Wikipedia newwiki https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.2 first-letter माध्यम विशेष खँलाबँला छ्येलेमि छ्येलेमि खँलाबँला विकिपिडिया विकिपिडिया खँलाबँला किपा किपा खँलाबँला मिडियाविकि मिडियाविकि खँलाबँला Template Template talk ग्वाहालि ग्वाहालि खँलाबँला पुचः पुचः खँलाबँला दबू दबू खँलाबँला TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2270 1121358 1119843 2026-05-19T17:02:05Z ~2026-30093-12 31313 1121358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/अटोमोबाइल}} [[Image:SteamMachineOfVerbiestIn1678.jpg|thumb|Steam machine of Verbiest, in 1678 ([[Ferdinand Verbiest]]]] [[Image:FardierdeCugnot20050111.jpg|thumb|Cugnot's 1771 ''fardier à vapeur'', as preserved at the [[Musée des Arts et Métiers]]]] [[Image:Carl-Benz coloriert.jpg|150px|thumb|[[Carl Benz]]]] [[किपा:Benz-velo.jpg|thumb|right|कार्ल बेञ्जया "भेलो" मोडेल (१८९४) - थ्व अटोमोबाइल न्हापांगु अटोमोबाइल रेसय् सम्मिलित जुल]] [[किपा:2000cardistribution.svg|thumb|right|सन् २०००या प्यासेञ्जर कार]] [[किपा:World vehicles per capita.svg|thumb|right|300px|हलिम मानचित्रय् प्यासेञ्जर कार प्रति १००० म्ह मनु।]] '''अटोमोबाइल''' वा '''अटोमोबिल''' वा '''मोटर कार''' छगू [[घःचा]] दूगु [[मोटर गाडी]] ख। थुकिइ [[कार इञ्जिन]] वा मोटर छ्येला [[यात्रु]]तेत छगू थासं मेगु थासय् [[विकिपिडिया:विकिज्याझ्वः यातायात|यातायात]]यायेत छ्येलि। साधारण कथं थुकियात लंय् छ्येलिगु छम्ह निसें च्याम्ह मनुतक्क च्वने ज्युगु प्येचा दुगु व सामान ढुवानी स्वया नं मनुतेगु यातायातया निंतिं देकातःगु गाडीया रुपय् परिभाषित याइ।<ref>{{cite book | title=Pocket Oxford Dictionary |year=1976 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |id=ISBN 0-19-861113-7}}</ref> तर थ्व परिभाषा कथंया यक्व गाडी दैगुलिं थ्व परिभाषा प्रिसाइज मजु। == नांया उत्त्पत्ति == ''अटोमोबाइल'' खँग्वः दक्ले न्ह्यः [[फ्रेञ्च भाषा|फांसे भाषा]]य् [[ग्रीक भाषा|युनानी भाषा]]या ''अटो'' [थमंतुं] व ''मोबिलिस'' [सनिगु] खँग्वः स्वाना मेमेगु यान वा प्राणीतेसं सालेम्वागु थमंतुं सनिगु [[यान]]यात परिभाषित यायेत छ्येलातःगु खने दु। थुकिया मेगु नां ''कार'' धाःसा [[ल्याटिन भाषा]]या खँग्वः ''कारस'' वा ''कारम'' [घःचा दुगु यान], वा [[मध्य अङ्ग्रेजी]] खँग्वः ''कारे'' [''''[[गाडा]]''''] ([[फ्रेञ्च भाषा|फांसे भाषा]] नं ), व ''कारोस'' (अर्थ: [[गौल|गेलिक]] भाषाय् [[व्यागन]]) नं वःगु धैगु विश्वास दु। <ref>{{cite web | title = "Car" | work = (etymology) | publisher = Online Etymology Dictionary | url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=car | accessdate = 2008-06-02}}</ref><ref name=Carrus>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030628171058/http://www.lib.wayne.edu/resources/special_collections/local/cfai/index.php], 'Car' derived from 'carrus'.</ref> सन् २००२तक्कय् हलिमय् ५९० मिलियन प्यासेञ्जर कार दुगु (करिब ११ मनुया निंतिं छगू कार) दूगु तथ्याङ्क दु। <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/worldmapper/display.php?selected=31 | title=WorldMapper - passenger cars}} </ref> == इतिहास == {{main|अटोमोबाइलया इतिहास}} हलिमया दक्ले न्हापांगु अटोमोबाइल सुनां देकल धैगु खँय् विवाद दु। [[निकोलस-जोसेफ कग्नट]]नं करिब सन् १७६९इ सलं सालिगु यानयात मोडिफाइयाना हलिमया दक्ले न्हापांगु थमंतुं सनिगु मेक्यानिकल यान वा अटोमोबाइल देकुगु धैगु यक्व विज्ञतेगु विश्वास दु। तर कग्नत भाजुया स्वचा दुगु यान धाथें संगु वा स्थिर जुगु प्रमाण धाःसा मदु। अथे जुगुलिं मेमेपिन्सं [[फर्डिन्याण्ड भर्बिएस्ट]], [[जिसुइट चीन मिसन]]या छम्ह सदस्यं करिब १६७२इ चिनिया जुजुयात लल्हानादीगु हा-शक्तिं सनिगु छगू कतांमरी यान सिरपा हलिमया दक्ले न्हापांगु सनिगु (तर मनु च्वने मछिंगु) अटोमोबाइल यान जुगु विश्वास या। <ref>{{cite web | title=SA MOTORING HISTORY - TIME LINE | publisher=Government of South Australia | url=http://www.history.sa.gov.au/motor/education/sa_motor_history.pdf |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070614011548/http://www.history.sa.gov.au/motor/education/sa_motor_history.pdf|archivedate=2007-06-14}}</ref><ref name="setright">{{cite book | author=Setright, L. J. K. | title=Drive On!: A Social History of the Motor Car | publisher=Granta Books | year=2004 | id=ISBN 1-86207-698-7 }}</ref> अविवादित कथं दुगु तथ्य छु दु धाःसा [[रिचार्ड ट्रेभिथिक]] भाजुं थःमेसिनं देका सन् १८०१य् ब्वयादिगु ''पफिङ्ग डेभिल'' रोड लोकोमोटिभ हलिमया दक्ले न्हापांगु ब्वयेज्या जुगु स्टिम पावर्ड यान ख। थ्व यान ब्वयेयात छ्येलातःसां थुकिलि ताहाक ईतक्क स्टिम चाप गाक्क तयेमछिंगुलिं थुकिया व्यवहारिक ज्या धाःसा सिक्क हे म्हो जक्क जुवन। In [[Russia]], in the 1780s, [[Ivan Kulibin]] developed a human-pedalled, three-wheeled carriage with modern features such as a [[flywheel]], [[brake]], [[gear box]], and [[Bearing (mechanical)|bearings]]; however, it was not developed further.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Automobile Invention |url=http://www.aboutmycar.com/category/car_history/creation_history/automobile-invention-1122.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810153754/http://www.aboutmycar.com/category/car_history/creation_history/automobile-invention-1122.htm |archive-date=2013-08-10 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=www.aboutmycar.com |language=en}}</ref> [[François Isaac de Rivaz]], a Swiss inventor, designed the first [[internal combustion engine]], in 1806, which was fueled by a mixture of [[हाइड्रोजन|hydrogen]] and [[अक्सिजन|oxygen]] and used it to develop the world's first vehicle, albeit rudimentary, to be powered by such an engine. The design was not very successful, as was the case with others such as [[Samuel Brown (engineer)|Samuel Brown]], [[Samuel Morey]], and [[Etienne Lenoir]] with his [[Hippomobile (car)|hippomobile]], who each produced vehicles (usually adapted carriages or carts) powered by clumsy internal combustion engines.<ref nameh=stein>{{cite book | title=The Automobile Book | publisher=Paul Hamlyn Ltd | year=1967 | author=Ralph Stein }}</ref> In November 1881 French inventor [[Gustave Trouvé]] demonstrated a working three-wheeled automobile that was powered by electricity. This was at the International Exhibition of Electricity in Paris.<ref>{{cite book | author=Wakefield, Ernest H. | title=History of the Electric Automobile | publisher=Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. | year=1994 | id=ISBN 1-56091-299-5 | page=2-3 }}</ref> Although several other German engineers (including [[Gottlieb Daimler]], [[Wilhelm Maybach]], and [[Siegfried Marcus]]) were working on the problem at about the same time, '''[[Karl Benz]]''' generally is acknowledged as the [[inventor]] of the modern automobile.<ref name=stein /> An automobile powered by his own [[Four-stroke cycle|four-stroke cycle gasoline engine]] was built in [[Mannheim]], [[जर्मनी|Germany]] by Karl Benz in 1885 and granted a [[patent]] in January of the following year under the auspices of his major company, [[Benz & Cie.]], which was founded in 1883. It was an [[Completeness|integral]] design, without the adaptation of other existing components and including several new technological elements to create a new concept. This is what made it worthy of a patent. He began to sell his production vehicles in 1888. [[किपा:1885Benz.jpg|right|thumb|A photograph of the original ''Benz Patent Motorwagon'', first built in 1885 and awarded the patent for the concept]] In 1879 Benz was granted a patent for his first engine, which had been designed in 1878. Many of his other inventions made the use of the internal combustion engine feasible for powering a vehicle. His first ''[[Benz Patent Motorwagen|Motorwagon]]'' was built in 1885 and he was awarded the patent for its invention as of his application on January 29, 1886. Benz began promotion of the vehicle on July 3, 1886 and approximately 25 Benz vehicles were sold between 1888 and 1893, when his first four-wheeler was introduced along with a model intended for affordability. They also were powered with four-stroke engines of his own design. [[Emile Roger]] of [[France]], already producing Benz engines under license, now added the Benz automobile to his line of products. Because France was more open to the early automobiles, initially more were built and sold in France through Roger than Benz sold in Germany. In 1896, Benz designed and patented the first internal-combustion [[flat engine]], called a ''boxermotor'' in German. During the last years of the nineteenth century, Benz was the largest automobile company in the world with 572 units produced in 1899 and because of its size, Benz & Cie., became a [[joint-stock company]]. Daimler and Maybach founded [[Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft]] (Daimler Motor Company, DMG) in [[Cannstatt]] in 1890 and under the brand name, ''Daimler'', sold their first automobile in 1892, which was a horse-drawn stagecoach built by another manufacturer, that they retrofitted with an engine of their design. By 1895 about 30 vehicles had been built by Daimler and Maybach, either at the Daimler works or in the Hotel Hermann, where they set up shop after falling out with their backers. Benz and the Maybach and Daimler team seem to have been unaware of each other's early work. They never worked together because by the time of the merger of the two companies, Daimler and Maybach were no longer part of DMG. Daimler died in 1900 and later that year, Maybach designed an engine named ''Daimler-Mercedes'', that was placed in a specially-ordered model built to specifications set by [[Emil Jellinek]]. This was a production of a small number of vehicles for Jellinek to race and market in his country. Two years later, in 1902, a new model DMG automobile was produced and the model was named Mercedes after the Maybach engine which generated 35 hp. Maybach quit DMG shortly thereafter and opened a business of his own. Rights to the ''Daimler'' brand name were sold to other manufacturers. Karl Benz proposed co-operation between DMG and Benz & Cie. when economic conditions began to deteriorate in Germany following the [[First World War]], but the directors of DMG refused to consider it initially. Negotiations between the two companies resumed several years later when these conditions worsened and, in 1924 they signed an ''Agreement of Mutual Interest'', valid until the year 2000. Both enterprises standardized design, production, purchasing, and sales and they advertised or marketed their automobile models jointly—although keeping their respective brands. On June 28, 1926, Benz & Cie. and DMG finally merged as the ''Daimler-Benz'' company, baptizing all of its automobiles ''Mercedes Benz'' as a brand honoring the most important model of the DMG automobiles, the Maybach design later referred to as the ''1902 Mercedes-35hp'', along with the Benz name. Karl Benz remained a member of the board of directors of Daimler-Benz until his death in 1929 and at times, his two sons participated in the management of the company as well. In 1890, [[Emile Levassor]] and [[Armand Peugeot]] of [[France]] began producing vehicles with Daimler engines and so laid the foundation of the automobile industry in France. The first design for an American automobile with a gasoline internal combustion engine was drawn in 1877 by [[George Baldwin Selden|George Selden]] of [[Rochester, New York]], who applied for a patent for an automobile in 1879, but the patent application expired because the vehicle was never built and proved to work (a requirement for a patent). After a delay of sixteen years and a series of attachments to his application, on November 5, 1895, Selden was granted a United States patent ({{US patent|549160}}) for a [[two-stroke cycle|two-stroke]] automobile engine, which hindered, more than encouraged, development of automobiles in the [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|United States]]. His patent was challenged by Henry Ford and others, and overturned in 1911. In [[बेलायत|Britain]] there had been several attempts to build steam cars with varying degrees of success with [[Rickett (car)|Thomas Rickett]] even attempting a production run in 1860.<ref name=V&VCars>{{cite book |last=Burgess Wise |first=D. |title=Veteran and Vintage Cars |year=1970 |publisher=Hamlyn |location=London |id=ISBN 0-600-00283-7 }}</ref> [[Santler (car)|Santler]] from Malvern is recognized by the Veteran Car Club of Great Britain as having made the first petrol-powered car in the country in 1894<ref name=Beaulieu>{{cite book |last=Georgano |first=N. |title=Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile |year=2000 |publisher=HMSO |location=London |id=ISBN 1-57958-293-1 }}</ref> followed by [[Frederick William Lanchester]] in 1895 but these were both one-offs.<ref name=Beaulieu /> The first production vehicles in Great Britain came from the [[Daimler Motor Company]], a company founded by [[Harry J. Lawson]] in 1896 after purchasing the right to use the name of the engines. Lawson's company made its first automobiles in 1897 and they bore the name ''Daimler''.<ref name=Beaulieu /> In 1892, German engineer [[Rudolf Diesel]] was granted a patent for a "New Rational Combustion Engine". In 1897 he built the first [[Diesel Engine]].<ref name=stein/> Steam-, electric-, and gasoline-powered vehicles competed for decades, with gasoline internal combustion engines achieving dominance in the 1910s. Although various [[pistonless rotary engine]] designs have attempted to compete with the conventional [[piston]] and [[crankshaft]] design, only [[Mazda Wankel engine|Mazda]]'s version of the [[Wankel engine]] has had more than very limited success. == इन्धन व प्रपल्सन प्रविधि == [[किपा:Autorickshaw on Raj Path New Delhi.JPG|thumb|कम्प्रेस्ड न्याचुरल ग्यासं सनिगु [[अटो रिक्सा]], [[दिल्ली|न्हु दिल्ली]]इ।]] आया ईले आपालं अटोमोबाइल ग्यासोलिन (पेट्रोल) वा डिजेल छ्यला [[इन्टर्नल कम्बस्चन इञ्जिन]] संकिगु या। थुकिलिं प्रदुषण व ग्लोबल वार्मिङ्ग जुइगु खने दु। <ref>{{web cite |url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/climate.shtml |title=Global Climate Change |publisher=[[U.S. Department of Energy]] |accessdate=2007-03-03 }}</ref> चिकं आधारित इन्धनया दनाच्वंगु भा, कडा वातावरणीय विधान व ग्रीनहाउस ग्यासया नियन्त्रणया कारणं वैकल्पिक उर्जा स्रोतय् यक्व मालेज्या जुयाच्वंगु दु। वर्तमानय् जुयाच्वंगु मू प्रविधि विकासय् हाइब्रिड वाहन, विद्युतीय वाहन व हाइड्रोजन वाहन मू खनेदु। === पेट्रोलियम इन्धन === ==== डिजेल ==== डिजेल-इञ्जिनया कार युरोपय् नांजा। थ्व इन्धनया कार दकले न्ह्यः सन् १९३०या दशकय् मर्सिडिज बेञ्ज व साट्रोएनं पिकागु ख। थ्व इञ्जिनया मू फाइदा धाःगु ५०% इन्धन प्रभावकारी कथं छ्वइगु ख। ग्यासोलिन इञ्जिनय् इन्धन २७%<ref name="Norbye">{{cite book | author=Norbye, Jan | title= Automotive fuel injection Systems | publisher=Haynes Publishing | year=1988 | id=ISBN 0-85429-755-3 }}</ref> जक्क ज्या व। ==== ग्यासोलिन ==== {{main|Petrol engine}} [[किपा:07-Mini-Cooper.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mini (BMW)|2007 Mark II (BMW) Mini Cooper]]]] Gasoline engines have the advantage over diesel in being lighter and able to work at higher rotational speeds and they are the usual choice for fitting in high-performance sports cars. Continuous development of gasoline engines for over a hundred years has produced improvements in efficiency and reduced pollution. The [[carburetor]] was used on nearly all road car engines until the 1980s but it was long realised better control of the fuel/air mixture could be achieved with [[fuel injection]]. Indirect fuel injection was first used in aircraft engines from 1909, in racing car engines from the 1930s, and road cars from the late 1950s.<ref name="Norbye"/> [[Gasoline Direct Injection|Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI)]] is now starting to appear in production vehicles such as the 2007 (Mark II) [[Mini (BMW)|BMW Mini]]. Exhaust gases are also cleaned up by fitting a catalytic converter into the exhaust system. Clean air legislation in many of the car industries most important markets has made both catalysts and fuel injection virtually universal fittings. Most modern gasoline engines also are capable of running with up to 15% [[ethanol]] mixed into the gasoline - older vehicles may have seals and hoses that can be harmed by ethanol. With a small amount of redesign, gasoline-powered vehicles can run on ethanol concentrations as high as 85%. 100% ethanol is used in some parts of the world (such as [[Brazil]]), but vehicles must be started on pure gasoline and switched over to ethanol once the engine is running. Most gasoline engined cars can also run on [[Autogas|LPG]] with the addition of an [[Gas cylinder|LPG tank]] for fuel storage and carburetion modifications to add an LPG mixer. LPG produces fewer toxic emissions and is a popular fuel for fork lift trucks that have to operate inside buildings. [[किपा:TOYOTA FCHV 01.jpg|thumb|The hydrogen powered FCHV ([[Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle]]) was developed by [[Toyota]] in 2005]] === Biofuels === {{main|Biofuel|Ethanol fuel|biogasoline}} [[Ethanol]], other [[alcohol fuel]]s ([[biobutanol]]) and [[biogasoline]] have widespread use an automotive fuel. Most alcohols have less energy per liter than gasoline and are usually blended with gasoline. Alcohols are used for a variety of reasons - to increase octane, to improve emissions, and as an alternative to petroleum based fuel, since they can be made from agricultural crops. Brazil's [[Ethanol fuel in Brazil|ethanol program]] provides about 20% of the nation's automotive fuel needs, as a result of the mandatory use of [[Common ethanol fuel mixtures|E25]] blend of gasoline throughout the country, 3 million cars that operate on pure ethanol, and 6 million [[w:Flexible-fuel_vehicle#Flexible-fuel_vehicles_in_Brazil\|dual or flexible-fuel vehicles]] sold since 2003.<ref name="Folha Online">{{cite web|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/dinheiro/ult91u428265.shtml|title=Veículos flex somam 6 milhões e alcançam 23% da frota |date=2008-08-04|publisher=Folha Online|accessdate=2008-08-04|language=Portuguese}}</ref> that run on any mix of ethanol and gasoline. The commercial success of "flex" vehicles, as they are popularly known, have allowed sugarcane based ethanol fuel to achieve a 50% market share of the gasoline market by April 2008.<ref name="ANP07_2008">{{cite web|url=http://br.invertia.com/noticias/noticia.aspx?idNoticia=200807152306_ABR_77211977 |title=ANP: consumo de álcool combustível é 50% maior em 2007 |author=Agência Brasil | date=2008-07-15|publisher=Invertia |accessdate=2008-08-09|language=Portuguese}}</ref><ref name="ANP02_2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.agropecuariabrasil.com.br/anp-estima-que-consumo-de-alcool-supere-gasolina/ |title=ANP estima que consumo de álcool supere gasolina |author=Gazeta Mercantil |date=2008|publisher=Agropecuária Brasil |accessdate=2008-08-09|language=Portuguese}}</ref><ref name="Apollo">{{Citation | last = Inslee, Jay; Bracken Hendricks | title = Apollo's Fire | year = 2007| pages=153-155, 160-161 | publisher = Island Press, Washington, D.C.| id = ISBN 978-1-59726-175-3 . ''See Chapter 6. Homegrown Energy.''}}</ref> === Electric === {{main|Battery electric vehicle|Hybrid vehicle|Plug-in hybrid}} [[किपा:Kilowatt.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Henney Kilowatt]], the first modern (transistor-controlled) electric car.]] [[किपा:TeslaRoadster-front.jpg|thumb|right|2007 [[Tesla Roadster|Tesla electric powered Roadster]]]] [[किपा:Catvertroquette.jpg|thumb|[[Tata OneCAT|Tata/MDI OneCAT Air Car]]]] [[किपा:ABQ RIDE 332 Montgomery Albuquerque.jpg|thumb|right|A CNG powered high-floor [[Neoplan AN440]]A, run on [[Compressed Natural Gas]]]] The first [[electric car]]s were built around 1832, well before internal combustion powered cars appeared.<ref>Bellis, M. (2006) "The History of Electric Vehicles: The Early Years" ''About.com'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20210704025953/https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-electric-vehicles-1991603 article at inventors.about.com] accessed on 5 September 2007</ref> For a period of time electrics were considered superior due to the silent nature of electric motors compared to the very loud noise of the gasoline engine. This advantage was removed with [[Hiram Percy Maxim]]'s invention of the [[muffler]] in 1897. Thereafter internal combustion powered cars had two critical advantages: 1) long range and 2) high specific energy (far lower weight of petrol fuel versus weight of batteries). The building of [[battery electric vehicle]]s that could rival internal combustion models had to wait for the introduction of modern [[semiconductor]] controls and improved batteries. Because they can deliver a high [[torque]] at low revolutions electric cars do not require such a complex drive train and transmission as internal combustion powered cars. Some post-2000 electric car designs such as the [[Venturi Fétish]] are able to accelerate from 0-60&nbsp;[[mph]] (96&nbsp;[[km/h]]) in 4.0&nbsp;seconds with a top speed around 130&nbsp;mph (210&nbsp;km/h). Others have a range of 250&nbsp;[[mile]]s (400&nbsp;km) on the [[EPA]] highway cycle requiring 3-1/2&nbsp;hours to completely charge<ref>Mitchell, T. (2003) "AC Propulsion Debuts tzero with LiIon Battery" ''AC Propulsion, Inc.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20031007060910/http://www.acpropulsion.com/LiIon_tzero_release.pdf press release at acpropulsion.com] accessed 5 September 2007</ref>. Equivalent fuel efficiency to internal combustion is not well defined but some press reports give it at around {{mpg|135|lk=on}}. === Stnsmbeam === {{main|steam car}} Steam power, usually using an oil- or gas-heated boiler, was also in use until the 1930s but had the major disadvantage of being unable to power the car until boiler pressure was available (although the newer models could achieve this in well under a minute). It has the advantage of being able to produce very low emissions as the combustion process can be carefully controlled. Its disadvantages include poor heat efficiency and extensive requirements for electric auxiliaries.<ref>Setright, L.J.K. "Steam: The Romantic Illusion", in Ward, Ian, ed., ''World of Automobiles'' (London: Orbis Publishing, 1974), pp.2168-2173.)</ref> === Air === {{main|Compressed-air car}} A compressed air car is an alternative fuel car that uses a motor powered by [[compressed air]]. The car can be powered solely by air, or by air combined (as in a hybrid electric vehicle) with gasoline/diesel/ethanol or electric plant and [[regenerative braking]]. Instead of mixing fuel with air and burning it to drive pistons with hot expanding gases; ''compressed air cars'' use the [[expansion]] of compressed air to drive their pistons. Several prototypes are available already and scheduled for worldwide sale by the end of 2008. Companies releasing this type of car include [[Tata Motors]] and [[Motor Development International]] (MDI). === Gas turbine === In the 1950s there was a brief interest in using [[gas turbine]] engines and several makers including [[Rover (car)|Rover]] and [[Chrysler]] produced prototypes. In spite of the power units being very compact, high fuel consumption, severe delay in throttle response, and lack of engine braking meant no cars reached production. === Rotary (Wankel) engines === Rotary [[Wankel engine]]s were introduced into road cars by [[NSU]] with the [[NSU Ro 80|Ro 80]] and later were seen in the [[Citroën GS#GS Birotor|Citroën GS Birotor]] and several [[Mazda]] models. In spite of their impressive smoothness, poor reliability and fuel economy led to them largely disappearing. Mazda, beginning with the [[Mazda R100|R100]] then [[Mazda RX-2|RX-2]], has continued research on these engines, overcoming most of the earlier problems with the [[Mazda RX-7|RX-7]] and [[Mazda RX-8|RX-8]]. === Rocket and jet cars === A [[rocket car]] holds the record in [[drag racing]]. However, the fastest of those cars are used to set the [[Land speed record|Land Speed Record]], and are propelled by propulsive jets emitted from [[rocket]], [[turbojet]], or more recently and most successfully [[turbofan]] engines. The [[ThrustSSC]] car using two [[Rolls-Royce Spey]] turbofans with [[reheat]] was able to exceed the [[speed of sound]] at ground level in 1997. == Safety == {{main|Car safety|Automobile accident}} [[किपा:Car crash 2.jpg|right|thumb|Result of a serious [[automobile accident]].]] There are three main statistics to which automobile safety can be compared:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010907173322/http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm The risks of travel<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="width: 14em; display: inline-table;" ! Deaths per billion journeys |- | [[Bus]]: 4.3 |- | [[Rail transport|Rail]]: 20 |- | [[Van]]: 20 |- | '''Car''': 40 |- | [[Walking|Foot]]: 40 |- | [[Ship transport|Water]]: 90 |- | [[Fixed-wing aircraft|Air]]: 117 |- | [[Bicycle]]: 170 |- | [[Motorcycle]]: 1640 |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 14em; display: inline-table;" ! Deaths per billion hours |- | [[Bus]]: 11.1 |- | [[Rail transport|Rail]]: 30 |- | [[Fixed-wing aircraft|Air]]: 30.8 |- | [[Ship transport|Water]]: 50 |- | [[Van]]: 60 |- | '''Car''': 130 |- | [[Walking|Foot]]: 220 |- | [[Bicycle]]: 550 |- | [[Motorcycle]]: 4840 |} {| class="wikitable" style="width: 14em; display: inline-table;" ! Deaths per billion kilometres |- | [[Fixed-wing aircraft|Air]]: 0.05 |- | [[Bus]]: 0.4 |- | [[Rail travel|Rail]]: 0.6 |- | [[Van]]: 1.2 |- | [[Ship transport|Water]]: 2.6 |- | '''Car''': 3.1 |- | [[Bicycle]]: 44.6 |- | [[Walking|Foot]]: 54.2 |- | [[Motorcycle]]: 108.9 |} While road traffic injuries represent the leading cause in worldwide injury-related deaths,<ref name=who_stats>{{cite book |url=http://who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/road_traffic/world_report/en/ |accessdate=2008-06-24 |author= Peden M, Scurfield R, Sleet D ''et al.'' (eds.) |title= World report on road traffic injury prevention |date=2004 |publisher= World Health Organization |isbn=92-4-156260-9}}</ref> their popularity undermines this statistic. [[Mary Ward (scientist)|Mary Ward]] became one of the first documented automobile fatalities in 1869 in [[Parsonstown, Ireland]]<ref name="ward">{{cite web|url=http://www.universityscience.ie/pages/scientists/sci_mary_ward.php|title=www.universityscience.ie/pages/scientists/sci_mary_ward.php<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-04-10}}</ref> and [[Henry Bliss (road accident victim)|Henry Bliss]] one of the [[United State]]'s first [[pedestrian]] automobile casualties in 1899 in [[New York City, NY|New York]].<ref name="bliss">{{cite web | url=http://www.citystreets.org/plaque.html | title=CityStreets - Bliss plaque }}</ref> There are now standard tests for safety in new automobiles, like the [[EuroNCAP]] and the US NCAP tests,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/testing/ncap/ | title=SaferCar.gov - NHTSA }}</ref> as well as insurance-backed [[IIHS]] tests.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hwysafety.org/ | title=Insurance Institute for Highway Safety }}</ref> <!--Commented out image because it was deleted. [[Image:Airbag system.jpg|right|thumb|[[Airbags]], a modern component of [[automobile safety]]]]--> == Economics and impacts == {{POV-section|POV in "Economics and Impacts" section|April 2007|date=December 2007}} {{See|Automotive industry}} === Cost and benefits of usage === {{main|Economics of automobile usage}} The costs of automobile usage, which may include the cost of: acquiring the vehicle, [[repair]]s, [[Car maintenance|maintenance]], [[fuel]], [[depreciation]], [[parking fee]]s, [[tire]] replacement, [[tax]]es and [[insurance]],<ref name="racv">{{cite web |url=http://www.racv.com.au/wps/wcm/connect/Internet/Primary/my+car/advice+%26+information/car+operating+costs/ |accessdate=2006-12-01 |title=car operating costs |work=my car |publisher=RACV }}</ref> are weighed against the cost of the alternatives, and the value of the benefits - perceived and real - of vehicle usage. The benefits may include on-demand transportation, mobility, independence and convenience.<ref name="setright" /> === Cost and benefits to society === {{main|Effects of the automobile on societies}} Similarly the costs to society of encompassing automobile use, which may include those of: [[maintaining road]]s, [[land use]], [[pollution]], [[public health]], [[health care]], and of disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life, can be balanced against the value of the benefits to society that automobile use generates. The societal benefits may include: economy benefits, such as job and wealth creation, of automobile production and maintenance, transportation provision, society wellbeing derived from leisure and travel opportunities, and revenue generation from the [[:Category:Vehicle taxes|tax]] opportunities. The ability for humans to move flexibly from place to place has far reaching implications for the nature of societies. <ref name="parking">{{cite book |title=Lots of Parking: Land Use in a Car Culture |author=John A. Jakle, Keith A. Sculle. |year=2004 |id=ISBN 0-8139-2266-6 }}</ref> === Impacts on society and environment === {{globalize|section}} {{See|Global warming}} Transportation is a major contributor to [[air pollution]] in most industrialised nations. According to the [[American Surface Transportation Policy Project]] nearly half of all Americans are breathing unhealthy air. Their study showed air quality in dozens of metropolitan areas has got worse over the last decade.<ref>{{cite web |title=Clearing the Air |publisher=The Surface Transportation Policy Project |date=[[2003-08-19]] |url=http://www.transact.org/report.asp?id=227 |accessdate=2007-04-26 }}</ref> In the United States the average passenger car emits 11,450 lbs (5 [[tonne]]s) of [[carbon dioxide]], along with smaller amounts of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen.<ref>{{cite web |title=Emission Facts |url=http://www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/f00013.htm |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency }}</ref> Residents of low-density, residential-only sprawling communities are also more likely to die in [[car collision]]s, which kill 1.2 million people worldwide each year, and injure about forty times this number.<ref name=who_stats/> Sprawl is more broadly a factor in inactivity and [[obesity]], which in turn can lead to increased risk of a variety of diseases.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Ailing Communities |url=http://www.metropolismag.com/cda/story.php?artid=2353 |publisher=Metropolis Magazine }}</ref> === Improving the positive and reducing the negative impacts === [[Fuel tax]]es may act as an incentive for the production of more efficient, hence less polluting, car designs (e.g. [[hybrid vehicles]]) and the development of [[alternative fuel]]s. High fuel taxes may provide a strong incentive for consumers to purchase lighter, smaller, more fuel-efficient cars, or to not drive. On average, today's automobiles are about 75 percent recyclable, and using recycled steel helps reduce energy use and pollution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenercars.com/autoenviron.html |publisher=Greenercars.com |title=Automobiles and the Environment }}</ref> In the United States Congress, federally mandated fuel efficiency standards have been debated regularly, passenger car standards have not risen above the {{mpg|27.5}} standard set in 1985. Light truck standards have changed more frequently, and were set at {{mpg|22.2}} in 2007.<ref>;{{cite web |url=http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/rules/cafe/overview.htm |publisher=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration |title=CAFE Overview - Frequently Asked Questions }}</ref> [[Alternative fuels#Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs)|Alternative fuel vehicles]] are another option that is less [[polluting]] than conventional [[petroleum]] powered vehicles. == Future car technologies == {{main|Future car technologies}} [[Automobile propulsion]] technology under development include [[hybrid car|gasoline/electric]] and [[plug-in hybrid]]s, [[battery electric vehicle]]s, [[hydrogen car]]s, [[biofuel]]s, and various [[alternative fuel]]s. Research into future alternative forms of power include the development of [[fuel cells]], [[HCCI|Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI)]], [[stirling engine]]s<ref>{{cite web||author= Paul Werbos|authorlink=Paul Werbos|url=http://www.werbos.com/E/WhoKilledElecPJW.htm|title=www.werbos.com/E/WhoKilledElecPJW.htm<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-04-10}}</ref>, and even using the stored energy of compressed air or [[Liquid nitrogen economy|liquid nitrogen]]. New materials which may replace steel car bodies include [[duraluminum]], [[fiberglass]], [[carbon fiber]], and [[carbon nanotube]]s. [[Telematics]] technology is allowing more and more people to share cars, on a [[City Car Club|pay-as-you-go]] basis, through such schemes as [[City Car Club]] in the [[UK]], [[Mobility CarSharing|Mobility]] in [[mainland Europe]], and [[Zipcar]] in the US. == Alternatives to the automobile == {{main|Alternatives to the automobile}} Established alternatives for some aspects of automobile use include [[public transit]] ([[bus]]es, [[trolleybus]]es, [[train]]s, [[Rapid transit|subways]], [[monorail]]s, [[tram system|tramways]]), [[cycling]], [[walking]], [[rollerblading]], [[skateboarding]], [[horseback riding]] and using a [[velomobile]]. [[Carsharing|Car-share]] arrangements and [[carpool]]ing are also increasingly popular–the U.S. market leader in car-sharing has experienced double-digit growth in revenue and membership growth between 2006 and 2007, offering a service that enables urban residents to "share" a vehicle rather than own a car in already congested neighborhoods.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2007/04/flexcar_expands.html |title=Flexcar Expands to Philadelphia |date=[[2007-04-02]] |publisher=Green Car Congress }}</ref> [[BikeShare|Bike-share]] systems have been tried in some European cities, including Copenhagen and Amsterdam. Similar programs have been experimented with in a number of U.S. Cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/dzshen/www/about.shtml |title=About Bike Share Programs |publisher=Tech Bikes MIT }}</ref> Additional individual modes of transport, such as [[personal rapid transit]] could serve as an alternative to automobiles if they prove to be socially accepted.<ref name="asphalt">{{cite book |title=Asphalt Nation: how the automobile took over America, and how we can take it back |author=Jane Holtz Kay |year=1998 |id=ISBN 0-520-21620-2 }}</ref> == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == {{CarConfig nav}} {{CarDesign nav}} {{CarEngine nav}} {{Powertrain nav}} * [[Air pollution]] * [[Car classification]] * [[Car donation]] * [[Driving]] * [[List of countries by automobile production]] * [[List of countries by vehicles per capita]] * [[Lists of automobiles]] * [[Society of Automotive Engineers]] * [[Sustainable transport]] * [[U.S. Automobile Production Figures]] - production figures for each make from 1899 to 2000 * [[V2G]] * [[V2V]] == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{Reflist|2}} == बाह्य लिङ्कहरू == {{wikt}} {{commons|Automobile}} {{Wikisource|California AB 1493}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080512064252/http://www.fia.com/index_1024.html Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile] {{Commonscat|Automobiles}} [[पुचः:प्रविधि]] [[पुचः:Vehicles]] [[पुचः:Automobiles| ]] 0rir1m9jzurx70afqnryttqvkmrqea3 0 243208 1121359 1111164 2026-05-19T17:04:11Z ~2026-30093-12 31313 1121359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/सना ज्वलं}} [[File:HA0478-006 (6011470974).jpg|thumb|[[स्मार्त फोन]] ([[आइ फोन]])]] [[File:Android tablet.png|thumb|एन्द्रोइद [[त्याबलेत कम्प्युतर]] ([[Samsung Galaxy Tab]])]] [[File:Samsung Smartwatch.jpg|thumb|तासि इलसा (स्यामसङ्ग ग्यालेक्सि इलसा)]] [[File:Ray-Ban Stories.jpg|thumb|[[तासि Smartglasses|Smart glasses]] ([[Ray-Ban|Ray-Ban Stories]])]] [[File:Nintendo-Switch-wJoyCons-BlRd-Standing-FL.jpg|thumb|ल्हातय् ज्वनिगु भिदियो गेम कन्सोल ([[Nintendo Switch]])]] '''सना ज्वलं''' (नेपालभाषा: सना mobile + ज्वलं device) धयागु छगू थासं मेगु थासय् यंकेछिंगु (portable) छगू कम्प्युटिंग ज्या-ज्वलं खः गुगु छ्यलाबुला यायेबलय् ल्हातय् काये फइ वा म्हिचा(pocket)य् तयाः न्ह्यागु थासय् नं यंके फइ। 'सना' वा 'सनेफूगु' खँग्वलं थ्व उपकरण न्ह्यागु थासय् नं यंके फइगु (Mobility) गुण क्यनी। दसु: [[तासि यांसः]] (Smartphones), ट्याब्लेट (Tablets), व तासि ईघः (Smartwatches) थ्व पुचलय् लाःगु मू सना ज्वलंत खतः। == खँग्वःया उत्पति (Etymology) == नेपालभाषाय् 'सने' वा 'सना' या अर्थ 'छ थासं मेगु थासय् यंके फइगु' वा 'सनेफूगु' (Mobile) खः अले 'ज्वलं' या अर्थ 'साधन/उपकरण' (Device) खः। थ्व निगू खँग्वः स्वानाः 'सना ज्वलं' (Mobile Device) खँग्वः जूगु खः। थुकियात नेपालभासय् थुइकेगु निश्चित नां धाःसा नेपालभाषा साहित्यय् मदु। पाश्चात्य देसय् व नेपाःया सहरी लागाय् ल्हाइगु नेपालभासय् मोबाइल दिभाइस व दक्षिण एसियाय् ल्हाइगु नेपालभासय् मोबाइल उपकरण थें न्याःगु नां नं लोकंह्वाः। == छुं सना ज्वलंत == # '''[[तासि यांसः]] (Smartphones):''' आधुनिक प्रविधियुक्त [[यांसः]]। # '''त्याबलेत (Tablets):''' तःधंगु स्क्रीन दूगु सना ज्वलं। # '''तासि ईघः/इलसा (Smartwatches):''' ल्हातय् न्ह्याये फइगु सना ज्वलं। # '''ई-रिडर (E-readers):''' सफू ब्वनेगु निंतिं दयेकातःगु सना ज्वलं। == विशेषता == * '''सनेफैगु/पोर्टेबिलिटी:''' तारय् स्वाना मतइगु व आपालं चिधंगु जुइगुलिं थ्व सना ज्वलंत छगू थासं मेगु थासय् यंकेत अपुइगु जुइ। * '''ब्याट्री पावर:''' आपालं सना ज्वलं 'लिथियम-आयन' ब्यात्रिं सनि। * '''इन्टरनेट स्वापू:''' वाई-फाई व ५जी पाखें न्ह्याबलें हलिं नाप स्वानाच्वने फइ। == लिधंसा == * Castells, Manuel (2004). ''The Mobile Communication Society''. * Ling, Rich (2004). ''The Mobile Connection: The Cell Phone's Impact on Society''. [[Category:प्रविधि]] [[Category:सञ्चार]] [[Category:नेपालभाषा]] 04g2bn2s6xxb8zkqoj6whvfzt4tlrnq