विश्वासलाई बलियो बनायो। यसले, फलस्वरूप, लोकतान्त्रिक प्रक्रियालाई प्रवर्द्धन गर्‍यो। === आर्थिक गिरावट र अत्यधिक मृत्युदर === शीतयुद्धको अन्त्य पछिका दशकहरूमा, सोभियत संघका पाँच वा छ वटा राज्यहरू मात्र पश्चिमका धनी पूँजीवादी राज्यहरूमा सामेल हुने बाटोमा छन्, र धेरैजसो पछि परेका छन्, केही यति हदसम्म कि साम्यवादको अन्त्य हुनुभन्दा पहिलेको अवस्थामा पुग्न ५० वर्षभन्दा बढी समय लाग्नेछ।<ref>{{cite book|last=Ghodsee|first=Kristen|date=2017|title=Red Hangover: Legacies of Twentieth-Century Communism|url=https://www.dukeupress.edu/red-hangover|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|pages=63–64|isbn=978-0822369493|author-link=Kristen Ghodsee|access-date=4 August 2018|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207032254/https://www.dukeupress.edu/red-hangover|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/05775132.2015.1012402| title =After the Wall Fell: The Poor Balance Sheet of the Transition to Capitalism| journal =[[Challenge (economics magazine)|Challenge]]| volume = 58| issue = 2| pages =135–138| year = 2015| last1 = Milanović | first1 = Branko| s2cid =153398717|author-link=Branko Milanović}}</ref> २०११ सम्म, पूर्व सोभियत गणतन्त्रहरूको अनुभव मिश्रित थियो, केहीले कुल गार्हस्थ्य उत्पादनको हिसाबले सुधार गरेका थिए भने केहीले सुधार गरेका थिएनन्।<ref>{{Cite web |title=End of the USSR: visualising how the former Soviet countries are doing, 20 years on {{!}} Russia {{!}} The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/aug/17/ussr-soviet-countries-data |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=amp.theguardian.com |date=17 August 2011 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128064905/https://amp.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/aug/17/ussr-soviet-countries-data |url-status=live }}</ref> सोभियत संघ पछिका राष्ट्रहरूमा जिडिपी मा उल्लेखनीय गिरावट आएको थियो र औसतमा लगभग ५१% थियो। १९९० देखि २००० सम्म, जिडिपी मा गिरावट निम्नानुसार थियो:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dabrowski |first=Marek |date=2022-07-29 |title=Thirty years of economic transition in the former Soviet Union: Macroeconomic dimension |url=https://rujec.org/article/90947/ |journal=Russian Journal of Economics |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=95–121 |doi=10.32609/j.ruje.8.90947 |issn=2405-4739|doi-access=free }}</ref> * आर्मेनियामा ६३% * अजरबैजानमा ६०% * बेलारुसमा ३५% * इस्टोनियामा ३५% * जर्जियामा ७८% * काजाकिस्तानमा ४१% * किर्गिस्तानमा ५०% * लाटभियामा ५१% * लिथुआनियामा ४४% * मोल्डोभामा ६३% * रूसमा ४०% * ताजिकिस्तानमा ५०% * तुर्कमेनिस्तानमा ४८% * युक्रेनमा ५९% सोभियत संघको पतन पछि शान्तिकालमा रूसले औसत आयुमा रेकर्ड गरिएको इतिहासमा सबैभन्दा ठूलो गिरावट अनुभव गर्यो।<ref name=":BMJ">{{Cite journal|last=Ciment|first=James|date=1999-08-21|title=Life expectancy of Russian men falls to 58|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1116380/|journal=BMJ : British Medical Journal|pages=468}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Men|first=Tamara|last2=Brennan|first2=Paul|last3=Boffetta|first3=Paolo|last4=Zaridze|first4=David|date=2003-10-25|title=Russian mortality trends for 1991-2001: analysis by cause and region|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC259165/|journal=BMJ : British Medical Journal|volume=327|issue=7421|pages=964}}</ref> ९० को दशकको अन्त्यतिर सोभियत संघको पतन पछि गरिबी आकाशियो। गरिबीको रेखामुनि बाँच्ने मानिसहरूको संख्या १९८७-८८ मा ३% बाट २०% वा लगभग ८ करोड ८० लाख पुगेको थियो।<ref name=":RSE">{{Cite journal|last=Izyumov|first=Alexei|date=2010|title=Human Costs of Post-communist Transition: Public Policies and Private Response|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41288494|journal=Review of Social Economy|volume=68|issue=1|pages=93–125}}</ref> Only 4% of the region lived on $4 a day or less but by 1994 this number skyrocketed to 32%.<ref name=":BMJ" /> पूर्वी ब्लकको पतन पछि अपराध, मदिरा सेवन, लागूपदार्थको प्रयोग र आत्महत्या सबै आकाशिएको थियो।<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":RSE" /> अर्थशास्त्री स्टीवन रोजफिल्डले सन् २००१ मा गरेको एक अध्ययनमा, उनले गणना गरे कि १९९० देखि १९९८ सम्म रूसमा ३४ लाख अकाल मृत्यु भएको थियो, जसको लागि उनी आंशिक रूपमा वाशिंगटन सहमतिसँगै आएको "[[सक थेरापी]]" लाई दोष दिन्छन्। <ref>{{cite journal |last1= Rosefielde|first1=Steven|date=2001 |title=Premature Deaths: Russia's Radical Economic Transition in Soviet Perspective|journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies]]|volume=53 |issue=8 |pages=1159–1176|doi= 10.1080/09668130120093174|s2cid=145733112}}</ref> २०१७ को एक अध्ययनले अनुमान गरेको छ कि समग्रमा ७० लाख अकाल मृत्यु शक थेरापीको परिणामस्वरूप भएको थियो।<ref name="AzarovaEtAl2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Azarova |first1=Aytalina |last2=Irdam |first2=Darja |last3=Gugushvili |first3=Alexi |last4=Fazekas |first4=Mihaly |last5=Scheiring |first5=Gábor |last6=Horvat |first6=Pia |last7=Stefler |first7=Denes |last8=Kolesnikova |first8=Irina |last9=Popov |first9=Vladimir |last10=Szelenyi |first10=Ivan |last11=Stuckler |first11=David |last12=Marmot |first12=Michael |last13=Murphy |first13=Michael |last14=McKee |first14=Martin |last15=Bobak |first15=Martin |date=2017-05-01 |title=The effect of rapid privatisation on mortality in mono-industrial towns in post-Soviet Russia: a retrospective cohort study |journal=The Lancet Public Health |language=English |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=e231–e238 |doi=10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30072-5 |issn=2468-2667 |pmid=28626827|pmc=5459934 }}</ref> ===सोभियत पश्चात् का द्वन्द === ===चीन=== ===क्युबा=== ===उत्तर कोरिया=== ===इजरायल === ===अफ्गानिस्तान=== ===खेलकुद === ===दूरसञ्चार === ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[सोभियत सङ्घ|सोभियत संघ]] * [[रुस|रूस]] * [[साम्यवाद]] * [[साम्यवादको पतन]] ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} {{ढाँचा:Cold War}} [[श्रेणी:रुसको इतिहास]] [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] a4bt6erh5qbucshioj2zh4tfgjdbxnj 1358415 1358414 2026-06-08T12:30:08Z Biplab Anand 13653 [[प्रयोगकर्ता:बडा काजी/नेपालीकरण|एक उपकरण]] प्रयोग गरेर व्याकरण ठीक गरियो 1358415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event | title = सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन{{Efn|{{langx|ru|Распад Советского Союза|Raspád Sovétskogo Soyúza}}, also negatively connoted as {{langx|ru|Развал Советского Союза|Razvál Sovétskogo Soyúza}}, ''Ruining of the Soviet Union''.}} | Image_Name = Map of USSR with SSR names.svg | Imagesize = 300px | Image_Alt = Labeled map of the 15 Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union. Listed include: | caption = Between 1990 and 1991, all 15 [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Republics]] broke out from the Soviet Union. | participants = {{bulleted list|सोभियत सङ्घ|सोभियत सरकार|सोभियत गणराज्यका सरकारहरू|सोभियत स्वायत्त गणराज्यका सरकारहरू|[[राष्ट्रवाद|राष्ट्रवादी]] र [[उदारवाद|उदारवादी]] विपक्षी}} | date = {{nowrap|{{start and end dates|1988|11|16|1991|12|26|df=y}}}}<br>(3 years, 1 month, and 10 days) | location = {{Collapsible list |title=[[सोभियत सङ्घ]] |bullets=on |'''पूर्व सोभियत गणराज्य''':<br/> * [[रसिया]], * [[युक्रेन]], * [[बेलारुस]],{{ref label|a|a}} * [[लिथुआनिया]], * [[लात्भिया]], * [[इस्टोनिया]], * [[मोल्दोभा]],{{ref label|c|c}} * [[जर्जिया]], * [[आर्मेनिया]], * [[अजरबैजान]], * [[कजाख्स्तान|कजाखस्तान]], * [[तुर्कमेनिस्तान|तुर्केमिनिस्तान]],{{ref label|p|d}} * [[उज्बेकिस्तान]] * [[ताजिकिस्तान]], * [[किर्गिस्तान]],{{ref label|b|b}} |'''[[Post-Soviet states#Separatist conflicts|Self-proclaimed breakaway states]]'''{{ref label|e|e}}:<br/> * '''अब्खाजिया''' (1992–present), * [[Republic of Artsakh|Artsakh]] (1991–2023), * [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria|Ichkeria]] (1991–2000), * [[Republic of Crimea (Russia)|Crimea]] (1992; 2014), * [[Gagauz Republic|Gagauzia]] (1990–95), * [[Karakalpakstan]] (1992–93), * [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]] (1990–93), * '''[[South Ossetia]]''' (1992–present), * [[Tatarstan#Present-day|Tatarstan]] (1992–94), * '''ट्रास्न्सनिस्ट्रिया''' (1990–present) }} | cause = {{Collapsible list |title=विघटनको कारणहरू |bullets=on| मुल कारण * आर्थिक सुस्तताको युग * सोभियत सङ्घ भित्र जातीय तनाब * [[ग्लास्नोस्त]] र [[पेरेस्त्रोइका]] नीति * आर्थिक तथा राजनैतिक बिराम, विशेष गरी [[वार्सा सम्झौता|वार्सा सन्धी]]मा * सोभियत राज्यहरूमा कम्युनिस्ट बिरोधी, सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी बिरोधी, र पश्चिमा सर्मर्थक प्रदर्शन }} | result = {{Collapsible list|सोभियत सङ्घ १५ स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरूमा बिखन्डन |सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको शासनको अन्त्य |एघार स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरू बीच कमनवेल्थ अफ इन्डिपेनडेन्ट स्टेट्सको स्थापना |पूर्व स्वायत्त क्षेत्रहरूमा कयौँ पृथकतावादी आन्दोलन, अधिकांश असफल |कयौँ सैन्य द्वन्द र जातीय तनाब, जसबाट मानबीय सङ्कट उत्पन्न भयो र धेरै मानिसहरू बिस्थापित भए |Republics declare [[multi-party system|multi-party]] [[Presidential republic|presidential]] or [[semi-presidential republic|semi-presidential]] systems|Republics move to adopt [[capitalism|capitalist]] [[market economy]]|[[Soviet ruble|Ruble]] zone active in most of the new states between 1991 and 1994, with national currencies adopted later|Unified [[Soviet Armed Forces]] divided {{Circa|1992}}–1993|[[Black Sea Fleet dispute]] between Russia and Ukraine from 1992 to 1997 and its [[Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet|partition]] in 1997.|Lease of [[Sevastopol Naval Base]] to [[Russia]], [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|terminated in 2014]]|Issues with value loss of savings of former Soviet citizens|Issues with social and medical support for veterans of the [[Soviet–Afghan War]]|Relocation of the [[Soviet Armed Forces]] from [[East Germany]] and the rest of [[Central Europe]]|Economic support to [[North Korea]] had stopped|Start of the [[Special Period]] in [[Cuba]]|End of the [[Cold War]] with [[Western Bloc]] victory|Decline of [[Communism|communist]] and far-left movements around the world|[[चीन]] बिश्वको सबैभन्दा ठुलो कम्युनिस्ट राष्ट्र रह्यो। | अमेरिका विश्वको एकमात्र [[महाशक्ति]] बन्यो। }} | partof = [[शीतयुद्ध]] | notes = <div style="text-align: left">{{nowrap|{{note|a}} Then romanized as ''Byelorussia'' ({{langx|ru|Белоруссия}}).}}<br/>{{note|b}} Then romanized as ''Kirghizia'' ({{langx|ru|Киргизия}}).<br/>{{note|c}} Then romanized as ''Moldavia'' ({{langx|ru|Молдавия}}).<br/>{{note|d}} Then romanized as ''Turkmenia'' ({{langx|ru|Туркмения}}).<br/>{{note|e}} States in '''bold''' still exist to this present day.</div> | mapframe = no }}१९९१ डिसेम्बर २६ मा, [[सोभियत सङ्घ|सोभियत सङ्घ]]को विघटन भएको घोषणा भयो। यो घोषणामा सोभियत सङ्घका पूर्व गणतन्त्रहरूलाई स्वतन्त्र राज्यको रूपमा मान्यता दिइयो। विघटन हुनुभन्दा अघि [[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ|मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभ]] सोभियत सङ्घका राष्ट्रपति थिए। विघटनको घोषणा हुनुभन्दा अघिल्लो दिन उनले राजीनामा दिएका थिए। यो विघटन प्रक्रियाको सुरुवात सामान्यतया गोर्बाचेभले सत्ता ग्रहण गर्नुसँग सम्बन्धित छ। वास्तवमा, सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको प्रक्रिया धेरै पहिले नै सुरु भइसकेको थियो। १९९१ मा सोभियत सङ्घको पतन धेरै कारणहंरू थिए: दीर्घकालीन आर्थिक सुस्तता, [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]सँगको हतियार दौड र विदेशी द्वन्द्वको दिगो वित्तीय भार, यसका आंगिक गणराज्यहरू भित्र तीव्र जातीय राष्ट्रवाद र पृथकतावाद, र गोर्बाचेभको सुधारहरू (विशेष गरी ग्लासनोस्ट र पेरेस्ट्रोइका) को अस्थिरता बनाउने प्रभावहरू। यो प्रक्रिया देशका विभिन्न घटक गणराज्यहरूमा बढ्दो अशान्तिसँगै सुरु भयो। अशान्ति गणराज्य र केन्द्रीय सरकार बीचको निरन्तर राजनीतिक र विधायीकी द्वन्द्वमा परिणत भयो। १६ नोभेम्बर १९८८ मा सङ्घ भित्र राज्य सार्वभौमिकता घोषणा गर्ने इस्टोनिया पहिलो सोभियत गगणराज्य थियो। लिथुआनिया सोभियत सङ्घबाट पुनर्स्थापित पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता घोषणा गर्ने पहिलो गणराज्य थियो, त्यसपछि यसको बाल्तेली छिमेकी लाटभिया, र दक्षिणी काकेशस गणराज्य जर्जिया अर्को दुई महिनामा यसमा सामेल भयो। १९९१ को अगस्टको असफल कुको समयमा, कम्युनिस्ट कट्टरपन्थी र सैन्य अभिजात वर्गले गोर्बाचेभलाई अपदस्थ गर्ने र असफल सुधारहरूलाई रोक्ने प्रयास गरे। यद्यपि, उथलपुथलको कारण केन्द्रीय सरकारले मस्कोको प्रभाव गुमायो, अन्ततः धेरै गणराज्यहरूले त्यसपछिका दिन र महिनाहरूमा स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणा गरे। २५ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा, गोर्बाचेभले राजीनामा दिए र आणविक प्रक्षेपण कोडहरूको नियन्त्रण सहित - आफ्नो राष्ट्रपतिय अधिकार - [[बोरिस येल्तसिन|येल्तसिन]]लाई सुम्पिए, जो अब [[रुसको राष्ट्रपति|रुसी सङ्घका पहिलो राष्ट्रपति]] बनेका थिए। त्यो साँझ, सोभियत झन्डा अन्तिम पटक क्रेमलिनबाट तल झारियो र [[रूसको झन्डा|रुसी तिरंगा झन्डा]] फहराइयो। भोलिपल्ट, सोभियत सङ्घको माथिल्लो सदनको सर्वोच्च सोभियत, गणतन्त्रहरूको सोभियतले औपचारिक रूपमा सङ्घलाई विघटन गर्‍यो।<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite journal |title=Declaration No. 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, formally establishing the dissolution of the Soviet Union as a state and subject of international law. |url=https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%BE%D1%82_26.12.1991_%E2%84%96_142-%D0%9D |journal=Russian Wikisource |language=ru}}</ref> यस घटनाको परिणामस्वरूप यसका १५ घटक गणतन्त्रहरूले पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्त गरे र [[शीतयुद्ध]]को अन्त्य भयो।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marques |first=Clara Ferreira |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-12-23/30-years-later-soviet-union-s-collapse-still-hasessons-for-china |title=For China, USSR's 1991 Collapse is Still News It Can Use |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=23 December 2021 |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107200259/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-12-23/30-years-later-soviet-union-s-collapse-still-has-lessons-for-china |url-status=live }}</ref> == पृष्ठभूमि == [[चित्र:Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg|दायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|500x500पिक्सेल|१९८९ मा उदय भएका सोभियत सङ्घका भागहरू]] १९१७ को बोल्सेभिक क्रान्तिले सोभियत सङ्घ भनिने नयाँ [[साम्यवाद|कम्युनिस्ट]] राज्यलाई जन्म दियो। सोभियत सङ्घले सुरुमा नै स्पष्ट पारेको थियो कि यसको राजनीतिक प्रणाली र कम्युनिस्ट सङ्गठनहरू समाजवादी विचारधारामा आधारित हुनेछन्, र कम्युनिस्ट मार्क्सवादी विश्वदृष्टिकोण राष्ट्रिय हित परिभाषित गर्ने एकमात्र मापदण्ड हुनेछ। स्वाभाविक रूपमा, [[पूँजीवाद|पूँजीवादी]] पश्चिमी राज्यहरूले यो क्रान्तिकारी कम्युनिस्ट राज्यलाई आफ्नो प्राकृतिक शत्रुको रूपमा बुझे। १९२० र १९३० को दशकमा [[भ्लादिमिर लेनिन|लेनिनको]] मृत्युपछि, [[जोसेफ स्टालिन|स्टालिनले]] आफुलाई सर्वोच्च नेताको रूपमा स्थापित गरे, देशमा कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको [[तानाशाही]] स्थापना भयो। स्टालिनले आफ्ना विरोधीहरूलाई क्रूरतापूर्वक समाप्त पारे र दमन गरे। यस कारण सोभियत सङ्घलाई लोकतन्त्रको उल्लङ्घन गर्ने राज्यको रूपमा चिनियो। स्टालिनको मृत्यु पछि पनि, [[निकिता ख्रुश्चेभ|ख्रुश्चेभ]] र [[लियोनिद ब्रेझनेभ|ब्रेज्नेभ]]को शासनकालमा अधिनायकवादी प्रवृत्तिहरू कायम रह्यो। नागरिक स्वतन्त्रता, प्रशासन र विदेश यात्रामा प्रतिबन्धहरू जारी रहे। एक अर्थमा, जनभावनामाथि "फलामको पर्दा" राखिएको थियो। "[[सर्वहारावर्गको अधिनायकत्व|सर्वहारा वर्गको अधिनायकत्व]]" को अर्थ नै सर्वहारा वर्गको हातमा शक्ति हुनुपर्छ भन्ने थियो। श्रमजीवी जनताको आधारभूत अधिकारको ग्यारेन्टी गर्नु र राज्य नीति निर्माणमा उनीहरूको सहभागिता सुनिश्चित गर्नु समाजवादी प्रजातन्त्रको सार थियो। सोभियत सङ्घले यो प्रजातन्त्र स्थापना गर्ने प्रयास गरेन। फलस्वरूप, "सर्वहारा वर्गको अधिनायकत्व" सर्वहारा वर्गमाथि राज्य र पार्टीको शीर्ष पदमा रहेका नेताहरूको अधिनायकत्वमा परिणत भयो। जनता राज्य र प्रणालीप्रति उदासीन भए। उनीहरूको उदासीनता र आक्रोश यस्तो स्तरमा पुग्यो कि जब प्रणाली समाप्त भयो, जनताको कुनै पनि वर्गबाट यसको बचाउमा एक आवाज पनि उठेन। [[रुस|रुस]] भौगोलिक रूपमा विश्वको सबैभन्दा ठुलो राज्य मात्र थिएन, तर यसको जनसङ्ख्या पनि अदभूत बिबिधतायुक्त थियो। रुसी जारहरूले यो विशाल साम्राज्यलाई केन्द्रीय प्रशासन अन्तर्गत ल्याउन कुनै प्रयास गरेनन्, तर सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले यसलाई केन्द्रीकृत गर्ने प्रयास गरे, र यो जातीय विविधता सोभियत सङ्घको राष्ट्रिय एकता र अखण्डताको लागि खतरा बनी रह्यो। सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले यो जटिल समस्याको समाधान खोज्न सकेन। [[शीतयुद्ध|शीतयुद्धको समयमा,]] पश्चिमी शक्तिहरूको प्रचारले यो चुनौतीलाई बढाउँदै लग्यो। सोभियत साम्राज्यले आफ्नो प्रभावमा ल्याएपछि [[हङ्गेरी|हङ्गेरी]], [[पोल्यान्ड|पोल्यान्ड]], [[चेकोस्लोभाकिया]], [[रोमानिया]] आदि सबै पूर्वी देशहरूमा स्वतन्त्रताको चाहना सोभियत साम्राज्यको लागि चिन्ताको विषय बनेको थियो। सोभियत सङ्घको कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले अगाडि सारेका आर्थिक विकास र सामाजिक पुनर्निर्माणका उपायहरू असफल साबित भए। [[लिओन त्रोत्स्की|ट्रोटस्की]] जस्ता आलोचकहरूले धेरै पहिले स्टालिनका नीतिहरूलाई समाजवाद प्रति विश्वासघातको रूपमा निन्दा गरेका थिए र ख्रुश्चेभले पनि स्टालिन र स्टालिनवादको निन्दा गरेका थिए। ख्रुश्चेभको शासनकालमा, [[माओ त्सेतुङ|माओवादी]] चीनले पनि सोभियत सङ्घ कम्युनिस्ट क्रान्तिकारी राज्य हुन छोडेको र सुधारवादी, प्रतिक्रियावादी, अवसरवादी, सम्झौतावादी शक्ति बनेको आरोप लगाउन थालेको थियो। यसरी, सोभियत नेतृत्वले आफ्ना सहयोगीहरू, अन्य कम्युनिस्ट देशहरूको विश्वास गुमायो। यसलाई सामूहिक, राष्ट्रिय र क्रान्तिकारी हितभन्दा आफ्नो राष्ट्रिय हितलाई प्राथमिकता दिने रूपमा हेरिएको थियो। चाहे त्यो सोभियत-चीन विवाद होस् वा पूर्वी युरोपका कम्युनिस्ट देशहरूमा असन्तुष्टि, यी सबैले सोभियत कम्युनिस्टहरूलाई कमजोर बनाए। सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको लागि कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको शीर्ष नेतृत्व पनि केही हदसम्म जिम्मेवार थियो। सोभियत सङ्घमा पार्टी र राज्य बीच कुनै भिन्नता नभएकोले, पार्टी र राज्य दुवैको नेतृत्व उनीहरूसँगै रह्यो। पार्टी नेतृत्व आफ्नो विशेषाधिकार प्राप्त जीवनशैली, नातावाद र भ्रष्ट अभ्यासहरूका लागि कुख्यात भयो। फलस्वरूप, सोभियत नेताहरूले जनताका लागि आदर्शको रूपमा आफ्नो भूमिका गुमाए। === आर्थिक सङ्कट === [[आर्थिक विकास|आर्थिक विकासको]] सन्दर्भमा, सैन्य र रणनीतिक क्षेत्रमा सोभियत उपलब्धिहरू अमेरिकीहरूको बराबर र कहिलेकाहीँ उछिनेको देखिए पनि, यी उपलब्धिहरूले सोभियत सङ्घको आर्थिक वृद्धि दरलाई उल्लेखनीय रुपमा पछि पार्‍यो। वास्तवमा, उन्नत अनुसन्धानको लागि प्रतिस्पर्धा, हतियार उत्पादनमा अत्यधिक खर्च, र आफ्नो प्रभुत्व कायम राख्न अन्य देशहरू (अफगानिस्तान, प्यालेस्टाइन) को आन्तरिक समस्याहरूमा हस्तक्षेपले सोभियत सङ्घको अर्थतन्त्रको पतन निम्त्यायो। यसबाहेक, पूर्वी युरोपमा स्थापित समाजवादी राज्यहरूलाई आर्थिक, सैन्य र राजनीतिक समर्थन प्रदान गर्नु सोभियत सङ्घको नैतिक जिम्मेवारी थियो। यसबाहेक, नयाँ स्वतन्त्र देशहरूको अर्थतन्त्रलाई अमेरिकी शिविरमा पर्नबाट रोक्न आर्थिक सहयोग प्रदान गर्नु यसको नीति थियो। यी सबै कारणहरूले सोभियत सङ्घको आर्थिक पतन निम्त्यायो। १९७० देखि १९८५ सम्म सोभियत सङ्घको वृद्धि दर १०% ले घट्यो। मेसिनरी र उपकरण निर्यातको हिस्सा घट्यो। कृषि र औद्योगिक उत्पादनमा गिरावट आयो। फलस्वरूप, उपभोग्य वस्तुहरूको लागि लामो लाइनहरू बन्न थाले, र नागरिकहरूको जीवनस्तर घट्यो। यसरी, औसत उपभोक्ताको लागि अभाव सामान्य कुरा हुन थाल्यो। शीतयुद्धको समयमा पश्चिमी प्रचार कम्युनिस्ट प्रणाली उत्पादन र वितरण दुवैमा पूर्ण असफल भएको प्रमाणित गर्नमा केन्द्रित थियो। अभावको यो वातावरण, बढ्दो उपभोक्ता असन्तुष्टि, अभिव्यक्ति स्वतन्त्रताको अभाव र मानव अधिकार उल्लङ्घनले सोभियत प्रणालीलाई अझ चर्काएको थियो। संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकासँग [[परमाणु निर्मित अस्त्र-शस्त्रों|आणविक हतियारमा]] प्रतिस्पर्धा गर्ने महत्वाकांक्षाले सोभियत सङ्घको अर्थतन्त्रमा ठुलो बोझ ल्यायो। राष्ट्रपति रेगनको नेतृत्वमा घोषणा गरिएको [[स्टार वार्स परियोजना|स्टार वार्स परियोजनालाई]] रद्द गर्न, सोभियत सङ्घले आफ्नो रक्षा बजेटमा भारी वृद्धि गर्नुपर्‍यो। सोही समयमा, सोभियत सङ्घले [[अफगानिस्तान|अफगानिस्तानमा]] सैन्य हस्तक्षेप गर्‍यो। यो हस्तक्षेपले सोभियत सङ्घमा आर्थिक बोझ मात्र थपेन तर यसलाई अलोकप्रिय पनि बनायो। यसले सोभियत सङ्घलाई अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय समुदायमा पूर्ण रूपमा एक्लो बनायो। त्यही समयमा, पूर्वी युरोपमा कम्युनिस्ट सोभियत साम्राज्यलाई चुनौती दिँदै क्रान्तिकारी आन्दोलन सुरु भयो। पोल्यान्डमा, सैन्य सङ्गठन " [[सॉलिडेटरी|सोलिडारिटी" ले]] आफ्नो देशको कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी विरुद्ध लडिरहेको थियो, र [[रोमानिया|रोमानियामा]], [[चेचेस्क्यू|चाउसेस्कुको]] भ्रष्ट शासनलाई समर्थन गर्न गाह्रो हुँदै गइरहेको थियो। यी परिस्थितिहरूमा मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभले सत्ता ग्रहण गरे। === गोर्बाचेभ र उनका नीतिहरू === [[चित्र:Mikhail_Gorbachev_1987.jpg|दायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|305x305पिक्सेल|मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभ]] मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभ ११ मार्च १९८५ मा पोलिटब्युरोद्वारा महासचिवमा निर्वाचित भए। उनको चयन उनका पूर्ववर्ती कोन्स्टान्टिन चेर्नेन्कोको ७३ वर्षको उमेरमा मृत्यु भएको चार घण्टाभन्दा बढी समयपछि भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/12/world/chernenko-dead-moscow-73-gorbachev-succeeds-him-urges-arms-control-economic.html |title=Chernenko is Dead in Moscow at 73; Gorbachev Succeeds Him and Urges Arms Control and Economic Vigor |work=द न्युयोर्क टाइम्स|date=12 March 1985 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008023935/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/12/world/chernenko-dead-moscow-73-gorbachev-succeeds-him-urges-arms-control-economic.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ५४ वर्षीय गोर्बाचेभ पोलिटब्युरोका सबैभन्दा कान्छा सदस्य थिए। महासचिवको रूपमा उनको प्रारम्भिक लक्ष्य स्थिर सोभियत अर्थतन्त्रलाई पुनर्जीवित गर्नु थियो। त्यसो गर्न अन्तर्निहित राजनीतिक र सामाजिक संरचनाहरूमा सुधार आवश्यक पर्ने उनले महसुस गरे।<ref>{{cite web |date=27 March 2009 |title=Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв (Mikhail Sergeyevičh Gorbačhëv) |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/ussr/ussr_state/gorbachev.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111111753/http://www.archontology.org/nations/ussr/ussr_state/gorbachev.php |archive-date=11 November 2019 |access-date=3 April 2009 |publisher=Archontology}}</ref> सुधारको सुरुवात ब्रेज्नेभ-युगका वरिष्ठ अधिकारीहरूको कर्मचारी परिवर्तनबाट सुरु भयो जसले राजनीतिक र आर्थिक परिवर्तनमा बाधा पुर्‍याउन सक्थे।<ref>{{cite book|last1=Carrere D'Encausse |first1=Helene|title=The End of the Soviet Empire: The Triumph of the Nations|url=https://archive.org/details/endofsovietemp00carr |url-access=registration |date=1993|publisher=BasicBooks |location=New York|isbn=978-0-465-09812-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/endofsovietemp00carr/page/16 16]|edition=English |translator-first= Franklin|translator-last= Philip}}</ref> २३ अप्रिल १९८५ मा, गोर्बाचेभले दुई कार्यकर्ता, येगोर लिगाचेभ र निकोलाई रिज्कोभलाई पूर्ण सदस्यको रूपमा पोलिटब्यूरोमा ल्याए। उनले केजीवी प्रमुख भिक्टर चेब्रिकोभलाई उम्मेदवारबाट पूर्ण सदस्यमा पदोन्नति गरेर र रक्षामन्त्री मार्शल सर्गेई सोकोलोभलाई पोलिटब्यूरोको उम्मेदवारको रूपमा नियुक्त गरेर "शक्तिशाली" मन्त्रालयहरूलाई अनुकुल बनाए। गोर्बाचेभको सुधारले ल्याएको अभिव्यक्ति स्वतन्त्रताले सोभियत सङ्घ भित्र राष्ट्रवादी आन्दोलन र जातीय विवादहरूलाई अभिव्यक्त गर्न र प्रमुख राजनीतिक आन्दोलनहरूमा बढ्न छुट दियो।{{Sfnp|Beissinger|2009|pages=5–6}} यसले अप्रत्यक्ष रूपमा १९८९ को क्रान्तिहरूको नेतृत्व पनि गर्‍यो जसमा वार्सा सम्झौताको सोभियत-समर्थित समाजवादी शासनहरू शान्तिपूर्ण (रोमानियाको उल्लेखनीय अपवाद बाहेक) रूपमा ढालिए।,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7972755.stm |title=Gorbachev's role in 1989 turmoil |work=बिबिसी न्युज |date=1 April 2009 |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=9 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409121205/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7972755.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> यस घटनाले गोर्बाचेभमाथि सोभियत सङ्घका घटक गणराज्यहरूका लागि बढी प्रजातन्त्र र स्वायत्तता लागु गर्न दबाब बढायो। गोर्बाचेभको नेतृत्वमा, १९८९ मा सोभियत सङ्घ कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले नयाँ केन्द्रीय व्यवस्थापिका, जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको काङ्ग्रेस मा सीमित प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक चुनावहरू सुरु गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/30/world/the-gorbachev-plan-restructuring-soviet-power.html |title=The Gorbachev Plan: Restructuring Soviet Power |work=The New York Times |date=30 June 1988 |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=16 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516202450/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/30/world/the-gorbachev-plan-restructuring-soviet-power.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ((यद्यपि अन्य राजनीतिक दलहरूमाथिको प्रतिबन्ध १९९० सम्म हटाइएको थिएन)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/08/opinion/the-third-russian-revolution-transforming-the-communist-party.html |title=The Third Russian Revolution; Transforming the Communist Party |work=द न्युयोर्क टाइम्स |date=8 February 1990 |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=16 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516201709/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/08/opinion/the-third-russian-revolution-transforming-the-communist-party.html |url-status=live }}</ref> रूसको आर्थिक अवस्था सुधार गर्न र साम्यवादलाई सकारात्मक रूपमा बलियो बनाउन, गोर्बाचेभले उस्कोरेनी (त्वरण), पेरेस्ट्रोइका (पुनर्संरचना), र ग्लासनोस्त (खुलापन) भनेर चिनिने आफ्ना विशिष्ट नीतिहरूको घोषणा गरे।<ref name="m446">{{Cite web |title=Gorbachev and Perestroika |url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/gorbachev |access-date=16 April 2026 |website=Short History |ref={{sfnref|Short History}}}}</ref> गोर्बाचेभको उद्देश्य यी अवधारणाहरू मार्फत सोभियत प्रणालीलाई आमूल रूपान्तरण गर्नु थियो। उनको प्रयास नयाँ परिवर्तनहरू ल्याएर साम्यवादको जग प्रदान गर्नु थियो। त्यसैले, उनको परिवर्तनलाई दोस्रो सोभियत क्रान्तिको आगमनको प्रतीकात्मक मानिन्छ। === उस्कोरेनी === गोर्बाचेभका अनुसार, तत्कालीन सोभियत अर्थतन्त्र कम गुणस्तरका सामानहरू, अदक्षता र प्रतिस्पर्धाको अभावबाट पीडित थियो। जनतालाई प्रदान गरिने सामान र सेवाहरू र उनीहरूले माग गरेका सामान र सेवाहरू बीच अन्तर थियो। यसरी, उस्कोरेनी अर्थतन्त्रको संरचनालाई यस्तो तरिकाले रूपान्तरण गर्नेछ जसले जनताको आवश्यकताहरूको सन्तुष्टिलाई अझ गतिशील, कुशल र सामाजिक रूपमा उन्मुख बनाउनेछ भन्ने विश्वास गरिएको थियो। यसले अधिक स्रोतहरू प्रयोग गर्नुको सट्टा दक्षता बढाएर उत्पादन बढाउन जोड दियो। === पेरेस्त्रोइका === पेरेस्त्रोइकाको अर्थ पुनर्गठन वा पुनर्संरचना हो। यसको माध्यमबाट, समाजमा सुधार ल्याउने संकल्प गरिएको थियो जसले पुरानो कठोरताहरूको अन्त्य गर्नेछ र मानव आर्थिक, सामाजिक, राजनीतिक, सांस्कृतिक र आध्यात्मिक विकासको लागि मार्ग प्रशस्त गर्नेछ।<ref name="m521">{{Cite web |title=Google Books |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Samyavad_Ko_Chunotiya_lkE_okn_dks_pqukSf/y6c2KYkSpVsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE&pg=PA76&printsec=frontcover |access-date=16 April 2026 |website=Google |ref={{sfnref|Google}}}}</ref> यसरी, यो नयाँ समाजतर्फ अघि बढ्ने प्रक्रिया थियो। पेरेस्ट्रोइकामा निम्न समावेश थिए: (१) सामाजिक-आर्थिक प्रगतिलाई तीव्र पार्ने। (२) समाजको व्यापक लोकतान्त्रिकरण ल्याउन। (३) लोकतान्त्रिक विकेन्द्रीकरण हासिल गर्न। (४) व्यक्तिको नैतिक र आध्यात्मिक विकास गर्न। (५) समाजका कुरीतिहरूको पर्दाफास गर्ने। यसरी, पेरेस्त्रोइकाको उद्देश्य एउटा यस्तो समाजको विस्तार गर्नु थियो जहाँ मानवीय मर्यादा र गौरव केन्द्रमा हुन्छ र मानवीय मूल्यमान्यताको सम्मान गरिन्छ। गोर्बाचोभले पेरेस्त्रोइकाको अन्तर्गत, कृषि क्षेत्र, पट्टा र सम्झौतामा सुधार मार्फत निजी खेतीलाई प्रोत्साहित गरे। कृषिमा, सामूहिक संस्थाहरू भन्दा सहकारी संस्थाहरूलाई बढी महत्त्व दिइयो किनभने यसमा, व्यक्तिको काम गर्ने प्रेरणा रहिरहन्छ। त्यसैगरी, उपभोक्ता उद्योगहरू विकास गरियो, ज्याला उत्पादकत्वसँग जोडियो र दक्ष कामदारहरूलाई उच्च तलब र सुविधा प्रदान गरियो। त्यसैगरी, प्रविधि र लगानीसँग सम्बन्धित नीतिमा परिवर्तन ल्याएर, अर्थतन्त्रलाई गहिरो संरचनात्मक रूपमा पुनर्संरचना गर्ने प्रयास गरियो। अर्थतन्त्रलाई स्थिरताबाट बाहिर निकालेर बलियो र द्रुत विकासको बाटोमा राख्ने प्रयास गरियो। पेरेस्ट्रोइका मार्फत, गोर्बाचेभले सोभियत सङ्घलाई नयाँ समाजतर्फ डोऱ्याउन खोजे। उनले लेनिनको विचारधारामा आधारित यो नयाँ समाजको पुनर्निर्माण गर्ने उद्देश्य राखे। यी नीतिहरूको यथास्थितिवादीहरूले व्यापक रूपमा विरोध गरे। === ग्लासनोस्त === ग्लासनोस्तको अर्थ "खुलापन" हो। ग्लासनोस्तको माध्यमले खुला बहस लाई प्रोत्साहन दिइयो जसबाट लोकतन्त्रको शक्तिलाई बलियो बनोस्। गोर्बाचेभले जोड दिए कि ग्लासनोस्त योजना र प्रशासनका सबै पक्षहरूमा विस्तार गरिनुपर्छ, र देश भित्र क्षेत्रीय, आर्थिक, जातीय, युवा, वातावरणीय, सामाजिक र अन्य मुद्दाहरूमा खुला बहस गरिनुपर्छ, ताकि जनताको वास्तविक र सटीक विचारहरू पत्ता लगाउन सकियोस्। गोर्बाचेभले यो पनि भने कि हामीलाई हावा जति चाहिँन्छ त्यति नै ग्लासनोस्त पनि चाहिँन्छ। ग्लासनोस्त मार्फत, समाजवादले लोकतन्त्रको बाटोमा लाग्नु थियो। वास्तवमा, पेरेस्ट्रोइकाको व्यापक अवधारणा, जसले सामाजिक, आर्थिक र राजनीतिक रूपान्तरण खोज्यो, र मानिसहरूले भाग लिएको समाजको पुनर्निर्माण गर्ने प्रयास गर्‍यो, ग्लासनोस्ट वा खुलापन आवश्यक थियो। यसैले यो भनिएको थियो कि ग्लासनोस्ट बिना, पेरेस्ट्रोइका र लोकतन्त्र थिएन। ग्लासनोस्टको प्रक्रिया वास्तवमा चुनौतीपूर्ण थियो किनभने बन्द समाज खुला ठाउँमा बस्न अभ्यस्त थिएन। ; <nowiki>गोर्बाचेभको नीतिका परिणामहरू:</nowiki> १. ग्लासनोस्त र पेरेस्ट्रोइका केवल शब्द मात्र नभई परिवर्तनका प्रतीक बने। सोभियत समाजको हरेक कुनामा परिवर्तनले पकड जमाउन थाल्यो र राजनीतिक बन्दीहरूलाई रिहा गरियो। २. देशमा खुला बहस हुन थाल्यो। सोभियत जनताले बहुदलीय चुनावको नयाँ अनुभव प्राप्त गरे। ३. सोभियत नागरिकहरूलाई विदेश यात्रा र नागरिक आप्रवासनको स्वतन्त्रता दिइएको थियो। ४. विदेश नीतिमा परिवर्तन ल्याइयो र शीतयुद्धको सट्टा तनाव कम गर्नलाई महत्त्व दिइयो। ५. सुधार कार्यक्रमहरू मार्फत, सोभियत समाजलाई कडा अनुशासन र कठोर नीतिबाट मुक्त गरियो। ६. यो खुला बहस सोभियत सङ्घमा पनि दुरुपयोग गरिएको थियो, जहाँ मानिसहरूले यसलाई गुटबन्दी र साँघुरो स्वार्थलाई बढावा दिन प्रयोग गरे। यसैबीच, सोभियत सङ्घ गठन गर्ने गणतन्त्रहरूले बढी स्वायत्तताको माग गरे। केही गणतन्त्रहरूले पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता पनि चाहेका थिए। ७. लोकतान्त्रिक तत्वहरू र कट्टरपन्थी कम्युनिस्टहरू बीचको रस्साकस्सीले प्रशासनलाई निष्क्रिय बनायो। पृथकतावाद हिंसात्मक रुपमा फैलियो, जसले सोभियत सङ्घलाई अराजकताको छेउमा पुर्‍यायो। अगस्ट १९९१ मा, केही कम्युनिस्ट नेताहरूले असफल विद्रोहको प्रयास गरे। फलस्वरूप, सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन तीव्र भयो, र यो अन्ततः विघटन भयो। गोर्बाचेभले राजीनामा दिए। डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा, सोभियत सङ्घको ठाउँमा १५ स्वतन्त्र गणतन्त्रहरू देखा परे। == १९९० == === सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले पाँच गणराज्य गुमायो === ७ फेब्रुअरी १९९० मा, सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको केन्द्रीय समितिले पार्टीले राजनीतिक शक्तिमा आफ्नो [[एकाधिकार]] त्याग्नुपर्छ भन्ने गोर्बाचेभको सिफारिसलाई स्वीकार गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite web |title=Soviet Communist Party gives up monopoly on political power: This Day in History – 2/7/1990 |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviet-communist-party-gives-up-monopoly-on-political-power |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122002621/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviet-communist-party-gives-up-monopoly-on-political-power |archive-date=22 January 2018 |access-date=23 June 2011 |publisher=History.com}}</ref> १९९० मा, सोभियत सङ्घका सबै पन्ध्र घटक गणराज्यहरूले आफ्नो पहिलो प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक चुनाव सम्पन्न भयो, जसमा सुधारवादी र जातीय राष्ट्रवादीहरूले धेरै सिटहरू जिते। कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले पाँच गणराज्यहरूमा चुनाव हार्‍यो: लिथुआनिया, मोल्डोभा, इस्टोनिया, लाटभिया, जर्जियामा घटक गणराज्यहरूले आफ्ना राज्यको सार्वभौमिकता घोषणा गर्न थाले र मस्को केन्द्रीय सरकारसँग "कानूनको युद्ध" सुरु गर्‍यो; गणराज्यहरूले स्थानीय कानूनहरूसँग बाझिने सङ्घ-व्यापी कानूनलाई अस्वीकार गरे, आफ्नो स्थानीय अर्थतन्त्रमा नियन्त्रण कायम राखे, र सोभियत सरकारलाई कर तिर्न अस्वीकार गरे। लिथुआनियाले लिथुआनियाली पुरुषहरूलाई सोभियत सशस्त्र सेनामा अनिवार्य सेवा गर्नुपर्ने नियम अन्त्य गर्‍यो। यो द्वन्द्वले आपूर्ति प्रणाली अवरुद्ध हुँदा आर्थिक अव्यवस्था निम्त्यायो र सोभियत अर्थतन्त्रमा थप गिरावट आयो।<ref name="Russia, The Tsarist and Soviet Legacy">Acton, Edward (1995). ''Russia, The Tsarist and Soviet Legacy''. Longman Group Ltd. {{ISBN|0-582-08922-0}}.</ref> === सोभियत सङ्घ र रुसी सोभियत सङ्घीय समाजवादी गणराज्य बीचको प्रतिस्पर्धा === ४ मार्च १९९० मा, रुसी सोभियत सङ्घीय समाजवादी गणराज्यले रूसको जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको काङ्ग्रेसको लागि चुनाव गर्‍यो। [[बोरिस येल्तसिन]] ७२ प्रतिशत मत प्राप्त गर्दै निर्वाचित भए। <ref>Leon Aron, ''Boris Yeltsin: A Revolutionary Life''. HarperCollins, 2000. pp. 739–740.</ref> २९ मे १९९० मा, येल्तसिन रुसी गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च सोभियतको अध्यक्षमा निर्वाचित भए, यद्यपि गोर्बाचेभले रुसी प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई उनलाई मतदान नगर्न आग्रह गरेका थिए। येल्तसिनलाई सर्वोच्च सोभियतका लोकतान्त्रिक र रूढिवादी सदस्यहरूले समर्थन गरेका थिए, जसले विकासशील राजनीतिक परिस्थितिमा शक्ति खोजेका थिए। रुसी गणराज्य र सोभियत सङ्घ बीच एक नयाँ शक्ति सङ्घर्ष देखा पर्‍यो। १२ जुन १९९० मा, रुसी गणराज्यको जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको काङ्ग्रेसले सार्वभौमिकताको घोषणापत्र घोषणा गर्‍यो। १२ जुलाई १९९० मा, येल्तसिनले २८औँ काङ्ग्रेसमा नाटकीय भाषणमा कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीबाट राजीनामा दिए।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/12/newsid_4493000/4493177.stm|title=1990: Yeltsin Resignation Splits Soviet Communists|date=12 July 1990|access-date=29 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023134854/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/12/newsid_4493000/4493177.stm|archive-date=23 October 2012|publisher=BBC News|url-status=live}}</ref> === बाल्तेली गणराज्यहरू === ११-१३ जनवरी १९९० मा गोर्बाचेभको लिथुआनियाली राजधानी भिल्नियसको गरे। उनको भ्रमणले अनुमानित २५०,००० मानिसहरूको उपस्थिति रहेको स्वतन्त्रता समर्थक र्‍यालीलाई उत्तेजित बनायो। ११ मार्चमा, लिथुआनियाली गणराज्यको नवनिर्वाचित संसदले भाइटौटास ल्यान्ड्सबर्गिसलाई आफ्नो अध्यक्षको रूपमा निर्वाचित गर्‍यो र "लिथुआनिया राज्यको पुनर्स्थापनाको ऐन"को घोषणा गर्‍यो, जसले लिथुआनियालाई सोभियत सङ्घबाट स्वतन्त्रता घोषणा गर्ने पहिलो सोभियत गणराज्य बनायो। मस्कोले "जातीय रूसीहरूको अधिकार सुरक्षित गर्ने" कारण देखाउँदै लिथुआनियामा सेनाहरू राखेर आर्थिक नाकाबन्दीको प्रतिक्रिया दियो।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bandelj|first=Nina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlhoP8snGTgC&pg=PA41|title=From Communists to Foreign Capitalists: The Social Foundations of Foreign Direct Investment in Postsocialist Europe|date=2008|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-12912-9|page=41|access-date=11 October 2015|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124205849/https://books.google.com/books?id=RlhoP8snGTgC&pg=PA41|url-status=live}}</ref> २५ मार्च १९९० मा, एस्टोनियाली कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले छ महिनाको सङ्क्रमकाल पछि सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीबाट अलग हुने पक्षमा मतदान गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/26/world/upheaval-in-the-east-party-in-estonia-votes-split-and-also-a-delay.html|title=Upheaval in the East; Party in Estonia Votes Split and Also a Delay|date=26 March 1990|work=The New York Times|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701214430/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/26/world/upheaval-in-the-east-party-in-estonia-votes-split-and-also-a-delay.html|archive-date=1 July 2017|agency=Associated Press|url-status=live}}</ref> ३० मार्च १९९० मा, इस्टोनियाली सर्वोच्च परिषद्ले दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धदेखि इस्टोनियामा सोभियत नियन्त्रणलाई अवैध घोषणा गर्‍यो र गणतन्त्र भित्र राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्रताको औपचारिक पुनर्स्थापनातर्फ प्रकृया सुरु गर्‍यो। ३ अप्रिल १९९० मा, एडगर सविसार मन्त्रिपरिषद्को अध्यक्षमा निर्वाचित भए (प्रधानमन्त्री हुनु बराबर), र चाँडै नै स्वतन्त्रता समर्थक मन्त्रिपरिषद् गठन भयो। लाटभियाले ४ मे १९९० मा स्वतन्त्रताको पुनर्स्थापनाको घोषणा गर्‍यो। घोषणापत्रमा भनिएको थियो कि लाटभियाले दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धमा वास्तविक रूपमा आफ्नो स्वतन्त्रता गुमाएको भए तापनि, देश कानूनतः एक सार्वभौम देश बनेको थियो किनभने विलय असंवैधानिक र लाटभियाली जनताको इच्छा विपरीत थियो। घोषणापत्रमा यो पनि भनिएको थियो कि लाटभियाले सोभियत सङ्घसँगको आफ्नो सम्बन्ध १९२० को लाटभियन-सोभियत शान्ति सन्धिको आधारमा बनाउनेछ, जसमा सोभियत सङ्घले लाटभियाको स्वतन्त्रतालाई "भविष्यका सबै समयका लागि" अटूट मानेको थियो। अहिले मे ४ [[लात्भिया|लाटभिया]]मा राष्ट्रिय बिदा हो। ८ मे १९९० मा, एस्टोनियाली सोभियत गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले स्वतन्त्र गणतन्त्र इस्टोनियाको १९३८ को संविधानको पुनर्स्थापनाको आधिकारिक घोषणा गर्दै एक कानून अपनायो।<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2019 |title=О символике эстонии Эстония |trans-title=About the symbolism of Estonia |url=http://estonia.news-city.info/docs/sistemsf/dok_ierskz.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906230101/http://estonia.news-city.info/docs/sistemsf/dok_ierskz.htm |archive-date=6 September 2019 |website= |language=ru}}</ref> === ककेशस === === पश्चिमी गणराज्यहरू === === मध्य एसियाली गणराज्यहरू === ==१९९१== ===मस्कोको सङ्कट=== १४ जनवरी १९९१ मा, निकोलाई रिज्कोभले सोभियत सङ्घको प्रधानमन्त्री वा मन्त्रिपरिषद्को अध्यक्षको पदबाट राजीनामा दिए र सोभियत सङ्घको नयाँ प्रधानमन्त्री मा भ्यालेन्टिन पाभलोभ बने। १७ मार्च १९९१ मा, सङ्घ-व्यापी जनमत सङ्ग्रहमा ७७.८५% मतदाताले सुधारिएको सोभियत सङ्घको अवधारणलाई समर्थन गरे।<ref>[http://soviethistory.org/index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991march&Year=1991&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme 1991: March Referendum] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330025028/http://soviethistory.org/index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991march&Year=1991&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme|date=30 March 2014}} SovietHistory.org</ref> बाल्तेली गणराज्यहरू, आर्मेनिया, जर्जिया र मोल्डोभाले जनमत सङ्ग्रह बहिष्कार गरे साथै चेचेनो-इङ्गुशेतिया (रुस भित्रको एक स्वायत्त गणराज्य जसमा स्वतन्त्रताको तीव्र इच्छा थियो, र अहिले आफुलाई इच्केरिया भनेर चिनाउँछ) पनि बहिष्कार गरे।<ref>Charles King, ''The Ghost of Freedom: History of the Caucasus''</ref> अन्य नौ गणराज्यहरूमा, बहुमत मतदाताहरूले सुधारिएको सोभियत सङ्घको अवधारणाको समर्थन गरे, जर्जियाली क्षेत्रहरू दक्षिण ओसेशिया र अबखाजियाकामा पनि सङ्घको निरन्तरताको पक्षमा पनि मतदान गरे। ===रसियाको प्रमुख बोरिस येल्तसिन=== [[चित्र:Борис_Николаевич_Ельцин-1_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|255x255पिक्सेल|[[बोरिस येल्तसिन]], रसियाको पहिलो प्रजातान्त्रिक निर्वाचित राष्ट्रपति]] १२ जुन १९९१ मा, [[बोरिस येल्तसिन]] देशको पहिलो राष्ट्रपति चुनावमा ५७ प्रतिशत लोकप्रिय मतका साथ रुसी सोभियत सङ्घीय समाजवादी गणराज्यको प्रमुख निर्वाचित भए, उनले गोर्बाचेभले रुचाएका उम्मेदवार "निकोलाई रिज्कोभ"लाई पराजित गरे, जसले १६ प्रतिशत मत प्राप्त गरे। येल्तसिन राष्ट्रपतिमा निर्वाचित भएपछि, रुसी गणराज्यले सोभियत सङ्घबाट आफुलाई स्वायत्त घोषणा गर्‍यो।<ref>{{Cite book|title=The world transformed : 1945 to the present|last=Hunt|first=Michael H.|isbn=9780199371020|page=321|oclc=907585907|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> आफ्नो चुनावी अभियानमा, येल्तसिनले "केन्द्रको तानाशाही" को आलोचना गरे, तर [[बजार अर्थव्यवस्था|बजार अर्थतन्त्र]] लागु गर्ने वाचा भने दिएनन्। === ककेसस: जर्जिया === सोभियत सङ्घ-व्यापी जनमत सङ्ग्रहको प्रतिक्रियामा, ३१ मार्च १९९१ मा, जर्जियाली स्वतन्त्रताको विषयमा स्वतन्त्रता जनमत सङ्ग्रह आयोजना गरियो। दक्षिण ओसेटियन र अब्खाज अल्पसङ्ख्यकहरूले बहिष्कार गरे यो जनमत सङ्ग्रह बहिष्कार गरेका थिए। त्यस महिनाको सुरुमा भएको सोभियत सङ्घमा नै रहने भन्ने जनमत सङ्ग्रहमा उनीहरू उपस्थित थिए। ९९.५% जर्जियाली मतदाताले जर्जियाली स्वतन्त्रताको पुनर्स्थापनाको पक्षमा मतदान गरे जबकि ०.५% ले यसको विपक्षमा मतदान गरे। मतदान ९०.६% थियो।<ref name="Cornell">Cornell, Svante E., [http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/publications/0419dissertation.pdf ''Autonomy and Conflict: Ethnoterritoriality and Separatism in the South Caucasus – Case in Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630141309/http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/publications/0419dissertation.pdf|date=30 June 2007}}. Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Report No. 61. p. 163. University of Uppsala, {{ISBN|91-506-1600-5}}.</ref> ९ अप्रिल १९९१ मा, तिब्लिसीमा भएको नरसंहारको दुई वर्ष पछि र लिथुआनियाले पुनर्स्थापित स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणा गरेको एक वर्ष दुई महिना पछि, जर्जियाली सोभियत गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च परिषद्ले पूर्ण सत्रमा सोभियत सशस्त्र सेनाले प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्रलाई अपदस्त गरेको ७० वर्ष पछि, सोभियत सङ्घबाट जर्जियाको स्वतन्त्रताको औपचारिक पुनर्गठनको घोषणा गर्‍यो। जर्जियाले गरेको स्वतन्त्रताको यो ऐतिहासिक घोषणाले यसलाई सोभियत सङ्घबाट आधिकारिक रूपमा अलग हुने कोकेशियन गणराज्यहरूमध्ये पहिलो र समग्रमा अहिलेसम्म तेस्रो गणराज्य बनायो। === बाल्तेली === ===अगस्ट कु को प्रयास=== १९ अगस्ट १९९१ मा, गोर्बाचेभका उपराष्ट्रपति गेनाडी यानायेभ, प्रधानमन्त्री भ्यालेन्टिन पावलोभ, रक्षामन्त्री दिमित्री याजोभ, केजीवी प्रमुख भ्लादिमिर क्र्युचकोभ र अन्य वरिष्ठ अधिकारीहरूले "राज्य आपतकाल सम्बन्धी समिति" गठन गरेर सङ्घ सन्धिमा हस्ताक्षर हुनबाट रोक्नको लागि प्रयास गरे, जसले फोरोस, [[क्रिमिया|क्राइमिया]]मा बिदामा रहेका गोर्बाचेभलाई घरमै नजरबन्दमा राख्यो र उनको सञ्चार काट्यो। कू नेताहरूले राजनीतिक गतिविधि निलम्बन गर्ने र धेरैजसो पत्रपत्रिकाहरूमा प्रतिबन्ध लगाउने आपतकालीन आदेश जारी गरे। त्यतिबेला रुसी सार्वभौमिकताको प्रतीकात्मक केन्द्र ह्वाइट हाउस (रुसी सङ्घको संसद र येल्तसिनको कार्यालय) को रक्षा गर्न हजारौँ मस्कोवासीहरू बाहिर निस्के। ट्याङ्कमाथिबाट भाषण दिएर कूको विरोध गर्ने येल्तसिनलाई पक्राउ गर्ने प्रयास गरे तर अन्ततः असफल भए। तीन दिन पछि, २१ अगस्ट १९९१ मा, विद्रोह समाप्त भयो। आयोजकहरूलाई पक्राउ गरियो र गोर्बाचेभलाई राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा पुनर्स्थापित गरियो, यद्यपि उनको शक्ति धेरै कम भयो।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ostrovsky |first=Alexander Vladimirovich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XM1VywAACAAJ |title=Глупость или измена?: расследование гибели СССР |date=2011 |publisher=Crimean Bridge-9D |isbn=978-5-89747-068-6 |page=864 |language=ru |trans-title=Stupidity or Treason?: Investigation into the Death of the USSR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Андрей Грачев – к годовщине путча: 'Из Фороса Горбачев вернулся заложником Ельцина' |trans-title=Andrey Grachev – on the anniversary of the coup: 'Gorbachev returned from Foros as Yeltsin's hostage' |url=https://sobesednik.ru/obshchestvo/20210819-andrei-gracev-k-godovshhine-putca-iz-f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223085337/https://sobesednik.ru/obshchestvo/20210819-andrei-gracev-k-godovshhine-putca-iz-f |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=sobesednik.ru |language=ru}}</ref> ===अगस्ट-डिसेम्बर सङ्क्रमणकाल=== २४ अगस्ट १९९१ मा, गोर्बाचेभले सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको महासचिवको पदबाट राजीनामा दिए<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 1991 |title=Заявление М. С. Горбачева о сложение обязанностей генерального секретаря КПСС (24 августа 1991) |trans-title=Statement by M. S. Gorbachev on the resignation of the duties of General Secretary of the CPSU (24 August 1991) |url=http://www.illuminats.ru/component/content/article/29-new/1198-statement-by-mikhail-gorbachev-on-the-addition-of-duties-the-secretary-general-of-the-cpsu-24-august-1991?directory=29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721014247/http://www.illuminats.ru/component/content/article/29-new/1198-statement-by-mikhail-gorbachev-on-the-addition-of-duties-the-secretary-general-of-the-cpsu-24-august-1991?directory=29 |archive-date=21 July 2018 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=www.illuminats.ru |language=ru}}</ref> र सरकारमा रहेका सबै पार्टी एकाइहरू भंग गरे। सोही दिन, युक्रेनी गणतन्त्रको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले युक्रेनको स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणापत्र पारित गर्‍यो, जसमा सोभियत सङ्घबाट युक्रेनको स्वतन्त्रताको लागि राष्ट्रिय जनमत सङ्ग्रहको लागि आह्वान गरिएको थियो। पाँच दिन पछि, सोभियत सङ्घको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले सोभियत क्षेत्रको सबै सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी गतिविधि अनिश्चित कालका लागि निलम्बन गर्‍यो<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2013 |title=Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 29 августа 1991 г. N 2371-I 'О ситуации, возникшей в стране в связи с имевшим место государственным переворотом' |trans-title=Resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 29 August 1991 N 2371-I 'On the situation that arose in the country in connection with the coup d'état' |url=http://www.ruspravo.org/list/89358/1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207002848/http://www.ruspravo.org/list/89358/1.html |archive-date=7 December 2013 |website= |page=1 |language=ru}}</ref>, जसले गर्दा सोभियत सङ्घमा कम्युनिस्ट शासनको प्रभावकारी अन्त्य भयो र देशमा बाँकी रहेको एकमात्र एकताकारी शक्तिलाई विघटन गरियो। गोर्बाचेभले सेप्टेम्बर ५ मा सोभियत सङ्घको राज्य परिषद् स्थापना गरे, जुन उनलाई र बाँकी गणतन्त्रका उच्च अधिकारीहरूलाई सामूहिक नेतृत्वमा ल्याउन डिजाइन गरिएको थियो। राज्य परिषद्लाई सोभियत सङ्घको प्रधानमन्त्री नियुक्त गर्ने अधिकार पनि दिइएको थियो। प्रधानमन्त्री पदले कहिल्यै राम्रोसँग काम गरेन, यद्यपि इभान सिलायेभले सोभियत अर्थतन्त्रको सञ्चालन व्यवस्थापन समिति र अन्तर-गणतन्त्र आर्थिक समिति मार्फत पदभार ग्रहण गरे र द्रुत रूपमा घट्दो शक्तिहरू सहित सरकार गठन गर्ने प्रयास गरे। १९९१ को अन्तिम त्रैमासिकमा सोभियत सङ्घ नाटकीय गतिमा पतन भयो। अगस्ट र डिसेम्बरको बीचमा, मुख्यतया अर्को विद्रोहको डरको कारणले १० गणतन्त्रहरू सङ्घबाट अलग भए,। सेप्टेम्बरको अन्त्यसम्ममा, गोर्बाचेभसँग मस्को बाहिरका घटनाहरूलाई प्रभाव पार्ने क्षमता रहेन। उनलाई त्यहाँ पनि [[बोरिस येल्तसिन|येल्तसिन]]ले चुनौती दिए, जसले क्रेमलिन सहित सोभियत सरकारको बाँकी रहेको भाग नियन्त्रण गर्न थालेका थिए। सोभियत सङ्घले ६ सेप्टेम्बर १९९१ मा बाल्तेली गणतन्त्रहरूको स्वतन्त्रतालाई मान्यता दियो।<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2020 |title=Prof. Alpo Russi. About Recognition of Independence of Baltic States |url=https://www.vdu.lt/en/prof-alpo-russi-about-recognition-of-independence-of-baltic-states/ |work=[[Vytautas Magnus University]]}}</ref> जर्जियाले सेप्टेम्बर ७ मा सोभियत सङ्घसँगको सबै सम्बन्ध तोड्यो। उसले बाल्तेली राज्यहरूको पृथकतालाई मान्यता दिँदा पनि सोभियत सङ्घले आफ्नो स्वतन्त्रतालाई किन मान्यता दिएन भन्ने "पर्याप्त आधारभूत जवाफ" प्राप्त नभएको उल्लेख गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite web |author=Cherian |first=Regi |date=6 September 2016 |title=September 7, 1991: Georgia revolts, cuts ties with USSR |url=https://gulfnews.com/today-history/september-7-1996-georgia-revolts-cuts-ties-with-ussr-1.1892039 |work=Gulf News}}</ref> १७ सेप्टेम्बर १९९१ मा, संयुक्त राष्ट्रसङ्घ महासभाको प्रस्ताव नम्बर ४६/४, ४६/५, र ४६/६ ले इस्टोनिया, लाटभिया र लिथुआनियालाई संयुक्त राष्ट्रसङ्घमा सदस्यता दियो, जुन सुरक्षा परिषद्को प्रस्ताव नम्बर ७०९, ७१० र ७११ अनुरूप थियो र १२ सेप्टेम्बरमा मतदान बिना पारित भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web |title=Resolutions adopted by the United Nations Security Council in 1991 |url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/1991.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719210549/http://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/1991.shtml |archive-date=19 July 2017 |access-date=17 June 2016 |work=[[United Nations]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=46th Session (1991–1992) – General Assembly – Quick Links – Research Guides at United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld Library |url=http://research.un.org/en/docs/ga/quick/regular/46 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830083857/http://research.un.org/en/docs/ga/quick/regular/46 |archive-date=30 August 2016 |access-date=17 June 2016 |work=[[United Nations]]}}</ref> ६ नोभेम्बरमा, येल्तसिन - जसले त्यतिबेलासम्म सोभियत सरकारको धेरैजसो हिस्सा आफ्नो नियन्त्रणमा लिइसकेका थिए - ले रुसी भूभागमा कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीका सबै गतिविधिहरूमा प्रतिबन्ध लगाउने आदेश जारी गरे।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Указ Президента РСФСР от 06.11.1991 г. № 169 |trans-title=Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated 06.11.1991 No. 169 |url=http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/385 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301170411/http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/385 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |access-date=22 October 2020 |website=President of Russia |language=ru}}</ref> ७ नोभेम्बर १९९१ सम्म, धेरैजसो अखबारहरूले 'पूर्व सोभियत सङ्घ' लाई उल्लेख गरे।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/07/world/pre-1917-ghosts-haunt-a-bolshevik-holiday.html?pagewanted=all|title=Pre-1917 Ghosts Haunt a Bolshevik Holiday|last1=Schmemann|first1=Serge|date=7 November 1991|work=The New York Times|access-date=21 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053646/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/07/world/pre-1917-ghosts-haunt-a-bolshevik-holiday.html?pagewanted=all|archive-date=22 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[चित्र:Grand_Kremlin_Palace_façade,_1982-2008.jpg|बायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|The [[State Emblem of the Soviet Union|state emblem of the Soviet Union]] and the СССР letters{{Efn|Russian acronym for "USSR"}} (top) in the façade of the [[Grand Kremlin Palace]] were replaced by five double-headed [[Coat of arms of Russia|Russian eagles]] (bottom) after the dissolution of the [[Soviet Union]], the eagles having been removed by the Bolsheviks after the revolution.]] सोभियत सङ्घको पतनको अन्तिम चरण १ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा सुरु भयो। त्यस दिन, "युक्रेनी लोकप्रिय जनमत सङ्ग्रह"मा युक्रेनका ९१ प्रतिशत मतदाताले अगस्टमा पारित स्वतन्त्रता घोषणालाई समर्थन गर्दै मतदान गरे र औपचारिक रूपमा सङ्घबाट अलग भयो। आर्थिक र राजनीतिक शक्तिमा रूसपछि दोस्रो स्थानमा रहेको युक्रेनको पृथकताले गोर्बाचेभले सीमित मात्रामा भए पनि सोभियत सङ्घलाई एकसाथ राख्ने झिनो सम्भावनालाई पनि समाप्त गर्‍यो। तीन स्लाभिक गणतन्त्रहरू, रुस, युक्रेन र बेलारुस (पहिले बेलोरुसिया) का नेताहरू सङ्घको सम्भावित विकल्पहरूबारे छलफल गर्न सहमत भए। डिसेम्बर ८ मा, रुस, युक्रेन र बेलारुसका नेताहरूले पश्चिमी बेलारुसको बेलाभेजस्काया पुष्चामा गोप्य रूपमा भेटे र बेलाभेजा सम्झौतामा हस्ताक्षर गरे, जसले सोभियत सङ्घको अस्तित्व समाप्त भएको घोषणा गर्‍यो र यसको स्थानमा कमनवेल्थ अफ इन्डिपेन्डेन्ट स्टेट्स (CIS) को गठनको घोषणा गर्‍यो। उनीहरूले अन्य गणतन्त्रहरूलाई पनि सिआइ.एस मा सामेल हुन आमन्त्रित गरे। गोर्बाचेभले यसलाई असंवैधानिक कू भने। यद्यपि, यस समयसम्ममा कुनै उचित विकल्प थिएन किनकी सम्झौताको प्रस्तावनामा भनिएझैँ, सोभियत सङ्घ अब "अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय कानून र भूराजनीतिक वास्तविकताको विषयको रूपमा" अस्तित्वमा थिएन। डिसेम्बर १० मा, युक्रेनको बिधायिका भेर्खोभना राडा <ref>{{Cite web |title=Про ратифікацію Угоди про створення Співдружності Незалежних Держав |trans-title=On the ratification of the Agreement on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/1958-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124205855/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1958-12 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=Official website of the Parliament of Ukraine |language=uk}}</ref> र बेलारुसको सर्वोच्च परिषद्ले <ref>{{Cite web |title=Постановление Верховного Совета РБ № 1296-XII О ратификации Соглашения об образовании Содружества Независимых Государств от 10.12.1991 |trans-title=Resolution of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus No. 1296-XII On the ratification of the Agreement on the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States dated 10.12.1991 |url=https://belzakon.net/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%91/1994/96572 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223192600/https://belzakon.net/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%91/1994/96572 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=belzakon.net |language=ru}}</ref> सम्झौतालाई अनुमोदन गरेको थियो। डिसेम्बर १२ मा, रुसी सोभियत गणराज्य को सर्वोच्च सोभियतले बेलाभेझा सम्झौतालाई औपचारिक रूपमा अनुमोदन गर्‍यो,,<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 1991 |title=Постановление ВС РСФСР от 12.12.1991 N 2014-I 'О ратификации Соглашения о создании Содружества Независимых Государств' |trans-title=Resolution of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR of 12.12.1991 N 2014-I 'On ratification of the Agreement on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States' |url=http://base.garant.ru/10164306/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113130902/http://base.garant.ru/10164306/ |archive-date=13 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=base.garant.ru |language=ru}}</ref> १९२२ को सङ्घ सन्धिको निन्दा गर्‍यो,,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Постановление Верховного Совета РСФСР от 12.12.1991 № 2015-I – Сейчас.ру |url=https://www.lawmix.ru/abrolaw/13907 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125075549/https://www.lawmix.ru/abrolaw/13907 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=www.lawmix.ru}}</ref> र सोभियत सङ्घको सर्वोच्च सोभियतबाट रुसी प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई फिर्ता बोलायो। यस अनुमोदनको वैधानिकताले रुसी संसदका केही सदस्यहरूमा शंका उत्पन्न गर्‍यो, किनकि १९७८ को रुसी सोभियत गणराज्यको संविधान अनुसार यस कागजातको विचार जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको काङ्ग्रेसको विशेष क्षेत्राधिकारमा थियो।.<ref name="sssr.net.ru">{{Cite web |last1=Pribylovsky |first1=V. |last2=Tochkin |first2=Gr. |title=Кто и как упразднил СССР |trans-title=Who and how abolished the USSR |url=https://sssr.net.ru/denons.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126160310/http://sssr.net.ru/denons.html |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date= |website=sssr.net.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2015 |title=Из СССР В СНГ: подчиняясь реальности. |trans-title=From the USSR to the CIS: submitting to reality. |url=http://n-discovery.spb.ru/news_full.php?id=379 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403001152/http://n-discovery.spb.ru/news_full.php?id=379 |archive-date=3 April 2015 |website=www.n-discovery.spb.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Бабурин С.Н. На гибель Советского Союза |trans-title=Baburin S.N. On the death of the Soviet Union |url=http://www.ni-journal.ru/archive/2006/n_506/38b39a96/39cf8ddd/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107165055/http://www.ni-journal.ru/archive/2006/n_506/38b39a96/39cf8ddd/ |archive-date=2017-11-07 |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=www.ni-journal.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref name="sovross.ru">{{Cite web |last=Voronin |first=Yu. M. |title=Беловежское предательство |trans-title=Belovezhskaya betrayal |url=http://www.sovross.ru/articles/555/9021/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812180933/http://www.sovross.ru/articles/555/9021/ |archive-date=2020-08-12 |access-date= |website=www.sovross.ru |language=ru}}</ref> थप, सोभियत संविधानले गणतन्त्रलाई एकतर्फी रूपमा आफ्ना प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई फिर्ता बोलाउन अनुमति दिएको थिएन।<ref>The Russian SFSR has constitutional right to "freely secede from the Soviet Union" ([[s:ru:Конституция РСФСР 1978 года (в редакции 1 ноября 1991 года)#Глава_7._РСФСР_–_союзная_республика_в_составе_СССР|art. 69 of the RSFSR Constitution]], [[s:ru:Конституция СССР (1977)/редакция 26 декабря 1990 года#Глава_8._СССР_–_союзное_государство|art. 72 of the USSR Constitution]]), but according to USSR laws [[s:ru:Закон о выходе союзной республики из СССР|1409-I]] (enacted on 3 April 1990) and [http://iv.garant.ru/SESSION/PILOT/loadfavorite.html?pid=6335703&page=1&para_id=2147483649 1457-I]{{dead link|date=May 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} (enacted on 26 April 1990) this can be done only by a referendum and only if two-thirds of all registered voters of the republic has supported that motion. No special referendum on the secession from the USSR was held in the RSFSR</ref> यद्यपि, रुस वा क्रेमलिनमा कसैले पनि आपत्ति जनाएनन्। क्रेमलिनको कुनै पनि आपत्तिको कुनै प्रभाव पर्ने थिएन, किनकि सोभियत सरकारको बाँकी रहेको कुरा डिसेम्बर भन्दा धेरै अघि नै प्रभावकारी रूपमा निष्क्रिय बनाइएको थियो। धेरै वकिलहरू विश्वास गर्छन् कि १९२२ को सङ्घ सन्धिको निन्दा अर्थहीन थियो किनकि यो १९२४ मा सोभियत सङ्घको पहिलो संविधान अपनाएसँगै अमान्य भइसकेको थियो।।<ref>''Исаков В. Б.'' Расчленёнка. Кто и как развалил Советский Союз: Хроника. Документы. – М., Закон и право. 1998. – C. 58. –209 с.</ref><ref>''Станкевич З. А.'' История крушения СССР: политико-правовые аспекты. – М., 2001. – C. 299–300</ref><ref>''Лукашевич Д. А.'' Юридический механизм разрушения СССР. – М, 2016. – С. 254–255. – 448 с.</ref> (१९९६ मा राजकीय डुमाले पनि उही अडान लिएको थियो)).<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 1986 |title=Постановление Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания РФ от 10 апреля 1996 года № 225-II ГД «Об Обращении Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации "К членам Совета Федерации Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации" |trans-title=Resolution of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of 10 April 1996 No. 225-II GD "On the Appeal of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation "To the members of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation" |url=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&link_id=16&nd=102040638 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026061236/http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&link_id=16&nd=102040638 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |access-date=22 October 2020 |language=ru}}</ref> त्यस दिनको अन्तमा, गोर्बाचेभले पहिलो पटक आफु पद त्याग्ने विचार गरिरहेको सङ्केत गरे।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/13/world/soviet-disarry-gorbachev-is-ready-to-resign-as-post-soviet-plan-advances.html|title=Gorbachev is Ready to Resign as Post-Soviet Plan Advances|last=Schmemann|first=Serge|date=1991-12-13|work=The New York Times|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917211606/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/13/world/soviet-disarry-gorbachev-is-ready-to-resign-as-post-soviet-plan-advances.html|archive-date=2018-09-17|issn=0362-4331|url-status=live}}</ref> सतहमा देखिदा, यो सबैभन्दा ठुलो गणराज्य औपचारिक रूपमा अलग भएको देखिन्थ्यो। यद्यपि, यो मामला होइन। बरु, रूसले स्पष्ट रूपमा बतायो यो कि सोभियत संविधानमा वर्णन गरिएको पृथकताको प्रक्रियालाई पालना गर्न आवश्यक छैन किनभने अब अस्तित्वमा नै नभएको देशबाट अलग हुन सम्भव छैन। १६ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा, कजाख गणराज्य सोभियत सङ्घबाट औपचारिक रूपमा अलग हुने अन्तिम गणतन्त्र बन्यो, जसले गर्दा सोभियत सङ्घले न त कुनै क्षेत्र नियन्त्रण गर्न सक्यो न त कुनै क्षेत्र नियन्त्रण गर्ने दाबी नै गर्न सक्यो (यद्यपि सोभियत दूतावासहरू अझै पनि अस्तित्वमा थिए)।<ref>{{cite web |date=22 October 2021 |title=Kazakhstan, Not Russia, Was the Last Republic to the Leave the USSR |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/kazakhstan-not-russia-was-last-republic-leave-ussr-195400}}</ref> डिसेम्बर १८ मा, सोभियत सङ्घको सर्वोच्च सोभियत (गणतन्त्र परिषद्) को माथिल्लो सदनले कमनवेल्थ अफ इन्डिपेन्डेन्ट स्टेट्स (राष्ट्रमण्डल)को निर्माण सम्बन्धी सम्झौतालाई स्वीकार गर्दै र तीव्र राजनीतिक तथा आर्थिक सङ्कटबाट बाहिर निस्कने बाटो प्रदान गर्न यसलाई विचार गर्दै एक विज्ञप्ति पारित गर्‍यो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Заявление Совета Республик Верховного Совета СССР от 18.12.1991 N 138-Н О поддержке Соглашения Республики Беларусь, РСФСР и Украины о создании Содружества Независимых Государств &#124; ГАРАНТ |trans-title=Statement of the Council of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated 18.12.1991 N 138-N On support for the Agreement of the Republic of Belarus, the RSFSR and Ukraine on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States - GARANTEE |url=http://base.garant.ru/6334158/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407115029/https://base.garant.ru/6334158/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=base.garant.ru |language=ru}}</ref> गोर्बाचेभले येल्तसिनसँग भेट गरे र सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको वास्तविकता स्वीकार गरे। सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन र औपचारिक रूपमा स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरूको राष्ट्रमण्डल स्थापना गर्ने उद्देश्यले अल्मा-अटा प्रोटोकलमा हस्ताक्षर भएको दिन, रुसी गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले रूसको कानूनी नाम "रुसी सोभियत सङ्घीय समाजवादी गणतन्त्र" बाट "रुसी सङ्घ" मा परिवर्तन गर्न एक विधान अपनायो। यस अनुसार रुस अब पूर्ण रूपमा सार्वभौम गैर-कम्युनिस्ट राज्य थियो। बेलाभेजा सम्झौताले सोभियत सङ्घलाई कानुनी रूपमा विघटन गरेको छ कि छैन भन्ने बारेमा शंकाहरू कायमै थिए, किनकि यसमा तीन गणराज्यले (रुस, बेलारुस, युक्रेन) मात्र हस्ताक्षर गरेका थिए।यद्यपि, डिसेम्बर २१ मा, जर्जिया बाहेक बाँकी १२ गणतन्त्रहरू मध्ये ११ का प्रतिनिधिहरूले अल्मा-अटा प्रोटोकलमा हस्ताक्षर गरे, जसले सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन पुष्टि गर्‍यो र औपचारिक रूपमा राष्ट्रमण्डल स्थापना गर्‍यो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=ПРОТОКОЛ к Соглашению о создании Содружества Независимых Государств, подписанному 8 декабря 1991 года в г. Минске Республикой Беларусь, Российской Федерацией (РСФСР), Украиной |trans-title=Protocol to the Agreement on the Creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, signed on 8 December 1991 in г. Minsk Republic of Belarus, Russian Federation (РСФСР), Ukraine |url=http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511073849/http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=6 |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=cis.minsk.by |language=ru}}</ref> उनीहरूले गोर्बाचेभको राजीनामा पनि "स्वीकार" गरे।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Посткремлевская жизнь правителей |trans-title=Post-Kremlin life of rulers |url=https://www.ng.ru/style/2000-01-06/1-162.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407115029/https://www.ng.ru/style/2000-01-06/1-162.html |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=www.ng.ru |language=ru}}</ref> सोभियत सङ्घको सशस्त्र सेनाको कमान्ड रक्षामन्त्री येभगेनी शापोश्निकोभलाई सुम्पिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Минобороны. Министерство обороны РФ |trans-title=Ministry of Defense. Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation |url=http://www.panorama.ru/prav/minobor.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225004736/http://www.panorama.ru/prav/minobor.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2020 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=www.panorama.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ПРОТОКОЛ совещания Глав Независимых Государств |trans-title=MINUTES of the meeting of the Heads of Independent States |url=http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=3412 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511073849/http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=3412 |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=cis.minsk.by |language=ru}}</ref> यस क्षणमा पनि, गोर्बाचेभले अहिलेसम्म दृश्यबाट पछि हट्ने कुनै औपचारिक योजना बनाएका थिएनन्। यद्यपि, अब बहुमत गणतन्त्रहरूले सोभियत सङ्घ अब अस्तित्वमा छैन भन्ने कुरामा सहमति जनाएपछि, गोर्बाचेभले अपरिहार्यताको अगाडि झुके, सीबीएस न्यूजलाई भने कि उनले सीआईएस साँच्चै वास्तविकता हो भनेर देख्ने बित्तिकै राजीनामा दिनेछन्।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/22/world/end-soviet-union-11-soviet-states-form-commonwealth-without-clearly-defining-its.html|title=11 Soviet States Form Commonwealth Without Clearly Defining Its Powers|last=Clines|first=Francis X.|date=1991-12-22|work=The New York Times|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414022306/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/22/world/end-soviet-union-11-soviet-states-form-commonwealth-without-clearly-defining-its.html|archive-date=2017-04-14|issn=0362-4331|url-status=live}}</ref> [[चित्र:RIAN_archive_469069_Final_session_of_the_Council_for_Nationalities_of_the_USSR_Supreme_Soviet.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|सर्वोच्च सोभियतको माथिल्लो सदनले आफ्नो अन्तिम सत्रमा, २६ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा सोभियत सङ्घको अस्तित्व समाप्त गर्ने मतदान गर्दै।]] २५ डिसेम्बरको साँझ राष्ट्रिय टेलिभिजनमा प्रसारित भाषणमा, गोर्बाचेभले सोभियत सङ्घको राष्ट्रपतिको पदबाट राजीनामा दिए - वा, जसरी उनले भने, "म यसद्वारा सोभियत समाजवादी गणतन्त्र सङ्घको अध्यक्ष पदमा मेरा गतिविधिहरू बन्द गर्दछु।" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Заявление Президента СССР об отставке от 25 декабря 1991 г. |trans-title=Statement of resignation of the President of the USSR, 25 December 1991 |url=https://www.gorby.ru/userfiles/file/zayavleniem_ob_otstavke_prezidenta_sssr_m.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904230942/https://www.gorby.ru/userfiles/file/zayavleniem_ob_otstavke_prezidenta_sssr_m.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |language=ru}}</ref> उनले आफ्नो संस्था समाप्ति घोषणा गरे, र यसको सबै शक्तिहरू (जस्तै आणविक शस्त्रागारको नियन्त्रण)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Указ Президента СССР от 25.12.1991 N УП-3162 |trans-title=Decree of the President of the USSR dated 25.12.1991 N UP-3 |url=http://www.libussr.ru/doc_ussr/usr_19889.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412222644/http://www.libussr.ru/doc_ussr/usr_19889.htm |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=www.libussr.ru |language=ru}}</ref> येल्तसिनलाई सुम्पे। २५ डिसेम्बरको राति, मस्को समय अनुसार ७:३५ बजे, गोर्बाचेभ टेलिभिजनमा देखा परेपछि, सोभियत झन्डा तल झारियो <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 1991 |title=С флагштока над Кремлем спущен советский флаг, поднят российский |trans-title=The Soviet flag is lowered from the flagpole over the Kremlin; the Russian flag is raised |url=https://www.interfax.ru/30years/800619 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101022148/https://www.interfax.ru/30years/800619 |archive-date=1 January 2022 |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=[[Interfax]] |language=ru}}</ref> र ७:४५ बजे [[रूसको झन्डा|रुसी तिरंगा]] यसको ठाउँमा उठाइयो,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/26/world/end-of-the-soviet-union-on-moscow-s-streets-worry-and-regret.html|title=End of the Soviet Union; On Moscow's Streets, Worry and Regret|last=Clarity|first=James F.|date=26 December 1991|work=The New York Times|access-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302163000/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/26/world/end-of-the-soviet-union-on-moscow-s-streets-worry-and-regret.html|archive-date=2 March 2022|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-status=live}}</ref> जुन प्रतीकात्मक रुपमा सोभियत सङ्घको अन्त्यको प्रतीक थियो। आफ्नो बिदाइ शब्दहरूमा, गोर्बाचेभले घरेलु सुधारमा आफ्नो रेकर्डको बचाउ गरे, तर स्वीकार गरे, "नयाँले काम सुरु गर्न समय पाउनु अघि पुरानो प्रणाली ध्वस्त भयो।"<ref>{{Cite book|title=The world transformed : 1945 to the present|last=Hunt|first=Michael H.|isbn=9780199371020|pages=323–324|oclc=907585907|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> सोही दिन, [[अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपति|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाका राष्ट्रपति]] [[जर्ज एच डब्लू बुस|जर्ज एच. डब्लु. बुश]]ले बाँकी ११ गणतन्त्रहरूको स्वतन्त्रतालाई आधिकारिक रूपमा मान्यता दिँदै छोटो टेलिभिजन भाषण दिए। गोर्बाचेवको भाषण र सोवियत झन्डाको ठाउँमा रुसी झन्डा फहराएपछि, एक गणितले सोवियत यूनियनको अन्त्य भयो। तर, सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको अन्तिम कानुनी कदम डिसेम्बर २६ मा बयो, जब सोभियत सङ्घको सर्वोच्च सोभियतको माथिल्लो सदन, सोभियत अफ नेसनालिटिले बेलाभेजा सम्झौतालाई अनुमोदन गर्‍यो, जसले गर्दा सोभियत सङ्घको अस्तित्व समाप्त भयो।<ref name="ReferenceC2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt5OLD3vp4UC&q=26+december+1991+ussr&pg=PR5|title=Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis|isbn=9781563246371|last1=Brzezinski|first1=Zbigniew|last2=Brzezinski|first2=Zbigniew K.|last3=Sullivan|first3=Paige|year=1997|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124205853/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt5OLD3vp4UC&q=26+december+1991+ussr&pg=PR5|url-status=live}}</ref> (तल्लो सदन, सोभियत अफ युनियन, रुसी प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई फिर्ता बोलाउँदा डिसेम्बर १२ देखि काम गर्न असमर्थ थियो, कोरम बिना नै छोडियो).<ref name="sssr.net.ru2" /> भोलिपल्ट येल्तसिन गोर्बाचेभको पूर्व कार्यालयमा सरे, ,<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2016 |title=Как меня хоронили |trans-title=How I was buried |url=http://www.novayagazeta.ru/society/66087.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727023444/http://www.novayagazeta.ru/society/66087.html |archive-date=27 July 2016 |website=Novaya Gazeta |language=ru}}</ref> यद्यपि रुसी अधिकारीहरूले दुई दिन अघि नै सुइटलाई आफ्नो नियन्त्रणमा लिएका थिए। सोभियत सशस्त्र सेनाहरूलाई स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरूको राष्ट्रमण्डलको कमान्डमा राखिएको थियो, तर अन्ततः नयाँ स्वतन्त्र गणतन्त्रहरूले यसलाई समाहित गरे, जसको ठुलो हिस्सा रुसी सङ्घको सशस्त्र सेना बन्यो। १९९१ को अन्त्यसम्ममा, रूसले नियन्त्रण नगरेका केही बाँकी सोभियत संस्थाहरूले सञ्चालन बन्द गरे, र स्वतन्त्र नयाँ गणतन्त्रहरूले केन्द्रीय सरकारको भूमिका ग्रहण गरे। == सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनमा गोर्बाचेभको भूमिका == गोर्भाचोबको नीतिको कारण सोवियत सङ्घको केन्द्रीय सत्ता कमजोर भयो, फलस्वरूप सोवियत सङ्घमा केन्द्र विरूद्ध सङ्घर्ष गर्बे शक्ति हौसले बढ्दै गयो। गोर्बाचोबको नीतिले गणराज्यहरूको सोवियत सङ्घसँग अलग हुनलाई मान्यता दियो। फलस्वरूप हेर्दा हेर्दै एकपछि अर्को गर्दै सोवियत सङ्घ के गणराज्य स्वतन्त्र भए र सोवियत सङ्घको विघटन भयो। यो गोर्भाचोबको नीतिहरूको नै परिणाम थियो कि सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको शक्तिमा निरन्तर ह्रास हुँदै गयो। फलतः सोवियत सङ्घलाई एकताको सूत्रमा बाध्ने सबैभन्दा ठुलो सम्पर्क सुत्रको शक्ति घट्दै गयो। यसको परिणाम कम्युनिस्ट बिरोधी शक्ति बढ्दै गयो। अमेरिका र पाश्चात्य देशहरूले पनि सोवियत सङ्घलाई टोड्ने शक्तिलाई समर्थन गरे। परिणामस्वरूप यी शक्ति सोवियत सङ्घको एकतालाई खोक्रो बनाउँदै गए। गोर्बाच्योवले पूर्वी युरोपमा पनि साम्यवादको किल्लालाई पतन हुन नदिन कुनै प्रयास गरेनन्, बरु उनको नीतिको कारण पूर्वी युरोपमा साम्यवाद विरोधी शक्ति हावी भयो। चेकोस्लोवाकिया, रोमानिया, हंगरी, पूर्वी जर्मनीमा साम्यवादको पतम भयो र यो पतनले सोवियत सङ्घको [[महाशक्ति]]को छविलाई समाप्त गरिदियो। सोभियत सङ्घको पतनको जिम्मेवारी गोर्बाचेभ एक्लैले लिन्छन् भन्न सजिलो छ। त्यसो गर्नु भनेको कुनै पनि व्यक्तिलाई ऐतिहासिक प्रवृत्ति भन्दा बढी महत्त्वपूर्ण ठान्नु हो। गोर्बाचेभ यी ऐतिहासिक प्रवृत्तिहरूलाई प्रतिबिम्बित गर्ने ऐना मात्र थिए, तर उनी आफैँ चकनाचुर भए। वास्तवमा, सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको बीउ यसको स्थापनामा रोपिएको थियो। समाजवादी प्रणालीलाई दिगो बनाउन, देश भित्र समाजवादी मानवता र संस्कृति खेती गर्नु आवश्यक थियो, जुन कार्य सोभियत प्रणालीले हासिल गर्न असफल भयो। स्टालिनको शासनकालमा लगभग दुई दशकसम्म, सोभियत सङ्घको एकता केन्द्रीय सरकारको निर्दयी जबरजस्ती अनुशासनले मात्र कायम राखेको थियो। देशका विभिन्न भागहरूलाई साम्यवादको रक्षा गर्न राष्ट्रिय हित वा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय भ्रातृत्वको नाममा बलिदान दिन बाध्य पारिएको थियो। यो त्यस्तो होइन कि असन्तुष्टि र क्रोध उत्पन्न भएन; यो केवल दमनकारी नीतिहरूले उनीहरूको आवाज अभिव्यक्तिलाई गाह्रो बनायो। गोर्बाचेभको उदार नीतिहरूले यो क्रोध व्यक्त गर्ने तरिका प्रदान गर्‍यो। == सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको प्रभाव == [[चित्र:EasternBloc_BasicMembersOnly.svg|दायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|454x454पिक्सेल|पूर्वी ब्लक देशहरू]] सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनले विश्व राजनीतिक परिदृश्यलाई नै परिवर्तन गरिदियो। सोभियत सङ्घ [[महाशक्ति]] रहेन, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका एकमात्र महाशक्तिको रूपमा रह्यो र विश्व एकध्रुवीय भयो। अमेरिकाले सम्पूर्ण विश्वमा आफ्नो प्रभुत्व स्थापित गर्‍यो। सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनसँगै [[शीतयुद्ध]] स्वतः समाप्त भयो। * पूर्वी युरोपेली देशहरूमा साम्यवादको अन्त्य भयो र बहुदलीय लोकतान्त्रिक शासन प्रणाली स्थापित भयो। * सोभियत सङ्घको पतनले तेस्रो विश्वका देशहरूलाई गम्भीर रूपमा असर गर्‍यो, जसले सोभियत सङ्घबाट आर्थिक, सैन्य र प्राविधिक सहयोग प्राप्त गरेका थिए। विघटित गणतन्त्रहरूले अब सहयोग प्रदान गर्ने क्षमता राखेनन्। यस सन्दर्भमा, तेस्रो विश्व नव-उपनिवेशवादको खतराको सामना गरिरहेको छ। * विश्वमा बजार अर्थतन्त्रलाई बलियो भयो। लामो सनयसम्म दमन र नागरिक स्वतन्त्रतालाई कुल्चचेर शासन चलाउन सकिदैन भन्ने विश्वासलाई बलियो बनायो। यसले, फलस्वरूप, लोकतान्त्रिक प्रक्रियालाई प्रवर्द्धन गर्‍यो। === आर्थिक गिरावट र अत्यधिक मृत्युदर === शीतयुद्धको अन्त्य पछिका दशकहरूमा, सोभियत सङ्घका पाँच वा छ वटा राज्यहरू मात्र पश्चिमका धनी पूँजीवादी राज्यहरूमा सामेल हुने बाटोमा छन्, र धेरैजसो पछि परेका छन्, केही यति हदसम्म कि साम्यवादको अन्त्य हुनुभन्दा पहिलेको अवस्थामा पुग्न ५० वर्षभन्दा बढी समय लाग्नेछ।<ref>{{cite book|last=Ghodsee|first=Kristen|date=2017|title=Red Hangover: Legacies of Twentieth-Century Communism|url=https://www.dukeupress.edu/red-hangover|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|pages=63–64|isbn=978-0822369493|author-link=Kristen Ghodsee|access-date=4 August 2018|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207032254/https://www.dukeupress.edu/red-hangover|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/05775132.2015.1012402| title =After the Wall Fell: The Poor Balance Sheet of the Transition to Capitalism| journal =[[Challenge (economics magazine)|Challenge]]| volume = 58| issue = 2| pages =135–138| year = 2015| last1 = Milanović | first1 = Branko| s2cid =153398717|author-link=Branko Milanović}}</ref> २०११ सम्म, पूर्व सोभियत गणतन्त्रहरूको अनुभव मिश्रित थियो, केहीले कुल गार्हस्थ्य उत्पादनको गणितले सुधार गरेका थिए भने केहीले सुधार गरेका थिएनन्।<ref>{{Cite web |title=End of the USSR: visualising how the former Soviet countries are doing, 20 years on {{!}} Russia {{!}} The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/aug/17/ussr-soviet-countries-data |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=amp.theguardian.com |date=17 August 2011 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128064905/https://amp.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/aug/17/ussr-soviet-countries-data |url-status=live }}</ref> सोभियत सङ्घ पछिका राष्ट्रहरूमा जिडिपी मा उल्लेखनीय गिरावट आएको थियो र औसतमा लगभग ५१% थियो। १९९० देखि २००० सम्म, जिडिपी मा गिरावट निम्नानुसार थियो:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dabrowski |first=Marek |date=2022-07-29 |title=Thirty years of economic transition in the former Soviet Union: Macroeconomic dimension |url=https://rujec.org/article/90947/ |journal=Russian Journal of Economics |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=95–121 |doi=10.32609/j.ruje.8.90947 |issn=2405-4739|doi-access=free }}</ref> * आर्मेनियामा ६३% * अजरबैजानमा ६०% * बेलारुसमा ३५% * इस्टोनियामा ३५% * जर्जियामा ७८% * काजाकिस्तानमा ४१% * किर्गिस्तानमा ५०% * लाटभियामा ५१% * लिथुआनियामा ४४% * मोल्डोभामा ६३% * रूसमा ४०% * ताजिकिस्तानमा ५०% * तुर्कमेनिस्तानमा ४८% * युक्रेनमा ५९% सोभियत सङ्घको पतन पछि शान्तिकालमा रूसले औसत आयुमा रेकर्ड गरिएको इतिहासमा सबैभन्दा ठुलो गिरावट अनुभव गर्यो।<ref name=":BMJ">{{Cite journal|last=Ciment|first=James|date=1999-08-21|title=Life expectancy of Russian men falls to 58|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1116380/|journal=BMJ : British Medical Journal|pages=468}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Men|first=Tamara|last2=Brennan|first2=Paul|last3=Boffetta|first3=Paolo|last4=Zaridze|first4=David|date=2003-10-25|title=Russian mortality trends for 1991-2001: analysis by cause and region|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC259165/|journal=BMJ : British Medical Journal|volume=327|issue=7421|pages=964}}</ref> ९० को दशकको अन्त्यतिर सोभियत सङ्घको पतन पछि गरिबी आकाशियो। गरिबीको रेखामुनि बाँच्ने मानिसहरूको सङ्ख्या १९८७-८८ मा ३% बाट २०% वा लगभग ८ करोड ८० लाख पुगेको थियो।<ref name=":RSE">{{Cite journal|last=Izyumov|first=Alexei|date=2010|title=Human Costs of Post-communist Transition: Public Policies and Private Response|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41288494|journal=Review of Social Economy|volume=68|issue=1|pages=93–125}}</ref> Only 4% of the region lived on $4 a day or less but by 1994 this number skyrocketed to 32%.<ref name=":BMJ" /> पूर्वी ब्लकको पतन पछि अपराध, मदिरा सेवन, लागुपदार्थको प्रयोग र आत्महत्या सबै आकाशिएको थियो।<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":RSE" /> अर्थशास्त्री स्टीवन रोजफिल्डले सन् २००१ मा गरेको एक अध्ययनमा, उनले गणना गरे कि १९९० देखि १९९८ सम्म रूसमा ३४ लाख अकाल मृत्यु भएको थियो, जसको लागि उनी आंशिक रूपमा वाशिंगटन सहमतिसँगै आएको "[[सक थेरापी]]" लाई दोष दिन्छन्।<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Rosefielde|first1=Steven|date=2001 |title=Premature Deaths: Russia's Radical Economic Transition in Soviet Perspective|journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies]]|volume=53 |issue=8 |pages=1159–1176|doi= 10.1080/09668130120093174|s2cid=145733112}}</ref> २०१७ को एक अध्ययनले अनुमान गरेको छ कि समग्रमा ७० लाख अकाल मृत्यु शक थेरापीको परिणामस्वरूप भएको थियो।<ref name="AzarovaEtAl2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Azarova |first1=Aytalina |last2=Irdam |first2=Darja |last3=Gugushvili |first3=Alexi |last4=Fazekas |first4=Mihaly |last5=Scheiring |first5=Gábor |last6=Horvat |first6=Pia |last7=Stefler |first7=Denes |last8=Kolesnikova |first8=Irina |last9=Popov |first9=Vladimir |last10=Szelenyi |first10=Ivan |last11=Stuckler |first11=David |last12=Marmot |first12=Michael |last13=Murphy |first13=Michael |last14=McKee |first14=Martin |last15=Bobak |first15=Martin |date=2017-05-01 |title=The effect of rapid privatisation on mortality in mono-industrial towns in post-Soviet Russia: a retrospective cohort study |journal=The Lancet Public Health |language=English |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=e231–e238 |doi=10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30072-5 |issn=2468-2667 |pmid=28626827|pmc=5459934 }}</ref> ===सोभियत पश्चात् का द्वन्द === ===चीन=== ===क्युबा=== ===उत्तर कोरिया=== ===इजरायल === ===अफ्गानिस्तान=== ===खेलकुद === ===दूरसञ्चार === ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[सोभियत सङ्घ|सोभियत सङ्घ]] * [[रुस|रुस]] * [[साम्यवाद]] * [[साम्यवादको पतन]] ==टिप्पणीहरू== {{Notelist}} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} {{ढाँचा:Cold War}} [[श्रेणी:रुसको इतिहास]] [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] 15z6h6gx9jsmdl6xze8jgyhcaplebau 1358417 1358415 2026-06-08T12:38:23Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event | title = सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन{{Efn|{{langx|ru|Распад Советского Союза|Raspád Sovétskogo Soyúza}}, also negatively connoted as {{langx|ru|Развал Советского Союза|Razvál Sovétskogo Soyúza}}, ''Ruining of the Soviet Union''.}} | Image_Name = Map of USSR with SSR names.svg | Imagesize = 300px | Image_Alt = Labeled map of the 15 Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union. Listed include: | caption = Between 1990 and 1991, all 15 [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Republics]] broke out from the Soviet Union. | participants = {{bulleted list|सोभियत सङ्घ|सोभियत सरकार|सोभियत गणराज्यका सरकारहरू|सोभियत स्वायत्त गणराज्यका सरकारहरू|[[राष्ट्रवाद|राष्ट्रवादी]] र [[उदारवाद|उदारवादी]] विपक्षी}} | date = {{nowrap|{{start and end dates|1988|11|16|1991|12|26|df=y}}}}<br>(3 years, 1 month, and 10 days) | location = {{Collapsible list |title=[[सोभियत सङ्घ]] |bullets=on |'''पूर्व सोभियत गणराज्य''':<br/> * [[रसिया]], * [[युक्रेन]], * [[बेलारुस]],{{ref label|a|a}} * [[लिथुआनिया]], * [[लात्भिया]], * [[इस्टोनिया]], * [[मोल्दोभा]],{{ref label|c|c}} * [[जर्जिया]], * [[आर्मेनिया]], * [[अजरबैजान]], * [[कजाख्स्तान|कजाखस्तान]], * [[तुर्कमेनिस्तान|तुर्केमिनिस्तान]],{{ref label|p|d}} * [[उज्बेकिस्तान]] * [[ताजिकिस्तान]], * [[किर्गिस्तान]],{{ref label|b|b}} |'''[[Post-Soviet states#Separatist conflicts|Self-proclaimed breakaway states]]'''{{ref label|e|e}}:<br/> * '''अब्खाजिया''' (1992–present), * [[Republic of Artsakh|Artsakh]] (1991–2023), * [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria|Ichkeria]] (1991–2000), * [[Republic of Crimea (Russia)|Crimea]] (1992; 2014), * [[Gagauz Republic|Gagauzia]] (1990–95), * [[Karakalpakstan]] (1992–93), * [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]] (1990–93), * '''[[South Ossetia]]''' (1992–present), * [[Tatarstan#Present-day|Tatarstan]] (1992–94), * '''ट्रास्न्सनिस्ट्रिया''' (1990–present) }} | cause = {{Collapsible list |title=विघटनको कारणहरू |bullets=on| मुल कारण * आर्थिक सुस्तताको युग * सोभियत सङ्घ भित्र जातीय तनाब * [[ग्लास्नोस्त]] र [[पेरेस्त्रोइका]] नीति * आर्थिक तथा राजनैतिक बिराम, विशेष गरी [[वार्सा सम्झौता|वार्सा सन्धी]]मा * सोभियत राज्यहरूमा कम्युनिस्ट बिरोधी, सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी बिरोधी, र पश्चिमा सर्मर्थक प्रदर्शन }} | result = {{Collapsible list|सोभियत सङ्घ १५ स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरूमा बिखन्डन |सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको शासनको अन्त्य |एघार स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरू बीच कमनवेल्थ अफ इन्डिपेनडेन्ट स्टेट्सको स्थापना |पूर्व स्वायत्त क्षेत्रहरूमा कयौँ पृथकतावादी आन्दोलन, अधिकांश असफल |कयौँ सैन्य द्वन्द र जातीय तनाब, जसबाट मानबीय सङ्कट उत्पन्न भयो र धेरै मानिसहरू बिस्थापित भए |Republics declare [[multi-party system|multi-party]] [[Presidential republic|presidential]] or [[semi-presidential republic|semi-presidential]] systems|Republics move to adopt [[capitalism|capitalist]] [[market economy]]|[[Soviet ruble|Ruble]] zone active in most of the new states between 1991 and 1994, with national currencies adopted later|Unified [[Soviet Armed Forces]] divided {{Circa|1992}}–1993|[[Black Sea Fleet dispute]] between Russia and Ukraine from 1992 to 1997 and its [[Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet|partition]] in 1997.|Lease of [[Sevastopol Naval Base]] to [[Russia]], [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|terminated in 2014]]|Issues with value loss of savings of former Soviet citizens|Issues with social and medical support for veterans of the [[Soviet–Afghan War]]|Relocation of the [[Soviet Armed Forces]] from [[East Germany]] and the rest of [[Central Europe]]|Economic support to [[North Korea]] had stopped|Start of the [[Special Period]] in [[Cuba]]|End of the [[Cold War]] with [[Western Bloc]] victory|Decline of [[Communism|communist]] and far-left movements around the world|[[चीन]] बिश्वको सबैभन्दा ठुलो कम्युनिस्ट राष्ट्र रह्यो। | अमेरिका विश्वको एकमात्र [[महाशक्ति]] बन्यो। }} | partof = [[शीतयुद्ध]] | notes = <div style="text-align: left">{{nowrap|{{note|a}} Then romanized as ''Byelorussia'' ({{langx|ru|Белоруссия}}).}}<br/>{{note|b}} Then romanized as ''Kirghizia'' ({{langx|ru|Киргизия}}).<br/>{{note|c}} Then romanized as ''Moldavia'' ({{langx|ru|Молдавия}}).<br/>{{note|d}} Then romanized as ''Turkmenia'' ({{langx|ru|Туркмения}}).<br/>{{note|e}} States in '''bold''' still exist to this present day.</div> | mapframe = no }}१९९१ डिसेम्बर २६ मा, [[सोभियत सङ्घ|सोभियत सङ्घ]]को विघटन भएको घोषणा भयो। यो घोषणामा सोभियत सङ्घका पूर्व गणतन्त्रहरूलाई स्वतन्त्र राज्यको रूपमा मान्यता दिइयो। विघटन हुनुभन्दा अघि [[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ|मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभ]] सोभियत सङ्घका राष्ट्रपति थिए। विघटनको घोषणा हुनुभन्दा अघिल्लो दिन उनले राजीनामा दिएका थिए। यो विघटन प्रक्रियाको सुरुवात सामान्यतया गोर्बाचेभले सत्ता ग्रहण गर्नुसँग सम्बन्धित छ। वास्तवमा, सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको प्रक्रिया धेरै पहिले नै सुरु भइसकेको थियो। १९९१ मा सोभियत सङ्घको पतन धेरै कारणहंरू थिए: दीर्घकालीन आर्थिक सुस्तता, [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]सँगको हतियार दौड र विदेशी द्वन्द्वको दिगो वित्तीय भार, यसका आंगिक गणराज्यहरू भित्र तीव्र जातीय राष्ट्रवाद र पृथकतावाद, र गोर्बाचेभको सुधारहरू (विशेष गरी ग्लासनोस्ट र पेरेस्ट्रोइका) को अस्थिरता बनाउने प्रभावहरू। यो प्रक्रिया देशका विभिन्न घटक गणराज्यहरूमा बढ्दो अशान्तिसँगै सुरु भयो। अशान्ति गणराज्य र केन्द्रीय सरकार बीचको निरन्तर राजनीतिक र विधायीकी द्वन्द्वमा परिणत भयो। १६ नोभेम्बर १९८८ मा सङ्घ भित्र राज्य सार्वभौमिकता घोषणा गर्ने इस्टोनिया पहिलो सोभियत गगणराज्य थियो। लिथुआनिया सोभियत सङ्घबाट पुनर्स्थापित पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता घोषणा गर्ने पहिलो गणराज्य थियो, त्यसपछि यसको बाल्तेली छिमेकी लाटभिया, र दक्षिणी काकेशस गणराज्य जर्जिया अर्को दुई महिनामा यसमा सामेल भयो। १९९१ को अगस्टको असफल कुको समयमा, कम्युनिस्ट कट्टरपन्थी र सैन्य अभिजात वर्गले गोर्बाचेभलाई अपदस्थ गर्ने र असफल सुधारहरूलाई रोक्ने प्रयास गरे। यद्यपि, उथलपुथलको कारण केन्द्रीय सरकारले मस्कोको प्रभाव गुमायो, अन्ततः धेरै गणराज्यहरूले त्यसपछिका दिन र महिनाहरूमा स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणा गरे। २५ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा, गोर्बाचेभले राजीनामा दिए र आणविक प्रक्षेपण कोडहरूको नियन्त्रण सहित - आफ्नो राष्ट्रपतिय अधिकार - [[बोरिस येल्तसिन|येल्तसिन]]लाई सुम्पिए, जो अब [[रुसको राष्ट्रपति|रुसी सङ्घका पहिलो राष्ट्रपति]] बनेका थिए। त्यो साँझ, सोभियत झन्डा अन्तिम पटक क्रेमलिनबाट तल झारियो र [[रूसको झण्डा|रुसी तिरंगा झन्डा]] फहराइयो। भोलिपल्ट, सोभियत सङ्घको माथिल्लो सदनको सर्वोच्च सोभियत, गणतन्त्रहरूको सोभियतले औपचारिक रूपमा सङ्घलाई विघटन गर्‍यो।<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite journal |title=Declaration No. 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, formally establishing the dissolution of the Soviet Union as a state and subject of international law. |url=https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%BE%D1%82_26.12.1991_%E2%84%96_142-%D0%9D |journal=Russian Wikisource |language=ru}}</ref> यस घटनाको परिणामस्वरूप यसका १५ घटक गणतन्त्रहरूले पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्त गरे र [[शीतयुद्ध]]को अन्त्य भयो।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marques |first=Clara Ferreira |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-12-23/30-years-later-soviet-union-s-collapse-still-hasessons-for-china |title=For China, USSR's 1991 Collapse is Still News It Can Use |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=23 December 2021 |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107200259/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-12-23/30-years-later-soviet-union-s-collapse-still-has-lessons-for-china |url-status=live }}</ref> == पृष्ठभूमि == [[चित्र:Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg|दायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|500x500पिक्सेल|१९८९ मा उदय भएका सोभियत सङ्घका भागहरू]] १९१७ को बोल्सेभिक क्रान्तिले सोभियत सङ्घ भनिने नयाँ [[साम्यवाद|कम्युनिस्ट]] राज्यलाई जन्म दियो। सोभियत सङ्घले सुरुमा नै स्पष्ट पारेको थियो कि यसको राजनीतिक प्रणाली र कम्युनिस्ट सङ्गठनहरू समाजवादी विचारधारामा आधारित हुनेछन्, र कम्युनिस्ट मार्क्सवादी विश्वदृष्टिकोण राष्ट्रिय हित परिभाषित गर्ने एकमात्र मापदण्ड हुनेछ। स्वाभाविक रूपमा, [[पूँजीवाद|पूँजीवादी]] पश्चिमी राज्यहरूले यो क्रान्तिकारी कम्युनिस्ट राज्यलाई आफ्नो प्राकृतिक शत्रुको रूपमा बुझे। १९२० र १९३० को दशकमा [[भ्लादिमिर लेनिन|लेनिनको]] मृत्युपछि, [[जोसेफ स्टालिन|स्टालिनले]] आफुलाई सर्वोच्च नेताको रूपमा स्थापित गरे, देशमा कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको [[तानाशाही]] स्थापना भयो। स्टालिनले आफ्ना विरोधीहरूलाई क्रूरतापूर्वक समाप्त पारे र दमन गरे। यस कारण सोभियत सङ्घलाई लोकतन्त्रको उल्लङ्घन गर्ने राज्यको रूपमा चिनियो। स्टालिनको मृत्यु पछि पनि, [[निकिता ख्रुश्चेभ|ख्रुश्चेभ]] र [[लियोनिद ब्रेझनेभ|ब्रेज्नेभ]]को शासनकालमा अधिनायकवादी प्रवृत्तिहरू कायम रह्यो। नागरिक स्वतन्त्रता, प्रशासन र विदेश यात्रामा प्रतिबन्धहरू जारी रहे। एक अर्थमा, जनभावनामाथि "फलामको पर्दा" राखिएको थियो। "[[सर्वहारावर्गको अधिनायकत्व|सर्वहारा वर्गको अधिनायकत्व]]" को अर्थ नै सर्वहारा वर्गको हातमा शक्ति हुनुपर्छ भन्ने थियो। श्रमजीवी जनताको आधारभूत अधिकारको ग्यारेन्टी गर्नु र राज्य नीति निर्माणमा उनीहरूको सहभागिता सुनिश्चित गर्नु समाजवादी प्रजातन्त्रको सार थियो। सोभियत सङ्घले यो प्रजातन्त्र स्थापना गर्ने प्रयास गरेन। फलस्वरूप, "सर्वहारा वर्गको अधिनायकत्व" सर्वहारा वर्गमाथि राज्य र पार्टीको शीर्ष पदमा रहेका नेताहरूको अधिनायकत्वमा परिणत भयो। जनता राज्य र प्रणालीप्रति उदासीन भए। उनीहरूको उदासीनता र आक्रोश यस्तो स्तरमा पुग्यो कि जब प्रणाली समाप्त भयो, जनताको कुनै पनि वर्गबाट यसको बचाउमा एक आवाज पनि उठेन। [[रुस|रुस]] भौगोलिक रूपमा विश्वको सबैभन्दा ठुलो राज्य मात्र थिएन, तर यसको जनसङ्ख्या पनि अदभूत बिबिधतायुक्त थियो। रुसी जारहरूले यो विशाल साम्राज्यलाई केन्द्रीय प्रशासन अन्तर्गत ल्याउन कुनै प्रयास गरेनन्, तर सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले यसलाई केन्द्रीकृत गर्ने प्रयास गरे, र यो जातीय विविधता सोभियत सङ्घको राष्ट्रिय एकता र अखण्डताको लागि खतरा बनी रह्यो। सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले यो जटिल समस्याको समाधान खोज्न सकेन। [[शीतयुद्ध|शीतयुद्धको समयमा,]] पश्चिमी शक्तिहरूको प्रचारले यो चुनौतीलाई बढाउँदै लग्यो। सोभियत साम्राज्यले आफ्नो प्रभावमा ल्याएपछि [[हङ्गेरी|हङ्गेरी]], [[पोल्यान्ड|पोल्यान्ड]], [[चेकोस्लोभाकिया]], [[रोमानिया]] आदि सबै पूर्वी देशहरूमा स्वतन्त्रताको चाहना सोभियत साम्राज्यको लागि चिन्ताको विषय बनेको थियो। सोभियत सङ्घको कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले अगाडि सारेका आर्थिक विकास र सामाजिक पुनर्निर्माणका उपायहरू असफल साबित भए। [[लिओन त्रोत्स्की|ट्रोटस्की]] जस्ता आलोचकहरूले धेरै पहिले स्टालिनका नीतिहरूलाई समाजवाद प्रति विश्वासघातको रूपमा निन्दा गरेका थिए र ख्रुश्चेभले पनि स्टालिन र स्टालिनवादको निन्दा गरेका थिए। ख्रुश्चेभको शासनकालमा, [[माओ त्सेतुङ|माओवादी]] चीनले पनि सोभियत सङ्घ कम्युनिस्ट क्रान्तिकारी राज्य हुन छोडेको र सुधारवादी, प्रतिक्रियावादी, अवसरवादी, सम्झौतावादी शक्ति बनेको आरोप लगाउन थालेको थियो। यसरी, सोभियत नेतृत्वले आफ्ना सहयोगीहरू, अन्य कम्युनिस्ट देशहरूको विश्वास गुमायो। यसलाई सामूहिक, राष्ट्रिय र क्रान्तिकारी हितभन्दा आफ्नो राष्ट्रिय हितलाई प्राथमिकता दिने रूपमा हेरिएको थियो। चाहे त्यो सोभियत-चीन विवाद होस् वा पूर्वी युरोपका कम्युनिस्ट देशहरूमा असन्तुष्टि, यी सबैले सोभियत कम्युनिस्टहरूलाई कमजोर बनाए। सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको लागि कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको शीर्ष नेतृत्व पनि केही हदसम्म जिम्मेवार थियो। सोभियत सङ्घमा पार्टी र राज्य बीच कुनै भिन्नता नभएकोले, पार्टी र राज्य दुवैको नेतृत्व उनीहरूसँगै रह्यो। पार्टी नेतृत्व आफ्नो विशेषाधिकार प्राप्त जीवनशैली, नातावाद र भ्रष्ट अभ्यासहरूका लागि कुख्यात भयो। फलस्वरूप, सोभियत नेताहरूले जनताका लागि आदर्शको रूपमा आफ्नो भूमिका गुमाए। === आर्थिक सङ्कट === [[आर्थिक विकास|आर्थिक विकासको]] सन्दर्भमा, सैन्य र रणनीतिक क्षेत्रमा सोभियत उपलब्धिहरू अमेरिकीहरूको बराबर र कहिलेकाहीँ उछिनेको देखिए पनि, यी उपलब्धिहरूले सोभियत सङ्घको आर्थिक वृद्धि दरलाई उल्लेखनीय रुपमा पछि पार्‍यो। वास्तवमा, उन्नत अनुसन्धानको लागि प्रतिस्पर्धा, हतियार उत्पादनमा अत्यधिक खर्च, र आफ्नो प्रभुत्व कायम राख्न अन्य देशहरू (अफगानिस्तान, प्यालेस्टाइन) को आन्तरिक समस्याहरूमा हस्तक्षेपले सोभियत सङ्घको अर्थतन्त्रको पतन निम्त्यायो। यसबाहेक, पूर्वी युरोपमा स्थापित समाजवादी राज्यहरूलाई आर्थिक, सैन्य र राजनीतिक समर्थन प्रदान गर्नु सोभियत सङ्घको नैतिक जिम्मेवारी थियो। यसबाहेक, नयाँ स्वतन्त्र देशहरूको अर्थतन्त्रलाई अमेरिकी शिविरमा पर्नबाट रोक्न आर्थिक सहयोग प्रदान गर्नु यसको नीति थियो। यी सबै कारणहरूले सोभियत सङ्घको आर्थिक पतन निम्त्यायो। १९७० देखि १९८५ सम्म सोभियत सङ्घको वृद्धि दर १०% ले घट्यो। मेसिनरी र उपकरण निर्यातको हिस्सा घट्यो। कृषि र औद्योगिक उत्पादनमा गिरावट आयो। फलस्वरूप, उपभोग्य वस्तुहरूको लागि लामो लाइनहरू बन्न थाले, र नागरिकहरूको जीवनस्तर घट्यो। यसरी, औसत उपभोक्ताको लागि अभाव सामान्य कुरा हुन थाल्यो। शीतयुद्धको समयमा पश्चिमी प्रचार कम्युनिस्ट प्रणाली उत्पादन र वितरण दुवैमा पूर्ण असफल भएको प्रमाणित गर्नमा केन्द्रित थियो। अभावको यो वातावरण, बढ्दो उपभोक्ता असन्तुष्टि, अभिव्यक्ति स्वतन्त्रताको अभाव र मानव अधिकार उल्लङ्घनले सोभियत प्रणालीलाई अझ चर्काएको थियो। संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकासँग [[परमाणु निर्मित अस्त्र-शस्त्रों|आणविक हतियारमा]] प्रतिस्पर्धा गर्ने महत्वाकांक्षाले सोभियत सङ्घको अर्थतन्त्रमा ठुलो बोझ ल्यायो। राष्ट्रपति रेगनको नेतृत्वमा घोषणा गरिएको [[स्टार वार्स परियोजना|स्टार वार्स परियोजनालाई]] रद्द गर्न, सोभियत सङ्घले आफ्नो रक्षा बजेटमा भारी वृद्धि गर्नुपर्‍यो। सोही समयमा, सोभियत सङ्घले [[अफगानिस्तान|अफगानिस्तानमा]] सैन्य हस्तक्षेप गर्‍यो। यो हस्तक्षेपले सोभियत सङ्घमा आर्थिक बोझ मात्र थपेन तर यसलाई अलोकप्रिय पनि बनायो। यसले सोभियत सङ्घलाई अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय समुदायमा पूर्ण रूपमा एक्लो बनायो। त्यही समयमा, पूर्वी युरोपमा कम्युनिस्ट सोभियत साम्राज्यलाई चुनौती दिँदै क्रान्तिकारी आन्दोलन सुरु भयो। पोल्यान्डमा, सैन्य सङ्गठन " [[सॉलिडेटरी|सोलिडारिटी" ले]] आफ्नो देशको कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी विरुद्ध लडिरहेको थियो, र [[रोमानिया|रोमानियामा]], [[चेचेस्क्यू|चाउसेस्कुको]] भ्रष्ट शासनलाई समर्थन गर्न गाह्रो हुँदै गइरहेको थियो। यी परिस्थितिहरूमा मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभले सत्ता ग्रहण गरे। === गोर्बाचेभ र उनका नीतिहरू === [[चित्र:Mikhail_Gorbachev_1987.jpg|दायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|305x305पिक्सेल|मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभ]] मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभ ११ मार्च १९८५ मा पोलिटब्युरोद्वारा महासचिवमा निर्वाचित भए। उनको चयन उनका पूर्ववर्ती कोन्स्टान्टिन चेर्नेन्कोको ७३ वर्षको उमेरमा मृत्यु भएको चार घण्टाभन्दा बढी समयपछि भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/12/world/chernenko-dead-moscow-73-gorbachev-succeeds-him-urges-arms-control-economic.html |title=Chernenko is Dead in Moscow at 73; Gorbachev Succeeds Him and Urges Arms Control and Economic Vigor |work=द न्युयोर्क टाइम्स|date=12 March 1985 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008023935/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/12/world/chernenko-dead-moscow-73-gorbachev-succeeds-him-urges-arms-control-economic.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ५४ वर्षीय गोर्बाचेभ पोलिटब्युरोका सबैभन्दा कान्छा सदस्य थिए। महासचिवको रूपमा उनको प्रारम्भिक लक्ष्य स्थिर सोभियत अर्थतन्त्रलाई पुनर्जीवित गर्नु थियो। त्यसो गर्न अन्तर्निहित राजनीतिक र सामाजिक संरचनाहरूमा सुधार आवश्यक पर्ने उनले महसुस गरे।<ref>{{cite web |date=27 March 2009 |title=Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв (Mikhail Sergeyevičh Gorbačhëv) |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/ussr/ussr_state/gorbachev.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111111753/http://www.archontology.org/nations/ussr/ussr_state/gorbachev.php |archive-date=11 November 2019 |access-date=3 April 2009 |publisher=Archontology}}</ref> सुधारको सुरुवात ब्रेज्नेभ-युगका वरिष्ठ अधिकारीहरूको कर्मचारी परिवर्तनबाट सुरु भयो जसले राजनीतिक र आर्थिक परिवर्तनमा बाधा पुर्‍याउन सक्थे।<ref>{{cite book|last1=Carrere D'Encausse |first1=Helene|title=The End of the Soviet Empire: The Triumph of the Nations|url=https://archive.org/details/endofsovietemp00carr |url-access=registration |date=1993|publisher=BasicBooks |location=New York|isbn=978-0-465-09812-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/endofsovietemp00carr/page/16 16]|edition=English |translator-first= Franklin|translator-last= Philip}}</ref> २३ अप्रिल १९८५ मा, गोर्बाचेभले दुई कार्यकर्ता, येगोर लिगाचेभ र निकोलाई रिज्कोभलाई पूर्ण सदस्यको रूपमा पोलिटब्यूरोमा ल्याए। उनले केजीवी प्रमुख भिक्टर चेब्रिकोभलाई उम्मेदवारबाट पूर्ण सदस्यमा पदोन्नति गरेर र रक्षामन्त्री मार्शल सर्गेई सोकोलोभलाई पोलिटब्यूरोको उम्मेदवारको रूपमा नियुक्त गरेर "शक्तिशाली" मन्त्रालयहरूलाई अनुकुल बनाए। गोर्बाचेभको सुधारले ल्याएको अभिव्यक्ति स्वतन्त्रताले सोभियत सङ्घ भित्र राष्ट्रवादी आन्दोलन र जातीय विवादहरूलाई अभिव्यक्त गर्न र प्रमुख राजनीतिक आन्दोलनहरूमा बढ्न छुट दियो।{{Sfnp|Beissinger|2009|pages=5–6}} यसले अप्रत्यक्ष रूपमा १९८९ को क्रान्तिहरूको नेतृत्व पनि गर्‍यो जसमा वार्सा सम्झौताको सोभियत-समर्थित समाजवादी शासनहरू शान्तिपूर्ण (रोमानियाको उल्लेखनीय अपवाद बाहेक) रूपमा ढालिए।,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7972755.stm |title=Gorbachev's role in 1989 turmoil |work=बिबिसी न्युज |date=1 April 2009 |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=9 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409121205/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7972755.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> यस घटनाले गोर्बाचेभमाथि सोभियत सङ्घका घटक गणराज्यहरूका लागि बढी प्रजातन्त्र र स्वायत्तता लागु गर्न दबाब बढायो। गोर्बाचेभको नेतृत्वमा, १९८९ मा सोभियत सङ्घ कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले नयाँ केन्द्रीय व्यवस्थापिका, जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको काङ्ग्रेस मा सीमित प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक चुनावहरू सुरु गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/30/world/the-gorbachev-plan-restructuring-soviet-power.html |title=The Gorbachev Plan: Restructuring Soviet Power |work=The New York Times |date=30 June 1988 |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=16 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516202450/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/30/world/the-gorbachev-plan-restructuring-soviet-power.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ((यद्यपि अन्य राजनीतिक दलहरूमाथिको प्रतिबन्ध १९९० सम्म हटाइएको थिएन)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/08/opinion/the-third-russian-revolution-transforming-the-communist-party.html |title=The Third Russian Revolution; Transforming the Communist Party |work=द न्युयोर्क टाइम्स |date=8 February 1990 |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=16 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516201709/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/08/opinion/the-third-russian-revolution-transforming-the-communist-party.html |url-status=live }}</ref> रूसको आर्थिक अवस्था सुधार गर्न र साम्यवादलाई सकारात्मक रूपमा बलियो बनाउन, गोर्बाचेभले उस्कोरेनी (त्वरण), पेरेस्ट्रोइका (पुनर्संरचना), र ग्लासनोस्त (खुलापन) भनेर चिनिने आफ्ना विशिष्ट नीतिहरूको घोषणा गरे।<ref name="m446">{{Cite web |title=Gorbachev and Perestroika |url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/gorbachev |access-date=16 April 2026 |website=Short History |ref={{sfnref|Short History}}}}</ref> गोर्बाचेभको उद्देश्य यी अवधारणाहरू मार्फत सोभियत प्रणालीलाई आमूल रूपान्तरण गर्नु थियो। उनको प्रयास नयाँ परिवर्तनहरू ल्याएर साम्यवादको जग प्रदान गर्नु थियो। त्यसैले, उनको परिवर्तनलाई दोस्रो सोभियत क्रान्तिको आगमनको प्रतीकात्मक मानिन्छ। === उस्कोरेनी === गोर्बाचेभका अनुसार, तत्कालीन सोभियत अर्थतन्त्र कम गुणस्तरका सामानहरू, अदक्षता र प्रतिस्पर्धाको अभावबाट पीडित थियो। जनतालाई प्रदान गरिने सामान र सेवाहरू र उनीहरूले माग गरेका सामान र सेवाहरू बीच अन्तर थियो। यसरी, उस्कोरेनी अर्थतन्त्रको संरचनालाई यस्तो तरिकाले रूपान्तरण गर्नेछ जसले जनताको आवश्यकताहरूको सन्तुष्टिलाई अझ गतिशील, कुशल र सामाजिक रूपमा उन्मुख बनाउनेछ भन्ने विश्वास गरिएको थियो। यसले अधिक स्रोतहरू प्रयोग गर्नुको सट्टा दक्षता बढाएर उत्पादन बढाउन जोड दियो। === पेरेस्त्रोइका === पेरेस्त्रोइकाको अर्थ पुनर्गठन वा पुनर्संरचना हो। यसको माध्यमबाट, समाजमा सुधार ल्याउने संकल्प गरिएको थियो जसले पुरानो कठोरताहरूको अन्त्य गर्नेछ र मानव आर्थिक, सामाजिक, राजनीतिक, सांस्कृतिक र आध्यात्मिक विकासको लागि मार्ग प्रशस्त गर्नेछ।<ref name="m521">{{Cite web |title=Google Books |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Samyavad_Ko_Chunotiya_lkE_okn_dks_pqukSf/y6c2KYkSpVsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE&pg=PA76&printsec=frontcover |access-date=16 April 2026 |website=Google |ref={{sfnref|Google}}}}</ref> यसरी, यो नयाँ समाजतर्फ अघि बढ्ने प्रक्रिया थियो। पेरेस्ट्रोइकामा निम्न समावेश थिए: (१) सामाजिक-आर्थिक प्रगतिलाई तीव्र पार्ने। (२) समाजको व्यापक लोकतान्त्रिकरण ल्याउन। (३) लोकतान्त्रिक विकेन्द्रीकरण हासिल गर्न। (४) व्यक्तिको नैतिक र आध्यात्मिक विकास गर्न। (५) समाजका कुरीतिहरूको पर्दाफास गर्ने। यसरी, पेरेस्त्रोइकाको उद्देश्य एउटा यस्तो समाजको विस्तार गर्नु थियो जहाँ मानवीय मर्यादा र गौरव केन्द्रमा हुन्छ र मानवीय मूल्यमान्यताको सम्मान गरिन्छ। गोर्बाचोभले पेरेस्त्रोइकाको अन्तर्गत, कृषि क्षेत्र, पट्टा र सम्झौतामा सुधार मार्फत निजी खेतीलाई प्रोत्साहित गरे। कृषिमा, सामूहिक संस्थाहरू भन्दा सहकारी संस्थाहरूलाई बढी महत्त्व दिइयो किनभने यसमा, व्यक्तिको काम गर्ने प्रेरणा रहिरहन्छ। त्यसैगरी, उपभोक्ता उद्योगहरू विकास गरियो, ज्याला उत्पादकत्वसँग जोडियो र दक्ष कामदारहरूलाई उच्च तलब र सुविधा प्रदान गरियो। त्यसैगरी, प्रविधि र लगानीसँग सम्बन्धित नीतिमा परिवर्तन ल्याएर, अर्थतन्त्रलाई गहिरो संरचनात्मक रूपमा पुनर्संरचना गर्ने प्रयास गरियो। अर्थतन्त्रलाई स्थिरताबाट बाहिर निकालेर बलियो र द्रुत विकासको बाटोमा राख्ने प्रयास गरियो। पेरेस्ट्रोइका मार्फत, गोर्बाचेभले सोभियत सङ्घलाई नयाँ समाजतर्फ डोऱ्याउन खोजे। उनले लेनिनको विचारधारामा आधारित यो नयाँ समाजको पुनर्निर्माण गर्ने उद्देश्य राखे। यी नीतिहरूको यथास्थितिवादीहरूले व्यापक रूपमा विरोध गरे। === ग्लासनोस्त === ग्लासनोस्तको अर्थ "खुलापन" हो। ग्लासनोस्तको माध्यमले खुला बहस लाई प्रोत्साहन दिइयो जसबाट लोकतन्त्रको शक्तिलाई बलियो बनोस्। गोर्बाचेभले जोड दिए कि ग्लासनोस्त योजना र प्रशासनका सबै पक्षहरूमा विस्तार गरिनुपर्छ, र देश भित्र क्षेत्रीय, आर्थिक, जातीय, युवा, वातावरणीय, सामाजिक र अन्य मुद्दाहरूमा खुला बहस गरिनुपर्छ, ताकि जनताको वास्तविक र सटीक विचारहरू पत्ता लगाउन सकियोस्। गोर्बाचेभले यो पनि भने कि हामीलाई हावा जति चाहिँन्छ त्यति नै ग्लासनोस्त पनि चाहिँन्छ। ग्लासनोस्त मार्फत, समाजवादले लोकतन्त्रको बाटोमा लाग्नु थियो। वास्तवमा, पेरेस्ट्रोइकाको व्यापक अवधारणा, जसले सामाजिक, आर्थिक र राजनीतिक रूपान्तरण खोज्यो, र मानिसहरूले भाग लिएको समाजको पुनर्निर्माण गर्ने प्रयास गर्‍यो, ग्लासनोस्ट वा खुलापन आवश्यक थियो। यसैले यो भनिएको थियो कि ग्लासनोस्ट बिना, पेरेस्ट्रोइका र लोकतन्त्र थिएन। ग्लासनोस्टको प्रक्रिया वास्तवमा चुनौतीपूर्ण थियो किनभने बन्द समाज खुला ठाउँमा बस्न अभ्यस्त थिएन। ; <nowiki>गोर्बाचेभको नीतिका परिणामहरू:</nowiki> १. ग्लासनोस्त र पेरेस्ट्रोइका केवल शब्द मात्र नभई परिवर्तनका प्रतीक बने। सोभियत समाजको हरेक कुनामा परिवर्तनले पकड जमाउन थाल्यो र राजनीतिक बन्दीहरूलाई रिहा गरियो। २. देशमा खुला बहस हुन थाल्यो। सोभियत जनताले बहुदलीय चुनावको नयाँ अनुभव प्राप्त गरे। ३. सोभियत नागरिकहरूलाई विदेश यात्रा र नागरिक आप्रवासनको स्वतन्त्रता दिइएको थियो। ४. विदेश नीतिमा परिवर्तन ल्याइयो र शीतयुद्धको सट्टा तनाव कम गर्नलाई महत्त्व दिइयो। ५. सुधार कार्यक्रमहरू मार्फत, सोभियत समाजलाई कडा अनुशासन र कठोर नीतिबाट मुक्त गरियो। ६. यो खुला बहस सोभियत सङ्घमा पनि दुरुपयोग गरिएको थियो, जहाँ मानिसहरूले यसलाई गुटबन्दी र साँघुरो स्वार्थलाई बढावा दिन प्रयोग गरे। यसैबीच, सोभियत सङ्घ गठन गर्ने गणतन्त्रहरूले बढी स्वायत्तताको माग गरे। केही गणतन्त्रहरूले पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता पनि चाहेका थिए। ७. लोकतान्त्रिक तत्वहरू र कट्टरपन्थी कम्युनिस्टहरू बीचको रस्साकस्सीले प्रशासनलाई निष्क्रिय बनायो। पृथकतावाद हिंसात्मक रुपमा फैलियो, जसले सोभियत सङ्घलाई अराजकताको छेउमा पुर्‍यायो। अगस्ट १९९१ मा, केही कम्युनिस्ट नेताहरूले असफल विद्रोहको प्रयास गरे। फलस्वरूप, सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन तीव्र भयो, र यो अन्ततः विघटन भयो। गोर्बाचेभले राजीनामा दिए। डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा, सोभियत सङ्घको ठाउँमा १५ स्वतन्त्र गणतन्त्रहरू देखा परे। == १९९० == === सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले पाँच गणराज्य गुमायो === ७ फेब्रुअरी १९९० मा, सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको केन्द्रीय समितिले पार्टीले राजनीतिक शक्तिमा आफ्नो [[एकाधिकार]] त्याग्नुपर्छ भन्ने गोर्बाचेभको सिफारिसलाई स्वीकार गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite web |title=Soviet Communist Party gives up monopoly on political power: This Day in History – 2/7/1990 |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviet-communist-party-gives-up-monopoly-on-political-power |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122002621/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviet-communist-party-gives-up-monopoly-on-political-power |archive-date=22 January 2018 |access-date=23 June 2011 |publisher=History.com}}</ref> १९९० मा, सोभियत सङ्घका सबै पन्ध्र घटक गणराज्यहरूले आफ्नो पहिलो प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक चुनाव सम्पन्न भयो, जसमा सुधारवादी र जातीय राष्ट्रवादीहरूले धेरै सिटहरू जिते। कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले पाँच गणराज्यहरूमा चुनाव हार्‍यो: लिथुआनिया, मोल्डोभा, इस्टोनिया, लाटभिया, जर्जियामा घटक गणराज्यहरूले आफ्ना राज्यको सार्वभौमिकता घोषणा गर्न थाले र मस्को केन्द्रीय सरकारसँग "कानूनको युद्ध" सुरु गर्‍यो; गणराज्यहरूले स्थानीय कानूनहरूसँग बाझिने सङ्घ-व्यापी कानूनलाई अस्वीकार गरे, आफ्नो स्थानीय अर्थतन्त्रमा नियन्त्रण कायम राखे, र सोभियत सरकारलाई कर तिर्न अस्वीकार गरे। लिथुआनियाले लिथुआनियाली पुरुषहरूलाई सोभियत सशस्त्र सेनामा अनिवार्य सेवा गर्नुपर्ने नियम अन्त्य गर्‍यो। यो द्वन्द्वले आपूर्ति प्रणाली अवरुद्ध हुँदा आर्थिक अव्यवस्था निम्त्यायो र सोभियत अर्थतन्त्रमा थप गिरावट आयो।<ref name="Russia, The Tsarist and Soviet Legacy">Acton, Edward (1995). ''Russia, The Tsarist and Soviet Legacy''. Longman Group Ltd. {{ISBN|0-582-08922-0}}.</ref> === सोभियत सङ्घ र रुसी सोभियत सङ्घीय समाजवादी गणराज्य बीचको प्रतिस्पर्धा === ४ मार्च १९९० मा, रुसी सोभियत सङ्घीय समाजवादी गणराज्यले रूसको जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको काङ्ग्रेसको लागि चुनाव गर्‍यो। [[बोरिस येल्तसिन]] ७२ प्रतिशत मत प्राप्त गर्दै निर्वाचित भए। <ref>Leon Aron, ''Boris Yeltsin: A Revolutionary Life''. HarperCollins, 2000. pp. 739–740.</ref> २९ मे १९९० मा, येल्तसिन रुसी गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च सोभियतको अध्यक्षमा निर्वाचित भए, यद्यपि गोर्बाचेभले रुसी प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई उनलाई मतदान नगर्न आग्रह गरेका थिए। येल्तसिनलाई सर्वोच्च सोभियतका लोकतान्त्रिक र रूढिवादी सदस्यहरूले समर्थन गरेका थिए, जसले विकासशील राजनीतिक परिस्थितिमा शक्ति खोजेका थिए। रुसी गणराज्य र सोभियत सङ्घ बीच एक नयाँ शक्ति सङ्घर्ष देखा पर्‍यो। १२ जुन १९९० मा, रुसी गणराज्यको जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको काङ्ग्रेसले सार्वभौमिकताको घोषणापत्र घोषणा गर्‍यो। १२ जुलाई १९९० मा, येल्तसिनले २८औँ काङ्ग्रेसमा नाटकीय भाषणमा कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीबाट राजीनामा दिए।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/12/newsid_4493000/4493177.stm|title=1990: Yeltsin Resignation Splits Soviet Communists|date=12 July 1990|access-date=29 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023134854/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/12/newsid_4493000/4493177.stm|archive-date=23 October 2012|publisher=BBC News|url-status=live}}</ref> === बाल्तेली गणराज्यहरू === ११-१३ जनवरी १९९० मा गोर्बाचेभको लिथुआनियाली राजधानी भिल्नियसको गरे। उनको भ्रमणले अनुमानित २५०,००० मानिसहरूको उपस्थिति रहेको स्वतन्त्रता समर्थक र्‍यालीलाई उत्तेजित बनायो। ११ मार्चमा, लिथुआनियाली गणराज्यको नवनिर्वाचित संसदले भाइटौटास ल्यान्ड्सबर्गिसलाई आफ्नो अध्यक्षको रूपमा निर्वाचित गर्‍यो र "लिथुआनिया राज्यको पुनर्स्थापनाको ऐन"को घोषणा गर्‍यो, जसले लिथुआनियालाई सोभियत सङ्घबाट स्वतन्त्रता घोषणा गर्ने पहिलो सोभियत गणराज्य बनायो। मस्कोले "जातीय रूसीहरूको अधिकार सुरक्षित गर्ने" कारण देखाउँदै लिथुआनियामा सेनाहरू राखेर आर्थिक नाकाबन्दीको प्रतिक्रिया दियो।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bandelj|first=Nina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlhoP8snGTgC&pg=PA41|title=From Communists to Foreign Capitalists: The Social Foundations of Foreign Direct Investment in Postsocialist Europe|date=2008|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-12912-9|page=41|access-date=11 October 2015|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124205849/https://books.google.com/books?id=RlhoP8snGTgC&pg=PA41|url-status=live}}</ref> २५ मार्च १९९० मा, एस्टोनियाली कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले छ महिनाको सङ्क्रमकाल पछि सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीबाट अलग हुने पक्षमा मतदान गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/26/world/upheaval-in-the-east-party-in-estonia-votes-split-and-also-a-delay.html|title=Upheaval in the East; Party in Estonia Votes Split and Also a Delay|date=26 March 1990|work=The New York Times|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701214430/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/26/world/upheaval-in-the-east-party-in-estonia-votes-split-and-also-a-delay.html|archive-date=1 July 2017|agency=Associated Press|url-status=live}}</ref> ३० मार्च १९९० मा, इस्टोनियाली सर्वोच्च परिषद्ले दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धदेखि इस्टोनियामा सोभियत नियन्त्रणलाई अवैध घोषणा गर्‍यो र गणतन्त्र भित्र राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्रताको औपचारिक पुनर्स्थापनातर्फ प्रकृया सुरु गर्‍यो। ३ अप्रिल १९९० मा, एडगर सविसार मन्त्रिपरिषद्को अध्यक्षमा निर्वाचित भए (प्रधानमन्त्री हुनु बराबर), र चाँडै नै स्वतन्त्रता समर्थक मन्त्रिपरिषद् गठन भयो। लाटभियाले ४ मे १९९० मा स्वतन्त्रताको पुनर्स्थापनाको घोषणा गर्‍यो। घोषणापत्रमा भनिएको थियो कि लाटभियाले दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धमा वास्तविक रूपमा आफ्नो स्वतन्त्रता गुमाएको भए तापनि, देश कानूनतः एक सार्वभौम देश बनेको थियो किनभने विलय असंवैधानिक र लाटभियाली जनताको इच्छा विपरीत थियो। घोषणापत्रमा यो पनि भनिएको थियो कि लाटभियाले सोभियत सङ्घसँगको आफ्नो सम्बन्ध १९२० को लाटभियन-सोभियत शान्ति सन्धिको आधारमा बनाउनेछ, जसमा सोभियत सङ्घले लाटभियाको स्वतन्त्रतालाई "भविष्यका सबै समयका लागि" अटूट मानेको थियो। अहिले मे ४ [[लात्भिया|लाटभिया]]मा राष्ट्रिय बिदा हो। ८ मे १९९० मा, एस्टोनियाली सोभियत गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले स्वतन्त्र गणतन्त्र इस्टोनियाको १९३८ को संविधानको पुनर्स्थापनाको आधिकारिक घोषणा गर्दै एक कानून अपनायो।<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2019 |title=О символике эстонии Эстония |trans-title=About the symbolism of Estonia |url=http://estonia.news-city.info/docs/sistemsf/dok_ierskz.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906230101/http://estonia.news-city.info/docs/sistemsf/dok_ierskz.htm |archive-date=6 September 2019 |website= |language=ru}}</ref> === ककेशस === === पश्चिमी गणराज्यहरू === === मध्य एसियाली गणराज्यहरू === ==१९९१== ===मस्कोको सङ्कट=== १४ जनवरी १९९१ मा, निकोलाई रिज्कोभले सोभियत सङ्घको प्रधानमन्त्री वा मन्त्रिपरिषद्को अध्यक्षको पदबाट राजीनामा दिए र सोभियत सङ्घको नयाँ प्रधानमन्त्री मा भ्यालेन्टिन पाभलोभ बने। १७ मार्च १९९१ मा, सङ्घ-व्यापी जनमत सङ्ग्रहमा ७७.८५% मतदाताले सुधारिएको सोभियत सङ्घको अवधारणलाई समर्थन गरे।<ref>[http://soviethistory.org/index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991march&Year=1991&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme 1991: March Referendum] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330025028/http://soviethistory.org/index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991march&Year=1991&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme|date=30 March 2014}} SovietHistory.org</ref> बाल्तेली गणराज्यहरू, आर्मेनिया, जर्जिया र मोल्डोभाले जनमत सङ्ग्रह बहिष्कार गरे साथै चेचेनो-इङ्गुशेतिया (रुस भित्रको एक स्वायत्त गणराज्य जसमा स्वतन्त्रताको तीव्र इच्छा थियो, र अहिले आफुलाई इच्केरिया भनेर चिनाउँछ) पनि बहिष्कार गरे।<ref>Charles King, ''The Ghost of Freedom: History of the Caucasus''</ref> अन्य नौ गणराज्यहरूमा, बहुमत मतदाताहरूले सुधारिएको सोभियत सङ्घको अवधारणाको समर्थन गरे, जर्जियाली क्षेत्रहरू दक्षिण ओसेशिया र अबखाजियाकामा पनि सङ्घको निरन्तरताको पक्षमा पनि मतदान गरे। ===रसियाको प्रमुख बोरिस येल्तसिन=== [[चित्र:Борис_Николаевич_Ельцин-1_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|255x255पिक्सेल|[[बोरिस येल्तसिन]], रसियाको पहिलो प्रजातान्त्रिक निर्वाचित राष्ट्रपति]] १२ जुन १९९१ मा, [[बोरिस येल्तसिन]] देशको पहिलो राष्ट्रपति चुनावमा ५७ प्रतिशत लोकप्रिय मतका साथ रुसी सोभियत सङ्घीय समाजवादी गणराज्यको प्रमुख निर्वाचित भए, उनले गोर्बाचेभले रुचाएका उम्मेदवार "निकोलाई रिज्कोभ"लाई पराजित गरे, जसले १६ प्रतिशत मत प्राप्त गरे। येल्तसिन राष्ट्रपतिमा निर्वाचित भएपछि, रुसी गणराज्यले सोभियत सङ्घबाट आफुलाई स्वायत्त घोषणा गर्‍यो।<ref>{{Cite book|title=The world transformed : 1945 to the present|last=Hunt|first=Michael H.|isbn=9780199371020|page=321|oclc=907585907|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> आफ्नो चुनावी अभियानमा, येल्तसिनले "केन्द्रको तानाशाही" को आलोचना गरे, तर [[बजार अर्थव्यवस्था|बजार अर्थतन्त्र]] लागु गर्ने वाचा भने दिएनन्। === ककेसस: जर्जिया === सोभियत सङ्घ-व्यापी जनमत सङ्ग्रहको प्रतिक्रियामा, ३१ मार्च १९९१ मा, जर्जियाली स्वतन्त्रताको विषयमा स्वतन्त्रता जनमत सङ्ग्रह आयोजना गरियो। दक्षिण ओसेटियन र अब्खाज अल्पसङ्ख्यकहरूले बहिष्कार गरे यो जनमत सङ्ग्रह बहिष्कार गरेका थिए। त्यस महिनाको सुरुमा भएको सोभियत सङ्घमा नै रहने भन्ने जनमत सङ्ग्रहमा उनीहरू उपस्थित थिए। ९९.५% जर्जियाली मतदाताले जर्जियाली स्वतन्त्रताको पुनर्स्थापनाको पक्षमा मतदान गरे जबकि ०.५% ले यसको विपक्षमा मतदान गरे। मतदान ९०.६% थियो।<ref name="Cornell">Cornell, Svante E., [http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/publications/0419dissertation.pdf ''Autonomy and Conflict: Ethnoterritoriality and Separatism in the South Caucasus – Case in Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630141309/http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/publications/0419dissertation.pdf|date=30 June 2007}}. Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Report No. 61. p. 163. University of Uppsala, {{ISBN|91-506-1600-5}}.</ref> ९ अप्रिल १९९१ मा, तिब्लिसीमा भएको नरसंहारको दुई वर्ष पछि र लिथुआनियाले पुनर्स्थापित स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणा गरेको एक वर्ष दुई महिना पछि, जर्जियाली सोभियत गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च परिषद्ले पूर्ण सत्रमा सोभियत सशस्त्र सेनाले प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्रलाई अपदस्त गरेको ७० वर्ष पछि, सोभियत सङ्घबाट जर्जियाको स्वतन्त्रताको औपचारिक पुनर्गठनको घोषणा गर्‍यो। जर्जियाले गरेको स्वतन्त्रताको यो ऐतिहासिक घोषणाले यसलाई सोभियत सङ्घबाट आधिकारिक रूपमा अलग हुने कोकेशियन गणराज्यहरूमध्ये पहिलो र समग्रमा अहिलेसम्म तेस्रो गणराज्य बनायो। === बाल्तेली === ===अगस्ट कु को प्रयास=== १९ अगस्ट १९९१ मा, गोर्बाचेभका उपराष्ट्रपति गेनाडी यानायेभ, प्रधानमन्त्री भ्यालेन्टिन पावलोभ, रक्षामन्त्री दिमित्री याजोभ, केजीवी प्रमुख भ्लादिमिर क्र्युचकोभ र अन्य वरिष्ठ अधिकारीहरूले "राज्य आपतकाल सम्बन्धी समिति" गठन गरेर सङ्घ सन्धिमा हस्ताक्षर हुनबाट रोक्नको लागि प्रयास गरे, जसले फोरोस, [[क्रिमिया|क्राइमिया]]मा बिदामा रहेका गोर्बाचेभलाई घरमै नजरबन्दमा राख्यो र उनको सञ्चार काट्यो। कू नेताहरूले राजनीतिक गतिविधि निलम्बन गर्ने र धेरैजसो पत्रपत्रिकाहरूमा प्रतिबन्ध लगाउने आपतकालीन आदेश जारी गरे। त्यतिबेला रुसी सार्वभौमिकताको प्रतीकात्मक केन्द्र ह्वाइट हाउस (रुसी सङ्घको संसद र येल्तसिनको कार्यालय) को रक्षा गर्न हजारौँ मस्कोवासीहरू बाहिर निस्के। ट्याङ्कमाथिबाट भाषण दिएर कूको विरोध गर्ने येल्तसिनलाई पक्राउ गर्ने प्रयास गरे तर अन्ततः असफल भए। तीन दिन पछि, २१ अगस्ट १९९१ मा, विद्रोह समाप्त भयो। आयोजकहरूलाई पक्राउ गरियो र गोर्बाचेभलाई राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा पुनर्स्थापित गरियो, यद्यपि उनको शक्ति धेरै कम भयो।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ostrovsky |first=Alexander Vladimirovich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XM1VywAACAAJ |title=Глупость или измена?: расследование гибели СССР |date=2011 |publisher=Crimean Bridge-9D |isbn=978-5-89747-068-6 |page=864 |language=ru |trans-title=Stupidity or Treason?: Investigation into the Death of the USSR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Андрей Грачев – к годовщине путча: 'Из Фороса Горбачев вернулся заложником Ельцина' |trans-title=Andrey Grachev – on the anniversary of the coup: 'Gorbachev returned from Foros as Yeltsin's hostage' |url=https://sobesednik.ru/obshchestvo/20210819-andrei-gracev-k-godovshhine-putca-iz-f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223085337/https://sobesednik.ru/obshchestvo/20210819-andrei-gracev-k-godovshhine-putca-iz-f |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=sobesednik.ru |language=ru}}</ref> ===अगस्ट-डिसेम्बर सङ्क्रमणकाल=== २४ अगस्ट १९९१ मा, गोर्बाचेभले सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको महासचिवको पदबाट राजीनामा दिए<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 1991 |title=Заявление М. С. Горбачева о сложение обязанностей генерального секретаря КПСС (24 августа 1991) |trans-title=Statement by M. S. Gorbachev on the resignation of the duties of General Secretary of the CPSU (24 August 1991) |url=http://www.illuminats.ru/component/content/article/29-new/1198-statement-by-mikhail-gorbachev-on-the-addition-of-duties-the-secretary-general-of-the-cpsu-24-august-1991?directory=29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721014247/http://www.illuminats.ru/component/content/article/29-new/1198-statement-by-mikhail-gorbachev-on-the-addition-of-duties-the-secretary-general-of-the-cpsu-24-august-1991?directory=29 |archive-date=21 July 2018 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=www.illuminats.ru |language=ru}}</ref> र सरकारमा रहेका सबै पार्टी एकाइहरू भंग गरे। सोही दिन, युक्रेनी गणतन्त्रको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले युक्रेनको स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणापत्र पारित गर्‍यो, जसमा सोभियत सङ्घबाट युक्रेनको स्वतन्त्रताको लागि राष्ट्रिय जनमत सङ्ग्रहको लागि आह्वान गरिएको थियो। पाँच दिन पछि, सोभियत सङ्घको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले सोभियत क्षेत्रको सबै सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी गतिविधि अनिश्चित कालका लागि निलम्बन गर्‍यो<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2013 |title=Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 29 августа 1991 г. N 2371-I 'О ситуации, возникшей в стране в связи с имевшим место государственным переворотом' |trans-title=Resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 29 August 1991 N 2371-I 'On the situation that arose in the country in connection with the coup d'état' |url=http://www.ruspravo.org/list/89358/1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207002848/http://www.ruspravo.org/list/89358/1.html |archive-date=7 December 2013 |website= |page=1 |language=ru}}</ref>, जसले गर्दा सोभियत सङ्घमा कम्युनिस्ट शासनको प्रभावकारी अन्त्य भयो र देशमा बाँकी रहेको एकमात्र एकताकारी शक्तिलाई विघटन गरियो। गोर्बाचेभले सेप्टेम्बर ५ मा सोभियत सङ्घको राज्य परिषद् स्थापना गरे, जुन उनलाई र बाँकी गणतन्त्रका उच्च अधिकारीहरूलाई सामूहिक नेतृत्वमा ल्याउन डिजाइन गरिएको थियो। राज्य परिषद्लाई सोभियत सङ्घको प्रधानमन्त्री नियुक्त गर्ने अधिकार पनि दिइएको थियो। प्रधानमन्त्री पदले कहिल्यै राम्रोसँग काम गरेन, यद्यपि इभान सिलायेभले सोभियत अर्थतन्त्रको सञ्चालन व्यवस्थापन समिति र अन्तर-गणतन्त्र आर्थिक समिति मार्फत पदभार ग्रहण गरे र द्रुत रूपमा घट्दो शक्तिहरू सहित सरकार गठन गर्ने प्रयास गरे। १९९१ को अन्तिम त्रैमासिकमा सोभियत सङ्घ नाटकीय गतिमा पतन भयो। अगस्ट र डिसेम्बरको बीचमा, मुख्यतया अर्को विद्रोहको डरको कारणले १० गणतन्त्रहरू सङ्घबाट अलग भए,। सेप्टेम्बरको अन्त्यसम्ममा, गोर्बाचेभसँग मस्को बाहिरका घटनाहरूलाई प्रभाव पार्ने क्षमता रहेन। उनलाई त्यहाँ पनि [[बोरिस येल्तसिन|येल्तसिन]]ले चुनौती दिए, जसले क्रेमलिन सहित सोभियत सरकारको बाँकी रहेको भाग नियन्त्रण गर्न थालेका थिए। सोभियत सङ्घले ६ सेप्टेम्बर १९९१ मा बाल्तेली गणतन्त्रहरूको स्वतन्त्रतालाई मान्यता दियो।<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2020 |title=Prof. Alpo Russi. About Recognition of Independence of Baltic States |url=https://www.vdu.lt/en/prof-alpo-russi-about-recognition-of-independence-of-baltic-states/ |work=[[Vytautas Magnus University]]}}</ref> जर्जियाले सेप्टेम्बर ७ मा सोभियत सङ्घसँगको सबै सम्बन्ध तोड्यो। उसले बाल्तेली राज्यहरूको पृथकतालाई मान्यता दिँदा पनि सोभियत सङ्घले आफ्नो स्वतन्त्रतालाई किन मान्यता दिएन भन्ने "पर्याप्त आधारभूत जवाफ" प्राप्त नभएको उल्लेख गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite web |author=Cherian |first=Regi |date=6 September 2016 |title=September 7, 1991: Georgia revolts, cuts ties with USSR |url=https://gulfnews.com/today-history/september-7-1996-georgia-revolts-cuts-ties-with-ussr-1.1892039 |work=Gulf News}}</ref> १७ सेप्टेम्बर १९९१ मा, संयुक्त राष्ट्रसङ्घ महासभाको प्रस्ताव नम्बर ४६/४, ४६/५, र ४६/६ ले इस्टोनिया, लाटभिया र लिथुआनियालाई संयुक्त राष्ट्रसङ्घमा सदस्यता दियो, जुन सुरक्षा परिषद्को प्रस्ताव नम्बर ७०९, ७१० र ७११ अनुरूप थियो र १२ सेप्टेम्बरमा मतदान बिना पारित भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web |title=Resolutions adopted by the United Nations Security Council in 1991 |url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/1991.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719210549/http://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/1991.shtml |archive-date=19 July 2017 |access-date=17 June 2016 |work=[[United Nations]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=46th Session (1991–1992) – General Assembly – Quick Links – Research Guides at United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld Library |url=http://research.un.org/en/docs/ga/quick/regular/46 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830083857/http://research.un.org/en/docs/ga/quick/regular/46 |archive-date=30 August 2016 |access-date=17 June 2016 |work=[[United Nations]]}}</ref> ६ नोभेम्बरमा, येल्तसिन - जसले त्यतिबेलासम्म सोभियत सरकारको धेरैजसो हिस्सा आफ्नो नियन्त्रणमा लिइसकेका थिए - ले रुसी भूभागमा कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीका सबै गतिविधिहरूमा प्रतिबन्ध लगाउने आदेश जारी गरे।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Указ Президента РСФСР от 06.11.1991 г. № 169 |trans-title=Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated 06.11.1991 No. 169 |url=http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/385 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301170411/http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/385 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |access-date=22 October 2020 |website=President of Russia |language=ru}}</ref> ७ नोभेम्बर १९९१ सम्म, धेरैजसो अखबारहरूले 'पूर्व सोभियत सङ्घ' लाई उल्लेख गरे।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/07/world/pre-1917-ghosts-haunt-a-bolshevik-holiday.html?pagewanted=all|title=Pre-1917 Ghosts Haunt a Bolshevik Holiday|last1=Schmemann|first1=Serge|date=7 November 1991|work=The New York Times|access-date=21 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053646/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/07/world/pre-1917-ghosts-haunt-a-bolshevik-holiday.html?pagewanted=all|archive-date=22 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[चित्र:Grand_Kremlin_Palace_façade,_1982-2008.jpg|बायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|The [[State Emblem of the Soviet Union|state emblem of the Soviet Union]] and the СССР letters{{Efn|Russian acronym for "USSR"}} (top) in the façade of the [[Grand Kremlin Palace]] were replaced by five double-headed [[Coat of arms of Russia|Russian eagles]] (bottom) after the dissolution of the [[Soviet Union]], the eagles having been removed by the Bolsheviks after the revolution.]] सोभियत सङ्घको पतनको अन्तिम चरण १ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा सुरु भयो। त्यस दिन, "युक्रेनी लोकप्रिय जनमत सङ्ग्रह"मा युक्रेनका ९१ प्रतिशत मतदाताले अगस्टमा पारित स्वतन्त्रता घोषणालाई समर्थन गर्दै मतदान गरे र औपचारिक रूपमा सङ्घबाट अलग भयो। आर्थिक र राजनीतिक शक्तिमा रूसपछि दोस्रो स्थानमा रहेको युक्रेनको पृथकताले गोर्बाचेभले सीमित मात्रामा भए पनि सोभियत सङ्घलाई एकसाथ राख्ने झिनो सम्भावनालाई पनि समाप्त गर्‍यो। तीन स्लाभिक गणतन्त्रहरू, रुस, युक्रेन र बेलारुस (पहिले बेलोरुसिया) का नेताहरू सङ्घको सम्भावित विकल्पहरूबारे छलफल गर्न सहमत भए। डिसेम्बर ८ मा, रुस, युक्रेन र बेलारुसका नेताहरूले पश्चिमी बेलारुसको बेलाभेजस्काया पुष्चामा गोप्य रूपमा भेटे र बेलाभेजा सम्झौतामा हस्ताक्षर गरे, जसले सोभियत सङ्घको अस्तित्व समाप्त भएको घोषणा गर्‍यो र यसको स्थानमा कमनवेल्थ अफ इन्डिपेन्डेन्ट स्टेट्स (CIS) को गठनको घोषणा गर्‍यो। उनीहरूले अन्य गणतन्त्रहरूलाई पनि सिआइ.एस मा सामेल हुन आमन्त्रित गरे। गोर्बाचेभले यसलाई असंवैधानिक कू भने। यद्यपि, यस समयसम्ममा कुनै उचित विकल्प थिएन किनकी सम्झौताको प्रस्तावनामा भनिएझैँ, सोभियत सङ्घ अब "अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय कानून र भूराजनीतिक वास्तविकताको विषयको रूपमा" अस्तित्वमा थिएन। डिसेम्बर १० मा, युक्रेनको बिधायिका भेर्खोभना राडा <ref>{{Cite web |title=Про ратифікацію Угоди про створення Співдружності Незалежних Держав |trans-title=On the ratification of the Agreement on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/1958-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124205855/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1958-12 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=Official website of the Parliament of Ukraine |language=uk}}</ref> र बेलारुसको सर्वोच्च परिषद्ले <ref>{{Cite web |title=Постановление Верховного Совета РБ № 1296-XII О ратификации Соглашения об образовании Содружества Независимых Государств от 10.12.1991 |trans-title=Resolution of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus No. 1296-XII On the ratification of the Agreement on the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States dated 10.12.1991 |url=https://belzakon.net/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%91/1994/96572 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223192600/https://belzakon.net/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%91/1994/96572 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=belzakon.net |language=ru}}</ref> सम्झौतालाई अनुमोदन गरेको थियो। डिसेम्बर १२ मा, रुसी सोभियत गणराज्य को सर्वोच्च सोभियतले बेलाभेझा सम्झौतालाई औपचारिक रूपमा अनुमोदन गर्‍यो,,<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 1991 |title=Постановление ВС РСФСР от 12.12.1991 N 2014-I 'О ратификации Соглашения о создании Содружества Независимых Государств' |trans-title=Resolution of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR of 12.12.1991 N 2014-I 'On ratification of the Agreement on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States' |url=http://base.garant.ru/10164306/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113130902/http://base.garant.ru/10164306/ |archive-date=13 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=base.garant.ru |language=ru}}</ref> १९२२ को सङ्घ सन्धिको निन्दा गर्‍यो,,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Постановление Верховного Совета РСФСР от 12.12.1991 № 2015-I – Сейчас.ру |url=https://www.lawmix.ru/abrolaw/13907 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125075549/https://www.lawmix.ru/abrolaw/13907 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=www.lawmix.ru}}</ref> र सोभियत सङ्घको सर्वोच्च सोभियतबाट रुसी प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई फिर्ता बोलायो। यस अनुमोदनको वैधानिकताले रुसी संसदका केही सदस्यहरूमा शंका उत्पन्न गर्‍यो, किनकि १९७८ को रुसी सोभियत गणराज्यको संविधान अनुसार यस कागजातको विचार जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको काङ्ग्रेसको विशेष क्षेत्राधिकारमा थियो।.<ref name="sssr.net.ru">{{Cite web |last1=Pribylovsky |first1=V. |last2=Tochkin |first2=Gr. |title=Кто и как упразднил СССР |trans-title=Who and how abolished the USSR |url=https://sssr.net.ru/denons.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126160310/http://sssr.net.ru/denons.html |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date= |website=sssr.net.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2015 |title=Из СССР В СНГ: подчиняясь реальности. |trans-title=From the USSR to the CIS: submitting to reality. |url=http://n-discovery.spb.ru/news_full.php?id=379 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403001152/http://n-discovery.spb.ru/news_full.php?id=379 |archive-date=3 April 2015 |website=www.n-discovery.spb.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Бабурин С.Н. На гибель Советского Союза |trans-title=Baburin S.N. On the death of the Soviet Union |url=http://www.ni-journal.ru/archive/2006/n_506/38b39a96/39cf8ddd/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107165055/http://www.ni-journal.ru/archive/2006/n_506/38b39a96/39cf8ddd/ |archive-date=2017-11-07 |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=www.ni-journal.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref name="sovross.ru">{{Cite web |last=Voronin |first=Yu. M. |title=Беловежское предательство |trans-title=Belovezhskaya betrayal |url=http://www.sovross.ru/articles/555/9021/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812180933/http://www.sovross.ru/articles/555/9021/ |archive-date=2020-08-12 |access-date= |website=www.sovross.ru |language=ru}}</ref> थप, सोभियत संविधानले गणतन्त्रलाई एकतर्फी रूपमा आफ्ना प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई फिर्ता बोलाउन अनुमति दिएको थिएन।<ref>The Russian SFSR has constitutional right to "freely secede from the Soviet Union" ([[s:ru:Конституция РСФСР 1978 года (в редакции 1 ноября 1991 года)#Глава_7._РСФСР_–_союзная_республика_в_составе_СССР|art. 69 of the RSFSR Constitution]], [[s:ru:Конституция СССР (1977)/редакция 26 декабря 1990 года#Глава_8._СССР_–_союзное_государство|art. 72 of the USSR Constitution]]), but according to USSR laws [[s:ru:Закон о выходе союзной республики из СССР|1409-I]] (enacted on 3 April 1990) and [http://iv.garant.ru/SESSION/PILOT/loadfavorite.html?pid=6335703&page=1&para_id=2147483649 1457-I]{{dead link|date=May 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} (enacted on 26 April 1990) this can be done only by a referendum and only if two-thirds of all registered voters of the republic has supported that motion. No special referendum on the secession from the USSR was held in the RSFSR</ref> यद्यपि, रुस वा क्रेमलिनमा कसैले पनि आपत्ति जनाएनन्। क्रेमलिनको कुनै पनि आपत्तिको कुनै प्रभाव पर्ने थिएन, किनकि सोभियत सरकारको बाँकी रहेको कुरा डिसेम्बर भन्दा धेरै अघि नै प्रभावकारी रूपमा निष्क्रिय बनाइएको थियो। धेरै वकिलहरू विश्वास गर्छन् कि १९२२ को सङ्घ सन्धिको निन्दा अर्थहीन थियो किनकि यो १९२४ मा सोभियत सङ्घको पहिलो संविधान अपनाएसँगै अमान्य भइसकेको थियो।।<ref>''Исаков В. Б.'' Расчленёнка. Кто и как развалил Советский Союз: Хроника. Документы. – М., Закон и право. 1998. – C. 58. –209 с.</ref><ref>''Станкевич З. А.'' История крушения СССР: политико-правовые аспекты. – М., 2001. – C. 299–300</ref><ref>''Лукашевич Д. А.'' Юридический механизм разрушения СССР. – М, 2016. – С. 254–255. – 448 с.</ref> (१९९६ मा राजकीय डुमाले पनि उही अडान लिएको थियो)).<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 1986 |title=Постановление Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания РФ от 10 апреля 1996 года № 225-II ГД «Об Обращении Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации "К членам Совета Федерации Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации" |trans-title=Resolution of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of 10 April 1996 No. 225-II GD "On the Appeal of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation "To the members of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation" |url=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&link_id=16&nd=102040638 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026061236/http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&link_id=16&nd=102040638 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |access-date=22 October 2020 |language=ru}}</ref> त्यस दिनको अन्तमा, गोर्बाचेभले पहिलो पटक आफु पद त्याग्ने विचार गरिरहेको सङ्केत गरे।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/13/world/soviet-disarry-gorbachev-is-ready-to-resign-as-post-soviet-plan-advances.html|title=Gorbachev is Ready to Resign as Post-Soviet Plan Advances|last=Schmemann|first=Serge|date=1991-12-13|work=The New York Times|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917211606/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/13/world/soviet-disarry-gorbachev-is-ready-to-resign-as-post-soviet-plan-advances.html|archive-date=2018-09-17|issn=0362-4331|url-status=live}}</ref> सतहमा देखिदा, यो सबैभन्दा ठुलो गणराज्य औपचारिक रूपमा अलग भएको देखिन्थ्यो। यद्यपि, यो मामला होइन। बरु, रूसले स्पष्ट रूपमा बतायो यो कि सोभियत संविधानमा वर्णन गरिएको पृथकताको प्रक्रियालाई पालना गर्न आवश्यक छैन किनभने अब अस्तित्वमा नै नभएको देशबाट अलग हुन सम्भव छैन। १६ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा, कजाख गणराज्य सोभियत सङ्घबाट औपचारिक रूपमा अलग हुने अन्तिम गणतन्त्र बन्यो, जसले गर्दा सोभियत सङ्घले न त कुनै क्षेत्र नियन्त्रण गर्न सक्यो न त कुनै क्षेत्र नियन्त्रण गर्ने दाबी नै गर्न सक्यो (यद्यपि सोभियत दूतावासहरू अझै पनि अस्तित्वमा थिए)।<ref>{{cite web |date=22 October 2021 |title=Kazakhstan, Not Russia, Was the Last Republic to the Leave the USSR |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/kazakhstan-not-russia-was-last-republic-leave-ussr-195400}}</ref> डिसेम्बर १८ मा, सोभियत सङ्घको सर्वोच्च सोभियत (गणतन्त्र परिषद्) को माथिल्लो सदनले कमनवेल्थ अफ इन्डिपेन्डेन्ट स्टेट्स (राष्ट्रमण्डल)को निर्माण सम्बन्धी सम्झौतालाई स्वीकार गर्दै र तीव्र राजनीतिक तथा आर्थिक सङ्कटबाट बाहिर निस्कने बाटो प्रदान गर्न यसलाई विचार गर्दै एक विज्ञप्ति पारित गर्‍यो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Заявление Совета Республик Верховного Совета СССР от 18.12.1991 N 138-Н О поддержке Соглашения Республики Беларусь, РСФСР и Украины о создании Содружества Независимых Государств &#124; ГАРАНТ |trans-title=Statement of the Council of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated 18.12.1991 N 138-N On support for the Agreement of the Republic of Belarus, the RSFSR and Ukraine on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States - GARANTEE |url=http://base.garant.ru/6334158/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407115029/https://base.garant.ru/6334158/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=base.garant.ru |language=ru}}</ref> गोर्बाचेभले येल्तसिनसँग भेट गरे र सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको वास्तविकता स्वीकार गरे। सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन र औपचारिक रूपमा स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरूको राष्ट्रमण्डल स्थापना गर्ने उद्देश्यले अल्मा-अटा प्रोटोकलमा हस्ताक्षर भएको दिन, रुसी गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले रूसको कानूनी नाम "रुसी सोभियत सङ्घीय समाजवादी गणतन्त्र" बाट "रुसी सङ्घ" मा परिवर्तन गर्न एक विधान अपनायो। यस अनुसार रुस अब पूर्ण रूपमा सार्वभौम गैर-कम्युनिस्ट राज्य थियो। बेलाभेजा सम्झौताले सोभियत सङ्घलाई कानुनी रूपमा विघटन गरेको छ कि छैन भन्ने बारेमा शंकाहरू कायमै थिए, किनकि यसमा तीन गणराज्यले (रुस, बेलारुस, युक्रेन) मात्र हस्ताक्षर गरेका थिए।यद्यपि, डिसेम्बर २१ मा, जर्जिया बाहेक बाँकी १२ गणतन्त्रहरू मध्ये ११ का प्रतिनिधिहरूले अल्मा-अटा प्रोटोकलमा हस्ताक्षर गरे, जसले सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन पुष्टि गर्‍यो र औपचारिक रूपमा राष्ट्रमण्डल स्थापना गर्‍यो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=ПРОТОКОЛ к Соглашению о создании Содружества Независимых Государств, подписанному 8 декабря 1991 года в г. Минске Республикой Беларусь, Российской Федерацией (РСФСР), Украиной |trans-title=Protocol to the Agreement on the Creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, signed on 8 December 1991 in г. Minsk Republic of Belarus, Russian Federation (РСФСР), Ukraine |url=http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511073849/http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=6 |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=cis.minsk.by |language=ru}}</ref> उनीहरूले गोर्बाचेभको राजीनामा पनि "स्वीकार" गरे।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Посткремлевская жизнь правителей |trans-title=Post-Kremlin life of rulers |url=https://www.ng.ru/style/2000-01-06/1-162.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407115029/https://www.ng.ru/style/2000-01-06/1-162.html |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=www.ng.ru |language=ru}}</ref> सोभियत सङ्घको सशस्त्र सेनाको कमान्ड रक्षामन्त्री येभगेनी शापोश्निकोभलाई सुम्पिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Минобороны. Министерство обороны РФ |trans-title=Ministry of Defense. Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation |url=http://www.panorama.ru/prav/minobor.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225004736/http://www.panorama.ru/prav/minobor.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2020 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=www.panorama.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ПРОТОКОЛ совещания Глав Независимых Государств |trans-title=MINUTES of the meeting of the Heads of Independent States |url=http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=3412 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511073849/http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=3412 |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=cis.minsk.by |language=ru}}</ref> यस क्षणमा पनि, गोर्बाचेभले अहिलेसम्म दृश्यबाट पछि हट्ने कुनै औपचारिक योजना बनाएका थिएनन्। यद्यपि, अब बहुमत गणतन्त्रहरूले सोभियत सङ्घ अब अस्तित्वमा छैन भन्ने कुरामा सहमति जनाएपछि, गोर्बाचेभले अपरिहार्यताको अगाडि झुके, सीबीएस न्यूजलाई भने कि उनले सीआईएस साँच्चै वास्तविकता हो भनेर देख्ने बित्तिकै राजीनामा दिनेछन्।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/22/world/end-soviet-union-11-soviet-states-form-commonwealth-without-clearly-defining-its.html|title=11 Soviet States Form Commonwealth Without Clearly Defining Its Powers|last=Clines|first=Francis X.|date=1991-12-22|work=The New York Times|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414022306/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/22/world/end-soviet-union-11-soviet-states-form-commonwealth-without-clearly-defining-its.html|archive-date=2017-04-14|issn=0362-4331|url-status=live}}</ref> [[चित्र:RIAN_archive_469069_Final_session_of_the_Council_for_Nationalities_of_the_USSR_Supreme_Soviet.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|सर्वोच्च सोभियतको माथिल्लो सदनले आफ्नो अन्तिम सत्रमा, २६ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा सोभियत सङ्घको अस्तित्व समाप्त गर्ने मतदान गर्दै।]] २५ डिसेम्बरको साँझ राष्ट्रिय टेलिभिजनमा प्रसारित भाषणमा, गोर्बाचेभले सोभियत सङ्घको राष्ट्रपतिको पदबाट राजीनामा दिए - वा, जसरी उनले भने, "म यसद्वारा सोभियत समाजवादी गणतन्त्र सङ्घको अध्यक्ष पदमा मेरा गतिविधिहरू बन्द गर्दछु।" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Заявление Президента СССР об отставке от 25 декабря 1991 г. |trans-title=Statement of resignation of the President of the USSR, 25 December 1991 |url=https://www.gorby.ru/userfiles/file/zayavleniem_ob_otstavke_prezidenta_sssr_m.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904230942/https://www.gorby.ru/userfiles/file/zayavleniem_ob_otstavke_prezidenta_sssr_m.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |language=ru}}</ref> उनले आफ्नो संस्था समाप्ति घोषणा गरे, र यसको सबै शक्तिहरू (जस्तै आणविक शस्त्रागारको नियन्त्रण)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Указ Президента СССР от 25.12.1991 N УП-3162 |trans-title=Decree of the President of the USSR dated 25.12.1991 N UP-3 |url=http://www.libussr.ru/doc_ussr/usr_19889.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412222644/http://www.libussr.ru/doc_ussr/usr_19889.htm |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=www.libussr.ru |language=ru}}</ref> येल्तसिनलाई सुम्पे। २५ डिसेम्बरको राति, मस्को समय अनुसार ७:३५ बजे, गोर्बाचेभ टेलिभिजनमा देखा परेपछि, सोभियत झन्डा तल झारियो <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 1991 |title=С флагштока над Кремлем спущен советский флаг, поднят российский |trans-title=The Soviet flag is lowered from the flagpole over the Kremlin; the Russian flag is raised |url=https://www.interfax.ru/30years/800619 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101022148/https://www.interfax.ru/30years/800619 |archive-date=1 January 2022 |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=[[Interfax]] |language=ru}}</ref> र ७:४५ बजे [[रूसको झन्डा|रुसी तिरंगा]] यसको ठाउँमा उठाइयो,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/26/world/end-of-the-soviet-union-on-moscow-s-streets-worry-and-regret.html|title=End of the Soviet Union; On Moscow's Streets, Worry and Regret|last=Clarity|first=James F.|date=26 December 1991|work=The New York Times|access-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302163000/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/26/world/end-of-the-soviet-union-on-moscow-s-streets-worry-and-regret.html|archive-date=2 March 2022|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-status=live}}</ref> जुन प्रतीकात्मक रुपमा सोभियत सङ्घको अन्त्यको प्रतीक थियो। आफ्नो बिदाइ शब्दहरूमा, गोर्बाचेभले घरेलु सुधारमा आफ्नो रेकर्डको बचाउ गरे, तर स्वीकार गरे, "नयाँले काम सुरु गर्न समय पाउनु अघि पुरानो प्रणाली ध्वस्त भयो।"<ref>{{Cite book|title=The world transformed : 1945 to the present|last=Hunt|first=Michael H.|isbn=9780199371020|pages=323–324|oclc=907585907|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> सोही दिन, [[अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपति|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाका राष्ट्रपति]] [[जर्ज एच डब्लू बुस|जर्ज एच. डब्लु. बुश]]ले बाँकी ११ गणतन्त्रहरूको स्वतन्त्रतालाई आधिकारिक रूपमा मान्यता दिँदै छोटो टेलिभिजन भाषण दिए। गोर्बाचेवको भाषण र सोवियत झन्डाको ठाउँमा रुसी झन्डा फहराएपछि, एक गणितले सोवियत यूनियनको अन्त्य भयो। तर, सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको अन्तिम कानुनी कदम डिसेम्बर २६ मा बयो, जब सोभियत सङ्घको सर्वोच्च सोभियतको माथिल्लो सदन, सोभियत अफ नेसनालिटिले बेलाभेजा सम्झौतालाई अनुमोदन गर्‍यो, जसले गर्दा सोभियत सङ्घको अस्तित्व समाप्त भयो।<ref name="ReferenceC2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt5OLD3vp4UC&q=26+december+1991+ussr&pg=PR5|title=Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis|isbn=9781563246371|last1=Brzezinski|first1=Zbigniew|last2=Brzezinski|first2=Zbigniew K.|last3=Sullivan|first3=Paige|year=1997|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124205853/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt5OLD3vp4UC&q=26+december+1991+ussr&pg=PR5|url-status=live}}</ref> (तल्लो सदन, सोभियत अफ युनियन, रुसी प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई फिर्ता बोलाउँदा डिसेम्बर १२ देखि काम गर्न असमर्थ थियो, कोरम बिना नै छोडियो).<ref name="sssr.net.ru2" /> भोलिपल्ट येल्तसिन गोर्बाचेभको पूर्व कार्यालयमा सरे, ,<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2016 |title=Как меня хоронили |trans-title=How I was buried |url=http://www.novayagazeta.ru/society/66087.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727023444/http://www.novayagazeta.ru/society/66087.html |archive-date=27 July 2016 |website=Novaya Gazeta |language=ru}}</ref> यद्यपि रुसी अधिकारीहरूले दुई दिन अघि नै सुइटलाई आफ्नो नियन्त्रणमा लिएका थिए। सोभियत सशस्त्र सेनाहरूलाई स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरूको राष्ट्रमण्डलको कमान्डमा राखिएको थियो, तर अन्ततः नयाँ स्वतन्त्र गणतन्त्रहरूले यसलाई समाहित गरे, जसको ठुलो हिस्सा रुसी सङ्घको सशस्त्र सेना बन्यो। १९९१ को अन्त्यसम्ममा, रूसले नियन्त्रण नगरेका केही बाँकी सोभियत संस्थाहरूले सञ्चालन बन्द गरे, र स्वतन्त्र नयाँ गणतन्त्रहरूले केन्द्रीय सरकारको भूमिका ग्रहण गरे। == सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनमा गोर्बाचेभको भूमिका == गोर्भाचोबको नीतिको कारण सोवियत सङ्घको केन्द्रीय सत्ता कमजोर भयो, फलस्वरूप सोवियत सङ्घमा केन्द्र विरूद्ध सङ्घर्ष गर्बे शक्ति हौसले बढ्दै गयो। गोर्बाचोबको नीतिले गणराज्यहरूको सोवियत सङ्घसँग अलग हुनलाई मान्यता दियो। फलस्वरूप हेर्दा हेर्दै एकपछि अर्को गर्दै सोवियत सङ्घ के गणराज्य स्वतन्त्र भए र सोवियत सङ्घको विघटन भयो। यो गोर्भाचोबको नीतिहरूको नै परिणाम थियो कि सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको शक्तिमा निरन्तर ह्रास हुँदै गयो। फलतः सोवियत सङ्घलाई एकताको सूत्रमा बाध्ने सबैभन्दा ठुलो सम्पर्क सुत्रको शक्ति घट्दै गयो। यसको परिणाम कम्युनिस्ट बिरोधी शक्ति बढ्दै गयो। अमेरिका र पाश्चात्य देशहरूले पनि सोवियत सङ्घलाई टोड्ने शक्तिलाई समर्थन गरे। परिणामस्वरूप यी शक्ति सोवियत सङ्घको एकतालाई खोक्रो बनाउँदै गए। गोर्बाच्योवले पूर्वी युरोपमा पनि साम्यवादको किल्लालाई पतन हुन नदिन कुनै प्रयास गरेनन्, बरु उनको नीतिको कारण पूर्वी युरोपमा साम्यवाद विरोधी शक्ति हावी भयो। चेकोस्लोवाकिया, रोमानिया, हंगरी, पूर्वी जर्मनीमा साम्यवादको पतम भयो र यो पतनले सोवियत सङ्घको [[महाशक्ति]]को छविलाई समाप्त गरिदियो। सोभियत सङ्घको पतनको जिम्मेवारी गोर्बाचेभ एक्लैले लिन्छन् भन्न सजिलो छ। त्यसो गर्नु भनेको कुनै पनि व्यक्तिलाई ऐतिहासिक प्रवृत्ति भन्दा बढी महत्त्वपूर्ण ठान्नु हो। गोर्बाचेभ यी ऐतिहासिक प्रवृत्तिहरूलाई प्रतिबिम्बित गर्ने ऐना मात्र थिए, तर उनी आफैँ चकनाचुर भए। वास्तवमा, सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको बीउ यसको स्थापनामा रोपिएको थियो। समाजवादी प्रणालीलाई दिगो बनाउन, देश भित्र समाजवादी मानवता र संस्कृति खेती गर्नु आवश्यक थियो, जुन कार्य सोभियत प्रणालीले हासिल गर्न असफल भयो। स्टालिनको शासनकालमा लगभग दुई दशकसम्म, सोभियत सङ्घको एकता केन्द्रीय सरकारको निर्दयी जबरजस्ती अनुशासनले मात्र कायम राखेको थियो। देशका विभिन्न भागहरूलाई साम्यवादको रक्षा गर्न राष्ट्रिय हित वा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय भ्रातृत्वको नाममा बलिदान दिन बाध्य पारिएको थियो। यो त्यस्तो होइन कि असन्तुष्टि र क्रोध उत्पन्न भएन; यो केवल दमनकारी नीतिहरूले उनीहरूको आवाज अभिव्यक्तिलाई गाह्रो बनायो। गोर्बाचेभको उदार नीतिहरूले यो क्रोध व्यक्त गर्ने तरिका प्रदान गर्‍यो। == सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको प्रभाव == [[चित्र:EasternBloc_BasicMembersOnly.svg|दायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|454x454पिक्सेल|पूर्वी ब्लक देशहरू]] सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनले विश्व राजनीतिक परिदृश्यलाई नै परिवर्तन गरिदियो। सोभियत सङ्घ [[महाशक्ति]] रहेन, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका एकमात्र महाशक्तिको रूपमा रह्यो र विश्व एकध्रुवीय भयो। अमेरिकाले सम्पूर्ण विश्वमा आफ्नो प्रभुत्व स्थापित गर्‍यो। सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनसँगै [[शीतयुद्ध]] स्वतः समाप्त भयो। * पूर्वी युरोपेली देशहरूमा साम्यवादको अन्त्य भयो र बहुदलीय लोकतान्त्रिक शासन प्रणाली स्थापित भयो। * सोभियत सङ्घको पतनले तेस्रो विश्वका देशहरूलाई गम्भीर रूपमा असर गर्‍यो, जसले सोभियत सङ्घबाट आर्थिक, सैन्य र प्राविधिक सहयोग प्राप्त गरेका थिए। विघटित गणतन्त्रहरूले अब सहयोग प्रदान गर्ने क्षमता राखेनन्। यस सन्दर्भमा, तेस्रो विश्व नव-उपनिवेशवादको खतराको सामना गरिरहेको छ। * विश्वमा बजार अर्थतन्त्रलाई बलियो भयो। लामो सनयसम्म दमन र नागरिक स्वतन्त्रतालाई कुल्चचेर शासन चलाउन सकिदैन भन्ने विश्वासलाई बलियो बनायो। यसले, फलस्वरूप, लोकतान्त्रिक प्रक्रियालाई प्रवर्द्धन गर्‍यो। === आर्थिक गिरावट र अत्यधिक मृत्युदर === शीतयुद्धको अन्त्य पछिका दशकहरूमा, सोभियत सङ्घका पाँच वा छ वटा राज्यहरू मात्र पश्चिमका धनी पूँजीवादी राज्यहरूमा सामेल हुने बाटोमा छन्, र धेरैजसो पछि परेका छन्, केही यति हदसम्म कि साम्यवादको अन्त्य हुनुभन्दा पहिलेको अवस्थामा पुग्न ५० वर्षभन्दा बढी समय लाग्नेछ।<ref>{{cite book|last=Ghodsee|first=Kristen|date=2017|title=Red Hangover: Legacies of Twentieth-Century Communism|url=https://www.dukeupress.edu/red-hangover|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|pages=63–64|isbn=978-0822369493|author-link=Kristen Ghodsee|access-date=4 August 2018|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207032254/https://www.dukeupress.edu/red-hangover|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/05775132.2015.1012402| title =After the Wall Fell: The Poor Balance Sheet of the Transition to Capitalism| journal =[[Challenge (economics magazine)|Challenge]]| volume = 58| issue = 2| pages =135–138| year = 2015| last1 = Milanović | first1 = Branko| s2cid =153398717|author-link=Branko Milanović}}</ref> २०११ सम्म, पूर्व सोभियत गणतन्त्रहरूको अनुभव मिश्रित थियो, केहीले कुल गार्हस्थ्य उत्पादनको गणितले सुधार गरेका थिए भने केहीले सुधार गरेका थिएनन्।<ref>{{Cite web |title=End of the USSR: visualising how the former Soviet countries are doing, 20 years on {{!}} Russia {{!}} The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/aug/17/ussr-soviet-countries-data |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=amp.theguardian.com |date=17 August 2011 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128064905/https://amp.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/aug/17/ussr-soviet-countries-data |url-status=live }}</ref> सोभियत सङ्घ पछिका राष्ट्रहरूमा जिडिपी मा उल्लेखनीय गिरावट आएको थियो र औसतमा लगभग ५१% थियो। १९९० देखि २००० सम्म, जिडिपी मा गिरावट निम्नानुसार थियो:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dabrowski |first=Marek |date=2022-07-29 |title=Thirty years of economic transition in the former Soviet Union: Macroeconomic dimension |url=https://rujec.org/article/90947/ |journal=Russian Journal of Economics |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=95–121 |doi=10.32609/j.ruje.8.90947 |issn=2405-4739|doi-access=free }}</ref> * आर्मेनियामा ६३% * अजरबैजानमा ६०% * बेलारुसमा ३५% * इस्टोनियामा ३५% * जर्जियामा ७८% * काजाकिस्तानमा ४१% * किर्गिस्तानमा ५०% * लाटभियामा ५१% * लिथुआनियामा ४४% * मोल्डोभामा ६३% * रूसमा ४०% * ताजिकिस्तानमा ५०% * तुर्कमेनिस्तानमा ४८% * युक्रेनमा ५९% सोभियत सङ्घको पतन पछि शान्तिकालमा रूसले औसत आयुमा रेकर्ड गरिएको इतिहासमा सबैभन्दा ठुलो गिरावट अनुभव गर्यो।<ref name=":BMJ">{{Cite journal|last=Ciment|first=James|date=1999-08-21|title=Life expectancy of Russian men falls to 58|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1116380/|journal=BMJ : British Medical Journal|pages=468}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Men|first=Tamara|last2=Brennan|first2=Paul|last3=Boffetta|first3=Paolo|last4=Zaridze|first4=David|date=2003-10-25|title=Russian mortality trends for 1991-2001: analysis by cause and region|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC259165/|journal=BMJ : British Medical Journal|volume=327|issue=7421|pages=964}}</ref> ९० को दशकको अन्त्यतिर सोभियत सङ्घको पतन पछि गरिबी आकाशियो। गरिबीको रेखामुनि बाँच्ने मानिसहरूको सङ्ख्या १९८७-८८ मा ३% बाट २०% वा लगभग ८ करोड ८० लाख पुगेको थियो।<ref name=":RSE">{{Cite journal|last=Izyumov|first=Alexei|date=2010|title=Human Costs of Post-communist Transition: Public Policies and Private Response|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41288494|journal=Review of Social Economy|volume=68|issue=1|pages=93–125}}</ref> Only 4% of the region lived on $4 a day or less but by 1994 this number skyrocketed to 32%.<ref name=":BMJ" /> पूर्वी ब्लकको पतन पछि अपराध, मदिरा सेवन, लागुपदार्थको प्रयोग र आत्महत्या सबै आकाशिएको थियो।<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":RSE" /> अर्थशास्त्री स्टीवन रोजफिल्डले सन् २००१ मा गरेको एक अध्ययनमा, उनले गणना गरे कि १९९० देखि १९९८ सम्म रूसमा ३४ लाख अकाल मृत्यु भएको थियो, जसको लागि उनी आंशिक रूपमा वाशिंगटन सहमतिसँगै आएको "[[सक थेरापी]]" लाई दोष दिन्छन्।<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Rosefielde|first1=Steven|date=2001 |title=Premature Deaths: Russia's Radical Economic Transition in Soviet Perspective|journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies]]|volume=53 |issue=8 |pages=1159–1176|doi= 10.1080/09668130120093174|s2cid=145733112}}</ref> २०१७ को एक अध्ययनले अनुमान गरेको छ कि समग्रमा ७० लाख अकाल मृत्यु शक थेरापीको परिणामस्वरूप भएको थियो।<ref name="AzarovaEtAl2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Azarova |first1=Aytalina |last2=Irdam |first2=Darja |last3=Gugushvili |first3=Alexi |last4=Fazekas |first4=Mihaly |last5=Scheiring |first5=Gábor |last6=Horvat |first6=Pia |last7=Stefler |first7=Denes |last8=Kolesnikova |first8=Irina |last9=Popov |first9=Vladimir |last10=Szelenyi |first10=Ivan |last11=Stuckler |first11=David |last12=Marmot |first12=Michael |last13=Murphy |first13=Michael |last14=McKee |first14=Martin |last15=Bobak |first15=Martin |date=2017-05-01 |title=The effect of rapid privatisation on mortality in mono-industrial towns in post-Soviet Russia: a retrospective cohort study |journal=The Lancet Public Health |language=English |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=e231–e238 |doi=10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30072-5 |issn=2468-2667 |pmid=28626827|pmc=5459934 }}</ref> ===सोभियत पश्चात् का द्वन्द === ===चीन=== ===क्युबा=== ===उत्तर कोरिया=== ===इजरायल === ===अफ्गानिस्तान=== ===खेलकुद === ===दूरसञ्चार === ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[सोभियत सङ्घ|सोभियत सङ्घ]] * [[रुस|रुस]] * [[साम्यवाद]] * [[साम्यवादको पतन]] ==टिप्पणीहरू== {{Notelist}} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} {{ढाँचा:Cold War}} [[श्रेणी:रुसको इतिहास]] [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] 5n7k8cmo3w57xy4z2996xugss4dged6 1358418 1358417 2026-06-08T12:40:04Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* बाल्तेली गणराज्यहरू */ 1358418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event | title = सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन{{Efn|{{langx|ru|Распад Советского Союза|Raspád Sovétskogo Soyúza}}, also negatively connoted as {{langx|ru|Развал Советского Союза|Razvál Sovétskogo Soyúza}}, ''Ruining of the Soviet Union''.}} | Image_Name = Map of USSR with SSR names.svg | Imagesize = 300px | Image_Alt = Labeled map of the 15 Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union. Listed include: | caption = Between 1990 and 1991, all 15 [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Republics]] broke out from the Soviet Union. | participants = {{bulleted list|सोभियत सङ्घ|सोभियत सरकार|सोभियत गणराज्यका सरकारहरू|सोभियत स्वायत्त गणराज्यका सरकारहरू|[[राष्ट्रवाद|राष्ट्रवादी]] र [[उदारवाद|उदारवादी]] विपक्षी}} | date = {{nowrap|{{start and end dates|1988|11|16|1991|12|26|df=y}}}}<br>(3 years, 1 month, and 10 days) | location = {{Collapsible list |title=[[सोभियत सङ्घ]] |bullets=on |'''पूर्व सोभियत गणराज्य''':<br/> * [[रसिया]], * [[युक्रेन]], * [[बेलारुस]],{{ref label|a|a}} * [[लिथुआनिया]], * [[लात्भिया]], * [[इस्टोनिया]], * [[मोल्दोभा]],{{ref label|c|c}} * [[जर्जिया]], * [[आर्मेनिया]], * [[अजरबैजान]], * [[कजाख्स्तान|कजाखस्तान]], * [[तुर्कमेनिस्तान|तुर्केमिनिस्तान]],{{ref label|p|d}} * [[उज्बेकिस्तान]] * [[ताजिकिस्तान]], * [[किर्गिस्तान]],{{ref label|b|b}} |'''[[Post-Soviet states#Separatist conflicts|Self-proclaimed breakaway states]]'''{{ref label|e|e}}:<br/> * '''अब्खाजिया''' (1992–present), * [[Republic of Artsakh|Artsakh]] (1991–2023), * [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria|Ichkeria]] (1991–2000), * [[Republic of Crimea (Russia)|Crimea]] (1992; 2014), * [[Gagauz Republic|Gagauzia]] (1990–95), * [[Karakalpakstan]] (1992–93), * [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]] (1990–93), * '''[[South Ossetia]]''' (1992–present), * [[Tatarstan#Present-day|Tatarstan]] (1992–94), * '''ट्रास्न्सनिस्ट्रिया''' (1990–present) }} | cause = {{Collapsible list |title=विघटनको कारणहरू |bullets=on| मुल कारण * आर्थिक सुस्तताको युग * सोभियत सङ्घ भित्र जातीय तनाब * [[ग्लास्नोस्त]] र [[पेरेस्त्रोइका]] नीति * आर्थिक तथा राजनैतिक बिराम, विशेष गरी [[वार्सा सम्झौता|वार्सा सन्धी]]मा * सोभियत राज्यहरूमा कम्युनिस्ट बिरोधी, सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी बिरोधी, र पश्चिमा सर्मर्थक प्रदर्शन }} | result = {{Collapsible list|सोभियत सङ्घ १५ स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरूमा बिखन्डन |सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको शासनको अन्त्य |एघार स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरू बीच कमनवेल्थ अफ इन्डिपेनडेन्ट स्टेट्सको स्थापना |पूर्व स्वायत्त क्षेत्रहरूमा कयौँ पृथकतावादी आन्दोलन, अधिकांश असफल |कयौँ सैन्य द्वन्द र जातीय तनाब, जसबाट मानबीय सङ्कट उत्पन्न भयो र धेरै मानिसहरू बिस्थापित भए |Republics declare [[multi-party system|multi-party]] [[Presidential republic|presidential]] or [[semi-presidential republic|semi-presidential]] systems|Republics move to adopt [[capitalism|capitalist]] [[market economy]]|[[Soviet ruble|Ruble]] zone active in most of the new states between 1991 and 1994, with national currencies adopted later|Unified [[Soviet Armed Forces]] divided {{Circa|1992}}–1993|[[Black Sea Fleet dispute]] between Russia and Ukraine from 1992 to 1997 and its [[Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet|partition]] in 1997.|Lease of [[Sevastopol Naval Base]] to [[Russia]], [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|terminated in 2014]]|Issues with value loss of savings of former Soviet citizens|Issues with social and medical support for veterans of the [[Soviet–Afghan War]]|Relocation of the [[Soviet Armed Forces]] from [[East Germany]] and the rest of [[Central Europe]]|Economic support to [[North Korea]] had stopped|Start of the [[Special Period]] in [[Cuba]]|End of the [[Cold War]] with [[Western Bloc]] victory|Decline of [[Communism|communist]] and far-left movements around the world|[[चीन]] बिश्वको सबैभन्दा ठुलो कम्युनिस्ट राष्ट्र रह्यो। | अमेरिका विश्वको एकमात्र [[महाशक्ति]] बन्यो। }} | partof = [[शीतयुद्ध]] | notes = <div style="text-align: left">{{nowrap|{{note|a}} Then romanized as ''Byelorussia'' ({{langx|ru|Белоруссия}}).}}<br/>{{note|b}} Then romanized as ''Kirghizia'' ({{langx|ru|Киргизия}}).<br/>{{note|c}} Then romanized as ''Moldavia'' ({{langx|ru|Молдавия}}).<br/>{{note|d}} Then romanized as ''Turkmenia'' ({{langx|ru|Туркмения}}).<br/>{{note|e}} States in '''bold''' still exist to this present day.</div> | mapframe = no }}१९९१ डिसेम्बर २६ मा, [[सोभियत सङ्घ|सोभियत सङ्घ]]को विघटन भएको घोषणा भयो। यो घोषणामा सोभियत सङ्घका पूर्व गणतन्त्रहरूलाई स्वतन्त्र राज्यको रूपमा मान्यता दिइयो। विघटन हुनुभन्दा अघि [[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ|मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभ]] सोभियत सङ्घका राष्ट्रपति थिए। विघटनको घोषणा हुनुभन्दा अघिल्लो दिन उनले राजीनामा दिएका थिए। यो विघटन प्रक्रियाको सुरुवात सामान्यतया गोर्बाचेभले सत्ता ग्रहण गर्नुसँग सम्बन्धित छ। वास्तवमा, सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको प्रक्रिया धेरै पहिले नै सुरु भइसकेको थियो। १९९१ मा सोभियत सङ्घको पतन धेरै कारणहंरू थिए: दीर्घकालीन आर्थिक सुस्तता, [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]सँगको हतियार दौड र विदेशी द्वन्द्वको दिगो वित्तीय भार, यसका आंगिक गणराज्यहरू भित्र तीव्र जातीय राष्ट्रवाद र पृथकतावाद, र गोर्बाचेभको सुधारहरू (विशेष गरी ग्लासनोस्ट र पेरेस्ट्रोइका) को अस्थिरता बनाउने प्रभावहरू। यो प्रक्रिया देशका विभिन्न घटक गणराज्यहरूमा बढ्दो अशान्तिसँगै सुरु भयो। अशान्ति गणराज्य र केन्द्रीय सरकार बीचको निरन्तर राजनीतिक र विधायीकी द्वन्द्वमा परिणत भयो। १६ नोभेम्बर १९८८ मा सङ्घ भित्र राज्य सार्वभौमिकता घोषणा गर्ने इस्टोनिया पहिलो सोभियत गगणराज्य थियो। लिथुआनिया सोभियत सङ्घबाट पुनर्स्थापित पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता घोषणा गर्ने पहिलो गणराज्य थियो, त्यसपछि यसको बाल्तेली छिमेकी लाटभिया, र दक्षिणी काकेशस गणराज्य जर्जिया अर्को दुई महिनामा यसमा सामेल भयो। १९९१ को अगस्टको असफल कुको समयमा, कम्युनिस्ट कट्टरपन्थी र सैन्य अभिजात वर्गले गोर्बाचेभलाई अपदस्थ गर्ने र असफल सुधारहरूलाई रोक्ने प्रयास गरे। यद्यपि, उथलपुथलको कारण केन्द्रीय सरकारले मस्कोको प्रभाव गुमायो, अन्ततः धेरै गणराज्यहरूले त्यसपछिका दिन र महिनाहरूमा स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणा गरे। २५ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा, गोर्बाचेभले राजीनामा दिए र आणविक प्रक्षेपण कोडहरूको नियन्त्रण सहित - आफ्नो राष्ट्रपतिय अधिकार - [[बोरिस येल्तसिन|येल्तसिन]]लाई सुम्पिए, जो अब [[रुसको राष्ट्रपति|रुसी सङ्घका पहिलो राष्ट्रपति]] बनेका थिए। त्यो साँझ, सोभियत झन्डा अन्तिम पटक क्रेमलिनबाट तल झारियो र [[रूसको झण्डा|रुसी तिरंगा झन्डा]] फहराइयो। भोलिपल्ट, सोभियत सङ्घको माथिल्लो सदनको सर्वोच्च सोभियत, गणतन्त्रहरूको सोभियतले औपचारिक रूपमा सङ्घलाई विघटन गर्‍यो।<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite journal |title=Declaration No. 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, formally establishing the dissolution of the Soviet Union as a state and subject of international law. |url=https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%BE%D1%82_26.12.1991_%E2%84%96_142-%D0%9D |journal=Russian Wikisource |language=ru}}</ref> यस घटनाको परिणामस्वरूप यसका १५ घटक गणतन्त्रहरूले पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्त गरे र [[शीतयुद्ध]]को अन्त्य भयो।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marques |first=Clara Ferreira |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-12-23/30-years-later-soviet-union-s-collapse-still-hasessons-for-china |title=For China, USSR's 1991 Collapse is Still News It Can Use |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=23 December 2021 |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107200259/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-12-23/30-years-later-soviet-union-s-collapse-still-has-lessons-for-china |url-status=live }}</ref> == पृष्ठभूमि == [[चित्र:Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg|दायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|500x500पिक्सेल|१९८९ मा उदय भएका सोभियत सङ्घका भागहरू]] १९१७ को बोल्सेभिक क्रान्तिले सोभियत सङ्घ भनिने नयाँ [[साम्यवाद|कम्युनिस्ट]] राज्यलाई जन्म दियो। सोभियत सङ्घले सुरुमा नै स्पष्ट पारेको थियो कि यसको राजनीतिक प्रणाली र कम्युनिस्ट सङ्गठनहरू समाजवादी विचारधारामा आधारित हुनेछन्, र कम्युनिस्ट मार्क्सवादी विश्वदृष्टिकोण राष्ट्रिय हित परिभाषित गर्ने एकमात्र मापदण्ड हुनेछ। स्वाभाविक रूपमा, [[पूँजीवाद|पूँजीवादी]] पश्चिमी राज्यहरूले यो क्रान्तिकारी कम्युनिस्ट राज्यलाई आफ्नो प्राकृतिक शत्रुको रूपमा बुझे। १९२० र १९३० को दशकमा [[भ्लादिमिर लेनिन|लेनिनको]] मृत्युपछि, [[जोसेफ स्टालिन|स्टालिनले]] आफुलाई सर्वोच्च नेताको रूपमा स्थापित गरे, देशमा कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको [[तानाशाही]] स्थापना भयो। स्टालिनले आफ्ना विरोधीहरूलाई क्रूरतापूर्वक समाप्त पारे र दमन गरे। यस कारण सोभियत सङ्घलाई लोकतन्त्रको उल्लङ्घन गर्ने राज्यको रूपमा चिनियो। स्टालिनको मृत्यु पछि पनि, [[निकिता ख्रुश्चेभ|ख्रुश्चेभ]] र [[लियोनिद ब्रेझनेभ|ब्रेज्नेभ]]को शासनकालमा अधिनायकवादी प्रवृत्तिहरू कायम रह्यो। नागरिक स्वतन्त्रता, प्रशासन र विदेश यात्रामा प्रतिबन्धहरू जारी रहे। एक अर्थमा, जनभावनामाथि "फलामको पर्दा" राखिएको थियो। "[[सर्वहारावर्गको अधिनायकत्व|सर्वहारा वर्गको अधिनायकत्व]]" को अर्थ नै सर्वहारा वर्गको हातमा शक्ति हुनुपर्छ भन्ने थियो। श्रमजीवी जनताको आधारभूत अधिकारको ग्यारेन्टी गर्नु र राज्य नीति निर्माणमा उनीहरूको सहभागिता सुनिश्चित गर्नु समाजवादी प्रजातन्त्रको सार थियो। सोभियत सङ्घले यो प्रजातन्त्र स्थापना गर्ने प्रयास गरेन। फलस्वरूप, "सर्वहारा वर्गको अधिनायकत्व" सर्वहारा वर्गमाथि राज्य र पार्टीको शीर्ष पदमा रहेका नेताहरूको अधिनायकत्वमा परिणत भयो। जनता राज्य र प्रणालीप्रति उदासीन भए। उनीहरूको उदासीनता र आक्रोश यस्तो स्तरमा पुग्यो कि जब प्रणाली समाप्त भयो, जनताको कुनै पनि वर्गबाट यसको बचाउमा एक आवाज पनि उठेन। [[रुस|रुस]] भौगोलिक रूपमा विश्वको सबैभन्दा ठुलो राज्य मात्र थिएन, तर यसको जनसङ्ख्या पनि अदभूत बिबिधतायुक्त थियो। रुसी जारहरूले यो विशाल साम्राज्यलाई केन्द्रीय प्रशासन अन्तर्गत ल्याउन कुनै प्रयास गरेनन्, तर सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले यसलाई केन्द्रीकृत गर्ने प्रयास गरे, र यो जातीय विविधता सोभियत सङ्घको राष्ट्रिय एकता र अखण्डताको लागि खतरा बनी रह्यो। सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले यो जटिल समस्याको समाधान खोज्न सकेन। [[शीतयुद्ध|शीतयुद्धको समयमा,]] पश्चिमी शक्तिहरूको प्रचारले यो चुनौतीलाई बढाउँदै लग्यो। सोभियत साम्राज्यले आफ्नो प्रभावमा ल्याएपछि [[हङ्गेरी|हङ्गेरी]], [[पोल्यान्ड|पोल्यान्ड]], [[चेकोस्लोभाकिया]], [[रोमानिया]] आदि सबै पूर्वी देशहरूमा स्वतन्त्रताको चाहना सोभियत साम्राज्यको लागि चिन्ताको विषय बनेको थियो। सोभियत सङ्घको कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले अगाडि सारेका आर्थिक विकास र सामाजिक पुनर्निर्माणका उपायहरू असफल साबित भए। [[लिओन त्रोत्स्की|ट्रोटस्की]] जस्ता आलोचकहरूले धेरै पहिले स्टालिनका नीतिहरूलाई समाजवाद प्रति विश्वासघातको रूपमा निन्दा गरेका थिए र ख्रुश्चेभले पनि स्टालिन र स्टालिनवादको निन्दा गरेका थिए। ख्रुश्चेभको शासनकालमा, [[माओ त्सेतुङ|माओवादी]] चीनले पनि सोभियत सङ्घ कम्युनिस्ट क्रान्तिकारी राज्य हुन छोडेको र सुधारवादी, प्रतिक्रियावादी, अवसरवादी, सम्झौतावादी शक्ति बनेको आरोप लगाउन थालेको थियो। यसरी, सोभियत नेतृत्वले आफ्ना सहयोगीहरू, अन्य कम्युनिस्ट देशहरूको विश्वास गुमायो। यसलाई सामूहिक, राष्ट्रिय र क्रान्तिकारी हितभन्दा आफ्नो राष्ट्रिय हितलाई प्राथमिकता दिने रूपमा हेरिएको थियो। चाहे त्यो सोभियत-चीन विवाद होस् वा पूर्वी युरोपका कम्युनिस्ट देशहरूमा असन्तुष्टि, यी सबैले सोभियत कम्युनिस्टहरूलाई कमजोर बनाए। सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको लागि कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको शीर्ष नेतृत्व पनि केही हदसम्म जिम्मेवार थियो। सोभियत सङ्घमा पार्टी र राज्य बीच कुनै भिन्नता नभएकोले, पार्टी र राज्य दुवैको नेतृत्व उनीहरूसँगै रह्यो। पार्टी नेतृत्व आफ्नो विशेषाधिकार प्राप्त जीवनशैली, नातावाद र भ्रष्ट अभ्यासहरूका लागि कुख्यात भयो। फलस्वरूप, सोभियत नेताहरूले जनताका लागि आदर्शको रूपमा आफ्नो भूमिका गुमाए। === आर्थिक सङ्कट === [[आर्थिक विकास|आर्थिक विकासको]] सन्दर्भमा, सैन्य र रणनीतिक क्षेत्रमा सोभियत उपलब्धिहरू अमेरिकीहरूको बराबर र कहिलेकाहीँ उछिनेको देखिए पनि, यी उपलब्धिहरूले सोभियत सङ्घको आर्थिक वृद्धि दरलाई उल्लेखनीय रुपमा पछि पार्‍यो। वास्तवमा, उन्नत अनुसन्धानको लागि प्रतिस्पर्धा, हतियार उत्पादनमा अत्यधिक खर्च, र आफ्नो प्रभुत्व कायम राख्न अन्य देशहरू (अफगानिस्तान, प्यालेस्टाइन) को आन्तरिक समस्याहरूमा हस्तक्षेपले सोभियत सङ्घको अर्थतन्त्रको पतन निम्त्यायो। यसबाहेक, पूर्वी युरोपमा स्थापित समाजवादी राज्यहरूलाई आर्थिक, सैन्य र राजनीतिक समर्थन प्रदान गर्नु सोभियत सङ्घको नैतिक जिम्मेवारी थियो। यसबाहेक, नयाँ स्वतन्त्र देशहरूको अर्थतन्त्रलाई अमेरिकी शिविरमा पर्नबाट रोक्न आर्थिक सहयोग प्रदान गर्नु यसको नीति थियो। यी सबै कारणहरूले सोभियत सङ्घको आर्थिक पतन निम्त्यायो। १९७० देखि १९८५ सम्म सोभियत सङ्घको वृद्धि दर १०% ले घट्यो। मेसिनरी र उपकरण निर्यातको हिस्सा घट्यो। कृषि र औद्योगिक उत्पादनमा गिरावट आयो। फलस्वरूप, उपभोग्य वस्तुहरूको लागि लामो लाइनहरू बन्न थाले, र नागरिकहरूको जीवनस्तर घट्यो। यसरी, औसत उपभोक्ताको लागि अभाव सामान्य कुरा हुन थाल्यो। शीतयुद्धको समयमा पश्चिमी प्रचार कम्युनिस्ट प्रणाली उत्पादन र वितरण दुवैमा पूर्ण असफल भएको प्रमाणित गर्नमा केन्द्रित थियो। अभावको यो वातावरण, बढ्दो उपभोक्ता असन्तुष्टि, अभिव्यक्ति स्वतन्त्रताको अभाव र मानव अधिकार उल्लङ्घनले सोभियत प्रणालीलाई अझ चर्काएको थियो। संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकासँग [[परमाणु निर्मित अस्त्र-शस्त्रों|आणविक हतियारमा]] प्रतिस्पर्धा गर्ने महत्वाकांक्षाले सोभियत सङ्घको अर्थतन्त्रमा ठुलो बोझ ल्यायो। राष्ट्रपति रेगनको नेतृत्वमा घोषणा गरिएको [[स्टार वार्स परियोजना|स्टार वार्स परियोजनालाई]] रद्द गर्न, सोभियत सङ्घले आफ्नो रक्षा बजेटमा भारी वृद्धि गर्नुपर्‍यो। सोही समयमा, सोभियत सङ्घले [[अफगानिस्तान|अफगानिस्तानमा]] सैन्य हस्तक्षेप गर्‍यो। यो हस्तक्षेपले सोभियत सङ्घमा आर्थिक बोझ मात्र थपेन तर यसलाई अलोकप्रिय पनि बनायो। यसले सोभियत सङ्घलाई अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय समुदायमा पूर्ण रूपमा एक्लो बनायो। त्यही समयमा, पूर्वी युरोपमा कम्युनिस्ट सोभियत साम्राज्यलाई चुनौती दिँदै क्रान्तिकारी आन्दोलन सुरु भयो। पोल्यान्डमा, सैन्य सङ्गठन " [[सॉलिडेटरी|सोलिडारिटी" ले]] आफ्नो देशको कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी विरुद्ध लडिरहेको थियो, र [[रोमानिया|रोमानियामा]], [[चेचेस्क्यू|चाउसेस्कुको]] भ्रष्ट शासनलाई समर्थन गर्न गाह्रो हुँदै गइरहेको थियो। यी परिस्थितिहरूमा मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभले सत्ता ग्रहण गरे। === गोर्बाचेभ र उनका नीतिहरू === [[चित्र:Mikhail_Gorbachev_1987.jpg|दायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|305x305पिक्सेल|मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभ]] मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभ ११ मार्च १९८५ मा पोलिटब्युरोद्वारा महासचिवमा निर्वाचित भए। उनको चयन उनका पूर्ववर्ती कोन्स्टान्टिन चेर्नेन्कोको ७३ वर्षको उमेरमा मृत्यु भएको चार घण्टाभन्दा बढी समयपछि भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/12/world/chernenko-dead-moscow-73-gorbachev-succeeds-him-urges-arms-control-economic.html |title=Chernenko is Dead in Moscow at 73; Gorbachev Succeeds Him and Urges Arms Control and Economic Vigor |work=द न्युयोर्क टाइम्स|date=12 March 1985 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008023935/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/12/world/chernenko-dead-moscow-73-gorbachev-succeeds-him-urges-arms-control-economic.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ५४ वर्षीय गोर्बाचेभ पोलिटब्युरोका सबैभन्दा कान्छा सदस्य थिए। महासचिवको रूपमा उनको प्रारम्भिक लक्ष्य स्थिर सोभियत अर्थतन्त्रलाई पुनर्जीवित गर्नु थियो। त्यसो गर्न अन्तर्निहित राजनीतिक र सामाजिक संरचनाहरूमा सुधार आवश्यक पर्ने उनले महसुस गरे।<ref>{{cite web |date=27 March 2009 |title=Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв (Mikhail Sergeyevičh Gorbačhëv) |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/ussr/ussr_state/gorbachev.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111111753/http://www.archontology.org/nations/ussr/ussr_state/gorbachev.php |archive-date=11 November 2019 |access-date=3 April 2009 |publisher=Archontology}}</ref> सुधारको सुरुवात ब्रेज्नेभ-युगका वरिष्ठ अधिकारीहरूको कर्मचारी परिवर्तनबाट सुरु भयो जसले राजनीतिक र आर्थिक परिवर्तनमा बाधा पुर्‍याउन सक्थे।<ref>{{cite book|last1=Carrere D'Encausse |first1=Helene|title=The End of the Soviet Empire: The Triumph of the Nations|url=https://archive.org/details/endofsovietemp00carr |url-access=registration |date=1993|publisher=BasicBooks |location=New York|isbn=978-0-465-09812-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/endofsovietemp00carr/page/16 16]|edition=English |translator-first= Franklin|translator-last= Philip}}</ref> २३ अप्रिल १९८५ मा, गोर्बाचेभले दुई कार्यकर्ता, येगोर लिगाचेभ र निकोलाई रिज्कोभलाई पूर्ण सदस्यको रूपमा पोलिटब्यूरोमा ल्याए। उनले केजीवी प्रमुख भिक्टर चेब्रिकोभलाई उम्मेदवारबाट पूर्ण सदस्यमा पदोन्नति गरेर र रक्षामन्त्री मार्शल सर्गेई सोकोलोभलाई पोलिटब्यूरोको उम्मेदवारको रूपमा नियुक्त गरेर "शक्तिशाली" मन्त्रालयहरूलाई अनुकुल बनाए। गोर्बाचेभको सुधारले ल्याएको अभिव्यक्ति स्वतन्त्रताले सोभियत सङ्घ भित्र राष्ट्रवादी आन्दोलन र जातीय विवादहरूलाई अभिव्यक्त गर्न र प्रमुख राजनीतिक आन्दोलनहरूमा बढ्न छुट दियो।{{Sfnp|Beissinger|2009|pages=5–6}} यसले अप्रत्यक्ष रूपमा १९८९ को क्रान्तिहरूको नेतृत्व पनि गर्‍यो जसमा वार्सा सम्झौताको सोभियत-समर्थित समाजवादी शासनहरू शान्तिपूर्ण (रोमानियाको उल्लेखनीय अपवाद बाहेक) रूपमा ढालिए।,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7972755.stm |title=Gorbachev's role in 1989 turmoil |work=बिबिसी न्युज |date=1 April 2009 |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=9 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409121205/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7972755.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> यस घटनाले गोर्बाचेभमाथि सोभियत सङ्घका घटक गणराज्यहरूका लागि बढी प्रजातन्त्र र स्वायत्तता लागु गर्न दबाब बढायो। गोर्बाचेभको नेतृत्वमा, १९८९ मा सोभियत सङ्घ कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले नयाँ केन्द्रीय व्यवस्थापिका, जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको काङ्ग्रेस मा सीमित प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक चुनावहरू सुरु गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/30/world/the-gorbachev-plan-restructuring-soviet-power.html |title=The Gorbachev Plan: Restructuring Soviet Power |work=The New York Times |date=30 June 1988 |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=16 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516202450/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/30/world/the-gorbachev-plan-restructuring-soviet-power.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ((यद्यपि अन्य राजनीतिक दलहरूमाथिको प्रतिबन्ध १९९० सम्म हटाइएको थिएन)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/08/opinion/the-third-russian-revolution-transforming-the-communist-party.html |title=The Third Russian Revolution; Transforming the Communist Party |work=द न्युयोर्क टाइम्स |date=8 February 1990 |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=16 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516201709/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/08/opinion/the-third-russian-revolution-transforming-the-communist-party.html |url-status=live }}</ref> रूसको आर्थिक अवस्था सुधार गर्न र साम्यवादलाई सकारात्मक रूपमा बलियो बनाउन, गोर्बाचेभले उस्कोरेनी (त्वरण), पेरेस्ट्रोइका (पुनर्संरचना), र ग्लासनोस्त (खुलापन) भनेर चिनिने आफ्ना विशिष्ट नीतिहरूको घोषणा गरे।<ref name="m446">{{Cite web |title=Gorbachev and Perestroika |url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/gorbachev |access-date=16 April 2026 |website=Short History |ref={{sfnref|Short History}}}}</ref> गोर्बाचेभको उद्देश्य यी अवधारणाहरू मार्फत सोभियत प्रणालीलाई आमूल रूपान्तरण गर्नु थियो। उनको प्रयास नयाँ परिवर्तनहरू ल्याएर साम्यवादको जग प्रदान गर्नु थियो। त्यसैले, उनको परिवर्तनलाई दोस्रो सोभियत क्रान्तिको आगमनको प्रतीकात्मक मानिन्छ। === उस्कोरेनी === गोर्बाचेभका अनुसार, तत्कालीन सोभियत अर्थतन्त्र कम गुणस्तरका सामानहरू, अदक्षता र प्रतिस्पर्धाको अभावबाट पीडित थियो। जनतालाई प्रदान गरिने सामान र सेवाहरू र उनीहरूले माग गरेका सामान र सेवाहरू बीच अन्तर थियो। यसरी, उस्कोरेनी अर्थतन्त्रको संरचनालाई यस्तो तरिकाले रूपान्तरण गर्नेछ जसले जनताको आवश्यकताहरूको सन्तुष्टिलाई अझ गतिशील, कुशल र सामाजिक रूपमा उन्मुख बनाउनेछ भन्ने विश्वास गरिएको थियो। यसले अधिक स्रोतहरू प्रयोग गर्नुको सट्टा दक्षता बढाएर उत्पादन बढाउन जोड दियो। === पेरेस्त्रोइका === पेरेस्त्रोइकाको अर्थ पुनर्गठन वा पुनर्संरचना हो। यसको माध्यमबाट, समाजमा सुधार ल्याउने संकल्प गरिएको थियो जसले पुरानो कठोरताहरूको अन्त्य गर्नेछ र मानव आर्थिक, सामाजिक, राजनीतिक, सांस्कृतिक र आध्यात्मिक विकासको लागि मार्ग प्रशस्त गर्नेछ।<ref name="m521">{{Cite web |title=Google Books |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Samyavad_Ko_Chunotiya_lkE_okn_dks_pqukSf/y6c2KYkSpVsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE&pg=PA76&printsec=frontcover |access-date=16 April 2026 |website=Google |ref={{sfnref|Google}}}}</ref> यसरी, यो नयाँ समाजतर्फ अघि बढ्ने प्रक्रिया थियो। पेरेस्ट्रोइकामा निम्न समावेश थिए: (१) सामाजिक-आर्थिक प्रगतिलाई तीव्र पार्ने। (२) समाजको व्यापक लोकतान्त्रिकरण ल्याउन। (३) लोकतान्त्रिक विकेन्द्रीकरण हासिल गर्न। (४) व्यक्तिको नैतिक र आध्यात्मिक विकास गर्न। (५) समाजका कुरीतिहरूको पर्दाफास गर्ने। यसरी, पेरेस्त्रोइकाको उद्देश्य एउटा यस्तो समाजको विस्तार गर्नु थियो जहाँ मानवीय मर्यादा र गौरव केन्द्रमा हुन्छ र मानवीय मूल्यमान्यताको सम्मान गरिन्छ। गोर्बाचोभले पेरेस्त्रोइकाको अन्तर्गत, कृषि क्षेत्र, पट्टा र सम्झौतामा सुधार मार्फत निजी खेतीलाई प्रोत्साहित गरे। कृषिमा, सामूहिक संस्थाहरू भन्दा सहकारी संस्थाहरूलाई बढी महत्त्व दिइयो किनभने यसमा, व्यक्तिको काम गर्ने प्रेरणा रहिरहन्छ। त्यसैगरी, उपभोक्ता उद्योगहरू विकास गरियो, ज्याला उत्पादकत्वसँग जोडियो र दक्ष कामदारहरूलाई उच्च तलब र सुविधा प्रदान गरियो। त्यसैगरी, प्रविधि र लगानीसँग सम्बन्धित नीतिमा परिवर्तन ल्याएर, अर्थतन्त्रलाई गहिरो संरचनात्मक रूपमा पुनर्संरचना गर्ने प्रयास गरियो। अर्थतन्त्रलाई स्थिरताबाट बाहिर निकालेर बलियो र द्रुत विकासको बाटोमा राख्ने प्रयास गरियो। पेरेस्ट्रोइका मार्फत, गोर्बाचेभले सोभियत सङ्घलाई नयाँ समाजतर्फ डोऱ्याउन खोजे। उनले लेनिनको विचारधारामा आधारित यो नयाँ समाजको पुनर्निर्माण गर्ने उद्देश्य राखे। यी नीतिहरूको यथास्थितिवादीहरूले व्यापक रूपमा विरोध गरे। === ग्लासनोस्त === ग्लासनोस्तको अर्थ "खुलापन" हो। ग्लासनोस्तको माध्यमले खुला बहस लाई प्रोत्साहन दिइयो जसबाट लोकतन्त्रको शक्तिलाई बलियो बनोस्। गोर्बाचेभले जोड दिए कि ग्लासनोस्त योजना र प्रशासनका सबै पक्षहरूमा विस्तार गरिनुपर्छ, र देश भित्र क्षेत्रीय, आर्थिक, जातीय, युवा, वातावरणीय, सामाजिक र अन्य मुद्दाहरूमा खुला बहस गरिनुपर्छ, ताकि जनताको वास्तविक र सटीक विचारहरू पत्ता लगाउन सकियोस्। गोर्बाचेभले यो पनि भने कि हामीलाई हावा जति चाहिँन्छ त्यति नै ग्लासनोस्त पनि चाहिँन्छ। ग्लासनोस्त मार्फत, समाजवादले लोकतन्त्रको बाटोमा लाग्नु थियो। वास्तवमा, पेरेस्ट्रोइकाको व्यापक अवधारणा, जसले सामाजिक, आर्थिक र राजनीतिक रूपान्तरण खोज्यो, र मानिसहरूले भाग लिएको समाजको पुनर्निर्माण गर्ने प्रयास गर्‍यो, ग्लासनोस्ट वा खुलापन आवश्यक थियो। यसैले यो भनिएको थियो कि ग्लासनोस्ट बिना, पेरेस्ट्रोइका र लोकतन्त्र थिएन। ग्लासनोस्टको प्रक्रिया वास्तवमा चुनौतीपूर्ण थियो किनभने बन्द समाज खुला ठाउँमा बस्न अभ्यस्त थिएन। ; <nowiki>गोर्बाचेभको नीतिका परिणामहरू:</nowiki> १. ग्लासनोस्त र पेरेस्ट्रोइका केवल शब्द मात्र नभई परिवर्तनका प्रतीक बने। सोभियत समाजको हरेक कुनामा परिवर्तनले पकड जमाउन थाल्यो र राजनीतिक बन्दीहरूलाई रिहा गरियो। २. देशमा खुला बहस हुन थाल्यो। सोभियत जनताले बहुदलीय चुनावको नयाँ अनुभव प्राप्त गरे। ३. सोभियत नागरिकहरूलाई विदेश यात्रा र नागरिक आप्रवासनको स्वतन्त्रता दिइएको थियो। ४. विदेश नीतिमा परिवर्तन ल्याइयो र शीतयुद्धको सट्टा तनाव कम गर्नलाई महत्त्व दिइयो। ५. सुधार कार्यक्रमहरू मार्फत, सोभियत समाजलाई कडा अनुशासन र कठोर नीतिबाट मुक्त गरियो। ६. यो खुला बहस सोभियत सङ्घमा पनि दुरुपयोग गरिएको थियो, जहाँ मानिसहरूले यसलाई गुटबन्दी र साँघुरो स्वार्थलाई बढावा दिन प्रयोग गरे। यसैबीच, सोभियत सङ्घ गठन गर्ने गणतन्त्रहरूले बढी स्वायत्तताको माग गरे। केही गणतन्त्रहरूले पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता पनि चाहेका थिए। ७. लोकतान्त्रिक तत्वहरू र कट्टरपन्थी कम्युनिस्टहरू बीचको रस्साकस्सीले प्रशासनलाई निष्क्रिय बनायो। पृथकतावाद हिंसात्मक रुपमा फैलियो, जसले सोभियत सङ्घलाई अराजकताको छेउमा पुर्‍यायो। अगस्ट १९९१ मा, केही कम्युनिस्ट नेताहरूले असफल विद्रोहको प्रयास गरे। फलस्वरूप, सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन तीव्र भयो, र यो अन्ततः विघटन भयो। गोर्बाचेभले राजीनामा दिए। डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा, सोभियत सङ्घको ठाउँमा १५ स्वतन्त्र गणतन्त्रहरू देखा परे। == १९९० == === सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले पाँच गणराज्य गुमायो === ७ फेब्रुअरी १९९० मा, सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको केन्द्रीय समितिले पार्टीले राजनीतिक शक्तिमा आफ्नो [[एकाधिकार]] त्याग्नुपर्छ भन्ने गोर्बाचेभको सिफारिसलाई स्वीकार गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite web |title=Soviet Communist Party gives up monopoly on political power: This Day in History – 2/7/1990 |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviet-communist-party-gives-up-monopoly-on-political-power |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122002621/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviet-communist-party-gives-up-monopoly-on-political-power |archive-date=22 January 2018 |access-date=23 June 2011 |publisher=History.com}}</ref> १९९० मा, सोभियत सङ्घका सबै पन्ध्र घटक गणराज्यहरूले आफ्नो पहिलो प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक चुनाव सम्पन्न भयो, जसमा सुधारवादी र जातीय राष्ट्रवादीहरूले धेरै सिटहरू जिते। कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले पाँच गणराज्यहरूमा चुनाव हार्‍यो: लिथुआनिया, मोल्डोभा, इस्टोनिया, लाटभिया, जर्जियामा घटक गणराज्यहरूले आफ्ना राज्यको सार्वभौमिकता घोषणा गर्न थाले र मस्को केन्द्रीय सरकारसँग "कानूनको युद्ध" सुरु गर्‍यो; गणराज्यहरूले स्थानीय कानूनहरूसँग बाझिने सङ्घ-व्यापी कानूनलाई अस्वीकार गरे, आफ्नो स्थानीय अर्थतन्त्रमा नियन्त्रण कायम राखे, र सोभियत सरकारलाई कर तिर्न अस्वीकार गरे। लिथुआनियाले लिथुआनियाली पुरुषहरूलाई सोभियत सशस्त्र सेनामा अनिवार्य सेवा गर्नुपर्ने नियम अन्त्य गर्‍यो। यो द्वन्द्वले आपूर्ति प्रणाली अवरुद्ध हुँदा आर्थिक अव्यवस्था निम्त्यायो र सोभियत अर्थतन्त्रमा थप गिरावट आयो।<ref name="Russia, The Tsarist and Soviet Legacy">Acton, Edward (1995). ''Russia, The Tsarist and Soviet Legacy''. Longman Group Ltd. {{ISBN|0-582-08922-0}}.</ref> === सोभियत सङ्घ र रुसी सोभियत सङ्घीय समाजवादी गणराज्य बीचको प्रतिस्पर्धा === ४ मार्च १९९० मा, रुसी सोभियत सङ्घीय समाजवादी गणराज्यले रूसको जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको काङ्ग्रेसको लागि चुनाव गर्‍यो। [[बोरिस येल्तसिन]] ७२ प्रतिशत मत प्राप्त गर्दै निर्वाचित भए। <ref>Leon Aron, ''Boris Yeltsin: A Revolutionary Life''. HarperCollins, 2000. pp. 739–740.</ref> २९ मे १९९० मा, येल्तसिन रुसी गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च सोभियतको अध्यक्षमा निर्वाचित भए, यद्यपि गोर्बाचेभले रुसी प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई उनलाई मतदान नगर्न आग्रह गरेका थिए। येल्तसिनलाई सर्वोच्च सोभियतका लोकतान्त्रिक र रूढिवादी सदस्यहरूले समर्थन गरेका थिए, जसले विकासशील राजनीतिक परिस्थितिमा शक्ति खोजेका थिए। रुसी गणराज्य र सोभियत सङ्घ बीच एक नयाँ शक्ति सङ्घर्ष देखा पर्‍यो। १२ जुन १९९० मा, रुसी गणराज्यको जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको काङ्ग्रेसले सार्वभौमिकताको घोषणापत्र घोषणा गर्‍यो। १२ जुलाई १९९० मा, येल्तसिनले २८औँ काङ्ग्रेसमा नाटकीय भाषणमा कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीबाट राजीनामा दिए।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/12/newsid_4493000/4493177.stm|title=1990: Yeltsin Resignation Splits Soviet Communists|date=12 July 1990|access-date=29 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023134854/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/12/newsid_4493000/4493177.stm|archive-date=23 October 2012|publisher=BBC News|url-status=live}}</ref> === बाल्तेली गणराज्यहरू === ११-१३ जनवरी १९९० मा गोर्बाचेभको लिथुआनियाली राजधानी भिल्नियसको गरे। उनको भ्रमणले अनुमानित २५०,००० मानिसहरूको उपस्थिति रहेको स्वतन्त्रता समर्थक र्‍यालीलाई उत्तेजित बनायो। ११ मार्चमा, लिथुआनियाली गणराज्यको नवनिर्वाचित संसदले भाइटौटास ल्यान्ड्सबर्गिसलाई आफ्नो अध्यक्षको रूपमा निर्वाचित गर्‍यो र "लिथुआनिया राज्यको पुनर्स्थापनाको ऐन"को घोषणा गर्‍यो, जसले लिथुआनियालाई सोभियत सङ्घबाट स्वतन्त्रता घोषणा गर्ने पहिलो सोभियत गणराज्य बनायो। मस्कोले "जातीय रूसीहरूको अधिकार सुरक्षित गर्ने" कारण देखाउँदै लिथुआनियामा सेनाहरू राखेर आर्थिक नाकाबन्दीको प्रतिक्रिया दियो।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bandelj|first=Nina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlhoP8snGTgC&pg=PA41|title=From Communists to Foreign Capitalists: The Social Foundations of Foreign Direct Investment in Postsocialist Europe|date=2008|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-12912-9|page=41|access-date=11 October 2015|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124205849/https://books.google.com/books?id=RlhoP8snGTgC&pg=PA41|url-status=live}}</ref> २५ मार्च १९९० मा, एस्टोनियाली कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले छ महिनाको सङ्क्रमकाल पछि सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीबाट अलग हुने पक्षमा मतदान गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/26/world/upheaval-in-the-east-party-in-estonia-votes-split-and-also-a-delay.html|title=Upheaval in the East; Party in Estonia Votes Split and Also a Delay|date=26 March 1990|work=The New York Times|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701214430/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/26/world/upheaval-in-the-east-party-in-estonia-votes-split-and-also-a-delay.html|archive-date=1 July 2017|agency=Associated Press|url-status=live}}</ref> ३० मार्च १९९० मा, इस्टोनियाली सर्वोच्च परिषद्ले दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धदेखि इस्टोनियामा सोभियत नियन्त्रणलाई अवैध घोषणा गर्‍यो र गणतन्त्र भित्र राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्रताको औपचारिक पुनर्स्थापनातर्फ प्रकृया सुरु गर्‍यो। ३ अप्रिल १९९० मा, एडगर सविसार मन्त्रिपरिषद्को अध्यक्ष (प्रधानमन्त्री बराबर)मा निर्वाचित भए , र चाँडै नै स्वतन्त्रता समर्थक मन्त्रिपरिषद् गठन भयो। लाटभियाले ४ मे १९९० मा स्वतन्त्रताको पुनर्स्थापनाको घोषणा गर्‍यो। घोषणापत्रमा भनिएको थियो कि लाटभियाले दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धमा वास्तविक रूपमा आफ्नो स्वतन्त्रता गुमाएको भए तापनि, देश कानूनतः एक सार्वभौम देश बनेको थियो किनभने विलय असंवैधानिक र लाटभियाली जनताको इच्छा विपरीत थियो। घोषणापत्रमा यो पनि भनिएको थियो कि लाटभियाले सोभियत सङ्घसँगको आफ्नो सम्बन्ध १९२० को लाटभियन-सोभियत शान्ति सन्धिको आधारमा बनाउनेछ, जसमा सोभियत सङ्घले लाटभियाको स्वतन्त्रतालाई "भविष्यका सबै समयका लागि" अटूट मानेको थियो। अहिले मे ४ [[लात्भिया|लाटभिया]]मा राष्ट्रिय बिदा हो। ८ मे १९९० मा, एस्टोनियाली सोभियत गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले स्वतन्त्र गणतन्त्र इस्टोनियाको १९३८ को संविधानको पुनर्स्थापनाको आधिकारिक घोषणा गर्दै एक कानून अपनायो।<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2019 |title=О символике эстонии Эстония |trans-title=About the symbolism of Estonia |url=http://estonia.news-city.info/docs/sistemsf/dok_ierskz.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906230101/http://estonia.news-city.info/docs/sistemsf/dok_ierskz.htm |archive-date=6 September 2019 |website= |language=ru}}</ref> === ककेशस === === पश्चिमी गणराज्यहरू === === मध्य एसियाली गणराज्यहरू === ==१९९१== ===मस्कोको सङ्कट=== १४ जनवरी १९९१ मा, निकोलाई रिज्कोभले सोभियत सङ्घको प्रधानमन्त्री वा मन्त्रिपरिषद्को अध्यक्षको पदबाट राजीनामा दिए र सोभियत सङ्घको नयाँ प्रधानमन्त्री मा भ्यालेन्टिन पाभलोभ बने। १७ मार्च १९९१ मा, सङ्घ-व्यापी जनमत सङ्ग्रहमा ७७.८५% मतदाताले सुधारिएको सोभियत सङ्घको अवधारणलाई समर्थन गरे।<ref>[http://soviethistory.org/index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991march&Year=1991&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme 1991: March Referendum] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330025028/http://soviethistory.org/index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991march&Year=1991&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme|date=30 March 2014}} SovietHistory.org</ref> बाल्तेली गणराज्यहरू, आर्मेनिया, जर्जिया र मोल्डोभाले जनमत सङ्ग्रह बहिष्कार गरे साथै चेचेनो-इङ्गुशेतिया (रुस भित्रको एक स्वायत्त गणराज्य जसमा स्वतन्त्रताको तीव्र इच्छा थियो, र अहिले आफुलाई इच्केरिया भनेर चिनाउँछ) पनि बहिष्कार गरे।<ref>Charles King, ''The Ghost of Freedom: History of the Caucasus''</ref> अन्य नौ गणराज्यहरूमा, बहुमत मतदाताहरूले सुधारिएको सोभियत सङ्घको अवधारणाको समर्थन गरे, जर्जियाली क्षेत्रहरू दक्षिण ओसेशिया र अबखाजियाकामा पनि सङ्घको निरन्तरताको पक्षमा पनि मतदान गरे। ===रसियाको प्रमुख बोरिस येल्तसिन=== [[चित्र:Борис_Николаевич_Ельцин-1_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|255x255पिक्सेल|[[बोरिस येल्तसिन]], रसियाको पहिलो प्रजातान्त्रिक निर्वाचित राष्ट्रपति]] १२ जुन १९९१ मा, [[बोरिस येल्तसिन]] देशको पहिलो राष्ट्रपति चुनावमा ५७ प्रतिशत लोकप्रिय मतका साथ रुसी सोभियत सङ्घीय समाजवादी गणराज्यको प्रमुख निर्वाचित भए, उनले गोर्बाचेभले रुचाएका उम्मेदवार "निकोलाई रिज्कोभ"लाई पराजित गरे, जसले १६ प्रतिशत मत प्राप्त गरे। येल्तसिन राष्ट्रपतिमा निर्वाचित भएपछि, रुसी गणराज्यले सोभियत सङ्घबाट आफुलाई स्वायत्त घोषणा गर्‍यो।<ref>{{Cite book|title=The world transformed : 1945 to the present|last=Hunt|first=Michael H.|isbn=9780199371020|page=321|oclc=907585907|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> आफ्नो चुनावी अभियानमा, येल्तसिनले "केन्द्रको तानाशाही" को आलोचना गरे, तर [[बजार अर्थव्यवस्था|बजार अर्थतन्त्र]] लागु गर्ने वाचा भने दिएनन्। === ककेसस: जर्जिया === सोभियत सङ्घ-व्यापी जनमत सङ्ग्रहको प्रतिक्रियामा, ३१ मार्च १९९१ मा, जर्जियाली स्वतन्त्रताको विषयमा स्वतन्त्रता जनमत सङ्ग्रह आयोजना गरियो। दक्षिण ओसेटियन र अब्खाज अल्पसङ्ख्यकहरूले बहिष्कार गरे यो जनमत सङ्ग्रह बहिष्कार गरेका थिए। त्यस महिनाको सुरुमा भएको सोभियत सङ्घमा नै रहने भन्ने जनमत सङ्ग्रहमा उनीहरू उपस्थित थिए। ९९.५% जर्जियाली मतदाताले जर्जियाली स्वतन्त्रताको पुनर्स्थापनाको पक्षमा मतदान गरे जबकि ०.५% ले यसको विपक्षमा मतदान गरे। मतदान ९०.६% थियो।<ref name="Cornell">Cornell, Svante E., [http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/publications/0419dissertation.pdf ''Autonomy and Conflict: Ethnoterritoriality and Separatism in the South Caucasus – Case in Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630141309/http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/publications/0419dissertation.pdf|date=30 June 2007}}. Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Report No. 61. p. 163. University of Uppsala, {{ISBN|91-506-1600-5}}.</ref> ९ अप्रिल १९९१ मा, तिब्लिसीमा भएको नरसंहारको दुई वर्ष पछि र लिथुआनियाले पुनर्स्थापित स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणा गरेको एक वर्ष दुई महिना पछि, जर्जियाली सोभियत गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च परिषद्ले पूर्ण सत्रमा सोभियत सशस्त्र सेनाले प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्रलाई अपदस्त गरेको ७० वर्ष पछि, सोभियत सङ्घबाट जर्जियाको स्वतन्त्रताको औपचारिक पुनर्गठनको घोषणा गर्‍यो। जर्जियाले गरेको स्वतन्त्रताको यो ऐतिहासिक घोषणाले यसलाई सोभियत सङ्घबाट आधिकारिक रूपमा अलग हुने कोकेशियन गणराज्यहरूमध्ये पहिलो र समग्रमा अहिलेसम्म तेस्रो गणराज्य बनायो। === बाल्तेली === ===अगस्ट कु को प्रयास=== १९ अगस्ट १९९१ मा, गोर्बाचेभका उपराष्ट्रपति गेनाडी यानायेभ, प्रधानमन्त्री भ्यालेन्टिन पावलोभ, रक्षामन्त्री दिमित्री याजोभ, केजीवी प्रमुख भ्लादिमिर क्र्युचकोभ र अन्य वरिष्ठ अधिकारीहरूले "राज्य आपतकाल सम्बन्धी समिति" गठन गरेर सङ्घ सन्धिमा हस्ताक्षर हुनबाट रोक्नको लागि प्रयास गरे, जसले फोरोस, [[क्रिमिया|क्राइमिया]]मा बिदामा रहेका गोर्बाचेभलाई घरमै नजरबन्दमा राख्यो र उनको सञ्चार काट्यो। कू नेताहरूले राजनीतिक गतिविधि निलम्बन गर्ने र धेरैजसो पत्रपत्रिकाहरूमा प्रतिबन्ध लगाउने आपतकालीन आदेश जारी गरे। त्यतिबेला रुसी सार्वभौमिकताको प्रतीकात्मक केन्द्र ह्वाइट हाउस (रुसी सङ्घको संसद र येल्तसिनको कार्यालय) को रक्षा गर्न हजारौँ मस्कोवासीहरू बाहिर निस्के। ट्याङ्कमाथिबाट भाषण दिएर कूको विरोध गर्ने येल्तसिनलाई पक्राउ गर्ने प्रयास गरे तर अन्ततः असफल भए। तीन दिन पछि, २१ अगस्ट १९९१ मा, विद्रोह समाप्त भयो। आयोजकहरूलाई पक्राउ गरियो र गोर्बाचेभलाई राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा पुनर्स्थापित गरियो, यद्यपि उनको शक्ति धेरै कम भयो।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ostrovsky |first=Alexander Vladimirovich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XM1VywAACAAJ |title=Глупость или измена?: расследование гибели СССР |date=2011 |publisher=Crimean Bridge-9D |isbn=978-5-89747-068-6 |page=864 |language=ru |trans-title=Stupidity or Treason?: Investigation into the Death of the USSR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Андрей Грачев – к годовщине путча: 'Из Фороса Горбачев вернулся заложником Ельцина' |trans-title=Andrey Grachev – on the anniversary of the coup: 'Gorbachev returned from Foros as Yeltsin's hostage' |url=https://sobesednik.ru/obshchestvo/20210819-andrei-gracev-k-godovshhine-putca-iz-f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223085337/https://sobesednik.ru/obshchestvo/20210819-andrei-gracev-k-godovshhine-putca-iz-f |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=sobesednik.ru |language=ru}}</ref> ===अगस्ट-डिसेम्बर सङ्क्रमणकाल=== २४ अगस्ट १९९१ मा, गोर्बाचेभले सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको महासचिवको पदबाट राजीनामा दिए<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 1991 |title=Заявление М. С. Горбачева о сложение обязанностей генерального секретаря КПСС (24 августа 1991) |trans-title=Statement by M. S. Gorbachev on the resignation of the duties of General Secretary of the CPSU (24 August 1991) |url=http://www.illuminats.ru/component/content/article/29-new/1198-statement-by-mikhail-gorbachev-on-the-addition-of-duties-the-secretary-general-of-the-cpsu-24-august-1991?directory=29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721014247/http://www.illuminats.ru/component/content/article/29-new/1198-statement-by-mikhail-gorbachev-on-the-addition-of-duties-the-secretary-general-of-the-cpsu-24-august-1991?directory=29 |archive-date=21 July 2018 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=www.illuminats.ru |language=ru}}</ref> र सरकारमा रहेका सबै पार्टी एकाइहरू भंग गरे। सोही दिन, युक्रेनी गणतन्त्रको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले युक्रेनको स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणापत्र पारित गर्‍यो, जसमा सोभियत सङ्घबाट युक्रेनको स्वतन्त्रताको लागि राष्ट्रिय जनमत सङ्ग्रहको लागि आह्वान गरिएको थियो। पाँच दिन पछि, सोभियत सङ्घको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले सोभियत क्षेत्रको सबै सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी गतिविधि अनिश्चित कालका लागि निलम्बन गर्‍यो<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2013 |title=Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 29 августа 1991 г. N 2371-I 'О ситуации, возникшей в стране в связи с имевшим место государственным переворотом' |trans-title=Resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 29 August 1991 N 2371-I 'On the situation that arose in the country in connection with the coup d'état' |url=http://www.ruspravo.org/list/89358/1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207002848/http://www.ruspravo.org/list/89358/1.html |archive-date=7 December 2013 |website= |page=1 |language=ru}}</ref>, जसले गर्दा सोभियत सङ्घमा कम्युनिस्ट शासनको प्रभावकारी अन्त्य भयो र देशमा बाँकी रहेको एकमात्र एकताकारी शक्तिलाई विघटन गरियो। गोर्बाचेभले सेप्टेम्बर ५ मा सोभियत सङ्घको राज्य परिषद् स्थापना गरे, जुन उनलाई र बाँकी गणतन्त्रका उच्च अधिकारीहरूलाई सामूहिक नेतृत्वमा ल्याउन डिजाइन गरिएको थियो। राज्य परिषद्लाई सोभियत सङ्घको प्रधानमन्त्री नियुक्त गर्ने अधिकार पनि दिइएको थियो। प्रधानमन्त्री पदले कहिल्यै राम्रोसँग काम गरेन, यद्यपि इभान सिलायेभले सोभियत अर्थतन्त्रको सञ्चालन व्यवस्थापन समिति र अन्तर-गणतन्त्र आर्थिक समिति मार्फत पदभार ग्रहण गरे र द्रुत रूपमा घट्दो शक्तिहरू सहित सरकार गठन गर्ने प्रयास गरे। १९९१ को अन्तिम त्रैमासिकमा सोभियत सङ्घ नाटकीय गतिमा पतन भयो। अगस्ट र डिसेम्बरको बीचमा, मुख्यतया अर्को विद्रोहको डरको कारणले १० गणतन्त्रहरू सङ्घबाट अलग भए,। सेप्टेम्बरको अन्त्यसम्ममा, गोर्बाचेभसँग मस्को बाहिरका घटनाहरूलाई प्रभाव पार्ने क्षमता रहेन। उनलाई त्यहाँ पनि [[बोरिस येल्तसिन|येल्तसिन]]ले चुनौती दिए, जसले क्रेमलिन सहित सोभियत सरकारको बाँकी रहेको भाग नियन्त्रण गर्न थालेका थिए। सोभियत सङ्घले ६ सेप्टेम्बर १९९१ मा बाल्तेली गणतन्त्रहरूको स्वतन्त्रतालाई मान्यता दियो।<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2020 |title=Prof. Alpo Russi. About Recognition of Independence of Baltic States |url=https://www.vdu.lt/en/prof-alpo-russi-about-recognition-of-independence-of-baltic-states/ |work=[[Vytautas Magnus University]]}}</ref> जर्जियाले सेप्टेम्बर ७ मा सोभियत सङ्घसँगको सबै सम्बन्ध तोड्यो। उसले बाल्तेली राज्यहरूको पृथकतालाई मान्यता दिँदा पनि सोभियत सङ्घले आफ्नो स्वतन्त्रतालाई किन मान्यता दिएन भन्ने "पर्याप्त आधारभूत जवाफ" प्राप्त नभएको उल्लेख गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite web |author=Cherian |first=Regi |date=6 September 2016 |title=September 7, 1991: Georgia revolts, cuts ties with USSR |url=https://gulfnews.com/today-history/september-7-1996-georgia-revolts-cuts-ties-with-ussr-1.1892039 |work=Gulf News}}</ref> १७ सेप्टेम्बर १९९१ मा, संयुक्त राष्ट्रसङ्घ महासभाको प्रस्ताव नम्बर ४६/४, ४६/५, र ४६/६ ले इस्टोनिया, लाटभिया र लिथुआनियालाई संयुक्त राष्ट्रसङ्घमा सदस्यता दियो, जुन सुरक्षा परिषद्को प्रस्ताव नम्बर ७०९, ७१० र ७११ अनुरूप थियो र १२ सेप्टेम्बरमा मतदान बिना पारित भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web |title=Resolutions adopted by the United Nations Security Council in 1991 |url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/1991.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719210549/http://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/1991.shtml |archive-date=19 July 2017 |access-date=17 June 2016 |work=[[United Nations]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=46th Session (1991–1992) – General Assembly – Quick Links – Research Guides at United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld Library |url=http://research.un.org/en/docs/ga/quick/regular/46 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830083857/http://research.un.org/en/docs/ga/quick/regular/46 |archive-date=30 August 2016 |access-date=17 June 2016 |work=[[United Nations]]}}</ref> ६ नोभेम्बरमा, येल्तसिन - जसले त्यतिबेलासम्म सोभियत सरकारको धेरैजसो हिस्सा आफ्नो नियन्त्रणमा लिइसकेका थिए - ले रुसी भूभागमा कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीका सबै गतिविधिहरूमा प्रतिबन्ध लगाउने आदेश जारी गरे।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Указ Президента РСФСР от 06.11.1991 г. № 169 |trans-title=Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated 06.11.1991 No. 169 |url=http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/385 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301170411/http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/385 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |access-date=22 October 2020 |website=President of Russia |language=ru}}</ref> ७ नोभेम्बर १९९१ सम्म, धेरैजसो अखबारहरूले 'पूर्व सोभियत सङ्घ' लाई उल्लेख गरे।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/07/world/pre-1917-ghosts-haunt-a-bolshevik-holiday.html?pagewanted=all|title=Pre-1917 Ghosts Haunt a Bolshevik Holiday|last1=Schmemann|first1=Serge|date=7 November 1991|work=The New York Times|access-date=21 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053646/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/07/world/pre-1917-ghosts-haunt-a-bolshevik-holiday.html?pagewanted=all|archive-date=22 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[चित्र:Grand_Kremlin_Palace_façade,_1982-2008.jpg|बायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|The [[State Emblem of the Soviet Union|state emblem of the Soviet Union]] and the СССР letters{{Efn|Russian acronym for "USSR"}} (top) in the façade of the [[Grand Kremlin Palace]] were replaced by five double-headed [[Coat of arms of Russia|Russian eagles]] (bottom) after the dissolution of the [[Soviet Union]], the eagles having been removed by the Bolsheviks after the revolution.]] सोभियत सङ्घको पतनको अन्तिम चरण १ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा सुरु भयो। त्यस दिन, "युक्रेनी लोकप्रिय जनमत सङ्ग्रह"मा युक्रेनका ९१ प्रतिशत मतदाताले अगस्टमा पारित स्वतन्त्रता घोषणालाई समर्थन गर्दै मतदान गरे र औपचारिक रूपमा सङ्घबाट अलग भयो। आर्थिक र राजनीतिक शक्तिमा रूसपछि दोस्रो स्थानमा रहेको युक्रेनको पृथकताले गोर्बाचेभले सीमित मात्रामा भए पनि सोभियत सङ्घलाई एकसाथ राख्ने झिनो सम्भावनालाई पनि समाप्त गर्‍यो। तीन स्लाभिक गणतन्त्रहरू, रुस, युक्रेन र बेलारुस (पहिले बेलोरुसिया) का नेताहरू सङ्घको सम्भावित विकल्पहरूबारे छलफल गर्न सहमत भए। डिसेम्बर ८ मा, रुस, युक्रेन र बेलारुसका नेताहरूले पश्चिमी बेलारुसको बेलाभेजस्काया पुष्चामा गोप्य रूपमा भेटे र बेलाभेजा सम्झौतामा हस्ताक्षर गरे, जसले सोभियत सङ्घको अस्तित्व समाप्त भएको घोषणा गर्‍यो र यसको स्थानमा कमनवेल्थ अफ इन्डिपेन्डेन्ट स्टेट्स (CIS) को गठनको घोषणा गर्‍यो। उनीहरूले अन्य गणतन्त्रहरूलाई पनि सिआइ.एस मा सामेल हुन आमन्त्रित गरे। गोर्बाचेभले यसलाई असंवैधानिक कू भने। यद्यपि, यस समयसम्ममा कुनै उचित विकल्प थिएन किनकी सम्झौताको प्रस्तावनामा भनिएझैँ, सोभियत सङ्घ अब "अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय कानून र भूराजनीतिक वास्तविकताको विषयको रूपमा" अस्तित्वमा थिएन। डिसेम्बर १० मा, युक्रेनको बिधायिका भेर्खोभना राडा <ref>{{Cite web |title=Про ратифікацію Угоди про створення Співдружності Незалежних Держав |trans-title=On the ratification of the Agreement on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/1958-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124205855/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1958-12 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=Official website of the Parliament of Ukraine |language=uk}}</ref> र बेलारुसको सर्वोच्च परिषद्ले <ref>{{Cite web |title=Постановление Верховного Совета РБ № 1296-XII О ратификации Соглашения об образовании Содружества Независимых Государств от 10.12.1991 |trans-title=Resolution of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus No. 1296-XII On the ratification of the Agreement on the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States dated 10.12.1991 |url=https://belzakon.net/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%91/1994/96572 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223192600/https://belzakon.net/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%91/1994/96572 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=belzakon.net |language=ru}}</ref> सम्झौतालाई अनुमोदन गरेको थियो। डिसेम्बर १२ मा, रुसी सोभियत गणराज्य को सर्वोच्च सोभियतले बेलाभेझा सम्झौतालाई औपचारिक रूपमा अनुमोदन गर्‍यो,,<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 1991 |title=Постановление ВС РСФСР от 12.12.1991 N 2014-I 'О ратификации Соглашения о создании Содружества Независимых Государств' |trans-title=Resolution of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR of 12.12.1991 N 2014-I 'On ratification of the Agreement on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States' |url=http://base.garant.ru/10164306/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113130902/http://base.garant.ru/10164306/ |archive-date=13 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=base.garant.ru |language=ru}}</ref> १९२२ को सङ्घ सन्धिको निन्दा गर्‍यो,,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Постановление Верховного Совета РСФСР от 12.12.1991 № 2015-I – Сейчас.ру |url=https://www.lawmix.ru/abrolaw/13907 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125075549/https://www.lawmix.ru/abrolaw/13907 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=www.lawmix.ru}}</ref> र सोभियत सङ्घको सर्वोच्च सोभियतबाट रुसी प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई फिर्ता बोलायो। यस अनुमोदनको वैधानिकताले रुसी संसदका केही सदस्यहरूमा शंका उत्पन्न गर्‍यो, किनकि १९७८ को रुसी सोभियत गणराज्यको संविधान अनुसार यस कागजातको विचार जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको काङ्ग्रेसको विशेष क्षेत्राधिकारमा थियो।.<ref name="sssr.net.ru">{{Cite web |last1=Pribylovsky |first1=V. |last2=Tochkin |first2=Gr. |title=Кто и как упразднил СССР |trans-title=Who and how abolished the USSR |url=https://sssr.net.ru/denons.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126160310/http://sssr.net.ru/denons.html |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date= |website=sssr.net.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2015 |title=Из СССР В СНГ: подчиняясь реальности. |trans-title=From the USSR to the CIS: submitting to reality. |url=http://n-discovery.spb.ru/news_full.php?id=379 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403001152/http://n-discovery.spb.ru/news_full.php?id=379 |archive-date=3 April 2015 |website=www.n-discovery.spb.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Бабурин С.Н. На гибель Советского Союза |trans-title=Baburin S.N. On the death of the Soviet Union |url=http://www.ni-journal.ru/archive/2006/n_506/38b39a96/39cf8ddd/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107165055/http://www.ni-journal.ru/archive/2006/n_506/38b39a96/39cf8ddd/ |archive-date=2017-11-07 |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=www.ni-journal.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref name="sovross.ru">{{Cite web |last=Voronin |first=Yu. M. |title=Беловежское предательство |trans-title=Belovezhskaya betrayal |url=http://www.sovross.ru/articles/555/9021/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812180933/http://www.sovross.ru/articles/555/9021/ |archive-date=2020-08-12 |access-date= |website=www.sovross.ru |language=ru}}</ref> थप, सोभियत संविधानले गणतन्त्रलाई एकतर्फी रूपमा आफ्ना प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई फिर्ता बोलाउन अनुमति दिएको थिएन।<ref>The Russian SFSR has constitutional right to "freely secede from the Soviet Union" ([[s:ru:Конституция РСФСР 1978 года (в редакции 1 ноября 1991 года)#Глава_7._РСФСР_–_союзная_республика_в_составе_СССР|art. 69 of the RSFSR Constitution]], [[s:ru:Конституция СССР (1977)/редакция 26 декабря 1990 года#Глава_8._СССР_–_союзное_государство|art. 72 of the USSR Constitution]]), but according to USSR laws [[s:ru:Закон о выходе союзной республики из СССР|1409-I]] (enacted on 3 April 1990) and [http://iv.garant.ru/SESSION/PILOT/loadfavorite.html?pid=6335703&page=1&para_id=2147483649 1457-I]{{dead link|date=May 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} (enacted on 26 April 1990) this can be done only by a referendum and only if two-thirds of all registered voters of the republic has supported that motion. No special referendum on the secession from the USSR was held in the RSFSR</ref> यद्यपि, रुस वा क्रेमलिनमा कसैले पनि आपत्ति जनाएनन्। क्रेमलिनको कुनै पनि आपत्तिको कुनै प्रभाव पर्ने थिएन, किनकि सोभियत सरकारको बाँकी रहेको कुरा डिसेम्बर भन्दा धेरै अघि नै प्रभावकारी रूपमा निष्क्रिय बनाइएको थियो। धेरै वकिलहरू विश्वास गर्छन् कि १९२२ को सङ्घ सन्धिको निन्दा अर्थहीन थियो किनकि यो १९२४ मा सोभियत सङ्घको पहिलो संविधान अपनाएसँगै अमान्य भइसकेको थियो।।<ref>''Исаков В. Б.'' Расчленёнка. Кто и как развалил Советский Союз: Хроника. Документы. – М., Закон и право. 1998. – C. 58. –209 с.</ref><ref>''Станкевич З. А.'' История крушения СССР: политико-правовые аспекты. – М., 2001. – C. 299–300</ref><ref>''Лукашевич Д. А.'' Юридический механизм разрушения СССР. – М, 2016. – С. 254–255. – 448 с.</ref> (१९९६ मा राजकीय डुमाले पनि उही अडान लिएको थियो)).<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 1986 |title=Постановление Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания РФ от 10 апреля 1996 года № 225-II ГД «Об Обращении Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации "К членам Совета Федерации Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации" |trans-title=Resolution of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of 10 April 1996 No. 225-II GD "On the Appeal of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation "To the members of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation" |url=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&link_id=16&nd=102040638 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026061236/http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&link_id=16&nd=102040638 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |access-date=22 October 2020 |language=ru}}</ref> त्यस दिनको अन्तमा, गोर्बाचेभले पहिलो पटक आफु पद त्याग्ने विचार गरिरहेको सङ्केत गरे।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/13/world/soviet-disarry-gorbachev-is-ready-to-resign-as-post-soviet-plan-advances.html|title=Gorbachev is Ready to Resign as Post-Soviet Plan Advances|last=Schmemann|first=Serge|date=1991-12-13|work=The New York Times|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917211606/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/13/world/soviet-disarry-gorbachev-is-ready-to-resign-as-post-soviet-plan-advances.html|archive-date=2018-09-17|issn=0362-4331|url-status=live}}</ref> सतहमा देखिदा, यो सबैभन्दा ठुलो गणराज्य औपचारिक रूपमा अलग भएको देखिन्थ्यो। यद्यपि, यो मामला होइन। बरु, रूसले स्पष्ट रूपमा बतायो यो कि सोभियत संविधानमा वर्णन गरिएको पृथकताको प्रक्रियालाई पालना गर्न आवश्यक छैन किनभने अब अस्तित्वमा नै नभएको देशबाट अलग हुन सम्भव छैन। १६ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा, कजाख गणराज्य सोभियत सङ्घबाट औपचारिक रूपमा अलग हुने अन्तिम गणतन्त्र बन्यो, जसले गर्दा सोभियत सङ्घले न त कुनै क्षेत्र नियन्त्रण गर्न सक्यो न त कुनै क्षेत्र नियन्त्रण गर्ने दाबी नै गर्न सक्यो (यद्यपि सोभियत दूतावासहरू अझै पनि अस्तित्वमा थिए)।<ref>{{cite web |date=22 October 2021 |title=Kazakhstan, Not Russia, Was the Last Republic to the Leave the USSR |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/kazakhstan-not-russia-was-last-republic-leave-ussr-195400}}</ref> डिसेम्बर १८ मा, सोभियत सङ्घको सर्वोच्च सोभियत (गणतन्त्र परिषद्) को माथिल्लो सदनले कमनवेल्थ अफ इन्डिपेन्डेन्ट स्टेट्स (राष्ट्रमण्डल)को निर्माण सम्बन्धी सम्झौतालाई स्वीकार गर्दै र तीव्र राजनीतिक तथा आर्थिक सङ्कटबाट बाहिर निस्कने बाटो प्रदान गर्न यसलाई विचार गर्दै एक विज्ञप्ति पारित गर्‍यो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Заявление Совета Республик Верховного Совета СССР от 18.12.1991 N 138-Н О поддержке Соглашения Республики Беларусь, РСФСР и Украины о создании Содружества Независимых Государств &#124; ГАРАНТ |trans-title=Statement of the Council of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated 18.12.1991 N 138-N On support for the Agreement of the Republic of Belarus, the RSFSR and Ukraine on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States - GARANTEE |url=http://base.garant.ru/6334158/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407115029/https://base.garant.ru/6334158/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=base.garant.ru |language=ru}}</ref> गोर्बाचेभले येल्तसिनसँग भेट गरे र सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको वास्तविकता स्वीकार गरे। सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन र औपचारिक रूपमा स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरूको राष्ट्रमण्डल स्थापना गर्ने उद्देश्यले अल्मा-अटा प्रोटोकलमा हस्ताक्षर भएको दिन, रुसी गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले रूसको कानूनी नाम "रुसी सोभियत सङ्घीय समाजवादी गणतन्त्र" बाट "रुसी सङ्घ" मा परिवर्तन गर्न एक विधान अपनायो। यस अनुसार रुस अब पूर्ण रूपमा सार्वभौम गैर-कम्युनिस्ट राज्य थियो। बेलाभेजा सम्झौताले सोभियत सङ्घलाई कानुनी रूपमा विघटन गरेको छ कि छैन भन्ने बारेमा शंकाहरू कायमै थिए, किनकि यसमा तीन गणराज्यले (रुस, बेलारुस, युक्रेन) मात्र हस्ताक्षर गरेका थिए।यद्यपि, डिसेम्बर २१ मा, जर्जिया बाहेक बाँकी १२ गणतन्त्रहरू मध्ये ११ का प्रतिनिधिहरूले अल्मा-अटा प्रोटोकलमा हस्ताक्षर गरे, जसले सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन पुष्टि गर्‍यो र औपचारिक रूपमा राष्ट्रमण्डल स्थापना गर्‍यो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=ПРОТОКОЛ к Соглашению о создании Содружества Независимых Государств, подписанному 8 декабря 1991 года в г. Минске Республикой Беларусь, Российской Федерацией (РСФСР), Украиной |trans-title=Protocol to the Agreement on the Creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, signed on 8 December 1991 in г. Minsk Republic of Belarus, Russian Federation (РСФСР), Ukraine |url=http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511073849/http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=6 |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=cis.minsk.by |language=ru}}</ref> उनीहरूले गोर्बाचेभको राजीनामा पनि "स्वीकार" गरे।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Посткремлевская жизнь правителей |trans-title=Post-Kremlin life of rulers |url=https://www.ng.ru/style/2000-01-06/1-162.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407115029/https://www.ng.ru/style/2000-01-06/1-162.html |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=www.ng.ru |language=ru}}</ref> सोभियत सङ्घको सशस्त्र सेनाको कमान्ड रक्षामन्त्री येभगेनी शापोश्निकोभलाई सुम्पिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Минобороны. Министерство обороны РФ |trans-title=Ministry of Defense. Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation |url=http://www.panorama.ru/prav/minobor.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225004736/http://www.panorama.ru/prav/minobor.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2020 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=www.panorama.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ПРОТОКОЛ совещания Глав Независимых Государств |trans-title=MINUTES of the meeting of the Heads of Independent States |url=http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=3412 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511073849/http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=3412 |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=cis.minsk.by |language=ru}}</ref> यस क्षणमा पनि, गोर्बाचेभले अहिलेसम्म दृश्यबाट पछि हट्ने कुनै औपचारिक योजना बनाएका थिएनन्। यद्यपि, अब बहुमत गणतन्त्रहरूले सोभियत सङ्घ अब अस्तित्वमा छैन भन्ने कुरामा सहमति जनाएपछि, गोर्बाचेभले अपरिहार्यताको अगाडि झुके, सीबीएस न्यूजलाई भने कि उनले सीआईएस साँच्चै वास्तविकता हो भनेर देख्ने बित्तिकै राजीनामा दिनेछन्।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/22/world/end-soviet-union-11-soviet-states-form-commonwealth-without-clearly-defining-its.html|title=11 Soviet States Form Commonwealth Without Clearly Defining Its Powers|last=Clines|first=Francis X.|date=1991-12-22|work=The New York Times|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414022306/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/22/world/end-soviet-union-11-soviet-states-form-commonwealth-without-clearly-defining-its.html|archive-date=2017-04-14|issn=0362-4331|url-status=live}}</ref> [[चित्र:RIAN_archive_469069_Final_session_of_the_Council_for_Nationalities_of_the_USSR_Supreme_Soviet.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|सर्वोच्च सोभियतको माथिल्लो सदनले आफ्नो अन्तिम सत्रमा, २६ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा सोभियत सङ्घको अस्तित्व समाप्त गर्ने मतदान गर्दै।]] २५ डिसेम्बरको साँझ राष्ट्रिय टेलिभिजनमा प्रसारित भाषणमा, गोर्बाचेभले सोभियत सङ्घको राष्ट्रपतिको पदबाट राजीनामा दिए - वा, जसरी उनले भने, "म यसद्वारा सोभियत समाजवादी गणतन्त्र सङ्घको अध्यक्ष पदमा मेरा गतिविधिहरू बन्द गर्दछु।" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Заявление Президента СССР об отставке от 25 декабря 1991 г. |trans-title=Statement of resignation of the President of the USSR, 25 December 1991 |url=https://www.gorby.ru/userfiles/file/zayavleniem_ob_otstavke_prezidenta_sssr_m.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904230942/https://www.gorby.ru/userfiles/file/zayavleniem_ob_otstavke_prezidenta_sssr_m.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |language=ru}}</ref> उनले आफ्नो संस्था समाप्ति घोषणा गरे, र यसको सबै शक्तिहरू (जस्तै आणविक शस्त्रागारको नियन्त्रण)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Указ Президента СССР от 25.12.1991 N УП-3162 |trans-title=Decree of the President of the USSR dated 25.12.1991 N UP-3 |url=http://www.libussr.ru/doc_ussr/usr_19889.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412222644/http://www.libussr.ru/doc_ussr/usr_19889.htm |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=www.libussr.ru |language=ru}}</ref> येल्तसिनलाई सुम्पे। २५ डिसेम्बरको राति, मस्को समय अनुसार ७:३५ बजे, गोर्बाचेभ टेलिभिजनमा देखा परेपछि, सोभियत झन्डा तल झारियो <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 1991 |title=С флагштока над Кремлем спущен советский флаг, поднят российский |trans-title=The Soviet flag is lowered from the flagpole over the Kremlin; the Russian flag is raised |url=https://www.interfax.ru/30years/800619 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101022148/https://www.interfax.ru/30years/800619 |archive-date=1 January 2022 |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=[[Interfax]] |language=ru}}</ref> र ७:४५ बजे [[रूसको झन्डा|रुसी तिरंगा]] यसको ठाउँमा उठाइयो,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/26/world/end-of-the-soviet-union-on-moscow-s-streets-worry-and-regret.html|title=End of the Soviet Union; On Moscow's Streets, Worry and Regret|last=Clarity|first=James F.|date=26 December 1991|work=The New York Times|access-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302163000/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/26/world/end-of-the-soviet-union-on-moscow-s-streets-worry-and-regret.html|archive-date=2 March 2022|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-status=live}}</ref> जुन प्रतीकात्मक रुपमा सोभियत सङ्घको अन्त्यको प्रतीक थियो। आफ्नो बिदाइ शब्दहरूमा, गोर्बाचेभले घरेलु सुधारमा आफ्नो रेकर्डको बचाउ गरे, तर स्वीकार गरे, "नयाँले काम सुरु गर्न समय पाउनु अघि पुरानो प्रणाली ध्वस्त भयो।"<ref>{{Cite book|title=The world transformed : 1945 to the present|last=Hunt|first=Michael H.|isbn=9780199371020|pages=323–324|oclc=907585907|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> सोही दिन, [[अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपति|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाका राष्ट्रपति]] [[जर्ज एच डब्लू बुस|जर्ज एच. डब्लु. बुश]]ले बाँकी ११ गणतन्त्रहरूको स्वतन्त्रतालाई आधिकारिक रूपमा मान्यता दिँदै छोटो टेलिभिजन भाषण दिए। गोर्बाचेवको भाषण र सोवियत झन्डाको ठाउँमा रुसी झन्डा फहराएपछि, एक गणितले सोवियत यूनियनको अन्त्य भयो। तर, सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको अन्तिम कानुनी कदम डिसेम्बर २६ मा बयो, जब सोभियत सङ्घको सर्वोच्च सोभियतको माथिल्लो सदन, सोभियत अफ नेसनालिटिले बेलाभेजा सम्झौतालाई अनुमोदन गर्‍यो, जसले गर्दा सोभियत सङ्घको अस्तित्व समाप्त भयो।<ref name="ReferenceC2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt5OLD3vp4UC&q=26+december+1991+ussr&pg=PR5|title=Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis|isbn=9781563246371|last1=Brzezinski|first1=Zbigniew|last2=Brzezinski|first2=Zbigniew K.|last3=Sullivan|first3=Paige|year=1997|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124205853/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt5OLD3vp4UC&q=26+december+1991+ussr&pg=PR5|url-status=live}}</ref> (तल्लो सदन, सोभियत अफ युनियन, रुसी प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई फिर्ता बोलाउँदा डिसेम्बर १२ देखि काम गर्न असमर्थ थियो, कोरम बिना नै छोडियो).<ref name="sssr.net.ru2" /> भोलिपल्ट येल्तसिन गोर्बाचेभको पूर्व कार्यालयमा सरे, ,<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2016 |title=Как меня хоронили |trans-title=How I was buried |url=http://www.novayagazeta.ru/society/66087.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727023444/http://www.novayagazeta.ru/society/66087.html |archive-date=27 July 2016 |website=Novaya Gazeta |language=ru}}</ref> यद्यपि रुसी अधिकारीहरूले दुई दिन अघि नै सुइटलाई आफ्नो नियन्त्रणमा लिएका थिए। सोभियत सशस्त्र सेनाहरूलाई स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरूको राष्ट्रमण्डलको कमान्डमा राखिएको थियो, तर अन्ततः नयाँ स्वतन्त्र गणतन्त्रहरूले यसलाई समाहित गरे, जसको ठुलो हिस्सा रुसी सङ्घको सशस्त्र सेना बन्यो। १९९१ को अन्त्यसम्ममा, रूसले नियन्त्रण नगरेका केही बाँकी सोभियत संस्थाहरूले सञ्चालन बन्द गरे, र स्वतन्त्र नयाँ गणतन्त्रहरूले केन्द्रीय सरकारको भूमिका ग्रहण गरे। == सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनमा गोर्बाचेभको भूमिका == गोर्भाचोबको नीतिको कारण सोवियत सङ्घको केन्द्रीय सत्ता कमजोर भयो, फलस्वरूप सोवियत सङ्घमा केन्द्र विरूद्ध सङ्घर्ष गर्बे शक्ति हौसले बढ्दै गयो। गोर्बाचोबको नीतिले गणराज्यहरूको सोवियत सङ्घसँग अलग हुनलाई मान्यता दियो। फलस्वरूप हेर्दा हेर्दै एकपछि अर्को गर्दै सोवियत सङ्घ के गणराज्य स्वतन्त्र भए र सोवियत सङ्घको विघटन भयो। यो गोर्भाचोबको नीतिहरूको नै परिणाम थियो कि सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको शक्तिमा निरन्तर ह्रास हुँदै गयो। फलतः सोवियत सङ्घलाई एकताको सूत्रमा बाध्ने सबैभन्दा ठुलो सम्पर्क सुत्रको शक्ति घट्दै गयो। यसको परिणाम कम्युनिस्ट बिरोधी शक्ति बढ्दै गयो। अमेरिका र पाश्चात्य देशहरूले पनि सोवियत सङ्घलाई टोड्ने शक्तिलाई समर्थन गरे। परिणामस्वरूप यी शक्ति सोवियत सङ्घको एकतालाई खोक्रो बनाउँदै गए। गोर्बाच्योवले पूर्वी युरोपमा पनि साम्यवादको किल्लालाई पतन हुन नदिन कुनै प्रयास गरेनन्, बरु उनको नीतिको कारण पूर्वी युरोपमा साम्यवाद विरोधी शक्ति हावी भयो। चेकोस्लोवाकिया, रोमानिया, हंगरी, पूर्वी जर्मनीमा साम्यवादको पतम भयो र यो पतनले सोवियत सङ्घको [[महाशक्ति]]को छविलाई समाप्त गरिदियो। सोभियत सङ्घको पतनको जिम्मेवारी गोर्बाचेभ एक्लैले लिन्छन् भन्न सजिलो छ। त्यसो गर्नु भनेको कुनै पनि व्यक्तिलाई ऐतिहासिक प्रवृत्ति भन्दा बढी महत्त्वपूर्ण ठान्नु हो। गोर्बाचेभ यी ऐतिहासिक प्रवृत्तिहरूलाई प्रतिबिम्बित गर्ने ऐना मात्र थिए, तर उनी आफैँ चकनाचुर भए। वास्तवमा, सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको बीउ यसको स्थापनामा रोपिएको थियो। समाजवादी प्रणालीलाई दिगो बनाउन, देश भित्र समाजवादी मानवता र संस्कृति खेती गर्नु आवश्यक थियो, जुन कार्य सोभियत प्रणालीले हासिल गर्न असफल भयो। स्टालिनको शासनकालमा लगभग दुई दशकसम्म, सोभियत सङ्घको एकता केन्द्रीय सरकारको निर्दयी जबरजस्ती अनुशासनले मात्र कायम राखेको थियो। देशका विभिन्न भागहरूलाई साम्यवादको रक्षा गर्न राष्ट्रिय हित वा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय भ्रातृत्वको नाममा बलिदान दिन बाध्य पारिएको थियो। यो त्यस्तो होइन कि असन्तुष्टि र क्रोध उत्पन्न भएन; यो केवल दमनकारी नीतिहरूले उनीहरूको आवाज अभिव्यक्तिलाई गाह्रो बनायो। गोर्बाचेभको उदार नीतिहरूले यो क्रोध व्यक्त गर्ने तरिका प्रदान गर्‍यो। == सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको प्रभाव == [[चित्र:EasternBloc_BasicMembersOnly.svg|दायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|454x454पिक्सेल|पूर्वी ब्लक देशहरू]] सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनले विश्व राजनीतिक परिदृश्यलाई नै परिवर्तन गरिदियो। सोभियत सङ्घ [[महाशक्ति]] रहेन, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका एकमात्र महाशक्तिको रूपमा रह्यो र विश्व एकध्रुवीय भयो। अमेरिकाले सम्पूर्ण विश्वमा आफ्नो प्रभुत्व स्थापित गर्‍यो। सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनसँगै [[शीतयुद्ध]] स्वतः समाप्त भयो। * पूर्वी युरोपेली देशहरूमा साम्यवादको अन्त्य भयो र बहुदलीय लोकतान्त्रिक शासन प्रणाली स्थापित भयो। * सोभियत सङ्घको पतनले तेस्रो विश्वका देशहरूलाई गम्भीर रूपमा असर गर्‍यो, जसले सोभियत सङ्घबाट आर्थिक, सैन्य र प्राविधिक सहयोग प्राप्त गरेका थिए। विघटित गणतन्त्रहरूले अब सहयोग प्रदान गर्ने क्षमता राखेनन्। यस सन्दर्भमा, तेस्रो विश्व नव-उपनिवेशवादको खतराको सामना गरिरहेको छ। * विश्वमा बजार अर्थतन्त्रलाई बलियो भयो। लामो सनयसम्म दमन र नागरिक स्वतन्त्रतालाई कुल्चचेर शासन चलाउन सकिदैन भन्ने विश्वासलाई बलियो बनायो। यसले, फलस्वरूप, लोकतान्त्रिक प्रक्रियालाई प्रवर्द्धन गर्‍यो। === आर्थिक गिरावट र अत्यधिक मृत्युदर === शीतयुद्धको अन्त्य पछिका दशकहरूमा, सोभियत सङ्घका पाँच वा छ वटा राज्यहरू मात्र पश्चिमका धनी पूँजीवादी राज्यहरूमा सामेल हुने बाटोमा छन्, र धेरैजसो पछि परेका छन्, केही यति हदसम्म कि साम्यवादको अन्त्य हुनुभन्दा पहिलेको अवस्थामा पुग्न ५० वर्षभन्दा बढी समय लाग्नेछ।<ref>{{cite book|last=Ghodsee|first=Kristen|date=2017|title=Red Hangover: Legacies of Twentieth-Century Communism|url=https://www.dukeupress.edu/red-hangover|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|pages=63–64|isbn=978-0822369493|author-link=Kristen Ghodsee|access-date=4 August 2018|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207032254/https://www.dukeupress.edu/red-hangover|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/05775132.2015.1012402| title =After the Wall Fell: The Poor Balance Sheet of the Transition to Capitalism| journal =[[Challenge (economics magazine)|Challenge]]| volume = 58| issue = 2| pages =135–138| year = 2015| last1 = Milanović | first1 = Branko| s2cid =153398717|author-link=Branko Milanović}}</ref> २०११ सम्म, पूर्व सोभियत गणतन्त्रहरूको अनुभव मिश्रित थियो, केहीले कुल गार्हस्थ्य उत्पादनको गणितले सुधार गरेका थिए भने केहीले सुधार गरेका थिएनन्।<ref>{{Cite web |title=End of the USSR: visualising how the former Soviet countries are doing, 20 years on {{!}} Russia {{!}} The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/aug/17/ussr-soviet-countries-data |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=amp.theguardian.com |date=17 August 2011 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128064905/https://amp.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/aug/17/ussr-soviet-countries-data |url-status=live }}</ref> सोभियत सङ्घ पछिका राष्ट्रहरूमा जिडिपी मा उल्लेखनीय गिरावट आएको थियो र औसतमा लगभग ५१% थियो। १९९० देखि २००० सम्म, जिडिपी मा गिरावट निम्नानुसार थियो:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dabrowski |first=Marek |date=2022-07-29 |title=Thirty years of economic transition in the former Soviet Union: Macroeconomic dimension |url=https://rujec.org/article/90947/ |journal=Russian Journal of Economics |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=95–121 |doi=10.32609/j.ruje.8.90947 |issn=2405-4739|doi-access=free }}</ref> * आर्मेनियामा ६३% * अजरबैजानमा ६०% * बेलारुसमा ३५% * इस्टोनियामा ३५% * जर्जियामा ७८% * काजाकिस्तानमा ४१% * किर्गिस्तानमा ५०% * लाटभियामा ५१% * लिथुआनियामा ४४% * मोल्डोभामा ६३% * रूसमा ४०% * ताजिकिस्तानमा ५०% * तुर्कमेनिस्तानमा ४८% * युक्रेनमा ५९% सोभियत सङ्घको पतन पछि शान्तिकालमा रूसले औसत आयुमा रेकर्ड गरिएको इतिहासमा सबैभन्दा ठुलो गिरावट अनुभव गर्यो।<ref name=":BMJ">{{Cite journal|last=Ciment|first=James|date=1999-08-21|title=Life expectancy of Russian men falls to 58|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1116380/|journal=BMJ : British Medical Journal|pages=468}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Men|first=Tamara|last2=Brennan|first2=Paul|last3=Boffetta|first3=Paolo|last4=Zaridze|first4=David|date=2003-10-25|title=Russian mortality trends for 1991-2001: analysis by cause and region|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC259165/|journal=BMJ : British Medical Journal|volume=327|issue=7421|pages=964}}</ref> ९० को दशकको अन्त्यतिर सोभियत सङ्घको पतन पछि गरिबी आकाशियो। गरिबीको रेखामुनि बाँच्ने मानिसहरूको सङ्ख्या १९८७-८८ मा ३% बाट २०% वा लगभग ८ करोड ८० लाख पुगेको थियो।<ref name=":RSE">{{Cite journal|last=Izyumov|first=Alexei|date=2010|title=Human Costs of Post-communist Transition: Public Policies and Private Response|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41288494|journal=Review of Social Economy|volume=68|issue=1|pages=93–125}}</ref> Only 4% of the region lived on $4 a day or less but by 1994 this number skyrocketed to 32%.<ref name=":BMJ" /> पूर्वी ब्लकको पतन पछि अपराध, मदिरा सेवन, लागुपदार्थको प्रयोग र आत्महत्या सबै आकाशिएको थियो।<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":RSE" /> अर्थशास्त्री स्टीवन रोजफिल्डले सन् २००१ मा गरेको एक अध्ययनमा, उनले गणना गरे कि १९९० देखि १९९८ सम्म रूसमा ३४ लाख अकाल मृत्यु भएको थियो, जसको लागि उनी आंशिक रूपमा वाशिंगटन सहमतिसँगै आएको "[[सक थेरापी]]" लाई दोष दिन्छन्।<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Rosefielde|first1=Steven|date=2001 |title=Premature Deaths: Russia's Radical Economic Transition in Soviet Perspective|journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies]]|volume=53 |issue=8 |pages=1159–1176|doi= 10.1080/09668130120093174|s2cid=145733112}}</ref> २०१७ को एक अध्ययनले अनुमान गरेको छ कि समग्रमा ७० लाख अकाल मृत्यु शक थेरापीको परिणामस्वरूप भएको थियो।<ref name="AzarovaEtAl2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Azarova |first1=Aytalina |last2=Irdam |first2=Darja |last3=Gugushvili |first3=Alexi |last4=Fazekas |first4=Mihaly |last5=Scheiring |first5=Gábor |last6=Horvat |first6=Pia |last7=Stefler |first7=Denes |last8=Kolesnikova |first8=Irina |last9=Popov |first9=Vladimir |last10=Szelenyi |first10=Ivan |last11=Stuckler |first11=David |last12=Marmot |first12=Michael |last13=Murphy |first13=Michael |last14=McKee |first14=Martin |last15=Bobak |first15=Martin |date=2017-05-01 |title=The effect of rapid privatisation on mortality in mono-industrial towns in post-Soviet Russia: a retrospective cohort study |journal=The Lancet Public Health |language=English |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=e231–e238 |doi=10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30072-5 |issn=2468-2667 |pmid=28626827|pmc=5459934 }}</ref> ===सोभियत पश्चात् का द्वन्द === ===चीन=== ===क्युबा=== ===उत्तर कोरिया=== ===इजरायल === ===अफ्गानिस्तान=== ===खेलकुद === ===दूरसञ्चार === ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[सोभियत सङ्घ|सोभियत सङ्घ]] * [[रुस|रुस]] * [[साम्यवाद]] * [[साम्यवादको पतन]] ==टिप्पणीहरू== {{Notelist}} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} {{ढाँचा:Cold War}} [[श्रेणी:रुसको इतिहास]] [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] mehpmeck7zbm0e4r5hd0xecocogkt95 1358419 1358418 2026-06-08T12:41:31Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event | title = सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन{{Efn|{{langx|ru|Распад Советского Союза|Raspád Sovétskogo Soyúza}}, also negatively connoted as {{langx|ru|Развал Советского Союза|Razvál Sovétskogo Soyúza}}, ''Ruining of the Soviet Union''.}} | Image_Name = Map of USSR with SSR names.svg | Imagesize = 300px | Image_Alt = Labeled map of the 15 Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union. Listed include: | caption = Between 1990 and 1991, all 15 [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Republics]] broke out from the Soviet Union. | participants = {{bulleted list|सोभियत सङ्घ|सोभियत सरकार|सोभियत गणराज्यका सरकारहरू|सोभियत स्वायत्त गणराज्यका सरकारहरू|[[राष्ट्रवाद|राष्ट्रवादी]] र [[उदारवाद|उदारवादी]] विपक्षी}} | date = {{nowrap|{{start and end dates|1988|11|16|1991|12|26|df=y}}}}<br>(3 years, 1 month, and 10 days) | location = {{Collapsible list |title=[[सोभियत सङ्घ]] |bullets=on |'''पूर्व सोभियत गणराज्य''':<br/> * [[रसिया]], * [[युक्रेन]], * [[बेलारुस]],{{ref label|a|a}} * [[लिथुआनिया]], * [[लात्भिया]], * [[इस्टोनिया]], * [[मोल्दोभा]],{{ref label|c|c}} * [[जर्जिया]], * [[आर्मेनिया]], * [[अजरबैजान]], * [[कजाख्स्तान|कजाखस्तान]], * [[तुर्कमेनिस्तान|तुर्केमिनिस्तान]],{{ref label|p|d}} * [[उज्बेकिस्तान]] * [[ताजिकिस्तान]], * [[किर्गिस्तान]],{{ref label|b|b}} |'''[[Post-Soviet states#Separatist conflicts|Self-proclaimed breakaway states]]'''{{ref label|e|e}}:<br/> * '''अब्खाजिया''' (1992–present), * [[Republic of Artsakh|Artsakh]] (1991–2023), * [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria|Ichkeria]] (1991–2000), * [[Republic of Crimea (Russia)|Crimea]] (1992; 2014), * [[Gagauz Republic|Gagauzia]] (1990–95), * [[Karakalpakstan]] (1992–93), * [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]] (1990–93), * '''[[South Ossetia]]''' (1992–present), * [[Tatarstan#Present-day|Tatarstan]] (1992–94), * '''ट्रास्न्सनिस्ट्रिया''' (1990–present) }} | cause = {{Collapsible list |title=विघटनको कारणहरू |bullets=on| मुल कारण * आर्थिक सुस्तताको युग * सोभियत सङ्घ भित्र जातीय तनाब * [[ग्लास्नोस्त]] र [[पेरेस्त्रोइका]] नीति * आर्थिक तथा राजनैतिक बिराम, विशेष गरी [[वार्सा सम्झौता|वार्सा सन्धी]]मा * सोभियत राज्यहरूमा कम्युनिस्ट बिरोधी, सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी बिरोधी, र पश्चिमा सर्मर्थक प्रदर्शन }} | result = {{Collapsible list|सोभियत सङ्घ १५ स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरूमा बिखन्डन |सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको शासनको अन्त्य |एघार स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरू बीच कमनवेल्थ अफ इन्डिपेनडेन्ट स्टेट्सको स्थापना |पूर्व स्वायत्त क्षेत्रहरूमा कयौँ पृथकतावादी आन्दोलन, अधिकांश असफल |कयौँ सैन्य द्वन्द र जातीय तनाब, जसबाट मानबीय सङ्कट उत्पन्न भयो र धेरै मानिसहरू बिस्थापित भए |Republics declare [[multi-party system|multi-party]] [[Presidential republic|presidential]] or [[semi-presidential republic|semi-presidential]] systems|Republics move to adopt [[capitalism|capitalist]] [[market economy]]|[[Soviet ruble|Ruble]] zone active in most of the new states between 1991 and 1994, with national currencies adopted later|Unified [[Soviet Armed Forces]] divided {{Circa|1992}}–1993|[[Black Sea Fleet dispute]] between Russia and Ukraine from 1992 to 1997 and its [[Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet|partition]] in 1997.|Lease of [[Sevastopol Naval Base]] to [[Russia]], [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|terminated in 2014]]|Issues with value loss of savings of former Soviet citizens|Issues with social and medical support for veterans of the [[Soviet–Afghan War]]|Relocation of the [[Soviet Armed Forces]] from [[East Germany]] and the rest of [[Central Europe]]|Economic support to [[North Korea]] had stopped|Start of the [[Special Period]] in [[Cuba]]|End of the [[Cold War]] with [[Western Bloc]] victory|Decline of [[Communism|communist]] and far-left movements around the world|[[चीन]] बिश्वको सबैभन्दा ठुलो कम्युनिस्ट राष्ट्र रह्यो। | अमेरिका विश्वको एकमात्र [[महाशक्ति]] बन्यो। }} | partof = [[शीतयुद्ध]] | notes = <div style="text-align: left">{{nowrap|{{note|a}} Then romanized as ''Byelorussia'' ({{langx|ru|Белоруссия}}).}}<br/>{{note|b}} Then romanized as ''Kirghizia'' ({{langx|ru|Киргизия}}).<br/>{{note|c}} Then romanized as ''Moldavia'' ({{langx|ru|Молдавия}}).<br/>{{note|d}} Then romanized as ''Turkmenia'' ({{langx|ru|Туркмения}}).<br/>{{note|e}} States in '''bold''' still exist to this present day.</div> | mapframe = no }}१९९१ डिसेम्बर २६ मा, [[सोभियत सङ्घ|सोभियत सङ्घ]]को विघटन भएको घोषणा भयो। यो घोषणामा सोभियत सङ्घका पूर्व गणतन्त्रहरूलाई स्वतन्त्र राज्यको रूपमा मान्यता दिइयो। विघटन हुनुभन्दा अघि [[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ|मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभ]] सोभियत सङ्घका राष्ट्रपति थिए। विघटनको घोषणा हुनुभन्दा अघिल्लो दिन उनले राजीनामा दिएका थिए। यो विघटन प्रक्रियाको सुरुवात सामान्यतया गोर्बाचेभले सत्ता ग्रहण गर्नुसँग सम्बन्धित छ। वास्तवमा, सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको प्रक्रिया धेरै पहिले नै सुरु भइसकेको थियो। १९९१ मा सोभियत सङ्घको पतन धेरै कारणहंरू थिए: दीर्घकालीन आर्थिक सुस्तता, [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]सँगको हतियार दौड र विदेशी द्वन्द्वको दिगो वित्तीय भार, यसका आंगिक गणराज्यहरू भित्र तीव्र जातीय राष्ट्रवाद र पृथकतावाद, र गोर्बाचेभको सुधारहरू (विशेष गरी ग्लासनोस्ट र पेरेस्ट्रोइका) को अस्थिरता बनाउने प्रभावहरू। यो प्रक्रिया देशका विभिन्न घटक गणराज्यहरूमा बढ्दो अशान्तिसँगै सुरु भयो। अशान्ति गणराज्य र केन्द्रीय सरकार बीचको निरन्तर राजनीतिक र विधायीकी द्वन्द्वमा परिणत भयो। १६ नोभेम्बर १९८८ मा सङ्घ भित्र राज्य सार्वभौमिकता घोषणा गर्ने इस्टोनिया पहिलो सोभियत गणराज्य थियो। लिथुआनिया सोभियत सङ्घबाट पुनर्स्थापित पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता घोषणा गर्ने पहिलो गणराज्य थियो, त्यसपछि यसको बाल्तेली छिमेकी लाटभिया, र दक्षिणी काकेशस गणराज्य जर्जिया अर्को दुई महिनामा यसमा सामेल भयो। १९९१ को अगस्टको असफल कुको समयमा, कम्युनिस्ट कट्टरपन्थी र सैन्य अभिजात वर्गले गोर्बाचेभलाई अपदस्थ गर्ने र असफल सुधारहरूलाई रोक्ने प्रयास गरे। यद्यपि, उथलपुथलको कारण केन्द्रीय सरकारले मस्कोको प्रभाव गुमायो, अन्ततः धेरै गणराज्यहरूले त्यसपछिका दिन र महिनाहरूमा स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणा गरे। २५ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा, गोर्बाचेभले राजीनामा दिए र आणविक प्रक्षेपण कोडहरूको नियन्त्रण सहित - आफ्नो राष्ट्रपतिय अधिकार - [[बोरिस येल्तसिन|येल्तसिन]]लाई सुम्पिए, जो अब [[रुसको राष्ट्रपति|रुसी सङ्घका पहिलो राष्ट्रपति]] बनेका थिए। त्यो साँझ, सोभियत झन्डा अन्तिम पटक क्रेमलिनबाट तल झारियो र [[रूसको झण्डा|रुसी तिरंगा झन्डा]] फहराइयो। भोलिपल्ट, सोभियत सङ्घको माथिल्लो सदनको सर्वोच्च सोभियत, गणतन्त्रहरूको सोभियतले औपचारिक रूपमा सङ्घलाई विघटन गर्‍यो।<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite journal |title=Declaration No. 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, formally establishing the dissolution of the Soviet Union as a state and subject of international law. |url=https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%BE%D1%82_26.12.1991_%E2%84%96_142-%D0%9D |journal=Russian Wikisource |language=ru}}</ref> यस घटनाको परिणामस्वरूप यसका १५ घटक गणतन्त्रहरूले पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्त गरे र [[शीतयुद्ध]]को अन्त्य भयो।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marques |first=Clara Ferreira |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-12-23/30-years-later-soviet-union-s-collapse-still-hasessons-for-china |title=For China, USSR's 1991 Collapse is Still News It Can Use |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=23 December 2021 |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107200259/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-12-23/30-years-later-soviet-union-s-collapse-still-has-lessons-for-china |url-status=live }}</ref> == पृष्ठभूमि == [[चित्र:Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg|दायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|500x500पिक्सेल|१९८९ मा उदय भएका सोभियत सङ्घका भागहरू]] १९१७ को बोल्सेभिक क्रान्तिले सोभियत सङ्घ भनिने नयाँ [[साम्यवाद|कम्युनिस्ट]] राज्यलाई जन्म दियो। सोभियत सङ्घले सुरुमा नै स्पष्ट पारेको थियो कि यसको राजनीतिक प्रणाली र कम्युनिस्ट सङ्गठनहरू समाजवादी विचारधारामा आधारित हुनेछन्, र कम्युनिस्ट मार्क्सवादी विश्वदृष्टिकोण राष्ट्रिय हित परिभाषित गर्ने एकमात्र मापदण्ड हुनेछ। स्वाभाविक रूपमा, [[पूँजीवाद|पूँजीवादी]] पश्चिमी राज्यहरूले यो क्रान्तिकारी कम्युनिस्ट राज्यलाई आफ्नो प्राकृतिक शत्रुको रूपमा बुझे। १९२० र १९३० को दशकमा [[भ्लादिमिर लेनिन|लेनिनको]] मृत्युपछि, [[जोसेफ स्टालिन|स्टालिनले]] आफुलाई सर्वोच्च नेताको रूपमा स्थापित गरे, देशमा कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको [[तानाशाही]] स्थापना भयो। स्टालिनले आफ्ना विरोधीहरूलाई क्रूरतापूर्वक समाप्त पारे र दमन गरे। यस कारण सोभियत सङ्घलाई लोकतन्त्रको उल्लङ्घन गर्ने राज्यको रूपमा चिनियो। स्टालिनको मृत्यु पछि पनि, [[निकिता ख्रुश्चेभ|ख्रुश्चेभ]] र [[लियोनिद ब्रेझनेभ|ब्रेज्नेभ]]को शासनकालमा अधिनायकवादी प्रवृत्तिहरू कायम रह्यो। नागरिक स्वतन्त्रता, प्रशासन र विदेश यात्रामा प्रतिबन्धहरू जारी रहे। एक अर्थमा, जनभावनामाथि "फलामको पर्दा" राखिएको थियो। "[[सर्वहारावर्गको अधिनायकत्व|सर्वहारा वर्गको अधिनायकत्व]]" को अर्थ नै सर्वहारा वर्गको हातमा शक्ति हुनुपर्छ भन्ने थियो। श्रमजीवी जनताको आधारभूत अधिकारको ग्यारेन्टी गर्नु र राज्य नीति निर्माणमा उनीहरूको सहभागिता सुनिश्चित गर्नु समाजवादी प्रजातन्त्रको सार थियो। सोभियत सङ्घले यो प्रजातन्त्र स्थापना गर्ने प्रयास गरेन। फलस्वरूप, "सर्वहारा वर्गको अधिनायकत्व" सर्वहारा वर्गमाथि राज्य र पार्टीको शीर्ष पदमा रहेका नेताहरूको अधिनायकत्वमा परिणत भयो। जनता राज्य र प्रणालीप्रति उदासीन भए। उनीहरूको उदासीनता र आक्रोश यस्तो स्तरमा पुग्यो कि जब प्रणाली समाप्त भयो, जनताको कुनै पनि वर्गबाट यसको बचाउमा एक आवाज पनि उठेन। [[रुस|रुस]] भौगोलिक रूपमा विश्वको सबैभन्दा ठुलो राज्य मात्र थिएन, तर यसको जनसङ्ख्या पनि अदभूत बिबिधतायुक्त थियो। रुसी जारहरूले यो विशाल साम्राज्यलाई केन्द्रीय प्रशासन अन्तर्गत ल्याउन कुनै प्रयास गरेनन्, तर सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले यसलाई केन्द्रीकृत गर्ने प्रयास गरे, र यो जातीय विविधता सोभियत सङ्घको राष्ट्रिय एकता र अखण्डताको लागि खतरा बनी रह्यो। सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले यो जटिल समस्याको समाधान खोज्न सकेन। [[शीतयुद्ध|शीतयुद्धको समयमा,]] पश्चिमी शक्तिहरूको प्रचारले यो चुनौतीलाई बढाउँदै लग्यो। सोभियत साम्राज्यले आफ्नो प्रभावमा ल्याएपछि [[हङ्गेरी|हङ्गेरी]], [[पोल्यान्ड|पोल्यान्ड]], [[चेकोस्लोभाकिया]], [[रोमानिया]] आदि सबै पूर्वी देशहरूमा स्वतन्त्रताको चाहना सोभियत साम्राज्यको लागि चिन्ताको विषय बनेको थियो। सोभियत सङ्घको कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले अगाडि सारेका आर्थिक विकास र सामाजिक पुनर्निर्माणका उपायहरू असफल साबित भए। [[लिओन त्रोत्स्की|ट्रोटस्की]] जस्ता आलोचकहरूले धेरै पहिले स्टालिनका नीतिहरूलाई समाजवाद प्रति विश्वासघातको रूपमा निन्दा गरेका थिए र ख्रुश्चेभले पनि स्टालिन र स्टालिनवादको निन्दा गरेका थिए। ख्रुश्चेभको शासनकालमा, [[माओ त्सेतुङ|माओवादी]] चीनले पनि सोभियत सङ्घ कम्युनिस्ट क्रान्तिकारी राज्य हुन छोडेको र सुधारवादी, प्रतिक्रियावादी, अवसरवादी, सम्झौतावादी शक्ति बनेको आरोप लगाउन थालेको थियो। यसरी, सोभियत नेतृत्वले आफ्ना सहयोगीहरू, अन्य कम्युनिस्ट देशहरूको विश्वास गुमायो। यसलाई सामूहिक, राष्ट्रिय र क्रान्तिकारी हितभन्दा आफ्नो राष्ट्रिय हितलाई प्राथमिकता दिने रूपमा हेरिएको थियो। चाहे त्यो सोभियत-चीन विवाद होस् वा पूर्वी युरोपका कम्युनिस्ट देशहरूमा असन्तुष्टि, यी सबैले सोभियत कम्युनिस्टहरूलाई कमजोर बनाए। सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको लागि कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको शीर्ष नेतृत्व पनि केही हदसम्म जिम्मेवार थियो। सोभियत सङ्घमा पार्टी र राज्य बीच कुनै भिन्नता नभएकोले, पार्टी र राज्य दुवैको नेतृत्व उनीहरूसँगै रह्यो। पार्टी नेतृत्व आफ्नो विशेषाधिकार प्राप्त जीवनशैली, नातावाद र भ्रष्ट अभ्यासहरूका लागि कुख्यात भयो। फलस्वरूप, सोभियत नेताहरूले जनताका लागि आदर्शको रूपमा आफ्नो भूमिका गुमाए। === आर्थिक सङ्कट === [[आर्थिक विकास|आर्थिक विकासको]] सन्दर्भमा, सैन्य र रणनीतिक क्षेत्रमा सोभियत उपलब्धिहरू अमेरिकीहरूको बराबर र कहिलेकाहीँ उछिनेको देखिए पनि, यी उपलब्धिहरूले सोभियत सङ्घको आर्थिक वृद्धि दरलाई उल्लेखनीय रुपमा पछि पार्‍यो। वास्तवमा, उन्नत अनुसन्धानको लागि प्रतिस्पर्धा, हतियार उत्पादनमा अत्यधिक खर्च, र आफ्नो प्रभुत्व कायम राख्न अन्य देशहरू (अफगानिस्तान, प्यालेस्टाइन) को आन्तरिक समस्याहरूमा हस्तक्षेपले सोभियत सङ्घको अर्थतन्त्रको पतन निम्त्यायो। यसबाहेक, पूर्वी युरोपमा स्थापित समाजवादी राज्यहरूलाई आर्थिक, सैन्य र राजनीतिक समर्थन प्रदान गर्नु सोभियत सङ्घको नैतिक जिम्मेवारी थियो। यसबाहेक, नयाँ स्वतन्त्र देशहरूको अर्थतन्त्रलाई अमेरिकी शिविरमा पर्नबाट रोक्न आर्थिक सहयोग प्रदान गर्नु यसको नीति थियो। यी सबै कारणहरूले सोभियत सङ्घको आर्थिक पतन निम्त्यायो। १९७० देखि १९८५ सम्म सोभियत सङ्घको वृद्धि दर १०% ले घट्यो। मेसिनरी र उपकरण निर्यातको हिस्सा घट्यो। कृषि र औद्योगिक उत्पादनमा गिरावट आयो। फलस्वरूप, उपभोग्य वस्तुहरूको लागि लामो लाइनहरू बन्न थाले, र नागरिकहरूको जीवनस्तर घट्यो। यसरी, औसत उपभोक्ताको लागि अभाव सामान्य कुरा हुन थाल्यो। शीतयुद्धको समयमा पश्चिमी प्रचार कम्युनिस्ट प्रणाली उत्पादन र वितरण दुवैमा पूर्ण असफल भएको प्रमाणित गर्नमा केन्द्रित थियो। अभावको यो वातावरण, बढ्दो उपभोक्ता असन्तुष्टि, अभिव्यक्ति स्वतन्त्रताको अभाव र मानव अधिकार उल्लङ्घनले सोभियत प्रणालीलाई अझ चर्काएको थियो। संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकासँग [[परमाणु निर्मित अस्त्र-शस्त्रों|आणविक हतियारमा]] प्रतिस्पर्धा गर्ने महत्वाकांक्षाले सोभियत सङ्घको अर्थतन्त्रमा ठुलो बोझ ल्यायो। राष्ट्रपति रेगनको नेतृत्वमा घोषणा गरिएको [[स्टार वार्स परियोजना|स्टार वार्स परियोजनालाई]] रद्द गर्न, सोभियत सङ्घले आफ्नो रक्षा बजेटमा भारी वृद्धि गर्नुपर्‍यो। सोही समयमा, सोभियत सङ्घले [[अफगानिस्तान|अफगानिस्तानमा]] सैन्य हस्तक्षेप गर्‍यो। यो हस्तक्षेपले सोभियत सङ्घमा आर्थिक बोझ मात्र थपेन तर यसलाई अलोकप्रिय पनि बनायो। यसले सोभियत सङ्घलाई अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय समुदायमा पूर्ण रूपमा एक्लो बनायो। त्यही समयमा, पूर्वी युरोपमा कम्युनिस्ट सोभियत साम्राज्यलाई चुनौती दिँदै क्रान्तिकारी आन्दोलन सुरु भयो। पोल्यान्डमा, सैन्य सङ्गठन " [[सॉलिडेटरी|सोलिडारिटी" ले]] आफ्नो देशको कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी विरुद्ध लडिरहेको थियो, र [[रोमानिया|रोमानियामा]], [[चेचेस्क्यू|चाउसेस्कुको]] भ्रष्ट शासनलाई समर्थन गर्न गाह्रो हुँदै गइरहेको थियो। यी परिस्थितिहरूमा मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभले सत्ता ग्रहण गरे। === गोर्बाचेभ र उनका नीतिहरू === [[चित्र:Mikhail_Gorbachev_1987.jpg|दायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|305x305पिक्सेल|मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभ]] मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभ ११ मार्च १९८५ मा पोलिटब्युरोद्वारा महासचिवमा निर्वाचित भए। उनको चयन उनका पूर्ववर्ती कोन्स्टान्टिन चेर्नेन्कोको ७३ वर्षको उमेरमा मृत्यु भएको चार घण्टाभन्दा बढी समयपछि भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/12/world/chernenko-dead-moscow-73-gorbachev-succeeds-him-urges-arms-control-economic.html |title=Chernenko is Dead in Moscow at 73; Gorbachev Succeeds Him and Urges Arms Control and Economic Vigor |work=द न्युयोर्क टाइम्स|date=12 March 1985 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008023935/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/12/world/chernenko-dead-moscow-73-gorbachev-succeeds-him-urges-arms-control-economic.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ५४ वर्षीय गोर्बाचेभ पोलिटब्युरोका सबैभन्दा कान्छा सदस्य थिए। महासचिवको रूपमा उनको प्रारम्भिक लक्ष्य स्थिर सोभियत अर्थतन्त्रलाई पुनर्जीवित गर्नु थियो। त्यसो गर्न अन्तर्निहित राजनीतिक र सामाजिक संरचनाहरूमा सुधार आवश्यक पर्ने उनले महसुस गरे।<ref>{{cite web |date=27 March 2009 |title=Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв (Mikhail Sergeyevičh Gorbačhëv) |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/ussr/ussr_state/gorbachev.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111111753/http://www.archontology.org/nations/ussr/ussr_state/gorbachev.php |archive-date=11 November 2019 |access-date=3 April 2009 |publisher=Archontology}}</ref> सुधारको सुरुवात ब्रेज्नेभ-युगका वरिष्ठ अधिकारीहरूको कर्मचारी परिवर्तनबाट सुरु भयो जसले राजनीतिक र आर्थिक परिवर्तनमा बाधा पुर्‍याउन सक्थे।<ref>{{cite book|last1=Carrere D'Encausse |first1=Helene|title=The End of the Soviet Empire: The Triumph of the Nations|url=https://archive.org/details/endofsovietemp00carr |url-access=registration |date=1993|publisher=BasicBooks |location=New York|isbn=978-0-465-09812-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/endofsovietemp00carr/page/16 16]|edition=English |translator-first= Franklin|translator-last= Philip}}</ref> २३ अप्रिल १९८५ मा, गोर्बाचेभले दुई कार्यकर्ता, येगोर लिगाचेभ र निकोलाई रिज्कोभलाई पूर्ण सदस्यको रूपमा पोलिटब्यूरोमा ल्याए। उनले केजीवी प्रमुख भिक्टर चेब्रिकोभलाई उम्मेदवारबाट पूर्ण सदस्यमा पदोन्नति गरेर र रक्षामन्त्री मार्शल सर्गेई सोकोलोभलाई पोलिटब्यूरोको उम्मेदवारको रूपमा नियुक्त गरेर "शक्तिशाली" मन्त्रालयहरूलाई अनुकुल बनाए। गोर्बाचेभको सुधारले ल्याएको अभिव्यक्ति स्वतन्त्रताले सोभियत सङ्घ भित्र राष्ट्रवादी आन्दोलन र जातीय विवादहरूलाई अभिव्यक्त गर्न र प्रमुख राजनीतिक आन्दोलनहरूमा बढ्न छुट दियो।{{Sfnp|Beissinger|2009|pages=5–6}} यसले अप्रत्यक्ष रूपमा १९८९ को क्रान्तिहरूको नेतृत्व पनि गर्‍यो जसमा वार्सा सम्झौताको सोभियत-समर्थित समाजवादी शासनहरू शान्तिपूर्ण (रोमानियाको उल्लेखनीय अपवाद बाहेक) रूपमा ढालिए।,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7972755.stm |title=Gorbachev's role in 1989 turmoil |work=बिबिसी न्युज |date=1 April 2009 |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=9 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409121205/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7972755.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> यस घटनाले गोर्बाचेभमाथि सोभियत सङ्घका घटक गणराज्यहरूका लागि बढी प्रजातन्त्र र स्वायत्तता लागु गर्न दबाब बढायो। गोर्बाचेभको नेतृत्वमा, १९८९ मा सोभियत सङ्घ कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले नयाँ केन्द्रीय व्यवस्थापिका, जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको काङ्ग्रेस मा सीमित प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक चुनावहरू सुरु गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/30/world/the-gorbachev-plan-restructuring-soviet-power.html |title=The Gorbachev Plan: Restructuring Soviet Power |work=The New York Times |date=30 June 1988 |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=16 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516202450/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/30/world/the-gorbachev-plan-restructuring-soviet-power.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ((यद्यपि अन्य राजनीतिक दलहरूमाथिको प्रतिबन्ध १९९० सम्म हटाइएको थिएन)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/08/opinion/the-third-russian-revolution-transforming-the-communist-party.html |title=The Third Russian Revolution; Transforming the Communist Party |work=द न्युयोर्क टाइम्स |date=8 February 1990 |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=16 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516201709/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/08/opinion/the-third-russian-revolution-transforming-the-communist-party.html |url-status=live }}</ref> रूसको आर्थिक अवस्था सुधार गर्न र साम्यवादलाई सकारात्मक रूपमा बलियो बनाउन, गोर्बाचेभले उस्कोरेनी (त्वरण), पेरेस्ट्रोइका (पुनर्संरचना), र ग्लासनोस्त (खुलापन) भनेर चिनिने आफ्ना विशिष्ट नीतिहरूको घोषणा गरे।<ref name="m446">{{Cite web |title=Gorbachev and Perestroika |url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/gorbachev |access-date=16 April 2026 |website=Short History |ref={{sfnref|Short History}}}}</ref> गोर्बाचेभको उद्देश्य यी अवधारणाहरू मार्फत सोभियत प्रणालीलाई आमूल रूपान्तरण गर्नु थियो। उनको प्रयास नयाँ परिवर्तनहरू ल्याएर साम्यवादको जग प्रदान गर्नु थियो। त्यसैले, उनको परिवर्तनलाई दोस्रो सोभियत क्रान्तिको आगमनको प्रतीकात्मक मानिन्छ। === उस्कोरेनी === गोर्बाचेभका अनुसार, तत्कालीन सोभियत अर्थतन्त्र कम गुणस्तरका सामानहरू, अदक्षता र प्रतिस्पर्धाको अभावबाट पीडित थियो। जनतालाई प्रदान गरिने सामान र सेवाहरू र उनीहरूले माग गरेका सामान र सेवाहरू बीच अन्तर थियो। यसरी, उस्कोरेनी अर्थतन्त्रको संरचनालाई यस्तो तरिकाले रूपान्तरण गर्नेछ जसले जनताको आवश्यकताहरूको सन्तुष्टिलाई अझ गतिशील, कुशल र सामाजिक रूपमा उन्मुख बनाउनेछ भन्ने विश्वास गरिएको थियो। यसले अधिक स्रोतहरू प्रयोग गर्नुको सट्टा दक्षता बढाएर उत्पादन बढाउन जोड दियो। === पेरेस्त्रोइका === पेरेस्त्रोइकाको अर्थ पुनर्गठन वा पुनर्संरचना हो। यसको माध्यमबाट, समाजमा सुधार ल्याउने संकल्प गरिएको थियो जसले पुरानो कठोरताहरूको अन्त्य गर्नेछ र मानव आर्थिक, सामाजिक, राजनीतिक, सांस्कृतिक र आध्यात्मिक विकासको लागि मार्ग प्रशस्त गर्नेछ।<ref name="m521">{{Cite web |title=Google Books |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Samyavad_Ko_Chunotiya_lkE_okn_dks_pqukSf/y6c2KYkSpVsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE&pg=PA76&printsec=frontcover |access-date=16 April 2026 |website=Google |ref={{sfnref|Google}}}}</ref> यसरी, यो नयाँ समाजतर्फ अघि बढ्ने प्रक्रिया थियो। पेरेस्ट्रोइकामा निम्न समावेश थिए: (१) सामाजिक-आर्थिक प्रगतिलाई तीव्र पार्ने। (२) समाजको व्यापक लोकतान्त्रिकरण ल्याउन। (३) लोकतान्त्रिक विकेन्द्रीकरण हासिल गर्न। (४) व्यक्तिको नैतिक र आध्यात्मिक विकास गर्न। (५) समाजका कुरीतिहरूको पर्दाफास गर्ने। यसरी, पेरेस्त्रोइकाको उद्देश्य एउटा यस्तो समाजको विस्तार गर्नु थियो जहाँ मानवीय मर्यादा र गौरव केन्द्रमा हुन्छ र मानवीय मूल्यमान्यताको सम्मान गरिन्छ। गोर्बाचोभले पेरेस्त्रोइकाको अन्तर्गत, कृषि क्षेत्र, पट्टा र सम्झौतामा सुधार मार्फत निजी खेतीलाई प्रोत्साहित गरे। कृषिमा, सामूहिक संस्थाहरू भन्दा सहकारी संस्थाहरूलाई बढी महत्त्व दिइयो किनभने यसमा, व्यक्तिको काम गर्ने प्रेरणा रहिरहन्छ। त्यसैगरी, उपभोक्ता उद्योगहरू विकास गरियो, ज्याला उत्पादकत्वसँग जोडियो र दक्ष कामदारहरूलाई उच्च तलब र सुविधा प्रदान गरियो। त्यसैगरी, प्रविधि र लगानीसँग सम्बन्धित नीतिमा परिवर्तन ल्याएर, अर्थतन्त्रलाई गहिरो संरचनात्मक रूपमा पुनर्संरचना गर्ने प्रयास गरियो। अर्थतन्त्रलाई स्थिरताबाट बाहिर निकालेर बलियो र द्रुत विकासको बाटोमा राख्ने प्रयास गरियो। पेरेस्ट्रोइका मार्फत, गोर्बाचेभले सोभियत सङ्घलाई नयाँ समाजतर्फ डोऱ्याउन खोजे। उनले लेनिनको विचारधारामा आधारित यो नयाँ समाजको पुनर्निर्माण गर्ने उद्देश्य राखे। यी नीतिहरूको यथास्थितिवादीहरूले व्यापक रूपमा विरोध गरे। === ग्लासनोस्त === ग्लासनोस्तको अर्थ "खुलापन" हो। ग्लासनोस्तको माध्यमले खुला बहस लाई प्रोत्साहन दिइयो जसबाट लोकतन्त्रको शक्तिलाई बलियो बनोस्। गोर्बाचेभले जोड दिए कि ग्लासनोस्त योजना र प्रशासनका सबै पक्षहरूमा विस्तार गरिनुपर्छ, र देश भित्र क्षेत्रीय, आर्थिक, जातीय, युवा, वातावरणीय, सामाजिक र अन्य मुद्दाहरूमा खुला बहस गरिनुपर्छ, ताकि जनताको वास्तविक र सटीक विचारहरू पत्ता लगाउन सकियोस्। गोर्बाचेभले यो पनि भने कि हामीलाई हावा जति चाहिँन्छ त्यति नै ग्लासनोस्त पनि चाहिँन्छ। ग्लासनोस्त मार्फत, समाजवादले लोकतन्त्रको बाटोमा लाग्नु थियो। वास्तवमा, पेरेस्ट्रोइकाको व्यापक अवधारणा, जसले सामाजिक, आर्थिक र राजनीतिक रूपान्तरण खोज्यो, र मानिसहरूले भाग लिएको समाजको पुनर्निर्माण गर्ने प्रयास गर्‍यो, ग्लासनोस्ट वा खुलापन आवश्यक थियो। यसैले यो भनिएको थियो कि ग्लासनोस्ट बिना, पेरेस्ट्रोइका र लोकतन्त्र थिएन। ग्लासनोस्टको प्रक्रिया वास्तवमा चुनौतीपूर्ण थियो किनभने बन्द समाज खुला ठाउँमा बस्न अभ्यस्त थिएन। ; <nowiki>गोर्बाचेभको नीतिका परिणामहरू:</nowiki> १. ग्लासनोस्त र पेरेस्ट्रोइका केवल शब्द मात्र नभई परिवर्तनका प्रतीक बने। सोभियत समाजको हरेक कुनामा परिवर्तनले पकड जमाउन थाल्यो र राजनीतिक बन्दीहरूलाई रिहा गरियो। २. देशमा खुला बहस हुन थाल्यो। सोभियत जनताले बहुदलीय चुनावको नयाँ अनुभव प्राप्त गरे। ३. सोभियत नागरिकहरूलाई विदेश यात्रा र नागरिक आप्रवासनको स्वतन्त्रता दिइएको थियो। ४. विदेश नीतिमा परिवर्तन ल्याइयो र शीतयुद्धको सट्टा तनाव कम गर्नलाई महत्त्व दिइयो। ५. सुधार कार्यक्रमहरू मार्फत, सोभियत समाजलाई कडा अनुशासन र कठोर नीतिबाट मुक्त गरियो। ६. यो खुला बहस सोभियत सङ्घमा पनि दुरुपयोग गरिएको थियो, जहाँ मानिसहरूले यसलाई गुटबन्दी र साँघुरो स्वार्थलाई बढावा दिन प्रयोग गरे। यसैबीच, सोभियत सङ्घ गठन गर्ने गणतन्त्रहरूले बढी स्वायत्तताको माग गरे। केही गणतन्त्रहरूले पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता पनि चाहेका थिए। ७. लोकतान्त्रिक तत्वहरू र कट्टरपन्थी कम्युनिस्टहरू बीचको रस्साकस्सीले प्रशासनलाई निष्क्रिय बनायो। पृथकतावाद हिंसात्मक रुपमा फैलियो, जसले सोभियत सङ्घलाई अराजकताको छेउमा पुर्‍यायो। अगस्ट १९९१ मा, केही कम्युनिस्ट नेताहरूले असफल विद्रोहको प्रयास गरे। फलस्वरूप, सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन तीव्र भयो, र यो अन्ततः विघटन भयो। गोर्बाचेभले राजीनामा दिए। डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा, सोभियत सङ्घको ठाउँमा १५ स्वतन्त्र गणतन्त्रहरू देखा परे। == १९९० == === सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले पाँच गणराज्य गुमायो === ७ फेब्रुअरी १९९० मा, सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको केन्द्रीय समितिले पार्टीले राजनीतिक शक्तिमा आफ्नो [[एकाधिकार]] त्याग्नुपर्छ भन्ने गोर्बाचेभको सिफारिसलाई स्वीकार गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite web |title=Soviet Communist Party gives up monopoly on political power: This Day in History – 2/7/1990 |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviet-communist-party-gives-up-monopoly-on-political-power |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122002621/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviet-communist-party-gives-up-monopoly-on-political-power |archive-date=22 January 2018 |access-date=23 June 2011 |publisher=History.com}}</ref> १९९० मा, सोभियत सङ्घका सबै पन्ध्र घटक गणराज्यहरूले आफ्नो पहिलो प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक चुनाव सम्पन्न भयो, जसमा सुधारवादी र जातीय राष्ट्रवादीहरूले धेरै सिटहरू जिते। कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले पाँच गणराज्यहरूमा चुनाव हार्‍यो: लिथुआनिया, मोल्डोभा, इस्टोनिया, लाटभिया, जर्जियामा घटक गणराज्यहरूले आफ्ना राज्यको सार्वभौमिकता घोषणा गर्न थाले र मस्को केन्द्रीय सरकारसँग "कानूनको युद्ध" सुरु गर्‍यो; गणराज्यहरूले स्थानीय कानूनहरूसँग बाझिने सङ्घ-व्यापी कानूनलाई अस्वीकार गरे, आफ्नो स्थानीय अर्थतन्त्रमा नियन्त्रण कायम राखे, र सोभियत सरकारलाई कर तिर्न अस्वीकार गरे। लिथुआनियाले लिथुआनियाली पुरुषहरूलाई सोभियत सशस्त्र सेनामा अनिवार्य सेवा गर्नुपर्ने नियम अन्त्य गर्‍यो। यो द्वन्द्वले आपूर्ति प्रणाली अवरुद्ध हुँदा आर्थिक अव्यवस्था निम्त्यायो र सोभियत अर्थतन्त्रमा थप गिरावट आयो।<ref name="Russia, The Tsarist and Soviet Legacy">Acton, Edward (1995). ''Russia, The Tsarist and Soviet Legacy''. Longman Group Ltd. {{ISBN|0-582-08922-0}}.</ref> === सोभियत सङ्घ र रुसी सोभियत सङ्घीय समाजवादी गणराज्य बीचको प्रतिस्पर्धा === ४ मार्च १९९० मा, रुसी सोभियत सङ्घीय समाजवादी गणराज्यले रूसको जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको काङ्ग्रेसको लागि चुनाव गर्‍यो। [[बोरिस येल्तसिन]] ७२ प्रतिशत मत प्राप्त गर्दै निर्वाचित भए। <ref>Leon Aron, ''Boris Yeltsin: A Revolutionary Life''. HarperCollins, 2000. pp. 739–740.</ref> २९ मे १९९० मा, येल्तसिन रुसी गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च सोभियतको अध्यक्षमा निर्वाचित भए, यद्यपि गोर्बाचेभले रुसी प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई उनलाई मतदान नगर्न आग्रह गरेका थिए। येल्तसिनलाई सर्वोच्च सोभियतका लोकतान्त्रिक र रूढिवादी सदस्यहरूले समर्थन गरेका थिए, जसले विकासशील राजनीतिक परिस्थितिमा शक्ति खोजेका थिए। रुसी गणराज्य र सोभियत सङ्घ बीच एक नयाँ शक्ति सङ्घर्ष देखा पर्‍यो। १२ जुन १९९० मा, रुसी गणराज्यको जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको काङ्ग्रेसले सार्वभौमिकताको घोषणापत्र घोषणा गर्‍यो। १२ जुलाई १९९० मा, येल्तसिनले २८औँ काङ्ग्रेसमा नाटकीय भाषणमा कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीबाट राजीनामा दिए।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/12/newsid_4493000/4493177.stm|title=1990: Yeltsin Resignation Splits Soviet Communists|date=12 July 1990|access-date=29 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023134854/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/12/newsid_4493000/4493177.stm|archive-date=23 October 2012|publisher=BBC News|url-status=live}}</ref> === बाल्तेली गणराज्यहरू === ११-१३ जनवरी १९९० मा गोर्बाचेभको लिथुआनियाली राजधानी भिल्नियसको गरे। उनको भ्रमणले अनुमानित २५०,००० मानिसहरूको उपस्थिति रहेको स्वतन्त्रता समर्थक र्‍यालीलाई उत्तेजित बनायो। ११ मार्चमा, लिथुआनियाली गणराज्यको नवनिर्वाचित संसदले भाइटौटास ल्यान्ड्सबर्गिसलाई आफ्नो अध्यक्षको रूपमा निर्वाचित गर्‍यो र "लिथुआनिया राज्यको पुनर्स्थापनाको ऐन"को घोषणा गर्‍यो, जसले लिथुआनियालाई सोभियत सङ्घबाट स्वतन्त्रता घोषणा गर्ने पहिलो सोभियत गणराज्य बनायो। मस्कोले "जातीय रूसीहरूको अधिकार सुरक्षित गर्ने" कारण देखाउँदै लिथुआनियामा सेनाहरू राखेर आर्थिक नाकाबन्दीको प्रतिक्रिया दियो।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bandelj|first=Nina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlhoP8snGTgC&pg=PA41|title=From Communists to Foreign Capitalists: The Social Foundations of Foreign Direct Investment in Postsocialist Europe|date=2008|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-12912-9|page=41|access-date=11 October 2015|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124205849/https://books.google.com/books?id=RlhoP8snGTgC&pg=PA41|url-status=live}}</ref> २५ मार्च १९९० मा, एस्टोनियाली कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले छ महिनाको सङ्क्रमकाल पछि सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीबाट अलग हुने पक्षमा मतदान गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/26/world/upheaval-in-the-east-party-in-estonia-votes-split-and-also-a-delay.html|title=Upheaval in the East; Party in Estonia Votes Split and Also a Delay|date=26 March 1990|work=The New York Times|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701214430/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/26/world/upheaval-in-the-east-party-in-estonia-votes-split-and-also-a-delay.html|archive-date=1 July 2017|agency=Associated Press|url-status=live}}</ref> ३० मार्च १९९० मा, इस्टोनियाली सर्वोच्च परिषद्ले दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धदेखि इस्टोनियामा सोभियत नियन्त्रणलाई अवैध घोषणा गर्‍यो र गणतन्त्र भित्र राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्रताको औपचारिक पुनर्स्थापनातर्फ प्रकृया सुरु गर्‍यो। ३ अप्रिल १९९० मा, एडगर सविसार मन्त्रिपरिषद्को अध्यक्ष (प्रधानमन्त्री बराबर)मा निर्वाचित भए , र चाँडै नै स्वतन्त्रता समर्थक मन्त्रिपरिषद् गठन भयो। लाटभियाले ४ मे १९९० मा स्वतन्त्रताको पुनर्स्थापनाको घोषणा गर्‍यो। घोषणापत्रमा भनिएको थियो कि लाटभियाले दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धमा वास्तविक रूपमा आफ्नो स्वतन्त्रता गुमाएको भए तापनि, देश कानूनतः एक सार्वभौम देश बनेको थियो किनभने विलय असंवैधानिक र लाटभियाली जनताको इच्छा विपरीत थियो। घोषणापत्रमा यो पनि भनिएको थियो कि लाटभियाले सोभियत सङ्घसँगको आफ्नो सम्बन्ध १९२० को लाटभियन-सोभियत शान्ति सन्धिको आधारमा बनाउनेछ, जसमा सोभियत सङ्घले लाटभियाको स्वतन्त्रतालाई "भविष्यका सबै समयका लागि" अटूट मानेको थियो। अहिले मे ४ [[लात्भिया|लाटभिया]]मा राष्ट्रिय बिदा हो। ८ मे १९९० मा, एस्टोनियाली सोभियत गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले स्वतन्त्र गणतन्त्र इस्टोनियाको १९३८ को संविधानको पुनर्स्थापनाको आधिकारिक घोषणा गर्दै एक कानून अपनायो।<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2019 |title=О символике эстонии Эстония |trans-title=About the symbolism of Estonia |url=http://estonia.news-city.info/docs/sistemsf/dok_ierskz.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906230101/http://estonia.news-city.info/docs/sistemsf/dok_ierskz.htm |archive-date=6 September 2019 |website= |language=ru}}</ref> === ककेशस === === पश्चिमी गणराज्यहरू === === मध्य एसियाली गणराज्यहरू === ==१९९१== ===मस्कोको सङ्कट=== १४ जनवरी १९९१ मा, निकोलाई रिज्कोभले सोभियत सङ्घको प्रधानमन्त्री वा मन्त्रिपरिषद्को अध्यक्षको पदबाट राजीनामा दिए र सोभियत सङ्घको नयाँ प्रधानमन्त्री मा भ्यालेन्टिन पाभलोभ बने। १७ मार्च १९९१ मा, सङ्घ-व्यापी जनमत सङ्ग्रहमा ७७.८५% मतदाताले सुधारिएको सोभियत सङ्घको अवधारणलाई समर्थन गरे।<ref>[http://soviethistory.org/index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991march&Year=1991&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme 1991: March Referendum] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330025028/http://soviethistory.org/index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991march&Year=1991&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme|date=30 March 2014}} SovietHistory.org</ref> बाल्तेली गणराज्यहरू, आर्मेनिया, जर्जिया र मोल्डोभाले जनमत सङ्ग्रह बहिष्कार गरे साथै चेचेनो-इङ्गुशेतिया (रुस भित्रको एक स्वायत्त गणराज्य जसमा स्वतन्त्रताको तीव्र इच्छा थियो, र अहिले आफुलाई इच्केरिया भनेर चिनाउँछ) पनि बहिष्कार गरे।<ref>Charles King, ''The Ghost of Freedom: History of the Caucasus''</ref> अन्य नौ गणराज्यहरूमा, बहुमत मतदाताहरूले सुधारिएको सोभियत सङ्घको अवधारणाको समर्थन गरे, जर्जियाली क्षेत्रहरू दक्षिण ओसेशिया र अबखाजियाकामा पनि सङ्घको निरन्तरताको पक्षमा पनि मतदान गरे। ===रसियाको प्रमुख बोरिस येल्तसिन=== [[चित्र:Борис_Николаевич_Ельцин-1_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|255x255पिक्सेल|[[बोरिस येल्तसिन]], रसियाको पहिलो प्रजातान्त्रिक निर्वाचित राष्ट्रपति]] १२ जुन १९९१ मा, [[बोरिस येल्तसिन]] देशको पहिलो राष्ट्रपति चुनावमा ५७ प्रतिशत लोकप्रिय मतका साथ रुसी सोभियत सङ्घीय समाजवादी गणराज्यको प्रमुख निर्वाचित भए, उनले गोर्बाचेभले रुचाएका उम्मेदवार "निकोलाई रिज्कोभ"लाई पराजित गरे, जसले १६ प्रतिशत मत प्राप्त गरे। येल्तसिन राष्ट्रपतिमा निर्वाचित भएपछि, रुसी गणराज्यले सोभियत सङ्घबाट आफुलाई स्वायत्त घोषणा गर्‍यो।<ref>{{Cite book|title=The world transformed : 1945 to the present|last=Hunt|first=Michael H.|isbn=9780199371020|page=321|oclc=907585907|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> आफ्नो चुनावी अभियानमा, येल्तसिनले "केन्द्रको तानाशाही" को आलोचना गरे, तर [[बजार अर्थव्यवस्था|बजार अर्थतन्त्र]] लागु गर्ने वाचा भने दिएनन्। === ककेसस: जर्जिया === सोभियत सङ्घ-व्यापी जनमत सङ्ग्रहको प्रतिक्रियामा, ३१ मार्च १९९१ मा, जर्जियाली स्वतन्त्रताको विषयमा स्वतन्त्रता जनमत सङ्ग्रह आयोजना गरियो। दक्षिण ओसेटियन र अब्खाज अल्पसङ्ख्यकहरूले बहिष्कार गरे यो जनमत सङ्ग्रह बहिष्कार गरेका थिए। त्यस महिनाको सुरुमा भएको सोभियत सङ्घमा नै रहने भन्ने जनमत सङ्ग्रहमा उनीहरू उपस्थित थिए। ९९.५% जर्जियाली मतदाताले जर्जियाली स्वतन्त्रताको पुनर्स्थापनाको पक्षमा मतदान गरे जबकि ०.५% ले यसको विपक्षमा मतदान गरे। मतदान ९०.६% थियो।<ref name="Cornell">Cornell, Svante E., [http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/publications/0419dissertation.pdf ''Autonomy and Conflict: Ethnoterritoriality and Separatism in the South Caucasus – Case in Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630141309/http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/publications/0419dissertation.pdf|date=30 June 2007}}. Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Report No. 61. p. 163. University of Uppsala, {{ISBN|91-506-1600-5}}.</ref> ९ अप्रिल १९९१ मा, तिब्लिसीमा भएको नरसंहारको दुई वर्ष पछि र लिथुआनियाले पुनर्स्थापित स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणा गरेको एक वर्ष दुई महिना पछि, जर्जियाली सोभियत गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च परिषद्ले पूर्ण सत्रमा सोभियत सशस्त्र सेनाले प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्रलाई अपदस्त गरेको ७० वर्ष पछि, सोभियत सङ्घबाट जर्जियाको स्वतन्त्रताको औपचारिक पुनर्गठनको घोषणा गर्‍यो। जर्जियाले गरेको स्वतन्त्रताको यो ऐतिहासिक घोषणाले यसलाई सोभियत सङ्घबाट आधिकारिक रूपमा अलग हुने कोकेशियन गणराज्यहरूमध्ये पहिलो र समग्रमा अहिलेसम्म तेस्रो गणराज्य बनायो। === बाल्तेली === ===अगस्ट कु को प्रयास=== १९ अगस्ट १९९१ मा, गोर्बाचेभका उपराष्ट्रपति गेनाडी यानायेभ, प्रधानमन्त्री भ्यालेन्टिन पावलोभ, रक्षामन्त्री दिमित्री याजोभ, केजीवी प्रमुख भ्लादिमिर क्र्युचकोभ र अन्य वरिष्ठ अधिकारीहरूले "राज्य आपतकाल सम्बन्धी समिति" गठन गरेर सङ्घ सन्धिमा हस्ताक्षर हुनबाट रोक्नको लागि प्रयास गरे, जसले फोरोस, [[क्रिमिया|क्राइमिया]]मा बिदामा रहेका गोर्बाचेभलाई घरमै नजरबन्दमा राख्यो र उनको सञ्चार काट्यो। कू नेताहरूले राजनीतिक गतिविधि निलम्बन गर्ने र धेरैजसो पत्रपत्रिकाहरूमा प्रतिबन्ध लगाउने आपतकालीन आदेश जारी गरे। त्यतिबेला रुसी सार्वभौमिकताको प्रतीकात्मक केन्द्र ह्वाइट हाउस (रुसी सङ्घको संसद र येल्तसिनको कार्यालय) को रक्षा गर्न हजारौँ मस्कोवासीहरू बाहिर निस्के। ट्याङ्कमाथिबाट भाषण दिएर कूको विरोध गर्ने येल्तसिनलाई पक्राउ गर्ने प्रयास गरे तर अन्ततः असफल भए। तीन दिन पछि, २१ अगस्ट १९९१ मा, विद्रोह समाप्त भयो। आयोजकहरूलाई पक्राउ गरियो र गोर्बाचेभलाई राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा पुनर्स्थापित गरियो, यद्यपि उनको शक्ति धेरै कम भयो।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ostrovsky |first=Alexander Vladimirovich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XM1VywAACAAJ |title=Глупость или измена?: расследование гибели СССР |date=2011 |publisher=Crimean Bridge-9D |isbn=978-5-89747-068-6 |page=864 |language=ru |trans-title=Stupidity or Treason?: Investigation into the Death of the USSR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Андрей Грачев – к годовщине путча: 'Из Фороса Горбачев вернулся заложником Ельцина' |trans-title=Andrey Grachev – on the anniversary of the coup: 'Gorbachev returned from Foros as Yeltsin's hostage' |url=https://sobesednik.ru/obshchestvo/20210819-andrei-gracev-k-godovshhine-putca-iz-f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223085337/https://sobesednik.ru/obshchestvo/20210819-andrei-gracev-k-godovshhine-putca-iz-f |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=sobesednik.ru |language=ru}}</ref> ===अगस्ट-डिसेम्बर सङ्क्रमणकाल=== २४ अगस्ट १९९१ मा, गोर्बाचेभले सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको महासचिवको पदबाट राजीनामा दिए<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 1991 |title=Заявление М. С. Горбачева о сложение обязанностей генерального секретаря КПСС (24 августа 1991) |trans-title=Statement by M. S. Gorbachev on the resignation of the duties of General Secretary of the CPSU (24 August 1991) |url=http://www.illuminats.ru/component/content/article/29-new/1198-statement-by-mikhail-gorbachev-on-the-addition-of-duties-the-secretary-general-of-the-cpsu-24-august-1991?directory=29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721014247/http://www.illuminats.ru/component/content/article/29-new/1198-statement-by-mikhail-gorbachev-on-the-addition-of-duties-the-secretary-general-of-the-cpsu-24-august-1991?directory=29 |archive-date=21 July 2018 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=www.illuminats.ru |language=ru}}</ref> र सरकारमा रहेका सबै पार्टी एकाइहरू भंग गरे। सोही दिन, युक्रेनी गणतन्त्रको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले युक्रेनको स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणापत्र पारित गर्‍यो, जसमा सोभियत सङ्घबाट युक्रेनको स्वतन्त्रताको लागि राष्ट्रिय जनमत सङ्ग्रहको लागि आह्वान गरिएको थियो। पाँच दिन पछि, सोभियत सङ्घको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले सोभियत क्षेत्रको सबै सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी गतिविधि अनिश्चित कालका लागि निलम्बन गर्‍यो<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2013 |title=Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 29 августа 1991 г. N 2371-I 'О ситуации, возникшей в стране в связи с имевшим место государственным переворотом' |trans-title=Resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 29 August 1991 N 2371-I 'On the situation that arose in the country in connection with the coup d'état' |url=http://www.ruspravo.org/list/89358/1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207002848/http://www.ruspravo.org/list/89358/1.html |archive-date=7 December 2013 |website= |page=1 |language=ru}}</ref>, जसले गर्दा सोभियत सङ्घमा कम्युनिस्ट शासनको प्रभावकारी अन्त्य भयो र देशमा बाँकी रहेको एकमात्र एकताकारी शक्तिलाई विघटन गरियो। गोर्बाचेभले सेप्टेम्बर ५ मा सोभियत सङ्घको राज्य परिषद् स्थापना गरे, जुन उनलाई र बाँकी गणतन्त्रका उच्च अधिकारीहरूलाई सामूहिक नेतृत्वमा ल्याउन डिजाइन गरिएको थियो। राज्य परिषद्लाई सोभियत सङ्घको प्रधानमन्त्री नियुक्त गर्ने अधिकार पनि दिइएको थियो। प्रधानमन्त्री पदले कहिल्यै राम्रोसँग काम गरेन, यद्यपि इभान सिलायेभले सोभियत अर्थतन्त्रको सञ्चालन व्यवस्थापन समिति र अन्तर-गणतन्त्र आर्थिक समिति मार्फत पदभार ग्रहण गरे र द्रुत रूपमा घट्दो शक्तिहरू सहित सरकार गठन गर्ने प्रयास गरे। १९९१ को अन्तिम त्रैमासिकमा सोभियत सङ्घ नाटकीय गतिमा पतन भयो। अगस्ट र डिसेम्बरको बीचमा, मुख्यतया अर्को विद्रोहको डरको कारणले १० गणतन्त्रहरू सङ्घबाट अलग भए,। सेप्टेम्बरको अन्त्यसम्ममा, गोर्बाचेभसँग मस्को बाहिरका घटनाहरूलाई प्रभाव पार्ने क्षमता रहेन। उनलाई त्यहाँ पनि [[बोरिस येल्तसिन|येल्तसिन]]ले चुनौती दिए, जसले क्रेमलिन सहित सोभियत सरकारको बाँकी रहेको भाग नियन्त्रण गर्न थालेका थिए। सोभियत सङ्घले ६ सेप्टेम्बर १९९१ मा बाल्तेली गणतन्त्रहरूको स्वतन्त्रतालाई मान्यता दियो।<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2020 |title=Prof. Alpo Russi. About Recognition of Independence of Baltic States |url=https://www.vdu.lt/en/prof-alpo-russi-about-recognition-of-independence-of-baltic-states/ |work=[[Vytautas Magnus University]]}}</ref> जर्जियाले सेप्टेम्बर ७ मा सोभियत सङ्घसँगको सबै सम्बन्ध तोड्यो। उसले बाल्तेली राज्यहरूको पृथकतालाई मान्यता दिँदा पनि सोभियत सङ्घले आफ्नो स्वतन्त्रतालाई किन मान्यता दिएन भन्ने "पर्याप्त आधारभूत जवाफ" प्राप्त नभएको उल्लेख गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite web |author=Cherian |first=Regi |date=6 September 2016 |title=September 7, 1991: Georgia revolts, cuts ties with USSR |url=https://gulfnews.com/today-history/september-7-1996-georgia-revolts-cuts-ties-with-ussr-1.1892039 |work=Gulf News}}</ref> १७ सेप्टेम्बर १९९१ मा, संयुक्त राष्ट्रसङ्घ महासभाको प्रस्ताव नम्बर ४६/४, ४६/५, र ४६/६ ले इस्टोनिया, लाटभिया र लिथुआनियालाई संयुक्त राष्ट्रसङ्घमा सदस्यता दियो, जुन सुरक्षा परिषद्को प्रस्ताव नम्बर ७०९, ७१० र ७११ अनुरूप थियो र १२ सेप्टेम्बरमा मतदान बिना पारित भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web |title=Resolutions adopted by the United Nations Security Council in 1991 |url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/1991.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719210549/http://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/1991.shtml |archive-date=19 July 2017 |access-date=17 June 2016 |work=[[United Nations]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=46th Session (1991–1992) – General Assembly – Quick Links – Research Guides at United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld Library |url=http://research.un.org/en/docs/ga/quick/regular/46 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830083857/http://research.un.org/en/docs/ga/quick/regular/46 |archive-date=30 August 2016 |access-date=17 June 2016 |work=[[United Nations]]}}</ref> ६ नोभेम्बरमा, येल्तसिन - जसले त्यतिबेलासम्म सोभियत सरकारको धेरैजसो हिस्सा आफ्नो नियन्त्रणमा लिइसकेका थिए - ले रुसी भूभागमा कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीका सबै गतिविधिहरूमा प्रतिबन्ध लगाउने आदेश जारी गरे।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Указ Президента РСФСР от 06.11.1991 г. № 169 |trans-title=Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated 06.11.1991 No. 169 |url=http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/385 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301170411/http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/385 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |access-date=22 October 2020 |website=President of Russia |language=ru}}</ref> ७ नोभेम्बर १९९१ सम्म, धेरैजसो अखबारहरूले 'पूर्व सोभियत सङ्घ' लाई उल्लेख गरे।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/07/world/pre-1917-ghosts-haunt-a-bolshevik-holiday.html?pagewanted=all|title=Pre-1917 Ghosts Haunt a Bolshevik Holiday|last1=Schmemann|first1=Serge|date=7 November 1991|work=The New York Times|access-date=21 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053646/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/07/world/pre-1917-ghosts-haunt-a-bolshevik-holiday.html?pagewanted=all|archive-date=22 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[चित्र:Grand_Kremlin_Palace_façade,_1982-2008.jpg|बायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|The [[State Emblem of the Soviet Union|state emblem of the Soviet Union]] and the СССР letters{{Efn|Russian acronym for "USSR"}} (top) in the façade of the [[Grand Kremlin Palace]] were replaced by five double-headed [[Coat of arms of Russia|Russian eagles]] (bottom) after the dissolution of the [[Soviet Union]], the eagles having been removed by the Bolsheviks after the revolution.]] सोभियत सङ्घको पतनको अन्तिम चरण १ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा सुरु भयो। त्यस दिन, "युक्रेनी लोकप्रिय जनमत सङ्ग्रह"मा युक्रेनका ९१ प्रतिशत मतदाताले अगस्टमा पारित स्वतन्त्रता घोषणालाई समर्थन गर्दै मतदान गरे र औपचारिक रूपमा सङ्घबाट अलग भयो। आर्थिक र राजनीतिक शक्तिमा रूसपछि दोस्रो स्थानमा रहेको युक्रेनको पृथकताले गोर्बाचेभले सीमित मात्रामा भए पनि सोभियत सङ्घलाई एकसाथ राख्ने झिनो सम्भावनालाई पनि समाप्त गर्‍यो। तीन स्लाभिक गणतन्त्रहरू, रुस, युक्रेन र बेलारुस (पहिले बेलोरुसिया) का नेताहरू सङ्घको सम्भावित विकल्पहरूबारे छलफल गर्न सहमत भए। डिसेम्बर ८ मा, रुस, युक्रेन र बेलारुसका नेताहरूले पश्चिमी बेलारुसको बेलाभेजस्काया पुष्चामा गोप्य रूपमा भेटे र बेलाभेजा सम्झौतामा हस्ताक्षर गरे, जसले सोभियत सङ्घको अस्तित्व समाप्त भएको घोषणा गर्‍यो र यसको स्थानमा कमनवेल्थ अफ इन्डिपेन्डेन्ट स्टेट्स (CIS) को गठनको घोषणा गर्‍यो। उनीहरूले अन्य गणतन्त्रहरूलाई पनि सिआइ.एस मा सामेल हुन आमन्त्रित गरे। गोर्बाचेभले यसलाई असंवैधानिक कू भने। यद्यपि, यस समयसम्ममा कुनै उचित विकल्प थिएन किनकी सम्झौताको प्रस्तावनामा भनिएझैँ, सोभियत सङ्घ अब "अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय कानून र भूराजनीतिक वास्तविकताको विषयको रूपमा" अस्तित्वमा थिएन। डिसेम्बर १० मा, युक्रेनको बिधायिका भेर्खोभना राडा <ref>{{Cite web |title=Про ратифікацію Угоди про створення Співдружності Незалежних Держав |trans-title=On the ratification of the Agreement on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/1958-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124205855/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1958-12 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=Official website of the Parliament of Ukraine |language=uk}}</ref> र बेलारुसको सर्वोच्च परिषद्ले <ref>{{Cite web |title=Постановление Верховного Совета РБ № 1296-XII О ратификации Соглашения об образовании Содружества Независимых Государств от 10.12.1991 |trans-title=Resolution of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus No. 1296-XII On the ratification of the Agreement on the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States dated 10.12.1991 |url=https://belzakon.net/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%91/1994/96572 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223192600/https://belzakon.net/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%91/1994/96572 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=belzakon.net |language=ru}}</ref> सम्झौतालाई अनुमोदन गरेको थियो। डिसेम्बर १२ मा, रुसी सोभियत गणराज्य को सर्वोच्च सोभियतले बेलाभेझा सम्झौतालाई औपचारिक रूपमा अनुमोदन गर्‍यो,,<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 1991 |title=Постановление ВС РСФСР от 12.12.1991 N 2014-I 'О ратификации Соглашения о создании Содружества Независимых Государств' |trans-title=Resolution of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR of 12.12.1991 N 2014-I 'On ratification of the Agreement on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States' |url=http://base.garant.ru/10164306/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113130902/http://base.garant.ru/10164306/ |archive-date=13 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=base.garant.ru |language=ru}}</ref> १९२२ को सङ्घ सन्धिको निन्दा गर्‍यो,,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Постановление Верховного Совета РСФСР от 12.12.1991 № 2015-I – Сейчас.ру |url=https://www.lawmix.ru/abrolaw/13907 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125075549/https://www.lawmix.ru/abrolaw/13907 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=www.lawmix.ru}}</ref> र सोभियत सङ्घको सर्वोच्च सोभियतबाट रुसी प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई फिर्ता बोलायो। यस अनुमोदनको वैधानिकताले रुसी संसदका केही सदस्यहरूमा शंका उत्पन्न गर्‍यो, किनकि १९७८ को रुसी सोभियत गणराज्यको संविधान अनुसार यस कागजातको विचार जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको काङ्ग्रेसको विशेष क्षेत्राधिकारमा थियो।.<ref name="sssr.net.ru">{{Cite web |last1=Pribylovsky |first1=V. |last2=Tochkin |first2=Gr. |title=Кто и как упразднил СССР |trans-title=Who and how abolished the USSR |url=https://sssr.net.ru/denons.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126160310/http://sssr.net.ru/denons.html |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date= |website=sssr.net.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2015 |title=Из СССР В СНГ: подчиняясь реальности. |trans-title=From the USSR to the CIS: submitting to reality. |url=http://n-discovery.spb.ru/news_full.php?id=379 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403001152/http://n-discovery.spb.ru/news_full.php?id=379 |archive-date=3 April 2015 |website=www.n-discovery.spb.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Бабурин С.Н. На гибель Советского Союза |trans-title=Baburin S.N. On the death of the Soviet Union |url=http://www.ni-journal.ru/archive/2006/n_506/38b39a96/39cf8ddd/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107165055/http://www.ni-journal.ru/archive/2006/n_506/38b39a96/39cf8ddd/ |archive-date=2017-11-07 |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=www.ni-journal.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref name="sovross.ru">{{Cite web |last=Voronin |first=Yu. M. |title=Беловежское предательство |trans-title=Belovezhskaya betrayal |url=http://www.sovross.ru/articles/555/9021/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812180933/http://www.sovross.ru/articles/555/9021/ |archive-date=2020-08-12 |access-date= |website=www.sovross.ru |language=ru}}</ref> थप, सोभियत संविधानले गणतन्त्रलाई एकतर्फी रूपमा आफ्ना प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई फिर्ता बोलाउन अनुमति दिएको थिएन।<ref>The Russian SFSR has constitutional right to "freely secede from the Soviet Union" ([[s:ru:Конституция РСФСР 1978 года (в редакции 1 ноября 1991 года)#Глава_7._РСФСР_–_союзная_республика_в_составе_СССР|art. 69 of the RSFSR Constitution]], [[s:ru:Конституция СССР (1977)/редакция 26 декабря 1990 года#Глава_8._СССР_–_союзное_государство|art. 72 of the USSR Constitution]]), but according to USSR laws [[s:ru:Закон о выходе союзной республики из СССР|1409-I]] (enacted on 3 April 1990) and [http://iv.garant.ru/SESSION/PILOT/loadfavorite.html?pid=6335703&page=1&para_id=2147483649 1457-I]{{dead link|date=May 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} (enacted on 26 April 1990) this can be done only by a referendum and only if two-thirds of all registered voters of the republic has supported that motion. No special referendum on the secession from the USSR was held in the RSFSR</ref> यद्यपि, रुस वा क्रेमलिनमा कसैले पनि आपत्ति जनाएनन्। क्रेमलिनको कुनै पनि आपत्तिको कुनै प्रभाव पर्ने थिएन, किनकि सोभियत सरकारको बाँकी रहेको कुरा डिसेम्बर भन्दा धेरै अघि नै प्रभावकारी रूपमा निष्क्रिय बनाइएको थियो। धेरै वकिलहरू विश्वास गर्छन् कि १९२२ को सङ्घ सन्धिको निन्दा अर्थहीन थियो किनकि यो १९२४ मा सोभियत सङ्घको पहिलो संविधान अपनाएसँगै अमान्य भइसकेको थियो।।<ref>''Исаков В. Б.'' Расчленёнка. Кто и как развалил Советский Союз: Хроника. Документы. – М., Закон и право. 1998. – C. 58. –209 с.</ref><ref>''Станкевич З. А.'' История крушения СССР: политико-правовые аспекты. – М., 2001. – C. 299–300</ref><ref>''Лукашевич Д. А.'' Юридический механизм разрушения СССР. – М, 2016. – С. 254–255. – 448 с.</ref> (१९९६ मा राजकीय डुमाले पनि उही अडान लिएको थियो)).<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 1986 |title=Постановление Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания РФ от 10 апреля 1996 года № 225-II ГД «Об Обращении Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации "К членам Совета Федерации Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации" |trans-title=Resolution of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of 10 April 1996 No. 225-II GD "On the Appeal of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation "To the members of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation" |url=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&link_id=16&nd=102040638 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026061236/http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&link_id=16&nd=102040638 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |access-date=22 October 2020 |language=ru}}</ref> त्यस दिनको अन्तमा, गोर्बाचेभले पहिलो पटक आफु पद त्याग्ने विचार गरिरहेको सङ्केत गरे।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/13/world/soviet-disarry-gorbachev-is-ready-to-resign-as-post-soviet-plan-advances.html|title=Gorbachev is Ready to Resign as Post-Soviet Plan Advances|last=Schmemann|first=Serge|date=1991-12-13|work=The New York Times|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917211606/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/13/world/soviet-disarry-gorbachev-is-ready-to-resign-as-post-soviet-plan-advances.html|archive-date=2018-09-17|issn=0362-4331|url-status=live}}</ref> सतहमा देखिदा, यो सबैभन्दा ठुलो गणराज्य औपचारिक रूपमा अलग भएको देखिन्थ्यो। यद्यपि, यो मामला होइन। बरु, रूसले स्पष्ट रूपमा बतायो यो कि सोभियत संविधानमा वर्णन गरिएको पृथकताको प्रक्रियालाई पालना गर्न आवश्यक छैन किनभने अब अस्तित्वमा नै नभएको देशबाट अलग हुन सम्भव छैन। १६ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा, कजाख गणराज्य सोभियत सङ्घबाट औपचारिक रूपमा अलग हुने अन्तिम गणतन्त्र बन्यो, जसले गर्दा सोभियत सङ्घले न त कुनै क्षेत्र नियन्त्रण गर्न सक्यो न त कुनै क्षेत्र नियन्त्रण गर्ने दाबी नै गर्न सक्यो (यद्यपि सोभियत दूतावासहरू अझै पनि अस्तित्वमा थिए)।<ref>{{cite web |date=22 October 2021 |title=Kazakhstan, Not Russia, Was the Last Republic to the Leave the USSR |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/kazakhstan-not-russia-was-last-republic-leave-ussr-195400}}</ref> डिसेम्बर १८ मा, सोभियत सङ्घको सर्वोच्च सोभियत (गणतन्त्र परिषद्) को माथिल्लो सदनले कमनवेल्थ अफ इन्डिपेन्डेन्ट स्टेट्स (राष्ट्रमण्डल)को निर्माण सम्बन्धी सम्झौतालाई स्वीकार गर्दै र तीव्र राजनीतिक तथा आर्थिक सङ्कटबाट बाहिर निस्कने बाटो प्रदान गर्न यसलाई विचार गर्दै एक विज्ञप्ति पारित गर्‍यो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Заявление Совета Республик Верховного Совета СССР от 18.12.1991 N 138-Н О поддержке Соглашения Республики Беларусь, РСФСР и Украины о создании Содружества Независимых Государств &#124; ГАРАНТ |trans-title=Statement of the Council of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated 18.12.1991 N 138-N On support for the Agreement of the Republic of Belarus, the RSFSR and Ukraine on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States - GARANTEE |url=http://base.garant.ru/6334158/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407115029/https://base.garant.ru/6334158/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=base.garant.ru |language=ru}}</ref> गोर्बाचेभले येल्तसिनसँग भेट गरे र सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको वास्तविकता स्वीकार गरे। सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन र औपचारिक रूपमा स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरूको राष्ट्रमण्डल स्थापना गर्ने उद्देश्यले अल्मा-अटा प्रोटोकलमा हस्ताक्षर भएको दिन, रुसी गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले रूसको कानूनी नाम "रुसी सोभियत सङ्घीय समाजवादी गणतन्त्र" बाट "रुसी सङ्घ" मा परिवर्तन गर्न एक विधान अपनायो। यस अनुसार रुस अब पूर्ण रूपमा सार्वभौम गैर-कम्युनिस्ट राज्य थियो। बेलाभेजा सम्झौताले सोभियत सङ्घलाई कानुनी रूपमा विघटन गरेको छ कि छैन भन्ने बारेमा शंकाहरू कायमै थिए, किनकि यसमा तीन गणराज्यले (रुस, बेलारुस, युक्रेन) मात्र हस्ताक्षर गरेका थिए।यद्यपि, डिसेम्बर २१ मा, जर्जिया बाहेक बाँकी १२ गणतन्त्रहरू मध्ये ११ का प्रतिनिधिहरूले अल्मा-अटा प्रोटोकलमा हस्ताक्षर गरे, जसले सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन पुष्टि गर्‍यो र औपचारिक रूपमा राष्ट्रमण्डल स्थापना गर्‍यो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=ПРОТОКОЛ к Соглашению о создании Содружества Независимых Государств, подписанному 8 декабря 1991 года в г. Минске Республикой Беларусь, Российской Федерацией (РСФСР), Украиной |trans-title=Protocol to the Agreement on the Creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, signed on 8 December 1991 in г. Minsk Republic of Belarus, Russian Federation (РСФСР), Ukraine |url=http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511073849/http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=6 |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=cis.minsk.by |language=ru}}</ref> उनीहरूले गोर्बाचेभको राजीनामा पनि "स्वीकार" गरे।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Посткремлевская жизнь правителей |trans-title=Post-Kremlin life of rulers |url=https://www.ng.ru/style/2000-01-06/1-162.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407115029/https://www.ng.ru/style/2000-01-06/1-162.html |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=www.ng.ru |language=ru}}</ref> सोभियत सङ्घको सशस्त्र सेनाको कमान्ड रक्षामन्त्री येभगेनी शापोश्निकोभलाई सुम्पिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Минобороны. Министерство обороны РФ |trans-title=Ministry of Defense. Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation |url=http://www.panorama.ru/prav/minobor.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225004736/http://www.panorama.ru/prav/minobor.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2020 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=www.panorama.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ПРОТОКОЛ совещания Глав Независимых Государств |trans-title=MINUTES of the meeting of the Heads of Independent States |url=http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=3412 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511073849/http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=3412 |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=cis.minsk.by |language=ru}}</ref> यस क्षणमा पनि, गोर्बाचेभले अहिलेसम्म दृश्यबाट पछि हट्ने कुनै औपचारिक योजना बनाएका थिएनन्। यद्यपि, अब बहुमत गणतन्त्रहरूले सोभियत सङ्घ अब अस्तित्वमा छैन भन्ने कुरामा सहमति जनाएपछि, गोर्बाचेभले अपरिहार्यताको अगाडि झुके, सीबीएस न्यूजलाई भने कि उनले सीआईएस साँच्चै वास्तविकता हो भनेर देख्ने बित्तिकै राजीनामा दिनेछन्।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/22/world/end-soviet-union-11-soviet-states-form-commonwealth-without-clearly-defining-its.html|title=11 Soviet States Form Commonwealth Without Clearly Defining Its Powers|last=Clines|first=Francis X.|date=1991-12-22|work=The New York Times|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414022306/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/22/world/end-soviet-union-11-soviet-states-form-commonwealth-without-clearly-defining-its.html|archive-date=2017-04-14|issn=0362-4331|url-status=live}}</ref> [[चित्र:RIAN_archive_469069_Final_session_of_the_Council_for_Nationalities_of_the_USSR_Supreme_Soviet.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|सर्वोच्च सोभियतको माथिल्लो सदनले आफ्नो अन्तिम सत्रमा, २६ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा सोभियत सङ्घको अस्तित्व समाप्त गर्ने मतदान गर्दै।]] २५ डिसेम्बरको साँझ राष्ट्रिय टेलिभिजनमा प्रसारित भाषणमा, गोर्बाचेभले सोभियत सङ्घको राष्ट्रपतिको पदबाट राजीनामा दिए - वा, जसरी उनले भने, "म यसद्वारा सोभियत समाजवादी गणतन्त्र सङ्घको अध्यक्ष पदमा मेरा गतिविधिहरू बन्द गर्दछु।" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Заявление Президента СССР об отставке от 25 декабря 1991 г. |trans-title=Statement of resignation of the President of the USSR, 25 December 1991 |url=https://www.gorby.ru/userfiles/file/zayavleniem_ob_otstavke_prezidenta_sssr_m.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904230942/https://www.gorby.ru/userfiles/file/zayavleniem_ob_otstavke_prezidenta_sssr_m.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |language=ru}}</ref> उनले आफ्नो संस्था समाप्ति घोषणा गरे, र यसको सबै शक्तिहरू (जस्तै आणविक शस्त्रागारको नियन्त्रण)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Указ Президента СССР от 25.12.1991 N УП-3162 |trans-title=Decree of the President of the USSR dated 25.12.1991 N UP-3 |url=http://www.libussr.ru/doc_ussr/usr_19889.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412222644/http://www.libussr.ru/doc_ussr/usr_19889.htm |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=www.libussr.ru |language=ru}}</ref> येल्तसिनलाई सुम्पे। २५ डिसेम्बरको राति, मस्को समय अनुसार ७:३५ बजे, गोर्बाचेभ टेलिभिजनमा देखा परेपछि, सोभियत झन्डा तल झारियो <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 1991 |title=С флагштока над Кремлем спущен советский флаг, поднят российский |trans-title=The Soviet flag is lowered from the flagpole over the Kremlin; the Russian flag is raised |url=https://www.interfax.ru/30years/800619 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101022148/https://www.interfax.ru/30years/800619 |archive-date=1 January 2022 |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=[[Interfax]] |language=ru}}</ref> र ७:४५ बजे [[रूसको झन्डा|रुसी तिरंगा]] यसको ठाउँमा उठाइयो,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/26/world/end-of-the-soviet-union-on-moscow-s-streets-worry-and-regret.html|title=End of the Soviet Union; On Moscow's Streets, Worry and Regret|last=Clarity|first=James F.|date=26 December 1991|work=The New York Times|access-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302163000/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/26/world/end-of-the-soviet-union-on-moscow-s-streets-worry-and-regret.html|archive-date=2 March 2022|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-status=live}}</ref> जुन प्रतीकात्मक रुपमा सोभियत सङ्घको अन्त्यको प्रतीक थियो। आफ्नो बिदाइ शब्दहरूमा, गोर्बाचेभले घरेलु सुधारमा आफ्नो रेकर्डको बचाउ गरे, तर स्वीकार गरे, "नयाँले काम सुरु गर्न समय पाउनु अघि पुरानो प्रणाली ध्वस्त भयो।"<ref>{{Cite book|title=The world transformed : 1945 to the present|last=Hunt|first=Michael H.|isbn=9780199371020|pages=323–324|oclc=907585907|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> सोही दिन, [[अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपति|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाका राष्ट्रपति]] [[जर्ज एच डब्लू बुस|जर्ज एच. डब्लु. बुश]]ले बाँकी ११ गणतन्त्रहरूको स्वतन्त्रतालाई आधिकारिक रूपमा मान्यता दिँदै छोटो टेलिभिजन भाषण दिए। गोर्बाचेवको भाषण र सोवियत झन्डाको ठाउँमा रुसी झन्डा फहराएपछि, एक गणितले सोवियत यूनियनको अन्त्य भयो। तर, सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको अन्तिम कानुनी कदम डिसेम्बर २६ मा बयो, जब सोभियत सङ्घको सर्वोच्च सोभियतको माथिल्लो सदन, सोभियत अफ नेसनालिटिले बेलाभेजा सम्झौतालाई अनुमोदन गर्‍यो, जसले गर्दा सोभियत सङ्घको अस्तित्व समाप्त भयो।<ref name="ReferenceC2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt5OLD3vp4UC&q=26+december+1991+ussr&pg=PR5|title=Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis|isbn=9781563246371|last1=Brzezinski|first1=Zbigniew|last2=Brzezinski|first2=Zbigniew K.|last3=Sullivan|first3=Paige|year=1997|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124205853/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt5OLD3vp4UC&q=26+december+1991+ussr&pg=PR5|url-status=live}}</ref> (तल्लो सदन, सोभियत अफ युनियन, रुसी प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई फिर्ता बोलाउँदा डिसेम्बर १२ देखि काम गर्न असमर्थ थियो, कोरम बिना नै छोडियो).<ref name="sssr.net.ru2" /> भोलिपल्ट येल्तसिन गोर्बाचेभको पूर्व कार्यालयमा सरे, ,<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2016 |title=Как меня хоронили |trans-title=How I was buried |url=http://www.novayagazeta.ru/society/66087.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727023444/http://www.novayagazeta.ru/society/66087.html |archive-date=27 July 2016 |website=Novaya Gazeta |language=ru}}</ref> यद्यपि रुसी अधिकारीहरूले दुई दिन अघि नै सुइटलाई आफ्नो नियन्त्रणमा लिएका थिए। सोभियत सशस्त्र सेनाहरूलाई स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरूको राष्ट्रमण्डलको कमान्डमा राखिएको थियो, तर अन्ततः नयाँ स्वतन्त्र गणतन्त्रहरूले यसलाई समाहित गरे, जसको ठुलो हिस्सा रुसी सङ्घको सशस्त्र सेना बन्यो। १९९१ को अन्त्यसम्ममा, रूसले नियन्त्रण नगरेका केही बाँकी सोभियत संस्थाहरूले सञ्चालन बन्द गरे, र स्वतन्त्र नयाँ गणतन्त्रहरूले केन्द्रीय सरकारको भूमिका ग्रहण गरे। == सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनमा गोर्बाचेभको भूमिका == गोर्भाचोबको नीतिको कारण सोवियत सङ्घको केन्द्रीय सत्ता कमजोर भयो, फलस्वरूप सोवियत सङ्घमा केन्द्र विरूद्ध सङ्घर्ष गर्बे शक्ति हौसले बढ्दै गयो। गोर्बाचोबको नीतिले गणराज्यहरूको सोवियत सङ्घसँग अलग हुनलाई मान्यता दियो। फलस्वरूप हेर्दा हेर्दै एकपछि अर्को गर्दै सोवियत सङ्घ के गणराज्य स्वतन्त्र भए र सोवियत सङ्घको विघटन भयो। यो गोर्भाचोबको नीतिहरूको नै परिणाम थियो कि सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको शक्तिमा निरन्तर ह्रास हुँदै गयो। फलतः सोवियत सङ्घलाई एकताको सूत्रमा बाध्ने सबैभन्दा ठुलो सम्पर्क सुत्रको शक्ति घट्दै गयो। यसको परिणाम कम्युनिस्ट बिरोधी शक्ति बढ्दै गयो। अमेरिका र पाश्चात्य देशहरूले पनि सोवियत सङ्घलाई टोड्ने शक्तिलाई समर्थन गरे। परिणामस्वरूप यी शक्ति सोवियत सङ्घको एकतालाई खोक्रो बनाउँदै गए। गोर्बाच्योवले पूर्वी युरोपमा पनि साम्यवादको किल्लालाई पतन हुन नदिन कुनै प्रयास गरेनन्, बरु उनको नीतिको कारण पूर्वी युरोपमा साम्यवाद विरोधी शक्ति हावी भयो। चेकोस्लोवाकिया, रोमानिया, हंगरी, पूर्वी जर्मनीमा साम्यवादको पतम भयो र यो पतनले सोवियत सङ्घको [[महाशक्ति]]को छविलाई समाप्त गरिदियो। सोभियत सङ्घको पतनको जिम्मेवारी गोर्बाचेभ एक्लैले लिन्छन् भन्न सजिलो छ। त्यसो गर्नु भनेको कुनै पनि व्यक्तिलाई ऐतिहासिक प्रवृत्ति भन्दा बढी महत्त्वपूर्ण ठान्नु हो। गोर्बाचेभ यी ऐतिहासिक प्रवृत्तिहरूलाई प्रतिबिम्बित गर्ने ऐना मात्र थिए, तर उनी आफैँ चकनाचुर भए। वास्तवमा, सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको बीउ यसको स्थापनामा रोपिएको थियो। समाजवादी प्रणालीलाई दिगो बनाउन, देश भित्र समाजवादी मानवता र संस्कृति खेती गर्नु आवश्यक थियो, जुन कार्य सोभियत प्रणालीले हासिल गर्न असफल भयो। स्टालिनको शासनकालमा लगभग दुई दशकसम्म, सोभियत सङ्घको एकता केन्द्रीय सरकारको निर्दयी जबरजस्ती अनुशासनले मात्र कायम राखेको थियो। देशका विभिन्न भागहरूलाई साम्यवादको रक्षा गर्न राष्ट्रिय हित वा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय भ्रातृत्वको नाममा बलिदान दिन बाध्य पारिएको थियो। यो त्यस्तो होइन कि असन्तुष्टि र क्रोध उत्पन्न भएन; यो केवल दमनकारी नीतिहरूले उनीहरूको आवाज अभिव्यक्तिलाई गाह्रो बनायो। गोर्बाचेभको उदार नीतिहरूले यो क्रोध व्यक्त गर्ने तरिका प्रदान गर्‍यो। == सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको प्रभाव == [[चित्र:EasternBloc_BasicMembersOnly.svg|दायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|454x454पिक्सेल|पूर्वी ब्लक देशहरू]] सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनले विश्व राजनीतिक परिदृश्यलाई नै परिवर्तन गरिदियो। सोभियत सङ्घ [[महाशक्ति]] रहेन, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका एकमात्र महाशक्तिको रूपमा रह्यो र विश्व एकध्रुवीय भयो। अमेरिकाले सम्पूर्ण विश्वमा आफ्नो प्रभुत्व स्थापित गर्‍यो। सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनसँगै [[शीतयुद्ध]] स्वतः समाप्त भयो। * पूर्वी युरोपेली देशहरूमा साम्यवादको अन्त्य भयो र बहुदलीय लोकतान्त्रिक शासन प्रणाली स्थापित भयो। * सोभियत सङ्घको पतनले तेस्रो विश्वका देशहरूलाई गम्भीर रूपमा असर गर्‍यो, जसले सोभियत सङ्घबाट आर्थिक, सैन्य र प्राविधिक सहयोग प्राप्त गरेका थिए। विघटित गणतन्त्रहरूले अब सहयोग प्रदान गर्ने क्षमता राखेनन्। यस सन्दर्भमा, तेस्रो विश्व नव-उपनिवेशवादको खतराको सामना गरिरहेको छ। * विश्वमा बजार अर्थतन्त्रलाई बलियो भयो। लामो सनयसम्म दमन र नागरिक स्वतन्त्रतालाई कुल्चचेर शासन चलाउन सकिदैन भन्ने विश्वासलाई बलियो बनायो। यसले, फलस्वरूप, लोकतान्त्रिक प्रक्रियालाई प्रवर्द्धन गर्‍यो। === आर्थिक गिरावट र अत्यधिक मृत्युदर === शीतयुद्धको अन्त्य पछिका दशकहरूमा, सोभियत सङ्घका पाँच वा छ वटा राज्यहरू मात्र पश्चिमका धनी पूँजीवादी राज्यहरूमा सामेल हुने बाटोमा छन्, र धेरैजसो पछि परेका छन्, केही यति हदसम्म कि साम्यवादको अन्त्य हुनुभन्दा पहिलेको अवस्थामा पुग्न ५० वर्षभन्दा बढी समय लाग्नेछ।<ref>{{cite book|last=Ghodsee|first=Kristen|date=2017|title=Red Hangover: Legacies of Twentieth-Century Communism|url=https://www.dukeupress.edu/red-hangover|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|pages=63–64|isbn=978-0822369493|author-link=Kristen Ghodsee|access-date=4 August 2018|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207032254/https://www.dukeupress.edu/red-hangover|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/05775132.2015.1012402| title =After the Wall Fell: The Poor Balance Sheet of the Transition to Capitalism| journal =[[Challenge (economics magazine)|Challenge]]| volume = 58| issue = 2| pages =135–138| year = 2015| last1 = Milanović | first1 = Branko| s2cid =153398717|author-link=Branko Milanović}}</ref> २०११ सम्म, पूर्व सोभियत गणतन्त्रहरूको अनुभव मिश्रित थियो, केहीले कुल गार्हस्थ्य उत्पादनको गणितले सुधार गरेका थिए भने केहीले सुधार गरेका थिएनन्।<ref>{{Cite web |title=End of the USSR: visualising how the former Soviet countries are doing, 20 years on {{!}} Russia {{!}} The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/aug/17/ussr-soviet-countries-data |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=amp.theguardian.com |date=17 August 2011 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128064905/https://amp.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/aug/17/ussr-soviet-countries-data |url-status=live }}</ref> सोभियत सङ्घ पछिका राष्ट्रहरूमा जिडिपी मा उल्लेखनीय गिरावट आएको थियो र औसतमा लगभग ५१% थियो। १९९० देखि २००० सम्म, जिडिपी मा गिरावट निम्नानुसार थियो:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dabrowski |first=Marek |date=2022-07-29 |title=Thirty years of economic transition in the former Soviet Union: Macroeconomic dimension |url=https://rujec.org/article/90947/ |journal=Russian Journal of Economics |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=95–121 |doi=10.32609/j.ruje.8.90947 |issn=2405-4739|doi-access=free }}</ref> * आर्मेनियामा ६३% * अजरबैजानमा ६०% * बेलारुसमा ३५% * इस्टोनियामा ३५% * जर्जियामा ७८% * काजाकिस्तानमा ४१% * किर्गिस्तानमा ५०% * लाटभियामा ५१% * लिथुआनियामा ४४% * मोल्डोभामा ६३% * रूसमा ४०% * ताजिकिस्तानमा ५०% * तुर्कमेनिस्तानमा ४८% * युक्रेनमा ५९% सोभियत सङ्घको पतन पछि शान्तिकालमा रूसले औसत आयुमा रेकर्ड गरिएको इतिहासमा सबैभन्दा ठुलो गिरावट अनुभव गर्यो।<ref name=":BMJ">{{Cite journal|last=Ciment|first=James|date=1999-08-21|title=Life expectancy of Russian men falls to 58|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1116380/|journal=BMJ : British Medical Journal|pages=468}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Men|first=Tamara|last2=Brennan|first2=Paul|last3=Boffetta|first3=Paolo|last4=Zaridze|first4=David|date=2003-10-25|title=Russian mortality trends for 1991-2001: analysis by cause and region|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC259165/|journal=BMJ : British Medical Journal|volume=327|issue=7421|pages=964}}</ref> ९० को दशकको अन्त्यतिर सोभियत सङ्घको पतन पछि गरिबी आकाशियो। गरिबीको रेखामुनि बाँच्ने मानिसहरूको सङ्ख्या १९८७-८८ मा ३% बाट २०% वा लगभग ८ करोड ८० लाख पुगेको थियो।<ref name=":RSE">{{Cite journal|last=Izyumov|first=Alexei|date=2010|title=Human Costs of Post-communist Transition: Public Policies and Private Response|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41288494|journal=Review of Social Economy|volume=68|issue=1|pages=93–125}}</ref> Only 4% of the region lived on $4 a day or less but by 1994 this number skyrocketed to 32%.<ref name=":BMJ" /> पूर्वी ब्लकको पतन पछि अपराध, मदिरा सेवन, लागुपदार्थको प्रयोग र आत्महत्या सबै आकाशिएको थियो।<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":RSE" /> अर्थशास्त्री स्टीवन रोजफिल्डले सन् २००१ मा गरेको एक अध्ययनमा, उनले गणना गरे कि १९९० देखि १९९८ सम्म रूसमा ३४ लाख अकाल मृत्यु भएको थियो, जसको लागि उनी आंशिक रूपमा वाशिंगटन सहमतिसँगै आएको "[[सक थेरापी]]" लाई दोष दिन्छन्।<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Rosefielde|first1=Steven|date=2001 |title=Premature Deaths: Russia's Radical Economic Transition in Soviet Perspective|journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies]]|volume=53 |issue=8 |pages=1159–1176|doi= 10.1080/09668130120093174|s2cid=145733112}}</ref> २०१७ को एक अध्ययनले अनुमान गरेको छ कि समग्रमा ७० लाख अकाल मृत्यु शक थेरापीको परिणामस्वरूप भएको थियो।<ref name="AzarovaEtAl2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Azarova |first1=Aytalina |last2=Irdam |first2=Darja |last3=Gugushvili |first3=Alexi |last4=Fazekas |first4=Mihaly |last5=Scheiring |first5=Gábor |last6=Horvat |first6=Pia |last7=Stefler |first7=Denes |last8=Kolesnikova |first8=Irina |last9=Popov |first9=Vladimir |last10=Szelenyi |first10=Ivan |last11=Stuckler |first11=David |last12=Marmot |first12=Michael |last13=Murphy |first13=Michael |last14=McKee |first14=Martin |last15=Bobak |first15=Martin |date=2017-05-01 |title=The effect of rapid privatisation on mortality in mono-industrial towns in post-Soviet Russia: a retrospective cohort study |journal=The Lancet Public Health |language=English |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=e231–e238 |doi=10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30072-5 |issn=2468-2667 |pmid=28626827|pmc=5459934 }}</ref> ===सोभियत पश्चात् का द्वन्द === ===चीन=== ===क्युबा=== ===उत्तर कोरिया=== ===इजरायल === ===अफ्गानिस्तान=== ===खेलकुद === ===दूरसञ्चार === ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[सोभियत सङ्घ|सोभियत सङ्घ]] * [[रुस|रुस]] * [[साम्यवाद]] * [[साम्यवादको पतन]] ==टिप्पणीहरू== {{Notelist}} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} {{ढाँचा:Cold War}} [[श्रेणी:रुसको इतिहास]] [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] caxokyp16ejlqusogfttmdpjimyqd8r 1358429 1358419 2026-06-08T13:24:56Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event | title = सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन{{Efn|{{langx|ru|Распад Советского Союза|Raspád Sovétskogo Soyúza}}, also negatively connoted as {{langx|ru|Развал Советского Союза|Razvál Sovétskogo Soyúza}}, ''Ruining of the Soviet Union''.}} | Image_Name = Map of USSR with SSR names.svg | Imagesize = 300px | Image_Alt = Labeled map of the 15 Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union. Listed include: | caption = Between 1990 and 1991, all 15 [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Republics]] broke out from the Soviet Union. | participants = {{bulleted list|सोभियत सङ्घ|सोभियत सरकार|सोभियत गणराज्यका सरकारहरू|सोभियत स्वायत्त गणराज्यका सरकारहरू|[[राष्ट्रवाद|राष्ट्रवादी]] र [[उदारवाद|उदारवादी]] विपक्षी}} | date = {{nowrap|{{start and end dates|1988|11|16|1991|12|26|df=y}}}}<br>(3 years, 1 month, and 10 days) | location = {{Collapsible list |title=[[सोभियत सङ्घ]] |bullets=on |'''पूर्व सोभियत गणराज्य''':<br/> * [[रसिया]], * [[युक्रेन]], * [[बेलारुस]],{{ref label|a|a}} * [[लिथुआनिया]], * [[लात्भिया]], * [[इस्टोनिया]], * [[मोल्दोभा]],{{ref label|c|c}} * [[जर्जिया]], * [[आर्मेनिया]], * [[अजरबैजान]], * [[कजाख्स्तान|कजाखस्तान]], * [[तुर्कमेनिस्तान|तुर्केमिनिस्तान]],{{ref label|p|d}} * [[उज्बेकिस्तान]] * [[ताजिकिस्तान]], * [[किर्गिस्तान]],{{ref label|b|b}} |'''[[Post-Soviet states#Separatist conflicts|Self-proclaimed breakaway states]]'''{{ref label|e|e}}:<br/> * '''अब्खाजिया''' (1992–present), * [[Republic of Artsakh|Artsakh]] (1991–2023), * [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria|Ichkeria]] (1991–2000), * [[Republic of Crimea (Russia)|Crimea]] (1992; 2014), * [[Gagauz Republic|Gagauzia]] (1990–95), * [[Karakalpakstan]] (1992–93), * [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]] (1990–93), * '''[[South Ossetia]]''' (1992–present), * [[Tatarstan#Present-day|Tatarstan]] (1992–94), * '''ट्रास्न्सनिस्ट्रिया''' (1990–present) }} | cause = {{Collapsible list |title=विघटनको कारणहरू |bullets=on| मुल कारण * आर्थिक सुस्तताको युग * सोभियत सङ्घ भित्र जातीय तनाब * [[ग्लास्नोस्त]] र [[पेरेस्त्रोइका]] नीति * आर्थिक तथा राजनैतिक बिराम, विशेष गरी [[वार्सा सम्झौता|वार्सा सन्धी]]मा * सोभियत राज्यहरूमा कम्युनिस्ट बिरोधी, सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी बिरोधी, र पश्चिमा सर्मर्थक प्रदर्शन }} | result = {{Collapsible list|सोभियत सङ्घ १५ स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरूमा बिखन्डन |सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको शासनको अन्त्य |एघार स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरू बीच कमनवेल्थ अफ इन्डिपेनडेन्ट स्टेट्सको स्थापना |पूर्व स्वायत्त क्षेत्रहरूमा कयौँ पृथकतावादी आन्दोलन, अधिकांश असफल |कयौँ सैन्य द्वन्द र जातीय तनाब, जसबाट मानबीय सङ्कट उत्पन्न भयो र धेरै मानिसहरू बिस्थापित भए |Republics declare [[multi-party system|multi-party]] [[Presidential republic|presidential]] or [[semi-presidential republic|semi-presidential]] systems|Republics move to adopt [[capitalism|capitalist]] [[market economy]]|[[Soviet ruble|Ruble]] zone active in most of the new states between 1991 and 1994, with national currencies adopted later|Unified [[Soviet Armed Forces]] divided {{Circa|1992}}–1993|[[Black Sea Fleet dispute]] between Russia and Ukraine from 1992 to 1997 and its [[Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet|partition]] in 1997.|Lease of [[Sevastopol Naval Base]] to [[Russia]], [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|terminated in 2014]]|Issues with value loss of savings of former Soviet citizens|Issues with social and medical support for veterans of the [[Soviet–Afghan War]]|Relocation of the [[Soviet Armed Forces]] from [[East Germany]] and the rest of [[Central Europe]]|Economic support to [[North Korea]] had stopped|Start of the [[Special Period]] in [[Cuba]]|End of the [[Cold War]] with [[Western Bloc]] victory|Decline of [[Communism|communist]] and far-left movements around the world|[[चीन]] बिश्वको सबैभन्दा ठुलो कम्युनिस्ट राष्ट्र रह्यो। | अमेरिका विश्वको एकमात्र [[महाशक्ति]] बन्यो। }} | partof = [[शीतयुद्ध]] | notes = <div style="text-align: left">{{nowrap|{{note|a}} Then romanized as ''Byelorussia'' ({{langx|ru|Белоруссия}}).}}<br/>{{note|b}} Then romanized as ''Kirghizia'' ({{langx|ru|Киргизия}}).<br/>{{note|c}} Then romanized as ''Moldavia'' ({{langx|ru|Молдавия}}).<br/>{{note|d}} Then romanized as ''Turkmenia'' ({{langx|ru|Туркмения}}).<br/>{{note|e}} States in '''bold''' still exist to this present day.</div> | mapframe = no }}१९९१ डिसेम्बर २६ मा, [[सोभियत सङ्घ|सोभियत सङ्घ]]को विघटन भएको घोषणा भयो। यो घोषणामा सोभियत सङ्घका पूर्व गणतन्त्रहरूलाई स्वतन्त्र राज्यको रूपमा मान्यता दिइयो। विघटन हुनुभन्दा अघि [[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ|मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभ]] सोभियत सङ्घका राष्ट्रपति थिए। विघटनको घोषणा हुनुभन्दा अघिल्लो दिन उनले राजीनामा दिएका थिए। यो विघटन प्रक्रियाको सुरुवात सामान्यतया गोर्बाचेभले सत्ता ग्रहण गर्नुसँग सम्बन्धित छ। वास्तवमा, सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको प्रक्रिया धेरै पहिले नै सुरु भइसकेको थियो। १९९१ मा सोभियत सङ्घको पतन धेरै कारणहंरू थिए: दीर्घकालीन आर्थिक सुस्तता, [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]सँगको हतियार दौड र विदेशी द्वन्द्वको दिगो वित्तीय भार, यसका आंगिक गणराज्यहरू भित्र तीव्र जातीय राष्ट्रवाद र पृथकतावाद, र गोर्बाचेभको सुधारहरू (विशेष गरी ग्लासनोस्ट र पेरेस्ट्रोइका) को अस्थिरता बनाउने प्रभावहरू। यो प्रक्रिया देशका विभिन्न घटक गणराज्यहरूमा बढ्दो अशान्तिसँगै सुरु भयो। अशान्ति गणराज्य र केन्द्रीय सरकार बीचको निरन्तर राजनीतिक र विधायीकी द्वन्द्वमा परिणत भयो। १६ नोभेम्बर १९८८ मा सङ्घ भित्र राज्य सार्वभौमिकता घोषणा गर्ने इस्टोनिया पहिलो सोभियत गणराज्य थियो। लिथुआनिया सोभियत सङ्घबाट पुनर्स्थापित पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता घोषणा गर्ने पहिलो गणराज्य थियो, त्यसपछि यसको बाल्तेली छिमेकी लाटभिया, र दक्षिणी काकेशस गणराज्य जर्जिया अर्को दुई महिनामा यसमा सामेल भयो। १९९१ को अगस्टको असफल कुको समयमा, कम्युनिस्ट कट्टरपन्थी र सैन्य अभिजात वर्गले गोर्बाचेभलाई अपदस्थ गर्ने र असफल सुधारहरूलाई रोक्ने प्रयास गरे। यद्यपि, उथलपुथलको कारण केन्द्रीय सरकारले मस्कोको प्रभाव गुमायो, अन्ततः धेरै गणराज्यहरूले त्यसपछिका दिन र महिनाहरूमा स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणा गरे। २५ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा, गोर्बाचेभले राजीनामा दिए र आणविक प्रक्षेपण कोडहरूको नियन्त्रण सहित - आफ्नो राष्ट्रपतिय अधिकार - [[बोरिस येल्तसिन|येल्तसिन]]लाई सुम्पिए, जो अब [[रुसको राष्ट्रपति|रुसी सङ्घका पहिलो राष्ट्रपति]] बनेका थिए। त्यो साँझ, सोभियत झन्डा अन्तिम पटक क्रेमलिनबाट तल झारियो र [[रूसको झण्डा|रुसी तिरंगा झन्डा]] फहराइयो। भोलिपल्ट, सोभियत सङ्घको माथिल्लो सदनको सर्वोच्च सोभियत, गणतन्त्रहरूको सोभियतले औपचारिक रूपमा सङ्घलाई विघटन गर्‍यो।<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite journal |title=Declaration No. 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, formally establishing the dissolution of the Soviet Union as a state and subject of international law. |url=https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%BE%D1%82_26.12.1991_%E2%84%96_142-%D0%9D |journal=Russian Wikisource |language=ru}}</ref> यस घटनाको परिणामस्वरूप यसका १५ घटक गणतन्त्रहरूले पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्त गरे र [[शीतयुद्ध]]को अन्त्य भयो।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marques |first=Clara Ferreira |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-12-23/30-years-later-soviet-union-s-collapse-still-hasessons-for-china |title=For China, USSR's 1991 Collapse is Still News It Can Use |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=23 December 2021 |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107200259/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-12-23/30-years-later-soviet-union-s-collapse-still-has-lessons-for-china |url-status=live }}</ref> == पृष्ठभूमि == [[चित्र:Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg|दायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|500x500पिक्सेल|१९८९ मा उदय भएका सोभियत सङ्घका भागहरू]] १९१७ को बोल्सेभिक क्रान्तिले सोभियत सङ्घ भनिने नयाँ [[साम्यवाद|कम्युनिस्ट]] राज्यलाई जन्म दियो। सोभियत सङ्घले सुरुमा नै स्पष्ट पारेको थियो कि यसको राजनीतिक प्रणाली र कम्युनिस्ट सङ्गठनहरू समाजवादी विचारधारामा आधारित हुनेछन्, र कम्युनिस्ट मार्क्सवादी विश्वदृष्टिकोण राष्ट्रिय हित परिभाषित गर्ने एकमात्र मापदण्ड हुनेछ। स्वाभाविक रूपमा, [[पूँजीवाद|पूँजीवादी]] पश्चिमी राज्यहरूले यो क्रान्तिकारी कम्युनिस्ट राज्यलाई आफ्नो प्राकृतिक शत्रुको रूपमा बुझे। १९२० र १९३० को दशकमा [[भ्लादिमिर लेनिन|लेनिनको]] मृत्युपछि, [[जोसेफ स्टालिन|स्टालिनले]] आफुलाई सर्वोच्च नेताको रूपमा स्थापित गरे, देशमा कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको [[तानाशाही]] स्थापना भयो। स्टालिनले आफ्ना विरोधीहरूलाई क्रूरतापूर्वक समाप्त पारे र दमन गरे। यस कारण सोभियत सङ्घलाई लोकतन्त्रको उल्लङ्घन गर्ने राज्यको रूपमा चिनियो। स्टालिनको मृत्यु पछि पनि, [[निकिता ख्रुश्चेभ|ख्रुश्चेभ]] र [[लियोनिद ब्रेझनेभ|ब्रेज्नेभ]]को शासनकालमा अधिनायकवादी प्रवृत्तिहरू कायम रह्यो। नागरिक स्वतन्त्रता, प्रशासन र विदेश यात्रामा प्रतिबन्धहरू जारी रहे। एक अर्थमा, जनभावनामाथि "फलामको पर्दा" राखिएको थियो। "[[सर्वहारावर्गको अधिनायकत्व|सर्वहारा वर्गको अधिनायकत्व]]" को अर्थ नै सर्वहारा वर्गको हातमा शक्ति हुनुपर्छ भन्ने थियो। श्रमजीवी जनताको आधारभूत अधिकारको ग्यारेन्टी गर्नु र राज्य नीति निर्माणमा उनीहरूको सहभागिता सुनिश्चित गर्नु समाजवादी प्रजातन्त्रको सार थियो। सोभियत सङ्घले यो प्रजातन्त्र स्थापना गर्ने प्रयास गरेन। फलस्वरूप, "सर्वहारा वर्गको अधिनायकत्व" सर्वहारा वर्गमाथि राज्य र पार्टीको शीर्ष पदमा रहेका नेताहरूको अधिनायकत्वमा परिणत भयो। जनता राज्य र प्रणालीप्रति उदासीन भए। उनीहरूको उदासीनता र आक्रोश यस्तो स्तरमा पुग्यो कि जब प्रणाली समाप्त भयो, जनताको कुनै पनि वर्गबाट यसको बचाउमा एक आवाज पनि उठेन। [[रुस|रुस]] भौगोलिक रूपमा विश्वको सबैभन्दा ठुलो राज्य मात्र थिएन, तर यसको जनसङ्ख्या पनि अदभूत बिबिधतायुक्त थियो। रुसी जारहरूले यो विशाल साम्राज्यलाई केन्द्रीय प्रशासन अन्तर्गत ल्याउन कुनै प्रयास गरेनन्, तर सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले यसलाई केन्द्रीकृत गर्ने प्रयास गरे, र यो जातीय विविधता सोभियत सङ्घको राष्ट्रिय एकता र अखण्डताको लागि खतरा बनी रह्यो। सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले यो जटिल समस्याको समाधान खोज्न सकेन। [[शीतयुद्ध|शीतयुद्धको समयमा,]] पश्चिमी शक्तिहरूको प्रचारले यो चुनौतीलाई बढाउँदै लग्यो। सोभियत साम्राज्यले आफ्नो प्रभावमा ल्याएपछि [[हङ्गेरी|हङ्गेरी]], [[पोल्यान्ड|पोल्यान्ड]], [[चेकोस्लोभाकिया]], [[रोमानिया]] आदि सबै पूर्वी देशहरूमा स्वतन्त्रताको चाहना सोभियत साम्राज्यको लागि चिन्ताको विषय बनेको थियो। सोभियत सङ्घको कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले अगाडि सारेका आर्थिक विकास र सामाजिक पुनर्निर्माणका उपायहरू असफल साबित भए। [[लिओन त्रोत्स्की|ट्रोटस्की]] जस्ता आलोचकहरूले धेरै पहिले स्टालिनका नीतिहरूलाई समाजवाद प्रति विश्वासघातको रूपमा निन्दा गरेका थिए र ख्रुश्चेभले पनि स्टालिन र स्टालिनवादको निन्दा गरेका थिए। ख्रुश्चेभको शासनकालमा, [[माओ त्सेतुङ|माओवादी]] चीनले पनि सोभियत सङ्घ कम्युनिस्ट क्रान्तिकारी राज्य हुन छोडेको र सुधारवादी, प्रतिक्रियावादी, अवसरवादी, सम्झौतावादी शक्ति बनेको आरोप लगाउन थालेको थियो। यसरी, सोभियत नेतृत्वले आफ्ना सहयोगीहरू, अन्य कम्युनिस्ट देशहरूको विश्वास गुमायो। यसलाई सामूहिक, राष्ट्रिय र क्रान्तिकारी हितभन्दा आफ्नो राष्ट्रिय हितलाई प्राथमिकता दिने रूपमा हेरिएको थियो। चाहे त्यो सोभियत-चीन विवाद होस् वा पूर्वी युरोपका कम्युनिस्ट देशहरूमा असन्तुष्टि, यी सबैले सोभियत कम्युनिस्टहरूलाई कमजोर बनाए। सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको लागि कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको शीर्ष नेतृत्व पनि केही हदसम्म जिम्मेवार थियो। सोभियत सङ्घमा पार्टी र राज्य बीच कुनै भिन्नता नभएकोले, पार्टी र राज्य दुवैको नेतृत्व उनीहरूसँगै रह्यो। पार्टी नेतृत्व आफ्नो विशेषाधिकार प्राप्त जीवनशैली, नातावाद र भ्रष्ट अभ्यासहरूका लागि कुख्यात भयो। फलस्वरूप, सोभियत नेताहरूले जनताका लागि आदर्शको रूपमा आफ्नो भूमिका गुमाए। === आर्थिक सङ्कट === [[आर्थिक विकास|आर्थिक विकासको]] सन्दर्भमा, सैन्य र रणनीतिक क्षेत्रमा सोभियत उपलब्धिहरू अमेरिकीहरूको बराबर र कहिलेकाहीँ उछिनेको देखिए पनि, यी उपलब्धिहरूले सोभियत सङ्घको आर्थिक वृद्धि दरलाई उल्लेखनीय रुपमा पछि पार्‍यो। वास्तवमा, उन्नत अनुसन्धानको लागि प्रतिस्पर्धा, हतियार उत्पादनमा अत्यधिक खर्च, र आफ्नो प्रभुत्व कायम राख्न अन्य देशहरू (अफगानिस्तान, प्यालेस्टाइन) को आन्तरिक समस्याहरूमा हस्तक्षेपले सोभियत सङ्घको अर्थतन्त्रको पतन निम्त्यायो। यसबाहेक, पूर्वी युरोपमा स्थापित समाजवादी राज्यहरूलाई आर्थिक, सैन्य र राजनीतिक समर्थन प्रदान गर्नु सोभियत सङ्घको नैतिक जिम्मेवारी थियो। यसबाहेक, नयाँ स्वतन्त्र देशहरूको अर्थतन्त्रलाई अमेरिकी शिविरमा पर्नबाट रोक्न आर्थिक सहयोग प्रदान गर्नु यसको नीति थियो। यी सबै कारणहरूले सोभियत सङ्घको आर्थिक पतन निम्त्यायो। १९७० देखि १९८५ सम्म सोभियत सङ्घको वृद्धि दर १०% ले घट्यो। मेसिनरी र उपकरण निर्यातको हिस्सा घट्यो। कृषि र औद्योगिक उत्पादनमा गिरावट आयो। फलस्वरूप, उपभोग्य वस्तुहरूको लागि लामो लाइनहरू बन्न थाले, र नागरिकहरूको जीवनस्तर घट्यो। यसरी, औसत उपभोक्ताको लागि अभाव सामान्य कुरा हुन थाल्यो। शीतयुद्धको समयमा पश्चिमी प्रचार कम्युनिस्ट प्रणाली उत्पादन र वितरण दुवैमा पूर्ण असफल भएको प्रमाणित गर्नमा केन्द्रित थियो। अभावको यो वातावरण, बढ्दो उपभोक्ता असन्तुष्टि, अभिव्यक्ति स्वतन्त्रताको अभाव र मानव अधिकार उल्लङ्घनले सोभियत प्रणालीलाई अझ चर्काएको थियो। संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकासँग [[परमाणु निर्मित अस्त्र-शस्त्रों|आणविक हतियारमा]] प्रतिस्पर्धा गर्ने महत्वाकांक्षाले सोभियत सङ्घको अर्थतन्त्रमा ठुलो बोझ ल्यायो। राष्ट्रपति रेगनको नेतृत्वमा घोषणा गरिएको [[स्टार वार्स परियोजना|स्टार वार्स परियोजनालाई]] रद्द गर्न, सोभियत सङ्घले आफ्नो रक्षा बजेटमा भारी वृद्धि गर्नुपर्‍यो। सोही समयमा, सोभियत सङ्घले [[अफगानिस्तान|अफगानिस्तानमा]] सैन्य हस्तक्षेप गर्‍यो। यो हस्तक्षेपले सोभियत सङ्घमा आर्थिक बोझ मात्र थपेन तर यसलाई अलोकप्रिय पनि बनायो। यसले सोभियत सङ्घलाई अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय समुदायमा पूर्ण रूपमा एक्लो बनायो। त्यही समयमा, पूर्वी युरोपमा कम्युनिस्ट सोभियत साम्राज्यलाई चुनौती दिँदै क्रान्तिकारी आन्दोलन सुरु भयो। पोल्यान्डमा, सैन्य सङ्गठन " [[सॉलिडेटरी|सोलिडारिटी" ले]] आफ्नो देशको कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी विरुद्ध लडिरहेको थियो, र [[रोमानिया|रोमानियामा]], [[चेचेस्क्यू|चाउसेस्कुको]] भ्रष्ट शासनलाई समर्थन गर्न गाह्रो हुँदै गइरहेको थियो। यी परिस्थितिहरूमा मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभले सत्ता ग्रहण गरे। === गोर्बाचेभ र उनका नीतिहरू === [[चित्र:Mikhail_Gorbachev_1987.jpg|दायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|305x305पिक्सेल|मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभ]] मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभ ११ मार्च १९८५ मा पोलिटब्युरोद्वारा महासचिवमा निर्वाचित भए। उनको चयन उनका पूर्ववर्ती कोन्स्टान्टिन चेर्नेन्कोको ७३ वर्षको उमेरमा मृत्यु भएको चार घण्टाभन्दा बढी समयपछि भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/12/world/chernenko-dead-moscow-73-gorbachev-succeeds-him-urges-arms-control-economic.html |title=Chernenko is Dead in Moscow at 73; Gorbachev Succeeds Him and Urges Arms Control and Economic Vigor |work=द न्युयोर्क टाइम्स|date=12 March 1985 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008023935/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/12/world/chernenko-dead-moscow-73-gorbachev-succeeds-him-urges-arms-control-economic.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ५४ वर्षीय गोर्बाचेभ पोलिटब्युरोका सबैभन्दा कान्छा सदस्य थिए। महासचिवको रूपमा उनको प्रारम्भिक लक्ष्य स्थिर सोभियत अर्थतन्त्रलाई पुनर्जीवित गर्नु थियो। त्यसो गर्न अन्तर्निहित राजनीतिक र सामाजिक संरचनाहरूमा सुधार आवश्यक पर्ने उनले महसुस गरे।<ref>{{cite web |date=27 March 2009 |title=Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв (Mikhail Sergeyevičh Gorbačhëv) |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/ussr/ussr_state/gorbachev.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111111753/http://www.archontology.org/nations/ussr/ussr_state/gorbachev.php |archive-date=11 November 2019 |access-date=3 April 2009 |publisher=Archontology}}</ref> सुधारको सुरुवात ब्रेज्नेभ-युगका वरिष्ठ अधिकारीहरूको कर्मचारी परिवर्तनबाट सुरु भयो जसले राजनीतिक र आर्थिक परिवर्तनमा बाधा पुर्‍याउन सक्थे।<ref>{{cite book|last1=Carrere D'Encausse |first1=Helene|title=The End of the Soviet Empire: The Triumph of the Nations|url=https://archive.org/details/endofsovietemp00carr |url-access=registration |date=1993|publisher=BasicBooks |location=New York|isbn=978-0-465-09812-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/endofsovietemp00carr/page/16 16]|edition=English |translator-first= Franklin|translator-last= Philip}}</ref> २३ अप्रिल १९८५ मा, गोर्बाचेभले दुई कार्यकर्ता, येगोर लिगाचेभ र निकोलाई रिज्कोभलाई पूर्ण सदस्यको रूपमा पोलिटब्यूरोमा ल्याए। उनले केजीवी प्रमुख भिक्टर चेब्रिकोभलाई उम्मेदवारबाट पूर्ण सदस्यमा पदोन्नति गरेर र रक्षामन्त्री मार्शल सर्गेई सोकोलोभलाई पोलिटब्यूरोको उम्मेदवारको रूपमा नियुक्त गरेर "शक्तिशाली" मन्त्रालयहरूलाई अनुकुल बनाए। गोर्बाचेभको सुधारले ल्याएको अभिव्यक्ति स्वतन्त्रताले सोभियत सङ्घ भित्र राष्ट्रवादी आन्दोलन र जातीय विवादहरूलाई अभिव्यक्त गर्न र प्रमुख राजनीतिक आन्दोलनहरूमा बढ्न छुट दियो।{{Sfnp|Beissinger|2009|pages=5–6}} यसले अप्रत्यक्ष रूपमा १९८९ को क्रान्तिहरूको नेतृत्व पनि गर्‍यो जसमा वार्सा सम्झौताको सोभियत-समर्थित समाजवादी शासनहरू शान्तिपूर्ण (रोमानियाको उल्लेखनीय अपवाद बाहेक) रूपमा ढालिए।,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7972755.stm |title=Gorbachev's role in 1989 turmoil |work=बिबिसी न्युज |date=1 April 2009 |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=9 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409121205/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7972755.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> यस घटनाले गोर्बाचेभमाथि सोभियत सङ्घका घटक गणराज्यहरूका लागि बढी प्रजातन्त्र र स्वायत्तता लागु गर्न दबाब बढायो। गोर्बाचेभको नेतृत्वमा, १९८९ मा सोभियत सङ्घ कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले नयाँ केन्द्रीय व्यवस्थापिका, जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको काङ्ग्रेस मा सीमित प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक चुनावहरू सुरु गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/30/world/the-gorbachev-plan-restructuring-soviet-power.html |title=The Gorbachev Plan: Restructuring Soviet Power |work=The New York Times |date=30 June 1988 |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=16 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516202450/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/30/world/the-gorbachev-plan-restructuring-soviet-power.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ((यद्यपि अन्य राजनीतिक दलहरूमाथिको प्रतिबन्ध १९९० सम्म हटाइएको थिएन)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/08/opinion/the-third-russian-revolution-transforming-the-communist-party.html |title=The Third Russian Revolution; Transforming the Communist Party |work=द न्युयोर्क टाइम्स |date=8 February 1990 |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=16 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516201709/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/08/opinion/the-third-russian-revolution-transforming-the-communist-party.html |url-status=live }}</ref> रूसको आर्थिक अवस्था सुधार गर्न र साम्यवादलाई सकारात्मक रूपमा बलियो बनाउन, गोर्बाचेभले उस्कोरेनी (त्वरण), पेरेस्ट्रोइका (पुनर्संरचना), र ग्लासनोस्त (खुलापन) भनेर चिनिने आफ्ना विशिष्ट नीतिहरूको घोषणा गरे।<ref name="m446">{{Cite web |title=Gorbachev and Perestroika |url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/gorbachev |access-date=16 April 2026 |website=Short History |ref={{sfnref|Short History}}}}</ref> गोर्बाचेभको उद्देश्य यी अवधारणाहरू मार्फत सोभियत प्रणालीलाई आमूल रूपान्तरण गर्नु थियो। उनको प्रयास नयाँ परिवर्तनहरू ल्याएर साम्यवादको जग प्रदान गर्नु थियो। त्यसैले, उनको परिवर्तनलाई दोस्रो सोभियत क्रान्तिको आगमनको प्रतीकात्मक मानिन्छ। === उस्कोरेनी === गोर्बाचेभका अनुसार, तत्कालीन सोभियत अर्थतन्त्र कम गुणस्तरका सामानहरू, अदक्षता र प्रतिस्पर्धाको अभावबाट पीडित थियो। जनतालाई प्रदान गरिने सामान र सेवाहरू र उनीहरूले माग गरेका सामान र सेवाहरू बीच अन्तर थियो। यसरी, उस्कोरेनी अर्थतन्त्रको संरचनालाई यस्तो तरिकाले रूपान्तरण गर्नेछ जसले जनताको आवश्यकताहरूको सन्तुष्टिलाई अझ गतिशील, कुशल र सामाजिक रूपमा उन्मुख बनाउनेछ भन्ने विश्वास गरिएको थियो। यसले अधिक स्रोतहरू प्रयोग गर्नुको सट्टा दक्षता बढाएर उत्पादन बढाउन जोड दियो। === पेरेस्त्रोइका === पेरेस्त्रोइकाको अर्थ पुनर्गठन वा पुनर्संरचना हो। यसको माध्यमबाट, समाजमा सुधार ल्याउने संकल्प गरिएको थियो जसले पुरानो कठोरताहरूको अन्त्य गर्नेछ र मानव आर्थिक, सामाजिक, राजनीतिक, सांस्कृतिक र आध्यात्मिक विकासको लागि मार्ग प्रशस्त गर्नेछ।<ref name="m521">{{Cite web |title=Google Books |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Samyavad_Ko_Chunotiya_lkE_okn_dks_pqukSf/y6c2KYkSpVsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE&pg=PA76&printsec=frontcover |access-date=16 April 2026 |website=Google |ref={{sfnref|Google}}}}</ref> यसरी, यो नयाँ समाजतर्फ अघि बढ्ने प्रक्रिया थियो। पेरेस्ट्रोइकामा निम्न समावेश थिए: (१) सामाजिक-आर्थिक प्रगतिलाई तीव्र पार्ने। (२) समाजको व्यापक लोकतान्त्रिकरण ल्याउन। (३) लोकतान्त्रिक विकेन्द्रीकरण हासिल गर्न। (४) व्यक्तिको नैतिक र आध्यात्मिक विकास गर्न। (५) समाजका कुरीतिहरूको पर्दाफास गर्ने। यसरी, पेरेस्त्रोइकाको उद्देश्य एउटा यस्तो समाजको विस्तार गर्नु थियो जहाँ मानवीय मर्यादा र गौरव केन्द्रमा हुन्छ र मानवीय मूल्यमान्यताको सम्मान गरिन्छ। गोर्बाचोभले पेरेस्त्रोइकाको अन्तर्गत, कृषि क्षेत्र, पट्टा र सम्झौतामा सुधार मार्फत निजी खेतीलाई प्रोत्साहित गरे। कृषिमा, सामूहिक संस्थाहरू भन्दा सहकारी संस्थाहरूलाई बढी महत्त्व दिइयो किनभने यसमा, व्यक्तिको काम गर्ने प्रेरणा रहिरहन्छ। त्यसैगरी, उपभोक्ता उद्योगहरू विकास गरियो, ज्याला उत्पादकत्वसँग जोडियो र दक्ष कामदारहरूलाई उच्च तलब र सुविधा प्रदान गरियो। त्यसैगरी, प्रविधि र लगानीसँग सम्बन्धित नीतिमा परिवर्तन ल्याएर, अर्थतन्त्रलाई गहिरो संरचनात्मक रूपमा पुनर्संरचना गर्ने प्रयास गरियो। अर्थतन्त्रलाई स्थिरताबाट बाहिर निकालेर बलियो र द्रुत विकासको बाटोमा राख्ने प्रयास गरियो। पेरेस्ट्रोइका मार्फत, गोर्बाचेभले सोभियत सङ्घलाई नयाँ समाजतर्फ डोऱ्याउन खोजे। उनले लेनिनको विचारधारामा आधारित यो नयाँ समाजको पुनर्निर्माण गर्ने उद्देश्य राखे। यी नीतिहरूको यथास्थितिवादीहरूले व्यापक रूपमा विरोध गरे। === ग्लासनोस्त === ग्लासनोस्तको अर्थ "खुलापन" हो। ग्लासनोस्तको माध्यमले खुला बहस लाई प्रोत्साहन दिइयो जसबाट लोकतन्त्रको शक्तिलाई बलियो बनोस्। गोर्बाचेभले जोड दिए कि ग्लासनोस्त योजना र प्रशासनका सबै पक्षहरूमा विस्तार गरिनुपर्छ, र देश भित्र क्षेत्रीय, आर्थिक, जातीय, युवा, वातावरणीय, सामाजिक र अन्य मुद्दाहरूमा खुला बहस गरिनुपर्छ, ताकि जनताको वास्तविक र सटीक विचारहरू पत्ता लगाउन सकियोस्। गोर्बाचेभले यो पनि भने कि हामीलाई हावा जति चाहिँन्छ त्यति नै ग्लासनोस्त पनि चाहिँन्छ। ग्लासनोस्त मार्फत, समाजवादले लोकतन्त्रको बाटोमा लाग्नु थियो। वास्तवमा, पेरेस्ट्रोइकाको व्यापक अवधारणा, जसले सामाजिक, आर्थिक र राजनीतिक रूपान्तरण खोज्यो, र मानिसहरूले भाग लिएको समाजको पुनर्निर्माण गर्ने प्रयास गर्‍यो, ग्लासनोस्ट वा खुलापन आवश्यक थियो। यसैले यो भनिएको थियो कि ग्लासनोस्ट बिना, पेरेस्ट्रोइका र लोकतन्त्र थिएन। ग्लासनोस्टको प्रक्रिया वास्तवमा चुनौतीपूर्ण थियो किनभने बन्द समाज खुला ठाउँमा बस्न अभ्यस्त थिएन। ; <nowiki>गोर्बाचेभको नीतिका परिणामहरू:</nowiki> १. ग्लासनोस्त र पेरेस्ट्रोइका केवल शब्द मात्र नभई परिवर्तनका प्रतीक बने। सोभियत समाजको हरेक कुनामा परिवर्तनले पकड जमाउन थाल्यो र राजनीतिक बन्दीहरूलाई रिहा गरियो। २. देशमा खुला बहस हुन थाल्यो। सोभियत जनताले बहुदलीय चुनावको नयाँ अनुभव प्राप्त गरे। ३. सोभियत नागरिकहरूलाई विदेश यात्रा र नागरिक आप्रवासनको स्वतन्त्रता दिइएको थियो। ४. विदेश नीतिमा परिवर्तन ल्याइयो र शीतयुद्धको सट्टा तनाव कम गर्नलाई महत्त्व दिइयो। ५. सुधार कार्यक्रमहरू मार्फत, सोभियत समाजलाई कडा अनुशासन र कठोर नीतिबाट मुक्त गरियो। ६. यो खुला बहस सोभियत सङ्घमा पनि दुरुपयोग गरिएको थियो, जहाँ मानिसहरूले यसलाई गुटबन्दी र साँघुरो स्वार्थलाई बढावा दिन प्रयोग गरे। यसैबीच, सोभियत सङ्घ गठन गर्ने गणतन्त्रहरूले बढी स्वायत्तताको माग गरे। केही गणतन्त्रहरूले पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता पनि चाहेका थिए। ७. लोकतान्त्रिक तत्वहरू र कट्टरपन्थी कम्युनिस्टहरू बीचको रस्साकस्सीले प्रशासनलाई निष्क्रिय बनायो। पृथकतावाद हिंसात्मक रुपमा फैलियो, जसले सोभियत सङ्घलाई अराजकताको छेउमा पुर्‍यायो। अगस्ट १९९१ मा, केही कम्युनिस्ट नेताहरूले असफल विद्रोहको प्रयास गरे। फलस्वरूप, सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन तीव्र भयो, र यो अन्ततः विघटन भयो। गोर्बाचेभले राजीनामा दिए। डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा, सोभियत सङ्घको ठाउँमा १५ स्वतन्त्र गणतन्त्रहरू देखा परे। == १९९० == === सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले पाँच गणराज्य गुमायो === ७ फेब्रुअरी १९९० मा, सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको केन्द्रीय समितिले पार्टीले राजनीतिक शक्तिमा आफ्नो [[एकाधिकार]] त्याग्नुपर्छ भन्ने गोर्बाचेभको सिफारिसलाई स्वीकार गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite web |title=Soviet Communist Party gives up monopoly on political power: This Day in History – 2/7/1990 |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviet-communist-party-gives-up-monopoly-on-political-power |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122002621/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviet-communist-party-gives-up-monopoly-on-political-power |archive-date=22 January 2018 |access-date=23 June 2011 |publisher=History.com}}</ref> १९९० मा, सोभियत सङ्घका सबै पन्ध्र घटक गणराज्यहरूले आफ्नो पहिलो प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक चुनाव सम्पन्न भयो, जसमा सुधारवादी र जातीय राष्ट्रवादीहरूले धेरै सिटहरू जिते। कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले पाँच गणराज्यहरूमा चुनाव हार्‍यो: लिथुआनिया, मोल्डोभा, इस्टोनिया, लाटभिया, जर्जियामा घटक गणराज्यहरूले आफ्ना राज्यको सार्वभौमिकता घोषणा गर्न थाले र मस्को केन्द्रीय सरकारसँग "कानूनको युद्ध" सुरु गर्‍यो; गणराज्यहरूले स्थानीय कानूनहरूसँग बाझिने सङ्घ-व्यापी कानूनलाई अस्वीकार गरे, आफ्नो स्थानीय अर्थतन्त्रमा नियन्त्रण कायम राखे, र सोभियत सरकारलाई कर तिर्न अस्वीकार गरे। लिथुआनियाले लिथुआनियाली पुरुषहरूलाई सोभियत सशस्त्र सेनामा अनिवार्य सेवा गर्नुपर्ने नियम अन्त्य गर्‍यो। यो द्वन्द्वले आपूर्ति प्रणाली अवरुद्ध हुँदा आर्थिक अव्यवस्था निम्त्यायो र सोभियत अर्थतन्त्रमा थप गिरावट आयो।<ref name="Russia, The Tsarist and Soviet Legacy">Acton, Edward (1995). ''Russia, The Tsarist and Soviet Legacy''. Longman Group Ltd. {{ISBN|0-582-08922-0}}.</ref> === सोभियत सङ्घ र रुसी सोभियत सङ्घीय समाजवादी गणराज्य बीचको प्रतिस्पर्धा === ४ मार्च १९९० मा, रुसी सोभियत सङ्घीय समाजवादी गणराज्यले रूसको जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको काङ्ग्रेसको लागि चुनाव गर्‍यो। [[बोरिस येल्तसिन]] ७२ प्रतिशत मत प्राप्त गर्दै निर्वाचित भए। <ref>Leon Aron, ''Boris Yeltsin: A Revolutionary Life''. HarperCollins, 2000. pp. 739–740.</ref> २९ मे १९९० मा, येल्तसिन रुसी गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च सोभियतको अध्यक्षमा निर्वाचित भए, यद्यपि गोर्बाचेभले रुसी प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई उनलाई मतदान नगर्न आग्रह गरेका थिए। येल्तसिनलाई सर्वोच्च सोभियतका लोकतान्त्रिक र रूढिवादी सदस्यहरूले समर्थन गरेका थिए, जसले विकासशील राजनीतिक परिस्थितिमा शक्ति खोजेका थिए। रुसी गणराज्य र सोभियत सङ्घ बीच एक नयाँ शक्ति सङ्घर्ष देखा पर्‍यो। १२ जुन १९९० मा, रुसी गणराज्यको जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको काङ्ग्रेसले सार्वभौमिकताको घोषणापत्र घोषणा गर्‍यो। १२ जुलाई १९९० मा, येल्तसिनले २८औँ काङ्ग्रेसमा नाटकीय भाषणमा कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीबाट राजीनामा दिए।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/12/newsid_4493000/4493177.stm|title=1990: Yeltsin Resignation Splits Soviet Communists|date=12 July 1990|access-date=29 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023134854/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/12/newsid_4493000/4493177.stm|archive-date=23 October 2012|publisher=BBC News|url-status=live}}</ref> === बाल्तेली गणराज्यहरू === ११-१३ जनवरी १९९० मा गोर्बाचेभको लिथुआनियाली राजधानी भिल्नियसको गरे। उनको भ्रमणले अनुमानित २५०,००० मानिसहरूको उपस्थिति रहेको स्वतन्त्रता समर्थक र्‍यालीलाई उत्तेजित बनायो। ११ मार्चमा, लिथुआनियाली गणराज्यको नवनिर्वाचित संसदले भाइटौटास ल्यान्ड्सबर्गिसलाई आफ्नो अध्यक्षको रूपमा निर्वाचित गर्‍यो र "लिथुआनिया राज्यको पुनर्स्थापनाको ऐन"को घोषणा गर्‍यो, जसले लिथुआनियालाई सोभियत सङ्घबाट स्वतन्त्रता घोषणा गर्ने पहिलो सोभियत गणराज्य बनायो। मस्कोले "जातीय रूसीहरूको अधिकार सुरक्षित गर्ने" कारण देखाउँदै लिथुआनियामा सेनाहरू राखेर आर्थिक नाकाबन्दीको प्रतिक्रिया दियो।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bandelj|first=Nina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlhoP8snGTgC&pg=PA41|title=From Communists to Foreign Capitalists: The Social Foundations of Foreign Direct Investment in Postsocialist Europe|date=2008|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-12912-9|page=41|access-date=11 October 2015|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124205849/https://books.google.com/books?id=RlhoP8snGTgC&pg=PA41|url-status=live}}</ref> २५ मार्च १९९० मा, एस्टोनियाली कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले छ महिनाको सङ्क्रमकाल पछि सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीबाट अलग हुने पक्षमा मतदान गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/26/world/upheaval-in-the-east-party-in-estonia-votes-split-and-also-a-delay.html|title=Upheaval in the East; Party in Estonia Votes Split and Also a Delay|date=26 March 1990|work=The New York Times|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701214430/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/26/world/upheaval-in-the-east-party-in-estonia-votes-split-and-also-a-delay.html|archive-date=1 July 2017|agency=Associated Press|url-status=live}}</ref> ३० मार्च १९९० मा, इस्टोनियाली सर्वोच्च परिषद्ले दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धदेखि इस्टोनियामा सोभियत नियन्त्रणलाई अवैध घोषणा गर्‍यो र गणतन्त्र भित्र राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्रताको औपचारिक पुनर्स्थापनातर्फ प्रकृया सुरु गर्‍यो। ३ अप्रिल १९९० मा, एडगर सविसार मन्त्रिपरिषद्को अध्यक्ष (प्रधानमन्त्री बराबर)मा निर्वाचित भए , र चाँडै नै स्वतन्त्रता समर्थक मन्त्रिपरिषद् गठन भयो। लाटभियाले ४ मे १९९० मा स्वतन्त्रताको पुनर्स्थापनाको घोषणा गर्‍यो। घोषणापत्रमा भनिएको थियो कि लाटभियाले दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धमा वास्तविक रूपमा आफ्नो स्वतन्त्रता गुमाएको भए तापनि, देश कानूनतः एक सार्वभौम देश बनेको थियो किनभने विलय असंवैधानिक र लाटभियाली जनताको इच्छा विपरीत थियो। घोषणापत्रमा यो पनि भनिएको थियो कि लाटभियाले सोभियत सङ्घसँगको आफ्नो सम्बन्ध १९२० को लाटभियन-सोभियत शान्ति सन्धिको आधारमा बनाउनेछ, जसमा सोभियत सङ्घले लाटभियाको स्वतन्त्रतालाई "भविष्यका सबै समयका लागि" अटूट मानेको थियो। अहिले मे ४ [[लात्भिया|लाटभिया]]मा राष्ट्रिय बिदा हो। ८ मे १९९० मा, एस्टोनियाली सोभियत गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले स्वतन्त्र गणतन्त्र इस्टोनियाको १९३८ को संविधानको पुनर्स्थापनाको आधिकारिक घोषणा गर्दै एक कानून अपनायो।<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2019 |title=О символике эстонии Эстония |trans-title=About the symbolism of Estonia |url=http://estonia.news-city.info/docs/sistemsf/dok_ierskz.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906230101/http://estonia.news-city.info/docs/sistemsf/dok_ierskz.htm |archive-date=6 September 2019 |website= |language=ru}}</ref> === ककेशस === === पश्चिमी गणराज्यहरू === === मध्य एसियाली गणराज्यहरू === ==१९९१== ===मस्कोको सङ्कट=== १४ जनवरी १९९१ मा, निकोलाई रिज्कोभले सोभियत सङ्घको प्रधानमन्त्री वा मन्त्रिपरिषद्को अध्यक्षको पदबाट राजीनामा दिए र सोभियत सङ्घको नयाँ प्रधानमन्त्री मा भ्यालेन्टिन पाभलोभ बने। १७ मार्च १९९१ मा, सङ्घ-व्यापी जनमत सङ्ग्रहमा ७७.८५% मतदाताले सुधारिएको सोभियत सङ्घको अवधारणलाई समर्थन गरे।<ref>[http://soviethistory.org/index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991march&Year=1991&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme 1991: March Referendum] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330025028/http://soviethistory.org/index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991march&Year=1991&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme|date=30 March 2014}} SovietHistory.org</ref> बाल्तेली गणराज्यहरू, आर्मेनिया, जर्जिया र मोल्डोभाले जनमत सङ्ग्रह बहिष्कार गरे साथै चेचेनो-इङ्गुशेतिया (रुस भित्रको एक स्वायत्त गणराज्य जसमा स्वतन्त्रताको तीव्र इच्छा थियो, र अहिले आफुलाई इच्केरिया भनेर चिनाउँछ) पनि बहिष्कार गरे।<ref>Charles King, ''The Ghost of Freedom: History of the Caucasus''</ref> अन्य नौ गणराज्यहरूमा, बहुमत मतदाताहरूले सुधारिएको सोभियत सङ्घको अवधारणाको समर्थन गरे, जर्जियाली क्षेत्रहरू दक्षिण ओसेशिया र अबखाजियाकामा पनि सङ्घको निरन्तरताको पक्षमा पनि मतदान गरे। ===रसियाको प्रमुख बोरिस येल्तसिन=== [[चित्र:Борис_Николаевич_Ельцин-1_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|255x255पिक्सेल|[[बोरिस येल्तसिन]], रसियाको पहिलो प्रजातान्त्रिक निर्वाचित राष्ट्रपति]] १२ जुन १९९१ मा, [[बोरिस येल्तसिन]] देशको पहिलो राष्ट्रपति चुनावमा ५७ प्रतिशत लोकप्रिय मतका साथ रुसी सोभियत सङ्घीय समाजवादी गणराज्यको प्रमुख निर्वाचित भए, उनले गोर्बाचेभले रुचाएका उम्मेदवार "निकोलाई रिज्कोभ"लाई पराजित गरे, जसले १६ प्रतिशत मत प्राप्त गरे। येल्तसिन राष्ट्रपतिमा निर्वाचित भएपछि, रुसी गणराज्यले सोभियत सङ्घबाट आफुलाई स्वायत्त घोषणा गर्‍यो।<ref>{{Cite book|title=The world transformed : 1945 to the present|last=Hunt|first=Michael H.|isbn=9780199371020|page=321|oclc=907585907|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> आफ्नो चुनावी अभियानमा, येल्तसिनले "केन्द्रको तानाशाही" को आलोचना गरे, तर [[बजार अर्थव्यवस्था|बजार अर्थतन्त्र]] लागु गर्ने वाचा भने दिएनन्। === ककेसस: जर्जिया === सोभियत सङ्घ-व्यापी जनमत सङ्ग्रहको प्रतिक्रियामा, ३१ मार्च १९९१ मा, जर्जियाली स्वतन्त्रताको विषयमा स्वतन्त्रता जनमत सङ्ग्रह आयोजना गरियो। दक्षिण ओसेटियन र अब्खाज अल्पसङ्ख्यकहरूले बहिष्कार गरे यो जनमत सङ्ग्रह बहिष्कार गरेका थिए। त्यस महिनाको सुरुमा भएको सोभियत सङ्घमा नै रहने भन्ने जनमत सङ्ग्रहमा उनीहरू उपस्थित थिए। ९९.५% जर्जियाली मतदाताले जर्जियाली स्वतन्त्रताको पुनर्स्थापनाको पक्षमा मतदान गरे जबकि ०.५% ले यसको विपक्षमा मतदान गरे। मतदान ९०.६% थियो।<ref name="Cornell">Cornell, Svante E., [http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/publications/0419dissertation.pdf ''Autonomy and Conflict: Ethnoterritoriality and Separatism in the South Caucasus – Case in Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630141309/http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/publications/0419dissertation.pdf|date=30 June 2007}}. Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Report No. 61. p. 163. University of Uppsala, {{ISBN|91-506-1600-5}}.</ref> ९ अप्रिल १९९१ मा, तिब्लिसीमा भएको नरसंहारको दुई वर्ष पछि र लिथुआनियाले पुनर्स्थापित स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणा गरेको एक वर्ष दुई महिना पछि, जर्जियाली सोभियत गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च परिषद्ले पूर्ण सत्रमा सोभियत सशस्त्र सेनाले प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्रलाई अपदस्त गरेको ७० वर्ष पछि, सोभियत सङ्घबाट जर्जियाको स्वतन्त्रताको औपचारिक पुनर्गठनको घोषणा गर्‍यो। जर्जियाले गरेको स्वतन्त्रताको यो ऐतिहासिक घोषणाले यसलाई सोभियत सङ्घबाट आधिकारिक रूपमा अलग हुने कोकेशियन गणराज्यहरूमध्ये पहिलो र समग्रमा अहिलेसम्म तेस्रो गणराज्य बनायो। === बाल्तेली === ===अगस्ट कु को प्रयास=== १९ अगस्ट १९९१ मा, गोर्बाचेभका उपराष्ट्रपति गेनाडी यानायेभ, प्रधानमन्त्री भ्यालेन्टिन पावलोभ, रक्षामन्त्री दिमित्री याजोभ, केजीवी प्रमुख भ्लादिमिर क्र्युचकोभ र अन्य वरिष्ठ अधिकारीहरूले "राज्य आपतकाल सम्बन्धी समिति" गठन गरेर सङ्घ सन्धिमा हस्ताक्षर हुनबाट रोक्नको लागि प्रयास गरे, जसले फोरोस, [[क्रिमिया|क्राइमिया]]मा बिदामा रहेका गोर्बाचेभलाई घरमै नजरबन्दमा राख्यो र उनको सञ्चार काट्यो। कू नेताहरूले राजनीतिक गतिविधि निलम्बन गर्ने र धेरैजसो पत्रपत्रिकाहरूमा प्रतिबन्ध लगाउने आपतकालीन आदेश जारी गरे। त्यतिबेला रुसी सार्वभौमिकताको प्रतीकात्मक केन्द्र ह्वाइट हाउस (रुसी सङ्घको संसद र येल्तसिनको कार्यालय) को रक्षा गर्न हजारौँ मस्कोवासीहरू बाहिर निस्के। ट्याङ्कमाथिबाट भाषण दिएर कूको विरोध गर्ने येल्तसिनलाई पक्राउ गर्ने प्रयास गरे तर अन्ततः असफल भए। तीन दिन पछि, २१ अगस्ट १९९१ मा, विद्रोह समाप्त भयो। आयोजकहरूलाई पक्राउ गरियो र गोर्बाचेभलाई राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा पुनर्स्थापित गरियो, यद्यपि उनको शक्ति धेरै कम भयो।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ostrovsky |first=Alexander Vladimirovich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XM1VywAACAAJ |title=Глупость или измена?: расследование гибели СССР |date=2011 |publisher=Crimean Bridge-9D |isbn=978-5-89747-068-6 |page=864 |language=ru |trans-title=Stupidity or Treason?: Investigation into the Death of the USSR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Андрей Грачев – к годовщине путча: 'Из Фороса Горбачев вернулся заложником Ельцина' |trans-title=Andrey Grachev – on the anniversary of the coup: 'Gorbachev returned from Foros as Yeltsin's hostage' |url=https://sobesednik.ru/obshchestvo/20210819-andrei-gracev-k-godovshhine-putca-iz-f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223085337/https://sobesednik.ru/obshchestvo/20210819-andrei-gracev-k-godovshhine-putca-iz-f |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=sobesednik.ru |language=ru}}</ref> ===अगस्ट-डिसेम्बर सङ्क्रमणकाल=== २४ अगस्ट १९९१ मा, गोर्बाचेभले सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको महासचिवको पदबाट राजीनामा दिए<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 1991 |title=Заявление М. С. Горбачева о сложение обязанностей генерального секретаря КПСС (24 августа 1991) |trans-title=Statement by M. S. Gorbachev on the resignation of the duties of General Secretary of the CPSU (24 August 1991) |url=http://www.illuminats.ru/component/content/article/29-new/1198-statement-by-mikhail-gorbachev-on-the-addition-of-duties-the-secretary-general-of-the-cpsu-24-august-1991?directory=29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721014247/http://www.illuminats.ru/component/content/article/29-new/1198-statement-by-mikhail-gorbachev-on-the-addition-of-duties-the-secretary-general-of-the-cpsu-24-august-1991?directory=29 |archive-date=21 July 2018 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=www.illuminats.ru |language=ru}}</ref> र सरकारमा रहेका सबै पार्टी एकाइहरू भंग गरे। सोही दिन, युक्रेनी गणतन्त्रको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले युक्रेनको स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणापत्र पारित गर्‍यो, जसमा सोभियत सङ्घबाट युक्रेनको स्वतन्त्रताको लागि राष्ट्रिय जनमत सङ्ग्रहको लागि आह्वान गरिएको थियो। पाँच दिन पछि, सोभियत सङ्घको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले सोभियत क्षेत्रको सबै सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी गतिविधि अनिश्चित कालका लागि निलम्बन गर्‍यो<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2013 |title=Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 29 августа 1991 г. N 2371-I 'О ситуации, возникшей в стране в связи с имевшим место государственным переворотом' |trans-title=Resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 29 August 1991 N 2371-I 'On the situation that arose in the country in connection with the coup d'état' |url=http://www.ruspravo.org/list/89358/1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207002848/http://www.ruspravo.org/list/89358/1.html |archive-date=7 December 2013 |website= |page=1 |language=ru}}</ref>, जसले गर्दा सोभियत सङ्घमा कम्युनिस्ट शासनको प्रभावकारी अन्त्य भयो र देशमा बाँकी रहेको एकमात्र एकताकारी शक्तिलाई विघटन गरियो। गोर्बाचेभले सेप्टेम्बर ५ मा सोभियत सङ्घको राज्य परिषद् स्थापना गरे, जुन उनलाई र बाँकी गणतन्त्रका उच्च अधिकारीहरूलाई सामूहिक नेतृत्वमा ल्याउन डिजाइन गरिएको थियो। राज्य परिषद्लाई सोभियत सङ्घको प्रधानमन्त्री नियुक्त गर्ने अधिकार पनि दिइएको थियो। प्रधानमन्त्री पदले कहिल्यै राम्रोसँग काम गरेन, यद्यपि इभान सिलायेभले सोभियत अर्थतन्त्रको सञ्चालन व्यवस्थापन समिति र अन्तर-गणतन्त्र आर्थिक समिति मार्फत पदभार ग्रहण गरे र द्रुत रूपमा घट्दो शक्तिहरू सहित सरकार गठन गर्ने प्रयास गरे। १९९१ को अन्तिम त्रैमासिकमा सोभियत सङ्घ नाटकीय गतिमा पतन भयो। अगस्ट र डिसेम्बरको बीचमा, मुख्यतया अर्को विद्रोहको डरको कारणले १० गणतन्त्रहरू सङ्घबाट अलग भए,। सेप्टेम्बरको अन्त्यसम्ममा, गोर्बाचेभसँग मस्को बाहिरका घटनाहरूलाई प्रभाव पार्ने क्षमता रहेन। उनलाई त्यहाँ पनि [[बोरिस येल्तसिन|येल्तसिन]]ले चुनौती दिए, जसले क्रेमलिन सहित सोभियत सरकारको बाँकी रहेको भाग नियन्त्रण गर्न थालेका थिए। सोभियत सङ्घले ६ सेप्टेम्बर १९९१ मा बाल्तेली गणतन्त्रहरूको स्वतन्त्रतालाई मान्यता दियो।<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2020 |title=Prof. Alpo Russi. About Recognition of Independence of Baltic States |url=https://www.vdu.lt/en/prof-alpo-russi-about-recognition-of-independence-of-baltic-states/ |work=[[Vytautas Magnus University]]}}</ref> जर्जियाले सेप्टेम्बर ७ मा सोभियत सङ्घसँगको सबै सम्बन्ध तोड्यो। उसले बाल्तेली राज्यहरूको पृथकतालाई मान्यता दिँदा पनि सोभियत सङ्घले आफ्नो स्वतन्त्रतालाई किन मान्यता दिएन भन्ने "पर्याप्त आधारभूत जवाफ" प्राप्त नभएको उल्लेख गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite web |author=Cherian |first=Regi |date=6 September 2016 |title=September 7, 1991: Georgia revolts, cuts ties with USSR |url=https://gulfnews.com/today-history/september-7-1996-georgia-revolts-cuts-ties-with-ussr-1.1892039 |work=Gulf News}}</ref> १७ सेप्टेम्बर १९९१ मा, संयुक्त राष्ट्रसङ्घ महासभाको प्रस्ताव नम्बर ४६/४, ४६/५, र ४६/६ ले इस्टोनिया, लाटभिया र लिथुआनियालाई संयुक्त राष्ट्रसङ्घमा सदस्यता दियो, जुन सुरक्षा परिषद्को प्रस्ताव नम्बर ७०९, ७१० र ७११ अनुरूप थियो र १२ सेप्टेम्बरमा मतदान बिना पारित भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web |title=Resolutions adopted by the United Nations Security Council in 1991 |url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/1991.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719210549/http://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/1991.shtml |archive-date=19 July 2017 |access-date=17 June 2016 |work=[[United Nations]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=46th Session (1991–1992) – General Assembly – Quick Links – Research Guides at United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld Library |url=http://research.un.org/en/docs/ga/quick/regular/46 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830083857/http://research.un.org/en/docs/ga/quick/regular/46 |archive-date=30 August 2016 |access-date=17 June 2016 |work=[[United Nations]]}}</ref> ६ नोभेम्बरमा, येल्तसिन - जसले त्यतिबेलासम्म सोभियत सरकारको धेरैजसो हिस्सा आफ्नो नियन्त्रणमा लिइसकेका थिए - ले रुसी भूभागमा कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीका सबै गतिविधिहरूमा प्रतिबन्ध लगाउने आदेश जारी गरे।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Указ Президента РСФСР от 06.11.1991 г. № 169 |trans-title=Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated 06.11.1991 No. 169 |url=http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/385 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301170411/http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/385 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |access-date=22 October 2020 |website=President of Russia |language=ru}}</ref> ७ नोभेम्बर १९९१ सम्म, धेरैजसो अखबारहरूले 'पूर्व सोभियत सङ्घ' लाई उल्लेख गरे।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/07/world/pre-1917-ghosts-haunt-a-bolshevik-holiday.html?pagewanted=all|title=Pre-1917 Ghosts Haunt a Bolshevik Holiday|last1=Schmemann|first1=Serge|date=7 November 1991|work=The New York Times|access-date=21 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053646/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/07/world/pre-1917-ghosts-haunt-a-bolshevik-holiday.html?pagewanted=all|archive-date=22 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[चित्र:Grand_Kremlin_Palace_façade,_1982-2008.jpg|बायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|The [[State Emblem of the Soviet Union|state emblem of the Soviet Union]] and the СССР letters{{Efn|Russian acronym for "USSR"}} (top) in the façade of the [[Grand Kremlin Palace]] were replaced by five double-headed [[Coat of arms of Russia|Russian eagles]] (bottom) after the dissolution of the [[Soviet Union]], the eagles having been removed by the Bolsheviks after the revolution.]] सोभियत सङ्घको पतनको अन्तिम चरण १ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा सुरु भयो। त्यस दिन, "युक्रेनी लोकप्रिय जनमत सङ्ग्रह"मा युक्रेनका ९१ प्रतिशत मतदाताले अगस्टमा पारित स्वतन्त्रता घोषणालाई समर्थन गर्दै मतदान गरे र औपचारिक रूपमा सङ्घबाट अलग भयो। आर्थिक र राजनीतिक शक्तिमा रूसपछि दोस्रो स्थानमा रहेको युक्रेनको पृथकताले गोर्बाचेभले सीमित मात्रामा भए पनि सोभियत सङ्घलाई एकसाथ राख्ने झिनो सम्भावनालाई पनि समाप्त गर्‍यो। तीन स्लाभिक गणतन्त्रहरू, रुस, युक्रेन र बेलारुस (पहिले बेलोरुसिया) का नेताहरू सङ्घको सम्भावित विकल्पहरूबारे छलफल गर्न सहमत भए। डिसेम्बर ८ मा, रुस, युक्रेन र बेलारुसका नेताहरूले पश्चिमी बेलारुसको बेलाभेजस्काया पुष्चामा गोप्य रूपमा भेटे र बेलाभेजा सम्झौतामा हस्ताक्षर गरे, जसले सोभियत सङ्घको अस्तित्व समाप्त भएको घोषणा गर्‍यो र यसको स्थानमा कमनवेल्थ अफ इन्डिपेन्डेन्ट स्टेट्स (CIS) को गठनको घोषणा गर्‍यो। उनीहरूले अन्य गणतन्त्रहरूलाई पनि सिआइ.एस मा सामेल हुन आमन्त्रित गरे। गोर्बाचेभले यसलाई असंवैधानिक कू भने। यद्यपि, यस समयसम्ममा कुनै उचित विकल्प थिएन किनकी सम्झौताको प्रस्तावनामा भनिएझैँ, सोभियत सङ्घ अब "अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय कानून र भूराजनीतिक वास्तविकताको विषयको रूपमा" अस्तित्वमा थिएन। डिसेम्बर १० मा, युक्रेनको बिधायिका भेर्खोभना राडा <ref>{{Cite web |title=Про ратифікацію Угоди про створення Співдружності Незалежних Держав |trans-title=On the ratification of the Agreement on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/1958-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124205855/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1958-12 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=Official website of the Parliament of Ukraine |language=uk}}</ref> र बेलारुसको सर्वोच्च परिषद्ले <ref>{{Cite web |title=Постановление Верховного Совета РБ № 1296-XII О ратификации Соглашения об образовании Содружества Независимых Государств от 10.12.1991 |trans-title=Resolution of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus No. 1296-XII On the ratification of the Agreement on the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States dated 10.12.1991 |url=https://belzakon.net/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%91/1994/96572 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223192600/https://belzakon.net/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%91/1994/96572 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=belzakon.net |language=ru}}</ref> सम्झौतालाई अनुमोदन गरेको थियो। डिसेम्बर १२ मा, रुसी सोभियत गणराज्य को सर्वोच्च सोभियतले बेलाभेझा सम्झौतालाई औपचारिक रूपमा अनुमोदन गर्‍यो,,<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 1991 |title=Постановление ВС РСФСР от 12.12.1991 N 2014-I 'О ратификации Соглашения о создании Содружества Независимых Государств' |trans-title=Resolution of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR of 12.12.1991 N 2014-I 'On ratification of the Agreement on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States' |url=http://base.garant.ru/10164306/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113130902/http://base.garant.ru/10164306/ |archive-date=13 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=base.garant.ru |language=ru}}</ref> १९२२ को सङ्घ सन्धिको निन्दा गर्‍यो,,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Постановление Верховного Совета РСФСР от 12.12.1991 № 2015-I – Сейчас.ру |url=https://www.lawmix.ru/abrolaw/13907 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125075549/https://www.lawmix.ru/abrolaw/13907 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=www.lawmix.ru}}</ref> र सोभियत सङ्घको सर्वोच्च सोभियतबाट रुसी प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई फिर्ता बोलायो। यस अनुमोदनको वैधानिकताले रुसी संसदका केही सदस्यहरूमा शंका उत्पन्न गर्‍यो, किनकि १९७८ को रुसी सोभियत गणराज्यको संविधान अनुसार यस कागजातको विचार जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको काङ्ग्रेसको विशेष क्षेत्राधिकारमा थियो।.<ref name="sssr.net.ru">{{Cite web |last1=Pribylovsky |first1=V. |last2=Tochkin |first2=Gr. |title=Кто и как упразднил СССР |trans-title=Who and how abolished the USSR |url=https://sssr.net.ru/denons.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126160310/http://sssr.net.ru/denons.html |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date= |website=sssr.net.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2015 |title=Из СССР В СНГ: подчиняясь реальности. |trans-title=From the USSR to the CIS: submitting to reality. |url=http://n-discovery.spb.ru/news_full.php?id=379 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403001152/http://n-discovery.spb.ru/news_full.php?id=379 |archive-date=3 April 2015 |website=www.n-discovery.spb.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Бабурин С.Н. На гибель Советского Союза |trans-title=Baburin S.N. On the death of the Soviet Union |url=http://www.ni-journal.ru/archive/2006/n_506/38b39a96/39cf8ddd/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107165055/http://www.ni-journal.ru/archive/2006/n_506/38b39a96/39cf8ddd/ |archive-date=2017-11-07 |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=www.ni-journal.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref name="sovross.ru">{{Cite web |last=Voronin |first=Yu. M. |title=Беловежское предательство |trans-title=Belovezhskaya betrayal |url=http://www.sovross.ru/articles/555/9021/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812180933/http://www.sovross.ru/articles/555/9021/ |archive-date=2020-08-12 |access-date= |website=www.sovross.ru |language=ru}}</ref> थप, सोभियत संविधानले गणतन्त्रलाई एकतर्फी रूपमा आफ्ना प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई फिर्ता बोलाउन अनुमति दिएको थिएन।<ref>The Russian SFSR has constitutional right to "freely secede from the Soviet Union" ([[s:ru:Конституция РСФСР 1978 года (в редакции 1 ноября 1991 года)#Глава_7._РСФСР_–_союзная_республика_в_составе_СССР|art. 69 of the RSFSR Constitution]], [[s:ru:Конституция СССР (1977)/редакция 26 декабря 1990 года#Глава_8._СССР_–_союзное_государство|art. 72 of the USSR Constitution]]), but according to USSR laws [[s:ru:Закон о выходе союзной республики из СССР|1409-I]] (enacted on 3 April 1990) and [http://iv.garant.ru/SESSION/PILOT/loadfavorite.html?pid=6335703&page=1&para_id=2147483649 1457-I]{{dead link|date=May 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} (enacted on 26 April 1990) this can be done only by a referendum and only if two-thirds of all registered voters of the republic has supported that motion. No special referendum on the secession from the USSR was held in the RSFSR</ref> यद्यपि, रुस वा क्रेमलिनमा कसैले पनि आपत्ति जनाएनन्। क्रेमलिनको कुनै पनि आपत्तिको कुनै प्रभाव पर्ने थिएन, किनकि सोभियत सरकारको बाँकी रहेको कुरा डिसेम्बर भन्दा धेरै अघि नै प्रभावकारी रूपमा निष्क्रिय बनाइएको थियो। धेरै वकिलहरू विश्वास गर्छन् कि १९२२ को सङ्घ सन्धिको निन्दा अर्थहीन थियो किनकि यो १९२४ मा सोभियत सङ्घको पहिलो संविधान अपनाएसँगै अमान्य भइसकेको थियो।।<ref>''Исаков В. Б.'' Расчленёнка. Кто и как развалил Советский Союз: Хроника. Документы. – М., Закон и право. 1998. – C. 58. –209 с.</ref><ref>''Станкевич З. А.'' История крушения СССР: политико-правовые аспекты. – М., 2001. – C. 299–300</ref><ref>''Лукашевич Д. А.'' Юридический механизм разрушения СССР. – М, 2016. – С. 254–255. – 448 с.</ref> (१९९६ मा राजकीय डुमाले पनि उही अडान लिएको थियो)).<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 1986 |title=Постановление Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания РФ от 10 апреля 1996 года № 225-II ГД «Об Обращении Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации "К членам Совета Федерации Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации" |trans-title=Resolution of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of 10 April 1996 No. 225-II GD "On the Appeal of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation "To the members of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation" |url=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&link_id=16&nd=102040638 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026061236/http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&link_id=16&nd=102040638 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |access-date=22 October 2020 |language=ru}}</ref> त्यस दिनको अन्तमा, गोर्बाचेभले पहिलो पटक आफु पद त्याग्ने विचार गरिरहेको सङ्केत गरे।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/13/world/soviet-disarry-gorbachev-is-ready-to-resign-as-post-soviet-plan-advances.html|title=Gorbachev is Ready to Resign as Post-Soviet Plan Advances|last=Schmemann|first=Serge|date=1991-12-13|work=The New York Times|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917211606/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/13/world/soviet-disarry-gorbachev-is-ready-to-resign-as-post-soviet-plan-advances.html|archive-date=2018-09-17|issn=0362-4331|url-status=live}}</ref> सतहमा देखिदा, यो सबैभन्दा ठुलो गणराज्य औपचारिक रूपमा अलग भएको देखिन्थ्यो। यद्यपि, यो मामला होइन। बरु, रूसले स्पष्ट रूपमा बतायो यो कि सोभियत संविधानमा वर्णन गरिएको पृथकताको प्रक्रियालाई पालना गर्न आवश्यक छैन किनभने अब अस्तित्वमा नै नभएको देशबाट अलग हुन सम्भव छैन। १६ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा, कजाख गणराज्य सोभियत सङ्घबाट औपचारिक रूपमा अलग हुने अन्तिम गणतन्त्र बन्यो, जसले गर्दा सोभियत सङ्घले न त कुनै क्षेत्र नियन्त्रण गर्न सक्यो न त कुनै क्षेत्र नियन्त्रण गर्ने दाबी नै गर्न सक्यो (यद्यपि सोभियत दूतावासहरू अझै पनि अस्तित्वमा थिए)।<ref>{{cite web |date=22 October 2021 |title=Kazakhstan, Not Russia, Was the Last Republic to the Leave the USSR |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/kazakhstan-not-russia-was-last-republic-leave-ussr-195400}}</ref> डिसेम्बर १८ मा, सोभियत सङ्घको सर्वोच्च सोभियत (गणतन्त्र परिषद्) को माथिल्लो सदनले कमनवेल्थ अफ इन्डिपेन्डेन्ट स्टेट्स (राष्ट्रमण्डल)को निर्माण सम्बन्धी सम्झौतालाई स्वीकार गर्दै र तीव्र राजनीतिक तथा आर्थिक सङ्कटबाट बाहिर निस्कने बाटो प्रदान गर्न यसलाई विचार गर्दै एक विज्ञप्ति पारित गर्‍यो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Заявление Совета Республик Верховного Совета СССР от 18.12.1991 N 138-Н О поддержке Соглашения Республики Беларусь, РСФСР и Украины о создании Содружества Независимых Государств &#124; ГАРАНТ |trans-title=Statement of the Council of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated 18.12.1991 N 138-N On support for the Agreement of the Republic of Belarus, the RSFSR and Ukraine on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States - GARANTEE |url=http://base.garant.ru/6334158/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407115029/https://base.garant.ru/6334158/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=base.garant.ru |language=ru}}</ref> गोर्बाचेभले येल्तसिनसँग भेट गरे र सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको वास्तविकता स्वीकार गरे। सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन र औपचारिक रूपमा स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरूको राष्ट्रमण्डल स्थापना गर्ने उद्देश्यले अल्मा-अटा प्रोटोकलमा हस्ताक्षर भएको दिन, रुसी गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले रूसको कानूनी नाम "रुसी सोभियत सङ्घीय समाजवादी गणतन्त्र" बाट "रुसी सङ्घ" मा परिवर्तन गर्न एक विधान अपनायो। यस अनुसार रुस अब पूर्ण रूपमा सार्वभौम गैर-कम्युनिस्ट राज्य थियो। बेलाभेजा सम्झौताले सोभियत सङ्घलाई कानुनी रूपमा विघटन गरेको छ कि छैन भन्ने बारेमा शंकाहरू कायमै थिए, किनकि यसमा तीन गणराज्यले (रुस, बेलारुस, युक्रेन) मात्र हस्ताक्षर गरेका थिए।यद्यपि, डिसेम्बर २१ मा, जर्जिया बाहेक बाँकी १२ गणतन्त्रहरू मध्ये ११ का प्रतिनिधिहरूले अल्मा-अटा प्रोटोकलमा हस्ताक्षर गरे, जसले सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन पुष्टि गर्‍यो र औपचारिक रूपमा राष्ट्रमण्डल स्थापना गर्‍यो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=ПРОТОКОЛ к Соглашению о создании Содружества Независимых Государств, подписанному 8 декабря 1991 года в г. Минске Республикой Беларусь, Российской Федерацией (РСФСР), Украиной |trans-title=Protocol to the Agreement on the Creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, signed on 8 December 1991 in г. Minsk Republic of Belarus, Russian Federation (РСФСР), Ukraine |url=http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511073849/http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=6 |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=cis.minsk.by |language=ru}}</ref> उनीहरूले गोर्बाचेभको राजीनामा पनि "स्वीकार" गरे।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Посткремлевская жизнь правителей |trans-title=Post-Kremlin life of rulers |url=https://www.ng.ru/style/2000-01-06/1-162.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407115029/https://www.ng.ru/style/2000-01-06/1-162.html |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=www.ng.ru |language=ru}}</ref> सोभियत सङ्घको सशस्त्र सेनाको कमान्ड रक्षामन्त्री येभगेनी शापोश्निकोभलाई सुम्पिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Минобороны. Министерство обороны РФ |trans-title=Ministry of Defense. Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation |url=http://www.panorama.ru/prav/minobor.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225004736/http://www.panorama.ru/prav/minobor.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2020 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=www.panorama.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ПРОТОКОЛ совещания Глав Независимых Государств |trans-title=MINUTES of the meeting of the Heads of Independent States |url=http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=3412 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511073849/http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=3412 |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=cis.minsk.by |language=ru}}</ref> यस क्षणमा पनि, गोर्बाचेभले अहिलेसम्म दृश्यबाट पछि हट्ने कुनै औपचारिक योजना बनाएका थिएनन्। यद्यपि, अब बहुमत गणतन्त्रहरूले सोभियत सङ्घ अब अस्तित्वमा छैन भन्ने कुरामा सहमति जनाएपछि, गोर्बाचेभले अपरिहार्यताको अगाडि झुके, सीबीएस न्यूजलाई भने कि उनले सीआईएस साँच्चै वास्तविकता हो भनेर देख्ने बित्तिकै राजीनामा दिनेछन्।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/22/world/end-soviet-union-11-soviet-states-form-commonwealth-without-clearly-defining-its.html|title=11 Soviet States Form Commonwealth Without Clearly Defining Its Powers|last=Clines|first=Francis X.|date=1991-12-22|work=The New York Times|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414022306/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/22/world/end-soviet-union-11-soviet-states-form-commonwealth-without-clearly-defining-its.html|archive-date=2017-04-14|issn=0362-4331|url-status=live}}</ref> [[चित्र:RIAN_archive_469069_Final_session_of_the_Council_for_Nationalities_of_the_USSR_Supreme_Soviet.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|सर्वोच्च सोभियतको माथिल्लो सदनले आफ्नो अन्तिम सत्रमा, २६ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा सोभियत सङ्घको अस्तित्व समाप्त गर्ने मतदान गर्दै।]] २५ डिसेम्बरको साँझ राष्ट्रिय टेलिभिजनमा प्रसारित भाषणमा, गोर्बाचेभले सोभियत सङ्घको राष्ट्रपतिको पदबाट राजीनामा दिए - वा, जसरी उनले भने, "म यसद्वारा सोभियत समाजवादी गणतन्त्र सङ्घको अध्यक्ष पदमा मेरा गतिविधिहरू बन्द गर्दछु।" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Заявление Президента СССР об отставке от 25 декабря 1991 г. |trans-title=Statement of resignation of the President of the USSR, 25 December 1991 |url=https://www.gorby.ru/userfiles/file/zayavleniem_ob_otstavke_prezidenta_sssr_m.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904230942/https://www.gorby.ru/userfiles/file/zayavleniem_ob_otstavke_prezidenta_sssr_m.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |language=ru}}</ref> उनले आफ्नो संस्था समाप्ति घोषणा गरे, र यसको सबै शक्तिहरू (जस्तै आणविक शस्त्रागारको नियन्त्रण)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Указ Президента СССР от 25.12.1991 N УП-3162 |trans-title=Decree of the President of the USSR dated 25.12.1991 N UP-3 |url=http://www.libussr.ru/doc_ussr/usr_19889.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412222644/http://www.libussr.ru/doc_ussr/usr_19889.htm |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=www.libussr.ru |language=ru}}</ref> येल्तसिनलाई सुम्पे। २५ डिसेम्बरको राति, मस्को समय अनुसार ७:३५ बजे, गोर्बाचेभ टेलिभिजनमा देखा परेपछि, सोभियत झन्डा तल झारियो <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 1991 |title=С флагштока над Кремлем спущен советский флаг, поднят российский |trans-title=The Soviet flag is lowered from the flagpole over the Kremlin; the Russian flag is raised |url=https://www.interfax.ru/30years/800619 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101022148/https://www.interfax.ru/30years/800619 |archive-date=1 January 2022 |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=[[Interfax]] |language=ru}}</ref> र ७:४५ बजे [[रूसको झन्डा|रुसी तिरंगा]] यसको ठाउँमा उठाइयो,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/26/world/end-of-the-soviet-union-on-moscow-s-streets-worry-and-regret.html|title=End of the Soviet Union; On Moscow's Streets, Worry and Regret|last=Clarity|first=James F.|date=26 December 1991|work=The New York Times|access-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302163000/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/26/world/end-of-the-soviet-union-on-moscow-s-streets-worry-and-regret.html|archive-date=2 March 2022|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-status=live}}</ref> जुन प्रतीकात्मक रुपमा सोभियत सङ्घको अन्त्यको प्रतीक थियो। आफ्नो बिदाइ शब्दहरूमा, गोर्बाचेभले घरेलु सुधारमा आफ्नो रेकर्डको बचाउ गरे, तर स्वीकार गरे, "नयाँले काम सुरु गर्न समय पाउनु अघि पुरानो प्रणाली ध्वस्त भयो।"<ref>{{Cite book|title=The world transformed : 1945 to the present|last=Hunt|first=Michael H.|isbn=9780199371020|pages=323–324|oclc=907585907|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> सोही दिन, [[अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपति|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाका राष्ट्रपति]] [[जर्ज एच डब्लू बुस|जर्ज एच. डब्लु. बुश]]ले बाँकी ११ गणतन्त्रहरूको स्वतन्त्रतालाई आधिकारिक रूपमा मान्यता दिँदै छोटो टेलिभिजन भाषण दिए। गोर्बाचेवको भाषण र सोवियत झन्डाको ठाउँमा रुसी झन्डा फहराएपछि, एक गणितले सोवियत यूनियनको अन्त्य भयो। तर, सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको अन्तिम कानुनी कदम डिसेम्बर २६ मा बयो, जब सोभियत सङ्घको सर्वोच्च सोभियतको माथिल्लो सदन, सोभियत अफ नेसनालिटिले बेलाभेजा सम्झौतालाई अनुमोदन गर्‍यो, जसले गर्दा सोभियत सङ्घको अस्तित्व समाप्त भयो।<ref name="ReferenceC2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt5OLD3vp4UC&q=26+december+1991+ussr&pg=PR5|title=Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis|isbn=9781563246371|last1=Brzezinski|first1=Zbigniew|last2=Brzezinski|first2=Zbigniew K.|last3=Sullivan|first3=Paige|year=1997|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124205853/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt5OLD3vp4UC&q=26+december+1991+ussr&pg=PR5|url-status=live}}</ref> (तल्लो सदन, सोभियत अफ युनियन, रुसी प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई फिर्ता बोलाउँदा डिसेम्बर १२ देखि काम गर्न असमर्थ थियो, कोरम बिना नै छोडियो).<ref name="sssr.net.ru2" /> भोलिपल्ट येल्तसिन गोर्बाचेभको पूर्व कार्यालयमा सरे, ,<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2016 |title=Как меня хоронили |trans-title=How I was buried |url=http://www.novayagazeta.ru/society/66087.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727023444/http://www.novayagazeta.ru/society/66087.html |archive-date=27 July 2016 |website=Novaya Gazeta |language=ru}}</ref> यद्यपि रुसी अधिकारीहरूले दुई दिन अघि नै सुइटलाई आफ्नो नियन्त्रणमा लिएका थिए। सोभियत सशस्त्र सेनाहरूलाई स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरूको राष्ट्रमण्डलको कमान्डमा राखिएको थियो, तर अन्ततः नयाँ स्वतन्त्र गणतन्त्रहरूले यसलाई समाहित गरे, जसको ठुलो हिस्सा रुसी सङ्घको सशस्त्र सेना बन्यो। १९९१ को अन्त्यसम्ममा, रूसले नियन्त्रण नगरेका केही बाँकी सोभियत संस्थाहरूले सञ्चालन बन्द गरे, र स्वतन्त्र नयाँ गणतन्त्रहरूले केन्द्रीय सरकारको भूमिका ग्रहण गरे। == सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनमा गोर्बाचेभको भूमिका == गोर्भाचोबको नीतिको कारण सोवियत सङ्घको केन्द्रीय सत्ता कमजोर भयो, फलस्वरूप सोवियत सङ्घमा केन्द्र विरूद्ध सङ्घर्ष गर्बे शक्ति हौसले बढ्दै गयो। गोर्बाचोबको नीतिले गणराज्यहरूको सोवियत सङ्घसँग अलग हुनलाई मान्यता दियो। फलस्वरूप हेर्दा हेर्दै एकपछि अर्को गर्दै सोवियत सङ्घ के गणराज्य स्वतन्त्र भए र सोवियत सङ्घको विघटन भयो। यो गोर्भाचोबको नीतिहरूको नै परिणाम थियो कि सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको शक्तिमा निरन्तर ह्रास हुँदै गयो। फलतः सोवियत सङ्घलाई एकताको सूत्रमा बाध्ने सबैभन्दा ठुलो सम्पर्क सुत्रको शक्ति घट्दै गयो। यसको परिणाम कम्युनिस्ट बिरोधी शक्ति बढ्दै गयो। अमेरिका र पाश्चात्य देशहरूले पनि सोवियत सङ्घलाई टोड्ने शक्तिलाई समर्थन गरे। परिणामस्वरूप यी शक्ति सोवियत सङ्घको एकतालाई खोक्रो बनाउँदै गए। गोर्बाच्योवले पूर्वी युरोपमा पनि साम्यवादको किल्लालाई पतन हुन नदिन कुनै प्रयास गरेनन्, बरु उनको नीतिको कारण पूर्वी युरोपमा साम्यवाद विरोधी शक्ति हावी भयो। चेकोस्लोवाकिया, रोमानिया, हंगरी, पूर्वी जर्मनीमा साम्यवादको पतम भयो र यो पतनले सोवियत सङ्घको [[महाशक्ति]]को छविलाई समाप्त गरिदियो। सोभियत सङ्घको पतनको जिम्मेवारी गोर्बाचेभ एक्लैले लिन्छन् भन्न सजिलो छ। त्यसो गर्नु भनेको कुनै पनि व्यक्तिलाई ऐतिहासिक प्रवृत्ति भन्दा बढी महत्त्वपूर्ण ठान्नु हो। गोर्बाचेभ यी ऐतिहासिक प्रवृत्तिहरूलाई प्रतिबिम्बित गर्ने ऐना मात्र थिए, तर उनी आफैँ चकनाचुर भए। वास्तवमा, सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको बीउ यसको स्थापनामा रोपिएको थियो। समाजवादी प्रणालीलाई दिगो बनाउन, देश भित्र समाजवादी मानवता र संस्कृति खेती गर्नु आवश्यक थियो, जुन कार्य सोभियत प्रणालीले हासिल गर्न असफल भयो। स्टालिनको शासनकालमा लगभग दुई दशकसम्म, सोभियत सङ्घको एकता केन्द्रीय सरकारको निर्दयी जबरजस्ती अनुशासनले मात्र कायम राखेको थियो। देशका विभिन्न भागहरूलाई साम्यवादको रक्षा गर्न राष्ट्रिय हित वा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय भ्रातृत्वको नाममा बलिदान दिन बाध्य पारिएको थियो। यो त्यस्तो होइन कि असन्तुष्टि र क्रोध उत्पन्न भएन; यो केवल दमनकारी नीतिहरूले उनीहरूको आवाज अभिव्यक्तिलाई गाह्रो बनायो। गोर्बाचेभको उदार नीतिहरूले यो क्रोध व्यक्त गर्ने तरिका प्रदान गर्‍यो। == सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको प्रभाव == [[चित्र:EasternBloc_BasicMembersOnly.svg|दायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|454x454पिक्सेल|पूर्वी ब्लक देशहरू]] सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनले विश्व राजनीतिक परिदृश्यलाई नै परिवर्तन गरिदियो। सोभियत सङ्घ [[महाशक्ति]] रहेन, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका एकमात्र महाशक्तिको रूपमा रह्यो र विश्व एकध्रुवीय भयो। अमेरिकाले सम्पूर्ण विश्वमा आफ्नो प्रभुत्व स्थापित गर्‍यो। सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनसँगै [[शीतयुद्ध]] स्वतः समाप्त भयो। * पूर्वी युरोपेली देशहरूमा साम्यवादको अन्त्य भयो र बहुदलीय लोकतान्त्रिक शासन प्रणाली स्थापित भयो। * सोभियत सङ्घको पतनले तेस्रो विश्वका देशहरूलाई गम्भीर रूपमा असर गर्‍यो, जसले सोभियत सङ्घबाट आर्थिक, सैन्य र प्राविधिक सहयोग प्राप्त गरेका थिए। विघटित गणतन्त्रहरूले अब सहयोग प्रदान गर्ने क्षमता राखेनन्। यस सन्दर्भमा, तेस्रो विश्व नव-उपनिवेशवादको खतराको सामना गरिरहेको छ। * विश्वमा बजार अर्थतन्त्रलाई बलियो भयो। लामो सनयसम्म दमन र नागरिक स्वतन्त्रतालाई कुल्चचेर शासन चलाउन सकिदैन भन्ने विश्वासलाई बलियो बनायो। यसले, फलस्वरूप, लोकतान्त्रिक प्रक्रियालाई प्रवर्द्धन गर्‍यो। === आर्थिक गिरावट र अत्यधिक मृत्युदर === शीतयुद्धको अन्त्य पछिका दशकहरूमा, सोभियत सङ्घका पाँच वा छ वटा राज्यहरू मात्र पश्चिमका धनी पूँजीवादी राज्यहरूमा सामेल हुने बाटोमा छन्, र धेरैजसो पछि परेका छन्, केही यति हदसम्म कि साम्यवादको अन्त्य हुनुभन्दा पहिलेको अवस्थामा पुग्न ५० वर्षभन्दा बढी समय लाग्नेछ।<ref>{{cite book|last=Ghodsee|first=Kristen|date=2017|title=Red Hangover: Legacies of Twentieth-Century Communism|url=https://www.dukeupress.edu/red-hangover|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|pages=63–64|isbn=978-0822369493|author-link=Kristen Ghodsee|access-date=4 August 2018|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207032254/https://www.dukeupress.edu/red-hangover|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/05775132.2015.1012402| title =After the Wall Fell: The Poor Balance Sheet of the Transition to Capitalism| journal =[[Challenge (economics magazine)|Challenge]]| volume = 58| issue = 2| pages =135–138| year = 2015| last1 = Milanović | first1 = Branko| s2cid =153398717|author-link=Branko Milanović}}</ref> २०११ सम्म, पूर्व सोभियत गणतन्त्रहरूको अनुभव मिश्रित थियो, केहीले कुल गार्हस्थ्य उत्पादनको गणितले सुधार गरेका थिए भने केहीले सुधार गरेका थिएनन्।<ref>{{Cite web |title=End of the USSR: visualising how the former Soviet countries are doing, 20 years on {{!}} Russia {{!}} The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/aug/17/ussr-soviet-countries-data |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=amp.theguardian.com |date=17 August 2011 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128064905/https://amp.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/aug/17/ussr-soviet-countries-data |url-status=live }}</ref> सोभियत सङ्घ पछिका राष्ट्रहरूमा जिडिपी मा उल्लेखनीय गिरावट आएको थियो र औसतमा लगभग ५१% थियो। १९९० देखि २००० सम्म, जिडिपी मा गिरावट निम्नानुसार थियो:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dabrowski |first=Marek |date=2022-07-29 |title=Thirty years of economic transition in the former Soviet Union: Macroeconomic dimension |url=https://rujec.org/article/90947/ |journal=Russian Journal of Economics |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=95–121 |doi=10.32609/j.ruje.8.90947 |issn=2405-4739|doi-access=free }}</ref> * आर्मेनियामा ६३% * अजरबैजानमा ६०% * बेलारुसमा ३५% * इस्टोनियामा ३५% * जर्जियामा ७८% * काजाकिस्तानमा ४१% * किर्गिस्तानमा ५०% * लाटभियामा ५१% * लिथुआनियामा ४४% * मोल्डोभामा ६३% * रूसमा ४०% * ताजिकिस्तानमा ५०% * तुर्कमेनिस्तानमा ४८% * युक्रेनमा ५९% सोभियत सङ्घको पतन पछि शान्तिकालमा रूसले औसत आयुमा रेकर्ड गरिएको इतिहासमा सबैभन्दा ठुलो गिरावट अनुभव गर्यो।<ref name=":BMJ">{{Cite journal|last=Ciment|first=James|date=1999-08-21|title=Life expectancy of Russian men falls to 58|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1116380/|journal=BMJ : British Medical Journal|pages=468}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Men|first=Tamara|last2=Brennan|first2=Paul|last3=Boffetta|first3=Paolo|last4=Zaridze|first4=David|date=2003-10-25|title=Russian mortality trends for 1991-2001: analysis by cause and region|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC259165/|journal=BMJ : British Medical Journal|volume=327|issue=7421|pages=964}}</ref> ९० को दशकको अन्त्यतिर सोभियत सङ्घको पतन पछि गरिबी आकाशियो। गरिबीको रेखामुनि बाँच्ने मानिसहरूको सङ्ख्या १९८७-८८ मा ३% बाट २०% वा लगभग ८ करोड ८० लाख पुगेको थियो।<ref name=":RSE">{{Cite journal|last=Izyumov|first=Alexei|date=2010|title=Human Costs of Post-communist Transition: Public Policies and Private Response|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41288494|journal=Review of Social Economy|volume=68|issue=1|pages=93–125}}</ref> Only 4% of the region lived on $4 a day or less but by 1994 this number skyrocketed to 32%.<ref name=":BMJ" /> पूर्वी ब्लकको पतन पछि अपराध, मदिरा सेवन, लागुपदार्थको प्रयोग र आत्महत्या सबै आकाशिएको थियो।<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":RSE" /> अर्थशास्त्री स्टीवन रोजफिल्डले सन् २००१ मा गरेको एक अध्ययनमा, उनले गणना गरे कि १९९० देखि १९९८ सम्म रूसमा ३४ लाख अकाल मृत्यु भएको थियो, जसको लागि उनी आंशिक रूपमा वाशिंगटन सहमतिसँगै आएको "[[सक थेरापी]]" लाई दोष दिन्छन्।<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Rosefielde|first1=Steven|date=2001 |title=Premature Deaths: Russia's Radical Economic Transition in Soviet Perspective|journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies]]|volume=53 |issue=8 |pages=1159–1176|doi= 10.1080/09668130120093174|s2cid=145733112}}</ref> २०१७ को एक अध्ययनले अनुमान गरेको छ कि समग्रमा ७० लाख अकाल मृत्यु शक थेरापीको परिणामस्वरूप भएको थियो।<ref name="AzarovaEtAl2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Azarova |first1=Aytalina |last2=Irdam |first2=Darja |last3=Gugushvili |first3=Alexi |last4=Fazekas |first4=Mihaly |last5=Scheiring |first5=Gábor |last6=Horvat |first6=Pia |last7=Stefler |first7=Denes |last8=Kolesnikova |first8=Irina |last9=Popov |first9=Vladimir |last10=Szelenyi |first10=Ivan |last11=Stuckler |first11=David |last12=Marmot |first12=Michael |last13=Murphy |first13=Michael |last14=McKee |first14=Martin |last15=Bobak |first15=Martin |date=2017-05-01 |title=The effect of rapid privatisation on mortality in mono-industrial towns in post-Soviet Russia: a retrospective cohort study |journal=The Lancet Public Health |language=English |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=e231–e238 |doi=10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30072-5 |issn=2468-2667 |pmid=28626827|pmc=5459934 }}</ref> ===सोभियत पश्चात् का द्वन्द === ===चीन=== ===क्युबा=== ===उत्तर कोरिया=== ===इजरायल === ===अफ्गानिस्तान=== ===खेलकुद === ===दूरसञ्चार === ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[सोभियत सङ्घ|सोभियत सङ्घ]] * [[रुस|रुस]] * [[साम्यवाद]] * [[साम्यवादको पतन]] ==टिप्पणीहरू== {{Notelist}} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} {{ढाँचा:Cold War}} [[श्रेणी:रुसको इतिहास]] [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] fhjclbhg1sfsnic0tmlrdivl2k54mnb 1358494 1358429 2026-06-09T05:19:51Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event | title = सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन{{Efn|{{langx|ru|Распад Советского Союза|Raspád Sovétskogo Soyúza}}, also negatively connoted as {{langx|ru|Развал Советского Союза|Razvál Sovétskogo Soyúza}}, ''Ruining of the Soviet Union''.}} | Image_Name = Map of USSR with SSR names.svg | Imagesize = 300px | Image_Alt = Labeled map of the 15 Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union. Listed include: | caption = Between 1990 and 1991, all 15 [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Republics]] broke out from the Soviet Union. | participants = {{bulleted list|सोभियत सङ्घ|सोभियत सरकार|सोभियत गणराज्यका सरकारहरू|सोभियत स्वायत्त गणराज्यका सरकारहरू|[[राष्ट्रवाद|राष्ट्रवादी]] र [[उदारवाद|उदारवादी]] विपक्षी}} | date = {{nowrap|{{start and end dates|1988|11|16|1991|12|26|df=y}}}}<br>(3 years, 1 month, and 10 days) | location = {{Collapsible list |title=[[सोभियत सङ्घ]] |bullets=on |'''पूर्व सोभियत गणराज्य''':<br/> * [[रसिया]], * [[युक्रेन]], * [[बेलारुस]],{{ref label|a|a}} * [[लिथुआनिया]], * [[लात्भिया]], * [[इस्टोनिया]], * [[मोल्दोभा]],{{ref label|c|c}} * [[जर्जिया]], * [[आर्मेनिया]], * [[अजरबैजान]], * [[कजाख्स्तान|कजाखस्तान]], * [[तुर्कमेनिस्तान|तुर्केमिनिस्तान]],{{ref label|p|d}} * [[उज्बेकिस्तान]] * [[ताजिकिस्तान]], * [[किर्गिस्तान]],{{ref label|b|b}} |'''[[Post-Soviet states#Separatist conflicts|Self-proclaimed breakaway states]]'''{{ref label|e|e}}:<br/> * '''अब्खाजिया''' (1992–present), * [[Republic of Artsakh|Artsakh]] (1991–2023), * [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria|Ichkeria]] (1991–2000), * [[Republic of Crimea (Russia)|Crimea]] (1992; 2014), * [[Gagauz Republic|Gagauzia]] (1990–95), * [[Karakalpakstan]] (1992–93), * [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]] (1990–93), * '''[[South Ossetia]]''' (1992–present), * [[Tatarstan#Present-day|Tatarstan]] (1992–94), * '''ट्रास्न्सनिस्ट्रिया''' (1990–present) }} | cause = {{Collapsible list |title=विघटनको कारणहरू |bullets=on| मुल कारण * आर्थिक सुस्तताको युग * सोभियत सङ्घ भित्र जातीय तनाब * [[ग्लास्नोस्त]] र [[पेरेस्त्रोइका]] नीति * आर्थिक तथा राजनैतिक बिराम, विशेष गरी [[वार्सा सम्झौता|वार्सा सन्धी]]मा * सोभियत राज्यहरूमा कम्युनिस्ट बिरोधी, सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी बिरोधी, र पश्चिमा सर्मर्थक प्रदर्शन }} | result = {{Collapsible list|सोभियत सङ्घ १५ स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरूमा बिखन्डन |सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको शासनको अन्त्य |एघार स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरू बीच कमनवेल्थ अफ इन्डिपेनडेन्ट स्टेट्सको स्थापना |पूर्व स्वायत्त क्षेत्रहरूमा कयौँ पृथकतावादी आन्दोलन, अधिकांश असफल |कयौँ सैन्य द्वन्द र जातीय तनाब, जसबाट मानबीय सङ्कट उत्पन्न भयो र धेरै मानिसहरू बिस्थापित भए |Republics declare [[multi-party system|multi-party]] [[Presidential republic|presidential]] or [[semi-presidential republic|semi-presidential]] systems|Republics move to adopt [[capitalism|capitalist]] [[market economy]]|[[Soviet ruble|Ruble]] zone active in most of the new states between 1991 and 1994, with national currencies adopted later|Unified [[Soviet Armed Forces]] divided {{Circa|1992}}–1993|[[Black Sea Fleet dispute]] between Russia and Ukraine from 1992 to 1997 and its [[Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet|partition]] in 1997.|Lease of [[Sevastopol Naval Base]] to [[Russia]], [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|terminated in 2014]]|Issues with value loss of savings of former Soviet citizens|Issues with social and medical support for veterans of the [[Soviet–Afghan War]]|Relocation of the [[Soviet Armed Forces]] from [[East Germany]] and the rest of [[Central Europe]]|Economic support to [[North Korea]] had stopped|Start of the [[Special Period]] in [[Cuba]]|End of the [[Cold War]] with [[Western Bloc]] victory|Decline of [[Communism|communist]] and far-left movements around the world|[[चीन]] बिश्वको सबैभन्दा ठुलो कम्युनिस्ट राष्ट्र रह्यो। | अमेरिका विश्वको एकमात्र [[महाशक्ति]] बन्यो। }} | partof = [[शीतयुद्ध]] | notes = <div style="text-align: left">{{nowrap|{{note|a}} Then romanized as ''Byelorussia'' ({{langx|ru|Белоруссия}}).}}<br/>{{note|b}} Then romanized as ''Kirghizia'' ({{langx|ru|Киргизия}}).<br/>{{note|c}} Then romanized as ''Moldavia'' ({{langx|ru|Молдавия}}).<br/>{{note|d}} Then romanized as ''Turkmenia'' ({{langx|ru|Туркмения}}).<br/>{{note|e}} States in '''bold''' still exist to this present day.</div> | mapframe = no }}१९९१ डिसेम्बर २६ मा, [[सोभियत सङ्घ|सोभियत सङ्घ]]को विघटन भएको घोषणा भयो। यो घोषणामा सोभियत सङ्घका पूर्व गणतन्त्रहरूलाई स्वतन्त्र राज्यको रूपमा मान्यता दिइयो। विघटन हुनुभन्दा अघि [[मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ|मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभ]] सोभियत सङ्घका राष्ट्रपति थिए। विघटनको घोषणा हुनुभन्दा अघिल्लो दिन उनले राजीनामा दिएका थिए। यो विघटन प्रक्रियाको सुरुवात सामान्यतया गोर्बाचेभले सत्ता ग्रहण गर्नुसँग सम्बन्धित छ। वास्तवमा, सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको प्रक्रिया धेरै पहिले नै सुरु भइसकेको थियो। १९९१ मा सोभियत सङ्घको पतन धेरै कारणहंरू थिए: दीर्घकालीन आर्थिक सुस्तता, [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]सँगको हतियार दौड र विदेशी द्वन्द्वको दिगो वित्तीय भार, यसका आंगिक गणराज्यहरू भित्र तीव्र जातीय राष्ट्रवाद र पृथकतावाद, र गोर्बाचेभको सुधारहरू (विशेष गरी ग्लासनोस्ट र पेरेस्ट्रोइका) को अस्थिरता बनाउने प्रभावहरू। यो प्रक्रिया देशका विभिन्न घटक गणराज्यहरूमा बढ्दो अशान्तिसँगै सुरु भयो। अशान्ति गणराज्य र केन्द्रीय सरकार बीचको निरन्तर राजनीतिक र विधायीकी द्वन्द्वमा परिणत भयो। १६ नोभेम्बर १९८८ मा सङ्घ भित्र राज्य सार्वभौमिकता घोषणा गर्ने इस्टोनिया पहिलो सोभियत गणराज्य थियो। लिथुआनिया सोभियत सङ्घबाट पुनर्स्थापित पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता घोषणा गर्ने पहिलो गणराज्य थियो, त्यसपछि यसको बाल्तेली छिमेकी लाटभिया, र दक्षिणी काकेशस गणराज्य जर्जिया अर्को दुई महिनामा यसमा सामेल भयो। १९९१ को अगस्टको असफल कुको समयमा, कम्युनिस्ट कट्टरपन्थी र सैन्य अभिजात वर्गले गोर्बाचेभलाई अपदस्थ गर्ने र असफल सुधारहरूलाई रोक्ने प्रयास गरे। यद्यपि, उथलपुथलको कारण केन्द्रीय सरकारले मस्कोको प्रभाव गुमायो, अन्ततः धेरै गणराज्यहरूले त्यसपछिका दिन र महिनाहरूमा स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणा गरे। २५ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा, गोर्बाचेभले राजीनामा दिए र आणविक प्रक्षेपण कोडहरूको नियन्त्रण सहित - आफ्नो राष्ट्रपतिय अधिकार - [[बोरिस येल्तसिन|येल्तसिन]]लाई सुम्पिए, जो अब [[रुसको राष्ट्रपति|रुसी सङ्घका पहिलो राष्ट्रपति]] बनेका थिए। त्यो साँझ, सोभियत झन्डा अन्तिम पटक [[क्रेमलिन]]बाट तल झारियो र [[रूसको झण्डा|रुसी तिरंगा झन्डा]] फहराइयो। भोलिपल्ट, सोभियत सङ्घको माथिल्लो सदनको सर्वोच्च सोभियत, गणतन्त्रहरूको सोभियतले औपचारिक रूपमा सङ्घलाई विघटन गर्‍यो।<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite journal |title=Declaration No. 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, formally establishing the dissolution of the Soviet Union as a state and subject of international law. |url=https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%BE%D1%82_26.12.1991_%E2%84%96_142-%D0%9D |journal=Russian Wikisource |language=ru}}</ref> यस घटनाको परिणामस्वरूप यसका १५ घटक गणराज्यहरूले पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्त गरे र [[शीतयुद्ध]]को अन्त्य भयो।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marques |first=Clara Ferreira |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-12-23/30-years-later-soviet-union-s-collapse-still-hasessons-for-china |title=For China, USSR's 1991 Collapse is Still News It Can Use |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=23 December 2021 |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107200259/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-12-23/30-years-later-soviet-union-s-collapse-still-has-lessons-for-china |url-status=live }}</ref> == पृष्ठभूमि == [[चित्र:Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg|दायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|500x500पिक्सेल|१९८९ मा उदय भएका सोभियत सङ्घका भागहरू]] १९१७ को बोल्सेभिक क्रान्तिले सोभियत सङ्घ भनिने नयाँ [[साम्यवाद|कम्युनिस्ट]] राज्यलाई जन्म दियो। सोभियत सङ्घले सुरुमा नै स्पष्ट पारेको थियो कि यसको राजनीतिक प्रणाली र कम्युनिस्ट सङ्गठनहरू समाजवादी विचारधारामा आधारित हुनेछन्, र कम्युनिस्ट मार्क्सवादी विश्वदृष्टिकोण राष्ट्रिय हित परिभाषित गर्ने एकमात्र मापदण्ड हुनेछ। स्वाभाविक रूपमा, [[पूँजीवाद|पूँजीवादी]] पश्चिमी राज्यहरूले यो क्रान्तिकारी कम्युनिस्ट राज्यलाई आफ्नो प्राकृतिक शत्रुको रूपमा बुझे। १९२० र १९३० को दशकमा [[भ्लादिमिर लेनिन|लेनिनको]] मृत्युपछि, [[जोसेफ स्टालिन|स्टालिनले]] आफुलाई सर्वोच्च नेताको रूपमा स्थापित गरे, देशमा कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको [[तानाशाही]] स्थापना भयो। स्टालिनले आफ्ना विरोधीहरूलाई क्रूरतापूर्वक समाप्त पारे र दमन गरे। यस कारण सोभियत सङ्घलाई लोकतन्त्रको उल्लङ्घन गर्ने राज्यको रूपमा चिनियो। स्टालिनको मृत्यु पछि पनि, [[निकिता ख्रुश्चेभ|ख्रुश्चेभ]] र [[लियोनिद ब्रेझनेभ|ब्रेज्नेभ]]को शासनकालमा अधिनायकवादी प्रवृत्तिहरू कायम रह्यो। नागरिक स्वतन्त्रता, प्रशासन र विदेश यात्रामा प्रतिबन्धहरू जारी रहे। एक अर्थमा, जनभावनामाथि "फलामको पर्दा" राखिएको थियो। "[[सर्वहारावर्गको अधिनायकत्व|सर्वहारा वर्गको अधिनायकत्व]]" को अर्थ नै सर्वहारा वर्गको हातमा शक्ति हुनुपर्छ भन्ने थियो। श्रमजीवी जनताको आधारभूत अधिकारको ग्यारेन्टी गर्नु र राज्य नीति निर्माणमा उनीहरूको सहभागिता सुनिश्चित गर्नु समाजवादी प्रजातन्त्रको सार थियो। सोभियत सङ्घले यो प्रजातन्त्र स्थापना गर्ने प्रयास गरेन। फलस्वरूप, "सर्वहारा वर्गको अधिनायकत्व" सर्वहारा वर्गमाथि राज्य र पार्टीको शीर्ष पदमा रहेका नेताहरूको अधिनायकत्वमा परिणत भयो। जनता राज्य र प्रणालीप्रति उदासीन भए। उनीहरूको उदासीनता र आक्रोश यस्तो स्तरमा पुग्यो कि जब प्रणाली समाप्त भयो, जनताको कुनै पनि वर्गबाट यसको बचाउमा एक आवाज पनि उठेन। [[रुस|रुस]] भौगोलिक रूपमा विश्वको सबैभन्दा ठुलो राज्य मात्र थिएन, तर यसको जनसङ्ख्या पनि अदभूत बिबिधतायुक्त थियो। रुसी जारहरूले यो विशाल साम्राज्यलाई केन्द्रीय प्रशासन अन्तर्गत ल्याउन कुनै प्रयास गरेनन्, तर सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले यसलाई केन्द्रीकृत गर्ने प्रयास गरे, र यो जातीय विविधता सोभियत सङ्घको राष्ट्रिय एकता र अखण्डताको लागि खतरा बनी रह्यो। सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले यो जटिल समस्याको समाधान खोज्न सकेन। [[शीतयुद्ध|शीतयुद्धको समयमा,]] पश्चिमी शक्तिहरूको प्रचारले यो चुनौतीलाई बढाउँदै लग्यो। सोभियत साम्राज्यले आफ्नो प्रभावमा ल्याएपछि [[हङ्गेरी|हङ्गेरी]], [[पोल्यान्ड|पोल्यान्ड]], [[चेकोस्लोभाकिया]], [[रोमानिया]] आदि सबै पूर्वी देशहरूमा स्वतन्त्रताको चाहना सोभियत साम्राज्यको लागि चिन्ताको विषय बनेको थियो। सोभियत सङ्घको कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले अगाडि सारेका आर्थिक विकास र सामाजिक पुनर्निर्माणका उपायहरू असफल साबित भए। [[लिओन त्रोत्स्की|ट्रोटस्की]] जस्ता आलोचकहरूले धेरै पहिले स्टालिनका नीतिहरूलाई समाजवाद प्रति विश्वासघातको रूपमा निन्दा गरेका थिए र ख्रुश्चेभले पनि स्टालिन र स्टालिनवादको निन्दा गरेका थिए। ख्रुश्चेभको शासनकालमा, [[माओ त्सेतुङ|माओवादी]] चीनले पनि सोभियत सङ्घ कम्युनिस्ट क्रान्तिकारी राज्य हुन छोडेको र सुधारवादी, प्रतिक्रियावादी, अवसरवादी, सम्झौतावादी शक्ति बनेको आरोप लगाउन थालेको थियो। यसरी, सोभियत नेतृत्वले आफ्ना सहयोगीहरू, अन्य कम्युनिस्ट देशहरूको विश्वास गुमायो। यसलाई सामूहिक, राष्ट्रिय र क्रान्तिकारी हितभन्दा आफ्नो राष्ट्रिय हितलाई प्राथमिकता दिने रूपमा हेरिएको थियो। चाहे त्यो सोभियत-चीन विवाद होस् वा पूर्वी युरोपका कम्युनिस्ट देशहरूमा असन्तुष्टि, यी सबैले सोभियत कम्युनिस्टहरूलाई कमजोर बनाए। सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको लागि कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको शीर्ष नेतृत्व पनि केही हदसम्म जिम्मेवार थियो। सोभियत सङ्घमा पार्टी र राज्य बीच कुनै भिन्नता नभएकोले, पार्टी र राज्य दुवैको नेतृत्व उनीहरूसँगै रह्यो। पार्टी नेतृत्व आफ्नो विशेषाधिकार प्राप्त जीवनशैली, नातावाद र भ्रष्ट अभ्यासहरूका लागि कुख्यात भयो। फलस्वरूप, सोभियत नेताहरूले जनताका लागि आदर्शको रूपमा आफ्नो भूमिका गुमाए। === आर्थिक सङ्कट === [[आर्थिक विकास|आर्थिक विकासको]] सन्दर्भमा, सैन्य र रणनीतिक क्षेत्रमा सोभियत उपलब्धिहरू अमेरिकीहरूको बराबर र कहिलेकाहीँ उछिनेको देखिए पनि, यी उपलब्धिहरूले सोभियत सङ्घको आर्थिक वृद्धि दरलाई उल्लेखनीय रुपमा पछि पार्‍यो। वास्तवमा, उन्नत अनुसन्धानको लागि प्रतिस्पर्धा, हतियार उत्पादनमा अत्यधिक खर्च, र आफ्नो प्रभुत्व कायम राख्न अन्य देशहरू (अफगानिस्तान, प्यालेस्टाइन) को आन्तरिक समस्याहरूमा हस्तक्षेपले सोभियत सङ्घको अर्थतन्त्रको पतन निम्त्यायो। यसबाहेक, पूर्वी युरोपमा स्थापित समाजवादी राज्यहरूलाई आर्थिक, सैन्य र राजनीतिक समर्थन प्रदान गर्नु सोभियत सङ्घको नैतिक जिम्मेवारी थियो। यसबाहेक, नयाँ स्वतन्त्र देशहरूको अर्थतन्त्रलाई अमेरिकी शिविरमा पर्नबाट रोक्न आर्थिक सहयोग प्रदान गर्नु यसको नीति थियो। यी सबै कारणहरूले सोभियत सङ्घको आर्थिक पतन निम्त्यायो। १९७० देखि १९८५ सम्म सोभियत सङ्घको वृद्धि दर १०% ले घट्यो। मेसिनरी र उपकरण निर्यातको हिस्सा घट्यो। कृषि र औद्योगिक उत्पादनमा गिरावट आयो। फलस्वरूप, उपभोग्य वस्तुहरूको लागि लामो लाइनहरू बन्न थाले, र नागरिकहरूको जीवनस्तर घट्यो। यसरी, औसत उपभोक्ताको लागि अभाव सामान्य कुरा हुन थाल्यो। शीतयुद्धको समयमा पश्चिमी प्रचार कम्युनिस्ट प्रणाली उत्पादन र वितरण दुवैमा पूर्ण असफल भएको प्रमाणित गर्नमा केन्द्रित थियो। अभावको यो वातावरण, बढ्दो उपभोक्ता असन्तुष्टि, अभिव्यक्ति स्वतन्त्रताको अभाव र मानव अधिकार उल्लङ्घनले सोभियत प्रणालीलाई अझ चर्काएको थियो। संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकासँग [[परमाणु निर्मित अस्त्र-शस्त्रों|आणविक हतियारमा]] प्रतिस्पर्धा गर्ने महत्वाकांक्षाले सोभियत सङ्घको अर्थतन्त्रमा ठुलो बोझ ल्यायो। राष्ट्रपति रेगनको नेतृत्वमा घोषणा गरिएको [[स्टार वार्स परियोजना|स्टार वार्स परियोजनालाई]] रद्द गर्न, सोभियत सङ्घले आफ्नो रक्षा बजेटमा भारी वृद्धि गर्नुपर्‍यो। सोही समयमा, सोभियत सङ्घले [[अफगानिस्तान|अफगानिस्तानमा]] सैन्य हस्तक्षेप गर्‍यो। यो हस्तक्षेपले सोभियत सङ्घमा आर्थिक बोझ मात्र थपेन तर यसलाई अलोकप्रिय पनि बनायो। यसले सोभियत सङ्घलाई अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय समुदायमा पूर्ण रूपमा एक्लो बनायो। त्यही समयमा, पूर्वी युरोपमा कम्युनिस्ट सोभियत साम्राज्यलाई चुनौती दिँदै क्रान्तिकारी आन्दोलन सुरु भयो। पोल्यान्डमा, सैन्य सङ्गठन " [[सॉलिडेटरी|सोलिडारिटी" ले]] आफ्नो देशको कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी विरुद्ध लडिरहेको थियो, र [[रोमानिया|रोमानियामा]], [[चेचेस्क्यू|चाउसेस्कुको]] भ्रष्ट शासनलाई समर्थन गर्न गाह्रो हुँदै गइरहेको थियो। यी परिस्थितिहरूमा मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभले सत्ता ग्रहण गरे। === गोर्बाचेभ र उनका नीतिहरू === [[चित्र:Mikhail_Gorbachev_1987.jpg|दायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|305x305पिक्सेल|मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभ]] मिखाइल गोर्बाचेभ ११ मार्च १९८५ मा पोलिटब्युरोद्वारा महासचिवमा निर्वाचित भए। उनको चयन उनका पूर्ववर्ती कोन्स्टान्टिन चेर्नेन्कोको ७३ वर्षको उमेरमा मृत्यु भएको चार घण्टाभन्दा बढी समयपछि भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/12/world/chernenko-dead-moscow-73-gorbachev-succeeds-him-urges-arms-control-economic.html |title=Chernenko is Dead in Moscow at 73; Gorbachev Succeeds Him and Urges Arms Control and Economic Vigor |work=द न्युयोर्क टाइम्स|date=12 March 1985 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008023935/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/12/world/chernenko-dead-moscow-73-gorbachev-succeeds-him-urges-arms-control-economic.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ५४ वर्षीय गोर्बाचेभ पोलिटब्युरोका सबैभन्दा कान्छा सदस्य थिए। महासचिवको रूपमा उनको प्रारम्भिक लक्ष्य स्थिर सोभियत अर्थतन्त्रलाई पुनर्जीवित गर्नु थियो। त्यसो गर्न अन्तर्निहित राजनीतिक र सामाजिक संरचनाहरूमा सुधार आवश्यक पर्ने उनले महसुस गरे।<ref>{{cite web |date=27 March 2009 |title=Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв (Mikhail Sergeyevičh Gorbačhëv) |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/ussr/ussr_state/gorbachev.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111111753/http://www.archontology.org/nations/ussr/ussr_state/gorbachev.php |archive-date=11 November 2019 |access-date=3 April 2009 |publisher=Archontology}}</ref> सुधारको सुरुवात ब्रेज्नेभ-युगका वरिष्ठ अधिकारीहरूको कर्मचारी परिवर्तनबाट सुरु भयो जसले राजनीतिक र आर्थिक परिवर्तनमा बाधा पुर्‍याउन सक्थे।<ref>{{cite book|last1=Carrere D'Encausse |first1=Helene|title=The End of the Soviet Empire: The Triumph of the Nations|url=https://archive.org/details/endofsovietemp00carr |url-access=registration |date=1993|publisher=BasicBooks |location=New York|isbn=978-0-465-09812-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/endofsovietemp00carr/page/16 16]|edition=English |translator-first= Franklin|translator-last= Philip}}</ref> २३ अप्रिल १९८५ मा, गोर्बाचेभले दुई कार्यकर्ता, येगोर लिगाचेभ र निकोलाई रिज्कोभलाई पूर्ण सदस्यको रूपमा पोलिटब्यूरोमा ल्याए। उनले केजीवी प्रमुख भिक्टर चेब्रिकोभलाई उम्मेदवारबाट पूर्ण सदस्यमा पदोन्नति गरेर र रक्षामन्त्री मार्शल सर्गेई सोकोलोभलाई पोलिटब्यूरोको उम्मेदवारको रूपमा नियुक्त गरेर "शक्तिशाली" मन्त्रालयहरूलाई अनुकुल बनाए। गोर्बाचेभको सुधारले ल्याएको अभिव्यक्ति स्वतन्त्रताले सोभियत सङ्घ भित्र राष्ट्रवादी आन्दोलन र जातीय विवादहरूलाई अभिव्यक्त गर्न र प्रमुख राजनीतिक आन्दोलनहरूमा बढ्न छुट दियो।{{Sfnp|Beissinger|2009|pages=5–6}} यसले अप्रत्यक्ष रूपमा १९८९ को क्रान्तिहरूको नेतृत्व पनि गर्‍यो जसमा वार्सा सम्झौताको सोभियत-समर्थित समाजवादी शासनहरू शान्तिपूर्ण (रोमानियाको उल्लेखनीय अपवाद बाहेक) रूपमा ढालिए।,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7972755.stm |title=Gorbachev's role in 1989 turmoil |work=बिबिसी न्युज |date=1 April 2009 |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=9 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409121205/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7972755.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> यस घटनाले गोर्बाचेभमाथि सोभियत सङ्घका घटक गणराज्यहरूका लागि बढी प्रजातन्त्र र स्वायत्तता लागु गर्न दबाब बढायो। गोर्बाचेभको नेतृत्वमा, १९८९ मा सोभियत सङ्घ कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले नयाँ केन्द्रीय व्यवस्थापिका, जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको काङ्ग्रेस मा सीमित प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक चुनावहरू सुरु गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/30/world/the-gorbachev-plan-restructuring-soviet-power.html |title=The Gorbachev Plan: Restructuring Soviet Power |work=The New York Times |date=30 June 1988 |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=16 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516202450/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/30/world/the-gorbachev-plan-restructuring-soviet-power.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ((यद्यपि अन्य राजनीतिक दलहरूमाथिको प्रतिबन्ध १९९० सम्म हटाइएको थिएन)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/08/opinion/the-third-russian-revolution-transforming-the-communist-party.html |title=The Third Russian Revolution; Transforming the Communist Party |work=द न्युयोर्क टाइम्स |date=8 February 1990 |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=16 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516201709/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/08/opinion/the-third-russian-revolution-transforming-the-communist-party.html |url-status=live }}</ref> रूसको आर्थिक अवस्था सुधार गर्न र साम्यवादलाई सकारात्मक रूपमा बलियो बनाउन, गोर्बाचेभले उस्कोरेनी (त्वरण), पेरेस्ट्रोइका (पुनर्संरचना), र ग्लासनोस्त (खुलापन) भनेर चिनिने आफ्ना विशिष्ट नीतिहरूको घोषणा गरे।<ref name="m446">{{Cite web |title=Gorbachev and Perestroika |url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/gorbachev |access-date=16 April 2026 |website=Short History |ref={{sfnref|Short History}}}}</ref> गोर्बाचेभको उद्देश्य यी अवधारणाहरू मार्फत सोभियत प्रणालीलाई आमूल रूपान्तरण गर्नु थियो। उनको प्रयास नयाँ परिवर्तनहरू ल्याएर साम्यवादको जग प्रदान गर्नु थियो। त्यसैले, उनको परिवर्तनलाई दोस्रो सोभियत क्रान्तिको आगमनको प्रतीकात्मक मानिन्छ। === उस्कोरेनी === गोर्बाचेभका अनुसार, तत्कालीन सोभियत अर्थतन्त्र कम गुणस्तरका सामानहरू, अदक्षता र प्रतिस्पर्धाको अभावबाट पीडित थियो। जनतालाई प्रदान गरिने सामान र सेवाहरू र उनीहरूले माग गरेका सामान र सेवाहरू बीच अन्तर थियो। यसरी, उस्कोरेनी अर्थतन्त्रको संरचनालाई यस्तो तरिकाले रूपान्तरण गर्नेछ जसले जनताको आवश्यकताहरूको सन्तुष्टिलाई अझ गतिशील, कुशल र सामाजिक रूपमा उन्मुख बनाउनेछ भन्ने विश्वास गरिएको थियो। यसले अधिक स्रोतहरू प्रयोग गर्नुको सट्टा दक्षता बढाएर उत्पादन बढाउन जोड दियो। === पेरेस्त्रोइका === पेरेस्त्रोइकाको अर्थ पुनर्गठन वा पुनर्संरचना हो। यसको माध्यमबाट, समाजमा सुधार ल्याउने संकल्प गरिएको थियो जसले पुरानो कठोरताहरूको अन्त्य गर्नेछ र मानव आर्थिक, सामाजिक, राजनीतिक, सांस्कृतिक र आध्यात्मिक विकासको लागि मार्ग प्रशस्त गर्नेछ।<ref name="m521">{{Cite web |title=Google Books |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Samyavad_Ko_Chunotiya_lkE_okn_dks_pqukSf/y6c2KYkSpVsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE&pg=PA76&printsec=frontcover |access-date=16 April 2026 |website=Google |ref={{sfnref|Google}}}}</ref> यसरी, यो नयाँ समाजतर्फ अघि बढ्ने प्रक्रिया थियो। पेरेस्ट्रोइकामा निम्न समावेश थिए: (१) सामाजिक-आर्थिक प्रगतिलाई तीव्र पार्ने। (२) समाजको व्यापक लोकतान्त्रिकरण ल्याउन। (३) लोकतान्त्रिक विकेन्द्रीकरण हासिल गर्न। (४) व्यक्तिको नैतिक र आध्यात्मिक विकास गर्न। (५) समाजका कुरीतिहरूको पर्दाफास गर्ने। यसरी, पेरेस्त्रोइकाको उद्देश्य एउटा यस्तो समाजको विस्तार गर्नु थियो जहाँ मानवीय मर्यादा र गौरव केन्द्रमा हुन्छ र मानवीय मूल्यमान्यताको सम्मान गरिन्छ। गोर्बाचोभले पेरेस्त्रोइकाको अन्तर्गत, कृषि क्षेत्र, पट्टा र सम्झौतामा सुधार मार्फत निजी खेतीलाई प्रोत्साहित गरे। कृषिमा, सामूहिक संस्थाहरू भन्दा सहकारी संस्थाहरूलाई बढी महत्त्व दिइयो किनभने यसमा, व्यक्तिको काम गर्ने प्रेरणा रहिरहन्छ। त्यसैगरी, उपभोक्ता उद्योगहरू विकास गरियो, ज्याला उत्पादकत्वसँग जोडियो र दक्ष कामदारहरूलाई उच्च तलब र सुविधा प्रदान गरियो। त्यसैगरी, प्रविधि र लगानीसँग सम्बन्धित नीतिमा परिवर्तन ल्याएर, अर्थतन्त्रलाई गहिरो संरचनात्मक रूपमा पुनर्संरचना गर्ने प्रयास गरियो। अर्थतन्त्रलाई स्थिरताबाट बाहिर निकालेर बलियो र द्रुत विकासको बाटोमा राख्ने प्रयास गरियो। पेरेस्त्रोइका मार्फत, गोर्बाचेभले सोभियत सङ्घलाई नयाँ समाजतर्फ डोऱ्याउन खोजे। उनले लेनिनको विचारधारामा आधारित यो नयाँ समाजको पुनर्निर्माण गर्ने उद्देश्य राखे। यी नीतिहरूको यथास्थितिवादीहरूले व्यापक रूपमा विरोध गरे। === ग्लासनोस्त === ग्लासनोस्तको अर्थ "खुलापन" हो। ग्लासनोस्तको माध्यमले खुला बहस लाई प्रोत्साहन दिइयो जसबाट लोकतन्त्रको शक्तिलाई बलियो बनोस्। गोर्बाचेभले जोड दिए कि ग्लासनोस्त योजना र प्रशासनका सबै पक्षहरूमा विस्तार गरिनुपर्छ, र देश भित्र क्षेत्रीय, आर्थिक, जातीय, युवा, वातावरणीय, सामाजिक र अन्य मुद्दाहरूमा खुला बहस गरिनुपर्छ, ताकि जनताको वास्तविक र सटीक विचारहरू पत्ता लगाउन सकियोस्। गोर्बाचेभले यो पनि भने कि हामीलाई हावा जति चाहिँन्छ त्यति नै ग्लासनोस्त पनि चाहिँन्छ। ग्लासनोस्त मार्फत, समाजवादले लोकतन्त्रको बाटोमा लाग्नु थियो। वास्तवमा, पेरेस्ट्रोइकाको व्यापक अवधारणा, जसले सामाजिक, आर्थिक र राजनीतिक रूपान्तरण खोज्यो, र मानिसहरूले भाग लिएको समाजको पुनर्निर्माण गर्ने प्रयास गर्‍यो, ग्लासनोस्ट वा खुलापन आवश्यक थियो। यसैले यो भनिएको थियो कि ग्लासनोस्ट बिना, पेरेस्ट्रोइका र लोकतन्त्र थिएन। ग्लासनोस्टको प्रक्रिया वास्तवमा चुनौतीपूर्ण थियो किनभने बन्द समाज खुला ठाउँमा बस्न अभ्यस्त थिएन। ; <nowiki>गोर्बाचेभको नीतिका परिणामहरू:</nowiki> १. ग्लासनोस्त र पेरेस्ट्रोइका केवल शब्द मात्र नभई परिवर्तनका प्रतीक बने। सोभियत समाजको हरेक कुनामा परिवर्तनले पकड जमाउन थाल्यो र राजनीतिक बन्दीहरूलाई रिहा गरियो। २. देशमा खुला बहस हुन थाल्यो। सोभियत जनताले बहुदलीय चुनावको नयाँ अनुभव प्राप्त गरे। ३. सोभियत नागरिकहरूलाई विदेश यात्रा र नागरिक आप्रवासनको स्वतन्त्रता दिइएको थियो। ४. विदेश नीतिमा परिवर्तन ल्याइयो र शीतयुद्धको सट्टा तनाव कम गर्नलाई महत्त्व दिइयो। ५. सुधार कार्यक्रमहरू मार्फत, सोभियत समाजलाई कडा अनुशासन र कठोर नीतिबाट मुक्त गरियो। ६. यो खुला बहस सोभियत सङ्घमा पनि दुरुपयोग गरिएको थियो, जहाँ मानिसहरूले यसलाई गुटबन्दी र साँघुरो स्वार्थलाई बढावा दिन प्रयोग गरे। यसैबीच, सोभियत सङ्घ गठन गर्ने गणतन्त्रहरूले बढी स्वायत्तताको माग गरे। केही गणतन्त्रहरूले पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता पनि चाहेका थिए। ७. लोकतान्त्रिक तत्वहरू र कट्टरपन्थी कम्युनिस्टहरू बीचको रस्साकस्सीले प्रशासनलाई निष्क्रिय बनायो। पृथकतावाद हिंसात्मक रुपमा फैलियो, जसले सोभियत सङ्घलाई अराजकताको छेउमा पुर्‍यायो। अगस्ट १९९१ मा, केही कम्युनिस्ट नेताहरूले असफल विद्रोहको प्रयास गरे। फलस्वरूप, सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन तीव्र भयो, र यो अन्ततः विघटन भयो। गोर्बाचेभले राजीनामा दिए। डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा, सोभियत सङ्घको ठाउँमा १५ स्वतन्त्र गणतन्त्रहरू देखा परे। == १९९० == === सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले पाँच गणराज्य गुमायो === ७ फेब्रुअरी १९९० मा, सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको केन्द्रीय समितिले पार्टीले राजनीतिक शक्तिमा आफ्नो [[एकाधिकार]] त्याग्नुपर्छ भन्ने गोर्बाचेभको सिफारिसलाई स्वीकार गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite web |title=Soviet Communist Party gives up monopoly on political power: This Day in History – 2/7/1990 |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviet-communist-party-gives-up-monopoly-on-political-power |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122002621/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviet-communist-party-gives-up-monopoly-on-political-power |archive-date=22 January 2018 |access-date=23 June 2011 |publisher=History.com}}</ref> १९९० मा, सोभियत सङ्घका सबै पन्ध्र घटक गणराज्यहरूले आफ्नो पहिलो प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक चुनाव सम्पन्न भयो, जसमा सुधारवादी र जातीय राष्ट्रवादीहरूले धेरै सिटहरू जिते। कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले पाँच गणराज्यहरूमा चुनाव हार्‍यो: लिथुआनिया, मोल्डोभा, इस्टोनिया, लाटभिया, जर्जियामा घटक गणराज्यहरूले आफ्ना राज्यको सार्वभौमिकता घोषणा गर्न थाले र मस्को केन्द्रीय सरकारसँग "कानूनको युद्ध" सुरु गर्‍यो; गणराज्यहरूले स्थानीय कानूनहरूसँग बाझिने सङ्घ-व्यापी कानूनलाई अस्वीकार गरे, आफ्नो स्थानीय अर्थतन्त्रमा नियन्त्रण कायम राखे, र सोभियत सरकारलाई कर तिर्न अस्वीकार गरे। लिथुआनियाले लिथुआनियाली पुरुषहरूलाई सोभियत सशस्त्र सेनामा अनिवार्य सेवा गर्नुपर्ने नियम अन्त्य गर्‍यो। यो द्वन्द्वले आपूर्ति प्रणाली अवरुद्ध हुँदा आर्थिक अव्यवस्था निम्त्यायो र सोभियत अर्थतन्त्रमा थप गिरावट आयो।<ref name="Russia, The Tsarist and Soviet Legacy">Acton, Edward (1995). ''Russia, The Tsarist and Soviet Legacy''. Longman Group Ltd. {{ISBN|0-582-08922-0}}.</ref> === सोभियत सङ्घ र रुसी सोभियत सङ्घीय समाजवादी गणराज्य बीचको प्रतिस्पर्धा === ४ मार्च १९९० मा, रुसी सोभियत सङ्घीय समाजवादी गणराज्यले रूसको जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको काङ्ग्रेसको लागि चुनाव गर्‍यो। [[बोरिस येल्तसिन]] ७२ प्रतिशत मत प्राप्त गर्दै निर्वाचित भए। <ref>Leon Aron, ''Boris Yeltsin: A Revolutionary Life''. HarperCollins, 2000. pp. 739–740.</ref> २९ मे १९९० मा, येल्तसिन रुसी गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च सोभियतको अध्यक्षमा निर्वाचित भए, यद्यपि गोर्बाचेभले रुसी प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई उनलाई मतदान नगर्न आग्रह गरेका थिए। येल्तसिनलाई सर्वोच्च सोभियतका लोकतान्त्रिक र रूढिवादी सदस्यहरूले समर्थन गरेका थिए, जसले विकासशील राजनीतिक परिस्थितिमा शक्ति खोजेका थिए। रुसी गणराज्य र सोभियत सङ्घ बीच एक नयाँ शक्ति सङ्घर्ष देखा पर्‍यो। १२ जुन १९९० मा, रुसी गणराज्यको जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको काङ्ग्रेसले सार्वभौमिकताको घोषणापत्र घोषणा गर्‍यो। १२ जुलाई १९९० मा, येल्तसिनले २८औँ काङ्ग्रेसमा नाटकीय भाषणमा कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीबाट राजीनामा दिए।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/12/newsid_4493000/4493177.stm|title=1990: Yeltsin Resignation Splits Soviet Communists|date=12 July 1990|access-date=29 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023134854/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/12/newsid_4493000/4493177.stm|archive-date=23 October 2012|publisher=BBC News|url-status=live}}</ref> === बाल्तेली गणराज्यहरू === ११-१३ जनवरी १९९० मा गोर्बाचेभको लिथुआनियाली राजधानी भिल्नियसको गरे। उनको भ्रमणले अनुमानित २५०,००० मानिसहरूको उपस्थिति रहेको स्वतन्त्रता समर्थक र्‍यालीलाई उत्तेजित बनायो। ११ मार्चमा, लिथुआनियाली गणराज्यको नवनिर्वाचित संसदले भाइटौटास ल्यान्ड्सबर्गिसलाई आफ्नो अध्यक्षको रूपमा निर्वाचित गर्‍यो र "लिथुआनिया राज्यको पुनर्स्थापनाको ऐन"को घोषणा गर्‍यो, जसले लिथुआनियालाई सोभियत सङ्घबाट स्वतन्त्रता घोषणा गर्ने पहिलो सोभियत गणराज्य बनायो। मस्कोले "जातीय रूसीहरूको अधिकार सुरक्षित गर्ने" कारण देखाउँदै लिथुआनियामा सेनाहरू राखेर आर्थिक नाकाबन्दीको प्रतिक्रिया दियो।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bandelj|first=Nina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlhoP8snGTgC&pg=PA41|title=From Communists to Foreign Capitalists: The Social Foundations of Foreign Direct Investment in Postsocialist Europe|date=2008|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-12912-9|page=41|access-date=11 October 2015|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124205849/https://books.google.com/books?id=RlhoP8snGTgC&pg=PA41|url-status=live}}</ref> २५ मार्च १९९० मा, एस्टोनियाली कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीले छ महिनाको सङ्क्रमकाल पछि सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीबाट अलग हुने पक्षमा मतदान गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/26/world/upheaval-in-the-east-party-in-estonia-votes-split-and-also-a-delay.html|title=Upheaval in the East; Party in Estonia Votes Split and Also a Delay|date=26 March 1990|work=The New York Times|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701214430/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/26/world/upheaval-in-the-east-party-in-estonia-votes-split-and-also-a-delay.html|archive-date=1 July 2017|agency=Associated Press|url-status=live}}</ref> ३० मार्च १९९० मा, इस्टोनियाली सर्वोच्च परिषद्ले दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धदेखि इस्टोनियामा सोभियत नियन्त्रणलाई अवैध घोषणा गर्‍यो र गणतन्त्र भित्र राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्रताको औपचारिक पुनर्स्थापनातर्फ प्रकृया सुरु गर्‍यो। ३ अप्रिल १९९० मा, एडगर सविसार मन्त्रिपरिषद्को अध्यक्ष (प्रधानमन्त्री बराबर)मा निर्वाचित भए , र चाँडै नै स्वतन्त्रता समर्थक मन्त्रिपरिषद् गठन भयो। लाटभियाले ४ मे १९९० मा स्वतन्त्रताको पुनर्स्थापनाको घोषणा गर्‍यो। घोषणापत्रमा भनिएको थियो कि लाटभियाले दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धमा वास्तविक रूपमा आफ्नो स्वतन्त्रता गुमाएको भए तापनि, देश कानूनतः एक सार्वभौम देश बनेको थियो किनभने विलय असंवैधानिक र लाटभियाली जनताको इच्छा विपरीत थियो। घोषणापत्रमा यो पनि भनिएको थियो कि लाटभियाले सोभियत सङ्घसँगको आफ्नो सम्बन्ध १९२० को लाटभियन-सोभियत शान्ति सन्धिको आधारमा बनाउनेछ, जसमा सोभियत सङ्घले लाटभियाको स्वतन्त्रतालाई "भविष्यका सबै समयका लागि" अटूट मानेको थियो। अहिले मे ४ [[लात्भिया|लाटभिया]]मा राष्ट्रिय बिदा हो। ८ मे १९९० मा, एस्टोनियाली सोभियत गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले स्वतन्त्र गणतन्त्र इस्टोनियाको १९३८ को संविधानको पुनर्स्थापनाको आधिकारिक घोषणा गर्दै एक कानून अपनायो।<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2019 |title=О символике эстонии Эстония |trans-title=About the symbolism of Estonia |url=http://estonia.news-city.info/docs/sistemsf/dok_ierskz.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906230101/http://estonia.news-city.info/docs/sistemsf/dok_ierskz.htm |archive-date=6 September 2019 |website= |language=ru}}</ref> === ककेशस === === पश्चिमी गणराज्यहरू === === मध्य एसियाली गणराज्यहरू === ==१९९१== ===मस्कोको सङ्कट=== १४ जनवरी १९९१ मा, निकोलाई रिज्कोभले सोभियत सङ्घको प्रधानमन्त्री वा मन्त्रिपरिषद्को अध्यक्षको पदबाट राजीनामा दिए र सोभियत सङ्घको नयाँ प्रधानमन्त्री मा भ्यालेन्टिन पाभलोभ बने। १७ मार्च १९९१ मा, सङ्घ-व्यापी जनमत सङ्ग्रहमा ७७.८५% मतदाताले सुधारिएको सोभियत सङ्घको अवधारणलाई समर्थन गरे।<ref>[http://soviethistory.org/index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991march&Year=1991&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme 1991: March Referendum] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330025028/http://soviethistory.org/index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1991march&Year=1991&Theme=4e6174696f6e616c6974696573&navi=byTheme|date=30 March 2014}} SovietHistory.org</ref> बाल्तेली गणराज्यहरू, आर्मेनिया, जर्जिया र मोल्डोभाले जनमत सङ्ग्रह बहिष्कार गरे साथै चेचेनो-इङ्गुशेतिया (रुस भित्रको एक स्वायत्त गणराज्य जसमा स्वतन्त्रताको तीव्र इच्छा थियो, र अहिले आफुलाई इच्केरिया भनेर चिनाउँछ) पनि बहिष्कार गरे।<ref>Charles King, ''The Ghost of Freedom: History of the Caucasus''</ref> अन्य नौ गणराज्यहरूमा, बहुमत मतदाताहरूले सुधारिएको सोभियत सङ्घको अवधारणाको समर्थन गरे, जर्जियाली क्षेत्रहरू दक्षिण ओसेशिया र अबखाजियाकामा पनि सङ्घको निरन्तरताको पक्षमा पनि मतदान गरे। ===रसियाको प्रमुख बोरिस येल्तसिन=== [[चित्र:Борис_Николаевич_Ельцин-1_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|255x255पिक्सेल|[[बोरिस येल्तसिन]], रसियाको पहिलो प्रजातान्त्रिक निर्वाचित राष्ट्रपति]] १२ जुन १९९१ मा, [[बोरिस येल्तसिन]] देशको पहिलो राष्ट्रपति चुनावमा ५७ प्रतिशत लोकप्रिय मतका साथ रुसी सोभियत सङ्घीय समाजवादी गणराज्यको प्रमुख निर्वाचित भए, उनले गोर्बाचेभले रुचाएका उम्मेदवार "निकोलाई रिज्कोभ"लाई पराजित गरे, जसले १६ प्रतिशत मत प्राप्त गरे। येल्तसिन राष्ट्रपतिमा निर्वाचित भएपछि, रुसी गणराज्यले सोभियत सङ्घबाट आफुलाई स्वायत्त घोषणा गर्‍यो।<ref>{{Cite book|title=The world transformed : 1945 to the present|last=Hunt|first=Michael H.|isbn=9780199371020|page=321|oclc=907585907|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> आफ्नो चुनावी अभियानमा, येल्तसिनले "केन्द्रको तानाशाही" को आलोचना गरे, तर [[बजार अर्थव्यवस्था|बजार अर्थतन्त्र]] लागु गर्ने वाचा भने दिएनन्। === ककेसस: जर्जिया === सोभियत सङ्घ-व्यापी जनमत सङ्ग्रहको प्रतिक्रियामा, ३१ मार्च १९९१ मा, जर्जियाली स्वतन्त्रताको विषयमा स्वतन्त्रता जनमत सङ्ग्रह आयोजना गरियो। दक्षिण ओसेटियन र अब्खाज अल्पसङ्ख्यकहरूले बहिष्कार गरे यो जनमत सङ्ग्रह बहिष्कार गरेका थिए। त्यस महिनाको सुरुमा भएको सोभियत सङ्घमा नै रहने भन्ने जनमत सङ्ग्रहमा उनीहरू उपस्थित थिए। ९९.५% जर्जियाली मतदाताले जर्जियाली स्वतन्त्रताको पुनर्स्थापनाको पक्षमा मतदान गरे जबकि ०.५% ले यसको विपक्षमा मतदान गरे। मतदान ९०.६% थियो।<ref name="Cornell">Cornell, Svante E., [http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/publications/0419dissertation.pdf ''Autonomy and Conflict: Ethnoterritoriality and Separatism in the South Caucasus – Case in Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630141309/http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/publications/0419dissertation.pdf|date=30 June 2007}}. Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Report No. 61. p. 163. University of Uppsala, {{ISBN|91-506-1600-5}}.</ref> ९ अप्रिल १९९१ मा, तिब्लिसीमा भएको नरसंहारको दुई वर्ष पछि र लिथुआनियाले पुनर्स्थापित स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणा गरेको एक वर्ष दुई महिना पछि, जर्जियाली सोभियत गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च परिषद्ले पूर्ण सत्रमा सोभियत सशस्त्र सेनाले प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्रलाई अपदस्त गरेको ७० वर्ष पछि, सोभियत सङ्घबाट जर्जियाको स्वतन्त्रताको औपचारिक पुनर्गठनको घोषणा गर्‍यो। जर्जियाले गरेको स्वतन्त्रताको यो ऐतिहासिक घोषणाले यसलाई सोभियत सङ्घबाट आधिकारिक रूपमा अलग हुने कोकेशियन गणराज्यहरूमध्ये पहिलो र समग्रमा अहिलेसम्म तेस्रो गणराज्य बनायो। === बाल्तेली === ===अगस्ट कु को प्रयास=== १९ अगस्ट १९९१ मा, गोर्बाचेभका उपराष्ट्रपति गेनाडी यानायेभ, प्रधानमन्त्री भ्यालेन्टिन पावलोभ, रक्षामन्त्री दिमित्री याजोभ, केजीवी प्रमुख भ्लादिमिर क्र्युचकोभ र अन्य वरिष्ठ अधिकारीहरूले "राज्य आपतकाल सम्बन्धी समिति" गठन गरेर सङ्घ सन्धिमा हस्ताक्षर हुनबाट रोक्नको लागि प्रयास गरे, जसले फोरोस, [[क्रिमिया|क्राइमिया]]मा बिदामा रहेका गोर्बाचेभलाई घरमै [[नजरबन्द]]मा राख्यो र उनको सञ्चार काट्यो। कू नेताहरूले राजनीतिक गतिविधि निलम्बन गर्ने र धेरैजसो पत्रपत्रिकाहरूमा प्रतिबन्ध लगाउने आपतकालीन आदेश जारी गरे। त्यतिबेला रुसी सार्वभौमिकताको प्रतीकात्मक केन्द्र ह्वाइट हाउस (रुसी सङ्घको संसद र येल्तसिनको कार्यालय) को रक्षा गर्न हजारौँ मस्कोवासीहरू बाहिर निस्के। ट्याङ्कमाथिबाट भाषण दिएर कूको विरोध गर्ने येल्तसिनलाई पक्राउ गर्ने प्रयास गरे तर अन्ततः असफल भए। तीन दिन पछि, २१ अगस्ट १९९१ मा, विद्रोह समाप्त भयो। आयोजकहरूलाई पक्राउ गरियो र गोर्बाचेभलाई राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा पुनर्स्थापित गरियो, यद्यपि उनको शक्ति धेरै कम भयो।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ostrovsky |first=Alexander Vladimirovich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XM1VywAACAAJ |title=Глупость или измена?: расследование гибели СССР |date=2011 |publisher=Crimean Bridge-9D |isbn=978-5-89747-068-6 |page=864 |language=ru |trans-title=Stupidity or Treason?: Investigation into the Death of the USSR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Андрей Грачев – к годовщине путча: 'Из Фороса Горбачев вернулся заложником Ельцина' |trans-title=Andrey Grachev – on the anniversary of the coup: 'Gorbachev returned from Foros as Yeltsin's hostage' |url=https://sobesednik.ru/obshchestvo/20210819-andrei-gracev-k-godovshhine-putca-iz-f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223085337/https://sobesednik.ru/obshchestvo/20210819-andrei-gracev-k-godovshhine-putca-iz-f |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=sobesednik.ru |language=ru}}</ref> ===अगस्ट-डिसेम्बर सङ्क्रमणकाल=== २४ अगस्ट १९९१ मा, गोर्बाचेभले सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको महासचिवको पदबाट राजीनामा दिए<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 1991 |title=Заявление М. С. Горбачева о сложение обязанностей генерального секретаря КПСС (24 августа 1991) |trans-title=Statement by M. S. Gorbachev on the resignation of the duties of General Secretary of the CPSU (24 August 1991) |url=http://www.illuminats.ru/component/content/article/29-new/1198-statement-by-mikhail-gorbachev-on-the-addition-of-duties-the-secretary-general-of-the-cpsu-24-august-1991?directory=29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721014247/http://www.illuminats.ru/component/content/article/29-new/1198-statement-by-mikhail-gorbachev-on-the-addition-of-duties-the-secretary-general-of-the-cpsu-24-august-1991?directory=29 |archive-date=21 July 2018 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=www.illuminats.ru |language=ru}}</ref> र सरकारमा रहेका सबै पार्टी एकाइहरू भंग गरे। सोही दिन, युक्रेनी गणतन्त्रको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले युक्रेनको स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणापत्र पारित गर्‍यो, जसमा सोभियत सङ्घबाट युक्रेनको स्वतन्त्रताको लागि राष्ट्रिय जनमत सङ्ग्रहको लागि आह्वान गरिएको थियो। पाँच दिन पछि, सोभियत सङ्घको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले सोभियत क्षेत्रको सबै सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी गतिविधि अनिश्चित कालका लागि निलम्बन गर्‍यो<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2013 |title=Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 29 августа 1991 г. N 2371-I 'О ситуации, возникшей в стране в связи с имевшим место государственным переворотом' |trans-title=Resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 29 August 1991 N 2371-I 'On the situation that arose in the country in connection with the coup d'état' |url=http://www.ruspravo.org/list/89358/1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207002848/http://www.ruspravo.org/list/89358/1.html |archive-date=7 December 2013 |website= |page=1 |language=ru}}</ref>, जसले गर्दा सोभियत सङ्घमा कम्युनिस्ट शासनको प्रभावकारी अन्त्य भयो र देशमा बाँकी रहेको एकमात्र एकताकारी शक्तिलाई विघटन गरियो। गोर्बाचेभले सेप्टेम्बर ५ मा सोभियत सङ्घको राज्य परिषद् स्थापना गरे, जुन उनलाई र बाँकी गणतन्त्रका उच्च अधिकारीहरूलाई सामूहिक नेतृत्वमा ल्याउन डिजाइन गरिएको थियो। राज्य परिषद्लाई सोभियत सङ्घको प्रधानमन्त्री नियुक्त गर्ने अधिकार पनि दिइएको थियो। प्रधानमन्त्री पदले कहिल्यै राम्रोसँग काम गरेन, यद्यपि इभान सिलायेभले सोभियत अर्थतन्त्रको सञ्चालन व्यवस्थापन समिति र अन्तर-गणतन्त्र आर्थिक समिति मार्फत पदभार ग्रहण गरे र द्रुत रूपमा घट्दो शक्तिहरू सहित सरकार गठन गर्ने प्रयास गरे। १९९१ को अन्तिम त्रैमासिकमा सोभियत सङ्घ नाटकीय गतिमा पतन भयो। अगस्ट र डिसेम्बरको बीचमा, मुख्यतया अर्को विद्रोहको डरको कारणले १० गणतन्त्रहरू सङ्घबाट अलग भए,। सेप्टेम्बरको अन्त्यसम्ममा, गोर्बाचेभसँग मस्को बाहिरका घटनाहरूलाई प्रभाव पार्ने क्षमता रहेन। उनलाई त्यहाँ पनि [[बोरिस येल्तसिन|येल्तसिन]]ले चुनौती दिए, जसले क्रेमलिन सहित सोभियत सरकारको बाँकी रहेको भाग नियन्त्रण गर्न थालेका थिए। सोभियत सङ्घले ६ सेप्टेम्बर १९९१ मा बाल्तेली गणतन्त्रहरूको स्वतन्त्रतालाई मान्यता दियो।<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2020 |title=Prof. Alpo Russi. About Recognition of Independence of Baltic States |url=https://www.vdu.lt/en/prof-alpo-russi-about-recognition-of-independence-of-baltic-states/ |work=[[Vytautas Magnus University]]}}</ref> जर्जियाले सेप्टेम्बर ७ मा सोभियत सङ्घसँगको सबै सम्बन्ध तोड्यो। उसले बाल्तेली राज्यहरूको पृथकतालाई मान्यता दिँदा पनि सोभियत सङ्घले आफ्नो स्वतन्त्रतालाई किन मान्यता दिएन भन्ने "पर्याप्त आधारभूत जवाफ" प्राप्त नभएको उल्लेख गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite web |author=Cherian |first=Regi |date=6 September 2016 |title=September 7, 1991: Georgia revolts, cuts ties with USSR |url=https://gulfnews.com/today-history/september-7-1996-georgia-revolts-cuts-ties-with-ussr-1.1892039 |work=Gulf News}}</ref> १७ सेप्टेम्बर १९९१ मा, संयुक्त राष्ट्रसङ्घ महासभाको प्रस्ताव नम्बर ४६/४, ४६/५, र ४६/६ ले इस्टोनिया, लाटभिया र लिथुआनियालाई संयुक्त राष्ट्रसङ्घमा सदस्यता दियो, जुन सुरक्षा परिषद्को प्रस्ताव नम्बर ७०९, ७१० र ७११ अनुरूप थियो र १२ सेप्टेम्बरमा मतदान बिना पारित भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web |title=Resolutions adopted by the United Nations Security Council in 1991 |url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/1991.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719210549/http://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/1991.shtml |archive-date=19 July 2017 |access-date=17 June 2016 |work=[[United Nations]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=46th Session (1991–1992) – General Assembly – Quick Links – Research Guides at United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld Library |url=http://research.un.org/en/docs/ga/quick/regular/46 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830083857/http://research.un.org/en/docs/ga/quick/regular/46 |archive-date=30 August 2016 |access-date=17 June 2016 |work=[[United Nations]]}}</ref> ६ नोभेम्बरमा, येल्तसिन - जसले त्यतिबेलासम्म सोभियत सरकारको धेरैजसो हिस्सा आफ्नो नियन्त्रणमा लिइसकेका थिए - ले रुसी भूभागमा कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीका सबै गतिविधिहरूमा प्रतिबन्ध लगाउने आदेश जारी गरे।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Указ Президента РСФСР от 06.11.1991 г. № 169 |trans-title=Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated 06.11.1991 No. 169 |url=http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/385 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301170411/http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/385 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |access-date=22 October 2020 |website=President of Russia |language=ru}}</ref> ७ नोभेम्बर १९९१ सम्म, धेरैजसो अखबारहरूले 'पूर्व सोभियत सङ्घ' लाई उल्लेख गरे।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/07/world/pre-1917-ghosts-haunt-a-bolshevik-holiday.html?pagewanted=all|title=Pre-1917 Ghosts Haunt a Bolshevik Holiday|last1=Schmemann|first1=Serge|date=7 November 1991|work=The New York Times|access-date=21 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053646/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/07/world/pre-1917-ghosts-haunt-a-bolshevik-holiday.html?pagewanted=all|archive-date=22 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[चित्र:Grand_Kremlin_Palace_façade,_1982-2008.jpg|बायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|The [[State Emblem of the Soviet Union|state emblem of the Soviet Union]] and the СССР letters{{Efn|Russian acronym for "USSR"}} (top) in the façade of the [[Grand Kremlin Palace]] were replaced by five double-headed [[Coat of arms of Russia|Russian eagles]] (bottom) after the dissolution of the [[Soviet Union]], the eagles having been removed by the Bolsheviks after the revolution.]] सोभियत सङ्घको पतनको अन्तिम चरण १ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा सुरु भयो। त्यस दिन, "युक्रेनी लोकप्रिय जनमत सङ्ग्रह"मा युक्रेनका ९१ प्रतिशत मतदाताले अगस्टमा पारित स्वतन्त्रता घोषणालाई समर्थन गर्दै मतदान गरे र औपचारिक रूपमा सङ्घबाट अलग भयो। आर्थिक र राजनीतिक शक्तिमा रूसपछि दोस्रो स्थानमा रहेको युक्रेनको पृथकताले गोर्बाचेभले सीमित मात्रामा भए पनि सोभियत सङ्घलाई एकसाथ राख्ने झिनो सम्भावनालाई पनि समाप्त गर्‍यो। तीन स्लाभिक गणतन्त्रहरू, रुस, युक्रेन र बेलारुस (पहिले बेलोरुसिया) का नेताहरू सङ्घको सम्भावित विकल्पहरूबारे छलफल गर्न सहमत भए। डिसेम्बर ८ मा, रुस, युक्रेन र बेलारुसका नेताहरूले पश्चिमी बेलारुसको बेलाभेजस्काया पुष्चामा गोप्य रूपमा भेटे र बेलाभेजा सम्झौतामा हस्ताक्षर गरे, जसले सोभियत सङ्घको अस्तित्व समाप्त भएको घोषणा गर्‍यो र यसको स्थानमा कमनवेल्थ अफ इन्डिपेन्डेन्ट स्टेट्स (CIS) को गठनको घोषणा गर्‍यो। उनीहरूले अन्य गणतन्त्रहरूलाई पनि सिआइ.एस मा सामेल हुन आमन्त्रित गरे। गोर्बाचेभले यसलाई असंवैधानिक कू भने। यद्यपि, यस समयसम्ममा कुनै उचित विकल्प थिएन किनकी सम्झौताको प्रस्तावनामा भनिएझैँ, सोभियत सङ्घ अब "अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय कानून र भूराजनीतिक वास्तविकताको विषयको रूपमा" अस्तित्वमा थिएन। डिसेम्बर १० मा, युक्रेनको बिधायिका भेर्खोभना राडा <ref>{{Cite web |title=Про ратифікацію Угоди про створення Співдружності Незалежних Держав |trans-title=On the ratification of the Agreement on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/1958-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124205855/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1958-12 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=Official website of the Parliament of Ukraine |language=uk}}</ref> र बेलारुसको सर्वोच्च परिषद्ले <ref>{{Cite web |title=Постановление Верховного Совета РБ № 1296-XII О ратификации Соглашения об образовании Содружества Независимых Государств от 10.12.1991 |trans-title=Resolution of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus No. 1296-XII On the ratification of the Agreement on the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States dated 10.12.1991 |url=https://belzakon.net/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%91/1994/96572 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223192600/https://belzakon.net/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%91/1994/96572 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=belzakon.net |language=ru}}</ref> सम्झौतालाई अनुमोदन गरेको थियो। डिसेम्बर १२ मा, रुसी सोभियत गणराज्य को सर्वोच्च सोभियतले बेलाभेझा सम्झौतालाई औपचारिक रूपमा अनुमोदन गर्‍यो,,<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 1991 |title=Постановление ВС РСФСР от 12.12.1991 N 2014-I 'О ратификации Соглашения о создании Содружества Независимых Государств' |trans-title=Resolution of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR of 12.12.1991 N 2014-I 'On ratification of the Agreement on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States' |url=http://base.garant.ru/10164306/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113130902/http://base.garant.ru/10164306/ |archive-date=13 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=base.garant.ru |language=ru}}</ref> १९२२ को सङ्घ सन्धिको निन्दा गर्‍यो,,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Постановление Верховного Совета РСФСР от 12.12.1991 № 2015-I – Сейчас.ру |url=https://www.lawmix.ru/abrolaw/13907 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125075549/https://www.lawmix.ru/abrolaw/13907 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=www.lawmix.ru}}</ref> र सोभियत सङ्घको सर्वोच्च सोभियतबाट रुसी प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई फिर्ता बोलायो। यस अनुमोदनको वैधानिकताले रुसी संसदका केही सदस्यहरूमा शंका उत्पन्न गर्‍यो, किनकि १९७८ को रुसी सोभियत गणराज्यको संविधान अनुसार यस कागजातको विचार जन प्रतिनिधिहरूको काङ्ग्रेसको विशेष क्षेत्राधिकारमा थियो।.<ref name="sssr.net.ru">{{Cite web |last1=Pribylovsky |first1=V. |last2=Tochkin |first2=Gr. |title=Кто и как упразднил СССР |trans-title=Who and how abolished the USSR |url=https://sssr.net.ru/denons.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126160310/http://sssr.net.ru/denons.html |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date= |website=sssr.net.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2015 |title=Из СССР В СНГ: подчиняясь реальности. |trans-title=From the USSR to the CIS: submitting to reality. |url=http://n-discovery.spb.ru/news_full.php?id=379 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403001152/http://n-discovery.spb.ru/news_full.php?id=379 |archive-date=3 April 2015 |website=www.n-discovery.spb.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Бабурин С.Н. На гибель Советского Союза |trans-title=Baburin S.N. On the death of the Soviet Union |url=http://www.ni-journal.ru/archive/2006/n_506/38b39a96/39cf8ddd/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107165055/http://www.ni-journal.ru/archive/2006/n_506/38b39a96/39cf8ddd/ |archive-date=2017-11-07 |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=www.ni-journal.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref name="sovross.ru">{{Cite web |last=Voronin |first=Yu. M. |title=Беловежское предательство |trans-title=Belovezhskaya betrayal |url=http://www.sovross.ru/articles/555/9021/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812180933/http://www.sovross.ru/articles/555/9021/ |archive-date=2020-08-12 |access-date= |website=www.sovross.ru |language=ru}}</ref> थप, सोभियत संविधानले गणतन्त्रलाई एकतर्फी रूपमा आफ्ना प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई फिर्ता बोलाउन अनुमति दिएको थिएन।<ref>The Russian SFSR has constitutional right to "freely secede from the Soviet Union" ([[s:ru:Конституция РСФСР 1978 года (в редакции 1 ноября 1991 года)#Глава_7._РСФСР_–_союзная_республика_в_составе_СССР|art. 69 of the RSFSR Constitution]], [[s:ru:Конституция СССР (1977)/редакция 26 декабря 1990 года#Глава_8._СССР_–_союзное_государство|art. 72 of the USSR Constitution]]), but according to USSR laws [[s:ru:Закон о выходе союзной республики из СССР|1409-I]] (enacted on 3 April 1990) and [http://iv.garant.ru/SESSION/PILOT/loadfavorite.html?pid=6335703&page=1&para_id=2147483649 1457-I]{{dead link|date=May 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} (enacted on 26 April 1990) this can be done only by a referendum and only if two-thirds of all registered voters of the republic has supported that motion. No special referendum on the secession from the USSR was held in the RSFSR</ref> यद्यपि, रुस वा क्रेमलिनमा कसैले पनि आपत्ति जनाएनन्। क्रेमलिनको कुनै पनि आपत्तिको कुनै प्रभाव पर्ने थिएन, किनकि सोभियत सरकारको बाँकी रहेको कुरा डिसेम्बर भन्दा धेरै अघि नै प्रभावकारी रूपमा निष्क्रिय बनाइएको थियो। धेरै वकिलहरू विश्वास गर्छन् कि १९२२ को सङ्घ सन्धिको निन्दा अर्थहीन थियो किनकि यो १९२४ मा सोभियत सङ्घको पहिलो संविधान अपनाएसँगै अमान्य भइसकेको थियो।।<ref>''Исаков В. Б.'' Расчленёнка. Кто и как развалил Советский Союз: Хроника. Документы. – М., Закон и право. 1998. – C. 58. –209 с.</ref><ref>''Станкевич З. А.'' История крушения СССР: политико-правовые аспекты. – М., 2001. – C. 299–300</ref><ref>''Лукашевич Д. А.'' Юридический механизм разрушения СССР. – М, 2016. – С. 254–255. – 448 с.</ref> (१९९६ मा राजकीय डुमाले पनि उही अडान लिएको थियो)).<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 1986 |title=Постановление Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания РФ от 10 апреля 1996 года № 225-II ГД «Об Обращении Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации "К членам Совета Федерации Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации" |trans-title=Resolution of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of 10 April 1996 No. 225-II GD "On the Appeal of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation "To the members of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation" |url=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&link_id=16&nd=102040638 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026061236/http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&link_id=16&nd=102040638 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |access-date=22 October 2020 |language=ru}}</ref> त्यस दिनको अन्तमा, गोर्बाचेभले पहिलो पटक आफु पद त्याग्ने विचार गरिरहेको सङ्केत गरे।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/13/world/soviet-disarry-gorbachev-is-ready-to-resign-as-post-soviet-plan-advances.html|title=Gorbachev is Ready to Resign as Post-Soviet Plan Advances|last=Schmemann|first=Serge|date=1991-12-13|work=The New York Times|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917211606/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/13/world/soviet-disarry-gorbachev-is-ready-to-resign-as-post-soviet-plan-advances.html|archive-date=2018-09-17|issn=0362-4331|url-status=live}}</ref> सतहमा देखिदा, यो सबैभन्दा ठुलो गणराज्य औपचारिक रूपमा अलग भएको देखिन्थ्यो। यद्यपि, यो मामला होइन। बरु, रूसले स्पष्ट रूपमा बतायो यो कि सोभियत संविधानमा वर्णन गरिएको पृथकताको प्रक्रियालाई पालना गर्न आवश्यक छैन किनभने अब अस्तित्वमा नै नभएको देशबाट अलग हुन सम्भव छैन। १६ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा, कजाख गणराज्य सोभियत सङ्घबाट औपचारिक रूपमा अलग हुने अन्तिम गणतन्त्र बन्यो, जसले गर्दा सोभियत सङ्घले न त कुनै क्षेत्र नियन्त्रण गर्न सक्यो न त कुनै क्षेत्र नियन्त्रण गर्ने दाबी नै गर्न सक्यो (यद्यपि सोभियत दूतावासहरू अझै पनि अस्तित्वमा थिए)।<ref>{{cite web |date=22 October 2021 |title=Kazakhstan, Not Russia, Was the Last Republic to the Leave the USSR |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/kazakhstan-not-russia-was-last-republic-leave-ussr-195400}}</ref> डिसेम्बर १८ मा, सोभियत सङ्घको सर्वोच्च सोभियत (गणतन्त्र परिषद्) को माथिल्लो सदनले कमनवेल्थ अफ इन्डिपेन्डेन्ट स्टेट्स (राष्ट्रमण्डल)को निर्माण सम्बन्धी सम्झौतालाई स्वीकार गर्दै र तीव्र राजनीतिक तथा आर्थिक सङ्कटबाट बाहिर निस्कने बाटो प्रदान गर्न यसलाई विचार गर्दै एक विज्ञप्ति पारित गर्‍यो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Заявление Совета Республик Верховного Совета СССР от 18.12.1991 N 138-Н О поддержке Соглашения Республики Беларусь, РСФСР и Украины о создании Содружества Независимых Государств &#124; ГАРАНТ |trans-title=Statement of the Council of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated 18.12.1991 N 138-N On support for the Agreement of the Republic of Belarus, the RSFSR and Ukraine on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States - GARANTEE |url=http://base.garant.ru/6334158/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407115029/https://base.garant.ru/6334158/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=base.garant.ru |language=ru}}</ref> गोर्बाचेभले येल्तसिनसँग भेट गरे र सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको वास्तविकता स्वीकार गरे। सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन र औपचारिक रूपमा स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरूको राष्ट्रमण्डल स्थापना गर्ने उद्देश्यले अल्मा-अटा प्रोटोकलमा हस्ताक्षर भएको दिन, रुसी गणराज्यको सर्वोच्च सोभियतले रूसको कानूनी नाम "रुसी सोभियत सङ्घीय समाजवादी गणतन्त्र" बाट "रुसी सङ्घ" मा परिवर्तन गर्न एक विधान अपनायो। यस अनुसार रुस अब पूर्ण रूपमा सार्वभौम गैर-कम्युनिस्ट राज्य थियो। बेलाभेजा सम्झौताले सोभियत सङ्घलाई कानुनी रूपमा विघटन गरेको छ कि छैन भन्ने बारेमा शंकाहरू कायमै थिए, किनकि यसमा तीन गणराज्यले (रुस, बेलारुस, युक्रेन) मात्र हस्ताक्षर गरेका थिए।यद्यपि, डिसेम्बर २१ मा, जर्जिया बाहेक बाँकी १२ गणतन्त्रहरू मध्ये ११ का प्रतिनिधिहरूले अल्मा-अटा प्रोटोकलमा हस्ताक्षर गरे, जसले सोभियत सङ्घको विघटन पुष्टि गर्‍यो र औपचारिक रूपमा राष्ट्रमण्डल स्थापना गर्‍यो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=ПРОТОКОЛ к Соглашению о создании Содружества Независимых Государств, подписанному 8 декабря 1991 года в г. Минске Республикой Беларусь, Российской Федерацией (РСФСР), Украиной |trans-title=Protocol to the Agreement on the Creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, signed on 8 December 1991 in г. Minsk Republic of Belarus, Russian Federation (РСФСР), Ukraine |url=http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511073849/http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=6 |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=cis.minsk.by |language=ru}}</ref> उनीहरूले गोर्बाचेभको राजीनामा पनि "स्वीकार" गरे।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Посткремлевская жизнь правителей |trans-title=Post-Kremlin life of rulers |url=https://www.ng.ru/style/2000-01-06/1-162.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407115029/https://www.ng.ru/style/2000-01-06/1-162.html |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=www.ng.ru |language=ru}}</ref> सोभियत सङ्घको सशस्त्र सेनाको कमान्ड रक्षामन्त्री येभगेनी शापोश्निकोभलाई सुम्पिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Минобороны. Министерство обороны РФ |trans-title=Ministry of Defense. Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation |url=http://www.panorama.ru/prav/minobor.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225004736/http://www.panorama.ru/prav/minobor.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2020 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=www.panorama.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ПРОТОКОЛ совещания Глав Независимых Государств |trans-title=MINUTES of the meeting of the Heads of Independent States |url=http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=3412 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511073849/http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=3412 |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=cis.minsk.by |language=ru}}</ref> यस क्षणमा पनि, गोर्बाचेभले अहिलेसम्म दृश्यबाट पछि हट्ने कुनै औपचारिक योजना बनाएका थिएनन्। यद्यपि, अब बहुमत गणतन्त्रहरूले सोभियत सङ्घ अब अस्तित्वमा छैन भन्ने कुरामा सहमति जनाएपछि, गोर्बाचेभले अपरिहार्यताको अगाडि झुके, सीबीएस न्यूजलाई भने कि उनले सीआईएस साँच्चै वास्तविकता हो भनेर देख्ने बित्तिकै राजीनामा दिनेछन्।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/22/world/end-soviet-union-11-soviet-states-form-commonwealth-without-clearly-defining-its.html|title=11 Soviet States Form Commonwealth Without Clearly Defining Its Powers|last=Clines|first=Francis X.|date=1991-12-22|work=The New York Times|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414022306/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/22/world/end-soviet-union-11-soviet-states-form-commonwealth-without-clearly-defining-its.html|archive-date=2017-04-14|issn=0362-4331|url-status=live}}</ref> [[चित्र:RIAN_archive_469069_Final_session_of_the_Council_for_Nationalities_of_the_USSR_Supreme_Soviet.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|सर्वोच्च सोभियतको माथिल्लो सदनले आफ्नो अन्तिम सत्रमा, २६ डिसेम्बर १९९१ मा सोभियत सङ्घको अस्तित्व समाप्त गर्ने मतदान गर्दै।]] २५ डिसेम्बरको साँझ राष्ट्रिय टेलिभिजनमा प्रसारित भाषणमा, गोर्बाचेभले सोभियत सङ्घको राष्ट्रपतिको पदबाट राजीनामा दिए - वा, जसरी उनले भने, "म यसद्वारा सोभियत समाजवादी गणतन्त्र सङ्घको अध्यक्ष पदमा मेरा गतिविधिहरू बन्द गर्दछु।" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Заявление Президента СССР об отставке от 25 декабря 1991 г. |trans-title=Statement of resignation of the President of the USSR, 25 December 1991 |url=https://www.gorby.ru/userfiles/file/zayavleniem_ob_otstavke_prezidenta_sssr_m.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904230942/https://www.gorby.ru/userfiles/file/zayavleniem_ob_otstavke_prezidenta_sssr_m.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |language=ru}}</ref> उनले आफ्नो संस्था समाप्ति घोषणा गरे, र यसको सबै शक्तिहरू (जस्तै आणविक शस्त्रागारको नियन्त्रण)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Указ Президента СССР от 25.12.1991 N УП-3162 |trans-title=Decree of the President of the USSR dated 25.12.1991 N UP-3 |url=http://www.libussr.ru/doc_ussr/usr_19889.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412222644/http://www.libussr.ru/doc_ussr/usr_19889.htm |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=www.libussr.ru |language=ru}}</ref> येल्तसिनलाई सुम्पे। २५ डिसेम्बरको राति, मस्को समय अनुसार ७:३५ बजे, गोर्बाचेभ टेलिभिजनमा देखा परेपछि, सोभियत झन्डा तल झारियो <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 1991 |title=С флагштока над Кремлем спущен советский флаг, поднят российский |trans-title=The Soviet flag is lowered from the flagpole over the Kremlin; the Russian flag is raised |url=https://www.interfax.ru/30years/800619 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101022148/https://www.interfax.ru/30years/800619 |archive-date=1 January 2022 |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=[[Interfax]] |language=ru}}</ref> र ७:४५ बजे [[रूसको झन्डा|रुसी तिरंगा]] यसको ठाउँमा उठाइयो,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/26/world/end-of-the-soviet-union-on-moscow-s-streets-worry-and-regret.html|title=End of the Soviet Union; On Moscow's Streets, Worry and Regret|last=Clarity|first=James F.|date=26 December 1991|work=The New York Times|access-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302163000/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/26/world/end-of-the-soviet-union-on-moscow-s-streets-worry-and-regret.html|archive-date=2 March 2022|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-status=live}}</ref> जुन प्रतीकात्मक रुपमा सोभियत सङ्घको अन्त्यको प्रतीक थियो। आफ्नो बिदाइ शब्दहरूमा, गोर्बाचेभले घरेलु सुधारमा आफ्नो रेकर्डको बचाउ गरे, तर स्वीकार गरे, "नयाँले काम सुरु गर्न समय पाउनु अघि पुरानो प्रणाली ध्वस्त भयो।"<ref>{{Cite book|title=The world transformed : 1945 to the present|last=Hunt|first=Michael H.|isbn=9780199371020|pages=323–324|oclc=907585907|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> सोही दिन, [[अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपति|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाका राष्ट्रपति]] [[जर्ज एच डब्लू बुस|जर्ज एच. डब्लु. बुश]]ले बाँकी ११ गणतन्त्रहरूको स्वतन्त्रतालाई आधिकारिक रूपमा मान्यता दिँदै छोटो टेलिभिजन भाषण दिए। गोर्बाचेवको भाषण र सोवियत झन्डाको ठाउँमा रुसी झन्डा फहराएपछि, एक गणितले सोवियत यूनियनको अन्त्य भयो। तर, सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको अन्तिम कानुनी कदम डिसेम्बर २६ मा बयो, जब सोभियत सङ्घको सर्वोच्च सोभियतको माथिल्लो सदन, सोभियत अफ नेसनालिटिले बेलाभेजा सम्झौतालाई अनुमोदन गर्‍यो, जसले गर्दा सोभियत सङ्घको अस्तित्व समाप्त भयो।<ref name="ReferenceC2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt5OLD3vp4UC&q=26+december+1991+ussr&pg=PR5|title=Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis|isbn=9781563246371|last1=Brzezinski|first1=Zbigniew|last2=Brzezinski|first2=Zbigniew K.|last3=Sullivan|first3=Paige|year=1997|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124205853/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt5OLD3vp4UC&q=26+december+1991+ussr&pg=PR5|url-status=live}}</ref> (तल्लो सदन, सोभियत अफ युनियन, रुसी प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई फिर्ता बोलाउँदा डिसेम्बर १२ देखि काम गर्न असमर्थ थियो, कोरम बिना नै छोडियो).<ref name="sssr.net.ru2" /> भोलिपल्ट येल्तसिन गोर्बाचेभको पूर्व कार्यालयमा सरे, ,<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2016 |title=Как меня хоронили |trans-title=How I was buried |url=http://www.novayagazeta.ru/society/66087.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727023444/http://www.novayagazeta.ru/society/66087.html |archive-date=27 July 2016 |website=Novaya Gazeta |language=ru}}</ref> यद्यपि रुसी अधिकारीहरूले दुई दिन अघि नै सुइटलाई आफ्नो नियन्त्रणमा लिएका थिए। सोभियत सशस्त्र सेनाहरूलाई स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरूको राष्ट्रमण्डलको कमान्डमा राखिएको थियो, तर अन्ततः नयाँ स्वतन्त्र गणतन्त्रहरूले यसलाई समाहित गरे, जसको ठुलो हिस्सा रुसी सङ्घको सशस्त्र सेना बन्यो। १९९१ को अन्त्यसम्ममा, रूसले नियन्त्रण नगरेका केही बाँकी सोभियत संस्थाहरूले सञ्चालन बन्द गरे, र स्वतन्त्र नयाँ गणतन्त्रहरूले केन्द्रीय सरकारको भूमिका ग्रहण गरे। == सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनमा गोर्बाचेभको भूमिका == गोर्भाचोबको नीतिको कारण सोवियत सङ्घको केन्द्रीय सत्ता कमजोर भयो, फलस्वरूप सोवियत सङ्घमा केन्द्र विरूद्ध सङ्घर्ष गर्बे शक्ति हौसले बढ्दै गयो। गोर्बाचोबको नीतिले गणराज्यहरूको सोवियत सङ्घसँग अलग हुनलाई मान्यता दियो। फलस्वरूप हेर्दा हेर्दै एकपछि अर्को गर्दै सोवियत सङ्घ के गणराज्य स्वतन्त्र भए र सोवियत सङ्घको विघटन भयो। यो गोर्भाचोबको नीतिहरूको नै परिणाम थियो कि सोभियत कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको शक्तिमा निरन्तर ह्रास हुँदै गयो। फलतः सोवियत सङ्घलाई एकताको सूत्रमा बाध्ने सबैभन्दा ठुलो सम्पर्क सुत्रको शक्ति घट्दै गयो। यसको परिणाम कम्युनिस्ट बिरोधी शक्ति बढ्दै गयो। अमेरिका र पाश्चात्य देशहरूले पनि सोवियत सङ्घलाई टोड्ने शक्तिलाई समर्थन गरे। परिणामस्वरूप यी शक्ति सोवियत सङ्घको एकतालाई खोक्रो बनाउँदै गए। गोर्बाच्योवले पूर्वी युरोपमा पनि साम्यवादको किल्लालाई पतन हुन नदिन कुनै प्रयास गरेनन्, बरु उनको नीतिको कारण पूर्वी युरोपमा साम्यवाद विरोधी शक्ति हावी भयो। चेकोस्लोवाकिया, रोमानिया, हंगरी, पूर्वी जर्मनीमा साम्यवादको पतम भयो र यो पतनले सोवियत सङ्घको [[महाशक्ति]]को छविलाई समाप्त गरिदियो। सोभियत सङ्घको पतनको जिम्मेवारी गोर्बाचेभ एक्लैले लिन्छन् भन्न सजिलो छ। त्यसो गर्नु भनेको कुनै पनि व्यक्तिलाई ऐतिहासिक प्रवृत्ति भन्दा बढी महत्त्वपूर्ण ठान्नु हो। गोर्बाचेभ यी ऐतिहासिक प्रवृत्तिहरूलाई प्रतिबिम्बित गर्ने ऐना मात्र थिए, तर उनी आफैँ चकनाचुर भए। वास्तवमा, सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको बीउ यसको स्थापनामा रोपिएको थियो। समाजवादी प्रणालीलाई दिगो बनाउन, देश भित्र समाजवादी मानवता र संस्कृति खेती गर्नु आवश्यक थियो, जुन कार्य सोभियत प्रणालीले हासिल गर्न असफल भयो। स्टालिनको शासनकालमा लगभग दुई दशकसम्म, सोभियत सङ्घको एकता केन्द्रीय सरकारको निर्दयी जबरजस्ती अनुशासनले मात्र कायम राखेको थियो। देशका विभिन्न भागहरूलाई साम्यवादको रक्षा गर्न राष्ट्रिय हित वा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय भ्रातृत्वको नाममा बलिदान दिन बाध्य पारिएको थियो। यो त्यस्तो होइन कि असन्तुष्टि र क्रोध उत्पन्न भएन; यो केवल दमनकारी नीतिहरूले उनीहरूको आवाज अभिव्यक्तिलाई गाह्रो बनायो। गोर्बाचेभको उदार नीतिहरूले यो क्रोध व्यक्त गर्ने तरिका प्रदान गर्‍यो। == सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनको प्रभाव == [[चित्र:EasternBloc_BasicMembersOnly.svg|दायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|454x454पिक्सेल|पूर्वी ब्लक देशहरू]] सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनले विश्व राजनीतिक परिदृश्यलाई नै परिवर्तन गरिदियो। सोभियत सङ्घ [[महाशक्ति]] रहेन, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका एकमात्र महाशक्तिको रूपमा रह्यो र विश्व एकध्रुवीय भयो। अमेरिकाले सम्पूर्ण विश्वमा आफ्नो प्रभुत्व स्थापित गर्‍यो। सोभियत सङ्घको विघटनसँगै [[शीतयुद्ध]] स्वतः समाप्त भयो। * पूर्वी युरोपेली देशहरूमा साम्यवादको अन्त्य भयो र बहुदलीय लोकतान्त्रिक शासन प्रणाली स्थापित भयो। * सोभियत सङ्घको पतनले तेस्रो विश्वका देशहरूलाई गम्भीर रूपमा असर गर्‍यो, जसले सोभियत सङ्घबाट आर्थिक, सैन्य र प्राविधिक सहयोग प्राप्त गरेका थिए। विघटित गणतन्त्रहरूले अब सहयोग प्रदान गर्ने क्षमता राखेनन्। यस सन्दर्भमा, तेस्रो विश्व नव-उपनिवेशवादको खतराको सामना गरिरहेको छ। * विश्वमा बजार अर्थतन्त्रलाई बलियो भयो। लामो सनयसम्म दमन र नागरिक स्वतन्त्रतालाई कुल्चचेर शासन चलाउन सकिदैन भन्ने विश्वासलाई बलियो बनायो। यसले, फलस्वरूप, लोकतान्त्रिक प्रक्रियालाई प्रवर्द्धन गर्‍यो। === आर्थिक गिरावट र अत्यधिक मृत्युदर === शीतयुद्धको अन्त्य पछिका दशकहरूमा, सोभियत सङ्घका पाँच वा छ वटा राज्यहरू मात्र पश्चिमका धनी पूँजीवादी राज्यहरूमा सामेल हुने बाटोमा छन्, र धेरैजसो पछि परेका छन्, केही यति हदसम्म कि साम्यवादको अन्त्य हुनुभन्दा पहिलेको अवस्थामा पुग्न ५० वर्षभन्दा बढी समय लाग्नेछ।<ref>{{cite book|last=Ghodsee|first=Kristen|date=2017|title=Red Hangover: Legacies of Twentieth-Century Communism|url=https://www.dukeupress.edu/red-hangover|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|pages=63–64|isbn=978-0822369493|author-link=Kristen Ghodsee|access-date=4 August 2018|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207032254/https://www.dukeupress.edu/red-hangover|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/05775132.2015.1012402| title =After the Wall Fell: The Poor Balance Sheet of the Transition to Capitalism| journal =[[Challenge (economics magazine)|Challenge]]| volume = 58| issue = 2| pages =135–138| year = 2015| last1 = Milanović | first1 = Branko| s2cid =153398717|author-link=Branko Milanović}}</ref> २०११ सम्म, पूर्व सोभियत गणतन्त्रहरूको अनुभव मिश्रित थियो, केहीले कुल गार्हस्थ्य उत्पादनको गणितले सुधार गरेका थिए भने केहीले सुधार गरेका थिएनन्।<ref>{{Cite web |title=End of the USSR: visualising how the former Soviet countries are doing, 20 years on {{!}} Russia {{!}} The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/aug/17/ussr-soviet-countries-data |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=amp.theguardian.com |date=17 August 2011 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128064905/https://amp.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/aug/17/ussr-soviet-countries-data |url-status=live }}</ref> सोभियत सङ्घ पछिका राष्ट्रहरूमा जिडिपी मा उल्लेखनीय गिरावट आएको थियो र औसतमा लगभग ५१% थियो। १९९० देखि २००० सम्म, जिडिपी मा गिरावट निम्नानुसार थियो:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dabrowski |first=Marek |date=2022-07-29 |title=Thirty years of economic transition in the former Soviet Union: Macroeconomic dimension |url=https://rujec.org/article/90947/ |journal=Russian Journal of Economics |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=95–121 |doi=10.32609/j.ruje.8.90947 |issn=2405-4739|doi-access=free }}</ref> * आर्मेनियामा ६३% * अजरबैजानमा ६०% * बेलारुसमा ३५% * इस्टोनियामा ३५% * जर्जियामा ७८% * काजाकिस्तानमा ४१% * किर्गिस्तानमा ५०% * लाटभियामा ५१% * लिथुआनियामा ४४% * मोल्डोभामा ६३% * रूसमा ४०% * ताजिकिस्तानमा ५०% * तुर्कमेनिस्तानमा ४८% * युक्रेनमा ५९% सोभियत सङ्घको पतन पछि शान्तिकालमा रूसले औसत आयुमा रेकर्ड गरिएको इतिहासमा सबैभन्दा ठुलो गिरावट अनुभव गर्यो।<ref name=":BMJ">{{Cite journal|last=Ciment|first=James|date=1999-08-21|title=Life expectancy of Russian men falls to 58|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1116380/|journal=BMJ : British Medical Journal|pages=468}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Men|first=Tamara|last2=Brennan|first2=Paul|last3=Boffetta|first3=Paolo|last4=Zaridze|first4=David|date=2003-10-25|title=Russian mortality trends for 1991-2001: analysis by cause and region|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC259165/|journal=BMJ : British Medical Journal|volume=327|issue=7421|pages=964}}</ref> ९० को दशकको अन्त्यतिर सोभियत सङ्घको पतन पछि गरिबी आकाशियो। गरिबीको रेखामुनि बाँच्ने मानिसहरूको सङ्ख्या १९८७-८८ मा ३% बाट २०% वा लगभग ८ करोड ८० लाख पुगेको थियो।<ref name=":RSE">{{Cite journal|last=Izyumov|first=Alexei|date=2010|title=Human Costs of Post-communist Transition: Public Policies and Private Response|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41288494|journal=Review of Social Economy|volume=68|issue=1|pages=93–125}}</ref> Only 4% of the region lived on $4 a day or less but by 1994 this number skyrocketed to 32%.<ref name=":BMJ" /> पूर्वी ब्लकको पतन पछि अपराध, मदिरा सेवन, लागुपदार्थको प्रयोग र आत्महत्या सबै आकाशिएको थियो।<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":RSE" /> अर्थशास्त्री स्टीवन रोजफिल्डले सन् २००१ मा गरेको एक अध्ययनमा, उनले गणना गरे कि १९९० देखि १९९८ सम्म रूसमा ३४ लाख अकाल मृत्यु भएको थियो, जसको लागि उनी आंशिक रूपमा वाशिंगटन सहमतिसँगै आएको "[[सक थेरापी]]" लाई दोष दिन्छन्।<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Rosefielde|first1=Steven|date=2001 |title=Premature Deaths: Russia's Radical Economic Transition in Soviet Perspective|journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies]]|volume=53 |issue=8 |pages=1159–1176|doi= 10.1080/09668130120093174|s2cid=145733112}}</ref> २०१७ को एक अध्ययनले अनुमान गरेको छ कि समग्रमा ७० लाख अकाल मृत्यु शक थेरापीको परिणामस्वरूप भएको थियो।<ref name="AzarovaEtAl2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Azarova |first1=Aytalina |last2=Irdam |first2=Darja |last3=Gugushvili |first3=Alexi |last4=Fazekas |first4=Mihaly |last5=Scheiring |first5=Gábor |last6=Horvat |first6=Pia |last7=Stefler |first7=Denes |last8=Kolesnikova |first8=Irina |last9=Popov |first9=Vladimir |last10=Szelenyi |first10=Ivan |last11=Stuckler |first11=David |last12=Marmot |first12=Michael |last13=Murphy |first13=Michael |last14=McKee |first14=Martin |last15=Bobak |first15=Martin |date=2017-05-01 |title=The effect of rapid privatisation on mortality in mono-industrial towns in post-Soviet Russia: a retrospective cohort study |journal=The Lancet Public Health |language=English |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=e231–e238 |doi=10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30072-5 |issn=2468-2667 |pmid=28626827|pmc=5459934 }}</ref> ===सोभियत पश्चात् का द्वन्द === ===चीन=== ===क्युबा=== ===उत्तर कोरिया=== ===इजरायल === ===अफ्गानिस्तान=== ===खेलकुद === ===दूरसञ्चार === ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[सोभियत सङ्घ|सोभियत सङ्घ]] * [[रुस|रुस]] * [[साम्यवाद]] * [[साम्यवादको पतन]] ==टिप्पणीहरू== {{Notelist}} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} {{ढाँचा:Cold War}} [[श्रेणी:रुसको इतिहास]] [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] r9oapum9hqd70lso4ir47gnluigpc2g 0 150441 1358452 1358120 2026-06-08T14:58:37Z Biplab Anand 13653 सुधार गरियो 1358452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox airport | name = श्री गुरु राम दास जी अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल | image = Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport, Amritsar.jpg | image-width = 250 | image2 = | image2-width = | caption2 = | IATA = ATQ | ICAO = VIAR | type = सार्वजनिक | owner = | operator = [[भारतीय उड्डयन प्राधिकरण]] | city-served = [[अमृतसर]] | location = [[राजासान्सी]], अमृतसर, [[पन्जाब, भारत|पन्जाब]], [[भारत]] | opened = {{start date and age|1930|||df=yes}} | focus_city = {{ubl|class=nowrap | [[एअर इन्डिया]] | [[एलायन्स एअर (भारत)|एलायन्स एअर]]}} | elevation-f = 756 | elevation-m = 230 | metric-elev = yes | coordinates = {{coord|31|42|28|N|074|47|57|E|display=inline,title}} | website = {{URL|www.aai.aero/en/airports/amritsar}} | pushpin_map = India Punjab#India | pushpin_label = '''ATQ'''/VIAR | pushpin_map_caption = पन्जाबमा विमानस्थलको स्थान | r1-number = १६/३४ | r1-length-f = 12,000 | r1-length-m = 3,657 | r1-surface = [[कालोपत्र]] | metric-rwy = yes | stat1-header = यात्रुहरू | stat1-data = २९,४१,०१७ ({{decrease}} -१७%) | stat2-header = विमानको आवागमन | stat2-data = १८,५६० ({{decrease}} -१९.६%) | stat3-header = माल ढुवानी (टनमा) | stat3-data = ३,६६०.६ ({{increase}} ८.९%) | stat-year = सन् २०२५ अप्रिल – सन् २०२६ मार्च | footnotes = स्रोत: [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण|भाविप्रा]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k26Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k26Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k26Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref> }} '''श्री गुरु राम दास जी अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल''' {{airport codes|ATQ|VIAR}} [[भारत]]को [[पन्जाब, भारत|पन्जाब]]को [[अमृतसर]]मा सेवा गर्ने अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल हो। यो सहरको केन्द्रबाट {{convert|11|km|mi|abbr=on}} उत्तरपश्चिममा [[राजासान्सी]]मा अवस्थित छ। यसको नाम चौथो सिख गुरु र अमृतसरका संस्थापक [[गुरु राम दास]]को नाममा राखिएको छ। यो विमानस्थल पन्जाबको सबैभन्दा ठूलो र व्यस्त विमानस्थल हो। यो [[नयाँ दिल्ली]]को [[इन्दिरा गान्धी अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल]]पछि उत्तरी भारतको दोस्रो ठूलो विमानस्थल हो।<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Airports Authority of India and Chaudharu Charan Singh International Airport in Lucknow |author-link=Airports Authority of India |user=AAI_Official |number=1302926977003814916 |date=7 September 2020 |title=#AAI's Amritsar Airport @aaiasrairport, the third largest airport of Northern Region, was strategically set up to ease @DelhiAirport's operational load.#IconicAirportTerminals https://t.co/fZG66TAA3d |language=en |access-date=9 January 2021}}</ref> यो विमानस्थल आर्थिक वर्ष २०१७-१८ मा भारतको तेस्रो सबैभन्दा तीव्र गतिले बढ्दै गरेको विमानस्थल थियो। यो आन्तरिक र अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय रूपमा मालढुवानी आवागमनको केन्द्र हो।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theasianindependent.co.uk/amritsar-beats-all-international-airports-in-india-with-83-5-growth-in-domestic-traffic/|title=Amritsar beats all international Airports in India with 83.5% growth in domestic traffic - Asian Independent|last=C|first=D.|access-date=12 November 2018|archive-date=22 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422082846/https://theasianindependent.co.uk/amritsar-beats-all-international-airports-in-india-with-83-5-growth-in-domestic-traffic/|url-status=dead}}</ref> यो विमानस्थललाई स्काइट्र्याक्सद्वारा सन् २०१९ र सन् २०२० मा भारत र मध्य एसियाको छैठौँ उत्कृष्ट क्षेत्रीय विमानस्थलको रूपमा स्थान दिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Airports Authority of India |author-link=Airports Authority of India |user=AAI_Official |number=1337375092116885506 |date=11 December 2020 |title=#AAI's Amritsar @aaiasrairport has been a hub of cargo movements, domestically and internationally. The airport continues to thrive in delivering essentials and other necessary items across the globe, smoothly. #DeliveringHappiness https://t.co/lpyjfSWpZG |language=en |access-date=9 January 2021}}</ref> यो विमानस्थललाई सन् २०२० मा एयरपोर्ट काउन्सिल इन्टरनेसनलद्वारा एसिया-प्रसान्त क्षेत्रको उत्कृष्ट विमानस्थल (प्रतिवर्ष २ देखि ५० लाख यात्रु) को रूपमा सम्मानित गरेको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldairportawards.com/worlds-best-regional-airports-2019/|title = The World's Best Regional Airports 2021}}</ref> स्काईट्र्याक्सद्वारा सन् २०२४ को लागि उत्कृष्ट विमानस्थल कर्मचारी पुरस्कारको साथै यो विमानस्थललाई भारत र [[दक्षिण एसिया]]को शीर्ष १० विमानस्थलहरूमा पनि समावेश गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.worldairportawards.com/worlds-best-airport-staff-2024/ | title=The World's Best Airport Staff 2024 }}</ref> ==इतिहास== ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== {{भारतका विमानस्थलहरू}} [[श्रेणी:भारतका अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थलहरू]] [[श्रेणी:पन्जाब, भारतका विमानस्थलहरू]] [[श्रेणी:भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]] [[श्रेणी:सन् २००६ मा स्थापित विमानस्थलहरू]] 0ettemo3elbb7egq2y00qrr3f8w3r9n 0 150452 1358529 1358310 2026-06-09T07:38:31Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1358529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox airport | name = महाराजा वीर विक्रम विमानस्थल | image = Mbb airport.jpg | caption = | image-width = 270 | location = सिङ्गरभिल, अगरतला, [[त्रिपुरा]], [[भारत]] | opened = {{start date and age|1942|||df=y|p=n|br=n}} | metric-elev = y | elevation-m = 14 | coordinates = {{Coord|23|53|24|N|091|14|32|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_label = '''IXA''' | r1-length-f = 7,500 | r1-surface = [[कालोपत्र]] | metric-rwy = y | IATA = IXA | ICAO = VEAT | pushpin_map = India Tripura#India | pushpin_map_caption = त्रिपुरामा विमानस्थलको स्थान | type = सार्वजनिक | owner-oper = [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]] | city-served = [[अगरतला]] | elevation-f = 49 | website = {{URL|https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/agartala|अगरतला विमानस्थल}} | r1-number = १८/३६ | r1-length-m = 2,286 | stat-year = सन् २०२४ अप्रिल - सन् २०२५ मार्च | stat1-header = यात्रुहरू | stat1-data = १४,१०,७९३ ({{decrease}} ४.१%) | stat2-header = विमान आवागमन | stat2-data = ९,९४५ ({{decrease}} ८.८%) | stat3-header = माल ढुवानी (टनमा) | stat3-data = ५,४८९ ({{increase}} ८१.६%) | footnotes = स्रोत: [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण|भाविप्रा]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref> }} '''महाराजा वीर विक्रम विमानस्थल''' {{Airport codes|IXA|VEAT}} जसलाई '''अगरतला विमानस्थल''' पनि भनिन्छ<ref>{{cite web |title=Change of name of Agartala Airport |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2018/188308.pdf |website=EGazette |publisher=Government of India |access-date=9 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/agartala-airport-to-be-named-after-maharaja-bir-bikram-manikya-kishore/article24330340.ece |title=Agartala Airport to be named after Maharaja Bir Bikram Manikya Kishore |newspaper=The Hindu |date=4 July 2018 |access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Deb |first=Debraj |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/agartala-airport-to-be-named-after-king/cid/1453829 |title=Agartala airport to be named after king |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=30 October 2017 |access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/aviation/agartala-airport-renamed-after-tripuras-last-king-250631.htm |title=Agartala airport renamed Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya, after Tripura's last king |date=4 July 2018 |publisher=cnbctv18.com |access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref>, [[त्रिपुरा]]को राजधानी [[अगरतला]]बाट {{convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}} उत्तरपश्चिममा अवस्थित एक [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल]] हो।<ref>{{cite news |title=Agartala airport set to launch international flight services after Centre's immigration clearance |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/aviation/agartala-airport-international-flight-services-centre-immigration-clearance-16817971.htm |access-date=14 September 2023 |work=CNBC |agency=PTI |date=31 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> यो [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]]द्वारा प्रशासित छ।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://airportsindia.org.in/allAirports/agartala_generalinfo.jsp|title=Civil Airport Agartala|website=airportsindia.org.in|access-date=2 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105151636/http://airportsindia.org.in/allAirports/agartala_generalinfo.jsp|archive-date=5 November 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105151636/http://airportsindia.org.in/allAirports/agartala_generalinfo.jsp |date=5 November 2007 }}</ref> यो [[गुवाहाटी]]को [[लोकप्रिय गोपीनाथ बारदोलोई विमानस्थल]]पछि उत्तर-पूर्वी भारतको दोस्रो सबैभन्दा व्यस्त विमानस्थल र भारतको २९औँ व्यस्त विमानस्थल हो। यो लोकप्रिय गोपीनाथ बारदोलोई विमानस्थल र [[इम्फाल विमानस्थल]]पछि उत्तर-पूर्वी भारतको तेस्रो अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल हो। विमानस्थलको हालको एकीकृत टर्मिनलमा २० वटा चेक-इन काउन्टरहरू, छ वटा पार्किङहरू, चारवटा एयरोब्रिजहरू, कन्भेयर बेल्टहरू र इन-लाइन ब्यागेज प्रणाली, एस्केलेटरहरू, लिफ्टहरू, आदि जस्ता यात्रु-मैत्री आधुनिक सुविधाहरू छन्। नयाँ टर्मिनल भवनको अतिरिक्त, धावनमार्गमा नयाँ समानान्तर ट्याक्सीवे र दुई नयाँ ह्याङ्गरहरू निर्माण भइरहेका छन्। [[बङ्गलादेश]]को सीमा पार गर्दै विमानस्थलको विस्तारको रूपमा धावनमार्गसँगै अर्को टर्मिनल निर्माण गरिनेछ। यो नयाँ टर्मिनलले भारतीय क्षेत्रमा प्रवेश नगरी विमानस्थलमा पहुँच गर्ने बङ्गलादेशीहरूलाई सेवा दिनेछ। यो व्यवस्था [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]-[[मेक्सिको]] सीमामा अवस्थित मेक्सिकोको [[तिहुआना अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल]]को क्रस बोर्डर एक्सप्रेस टर्मिनल जस्तै गरी बनाइएको छ।<ref>{{cite news|title=India asks Bangladesh for land to expand Agartala airport runway|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-india-asks-b-desh-for-land-to-expand-agartala-airport-runway-540971|work=India TV|date=7 August 2019|access-date=24 April 2023|language=en}}</ref> ==इतिहास== ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== {{भारतका विमानस्थलहरू}} [[श्रेणी:भारतका अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थलहरू]] [[श्रेणी:त्रिपुराका विमानस्थलहरू]] [[श्रेणी:सन् १९४२ मा स्थापित विमानस्थलहरू]] [[श्रेणी:भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]] 2la2k9aj1b3rok6fit1a09pmgzxtqsg 0 150465 1358553 1358393 2026-06-09T10:26:41Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = नेपाल ईन्जिनियर्स एसोसियसन | full_name = | native_name = Nepal Engineers Association | native_name_lang = Nepali | logo = | logo_size = | logo_alt = | logo_caption = Logo of NEA | image = | image_size = | caption = | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | map2 = | map2_size = | map2_alt = | map2_caption = | abbreviation = | nickname = | pronounce ref = | pronounce comment = | named_after = | predecessor = | successor = | formation = 1962<!-- use {{start date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | founder = | founding_location = | dissolved = <!-- use {{end date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | merger = | type = गैरनाफामूलक | tax_id = <!-- or | vat_id = (for European organizations) --> | registration_id = <!-- for non-profit org --> | status = | purpose = | professional_title = | headquarters = [[पुल्चोक]], ललितपुर | location_city = | coordinates = <!--{{coord|27.712434|N|85.330689|E|display=inline, title}}--> | origins = | region = | products = | services = | methods = | fields = | membership = | language = | owner = <!-- or | owners = --> | leader_title = अध्यक्ष | leader_name = सुवासचन्द्र बराल | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | board_of_directors = | key_people = | main_organ = | parent_organization = | subsidiaries = | secessions = | affiliations = | budget = | budget_year = | revenue = | revenue_year = | disbursements = | expenses = | expenses_year = | endowment = | endowment_year = | website = {{url|www.neanepal.org.np}} | remarks = | formerly = | footnotes = | bodystyle = }} '''नेपाल ईन्जिनियर्स एसोसियसन''' नेपालका इन्जिनियरहरूको स्वतन्त्र गैरनाफामूलक संस्था हो। यसको [[मुख्यालय]] पुल्चोक, [[ललितपुर महानगरपालिका|ललितपुर]] अवस्थित छ। यो १९६२ मा स्थापित भएको थियो। नेपालको प्रत्येक प्रदेशमा यसको एक प्रादेशिक समिति छ। == सदस्यहरू == वर्ष २०२२: ३६,५०० भन्दा बढी सदस्यहरू <ref name="bahra2020">{{Cite web |title=नेपाल इन्जिनियर्स एसोसिएसन ५७ वर्षमा |url=https://baahrakhari.com/news-details/203291/2019-07-05 |access-date=2020-07-29 |website=बाह्रखरी}}</ref> == अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय केन्द्रहरू == * कतार <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kantipur-कतारमा नेपाली इन्जिनियरहरू बढ्दै - कान्तिपुर समाचार |url=https://ekantipur.com/ampnews/2014-09-11/207864.html |access-date=2020-07-29}}</ref> * अष्ट्रेलिया * थाइल्यान्ड * युनाइटेड किङ्गडम * जापान ==बाह्य कडीहरू== * [https://neanepal.org.np/ आधिकारिक वेबसाइट] ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[नेपाल इन्जिनियरिङ परिषद्]] ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} 1a5ze0mzmfo0ajezmw2r6il0u648sh7 0 150467 1358554 1358396 2026-06-09T10:32:50Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358554 wikitext text/x-wiki '''नेपाल इन्जिनियरिङ परिषद्''' बि सं २०५६ मा नेपाल इन्जिनियरिङ परिषद् ऐनअन्तर्गत गठन भएको एउटा स्वायत्त सरकारी निकाय हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nepal Engineering Council Act, 2055 (1999) |url=https://nec.gov.np/uploads/brochure/uHz5GkVeJ4220316085434.pdf |website=Nepal Engineering Council}}</ref><ref name="act2055">{{cite book|title=Nepal Engineering Council Act, 2055 (1999)|url=https://www.global-regulation.com/law/nepal/9333470/engineering-council-act%252c-2055-%25281999%2529.html}}</ref> [[इन्जिनियरिङ|इन्जिनियरिङ पेशा]]लाई प्रभावकारी बनाएर व्यवस्थित र वैज्ञानिक ढङ्गले परिचालन गर्नुका साथै अन्य विषयहरूसहित इन्जिनियरहरूको नाम उनीहरूको योग्यताअनुसार दर्ता गर्ने व्यवस्था गर्न परिषद्को स्थापना गरिएको थियो। == परिषद्को गठनः == परिषद्मा देहाय बमोजिमका सदस्यहरु रहनछन्ः – (क) इन्जिनियरिङ्ग विषयमा स्नातकोपाधि प्राप्त गरी कम्तीमा पन्ध्र वर्ष इन्जिनियरिङ्ग व्यवसायमा अनुभव प्राप्त इन्जिनियरहरु मध्येबाट नेपाल सरकारबाट मनोनीत इन्जिनियर ( अध्यक्ष (ख) इन्जिनियरिङ्ग विषयमा स्नातकोपाधि प्राप्त गरी कम्तीमा दश वर्ष इन्जिनियरिङ्ग व्यवसायमा अनुभव प्राप्त इन्जिनियरहरु मध्येबाट नेपाल सरकारबाट मनोनीत इन्जिनियर ( उपाध्यक्ष । (ग) इन्जिनियरिङ्ग विषयमा स्नातकोपाधि प्राप्त गरी कम्तीमा सात वर्ष इन्जिनियरिङ्ग व्यवसायमा अनुभवप्राप्त इन्जिनियरहरू मध्येबाट प्रत्येक प्रदेशबाट प्रतिनिधित्व हुने गरी समावेशी सिद्धान्तको आधारमा नेपाल सरकारबाट मनोनीत कम्तीमा तीनजना महिला सहित सातजना– सदस्य । (घ) अध्यक्ष, नेपाल इन्जिनियर्स एशोसिएसन ( सदस्य (ङ) [[नेपाल ईन्जिनियर्स एसोसियसन|नेपाल इन्जियिर्स एशोसिएसन]]ले निर्वाचन गरी पठाएका पाँचजना इन्जिनियरहरु ( सदस्य (च) इन्जिनियरिङ्ग क्याम्पसका क्याम्पस प्रमुखहरु मध्ये नेपाल सरकारबाट मनोनीत क्याम्पस प्रमुख एकजना ( सदस्य (छ) प्रतिनिधि, इन्जिनियरिङ्ग, अध्ययन संस्थान, त्रिभुवन विश्वविद्यालय ( सदस्य (छ१) इन्जिनियरिङ्ग विषय अध्ययन, अध्यापन गराउने विश्वविद्यालयहरू मध्येबाट नेपाल सरकारबाट मनोनीत एकजना – सदस्य (ज) इन्जिनियरिङ्ग विषयमा स्नातकोपाधि प्राप्त गरी कम्तीमा सात वर्ष इन्जिनियरिङ्ग व्यवसायमा अनुभवप्राप्त इन्जिनियरहरू मध्येबाट परिषद्बाट मनोनीत कम्तीमा एकजना महिला सहित दुईजना – सदस्य == दर्ता श्रेणी == परिषद्ले तिनवटा श्रेणीहरूमा इन्जिनियरहरू दर्ता गर्ने प्रावधान गरेको छः <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal Engineering Council Regulation, 2057 |url=https://nec.gov.np/uploads/brochure/44f43R7Lj1211202074411.pdf |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=Nepal Engineering Council}}</ref> # सामान्य इन्जिनियर (श्रेणी-A) # व्यावसायिक इन्जिनियर (श्रेणी-B) # विदेशी इन्जिनियर (श्रेणी-C) ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[नेपाल कानुन व्यवसायी परिषद्|नेपाल बार काउन्सिल]] * [[नेपाल मेडिकल काउन्सिल]] ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:नेपालका नियमनकारी निकायहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालमा आधारित संस्थाहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालमा शिक्षा]] [[श्रेणी:Coordinates on Wikidata]] pahos1ygg55yz2k58gx4ikkkonhjw6o 0 150469 1358406 2026-06-08T12:14:05Z Biplab Anand 13653 +चण्डीगढ विमानस्थल 1358406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox airport | name = सहिद भगत सिंह अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल | image = File:Terminal Building - Chandigarh International Airport - Mohali 2016-08-04 5875.JPG | image-width = 290px | caption = | location = चण्डीगढ, [[पन्जाब, भारत|पन्जाब]], [[भारत]] | elevation-m = 314 | metric-elev = Y | pushpin_label = '''IXC''' | coordinates = {{coord|30|40|29|N|76|47|26|E|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = India Chandigarh#India | r1-surface = [[कालोपत्र]] | metric-rwy = Y | IATA = IXC | ICAO = VICG<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/national-register/Chandigarh%20REPORT.pdf#page=5|title=Chandigarh Airport Report|publisher=Airport Authority of India|page=5|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512113236/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/national-register/Chandigarh%20REPORT.pdf#page=5|archive-date=12 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> | type = सैन्य/सार्वजनिक | operator = चण्डीगढ अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल लिमिटेड<ref name=":2">{{Cite report|title=CHIAL|url=https://icmai.in/upload/pd/CHIAL_1012_2020.pdf|publisher=ICMAI|access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> {{smalldiv| *[[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]] (५१%) *[[हरियाणा सहरी विकास प्राधिकरण]] (२४.५%) *बृहत् मोहाली क्षेत्र विकास प्राधिकरण (२४.५%) }} | city-served = [[चण्डीगढ|चण्डीगढ महानगरीय क्षेत्र]] | focus_city = [[इन्डिगो]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-21 |title=Ready to soar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/sas-nagar-mohali/chandigarh-international-airport-hub-for-air-travel-7828718/ |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> | website = [https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/chandigarh चण्डीगढ विमानस्थल] | r1-number = ११/२९ | r1-length-m = 3170 | stat-year = सन् २०२४ अप्रिल - सन् २०२५ मार्च | stat1-header = यात्रुहरू | stat1-data = ४१,४९,८४० ({{increase}} ११.५%) | stat2-header = विमान आवागमन | stat2-data = २८,३३१ ({{increase}} ७.७%) | stat3-header = माल ढुवानी (टनमा) | stat3-data = १४,१३८ ({{increase}} ७०.३%) | footnotes = स्रोत: [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण|भाविप्रा]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref> | pushpin_map_caption = चण्डीगढमा विमानस्थलको स्थान | owner = [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]] }} '''चण्डीगढ विमानस्थल''' {{airport codes|IXC|VICG}}, आधिकारिक रूपमा '''सहिद भगत सिंह अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल''', [[भारत]]को [[चण्डीगढ]] केन्द्रशासित प्रदेशमा सेवा प्रदान गर्ने [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल]] हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIST OF INDIAN AIRPORTS |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/list%20of%20airport%20bilingual.pdf }}</ref> यो विमानस्थल [[पन्जाब, भारत|पन्जाब]]को [[मोहाली]]स्थित झिरहेरीमा अवस्थित छ र [[भारतीय वायुसेना]]सँग विमान क्षेत्र साझा गर्दछ।<ref name="India 2015">{{cite web | author=India | title=Land gone, Jheurheri villagers set up hotels near Chandigarh airport | website=The Indian Express | date=10 September 2015 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/land-gone-jheurheri-villagers-set-up-hotels-near-chandigarh-airport/ | access-date=30 December 2015}}</ref> यो विमानस्थलले १७ घरेलु गन्तव्यहरू र दुई अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय गन्तव्यहरूमा उडान गर्ने गर्दछ। यो विमानस्थलको नाम स्वतन्त्रता सेनानी [[भगत सिंह]]को नाममा राखिएको छ।<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 September 2022|title=Chandigarh airport renamed after Bhagat Singh: End of a long dispute between Punjab, Haryana |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/punjab-haryana-bhagat-singh-chandigarh-airport-8178854/ |access-date=14 November 2022|newspaper=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> यो विमानस्थल चण्डीगढ अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल लिमिटेडद्वारा सञ्चालित छ जुन [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]] (५१%), [[पन्जाब, भारत सरकार|पन्जाब सरकार]] (२४.५%) र [[हरियाणा सरकार]] (२४.५%) बीचको संयुक्त उद्यम कम्पनी हो।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chial.org/about-us/|title=CHIAL, about us|publisher=CHIAL|access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> यो विमानस्थललाई सन् २०२१ मा एयरपोर्ट काउन्सिल इन्टरनेसनलद्वारा एसिया-प्रसान्त क्षेत्रमा 'स्वच्छता उपायहरूद्वारा सर्वश्रेष्ठ विमानस्थल'को रूपमा सम्मानित गरिएको थियो।<ref>aci.aero/customer-experience-asq/asq-awards-and-recognition/asq-awards/current-winner-2020/best-hygiene-measures/</ref> ==इतिहास== चण्डीगढ विमानस्थलले आफ्नो सबै नागरिक तथा व्यावसायिक उडान सञ्चालन भारतीय वायुसेना स्टेसनको नागरिक अन्तःक्षेत्रबाट सञ्चालन गरेको थियो। [[इन्डियन एअरलाइन्स]]ले सन् १९७० को दशकमा [[चण्डीगढ]]बाट [[दिल्ली]]सम्मको उडानहरू सञ्चालन थालेको थियो। नागरिक अन्तःक्षेत्रमा नयाँ विमानस्थल भवन निर्माण गरिएको थियो र सन् २०११ अप्रिल १४ मा खोलिएको थियो।<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110415/cth1.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Chandigarh Stories |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |access-date=12 March 2017}}</ref> यो हवाई टर्मिनललाई सन् २०११ अगस्ट १९ मा भन्सार विमानस्थल घोषित गरिएको थियो, जसले गर्दा यो सीमित सङ्ख्यामा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय उडानहरूको लागि योग्य बनाइएको थियो, तर यस टर्मिनलबाट कहिल्यै कुनै पनि अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय उडान सञ्चालन भएको थिएन्।<ref>{{cite web|title = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Chandigarh Stories|url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120609/cth1.htm|website = www.tribuneindia.com|access-date = 29 December 2015}}</ref> सन् २००८ मा, पन्जाब सरकारले नयाँ टर्मिनल निर्माण गर्न {{INRConvert|452|c}}को लागतमा झिरहेरी गाउँमा अवस्थित धावनमार्गको दक्षिण तर्फ ३०४.०४ एकड जग्गा अधिग्रहण गरेर सन् २०१५ जुनमा {{INRConvert|939|c}}को लागतमा उक्त कार्य सम्पन्न गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-new-terminal-at-chandigarh-airport/articleshow/48909444.cms|title=PM Narendra Modi inaugurates new terminal at Chandigarh airport - The Economic Times|work=indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gmada.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/RTIGMADA.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 September 2016 |archive-date=4 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104182208/http://gmada.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/RTIGMADA.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News|url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071116/main6.htm|website = www.tribuneindia.com|access-date = 29 December 2015|archive-date = 4 March 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210304024149/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071116/main6.htm}}</ref> बृहत् मोहाली क्षेत्र विकास प्राधिकरणमार्फत पन्जाब सरकार र [[हरियाणा सहरी विकास प्राधिकरण]]मार्फत हरियाणा सरकारको २४.५% हिस्सेदारी छ भने बाँकी हिस्सेदारी [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]]को रहेको छ।<ref name=":1">{{cite web|last1=Service|first1=Tribune News|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/pm-inaugurates-new-terminal-at-chandigarh-airport/131730.html|title=PM inaugurates new terminal at Chandigarh airport|work=Trinuneindia News Service|access-date=17 September 2016|archive-date=14 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814173123/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/pm-inaugurates-new-terminal-at-chandigarh-airport/131730.html}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== {{Commons category|Chandigarh Airport|चण्डीगढ विमानस्थल}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20161023191056/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/chandigarh_generalinfo.jsp चण्डीगढ विमानस्थल] ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== {{भारतका विमानस्थलहरू}} cny0fp37vvei59ow5mlpzt9oogcv24l 1358407 1358406 2026-06-08T12:15:03Z Biplab Anand 13653 [[विकिपिडिया:हटक्याट|हटक्याट]]द्वारा [[श्रेणी:भारतका अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थलहरू]] जोडियो 1358407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox airport | name = सहिद भगत सिंह अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल | image = File:Terminal Building - Chandigarh International Airport - Mohali 2016-08-04 5875.JPG | image-width = 290px | caption = | location = चण्डीगढ, [[पन्जाब, भारत|पन्जाब]], [[भारत]] | elevation-m = 314 | metric-elev = Y | pushpin_label = '''IXC''' | coordinates = {{coord|30|40|29|N|76|47|26|E|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = India Chandigarh#India | r1-surface = [[कालोपत्र]] | metric-rwy = Y | IATA = IXC | ICAO = VICG<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/national-register/Chandigarh%20REPORT.pdf#page=5|title=Chandigarh Airport Report|publisher=Airport Authority of India|page=5|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512113236/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/national-register/Chandigarh%20REPORT.pdf#page=5|archive-date=12 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> | type = सैन्य/सार्वजनिक | operator = चण्डीगढ अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल लिमिटेड<ref name=":2">{{Cite report|title=CHIAL|url=https://icmai.in/upload/pd/CHIAL_1012_2020.pdf|publisher=ICMAI|access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> {{smalldiv| *[[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]] (५१%) *[[हरियाणा सहरी विकास प्राधिकरण]] (२४.५%) *बृहत् मोहाली क्षेत्र विकास प्राधिकरण (२४.५%) }} | city-served = [[चण्डीगढ|चण्डीगढ महानगरीय क्षेत्र]] | focus_city = [[इन्डिगो]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-21 |title=Ready to soar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/sas-nagar-mohali/chandigarh-international-airport-hub-for-air-travel-7828718/ |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> | website = [https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/chandigarh चण्डीगढ विमानस्थल] | r1-number = ११/२९ | r1-length-m = 3170 | stat-year = सन् २०२४ अप्रिल - सन् २०२५ मार्च | stat1-header = यात्रुहरू | stat1-data = ४१,४९,८४० ({{increase}} ११.५%) | stat2-header = विमान आवागमन | stat2-data = २८,३३१ ({{increase}} ७.७%) | stat3-header = माल ढुवानी (टनमा) | stat3-data = १४,१३८ ({{increase}} ७०.३%) | footnotes = स्रोत: [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण|भाविप्रा]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref> | pushpin_map_caption = चण्डीगढमा विमानस्थलको स्थान | owner = [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]] }} '''चण्डीगढ विमानस्थल''' {{airport codes|IXC|VICG}}, आधिकारिक रूपमा '''सहिद भगत सिंह अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल''', [[भारत]]को [[चण्डीगढ]] केन्द्रशासित प्रदेशमा सेवा प्रदान गर्ने [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल]] हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIST OF INDIAN AIRPORTS |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/list%20of%20airport%20bilingual.pdf }}</ref> यो विमानस्थल [[पन्जाब, भारत|पन्जाब]]को [[मोहाली]]स्थित झिरहेरीमा अवस्थित छ र [[भारतीय वायुसेना]]सँग विमान क्षेत्र साझा गर्दछ।<ref name="India 2015">{{cite web | author=India | title=Land gone, Jheurheri villagers set up hotels near Chandigarh airport | website=The Indian Express | date=10 September 2015 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/land-gone-jheurheri-villagers-set-up-hotels-near-chandigarh-airport/ | access-date=30 December 2015}}</ref> यो विमानस्थलले १७ घरेलु गन्तव्यहरू र दुई अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय गन्तव्यहरूमा उडान गर्ने गर्दछ। यो विमानस्थलको नाम स्वतन्त्रता सेनानी [[भगत सिंह]]को नाममा राखिएको छ।<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 September 2022|title=Chandigarh airport renamed after Bhagat Singh: End of a long dispute between Punjab, Haryana |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/punjab-haryana-bhagat-singh-chandigarh-airport-8178854/ |access-date=14 November 2022|newspaper=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> यो विमानस्थल चण्डीगढ अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल लिमिटेडद्वारा सञ्चालित छ जुन [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]] (५१%), [[पन्जाब, भारत सरकार|पन्जाब सरकार]] (२४.५%) र [[हरियाणा सरकार]] (२४.५%) बीचको संयुक्त उद्यम कम्पनी हो।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chial.org/about-us/|title=CHIAL, about us|publisher=CHIAL|access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> यो विमानस्थललाई सन् २०२१ मा एयरपोर्ट काउन्सिल इन्टरनेसनलद्वारा एसिया-प्रसान्त क्षेत्रमा 'स्वच्छता उपायहरूद्वारा सर्वश्रेष्ठ विमानस्थल'को रूपमा सम्मानित गरिएको थियो।<ref>aci.aero/customer-experience-asq/asq-awards-and-recognition/asq-awards/current-winner-2020/best-hygiene-measures/</ref> ==इतिहास== चण्डीगढ विमानस्थलले आफ्नो सबै नागरिक तथा व्यावसायिक उडान सञ्चालन भारतीय वायुसेना स्टेसनको नागरिक अन्तःक्षेत्रबाट सञ्चालन गरेको थियो। [[इन्डियन एअरलाइन्स]]ले सन् १९७० को दशकमा [[चण्डीगढ]]बाट [[दिल्ली]]सम्मको उडानहरू सञ्चालन थालेको थियो। नागरिक अन्तःक्षेत्रमा नयाँ विमानस्थल भवन निर्माण गरिएको थियो र सन् २०११ अप्रिल १४ मा खोलिएको थियो।<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110415/cth1.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Chandigarh Stories |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |access-date=12 March 2017}}</ref> यो हवाई टर्मिनललाई सन् २०११ अगस्ट १९ मा भन्सार विमानस्थल घोषित गरिएको थियो, जसले गर्दा यो सीमित सङ्ख्यामा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय उडानहरूको लागि योग्य बनाइएको थियो, तर यस टर्मिनलबाट कहिल्यै कुनै पनि अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय उडान सञ्चालन भएको थिएन्।<ref>{{cite web|title = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Chandigarh Stories|url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120609/cth1.htm|website = www.tribuneindia.com|access-date = 29 December 2015}}</ref> सन् २००८ मा, पन्जाब सरकारले नयाँ टर्मिनल निर्माण गर्न {{INRConvert|452|c}}को लागतमा झिरहेरी गाउँमा अवस्थित धावनमार्गको दक्षिण तर्फ ३०४.०४ एकड जग्गा अधिग्रहण गरेर सन् २०१५ जुनमा {{INRConvert|939|c}}को लागतमा उक्त कार्य सम्पन्न गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-new-terminal-at-chandigarh-airport/articleshow/48909444.cms|title=PM Narendra Modi inaugurates new terminal at Chandigarh airport - The Economic Times|work=indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gmada.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/RTIGMADA.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 September 2016 |archive-date=4 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104182208/http://gmada.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/RTIGMADA.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News|url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071116/main6.htm|website = www.tribuneindia.com|access-date = 29 December 2015|archive-date = 4 March 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210304024149/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071116/main6.htm}}</ref> बृहत् मोहाली क्षेत्र विकास प्राधिकरणमार्फत पन्जाब सरकार र [[हरियाणा सहरी विकास प्राधिकरण]]मार्फत हरियाणा सरकारको २४.५% हिस्सेदारी छ भने बाँकी हिस्सेदारी [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]]को रहेको छ।<ref name=":1">{{cite web|last1=Service|first1=Tribune News|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/pm-inaugurates-new-terminal-at-chandigarh-airport/131730.html|title=PM inaugurates new terminal at Chandigarh airport|work=Trinuneindia News Service|access-date=17 September 2016|archive-date=14 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814173123/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/pm-inaugurates-new-terminal-at-chandigarh-airport/131730.html}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== {{Commons category|Chandigarh Airport|चण्डीगढ विमानस्थल}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20161023191056/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/chandigarh_generalinfo.jsp चण्डीगढ विमानस्थल] ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== {{भारतका विमानस्थलहरू}} [[श्रेणी:भारतका अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थलहरू]] 7vd5ogqinz6mrtu3ovb547hw2a5ap9y 1358408 1358407 2026-06-08T12:15:25Z Biplab Anand 13653 [[विकिपिडिया:हटक्याट|हटक्याट]]द्वारा [[श्रेणी:चण्डीगढका विमानस्थलहरू]] जोडियो 1358408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox airport | name = सहिद भगत सिंह अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल | image = File:Terminal Building - Chandigarh International Airport - Mohali 2016-08-04 5875.JPG | image-width = 290px | caption = | location = चण्डीगढ, [[पन्जाब, भारत|पन्जाब]], [[भारत]] | elevation-m = 314 | metric-elev = Y | pushpin_label = '''IXC''' | coordinates = {{coord|30|40|29|N|76|47|26|E|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = India Chandigarh#India | r1-surface = [[कालोपत्र]] | metric-rwy = Y | IATA = IXC | ICAO = VICG<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/national-register/Chandigarh%20REPORT.pdf#page=5|title=Chandigarh Airport Report|publisher=Airport Authority of India|page=5|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512113236/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/national-register/Chandigarh%20REPORT.pdf#page=5|archive-date=12 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> | type = सैन्य/सार्वजनिक | operator = चण्डीगढ अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल लिमिटेड<ref name=":2">{{Cite report|title=CHIAL|url=https://icmai.in/upload/pd/CHIAL_1012_2020.pdf|publisher=ICMAI|access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> {{smalldiv| *[[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]] (५१%) *[[हरियाणा सहरी विकास प्राधिकरण]] (२४.५%) *बृहत् मोहाली क्षेत्र विकास प्राधिकरण (२४.५%) }} | city-served = [[चण्डीगढ|चण्डीगढ महानगरीय क्षेत्र]] | focus_city = [[इन्डिगो]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-21 |title=Ready to soar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/sas-nagar-mohali/chandigarh-international-airport-hub-for-air-travel-7828718/ |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> | website = [https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/chandigarh चण्डीगढ विमानस्थल] | r1-number = ११/२९ | r1-length-m = 3170 | stat-year = सन् २०२४ अप्रिल - सन् २०२५ मार्च | stat1-header = यात्रुहरू | stat1-data = ४१,४९,८४० ({{increase}} ११.५%) | stat2-header = विमान आवागमन | stat2-data = २८,३३१ ({{increase}} ७.७%) | stat3-header = माल ढुवानी (टनमा) | stat3-data = १४,१३८ ({{increase}} ७०.३%) | footnotes = स्रोत: [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण|भाविप्रा]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref> | pushpin_map_caption = चण्डीगढमा विमानस्थलको स्थान | owner = [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]] }} '''चण्डीगढ विमानस्थल''' {{airport codes|IXC|VICG}}, आधिकारिक रूपमा '''सहिद भगत सिंह अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल''', [[भारत]]को [[चण्डीगढ]] केन्द्रशासित प्रदेशमा सेवा प्रदान गर्ने [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल]] हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIST OF INDIAN AIRPORTS |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/list%20of%20airport%20bilingual.pdf }}</ref> यो विमानस्थल [[पन्जाब, भारत|पन्जाब]]को [[मोहाली]]स्थित झिरहेरीमा अवस्थित छ र [[भारतीय वायुसेना]]सँग विमान क्षेत्र साझा गर्दछ।<ref name="India 2015">{{cite web | author=India | title=Land gone, Jheurheri villagers set up hotels near Chandigarh airport | website=The Indian Express | date=10 September 2015 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/land-gone-jheurheri-villagers-set-up-hotels-near-chandigarh-airport/ | access-date=30 December 2015}}</ref> यो विमानस्थलले १७ घरेलु गन्तव्यहरू र दुई अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय गन्तव्यहरूमा उडान गर्ने गर्दछ। यो विमानस्थलको नाम स्वतन्त्रता सेनानी [[भगत सिंह]]को नाममा राखिएको छ।<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 September 2022|title=Chandigarh airport renamed after Bhagat Singh: End of a long dispute between Punjab, Haryana |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/punjab-haryana-bhagat-singh-chandigarh-airport-8178854/ |access-date=14 November 2022|newspaper=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> यो विमानस्थल चण्डीगढ अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल लिमिटेडद्वारा सञ्चालित छ जुन [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]] (५१%), [[पन्जाब, भारत सरकार|पन्जाब सरकार]] (२४.५%) र [[हरियाणा सरकार]] (२४.५%) बीचको संयुक्त उद्यम कम्पनी हो।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chial.org/about-us/|title=CHIAL, about us|publisher=CHIAL|access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> यो विमानस्थललाई सन् २०२१ मा एयरपोर्ट काउन्सिल इन्टरनेसनलद्वारा एसिया-प्रसान्त क्षेत्रमा 'स्वच्छता उपायहरूद्वारा सर्वश्रेष्ठ विमानस्थल'को रूपमा सम्मानित गरिएको थियो।<ref>aci.aero/customer-experience-asq/asq-awards-and-recognition/asq-awards/current-winner-2020/best-hygiene-measures/</ref> ==इतिहास== चण्डीगढ विमानस्थलले आफ्नो सबै नागरिक तथा व्यावसायिक उडान सञ्चालन भारतीय वायुसेना स्टेसनको नागरिक अन्तःक्षेत्रबाट सञ्चालन गरेको थियो। [[इन्डियन एअरलाइन्स]]ले सन् १९७० को दशकमा [[चण्डीगढ]]बाट [[दिल्ली]]सम्मको उडानहरू सञ्चालन थालेको थियो। नागरिक अन्तःक्षेत्रमा नयाँ विमानस्थल भवन निर्माण गरिएको थियो र सन् २०११ अप्रिल १४ मा खोलिएको थियो।<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110415/cth1.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Chandigarh Stories |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |access-date=12 March 2017}}</ref> यो हवाई टर्मिनललाई सन् २०११ अगस्ट १९ मा भन्सार विमानस्थल घोषित गरिएको थियो, जसले गर्दा यो सीमित सङ्ख्यामा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय उडानहरूको लागि योग्य बनाइएको थियो, तर यस टर्मिनलबाट कहिल्यै कुनै पनि अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय उडान सञ्चालन भएको थिएन्।<ref>{{cite web|title = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Chandigarh Stories|url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120609/cth1.htm|website = www.tribuneindia.com|access-date = 29 December 2015}}</ref> सन् २००८ मा, पन्जाब सरकारले नयाँ टर्मिनल निर्माण गर्न {{INRConvert|452|c}}को लागतमा झिरहेरी गाउँमा अवस्थित धावनमार्गको दक्षिण तर्फ ३०४.०४ एकड जग्गा अधिग्रहण गरेर सन् २०१५ जुनमा {{INRConvert|939|c}}को लागतमा उक्त कार्य सम्पन्न गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-new-terminal-at-chandigarh-airport/articleshow/48909444.cms|title=PM Narendra Modi inaugurates new terminal at Chandigarh airport - The Economic Times|work=indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gmada.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/RTIGMADA.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 September 2016 |archive-date=4 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104182208/http://gmada.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/RTIGMADA.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News|url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071116/main6.htm|website = www.tribuneindia.com|access-date = 29 December 2015|archive-date = 4 March 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210304024149/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071116/main6.htm}}</ref> बृहत् मोहाली क्षेत्र विकास प्राधिकरणमार्फत पन्जाब सरकार र [[हरियाणा सहरी विकास प्राधिकरण]]मार्फत हरियाणा सरकारको २४.५% हिस्सेदारी छ भने बाँकी हिस्सेदारी [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]]को रहेको छ।<ref name=":1">{{cite web|last1=Service|first1=Tribune News|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/pm-inaugurates-new-terminal-at-chandigarh-airport/131730.html|title=PM inaugurates new terminal at Chandigarh airport|work=Trinuneindia News Service|access-date=17 September 2016|archive-date=14 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814173123/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/pm-inaugurates-new-terminal-at-chandigarh-airport/131730.html}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== {{Commons category|Chandigarh Airport|चण्डीगढ विमानस्थल}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20161023191056/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/chandigarh_generalinfo.jsp चण्डीगढ विमानस्थल] ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== {{भारतका विमानस्थलहरू}} [[श्रेणी:भारतका अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थलहरू]] [[श्रेणी:चण्डीगढका विमानस्थलहरू]] 14eorgnbv3fawz3jpseybt4dsg8to6m 1358409 1358408 2026-06-08T12:15:44Z Biplab Anand 13653 [[विकिपिडिया:हटक्याट|हटक्याट]]द्वारा [[श्रेणी:सन् १९७० मा स्थापित विमानस्थलहरू]] जोडियो 1358409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox airport | name = सहिद भगत सिंह अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल | image = File:Terminal Building - Chandigarh International Airport - Mohali 2016-08-04 5875.JPG | image-width = 290px | caption = | location = चण्डीगढ, [[पन्जाब, भारत|पन्जाब]], [[भारत]] | elevation-m = 314 | metric-elev = Y | pushpin_label = '''IXC''' | coordinates = {{coord|30|40|29|N|76|47|26|E|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = India Chandigarh#India | r1-surface = [[कालोपत्र]] | metric-rwy = Y | IATA = IXC | ICAO = VICG<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/national-register/Chandigarh%20REPORT.pdf#page=5|title=Chandigarh Airport Report|publisher=Airport Authority of India|page=5|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512113236/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/national-register/Chandigarh%20REPORT.pdf#page=5|archive-date=12 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> | type = सैन्य/सार्वजनिक | operator = चण्डीगढ अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल लिमिटेड<ref name=":2">{{Cite report|title=CHIAL|url=https://icmai.in/upload/pd/CHIAL_1012_2020.pdf|publisher=ICMAI|access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> {{smalldiv| *[[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]] (५१%) *[[हरियाणा सहरी विकास प्राधिकरण]] (२४.५%) *बृहत् मोहाली क्षेत्र विकास प्राधिकरण (२४.५%) }} | city-served = [[चण्डीगढ|चण्डीगढ महानगरीय क्षेत्र]] | focus_city = [[इन्डिगो]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-21 |title=Ready to soar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/sas-nagar-mohali/chandigarh-international-airport-hub-for-air-travel-7828718/ |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> | website = [https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/chandigarh चण्डीगढ विमानस्थल] | r1-number = ११/२९ | r1-length-m = 3170 | stat-year = सन् २०२४ अप्रिल - सन् २०२५ मार्च | stat1-header = यात्रुहरू | stat1-data = ४१,४९,८४० ({{increase}} ११.५%) | stat2-header = विमान आवागमन | stat2-data = २८,३३१ ({{increase}} ७.७%) | stat3-header = माल ढुवानी (टनमा) | stat3-data = १४,१३८ ({{increase}} ७०.३%) | footnotes = स्रोत: [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण|भाविप्रा]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref> | pushpin_map_caption = चण्डीगढमा विमानस्थलको स्थान | owner = [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]] }} '''चण्डीगढ विमानस्थल''' {{airport codes|IXC|VICG}}, आधिकारिक रूपमा '''सहिद भगत सिंह अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल''', [[भारत]]को [[चण्डीगढ]] केन्द्रशासित प्रदेशमा सेवा प्रदान गर्ने [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल]] हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIST OF INDIAN AIRPORTS |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/list%20of%20airport%20bilingual.pdf }}</ref> यो विमानस्थल [[पन्जाब, भारत|पन्जाब]]को [[मोहाली]]स्थित झिरहेरीमा अवस्थित छ र [[भारतीय वायुसेना]]सँग विमान क्षेत्र साझा गर्दछ।<ref name="India 2015">{{cite web | author=India | title=Land gone, Jheurheri villagers set up hotels near Chandigarh airport | website=The Indian Express | date=10 September 2015 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/land-gone-jheurheri-villagers-set-up-hotels-near-chandigarh-airport/ | access-date=30 December 2015}}</ref> यो विमानस्थलले १७ घरेलु गन्तव्यहरू र दुई अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय गन्तव्यहरूमा उडान गर्ने गर्दछ। यो विमानस्थलको नाम स्वतन्त्रता सेनानी [[भगत सिंह]]को नाममा राखिएको छ।<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 September 2022|title=Chandigarh airport renamed after Bhagat Singh: End of a long dispute between Punjab, Haryana |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/punjab-haryana-bhagat-singh-chandigarh-airport-8178854/ |access-date=14 November 2022|newspaper=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> यो विमानस्थल चण्डीगढ अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल लिमिटेडद्वारा सञ्चालित छ जुन [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]] (५१%), [[पन्जाब, भारत सरकार|पन्जाब सरकार]] (२४.५%) र [[हरियाणा सरकार]] (२४.५%) बीचको संयुक्त उद्यम कम्पनी हो।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chial.org/about-us/|title=CHIAL, about us|publisher=CHIAL|access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> यो विमानस्थललाई सन् २०२१ मा एयरपोर्ट काउन्सिल इन्टरनेसनलद्वारा एसिया-प्रसान्त क्षेत्रमा 'स्वच्छता उपायहरूद्वारा सर्वश्रेष्ठ विमानस्थल'को रूपमा सम्मानित गरिएको थियो।<ref>aci.aero/customer-experience-asq/asq-awards-and-recognition/asq-awards/current-winner-2020/best-hygiene-measures/</ref> ==इतिहास== चण्डीगढ विमानस्थलले आफ्नो सबै नागरिक तथा व्यावसायिक उडान सञ्चालन भारतीय वायुसेना स्टेसनको नागरिक अन्तःक्षेत्रबाट सञ्चालन गरेको थियो। [[इन्डियन एअरलाइन्स]]ले सन् १९७० को दशकमा [[चण्डीगढ]]बाट [[दिल्ली]]सम्मको उडानहरू सञ्चालन थालेको थियो। नागरिक अन्तःक्षेत्रमा नयाँ विमानस्थल भवन निर्माण गरिएको थियो र सन् २०११ अप्रिल १४ मा खोलिएको थियो।<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110415/cth1.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Chandigarh Stories |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |access-date=12 March 2017}}</ref> यो हवाई टर्मिनललाई सन् २०११ अगस्ट १९ मा भन्सार विमानस्थल घोषित गरिएको थियो, जसले गर्दा यो सीमित सङ्ख्यामा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय उडानहरूको लागि योग्य बनाइएको थियो, तर यस टर्मिनलबाट कहिल्यै कुनै पनि अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय उडान सञ्चालन भएको थिएन्।<ref>{{cite web|title = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Chandigarh Stories|url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120609/cth1.htm|website = www.tribuneindia.com|access-date = 29 December 2015}}</ref> सन् २००८ मा, पन्जाब सरकारले नयाँ टर्मिनल निर्माण गर्न {{INRConvert|452|c}}को लागतमा झिरहेरी गाउँमा अवस्थित धावनमार्गको दक्षिण तर्फ ३०४.०४ एकड जग्गा अधिग्रहण गरेर सन् २०१५ जुनमा {{INRConvert|939|c}}को लागतमा उक्त कार्य सम्पन्न गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-new-terminal-at-chandigarh-airport/articleshow/48909444.cms|title=PM Narendra Modi inaugurates new terminal at Chandigarh airport - The Economic Times|work=indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gmada.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/RTIGMADA.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 September 2016 |archive-date=4 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104182208/http://gmada.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/RTIGMADA.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News|url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071116/main6.htm|website = www.tribuneindia.com|access-date = 29 December 2015|archive-date = 4 March 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210304024149/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071116/main6.htm}}</ref> बृहत् मोहाली क्षेत्र विकास प्राधिकरणमार्फत पन्जाब सरकार र [[हरियाणा सहरी विकास प्राधिकरण]]मार्फत हरियाणा सरकारको २४.५% हिस्सेदारी छ भने बाँकी हिस्सेदारी [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]]को रहेको छ।<ref name=":1">{{cite web|last1=Service|first1=Tribune News|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/pm-inaugurates-new-terminal-at-chandigarh-airport/131730.html|title=PM inaugurates new terminal at Chandigarh airport|work=Trinuneindia News Service|access-date=17 September 2016|archive-date=14 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814173123/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/pm-inaugurates-new-terminal-at-chandigarh-airport/131730.html}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== {{Commons category|Chandigarh Airport|चण्डीगढ विमानस्थल}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20161023191056/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/chandigarh_generalinfo.jsp चण्डीगढ विमानस्थल] ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== {{भारतका विमानस्थलहरू}} [[श्रेणी:भारतका अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थलहरू]] [[श्रेणी:चण्डीगढका विमानस्थलहरू]] [[श्रेणी:सन् १९७० मा स्थापित विमानस्थलहरू]] ips78ryrcn7coyvihjxpw7cpcjvdm5x 1358410 1358409 2026-06-08T12:16:01Z Biplab Anand 13653 [[विकिपिडिया:हटक्याट|हटक्याट]]द्वारा [[श्रेणी:भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]] जोडियो 1358410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox airport | name = सहिद भगत सिंह अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल | image = File:Terminal Building - Chandigarh International Airport - Mohali 2016-08-04 5875.JPG | image-width = 290px | caption = | location = चण्डीगढ, [[पन्जाब, भारत|पन्जाब]], [[भारत]] | elevation-m = 314 | metric-elev = Y | pushpin_label = '''IXC''' | coordinates = {{coord|30|40|29|N|76|47|26|E|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = India Chandigarh#India | r1-surface = [[कालोपत्र]] | metric-rwy = Y | IATA = IXC | ICAO = VICG<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/national-register/Chandigarh%20REPORT.pdf#page=5|title=Chandigarh Airport Report|publisher=Airport Authority of India|page=5|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512113236/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/national-register/Chandigarh%20REPORT.pdf#page=5|archive-date=12 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> | type = सैन्य/सार्वजनिक | operator = चण्डीगढ अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल लिमिटेड<ref name=":2">{{Cite report|title=CHIAL|url=https://icmai.in/upload/pd/CHIAL_1012_2020.pdf|publisher=ICMAI|access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> {{smalldiv| *[[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]] (५१%) *[[हरियाणा सहरी विकास प्राधिकरण]] (२४.५%) *बृहत् मोहाली क्षेत्र विकास प्राधिकरण (२४.५%) }} | city-served = [[चण्डीगढ|चण्डीगढ महानगरीय क्षेत्र]] | focus_city = [[इन्डिगो]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-21 |title=Ready to soar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/sas-nagar-mohali/chandigarh-international-airport-hub-for-air-travel-7828718/ |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> | website = [https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/chandigarh चण्डीगढ विमानस्थल] | r1-number = ११/२९ | r1-length-m = 3170 | stat-year = सन् २०२४ अप्रिल - सन् २०२५ मार्च | stat1-header = यात्रुहरू | stat1-data = ४१,४९,८४० ({{increase}} ११.५%) | stat2-header = विमान आवागमन | stat2-data = २८,३३१ ({{increase}} ७.७%) | stat3-header = माल ढुवानी (टनमा) | stat3-data = १४,१३८ ({{increase}} ७०.३%) | footnotes = स्रोत: [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण|भाविप्रा]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref> | pushpin_map_caption = चण्डीगढमा विमानस्थलको स्थान | owner = [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]] }} '''चण्डीगढ विमानस्थल''' {{airport codes|IXC|VICG}}, आधिकारिक रूपमा '''सहिद भगत सिंह अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल''', [[भारत]]को [[चण्डीगढ]] केन्द्रशासित प्रदेशमा सेवा प्रदान गर्ने [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल]] हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIST OF INDIAN AIRPORTS |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/list%20of%20airport%20bilingual.pdf }}</ref> यो विमानस्थल [[पन्जाब, भारत|पन्जाब]]को [[मोहाली]]स्थित झिरहेरीमा अवस्थित छ र [[भारतीय वायुसेना]]सँग विमान क्षेत्र साझा गर्दछ।<ref name="India 2015">{{cite web | author=India | title=Land gone, Jheurheri villagers set up hotels near Chandigarh airport | website=The Indian Express | date=10 September 2015 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/land-gone-jheurheri-villagers-set-up-hotels-near-chandigarh-airport/ | access-date=30 December 2015}}</ref> यो विमानस्थलले १७ घरेलु गन्तव्यहरू र दुई अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय गन्तव्यहरूमा उडान गर्ने गर्दछ। यो विमानस्थलको नाम स्वतन्त्रता सेनानी [[भगत सिंह]]को नाममा राखिएको छ।<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 September 2022|title=Chandigarh airport renamed after Bhagat Singh: End of a long dispute between Punjab, Haryana |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/punjab-haryana-bhagat-singh-chandigarh-airport-8178854/ |access-date=14 November 2022|newspaper=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> यो विमानस्थल चण्डीगढ अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल लिमिटेडद्वारा सञ्चालित छ जुन [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]] (५१%), [[पन्जाब, भारत सरकार|पन्जाब सरकार]] (२४.५%) र [[हरियाणा सरकार]] (२४.५%) बीचको संयुक्त उद्यम कम्पनी हो।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chial.org/about-us/|title=CHIAL, about us|publisher=CHIAL|access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> यो विमानस्थललाई सन् २०२१ मा एयरपोर्ट काउन्सिल इन्टरनेसनलद्वारा एसिया-प्रसान्त क्षेत्रमा 'स्वच्छता उपायहरूद्वारा सर्वश्रेष्ठ विमानस्थल'को रूपमा सम्मानित गरिएको थियो।<ref>aci.aero/customer-experience-asq/asq-awards-and-recognition/asq-awards/current-winner-2020/best-hygiene-measures/</ref> ==इतिहास== चण्डीगढ विमानस्थलले आफ्नो सबै नागरिक तथा व्यावसायिक उडान सञ्चालन भारतीय वायुसेना स्टेसनको नागरिक अन्तःक्षेत्रबाट सञ्चालन गरेको थियो। [[इन्डियन एअरलाइन्स]]ले सन् १९७० को दशकमा [[चण्डीगढ]]बाट [[दिल्ली]]सम्मको उडानहरू सञ्चालन थालेको थियो। नागरिक अन्तःक्षेत्रमा नयाँ विमानस्थल भवन निर्माण गरिएको थियो र सन् २०११ अप्रिल १४ मा खोलिएको थियो।<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110415/cth1.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Chandigarh Stories |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |access-date=12 March 2017}}</ref> यो हवाई टर्मिनललाई सन् २०११ अगस्ट १९ मा भन्सार विमानस्थल घोषित गरिएको थियो, जसले गर्दा यो सीमित सङ्ख्यामा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय उडानहरूको लागि योग्य बनाइएको थियो, तर यस टर्मिनलबाट कहिल्यै कुनै पनि अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय उडान सञ्चालन भएको थिएन्।<ref>{{cite web|title = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Chandigarh Stories|url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120609/cth1.htm|website = www.tribuneindia.com|access-date = 29 December 2015}}</ref> सन् २००८ मा, पन्जाब सरकारले नयाँ टर्मिनल निर्माण गर्न {{INRConvert|452|c}}को लागतमा झिरहेरी गाउँमा अवस्थित धावनमार्गको दक्षिण तर्फ ३०४.०४ एकड जग्गा अधिग्रहण गरेर सन् २०१५ जुनमा {{INRConvert|939|c}}को लागतमा उक्त कार्य सम्पन्न गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-new-terminal-at-chandigarh-airport/articleshow/48909444.cms|title=PM Narendra Modi inaugurates new terminal at Chandigarh airport - The Economic Times|work=indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gmada.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/RTIGMADA.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 September 2016 |archive-date=4 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104182208/http://gmada.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/RTIGMADA.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News|url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071116/main6.htm|website = www.tribuneindia.com|access-date = 29 December 2015|archive-date = 4 March 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210304024149/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071116/main6.htm}}</ref> बृहत् मोहाली क्षेत्र विकास प्राधिकरणमार्फत पन्जाब सरकार र [[हरियाणा सहरी विकास प्राधिकरण]]मार्फत हरियाणा सरकारको २४.५% हिस्सेदारी छ भने बाँकी हिस्सेदारी [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]]को रहेको छ।<ref name=":1">{{cite web|last1=Service|first1=Tribune News|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/pm-inaugurates-new-terminal-at-chandigarh-airport/131730.html|title=PM inaugurates new terminal at Chandigarh airport|work=Trinuneindia News Service|access-date=17 September 2016|archive-date=14 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814173123/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/pm-inaugurates-new-terminal-at-chandigarh-airport/131730.html}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== {{Commons category|Chandigarh Airport|चण्डीगढ विमानस्थल}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20161023191056/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/chandigarh_generalinfo.jsp चण्डीगढ विमानस्थल] ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== {{भारतका विमानस्थलहरू}} [[श्रेणी:भारतका अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थलहरू]] [[श्रेणी:चण्डीगढका विमानस्थलहरू]] [[श्रेणी:सन् १९७० मा स्थापित विमानस्थलहरू]] [[श्रेणी:भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]] djqvx5svulepisce55ohjlrljue5gx6 2 150470 1358422 2026-06-08T12:44:34Z Bishaldev100 28807 नयाँ पृष्ठ: importScript('प्रयोगकर्ता:बडा काजी/नेपालीकरण.js'); // Backlink: [[प्रयोगकर्ता:बडा काजी/नेपालीकरण.js]] 1358422 javascript text/javascript importScript('प्रयोगकर्ता:बडा काजी/नेपालीकरण.js'); // Backlink: [[प्रयोगकर्ता:बडा काजी/नेपालीकरण.js]] fz1gw53nx2panz4hdnx1pwaw2lh6hnt 828 150471 1358436 2020-12-23T05:29:28Z en>Feroze Ahmad 2 0 [[WP:AES|←]]Created page with 'return { name = 'Jaipur', top = 27.003773, bottom = 26.815798, left = 75.825820, right = 75.798679, image = 'Jaipur City Map.svg' }' 1358436 Scribunto text/plain return { name = 'Jaipur', top = 27.003773, bottom = 26.815798, left = 75.825820, right = 75.798679, image = 'Jaipur City Map.svg' } q92ockpgz2g7752p1zzpvgyw40w0tpu 1358437 1358436 2020-12-23T05:49:49Z en>Feroze Ahmad 2 0 1358437 Scribunto text/plain return { name = 'Jaipur', top = 27.003773, bottom = 26.815798, left = 75.713866, right = 75.933661, image = 'Jaipur City Map.svg' } bg3zhhjfmt9kd2frc1qix8xnwu94099 1358438 1358437 2026-06-08T14:08:55Z Biplab Anand 13653 [[:en:Module:Location_map/data/India_Jaipur]] बाट २ संशोधन(हरू): आयात गर्दै 1358437 Scribunto text/plain return { name = 'Jaipur', top = 27.003773, bottom = 26.815798, left = 75.713866, right = 75.933661, image = 'Jaipur City Map.svg' } bg3zhhjfmt9kd2frc1qix8xnwu94099 1358439 1358438 2026-06-08T14:09:44Z Biplab Anand 13653 1358439 Scribunto text/plain return { name = 'जयपुर', top = 27.003773, bottom = 26.815798, left = 75.713866, right = 75.933661, image = 'Jaipur City Map.svg' } 1f785m4wvjuxhi3llx5ea4jv107kev1 0 150472 1358441 2026-06-08T14:20:07Z Biplab Anand 13653 +जयपुर अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल 1358441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox airport | name = जयपुर अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल | nativename = <!-- Please do not add Hindi/any other Indian language here, per WP:NOINDICSCRIPT --> | image = Jaipur Airport Logo.svg | image2 = NIGHT - Jaipur International Airport (13-07-2022) 01.jpg | image2-width = 250 | caption2 = | IATA = JAI | ICAO = VIJP | type = सार्वजनिक | owner = [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]] | operator = [[अदानी समूह|जयपुर अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल लिमिटेड]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cbonds.com/company/271985/|title=Jaipur International Airport|website=cbonds.com|access-date=7 March 2023}}</ref> | city-served = [[जयपुर]] | location = [[साङ्गानेर]], जयपुर, [[राजस्थान]], [[भारत]] | metric-elev = yes | elevation-f = 1,263 | elevation-m = 385 | coordinates = {{Coord|26|49|27|N|075|48|44|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}} | website = {{URL|adani.com/jaipur-airport}} | pushpin_map = India Jaipur#India Rajasthan#India | pushpin_label = '''JAI''' | image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=12|frame-latitude=26.8241667|frame-longitude=75.8122222}} | focus_city = <div> *[[एअर इन्डिया एक्सप्रेस]] *[[इन्डिगो]]</div> | metric-rwy = yes | r1-number = ०८/२६ | r1-length-f = 11,178 | r1-length-m = 3,407 | r1-surface = [[कङ्क्रिट]]/[[कालोपत्र]] | stat-year = सन् २०२४ अप्रिल - सन् २०२५ मार्च | stat1-header = यात्रुहरू | stat1-data = ६०,५७,२४९ ({{increase}} १०.८%) | stat2-header = विमान आवागमन | stat2-data = ४८,४०७ ({{increase}} ७.९%) | stat3-header = माल ढुवानी (टनमा) | stat3-data = २१,७६१ ({{increase}} १२.१%) | footnotes = स्रोत: [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण|भाविप्रा]]<ref name="AAI3">{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref> }} '''जयपुर अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल''' {{Airport codes|JAI|VIJP}} [[भारत]]को [[राजस्थान]] राज्यको राजधानी [[जयपुर]]मा रहेको एक [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल]] हो। यो सहरको केन्द्रबाट लगभग {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} टाढा रहेको साङ्गानेरको दक्षिणी उपनगरमा अवस्थित छ।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aai.aero/allAirports/jaipur_generalinfo.jsp|title=Jaipur Airport|publisher=Airports Authority of India|access-date=10 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614003327/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/jaipur_generalinfo.jsp|archive-date=14 June 2011}}</ref> यो दैनिक निर्धारित उडान सञ्चालनमा भारतको १३औँ सबैभन्दा व्यस्त विमानस्थल हो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/jaipur/report-jaipur-airport-lands-in-11th-spot-2588910 |title=Jaipur airport 'lands' in 11th spot |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=27 February 2018 |access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref> ==इतिहास== सन् २००५ डिसेम्बर २९ मा जयपुर विमानस्थललाई अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थलको दर्जा प्रदान गरिएको थियो।<ref name="International Status">{{cite news|title=Jaipur airport to get international status|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-29/india/27846342_1_international-status-jaipur-airport-international-flights|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929223200/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-29/india/27846342_1_international-status-jaipur-airport-international-flights|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 December 2005}}</ref> विमानस्थलको एप्रोनमा १४ विमानहरू समायोजन गर्न सकिन्छ, र नयाँ एकीकृत टर्मिनल भवनले व्यस्त समयमा १,००० यात्रुहरूलाई सेवा दिन सक्छ।<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaipur airport expansion|url=http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=vguj9Ov3dPulsGSTtM7FMsSLVEFY2P4ktfysyhEWCDxHXrj0=|access-date=30 June 2014|date=11 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185317/http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=vguj9Ov3dPulsGSTtM7FMsSLVEFY2P4ktfysyhEWCDxHXrj0=|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> सन् २००९ जुलाई १ मा यो विमानस्थलको दोस्रो टर्मिनल भवनको उद्घाटन गरिएको थियो। सन् २०१९ मा यस विमानस्थलको धावनमार्गको चौडाइ प्रत्येक छेउमा लगभग २० मिटरले विस्तार गरिनुका साथै प्रस्थान क्षेत्रमा नयाँ कक्ष निर्माण र तीन कन्भेयर बेल्ट र २ नयाँ एयरोब्रिजहरू स्थापना गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web |author=ट्रेंडिंग न्यूज़ अलर्ट |url=https://m.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jaipur/news/c-10-LCL-1400-crores-will-be-our-airport-of-dreams-jp0969-NOR.html |title=Modifications started in existing terminal |publisher=M.bhaskar.com |access-date=10 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814001645/https://m.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jaipur/news/c-10-LCL-1400-crores-will-be-our-airport-of-dreams-jp0969-NOR.html |archive-date=14 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/new-bldgs-to-decongest-jaipur-airport-from-may/articleshow/68119188.cms |title=New buildings to decongest Jaipur airport from May &#124; Jaipur News - Times of India |publisher=M.timesofindia.com |date=23 February 2019 |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== {{Commons category-inline|Jaipur International Airport|जयपुर अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल}} *{{Official website|https://www.adani.com/jaipur-airport}} ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== {{भारतका विमानस्थलहरू}} cnwi41pnn5r3y5lv9glw8g1beg3mi55 1358443 1358441 2026-06-08T14:20:59Z Biplab Anand 13653 [[विकिपिडिया:हटक्याट|हटक्याट]]द्वारा [[श्रेणी:भारतका अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थलहरू]] जोडियो 1358443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox airport | name = जयपुर अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल | nativename = <!-- Please do not add Hindi/any other Indian language here, per WP:NOINDICSCRIPT --> | image = Jaipur Airport Logo.svg | image2 = NIGHT - Jaipur International Airport (13-07-2022) 01.jpg | image2-width = 250 | caption2 = | IATA = JAI | ICAO = VIJP | type = सार्वजनिक | owner = [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]] | operator = [[अदानी समूह|जयपुर अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल लिमिटेड]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cbonds.com/company/271985/|title=Jaipur International Airport|website=cbonds.com|access-date=7 March 2023}}</ref> | city-served = [[जयपुर]] | location = [[साङ्गानेर]], जयपुर, [[राजस्थान]], [[भारत]] | metric-elev = yes | elevation-f = 1,263 | elevation-m = 385 | coordinates = {{Coord|26|49|27|N|075|48|44|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}} | website = {{URL|adani.com/jaipur-airport}} | pushpin_map = India Jaipur#India Rajasthan#India | pushpin_label = '''JAI''' | image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=12|frame-latitude=26.8241667|frame-longitude=75.8122222}} | focus_city = <div> *[[एअर इन्डिया एक्सप्रेस]] *[[इन्डिगो]]</div> | metric-rwy = yes | r1-number = ०८/२६ | r1-length-f = 11,178 | r1-length-m = 3,407 | r1-surface = [[कङ्क्रिट]]/[[कालोपत्र]] | stat-year = सन् २०२४ अप्रिल - सन् २०२५ मार्च | stat1-header = यात्रुहरू | stat1-data = ६०,५७,२४९ ({{increase}} १०.८%) | stat2-header = विमान आवागमन | stat2-data = ४८,४०७ ({{increase}} ७.९%) | stat3-header = माल ढुवानी (टनमा) | stat3-data = २१,७६१ ({{increase}} १२.१%) | footnotes = स्रोत: [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण|भाविप्रा]]<ref name="AAI3">{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref> }} '''जयपुर अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल''' {{Airport codes|JAI|VIJP}} [[भारत]]को [[राजस्थान]] राज्यको राजधानी [[जयपुर]]मा रहेको एक [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल]] हो। यो सहरको केन्द्रबाट लगभग {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} टाढा रहेको साङ्गानेरको दक्षिणी उपनगरमा अवस्थित छ।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aai.aero/allAirports/jaipur_generalinfo.jsp|title=Jaipur Airport|publisher=Airports Authority of India|access-date=10 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614003327/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/jaipur_generalinfo.jsp|archive-date=14 June 2011}}</ref> यो दैनिक निर्धारित उडान सञ्चालनमा भारतको १३औँ सबैभन्दा व्यस्त विमानस्थल हो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/jaipur/report-jaipur-airport-lands-in-11th-spot-2588910 |title=Jaipur airport 'lands' in 11th spot |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=27 February 2018 |access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref> ==इतिहास== सन् २००५ डिसेम्बर २९ मा जयपुर विमानस्थललाई अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थलको दर्जा प्रदान गरिएको थियो।<ref name="International Status">{{cite news|title=Jaipur airport to get international status|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-29/india/27846342_1_international-status-jaipur-airport-international-flights|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929223200/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-29/india/27846342_1_international-status-jaipur-airport-international-flights|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 December 2005}}</ref> विमानस्थलको एप्रोनमा १४ विमानहरू समायोजन गर्न सकिन्छ, र नयाँ एकीकृत टर्मिनल भवनले व्यस्त समयमा १,००० यात्रुहरूलाई सेवा दिन सक्छ।<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaipur airport expansion|url=http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=vguj9Ov3dPulsGSTtM7FMsSLVEFY2P4ktfysyhEWCDxHXrj0=|access-date=30 June 2014|date=11 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185317/http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=vguj9Ov3dPulsGSTtM7FMsSLVEFY2P4ktfysyhEWCDxHXrj0=|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> सन् २००९ जुलाई १ मा यो विमानस्थलको दोस्रो टर्मिनल भवनको उद्घाटन गरिएको थियो। सन् २०१९ मा यस विमानस्थलको धावनमार्गको चौडाइ प्रत्येक छेउमा लगभग २० मिटरले विस्तार गरिनुका साथै प्रस्थान क्षेत्रमा नयाँ कक्ष निर्माण र तीन कन्भेयर बेल्ट र २ नयाँ एयरोब्रिजहरू स्थापना गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web |author=ट्रेंडिंग न्यूज़ अलर्ट |url=https://m.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jaipur/news/c-10-LCL-1400-crores-will-be-our-airport-of-dreams-jp0969-NOR.html |title=Modifications started in existing terminal |publisher=M.bhaskar.com |access-date=10 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814001645/https://m.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jaipur/news/c-10-LCL-1400-crores-will-be-our-airport-of-dreams-jp0969-NOR.html |archive-date=14 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/new-bldgs-to-decongest-jaipur-airport-from-may/articleshow/68119188.cms |title=New buildings to decongest Jaipur airport from May &#124; Jaipur News - Times of India |publisher=M.timesofindia.com |date=23 February 2019 |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== {{Commons category-inline|Jaipur International Airport|जयपुर अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल}} *{{Official website|https://www.adani.com/jaipur-airport}} ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== {{भारतका विमानस्थलहरू}} [[श्रेणी:भारतका अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थलहरू]] atnl4cxyvdm27zmjyrak36gxz288p4t 1358444 1358443 2026-06-08T14:21:58Z Biplab Anand 13653 [[विकिपिडिया:हटक्याट|हटक्याट]]द्वारा [[श्रेणी:राजस्थानका विमानस्थलहरू]] जोडियो 1358444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox airport | name = जयपुर अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल | nativename = <!-- Please do not add Hindi/any other Indian language here, per WP:NOINDICSCRIPT --> | image = Jaipur Airport Logo.svg | image2 = NIGHT - Jaipur International Airport (13-07-2022) 01.jpg | image2-width = 250 | caption2 = | IATA = JAI | ICAO = VIJP | type = सार्वजनिक | owner = [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]] | operator = [[अदानी समूह|जयपुर अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल लिमिटेड]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cbonds.com/company/271985/|title=Jaipur International Airport|website=cbonds.com|access-date=7 March 2023}}</ref> | city-served = [[जयपुर]] | location = [[साङ्गानेर]], जयपुर, [[राजस्थान]], [[भारत]] | metric-elev = yes | elevation-f = 1,263 | elevation-m = 385 | coordinates = {{Coord|26|49|27|N|075|48|44|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}} | website = {{URL|adani.com/jaipur-airport}} | pushpin_map = India Jaipur#India Rajasthan#India | pushpin_label = '''JAI''' | image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=12|frame-latitude=26.8241667|frame-longitude=75.8122222}} | focus_city = <div> *[[एअर इन्डिया एक्सप्रेस]] *[[इन्डिगो]]</div> | metric-rwy = yes | r1-number = ०८/२६ | r1-length-f = 11,178 | r1-length-m = 3,407 | r1-surface = [[कङ्क्रिट]]/[[कालोपत्र]] | stat-year = सन् २०२४ अप्रिल - सन् २०२५ मार्च | stat1-header = यात्रुहरू | stat1-data = ६०,५७,२४९ ({{increase}} १०.८%) | stat2-header = विमान आवागमन | stat2-data = ४८,४०७ ({{increase}} ७.९%) | stat3-header = माल ढुवानी (टनमा) | stat3-data = २१,७६१ ({{increase}} १२.१%) | footnotes = स्रोत: [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण|भाविप्रा]]<ref name="AAI3">{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref> }} '''जयपुर अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल''' {{Airport codes|JAI|VIJP}} [[भारत]]को [[राजस्थान]] राज्यको राजधानी [[जयपुर]]मा रहेको एक [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल]] हो। यो सहरको केन्द्रबाट लगभग {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} टाढा रहेको साङ्गानेरको दक्षिणी उपनगरमा अवस्थित छ।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aai.aero/allAirports/jaipur_generalinfo.jsp|title=Jaipur Airport|publisher=Airports Authority of India|access-date=10 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614003327/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/jaipur_generalinfo.jsp|archive-date=14 June 2011}}</ref> यो दैनिक निर्धारित उडान सञ्चालनमा भारतको १३औँ सबैभन्दा व्यस्त विमानस्थल हो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/jaipur/report-jaipur-airport-lands-in-11th-spot-2588910 |title=Jaipur airport 'lands' in 11th spot |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=27 February 2018 |access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref> ==इतिहास== सन् २००५ डिसेम्बर २९ मा जयपुर विमानस्थललाई अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थलको दर्जा प्रदान गरिएको थियो।<ref name="International Status">{{cite news|title=Jaipur airport to get international status|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-29/india/27846342_1_international-status-jaipur-airport-international-flights|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929223200/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-29/india/27846342_1_international-status-jaipur-airport-international-flights|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 December 2005}}</ref> विमानस्थलको एप्रोनमा १४ विमानहरू समायोजन गर्न सकिन्छ, र नयाँ एकीकृत टर्मिनल भवनले व्यस्त समयमा १,००० यात्रुहरूलाई सेवा दिन सक्छ।<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaipur airport expansion|url=http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=vguj9Ov3dPulsGSTtM7FMsSLVEFY2P4ktfysyhEWCDxHXrj0=|access-date=30 June 2014|date=11 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185317/http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=vguj9Ov3dPulsGSTtM7FMsSLVEFY2P4ktfysyhEWCDxHXrj0=|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> सन् २००९ जुलाई १ मा यो विमानस्थलको दोस्रो टर्मिनल भवनको उद्घाटन गरिएको थियो। सन् २०१९ मा यस विमानस्थलको धावनमार्गको चौडाइ प्रत्येक छेउमा लगभग २० मिटरले विस्तार गरिनुका साथै प्रस्थान क्षेत्रमा नयाँ कक्ष निर्माण र तीन कन्भेयर बेल्ट र २ नयाँ एयरोब्रिजहरू स्थापना गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web |author=ट्रेंडिंग न्यूज़ अलर्ट |url=https://m.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jaipur/news/c-10-LCL-1400-crores-will-be-our-airport-of-dreams-jp0969-NOR.html |title=Modifications started in existing terminal |publisher=M.bhaskar.com |access-date=10 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814001645/https://m.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jaipur/news/c-10-LCL-1400-crores-will-be-our-airport-of-dreams-jp0969-NOR.html |archive-date=14 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/new-bldgs-to-decongest-jaipur-airport-from-may/articleshow/68119188.cms |title=New buildings to decongest Jaipur airport from May &#124; Jaipur News - Times of India |publisher=M.timesofindia.com |date=23 February 2019 |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== {{Commons category-inline|Jaipur International Airport|जयपुर अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल}} *{{Official website|https://www.adani.com/jaipur-airport}} ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== {{भारतका विमानस्थलहरू}} [[श्रेणी:भारतका अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थलहरू]] [[श्रेणी:राजस्थानका विमानस्थलहरू]] jzwmkf3y4ixulq3w3i6pjcekz74c251 1358445 1358444 2026-06-08T14:22:14Z Biplab Anand 13653 [[विकिपिडिया:हटक्याट|हटक्याट]]द्वारा [[श्रेणी:भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]] जोडियो 1358445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox airport | name = जयपुर अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल | nativename = <!-- Please do not add Hindi/any other Indian language here, per WP:NOINDICSCRIPT --> | image = Jaipur Airport Logo.svg | image2 = NIGHT - Jaipur International Airport (13-07-2022) 01.jpg | image2-width = 250 | caption2 = | IATA = JAI | ICAO = VIJP | type = सार्वजनिक | owner = [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]] | operator = [[अदानी समूह|जयपुर अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल लिमिटेड]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cbonds.com/company/271985/|title=Jaipur International Airport|website=cbonds.com|access-date=7 March 2023}}</ref> | city-served = [[जयपुर]] | location = [[साङ्गानेर]], जयपुर, [[राजस्थान]], [[भारत]] | metric-elev = yes | elevation-f = 1,263 | elevation-m = 385 | coordinates = {{Coord|26|49|27|N|075|48|44|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}} | website = {{URL|adani.com/jaipur-airport}} | pushpin_map = India Jaipur#India Rajasthan#India | pushpin_label = '''JAI''' | image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=12|frame-latitude=26.8241667|frame-longitude=75.8122222}} | focus_city = <div> *[[एअर इन्डिया एक्सप्रेस]] *[[इन्डिगो]]</div> | metric-rwy = yes | r1-number = ०८/२६ | r1-length-f = 11,178 | r1-length-m = 3,407 | r1-surface = [[कङ्क्रिट]]/[[कालोपत्र]] | stat-year = सन् २०२४ अप्रिल - सन् २०२५ मार्च | stat1-header = यात्रुहरू | stat1-data = ६०,५७,२४९ ({{increase}} १०.८%) | stat2-header = विमान आवागमन | stat2-data = ४८,४०७ ({{increase}} ७.९%) | stat3-header = माल ढुवानी (टनमा) | stat3-data = २१,७६१ ({{increase}} १२.१%) | footnotes = स्रोत: [[भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण|भाविप्रा]]<ref name="AAI3">{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref> }} '''जयपुर अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल''' {{Airport codes|JAI|VIJP}} [[भारत]]को [[राजस्थान]] राज्यको राजधानी [[जयपुर]]मा रहेको एक [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल]] हो। यो सहरको केन्द्रबाट लगभग {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} टाढा रहेको साङ्गानेरको दक्षिणी उपनगरमा अवस्थित छ।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aai.aero/allAirports/jaipur_generalinfo.jsp|title=Jaipur Airport|publisher=Airports Authority of India|access-date=10 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614003327/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/jaipur_generalinfo.jsp|archive-date=14 June 2011}}</ref> यो दैनिक निर्धारित उडान सञ्चालनमा भारतको १३औँ सबैभन्दा व्यस्त विमानस्थल हो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/jaipur/report-jaipur-airport-lands-in-11th-spot-2588910 |title=Jaipur airport 'lands' in 11th spot |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=27 February 2018 |access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref> ==इतिहास== सन् २००५ डिसेम्बर २९ मा जयपुर विमानस्थललाई अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थलको दर्जा प्रदान गरिएको थियो।<ref name="International Status">{{cite news|title=Jaipur airport to get international status|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-29/india/27846342_1_international-status-jaipur-airport-international-flights|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929223200/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-29/india/27846342_1_international-status-jaipur-airport-international-flights|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 December 2005}}</ref> विमानस्थलको एप्रोनमा १४ विमानहरू समायोजन गर्न सकिन्छ, र नयाँ एकीकृत टर्मिनल भवनले व्यस्त समयमा १,००० यात्रुहरूलाई सेवा दिन सक्छ।<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaipur airport expansion|url=http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=vguj9Ov3dPulsGSTtM7FMsSLVEFY2P4ktfysyhEWCDxHXrj0=|access-date=30 June 2014|date=11 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185317/http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=vguj9Ov3dPulsGSTtM7FMsSLVEFY2P4ktfysyhEWCDxHXrj0=|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> सन् २००९ जुलाई १ मा यो विमानस्थलको दोस्रो टर्मिनल भवनको उद्घाटन गरिएको थियो। सन् २०१९ मा यस विमानस्थलको धावनमार्गको चौडाइ प्रत्येक छेउमा लगभग २० मिटरले विस्तार गरिनुका साथै प्रस्थान क्षेत्रमा नयाँ कक्ष निर्माण र तीन कन्भेयर बेल्ट र २ नयाँ एयरोब्रिजहरू स्थापना गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web |author=ट्रेंडिंग न्यूज़ अलर्ट |url=https://m.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jaipur/news/c-10-LCL-1400-crores-will-be-our-airport-of-dreams-jp0969-NOR.html |title=Modifications started in existing terminal |publisher=M.bhaskar.com |access-date=10 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814001645/https://m.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jaipur/news/c-10-LCL-1400-crores-will-be-our-airport-of-dreams-jp0969-NOR.html |archive-date=14 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/new-bldgs-to-decongest-jaipur-airport-from-may/articleshow/68119188.cms |title=New buildings to decongest Jaipur airport from May &#124; Jaipur News - Times of India |publisher=M.timesofindia.com |date=23 February 2019 |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== {{Commons category-inline|Jaipur International Airport|जयपुर अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल}} *{{Official website|https://www.adani.com/jaipur-airport}} ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== {{भारतका विमानस्थलहरू}} [[श्रेणी:भारतका अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थलहरू]] [[श्रेणी:राजस्थानका विमानस्थलहरू]] [[श्रेणी:भारतीय विमानस्थल प्राधिकरण]] qme8rkg4pqh2auhy4vfrjg4arm17oxl 0 150473 1358449 2026-06-08T14:40:39Z Bishaldev100 28807 Bishaldev100 ले [[डेभिड अक्टरलोनी]] बाट पुनर्निर्देश हटाएर [[जनरल अक्टरलोनी]] लाई त्यसमाथि सारेको हो 1358449 wikitext text/x-wiki #अनुप्रेषण [[डेभिड अक्टरलोनी]] fbhi5ghmkht2myctf52i1028eo27a9u 2 150474 1358464 2026-06-09T00:13:41Z Janak Prasad Pandey 79151 Janak Prasad Pandey 1358464 wikitext text/x-wiki Janak Prasad Pandey is an advocate. He holds the dual degree in Masters-International Law (LLM) and MBA in Finance. ly9stto4a0tve3y11w5fp0rjiedw110 0 150475 1358499 2026-06-09T06:22:39Z Bishaldev100 28807 [[पदको शपथ]]मा अनुप्रेषण गर्दै 1358499 wikitext text/x-wiki #अनुप्रेषण [[पदको शपथ]] 4ioc1roe464b4cory03ak2cpshezvpd 0 150476 1358522 2026-06-09T07:21:45Z Bishaldev100 28807 "[[:hi:Special:Redirect/revision/4798178|शपथ]]"पृष्ठलाई अनुवाद गरि सृजना गरियो 1358522 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Bheeshma_oath_by_RRV.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|देवब्रतले आफ्नो भीष्म प्रतिज्ञा लिइरहेका छन्]] '''शपथ''' कुनै कामकुरो हो–होइन वा गर्ने–नगर्ने भन्ने विषयमा बोलिने वचन वा प्रतिज्ञाको अभिव्यक्ती हो। सपथ कुनै एक कुनै पवित्र चीजको उल्लेख गरिएको आधारमा दिइने आश्वासन प्रतिज्ञाको अभिव्यक्ति हो। उदाहरणका लागि, "म परमेश्वरको शपथ लिन्छु कि म मेरो दायित्वहरू विश्वासयोग्यतापूर्वक पूरा गर्नेछु" एक प्रकारको शपथ हो।<ref>Metsudah Chumash and Rashi, KTAV Publishing House, 1991. page 88</ref><ref>Bailey, Cyril (1907). The Religion of Ancient Rome. London: Archibald Constable & Co. Ltd. p. 7. Retrieved 2015-08-18.</ref> == हातको भाव == [[चित्र:Inauguration_of_Dmitry_Medvedev,_7_May_2008-7.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|Dmitry Medvedev taking the presidential oath in the Grand Kremlin Palace on 7 May 2008]] [[चित्र:LBJOathOfOffice1963.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|Lyndon B. Johnson taking the American presidential oath of office in 1963, after the assassination of John F. Kennedy]] [[चित्र:Anjala.vaakuna.svg|अङ्गुठाकार|"Hand on oath" used as a charge on the coat of arms of Anjala, Finland]] [[पदको शपथ|शपथ ग्रहण]] मा औपचारिक महत्वको वस्तु ([[संविधान]] वा [[बाइबल]] वा अन्य धार्मिक ग्रन्थ) मा हात राख्ने वा शपथ लिने व्यक्तिले विशेष भावमा हात उठाउने चलन पनि प्रचलित छ। प्रायः दाहिने हात उठाइन्छ। == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * शपथपत्र * [[पदको शपथ]] * शपथ उल्लंघन * चिकित्सकको शपथ * हिप्पोक्रेट्सको शपथ == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:शपथ]] mkwdo3alzucnx8oel1cfqtf5hw2ojua 1358523 1358522 2026-06-09T07:23:50Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358523 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Bheeshma_oath_by_RRV.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|देवब्रतले आफ्नो भीष्म प्रतिज्ञा लिइरहेका छन्]] '''शपथ''' कुनै कामकुरो हो–होइन वा गर्ने–नगर्ने भन्ने विषयमा बोलिने वचन वा प्रतिज्ञाको अभिव्यक्ती हो। सपथ कुनै एक कुनै पवित्र चीजको उल्लेख गरिएको आधारमा दिइने आश्वासन प्रतिज्ञाको अभिव्यक्ति हो। उदाहरणका लागि, "म परमेश्वरको शपथ लिन्छु कि म मेरो दायित्वहरू विश्वासयोग्यतापूर्वक पूरा गर्नेछु" एक प्रकारको शपथ हो।<ref>Metsudah Chumash and Rashi, KTAV Publishing House, 1991. page 88</ref><ref>Bailey, Cyril (1907). The Religion of Ancient Rome. London: Archibald Constable & Co. Ltd. p. 7. Retrieved 2015-08-18.</ref> == हातको भाव == [[पदको शपथ|शपथ ग्रहण]] मा औपचारिक महत्वको वस्तु ([[संविधान]] वा [[बाइबल]] वा अन्य धार्मिक ग्रन्थ) मा हात राख्ने वा शपथ लिने व्यक्तिले विशेष भावमा हात उठाउने चलन पनि प्रचलित छ। प्रायः दाहिने हात उठाइन्छ। <gallery> Anjala.vaakuna.svg|"Hand on oath" used as a charge on the coat of arms of Anjala, Finland LBJOathOfOffice1963.jpg|Lyndon B. Johnson taking the American presidential oath of office in 1963, after the assassination of John F. Kennedy Inauguration_of_Dmitry_Medvedev,_7_May_2008-7.jpg|Dmitry Medvedev taking the presidential oath in the Grand Kremlin Palace on 7 May 2008 </gallery> == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * शपथपत्र * [[पदको शपथ]] * शपथ उल्लंघन * चिकित्सकको शपथ * हिप्पोक्रेट्सको शपथ == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:शपथ]] sdttsvjknlks4x5lz54gd59x055jdoc 1358526 1358523 2026-06-09T07:25:41Z Bishaldev100 28807 1358526 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Bheeshma_oath_by_RRV.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|[[भीष्म|देवब्रत]]ले आफ्नो [[भीष्म प्रतिज्ञा]] लिइरहेका]] '''शपथ''' कुनै कामकुरो हो–होइन वा गर्ने–नगर्ने भन्ने विषयमा बोलिने वचन वा प्रतिज्ञाको अभिव्यक्ती हो। सपथ कुनै एक कुनै पवित्र चीजको उल्लेख गरिएको आधारमा दिइने आश्वासन प्रतिज्ञाको अभिव्यक्ति हो। उदाहरणका लागि, "म परमेश्वरको शपथ लिन्छु कि म मेरो दायित्वहरू विश्वासयोग्यतापूर्वक पूरा गर्नेछु" एक प्रकारको शपथ हो।<ref>Metsudah Chumash and Rashi, KTAV Publishing House, 1991. page 88</ref><ref>Bailey, Cyril (1907). The Religion of Ancient Rome. London: Archibald Constable & Co. Ltd. p. 7. Retrieved 2015-08-18.</ref> == हातको भाव == [[पदको शपथ|शपथ ग्रहण]] मा औपचारिक महत्वको वस्तु ([[संविधान]] वा [[बाइबल]] वा अन्य धार्मिक ग्रन्थ) मा हात राख्ने वा शपथ लिने व्यक्तिले विशेष भावमा हात उठाउने चलन पनि प्रचलित छ। प्रायः दाहिने हात उठाइन्छ। <gallery> Anjala.vaakuna.svg|"Hand on oath" used as a charge on the coat of arms of Anjala, Finland LBJOathOfOffice1963.jpg|Lyndon B. Johnson taking the American presidential oath of office in 1963, after the assassination of John F. Kennedy Inauguration_of_Dmitry_Medvedev,_7_May_2008-7.jpg|Dmitry Medvedev taking the presidential oath in the Grand Kremlin Palace on 7 May 2008 </gallery> == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * शपथपत्र * [[पदको शपथ]] * शपथ उल्लंघन * चिकित्सकको शपथ * हिप्पोक्रेट्सको शपथ == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:शपथ]] 3ca6ec5ksd1oz2q47nuqm9rqnj8vhws 1358527 1358526 2026-06-09T07:28:07Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* हातको भाव */ 1358527 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Bheeshma_oath_by_RRV.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|[[भीष्म|देवब्रत]]ले आफ्नो [[भीष्म प्रतिज्ञा]] लिइरहेका]] '''शपथ''' कुनै कामकुरो हो–होइन वा गर्ने–नगर्ने भन्ने विषयमा बोलिने वचन वा प्रतिज्ञाको अभिव्यक्ती हो। सपथ कुनै एक कुनै पवित्र चीजको उल्लेख गरिएको आधारमा दिइने आश्वासन प्रतिज्ञाको अभिव्यक्ति हो। उदाहरणका लागि, "म परमेश्वरको शपथ लिन्छु कि म मेरो दायित्वहरू विश्वासयोग्यतापूर्वक पूरा गर्नेछु" एक प्रकारको शपथ हो।<ref>Metsudah Chumash and Rashi, KTAV Publishing House, 1991. page 88</ref><ref>Bailey, Cyril (1907). The Religion of Ancient Rome. London: Archibald Constable & Co. Ltd. p. 7. Retrieved 2015-08-18.</ref> == हातको भाव == [[पदको शपथ|शपथ ग्रहण]] मा औपचारिक महत्वको वस्तु ([[संविधान]] वा [[बाइबल]] वा अन्य धार्मिक ग्रन्थ) मा हात राख्ने वा शपथ लिने व्यक्तिले विशेष भावमा हात उठाउने चलन पनि प्रचलित छ। प्रायः दाहिने हात उठाइन्छ। <gallery> Anjala.vaakuna.svg|"Hand on oath" used as a charge on the coat of arms of Anjala, Finland LBJOathOfOffice1963.jpg|[[जोन एफ. केनेडीको हत्याकाण्ड|जोन एफ. केनेडीको हत्या]]पछि १९६३ मा [[लिन्डन बेन्स जोन्सन|लिन्डन बी. जोनसन]]ले [[अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपति|अमेरिकी राष्ट्रपति]] पदको शपथ लिँदै Inauguration_of_Dmitry_Medvedev,_7_May_2008-7.jpg|७ मे २००८ मा ग्रान्ड क्रेमलिन दरबारमा [[रुसको राष्ट्रपति|रूसी राष्ट्रपति]]को शपथ लिँदै [[दिमित्री मेदभेदेभ|दिमित्री मेदवेदेव]] </gallery> == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * शपथपत्र * [[पदको शपथ]] * शपथ उल्लंघन * चिकित्सकको शपथ * हिप्पोक्रेट्सको शपथ == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:शपथ]] epmy0grg1u01o8uul9ajqvafir0dvbf 14 150477 1358524 2026-06-09T07:24:23Z Bishaldev100 28807 नयाँ पृष्ठ: {{श्रेणी मुख्य|शपथ}} 1358524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{श्रेणी मुख्य|शपथ}} 5upz2a4lz5fga7d6z6ha81j26rmzl4m