Wikipedia newwiki https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.12 first-letter माध्यम विशेष खँलाबँला छ्येलेमि छ्येलेमि खँलाबँला विकिपिडिया विकिपिडिया खँलाबँला किपा किपा खँलाबँला मिडियाविकि मिडियाविकि खँलाबँला Template Template talk ग्वाहालि ग्वाहालि खँलाबँला पुचः पुचः खँलाबँला दबू दबू खँलाबँला TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1199 1122100 1048768 2026-07-27T21:23:58Z InternetArchiveBot 22726 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1122100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/अल्फ्रेड हिच्कक्}} [[Image:Site of 517 High Road Leytonstone London E11 3EE (Birthplace of Alfred Hitchcock).jpg|thumb|left|Petrol station at the site of 517 High Road, [[Leytonstone]]]] [[Image:Number 13.jpg|thumb|alt=An early 1920s image of Hitchcock while directing his film titled Number 13|Hitchcock (right) during the making of ''[[Number 13 (1922 film)|Number 13]]]] [[Image:Hitchcock sculpture, London, 2007.jpg|thumb|left|Hitchcock sculpture at the site of [[Gainsborough Pictures]]]] {{Infobox actor | name = अल्फ्रेद हिच्कक | image = Alfred Hitchcock NYWTS.jpg | imagesize = 205px | birthdate = {{Birth date|1899|8|13}} | location = [[Leytonstone]], [[London]] | deathdate = {{Death date and age|1980|4|29|1899|8|13}} | deathplace = [[Bel-Air, Los Angeles, California|Bel Air]], [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] | resting_place = [[Pacific Ocean]] | birthname = Alfred Joseph Hitchcock | othername = Hitch <br /> The Master of Suspense | yearsactive = 1921–1976 | spouse = [[Alma Reville]] (1926-1980) | influences = | influenced = [[Steven Spielberg]], [[Brian De Palma]], [[Peter Jackson]] | academyawards = '''[[Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award]]''' <br /> 1968 Lifetime Achievement | baftaawards = '''[[BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award|Academy Fellowship]]''' <br /> 1971 | goldenglobeawards = '''Best TV Show'''<br />1958 ''[[Alfred Hitchcock Presents]]'' <br /> '''[[Cecil B. DeMille Award]]'''<br />1972 Lifetime Achievement | awards = '''[[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director|NYFCC Award for Best Director]]'''<br />1938 ''[[The Lady Vanishes (1938 film)|The Lady Vanishes]]'' <br /> '''[[National Board of Review Award for Best Director|NBR Award for Best Director]]'''<br />1969 ''[[Topaz (1969 film)|Topaz]]'' <br /> '''[[AFI Life Achievement Award]]'''<br />1979 Lifetime Achievement }} <!--Please read the discussion on the talk page before removing the title of Sir. As a British citizen, he was entitled to the title.--> '''सर अल्फ्रेद जोसेफ हिच्कक''', अर्दर अफ ब्रितिश एम्पायर (१३ अगस्त १८९९&nbsp;– २९ अप्रिल १९८०)<ref name="bio_dates>{{cite web| title ="Senses of Cinema-Great Directors - Alfred Hitchcock – Master of Paradox|author =Ken Mogg|url =http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2005/great-directors/hitchcock/|accessdate=2008-03-04}}</ref> छम्ह आइकोनिक व प्रभावशाली बेलायती निर्देशक व निर्माता ख। वय्कलं सस्पेन्स व साइकोलोजिकल थ्रिलर विधाया यक्व पद्धति पलिस्था यानादिल। == लिधंसा == === नोत === {{reflist|2}} === ब्वनादिसँ === * Auiler, Dan: ''Hitchcock's notebooks: an authorized and illustrated look inside the creative mind of Alfred Hitchcock''. New York, Avon Books, 1999. Much useful background to the films. * Barr, Charles: ''English Hitchcock''. Cameron & Hollis, 1999. On the early films of the director. * Conrad, Peter: ''The Hitchcock Murders''. Faber and Faber, 2000. A highly personal and idiosyncratic discussion of Hitchcock's oeuvre. * DeRosa, Steven: ''Writing with Hitchcock''. Faber and Faber, 2001. An examination of the collaboration between Hitchcock and screenwriter John Michael Hayes, his most frequent writing collaborator in Hollywood. Their films include ''Rear Window'' and ''The Man Who Knew Too Much''. * Deutelbaum, Marshall; Poague, Leland (ed.): ''A Hitchcock Reader''. Iowa State University Press, 1986. A wide-ranging collection of scholarly essays on Hitchcock. * Durgnat, Raymond: ''The strange case of Alfred Hitchcock'' Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1974 [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1233570 OCLC 1233570] * Durgnat, Raymond; James, Nick; Gross, Larry: ''Hitchcock'' British Film Institute, 1999 [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42209162 OCLC 42209162] * Durgnat, Raymond: ''A long hard look at Psycho'' London: British Film Institute Pub., 2002 [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48883020 OCLC 48883020] * Giblin, Gary: "Alfred Hitchcock's London". Midnight Marquee Press, 2006, (Paperback: ISBN 1-887664-67-X) * Gottlieb, Sidney: ''Hitchcock on Hitchcock''. Faber and Faber, 1995. Articles, lectures, etc. by Hitchcock himself. Basic reading on the director and his films. * Gottlieb, Sidney: ''Alfred Hitchcock: Interviews''. University Press of Mississippi, 2003. A collection of Hitchcock interviews. * Haeffner, Nicholas: ''Alfred Hitchcock''. Longman, 2005. An undergraduate-level text. * Krohn, Bill: ''Hitchcock at Work''. Phaidon, 2000. Translated from the award-winning French edition. The nitty-gritty of Hitchcock's filmmaking from scripting to post-production. * Leff, Leonard J.: ''Hitchcock and Selznick''. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987. An in-depth examination of the rich collaboration between Hitchcock and David O Selznick. * Leitch, Thomas: ''The Encyclopedia of Alfred Hitchcock'' (ISBN 0-8160-4387-6). Checkmark Books, 2002. A single-volume encyclopedia of all things Hitchcock. * Martin, Jr. Grams: ''The Alfred Hitchcock Presents Companion''. OTR Pub, 2001, (Paperback: ISBN 0-9703310-1-0) * McGilligan, Patrick: ''Alfred Hitchcock: A Life in Darkness and Light''. Regan Books, 2003. A comprehensive biography of the director. * Modleski, Tania: ''The Women Who Knew Too Much: Hitchcock And Feminist Theory''. Routledge, 2005 (2nd edition). A collection of critical essays on Hitchcock and his films; argues that Hitchcock's portrayal of women was ambivalent, rather than simply misogynist or sympathetic (as widely thought). * Mogg, Ken. ''The Alfred Hitchcock Story''. Titan, 1999. This original UK edition has significantly more text than the abridged US edition. New material on all the films. * Rebello, Stephen: ''Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of [[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]''. St. Martin's, 1990. Intimately researched and detailed history of the making of ''Psycho,''. * Rohmer, Eric; Chabrol, Claude. ''Hitchcock, the first forty-four films'' (ISBN 0-8044-2743-7). F. Ungar, 1979. First book-long study of Hitchock art and probably still the best one. * Rothman, William. ''The Murderous Gaze''. Harvard Press, 1980. Auteur study that looks at several Hitchcock films intimately. * Spoto, Donald: ''The Art of Alfred Hitchcock''. Anchor Books, 1992. The first detailed critical survey of Hitchcock's work by an American. * Spoto, Donald: ''The Dark Side of Genius''. Ballantine Books, 1983. A biography of Hitchcock, featuring a controversial exploration of Hitchcock's psychology. * Taylor, Alan: ''Jacobean Visions: Webster, Hitchcock and the Google Culture'', Peter Lang, 2007. * [[François Truffaut|Truffaut, François]]: ''Hitchcock''. Simon and Schuster, 1985. A series of interviews of Hitchcock by the influential French director. * Vest, James: ''Hitchcock and France: The Forging of an Auteur''. Praeger Publishers, 2003. A study of Hitchcock's interest in French culture and the manner by which French critics, such as Truffaut, came to regard him in such high esteem. * Wood, Robin: ''Hitchcock's Films Revisited''. Columbia University Press, 2002 (2nd edition). A much-cited collection of critical essays, now supplemented and annotated in this second edition with additional insights and changes that time and personal experience have brought to the author (including his own coming-out as a gay man). * {{cite book|last=Youngkin|first=Stephen D.|title=[http://www.peterlorrebook.com/ The Lost One: A Life of Peter Lorre]|year=2005|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|id=ISBN 0-8131-2360-7}} -- Contains interviews with Alfred Hitchcock and a discussion of the making of ''The Man Who Knew Too Much'' (1934) and ''Secret Agent'' (1936), which co-starred classic film actor Peter Lorre. == External links == {{wikiquote}} {{commons}} === Hitchcock sites === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240224121350/https://the.hitchcock.zone/welcome/ Alfred Hitchcock Wiki] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180809230754/http://www.hitchcockonline.org/ HitchcockOnline] - Contains a lengthy online essay and related links. * [https://www.writingwithhitchcock.com Writing With Hitchcock] - includes original interviews, essays, script excerpts, and extensive material on Hitchcock's unproduced works. * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-27022}} * {{findagrave|486}} === Film and TV sites === * {{imdb name|0000033|Alfred Hitchcock}} * {{tcmdb name|87065|Alfred Hitchcock}} * [http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tours/hitch/tour1.html ''Hitchcock's Style''] -- online exhibit from [[screenonline]], a website of the [[British Film Institute]] * {{tvtome person|id=38751|name=Alfred Hitchcock}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081030084225/http://www.eyegate.com/Hitchcock/ Hitchcock EyeGate Collection] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090113210517/http://kinovorschau.org/index.php?type=Director&search=Alfred+Hitchcock&submit=Suchen&task=search&option=com_trailers&lang=en Alfred Hitchcock Movie Trailers] === Profiles and interviews === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240224121546/https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2005/great-directors/hitchcock/ Senses of Cinema's "Great Directors" Alfred Hitchcock profile] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130920213226/http://zakka.dk/euroscreenwriters/interviews/alfred_hitchcock.htm EuroScreenwriters features interviews with Hitchcock, both text and video] * [http://www.filmreference.com/Directors-Ha-Ji/Hitchcock-Alfred.html Film Reference - Brief Profile on Hitchcock by Robin Wood] === Essays === * [http://www.cinemademerde.com/Essay-Lodger_Hitchcocks_First_Film.shtml Essay: The Lodger: The First 'Hitchcock' Film] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080916095118/http://www.labyrinth.net.au/~muffin/ The Alfred Hitchcock Scholars/"MacGuffin" website] - the online extension of the Alfred Hitchcock journal ''The MacGuffin''. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171219204723/http://www.borgus.com/think/hitch.htm Basic Hitchcock Film Techniques]. === Hitchcock's Holocaust film === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080314010347/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6076323184217355958 Hitchcock's Holocaust Film] * [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/camp/ ''Memory of the Camps'' at PBS Frontline] <!--spacing, please do not remove--> {{Alfred Hitchcock's films}} {{Persondata |NAME=Hitchcock, Alfred Joseph |ALTERNATIVE NAMES= |SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[बेलायत|British]] [[film director]] and [[film producer]] |DATE OF BIRTH={{birth date|1899|8|13|df=y}} |PLACE OF BIRTH=[[London]], [[बेलायत|UK]] |DATE OF DEATH={{death date|1980|4|29|df=y}} |PLACE OF DEATH=[[Los Angeles]], [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|U.S.A.]] }} {{lifetime|1899|1980|Hitchcock, Alfred}} {{Commonscat|Alfred Hitchcock|अल्फ्रेड हिच्कक्}} [[पुचः:English film directors]] [[पुचः:English film producers]] [[पुचः:English television directors]] [[पुचः:English-language film directors]] [[पुचः:People from Leytonstone]] [[पुचः:English people of Irish descent]] [[पुचः:Old Ignatians]] [[पुचः:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] [[पुचः:Deaths from renal failure]] [[पुचः:Horror film directors]] [[पुचः:जीवनी]] 0an7pk9sf7sqpvz85tie8ex17llukrd 0 2081 1122101 1081439 2026-07-27T23:36:16Z InternetArchiveBot 22726 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1122101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/नियोन}} [[Image:Discovery of neon isotopes.JPG|thumb|left|The first evidence for isotopes of a stable element was provided in 1913 by experiments on neon plasma. In the bottom right corner of [[J. J. Thomson]]]] [[Image:De-Neon.ogg|thumb]] {{Elementbox_header | number=10 | symbol=Ne | name=नियोन | left=[[फ्लोरिन]] | right=[[सोडियम]] | above=[[हेलियम|He]] | below=[[आर्गन|Ar]] | color1=#c0ffff | color2=green }} {{Elementbox_series | [[नोबेल वायु]] }} {{Elementbox_groupperiodblock | group=१८ | period=२ | block=p }} {{Elementbox_appearance_img | Ne,१०| colorless }} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [[1 E-26 kg|20.1797]][[List of elements by atomic mass|(6)]] }} {{Elementbox_econfig | 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ }} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8 }} {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#c0ffff | color2=green }} {{Elementbox_phase | [[gas]] }} {{Elementbox_density_gplstp | 0.9002 }} {{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=24.56 | c=-248.59 | f=-415.46 }} {{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=27.07 | c=-246.08 | f=-410.94 }} {{Elementbox_triplepoint | k=24.5561<ref name="ITS90">{{cite journal | first=H. | last=Preston-Thomas | title=The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) | journal=Metrologia | volume=27 | pages=3-10 | date=1990 | url=http://www.bipm.org/en/publications/its-90.html}}</ref> | pa=43 k| comment=<ref>{{cite book | title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | edition=85th edition | publisher=CRC Press | date=2005 | location=Boca Raton, Florida | chapter=Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Melting, boiling, triple, and critical temperatures of the elements}}</ref>}} {{Elementbox_criticalpoint | k=44.4 | mpa=2.76 }} {{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | 0.335 }} {{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol | 1.71 }} {{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | 20.786 }} {{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | 12 | 13 | 15 | 18 | 21 | 27 | comment= }} {{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#c0ffff | color2=green }} {{Elementbox_crystalstruct | cubic face centered }} {{Elementbox_oxistates | no data }} {{Elementbox_ionizationenergies4 | 2080.7 | 3952.3 | 6122 }} {{Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm | [[1 E-11 m|38]] }} {{Elementbox_covalentradius_pm | [[1 E-11 m|69]] }} {{Elementbox_vanderwaalsrad_pm | [[1 E-10 m|154]] }} {{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#c0ffff | color2=green }} {{Elementbox_magnetic | nonmagnetic }} {{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 49.1 m}} {{Elementbox_speedofsound_mps | (gas, 0&nbsp;°C) 435 }} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 7440-01-9 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#c0ffff | color2=green }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=20 | sym=Ne | na='''90.48%''' | n=10 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=21 | sym=Ne | na=0.27% | n=11 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=22 | sym=Ne | na=9.25% | n=12 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#c0ffff | color2=green }} '''नियोन''' छगु रसायनिक तत्त्व ख: । थुकिगु चिहकलं नां (चिं) '''Ne''' ख: व [[एटोमिक ल्याखं]] १० ख: । ब्रह्माण्डय् यक्व दैगु थ्व तत्त्व पृथ्विइ धा:सा म्हो जक दइ । स्ट्यांडर्ड अवस्थाय् थ्व छगु रंग मदुगु, [[इनर्ट]] [[नोबेल वायु]]या कथं दइ । भ्याक्युम डिस्चार्ज ट्युब [[नियोन मतय]]य् थ्व वायु नं ह्यांगु जः (ग्लो) बिइ। वायुमण्डलय् थुकिया मात्रा सिक्क हे म्हो दुसां थ्व वायु बनेज्यायागु लागि वायुमण्डलं मुंकिगु ज्या जुइ । == नोटेबल गुण == नियोन २ या (light) [[नोबेल वायु]] ख। थुकिं भ्याक्युम ट्युबय् [[ह्यांगु]] -[[सन्त्रासी (रंग)|सन्त्रासी]] रंग यागु जः बिइ । थुकिया [[रेफ्रिजरेटिंग क्षमता]] तरल हेलियम स्वया ४० दुगं (गुणा) अप्व: दु व तरल [[हाइड्रोजन]] स्वयां ३ दुगं (गुणा) अप्व: दु (प्रति युनिट भोलुम बेसिसय्)।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/10.html |title=Neon |accessdate=2007-03-05 |date=15 |year=2003 |month=12 |format= |work= |publisher=Los Almos National Laboratory |pages= |language=English |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref> यक्व थासय् थ्व हेलियम स्वया दंगु [[रेफ्रिजर्‍यांट]] पदर्थया कथं छ्यली।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nassmc.org/bulletin/dec05bulletin.html#table |title=NASSMC: News Bulletin |accessdate=2007-03-05 |date=30 |year=2005 |month=12 |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= |language=English |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref> साधारण भोल्टेज व करेन्टय् सकल रेर वायु मध्ये नियोन प्लाज्मायागु दक्कलय् इन्टेन्स ज: डिस्चार्ज दु । मनूया मिखायागु औसत ऊन (रंग) ह्यांगु-सन्त्रासी ख: । भिजुयल कम्पोनेन्टत स्पेक्ट्रोस्कोपं डिस्पर्स मयासा थुकी छगु ताकुगु वांगु सुलाच्वंगु ध्वः (लाइन) दै<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.electricalfun.com/plasma.htm |title=Plasma |accessdate=2007-03-05}}</ref> == छ्यलेज्या == [[किपा:NeTube.jpg|thumb|left|नियोन चिं छ्यलात:गु नियोन जः]] नियोनयागु ह्यांगु-सन्त्रासी रंगयागु जः [[नियोन मत]] दयेकेत छ्यलिइ । थन्यगु मत [[नियोन चिं]] व ताहाक:गु कार स्ट्रिपय् छ्यलि। "नियोन" धा:गु खँग्व अप्व:याना साधारण भाषय् थन्यागु मतयात ईंगीत यायेत छ्यली । थुकिया मेमेगु छ्येलेज्या खः: * भ्याक्युम ट्युब * हाइ-भोल्टेज इन्डिकेटर * लाइट्निंग अरेस्टर * वेभ मिटर ट्युब * [[टेलेभिजन]] ट्युब * नियोन व हेलियम [[हेलियम-नियोन लेजर]]य् छ्यली * तरल नियोन बनेज्याया निंतिं [[क्रायोजेनिक]] [[रेफ्रिजर्‍यांट]]या कथं तस्सकं ख्वाउंगु तापक्रम म्वा:गु रेफ्रिजरेटरय् हेलियमया पलेसा छ्यली * थुकिइ [[ट्रिपल प्वाइन्ट]] तापक्रम २४.५५६१ के यात फिक्स्ड प्वाइन्टया कथं [[१९९०यागु अन्तराष्ट्रिय तापक्रम स्केलय्]] छ्यलात:गु दु ।<ref name="ITS90"/> == इतिहास == नियोन ([[युनानी भाषा|युनानी]] ''νέον''(''नियोन'') अर्थ "न्हूगु पति") यात [[१८९८]]य् स्कटिश केमिस्ट [[विलियम राम्जे]] (१८५२ - १९१६) व अंग्रेजी केमिस्ट [[मोरिस डबल्यु ट्रेभर्स]]ं [[लन्डन]], [[इंग्ल्यांड]]य् दक्ले न्हापां सीका दिइगु ख: । नियोन यागु सीकेज्या राम्जेनं वायुमण्डलया वायुयात ख्वांउका तरल दयेका व तरलयात क्वाका: वायुयात दासिवयाच्वं (बोइल) बले लानादिइगु ख: । थ्व कथं वय्कलं लानादिइगु वायुत [[क्रिप्टन]], [[जेनन]], व नियोन ख: ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e01000.html |title=Neon: History|accessdate=2007-02-27|publisher=Softciências}}</ref> == अवस्था == नियोन ब्रह्माण्डय् यक्व मात्राय् दु । थ्व मात्रा कथं ब्रह्माण्डय् ५ गूगु दक्कलय् अप्वः दुगु वायु ख: । थ्व स्वया अप्व दुगु वायुत हाइड्रोजन, हेलियम, अक्सिजन व कार्बन जक ख: । पृथ्वी थ्व वायु तस्सकं म्हो जक दु । हेलियम थें थ्व वायु यागु यांउगु व रसायनिक तवलं इनर्ट जूगुलिं थ्व वायु पृथ्वी यक्व मदुगु ख: । थुकिइ ब्रह्माण्डय् मास एब्युन्डेन्स ७५०य् छगु भाग ख: धा:सा सुर्द्य व प्रोटो सोलार सिस्टम नेबुलाय् ६००य् छगु भाग जुइफु । [[ग्यालिलियो अन्तरिक्षयान]] या कथं वृहस्पति ग्रहस नियोनया मात्रा ६००० ब्वय् १गु ब्व दु । नियोन [[स्ट्यांडर्ड अवस्था]]य् छगु [[मोनोएटोमिक]] [[वायु]] ख: । पृथ्वी थुकिया आयातन (भोलुम) ६५,००० ब्वय् छगु जक ब्व दु धा:सा, मात्रा ८३,०००य् १गु मात्रा जक दु । <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elements.pdf |title=The Elements |accessdate=2007-02-27 |last=Hammond |first=C. R. |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher=Fermi National Accelerator Lab|pages=19 |language=English |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }} </ref> == कम्पाउन्ड == [[आयोन]]त, Ne⁺, (Ne[[आर्गन|Ar]])⁺, (Ne[[हाइड्रोजन|H]])⁺, व ([[हेलियम|He]]Ne⁺), यात अप्टिकल व [[मास स्पेक्ट्रोमेट्री]] मालेज्यां(research) लुइकुगु दु । थ्व बाहेक नियोनं छगु अस्थिर [[हाइड्रेट]] दयेकी । == आइसोटोप == नियोनयागु स्वंगु [[स्थिर आइसोटोप]]त दु: ^२०Ne (९०.४८%), ^२१Ne (०.२७%) व ^२२Ne (९.२५%). ^२१Ne व ^२२Ne [[न्युक्लियोजेनिक]] ख व थिमिगु भेरियन्टत बांलाक थुइकात:गु दु । थुकिया विपरित, ^२०Ne न्युक्लियोजेनिक मखु व पृथ्वी थुकिया भेरियसनया बारे यक्वं कथंया विचाःत् दु । नियोन आइसोटोप दयेकीगु मू न्युक्लियर रियाक्सनत [[न्युट्रोन इमिसन]], [[अल्फा डिके]] ख: । ^२४Mg व ^२५Mgय् थन्यागु रियाक्सन याना क्रमशः ^२१Ne व ^२२Ne दयेकी । [[अल्फा पार्टिकल]]त [[युरेनियम]]-सिरिज [[डिके चेन]] छ्यला: दयेकी धा:सा [[न्युट्रोन]]त अप्व याना अल्फा पार्टिकलया सेकेन्डरी रियाक्सनं दयेकी । नेट लिच्व:या कथं क्वयेया (लोवर) ^२०Ne/^२२Ne व च्वयेया (हाइयर) ^२१Ne/^२२Ne अनुपात (रेसियो) युरेनियम यक्व दुगु लोंहत (दसु-ग्रेनाइट)य् खने दइ । एक्स्पोज्ड लोंहयागु आइसोटोपिक एनालाइसिस ^२१Ne या कस्मोजेनिक दयेकेज्यां क्यं । थ्व आइसोटोप [[म्याग्नेजियम]], [[सोडियम]], [[सिलिकन]] व [[एल्मुनियम]]या [[स्पालेसन]] प्रक्रियां दयेकी । सकल स्वंगु आइसोटोपयागु एनालाइसिस यायेबले कस्मोजेनिक कम्पोनेन्ट [[म्याग्मा]]या नियोन व न्युक्लियोजेनिक नियोन नं दुगु खने दु । थुकिं नियोन सुपरफिसियल लोंह व [[मेटेरोइट]]य् कस्मिक [[एक्स्पोजर आयु]] सीकेगु ज्याब्वया कथं छ्यलेछिं धका क्यनि ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e01093.html |title=Neon: Isotopes|accessdate=2007-02-27|publisher=Softciências}}</ref> [[जेनन]] थें नियोन [[ज्वालामुखी]] खनेदैगु मात्राय् ^२०Ne अप्व दइ, व न्युक्लियोजेनिक ^२१Ne, ^२२Ne स्वया: अप्व दै । थन्यागु म्यान्टल डिराइभ्ड स्याम्पयागु आइसोटोपं नियोनया गैह्र-वातावरणीय स्रोत क्यनी । ^२०Ne-एन्‌रिच्ड कम्पोनेन्टतेसं प्राचीन प्राइमोर्डियल व म्हो जक्क दैगु नियोन वायु क्यनी, थन्यागु वायु नं [[सोलार नियोन]] यात इंगीत या:गु जुइफु । अप्व:गु ^२०Ne मात्रा [[हिरा]]य् खने दै थुकिं सोलार नियोनयागु भण्डार (खानी) (reservoir) पृथ्वी दुगु सुझाव ब्यूगु खने दु ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mantleplumes.org/Ne.html |title=Helium, Neon & Argon|accessdate=2006-07-02|author=Anderson, Don L.|publisher=Mantleplumes.org}}</ref> == लिधंसा == <references /> === मेमेगु लिधंसा === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070925001932/http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/10.html Los Alamos National Laboratory – Neon] * [http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/ne_iig.html USGS Periodic Table - Neon] == पिनेयागु स्वापू == {{Commons|Neon}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070611093157/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ne/index.html WebElements.com – Neon] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232546/https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele010.html It's Elemental – Neon] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090430091458/http://www.compchemwiki.org/index.php?title=Neon Computational Chemistry Wiki] {{तत्त्व}} {{Commonscat|Neon}} [[पुचः:तत्त्व]] 8t2wr3ksee198x10i61qa0m8ig5kf6u 0 4987 1122103 1102141 2026-07-28T11:43:46Z InternetArchiveBot 22726 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1122103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/रसायनिक तत्त्व}} [[किपा:Periodic table.svg|450px|thumbnail|right|[[पिरियोडिक टेबल]]य् रसायनिक तत्त्वत]] '''रसायनिक तत्त्व''' धागु छगु कथंया [[अणु]] ख। थन्यागु अणुतेत इमिगु [[आणविक ल्याखं]] नं परिभाषित याइ। आणविक ल्याखं धागु अणुया न्युक्लियसय् दुगु प्रोटोनया ल्या ख। थ्व खंग्व छगु हे प्रोटोन ल्या दुगु शुद्ध रसायनिक वस्तुयात इंगीय यायेत नं छ्येलि। <ref>[[Compendium of Chemical Terminology]], [http://goldbook.iupac.org/C01022.html chemical element]</ref> तत्त्वया साधारण दसु [[हाइड्रोजन]], [[नाइट्रोजन]], [[कार्बोन]] आदि ख। सकलय् [[२००७]] तक्कय् ११७ तत्त्वत लुयावगु दु। थुकिलि ९४ प्राकृतिक ख धाःसा आणविक ल्याखँ ८२ वा अप्व (बिस्मुथ व लिपाया तत्त्वत) मनुनं देकुगु ख। थ्व नापं, तत्त्व ४३ व ६१ ([[टेक्नोसियम]] व [[प्रोमेथियम]])या स्थायी [[आइसोटोप]] मदु। थ्व निगु तत्त्व प्रकृतिय् ध्वगिना वनि। आणविक ल्याखं ९४ तक्कया तत्त्वतेगु स्थायी न्युक्लियस मदुसा थ्व ल्याखं तक्कया तत्त्वत प्रकृतिय् [[युर्‍यानियम]] व [[थोरियम]]या ध्वगीगु प्रकृयाय् प्राकृतिक तवलं दयाच्वनि। <ref>A. Earnshaw, Norman Greenwood. ''Chemistry of the Elements, Second Edition''. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997</ref> सकल [[रसायनिक वस्तु]]य् थ्व तत्त्वत दै। न्हुगु तत्त्वत इ-इले अप्राकृतिक [[न्युक्लियर रियाक्सन]]नं बुया वया च्वंगु खने दु। == इतिहास == '[[तत्त्व]]' धागु खंग्व संस्कृतं वगु ख। पाश्चात्य हलिमे युनानी दार्शनिक [[प्लेटो]]नं ३६०य् छगु खंल्हाबंल्हा ज्याझ्वले इनर्ग्यानिक व अर्ग्यानिक तत्त्वतेगु बारेय् धयादिगु खं तत्त्वया बारेय् दक्ले पुलांगु मुनातगु दस्ताबेजय् छगु ख। प्लेटो कथं सकल तत्त्वया चिधंगु पार्टिकलया विशेष आकार दै : [[टेट्राहेड्रन]] (मि), [[अक्टाहेड्रन]] (वायु), [[आइकोसाहेड्रन]] (ल), व [[क्युब]] (पृथ्वी)<ref>{{cite web | last = Hillar | first = Marian | year = 2004 | url = http://www.socinian.org/aristotles_de_anima.html | title = The Problem of the Soul in Aristotle's De anima | publisher = NASA WMAP | accessdate = 2006-08-10 }}</ref> {| style="border:1px solid #ddd; text-align:center; margin: auto;" cellspacing="20" | [[किपा:Tetrahedron.gif|140px]] || [[किपा:Octahedron.gif|150px]] || [[किपा:Icosahedron.gif|150px]] || [[किपा:Hexahedron.gif|125px]] || |- | [[टेट्राहेड्रन]] (मि) || [[अक्टाहेड्रन]] (वायु) || [[आइकोसाहेड्रन]] (ल) || [[क्युब]] (पृथ्वी) || |} Adding to the [[four elements]] of the Greek philosopher [[Empedocles]], in about 350 BC, [[Aristotle]] also used the term "element" and conceived of a fifth element called "[[Aether (classical element)|quintessence]]", which formed the heavens. Aristotle defined an element as: {{quote|'''Element''' – one of those bodies into which other bodies can be decomposed and which itself is not capable of being divided into other.<ref> {{cite book | last=Partington | first=J.R. | year=1937 | title=A Short History of Chemistry | location=New York | publisher=Dover Publications, Inc. | isbn=0486659771}}</ref>}} Building on this theory, in c. 790 Arabian chemist Jabir ibn-Hayyan ([[Geber]]) postulated that metals were formed out of two elements: sulphur, ‘the stone which burns’, which characterized the principle of combustibility, and mercury, which contained the idealized principle of metallic properties.<ref name="r8">Strathern, Paul. (2000). Mendeleyev’s Dream – the Quest for the Elements. New York: Berkley Books.</ref> Shortly thereafter, this evolved into the Arabic concept of the three principles: sulphur giving flammability or combustion, mercury giving volatility and stability, and salt giving solidity. In 1524, Swiss chemist [[Paracelsus]] adopted Aristotle’s four element theory, but reasoned that they appeared in bodies as Geber’s three principles. Paracelsus saw these principles as fundamental, and justified them by recourse to the description of how wood burns in fire. Mercury included the cohesive principle, so that when it left in smoke the wood fell apart. Smoke represented the volatility (the mercury principle), the heat-giving flames represented flammability (sulphur), and the remnant ash represented solidity (salt).<ref name="r8"/> In 1669, German physician and chemist [[Johann Becher]] published his Physica Subterranea, in which, in modification on the ideas of Paracelsus, he argued that the constituents of bodies are air, water, and three types of earth: ''terra fluida'', the mercurial element, which contributes fluidity and volatility; ''terra lapida'', the solidifying element, which produces fusibility or the binding quality; and ''terra pinguis'', the fatty element, which gives material substance its oily and combustible qualities.<ref name="r9">Partington, J.R. (1937). A Short History of Chemistry. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.</ref> These three earths correspond with Geber’s three principles. A piece of wood, for example, according to Becher, is composed of ash and terra pinguis; when the wood is burnt, the terra pinguis is released, leaving the ash. In other words, in combustion the fatty earth burns away. In 1661, [[Robert Boyle]] showed that there were more than just four [[classical element]]s as the ancients had assumed.<ref name="boyle" /> The first modern list of chemical elements was given in [[Antoine Lavoisier]]'s 1789 ''Elements of Chemistry'', which contained thirty-three elements, including [[light]] and caloric. By 1818, [[Jöns Jakob Berzelius]] had determined atomic weights for forty-five of the forty-nine accepted elements. In 1869, in [[Mendeleev]]'s famous [[periodic table]], shown below, there were sixty-six elements. [[किपा:Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table.png|300px|thumbnail|center|[[Mendeleev]]'s 1869 [[periodic table]]]] From Boyle until the early 20th century, an element was defined as a pure [[chemical substance|substance]] that cannot be decomposed into any simpler substance.<ref name="boyle">{{cite book | first=Robert | last=Boyle | authorlink=Robert Boyle | year=1661 | title=The Sceptical Chymist | location=London }}</ref> Said another way, an "element" cannot be transformed into other chemical substances by [[chemistry|chemical]] processes. In 1913, [[Henry Moseley]] discovered that the physical basis of the atomic number of the atom was its nuclear charge, which eventually led to the current definition. The current definition also avoids some ambiguities due to [[isotopes]] and [[allotropes]]. By 1919, there were seventy-two known elements.<ref>{{cite book | last=Carey | first=George, W. | year=1914 | title=The Chemistry of Human Life | location=Los Angeles|}}</ref> In 1955, element 101 was discovered and named [[mendelevium]] in honor of Mendeleev, the first to arrange the elements in a periodic manner. In October 2006, the synthesis of element 118 was reported; however, element 117 has not yet been created in the laboratory. ==दुखँ== दकलय् यांगु तत्त्व [[हाइद्रोजन]] व [[हिलियम]] ख। अन्य झ्यातूगु तत्त्व प्राकृतिक व मानवनिर्मित रुपय् न्युक्लियोसिन्थेसिस पद्धतिं दयावइ। थ्व पद्धति आपालं न्युक्लियर फिजियन पद्धतिं जुइ। सन् २००६तक म्हस्यूगु ११७ गू तत्त्व दु। थ्व परिभासाय् म्हसूगु तत्त्व धाःगु तत्त्वं ध्वगिया दयावःगु क्षणिक तत्त्वतेत न सूचीकृत यानातःगु दु। <ref>{{cite web | last = Sanderson | first = Katherine | title = Heaviest element made - again | work = nature@news.com | publisher = [[Nature (journal)]] | date = [[17 October]] [[2006]] | url = http://www.nature.com/news/2006/061016/full/061016-4.html | accessdate = 2006-10-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author = Phil Schewe and Ben Stein | title = Elements 116 and 118 Are Discovered | work = Physics News Update | publisher = [[American Institute of Physics]] | date = [[17 October]] [[2006]] | url = http://www.aip.org/pnu/2006/797.html | accessdate = 2006-10-19 }}</ref> अथेजुसां पृथ्वीइ प्राकृतिक रुपय् ९४ तत्त्व दयाच्वनि। थ्व तत्त्वय् खुता तत्त्व तसकं म्हो मात्राय् जक दयाच्वनि। थ्व खुगू तत्त्व थ्व कथं दु: [[तेक्नेसियम]], तत्त्व ल्या ४३; [[प्रोमेथियम]], तत्त्व ल्या ६१; [[एस्तातिन]], तत्त्व ल्या ८५; [[फ्रान्सियम]], तत्त्व ल्या ८७; [[नेप्चुनियम]], तत्त्व ल्या ९३; व [[प्लुतोनियम]], तत्त्व ल्या ९४। थ्व ९४ तत्त्व व सम्भवतः तत्त्व ९८ [[क्यालिफोर्नियम]] ब्रह्माण्डय् खनेदु। नगुतेगु स्पेक्त्रा जः व सुपरनोभाया चि-हाकःगु इतक दयाच्वनिगु रेदियोएक्तिभ जलय् न थ्व तत्त्वत दयाच्वं। ल्यंगु २२गू तत्त्व पृथ्वी व ब्रह्माण्डय् मदसां वैज्ञानिकतेसं रसायनिक पद्धतिं दयेकूगु दु। सन् १९३७स दकलय् न्हापांगु मानवनिर्मित तत्त्व [[तेक्नेसियम]]या विकास जुल। लिपा, थ्व तत्त्व प्रकृतिइ म्हो मात्राय् नं लुयावल। थथे मानवनिर्मित तत्त्व लिपा प्रकृतिइ लुयावैगु झका मेमेगु तत्त्वत नाप नं जूगु दु। === आणविक ल्याखँ === छगु तत्त्वया आणविक ल्याखँ थुकिलि दैगु प्रोटोनया ल्या बराबर जुइ। दसु- सकल [[कार्बोन]] अणुया [[आणविक न्युक्लियस]]य् ६गः प्रोटोन दै, अथे जुगुलिं कार्बोनया आणविक ल्याखँ (Z)=६ ख। थन्यागु अणुय् न्युट्रोनया ल्याखं पाय्‌फु, थथे न्युट्रोनया ल्याखँ पागु अणुतेत [[आइसोटोप]] धाइ। === आणविक मात्रा === The [[mass number]] of an element, ''A'', is the number of [[nucleons]] (protons and neutrons) in the atomic nucleus. Different isotopes of a given element are distinguished by their mass numbers, which are conventionally written as a super-index on the left hand side of the atomic symbol (e.g., ²³⁸U). The [[relative atomic mass]] of an element is the average of the atomic masses of all the chemical element's isotopes as found in a particular environment, weighted by isotopic abundance, relative to the [[atomic mass unit]] (u). This number may be a fraction which is not close to a whole number, due to the averaging process. On the other hand, the atomic mass of a pure isotope is quite close to its mass number. Whereas the mass number is a natural (or whole) number, the atomic mass of a single isotope is a real number which is close to a natural number, which in general differs slightly from the mass number because the mass of the protons and neutrons is not exactly 1 u, because the electrons also contribute slightly to the atomic mass, and because of the [[nuclear binding energy]]. For example, the mass of ¹⁹F is 18.9984032 u. The only exception to the atomic mass of an isotope not being a natural number is ¹²C, which has a mass of ''exactly'' 12, due to the ''definition of u'' (it is fixed as 1/12th of the mass of a free carbon-12 atom, exactly). === आइसोटोप === छुं आइसोतोप [[रेदियोएक्तिभ]] जुइ व अल्फा व बेता पार्तिकल विकिरण यासें ध्वगिना मेगु तत्त्वय् हिला वनि। छुं तत्त्वया धाःसा गैह्र-रेदियोएक्तिभ आइसोतोप हे मदु: स्थिर आइसोतोप मदूगु तत्त्वया धलखय् तेक्नेसियम (ल्या ४३), प्रोमेथियल (ल्या ६१) व तत्त्व ल्या ८२ स्वया अप्व तत्त्वल्या दूगु सकल तत्त्व ला। === एलोट्रोफी === छुं तत्त्व प्रकृतिइ थीथी आधारभूत रुपय् दयाच्वनि। छगू हे तत्त्वया थन्याःगु थीथी रुपयात [[एलोत्रोप]] धाइ। दसु: कार्बन तत्त्व [[हेरा]]या रुपय् दयाच्वनि, गुकि थ्व तत्त्वया तेत्राहेद्रल संरचना ख। नापं, कार्बन ग्राफाइतया संरचनाय् नं दयाच्वनि। ग्राफाइत कार्बनया हेक्सागनल संरचना ख। धाःसा फुतेरिन (fullerene)या संरचना ग्वलाःगु जुइ। === स्ट्यान्डर्ड स्टेट === The [[standard state]], or reference state, of an element is defined as its thermodynamically most stable state at 1 bar at a given temperature (typically at 298.15 K). In [[thermochemistry]], an element is defined to have an [[Standard enthalpy change of formation|enthalpy of formation]] of zero in its standard state. For example, the reference state for carbon is graphite, because it is more stable than the other allotropes. == Nomenclature == The naming of elements precedes the atomic theory of matter, although at the time it was not known which chemicals were elements and which compounds. When it was learned, existing names (''e.g.,'' gold, mercury, iron) were kept in most countries, and national differences emerged over the names of elements either for convenience, linguistic niceties, or nationalism. For example, the Germans use "Wasserstoff" for "hydrogen" and "Sauerstoff" for "oxygen", while [[English language|English]] and some [[romance language]]s use "sodium" for "natrium" and "potassium" for "kalium", and the French, Greeks and Poles prefer "azote/azot" for "nitrogen". But for international trade, the [[Table of chemical elements|official names]] of the chemical elements both ancient and recent are decided by the [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]], which has decided on a sort of international English language. That organization has recently prescribed that "aluminium" and "caesium" take the place of the US spellings "aluminum" and "cesium", while the US "sulfur" takes the place of the British "sulphur". But chemicals which are practicable to be sold in bulk within many countries, however, still have national names, and those which do not use the [[Latin alphabet]] cannot be expected to use the IUPAC name. According to IUPAC, the full name of an element is not capitalized, even if it is derived from a proper noun such as the elements [[californium]] or [[einsteinium]] (unless it would be capitalized by some other [[capitalization|rule]]). Isotopes of chemical elements are also uncapitalized if written out: [[carbon-12]] or [[uranium-235]]. In the second half of the twentieth century physics laboratories became able to produce nuclei of chemical elements that have a [[half life]] too short for them to remain in any appreciable amounts. These are also named by IUPAC, which generally adopts the name chosen by the discoverer. This can lead to the controversial question of which research group actually discovered an element, a question which delayed the naming of elements with atomic number of 104 and higher for a considerable time. (See [[element naming controversy]]). Precursors of such controversies involved the nationalistic namings of elements in the late nineteenth century. For example, ''[[lutetium]]'' was named in reference to Paris, France. The Germans were reluctant to relinquish naming rights to the French, often calling it ''cassiopeium''. The British discoverer of ''[[niobium]]'' originally named it ''columbium,'' in reference to the [[New World]]. It was used extensively as such by American publications prior to international standardization. == रसायनिक चिंत == === विषेश रसायनिक तत्त्व === Before chemistry became a science, [[alchemy|alchemists]] had designed arcane symbols for both metals and common compounds. These were however used as abbreviations in diagrams or procedures; there was no concept of atoms combining to form molecules. With his advances in the atomic theory of matter, [[John Dalton]] devised his own simpler symbols, based on circles, which were to be used to depict molecules. The current system of chemical notation was invented by [[Jöns Jakob Berzelius|Berzelius]]. In this typographical system chemical symbols are not used as mere abbreviations - though each consists of letters of the [[Latin alphabet]] - they are symbols intended to be used by peoples of all languages and alphabets. The first of these symbols were intended to be fully universal; since Latin was the common language of science at that time, they were abbreviations based on the [[Latin]] names of metals - Fe comes from Ferrum, Ag from Argentum. The symbols were not followed by a period (full stop) as abbreviations were. Later chemical elements were also assigned unique chemical symbols, based on the name of the element, but not necessarily in English. For example, [[sodium]] has the chemical symbol 'Na' after the Latin ''natrium''. The same applies to "W" (wolfram) for [[tungsten]], "Hg" (hydrargyrum) for [[Mercury (element)|mercury]], "K" (kalium) for [[potassium]], "Au" (aurum) for [[gold]], "Pb" (plumbum) for [[lead]], and "Sb" (stibium) for [[antimony]]. Chemical symbols are understood internationally when element names might need to be translated. There are sometimes differences; for example, the Germans have used "J" instead of "I" for iodine, so the character would not be confused with a [[roman numeral]]. The first letter of a chemical symbol is always capitalized, as in the preceding examples, and the subsequent letters, if any, are always lower case (small letters). === साधारण रसायनिक चिं === There are also symbols for series of chemical elements, for comparative formulas. These are one capital letter in length, and the letters are reserved so they are not permitted to be given for the names of specific elements. For example, an "X" is used to indicate a variable group amongst a class of compounds (though usually a [[halogen]]), while "R" is used for a [[Radical (chemistry)|radical]], meaning a compound structure such as a hydrocarbon chain. The letter "Q" is reserved for "heat" in a chemical reaction. "Y" is also often used as a general chemical symbol, although it is also the symbol of [[yttrium]]. "Z" is also frequently used as a general variable group. "L" is used to represent a general [[ligand]] in inorganic and organometallic chemistry. "M" is also often used in place of a general metal. === आइसोटोप चिंत === The three main isotopes of the element [[hydrogen]] are often written as H for protium, D for [[deuterium]] and T for [[tritium]]. This is in order to make it easier to use them in chemical equations, as it replaces the need to write out the mass number for each atom. थ्व थे याना च्वै: D_२O ([[हेभी वाटर]]) थे याना च्वइ मखु: ²H_२O == मात्रा == {{main|रसायनिक तत्त्वतेगु मात्रा}} During the early phases of the [[Big Bang]], [[Big Bang nucleosynthesis|nucleosynthesis]] of hydrogen nuclei resulted in the production of hydrogen and helium isotopes, as well as very minuscule amounts (on the order of 10^-10) of lithium and beryllium. No heavier elements were produced. As a result, the primordial abundance of atoms consisted of roughly 75% ¹H, 25% ⁴He, and 0.01% [[deuterium]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Wright | first = Edward L. | date = [[September 12]], [[2004]] | url = http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/BBNS.html | title = Big Bang Nucleosynthesis | publisher = UCLA Division of Astronomy | accessdate = 2007-02-22 }}</ref> Subsequent enrichment of [[galactic halo]]s occurred due to [[Stellar nucleosynthesis]] and [[Supernova nucleosynthesis]].<ref name="synthesis">{{cite journal | author = G. Wallerstein, I. Iben Jr., P. Parker, A. M. Boesgaard, G. M. Hale, A. E. Champagne, C. A. Barnes, F. KM-dppeler, V. V. Smith, R. D. Hoffman, F. X. Timmes, C. Sneden, R.N. Boyd, B.S. Meyer, D.L. Lambert | title=Synthesis of the elements in stars: forty years of progress | journal=Reviews of Modern Physics | year=1999 | volume=69 | issue=4 | pages=995–1084 | url=http://www.cococubed.com/papers/wallerstein97.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2006-08-04 }}</ref> However [[intergalactic space]] can still closely resemble the primordial abundance, unless it has been enriched by some means. The following table shows the ten most common elements in our galaxy (estimated spectroscopically), as measured in parts per million, by mass.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Nearby galaxies that have evolved along similar lines have a corresponding enrichment of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. The more distant galaxies are being viewed as they appeared in the past, so their abundances of elements appear closer to the primordial mixture. As physical laws and processes appear common throughout the [[visible universe]], however, it is expected that these galaxies will likewise have evolved similar abundances of elements. {|class="wikitable" |- !तत्त्व!!पार्टस् प्रति मिलियन<br />मास कथं |- |[[हाइड्रोजन]] |७३९,००० |- |[[हेलियम]] |२४०,००० |- |[[अक्सिजन]] |१०,७०० |- |[[कार्बोन]] |४,६०० |- |[[नियोन]] |१,३४० |- |[[न]] |१,०४० |- |[[नाइट्रोजन]] |९७० |- |[[सिलिकन]] |६५० |- |[[म्याग्नेजियम]] |५८० |- |[[सल्फर]] |४४० |} == लिधंसा == <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> == स्वयादिसँ == <div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> * [[रसायनिक चिं]] * [[रसायनशास्त्र|रसायन शास्त्र]] * [[पिरियोडिक टेबल]] </div> == पिनेया स्वापूत == {{Commons|Chemical elements}} * [http://www.vanderkrogt.net/elements/ Elementymology & Elements Multidict] word history and language dictionary * [http://glossary.dataenabled.com/ SDV Nuclear Glossary] === रसायनिक सूचं === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140104110225/http://webelements.com/ वेबइलेमेन्टस्] * [http://www.chemicool.com/ केमिकूल] * [http://www.chemicalelements.com/ केमिकलइलेमेन्ट] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050119093914/http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/default.htm लस एलामोस देय् प्रयोगशाला] {{तत्त्व}} {{Commonscat|Chemical elements}} [[पुचः:रसायनिक तत्त्व]] 44m4shax04dskkxczusm2t1qzqizsc8 0 157382 1122102 488452 2026-07-27T23:48:49Z Xqbot 1967 बोट: दोहोरो अनुप्रेषणलाई [[मनिथान मरिवित्तन (सन् १९८९या संकिपा)]]मा ठिक गर्दै 1122102 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[मनिथान मरिवित्तन (सन् १९८९या संकिपा)]] rvy6gk4pu1z31nf79urs889tisoyki4