Wikipedia newwiki https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.20 first-letter माध्यम विशेष खँलाबँला छ्येलेमि छ्येलेमि खँलाबँला विकिपिडिया विकिपिडिया खँलाबँला किपा किपा खँलाबँला मिडियाविकि मिडियाविकि खँलाबँला Template Template talk ग्वाहालि ग्वाहालि खँलाबँला पुचः पुचः खँलाबँला दबू दबू खँलाबँला TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1417 1125002 1082477 2026-09-22T23:29:50Z InternetArchiveBot 22726 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1125002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/नोबेल सिरपा}} [[Image:AlfredNobel adjusted.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A black and white photo of a bearded man in his fifties sitting in a chair.|One story says that [[Alfred Nobel]]]] [[Image:Alfred Nobels will-November 25th, 1895.jpg|thumb|alt=A paper with stylish handwriting on it with the title "Testament"|Alfred Nobel's [[Will and testament|will]]]] [[Image:Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad (1845-1923).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A black and white photo of a bearded man in his fifties sitting in a chair.|[[Wilhelm Röntgen]]]] '''नोबेल सिरपा''' ([[स्विडिश भाषा|स्विडिश]]: Nobelpris ''नोबेलप्रीस'') [[स्वीडेन]]यागु वैज्ञानिक [[अल्फ्रेद नोबेल]]यागु लुमन्तिय् दं १९०१य् न्ह्यथंगु छगु सिरपा खः। थ्व सिरपा सकल दंय् शान्ति, साहित्य, भौतिकशास्त्र, रसायनशास्त्र, चिकित्सा विज्ञान व अर्थशास्त्रय् सर्वोत्कृष्ट योगदान यात लल्हायेगु जुइ। == इतिहास == अल्फ्रेद नोबेल नं थगु सकल जिन्दगीय् मंका ३५५ आविष्कार यागु खः गुकिली १८६७य् डायनामाइटयागु आविष्कार नं छगु खः। डिसेम्बर १८९६य् वेक मदुबिले वेक युरोपयागु दक्ले तम्हि मनुय् छम्ह जुल। ज्यानुवरी १८९७य् वेकयागु वसीयत न्ह्यने व बिले सी दत कि वेकलं थगु सम्पत्तियागु दक्ले तधंगु अंश छगु गुथि देकेयात बायातगु खनी। वेकयागु इच्छा कथं थ्व धेबायागु ब्याजं सकल दंय् मानवजातियागु कल्याणकारी ज्या याईपिन्त हनिगु ज्या जुल। २९ जून १९००य् नोबेल फाउन्डेशनयागु पलिस्था जुल व १९०१य् दक्ले न्हापांगु नोबेल शान्ति सिरपा [[रेड क्रस]]यागु पलिस्थामि [[जां हन्री दुनां]] व [[फ्रेंच पीस सोसाइटी]]यागु पलिस्थामि मू-नाय [[फ्रेडरिक पैसी]]यात मंका कथलं लल्हात। == स्रोत == [https://web.archive.org/web/20070321130219/http://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/news/011208_nobel100_aj.shtml नोबेल शताब्दी] == पिनेयागु स्वापू == * [http://nobelprize.org/index.html नोबेल सिरपायागु आधिकारिक वेबथाय्] {{Commonscat|Nobel Prize}} [[पुचः:समाज]] fmc1xa6s8i8284gy5g5hhxx54p6tez1 0 1430 1125004 1122387 2026-09-23T01:16:50Z InternetArchiveBot 22726 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1125004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/वर्ल्ड हेल्थ अर्गेनाइजेसन}} {{Infobox UN | name = वर्ल्ड हेल्थ अर्गेनाइजेसन <br /> World Health Organization<br />منظمة الصحة العالمية {{ar icon}}<br />世界卫生组织 {{zh icon}}<br />Organisation mondiale de la santé {{fr icon}}<br />Всемирная организация здравоохранения {{ru icon}}<br />Organización Mundial de la Salud {{es icon}} | image = Flag of WHO.svg | image size = 225px | caption = वर्ल्ड हेल्थ अर्गेनाइजेसनया ध्वाँय्‌ | type = [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ]]या विशेष संस्था | acronyms = WHO | headquarters= {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[जेनेभा]], [[स्विजरल्याण्ड]] | head = {{flagicon|HKG}} [[मार्गरेट च्यान|डा॰ मार्गरेट च्यान]] | status = सक्रिय | established = [[अप्रिल ७]] [[१९४८]] | website = http://www.who.int/ | parent = [[युनाइटेड नेसन्स्‌ इकोनोमिक एण्ड सोसियल काउन्सिल|ECOSOC]] | subsidiaries = | commons = }} '''वर्ल्ड हेल्थ अर्गेनाइजेसन''' ('''WHO''') हलिमय् [[उसाँय्]]‌या समन्वय यायेगु अभिभारा कयाच्वंगु [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ]]या छगू विशेष एजेन्सी ख। [[अप्रिल ७]] [[१९४८]]य् पलिस्था जूगु थ्व गुथिया मू-थाय्‌बाय्‌ [[जेनेभा]], [[स्विजरल्याण्ड]]य् दु। थ्व संस्थां लीग अफ नेसनस्‌य् पलिस्था जूगु द हेल्थ अर्गेनाइजेसनया स्रोत व जिम्मेवारी कया ज्या न्ह्यथंगु ख। == इतिहास व विधान == थ्व संस्थाया विधान कथं थ्व संस्थाया उद्देश्य "is the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health." (सकल मनुतेसं दक्ले च्वेया दर्जाया उसाँय् कायेफैगु) ख। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hist/official_records/constitution.pdf|publisher=World Health Organization|format=PDF|title=Constitution of the World Health Organization|accessdate=2007-07-18}} - For a easier to read version see {{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/entity/governance/eb/who_constitution_en.pdf|publisher=World Health Organization|format=PDF|title=Constitution of the World Health Organization (English only version)|accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref> थ्व गुथिया मू ज्या ल्वेनाप ल्वाइगु, विशेषयाना मू संक्रमक ल्वे, व हलिमया मनुतेत साधारण उसाँय्‌या बारेय् प्रचार यायेगु ख। वर्ल्ड हेल्थ अर्गेनाइजेसन [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ]]या उत्त्पत्तिकाल निसें दयाच्वंगु संस्थाय् छगू ख। प्रथम [[हलिम उसाँय् दिवस]] ([[अप्रिल ७]], [[१९४८]])य् संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघया २६गु सदस्य राष्ट्रतेसं थ्व संस्थायात मान्यता बी धुंका थ्व संस्थाया विधान आधिकारिक कथं न्ह्यथन<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hist/chronicles/chronicle_1948.pdf|publisher=World Health Organization|pages=54|format=PDF|title=Chronicle of the World Health Organization, April 1948|accessdate=2007-07-18}}</ref>। थ्व जुइ स्वया न्ह्यः थ्व संस्थाया ज्या व [[लीग अफ नेसन्‌स्‌ हेल्थ अर्गेनाइजेसन]]या ल्यं दनिगु ज्या सन् १९४६इया वर्खाय् च्वंगु अन्तराष्ट्रिय उसाँय् कन्फरेन्सं देकूगु इन्टेरिम कमिसन (Interim Commission)या अधीनय जुयाच्वन<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hist/chronicles/chronicle_1947.pdf|format=PDF|title=Chronicle of the World Health Organization, 1947|accessdate=2007-07-18}}</ref>। इन्टेरिम कमिसनया ज्या थ्व संस्थायात लल्हाइगु ज्यायात [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ जेनेरल एसेम्ब्ली]]या छगू रेजोलुसनं वैधानिकता बिल<ref name="UN_ARES61I">{{UN document |docid=A-RES-61(I) |type=Resolution |body=General Assembly |session=1 |resolution_number=61 |accessdate=2007-11-14| title=Establishment of the World Health Organization|date=14 December 1946}}</ref>। फ्रेञ्च ''[[Office International d'Hygiène Publique]]''या [[इपिडेमियोलोजिकल]] सेवायात इन्टेरिम कमिसन अफ द वर्ल्ड हेल्थ अर्गेनाइजेसनय् धाःसा [[ज्यानुवरी १]] [[१८४७]]य् सम्मिलित यात <ref>{{cite book|last=Iriye|first=Akira|title=Global Community: The Role of International Organizations in the Making of the Contemporary World|url=https://archive.org/details/globalcommunityr0000iriy|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|date=2002|isbn=052023179}}</ref>। == ज्या == [[सार्स]], [[अउल]], [[एड्स]] आदि थें न्याःगु संक्रमक ल्वेतेगु महामारीयात निगरानी यायेगु अन्तराष्ट्रिय कुतःतेत समन्वय यायेगु नापं वर्ल्ड हेल्थ अर्गेनाइजेसनं थन्यागु ल्वे पुनेमबीगु व ल्वे लंकिगुया कार्यक्रमतेत नं स्पोन्सर या। थ्व संस्थां सुरक्षिण व भलसाकायेज्युगु खोप, वासः, फार्मास्युटिकल डागग्नोस्टिकस् आदि देकिगु व इनिगु ज्या नं या। २ दशक स्वया अप्व [[स्मलपक्स]]नाप ल्वाये धुंका थ्व संस्थां १९८०य् थ्व ल्वे निवारण जूगु घोषणा यात - थ्व घोषणा मनुया इतिहासय् मानवीय कुतलं ल्वे निवारण जूगु दक्ले न्हापांगु झाका ख। थ्व संस्थां छुं दँया दुने [[पोलियो]] निवारण यायेगु संकल्प काःगु दु। थ्व संस्थां [[अक्टोबर ३]], [[२००६]] निसें [[जिम्बाब्वे|जिम्बाब्वें]] हलिमया दक्ले न्हापांगु आधिकारिक एचआइभी/एड्स टूलकिट एन्डोर्सयाना थ्व टुलकिटयात अन्तराष्ट्रिय स्तर देकुगु दु। <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091005041107/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-10/04/content_5167991.htm Xinhua - English<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ल्वे निवारणय् थःगु ज्या नापं थ्व गुथिं मेमेगु यक्व उसाँय्‌-स्वापू दूगु अभियान न्ह्यःथनेगु या दसु- सि व तरकारी नयेगु अभियान, सुर्तीजन्य पदार्थ सेवन निरुत्साहित यायेगु अभियान आदि। WHO मू-ज्याकुथि जेनेभाय् सन् २००७, फेब्रुवरीइ जूगु विज्ञतेगु सहलह ज्याझ्वले विज्ञतेसं [[प्यान्डेमिक]] [[इन्फ्लुएन्जा]] [[खोप]] विकासय् उत्साहजनक सफलता जूगु कार्यपत्र क्यनेज्या जुल। थ्व ख्यले ४० स्वया अप्व [[क्लिनिकल ट्रायल]]त जुयाच्वंगु वा सिधेधुंकल। आपालं विज्ञतेसं म्हफुम्ह वस्यकतेत फोकस याःगु दु। छुं कम्पनीतेसं वस्यकय् सेफ्टी एनालाइसिस यायेधुंका एल्डर्ली व मचाय् नं क्लिनिकल ट्रायल न्ह्यथंगु दु। सकल खोप आःतक्क सुरक्षित व सकल एज ग्रुपय् बांलाक्क tolerated जूगु खने दु। <ref>[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2007/np07/en/index.html WHO | WHO reports some promising results on avian influenza vaccines<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> WHO नं सोधज्या नं या। दसु [[सेल फोन]]या [[इलेक्ट्रोम्याग्नेटिक फिल्ड]]या उसाँय् प्रतिकारात्मक असरया सोधज्या। थन्यागु छुं ज्या विवादित नं जुइफु दसु- अप्रिल २००३इ संयुक्त WHO/FAO कार्यपत्रय् उसाँय्‌ दूगु आहारय् [[चिनी]]या मात्रा १०% स्वया अप्व जुइ मज्युगु खं प्रकाशित जुल। थ्व रिपोर्टया विरोधय् चिनी उद्योगतेसं लबी यात<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,3604,940287,00.html Sugar industry threatens to scupper WHO | Society | The Guardian<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, थुकिया लिसले WHO/FAO नं रिपोर्टय् "The Consultation recognized that a population goal for free sugars of less than 10% of total energy is controversial" ("कन्सल्टेसनं स्यु कि जनताय् फ्रि चिनी सकल इनर्जीया १०% स्वया म्हो जुइगु लक्ष्य विवादित जु") वक्तव्य तनिगु ज्या यात, तर थःगु वैज्ञानिक मालेज्यां लुयावःगु सुझावयात धाःसा मत्वतल।<ref>[http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/trs916/download/en/index.html ''Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. Report of the joint WHO/FAO expert consultation].'' World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Geneva, 2003. See section 1.3 ''A summary of population nutrient intake goals'' of [http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/trs916/en/gsfao_overall.pdf Chapter 5, ''Population nutrient intake goals for preventing diet-related chronic diseases]''</ref> ==== ग्लोबल प्लान अफ एक्सन अन वर्करस् हेल्थ ==== ६०औं वर्ल्ड हेल्थ असेम्ब्लीया सहकार्यय् WHO नं छगू [[WHO global action plan|global plan of action on workers' health]] ड्राफ्ट यागु दु। थुकिलिं ज्याकुथिइ उसाँय्‌ संरक्षण व सम्बर्धन यायेगु, अकुपेसनल उसाँय् सेवातेगु ज्या बाँलाकिगु व थुकिया access अप्वगिकु, व ज्यायाइपिनिगु उसाँय्‌यात मेमेगु नियम अन्तरगत नं लाकिगु कुतः याःगु दु। WHOनं थ्व कुतःयात जोड बीमागु कारण अकुपेसनल हजार्ड पनेत ज्याबीगु इन्टरभेन्सनत दुसां ज्यायाइपिनिगु उसाँय् अवस्था व इमिगु अकुपेसनल रिस्कय् एक्स्पोजरय्, देय्‌दुने व देय्‌दथुइ व्यवस्थाय् तःधंगु खाडल दु गुकिलिं थ्व व्यवस्थायात बांलाक्क ज्यायायेत थाकुयाच्वंगु दु। WHO कथं हलिमया वर्कफोर्सय् छगू चिधंगु खण्डं जक्क अकुपेसनल हेल्थ सर्भिस उपभोग यायेखंगु दु। थ्व एक्सन प्लानं ज्यायाइपिनिगु उसाँय्‌या थीथी पक्षनाप स्वापो तइ गुकिलि अकुपेसनल हजार्डया प्राथमिक पनेज्या, ज्यायाइगु थासय् उसाँय्‌या संरक्षण व प्रवर्धन, जागीरया शर्त, व उसाँय् व्यवस्थां ज्यायाइपिनिगु अवस्थाया बांलागु रेस्पोन्स ला।<ref>World Health Organization. ''[http://www.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA60/A60_R26-en.pdf Workers' health: global plan of action]''. Sixtieth World Health Assembly, May 23, 2007. Retrieved September 15, 2008.</ref> === मेमेगु जिम्मेवारी === WHOया धाःगु मिसन नापं अन्तराष्ट्रिय सन्धितेगु यक्व जिम्मेवारी नं थ्व संस्थाइके दु। दसु [[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs]] व [[Convention on Psychotropic Substances]] कथं WHO नं साइकोएक्टिभ वासःया वैज्ञानिक व चिकित्सा अभमूल्यनयात स्वायेगु व थन्याःगु वासःतेगु नियमिकरण यायेमा। अतः, WHO नं राष्ट्रिय वासः नियम-निर्माणय् नं निरिक्षकया ज्या याइ। WHO नं [[ICD|International Classification of Diseases]] (ICD)यात नं पालना याइ। ICDया १०गु संस्करण, वा [[ICD-10]], सन् १९९२इ प्रकाशित जुल व थुकिया मालेछिंगु संस्करण WHO वेबथासय् दु। लिपाया संस्करण इन्डेक्स्ड दु व हार्ड-कपि संस्करणय् दु। WHO नं थ्व कथं छगू चीजया निगु थासय् छकलं हे निगु वर्गीकरण याये मबीगु प्रावधान दु। WHO नं [[इसेन्सियल वासः]]या छगू नमुना धलः नं संकलित याइ। थ्व वास सकल देय्‌या उसाँय्‌ व्यवस्था ख्यलं साधारण जनयातेत उपलब्ध व न्यायेफैगु यायेमा। === वर्ल्ड हेल्थ अर्गेनाइजेसनया छुं निजी क्षेत्रया पार्टनरसिप === * Aeras: Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation <http://aeras.org> * DNDi: Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative <http://www.dndi.org> * FIND: Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics <https://web.archive.org/web/20160323200432/http://www.finddiagnostics.org/> * IAVI: International AIDS Vaccine Initiative <http://www.iavi.org> * IOWH: Institute for One World Health <https://web.archive.org/web/20090118024239/http://www.oneworldhealth.org/> * IPM: International Partnership for Microbicides <https://web.archive.org/web/20071008192438/http://www.ipm-microbicides.org/> * MMV: Medicines for Malaria Venture <http://www.mmv.org> * MVI: Malaria Vaccine Initiative <https://web.archive.org/web/20050519025532/http://www.malariavaccine.org/> * PATH: Program for Appropriate Technology in Health <http://www.path.org> * PDVI: Pediatric Dengue Vaccine Initiative <https://web.archive.org/web/20110717105049/http://www.pdvi.org/> * TB Alliance: Global Alliance for TB Drug Development <http://www.tballiance.org> == संरचना == [[किपा:World Health Organisation headquarters, Geneva, north and west sides 2007.jpg|thumb|जेनेभाया WHO मुख्यालय]] WHO Member States appoint delegations to the [[World Health Assembly]], WHO's supreme decision-making body. All UN member states are eligible for WHO membership, and, according to the WHO web site, “Other countries may be admitted as members when their application has been approved by a simple majority vote of the World Health Assembly.” The WHO has 193 member states. The WHO Assembly generally meets in May each year. In addition to appointing the Director-General every five years, the Assembly considers the financial policies of the Organization and reviews and approves the proposed programme budget. The Assembly elects 34 members, technically qualified in the field of health, to the Executive Board for three-year terms. The main functions of the Board are to carry out the decisions and policies of the Assembly, to advise it and to facilitate its work in general. === सदस्यता === WHOय् १९३ सदस्य राष्ट्र दु, गुकिलि [[लिक्टेन्स्टाइन]] बाहेक सकल [[युएन सदस्य राष्ट्र]] व २ गैह्र-UN सदस्य, [[Niue]] व [[कूक टापू]] ला। युएन सदस्य मजूगु भूभागतेसं असोसियट सदस्यया कथं एसेम्ब्ली भोट धुंका सदस्यता कायेछिं। थथे सदस्यता कायेबिले सदस्यतेसं पूर्ण जानकारी तर निश्चित थासय् जक्क भाग कायेगु व मत बीगु अधिकार दै। [[प्युएर्तो रिको]] व [[तोकेलाउ]] आःया ईले असोसियट मेम्बर दु। छुं संस्थातेत [[अब्जर्भर स्टेटस]] नं बीगु या दसु [[प्यालेस्टाइन लिबरेसन अर्गेनाइजेसन]] व [[होली सी]] ([[भेटिकन सिटी]])। === अर्थ === WHOया अर्थ थुकिया सदस्य देय्‌ व दानकःमितेगु पाखें वइ। आःया ईले वया WHOया ज्या आपालं कोल्याबरेसनय् जुइ; WHO नं आ थ्यं-मथ्यं ८०गु थन्याःगु पार्टनरशिपय् [[गैह्र-सरकारी संस्था]]त व [[वासः उद्योग]]नाप ज्या यानाच्वँगु दु , नापं [[बिल एण्ड मेलिन्दा गेट्स फाउन्डेसन]] व [[रकःफेलः फाउन्डेसन]]या ग्वहालिइ नं ज्या यानाच्वंगु दु। WHOया निंतिं स्वयंसेवक स्तरय् राष्ट्रिय व स्थानीय सरकार, फाउण्डेसन व NGO, मेमेगु UN संस्था, निजी क्षेत्र आदिया योगदान १९३ देशं वइगु आर्थिक योगदान स्वया अप्वःगु दु। {{PDFlink|<ref>http://ftp.who.int/gb/pdf_files/EB105/ee17a1.pdf</ref>|30.1&nbsp;KB}} === क्षेत्रीय ज्याकुथि === [[Image:World Health Organisation regional offices.svg|thumb|क्षेत्रीय ज्याकुथि व WHOया क्षेत्र:]] {{legend|#78aae6|अफ्रिका; HQ: [[ब्राजाभिल]], [[गणतन्त्र कङ्गो|कङ्गो]]}} {{legend|#7ae6ce|[[प्यान अमेरिकन हेल्थ अर्गेनाइजेसन|अमेरिका]]; HQ: [[वाशिङ्टन, डि॰सि॰]], [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]}} {{legend|#e6e678|पूर्वी [[भूमध्यसगरीय]]; HQ: [[कायरो]], [[मिश्र]]}} {{legend|#9de678|युरोप; HQ: [[कोपेनहेगन]], [[डेनमार्क]]}} {{legend|#e078e6|दक्षिण पूर्व एसिया; HQ: [[न्हु दिल्ली]], [[भारत]]}} {{legend|#e67878|पश्चिमी प्रशान्त; HQ: [[मनिला]], [[फिलिपिन्स]]}} ]] Uncharacteristically for a UN Agency, the six Regional Offices of the WHO enjoy remarkable autonomy. Each Regional Office is headed by a Regional Director (RD), who is elected by the Regional Committee for a once-renewable five-year term. The name of the RD-elect is transmitted to the WHO Executive Board in Geneva, which proceeds to confirm the appointment. It is rare that an elected Regional Director is not confirmed. Each Regional Committee of the WHO consists of all the Health Department heads, in all the governments of the countries that constitute the Region. Aside from electing the Regional Director, the Regional Committee is also in charge of setting the guidelines for the implementation, within the region, of the Health and other policies adopted by the [[World Health Assembly]]. The Regional Committee also serves as a progress review board for the actions of the WHO within the Region. The Regional Director is effectively the head of the WHO for his or her Region. The RD manages and/or supervises a staff of health and other experts at the regional headquarters and in specialized centers. The RD is also the direct supervising authority — concomitantly with the WHO Director General — of all the heads of WHO country offices, known as WHO Representatives, within the Region. The Regional Offices are: * Regional Office for Africa ([http://www.afro.who.int AFRO])^I, with headquarters in [[Brazzaville]], [[Republic of Congo]]. AFRO includes most of Africa, with the exception of [[Egypt]], [[Sudan]], [[Tunisia]], the [[Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]], and [[Morocco]] which belong to EMRO. [[Somalia]] is also not counted as it does not have an official government, though it is in the process of getting one. * Regional Office for Europe ([https://web.archive.org/web/20100521065015/http://www.euro.who.int/ EURO]), with headquarters in [[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]]. * Regional Office for South East Asia ([http://www.searo.who.int SEARO]), with headquarters in [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. [[North Korea]] is served by SEARO. * Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean ([http://www.emro.who.int EMRO]), with headquarters in [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]]. EMRO includes the countries of Africa, and particularly in the [[Maghreb]], that are not included in AFRO, as well as the countries of the Middle East. * Regional Office for Western Pacific ([http://www.wpro.who.int WPRO]), with headquarters in [[Manila]], [[Philippines]]. WPRO covers all the Asian countries not served by SEARO and EMRO, and all the countries in [[Oceania]]. [[South Korea]] is served by WPRO. * Regional Office for the Americas ([http://www.paho.org AMRO]), with headquarters in [[Washington, D.C.]], [[United States|USA]]. It is better known as the [[Pan American Health Organization]] (PAHO). Since it predates the establishment of WHO, PAHO is by far the most autonomous of the 6 regional offices. === देय्‌ ज्याकुथि === The World Health Organization operates 147 country and liaison offices in all its regions. The presence of a country office is generally motivated by a need, stated by the member country. There will generally be one WHO country office in the capital, occasionally accompanied by satellite-offices in the provinces or sub-regions of the country in question. The country office is headed by a WHO Representative (WR), who is a trained physician, not a national of that country, who holds diplomatic rank and is due privileges and immunities similar to those of an [[Ambassador|Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary]]. In most countries, the WR (like Representatives of other UN agencies) is ''[[de facto]]'' and/or ''[[de jure]]'' treated like an Ambassador - the distinction here being that instead of being an Ambassador of one sovereign country to another, the WR is a senior UN civil servant, who serves as the "Ambassador" of the WHO to the country to which he or she is accredited. Hence, the title of ''[[Resident Representative]]'', or simply ''Representative''. The country office consists of the WR, and several health and other experts, both foreign and local, as well as the necessary support staff. The main functions of WHO country offices include being the primary adviser of that country's government in matters of health and pharmaceutical policies. International liaison offices serve largely the same purpose as country offices, but generally on a smaller scale. These are often found in countries that want WHO presence and cooperation, but do not have the major health system flaws that require the presence of a full-blown country office. Liaison offices are headed by a liaison officer, who is a national from that particular country, without diplomatic immunity. == मनुत == === डिरेक्टर-जेनेरलत === [[किपा:Margaret Chan.jpg|thumb|right|160px|[[Margaret Chan]], incumbent [[Director-General]] of the World Health Organization]] <table class="wikitable"> <tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Country/Region</th> <th>Term of Office</th> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Brock Chisholm]]</td> <td>{{CAN}}</td> <td>1948–1953</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Marcolino Gomes Candau]]</td> <td>{{BRA}}</td> <td>1953–1973</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Halfdan T. Mahler]]</td> <td>{{DEN}}</td> <td>1973–1988</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Hiroshi Nakajima]]</td> <td>{{JPN}}</td> <td>1988–1998</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Gro Harlem Brundtland]]</td> <td>{{NOR}}</td> <td>1998–2003</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Lee Jong-wook]]</td> <td>{{KOR}}</td> <td>2003–2006 (died on [[May 22]])</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Anders Nordström]] </td> <td>{{SWE}}</td> <td>2006</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Margaret Chan]]</td> <td>{{flagicon|PRC}}{{HKG}}</td> <td> January 4, 2007– </td> </tr> </table> * [http://www.who.int/dg/former/en/ Former Directors General] === स्टाफिङ === वर्ल्ड हेल्थ अर्गेनाइजेसन [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ]]या छगू संस्था ख, अतः, थ्व संस्थां संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघया core of common personnel policy मेमेगु संस्था नाप इना काइ। वर्ल्ड हेल्थ अर्गेनाइजेसनं नकतिनि "सुर्तीजन्य पदार्थ मुक्त कार्य क्षेत्र"या सिद्धान्तयात प्रवर्दन यायेत चुरोस त्वनिपिं मनुतेत भर्तीइ प्रतिबन्धित याःगु दु <ref>[http://www.who.int/employment/recruitment/en/ भर्ती]</ref>। थ्व संस्थानं सन् २००३य् सफलतापूर्वक १६८ देय्‌तेत Framework Convention on Tobacco Controlय् हस्ताक्षर याकुगु दु। <ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control |url=http://www.who.int/fctc/en/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215175453/http://www.who.int/fctc/en/index.html |archive-date=2014-02-15 |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> थ्व कन्भेन्सन सकल देय्‌य् सूर्तीया नकारात्मक असरयात म्हो यायेत क्वात्तुगु नियम देकिगु व उकिया अबलम्बन याकेगु कुतः यायेत देकुगु ख। == ध्वायेज्या == The annual [http://www.who.int/whr/en/index.html World Health Report], first published in 1995, is the WHO's leading publication. Each year the report combines an expert assessment of global health, including statistics relating to all countries, with a focus on a specific subject. [http://www.who.int/whr/2007/en/index.html The World Health Report 2007 - A safer future: global public health security in the 21st century]was published on August 23, 2006. The WHO website [http://www.who.int/statistics/en A guide to statistical information at WHO] has an online version of the most recent WHO health statistics.<br /> According to [http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/programme/en/index.html The WHO Programme on Health Statistics]: <blockquote>The production and dissemination of health statistics for health action at country, regional and global levels is a core WHO activity mandated to WHO by its Member States in its Constitution. WHO produced figures carry great weight in national and international resource allocation, policy making and programming, based on its reputation as "unbiased" (impartial and fair), global (not belonging to any camp), and technically competent (consulting leading research and policy institutions and individuals).</blockquote> == स्वयादिसँ == * [[हलिम उसाँय् दिवस]] * [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] in [[Lyon]], [[France]] * [[WHO Centre for Health Development]] in [[Kobe]], [[Japan]] * [[Open Learning for Development]] * [[Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize]] * [[Health Sciences Online]] - a virtual learning resources center from the WHO == लिधंसा == {{reflist}} == पिनेया स्वापू == {{Commons|World Health Organization}} * [http://www.who.int World Health Organization] * [http://www.who.int/wer/en/ Weekly Epidemiological Record (WER)] * [http://www.aids.gov AIDS.gov - The U.S. Federal Domestic AIDS Resource] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081121105650/http://www.opentrainingplatform.org/ Open Training] with UNITAR, FAO, ITU, WHO, ILO and UNEP partners {{United Nations}} <!-- en-GB-oed (-ize) --> {{Commonscat|United Nations World Health Organization}} [[पुचः:World Health Organization| ]] [[पुचः:Medical and health organizations]] [[पुचः:Organizations established in 1948]] [[पुचः:Public health]] [[पुचः:समाज]] kjxx19hwg3ikx46fwllar14mt792l14 0 1549 1125000 1076314 2026-09-22T23:05:26Z InternetArchiveBot 22726 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1125000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/थाइल्यान्द}} [[Image:Thai National Anthem - US Navy Band.ogg]] [[Image:Thai Royal Anthem - US Navy Band.ogg]] {{Infobox Country | native_name = ราชอาณาจักรไทย <br /> ''Ratcha Anachak Thai'' | conventional_long_name = थाइल्याण्ड राजतन्त्र | common_name = थाइल्याण्ड | image_flag = Flag of Thailand.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Thailand.svg | symbol_type = निशान | national_anthem = ''[[Phleng Chat Thai]]'' | royal_anthem = ''[[Phleng Sansoen Phra Barami]]'' | image_map = LocationThailand.svg | map_caption = <!--Caption to place below map--> | capital = |latd=13 |latm=45 |latNS=N |longd=100 |longm=29 |longEW=E | capital = [[ब्याङ्कक]]¹ | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[थाइ भाषा]] | ethnic_groups = <!--List/breakdown of ethnic groups--> | ethnic_groups_year = <!--Year of ethnic groups breakdown (if provided) --> | demonym = थाइ | government_type = [[Parliamentary system|Parliamentary democracy]] and [[Constitutional monarchy]] | leader_title1 = [[List of Kings of Thailand|King]] | leader_name1 = [[Vajiralongkorn|Rama X]] | leader_title2 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Thailand|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[अभिसित भेज्जजिभ]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Thailand|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[सुखोथाइ राजतन्त्र]] | established_date1 = 1238 | established_event2 = [[History of Thailand (1932–1973)|Constitutional Monarchy]] | established_date2 = 24 June 1932 | established_event3 = [[2007 Constitution of Thailand|Later Constitution]] | established_date3 = 24 August 2007 | area_rank = 50th | area_magnitude = 1 E11 | area_km2 = 513,115 | area_sq_mi = 198,115 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 0.4 (2,230 km²) | population_estimate = 63,038,247 | population_estimate_rank = 20th | population_estimate_year = December 2007 | population_census = 60,606,947<ref>[http://web.nso.go.th/eng/en/pop2000/prelim_e.htm Population and Housing Census 2000, National Statistical Office]</ref> | population_census_year = 2000 | population_density_km2 = 122 | population_density_sq_mi = 317 <!--Do remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 85th |GDP_PPP = $546.095 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=578&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=82&pr.y=15 |title=Thailand|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=2009-04-22}}</ref> <!--Do not edit!--> | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_year = 2008 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,225<ref name=imf2/> <!--Do not edit!--> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $273.248 billion<ref name=imf2/> <!--Do not edit!--> | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_year = 2008 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $4,115<ref name=imf2/> <!--Do not edit!--> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | Gini = 42 | Gini_rank = | Gini_year = 2002 | HDI = {{increase}}0.786 | HDI_rank = 81st | HDI_year = 2007 |HDI_category = <span style="color:#fc0;">medium</span> | currency = [[Thai baht|Baht]] (฿) | currency_code = THB | time_zone = | utc_offset = +7 | time_zone_DST = | DST_note = | utc_offset_DST = <!-- +N, where N is number of hours --> | cctld = [[.th]] | calling_code = 66 | footnotes = <!--for any generic non-numbered footnotes--> | footnote1 = {{note|1}}Thai name: ''Krung Thep Maha Nakhon'' or ''Krung Thep'' The full name is "Krung Thep Mahanakhon Amon Rattanakosin Mahinthara Yuthaya Mahadilok Phop Noppharat Ratchathani Burirom Udomratchaniwet Mahasathan Amon Piman Awatan Sathit Sakkathattiya Witsanukam Prasit." | footnote2 = {{note|2}}According to the Department of Provincial Administration's [http://www.dopa.go.th/stat/y_stat50.html official register,] not taking into account unregistered citizens and immigrants. }} '''थाइल्याण्ड''' (थाई भाषा ราชอาณาจักรไทย) [[दक्षिण पूर्व एसिया]]य् लाःगु छगू स्वतन्त्र देय्‌ ख। थ्व देय्‌या उत्तरय् [[लाओस]] व [[म्यानमार]], पूर्वय् लाओस व [[क्याम्बोडिया]], दक्षिणय् [[थाइल्याण्ड खाडी]] व [[मलेसिया]], व पश्चिमय् [[अन्दमन सागर]] व म्यानमार ला। थ्व देय्‌या लःया सीमाय् [[थाइल्याण्ड खाडी]] धुंका दक्षिणपूर्वय् [[भियतनाम]] व दक्षिण पश्चिमय् [[अन्दमन सागर पुलाः [[भारत]] व [[इन्डोनेसिया]] ला। थ्व देय्‌या राजधानी व दक्ले तःधंगु नगर [[ब्याङ्कक]] ख। ब्याङ्कक थ्व देय्‌या राजनैतिक, आर्थिक, औद्योगिक व सांस्कृतिक राजधानी नं ख। थाइल्याण्ड क्षेत्रफल कथं हलिमया ५१गु दक्ले तःधंगु देय्‌ ख। थ्व देय्‌या क्षेत्रफल [[स्पेन]]या क्षेत्रफलति हे दु। थ्व देय्‌या क्षेत्रफल करिब ५१३,०००&nbsp;किमि^२ (१९८,००० वर्ग मा) दु। जनसंख्या कथं थ्व देय्‌ हलिमया २०गु दक्ले तःधंगु देय्‌ ख। थ्व देय्‌या जनसंख्या ६ कोटी ३० लखः दु। थ्व देय्‌या करिब ७५% जनता थाइ जातिया दु धाःसा १४% [[चिनिया जाति|चिनिया]] मूल, व ३% [[थाइ मलेय|मलेय]] जातिया दु;<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101229000203/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/th.html CIA World Factbook Thailand], CIA World Factbook.</ref> मेमेपिं मनुय् चिधंगु समुदाय दसु [[मोन जाति|मोन]], [[ख्मेर]] व थी-थी पहाडी मनुत दु। थ्व देय्‌या आधिकारिक भाषा [[थाइ भाषा]] ख। थ्व देय्‌या करिब ९५% जनसंख्यां [[बौद्ध धर्म]] हनि। थाइल्याण्ड हलिमय दक्ले अप्व बौद्ध विश्वास दूगु देय्‌ ख। थ्व देय्‌या राष्ट्रिय धर्म [[थेरवाद]] [[बौद्ध धर्म]] ख गुकियात ९५% जनसंख्यां हनि <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091113160238/http://web.nso.go.th/eng/en/pop2000/table/eadv_tab3.pdf Population by religion, sex, area and region], National Statistic Office of Thailand.</ref>। थाइल्याण्डया संस्कृति व परम्पराय् भारतीय, चिनिया व पाश्चात्य परम्पराया तःधंगु प्रभाव दु। थाइल्याण्ड छगू संवैधानिक राजतन्त्रात्मक देय्‌ ख। थ्व देय्‌या जुजु [[भुमिबोल अदुल्यादेज]] ख। वय्‌कः [[चक्री राजवंश]]या ९म्ह जुजु ख। वय्‌कः बागु शताब्दी स्वया अप्व ई तक्क जुजु जुयादी धुंकल, अतः, वय्‌कः थाइ इतिहासय् दक्ले ताःहाकगु ई तक्क शासन याइम्ह जुजु व आःया हलिमय् दक्ले ताःहाकगु ई तक्क शासन याइम्ह जुजु नं ख। जुजुयात राष्ट्राध्यक्ष, सेनाध्यक्ष, बौद्ध धर्मया संरक्षक, व धर्मया रक्षकया रुपय् कायेगु या। थाइल्याण्ड युरोपेली शक्तितेसं गबिलें नं थःगु अधीनय् तये मफुगु छगू जक्क दक्षिणपूर्व एसियाली राष्ट्र ख। तर थ्व देय्‌यात [[द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध]]य् धाःसा [[जापान|जापानं]] थःगु अधीनय् तल। सन् १९८५ व सन् १९९५या दथुइ थ्व देशय् यक्व आर्थिक विकास जुल। आःया ईले थ्व देय्‌ [[नव औद्योगिक राष्ट्र]]य् ला। थुकिया अर्थतन्त्रया मेरुदण्ड थ्व देय्‌या निर्यात व पर्यटन (विशेषयाना [[पताया]], [[ब्याङ्कक]], व [[फुकेत]] थें न्याःगु पर्यटकीय स्थल)य् आधारित दु <ref name="middleIncomeCountry">[https://web.archive.org/web/20051216004454/http://www.worldbank.or.th/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/THAILANDEXTN/0,,menuPK:333304~pagePK:141132~piPK:141121~theSitePK:333296,00.html Thailand and the World Bank], World Bank on Thailand country overview.</ref><ref name="GuardianThailandOverview">The Guardian, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090428114824/http://www.guardian.co.uk/country-profile/thailand Country profile: Thailand], 25 April 2009.</ref>। == इतिहास == आःया थाई भूभागय् मनू करिब १०,००० दँ निसें च्वना वयाच्वंगु दु। [[ख्मेर साम्राज्य]]या पतन न्ह्यः थन यक्व राज्य, दसु ताई, मलय, ख्मेर इत्यादि दयाच्वन। [[सन् १२३८]]स सुखोथाई राज्यया स्थापना जुल, गुकियात न्हापांगु बौद्ध थाई (स्याम) राज्य धका लुमंकिगु या। करिब १ सदी धुंका [[अयुध्या]]या राज्यं सुखाथाईय् थःगु प्रभुता स्थापित यात। [[सन् १७६७]]स अयुध्याया पतन ([[बर्मा]] द्वारा) धुंका थोम्बुरी राजधानी जूवन। [[सन् १७८२]]स बैंककय् चक्री राजवंशया स्थापना जुल। थ्व नापं आधुनिक थाइल्यान्दया इतिहास आरम्भ जुल। युरोपियन शक्तित नाप जूगु हतालय् स्यामया छुं प्रदेश त्वतेमाल। थौं थ्व प्रदेशत बर्मा व [[मलेशिया]]या अंश जुयाच्वंगु दु। [[लिउ हलिम हताः]]य् थ्व देसं [[जापान]]यात ग्वहालि यात धाःसा हताः धुंका अमेरिकायात। सन् १९९२स जूगु सत्ता पलटं थाइल्यान्दयात छगू [[संवैधानिक राजतन्त्र]] दयेकल। == भूगोल == थ्व देय्‌ दक्षिण पूर्वी एसियाय् ला। == थाइल्यान्दया प्रान्त == थाइल्यान्दयात आधिकारिक रुपय् क्वे बियाःतःगु प्रान्तय् बायेछिं- [[किपा:Thailand provinces six regions.png|thumb|Map showing the 76 provinces of Thailand]] {| |- valign=top |'''उत्तर थाइल्यान्द''' # चियाङमै प्रान्त # चियाङराय प्रान्त # लंपाङ प्रान्त # लंबून प्रान्त # मै हःङ सःन प्रान्त # न‌ान प्रान्त # बःयाओ प्रान्त # बैर प्रान्त # उत्तरदित प्रान्त '''पश्चिम''' # काञ्चनपुरी(Kanchanaburi) # बेजरपुरी(Phetchaburi) # परःचवपगीरीखाइनध‌(Prachuap Khiri Khan) # राजपुरी(Ratchaburi) # ताक(Tak) | '''उत्तरपूर्व थाइल्यान्द''' # [[अमनत चारोएन प्रान्त]](Amnat Charoen) # पुरीराइमय‌(Buri Ram) # जाइयभूमि(Chaiyaphum) # कालसिनधु‌(Kalasin) # खअन कैन(Khon Kaen) # लोएइ(Loei) # महासारगाम(Maha Sarakham) # मुकताहार(Mukdahan) # नगरबनम(Nakhon Phanom) # नगरराजसीमा(Nakhon Ratchasima) # हनअङपाइवलंभू(Nongbua Lamphu) # हनअङगाय(Nong Khai) # र‌अयेअःत(Roi Et) # सकलनगर(Sakon Nakhon) # शरीसःकेकष(Sisaket) # सुरिनदर‌(Surin) # अपुलराजधानी(Ubon Ratchathani) # अुतरधानी(Udon Thani) # योसधर(Yasothon) |- valign=top | '''दथु थाइल्यान्द''' # आङदअङ(Ang Thong) # बरः नगर शरी अयुधया(Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya) # विशेष सरकार क्षेत्र, [[ब्याङ्कक]] # जाइयनाद(Chainat) # कंबैङेबजर(Kamphaeng Phet) # लबपुरी(Lopburi) # नगरनायक(Nakhon Nayok) # नगरपठम(Nakhon Pathom) # नगरसवररग‌(Nakhon Sawan) # ननदपुरी(Nonthaburi) # पदुमधानी(Pathum Thani) # बेजरपूरण‌(Phetchabun) # बिचितर(Phichit) # बिषणुलोक(Phitsanulok) # सुखोदाइय(Sukhothai) # समुदरपराकार(Samut Prakan) # समुदरसागर(Samut Sakhon) # समुदरसङगराम(Samut Songkhram) # सरःपुरी(Saraburi) # सिङह‌पुरी(Sing Buri) # सुबररणपुरी(Suphanburi) # अुदाइयधानी(Uthai Thani) | '''पूर्व थाइल्यान्द''' # छःेजिङेदरा(Chachoengsao) # चाइनदपुरी(Chanthaburi) # जलपुरी(Chon Buri) # पराचीनपुरी(Prachinburi) # रःयअङ(Rayong) # सरःकै‌व(Sa Kaeo) # तरात(Trat) '''दक्षिण थाइल्यान्द''' # जुमबर(Chumphon) # करःपी‌(Krabi) # नगरशरीधररमराज(Nakhon Si Thammarat) # नराधिवास(Narathiwat) # पाइततानी(Pattani) # बाइङङा(Phang Nga) # बाइदलुङ(Phatthalung) # फुकेत(Phuket) # रःनअङ(Ranong) # सतूल(Satun) # सङखला(Songkhla) # सुराषटर‌धानी(Surat Thani) # तराइङ(Trang) # यःला(Yala) |} == अर्थतन्त्र == == राजनीति == == लिधंसा == {{लिधंसा}} {{देय्‌ च्वसु|थाइल्याण्ड}} {{Commonscat|Thailand}} [[पुचः:देय्‌]] [[पुचः:देय्]] ek0vzop439syzinzqhpte2beg1ii9lo 0 1652 1125001 1122306 2026-09-22T23:06:13Z InternetArchiveBot 22726 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1125001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपि|𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐵}} {{Infobox Continent |image = [[किपा:South_America_(orthographic_projection).svg|200px]] |area = १,७८,४०,००० किमी^२ |population = ३८,२०,००,००० |density = २१.४ प्रति किमी^२ |demonym = [[दक्षिण अमरीका|दक्षिण अमरीकी]], [[अमेरिका|अमेरिकन]] |countries = १२ |list_countries = दक्षिण अमेरिकी देय्‌तेगु धलः |dependencies = ३ |languages = [[दक्षिण अमेरिकाया भाषा|भाषातेगु धलः]] |time = [[UTC-2]] निसें [[UTC-5]] |cities = {{Collapsible list | title = {{voidd}} | frame_style = border: none; padding: 0; | list_style = display: none; | 1 = [[साओ पाउलो]] | 2 = [[ब्युनस आयरेस]] | 3 = [[रियो दि ज्यानेरियो]] | 4 = [[बोगोटा]] | 5 = [[लिमा]] | 6 = [[सेण्टियागो]] | 7 = [[काराकास]] }} }} '''दक्षिण अमेरिका''' ([[स्पेनी भाषा]]: ''América del Sur''; [[पोर्चुगिज]]: ''América do Sul'') [[उत्तर अमरीका]]या दक्षिण पूर्वय् स्थित [[पश्चिमी गोलार्द्ध]]या छगू [[महाद्वीप]] ख:।<ref>"[http://www.bartleby.com/65/st/SthAmer.html दक्षिण अमरीका]. ''[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ कोलम्बिया विश्वकोष]'', षष्टम संस्करण २००१-६ [[न्यू यर्क]], कोलम्बिया युनिभर्सिटी प्रेस": "fourth largest continent ..., the southern of the two continents of the Western Hemisphere."</ref> दक्षिण अमेरिका उत्तरय् १३^० उत्तरी [[अक्षांश]] (ग्यालिनस अन्तरीप) निसें दक्षिणय् ५६^० दक्षिणी अक्षांश (हर्न अन्तरीप) तक्क व पूर्वय् ३५^० पश्चिमी [[देशान्तर]] (रेशिको अन्तरीप) निसें पश्चिमय् ८१^० पश्चिमी देशान्तर (पारिना अन्तरीप) तक्क विस्तृत दु।<ref>{{cite book |last=तिवारी |first=विजय शंकर |title= आलोक भू-दर्शन |year=जुलाई २००४ |publisher=निर्मल प्रकाशन |location=कोलकाता |id= |page=६६ |accessday= १९|accessmonth= जुलाई|accessyear= २००९}}</ref> थ्व महादेशया उत्तरय् [[क्यारिबियन सागर]] व [[पनामा नहर]], पूर्व व उत्तर-पूर्वय् [[आन्ध्र महासागर]], पश्चिमय् [[प्रशान्त महासागर]] व दक्षिणय् [[अण्टार्कटिक महासागर]] ला।<ref name="तिवारी जुलाई २००४ ५८-८१">{{cite book |last=तिवारी |first=अर्चना |title= भूगोल परिचय |year=जुलाई २००४ |publisher=भारती सदन |location=कोलकाता |id= |page=५८-८१ |accessday= १९|accessmonth= जुलाई|accessyear= २००९}}</ref> [[भूमध्य रेखा]] थ्व महादेशया उत्तरी भागं व [[मकर रेखा]] मध्यं वनि। थुकिया कारणं थ्व महादेशया अधिकांश भाग [[उष्ण कटिबन्ध]]य् ला। दक्षिण अमेरिकाया उत्तर निसें दक्षिण तक्कया हाकः लगभग ७,२०० किलोमीटर व पश्चिम निसें पूर्व ब्या ५,१२० किलोमीटर दु। हलिमया थ्व प्यंगु दक्ले तःधंगु महादेश ख। थ्व महादेश‌ आकार कथं [[भारत]] स्वया ६ गुनाति तःधं। [[पनामा नहर|पनापा नहरं]] थुकियात [[पनामा नहर]]य् [[उत्तर अमरीका]] [[महादेश]] स्वया अलग याइ तर [[पनामा]] देशयात आधिकारिक कथं धाःसा [[उत्तर अमरीका]]य् कायेगु या।<ref>[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#americas "अमेरिकाज्"] ''स्ट्याण्डर्ड कण्ट्री एण्ड एरिया कोड्स क्लासिफिकेशन (M49)'', [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र]] तथ्याङ्क विभाग</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080303233306/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/international/north_america/referencemap_image_view "उत्तर अमेरिका"] ''[[क्यानाडाया एटलस''</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031024172731/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=nameri&Rootmap=&Mode=d&SubMode=w उत्तर अमेरिकाया एटलस] नेशनल ज्योग्राफिक</ref> ३२,००० किलोमीटर हाकः समुद्रतट दूगु थ्व महादेशया समुद्री तट सीधा दु, तटय् द्वीप, प्रायद्वीप व खाडीत म्हो जु गुकिलिं याना बांलाःगु बन्दरगाहया अभाव दु। खनिज व प्राकृतिक सम्पदाय् तःम्हि थ्व महाद्वीप उष्ण व आद्र जलवायु, गुं, पठार, जङ्गल व मरुभूमिया उपस्थितिया कारणं यक्व विकसित मजुनि। थन हलिमया दक्ले ताःहाकगु च्वापुगुं-श्रेणी [[एण्डिज पर्वतमाला]] व दक्ले तःज्जागु थासय् १२ला हे ति जुया च्वनिगु [[टिटिकाका पुखु]] नं दु। भूमध्यरेखाया नापं [[पेरू]] देशय् [[चिम्बोरेजो]] व [[कोटोप्याक्सी]] नामक हलिमया दक्ले तःज्जाःगु ज्वालामुखी गुं दु। थ्व समुद्र सतह स्वया लगभग ६,०९६ मिटर च्वे ला। [[अमेजन खुसि]], [[ओरीनिको]], [[रियो दि ला प्लाता]] थनया मू खुसि ख। दक्षिण अमेरिकाया मेमेगु खुसिइ [[ब्राजिल]]या साओ फ्रान्सिस्को, [[कोलम्बिया]]या म्यागडालेना व [[अर्जेन्टिना]]या रायो कोलोरेडो ला। थ्व महाद्वीपय् [[ब्राजिल]], [[अर्जेण्टिना]], [[चिली]], [[उरुग्वे]], [[पाराग्वे]], [[बोलिभिया]], [[पेरू]], [[इक्वेडोर]], [[कोलम्बिया]], [[भेनेजुएला]], [[गायना]] (ब्रिटिश, डच, फ्रेञ्च) आदि देश ला। == इतिहास == [[किपा:Machu Picchu.jpg|thumb|right|[[माचु पिचु]]य् [[इङ्का सभ्यता]]या अवशेष]] [[किपा:Bariloche- Argentina2.jpg|thumb|right|]] दक्षिण अमेरिका, मध्य अमेरिका, मेक्सिको, वेस्ट इण्डिज व क्यारिबियन देशतेत छपं याना ल्याटिन अमेरिका धाइ। [[ल्याटिन]] प्राचीन रोमवासीतेगु भाषा ख। अधिकांश भारतीय भाषाया विकास [[संस्कृत]] भाषां जूथें यक्व युरोपीय रोमान्स भाषा दसु [[स्पेनी]], [[पोर्चुगिज]], [[फ्रेञ्च]] व [[इटालियन]] भाषातेगु विकास ल्याटिनं जूगु ख। थ्व भाषा ल्हाइगु थाय्‌तेत ल्याटिन धाइ। १६गु शताब्दीइ [[पोर्चुगल]] व [[स्पेन|स्पेनं]] ल्याटिन भाषी मनुत थन च्वं वल । लिपा थ्व थाय्‌या मू भाषा थ्व हे भाषा जूवन व थ्व थाय्‌यात ल्याटिन अमेरिका धका म्हसीकल। पेरूया केन्द्रीय पहाडय् यक्व लख दँ न्ह्यः मनु वःगु धैगु विश्वास दु। थन यक्व संस्कृतितेगु विकास जुल। दक्षिण अमेरिकाया दक्ले मू सभ्यताय् [[इङ्का सभ्यता]] छगू ख गुकिया क्षेत्र पेरू, इक्वेडर, बोलिभिया, अर्जेण्टिना व चिलीया उत्तरी भाग ला। १५गु शताब्दीया अन्तय् थ्व चरमोत्कर्षय् थ्यन। इङ्का सभ्यताय् शासकयात इङ्का धाइ व इमिगु आदर याइगु चलन दयाच्वन। थ्व सभ्यता थःगु यातायात, सञ्चार व डाक व्यवस्थाया निंतिं नांजा। माचु पिचु मू नगर ख गुकिया पुरातात्विक अवशेष थौं नं खनेदु। [[सूर्द्य]]यात थनया सर्वोच्च द्यया रुपय् कायेगु व मेमेपिं देवी देवतातेगु नं पूजा यायेगु चलन दयाच्वन। थनया देगले स्वर्णपत्र अलङ्कृत याना तयेगु चलन दु। शिल्पकला व [[शल्य चिकित्सा]]य् थ्व सभ्यता थःगु समकालीन सभ्यता स्वया उन्नत जु। == भूगोल == [[किपा:South America satellite orthographic.jpg|thumb|right|दक्षिण अमेरिकाया भौतिक स्वरूप]] धरातलीय स्वरूपया अन्तरया दृष्टिं दक्षिण अमेरिका महाद्वीप विशेष महत्त्वपूर्ण जु। पश्चिमय् तटया समानान्तर [[एण्डिज कार्डिलेरा]] पर्वत शृंखला उत्तर निसें दक्षिण तक्क थ्यं <ref>{{cite book |last=मामोरिया |first=चतुर्भुज |title= भौगोलिक चिन्तन एवं तीन दक्षिणी महाद्वीप |year=नवंबर २००८ |publisher=साहित्य भवन |location=आगरा |id= |page=१५४|accessday= ८|accessmonth= दिसंबर|accessyear= २००९}}</ref>। थ्व पर्वतश्रृङ्खला [[उत्तरी अमेरिका]]या [[रकी पर्वत]]या दक्षिणी सिलसिला ख। ७,२०० किलोमिटर हाकःया थ्व श्रृङ्खला [[हिमालय]] धुंका हलिमया दक्ले तज्जाःगु [[पर्वत शृंखला]] ख। थुकिलि यक्व तज्जागु पर्वत श्रेणी , [[पठार]], व [[ज्वालामुखी च्वका]] ला। हलिमया दक्ले तज्जाःगु ज्वालामुखी पर्वत [[कोटोपैक्सी]] (५,९७० मीटर) थ्व भागय् ला। थ्व पर्वतमालाया दक्ले तज्जाःगु च्वका अकाकागुआयात (६,९६९ मीटर) न्ह्याबिलें च्वापुं भुनातै। एण्डीजय् साधारणतः निगु श्रेणि दु गुकिया दथुइ मध्य बोलविया व पेरूया पठार व फ्रेश वाटर पुखु [[टिटिकाका]] ला। थ्व महाद्वीपय् मुख्य स्वंगु पठारी भाग दु। गायनाया पठार, ब्राजिलया पठार व पेटागोनियाया पठार। गायनाया पठारी भाग ओरीनीको व अमेजन खुसिया मुहानया दथुइ ला। थ्व पठार ९०० निसें १,८०० मिटर जाःय् जल विभाजकया ज्या याइ। त्रिभुजाकार ब्राजिलया पठार दक्षिण अमेरिकाया मध्यवर्ती भागय् [[एट्लाण्टिक महासागर]]या तटय् उत्तर-पूर्वय् केपरागं प्रारम्भ जुया दक्षिणय् रियो ग्रेडो डी सुल तक्क विस्तृत जु। कठोर [[पर्वत#वलित पर्वत|वलित]] चट्टानं निर्मित जूगुलिं अप्व क्षय मजु। पेटागोनियाया पठार अर्जेन्टिनाय् लिमये खुसिं दक्षिणी अमेरिकाया अन्तिम छोर तक्क थ्यं। ३०० निसें ९०० मिटर जाःया थ्व पठार पश्चिमय् एण्डीज पर्वतमाला निसें पूर्वय् वेदिकायुक्त ढालया रूपय् एटलान्टिक महासागर तक्क विस्तृत दु।<ref name="तिवारी जुलाई २००४ ५८-८१"/> पश्चिमी गुं व पूर्वी पठारतयेगु दथुइ उत्तर निसें दक्षिण तक्क सकल महाद्वीपया हाकःय् छगू तःधंगु ख्यः दु। थ्व ख्यःया सकल क्षेत्रफल दक्षिण अमेरिकाया क्षेत्रफलया करिब बच्छि दु। थुकिया उत्तरी भागयात लानोज धाइ। ओरीनिको खुसिं निर्मित लानोज भेनेज़ुएला व कोलम्बियाय् ला। ख्यःया दथुइ अमेजन खुसिया बेसिन ला। थुकियात ब्राजिलमितयेसं सेल्वाज धाइ। थ्व खुसि प्रदेश उत्तरय् गायनाया पठार, पश्चिमय् एण्डिज पर्वत व दक्षिणय् ब्राजिलया पठारं घेरे जुयाच्वंगु दु। अमेजन व थ्व खुसिया सहायक २०० खुसिइ न्ह्याबिलें खुसिबाहा वैगुलिं थ्व त्रिभुजाकार खुसिया तःधंगु लागा दलदल जुयाच्वनि व थन यातायातया विकास जुइमफु। पराना, पराग्वे व युरुग्वे खुसित जाना पम्पास क्षेत्र दयेकी। थुकियात लाप्लाटाया बेसिन नं धाइगुया। मध्य दक्षिणया थ्व उपजाऊ ख्यः आर्थिक दृष्टिं सिक्क महत्त्वपूर्ण जु। थुकिया औसत जा १८५ मिटर स्वया म्हो जु व अर्जेन्टीना, उरूग्वे, पराग्वे व छुं अंशय् दक्षिण ब्राजील व दक्षिण बोलिभियाय् तक्क थ्यं। दकले दक्षिण भागय् पेटागोनियाया मरुस्थल ला। एण्डीज पर्वत माला व प्रशान्त महासागरया दथुइ निम्न भूमिया अत्यन्त संकरी तटीय पट्टी दु। लगभग १०० किलोमीटक ब्याया थ्व पट्टी दक्षिणी अमेरिकाया पश्चिमी तट नापं उत्तर निसें दक्षिण तक्क थ्यं। पूर्वी तटीय प्रदेश अपेक्षाकृत अप्व तब्या। थुकिया ब्या १५० निसें २०० किलोमीटर दु। थुकिलि चिचिधंगु यक्व बाहादूगु खुसित बाहावै थन्यागु खुसितयेसं देल्ता मदेकु। == देय्‌ == थ्व महादेशया देय्‌ थ्व कथं दु- *[[अर्जेन्टिना]] *[[बोलिभिया]] *[[ब्राजिल]] *[[चिली]] *[[कोलम्बिया]] *[[ईक्वेडोर]] *[[पाराग्वे]] *[[पेरु]] *[[उरुग्वे]] *[[भेनेजुएला]] *[[गायना]] *[[सुरिनाम]] *[[फ्रेन्च गायना]] == स्वयादिसँ == * [[महादेश]] == लिधंसा == {{लिधंसा}} {{Commonscat|South America}} [[पुचः:भूगोल]] [[पुचः:देय्]] m6kkwffojehw3xtilr7ni0pzj3n6dvj 0 5249 1124999 1061517 2026-09-22T22:09:42Z InternetArchiveBot 22726 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1124999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/कोलम्बस, ओहायो}} [[Image:Shrum Mound aerial 3.jpg|thumb|left|[[Shrum Mound]]]] [[Image:View of Columbus O. From Capitol University.png|thumb|View of the city from [[Capital University]]]] [[Image:The Short North-2005-07-03-IMG 4540.jpg|thumb|[[Columbus streetcar arches|Street arches]]]] {{Infobox settlement |name = कोलम्बस |settlement_type = [[नगर]] |nickname = द दिस्कभरी सिति, <ref>{{Cite web| url = http://www.osln.org/regional/h-b-119-schools-programs/columbus.php | title = Ohio STEM Learning Network / Columbus | accessdate = 2010-06-21}}</ref> आर्क सिति, <ref>{{Cite web| url = http://www.thisweeknews.com/live/content/bexley/stories/2009/06/17/0618belentz_ln.html | title = A century ago, Columbus was the nation's 'Arch City' | accessdate = 2010-06-21}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web| url = http://www.columbusunderground.com/columbus-was-once-known-as-arch-city/comment-page-1 | title = Columbus was once known as ‘Arch City’ | accessdate = 2010-06-21}}</ref> इन्दि आर्त क्यापितल (Indie Art Capital), <ref>{{Cite web| url = http://www.columbusunderground.com/indie-art-capital-it-s-official | title = Indie Art Capital = It’s Official | accessdate = 2010-06-21}}</ref> काउताउन ([[Cowtown]]), <ref>[[National Geographic Magazine]], March 1998, America's First Highway, pp. 82-99 (By William R. Newcott - ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'' Senior Staff)</ref> <ref>[[The Cincinnati Enquirer]], February 19, 2008: "Columbus Strives To Build A Big City Reputation" pp. B2 (By Julie Carr Smyth - [[The Associated Press]])</ref><ref>[[The Columbus Dispatch]], November 21, 2010: "Despite its attributes, Columbus lacks a catchy moniker" pp. E1-2 (By Joe Blundo)</ref><ref>[[The Columbus Dispatch]], August 23, 2011: "She's no longer in Cowtown" People In The News pp. D6</ref> <ref>[[The Columbus Dispatch]], June 1, 1997: "Simply Bovine! Here's a moo-vable feast of cowtown facts and fancies" pp. J1,2 (By Joe Blundo)</ref> <ref>[[The Columbus Dispatch]], May 11, 1997: "Many feel moved to boo, moo after arena issue loses" pp. 3F (By George Strode)</ref> The Biggest Small Town In America<ref>[[The Chicago Tribune]], March 29, 1980: "The American City - Challenge Of The '80s" pp. 1,10-11 (By Paul Gapp)</ref> |website = [http://www.columbus.gov/ www.columbus.gov] |image_skyline = Montage Columbus 1.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Images, from top left to right: दाउनताउन कोलम्बस, ओहायो स्तेतहाउस क्यापिटल स्क्वायर, युनिभर्सिति हल, शर्त नर्थ, नेसनवाइद एरिना, सान्ता मारिया रेप्लिका |image_flag = Flag of Columbus, Ohio.svg |image_seal = Seal of Columbus, Ohio.svg |image_map = OHMap-doton-Columbus.svg |mapsize = 250px |map_caption = Location in the state of [[Ohio]], [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|USA]] |pushpin_map = USA |pushpin_map_caption = Location in the United States |coordinates_display = inline,title |coordinates_region = US-OH |subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] |subdivision_type1 = [[US state|State]] |subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Ohio|Counties]] |subdivision_name = [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|United States]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Ohio]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Delaware County, Ohio|Delaware]], [[Fairfield County, Ohio|Fairfield]], [[Franklin County, Ohio|Franklin]] |government_type = |leader_title = [[नगरप्रमुख]] |leader_name = [[Michael B. Coleman]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) |established_date = February 14, 1812 |area_magnitude = 1 E8 |area_total_sq_mi = 212.6 |area_land_sq_mi = 210.3 |area_water_sq_mi = 2.3 |area_water_percent = |area_total_km2 = 550.5 |area_land_km2 = 544.6 |area_water_km2 = 5.9 |population_as_of = 2010 |population_footnotes =<ref name="Httpwwwdispatchcomlivecontentlocal_newsstoriescensusshowsohiomorediversehtmlsid">[http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/local_news/stories/2011/03/09/census-shows-ohio-more-diverse.html?sid=101 Dispatch.com]</ref> |population_total = 787033 ([[List of United States cities by population|15th in U.S.]]) |population_metro = 1836536 ([[Table of United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas|32nd]]) |population_density_km2 = 1373.0 |postal_code_type = [[ZIP codes]] |postal_code = 43085, 43201, 43202, 43203, 43204, 43205, 43206, 43207, 43209, 43210, 43211, 43212, 43213, 43214, 43215, 43216, 43217, 43218, 43219, 43220, 43221, 43222, 43223, 43224, 43226, 43227, 43228, 43229, 43230, 43231, 43232, 43234, 43235, 43236 |area_code = [[Area code 614|614]] |timezone = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|EST]] |utc_offset = -5 |timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] |utc_offset_DST = -4 |latd = 39 |latm = 59 |latNS = N |longd = 82 |longm = 59 |longEW = W |elevation_m = 275 |elevation_ft = 902 |blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] |blank_info = 39-18000{{GR|2}} |blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID |blank1_info = 1080996{{GR|3}} |footnotes = }} '''कोलम्बस''' संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाया ओहायो राज्यया राजधानी व दकले तःधंगु नगर ख। वृहद कोलम्बस नगरी क्षेत्रय् कोलम्बस नगर नापं मेमेगु काउन्तितयेगु भूभाग नं ला। थ्व नगर क्षेत्र सिन्सिनाति व क्लिभल्यान्द धुंका ओहायोया दकले तःधंगु नगर क्षेत्र ख। अमेरिकी मध्यपश्चिमय् कोलम्बस स्वंगु दकले तःधंगु नगर ख धाःसा सकल संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाय् थ्व नगर १५गु दकले तःधंगु नगर ख। थ्व नगर फ्र्याङ्क्लिन काउन्तिया काउन्ति सित नं ख। <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Template.cfm?Section=Find_a_County&Template=/cffiles/counties/county.cfm&id=39049|title=Places in Franklin County, OH|work=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties|accessdate=13 April 2010| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080616120530/http://www.naco.org/Template.cfm?Section=Find_a_County&Template=/cffiles/counties/county.cfm&id=39049| archivedate = June 16, 2008}}</ref> अथे जुसां थ्व नगर परिमार्जित जुया नापंया देलावेर काउन्ति व फेयरफिल्द काउन्तिया भूभाग नं थःगु अधीनय् तःगु दु। क्रिस्तोफर कोलम्बसया नामं नां वःगु थ्व नगरया पलिस्था सन् १८१२इ स्कियोता खुसि व ओलेन्तान्गी खुसिया दोभानय् जूगु ख। थ्व नगर सन् १८१६इ ओहायो राज्यया राजधानी जुवन। थ्व नगरया अर्थतन्त्रय् थी-थी आर्थिक क्षेत्रया प्रभाव दु। थ्व नगरय् शिक्षा, सरकार, विमा, बैंक, फेसन, दिफेन्स, उड़यन, नसाः, वसः, लजिस्तिक, स्तिल, उर्जा, मेदिकल रिसर्च, उसाँय् सेवा, हस्पितालिति, रितेल, प्रविधि आदि ख्यःया मू प्रभाव दु। आधुनिक कोलम्बस छगू प्राविधिक रुपय् परिष्कृत नगरया रुपय् विकशित जूगु दु। थ्व नगर हलिमया दकले तःधंगु निजी शोध व विकास प्रतिष्ठानत दसु बातेल मेमोरियल इन्स्तिच्युत (Battelle Memorial Institute); सिएएस (CAS वा Chemical Abstracts Service) हलिमया दकले तःधंगु क्लियरिङ्गहाउस, नेतजेत्स, हलिमया दकले तःधंगु आंशिक जेट विमान फ्लिटया आंशिक स्वामित्त्व दूगु संस्था, ओहायो राज्य विश्वविद्यालय, देय्या दकले तःधंगु क्याम्पस आदि दूगु नगर ख। <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120216152533/http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2010/02/04/leader_of_nations_biggest_campus_taking_on_tenure/ "Leader of nation's biggest campus taking on tenure"], Andrew Welsh-Huggins. [[Boston Globe]]. 4 February 2010. Retrieved 14 September 2010.</ref> सन् २०१०या जनगणना कथं थ्व नगरया जनसंख्या ७,८७,०३३ दु। थ्व नगर ओहायो राज्यया दकले अप्व जनसंख्या दूगु नगर ख। <ref name="Httpwwwdispatchcomlivecontentlocal_newsstoriescensusshowsohiomorediversehtmlsid" /> सन् २००८य् कोलम्बस संरा अमेरिकाया १६गु दकले अप्व जनसंख्या दूगु नगर जुयाच्वन। ७५४,८८५ जनसंख्या नाप थ्व नगरया नगरी क्षेत्र व ईले देय्या ३२गु दकले अप्व जनसंख्या दूगु नगर जुयाच्वन। नापं थ्व नगर जनसंख्या कथं ४गु दकले अप्व जनसंख्या दूगु राज्यया राजधानी नं ख। थ्व नगरया करिब ११६००० मनु मेमेगु देशं वया थन बसोबास याःगु खने दु। थ्व कथं सण् २०००-२००६ दुनेया न्हुगु जनसंख्याय् ८२% मेगु देशं वःगु खने दु। <ref name="fairus.org">[http://www.fairus.org/site/PageNavigator/facts/local_data_oh_columbus "Metro Area Factsheet: Columbus, Ohio MSA"], Federation for Immigration Reform. Retrieved 5 September 2010.</ref> युएसया जनगणना कथं थ्व नगरया नगरीय जनसंख्या १७,७३,१२० दु धाःसा सकल क्षेत्रया जनसंख्या (मेरियन व चिलिकोते नापं) २०,३१,२२९ दु। <ref name="combined">{{Cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/tables/2008/CBSA-EST2008-01.xls |title=Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 |accessdate=2009-07-01 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}{{Dead link|date=July 2009}}</ref> थ्व नगर संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाया बच्छि जनसंख्या नाप ५५० माइलया दुरी दुने ला। <ref>{{Cite news| url = http://www.experiencecolumbus.org/convenient-location.cfm |title =Experience Columbus }}</ref> ==लिधंसा== {{लिधंसा|}} ==स्वयादिसँ== *[[ओहायो]] {{अमेरिका}} {{Commonscat|Columbus, Ohio}} [[पुचः:ओहायो]] 6kwee4rxxyrltcm0mu0mmp2w4doiemi 0 17111 1125003 1119819 2026-09-23T01:12:40Z InternetArchiveBot 22726 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1125003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/लेह}} [[Image:Beautiful Leh Couple In Traditional Dress (202673443).jpeg|thumb|People of Leh in traditional dress.]] {{भारतयागु नगर इलाकायागु तथ्यांक | native_name = लेह | type = city | latd = 34.17 | longd = 77.58| skyline=View of Leh.jpg | skyline_caption=नाम्ग्याल हिलं लेहया किपा| locator_position = right | state_name = जम्मु व कश्मीर | district = [[लेह जिल्ला]] | leader_title = | leader_name = | altitude = ३६५०| population_as_of = 2001| population_total = २७,५१३| population_density = | area_magnitude= sq km | area_total = | area_telephone = | postal_code = | vehicle_code_range = | sex_ratio = | unlocode = | website = www.leh.nic.in| footnotes = | }} [[किपा:Leh 1.jpg|thumbnail|left|लेह]] '''लेह''' ([[सेँ भाषा]]: གླེ་) [[भारत|भारतयागु]] [[जम्मू व कश्मीर]] राज्ययागु [[लेह (लद्दाक) जिल्ला|लेह (लद्दाक)]] जिल्लायागु छगु सहर खः। थ्व नगर न्हापा [[हिमालय|हिमाली]] राज्य [[लद्दाख]]या राजधानी ख। थ्व नगरय् आतक्क नं लद्दाखया न्हापाया जुजुतेगु लाय्‌कु, [[लेह लाय्‌कु]], खने दु। थ्व लाय्‌कु [[पोताला लाय्‌कु]] थें च्वं। == भूगोल == थ्व शहरयागु अक्षांश व देशान्तर खः {{coor d|34.17|N|77.58|E|}} ।<ref name="geoloc">{{cite web | accessdate = मार्च २० | accessyear = २००७ | url = http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/12/Leh.html | title = Leh | work = Falling Rain Genomics, Inc}}</ref>समुद्र सतह स्वया थ्व थाय ३४८७&nbsp;[[मिटर]] (११४४०&nbsp;[[फुट]]) च्वे ला। थनया औशत वार्षिक वा ९० मिमि दु। थनया तापक्रम चिकुलाय् −२८ °से निसें ताहान्वैबिले ३३ °से तक्क थ्यनि। == जनसंख्या == [[किपा:Markez-Leh.jpg|thumbnail|The city-square in 1909.]] भारतयागु दं २००१ यागु जनगणना कथं लेह शहरयागु जनसंख्या २७,५१३ खः।<ref name="census">{{cite web | accessdate = मार्च २० | accessyear = २००७ | url = http://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 | title = भारतीय जनगणना २००१}}</ref> थुकिली मिजंत ६१%, व मिसात ३९% दु। थनयागु साक्षरता प्रतिशत ७५% दु, । मिजंतेगु साक्षरता ८२% दु, व मिसातेगु साक्षरता ६५% दु। सकल भारतयागु साक्षरता प्रतिशत ५९.५%, स्वया लेह यागु साक्षरता अप्व दु। थ्व शहरयगु जनसंख्याय् ९% ६ दं स्वया म्हो जु। == ब्वनादिसँ == * Lonely Planet: Trekking in the Himalayas (Walking Guides) [http://www.alibris.com/search/search.cfm?S=R&qwork=-95980804&qsort=p&siteID=KLVmR9fE2yU-TEwzp.noGLx.y05XqpWKXQ] == लिधंसा == <references/> == पिनेया स्वापूत == {{commons|Category:Leh|Leh}} * [http://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Leh Leh at Wikivoyage] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080320201043/http://saos.org/egotrips/trips.php?trip=6 Manali-Leh Bicycle Adventure, documenting the region through photographs] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071215034624/http://www.leh-ladakh.com/ Leh Ladakh Travel] * [http://leh.nic.in/profile.htm Population Figures] * [http://leh.nic.in/ Indian Government website of Leh] * [http://www.bharatonline.com/kashmir/ladakh/culture/index.html Ladakh Culture] * [http://pipimaru.dyndns.org/ladakh_200105/]{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Images of Ladakh encompassing Leh by [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Pipimaru User:Pipimaru] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071205061742/http://www15.brinkster.com/amdou/tourism/leh.html Facts and Figures of Leh] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160606061601/http://www.islamicvoice.com/september.2003/mheritage.htm Ladakh Muslims At A Glance: Islam in Ladakh] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030305201121/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0227_030227_tvleh.html City of Leh Thrives as Oasis of Peace in Kashmir] * [http://ladak.free.fr/commun/html/rapp01fr.htm Ladakh: Rapport n~1] * [http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/web1/03aug03/state.htm Daily excelsior...state] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070104010058/http://www.yamatreks.com/AboutLadakh.htm Religious groups in Ladakh] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071218042934/http://www.tjresearch.info/Trebst.htm International Association for Ladakh Studies 11th colloquium Leh, 21-25 July 2003] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071224161216/http://www.highasialadakh.com/ History, Regions, Places of Interest and Climate of Leh Ladakh] * [http://www.jullay.com Jullay.com Community portal of ladakh] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071212081445/http://www.dirttrackproductions.com/ Film on Leh] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071029041420/http://miretlouise.site.voila.fr/banque_de_photos/Inde_06/index.html Ladakh seen by two amator photographers (2006)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090330113257/http://blogs.wanderingscapes.com/ WanderingScapes: A travel blog and photographs featuring Ladakh (2007)] {{जम्मू व कश्मीरयागु-शहर-जगच्वसु}} {{Commonscat|Leh}} [[पुचः:जम्मू व कश्मीरयागु शहर]] noeenwyajxvn75d9wo95xwh5r5bf5at 0 17940 1124997 1046536 2026-09-22T21:08:00Z InternetArchiveBot 22726 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1124997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/अजिङ्गर}} [[Image:LRMEXPORT 187433861073166 20200523 062423632a.jpg|alt=pythons|thumb|Indian python (''[[Python molurus]]]] [[Image:Python at Nairobi National Museum, Kenya.jpg|thumb|290x290px|Common Python at Nairobi National Museum, Kenya]] {{Taxobox | color = pink | name = पाइथनिदे (अजिङ्गर) | image = Python molure 13.JPG | image_caption = भारतीय अजिङ्गर, ''[[पाइथन मोलुरस]]'' | regnum = [[एनिम्यालिया]] | phylum = [[कोर्दाता]] | subphylum = [[भर्तेब्राता]] | classis = [[रेप्तिलिया]] | ordo = [[स्क्वामाता]] | subordo = [[सर्पेन्तेस]] | infraordo = [[अलेथिनोफिदिया]] | familia = '''पाइथनिदे''' | familia_authority = [[Leopold Fitzinger|Fitzinger]], [[१८२६]] | synonyms = * Pythonoidea - Fitzinger, 1826 * Pythonoidei - Eichwald, 1831 * Holodonta - Müller, 1832 * Pythonina - Bonaparte, 1840 * Pythophes - Fitzinger, 1843 * Pythoniens - A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844 * Holodontes - A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844 * Pythonides - A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844 * Pythones - Cope, 1861 * Pythonidae - Cope, 1864 * Peropodes - Meyer, 1874 * Chondropythonina - Boulenger, 1879 * Pythoninae - Boulenger, 1890 * Pythonini - Underwood & Stimson, 1990 * Moreliini - Underwood & Stimson, 1990<ref name="McD99">McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).</ref> }} '''अजिङ्गर''' वा '''पाइथनिदे''' छगू विष मदुगु सर्पतेगु परिवार ख। थ्व सर्प [[अफ्रिका]], [[एसिया]] व [[अस्त्रेलिया|अस्ट्रेलिया]]य् खने दु। थ्व परिवार दुने हलिमया दक्ले तधंगु सर्पत ला। आतक्क थ्व परिवारय् ८गु [[जेनस]] व २६गु [[प्रजाति]]त लुयावगु दु।<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS|ID=563893|taxon=Pythonidae|year=2007|date=15 September}}</ref> ==Description== [[Image:Greentreepython.jpg|left|240px|thumb|Green tree python, ''[[Morelia viridis]]'']] Adults range in size from 0.5 to 10 [[meter]]s (1.5 to 33 [[foot (unit of length)|feet]]) in length. One species, ''[[Python reticulatus]]'', the reticulated python, holds the record for world's longest snake: 10 m (32 ft 9.5 in). The Pythonidae are distinguished from the family [[Boidae]] (boas) by the fact that they have [[teeth]] on the [[premaxilla]]: a small [[bone]] at the very front and center of the upper [[jaw]]. Most species have rows of heat-sensing organs between the [[sublabial scales]]: labial pits. Although not as well developed as the loreal pits of the subfamily [[Crotalinae]] (pitvipers), these organs enable the snakes to detect objects that are hotter than the surrounding environment, and enable hunting to take place in total darkness, such as inside caves. Some species exhibit vestigial bones of the pelvis and rear legs, which are externally apparent in the form of a pair of [[anal spurs]] on each side of the [[cloaca]]. These spurs are larger in males than females, and are used by the male to grip and/or stimulate the female during copulation. Male of certain species occasionally cause spur related injuries to each other during territorial combat, and though more likely to be incidental than intentional, some captured specimens have shown multiple episodes of scarring from such injuries. Color patterns vary from striking to nondescript brown or olive. It usually reflects appropriate [[camouflage]] for the native habitat. Even within a given species, there may be enormous differences in coloration and pattern in different parts of the geographic range. ==Geographic range== Found in subsaharan [[Africa]], peninsular [[भारत|India]], [[Myanmar]], southern [[चीन|China]], [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[फिलिपिन्स|Philippines]] southeast through [[Indonesia]] to [[New Guinea]] and [[अस्त्रेलिया|Australia]].<ref name="McD99"/> In the [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|United States]], a population of Burmese pythons, ''[[Python molurus bivittatus]]'', has existed as an invasive species in the [[Everglades National Park]] since the late 1990s, which has damaged the local ecosystem. More than 300 have been removed. They are not native to the south Floridian marshlands, but have been deposited there by pet owners who no longer wished to care for them and also did not want to euthanize them. Scientists believe that the snakes are a grave threat to nearly every species of animal in the Everglades, including [[alligators]]. There have been several accounts of python vs. alligator encounters there, including one in the fall of 2005 between a 13 foot (4&nbsp;m) python and a six foot (1.8&nbsp;m) gator that proved fatal for both. The two were found with the alligator's body protruding from a tear in the snake's body.<ref name="NGeo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20040611213130/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/06/0603_040603_invasivespecies.html Huge, Freed Pet Pythons Invade Florida Everglades] at [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/ http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/ National Geographic News]. Accessed [[16 September]] [[2007]].</ref> ==संरक्षण== थ्व प्राणीयात मनुतेसं यक्व स्यायेगु या। अतः, भारतीय पाइथन ''[[पाइथन मोलुरस]]'' थें न्यागु प्राणीत आ म्हो जुया वना च्वंगु दु। ==Behavior== [[Image:Blackheaded python2.jpg|right|240px|thumb|Black-headed python,<br/>''[[Aspidites melanocephalus]]'']] Ambush predators, they typically remain motionless in a camouflaged position and then strike suddenly at passing prey. They will generally not attack humans unless startled or provoked, although females protecting their eggs can be aggressive. Large adult specimens can kill people. Unsuspecting children can and have become prey and swallowed whole after being suffocated. Reports of attacks on human beings were once more common in South and Southeast Asia, but are now quite rare. ==Feeding== Prey is killed by a process known as ''[[constriction]]''; after an animal has been grasped to restrain it, a number of coils are hastily wrapped around it. Then, by applying and maintaining sufficient pressure to prevent it from inhaling, the prey eventually succumbs due to [[asphyxia|asphyxiation]]. It has recently been suggested that the pressures produced during constriction cause cardiac arrest by interfering with blood flow, but this hypothesis has not yet been confirmed. As opposed to popular belief, prey is not crushed; even when constricting normal sized prey, sufficient pressure to break bones is almost certainly never applied. Larger specimens usually eat animals about the size of a house cat, but larger food items are not unknown: some large Asian species have been known to take down adult [[Deer]], and the African rock python, ''[[Python sebae]]'', has been known to eat [[Gazelle]]). Prey is swallowed whole, and may take anywhere from several days or even weeks to fully digest. Despite their intimidating size and muscular power, they are generally not dangerous to humans. ==प्रजनन== थ्व प्रजातिया मिसातेसं [[खेँ]] थ्वइ। अतः, थ्व [[ओभिप्यारस]] ख। थ्व गुणं याना थ्व सर्प व [[बोइदे]] सर्प पा। बोइदे सर्पं आपालं मचा बुइकी ([[ओभोभिभिप्यारस]])। ==लहिनिगु== थ्व परिवारया यक्व प्रजातित एक्जोटिक पाल्तुया कथं बनेज्या जुगु खने दु। अथे जुसां थ्व परिवारया तधंगु प्राणीत लहिनिबिले होस तय् मा। थ्व परिवारया तधंगु प्राणीतेसं थगु मालिकयात स्यागु प्रमाणत खंगु दु।<ref name="Anapsid">[http://www.anapsid.org/coloburm.html The Keeping of Large Pythons] at [http://www.anapsid.org/ Anapsid]. Accessed [[16 September]] [[2007]].</ref> ==Genera== {|cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse;" !bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Species<ref name="ITIS"/> !bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Authority<ref name="ITIS"/> !bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Species<ref name="ITIS"/> !bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Subsp.*<ref name="ITIS"/> !bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Common name !bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Geographic range<ref name="McD99"/> |- |''[[Antaresia]]'' |Wells & Wellington, [[1984]] |align="center"|4 |align="center"|0 | |style="width:40%"|[[अस्त्रेलिया|Australia]] in arid and tropical regions. |- |''[[Apodora]]'' |Kluge, [[1993]] |align="center"|1 |align="center"|0 |Papuan python |Most of [[New Guinea]], from [[Misool]] to [[Fergusson Island]]. |- |''[[Aspidites]]'' |[[Wilhelm Peters|Peters]], [[1877]] |align="center"|2 |align="center"|0 | |Australia except in the south of the country. |- |''[[Bothrochilus]]'' |[[Leopold Fitzinger|Fitzinger]], [[1843]] |align="center"|1 |align="center"|0 |Bismark ringed python |The islands of the [[Bismark Archipelago]], including [[Umboi Island|Umboi]], [[New Britain]], Gasmata (off the southern coast), [[Duke of York Island, Papua New Guinea|Duke of York]] and nearby Mioko, [[New Ireland (island)|New Ireland]] and nearby Tatau (off the east coast), the [[New Hanover Island]]s and [[Nissan Island]]. |- |''[[Leiopython]]'' |[[Ambrosius Arnold Willem Hubrecht|Hubrecht]], [[1879]] |align="center"|1 |align="center"|0 |D'Albert's water python |Most of New Guinea (below 1200 m), including the islands of [[Salawati]] and [[Biak]], [[Normanby Island, Papua New Guinea|Normanby]], [[Mussau Island|Mussau]], as well as a few islands in the [[Torres Strait]]. |- |''[[Liasis]]'' |[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], [[1842]] |align="center"|3 |align="center"|2 | |[[Indonesia]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], east through New Guinea and in northern and western Australia. |- |''[[Morelia (genus)|Morelia]]'' |Gray, 1842 |align="center"|7 |align="center"|5 | |From Indonesia in the [[Maluku Islands]], east through New Guinea, including the Bismark Archipelago and in Australia. |- |''[[Python (genus)|Python]]''<font size="-1">^T</font> |[[François Marie Daudin|Daudin]], [[1803]] |align="center"|7 |align="center"|4 |Pythons |[[Africa]] in the tropics south of the [[Sahara]] (not including southern and extreme southwestern [[Madagascar]]), [[Pakistan]], [[भारत|India]], [[Sri Lanka]], the [[Nicobar Islands]], [[Myanmar]], [[Indochina]], southern [[चीन|China]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Hainan]], the malayan region of [[Indonesia]] and the [[फिलिपिन्स|Philippines]]. |- |} ''*) Not including the nominate subspecies (typical forms).''<br> <font size="-1">^T</font>) [[Type genus]].<ref name="McD99"/> ==त्याक्सोनोमी== अजिङ्गरत बोआनाप मेमेगु सर्प वा प्राणीत नाप स्वया अप्व मिलेजु। छुं वैज्ञानिक कथं अजिङ्गरत बोआ परिवारया उप-परिवार ख। ==किपा== <gallery> Image:Morelia spilota.jpg|Carpet python,<br/>''[[Morelia spilota]]'' Image:Morelia viridis.jpg|Green tree python,<br/>''[[Morelia viridis]]'' Image:Burmese Python 02.jpg|Albino Burmese python,<br/>''[[Python molurus bivittatus]]'' Image:Python breitensteini .jpg|Borneo short-tailed python,<br/>''[[Python curtus breitensteini]]'' Image:Leiopython albertisii.jpgWhite-lipped python,<br/>''Leiopython albertisii'' </gallery> ==स्वयादिसँ== * [[प्राणी]] * [[जीवविज्ञान]] ==लिधँसा== {{Reflist}} ==पिनेया स्वापूत== * [http://www.answers.com/topic/pythons-pythonidae-biological-family Pythons (Pythonidae)] [http://www.answers.com/ Answers.com]य्, [[सेप्टेम्बर १६]] [[सन् २००७|२००७]] कथं। {{Commonscat|Pythonidae}} [[पुचः:पाइथनिदे| ]] [[पुचः:प्राणी]] m43v4yysysbyrf4hqt5q99qb56ec93n 0 28190 1124998 1122556 2026-09-22T21:23:42Z InternetArchiveBot 22726 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1124998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/आज्मा}} {{Infobox_Disease | Name = ब्रोंकियल आज्मा | DiseasesDB = १००६6 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|J|45||j|40}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|493}} | ICDO = | OMIM = ६००८०७ | MedlinePlus = ०००१४ | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = १७७ | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|43}} | MeshName = आज्मा | MeshNumber = C08.127.108 | }} '''आज्मा''' वा आस्थ्मा [[रेस्पिरेटरी सिस्टम]]यागु छगु [[क्रोनिक]] ल्वे ख। थ्व ल्वेय् मनुयागु [[स्वँ|एअरवे]] कन्स्ट्रिक्ट जुइ, [[इन्फ्लामेसन]] जुइ व सोंय् [[म्युकस]] प्येपुना च्वनि। थन्यागु इपिसोड थ्व ल्वे छगु वा येक्व ट्रिगरं याना जुइ। थ्व ल्वेयागु ट्रिगर एलरजेन, ख्वांगु फे, मोइस्ट फे, व्यायाम, एक्जर्सन, इमोसनल स्ट्रेस आदि ख। मचातेगु दथुइ थ्व ल्वय् भाइरल संक्रमणं (गथे कि-सेखं चाइगु याना अप्व जुगु खने दु)। <!-- --><ref name=Zhao>Zhao J, Takamura M, Yamaoka A, Odajima Y, Iikura Y. Altered eosinophil levels as a result of viral infection in asthma exacerbation in childhood. ''J Pediatr Allergy Immunol''. 2002 Feb;13(1):47–50. PMID 12000498</ref> थ्व कथंया एअरवे न्यारोविङ (airway narrowing)तेसं [[व्हीज]], [[डिस्प्निया]], [[नुगःपा कस्सेजुइगु]], व [[मुसु]] वैगु थेंन्यागु [[लक्षण]] क्येनि। थ्व लक्षणतेत [[ब्रोंकोडाइलेटर]] बिया लंके ज्यु। थन्यागु एपिसोडतेगु दथुइ अप्व उसाँय् मदुपिं बांलागु थें जुइ तर गब्लें-गब्लें सासः ल्हाय् थाकुगु थें जुइफु। The symptoms of asthma, which can range from mild to life threatening, can usually be controlled with a combination of [[medication|drugs]] and environmental changes. Public attention in the [[developed country|developed world]] has recently focused on asthma because of its rapidly increasing [[prevalence]], affecting up to one in four urban children.<!-- --><ref name=Lilly>Lilly CM. Diversity of asthma: Evolving concepts of pathophysiology and lessons from genetics. ''J Allergy Clin Immunol''. 2005;115 (4 Suppl):S526-31. PMID 15806035</ref> == इतिहास == आज्मा धागु खंग्व [[प्राचीन यवन|युनानी]] खंग्व ''आजीन'' नं वगु ख,थ्व खंग्वयाग अर्थ "शार्प (sharp) सासः" ख। थ्व खँग्व दक्ले न्ह्य [[होमर]]यागु इलियाडय् च्वयातगु खने दु।<!-- --><ref name=Marketos>Marketos SG, Ballas CN. Bronchial asthma in the medical literature of Greek antiquity. ''J Asthma''. 1982;19(4):263-9. PMID 6757243</ref> [[हिपोक्रेटिज]] नं थ्व खँग्वयात ल्वेयागु रुपे ४५० बी सीय् दक्ले न्ह्य छ्येलादिल। हिप्पोक्रेटिजयागु विचा कथं थ्व ल्वे अप्व याना टेलर, एन्ग्लर्स व मेटलवर्करय् खने दु। ६ शताब्दी धुंका [[ग्यालेन]]नं आज्मायागु बारेय् येक्व च्वव्या दिल। वेकलं थ्व ल्वे ब्रोंकसयागु आंशिक वा पूर्ण रुपे अब्स्ट्रक्सन जुया जुइगु धैगु खं विचा याना दिल। ११९० ए डीय् [[मोसेस मोइमोनिडेज]], छम्ह मध्ययुगीय [[र्‍याबाइ]], दार्शनिक, व चिकित्सकं थुकियागु बारेय् येक्व च्वया दिल व थ्व अवस्थायागु प्रिभेन्सन, डायग्नोसिस् व ट्रिट्मेन्टयागु बारेय् च्वया दिल।<!-- --><ref name=Rosner>Rosner F. Moses Maimonides' treatise on asthma. ''Thorax''. 1981;36:245–251. PMID 7025335</ref> १७औं शताव्दीय् [[बर्नार्डिनो रामाजिनी]] नं अर्ग्यानिक धु व थ्व ल्वेयागु छुं सम्बन्ध दुगु खं सीका दिल। [[ब्रोंकोडाइलेटर]]यागु छ्येलेज्या १९०१ निसें न्ह्येथन तर १९६०यागु दशक तक्क नं थ्व ल्वेयागु इन्फ्लामेटरी भागयागु बारेय् चिकित्सकत अनभिज्ञ जुल। थ्व भाग सी धुंका [[एन्टि-इन्फ्लामेटरी]] वास नं थ्व ल्वेयागु रेजिमेनय् तेनिगु ज्या जुल। == लक्षण == छुं मनुय् आज्मा क्रोनिक रेस्पिरेटरी इम्पेयरमेन्टयागु रुपे खने दै। मेमेपिंय् थ्व ल्वे इन्टर्मिटेन्ट ल्वेयागु रुपे खने दै व थ्व ल्वेयागु लक्षण इन्टरमिटेन्ट कथलं अपर रेस्पिरेटरी संक्रमण, तनाव, वायुय् दैगु एलर्जेन, वायु प्रदुषक (दसु कुं) वा व्यायामं याना जुइ। आज्मायागु एक्युट एट्याकयाट ''आज्मा अट्याक'' धाई। थन्यागु अट्याकयागु हलमार्क [[डिस्प्निया]] व [[व्हीज]] वा [[स्ट्राइडर]]य् छगु जुइ। Although the former is "often regarded as the ''[[sine qua non]]'' of asthma,"<ref name=McFadden>McFadden ER, Jr. "Asthma". In Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, et al (eds). ''Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine'', 16^th ed., pp. 1508–1516. New York: McGraw-Hill;2004.</ref> some patients present primarily with [[cough]]ing, and in the late stages of an attack, air motion may be so impaired that no wheezing may be heard. When present the cough may sometimes produce clear [[sputum]]. The onset may be sudden, with a sense of constriction in the chest, breathing becomes difficult, and wheezing occurs (primarily upon expiration, but can be in both [[Respiration (physiology)|respiratory]] phases). [[Sign (medicine)|Signs]] of an asthmatic episode include [[wheeze|wheezing]], rapid breathing ([[tachypnea]]), prolonged expiration, a rapid heart rate ([[tachycardia]]), [[rhonchus|rhonchous]] lung sounds (audible through a [[stethoscope]]), and over-inflation of the chest. During a serious asthma attack, the accessory [[muscle]]s of respiration (sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles of the neck) may be used, shown as in-drawing of [[biological tissue|tissues]] between the ribs and above the [[sternum]] and [[clavicle]]s, and the presence of a [[paradoxical pulse]] (a pulse that is weaker during inhalation and stronger during exhalation). During very severe attacks, an asthma sufferer can [[cyanosis|turn blue]] from lack of oxygen, and can experience [[chest pain]] or even loss of [[consciousness]]. Just before loss of consciousness, there is a chance that the patient will feel numbness in the limbs and palms may start to sweat. Feet may become icy cold. Severe asthma attacks may lead to respiratory arrest and death. Despite the severity of symptoms during an asthmatic episode, between attacks an asthmatic may show few signs of the disease.<ref>{{cite book |last=Longmore |first=Murray ''et al'' |title=Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookof0000unse_m8y0 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location= |edition=7^th ed.|year=2007 |pages= |isbn=978-0198568377 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref> == डायाग्नोसिस == आज्मायात छगु रिभर्सिबल एअरवे अब्स्ट्रक्सनया कथं परिभाषित यानातगु दु। Reversibility थमंतुं (spontaneously) वा निदान (treatment) याना जुइ। थुकिया दक्ले आधारभूत [[पीक एक्स्पिरेटरी फ्लो रेट]]या लनेज्या व क्वय् बियातगु क्राइटेरियायात [[ब्रिटिस थोर्‍यासिक सोसाइटी]] नं आज्माया डायग्नोसिसया आधार कागु दु:<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pinnock H, Shah R|title=Asthma|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-medical-journal_2007-04-21_334_7598/page/847|journal=Br Med J|year=2007|volume=334|issue=7598|pages=847–50|doi=10.1136/bmj.39140.634896.BE}}</ref> * ≥२०% difference on at least three days in a week for at least two weeks; * ≥२०% improvement of peak flow following treatment, दसु: ** १० मिनेट इन्हेल्ड &बेटा;-अगोनिस्ट (दसु., [[साल्ब्युतामोल]]); ** ६ (खु) वातक्क इन्हेल्ड [[कर्तिकोस्तेरोइद]] (दसु, [[बेक्लोमेथासोन]]); ** १४ न्हु ३०mg [[प्रेद्निसोलोन]]. * ≥२०% decrease in peak flow following exposure to a trigger (e.g., exercise). In many cases, a physician can [[diagnosis|diagnose]] asthma on the basis of typical findings in a patient's clinical history and examination. Asthma is strongly suspected if a patient suffers from [[eczema]] or other [[allergy|allergic]] conditions—suggesting a general [[atopy|atopic constitution]]—or has a [[Family history (medicine)|family history]] of asthma. While measurement of airway function is possible for adults, most new cases are diagnosed in children who are unable to perform such tests. Diagnosis in children is based on a careful compilation and analysis of the patient's [[medical history]] and subsequent improvement with an inhaled [[bronchodilator]] medication. In adults, diagnosis can be made with a [[peak flow meter]] (which tests airway restriction), looking at both the diurnal [[Circadian rhythm|variation]] and any reversibility following inhaled [[bronchodilator]] [[Asthma#Rapid relief|medication]]. Testing peak flow at rest (or baseline) and after exercise can be helpful, especially in young asthmatics who may experience only [[exercise-induced asthma]]. If the diagnosis is in doubt, a more formal [[spirometry|lung function test]] may be conducted. Once a diagnosis of asthma is made, a patient can use [[peak flow meter]] testing to monitor the severity of the disease. In the Emergency Department doctors may use a [[capnography]] PMID 16187465 which measures the amount of exhaled [[carbon dioxide]] along with [[pulse oximetry]] which shows the amount of oxygen dissolved in the blood, to determine the severity of an asthma attack as well as the response to treatment. === Differential diagnosis === Before diagnosing someone as asthmatic, [[differential diagnosis|alternative possibilities]] should be considered. A physician taking a history should check whether the patient is using any known bronchoconstrictors (substances that cause narrowing of the airways, e.g., certain [[anti-inflammatory]] agents or [[beta-blockers]]). [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], which closely resembles asthma, is correlated with more exposure to cigarette smoke, an older patient, less symptom reversibility after bronchodilator administration (as measured by [[spirometry]]), and decreased likelihood of family history of [[atopy]]. [[Pulmonary aspiration]], whether '''direct''' due to [[dysphagia]] (swallowing disorder) or '''indirect''' (due to acid reflux), can show similar symptoms to asthma. However, with aspiration, fevers might also indicate [[aspiration pneumonia]]. Direct aspiration (dysphagia) can be diagnosed by performing a Modified Barium Swallow test and treated with feeding therapy by a qualified [[speech therapist]]. If the aspiration is indirect (from acid reflux) then treatment directed at this is indicated. A majority of children who are asthma sufferers have an identifiable [[allergy]] trigger. Specifically, in a 2004 study, 71% had positive test results for more than 1 allergen, and 42% had positive test results for more than 3 allergens.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Vargas |first=PA |title=Characteristics of children with asthma who are enrolled in a Head Start program |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=15356547&query_hl=23&itool=pubmed_docsum |journal= J Allergy Clin Immunol |date=September 2004 |pages=499–504 |pmid=15356547 }}</ref> The majority of these triggers can often be identified from the history; for instance, asthmatics with [[hay fever]] or [[pollen]] allergy will have seasonal symptoms, those with allergies to [[pet]]s may experience an abatement of symptoms when away from home, and those with occupational asthma may improve during leave from work. Occasionally, [[allergy#Diagnosis|allergy tests]] are warranted and, if positive, may help in identifying avoidable symptom triggers. After a [[pulmonary function test]] has been carried out, radiological tests, such as a [[chest X-ray]] or [[computed tomography|CT scan]], may be required to exclude the possibility of other lung diseases. In some people, asthma may be triggered by [[gastroesophageal reflux disease]], which can be treated with suitable [[antacid]]s. Very occasionally, specialized tests after inhalation of [[methacholine challenge test|methacholine]] — or, even less commonly, [[histamine]] — may be performed. Asthma is categorized by the United States [[National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute]] as falling into one of four categories: mild intermittent, mild persistent, moderate persistent and severe persistent. The diagnosis of "severe persistent asthma" occurs when symptoms are continual with frequent exacerbations and frequent nighttime symptoms, result in limited physical activity and when lung function as measured by PEV or FEV₁ tests is less than 60% predicted with PEF variability greater than 30%. There is no cure for asthma. Doctors have only found ways to prevent attacks and relieve the symptoms such as tightness of the chest and trouble breathing. == Pathophysiology == [[किपा:Asthma before-after.png|thumb|right|470px|'''Inflamed airways and bronchoconstriction in asthma'''. Airways narrowed as a result of the inflammatory response cause wheezing.]] === Bronchoconstriction === During an asthma episode, inflamed [[bronchiole|airways]] react to environmental triggers such as smoke, dust, or pollen. The airways narrow and produce excess [[mucus]], making it difficult to breathe. In essence, asthma is the result of an [[immune response]] in the [[bronchial]] airways.<ref name=Maddox>Maddox L, Schwartz DA. The Pathophysiology of Asthma. ''Annu. Rev. Med.'' 2002, 53:477-98. PMID 11818486</ref> The airways of asthmatics are "[[hypersensitivity|hypersensitive]]" to certain triggers, also known as ''stimuli'' (see below). In response to exposure to these triggers, the [[bronchi]] (large airways) contract into [[spasm]] (an "asthma attack"). [[Inflammation]] soon follows, leading to a further narrowing of the airways and excessive [[mucus]] production, which leads to coughing and other breathing difficulties. === Stimuli === There are many different categories of stimuli: * [[Allergen]]ic [[Pollution|air pollution]], from nature, typically inhaled, which include waste from common household pests, such as the [[house dust mite]] and [[cockroach]], [[pollen|grass pollen]], [[mould]] spores, and pet [[epithelium|epithelial cells]]; * Indoor [[Allergen]]ic [[Pollution|air pollution]] from [[Volatile organic compound]]s, including [perfume]s and perfumed products. Examples include soap, dishwashing liquid, laundry detergent, fabric softener, paper tissues, paper towels, toilet paper, shampoo, hairspray, hair gel, cosmetics, facial cream, sun cream, deodorant, cologne, shaving cream, aftershave lotion, air freshener and candles, and products such as oil-based paint. * [[Medication]]s, including [[aspirin]],<ref name=Jenkins>Jenkins C, Costello J, Hodge L. [[Systematic review]] of prevalence of aspirin induced asthma and its implications for clinical practice. ''[[British Medical Journal|BMJ]]'' 2004;328:434. PMID 14976098</ref> [[beta blocker|β-adrenergic antagonists]] (beta blockers), and [[penicillin]]. * [[Food allergy|Food allergies]] such as [[milk]], [[peanut]]s, and [[egg (food)|eggs]]. However, asthma is rarely the only symptom, and not all people with food or other allergies have asthma. * Use of [[fossil fuel]] related [[allergen]]ic [[Pollution|air pollution]], such as [[ozone]], [[smog]], [[summer smog]], [[nitrogen dioxide]], and [[sulfur dioxide]], which is thought to be one of the major reasons for the high prevalence of asthma in [[Urban area|urban]] areas; * Various industrial compounds and other chemicals, notably [[sulfites]]; [[क्लोरिन|chlorinated]] swimming pools generate [[chloramine]]s—monochloramine (NH₂Cl), dichloramine (NHCl₂) and trichloramine (NCl₃)—in the air around them, which are known to induce asthma.<ref name=Nemery>Nemery B, Hoet PH, Nowak D. Indoor swimming pools, water chlorination and respiratory health. ''Eur Respir J''. 2002;19(5):790-3. PMID 12030714</ref> * Early childhood [[infection]]s, especially [[virus|viral]] [[URTI|respiratory infections]]. However, persons of any age can have asthma triggered by [[colds]] and other respiratory infections even though their normal stimuli might be from another category (e.g. pollen) and absent at the time of infection. 80% of asthma attacks in adults and 60% in children are caused by respiratory viruses. * [[Exercise]], the effects of which differ somewhat from those of the other triggers; * [[Allergen]]ic indoor [[Pollution|air pollution]] from [[newsprint]] & other literature such as, [[Direct marketing|junk mail]] leaflets & glossy [[magazine]]s (in some countries). * [[Hormone|Hormonal]] changes in [[adolescent]] girls and adult women associated with their [[menstrual cycle]] can lead to a worsening of asthma. Some women also experience a worsening of their asthma during [[pregnancy]] whereas others find no significant changes, and in other women their asthma improves during their pregnancy. * [[Stress (medicine)|Emotional stress]] which is poorly understood as a trigger. === Bronchial inflammation === The mechanisms behind allergic asthma—i.e., asthma resulting from an [[immune response]] to inhaled [[allergen]]s—are the best understood of the causal factors. In both asthmatics and non-asthmatics, inhaled allergens that find their way to the inner [[bronchiole|airways]] are [[phagocytosis|ingested]] by a type of cell known as [[antigen presenting cell]]s, or APCs. APCs then "present" pieces of the allergen to other [[immune system]] cells. In most people, these other immune cells ([[T helper cell|T_H0 cells]]) "check" and usually ignore the allergen molecules. In asthmatics, however, these cells [[differentiation|transform]] into a different type of cell (T_H2), for reasons that are not well understood. The resultant T_H2 cells activate an important arm of the immune system, known as the [[humoral immunity|humoral immune system]]. The humoral immune system produces [[antibody|antibodies]] against the inhaled allergen. Later, when an asthmatic inhales the same allergen, these antibodies "recognize" it and activate a [[Humoral immune response|humoral response]]. [[Inflammation]] results: chemicals are produced that cause the airways to constrict and release more mucus, and the cell-mediated arm of the immune system is activated. The inflammatory response is responsible for the clinical manifestations of an asthma attack. The following section describes this complex series of events in more detail. === Pathogenesis === The fundamental problem in asthma appears to be [[immunology|immunological]]: young children in the early stages of asthma show signs of excessive inflammation in their airways. [[Epidemiology|Epidemiological findings]] give clues as to the [[pathogenesis]]: the incidence of asthma seems to be increasing worldwide, and asthma is now very much more common in affluent countries. In 1968 Andor Szentivanyi first described ''The Beta Adrenergic Theory of Asthma''; in which blockage of the Beta-2 receptors of pulmonary smooth muscle cells causes asthma.<!-- --><ref>{{cite journal | author=Szentivanyi, Andor | title=The Beta Adrenergic Theory of the Atopic Abnormality in Asthma | url=https://archive.org/details/szentivanyi-1968 | jounal=J.Allergy | year=1968}}</ref> Szentivanyi's Beta Adrenergic Theory is a citation classic<ref name=Tribute>Lockey, Richard, In lasting tribute: Andor Szentivanyi, MD. ''J. Allergy and Clinical Immunology'', January, 2006</ref> and has been cited more times than any other article in the history of the Journal of Allergy. In 1995 Szentivanyi and colleagues demonstrated that IgE blocks beta-2 receptors.<!-- --><ref>{{cite journal | author=Szentivanyi A., Ali K., Calderon EG., Brooks SM., Coffey RG., Lockey RF. | title=The ''in vitro'' effect of Imunnoglobulin E {IgE} on cyclic AMP concentrations in A549 human pulmonary epithelial cells with or without beta adrenergic stimulation | journal=J. Allergy Clin Immunol. | volume=91 | pages=379 | year=1993}} - Part of Abstracts from:<br /> {{cite journal | author = | title = 50th Anniversary of the American Academy of Allergy and Immunology. 49th Annual Meeting. Chicago, Illinois, March 12–17, 1993. Abstracts. | journal = J Allergy Clin Immunol | volume = 91 | issue = 1 Pt 2 | pages = 141–379 | year = 1993 | id = PMID 8421135}}</ref> Since overproduction of IgE is central to all atopic diseases, this was a watershed moment in the world of Allergy.<!-- --><ref>{{cite book | editor=Kowalak JP, Hughes AS et al (eds) | title=Professional Guide To Diseases | edition=7th ed. | year=2001 | publisher=Springhouse}}</ref> The Beta-Adrenergic Theory has been cited in the scholarship of such noted investigators as [[Richard F. Lockey]] (former President of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology),<ref name=Richard_F_Lockey>{{cite web | url = http://www.worldallergy.org/professional/allergic_diseases_center/anaphylaxis/anaphylaxissynopsis.shtml | title = Anaphylaxis: Synopsis | accessmonthday = September 23 | accessyear = 2006 | last = Lockey | first = Richard F. | date = 2006-04-28 | work = Allergic Diseases Resource Center | publisher = World Allergy Organization }}</ref> Charles Reed (Chief of Allergy at Mayo Medical School),<ref name=Charles_Reed>{{cite journal | first = J. J. | last = Ouellette | coauthors = C. E. Reed | year = 1967 | month = March | title = The effect of partial beta adrenergic blockade on the bronchial response of hay fever subjects to ragweed aerosol. | journal = Journal of Allergy | volume = 39 | issue = 3 | pages = 160-6 | id = {{PMID|5227155}}}}</ref> and Craig Venter (Human Genome Project).<ref name=Craig_Venter>{{cite journal | last = Fraser | first = Claire M. | coauthors = [[Craig Venter|J. Craig Venter]] | date = [[May 14]], [[1980]] | title = The synthesis of beta-adrenergic receptors in cultured human lung cells: induction by glucocorticoids. | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 94 | issue = 1 | pages = 390–397 | doi = 10.1016/S0006-291X(80)80233-6 | id = {{PMID|6248064}} | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WBK-4G0VNMJ-S8&_coverDate=05%2F14%2F1980&_alid=454587819&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_qd=1&_cdi=6713&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f3bc10fca4f32364a318857c0262f252 | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-09-23}}</ref><!--I know that this is A J. Craig Venter, but I do not know which one.--> ==== कारक ==== येक्व स्टडिज कथलं मस्तय् आज्मा, [[ब्रोंकाइटिस]], व एक्युट रेस्पिरेटरी ल्वेयात वायुयागु क्वालिटी नाप स्वापू दुगु खं क्यंगु दु।<ref name=asthma_air_quality>{{cite web | url = http://ewg.org/sites/asthmaindex/about/kidshealth.php | title = Asthma and Air Quality}}</ref> One of the largest of these studies is the California Children's Health Study.<ref name=childrens_health_study>{{cite web | url = http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/chs/chs.htm | title = California Children's Health Study}}</ref> From the press release [http://www.arb.ca.gov/newsrel/nr013102.htm]{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<blockquote>The study showed that children in the high ozone communities who played three or more sports developed asthma at a rate three times higher than those in the low ozone communities. Because participation in some sports can result in a child drawing up to 17 times the “normal” amount of air into the lungs, young athletes are more likely to develop asthma.</blockquote> Note that concentrations of ozone have risen steadily in Europe since 1870. [http://www.eoearth.org/image/Histconc.gif] Another theory of [[pathogenesis]] is that asthma is a disease of hygiene. In nature, babies are exposed to [[bacteria]] and other [[antigen]]s soon after birth, "switching on" the T_H1 [[lymphocyte]] cells of the [[immune system]] that deal with bacterial infection. If this stimulus is insufficient, as it may be in modern, clean environments, then T_H2 cells predominate, and asthma and other allergic diseases may develop. This "[[hygiene hypothesis]]" may explain the increase in asthma in affluent populations. The T_H2 lymphocytes and [[eosinophil]] cells that protect us against [[parasite]]s and other infectious agents are the same cells responsible for the allergic reaction. The [[Charcot-Leyden crystals]] are formed when the crystalline material in eosinophils coalesce. These crystals are significant in sputum samples of people with asthma. In the developed world, these [[parasite]]s are now rarely encountered, but the immune response remains and is wrongly triggered in some individuals by certain allergens. Finally, it has been postulated that some forms of asthma may be related to infection, in particular by ''[[Chlamydophila pneumoniae|Chlamydia pneumoniae]]''.<!-- --><ref name="Thorax2006-Terttu">{{cite journal | author=Terttu HH, Leinonen M, Nokso-Koivisto J, Korhonen T, Raty R, He Q, Hovi T, Mertsola J, Bloigu A, Rytila P, Saikku P | title=Non-random distribution of pathogenic bacteria and viruses in induced sputum or pharyngeal secretions of adults with stable asthma | journal=Thorax | year=2006 | pages= | volume= | id=PMID 16517571}}</ref> This issue remains controversial, as the relationship is not borne out by [[meta-analysis]] of the research.<!-- --><ref name="Cochrane2005-Richeldi">{{cite journal | author=Richeldi L, Ferrara G, Fabbri LM, Lasserson TJ, Gibson PG | title=Macrolides for chronic asthma | journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev | year=2005 | pages=CD002997 | volume= | issue=4 | id=PMID 16235309}}</ref> The correlation seems to be not with the onset, but rather with accelerated loss of lung function in adults with new onset of non-atopic asthma.<!-- --><ref name="JAllergyClinImmunol2005-Pasternack">{{cite journal | author=Pasternack R, Huhtala H, Karjalainen J | title=Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae serology and asthma in adults: a longitudinal analysis | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-allergy-and-clinical-immunology_2005-11_116_5/page/1123 | journal=J Allergy Clin Immunol | year=2005 | pages=1123–8 | volume=116 | issue=5 | id=PMID 16275386}}</ref> One possible explanation is that some asthmatics may have altered immune response that facilitates long-term chlamydia pneumonia infection.<!-- --><ref name="PediatrAllergyImmunol2005-Ronchetti">{{cite journal | author=Ronchetti R, Biscione GL, Ronchetti F, Ronchetti MP, Martella S, Falasca C, Casini C, Barreto M, Villa MP | title=Why Chlamydia pneumoniae is associated with asthma and other chronic conditions? Suggestions from a survey in unselected 9 years old schoolchildren | journal=Pediatr Allergy Immunol | year=2005 | pages=145-50 | volume=16 | issue=2 | id=PMID 15787872}}</ref> The response to targeting with [[macrolide]] antibiotics has been investigated, but the temporary benefit reported in some studies may reflect just their anti-inflammatory activities rather than their antimicrobic action.<!-- --><ref name="Cochrane2005-Richeldi" /> === Asthma and sleep apnea === {{main|sleep apnea}} It is recognized with increasing frequency, that patients who have both obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and bronchial asthma, often improve tremendously when the sleep apnea is diagnosed and treated.<ref name=sleep_anpea1>{{cite press release | title = Breathing disorders during sleep are common among asthmatics, may help predict severe asthma | publisher = University of Michigan Health System | date = May 25, 2005 | url = http://www.med.umich.edu/opm/newspage/2005/asthmasleep.htm | accessdate = 2006-09-23 }}</ref> [[CPAP]] is not effective in patients with nocturnal asthma only.<ref name=CPAP_not_an_anti-asthmatic>{{cite web | url = http://www.sleepapnea.org/resources/pubs/asthma-osa.html | title = Asthma and OSA | accessmonthday = September 23 | accessyear = 2006 | last = Basner | first = Robert C. | date = 2006-07-25 | work = ASAA Resources > Publications | publisher = American Sleep Apnea Association}}</ref> === Asthma and gastro-esophageal reflux disease === {{main|gastro-esophageal reflux disease}} If gastro-esophageal reflux disease is present, the patient may have repetitive episodes of acid aspiration, which results in airway inflammation and "irritant-induced" asthma.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} GERD may be common in difficult-to-control asthma, but generally speaking, treating it does not seem to affect the asthma.<ref name=Leggett_et_al_2005>{{cite journal | last = Leggett | first = Julian J. | coauthors = Brian T. Johnston, Moyra Mills, Jackie Gamble, and Liam G. Heaney | year = 2005 | month = April | title = Prevalence of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Difficult Asthma | journal = Chest | volume = 127 | issue = 4 | pages = 1227–1231 | id = {{PMID|15821199}} | url = http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/content/full/127/4/1227 | accessdate = 2006-09-23}}</ref> == Treatment == The most effective treatment for asthma is identifying triggers, such as pets or aspirin, and limiting or eliminating exposure to them. [[Desensitization (medicine)|Desensitization]] to allergens has been shown to be a treatment option for certain patients.<ref>American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1995;151:969–74.</ref> As is common with respiratory disease, [[tobacco smoking|smoking]] adversely affects asthmatics in several ways, including an increased severity of symptoms, a more rapid decline of lung function, and decreased response to preventive medications.<ref name=thomson>Thomson NC, Spears M. The influence of smoking on the treatment response in patients with asthma. ''Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol''. 2005;5(1):57–63. PMID 15643345</ref> Asthmatics who smoke typically require additional medications to help control their disease. Furthermore, exposure of both non-smokers and smokers to [[second-hand smoke]] is detrimental, resulting in more severe asthma, more [[emergency room]] visits, and more asthma-related hospital admissions.<ref name=eisner>Eisner MD, Yelin EH, Katz PP, ''et al.'' Exposure to indoor combustion and adult asthma outcomes: environmental tobacco smoke, gas stoves, and wood-smoke. ''Thorax''. 2002;57(11):973-8. PMID 12403881</ref> Smoking cessation and avoidance of second-hand smoke is strongly encouraged in asthmatics.<ref name=epr2>National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. ''Expert Panel Report: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma''. National Institutes of Health pub no 97–4051. Bethesda, MD, 1997. ([http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.pdf PDF])</ref> The specific medical treatment recommended to patients with asthma depends on the severity of their illness and the frequency of their symptoms. Specific treatments for asthma are broadly classified as relievers, preventers and emergency treatment. The ''Expert Panel Report 2: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma'' (EPR-2)<!-- --><ref name=epr2 /> of the U.S. National Asthma Education and Prevention Program, and the ''British Guideline on the Management of Asthma''<!-- --><ref name=SIGN>British Thoracic Society & Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). ''British Guideline on the Management of Asthma''. Guideline No. 63. Edinburgh:SIGN; 2004. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20060618093345/http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/63/index.html HTML], [https://web.archive.org/web/20060724153838/http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign63.pdf Full PDF], [https://web.archive.org/web/20060724154104/http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/qrg63.pdf Summary PDF])</ref> are broadly used and supported by many doctors. A new draft Full Report of Expert Panel: Guidelines fo the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma (EPR-3) was posted on the NHLBI web site for public review and comment but has been withdrawn from the NIH website pending formal dissemination, although comments submitted by the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology about the proposed revised NHLBI asthma guidelines are still available online. Bronchodilators are recommended for short-term relief in all patients. For those who experience occasional attacks, no other medication is needed. For those with mild persistent disease (more than two attacks a week), low-dose inhaled glucocorticoids or alternatively, an oral leukotriene modifier, a mast-cell stabilizer, or theophylline may be administered. For those who suffer daily attacks, a higher dose of glucocorticoid in conjunction with a long-acting inhaled β-2 agonist may be prescribed; alternatively, a leukotriene modifier or theophylline may substitute for the β-2 agonist. In severe asthmatics, oral glucocorticoids may be added to these treatments during severe attacks. For those in whom exercise can trigger an asthma attack ([[exercise-induced asthma]]), higher levels of ventilation and cold, dry air tend to exacerbate attacks. For this reason, activities in which a patient breathes large amounts of cold air, such as skiing and running, tend to be worse for asthmatics, whereas swimming in an indoor, heated pool, with warm, humid air, is less likely to provoke a response.<!-- --><ref name=McFadden /> Researchers at Harvard Medical School (HMS) have come up with convincing evidence that the answer to what causes asthma lies in a special type of natural "killer" cell. This finding means that physicians may not be treating asthma sufferers with the right kinds of drugs. For example, natural killer T cells seem to be resistant to the corticosteroids in widely used inhalers.<ref name=Harvard_cracks_asthma>{{cite news | first = William J. | last = Cromie | title = Researchers uncover cause of asthma | url = http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2006/03.16/01-asthma.html | work = Harvard University Gazette | publisher = Harvard News Office | date = 2006-03-16 | accessdate = 2006-09-23}}</ref> A novel therapeutic target currently under investigation is the A_2B receptor, a cell surface G-protein coupled receptor expressed in the lungs and in inflammatory cells expressed in asthma. Several animal models have confirmed the a critical role for A_2B antagonists in pulmonary inflammation, fibrosis and airway remodelling.<ref> {{cite web | author=D. Zeng & R. Polosa |year=2006 | title=A Novel Therapeutic Target in Asthma - The A_2B Adenosine Agonist|url=http://www.touchrespiratorydisease.com/articles.cfm?article_id=6169&level=2}}</ref> === Relief medication === Symptomatic control of episodes of wheezing and shortness of breath is generally achieved with fast-acting [[bronchodilator]]s. These are typically provided in pocket-sized, metered-dose [[inhaler]]s (MDIs). In young sufferers, who may have difficulty with the coordination necessary to use inhalers, or those with a poor ability to hold their breath for 10 seconds after inhaler use (generally the elderly), an [[asthma spacer]] (see top image) is used. The spacer is a plastic cylinder that mixes the medication with air in a simple tube, making it easier for patients to receive a full dose of the drug and allows for the active agent to be dispersed into smaller, more fully inhaled bits. A [[nebulizer]] which provides a larger, continuous dose can also be used. Nebulizers work by vaporizing a dose of medication in a saline solution into a steady stream of foggy vapour, which the patient inhales continuously until the full dosage is administered. There is no clear evidence, however, that they are more effective than inhalers used with a spacer. Nebulizers may be helpful to some patients experiencing a severe attack. Such patients may not be able to inhale deeply, so regular inhalers may not deliver medication deeply into the lungs, even on repeated attempts. Since a nebulizer delivers the medication continuously, it is thought that the first few inhalations may relax the airways enough to allow the following inhalations to draw in more medication. Relievers include: * Short-acting, selective [[Beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist|beta₂-adrenoceptor agonists]], such as [[salbutamol]] (''albuterol'' [[United States Adopted Name|USAN]]), [[levalbuterol]], [[terbutaline]] and [[bitolterol]].<br />[[tremor|Tremors]], the major side effect, have been greatly reduced by inhaled delivery, which allows the drug to target the lungs specifically; oral and injected medications are delivered throughout the body. There may also be [[cardiac]] side effects at higher doses (due to Beta-1 agonist activity), such as elevated heart rate or blood pressure; with the advent of selective agents, these side effects have become less common. Patients must be cautioned against using these medicines too frequently, as with such use their efficacy may decline, producing [[desensitization]] resulting in an exacerbation of symptoms which may lead to refractory asthma and death. * Older, less selective [[adrenergic receptor|adrenergic agonists]], such as inhaled [[epinephrine]] and [[ephedrine]] tablets, have also been used. Cardiac side effects occur with these agents at either similar or lesser rates to albuterol.<!-- --><ref name=Hendeles>Hendeles L, Marshik PL, ''et al.'' Response to nonprescription epinephrine inhaler during nocturnal asthma. ''Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol.'' 2005 Dec;95(6):530-4. PMID 16400891</ref> <!-- --><ref name=Rodrigo>Rodrigo GJ, Nannini LJ. Comparison between nebulized adrenaline and beta2 agonists for the treatment of acute asthma. A meta-analysis of randomized trials. ''Am J Emerg Med.'' 2006 Mar;24(2):217-22. PMID 16490653</ref> When used solely as a relief medication, inhaled epinephrine has been shown to be an effective agent to terminate an acute asthmatic exacerbation.<ref name="Hendeles" /> In emergencies, these drugs were sometimes administered by injection. Their use via injection has declined due to related adverse effects. * [[Anticholinergic]] medications, such as [[ipratropium bromide]] may be used instead. They have no cardiac side effects and thus can be used in patients with heart disease; however, they take up to an hour to achieve their full effect and are not as powerful as the β₂-adrenoreceptor agonists. === Prevention medication === Current treatment protocols recommend prevention medications such as an inhaled [[corticosteroid]], which helps to suppress [[inflammation]] and reduces the swelling of the lining of the airways, in anyone who has frequent (greater than twice a week) need of relievers or who has severe symptoms. If symptoms persist, additional preventive drugs are added until the asthma is controlled. With the proper use of prevention drugs, asthmatics can avoid the complications that result from overuse of relief medications. Asthmatics sometimes stop taking their preventive medication when they feel fine and have no problems breathing. This often results in further attacks, and no long-term improvement. Preventive agents include the following. * Inhaled [[glucocorticoid]]s are the most widely used of the prevention medications and normally come as inhaler devices ([[ciclesonide]], [[beclomethasone]], [[budesonide]], [[flunisolide]], [[fluticasone]], [[mometasone furoate|mometasone]], and [[triamcinolone]]).<br />Long-term use of corticosteroids can have many side effects including a redistribution of fat, increased [[appetite]], blood [[glucose]] problems and weight gain. In particular high doses of steroids may cause [[osteoporosis]]. For this reasons inhaled steroids are generally used for prevention, as their smaller doses are targeted to the lungs unlike the higher doses of oral preparations. Nevertheless, patients on high doses of inhaled steroids may still require prophylactic treatment to prevent osteoporosis.<br />Deposition of steroids in the mouth may cause a [[dysphonia|hoarse voice]] or [[oral thrush]] (due to decreased immunity). This may be minimised by rinsing the mouth with water after inhaler use, as well as by using a [[spacer]] which increases the amount of drug that reaches the lungs. * [[Leukotriene]] modifiers ([[montelukast]], [[zafirlukast]], [[pranlukast]], and [[zileuton]]). * [[Mast cell]] stabilizers ([[cromoglicate]] (cromolyn), and [[nedocromil]]). * Antimuscarinics/anticholinergics ([[ipratropium]], [[oxitropium]], and [[tiotropium]]), which have a mixed reliever and preventer effect. (These are rarely used in preventive treatment of asthma, except in patients who do not tolerate beta-2-agonists.) * Methylxanthines ([[theophylline]] and [[aminophylline]]), which are sometimes considered if sufficient control cannot be achieved with inhaled glucocorticoids and long-acting β-agonists alone. * [[Antihistamine]]s, often used to treat allergic symptoms that may underlie the chronic inflammation. In more severe cases, [[hyposensitization]] ("allergy shots") may be recommended. * [[Omalizumab]], an [[immunoglobulin E|IgE]] blocker; this can help patients with severe allergic asthma that does not respond to other drugs. However, it is expensive and must be injected. * [[Methotrexate]] is occasionally used in some difficult-to-treat patients. * If chronic acid indigestion ([[Gastroesophageal reflux disease|GERD]]) contributes to a patient's asthma, it should also be treated, because it may prolong the respiratory problem. Additionally, the antidepressant [[tianeptine]] has shown significant efficacy in children with asthma. === Long-acting β₂-agonists === [[किपा:AsthmaInhaler.jpg|thumb|180px|A typical [[inhaler]], of [[salmeterol|Serevent (salmeterol)]], a long-acting bronchodilator.]] Long-acting bronchodilators (LABD) are similar in structure to short-acting selective beta₂-adrenoceptor agonists, but have much longer sidechains resulting in a 12-hour effect, and are used to give a smoothed symptomatic relief (used morning and night). While patients report improved symptom control, these drugs do not replace the need for routine preventers, and their slow onset means the short-acting dilators may still be required. In November of 2005, the American [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] released a health advisory alerting the public to findings that show the use of long-acting β₂-agonists could lead to a worsening of symptoms, and in some cases death.<!-- --><ref name=FDA"LABD">{{cite web | year=[[2006-03-03]] | title=Serevent Diskus, Advair Diskus, and Foradil Information (Long Acting Beta Agonists) - Drug information | publisher=FDA | url=http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/infopage/LABA/default.htm}}</ref> Currently available [[long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist|long-acting beta₂-adrenoceptor agonists]] include [[salmeterol]], [[formoterol]], [[bambuterol]], and sustained-release oral [[albuterol]]. Combinations of inhaled steroids and long-acting bronchodilators are becoming more widespread; the most common combination currently in use is fluticasone/salmeterol ([[Advair]] in the United States, and [[Seretide]] in the United Kingdom). A recent meta-analysis of the roles of long-acting beta-agonists may indicate a danger to asthma patients. "These agents can improve symptoms through bronchodilation at the same time as increasing underlying inflammation and bronchial hyper-responsiveness, thus worsening asthma control without any warning of increased symptoms," said Shelley Salpeter in a Cornell study. The study goes on to say that "Three common asthma inhalers containing the drugs salmeterol or formoterol may be causing four out of five US asthma-related deaths per year and should be taken off the market".<ref name=Down_with_Serevent>{{cite web | first = Krishna | last = Ramanujan | title = Common asthma inhalers cause up to 80 percent of asthma-related deaths, Cornell and Stanford researchers assert | url = http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/June06/AsthmaDeaths.kr.html | work = Cornell Chronicle Online | publisher = Cornell News Service | date = 2006-06-09 | accessdate = 2006-09-23}}</ref> This assertion has drawn criticism from many asthma specialists for being inaccurate. As Dr. Hal Nelson points out in a recent letter to the Annals of Internal Medicine,<br /><br />''"Salpeter and colleagues also assert that salmeterol may be responsible for 4000 of the 5000 asthma-related deaths that occur in the United States annually. However, when salmeterol was introduced in 1994, more than 5000 asthma-related deaths occurred per year. Since the peak of asthma deaths in 1996, salmeterol sales have increased about 5-fold, while overall asthma mortality rates have decreased by about 25%, despite a continued increase in asthma diagnoses. In fact, according to the most recent data from the National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. asthma mortality rates peaked in 1996 (with 5667 deaths) and have decreased steadily since. The last available data, from 2004, indicate that 3780 deaths occurred. Thus, the suggestion that a vast majority of asthma deaths could be attributable to LABA use is inconsistent with the facts."''<br /><br /> Dr. Salpeter has since tempered her comments regarding LABAs === Emergency treatment === When an asthma attack is unresponsive to a patient's usual medication, other treatments are available to the physician or hospital:<!-- --><ref name=rodrigo>Rodrigo GJ, Rodrigo C, Hall JB. Acute asthma in adults: a review. ''Chest''. 2004;125(3):1081-102. PMID 15006973</ref> * [[अक्सिजन|oxygen]] to alleviate the hypoxia (but not the asthma ''per se'') that results from extreme asthma attacks; * nebulized [[salbutamol]] or [[terbutaline]] (short-acting beta-2-agonists), often combined with ipratropium (an anticholinergic); * systemic steroids, oral or intravenous ([[prednisone]], [[prednisolone]], [[methylprednisolone]], [[dexamethasone]], or [[hydrocortisone]]). Some research has looked into an alternative inhaled route.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rodrigo G |title=Comparison of inhaled fluticasone with intravenous hydrocortisone in the treatment of adult acute asthma |journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med |volume=171 |issue=11 |pages=1231–6 |year=2005 |pmid=15764724}}</ref> * other bronchodilators that are occasionally effective when the usual drugs fail: ** intravenous salbutamol ** nonspecific beta-agonists, injected or inhaled ([[epinephrine]], [[isoetharine]], [[isoproterenol]], [[metaproterenol]]); ** anticholinergics, IV or nebulized, with systemic effects ([[glycopyrrolate]], [[atropine]], [[ipratropium]]); ** methylxanthines ([[theophylline]], [[aminophylline]]); ** inhalation anesthetics that have a bronchodilatory effect ([[isoflurane]], [[halothane]], [[enflurane]]); ** the dissociative anaesthetic [[ketamine]], often used in [[endotracheal tube]] induction ** [[magnesium sulfate]], intravenous; and * intubation and mechanical ventilation, for patients in or approaching respiratory arrest. * Heliox, a mixture of helium and oxygen, may be used in a hospital setting. It has a more laminar flow than ambient air and moves more easily through constricted airways === Alternative and complementary medicine === Many asthmatics, like those who suffer from other chronic disorders, use alternative treatments; surveys show that roughly 50% of asthma patients use some form of unconventional therapy.<!-- --><ref name=blanc>Blanc PD, Trupin L, Earnest G, ''et al.'' Alternative therapies among adults with a reported diagnosis of asthma or rhinosinusitis: data from a population-based survey. ''Chest''. 2001;120(5):1461–7. PMID 11713120</ref><!-- --><ref name=shenfield>Shenfield G, Lim E, Allen H. Survey of the use of complementary medicines and therapies in children with asthma. ''J Paediatr Child Health''. 2002;38(3):252-7. PMID 12047692</ref> There are little data to support the effectiveness of most of these therapies. A [[Cochrane Collaboration|Cochrane]] [[Evidence-based medicine|systematic review]] of acupuncture for asthma found no evidence of efficacy.<!-- --><ref name=mccartney>McCarney RW, Brinkhaus B, Lasserson TJ, ''et al.'' Acupuncture for chronic asthma. ''Cochrane Database Syst Rev''. 2004;(1):CD000008. PMID 14973944</ref> A similar review of [[air ioniser]]s found no evidence that they improve asthma symptoms or benefit lung function; this applied equally to positive and negative ion generators.<!-- --><ref name=blackhall>Blackhall K, Appleton S, Cates CJ. Ionisers for chronic asthma. ''Cochrane Database Syst Rev.'' 2003;(3):CD002986 PMID 12917939</ref> A study of "manual therapies" for asthma, including [[osteopathic]], [[chiropractic]], [[physiotherapy|physiotherapeutic]] and [[respiratory therapy|respiratory therapeutic]] manoeuvers, found there is insufficient evidence to support or refute their use in treating asthma;<!-- --><ref name=hondras>Hondras MA, Linde K, Jones AP. Manual therapy for asthma. ''Cochrane Database Syst Rev''. 2005;(2):CD001002. PMID 15846609</ref> these manoeuvers include various osteopathic and chiropractic techniques to "increase movement in the rib cage and the spine to try and improve the working of the lungs and circulation"; chest tapping, shaking, vibration, and the use of "postures to help shift and cough up phlegm." On the other hand, one [[meta-analysis]] found that [[homeopathy]] has a potentially mild benefit in reducing symptom intensity;<!-- --><ref name=reilly>Reilly D, Taylor MA, Beattie NG, ''et al.'' Is evidence for homoeopathy reproducible? ''Lancet.'' 1994;344(8937):1601–6. PMID 7983994</ref> however, the number of patients involved in the analysis was small, and subsequent studies have not supported this finding.<!-- --><ref name=white>White A, Slade P, Hunt C, ''et al.'' Individualised homeopathy as an adjunct in the treatment of childhood asthma: a randomised placebo controlled trial. ''Thorax.'' 2003;58(4):317-21. PMID 12668794</ref> Several small trials have suggested some benefit from various [[yoga]] practices, ranging from integrated yoga programs<!-- --><ref name=nagendra>Nagendra HR, Nagarathna R. An integrated approach of yoga therapy for bronchial asthma: a 3-54-month prospective study. ''J Asthma.'' 1986;23(3):123-37. PMID 3745111</ref> —"yogasanas, Pranayama, [[meditation]], and kriyas"—to ''sahaja'' yoga,<!-- --><ref name=manocha>Manocha R, Marks GB, Kenchington P, ''et al.'' Sahaja yoga in the management of moderate to severe asthma: a randomised controlled trial. ''Thorax.'' 2002;57(2):110-5. PMID 11828038</ref> a form of meditation. Ayurveda recommends use of herbs such as Ajwain, Harad, Hing, Ajamoda, Lavanga, Sunthi and others.<ref name="ayushveda">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070607232504/http://www.ayushveda.com/health/asthma.htm Asthma Treatment]</ref> The [[Buteyko method]], a Russian therapy based on breathing exercises, has been investigated. A randomized, controlled trial of just 39 patients in 1998 showed a substantial reduction in the need for beta-agonists and a 50% reduction in the need for inhaled steroids. Lung function remained the same despite the decrease in medication.<!-- --><ref name=bowler>Bowler SD, Green A, Mitchell CA. Buteyko breathing techniques in asthma: a blinded randomised controlled trial. ''Med J Aust''. 1998;169(11-12):575-8. PMID 9887897. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091223043106/http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/xmas98/bowler/bowler.html Free full text]</ref> A trial in New Zealand in 2003 showed an 85% reduction in the use of beta-agonist medication and a 50% reduction in inhaled steroid use after six months.<!-- --><ref name=mchugh>McHugh P, Aitcheson F, Duncan B, Houghton F. Buteyko Breathing Technique for asthma: an effective intervention. ''NZ Med J. '' 2003;116:1187 PMID 14752538. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091227220913/http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/116-1187/710/ Free full text]</ref> Given that some [[Hookworm#Hookworm in therapy|research]] has identified a negative association between [[helminth]] infection ([[hookworm]]) and asthma and hay fever, some have suggested that hookworm infestation, although not medically sanctioned, would cure asthma. There is anectdotal evidence to support this.<!-- --><ref name="">{{cite news | title=Worm infestation 'beats asthma'| date=[[2001-11-02]] | publisher=BBC News | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1632863.stm}}</ref> [[Guaifenesin]], an expectorant available over the counter, may have a small effect in managing thickened bronchial mucus. See also ''[[Complementary and alternative medicine]]''. == प्रोग्नोसिस == आज्माया प्रोग्नोसिस बांला, विशेषयाना माइल्ड ल्वय् दुगु मचातेत। मचाबिले डायग्नोसिस जुगु आज्माय् ५४%य् थ्व डायग्नोसिस १०दं धुंका दैमखु। आज्मातिक्सय् extent of permanent lung damage गुलि दु धका बांलाक्क जानकारी मदुनि। Airway remodelling खनेदै तर थुकिलिं म्हयात द्याइ वा त्याइ धका आतक्क धाय्‌ मछिं।<ref name=Maddox /> Although conclusions from studies are mixed, most studies show that early treatment with glucocorticoids prevents or ameliorates decline in lung function as measured by several parameters.<ref name=beckett>Beckett PA, Howarth PH. Pharmacotherapy and airway remodelling in asthma? ''Thorax''. 2003;58(2):163-74. PMID 12554904</ref> For those who continue to suffer from mild symptoms, corticosteroids can help most to live their lives with few [[disabilities]]. The mortality rate for asthma is low, with around 6000 deaths per year in a population of some 10 million patients in the United States.<ref name=McFadden /> Better control of the condition may help prevent some of these deaths. == Epidemiology == [[किपा:asthma_prevalence.png|thumb|right|350px|The [[prevalence]] of childhood asthma has increased since 1980, especially in younger children.]] More than 6% of children in the United States have been diagnosed with asthma, a 75% increase in recent decades. The rate soars to 40% among some populations of urban children. Asthma is usually diagnosed in childhood. The risk factors for asthma include: * a personal or family [[history]] of asthma or [[atopy]]; * triggers (see ''[[Asthma#Pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]'' above); * premature birth or low birth weight; * viral [[URTI|respiratory infection]] in early childhood; * maternal smoking; * being male, for asthma in prepubertal children; and * being female, for persistence of asthma into adulthood. There is a reduced occurrence of asthma in people who were breast-fed as babies. Current research suggests that the [[prevalence]] of childhood asthma has been increasing. According to the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]'s National Health Interview Surveys, some 9% of US children below 18 years of age had asthma in 2001, compared with just 3.6% in 1980 (see figure). The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) reports that some 8% of the Swiss population suffers from asthma today, compared with just 2% some 25–30 years ago.<!-- --><ref name=WHO>{{cite web | author=World Health Organization | authorlink=World Health Organization | title=Bronchial asthma: scope of the problem | url=http://www.who.int/entity/respiratory/asthma/scope/en/index.html | accessdate=2005-08-23}}</ref> Although asthma is more common in affluent countries, it is by no means a problem restricted to the affluent; the WHO estimate that there are between 15 and 20 million asthmatics in India. In the U.S., urban residents, Hispanics, and African Americans are affected more than the population as a whole. Globally, asthma is responsible for around 180,000 deaths annually.<!-- --><ref name=WHO /> On the remote South Atlantic island [[Tristan da Cunha]], 50% of the population are asthmatics due to heredity transmission of a mutation in the gene CC16. === Socioeconomic factors === The incidence of asthma is higher among low-income populations within a society (it is not more common in [[developed countries]] than [[developing countries]][http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs307/en/]), which in the western world are disproportionately minority, and more likely to live near industrial areas. Additionally, asthma has been strongly associated with the presence of cockroaches in living quarters, which is more likely in such neighborhoods.<!-- --><ref name=AAAAAI>{{cite web | title=Patient/Public Education: Fast Facts - Asthma Demographics/Statistics | publisher= American Academy of Allergy Asthma & Immunology | url=http://www.aaaai.org/patients/resources/fastfacts/asthma_demographics.stm | accessdate=2006-05-02}}</ref> The quality of asthma treatment varies along racial lines, likely because many low-income people cannot afford health insurance and because there is still a correlation between class and race. For example, black Americans are less likely to receive outpatient treatment for asthma despite having a higher prevalence of the disease. They are much more likely to have emergency room visits or hospitalization for asthma, and are three times as likely to die from an asthma attack compared to whites. The prevalence of "severe persistent" asthma is also greater in low-income communities compared with communities with better access to treatment.<!-- --><ref name="NIH2004">{{cite web | author=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute | title=Morbidity & Mortality: 2004 Chart Book On Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases | year=[[May 2004]] | publisher=National Institutes of Health | url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/docs/04_chtbk.pdf}}</ref><!-- --><ref name="CDC2002">{{cite web | author=National Center for Health Statistics | title=Asthma Prevalence, Health Care Use and Mortality, 2002 | year=07 [[April 2006]] | publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | url=http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/asthma/asthma.htm}}</ref> === Asthma and athletics === Asthma appears to be more prevalent in athletes than in the general population. One survey of participants in the 1996 [[Summer Olympic Games]], in [[Atlanta, Georgia]], U.S., showed that 15% had been diagnosed with asthma, and that 10% were on asthma medication.<!-- --><ref name=olympics>Weiler JM, Layton T, Hunt M. Asthma in United States Olympic athletes who participated in the 1996 Summer Games. ''J Allergy Clin Immunol''. 1998;102(5):722-6. PMID 9819287</ref> These statistics have been questioned on at least two bases. Athletes with mild asthma may be more likely to be diagnosed with the condition than non-athletes, because even subtle symptoms may interfere with their performance and lead to pursuit of a diagnosis. It has also been suggested that some professional athletes who do not suffer from asthma claim to do so in order to obtain special permits to use certain performance-enhancing drugs. There appears to be a relatively high incidence of asthma in sports such as [[cycling]], mountain biking, and long-distance [[running]], and a relatively lower incidence in weightlifting and diving. It is unclear how much of these disparities are from the effects of training in the sport, and from self-selection of sports that may appear to minimize the triggering of asthma.<!-- --><ref name=olympics /><!-- --><ref name=athletes>Helenius I, Haahtela T. Allergy and asthma in elite summer sport athletes. ''J Allergy Clin Immunol''. 2000;106(3):444-52 PMID 10984362</ref> In addition, there exists a variant of asthma called [[exercise-induced asthma]] that shares many features with allergic asthma. It may occur either independently, or concurrent with the latter. Exercise studies may be helpful in diagnosing and assessing this condition. == स्वया दिसँ == {{commonscat|Asthma}} * [[रियाक्टिभ एअरवे ल्वे]] * [[अटोपी]] * [[हप्किन्स सिन्ड्रम]] * [[हाइजिन हाइपोथेसिस]] * [[इम्युन रेस्पोन्स]] == References == <!--This article uses the Cite.php citation mechanism. For more information, please see http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cite/Cite.php --> <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> == पिनेया स्वापूत == * [http://www.who.int/respiratory/asthma/en/ World Health Organization site on asthma] * [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs307/en/ World Health Organization fact sheet on asthma] * [http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/lung/index.htm#asthma National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute — Asthma] – U.S. NHLBI Information for Patients and the Public page. * [https://web.archive.org/web/19991127181921/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/lung/index.htm#asthma National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute — Asthma] – U.S. NHLBI Information for Health Professionals page. * [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/asthma.html MedLinePlus: Asthma] – a U.S. National Library of Medicine page. * [http://www.aaaai.org American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology] – a U.S. organization of medical professionals with a special interest in treating and researching conditions such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis/eczema, and anaphylaxis. * [http://www.aafa.org Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America] – national nonprofit patient advocacy organization with information about asthma. * [http://www.asthma.org.uk Asthma UK] – a patient-oriented site with information on asthma and ways that UK residents can help improve asthma-related policy. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130817064301/http://asthmaqld.org.au/ Asthma Foundation of Queensland] Information and education for Australian asthma sufferers. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060923222345/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HEC/CSEM/asthma/ Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM): Environmental Triggers of Asthma] – Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928050600/http://www.asthma.ge/links.htm Asthma as Neurogenic Inflammatory Disease] Neurogenic aspects of asthma. Pathophysiological links with other inflammatory disorders. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927115338/http://tauac.typepad.com/ac/2007/03/tau_researchers.html Asthma and Socio-economic Status] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200703223935/http://www.asthmacure.com/ India Asthma Care Society] Easy to understand asthma information site for patients. * [http://www.segal.org/asthma/ The Segal Guide to Asthma] by Michael Segal MD PhD. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070601181917/http://www.fitness-and-nutrition-news.com/fish-and-pregnancy.html A New Found Advantage Between Apples, Fish And Pregnancy] {{Respiratory pathology}} [[पुचः:आज्मा]] [[पुचः:ल्वय्]] 288mu3zgyq7ny1eufvhm33nou90rg4r 0 30391 1125006 1118452 2026-09-23T02:04:11Z InternetArchiveBot 22726 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1125006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/हलिमयागु दक्ले तज्जागु छेँतेगु धलः}} {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border:3px 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colspan=8 | |- bgcolor="efefef" |२७||[[मेनारा टेलीकम]]||[[कुआलालम्पुर]]||[[मलेशिया]]||३१० मी||१,०१७ फुट||५५||२००१ |- |२८||[[जुमेराह अमीतात होटल मीनार]]||[[दुबई]]||[[संयुक्त अरब अमीरात]]||३०९ मी||१,०१४ फुट||५६||२००० |- bgcolor="efefef" |२९||[[एटी व टी निगम केन्द्र]]||[[शिकागो]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||३०७ मी||१,००७ फुट||६०||१९८९ |- |३०||[[जेपीमोर्गन चेज़ मीनार (हाउस्टन)|जेपीमोर्गन चेज़ मीनार]]||[[Houston]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||३०५ मी||१,००२ फुट||७५||१९८२ |- bgcolor="efefef" |३१||[[बईयोक मीनार द्वितीय]]||[[बैंकॉक]]||[[थाईलैंड]]||३०४ मी||९९७ फुट||८५||१९९७ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- |३२||[[Two Prudential Plaza]]||[[शिकागो]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||३०३ मी||९९५ फुट||६४||१९९० |- bgcolor="efefef" |३३||[[Kingdom Centre]]||[[रियाध]]||[[साउदी अरब]]||३०२ मी||९९२ फुट||४१||२००२ |- |३४||[[प्रथम कनाडीय स्थल]]||[[टोरंटो]]||[[कनाडा]]||२९८ मी||९७८ फुट||७२||१९७६ |- bgcolor="efefef" |३५||[[यूरेका मीनार]]||[[मेलबोर्न]]||[[ऑस्ट्रेलिया]]||२९७ मी||९७५ फुट||९१||२००६ |- |=३६||[[Wells Fargo Plaza]]||[[Houston]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२९६ मी||९७२ फुट||७१||१९८३ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- bgcolor="efefef" |=३६||[[Yokohama Landmark मीनार]]||[[Yokohama]]||[[जापान]]||२९६ मी||९७२ फुट||७०||१९९३ |- |३८||[[३११ South Wacker Drive]]||[[शिकागो]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२९३ मी||९६१ फुट||६५||१९९० |- bgcolor="efefef" |३९||[[SEG Plaza]]||[[शेनज़ेन]]||[[चीन]]||२९२ मी||९५७ फुट||७०||२००० |- |४०||[[American International भवन]]||[[न्यूयॉर्क शहर]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२९० मी||९५२ फुट||६६||१९३२ |- bgcolor="efefef" |४१||[[Key मीनार]]||[[Cleveland]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२८९ मी||९४७ फुट||५७||१९९१ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- |=४२||[[Plaza ६६]]||[[शंघाई]]||[[चीन]]||२८८ मी||९४५ फुट||६६||२००१ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=४२||[[One Liberty Place]]||[[Philadelphia]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२८८ मी||९४५ फुट||६१||१९८७ |- |४४||[[Columbia केन्द्र]]||[[Seattle]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२८५ मी||९३७ फुट||७६||१९८५ |- bgcolor="efefef" |४५||[[Tomorrow Square]]||[[शंघाई]]||[[चीन]]||२८५ मी||९३४ फुट||५५||२००३ |- |४६||[[Chongqing World Trade केन्द्र]]||[[Chongqing]]||[[चीन]]||२८३ मी||९२९ फुट||६०||२००५ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- bgcolor="efefef" |४७||[[Cheung Kong Centre]]||[[हांग कांग]]||[[चीन]]||२८३ मी||९२८ फुट||६२||१९९९ |- |४८||[[The Trump भवन]]||[[न्यूयॉर्क शहर]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२८३ मी||९२७ फुट||७०||१९३० |- bgcolor="efefef" |४९||[[Bank of America Plaza (Dallas)|Bank of America Plaza]]||[[Dallas]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२८१ मी||९२१ फुट||७२||१९८५ |- |=५०||[[UOB Plaza One]]||[[सिंगापुर]]||[[सिंगापुर]]||२८० मी||९१९ फुट||६६||१९९२ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=५०||[[Republic Plaza]]||[[सिंगापुर]]||[[सिंगापुर]]||२८० मी||९१९ फुट||६६||१९९५ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- |=५०||[[OUB Centre]]||[[सिंगापुर]]||[[सिंगापुर]]||२८० मी||९१९ फुट||६३||१९८६ |- bgcolor="efefef" |५३||[[Citigroup केन्द्र]]||[[न्यूयॉर्क शहर]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२७९ मी||९१५ फुट||५९||१९७७ |- |५४||[[हांग कांग New World मीनार]]||[[शंघाई]]||[[चीन]]||२७८ मी||९१३ फुट||६१||२००२ |- bgcolor="efefef" |५५||[[Scotia Plaza]]||[[टोरंटो]]||[[कनाडा]]||२७५ मी||९०२ फुट||६८||१९८८ |- |५६||[[Williams मीनार]]||[[Houston]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२७५ मी||९०१ फुट||६४||१९८३ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- bgcolor="efefef" |५७||[[Wuhan World Trade मीनार]]||[[Wuhan]]||[[चीन]]||२७३ मी||८९६ फुट||५८||१९९८ |- |५८||[[Renaissance मीनार]]||[[Dallas]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२७० मी||८८६ फुट||५६||१९७४ |- bgcolor="efefef" |५९||[[Dapeng International Plaza]]||[[Guangzhou]]||[[चीन]]||२६९ मी||८८४ फुट||५६||२००४ |- |६०||[[२१st Century मीनार]]||[[दुबई]]||[[संयुक्त अरब अमीरात]]||२६९ मी||८८३ फुट||५५||२००३ |- bgcolor="efefef" |६१||[[Al Faisaliyah केन्द्र]]||[[रियाध]]||[[साउदी अरब]]||२६७ मी||८७६ फुट||३०||२००० |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- |=६२||[[९०० North Michigan]]||[[शिकागो]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२६५ मी||८७१ फुट||६६||१९८९ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=६२||[[Bank of America Corporate केन्द्र]]||[[Charlotte]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२६५ मी||८७१ फुट||६०||१९९२ |- |६४||[[SunTrust Plaza]]||[[एट्लांटा]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२६५ मी||८७१ फुट||६०||१९९२ |- bgcolor="efefef" |६५||[[Bocom Financial मीनारs]]||[[शंघाई]]||[[चीन]]||२६५ मी||८६९ फुट||५२||२००२ |- |=६६||[[Triumph-Palace]]||[[मास्को]]||[[रूस]]||२६४ मी||८६६ फुट||५७||२००५ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- bgcolor="efefef" |=६६||[[१२० Collins Street]]||[[मेलबोर्न]]||[[ऑस्ट्रेलिया]]||२६४ मी||८६६ फुट||५२||१९९१ |- |६८||[[Samsung मीनार Palace ३ - मीनार G]]||[[सियोल]]||[[दक्षिण कोरिया]]||२६४ मी||८६५ फुट||७३||२००४ |- bgcolor="efefef" |६९||[[Trump World मीनार]]||[[न्यूयॉर्क शहर]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२६२ मी||८६१ फुट||७२||२००१ |- |७०||[[शेनज़ेन Special Zone Press मीनार]]||[[शेनज़ेन]]||[[चीन]]||२६२ मी||८६० फुट||४८||१९९८ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=७१||[[Water मीनार Place]]||[[शिकागो]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२६२ मी||८५९ फुट||७४||१९७६ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- |=७१||[[Grand Gateway शंघाई I]]||[[शंघाई]]||[[चीन]]||२६२ मी||८५९ फुट||५२||२००५ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=७१||[[Grand Gateway शंघाई II]]||[[शंघाई]]||[[चीन]]||२६२ मी||८५९ फुट||५२||२००५ |- |७४||[[Aon केन्द्र (लॉस ऐन्जेलिस)|Aon केन्द्र]]||[[लॉस ऐन्जेलिस, California|लॉस ऐन्जेलिस]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२६२ मी||८५८ फुट||६२||१९७३ |- bgcolor="efefef" |७५||[[BCE Place|TD कनाडा Trust मीनार]]||[[टोरंटो]]||[[कनाडा]]||२६१ मी||८५६ फुट||५३||१९९० |- |=७६||[[Post & Telecommunication Hub]]||[[Guangzhou]]||[[चीन]]||२६० मी||८५३ फुट||६६||२००३ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- bgcolor="efefef" |=७६||[[१०१ Collins Street]]||[[मेलबोर्न]]||[[ऑस्ट्रेलिया]]||२६०मी||८५३ फुट||५०||१९९१ |- |=७६||[[Transamerica Pyramid]]||[[San Francisco]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२६० मी||८५३ फुट||४८||१९७२ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=७९||[[GE भवन]]||[[न्यूयॉर्क शहर]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२५९ मी||८५० फुट||६९||१९३३ |- |=७९||[[Chase मीनार (शिकागो)|Chase मीनार]]||[[शिकागो]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२५९ मी||८५० फुट||६०||१९६९ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=७९||[[Commerzbank मीनार]]||[[Frankfurt]]||[[जर्मनी]]||२५९ मी||८५० फुट||५६||१९९७ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- |=७९||[[PBCOM मीनार]]||[[Makati City|Makati]]||[[फ़िलिपीन्स]]||२५९ मी||८४८ फुट||५५||२००० |- bgcolor="efefef" |८३||[[Two Liberty Place]]||[[Philadelphia]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२५८ मी||८४८ फुट||५८||१९९० |- |८४||[[Park मीनार]]||[[शिकागो]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२५७ मी||८४४ फुट||६७||२००० |- bgcolor="efefef" |८५||[[MesseTurm]]||[[Frankfurt]]||[[जर्मनी]]||२५७ मी||८४२ फुट||५५||१९९० |- |=८६||[[Sorrento १]]||[[हांग कांग]]||[[चीन]]||२५६ मी||८४१ फुट||७५||२००३ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- bgcolor="efefef" |=८६||[[U.S. Steel मीनार]]||[[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२५६ मी||८४१ फुट||६४||१९७० |- |=८६||[[Hyperion मीनार|Mok-dong Hyperion I मीनार]]||[[सियोल]]||[[दक्षिण कोरिया]]||२५६ मी||८४० फुट||६९||२००३ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=८६||[[Rinku Gate मीनार भवन]]||[[Izumisano]]||[[जापान]]||२५६ मी||८४० फुट||५६||१९९६ |- |=९०||[[The Harbourside]]||[[हांग कांग]]||[[चीन]]||२५५ मी||८३७ फुट||७५||२००३ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=९०||[[Langham Place Office मीनार]]||[[हांग कांग]]||[[चीन]]||२५५ मी||८३७ फुट||५९||२००४ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- |=९०||[[New Century Plaza मीनार A]]||[[Nanjing]]||[[चीन]]||२५५ मी||८३७ फुट||४८||२००६ |- bgcolor="efefef" |९३||[[Capital मीनार]]||[[सिंगापुर]]||[[सिंगापुर]]||२५४ मी||८३३ फुट||५२||२००० |- |=९४||[[Highcliff]]||[[हांग कांग]]||[[चीन]]||२५२ मी||८२८ फुट||७२||२००३ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=९४||[[Osaka WTC भवन|Osaka World Trade केन्द्र भवन]]||[[Osaka]]||[[जापान]]||२५२ मी||८२७ फुट||५५||१९९५ |- |=९४||[[Bank of शंघाई Headquarters]]||[[शंघाई]]||[[चीन]]||२५२ मी||८२७ फुट||४२||२००५ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- bgcolor="efefef" |९७||[[Rialto मीनारs]]||[[मेलबोर्न]]||[[ऑस्ट्रेलिया]]||२५१ मी||८२४ फुट||६३||१९८६ |- |९८||[[Jiali Plaza]]||[[Wuhan]]||[[चीन]]||२५१ मी||८२३ फुट||६१||१९९७ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=९९||[[Repsol मीनार]]||[[मैड्रिड]]||[[स्पेन]]||२५० मी||८२० फुट||४५||२००७ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=९९||[[Beijing Yintai Centre मीनार २]]||[[Beijing]]||[[चीन]]||२५० मी||८२० फुट||६३||२००७ |- |=९९||[[One Atlantic केन्द्र]]||[[एट्लांटा]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२५० मी||८२० फुट||५० ||१९८७ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=९९||[[Chelsea मीनार]]||[[दुबई]]||[[संयुक्त अरब अमीरात]]||२५० मी||८२० फुट||४९||२००५ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- |=९९||[[Wisma ४६]]||[[जकार्ता]]||[[इंडोनेशिया]]||२५० मी||८२० फुट||४८||१९९६ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१०३||[[Torre de Cristal]]||[[मैड्रिड]]||[[स्पेन]]||२४९ मी||८१७ फुट||४५||२००७ |- |=१०३||[[KLI ६३ भवन]]||[[सियोल]]||[[दक्षिण कोरिया]]||२४९ मी||८१७ फुट||६०||१९८५ |- |=१०३||[[Central Park, ऑस्ट्रेलिया|Central Park]]||[[Perth, Western ऑस्ट्रेलिया|Perth]]||[[ऑस्ट्रेलिया]]||२४९ मी||८१७ फुट||५२||१९९२ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१०५||[[CitySpire Centre]]||[[न्यूयॉर्क शहर]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२४८ मी||८१४ फुट||७५||१९८९ |- |=१०५||[[Hangzhou No.२ Telecom Hub]]||[[Hangzhou]]||[[चीन]]||२४८ मी||८१४ फुट||४१||२००३ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१०५||[[One Chase Manhattan Plaza]]||[[न्यूयॉर्क शहर]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२४८ मी||८१३ फुट||६०||१९६१ |- |=१०८||[[State मीनार]]||[[बैंकॉक]]||[[थाईलैंड]]||२४७ मी||८११ फुट||६८||२००१ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१०८||[[Chase मीनार (Indianapolis)|Chase मीनार]]||[[Indianapolis]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२४७ मी||८११ फुट||४९||१९९० |- |=१०८||[[Conde Nast भवन]]||[[न्यूयॉर्क शहर]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२४७ मी||८०९ फुट||४८||१९९९ |- bgcolor="efefef" |१११||[[MetLife भवन]]||[[न्यूयॉर्क शहर]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२४६ मी||८०८ फुट||६०||१९६३ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- |११२||[[Bloomberg मीनार]]||[[न्यूयॉर्क शहर]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२४६ मी||८०६ फुट||५४||२००५ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=११३||[[The Sail @ Marina Bay]]||[[सिंगापुर]]||[[सिंगापुर]]||२४५ मी||८०४ फुट ||७०||२००९ |- |=११३||[[Nagoya Station|JR Central Office मीनार]]||[[नागोया]]||[[जापान]]||२४५ मी||८०४ फुट||५१||२००० |- bgcolor="efefef" |=११३||[[Al Fattan मीनार]]||[[संयुक्त अरब अमीरात]]||[[दुबई]]||२४५ मी|| ८०४ फुट ||५१|| २००६ |- |=११३||[[Oasis Beach मीनार]]||[[संयुक्त अरब अमीरात]]||[[दुबई]]||२४५ मी||८०४ फुट ||५१||२००६ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- bgcolor="efefef" |=११३||[[One Raffles Quay North मीनार]]||[[सिंगापुर]]||[[सिंगापुर]]||२४५ मी||८०४ फुट||५०||२००६ |- |=११३||[[Shin-Kong Life मीनार]]<ref>http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=shinkonglifeमीनार-ताईपेई-ताईवान {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>||[[ताईपेई]]||[[Republic of China]] ([[ताईवान]])||२४५ मी||८०४ फुट||५१||१९९३ |- |=११९||[[Moshe Aviv मीनार|City Gate]]||[[Ramat Gan]]||[[इस्रायल]]||२४४ मी||८०१ फुट||६८||२००१ |-bgcolor="efefef" |=११९||[[Chifley मीनार]]||[[सिडनी]]||[[ऑस्ट्रेलिया]]||२४४ मी||८०१ फुट||५०||१९९२ |- |=१२०||[[Menara Maybank]]||[[कुआलालम्पुर]]||[[मलेशिया]]||२४३ मी||७९९ फुट||५०||१९८८ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१२०||[[टोक्यो Metropolitan Government भवन|टोक्यो Metropolitan Government भवन, मीनार I]]||[[टोक्यो]]||[[जापान]]||२४३ मी||७९९ फुट||४८||१९९१ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- |१२२||[[Citigroup Centre, सिडनी|Citigroup Centre]]||[[सिडनी]]||[[ऑस्ट्रेलिया]]||२४३ मी||७९७ फुट||५०||२००० |- bgcolor="efefef" |१२३||[[The मीनार (दुबई)|The मीनार]]||[[दुबई]]||[[संयुक्त अरब अमीरात]]||२४३ मी||७९६ फुट||५४||२००२ |- |=१२४||[[Dalian World Trade केन्द्र]]||[[Dalian]]||[[चीन]]||२४२ मी||७९४ फुट||५०||२००० |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१२४||[[Four Seasons Hotel & मीनार]]||[[Miami]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२४२ मी||७९४ फुट||७२||२००३ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" |=१२६||[[Woolworth भवन]]||[[न्यूयॉर्क शहर]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२४१ मी||७९२ फुट||५७||१९१३ |- |=१२६||[[IDS मीनार]]||[[Minneapolis]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२४१ मी||७९२ फुट||५५||२००२ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१२६||[[Maxdo Centre]]||[[शंघाई]]||[[चीन]]||२४१ मी||७९२ फुट||५५||२००२ |- |=१२६||[[Mellon Bank केन्द्र]]||[[Philadelphia]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२४१ मी||७९२ फुट||५४||१९९० |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१२६||[[Bank of China Mansion]]||[[Qingdao]]||[[चीन]]||२४१ मी||७९१ फुट||५४||१९९९ |- |१३१||[[Hancock Place]]||[[Boston]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२४१ मी||७९० फुट||६०||१९७६ |- bgcolor="efefef" |- |१३२||[[Manulife Plaza]]||[[हांग कांग]]||[[चीन]]||२४० मी||७८९ फुट||५२||१९९८ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१३३||[[Chase केन्द्र (Dallas)|Chase केन्द्र]]||[[Dallas]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२४० मी||७८७ फुट||६०||१९८७ |- |=१३३||[[Sunshine ६०|Sunshine ६० भवन]]||[[टोक्यो]]||[[जापान]]||२४० मी||७८७ फुट||६०||१९७८ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१३३||[[Panglin Plaza]]||[[शेनज़ेन]]||[[चीन]]||२४० मी||७८७ फुट||५७||१९९९ |- |=१३३||[[मास्को State University]]||[[मास्को]]||[[रूस]]||२४० मी||७८७ फुट||३६||१९५३ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१३३||[[NTT DoCoMo Yoyogi भवन]]||[[टोक्यो]]||[[जापान]]||२४० मी||७८७ फुट||२८||२००० |- |१३८||[[Mok-dong Hyperion I मीनार]]||[[सियोल]]||[[दक्षिण कोरिया]]||२३९ मी||७८५ फुट||६३||२००३ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१३९||[[Commerce Court West]]||[[टोरंटो]]||[[कनाडा]]||२३९ मी||७८४ फुट||५७||१९७२ |- |=१३९||[[Deutsche Bank Place]]||[[सिडनी]]||[[ऑस्ट्रेलिया]]||२३९ मी||७८४ फुट||३९||२००५ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१४१||[[Empire मीनार]]||[[कुआलालम्पुर]]||[[मलेशिया]]||२३८ मी||७८१ फुट||६२||१९९४ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- |=१४१||[[Roppongi Hills Mori मीनार]]||[[टोक्यो]]||[[जापान]]||२३८ मी||७८१ फुट||५४||२००३ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१४१||[[Tianjin Xinda Plaza]]||[[Tianjin]]||[[चीन]]||२३८ मी||७८१ फुट||५१||२००४ |- |=१४१||[[Goldman Sachs मीनार]]||[[Jersey City]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२३८ मी||७८१ फुट||४२||२००४ |- bgcolor="efefef" |१४५||[[Bank of America केन्द्र, Houston|Bank of America केन्द्र]]||[[Houston]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२३८ मी||७८० फुट||५६||१९८३ |- |१४६||[[Bank of America केन्द्र (San Francisco)|Bank of America केन्द्र]]||[[San Francisco]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२३७ मी||७७९ फुट||५२||१९६९ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- bgcolor="efefef" |१४७||[[One Worldwide Plaza]]||[[न्यूयॉर्क शहर]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२३७ मी||७७८ फुट||५०||१९८९ |- |१४८||[[२२५ South Sixth]]||[[Minneapolis]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२३७ मी||७७६ फुट||५६||१९९२ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१४९||[[Torre Sacyr Vallehermoso]]||[[मैड्रिड]]||[[स्पेन]]||२३६ मी||७७३ फुट||५२||२००७ |- |=१४९||[[Sorrento २]]||[[हांग कांग]]||[[चीन]]||२३६ मी||७७३ फुट||६६||२००३ |- |=१४९||[[Wells Fargo केन्द्र (Minneapolis)|Wells Fargo केन्द्र]]||[[Minneapolis]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२३५ मी||७७३ फुट||५७||१९८८ |- bgcolor="efefef" |१५१||[[Washington Mutual मीनार]]||[[Seattle]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२३५ मी||७७२ फुट||५५||१९८८ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- |१५२||[[One कनाडा Square]]||[[London]]||[[United Kingdom|संयुक्त राजशाही]]||२३५ मी||७७१ फुट||५०||१९९१ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१५३||[[Temasek मीनार]]||[[सिंगापुर]]||[[सिंगापुर]]||२३५ मी||७७० फुट||५२||१९८६ |- |=१५३||[[१९१ Peachtree मीनार]]||[[एट्लांटा]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२३५ मी||७७० फुट||५०||१९९० |- bgcolor="efefef" |१५५||[[टोक्यो Opera City मीनार]]||[[टोक्यो]]||[[जापान]]||२३४ मी||७६८ फुट||५४||१९९७ |- |=१५६||[[मीनार Palace One, मीनार B]]||[[सियोल]]||[[दक्षिण कोरिया]]||२३४ मी||७६७ फुट||६६||२००२ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१५६||[[Three First National Plaza]]||[[शिकागो]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२३४ मी||७६७ फुट||५७||१९८१ |- |१५८||[[Wachovia Financial केन्द्र]]||[[Miami]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२३३ मी||७६४ फुट||५५||१९८४ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१५९||[[The Harbourfront Landmark]]||[[हांग कांग]]||[[चीन]]||२३३ मी||७६३ फुट||७०||२००१ |- |=१५९||[[Shinjसंयुक्त राजशाहीu Park मीनार]]||[[टोक्यो]]||[[जापान]]||२३३ मी||७६३ फुट||५२||१९९४ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१६१||[[Heritage Plaza (भवन)|Heritage Plaza]]||[[Houston]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२३२ मी||७६२ फुट||५३||१९८७ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- |=१६१||[[International Ocean Shipping भवन]]||[[शंघाई]]||[[चीन]]||२३२ मी||७६२ फुट||५०||२००० |- bgcolor="efefef" |१६३||[[Suzhou Xindi केन्द्र]]||[[Suzhou]]||[[चीन]]||२३२ मी||७६१ फुट||५४||२००६ |- |१६४||[[KOMTAR|Menara KOMTAR]]||[[Penang]]||[[मलेशिया]]||२३२ मी||७६० फुट||६५||१९८५ |- bgcolor="efefef" |१६५||[[The Arch]]||[[हांग कांग]]||[[चीन]]||२३१ मी||७५८ फुट||६५||२००५ |- |=१६६||[[Carnegie Hall मीनार]]||[[न्यूयॉर्क शहर]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२३१ मी||७५७ फुट||६०||१९९१ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१६६||[[Palace of Culture and Science]]||[[Warsaw]]||[[पोलैंड]]||२३१ मी||७५७ फुट||३३||१९५५ |- |=१६८||[[११०० Louisiana]]||[[Houston]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२३० मी||७५६ फुट||५५||१९८० |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१६८||[[शिकागो Title & Trust भवन]]||[[शिकागो]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२३० मी||७५६ फुट||५०||१९९२ |- |=१६८||[[Torre Mayor]]||[[मेक्सिको City]]||[[मेक्सिको]]||२३० मी||७५६ फुट||५५||२००३ |- |=१७०||[[World मीनार]]||[[सिडनी]]||[[ऑस्ट्रेलिया]]||२३० मी||७५५ फुट||७३||२००४ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१७०||[[Bear Stearns World Headquarters]]||[[न्यूयॉर्क शहर]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२३० मी||७५५ फुट||४७||२००१ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- |१७२||[[AXA केन्द्र]]||[[न्यूयॉर्क शहर]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२२९ मी||७५२ फुट||५४||१९८६ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१७३||[[One Penn Plaza]]||[[न्यूयॉर्क शहर]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२२९ मी||७५० फुट||५७||१९७२ |- |=१७३||[[Time Warner केन्द्र North मीनार]]||[[न्यूयॉर्क शहर]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२२९ मी||७५० फुट||५५||२००४ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१७३||[[Time Warner केन्द्र South मीनार]]||[[न्यूयॉर्क शहर]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२२९ मी||७५० फुट||५५||२००४ |- |=१७३||[[१२५१ Avenue of the Americas]]||[[न्यूयॉर्क शहर]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२२९ मी||७५० फुट||५४||१९७१ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१७३||[[Prudential मीनार]]||[[Boston]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२२९ मी||७५० फुट||५२||१९६४ |- |=१७३||[[Two California Plaza]]||[[लॉस ऐन्जेलिस, California|लॉस ऐन्जेलिस]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२२९ मी||७५० फुट||५२||१९९२ |- bgcolor="efefef" |१७९||[[Gas Company मीनार]]||[[लॉस ऐन्जेलिस, California|लॉस ऐन्जेलिस]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२२८ मी||७४९ फुट||५२||१९९१ |- |=१८०||[[MLC Centre]]||[[सिडनी]]||[[ऑस्ट्रेलिया]]||२२८ मी||७४८ फुट||६०||१९७७ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१८०||[[World Trade केन्द्र सियोल|WTC सियोल]]||[[सियोल]]||[[दक्षिण कोरिया]]||२२८ मी||७४८ फुट||५४||१९८८ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- |=१८०||[[Cosco मीनार]]||[[हांग कांग]]||[[चीन]]||२२८ मी||७४८ फुट||५३||१९९८ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१८०||[[Golden Business केन्द्र]]||[[शेनज़ेन]]||[[चीन]]||२२८ मी||७४८ फुट||५०||२००४ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१८०|| [[Torre Mayor]]||[[मेक्सिको City]]||[[मेक्सिको]]||२२८ मी||७४८ फुट||५५||२००३ |- |=१८५||[[६० Wall Street]]||[[न्यूयॉर्क शहर]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२२७ मी||७४५ फुट||५५||१९८९ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१८५||[[Governor Phillip मीनार]]||[[सिडनी]]||[[ऑस्ट्रेलिया]]||२२७ मी||७४५ फुट||५४||१९९३ |- |=१८५||[[One Astor Plaza]]||[[न्यूयॉर्क शहर]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२२७ मी||७४५ फुट||५४||१९७२ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१८५||[[RSA Battlehouse मीनार]]||[[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]], [[Alabama]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२२७ मी||७४५ फुट||३५||२००७ |- |=१८९||[[Empire मीनार १]]||[[बैंकॉक]]||[[थाईलैंड]]||२२७ मी||७४४ फुट||६२||१९९९ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१८९||[[The Belcher's मीनार ५]]||[[हांग कांग]]||[[चीन]]||२२७ मी||७४४ फुट||६१||२००१ |- |=१८९||[[The Belcher's मीनार ६]]||[[हांग कांग]]||[[चीन]]||२२७ मी||७४४ फुट||६१||२००१ |- bgcolor="efefef" |१९२||[[One Liberty Plaza]]||[[न्यूयॉर्क शहर]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२२६ मी||७४३ फुट||५४||१९७३ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- |=१९३||[[Swissôtel The Stamford]]||[[सिंगापुर]]||[[सिंगापुर]]||२२६ मी||७४१ फुट||७३||१९८६ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१९३||[[२० Exchange Place]]||[[न्यूयॉर्क शहर]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२२६ मी||७४१ फुट||५७||१९३१ |- |=१९३||[[Bank of China मीनार, शंघाई|Bank of China मीनार]]||[[शंघाई]]||[[चीन]]||२२६ मी||७४१ फुट||५३||२००० |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१९३||[[Nagoya Station|JR Central Hotel मीनार]]||[[Nagoya]]||[[जापान]]||२२६ मी||७४१ फुट||५३||२००० |- |=१९३||[[Seven World Trade केन्द्र]]||[[न्यूयॉर्क शहर]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२२६ मी||७४१ फुट||४९||२००६ |- bgcolor="#cccccc" | colspan=8 | |- bgcolor="efefef" |=१९३||[[सेंटरपॉइन्ट एनर्ज़ी प्लाज़ा]]||[[Houston]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२२६ मी||७४१ फुट||४७||१९७४ |- |१९९||[[टू यूनियन स्क्वैर]]||[[सियैटल]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२२६ मी||७४० फुट||५६||१९८९ |- bgcolor="efefef" |=२००||[[बैल अटलांटिक मीनार]]||[[फिलाडैल्फिया]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२२५ मी||७३९ फुट||५५||१९९१ |- |=२००||[[तृतीय विश्व वित्तीय केन्द्र]]||[[न्यूयॉर्क शहर]]||[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]||२२५ मी||७३९ फुट||५१||१९८६ |} [[पुचः:स्काइस्क्र्यापर्स]] 526livru61alwhqq6rlpcn1bg0cpk8e 0 191106 1125005 1114580 2026-09-23T01:52:40Z InternetArchiveBot 22726 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1125005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/सिंको दे मायो}} [[Image:Batalla de Puebla, 5-5-1862 (1870).png|thumb|Anonymous painting of the Battle of Puebla, located at the [[Museo Nacional de las Intervenciones]] [[Image:Cinco de Mayo, 1901 poster.jpg|thumb|right|Cover of ''May 5, 1862 and the siege of Puebla'', 1901, from the ''Biblioteca del Niño Mexicano'', a series of booklets for children detailing the history of Mexico]] [[Image:Vista fuerte derecha.JPG|thumb|left|The former forts of Guadalupe and Loreto now house a museum.]] {{Infobox Holiday | holiday_name = सिंको दे मायो | image = BattleofPuebla2.jpg | caption = [[पुएब्लाया ल्वापू]] | observedby = मेक्सिकन, अमेरिकन, मिश्रित राष्ट्रियता | date = मे ५, सन् १८६२ | nickname = | observances = Celebration in Mexico, the United States of [[Mexican-American]] culture and experiences. Food, music, folkloric dancing | type = National, Ethnic, Festive | longtype = Multinational | significance = | relatedto = }} '''सिंको दे मायो''' ([[स्पेनी भाषा|स्पेनी]] "मेया ५") मे ५स हनिगु छगु नखः ख। थ्व नखः संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाय् हनिगु या। <ref>David E Hayes-Bautista. ''El Cinco de Mayo: an American tradition''. Page 11. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. (c)2012 by The Regents of the University of California. ISBN 978-0-520-27213-2. 293 pages.</ref> नापं, [[मेक्सिको]]य् पुएब्ला प्रान्तय् नं थ्व नखः हनिगु या। <ref name="mexonline">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mexonline.com/cinco-de-mayo.htm |title=Cinco de Mayo |work=Mexico Online: The Oldest and most trusted online guide to Mexico}}</ref><ref name="NatGeo">{{Cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/0505_060505_cinco_de_mayo.html |work=National Geographic News |title=Cinco de Mayo, From Mexican Fiesta to Popular U.S. Holiday |first=Stefan |last=Lovgren |date=2006-05-05}}</ref><ref name=list>[http://www.qppstudio.net/publicholidays2009/mexico.htm List of Public and Bank Holidays in Mexico] April 14, 2008. This list indicates that Cinco de Mayo is not a ''día feriado obligatorio'' ("obligatory holiday"), but is instead a holiday that can be voluntarily observed.</ref><ref name=globe>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080706182820/http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/04/30/cinco_to_drinko_not_for_me_amigo/ Cinco de Mayo is not a federal holiday in México] Accessed May 5, 2009</ref> थन धाःसा थ्व नखःयात ''El Día de la Batalla de Puebla'' (नेपालभाषा: पुएब्लाया ल्वापूया दिं) धाइ।<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120324134837/http://www.colegiorex.mx/eventos/dia-de-la-batalla-de-puebla ''Día de la Batalla de Puebla''. 5 May 2011. "Dia de la Batalla de Puebla: 5 de Mayo de 1862."] Colegio Rex: Marina, Mazatlan. Retrieved 25 May 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.sanmiguelguide.com/batalla-de-puebla.htm ''Día de la Batalla de Puebla (5 de Mayo).'' Guia de San Miguel.] Retrieved 25 May 2011.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120522213057/http://www.freedomcurrent.com/trendingnews/happy-battle-of-puebla-day.html ''Happy “Battle of Puebla” Day.''] Retrieved 25 May 2011.</ref> थ्व दिं संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाय् मेक्सिकन सम्पदा व गर्व क्यनि,<ref name="MexCon">{{Cite web |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,660217535,00.html |title=Cinco de Mayo celebrations run all weekend |accessdate=May 8, 2007}}</ref> व अमेरिकन गृह हताःया न्हापाया दँया स्वतन्त्रता व लोकतन्त्रया कारणयात हनिगु याइ। <ref name="egpnews9337">{{Cite web |url=http://egpnews.com/?p=9337 |title=Cinco de Mayo: The Real Story, Part 1: While viewed as a Mexican holiday, the date has more meaning in the US |first=David E. |last=Hayes-Bautista |accessdate=April 14, 2011 |publisher=Eastern Group Publications}}</ref><ref name="cnnhayes">{{Cite web | url= http://www.cnn.com/2012/05/05/us/cinco-de-mayo-origins/index.html |title = Cinco de Mayo a Mexican import? No, it's as American as July 4, prof says | accessdate = May 5, 2012 | publisher = CNN}}</ref> पुएब्लाय् धाःसा थ्व दिं सन् १८६२या मे ५ खुनु फ्रान्स व मेक्सिको दथुइ जूगु पुएब्लाया ल्वापूलि अप्रत्याशित रुपय् मेक्सिकोया विजय हनिगु दिं ख। <ref name="NatGeo"/><ref name="thomas.loc.gov">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140902181814/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/R?r109:FLD001:H04151 Library of Congress (U.S.A.) Declaration] Retrieved February 6, 2009.</ref> सं रा अमेरिकाया लोक विश्वास विपरित<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120628081229/http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/localnews/ci_20557502/davenports-cinco-de-mayo-celebration-raises-money-low ''Davenport's Cinco de Mayo celebration raises money for low-income families.''] Shanna McCord. Santa Cruz Sentinel. 5 May 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2012.</ref> थ्व दिं मेक्सिकोया स्वतन्त्रया दिवस मखु। <ref name="NatGeo"/><ref name=DN>{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/history/cinco-de-mayo-not-mexicos-independence-day.html |title=Cinco de Mayo: NOT Mexico's Independence Day |author=Lauren Effron |publisher=[[Discovery Channel]] |date=2010-05-05 |accessdate=2011-05-05 }}</ref> ==लिधंसा== {{लिधंसा|}} [[पुचः:अमेरिका]] dhrwliymne1zgqu9z4tgstturtjfy88 0 209060 1125007 1122309 2026-09-23T02:15:06Z InternetArchiveBot 22726 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1125007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{देवनागरी|दक्षिण अमेरिका}} {{Infobox Continent |image = [[𑐎𑐶𑐥𑐵:South_America_(orthographic_projection).svg|200px]] |area = 𑑑,𑑗𑑘,𑑔𑑐,𑑐𑑐𑑐 𑐎𑐶𑐩𑐷^𑑒 |population = 𑑓𑑘,𑑒𑑐,𑑐𑑐,𑑐𑑐𑑐 |density = 𑑒𑑑.𑑔 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐟𑐶 𑐎𑐶𑐩𑐷^𑑒 |demonym = [[𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞 𑐀𑐩𑐬𑐷𑐎𑐵|𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞 𑐀𑐩𑐬𑐷𑐎𑐷]], [[𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐵|𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐣]] |countries = 𑑑𑑒 |list_countries = 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐷 𑐡𑐾𑐫𑑂‌𑐟𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐢𑐮𑑅 |dependencies = 𑑓 |languages = [[𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵|𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵𑐟𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐢𑐮𑑅]] |time = [[UTC-2]] 𑐣𑐶𑐳𑐾𑑄 [[UTC-5]] |cities = {{Collapsible list | title = {{voidd}} | frame_style = border: none; padding: 0; | list_style = display: none; | 1 = [[𑐳𑐵𑐌 𑐥𑐵𑐄𑐮𑑀]] | 2 = [[𑐧𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐣𑐳 𑐁𑐫𑐬𑐾𑐳]] | 3 = [[𑐬𑐶𑐫𑑀 𑐡𑐶 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐫𑑀]] | 4 = [[𑐧𑑀𑐐𑑀𑐚𑐵]] | 5 = [[𑐮𑐶𑐩𑐵]] | 6 = [[𑐳𑐾𑐞𑑂𑐚𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐐𑑀]] | 7 = [[𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐵𑐎𑐵𑐳]] }} }} '''𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐵''' ([[𑐳𑑂𑐥𑐾𑐣𑐷 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵]]: ''América del Sur''; [[𑐥𑑀𑐬𑑂𑐔𑐸𑐐𑐶𑐖]]: ''América do Sul'') [[𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐬 𑐀𑐩𑐬𑐷𑐎𑐵]]𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞 𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐫𑑂 𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐶𑐟 [[𑐥𑐱𑑂𑐔𑐶𑐩𑐷 𑐐𑑀𑐮𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐡𑑂𑐢]]𑐫𑐵 𑐕𑐐𑐹 [[𑐩𑐴𑐵𑐡𑑂𑐰𑐷𑐥]] 𑐏:।<ref>"[http://www.bartleby.com/65/st/SthAmer.html 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞 𑐀𑐩𑐬𑐷𑐎𑐵]. ''[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ 𑐎𑑀𑐮𑐩𑑂𑐧𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑐶𑐱𑑂𑐰𑐎𑑀𑐲]'', 𑐲𑐲𑑂𑐚𑐩 𑐳𑑄𑐳𑑂𑐎𑐬𑐞 𑑒𑑐𑑐𑑑-𑑖 [[𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐹 𑐫𑐬𑑂𑐎]], 𑐎𑑀𑐮𑐩𑑂𑐧𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐫𑐸𑐣𑐶𑐨𑐬𑑂𑐳𑐶𑐚𑐷 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐾𑐳": "fourth largest continent ..., the southern of the two continents of the Western Hemisphere."</ref> 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐵 𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐬𑐫𑑂 𑑑𑑓^𑑐 𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐬𑐷 [[𑐀𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵𑑄𑐱]] (𑐐𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐮𑐶𑐣𑐳 𑐀𑐣𑑂𑐟𑐬𑐷𑐥) 𑐣𑐶𑐳𑐾𑑄 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞𑐫𑑂 𑑕𑑖^𑑐 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞𑐷 𑐀𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵𑑄𑐱 (𑐴𑐬𑑂𑐣 𑐀𑐣𑑂𑐟𑐬𑐷𑐥) 𑐟𑐎𑑂𑐎 𑐰 𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐫𑑂 𑑓𑑕^𑑐 𑐥𑐱𑑂𑐔𑐶𑐩𑐷 [[𑐡𑐾𑐱𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐟𑐬]] (𑐬𑐾𑐱𑐶𑐎𑑀 𑐀𑐣𑑂𑐟𑐬𑐷𑐥) 𑐣𑐶𑐳𑐾𑑄 𑐥𑐱𑑂𑐔𑐶𑐩𑐫𑑂 𑑘𑑑^𑑐 𑐥𑐱𑑂𑐔𑐶𑐩𑐷 𑐡𑐾𑐱𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐟𑐬 (𑐥𑐵𑐬𑐶𑐣𑐵 𑐀𑐣𑑂𑐟𑐬𑐷𑐥) 𑐟𑐎𑑂𑐎 𑐰𑐶𑐳𑑂𑐟𑐺𑐟 𑐡𑐸।<ref>{{cite book |last=𑐟𑐶𑐰𑐵𑐬𑐷 |first=𑐰𑐶𑐖𑐫 𑐱𑑄𑐎𑐬 |title= 𑐁𑐮𑑀𑐎 𑐨𑐹-𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣 |year=𑐖𑐸𑐮𑐵𑐃 𑑒𑑐𑑐𑑔 |publisher=𑐣𑐶𑐬𑑂𑐩𑐮 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐎𑐵𑐱𑐣 |location=𑐎𑑀𑐮𑐎𑐵𑐟𑐵 |id= |page=𑑖𑑖 |accessday= 𑑑𑑙|accessmonth= 𑐖𑐸𑐮𑐵𑐃|accessyear= 𑑒𑑐𑑐𑑙}}</ref> 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐩𑐴𑐵𑐡𑐾𑐱𑐫𑐵 𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐬𑐫𑑂 [[𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐬𑐶𑐧𑐶𑐫𑐣 𑐳𑐵𑐐𑐬]] 𑐰 [[𑐥𑐣𑐵𑐩𑐵 𑐣𑐴𑐬]], 𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐰 𑐰 𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐬-𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐫𑑂 [[𑐁𑐣𑑂𑐢𑑂𑐬 𑐩𑐴𑐵𑐳𑐵𑐐𑐬]], 𑐥𑐱𑑂𑐔𑐶𑐩𑐫𑑂 [[𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐱𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐟 𑐩𑐴𑐵𑐳𑐵𑐐𑐬]] 𑐰 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞𑐫𑑂 [[𑐀𑐞𑑂𑐚𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐎𑐚𑐶𑐎 𑐩𑐴𑐵𑐳𑐵𑐐𑐬]] 𑐮𑐵।<ref name="𑐟𑐶𑐰𑐵𑐬𑐷 𑐖𑐸𑐮𑐵𑐃 𑑒𑑐𑑐𑑔 𑑕𑑘-𑑘𑑑">{{cite book |last=𑐟𑐶𑐰𑐵𑐬𑐷 |first=𑐀𑐬𑑂𑐔𑐣𑐵 |title= 𑐨𑐹𑐐𑑀𑐮 𑐥𑐬𑐶𑐔𑐫 |year=𑐖𑐸𑐮𑐵𑐃 𑑒𑑐𑑐𑑔 |publisher=𑐨𑐵𑐬𑐟𑐷 𑐳𑐡𑐣 |location=𑐎𑑀𑐮𑐎𑐵𑐟𑐵 |id= |page=𑑕𑑘-𑑘𑑑 |accessday= 𑑑𑑙|accessmonth= 𑐖𑐸𑐮𑐵𑐃|accessyear= 𑑒𑑐𑑐𑑙}}</ref> [[𑐨𑐹𑐩𑐢𑑂𑐫 𑐬𑐾𑐏𑐵]] 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐩𑐴𑐵𑐡𑐾𑐱𑐫𑐵 𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐬𑐷 𑐨𑐵𑐐𑑄 𑐰 [[𑐩𑐎𑐬 𑐬𑐾𑐏𑐵]] 𑐩𑐢𑑂𑐫𑑄 𑐰𑐣𑐶। 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐞𑑄 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐩𑐴𑐵𑐡𑐾𑐱𑐫𑐵 𑐀𑐢𑐶𑐎𑐵𑑄𑐱 𑐨𑐵𑐐 [[𑐄𑐲𑑂𑐞 𑐎𑐚𑐶𑐧𑐣𑑂𑐢]]𑐫𑑂 𑐮𑐵। 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐬 𑐣𑐶𑐳𑐾𑑄 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞 𑐟𑐎𑑂𑐎𑐫𑐵 𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐮𑐐𑐨𑐐 𑑗,𑑒𑑐𑑐 𑐎𑐶𑐮𑑀𑐩𑐷𑐚𑐬 𑐰 𑐥𑐱𑑂𑐔𑐶𑐩 𑐣𑐶𑐳𑐾𑑄 𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐰 𑐧𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑑕,𑑑𑑒𑑐 𑐎𑐶𑐮𑑀𑐩𑐷𑐚𑐬 𑐡𑐸। 𑐴𑐮𑐶𑐩𑐫𑐵 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐥𑑂𑐫𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐮𑐾 𑐟𑑅𑐢𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐩𑐴𑐵𑐡𑐾𑐱 𑐏। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐩𑐴𑐵𑐡𑐾𑐱‌ 𑐁𑐎𑐵𑐬 𑐎𑐠𑑄 [[𑐨𑐵𑐬𑐟]] 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐵 𑑖 𑐐𑐸𑐣𑐵𑐟𑐶 𑐟𑑅𑐢𑑄। [[𑐥𑐣𑐵𑐩𑐵 𑐣𑐴𑐬|𑐥𑐣𑐵𑐥𑐵 𑐣𑐴𑐬𑑄]] 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐟 [[𑐥𑐣𑐵𑐩𑐵 𑐣𑐴𑐬]]𑐫𑑂 [[𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐬 𑐀𑐩𑐬𑐷𑐎𑐵]] [[𑐩𑐴𑐵𑐡𑐾𑐱]] 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐵 𑐀𑐮𑐐 𑐫𑐵𑐂 𑐟𑐬 [[𑐥𑐣𑐵𑐩𑐵]] 𑐡𑐾𑐱𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐁𑐢𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐶𑐎 𑐎𑐠𑑄 𑐢𑐵𑑅𑐳𑐵 [[𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐬 𑐀𑐩𑐬𑐷𑐎𑐵]]𑐫𑑂 𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐫𑐵।<ref>[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#americas "𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐖𑑂"] ''𑐳𑑂𑐚𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐞𑑂𑐜𑐬𑑂𑐜 𑐎𑐞𑑂𑐚𑑂𑐬𑐷 𑐊𑐞𑑂𑐜 𑐊𑐬𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑑀𑐜𑑂𑐳 𑐎𑑂𑐮𑐵𑐳𑐶𑐦𑐶𑐎𑐾𑐱𑐣 (M49)'', [[𑐳𑑄𑐫𑐸𑐎𑑂𑐟 𑐬𑐵𑐲𑑂𑐚𑑂𑐬]] 𑐟𑐠𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐒𑑂𑐎 𑐰𑐶𑐨𑐵𑐐</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080303233306/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/international/north_america/referencemap_image_view "𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐬 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐵"] ''[[𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑐜𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐊𑐚𑐮𑐳''</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031024172731/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=nameri&Rootmap=&Mode=d&SubMode=w 𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐬 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐊𑐚𑐮𑐳] 𑐣𑐾𑐱𑐣𑐮 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑑀𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐦𑐶𑐎</ref> 𑑓𑑒,𑑐𑑐𑑐 𑐎𑐶𑐮𑑀𑐩𑐷𑐚𑐬 𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐳𑐩𑐸𑐡𑑂𑐬𑐟𑐚 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐩𑐴𑐵𑐡𑐾𑐱𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐩𑐸𑐡𑑂𑐬𑐷 𑐟𑐚 𑐳𑐷𑐢𑐵 𑐡𑐸, 𑐟𑐚𑐫𑑂 𑐡𑑂𑐰𑐷𑐥, 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐫𑐡𑑂𑐰𑐷𑐥 𑐰 𑐏𑐵𑐜𑐷𑐟 𑐩𑑂𑐴𑑀 𑐖𑐸 𑐐𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐮𑐶𑑄 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵 𑐧𑐵𑑄𑐮𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐧𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐬𑐐𑐵𑐴𑐫𑐵 𑐀𑐨𑐵𑐰 𑐡𑐸। 𑐏𑐣𑐶𑐖 𑐰 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐎𑐺𑐟𑐶𑐎 𑐳𑐩𑑂𑐥𑐡𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐟𑑅𑐩𑑂𑐴𑐶 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐩𑐴𑐵𑐡𑑂𑐰𑐷𑐥 𑐄𑐲𑑂𑐞 𑐰 𑐁𑐡𑑂𑐬 𑐖𑐮𑐰𑐵𑐫𑐸, 𑐐𑐸𑑄, 𑐥𑐛𑐵𑐬, 𑐖𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐮 𑐰 𑐩𑐬𑐸𑐨𑐹𑐩𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐄𑐥𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐶𑐟𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐞𑑄 𑐫𑐎𑑂𑐰 𑐰𑐶𑐎𑐳𑐶𑐟 𑐩𑐖𑐸𑐣𑐶। 𑐠𑐣 𑐴𑐮𑐶𑐩𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐮𑐾 𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑐐𑐸 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐥𑐸𑐐𑐸𑑄-𑐱𑑂𑐬𑐾𑐞𑐷 [[𑐊𑐞𑑂𑐜𑐶𑐖 𑐥𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐟𑐩𑐵𑐮𑐵]] 𑐰 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐮𑐾 𑐟𑑅𑐖𑑂𑐖𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐠𑐵𑐳𑐫𑑂 𑑑𑑒𑐮𑐵 𑐴𑐾 𑐟𑐶 𑐖𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐣𑐶𑐐𑐸 [[𑐚𑐶𑐚𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐎𑐵 𑐥𑐸𑐏𑐸]] 𑐣𑑄 𑐡𑐸। 𑐨𑐹𑐩𑐢𑑂𑐫𑐬𑐾𑐏𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑐵𑐥𑑄 [[𑐥𑐾𑐬𑐹]] 𑐡𑐾𑐱𑐫𑑂 [[𑐔𑐶𑐩𑑂𑐧𑑀𑐬𑐾𑐖𑑀]] 𑐰 [[𑐎𑑀𑐚𑑀𑐥𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐎𑑂𑐳𑐷]] 𑐣𑐵𑐩𑐎 𑐴𑐮𑐶𑐩𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐮𑐾 𑐟𑑅𑐖𑑂𑐖𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐮𑐵𑐩𑐸𑐏𑐷 𑐐𑐸𑑄 𑐡𑐸। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐳𑐩𑐸𑐡𑑂𑐬 𑐳𑐟𑐴 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐵 𑐮𑐐𑐨𑐐 𑑖,𑑐𑑙𑑖 𑐩𑐶𑐚𑐬 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐾 𑐮𑐵। [[𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐖𑐣 𑐏𑐸𑐳𑐶]], [[𑐌𑐬𑐷𑐣𑐶𑐎𑑀]], [[𑐬𑐶𑐫𑑀 𑐡𑐶 𑐮𑐵 𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐵𑐟𑐵]] 𑐠𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑐹 𑐏𑐸𑐳𑐶 𑐏। 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑐾𑐩𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐂 [[𑐧𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐖𑐶𑐮]]𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐵𑐌 𑐦𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐳𑐶𑐳𑑂𑐎𑑀, [[𑐎𑑀𑐮𑐩𑑂𑐧𑐶𑐫𑐵]]𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐜𑐵𑐮𑐾𑐣𑐵 𑐰 [[𑐀𑐬𑑂𑐖𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐚𑐶𑐣𑐵]]𑐫𑐵 𑐬𑐵𑐫𑑀 𑐎𑑀𑐮𑑀𑐬𑐾𑐜𑑀 𑐮𑐵। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐩𑐴𑐵𑐡𑑂𑐰𑐷𑐥𑐫𑑂 [[𑐧𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐖𑐶𑐮]], [[𑐀𑐬𑑂𑐖𑐾𑐞𑑂𑐚𑐶𑐣𑐵]], [[𑐔𑐶𑐮𑐷]], [[𑐄𑐬𑐸𑐐𑑂𑐰𑐾]], [[𑐥𑐵𑐬𑐵𑐐𑑂𑐰𑐾]], [[𑐧𑑀𑐮𑐶𑐨𑐶𑐫𑐵]], [[𑐥𑐾𑐬𑐹]], [[𑐂𑐎𑑂𑐰𑐾𑐜𑑀𑐬]], [[𑐎𑑀𑐮𑐩𑑂𑐧𑐶𑐫𑐵]], [[𑐨𑐾𑐣𑐾𑐖𑐸𑐊𑐮𑐵]], [[𑐐𑐵𑐫𑐣𑐵]] (𑐧𑑂𑐬𑐶𑐚𑐶𑐱, 𑐜𑐔, 𑐦𑑂𑐬𑐾𑐘𑑂𑐔) 𑐁𑐡𑐶 𑐡𑐾𑐱 𑐮𑐵। == 𑐂𑐟𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐳 == [[किपा:Machu Picchu.jpg|thumb|right|[[𑐩𑐵𑐔𑐸 𑐥𑐶𑐔𑐸]]𑐫𑑂 [[𑐂𑐒𑑂𑐎𑐵 𑐳𑐨𑑂𑐫𑐟𑐵]]𑐫𑐵 𑐀𑐰𑐱𑐾𑐲]] [[किपा:Bariloche- Argentina2.jpg|thumb|right|]] 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐵, 𑐩𑐢𑑂𑐫 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐵, 𑐩𑐾𑐎𑑂𑐳𑐶𑐎𑑀, 𑐰𑐾𑐳𑑂𑐚 𑐂𑐞𑑂𑐜𑐶𑐖 𑐰 𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐬𑐶𑐧𑐶𑐫𑐣 𑐡𑐾𑐱𑐟𑐾𑐟 𑐕𑐥𑑄 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵 𑐮𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐚𑐶𑐣 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐵 𑐢𑐵𑐂। [[𑐮𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐚𑐶𑐣]] 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐔𑐷𑐣 𑐬𑑀𑐩𑐰𑐵𑐳𑐷𑐟𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵 𑐏। 𑐀𑐢𑐶𑐎𑐵𑑄𑐱 𑐨𑐵𑐬𑐟𑐷𑐫 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐳 [[𑐳𑑄𑐳𑑂𑐎𑐺𑐟]] 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵𑑄 𑐖𑐹𑐠𑐾𑑄 𑐫𑐎𑑂𑐰 𑐫𑐸𑐬𑑀𑐥𑐷𑐫 𑐬𑑀𑐩𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐳 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵 𑐡𑐳𑐸 [[𑐳𑑂𑐥𑐾𑐣𑐷]], [[𑐥𑑀𑐬𑑂𑐔𑐸𑐐𑐶𑐖]], [[𑐦𑑂𑐬𑐾𑐘𑑂𑐔]] 𑐰 [[𑐂𑐚𑐵𑐮𑐶𑐫𑐣]] 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵𑐟𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐰𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐳 𑐮𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐚𑐶𑐣𑑄 𑐖𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐏। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵 𑐮𑑂𑐴𑐵𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐠𑐵𑐫𑑂‌𑐟𑐾𑐟 𑐮𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐚𑐶𑐣 𑐢𑐵𑐂। 𑑑𑑖𑐐𑐸 𑐱𑐟𑐵𑐧𑑂𑐡𑐷𑐂 [[𑐥𑑀𑐬𑑂𑐔𑐸𑐐𑐮]] 𑐰 [[𑐳𑑂𑐥𑐾𑐣|𑐳𑑂𑐥𑐾𑐣𑑄]] 𑐮𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐚𑐶𑐣 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐷 𑐩𑐣𑐸𑐟 𑐠𑐣 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑑄 𑐰𑐮 । 𑐮𑐶𑐥𑐵 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐠𑐵𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑐹 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐴𑐾 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵 𑐖𑐹𑐰𑐣 𑐰 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐠𑐵𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐮𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐚𑐶𑐣 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐵 𑐢𑐎𑐵 𑐩𑑂𑐴𑐳𑐷𑐎𑐮। 𑐥𑐾𑐬𑐹𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐡𑑂𑐬𑐷𑐫 𑐥𑐴𑐵𑐜𑐫𑑂 𑐫𑐎𑑂𑐰 𑐮𑐏 𑐡𑑃 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑑂𑐫𑑅 𑐩𑐣𑐸 𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐢𑐿𑐐𑐸 𑐰𑐶𑐱𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐳 𑐡𑐸। 𑐠𑐣 𑐫𑐎𑑂𑐰 𑐳𑑄𑐳𑑂𑐎𑐺𑐟𑐶𑐟𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐰𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐳 𑐖𑐸𑐮। 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐮𑐾 𑐩𑐹 𑐳𑐨𑑂𑐫𑐟𑐵𑐫𑑂 [[𑐂𑐒𑑂𑐎𑐵 𑐳𑐨𑑂𑐫𑐟𑐵]] 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐏 𑐐𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐾𑐟𑑂𑐬 𑐥𑐾𑐬𑐹, 𑐂𑐎𑑂𑐰𑐾𑐜𑐬, 𑐧𑑀𑐮𑐶𑐨𑐶𑐫𑐵, 𑐀𑐬𑑂𑐖𑐾𑐞𑑂𑐚𑐶𑐣𑐵 𑐰 𑐔𑐶𑐮𑐷𑐫𑐵 𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐬𑐷 𑐨𑐵𑐐 𑐮𑐵। 𑑑𑑕𑐐𑐸 𑐱𑐟𑐵𑐧𑑂𑐡𑐷𑐫𑐵 𑐀𑐣𑑂𑐟𑐫𑑂 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐔𑐬𑐩𑑀𑐟𑑂𑐎𑐬𑑂𑐲𑐫𑑂 𑐠𑑂𑐫𑐣। 𑐂𑐒𑑂𑐎𑐵 𑐳𑐨𑑂𑐫𑐟𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐱𑐵𑐳𑐎𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐂𑐒𑑂𑐎𑐵 𑐢𑐵𑐂 𑐰 𑐂𑐩𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐁𑐡𑐬 𑐫𑐵𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐔𑐮𑐣 𑐡𑐫𑐵𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐣। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐳𑐨𑑂𑐫𑐟𑐵 𑐠𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐫𑐵𑐟𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐟, 𑐳𑐘𑑂𑐔𑐵𑐬 𑐰 𑐜𑐵𑐎 𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐰𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑐶𑑄𑐟𑐶𑑄 𑐣𑐵𑑄𑐖𑐵। 𑐩𑐵𑐔𑐸 𑐥𑐶𑐔𑐸 𑐩𑐹 𑐣𑐐𑐬 𑐏 𑐐𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑐸𑐬𑐵𑐟𑐵𑐟𑑂𑐰𑐶𑐎 𑐀𑐰𑐱𑐾𑐲 𑐠𑑁𑑄 𑐣𑑄 𑐏𑐣𑐾𑐡𑐸। [[𑐳𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐡𑑂𑐫]]𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐠𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐬𑑂𑐰𑑀𑐔𑑂𑐔 𑐡𑑂𑐫𑐫𑐵 𑐬𑐸𑐥𑐫𑑂 𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐰 𑐩𑐾𑐩𑐾𑐥𑐶𑑄 𑐡𑐾𑐰𑐷 𑐡𑐾𑐰𑐟𑐵𑐟𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐣𑑄 𑐥𑐹𑐖𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐔𑐮𑐣 𑐡𑐫𑐵𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐣। 𑐠𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐾𑐐𑐮𑐾 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐬𑑂𑐞𑐥𑐟𑑂𑐬 𑐀𑐮𑐒𑑂𑐎𑐺𑐟 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵 𑐟𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐔𑐮𑐣 𑐡𑐸। 𑐱𑐶𑐮𑑂𑐥𑐎𑐮𑐵 𑐰 [[𑐱𑐮𑑂𑐫 𑐔𑐶𑐎𑐶𑐟𑑂𑐳𑐵]]𑐫𑑂 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐳𑐨𑑂𑐫𑐟𑐵 𑐠𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑐩𑐎𑐵𑐮𑐷𑐣 𑐳𑐨𑑂𑐫𑐟𑐵 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐵 𑐄𑐣𑑂𑐣𑐟 𑐖𑐸। == 𑐨𑐹𑐐𑑀𑐮 == [[किपा:South America satellite orthographic.jpg|thumb|right|𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐨𑑁𑐟𑐶𑐎 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐬𑐹𑐥]] 𑐢𑐬𑐵𑐟𑐮𑐷𑐫 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐬𑐹𑐥𑐫𑐵 𑐀𑐣𑑂𑐟𑐬𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐺𑐲𑑂𑐚𑐶𑑄 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐵 𑐩𑐴𑐵𑐡𑑂𑐰𑐷𑐥 𑐰𑐶𑐱𑐾𑐲 𑐩𑐴𑐟𑑂𑐟𑑂𑐰𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐞 𑐖𑐸। 𑐥𑐱𑑂𑐔𑐶𑐩𑐫𑑂 𑐟𑐚𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐩𑐵𑐣𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐟𑐬 [[𑐊𑐞𑑂𑐜𑐶𑐖 𑐎𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐜𑐶𑐮𑐾𑐬𑐵]] 𑐥𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐟 𑐱𑐺𑑄𑐏𑐮𑐵 𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐬 𑐣𑐶𑐳𑐾𑑄 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞 𑐟𑐎𑑂𑐎 𑐠𑑂𑐫𑑄 <ref>{{cite book |last=𑐩𑐵𑐩𑑀𑐬𑐶𑐫𑐵 |first=𑐔𑐟𑐸𑐬𑑂𑐨𑐸𑐖 |title= 𑐨𑑁𑐐𑑀𑐮𑐶𑐎 𑐔𑐶𑐣𑑂𑐟𑐣 𑐊𑐰𑑄 𑐟𑐷𑐣 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞𑐷 𑐩𑐴𑐵𑐡𑑂𑐰𑐷𑐥 |year=𑐣𑐰𑑄𑐧𑐬 𑑒𑑐𑑐𑑘 |publisher=𑐳𑐵𑐴𑐶𑐟𑑂𑐫 𑐨𑐰𑐣 |location=𑐁𑐐𑐬𑐵 |id= |page=𑑑𑑕𑑔|accessday= 𑑘|accessmonth= 𑐡𑐶𑐳𑑄𑐧𑐬|accessyear= 𑑒𑑐𑑐𑑙}}</ref>। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐥𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐟𑐱𑑂𑐬𑐺𑐒𑑂𑐏𑐮𑐵 [[𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐬𑐷 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐵]]𑐫𑐵 [[𑐬𑐎𑐷 𑐥𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐟]]𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞𑐷 𑐳𑐶𑐮𑐳𑐶𑐮𑐵 𑐏। 𑑗,𑑒𑑐𑑐 𑐎𑐶𑐮𑑀𑐩𑐶𑐚𑐬 𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐫𑐵 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐱𑑂𑐬𑐺𑐒𑑂𑐏𑐮𑐵 [[𑐴𑐶𑐩𑐵𑐮𑐫]] 𑐢𑐸𑑄𑐎𑐵 𑐴𑐮𑐶𑐩𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐮𑐾 𑐟𑐖𑑂𑐖𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 [[𑐥𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐟 𑐱𑐺𑑄𑐏𑐮𑐵]] 𑐏। 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐮𑐶 𑐫𑐎𑑂𑐰 𑐟𑐖𑑂𑐖𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐟 𑐱𑑂𑐬𑐾𑐞𑐷 , [[𑐥𑐛𑐵𑐬]], 𑐰 [[𑐖𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐮𑐵𑐩𑐸𑐏𑐷 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐎𑐵]] 𑐮𑐵। 𑐴𑐮𑐶𑐩𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐮𑐾 𑐟𑐖𑑂𑐖𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐮𑐵𑐩𑐸𑐏𑐷 𑐥𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐟 [[𑐎𑑀𑐚𑑀𑐥𑐿𑐎𑑂𑐳𑐷]] (𑑕,𑑙𑑗𑑐 𑐩𑐷𑐚𑐬) 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐨𑐵𑐐𑐫𑑂 𑐮𑐵। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐥𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐟𑐩𑐵𑐮𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐮𑐾 𑐟𑐖𑑂𑐖𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐎𑐵 𑐀𑐎𑐵𑐎𑐵𑐐𑐸𑐁𑐫𑐵𑐟 (𑑖,𑑙𑑖𑑙 𑐩𑐷𑐚𑐬) 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐧𑐶𑐮𑐾𑑄 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐥𑐸𑑄 𑐨𑐸𑐣𑐵𑐟𑐿। 𑐊𑐞𑑂𑐜𑐷𑐖𑐫𑑂 𑐳𑐵𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐞𑐟𑑅 𑐣𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐱𑑂𑐬𑐾𑐞𑐶 𑐡𑐸 𑐐𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐠𑐸𑐂 𑐩𑐢𑑂𑐫 𑐧𑑀𑐮𑐰𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐰 𑐥𑐾𑐬𑐹𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑐛𑐵𑐬 𑐰 𑐦𑑂𑐬𑐾𑐱 𑐰𑐵𑐚𑐬 𑐥𑐸𑐏𑐸 [[𑐚𑐶𑐚𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐎𑐵]] 𑐮𑐵। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐩𑐴𑐵𑐡𑑂𑐰𑐷𑐥𑐫𑑂 𑐩𑐸𑐏𑑂𑐫 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑐛𑐵𑐬𑐷 𑐨𑐵𑐐 𑐡𑐸। 𑐐𑐵𑐫𑐣𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑐛𑐵𑐬, 𑐧𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐖𑐶𑐮𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑐛𑐵𑐬 𑐰 𑐥𑐾𑐚𑐵𑐐𑑀𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑐛𑐵𑐬। 𑐐𑐵𑐫𑐣𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑐛𑐵𑐬𑐷 𑐨𑐵𑐐 𑐌𑐬𑐷𑐣𑐷𑐎𑑀 𑐰 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐖𑐣 𑐏𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑐸𑐴𑐵𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐠𑐸𑐂 𑐮𑐵। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐥𑐛𑐵𑐬 𑑙𑑐𑑐 𑐣𑐶𑐳𑐾𑑄 𑑑,𑑘𑑐𑑐 𑐩𑐶𑐚𑐬 𑐖𑐵𑑅𑐫𑑂 𑐖𑐮 𑐰𑐶𑐨𑐵𑐖𑐎𑐫𑐵 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐂। 𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐶𑐨𑐸𑐖𑐵𑐎𑐵𑐬 𑐧𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐖𑐶𑐮𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑐛𑐵𑐬 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑐢𑑂𑐫𑐰𑐬𑑂𑐟𑐷 𑐨𑐵𑐐𑐫𑑂 [[𑐊𑐚𑑂𑐮𑐵𑐞𑑂𑐚𑐶𑐎 𑐩𑐴𑐵𑐳𑐵𑐐𑐬]]𑐫𑐵 𑐟𑐚𑐫𑑂 𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐬-𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐫𑑂 𑐎𑐾𑐥𑐬𑐵𑐐𑑄 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐬𑐩𑑂𑐨 𑐖𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞𑐫𑑂 𑐬𑐶𑐫𑑀 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐾𑐜𑑀 𑐜𑐷 𑐳𑐸𑐮 𑐟𑐎𑑂𑐎 𑐰𑐶𑐳𑑂𑐟𑐺𑐟 𑐖𑐸। 𑐎𑐛𑑀𑐬 [[𑐥𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐟#𑐰𑐮𑐶𑐟 𑐥𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐟|𑐰𑐮𑐶𑐟]] 𑐔𑐚𑑂𑐚𑐵𑐣𑑄 𑐣𑐶𑐬𑑂𑐩𑐶𑐟 𑐖𑐹𑐐𑐸𑐮𑐶𑑄 𑐀𑐥𑑂𑐰 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐫 𑐩𑐖𑐸। 𑐥𑐾𑐚𑐵𑐐𑑀𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑐛𑐵𑐬 𑐀𑐬𑑂𑐖𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐚𑐶𑐣𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐮𑐶𑐩𑐫𑐾 𑐏𑐸𑐳𑐶𑑄 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞𑐷 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐀𑐣𑑂𑐟𑐶𑐩 𑐕𑑀𑐬 𑐟𑐎𑑂𑐎 𑐠𑑂𑐫𑑄। 𑑓𑑐𑑐 𑐣𑐶𑐳𑐾𑑄 𑑙𑑐𑑐 𑐩𑐶𑐚𑐬 𑐖𑐵𑑅𑐫𑐵 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐥𑐛𑐵𑐬 𑐥𑐱𑑂𑐔𑐶𑐩𑐫𑑂 𑐊𑐞𑑂𑐜𑐷𑐖 𑐥𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐟𑐩𑐵𑐮𑐵 𑐣𑐶𑐳𑐾𑑄 𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐫𑑂 𑐰𑐾𑐡𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐸𑐎𑑂𑐟 𑐝𑐵𑐮𑐫𑐵 𑐬𑐹𑐥𑐫𑑂 𑐊𑐚𑐮𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐚𑐶𑐎 𑐩𑐴𑐵𑐳𑐵𑐐𑐬 𑐟𑐎𑑂𑐎 𑐰𑐶𑐳𑑂𑐟𑐺𑐟 𑐡𑐸।<ref name="𑐟𑐶𑐰𑐵𑐬𑐷 𑐖𑐸𑐮𑐵𑐃 𑑒𑑐𑑐𑑔 𑑕𑑘-𑑘𑑑"/> 𑐥𑐱𑑂𑐔𑐶𑐩𑐷 𑐐𑐸𑑄 𑐰 𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐷 𑐥𑐛𑐵𑐬𑐟𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐠𑐸𑐂 𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐬 𑐣𑐶𑐳𑐾𑑄 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞 𑐟𑐎𑑂𑐎 𑐳𑐎𑐮 𑐩𑐴𑐵𑐡𑑂𑐰𑐷𑐥𑐫𑐵 𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐫𑑂 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐟𑑅𑐢𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑑂𑐫𑑅 𑐡𑐸। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐏𑑂𑐫𑑅𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐎𑐮 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐾𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐦𑐮 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐾𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐦𑐮𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐬𑐶𑐧 𑐧𑐔𑑂𑐕𑐶 𑐡𑐸। 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐬𑐷 𑐨𑐵𑐐𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐮𑐵𑐣𑑀𑐖 𑐢𑐵𑐂। 𑐌𑐬𑐷𑐣𑐶𑐎𑑀 𑐏𑐸𑐳𑐶𑑄 𑐣𑐶𑐬𑑂𑐩𑐶𑐟 𑐮𑐵𑐣𑑀𑐖 𑐨𑐾𑐣𑐾𑐖𑑆𑐸𑐊𑐮𑐵 𑐰 𑐎𑑀𑐮𑐩𑑂𑐧𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐮𑐵। 𑐏𑑂𑐫𑑅𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐠𑐸𑐂 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐖𑐣 𑐏𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐧𑐾𑐳𑐶𑐣 𑐮𑐵। 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐧𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐖𑐶𑐮𑐩𑐶𑐟𑐫𑐾𑐳𑑄 𑐳𑐾𑐮𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐖 𑐢𑐵𑐂। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐏𑐸𑐳𑐶 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐡𑐾𑐱 𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐬𑐫𑑂 𑐐𑐵𑐫𑐣𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑐛𑐵𑐬, 𑐥𑐱𑑂𑐔𑐶𑐩𑐫𑑂 𑐊𑐞𑑂𑐜𑐶𑐖 𑐥𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐟 𑐰 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞𑐫𑑂 𑐧𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐖𑐶𑐮𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑐛𑐵𑐬𑑄 𑐑𑐾𑐬𑐾 𑐖𑐸𑐫𑐵𑐔𑑂𑐰𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸। 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐖𑐣 𑐰 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐏𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐴𑐵𑐫𑐎 𑑒𑑐𑑐 𑐏𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐂 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐧𑐶𑐮𑐾𑑄 𑐏𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐧𑐵𑐴𑐵 𑐰𑐿𑐐𑐸𑐮𑐶𑑄 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐶𑐨𑐸𑐖𑐵𑐎𑐵𑐬 𑐏𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐟𑑅𑐢𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐮𑐵𑐐𑐵 𑐡𑐮𑐡𑐮 𑐖𑐸𑐫𑐵𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐣𑐶 𑐰 𑐠𑐣 𑐫𑐵𑐟𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐟𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐳 𑐖𑐸𑐂𑐩𑐦𑐸। 𑐥𑐬𑐵𑐣𑐵, 𑐥𑐬𑐵𑐐𑑂𑐰𑐾 𑐰 𑐫𑐸𑐬𑐸𑐐𑑂𑐰𑐾 𑐏𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐟 𑐖𑐵𑐣𑐵 𑐥𑐩𑑂𑐥𑐵𑐳 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐾𑐟𑑂𑐬 𑐡𑐫𑐾𑐎𑐷। 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐮𑐵𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐵𑐚𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐧𑐾𑐳𑐶𑐣 𑐣𑑄 𑐢𑐵𑐂𑐐𑐸𑐫𑐵। 𑐩𑐢𑑂𑐫 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞𑐫𑐵 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐄𑐥𑐖𑐵𑐅 𑐏𑑂𑐫𑑅 𑐁𑐬𑑂𑐠𑐶𑐎 𑐡𑐺𑐲𑑂𑐚𑐶𑑄 𑐳𑐶𑐎𑑂𑐎 𑐩𑐴𑐟𑑂𑐟𑑂𑐰𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐞 𑐖𑐸। 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐍𑐳𑐟 𑐖𑐵 𑑑𑑘𑑕 𑐩𑐶𑐚𑐬 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑑂𑐴𑑀 𑐖𑐸 𑐰 𑐀𑐬𑑂𑐖𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐚𑐷𑐣𑐵, 𑐄𑐬𑐹𑐐𑑂𑐰𑐾, 𑐥𑐬𑐵𑐐𑑂𑐰𑐾 𑐰 𑐕𑐸𑑄 𑐀𑑄𑐱𑐫𑑂 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞 𑐧𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐖𑐷𑐮 𑐰 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞 𑐧𑑀𑐮𑐶𑐨𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐟𑐎𑑂𑐎 𑐠𑑂𑐫𑑄। 𑐡𑐎𑐮𑐾 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞 𑐨𑐵𑐐𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑐾𑐚𑐵𑐐𑑀𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑐬𑐸𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐮 𑐮𑐵। 𑐊𑐞𑑂𑐜𑐷𑐖 𑐥𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐟 𑐩𑐵𑐮𑐵 𑐰 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐱𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐟 𑐩𑐴𑐵𑐳𑐵𑐐𑐬𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐠𑐸𑐂 𑐣𑐶𑐩𑑂𑐣 𑐨𑐹𑐩𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐀𑐟𑑂𑐫𑐣𑑂𑐟 𑐳𑑄𑐎𑐬𑐷 𑐟𑐚𑐷𑐫 𑐥𑐚𑑂𑐚𑐷 𑐡𑐸। 𑐮𑐐𑐨𑐐 𑑑𑑐𑑐 𑐎𑐶𑐮𑑀𑐩𑐷𑐚𑐎 𑐧𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐥𑐚𑑂𑐚𑐷 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞𑐷 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑐱𑑂𑐔𑐶𑐩𑐷 𑐟𑐚 𑐣𑐵𑐥𑑄 𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐬 𑐣𑐶𑐳𑐾𑑄 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞 𑐟𑐎𑑂𑐎 𑐠𑑂𑐫𑑄। 𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐷 𑐟𑐚𑐷𑐫 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐡𑐾𑐱 𑐀𑐥𑐾𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵𑐎𑐺𑐟 𑐀𑐥𑑂𑐰 𑐟𑐧𑑂𑐫𑐵। 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐧𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑑑𑑕𑑐 𑐣𑐶𑐳𑐾𑑄 𑑒𑑐𑑐 𑐎𑐶𑐮𑑀𑐩𑐷𑐚𑐬 𑐡𑐸। 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐮𑐶 𑐔𑐶𑐔𑐶𑐢𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐫𑐎𑑂𑐰 𑐧𑐵𑐴𑐵𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐟 𑐧𑐵𑐴𑐵𑐰𑐿 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐟𑐫𑐾𑐳𑑄 𑐡𑐾𑐮𑑂𑐟𑐵 𑐩𑐡𑐾𑐎𑐸। == 𑐡𑐾𑐫𑑂‌ == 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐩𑐴𑐵𑐡𑐾𑐱𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐾𑐫𑑂‌ 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐎𑐠𑑄 𑐡𑐸- *[[𑐀𑐬𑑂𑐖𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐚𑐶𑐣𑐵]] *[[𑐧𑑀𑐮𑐶𑐨𑐶𑐫𑐵]] *[[𑐧𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐖𑐶𑐮]] *[[𑐔𑐶𑐮𑐷]] *[[𑐎𑑀𑐮𑐩𑑂𑐧𑐶𑐫𑐵]] *[[𑐃𑐎𑑂𑐰𑐾𑐜𑑀𑐬]] *[[𑐥𑐵𑐬𑐵𑐐𑑂𑐰𑐾]] *[[𑐥𑐾𑐬𑐸]] *[[𑐄𑐬𑐸𑐐𑑂𑐰𑐾]] *[[𑐨𑐾𑐣𑐾𑐖𑐸𑐊𑐮𑐵]] *[[𑐐𑐵𑐫𑐣𑐵]] *[[𑐳𑐸𑐬𑐶𑐣𑐵𑐩]] *[[𑐦𑑂𑐬𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐔 𑐐𑐵𑐫𑐣𑐵]] == 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐵𑐡𑐶𑐳𑑃 == * [[𑐩𑐴𑐵𑐡𑐾𑐱]] == 𑐮𑐶𑐢𑑄𑐳𑐵 == {{𑐮𑐶𑐢𑑄𑐳𑐵}} {{Commonscat|South America}} [[पुचः:𑐨𑐹𑐐𑑀𑐮]] [[पुचः:𑐡𑐾𑐫𑑂]] 4j5e2bdg6qptmiaum7r57mugh7oiroc