Simbi

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    <title>Simbi</title>
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'''Simbi''' (Li Indonesia ''rahang'', [[Li Inggris|li inggris]] ''jaw'') &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.tipsbelajarbahasainggris.com/nama-bagian-tubuh-manusia-dalam-bahasa-inggris/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-03-09 |archive-date=2022-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227164007/https://www.tipsbelajarbahasainggris.com/nama-bagian-tubuh-manusia-dalam-bahasa-inggris/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;ya'ia da'ö töi ndroto-ndroto ba mboto niha, simbi nahiania ba dömba ma lafotöi ia alukha zimbi. Alukha zimbi andre dua rozi so ba gambölö ba so ba gabera ba no faondra/falemba ira tanö föna ba dömba lö faefa no fatandro, awena tola faefa na mu'odödögö wamambambö simane na latatawi ma na lafaefa simbi mbawi. Simbi andre moguna ia ba niha he göi ba gurifö simane bawi sitobali solaziö gö na baginötö wemanga ma naso ni'usu&lt;ref&gt;https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2020/12/fungsi-tulang-rahang-bawah/&lt;/ref&gt;. Simbi andrö so zifao khönia simane boha, ifö (''gigi''), ba ngingi (''gusi''). Ba gotalua zimbi tanö bakhania so lela (''lidah''), ba sifao sa'e khönia uli zimbi ba simanö göi mbewe tanö tou.

== Simbi mbawi ==
Simbi mbawi ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö niha]] no ö ma sumange sebua ba hada nifalua i'otarai ndra tua moroi yawa. Na mufahö ma na mutatawi mbawi ba mohaogösibai ba wodeha simbi, me bagotalua nösi mbawi simbi andrö zabölö murorogö fa böi tekiko ba wanatawi. Mendrua manö na bawi nitatawi mu'ogunaö ia diwo ma sumange dome.

Ba wama'anö diwo ma sumange dome baero zimbi, so zilötola lö'ö zifao khönia, ya'iada'ö:

* Nagole waha, mato dombua ma zui öfa ngawua;
* Osu, mato önö ma zui walu rozi;
* Dangidangi, tambai ba tola lö'ögöi labe'e sifaudu ba hada zisambua-sambua banua;
* Söri, dua rozi;
* Beto, dua rozi;
* Ate, saga'a;
* Bua, tambai sifao tawö mbua;
* Tödö sifao mbo, tambai;
* Ate wali'a, matonga sifao wali'a.

== Umbu ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Luka</title>
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      <text bytes="44423" sha1="medj8vsn71ohc3clteu3uqmwhhmt0xs" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox santo
|honorific_prefix = [[Santo]]
|name             = Luka Sanura Injil 
|image            = Berkas:St Luke.JPG
|caption          = Gambara Luka Sanura Injil ba zandrela gereja paroki SS Mary and Lambert, Stonham Aspal, Suffolk, Inggris
|birth_date       = Ba gotalua ndröfi 1 ba 16
|birth_place      = [[Antiokia]], [[Suriah]] (provinsi Roma me luo da'ö), Kerajaan Romawi&lt;br /&gt;(iada'a Antakya, Provinsi Hatay, Turki)
|death_place      = Thebes, [[Yunani]], Boeotia, Achaea (provinsi Roma), Kerajaan Romawi&lt;br /&gt;(iada'a Thebes, [[Yunani]])
|death_date       = Ba gotalua ndröfi 84 ba 100 (molo'ö tradisi 84 fakhe)
|feast_day        = 18 Oktober
|venerated_in     = Fefu gereja niha Keriso samosumange niha ni'amoni'ö (santo/santa), agama Druze&lt;ref name= &quot;S. Swayd 2009 109&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title= The A to Z of the Druzes| first=Samy |last=S. Swayd|year= 2009 | isbn= 978-0-81086836-6| page =109 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|quote= They also cover the lives and teachings of some biblical personages, such as Job, Jethro, Jesus, John, Luke, and others}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|titles           = Nifahaö, Sanura Injil, Martir
|beatified_date   =
|beatified_place  =
|beatified_by     = 
|canonized_date   =
|attributes       = Sanura Injil, doto, buku faoma fena, ni'o'awöni öröbao so'afi, sogambaraini ''ikon'' Maria ina Yesu, ngawalö fakake ba wamazökhi gambara 
|patronage        = Seniman, ono matua, doto, doto operasi, sohalöŵö ba danö, sonekhe fahuhuo, btn.&lt;ref name=catholicsaints.info /&gt;
|major_shrine     = Padua, Italia
|major_works      = Turia Somuso Dödö nisura Luka, Halöŵö Zinenge
|issues           =
}}
'''Luka''' ([[li Latin]] ''Lucas''; [[li Yunani]] Λουκᾶς; [[li Ibrani]] לוקאס; [[li Aramaia]] ܠܘܩܐ/לוקא) ma asese göi lakaoni khönia '''Santo Luka''' no samösa ba gotalua zi daöfa zanura injil kanonik,&lt;ref&gt;Injil kanonik ya'ia da'ö injil si so bakha ba mbuku Gamabu'ulali Sibohou. Baero da'ö so göi mato ha'uga injil nisura niha bö'ö si lö itema Gereja tobali injil nifotöi injil apokrif.&lt;/ref&gt; molo'ö tradisi. Laböbögö khönia wanura [[Sura Luka|injil Luka]] ba [[Halöŵö Zinenge]] ira tua Gereja&lt;ref&gt;Lafotöi tua Gereja (li Indonesia ''bapak Gereja'') ya'ira sanura ngawalö buku ba sura sanandrösa ba wamati niha Keriso ba ngaotu ndröfia si sara irugi si lima (?). Si to'ölönia ya'ira andre no ere teologi ba ölö göi ere filsafat.&lt;/ref&gt;. Lafaduhu'ö gö da'a ira tokoh si tedou moroi ba mböröta niha Keriso simane Heronimus awö Eusebius, ba hiza lö boto si tola mugogohe si tola la'oguna'ö ira ere Zura Ni'amoni'ö, he sekular ba he göi religius, sanguma'ö wa sanura injil Luka andrö no Luka samösa.

Latötöi Luka mato ha'uga kali ba adogo-dogo buku Gamabu'ulali Sibohou awö sura nifotöi Sura khö ndra niha ba Kolose&lt;ref&gt;{{SN|Kol|4|14}}&lt;/ref&gt; ba laŵa'ö wa doto ia (li Yunani ''fysikos'', niha samadöhö fökhö); molo'ö fangi'ila Luka andre no samösa doto ba no göi samösa nifahaö khö Waulo.

I'otarai mböröta ndra niha Keriso no laŵaö wa niha ni'amoni'ö Luka (li Latin ''santo''). Faduhu dödö niha wa samösa ''martir'' ia (eluahania mate labunu ia börö wamatinia), lataŵi mbaginia ba döla ''zaitun'', heŵa'ae so zi lö faduhu tödö wa simanö zalua khönia.{{efn|name=martyred?}} Lafolakhömi ia tobali ''Santo Luka sanura Injil'' ira [[Gereja Katolik]] ba gereja segebua tanöbö'ö ba baero da'ö tobali ia solumö'ö (li Indonesia ''pelindung'') ndra seniman, doto, iraono matua, doto sangoperasi, mahasiswa ba ira samöfölö urifö. La'owasaini wanörötödö khönia ero 18 Oktober.&lt;ref name= catholicnewsagency.com /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Calendar|url= https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|access-date=27 March 2021|website=The Church of England}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fa'aurinia ==
[[Berkas:Evangelist Lucas.jpg|thumb|Gambara Luka Sanura Injil nifagamöi Crispijn van de Passe de Oude.&lt;ref name=ugent.be /&gt;]]
Faduhu dödö ato gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö wa Luka andre no samösa doto sauri ba wöfö [[Yunani]] kota [[Antiokia]] ba danö [[Suriah]] föna (provinsi [[Roma]]),{{efn|name=Hackett}} ba wa tumbu ia ba sambua ngambatö [[Yunani]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2023 |title=St. Luke |url=https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=76 |url-status=live |access-date=August 10, 2023 |website=Catholic Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2023 |title=BIOGRAPHY OF ST. LUKE |url=https://stlukes-parish.org/biography-of-st-luke |url-status=live |access-date=August 10, 2023 |website=BIOGRAPHY OF ST. LUKE |publisher=St. Luke the Evangelist Parish |archive-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811064542/https://stlukes-parish.org/biography-of-st-luke |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; heŵa'ae so ösa gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö ba teolog sanguma'ö wa Luka no samösa niha [[Yahudi]] Yunani.{{sfn|Harris|1980|pp=266–68}}{{sfn|Strelan|2013|pp=102–10}}

Ölö ato zanema'ö wa teologi injil Luka ba sura Halöŵö Zinenge te'aekhugö khö ndra niha Keriso si tenga Yahudi, so sa'atö zanguma'ö wa abölö atöla ba dödö wa lasura injil Luka ba sura Halöŵö Zinenge soguna khö sambua komunitas si so bakha niha Yahudi ba niha bö'ö, börö me hulö ifa'ösö sibai wangombakha böröta misi khö ndra niha si tenga Yahudi bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö (faigi wangoguna'ö Yes 49:6 ba injil Luka awö sura Halöŵö Zinenge).{{sfn|Koet|1989|pp=157–58}}{{sfn|Koet|2006|pp= 4–5}}

Moroi ba sambua test DNA (nihalö moroi ba mboto Luka molo'ö tradisi) te'oroma'ö wa Luka andre no samösa niha [[Suriah]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Vernesi |first1=Cristiano |last2=Di Benedetto |first2=Giulietta |last3=Caramelli |first3=David |last4=Secchieri |first4=Erica |last5=Simoni |first5=Lucia |last6=Katti |first6=Emile |last7=Malaspina |first7=Patrizia |last8=Novelletto |first8=Andrea |last9=Marin |first9=Vito Terribile Wiel |last10=Barbujani |first10=Guido |date=6 November 2001 |title=Genetic characterization of the body attributed to the evangelist Luke |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=98 |issue=23 |pages=13460–13463 |doi=10.1073/pnas.211540498 |issn=0027-8424 |pmid=11606723|pmc=60893 |bibcode=2001PNAS...9813460V |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gofu haniha Luka andre, niha Yahudi ma zui tenga, ma zui amarukhatara, oroma moroi ba kualitas li Yunani injil Luka ba Halöŵö Zinenge wa sindruhu niha salaŵa famahaö ia ba gotalua fefu zanura ngawalö mbuku bakha ba Gamabu'ulali Sibohou. Moroi ba wangoguna'önia amaedola moroi ba teks klasik Yunani föna simane Homer, Aesop, Epimenides, Euripides, Plato ba Aratus oroma wa i'ila oi zura Yunani andrö. Eluahania si lötolalö'ö no fao ia ba wamahaö molo'ö kurikulum Yunani, ni'oguna'ö ba danö si fasui nasi Mediterania ngaotu fakhe aefa ginötö Luka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Steve |last=Reece |title=The Formal Education of the Author of Luke-Acts |publication-place=London |publisher=T&amp;T Clark |date=2022 |pages=29–50 |isbn=978-0-567-70588-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sura si föföna sibai manötöi Luka ya'ia Sura Waulo khö Filemo 1:24.&lt;ref&gt;{{SN|Fil|1|24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Latötöi göi ia bakha ba {{SN|Kol|4|14}} ba ba {{SN|TimII|4|11}}. Ya'ira si darua andre, Filemo ba Timoteo, no nifahaö Waulo.{{sfn|Milligan|2006|p=149}}{{sfn|Mornin|2006|p=74}}{{sfn|Aherne|1910}}{{sfn|Smith|1935|p=792}}{{sfn|von Harnack|1907|p=5}}

Aefa da'ö latötöi ia bakha ba zura Anti-Marcionite&lt;ref&gt;Anti-Marconite no tölu wehede famasao khö zi tölu injil Mataio, Mareko ba Luka ba tefa'anö a.t. ngaotu ndröfia si dua.&lt;/ref&gt; ni'oguna'ö tobali famasao injil Luka, sambua zura nifa'anö ba ngaotu ndröfia si dua.

Iŵaö Epifanius moroi ba Salamis wa Luka no samösa ba gotalua ndra nifahaö si 70 (''Panarion'' 51.11) ba ifasinga Yohane Krisostomus wa &quot;talifusö&quot; niŵaö Waulo bakha ba {{SN|KorII|8|18}} no Luka ma zui Baranaba (''Homily 18 on Second Corinthians'' sanandrösa ba Korindro II 8:18).

Na tatema wa sindruhu Luka zanura injil Luka ba sura Halöŵö Zinenge, ba tola ta'ila haniha ia moroi ba detil bakha ba zura andrö. Lö isura wa i'ila hörönia samösa halöŵö Yesu, ba hiza asese i'oguna'ö wehede &quot;ya'aga&quot; me itutunö misi Waulo bakha ba Halöŵö Zinenge, eluahania no fao ia ba i'ila hörönia samösa zalua andrö.{{sfn|Bartlet|1911}}

Moroi ba komposisi zura injil Luka ba Halöŵö Zinenge awö wa'oya ngawua wehede ni'oguna'ö, oroma wa sanura ya'ia no niha si no mamahaö. Oroma sibai da'a bakha ba sambua wehede niŵaö bakha ba zura Waulo khö niha Kolose sanandrösa ba &quot;wamoto&quot;, si tobali samabalö Luka moroi ba zanura ngawalö zura bö'ö bakha ba Gamabu'ulali Sibohou.

{{blockquote|¹⁰I'owai ami Arisaro, awögu nikuru andrö, ba Mareko, talifusö MBaranaba andrö. ¹¹I'owai ami göi Yesu andrö sotöi Yuso. Ha da'ö nawögu niha niboto, sohalöŵö ba mbanua Lowalangi; no tobali fondrara dödögu ira. … ¹⁴I'owai ami Luka, doto andrö, ni'omasi'ö, ba Dema.|source={{SN|Kol|4|10|11}}.}}

Börö komentar andre lafurugö ira komentator wa Luka andrö no tenga niha Yahudi. Na sindruhu da'a, eluahania ha Luka zi tenga niha Yahudi moroi ba gotalua ndra sanura ngawalö mbuku bakha ba Gamabu'ulali Sibohou. Ba hiza tenga ha da'a zi tola tobali furu-furu. Heŵa'ae laŵaö niha wa Luka andrö no samösa niha Keriso si tenga niha Yahudi, so göi gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö sanguma'ö wa ya'ia no samösa niha Yahudi si tobali niha Yunani.{{sfn|Harris|1980|pp=266–68}}{{sfn|Strelan|2013|pp=102–10}}{{sfn|McCall|1996}} Eluahania tola niha Yahudi solo'ö sibai ritual Yahudi ba niha Yahudi si lö molo'ö sibai ritual andrö.{{sfn|Bartlet|1911}}

Itutunö we'aso Luka awö Waulo ba Roma sura TimII 4:11 lö ara fatua lö mate Waulo: &quot;Ha Luka nawögu&quot;. Ba gangahorita zura Halöŵö Zinenge, tesura ha'uga kali ba da'ö hulö na no fao ba i'ila samösa Luka zalua nisurania ba Roma, fao ba da'ö me isura {{SN|HalZin|28|16}}: &quot;Ba no marugi Roma…&quot;

So ösa zanguma'ö wa no göi fao Luka wanura sura khö niha Heberaio.{{sfn |Fonck|1910}}

Mate Luka me 84 ndröfinia ba Boeotia, molo'ö tradisi si föföna sibai ba ni'o'ö oya Gereja.{{sfn|Butler|1991|p=342}} Molo'ö Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos, samösa gere sejarah moroi ba Yunani Greek ngaotu ndröfia si-14 (ba tanöbö'önia), tesöndra lewatö Luka ba Thebes (Yunani), ba hiza gama-gama awö föfö gamatelania no lafawu'a ba ba [[Konstantinopel]] me ndröfi 357.{{sfn|Migne|1901|loc=cols 875–78}}

== Sanura injil Luka ba Halöŵö Zinenge ==
Lö itötöi döi zanura ya'ia injil Luka.{{sfn|Sanders|1995|pp=63–64}}{{sfn|Ehrman|2000|p=43}}{{sfn|Senior|Achtemeier|Karris|2002|p=328}}{{sfn|Nickle|2001|p=43}} Tenga nisura zangila hörö halöŵö Yesu injil Luka, ba lö göi niŵaö injil Luka samösa wa sanura ya'ia no fao ba i'ila Yesu. Fabö'ö sibai da'a ba Halöŵö Zinenge i'otarai faza 16.{{sfn|Ehrman|2005|p=235}}{{sfn|Ehrman|2004|p=110}}{{sfn|Ehrman|2006|p=143}} Ba hiza labotokhi arakhagö fefu ira sangali injil Luka ba Halöŵö Zinenge ba li bö'ö wa tesura zi dombua buku andre aekhu khö Teofilo.

Bakha ba teks si föföna sibai injil andre (Papyrus 75 = Papyrus Bodmer XIV-XV) nisura me döfi 200 teböbögö wanura ya'ia khö Luka. Simanö göi bakha ba zinura [[Ireneus]] moroi ba ndröfi 180 awö fragmen Muratorian, sambua teks ba li Latin nisura ngaotu ndröfia si-7, ni'ali moroi ba teks Yunani nisura me döfi 170.{{sfn|Brown|1997|p=267}}

Itaria lafotöi injil Luka ba Halöŵö Zinenge ira ere Zura Ni'amoni'ö Luk–HalZin, sambua halöŵö ni'odombua buku. Luk-HalZin no 27.5% nösi ba Gamabu'ulali Sibohou, eluahania kontribusi fondrege ebua zi samösa zanura.{{sfn|Boring|2012|p=556}}

[[Berkas:De heilige Lucas schildert de Madonna - Maarten van Heemskerck-1532.JPG|thumb|''Igambaraini Maria Ono Alawe Si Lö Mamalö Luka'', nigambaraini Maarten van Heemskerck, 1532]]

== Luka sanura buku &quot;sejarah&quot; ==
Ato gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö sanguma'ö wa bua halöŵö Luka (Luka-HalZin) tefalua bakha ba tradisi nifotöi historiografi Yunani.{{sfn|Grant|1963|loc=Ch. 10}} Bakha ba Luk 1:1–4, nilau hulö investigasi historis, i'ombakha'ö Luka khö zombaso wa sinurania andre tefaböbö ba ngafu sejarah.{{sfn|Bauckham|2017|p=117}} Lö ha sara dödö niha sanandrösa ba hewisa wama'oli sinura Luka. So gere sejarah sanguma'ö wa nisura Luka andrö fondrege sindruhu (li Indonesia ''akurat''),{{sfn|Ramsay|1915|p=222}}{{sfn|Blaiklock|1970|p=96}} ba so ösa zi lö fao tödö ba da'ö.{{sfn|Powell|1989|p=6}}{{sfn|McGrew|2019}}{{sfn|Flew|1966|p=}}{{sfn|Bradley|1874|p=44}}{{efn|name=McGrew's conclusion}}

Börö wa sindruhu wanutunönia banua, kota, hulo, simanö göi wa sindruhu ngawalö döi resmi (li Indonesia ''gelar''), isura William Mitchell Ramsay, samösa gere arkeologi, wa &quot;Luka no samösa ere sejarah bosi fondrege alaŵa; nisurania tenga ha sindruhu boto (li Indonesia ''fakta'') … si lötolalö'ö göi tefa'oli ia ba gotalua ndra ere sejarah fondrege zebua töi.&quot;{{sfn|Ramsay|1915|p=222}} Isura Edward Musgrave Blaiklock, samösa profesor bolo klasik ba Auckland University: &quot;Börö me detil ba atmosfer nisurania sindruhu-ndruhu (li Indonesia ''akurat''), fagölö Luka khö Thucydides. Halöŵö Zinenge no tenga bua wanufa tödö ndra niha samati, bahiza no fanutunö hadia zalua si tola tafaduhusi tödö.  … Sinura Luka andrö no hulö halöŵö arkeologis si föföna sibai mangoroma'ö sindruhu.&quot;{{sfn|Blaiklock|1970|p=96}} No idou'ö wangi'ila boto historis ba fa'asindruhu (li Indonesia ''akurasi'') zinura Luka Colin Hemer, samösa gere Gamabu'ulali Sibohou.{{sfn|Hemer|1989|pp=104–7}}

Sanadrösa ba gaekhuta Halöŵö Zinenge, isura ere Gamabu'ulali Sibohou Luke Timothy Johnson wa &quot;Ifili ba ifa'oli nisurania Luka ena'ö faudu ba gohitö dödönia ba wobela wamati, ba ba wamalua da'ö i'o'ö standar satua historiografi.&quot;{{sfn|Johnson|1991|p=474}} I'o'ö zöndra andre göi Richard Heard, sangila wa so zo'amböta historis börö dandrösa wanurania ba börö göi wa mo'amböta gumbu informasi khönia.&quot;{{sfn|Heard|1950|loc= Ch. 13: The Acts of the Apostles}}

Ba ginötö modern andre, labago niha kompetensi Luka tobali sanura sejarah, molo'ö hewisa zöndra ''a priori'' niha zanandrösa ba ngawalö hadia ia si tebai labotokhi molo'ö ilmu (li Indonesia ''adikodrati'').{{sfn|Powell|1989|p=6}} I'otarai ginötö nifotöi fa'ateboka-hörö (li Indonesia ''pencerahan'', li Inggris ''enlightenment'') la'oguna'ö metode naturalisme ira ere sejarah,{{sfn|Ehrman|2000|p=229}}{{sfn|McGrew|2019}}{{sfn|Flew|1966|p=}}{{sfn|Bradley|1874|p=44}}{{efn|name= McGrew's conclusion}}{{efn|name= CraigEhrman2006}} ba khö ndra ere sejarah simane, no sambua tandraŵa na tobali umbu sejarah fefu lala wanutunö si tefaböbö ba ''adikodrati'' simane salua sahöli-höli dödö, mala'ika, afökha, btn. Iŵaö Mark Allan Powell wa &quot;lö ta'ila na ohitö dödö Luka wanura sambua sejarah. Isura zinurania Luka ba wanuriagö, ba wamarou ba ba wame'e eluaha. Lö isura zinurania ba wondrorogö hadia zalua khö nga'ötö miföna. Na tabe'e ba dödöda zimane ba tobali ia hulö gosö-osö safuria nibökö ba hasi Luka tobali sanura sejarah.&quot;{{sfn|Powell|1989|p=6}}

Iŵaö Robert M. Grant wa so ha'uga zi lö tola alua bakha ba zinura Luka, heŵa'ae omasi Luka tefaogö ia bakha ba tradisi historis, duma-dumania fa'oya niha sato samondrongo huhuo Wetero bakha ba {{SN|HalZin|4|4}}. Baero da'ö so göi zi lö faudu molo'ö angolita ginötö (li Indonesia ''kronologi'') duma-dumania me iŵaö Luka wa &quot;itötöi Toida awö Yuda Gamalieli ba gangolifa ginötö si fasala, börö me sindruhunia maoso Toida töra fulu fakhe aefa muhede Gamalieli andrö (HalZin 5:36–37)&quot;,{{sfn|Grant|1963|loc=Ch. 10}} heŵa'ae so nasa wasöndrata zöndra sanandrösa ba gangolifa ginötö andre.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://biblehub.com/commentaries/acts/5-36.htm|title = Acts 5:36 Commentaries: &quot;For some time ago Theudas rose up, claiming to be somebody, and a group of about four hundred men joined up with him. But he was killed, and all who followed him were dispersed and came to nothing}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.christian-thinktank.com/qtheudy.html |title=Good Question… |publisher=Christian thinktank | accessdate=8 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Isura Brent Landau:
{{blockquote|Hewisa tola tabaso sambua injil, si ndruhu ia ba zalua side-ide bahiza lö tola alua ia ba zalua segebua? Sambua lala wamotokhi da'a ya'ia wa faduhu dödö Luka wa fa'atumbu Yesu no fondrege fahöna khö zi sagörö ulidanö irege ifangai zalua andre faoma salua (nitufa tödö) samatörö ulidanö ma'asagörö nilau samatörö Roma, si no manguma'ö wa ya'ia andrö no &quot;sangorifi&quot; ba &quot;ono Lowalangi&quot; — bahiza ya'ia andrö tenga sa. Khö samösa zanura sejarah solo'ö lahe Thucydides, tola manö tetema'ö prosedur simanö.&lt;ref name=Landau /&gt;}}

== Luka samösa &quot;seniman&quot; ==
[[Berkas:Evangelist Luka pishustchiy ikonu.jpg|thumb|upright|Igambaraini gambara (''ikon'') Maria Ono Alawe Si Lö Mamalö-malö si föföna sibai]]
Iŵaö tradisi niha Keriso i'otarai ngaotu ndröfia si-8 wa Luka andrö no sogambaraini ''ikon'' si föföna sibai. Laŵaö wa no igambaraini Maria ba Ononia, duma-dumania gambara Hodegetria si so ba [[Konstantinopel]] (no taya). I'otarai ngaotu ndröfia si-11 so mato ha'uga gambara moroi khönia nifolakhömi niha (li Indonesia ''dihargai''), fao ba da'ö ikon Madonna Saitö moroi ba Częstochowa, ikon Theotokos khö Vladimir ba ikon ''Madonna del Rosario''. Laŵaö wa no göi igambaraini Wetero ba Faulo ba wa no igambaraini sambua mbuku injil.{{sfn|Grigg|1987|pp=3–9}}{{efn|name=Bacci}}

Fa'awösa Santo Luka si tesöndra ba oya kota ba Eropa ba ginötö ngahönö ndröfia, töra-töra Flanders ma &quot;Accademia di San Luca&quot; ba Roma — nifasindro ba oya kota ba Eropa götö ngaotu ndröfia si-16 — sangowuloi ba sobelegö ndra seniman samazökhi gambara. No to'ölö sibai tradisi sanguma'ö wa igambaraini ikon Maria ba Yesu Luka ba Gereja Ortodoks Timur. La'o'ö göi tradisi andre ira niha Keriso Santo Tomas ba India sanguma'ö wa ikon Theotokos si so khöra no ni'ohe Santo Tomas ba India.{{efn|name=Hosten}}

Isura A.I. Uspensky wa ikon niŵaö nifazökhi Luka sanura injil no molo'ö amuata Byzantin ba awena to'ölö laŵaö ba ngaotu ndröfia si 5 irugi 6.&lt;ref&gt;[https://azbyka.ru/otechnik/Aleksandr_Uspenskij/o-hudozhestvennoj-dejatelnosti-evangelista-luki/ Александр Иванович Успенский. О художественной деятельности евангелиста Луки : I, II. Ев. Лука как иконописец. Ев. Лука как резчик : Реф., чит. 8 нояб. 1900 г. в заседании Церк.-археол. отд. при Общ. люб. духов. просвещения тов. пред. Отд. А.И. Успенским. - Москва : типо-лит. И. Ефимова, 1901. - 12 с.; 27.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tanda khönia (&quot;simbol&quot;) ==
[[Berkas:Hermen Rode 001.jpg|thumb|upright|Gambara fa'awösa seni Santo Luka ba sambua [[altar]] nifosandrela nifazökhi Hermen Rode, Lübeck, Jerman (1484)]]
Ba seni tradisional simane gambara ba nifotöi mosaik ba gereja-gereja, asese tegambaraini Santo Luka faoma öröbao, sasese so afi. Itaria na i ha simbol öröbao andrö, töra-töra na la'oroma'ö simbol ndra sanura injil si daöfa.{{sfn|Zuffi|2003|p=8}}{{sfn|Audsley|Audsley|1865|p=94}}

== Fanörö-tödö khönia ==

La'owasaini wanörö-tödö khö Luka ba Gerja Ortodoks Timur,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Лука, Апостол |url= http://drevo-info.ru/articles/10326.html |access-date=16 July 2022 |website= Drevo-info |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; simane göi fanörö-tödö ndra nifahaö ba sanura injil bö'ö, faoma owasa si ha'uga hari wa'ara. Da'a tou ngaluo gowasa nifalua ero röfi:

* 4 Januari: Sinaksis ndra Nifahaö si-70.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Synaxis of the Seventy Apostles |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2018/01/04/100017-synaxis-of-the-seventy-apostles |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104055229/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2018/01/04/100017-synaxis-of-the-seventy-apostles |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.oca.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 22 April: Owasa Natanaeli nifahaö Yesu, Luka sanura injil, Klemens moroi ba Sardise ma Klemens moroi ba Roma ba Apelles moroi ba Heraklion (so gumbu ba li Yunani sanguma'ö wa Santo Luka no niha bö'ö moroi khö Luka sanura injil).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/22/101181-apostle-and-evangelist-luke-of-the-seventy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430135925/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/22/101181-apostle-and-evangelist-luke-of-the-seventy |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.oca.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Holy Apostles of the 70 Apelles, Luke (Loukios), and Clement |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/22/101182-holy-apostles-of-the-70-apelles-luke-loukios-and-clement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430135545/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/22/101182-holy-apostles-of-the-70-apelles-luke-loukios-and-clement |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.oca.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lafalua göi gowasa andre ero 10 September.
* 20 Juni: Famawu'a wöfö mboto ba okhöta Luka Nifahaö, Andrea Nifahaö ba Tomas Nifahaö, Eliseus Sama'ele'ö, Lazarus moroi ba Persia martir nisöndra döfi 960 ba ginötö razo Romanos I Lekapenos (919–44) moroi ba biara Santa Agusta lumalö ba Gereja ndra Nifahaö ba Konstantinopel ba ginötö razo konstantinus VII (a.t. 956–970) nidönia'ö Patriark Polyeuctus moroi ba Konstantinopel (956–70).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=June 20, 2023. + Orthodox Calendar |url=https://orthochristian.com/calendar/20230620.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430140249/https://orthochristian.com/calendar/20230620.html |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=orthochristian.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 10 September: Owasa ndra nifahaö si-70: Natanaeli nifahaö Yesu, Luka sanura injil, Klemens moroi ba Sardise ma Klemens moroi ba Roma ba Apelles moroi ba Heraklion. Owasa andre tefalua göi ero 22 April.
* 18 Oktober: Owasa Luka Nifahaö ba Sanura Injil.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Apostle and Evangelist Luke |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2022/10/18/102993-apostle-and-evangelist-luke |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123193835/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2022/10/18/102993-apostle-and-evangelist-luke |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.oca.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baero da'ö so gowasa bö'ö khö Luka, inötö lafalua ia ba zi lö fagölö ngaluonia ero röfi:
* Sinaksis fefu ndra niha ni'amoni'ö moroi ba Akhaia, si to'ölönia ba luo migu fatua lö alua gowasa Santo Andrea (November 30).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sanidopoulos |first=John |date=November 28, 2010 |title=Synaxis of the Achaean Saints |url=https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2010/11/synaxis-of-achaean-saints.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327193259/https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2010/11/synaxis-of-achaean-saints.html |archive-date=March 27, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Orthodox Christianity Then and Now}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sinaksis ndra niha ni'amoni'ö moroi ba Boeotia, ba luo Sabtu safuria ba mbaŵa si lima.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sanidopoulos |first=John |date=May 27, 2017 |title=Synaxis of All Saints of Boeotia |url=https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2017/05/synaxis-of-all-saints-of-boeotia.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207144712/https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2017/05/synaxis-of-all-saints-of-boeotia.html |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Orthodox Christianity Then and Now}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akhökhöla mbotonia (&quot;relik&quot;) ==
Ŵalu föfö mboto ba siŵa föfö högö, oi muzawili ba zi fabö'ö nahia, te'oroma'ö tobali föfö mboto Luka sanura injil.&lt;ref&gt;[[Ludovic Lalanne]]. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Curiositsdestra00lalagoog.pdf&amp;page=138 Curiosités des traditions, des mœurs et des légendes, 1847. / р. 148]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Jacques Collin de Plancy|Jacques Albin Simon Collin de Plancy]]. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dictionnaire_critique_des_reliques_et_des_images_miraculeuses,_T2.pdf&amp;page=141 Dictionnaire critique des reliques et des images miraculeuses, T. 2. 1827 / р. 131]&lt;/ref&gt;

I'öli oi wöfö mboto (li Indonesia ''relik'') andre George moroi ba Serbia]] moroi khö Sultan Murad II (30.000 hua gana'a). Me i'alani Bosnia razo Ottoman, i'amawa relik andrö ndronga razo Serbia khö Republik Venesia ba Italia.{{sfn|Fine|1975|p=331}}

Me ndöfi 1992, i'andrö khö uskup Antonio Mattiazzo moroi ba Padua uskup agung Athena ba aefa da'ö uskup agung Yunani (Metropolitan Ieronymos) ena'ö ifangawuli oi ''relik'' Santo Luka sedöna mu'irö'ö ba  nahia heza so lewatö Santo Luka, ba heza lafolakhömi ia irugi ma'ökhö. Börö wangandrö uskup andre, labörögö wamalua fangosili ilmiah ngawalö relik andrö ba Padua.  This prompted a scientific investigation of the relics in [[Padua]] mangoguna'ö teknologi modern nifotöi ''carbon-14 dating''. Bua wangosili andrö: relik andrö moroi khö samösa niha moroi ba Suriah simate ba gotalua ndröfi 72 ba 416.{{sfn|Marin|Trolese|2003}}{{sfn|Craig|2001}} Aefa da'ö ifa'ohe'ö sara nosu Santo Luka uksup Padua khö Metropolitan Ieronymos ena'ö tola la'irö'ö ia ba lewatö Santo Luka ba Thebes.&lt;ref name=Tornielli /&gt;{{sfn|Wade|2001}}

Da'a oi nahia heza te'irö'ö relik Santo Luka:
* Botonia, ba Biara Santa Giustina ba Padua, [[Italia]]
* Högönia, ba Katedral Santo Vitus ba Prague, [[Ceko]]
* Sara nosunia, ba lewatönia ba Thebes, [[Yunani]]

{{blockquote|Ma'owuloi göi wöfö moroi ba [[Suriah]] ba ba [[Yunani]]. Me lafaedogö ngawalö wöfö mboto andre faoma wöfö moroi ba Anatolia nitötöi bakha ba ngawalö zura, matenaŵa zöndra sanguma'ö wa boto andre boto niha Yunani, bahiza boto niha Suriah ia. Heŵa'ae simanö arakhagö lö tola wa tohare niha andre moroi ba Turki iada'a, abölö tola wa tohare ia moroi ba Suriah. I'oroma'ö bua wangosili faoma DNA wa boto andrö moroi ba Suriah, ba fangalinia ba Konstantinopel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vernesi Benedetto Caramelli Secchieri 2001 p.&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Vernesi | first1=Cristiano | last2=Benedetto | first2=Giulietta Di | last3= Caramelli | first3=David | last4= Secchieri | first4=Erica | last5= Simoni | first5=Lucia | last6=Katti | first6=Emile | last7=Malaspina | first7=Patrizia | last8=Novelletto | first8=Andrea | last9=Marin | first9= Vito Terribile Wiel | last10= Barbujani | first10=Guido | title=Genetic characterization of the body attributed to the evangelist Luke | journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume=98 | issue=23 | date= 6 November 2001 | pages= 13460–63 | pmid=11606723 | doi= 10.1073/pnas.211540498 | pmc= 60893 | bibcode=2001PNAS...9813460V | doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;|Famöfö'ö mbua wangosili DNA wöfö mboto niŵaö niha boto Luka sanura injil}}

== Galeri ==
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;154px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot; perrow=&quot;4&quot; caption=&quot;Luka Sanura Injil&quot;&gt;
Luke_writing.jpg
142082810-612x612.jpg
Luke_the_Evangelist.jpg
Saint_luke.jpg
Nuremberg_chronicles_f_108r_1.png
Icon of the blessed Virgin Mary by Luke the Evangelist.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Faigi göi ==
* [[Mataio]]
* [[Sura Mataio]]
* [[Mareko]]
* [[Sura Mareko]]
* [[Luka]]
* [[Sura Luka]]
* [[Yohane]]
* [[Injil Yohane]]
* [[Sura Yohane]]

== Referensi ==
=== Famotokhi ===
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=martyred?|{{harvnb|Aherne|1910}} notes that it is controversial whether he actually died a martyr's death}}

{{efn|name=Hackett|Luke, was born in [[Antioch]], by profession was a physician.{{Harvnb|Hackett|1858|p=12}} He had become a disciple of the apostle Paul and later followed Paul until his [Paul's] martyrdom. He died at the age of 84 years.{{Harvnb|Hackett|1858|p=335}} }}

{{efn|name=Bacci|The basic study on the legends concerning Saint Luke as a painter is {{harvnb|Bacci|1998}} }}

{{efn|name=Hosten| Father '''H. Hosten''' in his book ''Antiquities'' notes the following &quot;The picture at the mount is one of the oldest, and, therefore, one of the most venerable Christian paintings to be had in India. Other traditions hold that St. Luke painted two icons which currently are in Greece: the &quot;Theotokos Mega Spileotissa&quot; (Our Lady of the Great Cave, where supposedly Saint Luke lived for a period of time in asceticism) and the &quot;Panagia Soumela&quot;, and &quot;Panagia Kykkou&quot; which are in Cyprus.&quot;}}

{{efn|name=CraigEhrman2006|Historians can only establish what probably happened in the past, and by definition a miracle is the least probable occurrence. And so, by the very nature of the canons of historical research, we can't claim historically that a miracle probably happened. By definition, it probably didn't. And history can only establish what probably did.{{Harvnb|Craig|Ehrman|2006}} }}

{{efn|name=McGrew's conclusion|McGrew's conclusion: historians work with [[methodological naturalism]], which precludes them from establishing miracles as objective historical facts;{{Harvnb |Flew| 1966|p= 146}} cf. {{Harvnb |Bradley |1874|p= 44}}.}}
}}

=== Kutipan ===
{{Reflist|refs=

&lt;ref name=catholicsaints.info&gt;{{cite web|url=http://catholicsaints.info/saint-luke-the-evangelist/|title=Saint Luke the Evangelist | work = Catholic saints |date=27 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=catholicnewsagency.com&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/st-luke-the-evangelist-23|title=St. Luke The Evangelist|website=Catholic News Agency|access-date=16 October 2018|archive-date=16 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016203317/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/st-luke-the-evangelist-23|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ugent.be&gt;{{cite web|title= Evangelist Lucas|url= https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:E1FF1A70-D142-11E7-9D8C-0D306EE4309A#?c=&amp;m=&amp;s=&amp;cv=&amp;xywh=-1680,0,5842,2450|access-date= 2 October 2020|publisher= Ghent University Library|archive-date= 8 October 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201008003123/https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:E1FF1A70-D142-11E7-9D8C-0D306EE4309A#?c=&amp;m=&amp;s=&amp;cv=&amp;xywh=-1680,0,5842,2450|dead-url= yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Tornielli&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.traces-cl.com/archive/2000/novembre/luca.htm|title=The Beloved Physician|last= Tornielli |first=Andrea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607075349/http://www.traces-cl.com/archive/2000/novembre/luca.htm|archive-date=7 June 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Landau&gt;{{cite web|title= Was Luke a Historian?|url= https://www.bibleodyssey.org/en/passages/related-articles/was-luke-a-historian|access-date= 15 July 2020|website= Bible odyssey|first= Brent|last= Landau|date= n.d.|archive-date= 15 July 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200715232043/https://www.bibleodyssey.org/en/passages/related-articles/was-luke-a-historian|dead-url= yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}

=== Umbu ===
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
*{{cite CE1913|wstitle=Gospel of Saint Luke|volume=9|last=Aherne|first= Cornelius}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Audsley |first1= William |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GN5UAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA94 |title=Handbook of Christian Symbolism |last2= Audsley |first2= George Ashdown |publisher=Day &amp; Son |year=1865 |chapter= VI. Symbols and emblems of the Evangelists and the Apostles}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bacci |first= Michele |title=Il pennello dell'Evangelista. Storia delle immagini sacre attribuite a san Luca |date=1998 |publisher=Gisem-Ets |location=Pisa |language=it}}
*{{cite EB1911|first=James Vernon |last=Bartlet|volume=17|wstitle= Luke}}
*{{Cite book |last=Bauckham |first= Richard |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qYfMDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA117 |title= Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |year=2017 |isbn= 978-1-4674-4680-8}}
*{{Cite book |last=Blaiklock |first= E. M. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YgSNvwEACAAJ |title=The Archaeology of the New Testament |publisher= Zondervan |year=1970}}
* {{Cite book |last=Boring |first=M. Eugene |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=leFrgkyEtusC&amp;pg=PA556 |title=An Introduction to the New Testament: History, Literature, Theology |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=2012 |isbn= 978-0-66425592-3}}
*{{Cite book |last=Bradley |first= Francis Herbert |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zDdPAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA44 |title=The Presuppositions of Critical History |publisher=J. Parker |year=1874 |isbn= 978-0-598-72059-7}}
*{{Cite book |last=Brown |first= Raymond Edward |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gk_uAAAAMAAJ |title=An Introduction to the New Testament |publisher= Doubleday |year=1997 |isbn= 978-0-385-24767-2 |author-link= Raymond E. Brown}}
*{{Cite book |last=Butler |first= Alban |url= https://archive.org/details/butlerslivesofsa00butl/page/342 |title=Butler's Lives of the Saints |date=1991 |publisher=HarperColllins Publishers |isbn=978-0-06-069299-5 |editor-last=Walsh |editor-first= Michael |location=New York |author-link= Alban Butler}}
*{{Cite news |last=Craig |first=Olga |date=21 October 2001 |title=DNA test pinpoints St Luke the apostle's remains to Padua |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1360095/DNA-test-pinpoints-St-Luke-the-apostles-remains-to-Padua.html |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1360095/DNA-test-pinpoints-St-Luke-the-apostles-remains-to-Padua.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status= live}}{{cbignore}}
*{{Citation |last1=Craig |first1= William Lane |title=Is There Historical Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus? : A debate held at College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts |date=28 March 2006 |url= http://www.bringyou.to:80/apologetics/p96.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100810074856/http://www.bringyou.to:80/apologetics/p96.htm |access-date= 10 August 2010 |archive-date=10 August 2010 |last2= Ehrman |first2=Bart D.}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ehrman |first= Bart D. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kF8RAQAAIAAJ |title=The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings |publisher=University Press |year= 2000 |isbn=978-0-19-512639-6 |location=Oxford |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ehrman |first= Bart D. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vbLK6kn5T-EC&amp;pg=PA110 |title=Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code: A Historian Reveals What We Really Know about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Constantine |publisher= University Press |year=2004 |isbn= 978-0-19-534616-9 |location=Oxford |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ehrman |first = Bart D. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=URdACxKubDIC&amp;pg=PA235 |title=Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew |publisher=University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-518249-1 |location=Oxford |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ehrman |first= Bart D. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oBuJMhJlTYwC&amp;pg=PA143 |title=The Lost Gospel of Judas Iscariot: A New Look at Betrayer and Betrayed |publisher=University Press |year= 2006 |isbn=978-0-19-971104-8 |location=Oxford |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman}}
*{{Cite book |last=Fine |first=John van Antwerp |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8sDYAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA331 |title=The Bosnian Church: A New Interpretation : a Study of the Bosnian Church and Its Place in State and Society from the 13th to the 15th Centuries |publisher=East European quarterly |year=1975 |isbn= 978-0-914710-03-5}}
*{{Cite book |last=Flew |first= Antony |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JcV9AAAAMAAJ |title=God &amp; Philosophy |publisher=Hutchinson |year=1966 |location=London}}
*{{cite CE1913|wstitle=Epistle to the Hebrews|first=Leopold |last= Fonck|volume=7}}
*{{Cite book |last=Hackett |first= Horatio Balch |title=A Commentary on the Original Text of the Acts of the Apostles |date=1858 |publisher=Gould and Lincoln; Sheldon, Blakeman &amp; Co. |author-link= Horatio Balch Hackett}}
*{{Cite book |last=Harris |first= Stephen L. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TGJKeHOmGhwC |title=Understanding the Bible: a reader's guide and reference |publisher=Mayfield |year= 1980 |isbn=978-0-87484-472-6}}
*{{Cite book |last=Heard |first= Richard |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oQwXAAAAIAAJ |title=An Introduction to the New Testament |publisher=A. &amp; C. Black |year=1950 |chapter= 13: The Acts of the Apostles |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100412184041/http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=531&amp;C=557 |archive-date=12 April 2010 |chapter-url= http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=531&amp;C=557}}
*{{Cite book |last=Koet |first=Bart J. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=liFVAAAAYAAJ |title=Five Studies on Interpretation of Scripture in Luke-Acts |publisher=University Press |year=1989 |isbn= 978-90-6186-330-4 |location= Leuven}}
*{{Cite book |last=Koet |first=Bart J. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=K9_QsLPsKYMC |title=Dreams and Scripture in Luke-Acts: Collected Essays |publisher=Peeters |year=2006 |isbn=978-90-429-1750-7}}
*{{Cite book |last=Grant |first= Robert McQueen |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2VQJAQAAIAAJ |title=A Historical Introduction to the New Testament |publisher=Harper &amp; Row |year=1963 |chapter= 10: The Gospel of Luke and the Book of Acts |isbn=9780006427063 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100621102923/http://religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1116&amp;C=1230 |archive-date=21 June 2010 |chapter-url= http://religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1116&amp;C=1230}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Grigg |first= Robert |date=1987 |title=Byzantine Credulity as an Impediment to Antiquarianism |journal=[[Gesta (journal)|Gesta]] |volume=26 |issue= 1 |pages=3–9 |doi=10.2307/767073 |jstor=767073|s2cid=191950669 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Hemer |first= Colin J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPspGyJSteUC |title=The Book of Acts in the Setting of Hellenistic History |publisher=Mohr |year=1989 |isbn=978-3-16-145451-6}}
*{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first= Luke Timothy |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=eum1ijxbr6kC&amp;pg=PA474 |title=The Gospel of Luke |publisher=Liturgical Press |year=1991 |isbn= 978-0-8146-5805-5 |series=Sacra Pagina}}
*{{Cite book |title=San Luca evangelista testimone della fede che unisce. Atti del Congresso internazionale, Padova, 16–21 ottobre 2000 |date=2003 |publisher= Istituto per la storia ecclesiastica Padovana |editor-last=Marin |editor-first=V.T.W. |volume=I–III |location=Padua |editor-last2=Trolese |editor-first2=F.G.B |language=it}} Documenting an international congress in Padua in 2000 on the topic of Luke the evangelist, including his relics.
*{{cite web |last=McCall |first= Thomas S. |date=March 1996 |title= Was Luke a Gentile? |url= https://www.levitt.com/essays/luke |access-date=19 October 2020 |website= Levitt Letter}}
*{{Citation |last=McGrew |first= Timothy |title=Miracles |url= https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/miracles/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |year= 2019 |editor-first =Edward N. | editor-last = Zalta |edition=Spring}}
*{{Cite book |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/patrologicursus11migngoog#page/n441/mode/2up | series =Patrologia Graeca |date=1901 |editor-last=Migne |editor-first=J.P. |location=Paris | title = Ecclesiasticae Historiae Nicephori Callisti | volume = II | chapter = XLIII}} (In Greek and Latin parallel)
*{{Cite book |last=Milligan |first= George |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=x5lLAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA149 |title=The New Testament Documents: Their Origin and Early History |publisher=Wipf &amp; Stock |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-59752-641-8 |orig-year=1913}}
*{{Cite book |last=Mornin |first= Edward |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TDwbvgAACAAJ |title=Saints: A Visual Guide |publisher=Frances Lincoln |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7112-2606-7}}
*{{Cite book |last=Nickle |first= Keith Fullerton |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5SSytjasmAgC&amp;pg=PA43 |title=The Synoptic Gospels: An Introduction |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=2001 |isbn= 978-0-664-22349-6}}
*{{Cite book |last=Powell |first= Mark Allan |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9jRu8_-GlKMC&amp;pg=PA6 |title=What are They Saying about Luke? |publisher= Paulist Press |year=1989 |isbn= 978-0-8091-3111-2}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ramsay |first=Sir William Mitchell |url= https://archive.org/details/cu31924029303760/page/n237/mode/2up |title=The Bearing of Recent Discovery on the Trustworthiness of the New Testament |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |year=1915 |author-link= William Mitchell Ramsay}}
*{{Cite book |last=Sanders |first=E. P. |title=The Historical Figure of Jesus |date=1995 |publisher= Penguin}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Senior |first1= Donald |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VrmW1eXBILgC&amp;pg=PA328 |title= Invitation to the Gospels |last2= Achtemeier |first2=Paul J. |last3= Karris |first3=Robert J. |publisher= Paulist Press |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-8091-4072-5}}
*{{Citation |title=New Outlook |date= 1935 |volume=165 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first= Alfred Emanuel |publisher=Outlook Pub. Co.}}
*{{Cite book |last=Strelan |first= Rick |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AeTdi13weAoC&amp;pg=PA102 |title=Luke the Priest: The Authority of the Author of the Third Gospel |publisher= Ashgate |year=2013 |isbn= 978-1-4094-7788-4}}
*{{Cite book |last=von Harnack |first= Adolf |title=Luke the Physician: The Author of the Third Gospel |date=1907 |publisher= Williams &amp; Norgate; [[G.P. Putnam's Sons]] |series=New Testament Studies | volume = I}}
*{{Cite news |last=Wade |first = Nicholas |date=16 October 2001 |title= Body of St. Luke Gains Credibility |work=[[The New York Times]] |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/16/world/body-of-st-luke-gains-credibility.html}}
*{{Cite book |last=Zuffi |first= Stefano |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tL3YeduAk8gC&amp;pg=PA8 |title=Gospel Figures in Art |publisher=Getty Publications |year= 2003 |isbn= 978-0-89236-727-6 |chapter=The Evangelists and their symbols}}
{{refend}}

=== Basoŵa ===
{{refbegin}}
* [[I. Howard Marshall]]. ''Luke: Historian and Theologian''. Downers Grove, [[Illinois|IL]]: InterVarsity Press.
* [[F. F. Bruce]], ''[http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/speeches_bruce.pdf  The Speeches in the Acts of the Apostles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531103401/http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/speeches_bruce.pdf |date=31 May 2012 }}.'' London: The Tyndale Press, 1942.
* Helmut Koester. ''Ancient Christian Gospels''. Harrisburg, [[Pennsylvania|PA]]: Trinity Press International, 1999.
* Burton L. Mack. ''Who Wrote the New Testament?: The Making of the Christian Myth''. San Francisco, [[California|CA]]: HarperCollins, 1996.
* J. Wenham, &quot;The Identification of Luke&quot;, ''[[Evangelical Quarterly]]'' 63 (1991), 3–44
{{refend}}

== Khai-khai baero ==
{{Commons category|Luke the Evangelist}}
* [http://www.allaboutthejourney.org/saint-luke.htm Biblical Interpretation of Texts of Saint Luke]
* [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/luke.html Early Christian Writings: ''Gospel of Luke'' e-texts, introductions]
* [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/211540498v1?maxtoshow National Academy of Sciences on Luke the Evangelist]
* [http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=76 Patron Saint Luke]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311192236/http://www.glaubenswege.ch/Evangelist_Lukas.html Photo of the grave of Luke in Padua (in German)]
* [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A05E6D61E3FF935A25753C1A9679C8B63 DNA testing of the Saint Luke corpse]
* [http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=76, Catholic Online]

{{Authority control}}

[[Kategori:Luka]]
[[Kategori:Sura Luka]]
[[Kategori:Niha ni'amoni'ö]]
[[Kategori:Niha Keriso]]
[[Kategori:Turia Somuso Dödö]]
[[Kategori:Sura Ni'amoni'ö]]
[[Kategori:Nifahaö Yesu]]
[[Kategori:Biografi]]
[[Kategori:No mufareso]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Paus Fransiskus</title>
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      <text bytes="311086" sha1="89zwcov1o1e7ia1dg23nbpui0y8lb27" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Paus
| honorific-prefix = [[Angolifa ndra Paus|Paus]]
| name = Fransiskus
| title = [[Uskup Roma]]
| image =EU @ G7 Summit 2024 - Family photo (06) (cropped).jpg 
| alt = 
| caption = Paus Fransiskus me 2014
| church = [[Gereja Katolik]]
| term_start = 13 Maret 2013
| term_end = 
| predecessor = [[Paus Benediktus XVI]]
| successor = 
| ordination = 13 Desember 1969
| ordained_by = Ramón José Castellano
| consecration = 27 Juni 1992
| consecrated_by = Antonio Quarracino
| cardinal = 21 Februari 2001
| created_cardinal_by = [[Paus Yohanes Paulus II]]
| birth_name = Jorge Mario Bergoglio
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1936|12|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]
| nationality = Argentina (onombanua ba Vatikan)
| religion = Katolik
| residence = Domus Sanctae Marthae
| previous_post = {{indented plainlist|
* Provinsial [[Ordo Yesuit]] ba [[Argentina]] (1973–1979)
* Uskup Fangali Buenos Aires (1992–1997)
* Uskup Tituler Auca (1992–1997)
* [[Uskup Agung]] Buenos Aires (1998–2013)
* Imam Kardinal Gereja San Roberto Bellarmino (2001–2013)
* Ordinary for the Faithful of the Eastern Rites in Argentina (1998–2013)
* Presiden Konferensi Waligereja Argentina (2005–2011)
}}
| signature = FirmaPapaFrancisco.svg
| coat_of_arms = File:Coat of arms of Franciscus.svg
| motto = {{lang|la|Miserando atque eligendo}}&lt;ref&gt;So mato ha'uga wangali motto andre. Molo'ö Radio Vatikan: &quot;No ifili motto ''Miserando atque eligendo'' Paus Fransiskus, eluahania ide-ide bahiza nifili; eluahnia ba li Latin no isöndra wa'ahakhö dödö, me tefili ia. No i'oguna'ö motto andre Fransiskus me uskup ia nasa. Ihalö ia moroi ba huhuo sebua Bede Nifolakhömi sanandrösa ba wogaoni [[Mataio]] bakha Injil: I'ila zanema beo andrö Yesu ba me ahakhö dödönia ia, ikaoni ia tobali nifahaönia, imane: O'ö ndra'o.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2013/03/18/pope_francis_:_miserando_atque_eligendo.../en1-674605 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705010045/http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2013/03/18/pope_francis_%3A_miserando_atque_eligendo.../en1-674605 |archive-date= 5 July 2013 |title=Pope Francis: &quot;Miserando atque eligendo&quot;... |first=Veronica |last=Scarisbrick |date=18 March 2013 |publisher=[[Vatican Radio]] |access-date=19 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| module = 
| education = {{indented plainlist|
* Colegio Máximo de San José
* Facultades de Filosofía y Teología de San Miguel
* Milltown Institute of Theology and Philosophy
* Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology
}}
| honorific_suffix =
}}

'''Paus Fransiskus''' (li [[Latin]]: {{li|la|Franciscus}}; li [[Italia]]: {{li|it|Francesco}}; li [[Spanyol]] {{li|es|Francisco}}; töi ba wa'atumbu '''Jorge Mario Bergoglio''',&lt;ref&gt;Famoligö ya'ia ba li Spanyol [xoɾxe ˈmaɾjo βeɾˈɣoɣljo] ba ba li Italia [berˈɡɔʎʎo].&lt;/ref&gt;, tumbu me 17 Desember 1936, mate me 21 April 2025) no kubalo töra 1,2 miliar [[Niha Keriso]] ba zi sagörö ulidanö si tefaböbö bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]], uskup [[Roma]] ba högö negara [[Vatikan]]. Ya'ia no samösa [[Ordo Yesuit|Yesuit]] siföföna sibai tobali [[Paus]], [[Paus]] siföföna sibai moroi ba [[Amerika Latin]], ba [[Paus]] siföföna sibai situmbu baero danö [[Eropa]] i'otarai Paus Gregorius III, situmbu ba [[Suriah]] me ngaotu ndröfia si-8.

Me awuyu-wuyu ia nasa, mohalöŵö Bergoglio tobali sanaro bawandruhö ba samözini omo fatua lö ihalö kursus sifakhai ba dalu-dalu ([[farmasi]]) awö sambua halöŵö ba [[laboratorium]] gö. Aefa döhö ia moroi ba wökhö hanu-hanu sabölö-bölö (nifotöi [[pneumonia]]), möi ia tobali sifao awö ba [[Ordo Yesuit]] me 1958. Tefahowu'ö ia tobali ere [[Gereja Katolik|Katolik]] me 1969, ba i'otarai 1973 irugi 1979 tobali ia [[Provinsial]] [[Ordo Yesuit]] ba [[Argentina]]. Me 1998 tetuyu ia tobali [[Uskup Agung]] [[Buenos Aires]] ba me 2001 ituyu ia tobali [[Kardinal]] Paus Yohanes Paulus II. Tobali ia kubalo [[Gereja]] ba [[Argentina]] götö wa'alua wamahufasa sebua ba [[Argentina]] Desember 2001. Ba wamaigi Presiden [[Argentina]] me luo da'ö, Bergolio no samösa udu politik khönia.

Aefa iböhöli halöŵönia Paus Benediktus XVI me 28 Februari 2013, lafili Bergoglio tobali Paus me 13 Maret ira uskup sifao bakha ba rafe nifotöi ''konklave''&lt;ref&gt;Lafotöi ''konklave'' gangowuloa ndra kardinal sedöna manuyu [[Paus]] sibohou. Lafotöi ''[[kardinal]]'' samösa [[uskup]] (ba itaria göi niha bö'ö si tenga [[uskup]]) si no ifili Paus tola fao ba ''konklave''. No so datölu kardinal soroi ba Indonesia, ya'ia da'ö Kardinal Darmojuwono si no mate, Kardinal Julius Riyadi Darmaatmadja ba Kardinal Ignatius Suharyo Hardjoadtmodjo.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ihalö döi wa'a-Paus khönia töi Fransiskus, ba wamolakhömi [[Santo Fransikus Asisi]]. Götö wohalöŵönia föna zato, tehöngö ia me momöwö ia (lö fayaŵa), me lö aetu ifatörö'ö dödö niha ba wa'ahakhö dödö [[Lowalangi]], me ibe'e dödönia khö niha silumana, me lö aetu ifarou wahuhuosa ba gotalua ngawalö [[Gereja]] si fabö'ö-bö'ö (nitoföi ekumene). Khönia teböbögö wa ambö ''formal'' wa'a-Paus sa'ae, duma-dumania toröi ia ba nomo zikoli [[Domus Sanctae Marthae]] ba tenga ba gödo wa'a-[[Paus]] ni'oguna'ö ndra [[Paus]] fönania.

No itehegö ndra'alawe wangai halöŵö bakha ba ''departemen'' (lafotöi ia ''dikasteria'') wamatörö [[Vatikan]] (lafotöi ia ''Kuria Roma'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Dallas-2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dallas |first=Kelsey |date=3 October 2023 |title=The pope's latest comments on same-sex marriage, explained |url=https://www.deseret.com/faith/2023/10/3/23901388/pope-comments-on-same-sex-marriage |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=Deseret News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Faiola-2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Faiola |first1=Andy |last2=Boorstein |first2=Michelle |last3=Brady |first3=Kate |date=2 October 2023 |title=Amid liberal revolt, pope signals openness to blessings for gay couples |language=en |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/02/pope-francis-gay-blessings-synod/ |access-date=7 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iforege khö [[Gereja Katolik]] ena'ö lahakhösi tödö niha si tefaböbö ba komunitas [[LGBT]] ba no göi itehegö khö ndra ere Katolik ba wamahowu'ö ngambatö [[LGBT]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Graham |first1=Ruth |last2=Harmon |first2=Amy |date=18 December 2023 |title=American Catholics Split on Pope's Blessing for Gay Couples |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/18/us/pope-francis-lgbtq-catholic.html |access-date=19 December 2023 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; No göi itegu lala wangalui kapitalis si lö ba'a-ba'a, lala wa'auri konsumeris ba famanöi sitöra (li Inggris ''overdevelopment'');&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Davies |first=Lizzy |date=15 December 2013 |title=Pope says he is not a Marxist, but defends criticism of capitalism |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/15/pope-francis-defends-criticism-of-capitalism-not-marxist |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215222912/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/15/pope-francis-defends-criticism-of-capitalism-not-marxist |archive-date=15 December 2013 |work=[[The Guardian]] |place=[[Rome, Italy]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; no göi tobali ohitö dödönia ba wondrou'ö halöŵö si fakhai ba wa'atebulö klima.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sherwood|first=Harriet|date=7 September 2021|title=Christian leaders unite to issue stark warning over climate crisis|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/07/christian-leaders-unite-to-issue-stark-warning-over-climate-crisis|access-date=7 September 2021|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Molo'ö Paus Fransiskus, fanguhuku faoma famunu niha (li Indonesia: ''hukuman mati'') no fondrege si lö sökhi,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trabbic |first=Joseph G. |date=16 August 2018 |title=Capital punishment: Intrinsically evil or morally permissible? |url=https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2018/08/16/capital-punishment-intrinsically-evil-or-morally-permissible/ |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=[[Catholic World Report]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ba ibe'e li ena'ö mohalöŵö Gereja ba wanibo'ö fanguhuku simane,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New revision of number 2267 of the Catechism of the Catholic Church on the death penalty – Rescriptum &quot;ex Audentia SS.mi&quot; |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2018/08/02/180802a.html |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=press.vatican.va}}&lt;/ref&gt; me iŵaö wa &quot;lö tola mangawuli furi moroi ba wetaro simane&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pullella-2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pullella |first=Philip |date=9 January 2023 |title=Pope condemns Iran's use of death penalty against protesters |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/pope-says-wars-like-that-ukraine-are-crime-against-god-humanity-2023-01-09/ |access-date=13 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba wariawösa ba gotalua negara, no itegu nifotöi hou ''populis'' tanö ba gambölö Paus Fransiskus, i'andrö ena'ö böi tefotöi mangosiwawöi huku [[homoseksualitas]] andrö,&lt;ref name=&quot;Staff-2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 January 2023 |title=The AP Interview: Pope Francis: Homosexuality not a crime |url=https://apnews.com/article/pope-francis-gay-rights-ap-interview-1359756ae22f27f87c1d4d6b9c8ce212 |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=[[Associated Press|AP News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; itolo ena'ö tefazökhi mangawuli khai-khai [[Amerika Serikat]] ba [[Kuba]], ifahuhuosi khö [[Tiongkok]] zanandrösa ba wanuyu [[uskup]] ba [[Tiongkok]], iforoma'ö wa'ebua dödönia khö ndra niha soloi moroi ba negara bö'ö (li Indonesia: ''pengungsi'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rocca |first=Francis X. |date=22 September 2023 |title=Pope Francis Calls Protection of Migrants a Duty of Civilization |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/europe/pope-faces-down-growing-backlash-against-migrants-in-europe-390ad042 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=WSJ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lauter-2016&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Lauter |first1=David |last2=Bierman |first2=Noah |date=18 February 2016 |title=Trump and Pope Francis clash over immigration, another extraordinary campaign twist |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-pope-on-trump-wall-20160218-story.html |access-date=20 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Me 2022, i'andrö wa'ebolo dödö khö ndra niha [[Kanada]], börö me no fao [[Gereja Katolik]] ba wangohori budaya (li Inggris: ''cultural genocide'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Horowitz-2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Horowitz |first=Jason |date=30 July 2022 |title=Francis Calls Abuse of Indigenous People in Canada a 'Genocide' |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/30/world/americas/pope-francis-canada-genocide.html |access-date=7 October 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Me 4 Oktober 2023, ibörötaigö sinode [[Gereja]] ma'asambua, sambua sinode fondrege moguna i'otarai [[Konsili Vatikan II]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Faiola-2023&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Horowitz-2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Horowitz |first1=Jason |last2=Povoledo |first2=Elisabetta |date=2 October 2023 |title=What Is a Synod in the Catholic Church? And Why Does This One Matter? |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/02/world/europe/what-is-a-synod-pope-church.html |access-date=7 October 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Horowitz-2023a&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Horowitz |first=Jason |date=2 October 2023 |title=Vatican Assembly Puts the Church's Most Sensitive Issues on the Table |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/02/world/europe/pope-francis-synod.html |access-date=7 October 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fa'a'iraono ==
[[Berkas:Jorge Mario Bergoglio attended a salesian school between 1948 and 1949.jpg|jmpl|Jorge Mario Bergoglio (ono matua öfa moroi ba gambera, fanete tölu moroi yaŵa) me 12 fakhe ia, Salesian College (ambö töra 1948–49)]]
Tumbu Paus Fransiskus me 17 Desember 1936&lt;ref name=&quot;directory&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Direttorju Ekklezjastiku 2016|url=http://ms.maltadiocese.org/WEBSITE/2016/DIRETTORJU2016.pdf|date=30 June 2016|publisher=The Church in Malta|language=mt, en|pages=1–2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122212612/http://ms.maltadiocese.org/WEBSITE/2016/DIRETTORJU2016.pdf|archive-date=22 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ba mbanua Flores,&lt;ref name=Remeseira /&gt; ba kota [[Buenos Aires]], ba labe'e töinia Jorge Mario Bergoglio.&lt;ref name=&quot;directory&quot; /&gt; Ono sia'a ia&lt;ref name=Garrido /&gt; moroi ba gotalua zi dalima ndraono khö Mario José Bergoglio (1908–1959) ba Regina María Sívori (1911–1981). Mario Bergoglio, sohalöŵö ba perusahaan akuntansi, no samösa niha Italia sawu'a ba Argentina&lt;ref name=biografia /&gt; situmbu ba Portacomaro (Provinsi Asti) ba danö Piemonte ba [[Italia]]. Tumbu Regina Sívori&lt;ref name=Sivori /&gt; ba Buenos Aires khö sambua ngambatö sawu'a göi ba Argentina soroi ba danö Piemonte-Genoa, [[Italia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=Donovan /&gt;&lt;ref name=Henderson /&gt; Laröi [[Italia]] ösi nomo Mario José me 1929, lalau moloi moroi ba wamatörö tanga si'öli [[Benito Mussolini]].{{sfn|Rosales|Olivera|2013|p=5}} Molo'ö María Elena Bergoglio (tumbu 1948), talifusö Paus Fransiskus sauri nasa, awu'a ira ba [[Argentina]] tenga ba wangalui fa'auri.&lt;ref name=&quot;fascism&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Jorge is against regimes. It is because of fascism that our father emigrated|url=http://www.lastampa.it/2013/03/17/esteri/vatican-insider/en/translate-to-english-jorge-e-contro-i-regimi-colpa-del-fascismo-se-nostro-padre-emigro-dsLa2d3qBmg6w2j0djj5qK/pagina.html|access-date=18 March 2013|newspaper=La Stampa|date=17 March 2013|archive-date=10 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110202838/http://www.lastampa.it/2013/03/17/esteri/vatican-insider/en/translate-to-english-jorge-e-contro-i-regimi-colpa-del-fascismo-se-nostro-padre-emigro-dsLa2d3qBmg6w2j0djj5qK/pagina.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Talifusö bö'ö Paus andre ya'ia Oscar Adrián (1938–mate), Marta Regina (1940–2007) ba Alberto Horacio (1942–2010).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1563022-los-bergoglio-la-familia-mas-sorprendida|title= Los Bergoglio, la familia más sorprendida|trans-title= The Bergoglio, the most surprised family|language= es|date= 14 March 2013|newspaper= La Nación|access-date= 22 April 2015|archive-date= 10 January 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160110202837/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1563022-los-bergoglio-la-familia-mas-sorprendida|url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDekDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=Oscar+Adrian+Bergoglio+1938&amp;pg=PA12|title=People's Pope|last=Holanda|first=Helládio|date=24 May 2019|publisher=Clube de Autores (managed)|language=pt-PT}}&lt;/ref&gt; Darua ndraono dalifusönia, Antonio ba Yosefo, mate börö me fatandru motora.&lt;ref name=Tribune /&gt;&lt;ref name=nephews /&gt; Ono dalifusönia sotöi Kristina Bergoglio no samösa samazökhi gambara ba [[Madrid]], [[Spanyol]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.elmundo.es/loc/2015/03/29/55159452e2704e25158b457b.html|title=La sobrina 'artista' del Papa presenta su obra en Madrid|work=El Mundo|date=3 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.antena3.com/se-estrena/noticias/escribir-pincel-documental-obra-pictorica-cristina-bergoglio-sobrina-papa-francisco_201906245d14ce060cf2ee729a41cf22.html|title='Escribir con el pincel', el documental sobre la obra pictórica de Cristina Bergoglio, la sobrina del Papa Francisco|publisher=Se Estrena, [[Antena 3 (Spanish TV channel)|Antena 3]]|date=27 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aefa [[SD]], itohugö zekolania Bergoglio ba zekola sotöi Wilfrid Barón de los Santos Ángeles, sambua sekola khö ndra [[Ordo]] Salesian ba in Ramos Mejia, Provinsi [[Buenos Aires]]. Aefa da'ö itohugö ba Escuela Técnica Industrial N° 27 Hipólito Yrigoyen,&lt;ref name=&quot;techniciandegree&quot; /&gt; sambua sekola nibe'e töinia töi Presiden [[Argentina]] Hipolito Yrigoyen, ba i'awalisi faoma [[diploma]] bakha ba [[kimia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;directory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/does-pope-francis-have-masters-degree-chemistry|title=Does Pope Francis have a master's degree in chemistry?|date=3 June 2015|newspaper=[[National Catholic Reporter]]|access-date=25 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/the-holy-ce/|title=Fact Check: False: Pope Francis Has a Master's Degree in Chemistry|website=[[Snopes.com]]|date=4 June 2015 |access-date=25 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aefa da'ö mohalöŵö ia mato ha'uga fakhe ba laboratorium Hickethier-Bachmann Laboratory,&lt;ref name=Clarin /&gt; heza mohalöŵö ia barö Esther Ballestrino. Föna da'ö no göi mohalöŵö ia tobali sozago bawandruhö ba samözini omo.&lt;ref name=burke /&gt;&lt;ref name=Chua /&gt;

Me 21 fakhe ia, itörö sambua [[operasi]], heza lataba mbalö mbonia, me no döhö ia moroi ba wökhö hanu-hanu (''pneumonia'') sabölö-bölö ba fökhö tanöbö'ö nifotöi ''kista''.&lt;ref name=techniciandegree /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;reuters&quot; /&gt;


 Sura andre awena mubörögö. Tolo Wikipedia ba wanohugö wo'ali ya'ia moroi ba li Inggris. So ba da'a tou teks moroi ba Wikipedia Inggris (edöna oroma ia na öhöndrögö '''Bulö'ö kode'''

 This page is being translated from English. There could be error in the references at the bottom, because some of the named references already appear in the text, and some are still in the untranslated part.
 
&lt;!--

== Yesuit (1958–2013) ==
Tumbu ba dödö Bergoglio we'amöi tobali ere, me möi ia ba gowasa nifotöi Owasa Musim Semi, ni'owasaini ero röfi ba Argentina. Me itörö sambua Gereja, me möi ia mangaku horö khö gere ba da'ö, irasoi göi wa omasi ia tobali ere..&lt;ref&gt;Sergio Rubin; Francesca Ambrogetti, Pope Francis – Conversations with Jorge Bergoglio. nga'örö 45–46&lt;/ref&gt; Itörö wamahaö ba [[seminari]] Inmaculada Concepción si so ba Villa Devoto, Buenos Aires, ba me no tölu fakhe, latema'ö ia tobali si fao awö bakha ba [[Serikat Yesus]], ba ibörötaigö novisiat&lt;ref&gt;Lafotöi novisiat ndröfi si föföna sibai nitörö samösa niha sedöna tobali sifao awö ba wa'awösa fa'alowalangi. Ba ginötö andre no tola lakaoni ira bruder ma frater (na iramatua) ma zui suster (na ira'alawe)&lt;/ref&gt; me 11 Maret 1958.&lt;ref name=aicabio /&gt; Bergoglio has said that, as a young seminarian, he had a crush on a girl he met and briefly doubted about continuing the religious career.&lt;ref name=&quot;celibacy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=20 March 2013|title=Pope Francis Spoke of Being 'Dazzled' by Girl, Possible Change of Celibacy Rule|work=Balitang America|publisher=[[NBC News]]|url=https://balitangamerica.tv/pope-francis-spoke-of-being-dazzled-by-girl-possible-change-of-celibacy-rule/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308004414/https://balitangamerica.tv/pope-francis-spoke-of-being-dazzled-by-girl-possible-change-of-celibacy-rule/|archive-date=8 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a Jesuit novice he studied humanities in [[Santiago]], Chile.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=En 1958, Bergoglio hizo su noviciado en Chile |language=es |url=http://www.lasegunda.com/Noticias/Nacional/2013/03/829934/En-1958-Bergoglio-hizo-su-noviciado-en-Chile|access-date=19 March 2013|newspaper=La Segunda|date=13 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; After his novitiate in the Society of Jesus, Bergoglio officially became a Jesuit on 12 March 1960, when he made the religious profession of the initial, perpetual vows of [[poverty, chastity and obedience]] of a member of the order.&lt;ref&gt;Lanser, p. 96&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RO42&quot;&gt;Rosales &amp; Olivera, p. 42&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1960, Bergoglio obtained a [[Licentiate (degree)|licentiate]] in philosophy from the [[Colegio Máximo de San José]] in [[San Miguel, Buenos Aires|San Miguel]], Buenos Aires Province. He taught literature and [[psychology]] at the Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepción, a high school in [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa Fe]], from 1964 to 1965. In 1966, he taught the same courses at the [[Colegio del Salvador (Argentina)|Colegio del Salvador]] in Buenos Aires.&lt;ref name=&quot;directory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/biography/documents/papa-francesco-biografia-bergoglio.html|title=Biography of the Holy Father Francis|publisher= The Holy See|access-date=15 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Presbyterate (1969–1992) ===
In 1967 Bergoglio began his theological studies at [[Facultades de Filosofía y Teología de San Miguel]] and on 13 December 1969 was [[Holy Orders|ordained]] to the priesthood by Archbishop [[Ramón José Castellano]]. He served as the [[master of novices]] for the province there and became a professor of theology.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Biografía: ¿Quién es Jorge Bergoglio?|url=http://www.news.va/es/news/biografia-quien-es-jorge-mario-bergoglio|access-date=8 May 2015|publisher=Vatican|date=13 March 2013|archive-date=14 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314204037/http://www.news.va/es/news/biografia-quien-es-jorge-mario-bergoglio|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bergoglio completed his final stage of spiritual training as a Jesuit, [[tertianship]], at [[Alcalá de Henares]], Spain, and took final, solemn vows as a Jesuit, including the [[fourth vow]] of obedience to missioning by the pope, on 22 April 1973.&lt;ref name=&quot;RO42&quot; /&gt; He was named [[provincial superior]] of the Society of Jesus in Argentina that July, for a six-year term which ended in 1979.&lt;ref name=&quot;directory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sjvows&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios-b.htm#Bergoglio |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318051517/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios-b.htm |archive-date=18 March 2014 |title=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church&amp;nbsp;– Biographies&amp;nbsp;– A |publisher=Florida International University |access-date=19 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1973, shortly after being named provincial superior, he had made a [[Christian pilgrimage|pilgrimage]] to Jerusalem but his stay was shortened by the outbreak of the [[Yom Kippur War]].&lt;ref name=&quot;travel&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.lastampa.it/2014/03/29/esteri/vatican-insider/en/why-bergoglio-travels-so-little-NbBzQ8c3DvALud1JCTH5HP/pagina.html|title= Why Bergoglio travels so little|date= 29 March 2014|publisher= Vatican Insider|access-date= 6 May 2014|archive-date= 6 October 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141006082919/http://www.lastampa.it/2014/03/29/esteri/vatican-insider/en/why-bergoglio-travels-so-little-NbBzQ8c3DvALud1JCTH5HP/pagina.html|url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the completion of his term of office, in 1980 he was named the [[Rector (academic)|rector]] of the Philosophical and Theological Faculty of San Miguel where he had studied.&lt;ref&gt;The Vatican Today, 13 March 2013, [http://www.news.va/en/news/biography-who-is-jorge-mario-bergoglio Biography: who is Jorge Mario Bergoglio?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018141414/http://www.news.va/en/news/biography-who-is-jorge-mario-bergoglio |date=18 October 2017 }}. Retrieved 6 April 2013&lt;/ref&gt; Before taking up this new appointment, he spent the first three months of 1980 in Ireland to learn English, staying at the Jesuit Centre at the [[Milltown Institute of Theology and Philosophy]], Dublin.&lt;ref&gt;''The Irish Independent'', 30 March 2013, [http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/the-year-pope-francis-came-to-live-in-dublin-29163804.html]. Retrieved 10 November 2013&lt;/ref&gt; He served at San Miguel for six years until 1986&lt;ref name=&quot;directory&quot; /&gt; when, at the discretion of Jesuit superior-general [[Peter Hans Kolvenbach]], he was replaced by someone more in tune with the worldwide trend in the Society of Jesus toward emphasizing social justice, rather than his emphasis on popular religiosity and direct pastoral work.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Austen Ivereigh, The Great Reformer: Francis and the Making of a Radical Pope, Henry Holt 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

He spent several months at the [[Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology]] in Frankfurt, Germany, considering possible [[dissertation]] topics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Neuigkeiten 14.03|url=http://www.sankt-georgen.de/|work=Hochschule|publisher=Philosophisch-Theologische Hochschule Sankt Georgen|access-date=14 March 2013|quote=...einige Monate in Sankt Georgen verbrachte, um sich mit einzelnen Professoren über ein Dissertationsprojekt zu beraten. Zu einem Abschluss in Sankt Georgen ist es nicht gekommen.}}&lt;/ref&gt; He settled on exploring the work of the German / Italian theologian [[Romano Guardini]], particularly his study of 'Contrast' published in his 1925 work ''Der Gegensatz''. He returned to Argentina earlier than expected to serve as a [[confessor]] and [[spiritual director]] to the Jesuit community in [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]].&lt;ref name=&quot;litoral&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Biografía de Jorge Bergoglio|language=es|url=http://www.ellitoral.com/index.php/id_um/86958|access-date=14 March 2013|publisher=El Litoral|date=14 March 2013|archive-date=15 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315233601/http://www.ellitoral.com/index.php/id_um/86958|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was believed that while in Germany, he saw the painting of [[Mary, Untier of Knots]] in [[Augsburg]] and brought a copy of the painting to Argentina, but in an interview for the German newsweekly ''Die Zeit'' in 2017, Pope Francis stated that he had never been to Augsburg.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ich kenne auch die leeren Momente&quot; Was bedeutet Glaube? Ein ZEIT-Gespräch mit Papst Franziskus. |url=https://www.zeit.de/2017/11/papst-franziskus-vatikan-katholische-kirche-interview |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726123339/https://www.zeit.de/2017/11/papst-franziskus-vatikan-katholische-kirche-interview |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 July 2017 |accessdate=25 April 2020|newspaper=die Zeit|date=6 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|This devotion has since spread to Brazil; it &quot;attracts people with small problems&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bellos|first=Alex|title=Virgin painting ties Brazilians in knots |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/dec/24/alexbellos|access-date=14 March 2013 |work=[[The Guardian]]|date=23 December 2001 |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bergoglio had an image of Mary Untier of Knots inscribed on a chalice he presented to Pope Benedict XVI in 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Jiménez |first=Pablo |title=The Pope's chalice: silver-made, austere and featuring Our Lady of Luján |url=http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/126383/the-popes-chalice-silvermade-austere-and-featuring-our-lady-of-luj%C3%A1n |access-date=14 March 2013 |work=Buenos Aires Herald |date=14 March 2013 |archive-date=17 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317114309/http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/126383/the-popes-chalice-silvermade-austere-and-featuring-our-lady-of-luj%C3%A1n |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} As a student at the Salesian school, Bergoglio was mentored by [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic]] priest [[Stefan Czmil]]. Bergoglio often rose hours before his classmates to serve [[Divine Liturgy]] for Czmil.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Vallely, Pope Francis: Untying the Knots, Bloomsbury, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;greek&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Shkodziska|first=Oksana|title=Patriarch Sviatoslav: Newly Elected Pope Knows Ukrainian Catholic Church, its Liturgy and Spirituality|url=http://risu.org.ua/en/index/all_news/catholics/ugcc/51592|publisher=Religious Information Service of Ukraine|date=13 March 2013 |access-date=15 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bergoglio was asked in 1992 by Jesuit authorities not to reside in Jesuit houses, because of continued tensions with Jesuit leaders and scholars, a sense of Bergoglio's &quot;dissent&quot;, views of his Catholic orthodoxy and his opposition to [[Liberation theology|theology of liberation]], and his work as auxiliary bishop of Buenos Aires.&lt;ref name=&quot;ncronline.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/understand-pope-francis-look-jesuits|title=To understand Pope Francis, look to the Jesuits|date=12 March 2014|work=ncronline.org|access-date=29 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2015/01/07/4158763.htm|title=Setting the Record Straight on Pope Francis: A Reply to Frank Brennan|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=7 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Vallely |first1=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JQQoAAAAQBAJ&amp;q=pope+francis+hans+kolvenbach&amp;pg=PA60 |title=Pope Francis: Untying the knots |publisher=C Black |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4729-0372-3 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a bishop he was no longer subject to his Jesuit superior.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=18 March 2013|title=Is Pope Francis still a Jesuit?|url=https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/pope-francis-still-jesuit|access-date=6 September 2020|website=National Catholic Reporter|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; From then on, he did not visit Jesuit houses and was in &quot;virtual estrangement from the Jesuits&quot; until after his election as pope.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ncronline.org&quot; /&gt;

=== Pre-papal episcopate (1992–2013) ===
Bergoglio was named Auxiliary Bishop of Buenos Aires in 1992 and [[Episcopal ordination|consecrated]] on 27 June 1992 as [[Auca (titular diocese)|titular bishop of Auca]],&lt;ref name=&quot;directory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The [[titular see]] of Auca, established in 1969, is seated at [[Villafranca Montes de Oca]], Spain: [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0229.htm Titular See of Auca, Spain].&lt;/ref&gt; with Cardinal [[Antonio Quarracino]], archbishop of Buenos Aires, serving as principal consecrator.&lt;ref name=&quot;aica&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Bergoglio, Jorge Mario|url=http://www.aica.org/guia-s-T2Jpc3Bvcw==-91|language=es|work=Breve biografía de obispos|publisher=La Agencia Informativa Católica Argentina|access-date=15 March 2013|archive-date=12 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312140844/http://aica.org/guia-s-t2jpc3bvcw==-91|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; He chose as his episcopal motto ''Miserando atque eligendo''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-14/francis-toughened-by-argentine-politics-ready-for-papal-test.html|title=Francis Toughened by Argentine Politics Ready for Papal Test|publisher=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|access-date=15 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is drawn from [[Saint Bede]]'s homily on Matthew 9:9–13: &quot;because he saw him through the eyes of mercy and chose him&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Catholic News Service&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1301207.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317181215/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1301207.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 March 2013 |title=Pope's episcopal motto comes from homily by English doctor of church |last1=Glatz |first1=Carol |date=15 March 2013 |publisher=Catholic News Service |access-date=16 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 3 June 1997, Bergoglio was appointed [[coadjutor archbishop]] of Buenos Aires with right of succession. Upon Quarracino's death on 28 February 1998, Bergoglio became metropolitan archbishop of Buenos Aires. In that role, Bergoglio created new parishes and restructured the archdiocese administrative offices, led pro-life initiatives, and created a commission on divorces.&lt;ref name=&quot;directory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Jesuit Argentine Cardinal Bergoglio elected pope, takes name Francis|url=http://www.jesuit.org/2013/03/13/jesuit-argentine-cardinal-jesuit-bergoglio-elected-pope-takes-name-francis-i|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316025854/http://www.jesuit.org/2013/03/13/jesuit-argentine-cardinal-jesuit-bergoglio-elected-pope-takes-name-francis-i|archive-date=16 March 2013|publisher=jesuit.org|access-date=16 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; One of Bergoglio's major initiatives as archbishop was to increase the church's presence in the slums of Buenos Aires. Under his leadership, the number of priests assigned to work in the slums doubled.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/03/slum-priests-pope-franciss-early-years/274201/ |title=Haley Cohen, &quot;Slum Priest: Pope Francis' Early Year&quot;, ''The Atlantic'', 20 March 2013 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|date=20 March 2013 |access-date=23 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; This work led to him being called the &quot;Slum Bishop&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2014-05-09/features/sns-rt-us-pope-un-20140509_1_pope-francis-first-non-european-pope-united-nations | title=U.N. should encourage redistribution of wealth, pope says | agency=[[Reuters]]| date=9 May 2014 | access-date=8 November 2014 | author=Puella, Phillip}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Early in his time as archbishop of Buenos Aires, Bergoglio sold off the archdiocese's shares in multiple banks and turned its accounts into those of a normal customer in international banks. The shares in banks had led the local church to a propensity toward high spending and the archdiocese was consequently nearly bankrupt. As a normal customer of the bank, the church was forced into a higher fiscal discipline.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Coday |first=Dennis |url=http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/former-aide-says-francis-may-close-vatican-bank |title=John Allen, &quot;Former aide says Francis may close Vatican Bank&quot;|newspaper= National Catholic Reporter |date=4 April 2013 |access-date=23 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 6 November 1998, while remaining archbishop of Buenos Aires, he was named [[Ordinary (Catholic Church)|ordinary]] for those [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholics]] in Argentina who lacked a [[prelate]] of their own church.&lt;ref name=aica /&gt; Major Archbishop [[Sviatoslav Shevchuk]] said that Bergoglio understands the liturgy, rites, and spirituality of Shevchuk's [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] and always &quot;took care of our Church in Argentina&quot; as ordinary for Eastern Catholics during his time as archbishop of Buenos Aires.&lt;ref name=&quot;greek&quot; /&gt;

In 2000, Bergoglio was the only church official to reconcile with [[Jerónimo Podestá]], a former bishop who had been suspended as a priest after opposing the [[Argentine Revolution]] military dictatorship in 1972. He defended Podestá's wife from Vatican attacks on their marriage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Magister |first=Sandro |title=Jorge Mario Bergoglio, Profession: Servant of the Servants of God |url=http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/1335696?eng=y|access-date=16 March 2013|magazine=[[L'espresso]]|publisher=Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso|location=Rome, Italy|date=2 December 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Margaret|last=Hebblethwaite|title=The Pope Francis I know|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/mar/14/the-pope-francis-i-know|access-date=16 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=14 March 2013|location=London, England|quote=Luro talked to me at length about her friend, of whom she has the highest opinion, and told me how she would write to him almost weekly, and he would always reply by ringing her up and having a short chat. When Podesta was dying, Bergoglio was the only Catholic cleric who went to visit him in hospital, and, when he died, the only one who showed public recognition of his great contribution to the Argentinian church.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Stella |last=Calloni |title=Acusado de tener vínculos con la dictadura; la derecha lo defiende |language=es|url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2013/03/14/politica/004n1pol|newspaper=[[La Jornada]]|publisher=Desarrollo de Medios S.A. de C.V|location=Mexico City, Mexico|date=13 March 2013|access-date=27 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; That same year, Bergoglio said the Argentine Catholic Church needed &quot;to put on garments of public penance for the sins committed during the years of the dictatorship&quot; in the 1970s, during the [[Dirty War]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Magister|first=Sandro|title=Jorge Mario Bergoglio, Profession: Servant of the Servants of God|url=http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/1335696?eng=y |magazine=[[L'espresso]] |publisher=Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso|location=Rome, Italy|date=2 December 2002|access-date=16 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bergoglio made it his custom to celebrate the [[Holy Thursday]] ritual [[Maundy (foot washing)#Catholic practice|washing of feet]] in places such as jails, hospitals, retirement homes or slums.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Philip|last=Pullella|title=Pope to hold major Holy Week service in youth jail |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-jail-idUSBRE92K0CF20130321|work=[[Reuters]]|location=London|date=21 March 2013|access-date=22 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2007, just two days after Benedict XVI issued new rules for using the liturgical forms that preceded the Second Vatican Council, Cardinal Bergoglio established a fixed place for a weekly Mass in this [[Tridentine Mass|extraordinary form]] of the [[Roman Rite]].&lt;ref&gt;Sergio Rubin, &quot;Regresó la misa en latín, con mujeres cubiertas por mantillas&quot;. ''Clarin''.(17 September 2007). [https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/regreso-misa-latin-mujeres-cubiertas-mantillas_0_rJHgqqkkAFg.html Archived.].&lt;/ref&gt; It was celebrated weekly.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=El latín volvió a las misas|url=http://www.lineacapital.com.ar/?noticia=31360|publisher=Línea Capital|access-date=14 March 2013|date=17 September 2007|language=es|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190531/http://www.lineacapital.com.ar/?noticia=31360|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 8 November 2005, Bergoglio was elected president of the [[Argentine Episcopal Conference]] for a three-year term (2005–08).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Elige Sus Nuevas Autoridades La Conferencia Episcopal|url=http://www.mercedesya.com.ar/noticias/30008397-elige-sus-nuevas-autoridades-la-conferencia-episcopal.htm|access-date=21 March 2013|publisher=Mercedes Ya|date=7 November 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was reelected to another three-year term on 11 November 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=El cardenal Bergoglio fue reelegido frente a la Conferencia Episcopal|url=http://www.derf.com.ar/noticias.asp?cod_des=232534&amp;ID_Seccion=33&amp;fecemi=11/11/2008&amp;|access-date=21 March 2013|publisher=DERF|date=11 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522051308/http://www.derf.com.ar/noticias.asp?cod_des=232534&amp;ID_Seccion=33&amp;fecemi=11%2F11%2F2008&amp;|archive-date=22 May 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; He remained a member of that commission's permanent governing body, president of its committee for the [[Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina]], and a member of its liturgy committee for the care of shrines.&lt;ref name=aica /&gt; While head of the Argentine Catholic bishops' conference, Bergoglio issued a collective apology for his church's failure to protect people from the Junta during the Dirty War.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Speciale|first=Alessandro|title=Vatican defends Pope Francis' actions during Argentina's 'Dirty War'|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/vatican-defends-pope-francis-actions-during-argentinasdirty-war/2013/03/15/070f5324-8db5-11e2-adca-74ab31da3399_story.html |access-date=16 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=15 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; When he turned 75 in December 2011, Bergoglio submitted his resignation as archbishop of Buenos Aires to Pope Benedict XVI as required by [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|canon law]].&lt;ref name=&quot;travel&quot; /&gt; Still, as he had no coadjutor archbishop, he stayed in office, waiting for an eventual replacement appointed by the Vatican.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bergoglio presenta su renuncia como arzobispo de Buenos Aires, aunque seguirá en el cargo|url=http://noticias.terra.com.ar/politica/bergoglio-presenta-su-renuncia-como-arzobispo-de-buenos-aires-aunque-seguira-en-el-cargo,148ef548c2444310VgnVCM20000099f154d0RCRD.html|access-date=22 March 2013|publisher=Terra Noticias|date=15 December 2011|archive-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701073209/http://noticias.terra.com.ar/politica/bergoglio-presenta-su-renuncia-como-arzobispo-de-buenos-aires-aunque-seguira-en-el-cargo,148ef548c2444310VgnVCM20000099f154d0RCRD.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cardinalate (2001–2013) ===
[[File:Catéchèse 18 juin 2008 par le cardinal Bergoglio -2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|right|Bergoglio on 18 June 2008 giving a [[catechesis]]]]
At the [[Papal consistory|consistory]] of 21 February 2001, Archbishop Bergoglio was created a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]] by [[Pope John Paul II]] with the [[titular church|title]] of [[cardinal priest]] of [[San Roberto Bellarmino (church)|San Roberto Bellarmino]], a church served by Jesuits and named for one; he was formally installed in that church the following 14 October. When he traveled to Rome for the ceremony, he and his sister María Elena visited the village in northern Italy where their father was born.&lt;ref name=&quot;fascism&quot; /&gt; As cardinal, Bergoglio was appointed to five administrative positions in the [[Roman Curia]]. He was a member of the [[Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments]], the [[Congregation for the Clergy]], the [[Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life]], the [[Pontifical Council for the Family]] and the [[Pontifical Commission for Latin America|Commission for Latin America]]. Later that year, when Cardinal [[Edward Egan]] returned to New York following the [[September 11 attacks]], Bergoglio replaced him as relator (recording secretary) in the [[Synod of Bishops (Catholic)|Synod of Bishops]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=X Ordinary General Assembly (30 September&amp;nbsp;– 27 October 2001)|url=http://press.catholica.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/sinodo_indice_en.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219231945/http://press.catholica.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/sinodo_indice_en.html|archive-date=19 February 2011|work=Synod of Bishops|publisher=Holy See|access-date=14 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; and, according to the ''[[Catholic Herald]]'', created &quot;a favourable impression as a man open to communion and dialogue&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;thunder&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Poirier|first=José Maria|title=Features Quiet thunder in Argentina|url=http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/features/2013/03/13/quiet-thunder-in-argentina/|access-date=18 March 2013|newspaper=Catholic Herald|date=13 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319001817/http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/features/2013/03/13/quiet-thunder-in-argentina/|archive-date=19 March 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Synodus Episcoporum Bulletin 30 September&amp;nbsp;– 27 October 2001|date=27 October 2001 |url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/sinodo/documents/bollettino_20_x-ordinaria-2001/02_inglese/b33_02.html|access-date=14 March 2013|publisher=Holy See Press Office}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Card. Jorge Bergoglio SJ, 2008.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Cardinal Jorge Bergoglio in 2008]]
Cardinal Bergoglio became known for personal humility, doctrinal conservatism, and a commitment to [[social justice]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Allen&quot; /&gt; A [[simple living|simple lifestyle]] contributed to his reputation for humility. He lived in a small apartment, rather than in the elegant bishop's residence in the suburb of [[Olivos, Buenos Aires|Olivos]]. He took public transportation and cooked his own meals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Rubin|first=Sergio|title='El Jesuita,' biography of Jorge Bergoglio, tells of Pope Francis' humble beginnings in the church that he maintained throughout his cardinalship|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/pope-francis-humble-affable-servant-article-1.1288163|access-date=18 March 2013|newspaper=Daily News|location=New York |date=14 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; He limited his time in Rome to &quot;lightning visits&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;falasca&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.30giorni.it/articoli_id_16457_l3.htm|title=What I would have said at the Consistory|last=Falasca|first=Sefania|date=November 2007|publisher=30 Giorni|access-date=15 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was devoted to [[Thérèse of Lisieux|St. Thérèse of Lisieux]] and enclosed a small picture of her in the letters he wrote, calling her &quot;a great missionary saint&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Maureen O'Riordan |url=http://www.thereseoflisieux.org/my-blog-about-st-therese/2013/5/3/pope-francis-and-saint-therese-of-lisieux-to-depend-solely-o.html |title=Saint Therese of Lisieux – &quot;Saint Therese of Lisieux: A Gateway&quot; Blog – Pope Francis and Saint Thérèse of Lisieux: &quot;To depend solely on the tenderness of God&quot; |publisher=Thérèse of Lisieux|access-date=27 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After Pope John Paul II died on 2 April 2005, Bergoglio attended [[funeral of Pope John Paul II|his funeral]] and was considered one of the ''[[papabile]]'' for succession to the papacy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2005/apr/17/world/fg-cardinal17|date=17 April 2005|access-date=14 March 2013 |title=Argentine Cardinal Named in Kidnap Lawsuit|journal=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; He participated as a [[Cardinal electors for the 2005 papal conclave|cardinal elector]] in the [[2005 papal conclave]] that elected Pope Benedict XVI. In the ''[[National Catholic Reporter]]'', [[John L. Allen Jr.]] reported that Bergoglio was a frontrunner in the 2005 conclave.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allen&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Allen|first=John L. Jr.|title=Profile: New pope, Jesuit Bergoglio, was runner-up in 2005 conclave|url=http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/papabile-day-men-who-could-be-pope-13|access-date=15 March 2013|newspaper=National Catholic Reporter|date=3 March 2013|archive-date=3 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603205738/https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/papabile-day-men-who-could-be-pope-13|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Allen|first=John L. Jr.|title=Handicapping the conclave|url=http://www.nationalcatholicreporter.org/update/conclave/pt041405a.htm|access-date=15 March 2013|newspaper=National Catholic Reporter|date=14 April 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2005, the Italian magazine ''[[Limes (magazine)|Limes]]'' published claims that Bergoglio had been the runner-up and main challenger to Cardinal Ratzinger at that conclave and that he had received 40 votes in the third ballot, but fell back to 26 at the fourth and decisive ballot.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN05&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Cardinal breaks conclave vow of secrecy|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/09/23/conclave.diary.ap/index.html|agency=[[Associated Press]]|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=13 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051001062114/http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/09/23/conclave.diary.ap/index.html|archive-date=1 October 2005|date=23 September 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;votes2005&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0505401.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050928201437/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0505401.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 September 2005 |journal=Catholic News |date=23 September 2005 |title=Article based on diary says German cardinal became pope with 84 votes |first=Cindy |last=Wooden }} Article gives numbers for the four votes; Ratzinger had most votes, followed by Bergoglio.&lt;/ref&gt; The claims were based on a diary purportedly belonging to an anonymous cardinal who had been present at the conclave.&lt;ref name= CNN05 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rubin13&quot;&gt;Rubin, p. 13&lt;/ref&gt; According to the Italian journalist [[Andrea Tornielli]], this number of votes had no precedent for a Latin American ''papabile''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rubin13&quot; /&gt; ''[[La Stampa]]'' reported that Bergoglio was in close contention with Ratzinger during the election, until he made an emotional plea that the cardinals should not vote for him.&lt;ref name=&quot;tears&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.lastampa.it/2013/03/10/vaticaninsider/ita/inchieste-e-interviste/ecco-come-and-davvero-il-conclave-del-PpFofMHBKez0AvYBLzCgBN/pagina.html |title=Ecco come andò davvero il Conclave del 2005 |language=it |work=[[La Stampa]] |first=Marco |last=Tosatti|access-date=30 January 2017}} According to the source, Cardinal Bergoglio begged &quot;almost in tears&quot; (&quot;quasi in lacrime&quot; in Italian)&lt;/ref&gt; According to Tornielli, Bergoglio made this request to prevent the conclave from delaying too much in the election of a pope.&lt;ref&gt;Rubin, p. 15&lt;/ref&gt;

As a cardinal, Bergoglio was associated with [[Communion and Liberation]], a Catholic evangelical lay movement of the type known as [[associations of the faithful]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Allen&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=One of Pope Francis' allegiances might tell us something about the church's future |last=Manson |first=Jamie |url=http://ncronline.org/blogs/grace-margins/one-pope-francis-allegiances-might-tell-us-something-about-churchs-future |work=National Catholic Reporter |date=15 March 2013 |access-date=15 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; He sometimes made appearances at the annual gathering known as the [[Meeting for friendship among peoples|Rimini Meeting]] held during the late summer months in Italy.&lt;ref name=Allen /&gt; In 2005, Cardinal Bergoglio authorized the request for [[beatification]]—the third step toward [[saint]]hood—for six members of the [[Pallottines|Pallottine]] community murdered in the [[San Patricio Church massacre]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Sánchez Alvarado |first=Gretta |title=Francisco: 'El verdadero poder es el servicio' |url=http://www.el-nacional.com/mundo/Francisco-verdadero-poder-servicio_0_156584605.html |access-date=22 March 2013 |publisher=El Nacional |date=20 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321065400/http://el-nacional.com/mundo/Francisco-verdadero-poder-servicio_0_156584605.html |archive-date=21 March 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CT2005&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Sainthood effort for 5 slain recalls Argentine 'dirty war' |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-08-12/news/0508120166_1_beatification-buenos-aires-argentine-dirty |newspaper= Chicago Tribune |date=12 August 2005|access-date=23 March 2013 |first=Colin |last=McMahon}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the same time, Bergoglio ordered an investigation into the murders themselves, which had been widely blamed on the [[National Reorganization Process]], the military junta that ruled Argentina at the time.&lt;ref name= CT2005 /&gt;

== Argentine government relations ==

=== Dirty War ===
{{See also|Dirty War}}
Bergoglio was the subject of allegations regarding the [[Argentine Navy]]'s kidnapping of two [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] priests, Orlando Yorio and [[Franz Jalics]], in May 1976, during Argentina's [[Dirty War]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/new-pope-theologically-conservative-but-with-a-common-touch.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314170716/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/new-pope-theologically-conservative-but-with-a-common-touch.html |archive-date=14 March 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=A Conservative With a Common Touch|date=13 March 2013|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|last2=Rother|first2=Larry|last1=Schmall|first1=Emily|access-date=14 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; He feared for the priests' safety and had tried to change their work prior to their arrest; contrary to reports, he did not try to throw them out of the Jesuit order.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/francis-jesuits-and-dirty-war|title=Thomas Reese, &quot;Francis, the Jesuits and the Dirty War&quot;, ''National Catholic Reporter'', 17 March 2013|last=Coday|first=Dennis|date=17 March 2013|newspaper=National Catholic Reporter|access-date=23 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2005, [[Myriam Bregman]], a human rights lawyer, filed a criminal complaint against Bergoglio, as superior in the Society of Jesus of Argentina, accusing him of involvement in the kidnapping.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimes1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2005/apr/17/world/fg-cardinal17|title=Argentine Cardinal Named in Kidnap Lawsuit|date=17 April 2005|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=13 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her complaint did not specify how Bergoglio was involved; Bergoglio's spokesman flatly denied the allegations. The complaint was ultimately dismissed.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes1&quot; /&gt; The priests were tortured,&lt;ref name=&quot;rubin&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=174220195|title=Pope Francis Is Known For Simplicity And Humility|date=13 March 2013|agency=[[Associated Press]]|quote=Bergoglio—who ran Argentina's Jesuit order during the dictatorship—told Rubin that he regularly hid people on church property during the dictatorship, and once gave his identity papers to a man with similar features, enabling him to escape across the border.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316234307/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=174220195|archive-date=16 March 2013|author=|access-date=13 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; but were found alive five months later, drugged and semi-naked. Yorio accused Bergoglio of effectively handing them over to the death squads by declining to tell the authorities that he endorsed their work. Yorio, who died in 2000, said in a 1999 interview that he believed that Bergoglio did nothing &quot;to free us, in fact just the opposite&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAPO&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Pope's activity in Dirty War Draws Scrutiny|date=17 March 2013|work=Chicago Tribune|page=27|author=Miroff, Nick}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jalics initially refused to discuss the complaint after moving into seclusion in a German monastery.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2013/03/pope_francis_a_look_at_the_lif.html|title=Pope Francis: A look at the life of the first South American pontiff|date=13 March 2013|work=The Star-Ledger|access-date=13 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two days after the election of Francis, Jalics issued a statement confirming the kidnapping and attributing the cause to a former lay colleague who became a guerrilla, was captured, then named Yorio and Jalics when interrogated.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jesuiten.org/aktuelles/details/article/erklarung-von-pater-franz-jalics-sj.html|title=Declaration of Father Franz Jalics SJ|date=15 March 2013|publisher=German Jesuit Web site|language=de|access-date=16 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316013724/http://www.jesuiten.org/aktuelles/details/article/erklarung-von-pater-franz-jalics-sj.html|archive-date=16 March 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following week, Jalics issued a second, clarifying statement: &quot;It is wrong to assert that our capture took place at the initiative of Father Bergoglio (…) the fact is, Orlando Yorio and I were not denounced by Father Bergoglio.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/21/pope-francis-argentinian-junta-priest|title=Pope Francis did not denounce me to Argentinian junta, says priest|last=Watts|first=Jonathan|date=21 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|access-date=21 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jesuiten.org/aktuelles/details/article/erganzende-erklarung-von-pater-franz-jalics-sj.html|title=Second Declaration of Father Franz Jalics SJ|date=20 March 2013|publisher=German Jesuit Web site|language=de|access-date=21 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328015725/http://www.jesuiten.org/aktuelles/details/article/erganzende-erklarung-von-pater-franz-jalics-sj.html|archive-date=28 March 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bergoglio told his authorized biographer, [[Sergio Rubin]], that after the priests' imprisonment, he worked behind the scenes for their release; Bergoglio's intercession with dictator [[Jorge Rafael Videla]] on their behalf may have saved their lives.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=174220195|title=Pope Francis Is Known For Simplicity And Humility|date=13 March 2013|agency=[[Associated Press]]|quote=both men were freed after Bergoglio took extraordinary, behind-the-scenes action to save them—including persuading dictator Jorge Videla's family priest to call in sick so that he could say Mass in the junta leader's home, where he privately appealed for mercy.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316234307/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=174220195|archive-date=16 March 2013|author=|access-date=13 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bergoglio also told Rubin that he had often sheltered people from the dictatorship on church property, and once gave his own identity papers to a man who looked like him, so he could flee Argentina.&lt;ref name=&quot;rubin&quot; /&gt; The interview with Rubin, reflected in the biography ''[[El jesuita]]'', is the only time Bergoglio has spoken to the press about those events.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://contenidos2.clarin.com/edicion-electronica/20130317/index.html|title=Dias inolvidables para su biógrafo|date=17 March 2013|work=El Papa del fin del mundo|publisher=Clarín|language=es|trans-title=Unforgettable days for his biographer|author=Pablo Javier Blanco|access-date=13 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Alicia Oliveira]], a former Argentine judge, has also reported that Bergoglio helped people flee Argentina during the rule of the junta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.perfil.com/politica/Alicia-Oliveira-Garre-sabe-todo-lo-que-hizo-Bergoglio-20130315-0019.html|title=Alicia Oliveira: &quot;Garré sabe todo lo que hizo Bergoglio&quot;|last=Indart|first=Ramón|date=15 March 2013|language=es|work=Perfil|access-date=22 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518130955/http://www.perfil.com/politica/Alicia-Oliveira-Garre-sabe-todo-lo-que-hizo-Bergoglio-20130315-0019.html|archive-date=18 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since Francis became pope, Gonzalo Mosca&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1566175-yo-pensaba-si-el-padre-este-era-consciente-de-lo-que-se-estaba-jugando|title=Yo pensaba si el padre éste era consciente de lo que se estaba jugando|date=23 March 2013|newspaper=La Nacion|access-date=23 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; and José Caravias&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/03/24/actualidad/1364087082_791943.html|title=Un cura español dice que el Papa evitó que lo mataran durante la dictadura argentina|date=24 March 2013|newspaper=El País|access-date=23 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; have related to journalists accounts of how Bergoglio helped them flee the Argentine dictatorship.

Oliveira described the future pope as &quot;anguished&quot; and &quot;very critical of the dictatorship&quot; during the Dirty War.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21794798|title=Argentina 'Dirty War' accusations haunt Pope Francis|date=15 March 2013|work=[[BBC News]]|last1=Hernandez|first1=Vladimir|access-date=18 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oliveira met with him at the time and urged Bergoglio to speak out—he told her that &quot;he couldn't. That it wasn't an easy thing to do.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;WAPO&quot; /&gt; Artist and human rights activist [[Adolfo Pérez Esquivel]], the 1980 [[Nobel Peace Prize]] laureate, said: &quot;Perhaps he didn't have the courage of other priests, but he never collaborated with the dictatorship. … Bergoglio was no accomplice of the dictatorship.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last2=Goni|first2=Uki|date=15 March 2013|title=Pope Francis: role during Argentina's military era disputed|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/15/pope-francis-argentina-military-era|journal=The Guardian|first1=Jonathan|last1=Watts}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|date=14 March 2013|title='Bergoglio had no links with the dictatorship,' Peace Nobel Prize winner|url=http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/126367/%E2%80%98bergoglio-had-no-links-with-the-dictatorship%E2%80%99-peace-nobel-prize-winner|journal=Buenos Aires Herald|access-date=15 March 2013|archive-date=24 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724233031/http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/126367/%E2%80%98bergoglio-had-no-links-with-the-dictatorship%E2%80%99-peace-nobel-prize-winner|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Graciela Fernández Meijide]], member of the [[Permanent Assembly for Human Rights]], also said that there was no proof linking Bergoglio with the dictatorship. She told the ''[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]'' newspaper: &quot;There is no information and Justice couldn't prove it. I was in the [[Permanent Assembly for Human Rights|APDH]] during all the dictatorship years and I received hundreds of testimonies. Bergoglio was never mentioned. It was the same in the [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons|CONADEP]]. Nobody mentioned him as instigator or as anything.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fioriti|first=Santiago|title=Atacan a Bergoglio porque Cristina no quería que fuera Papa|url=http://www.clarin.com/mundo/Atacan-Bergoglio-Cristina-queria-Papa_CLAFIL20130315_0002.pdf|journal=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]|language=es|access-date=15 March 2013|archive-date=19 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319054439/http://www.clarin.com/mundo/Atacan-Bergoglio-Cristina-queria-Papa_CLAFIL20130315_0002.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ricardo Lorenzetti]], President of the Argentine Supreme Court, also has said that Bergoglio is &quot;completely innocent&quot; of the accusations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/news/detail/articolo/francedco-francis-francisco-23329/|title=&quot;Bergoglio is completely innocent,&quot; says Argentina's Supreme Court|date=18 March 2013|publisher=Vatican Insider|access-date=23 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526015515/http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/news/detail/articolo/francedco-francis-francisco-23329/|archive-date=26 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historian [[Uki Goñi]] pointed that, during early 1976, the military junta still had a good image among society, and that the [[Detention Centers in the Dirty War|scale of the political repression]] was not known until much later; Bergoglio would have had little reason to suspect that the detention of Yorio and Jalics could end up in their deaths.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/19/pope-francis-argentina-1970s|title=Pope Francis: what did he really do in Argentina in the 1970s?|last=Goñi|first=Uki|date=19 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=11 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When Bergoglio became pope, an alleged photo of him giving the [[sacramental bread]] to dictator Jorge Rafael Videla became popular in social networks. It has also been used by the newspaper ''[[Página/12]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.zoomnews.es/34129/actualidad/mundo/bergoglio-historia-papa-francisco-dictadura-argentina-videla|title=Bergoglio: la verdadera historia del Papa Francisco y la dictadura de Videla|last=Cifuentes|first=Pedro|date=15 March 2013|publisher=Zoom News|language=es|trans-title=Bergoglio: the true story of Pope Francis and Videla's dictatorship|access-date=28 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130701131917/http://www.zoomnews.es/34129/actualidad/mundo/bergoglio-historia-papa-francisco-dictadura-argentina-videla|archive-date=1 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The photo was soon proved to be false. It was revealed that the priest, whose face is not visible in the photo, was Carlos Berón de Astrada. The photo was taken at the church &quot;Pequeña Obra de la Divina Providencia Don Orione&quot; in 1990, not during the Dirty War, and after Videla's presidential pardon. The photo was produced by the agency AFP and it was initially published by the ''[[Crónica (newspaper)|Crónica]]'' newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.infotechnology.com/internet/The-fake-viral-photo-of-pope-Francis-who-is-the-priest-that-gives-the-communion-to-Videla-20130319-0002.html|title=The fake viral photo of pope Francis: who is the priest that gives the communion to Videla|date=19 March 2013|publisher=Info Technology|name-list-style=amp|author1=Joaquín Garau|author2=Pablo Martín Fernández|access-date=11 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fernando de la Rúa ===
[[Fernando de la Rúa]] replaced [[Carlos Menem]] as president of Argentina in 1999. As an archbishop, Bergoglio celebrated the annual Mass at the [[Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral]] on the ''[[First National Government]]'' holiday, 25 May. In 2000, Bergoglio criticized the perceived apathy of society.&lt;ref&gt;Rubin, p. 19&lt;/ref&gt; Argentina faced an [[1998–2002 Argentine great depression|economic depression]] at the time, and the Catholic Church criticized the fiscal austerity of the government, which increased poverty. De la Rúa asked the church to promote a dialogue between the leaders of economic and political sectors to find a solution for the crisis. He claims that he talked with Bergoglio and proposed to take part in the meeting, but Bergoglio would have told him that the meeting was canceled because of a misunderstanding by De la Rúa's assistant, who may have declined the president's assistance. Bishop Jorge Casaretto considers it unlikely, as De la Rúa only made the request in newspaper interviews, but never made a formal request to the church.&lt;ref&gt;Reato, p. 160&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Justicialist Party]] won the [[Argentine legislative election, 2001|2001 elections]] and got the majority in the Congress, and appointed [[Ramón Puerta]] as president of the Senate. As vice president [[Carlos Álvarez (Argentine politician)|Carlos Álvarez]] resigned shortly before, this left an opposing party second in the [[Argentine order of precedence|order of precedence]]. Bergoglio asked for an interview with Puerta, and had a positive impression of him. Puerta told him that the Justicialist party was not plotting to oust De la Rúa, and promised to help the president promote the laws that may be required.&lt;ref&gt;Reato, pp. 222–223&lt;/ref&gt;

During police repression of the [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|riots of December 2001]], he contacted the Ministry of the Interior and asked that the police distinguish rioters and vandals from peaceful protesters.&lt;ref&gt;Rubin, pp. 18–19&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Néstor and Cristina Kirchner ===
[[File:Pope Francis with Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner 4.jpg|thumb|Francis with Argentine president [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]], holding traditional Argentine [[mate (beverage)|mate]] drinkware]]
When Bergoglio celebrated Mass at the cathedral for the 2004 ''First National Government'' holiday, President [[Néstor Kirchner]] attended and heard Bergoglio request more political dialogue, reject intolerance, and criticize exhibitionism and strident announcements.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/604859-el-mensaje-de-la-iglesia-era-para-kirchner|title=El mensaje de la Iglesia era para Kirchner|last=Obarrio|first=Mariano|date=27 May 2004|newspaper=La Nación|language=es|trans-title=The message of the church was for Kirchner|access-date=13 March 2013|archive-date=29 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329094231/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/604859-el-mensaje-de-la-iglesia-era-para-kirchner|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kirchner celebrated the national day elsewhere the following year and the Mass in the cathedral was suspended.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/706830-suspendio|title=Suspendió la Iglesia el tedeum en la Capital|last=Colonna|first=Lucas|date=24 May 2005|newspaper=La Nación|language=es|trans-title=The church suspended the tedeum in the capital|access-date=13 March 2013}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2006, Bergoglio helped the fellow Jesuit [[Joaquín Piña]] to win the elections in the [[Misiones Province]] and prevent an amendment of the local constitution that would allow indefinite re-elections. Kirchner intended to use that project to start similar amendments at other provinces, and eventually to the national constitution.&lt;ref&gt;Reato, pp. 224–225&lt;/ref&gt; Kirchner considered Bergoglio as a political rival to the day he died in October 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;anios&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1562777-jorge-bergoglio-y-los-kirchner-anos-de-una-relacion-tensa|title=Jorge Bergoglio y los Kirchner: años de una relación tensa|date=14 March 2013|newspaper=La Nación|language=es|trans-title=Jorge Bergoglio and the Kirchners: years of a tense relation|access-date=13 March 2013|archive-date=19 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319041650/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1562777-jorge-bergoglio-y-los-kirchner-anos-de-una-relacion-tensa|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bergoglio's relations with Kirchner's widow and successor, [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]], have been similarly tense. In 2008, Bergoglio called for national reconciliation during [[2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector|disturbances]] in the country's agricultural regions, which the government interpreted as a support for anti-government demonstrators.&lt;ref name=&quot;anios&quot; /&gt; The campaign to enact [[Same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage legislation]] was a particularly tense period in their relations.&lt;ref name=&quot;anios&quot; /&gt;

When Bergoglio was elected pope, the initial reactions were mixed. Most of the Argentine society cheered it, but the pro-government newspaper ''[[Página/12]]'' published renewed allegations about the Dirty War, and the president of the [[National Library of the Argentine Republic|National Library]] described a global conspiracy theory. The president took more than an hour before congratulating the new pope, and only did so in a passing reference within a routine speech. Due to the pope's popularity in Argentina, Cristina Kirchner made what the political analyst Claudio Fantini called a &quot;[[Copernican Revolution (metaphor)|Copernican shift]]&quot; in her relations with him and fully embraced the Francis phenomenon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/27/christina-fernandez-de-kirchner-pope-francis|title=Cristina Fernández de Kirchner turns Pope Francis from foe to friend|date=27 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=15 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; On the day before his inauguration as pope, Bergoglio, now Francis, had a private meeting with Kirchner. They exchanged gifts and lunched together. This was the new pope's first meeting with a head of state, and there was speculation that the two were mending their relations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cp24.com/world/pope-s-diplomacy-put-to-test-as-leaders-flock-to-rome-1.1200040|title=Pope's diplomacy put to test as leaders flock to Rome|date=18 March 2013|publisher=CP24|agency=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=15 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2013/0318/Making-nice-Argentina-s-Kirchner-and-Pope-Francis-meet-in-Rome-video|title=Making nice? Argentina's Kirchner and Pope Francis meet in Rome|last=Gilbert|first=Jonathan|date=18 March 2013|work=The Christian Science Monitor|access-date=26 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Página/12'' [[Self-censorship|removed]] their controversial articles about Bergoglio, written by [[Horacio Verbitsky]], from their web page, as a result of this change.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.perfil.com/politica/Pagina12-saco-notas-de-Verbitsky-sobre-Bergoglio-y-la-dictadura-20141118-0024.html|title=Página 12 sacó notas de Verbitsky sobre Bergoglio y la dictadura|date=18 November 2014|publisher=Perfil|language=es|trans-title=Página 12 removed Verbitsky's articles about Bergoglio and the dictatorship|access-date=28 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620125109/http://www.perfil.com/politica/Pagina12-saco-notas-de-Verbitsky-sobre-Bergoglio-y-la-dictadura-20141118-0024.html|archive-date=20 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Javier Milei ===
[[File:Milei Vaticano, 2024 02.jpg|thumb|Francis with [[Javier Milei]] in February 2024]]
Before Javier Milei's election to the Argentine presidency, he was very critical of Francis, describing him as &quot;imbecile&quot; and a &quot;communist turd&quot;. His disparaging comments sparked controversy among Catholics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Goñi |first=Uki |date=2023-08-27 |title=The 'false prophet' v the pope: Argentina faces clash of ideologies in election |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/27/the-false-prophet-v-the-pope-argentina-faces-clash-of-ideologies-in-election |access-date=2024-02-26 |work=The Observer |language=en-GB |issn=0029-7712}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, following his inauguration, Milei softened his position and formally invited Francis to Argentina. Milei visited the Vatican on 11 February 2024, the day Francis canonized [[María Antonia de Paz y Figueroa]], the first female Argentine saint.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2024/02/12/pope-francis-argentina-president-javier-milei-vatican-247286 | title=Pope Francis and Argentina's President Milei hit it off | date=12 February 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Papacy (2013–present) ==
{{See also|Theology of Pope Francis#Vatican II revisited|Theology of Pope Francis#Church leadership}}
{{multiple image
| align             = right
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| width             = 
| caption_align     = center
| header_align      = center
| header            = [[Coat of arms of Pope Francis]]
| image1            = Coat of arms of Jorge Mario Bergoglio.svg
| width1            = 150
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| caption1          = As cardinal
| image2            = Coat of arms of Franciscus.svg
| width2            = 113
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| caption2          = As pope
| footer            = The gold star represents the [[Virgin Mary]], the grape-like plant—the [[spikenard]]—is associated with [[Saint Joseph]] and the [[Holy Name of Jesus|IHS]] is the symbol of the Jesuits.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Vatican releases Pope Francis' coat of arms, motto and ring |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/the-pope/9937813/Vatican-releases-Pope-Francis-coat-of-arms-motto-and-ring.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130321131012/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/the-pope/9937813/Vatican-releases-Pope-Francis-coat-of-arms-motto-and-ring.html|url-status= dead|archive-date= 21 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=18 March 2013 |access-date=18 March 2013 |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/francesco/elezione/stemma-papa-francesco_it.html |title=Lo Stemma di Papa Francesco |publisher=L'Osservatore Romano (Vatican website) |access-date=18 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NCR&quot; /&gt;
}}
Elected at 76 years old, Francis was reported to be healthy and his doctors have said his missing lung tissue, removed in his youth, does not significantly affect his health.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Guardian-2013b&quot; /&gt; The only concern would be decreased respiratory reserve if he had a respiratory infection.&lt;ref name=&quot;Park-2013&quot; /&gt; In the past, one attack of [[sciatica]] in 2007 prevented him from attending a consistory and delayed his return to Argentina for several days.&lt;ref name=&quot;falasca&quot; /&gt;

Francis is the first [[Jesuit]] pope. This was a significant appointment, because of the sometimes tense relations between the [[Society of Jesus]] and the [[Holy See]].&lt;ref&gt;Caleb K. Bell (14 March 2013). &quot;Why the first Jesuit pope is a big deal&quot;. Religion News Service. Retrieved 8 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; He came in second to Cardinal Ratzinger on all the ballots in the 2005 conclave and at the time appeared as the only other viable candidate.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Cardinal Spills Secrets from Conclave&quot;. Fox News Channel. Associated Press. 23 September 2005. Retrieved 16 August 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
He is also the first from the Americas,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://world.time.com/2013/03/13/pope-of-the-americas/|title=Pope of the Americas|date=13 March 2013|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|author=Howard Chua-Eoan|access-date=8 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the first from the [[Southern Hemisphere]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Fordham Experts Weigh in on Pope Francis' First Decade |url=https://news.fordham.edu/living-the-mission/fordham-experts-weigh-in-on-pope-francis-first-decade/ |access-date=9 March 2023 |work=Fordham Newsroom |date=8 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many media reported him as being the first non-European pope, but he is actually the 11th; the previous was [[Pope Gregory III|Gregory III]] from Syria, who died in 741. Moreover, although Francis was not born in Europe, he is [[Ethnic groups in Europe|ethnically European]]; his father and maternal grandparents are from northern Italy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/03/13/sorry-jorge-mario-bergoglio-is-not-the-first-non-european-pope/|title=Sorry, Jorge Mario Bergoglio is not the first non-European pope|last=Fisher|first=Max|date=13 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=8 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As pope, his manner is less formal than that of his immediate predecessors: a style that news coverage has referred to as &quot;no frills&quot;, noting that it is &quot;his common touch and accessibility that is proving the greatest inspiration&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;nofrills&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505263_162-57576725/pope-francis-brings-no-frills-style-to-papacy/ &quot;Pope Francis brings no-frills style to papacy&quot;], CBS News, 28 March 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013&lt;/ref&gt; On the night of his election, he took a bus back to his hotel with the cardinals, rather than be driven in the papal car.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-poor-idUSBRE92F05P20130316|title=Pope Francis wants a 'poor Church for the poor'|date=16 March 2013|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=16 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The next day, he visited Cardinal [[Jorge María Mejía]] in the hospital and chatted with patients and staff.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/retired-argentine-cardinal-heart-attack/comments?type=story&amp;id=18736841|title=Pope visits ailing Argentine cardinal in hospital|publisher=[[ABC News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316062247/http://abcnews.go.com/International/retired-argentine-cardinal-heart-attack/comments?type=story&amp;id=18736841|archive-date=16 March 2013|access-date=9 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; At his first media audience, the Saturday after his election, the pope explained his papal name choice, citing Saint Francis of Assisi as &quot;the man who gives us this spirit of peace, the poor man&quot;, and he added &quot;[h]ow I would like a poor Church, and for the poor&quot;.&lt;ref name=PapalName /&gt;

In addition to his [[Native language|native]] Spanish, he speaks fluent Italian (the official language of Vatican City and the &quot;everyday language&quot; of the Holy See) and German. He is also conversant in Latin (the [[official language]] of the Holy See),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/13/new-pope-thirteen-key-facts|title=Pope Francis: 13 key facts about the new pontiff|date=13 March 2013|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|access-date=13 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; French,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.news.va/it/news/briefing-di-padre-lombardi|title=Briefing di padre Lombardi|date=14 March 2013|publisher=The Vatican Today|access-date=14 March 2013|archive-date=18 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018142947/http://www.news.va/it/news/briefing-di-padre-lombardi|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Portuguese,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.corriere.it/cronache/13_marzo_14/papa-francesco-primo-giorno_9d687672-8c78-11e2-ab2c-711cc67f5f67.shtml|title=Francis and those humble gestures by the Pope, he does not sit on a throne, paying the bill at the hotel|date=14 March 2013|publisher=Corriere Della Sera|language=it|access-date=1 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; and English,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/14/pope-francis-first-day|title=Pope Francis, first day after election|date=14 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|author1=Peter Walker |author2=Paul Owen|author3=David Batty|name-list-style=amp|access-date=19 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;languages&quot;&gt;Willey, David, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21986185 News analysis sidebar to &quot;Pope Francis delivers Easter plea for peace&quot;], BBC News, 31 March 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2013&lt;/ref&gt; and he understands the [[Piedmontese language]] and some [[Genoese dialect|Genoese]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1301486.htm|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20130402184851/http%3A//www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1301486.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 April 2013|title=Can't chant, can't speak English? Pope says it's because he's tone-deaf|last=Glatz|first=Carol|date=2 April 2013|publisher=Catholic News Service|access-date=15 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Francis chose not to live in the official [[papal apartments|papal residence]] in the [[Apostolic Palace]], but to remain in the [[Domus Sanctae Marthae|Vatican guest house]], in a suite in which he can receive visitors and hold meetings. He is the first pope since [[Pope Pius X]] to live outside the papal apartments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vatican guesthouse&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ncronline.org/news/vatican/pope-francis-live-vatican-guesthouse-not-papal-apartments|title=Pope Francis to live in Vatican guesthouse, not papal apartments|last=Wooden|first=Cindy|date=26 March 2013|access-date=26 March 2013|work=[[National Catholic Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis still appears at the window of the Apostolic Palace for the Sunday [[Angelus]].&lt;ref name=&quot;guesthouse&quot;&gt;Speciale, Alessandro, [http://www.religionnews.com/2013/03/26/pope-francis-opts-for-vatican-guesthouse-instead-of-papal-apartment/ &quot;Pope Francis opts for Vatican guesthouse instead of spacious papal apartment&quot;], Religion News Service, 26 March 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

As a Jesuit pope, he has been &quot;making clear that a fundamental task of the faithful is not so much to follow rules but to discern what God is calling them to do. He is altering the culture of the clergy, steering away from what he has named as &quot;clericalism&quot; (which dwells on priestly status and authority) and toward an ethic of service (Francis says the church's shepherds must have the &quot;smell of the sheep&quot;, always staying close to the People of God).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.jesuits.org/stories/five-years-later-changes-under-pope-francis-are-revealing-his-jesuit-dna/ |title=Five Years Later Changes under Pope Francis are Revealing his Jesuit DNA |first=William |last=Bole |date=5 March 2018 |website=jesuits.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 13 December 2023, in an interview with Mexican broadcaster [[Televisa]], Francis said that his &quot;[[Catholic devotions|great devotion]]&quot; was to the [[Salus Populi Romani|Salus populi Romani]] icon at the [[Santa Maria Maggiore]] in Rome. Francis also told the news outlet that [[List of extant papal tombs|his tomb]] was already prepared at the basilica near the icon. Francis will be the first pope since [[Pope Leo XIII]] to be buried outside the Vatican.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 December 2023 |title=The pope says he wants to be buried in the Rome basilica, not in the Vatican |url=https://apnews.com/article/vatican-pope-basilica-burial-argentina-ba9dc3ccbf4210df16e64d4032451671 |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=AP News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Election ===
{{Main|2013 papal conclave|Papal inauguration of Pope Francis}}
[[File:Papa Francisco recién elegido 2.jpg|thumb|left|Francis appears in public for the first time as pope, at St. Peter's Basilica balcony, 13 March 2013.]]
Bergoglio was elected pope on 13 March 2013,&lt;ref name=&quot;directory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/francesco/elezione/index_sp.htm |title=FRANCISCUS |date=13 March 2013 |publisher=Holy See |quote=Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus Papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum Georgium MariumSanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem Bergoglio qui sibi nomen imposuit Franciscum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315203915/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/francesco/elezione/index_sp.htm |archive-date=15 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.news.va/en/news/habemus-papam-cardinal-bergolio-elected-pope|title=Habemus Papam! Cardinal Bergoglio Elected Pope Francis|publisher=Official Vatican Network|access-date=14 March 2013|archive-date=16 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316043440/http://www.news.va/en/news/habemus-papam-cardinal-bergolio-elected-pope|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; the second day of the [[2013 papal conclave]], taking the [[papal name]] Francis.&lt;ref name=&quot;directory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cnbc&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/100538976|title=Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio of Argentina Named as New Pope of the Roman Catholic Church|date=13 March 2013|publisher=[[CNBC]]|access-date=13 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis was elected on the fifth ballot of the conclave.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.catholicsun.org/2013/03/13/white-smoke-cardinals-elect-new-pope-on-fifth-ballot/|title=White smoke: Cardinals elect new pope on fifth ballot|date=13 March 2013|publisher=The Catholic Sun|access-date=15 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''[[Habemus papam]]'' announcement was delivered by the [[cardinal protodeacon]], [[Jean-Louis Tauran]].&lt;ref name=&quot;SuarezPBS&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/03/a-new-pope-and-maybe-a-new-era.html|title=A New Pope, and Maybe a New Era|last=Suarez|first=Ray|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|access-date=15 March 2013|archive-date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121190305/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/03/a-new-pope-and-maybe-a-new-era.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cardinal [[Christoph Schönborn]] later said that Bergoglio was elected following two supernatural signs, one in the conclave - and hence confidential - and a Latin-American couple, friends of Schönborn at Vatican City, who whispered Bergoglio's name in the elector's ear; Schönborn commented &quot;if these people say Bergoglio, that's an indication of the Holy Spirit&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/the-pope/10056994/Pope-Francis-elected-after-supernatural-signs-in-the-Conclave-Cardinal.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A329762600/STND|archive-date=31 August 2023|url-access=subscription|via=Gale OneFile: News|access-date=17 October 2023|title=Pope Francis elected after supernatural 'signs' in the Conclave, says Cardinal|last=Bingham|first=John|date=14 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Instead of accepting his cardinals' congratulations while seated on the [[papal throne]], Francis received them standing, reportedly an immediate sign of a changing approach to formalities at the Vatican.&lt;ref name=&quot;NewEuropeHabemus&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.neurope.eu/article/habemus-papam-new-pope-new-lifestyle-vatican|title=Habemus Papam: New Pope, new lifestyle in the Vatican|date=15 March 2013|work=New Europe|access-date=15 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317034759/http://www.neurope.eu/article/habemus-papam-new-pope-new-lifestyle-vatican|archive-date=17 March 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; During his first appearance as pontiff on the balcony of [[Saint Peter's Basilica]], he wore a white [[cassock]], not the red, ermine-trimmed [[mozzetta]]&lt;ref name=NewEuropeHabemus /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Uebbing&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-francis-personality-begins-to-change-routines/|title=Pope Francis' personality begins to change routines|last=Uebbing|first=David|agency=Catholic News Agency|access-date=15 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; used by previous popes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dieter-philippi.de/en/ecclesiastical-fineries/the-mozzetta-of-the-pope|title=The Mozzetta of the Pope|last=Philippi|first=Dieter|publisher=Philippi Collection|access-date=15 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also wore the same iron [[pectoral cross]] that he had worn as archbishop of Buenos Aires, rather than the gold one worn by his predecessors.&lt;ref name=Uebbing /&gt;

After being elected and choosing his name, his first act was bestowing the ''[[Urbi et Orbi]]'' blessing on thousands of pilgrims gathered in [[St. Peter's Square]]. Before blessing the crowd, he asked those in St. Peter's Square to pray for his predecessor, &quot;the bishop emeritus of Rome&quot; Pope Benedict XVI, and for himself as the new &quot;bishop of Rome&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/pope-francis-blessing-idINDEE92C0FE20130313|title=Pope Francis delivers first blessing, asks world for prayers &amp;#124; Reuters|date=14 March 2013|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=19 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Francis held his [[papal inauguration]] on 19 March 2013 in [[St. Peter's Square]] in the Vatican.&lt;ref name=&quot;directory&quot; /&gt; He celebrated Mass in the presence of various political and religious leaders from around the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21839069|title=Pope Francis in plea for poor as inauguration Mass held|date=19 March 2013|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=21 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In his homily Francis focused on the [[Solemnity of Saint Joseph]], the liturgical day on which the Mass was celebrated.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Pope Francis|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/francesco/homilies/2013/documents/papa-francesco_20130319_omelia-inizio-pontificato_en.html|title=Homily of Pope Francis|date=19 March 2013|publisher=Holy See|access-date=23 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Name ===
[[File:Pope Francis among the people at St. Peter's Square - 12 May 2013.jpg|thumb|Francis in [[St. Peter's Square]], two months after his election]]
At his first audience on 16 March 2013, Francis told journalists that he had chosen the name in honor of [[Francis of Assisi|Saint Francis of Assisi]], and had done so because he was especially concerned for the well-being of the poor.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Guardian-2013a&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vatican Today-2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Michael Martinez, [http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/13/world/pope-name/index.html?hpt=hp_t1 CNN Vatican analyst: Pope Francis' name choice 'precedent shattering'], [[CNN]] (13 March 2013). Retrieved 13 March 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; He explained that, as it was becoming clear during the conclave voting that he would be elected the new bishop of Rome, the Brazilian Cardinal [[Cláudio Hummes]] had embraced him and whispered, &quot;Don't forget the poor&quot;, which had made Bergoglio think of the saint.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | first1 = Laura |last1 = Smith-Spark | first2= Hada | last2= Messia | url = http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/16/world/europe/vatican-new-pope/index.html?hpt=hp_t1 | url-status = live | archive-date= 17 March 2013| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130317035923/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/16/world/europe/vatican-new-pope/index.html?hpt=hp_t1 | title = Pope Francis explains name, calls for church 'for the poor' | publisher = CNN | date= 16 March 2013 | access-date = 7 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21812545|title=Pope Francis wants 'poor Church for the poor'|date=16 March 2013|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=16 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bergoglio had previously expressed his admiration for St. Francis, explaining that: &quot;He brought to Christianity an idea of poverty against the luxury, pride, vanity of the civil and ecclesiastical powers of the time. He changed history.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;bethune&quot;&gt;Bethune, Brian, [http://www.macleans.ca/2013/03/26/man-of-the-people-2/ &quot;Pope Francis: How the first New World pontiff could save the church&quot;], ''Maclean's'', 26 March 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

This is the first time that a pope has been named ''Francis''. On the day of his election, the Vatican clarified that his official papal name was &quot;Francis&quot;, not &quot;Francis I&quot;, i.e. no [[regnal number]] is used for him. A Vatican spokesman said that the name would become Francis I if and when there is a Francis II.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vatican Today-2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vatican: It's Pope Francis, not Pope Francis I&quot; /&gt; It is the first time since [[Pope Lando|Lando]]'s 913–914 pontificate that a serving pope holds a name not used by a predecessor.{{efn|[[John Paul I]], elected in 1978, took a new combination of already used names, in honor of his two immediate predecessors, [[John XXIII]] and [[Paul VI]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Knowles|first=Leo|title=Modern Heroes of the Church|year=2003|publisher=Our Sunday Visitor Publishing|location=Huntington, IN|isbn=978-1-931709-46-0|page=115|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lP3Iw8WV_MoC&amp;pg=PA115}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; }}

Francis also said that some cardinal electors had jokingly suggested to him that he should choose either &quot;Adrian&quot;, since [[Adrian VI]] had been a reformer of the church, or &quot;Clement&quot; to settle the score with [[Clement XIV]], who had [[Suppression of the Society of Jesus|suppressed the Jesuit order]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PapalName&quot;&gt;[https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/francesco/speeches/2013/march/documents/papa-francesco_20130316_rappresentanti-media_en.html Audience to Representatives of the Communications Media&amp;nbsp;– Address of the Holy Father Pope Francis]&amp;nbsp;– [[vatican.va]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Paul VI Audience Hall]] Saturday, 16 March 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Marco R. della Cava, [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/03/16/pope-francis-press-conference/1992355/ Pope Francis charms media in first press address], ''USA Today'' (16 March 2013). Retrieved 16 March 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; In February 2014, it was reported that Bergoglio, had he been elected in 2005, would have chosen the pontifical name of &quot;John XXIV&quot; in honor of [[John XXIII]]. It was said that he told Cardinal [[Francesco Marchisano]]: &quot;John, I would have called myself John, like the Good Pope; I would have been completely inspired by him&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/francis-once-thought-taking-name-john-after-pope-john-xxiii|title=Francis once thought of taking the name John, after Pope John XXIII|date=11 February 2014|newspaper=National Catholic Reporter|access-date=26 May 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305070944/http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/francis-once-thought-taking-name-john-after-pope-john-xxiii|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Curia ===
[[File:Francis Inauguration fc10.jpg|thumb|Inauguration of Francis, 19 March 2013]]
On 16 March 2013, Francis asked all those in senior positions of the [[Roman Curia]] to provisionally continue in office.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/francis-drops-first-hint-reform-may-be-real|title=Francis drops first hint that reform may be real|last=Allen|first=John L. Jr.|date=16 March 2013|newspaper=National Catholic Reporter|access-date=17 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; He named [[Alfred Xuereb]] as his personal secretary.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/en/newsdetails/news/world/Gozitan-Mons-Alfred-Xuereb-appointed-Pope-Francis-secretary-20130318|title=Gozitan Mgr Alfred Xuereb appointed Pope's official secretary|last=Stagno-Navarra|first=Karl|date=18 March 2013|publisher=Malta Today|access-date=21 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 6 April he named [[José Rodríguez Carballo]] as secretary for the [[Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life]], a position that had been vacant for several months.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/pope-appoints-franciscan-religious-congregation|title=Pope appoints Franciscan to religious congregation|last=McElwee|first=Joshua J.|date=6 April 2013|newspaper=National Catholic Reporter|access-date=7 April 2013|archive-date=7 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007163804/http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/pope-appoints-franciscan-religious-congregation|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis abolished the bonuses paid to Vatican employees upon the election of a new pope, amounting to several million Euros, opting instead to donate the money to charity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2013/04/19/Pope-scraps-Vatican-staff-bonuses-directs-money-to-charity/UPI-14541366354800/|title=Pope scraps Vatican staff bonuses, directs money to charity|date=19 April 2013|work=United Press International|access-date=21 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also abolished the €25,000 annual bonus paid to the cardinals serving on the Board of Supervisors for the [[Institute for the Works of Religion|Vatican bank]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.lastampa.it/vatican-insider/en/2013/04/15/news/pope-francis-sets-up-a-group-of-eight-cardinals-to-advise-him-1.36103794|title=Ior: Cuts to the cardinals' &quot;earnings&quot;|last=Galeazi|first=Giacomo|date=19 April 2013|publisher=Las Stampa: Vatican Insider|access-date=21 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 13 April 2013, he named eight cardinals to a new [[Council of Cardinal Advisers]] to advise him on revising the organizational structure of the Roman Curia. The group included several known as critics of Vatican operations and only one member of the Curia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/pope-taps-eight-cardinals-lead-reform|title=Pope taps eight cardinals to lead reform|last=Allen|first=John L. Jr.|date=13 April 2013|newspaper=National Catholic Reporter|access-date=14 April 2013|archive-date=2 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902010024/http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/pope-taps-eight-cardinals-lead-reform|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; They are [[Giuseppe Bertello]], president of the [[President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State|Vatican City State governorate]]; [[Francisco Javier Errazuriz Ossa]] from Chile; [[Oswald Gracias]] from India; [[Reinhard Marx]] from Germany; [[Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya]] from the Democratic Republic of the Congo; [[George Pell]] from Australia; [[Seán Patrick O'Malley|Seán O'Malley]] from the United States; and [[Óscar Rodríguez Maradiaga|Óscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga]] from Honduras. He appointed Bishop [[Marcello Semeraro]] secretary for the group and scheduled its first meeting for 1–3 October.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/the-vatican/detail/articolo/francesco-francis-francisco-24044/|title=Pope Francis sets up a group of eight cardinals to advise him|last=O'Connell|first=Gerard|date=13 April 2013|publisher=La Stampa: Vatican Insider|access-date=13 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Early issues ===
In March 2013, 21 British Catholic [[House of Lords|peers]] and [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|members of Parliament]] from all [[Political parties in the United Kingdom|parties]] asked Francis to allow married men in Great Britain to be ordained as priests, keeping celibacy as the rule for bishops. They asked it on the grounds that it would be anomalous that married Anglican priests can be received into the Catholic Church and ordained as priests, by means of either the [[Pastoral Provision]] of 20 June 1980 or the 2009 [[Anglican ordinariate]], but married Catholic men cannot do the same.&lt;ref name=&quot;teahan&quot;&gt;Teahan, Madeleine, [http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2013/03/27/catholic-mps-urge-pope-francis-to-allow-ordination-of-married-men/ &quot;Catholic MPs urge Pope Francis to allow ordination of married men&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402203035/http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2013/03/27/catholic-mps-urge-pope-francis-to-allow-ordination-of-married-men/ |date=2 April 2013 }}, The Catholic Herald, 27 March 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fouad Twal]], the [[Latin patriarch of Jerusalem]], included a call in his 2013 Easter homily for the pope to visit [[Jerusalem]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130331/jerusalem-prelate-urges-pope-visit-the-holy-city &quot;Jerusalem prelate urges pope to visit holy city&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402152354/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130331/jerusalem-prelate-urges-pope-visit-the-holy-city |date=2 April 2016 }}, GlobalPost (from Agence France-Presse), 31 March 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2013&lt;/ref&gt; [[Louis Raphaël I Sako|Louis Raphael I]], the [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldean Catholic Patriarch]], asked the pope to visit the &quot;embattled Christian community&quot; in Iraq.&lt;ref name=&quot;iraq&quot;&gt;[http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=17405 &quot;Chaldean prelate invites pope to visit Iraq&quot;], catholicculture.org, 22 March 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2013&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2021, Pope Francis went to Iraq on a first-ever papal visit to the diminishing Christian communities of Mesopotamia fallen apart after years of conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Bibbo|first=Barbara|title=Pope arrives in Baghdad for the first ever papal visit to Iraq|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/4/pope-francis-embarks-on-historic-visit-to-iraq|access-date=5 March 2021|website=www.aljazeera.com|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On the first [[Maundy Thursday|Holy Thursday]] following his election, Francis washed and kissed the feet of ten male and two female juvenile offenders, not all Catholic, aged from 14 to 21, imprisoned at Rome's Casal del Marmo detention facility, telling them [[Maundy (foot washing)|the ritual of foot washing]] is a sign that he is at their service.&lt;ref name=&quot;muslimfeetwashing&quot;&gt;Speciale, Alessandro, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/pope-washes-feet-of-two-girls-two-muslims-at-youth-prison/2013/03/28/0a7c573e-97e5-11e2-b5b4-b63027b499de_story.html &quot;Pope washes feet of two girls, two Muslims at youth prison&quot;], ''The Washington Post'' (''On Faith''), 29 March 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013&lt;/ref&gt; This was the first time that a pope had included women in this ritual; although he had already done so when he was archbishop.&lt;ref name=&quot;muslimfeetwashing&quot; /&gt; One of the male and one of the female prisoners were [[Muslim]].&lt;ref name=&quot;muslimfeetwashing&quot; /&gt;

On 31 March 2013, Francis used his first [[Urbi et Orbi|Easter homily]] to make a plea for peace throughout the world, specifically mentioning the Middle East, Africa, and North and South Korea.&lt;ref name=&quot;eastersermon&quot;&gt;Lymon, Eric J., [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/03/31/easter-vatican-pope/2039617/ &quot;Pope Francis makes pleas for peace on Easter Sunday&quot;], ''USA Today'', 31 March 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2013&lt;/ref&gt; He also spoke out against those who give in to &quot;easy gain&quot; in a world filled with greed, and made a plea for humanity to become a better guardian of creation by protecting the environment.&lt;ref name=&quot;eastersermon&quot; /&gt; He said that &quot;[w]e ask the risen Jesus, who turns death into life, to change hatred into love, vengeance into forgiveness, war into peace.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;risenjesus&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21986185 &quot;Pope Francis delivers Easter plea for peace&quot;], BBC News, 31 March 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2013&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019 he stated that [[ecocide]] was a sin and should be made &quot;a fifth category of crimes against peace, which should be recognised as such by the international community&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 September 2020 |title=Pope Supports Classifying 'Ecocide' as an International Crime |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/pope-supports-classifying-ecocide-as-an-international-crime/ |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=National Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=16 September 2020 |title=This movement wants to make harming the planet an international crime |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/climate-academy/2020/sep/16/ecocide-environment-destruction-international-crime |access-date=16 June 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 November 2019 |title=Pope Francis: Catechism will be updated to define ecological sins |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2019/11/15/pope-francis-catechism-will-be-updated-define-ecological-sins |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=America Magazine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Although the Vatican had prepared greetings in 65 languages, Francis chose not to read them.&lt;ref name=&quot;languages&quot; /&gt; According to the Vatican, the pope &quot;at least for now, feels at ease using Italian, the everyday language of the Holy See&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151028/http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-pope-francis-easter-mass-20130331%2C0%2C1763686.story &quot;Pope Francis makes an Easter plea for peace&quot;], Los Angeles Times (from AP), 31 March 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2013&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:VISITA PAPA FRANCISCO I (19473235041).jpg|thumb|Thousands welcomed Francis in [[Guayaquil]], Ecuador, 6 July 2015.]]
In 2013, Francis initially reaffirmed the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]]'s program to [[Leadership Conference of Women Religious#Doctrinal issues|reform the U.S. Leadership Conference of Women Religious]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-backs-reform-of-us-sisters-leadership-conference/|title=Pope backs reform of US sisters' leadership conference|last=Uebbing|first=David|date=15 April 2013|agency=Catholic News Agency|access-date=19 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; initiated under his predecessor, Pope Benedict XVI. ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that the Vatican had formed the opinion in 2012 that the [[Religious sister (Catholic)|sisters]]' group was tinged with feminist influences, focused too much on ending social and economic injustice and not enough on stopping abortion, and permitted speakers at its meetings who questioned church doctrine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/16/us/pope-upholds-reprimand-of-nuns-group.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419022016/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/16/us/pope-upholds-reprimand-of-nuns-group.html |archive-date=19 April 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Pope Upholds Reprimand of American Nuns' Group|last=Goodstein|first=Laurie|date=15 April 2013|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=27 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-backs-reform-of-us-sisters-leadership-conference/|title=David Uebbing, &quot;Pope backs reform of US sisters' leadership conference&quot;, Catholic News Agency, 15 April 2013|agency=Catholic News Agency|access-date=23 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In April 2015 the investigation was brought to a close. While the timing of the closure may have anticipated [[Pope Francis's visit to the United States|a visit by Francis to the U.S.]] in September 2015, it was noted that the sisters' emphasis is close to that of Francis.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/17/us/catholic-church-ends-takeover-of-leadership-conference-of-women-religious.html Vatican Ends Battle With U.S. Catholic Nuns' Group] ''The New York Times'', 16 April 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2015&lt;/ref&gt;

On 12 May, Francis carried out his first [[canonization]]s of candidates approved for sainthood during the reign of Benedict XVI: the first Colombian saint, [[Laura of Saint Catherine of Siena]], the second female Mexican saint, [[María Guadalupe García Zavala]], both of the 20th century, and the 813 15th-century [[Martyrs of Otranto]]. He said: &quot;While we venerate the martyrs of Otranto, ask God to support the many Christians who still suffer from violence and give them the courage and fate and respond to evil with goodness.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/video/europe/2013/05/201351212314711566.html|title=Francis canonises first saints of his papacy|date=12 May 2013|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Synodal church ===
{{See also|Theology of Pope Francis#Decentralization}}
Francis has overseen synods on [[Third Extraordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops|the family]] (2014), on [[Fifteenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops|youth]] (2018), and on the church in the [[Amazon rainforest|Amazon region]] (2019). In 2019 Francis's apostolic constitution ''Episcopalis communio'' allowed that the final document of a synod may become magisterial teaching simply with papal approval. The constitution also allowed for laity to contribute input directly to the synod's secretary general.&lt;ref name=&quot;sept18&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-approves-new-constitution-for-synod-of-bishops-79689|title=Pope Francis approves new constitution for Synod of Bishops|last=Brockhaus|first=Hannah|date=18 September 2018|access-date=21 May 2019|agency=Catholic News Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some analysts see the creation of a truly synodal church as likely to become the greatest contribution of Francis's papacy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Charlotte |date=2 February 2020 |title=Pope Francis, everyman pontiff: Profile |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/pope-francis-everyman-pontiff-profile-200101104012522.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003053120/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/2/2/pope-francis-everyman-pontiff-profile |archive-date=3 October 2020 |access-date=5 February 2020 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Consultation with Catholic laity ===
[[File:FrancisQuitoR.png|thumb|Francis in [[Quito]], Ecuador, 2015|left]]
A February 2014 survey by the [[World Values Survey]] cited in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' and ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' shows how the unity Francis had created could be challenged. Although views about Francis personally were favorable, many Catholics disagreed with at least some of his teachings. The survey found that members of the Catholic Church are deeply divided over abortion, artificial contraception, divorce, the ordination of women, and married priests.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/pope-francis-faces-church-divided-over-doctrine-global-poll-of-catholics-finds/2014/02/08/e90ecef4-8f89-11e3-b227-12a45d109e03_story.html|title=Pope Francis faces church divided over doctrine, global poll of Catholics finds|last=Boorstein|first=Michelle|date=9 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=4 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://world.time.com/2014/02/09/poll-catholic-beliefs-at-odds-with-vatican-doctrine/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209223758/http://world.time.com/2014/02/09/poll-catholic-beliefs-at-odds-with-vatican-doctrine/|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 February 2014|title=Poll: Catholic Beliefs at Odds With Vatican Doctrine|last=Frizell|first=Sam|date=9 February 2014|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=4 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the same month Francis asked parishes to provide answers to an official questionnaire&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20141027095239/http://press.vatican.va/content/dam/salastampa/it/bollettino/documentazione-linkata/Documento-preparatorio-IIIAssGenStraod_ENG.pdf Vatican: Synod of Bishops – Extraordinary General Assembly – Pastoral Challenges to the Family in the Context of Evangelization – Preparatory Document, Vatican City 2013]. Includes questionnaire to be circulated to Churches.&lt;/ref&gt; described as a &quot;much broader consultation than just a survey&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc27060172&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-27060172|title=Roman Catholic Church refuses survey request|date=17 April 2014|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=4 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; regarding opinions among the laity. He continued to assert [[Catholic theology|Catholic doctrine]], in less dramatic tone than his recent predecessors, who maintained that the Catholic Church is not a democracy of popular opinion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clement&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.gnom.es/news/pope-francis-faces-church-divided-over-doctrine-global-poll-of-catholics-finds|title=Pope Francis faces church divided over doctrine, global poll of Catholics finds|last=Clement|first=Scott|date=23 February 2014|publisher=National News Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223020300/http://news.gnom.es/news/pope-francis-faces-church-divided-over-doctrine-global-poll-of-catholics-finds|archive-date=23 February 2014|access-date=26 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Linda Woodhead]] of [[Lancaster University]] wrote of the survey Francis initiated, &quot;it's not a survey in any sense that a social scientist would recognize&quot;. Woodhead said that many ordinary Catholics would have difficulty understanding theological [[jargon]] there. Nonetheless, she suspected the survey might be influential.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.religiondispatches.org/archive/culture/7408/new_poll___faithful_catholics__an_endangered_species|title=New Poll: 'Faithful Catholics' an Endangered Species|date=12 December 2013|publisher=University of Southern California|access-date=4 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Catholic Church in England and Wales]] {{As of|2014|4|lc=y}} had refused to publish results of this survey; a church spokesman said a senior Vatican official had expressly asked for summaries to remain confidential, and that orders had come from the pope that the information should not be made public until after October. This disappointed many reformers who hoped the laity would be more involved in decision-making. Some other Catholic churches, for example in [[Catholic Church in Germany|Germany]] and [[Catholic Church in Austria|Austria]], published summaries of the responses to the survey, which showed a wide gap between church teaching and the behavior of ordinary Catholics.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc27060172&quot; /&gt;

In a column he wrote for the Vatican's semi-official newspaper ''[[L'Osservatore Romano]]'', the then-Prefect of the [[Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura]], American cardinal [[Raymond Leo Burke]], who has a long-standing reputation as one of the church's most vocal conservative hard-liners, said that Francis opposed both abortion and [[gay marriage]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/us-cardinal-raymond-burke-pope-francis-opposes-abortion-and-gay-marriage/2014/02/21/de5dbf52-9b36-11e3-975d-107dfef7b668_story.html|title=U.S. Cardinal Raymond Burke: Pope Francis opposes abortion and gay marriage|last=Gibson|first=David|date=21 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=28 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Vatican's chief spokesman, Father [[Federico Lombardi]], also noted in the Vatican press office during the 2014 consistory meetings that Francis and Cardinal [[Walter Kasper]] would not change or redefine any dogmas pertaining to church theology on doctrinal matters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.romereports.com/pg155838-lombardi-no-cardinal-believes-in-changing-church-doctrine-en|title=Lombardi: No cardinal believes in changing Church doctrine|publisher=Rome Reports|access-date=24 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301012319/http://www.romereports.com/pg155838-lombardi-no-cardinal-believes-in-changing-church-doctrine-en|archive-date=1 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Institute for the Works of Religion ===
In the first months of Francis's papacy, the [[Institute for the Works of Religion]], informally known as the Vatican Bank, said that it would become more transparent in its financial dealings&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/05/201351616303447140.html|title=Pope Francis condemns global 'cult of money'|date=16 May 2013|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|access-date=28 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; There had long been allegations of corruption and [[money laundering]] connected with the bank.&lt;ref name=&quot;bank1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/26/vatican-bank-pope-francis-commission|title=Vatican bank faces review by Pope Francis commission|last=Davies|first=Lizzy|date=26 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=26 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bank2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-23094320|title=Monsignor Nunzio Scarano held in Vatican bank inquiry|last=Willey|first=David|date=28 June 2013|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=18 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis appointed a commission to advise him about reform of the Bank,&lt;ref name=bank1 /&gt;&lt;ref name=bank2 /&gt; and the finance consulting firm [[Promontory Financial Group]] was assigned to carry out a comprehensive investigation of all customer contacts of the bank on these facts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.news.va/en/news/update-on-the-case-of-mons-nunzio-scarano|title=Update on the case of Mons. Nunzio Scarano|date=12 July 2013|series=Justice and Peace|publisher=Vatican Radio|access-date=6 August 2013}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of this affair the [[Devil's advocate#Origin and history|Promoter of Justice]] at the [[Law of Vatican City|Vatican Tribunal]] applied a [[letter rogatory]] for the first time in the history of the Republic of Italy at the beginning of August 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2013/08/03/monsignor_scarano:_vatican_forwards_request_to_italy/in2-716914|title=Monsignor Scarano: Vatican forwards request to Italy|date=3 August 2013|series=Justice and Peace|publisher=Vatican Radio|access-date=6 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2014, Francis replaced four of the five cardinal overseers of the Vatican Bank, who had been confirmed in their positions in the final days of Benedict XVI's papacy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://ncronline.org/news/vatican/pope-replaces-cardinals-serving-vatican-bank-oversight-commission|title=Pope replaces cardinals serving on Vatican bank oversight commission|last=Glatz|first=Carol|date=15 January 2014|newspaper=National Catholic Reporter|access-date=18 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lay experts and clerics were looking into how the bank was run. [[Ernst von Freyberg]] was put in charge. [[Moneyval]] feels more reform is needed, and Francis may be willing to close the bank if the reforms prove too difficult.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/13/pope-francis-report-card|title=12 months a pope: Francis's report card after a year at the top|last=Davies|first=Lizzy|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=13 March 2014|access-date=4 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is uncertainty how far reforms can succeed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/13/can-pope-francis-clean-up-gods-bank|title=Can Pope Francis clean up God's bank?|last=Vallely|first=Paul|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=13 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Papal documents ===
On 29 June 2013, Francis published the [[encyclical]] ''[[Lumen fidei]]'', which was largely the work of Benedict XVI but awaiting a final draft at his retirement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20130629_enciclica-lumen-fidei.html|title=Lumen Fidei (29 June 2013) |author=Francis|website=w2.vatican.va|access-date=25 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 24 November 2013, Francis published his first major letter as pope, the [[apostolic exhortation]] ''[[Evangelii gaudium]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_exhortations/documents/papa-francesco_esortazione-ap_20131124_evangelii-gaudium.html |title=Apostolic Exhortation Evangelii Gaudium of the Holy Father Francis to the Bishops, Clergy, Consecrated Persons and the Lay Faithful on the Proclamation of the Gospel in Today's World |work=[[Holy See]] |access-date=26 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; which he described as the programmatic of his papacy.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/theology/evangelii-gaudium-amounts-francis-i-have-dream-speech|title='Evangelii Gaudium' amounts to Francis' 'I Have a Dream' speech|date=26 November 2013|website=National Catholic Reporter|access-date=25 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 18 June 2015, he published his first own, original encyclical ''[[Laudato si']]'' concerning care for the planet.&lt;ref&gt;Jim Yardley &amp; Laurie Goodstein (18 June 2015). &quot;Pope Francis, in Sweeping Encyclical, Calls for Swift Action on Climate Change&quot;. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved 18 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 April 2016, Francis published his second apostolic exhortation, ''[[Amoris laetitia]]'',&lt;ref name=&quot;Amoris laetitia&quot;&gt;Pope Francis (8 April 2016), [https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_exhortations/documents/papa-francesco_esortazione-ap_20160319_amoris-laetitia.html Amoris laetitia]. The Holy See. Retrieved 20 April 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; remarking on love within the family. Controversy arose at the end of 2016 when four cardinals formally asked Francis for clarifications, particularly on the issue of giving communion to divorced and civilly remarried Catholics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.lastampa.it/2016/11/14/vaticaninsider/eng/the-vatican/four-cardinals-openly-challenge-francis-over-amoris-laetitia-62np8ZYXQkeXyBamk0M0jP/pagina.html|title=Four cardinals openly challenge Francis over 'Amoris Laetitia'|last=McElwee|first=Josh|date=14 November 2016|work=Vatican Insider}}&lt;/ref&gt;

His [[Motu proprio|''motu proprios'']] include ''Ai nostri tempi'' and ''De concordia inter codices''. Francis issued another titled ''[[Maiorem hac dilectionem]]'' which created a new path toward canonization for certain causes.

Francis established two new Secretariats (top-level departments) in the Roman Curia: the [[Secretariat for the Economy]], and the [[Secretariat for Communications]]. He [[Matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis|simplified]] the process for declaring [[Declaration of nullity|matrimonial nullity]].&lt;ref name=trials /&gt;

On 8 December 2017, Francis signed a new apostolic constitution on ecclesiastical universities and faculties ''[[Veritatis gaudium]]'', published 29 January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-revamps-ecclesiastical-universities-in-new-apostolic-constitution-77172 Pope revamps ecclesiastical universities in new apostolic constitution], Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 29 January 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

A further Apostolic Exhortation, ''[[Gaudete et exsultate]]'' (''Rejoice and be glad''), was published on 19 March 2018, dealing with &quot;the [[Universal call to holiness|call to holiness]] in today's world&quot; for all persons. He counters contemporary versions of the [[Gnosticism|gnostic]] and [[Pelagianism|Pelagian]] [[Heresy in Christianity|heresies]] and describes how Jesus's beatitudes call people to &quot;go against the flow&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Pope Francis, [https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_exhortations/documents/papa-francesco_esortazione-ap_20180319_gaudete-et-exsultate.html ''Gaudete et exsultate''], 19 March 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

In February 2019, Francis acknowledged that priests and bishops were sexually abusing [[Religious sister (Catholic)|religious sisters]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/05/world/europe/pope-nuns-sexual-abuse.html] ''The New York Times'', &quot;Pope Acknowledges Nuns Were Sexually Abused by Priests and Bishops&quot;, 5 February 2019&lt;/ref&gt; He addressed this and the [[clergy sex abuse scandal]] by convening a summit on clergy sexual abuse in Rome 21–24 February 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title='A Life Destroyed': Survivors And Pope Address Clergy Sex Abuse at Vatican Summit|website=[[NPR]]|date=21 February 2019|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/02/21/696723194/a-life-destroyed-survivors-and-pope-at-vatican-summit-address-clergy-sex-abuse|access-date=25 September 2019|last1=Held|first1=Amy|last2=Poggioli|first2=Sylvia}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a follow-up to that summit, on 9 May 2019 Francis [[promulgated]] the ''[[motu proprio]]'' ''[[Vos estis lux mundi]]'' which specified responsibilities, including reporting directly to the [[Holy See]] on bishops and on one's superior, while simultaneously involving another bishop in the [[archdiocese]] of the accused bishop.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Pope Francis Signs Motu Proprio to Prevent and Denounce Abuses in the Catholic Church|url=https://www.ncregister.com/news/pope-francis-signs-motu-proprio-to-prevent-and-denounce-abuses-in-the-catholic-church|access-date=3 October 2020|website=NCR|date=9 May 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 30 September 2020, he published the apostolic letter ''[[Scripturae sacrae affectus]]'' to celebrate the 16th centenary of the death of [[Jerome]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=30 September 2020|title=New Apostolic Letter highlights St Jerome's love of Scripture|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2020-09/new-apostolic-letter-highlights-st-jerome-s-love-of-scripture.html|access-date=30 September 2020|website=Vatican News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Esteves|first=Junno Arocho|date=30 September 2020|title=Pope releases apostolic letter on Sacred Scripture|url=https://www.catholicnews.com/pope-releases-apostolic-letter-on-sacred-scripture/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001234533/https://www.catholicnews.com/pope-releases-apostolic-letter-on-sacred-scripture/|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 October 2020|access-date=30 September 2020|website=Catholic News Service|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 4 October 2020 on the feast of St. Francis of Assisi, Francis published the encyclical ''[[Fratelli tutti]]'' on fraternity and social friendship, using St. Francis's own words to describe our universal brotherhood and sisterhood.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pentin-2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Pentin|first=Edward|date=4 October 2020|title=Pope's New Encyclical 'Fratelli Tutti' Outlines Vision for a Better World|url=https://www.ncregister.com/news/pope-s-new-encyclical-fratelli-tutti-outlines-vision-for-a-better-world|access-date=6 October 2020|website=[[National Catholic Register]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 8 December 2020 on the Feast of the [[Immaculate Conception]], Pope Francis published the [[Ecclesiastical letter#Letters of the popes in modern times|apostolic letter]] ''Patris corde'' (&quot;With a Father's Heart&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Apostolic Letter Patris Corde of the Holy Father Francis on the 150th Anniversary of the proclamation of Saint Joseph as Patron of the Universal Church (8 December 2020) |author=Francis|url=http://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_letters/documents/papa-francesco-lettera-ap_20201208_patris-corde.html|access-date=14 March 2021|website=www.vatican.va}}&lt;/ref&gt; To mark the occasion, the Pope proclaimed a &quot;Year of Saint Joseph&quot; from 8 December 2020, to 8 December 2021 on the 150th Anniversary of the Proclamation of [[Saint Joseph]] as [[Patron]] of the [[Catholic Church|Universal Church]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=8 December 2020|title=Pope Francis proclaims &quot;Year of St Joseph&quot; – Vatican News|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2020-12/pope-francis-proclaims-year-of-st-joseph.html|access-date=14 March 2021|website=www.vaticannews.va|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 1 June 2021, Francis published the apostolic constitution ''[[Pascite gregem Dei]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/pope-francis-issues-long-awaited-reform-of-vatican-penal-law/2021/06/01/fb957d84-c320-11eb-89a4-b7ae22aa193e_story.html |title=Pope Francis issues long-awaited reform of Vatican penal law - the Washington Post |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604194621/https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/pope-francis-issues-long-awaited-reform-of-vatican-penal-law/2021/06/01/fb957d84-c320-11eb-89a4-b7ae22aa193e_story.html |archive-date=4 June 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pope Francis issued the ''motu proprio'' ''[[Traditionis custodes]]'' on 16 July 2021. The document abrogated the permissions for the celebration of the [[Tridentine Mass]] previously established by Benedict XVI in the 2007 ''[[Summorum Pontificum]]'', with ''Traditionis custodes'' instituting increased restrictions on the use of the 1962 [[Roman Missal]]. Pope Francis stated in a letter accompanying the ''motu proprio'' that emphasizing the [[Mass of Paul VI]] would bring &quot;unity I intend to re-establish throughout the Church of the Roman Rite&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2021/07/16/0469/01015.html#ingL|title=Lettera del Santo Padre Francesco ai Vescovi di tutto il mondo per presentare il Motu Proprio «Traditionis Custodes» sull'uso della Liturgia Romana anteriore alla Riforma del 1970, 16.07.2021|author=Pope Francis|date=16 July 2021|access-date=17 July 2021|location=[[Rome]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 February, Pope Francis met with two priests from the [[Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter]] (FSSP) and reassured them that ''Traditionis Custodes'' did not affect their community and gave them permission, in writing, to use all the liturgical books of 1962. He also implied that ''Traditionis Custodes'' did not apply to all traditional Catholic communities, not just the FSSP.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=FSSP says Pope Francis has issued decree confirming its use of 1962 liturgical books |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/250438/fssp-says-pope-francis-has-issued-decree-confirming-its-use-of-1962-liturgical-books |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=Catholic News Agency |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ecumenism and interreligious dialogue ===
{{Main|Pope Francis: ecumenism and interreligious dialogue}}
[[File:Stamps of Azerbaijan, 2016-1283s.jpg|thumb|The stamp is dedicated to the pastoral visit of Francis to Azerbaijan on 2 October 2016.]]
Pope Francis continued in the tradition of the [[Second Vatican Council]] and of the papacies since the Council in promoting [[ecumenism]] with other [[Christian denominations]], as well as encouraging dialogue with leaders of other religions; he has also supported peace with those claiming no religious belief.

=== Clerical titles ===
{{See also|Theology of Pope Francis#Clericalism}}
In January 2014, Francis said that he would appoint fewer [[monsignor]]s and only assign those honored to the lowest of the three surviving ranks of monsignor, [[chaplain of His Holiness]]. It would be awarded only to [[diocesan priest]]s at least 65 years old. During his 15 years as archbishop of Buenos Aires, Francis never sought the title for any of his priests. It is believed he associates it with clerical careerism and hierarchy, though he did not apply this restriction to clergy working in the Roman Curia or diplomatic corps, where careerism is an even greater concern.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/the-vatican/detail/articolo/31027/|title=Pope abolishes honorary title of monsignor for diocesan priests under the age of 65|last=O'Connell|first=Gerard|date=4 January 2014|publisher=Vatican Insider|access-date=4 January 2014|archive-date=4 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212828/http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/the-vatican/detail/articolo/31027/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Canonizations and beatifications ===
{{Main|List of saints canonized by Pope Francis|List of people beatified by Pope Francis|List of people declared venerable by Pope Francis}}
Francis presided over the first canonizations of his pontificate on 12 May 2013 in which he canonized the [[Martyrs of Otranto]]. Antonio Primaldo and his 812 companions who had been [[Ottoman invasion of Otranto|executed by the Ottomans]] in 1480,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/notizie/2013-02-11/papa-lascia-pontificato-febbraiio-114943.shtml?uuid=Abm8RITH|title=L'addio di papa Ratzinger: &quot;Lascio per il bene della Chiesa&quot;. Il fratello Georg: &quot;Lo sapevo da mesi&quot;|website=Il Sole 24 ORE}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as the [[Religious sister (Catholic)|religious sisters]] [[Laura Montoya|Laura of St. Catherine of Siena]] and [[María Guadalupe García Zavala]] – in this first canonization he surpassed the record of Pope John Paul II in canonizing the most saints in a pontificate.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt; Francis approved the [[equipollent canonization]] of [[Angela of Foligno]] the following 9 October and then the Jesuit [[Peter Faber]] the following 17 December.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=20123|title=Vatican cardinal explains why Pope Francis canonized St. Angela of Foligno|publisher=Catholic Culture|date=7 January 2014|access-date=14 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-francis-declares-sainthood-of-early-jesuit-peter-faber|title=Pope Francis declares sainthood of early Jesuit, Peter Faber|agency=Catholic News Agency|date=17 December 2013|access-date=14 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The pope approved further equipollent canonizations on 3 April 2014 for the Jesuit [[José de Anchieta]] as well as the [[Ursulines|Ursuline]] nun [[Marie of the Incarnation (Ursuline)|Marie of the Incarnation]] and bishop [[François de Laval]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicworldreport.com/2014/04/07/pope-francis-canonizes-three-new-saints-of-the-americas/|title=Pope Francis canonizes three new saints of the Americas|publisher=Catholic World Report|date=7 April 2014|access-date=14 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis canonized his two predecessors John XXIII and John Paul II on 27 April 2014 and canonized six additional saints the following 23 November.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/27/world/pope-canonization/index.html|publisher=[[CNN]]|title=Sainthood for John Paul II, John XXIII in canonization ceremony|date=27 April 2014|access-date=14 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-saints/pope-declares-sainthood-of-two-indians-four-italians-idUSKCN0J70KT20141124|title=Pope declares sainthood of two Indians, four Italians|date=24 November 2014|access-date=14 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The pope canonized [[Joseph Vaz]] on his visit to Sri Lanka on 14 January 2015 and canonized a further four saints on the following 17 May; he canonized Junípero Serra on 23 September while visiting the United States and then canonized four saints on 18 October including the [[Louis Martin and Marie-Azélie Guérin|first married couple]] to be named as saints.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news.lk/fetures/item/5711-canonization-of-saint-joseph-vaz-the-first-sri-lankan-saint|title=Canonization of Saint Joseph Vaz, the first Sri Lankan Saint|publisher=News.lk|access-date=14 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-palestinians-saints/pope-francis-canonizes-two-Palestinian-nuns-idUSKBN0O208420150517|title=Pope Francis canonizes two Palestinian nuns|date=17 May 2015|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=14 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/23/us/pope-junipero-serra-canonization/index.html|title=Pope Francis canonizes controversial saint|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=23 September 2017|access-date=14 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2015/10/19/pope-francis-canonises-the-martins/|title=Pope Francis canonises Louis and Zélie Martin|newspaper=Catholic Herald|date=19 October 2015|access-date=14 October 2017|archive-date=14 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014233703/http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2015/10/19/pope-francis-canonises-the-martins/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis canonized [[Elisabeth Hesselblad|Maria Elisabeth Hesselblad]] and [[Stanislaus Papczyński]] on 5 June 2016 and then canonized [[Teresa of Calcutta]] on 4 September; he canonized seven additional saints on 16 October.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=VOA News|date=5 June 2016|access-date=14 October 2017|title=Pope Proclaims 2 New Saints in Canonization Mass|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/pope-new-saints/3362508.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mother Teresa officially becomes a saint at canonization ceremony in Vatican City|date=5 September 2016|publisher=[[ABC News]] Australia|access-date=14 October 2017|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-04/mother-teresa-canonised-at-ceremony-in-st-peters-cathedral/7813048}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pope-francis-jose-gabriel-del-rosario-brochero-argentina-gaucho-priest-sainthood/|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=16 October 2016|title=Pope Francis makes Argentina's &quot;gaucho priest&quot; and 6 others saints}}&lt;/ref&gt; The pope canonized the two child visionaries [[Francisco and Jacinta Marto]] during his visit to Fátima in mid-2017 and canonized 35 additional saints on 15 October.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2017/05/13/pope-francis-makes-history-and-canonizes-jacinta-and-francisco-two-child-saints |work=America Magazine |date=13 May 2017 |author=Gerard O'Connell |title=Pope Francis makes history and canonizes Jacinta and Francisco, two child saints |access-date=23 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2017/10/16/pope-canonizes-35-new-saints-including-feminist-priest/|title=Pope canonizes 35 new saints including a 'feminist' priest|access-date=27 October 2017|date=16 October 2017|publisher=Crux|author=Inés San Martín|archive-date=27 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027131024/https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2017/10/16/pope-canonizes-35-new-saints-including-feminist-priest/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis recognized seven saints on 14 October 2018, chief among them, his predecessor Pope Paul VI and [[Óscar Romero]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-saints/slain-salvadorian-bishop-romero-and-pope-paul-vi-become-saints-idUSKCN1MO098|title=Slain Salvadoran bishop Romero and Pope Paul VI become saints|work=[[Reuters]]|author=Philip Pullella|date=14 October 2018|access-date=20 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis later confirmed the equipollent canonization for [[Bartholomew of Braga]] in mid-2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=6 July 2019|title=A new saint for the Church and Fulton Sheen soon to be Blessed|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2019-07/pope-francis-sainthood-beatification-decree-sheen.html|access-date=5 December 2021|website=Vatican News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 13 October 2019, Francis canonized five new saints, including Cardinal [[John Henry Newman]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://catholicnewsagency.com/news/lead-kindly-light---pope-francis-names-newman-a-saint-78656|title='Lead, kindly light' – Pope Francis names Newman a saint|date=13 October 2019|access-date=13 October 2019|agency=[[Catholic News Agency]]|author=Courtney Mares}}&lt;/ref&gt; The pope confirmed the equipollent canonization for [[Margaret of Castello|Margherita della Metola]] on 24 April 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/247399/pope-francis-declares-blind-14th-century-lay-dominican-a-saint|title=Pope Francis declares blind 14th-century lay Dominican a saint|publisher=[[Catholic News Agency]]|date=24 April 2021|accessdate=24 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The pope has also continued the practice of having beatifications celebrated in the place of the individual's origin though has presided over beatifications himself on three occasions: for [[Korean Martyrs|Paul Yun Ji-Chung and 123 companions]] on 16 August 2014, his predecessor Pope Paul VI on 19 October 2014, and two Colombian martyrs on 8 September 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-28814553|title=Pope beatifies 124 South Korean Catholic martyrs|work=[[BBC News]]|date=16 August 2014|access-date=14 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=19 October 2014|access-date=14 October 2017|title=Pope Francis Beatifies an Earlier Reformer, Paul VI|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/20/world/europe/pope-francis-beatifies-pope-paul-vi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019221734/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/20/world/europe/pope-francis-beatifies-pope-paul-vi.html |archive-date=19 October 2014 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|author=Elisabetta Povoledo}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Vatican Radio|access-date=14 October 2017|date=8 September 2017|title=Pope in Colombia at Beatification Mass: 'Reconciliation is not an abstract word'|url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2017/09/08/pope_in_colombia_at_beatification_mass_reconciliation_is_n/1335599}}&lt;/ref&gt; The pope has approved beatifications for a range of men and women including the likes of [[Álvaro del Portillo]] of [[Opus Dei]] (27 September 2014), the martyred archbishop Óscar Romero (23 May 2015), the prominent Polish cardinal [[Stefan Wyszyński]] (12 September 2021), and several large groups of [[Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War|Spanish martyrs]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Oscar Romero beatification draws huge El Salvador crowds|work=[[BBC News]]|date=23 May 2015|access-date=14 October 2017|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-32859627}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Francis also confirmed his predecessor [[Pope John Paul I|John Paul I]] to be [[Venerable]] on 8 November 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|newspaper=Catholic Herald|date=9 November 2017|access-date=10 November 2017|author=Junno Arocho Esteves|title=Pope Francis officially declares John Paul I 'venerable'|url=http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2017/11/09/pope-francis-officially-declares-john-paul-i-venerable/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110091738/http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2017/11/09/pope-francis-officially-declares-john-paul-i-venerable/|archive-date=10 November 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Doctors of the Church ===
On 21 February 2015, Francis signed a decree naming [[Gregory of Narek|Saint Gregory of Narek]] as the 36th [[Doctor of the Church]]; he formally conferred the title upon the saint at a ceremony held in Saint Peter's Basilica on 12 April 2015 with delegations from the [[Armenian Catholic Church]] and the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] present.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2015/04/13/newest_doctor_of_the_church_st_gregory_of_narek/1136368|title=Newest Doctor of the Church: St. Gregory of Narek|date=13 April 2015|publisher=[[Vatican Radio]]|access-date=23 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 20 January 2022, Francis provided his approval to the suggestion to name [[Irenaeus|Saint Irenaeus of Lyon]] as the 37th Doctor of the Church, formally conferring the title upon him, along with the supplementary title ''Doctor unitatis'' (&quot;Doctor of Unity&quot;) in a decree issued on 21 January.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/theology/pope-receives-proposal-declare-st-irenaeus-doctor-church|title=Pope declares St. Irenaeus a doctor of the church|publisher=[[National Catholic Reporter]]|author=Junno Arocho Esteves|date=21 January 2022|accessdate=7 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Consistories ===
{{Main|Cardinals created by Francis}}
At the first [[Papal consistory|consistory]] of his papacy, held on 22 February 2014, Francis created 19 new cardinals. At the time of their elevation to that rank, 16 of these new cardinals were under eighty years of age and thus eligible to vote in a [[papal conclave]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26301947 Pope Francis appoints 19 new cardinals in Rome ceremony], BBC News, 22 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014&lt;/ref&gt; The new appointees included prelates from South America, Africa, and Asia, including appointees in some of the world's poorest countries, such as [[Chibly Langlois]] from Haiti and [[Philippe Ouédraogo (bishop)|Philippe Nakellentuba Ouedraogo]] from Burkina Faso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters&quot;&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-consistory-benedict-idUSBREA1L07X20140222 Pope Francis inducts new cardinals as predecessor Benedict looks on], Reuters, 22 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014&lt;/ref&gt; The consistory was a rare occasion in which Francis and his predecessor, [[Benedict XVI]], appeared together in public.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters&quot; /&gt;

Benedict XVI also attended the second consistory on 14 February 2015, at which Francis elevated 20 new cardinals, with 15 under the age of eighty and five over the age of eighty. The pope continued his practice of appointing cardinals from the peripheries, such as [[Charles Maung Bo]] of Myanmar and [[Soane Patita Paini Mafi]] of Tonga.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.news.va/en/news/230499 Annuncio di Concistoro per la creazione di nuovi Cardinali] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113112834/http://www.news.va/en/news/230499 |date=13 November 2017 }}&quot; NEWS.VA Official Vatican Network. 4 January 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Francis presided over the third consistory of his papacy on 19 November 2016, elevating 17 new cardinals. Of that total number at the time of their elevation, 13 were under the age of eighty and four were over the age of eighty. Francis continued his previous practice of elevating cardinals from the peripheries with an emphasis again on Asia and Africa, such as [[Patrick D'Rozario]] from Bangladesh and [[Dieudonné Nzapalainga]] from the Central African Republic, while also naming the first three American cardinals of his papacy and only one Curial appointment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2017/06/28/pope_francis_allocution_at_cardinals_creation_consistory/1321890|title=Pope Francis: Allocution at Consistory for Creation of Cardinals|access-date=5 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The pope presided over a fourth consistory for the elevation of five new cardinals on the afternoon of 28 June 2017. Each of the five were under the age of eighty and were thus eligible to vote in a papal conclave. This consistory was noteworthy for the fact that, with the pope continuing the trend of elevating cardinals from a diverse range of areas, no cardinals elevated are of the Roman Curia, and one was a mere auxiliary bishop.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://m.ncregister.com/daily-news/francis-fifth-a-synod-humanae-vitae-milestone-and-more-decentralized-church|title=Francis' Fifth: A Synod, Humanae Vitae Milestone and More Decentralized Church|website=m.ncregister.com|access-date=5 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Francis presided over his fifth consistory for the elevation of 14 new cardinals on 28 June 2018. The first eleven were under the age of eighty, and therefore, were eligible to vote in a future papal conclave while the last three were over the age of eighty, and thus, ineligible to vote in a papal conclave.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-cardinals/pope-francis-names-14-new-cardinals-from-five-continents-idUSKCN1lL0CH|title=Pope Francis names 14 new cardinals from five continents|work=[[Reuters]]|author=Crispian Balmer|date=20 May 2018|access-date=23 December 2018}}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; The pope continued the practice of naming the [[Vicar of Rome]] and a curial prefect as cardinals, while naming his substitute for the Secretariat of State in anticipation of his transferral to a curial department. The pope also continued his practice of bestowing the red hat on those from peripheries such as Madagascar, Pakistan, and Iraq, and like in 2016, created a priest as a cardinal. The consistory was also noteworthy for the fact that Francis named the papal almoner [[Konrad Krajewski]] as a cardinal, marking the consistory the first occasion where the almoner was made a cardinal. Francis himself later said that he wanted the office of almoner to receive the red hat going forward as it was an important arm of the Vatican.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-interview-changes/pope-to-make-vatican-changes-in-push-for-reform-transparency-idUSKBN1Jl1T8|date=22 June 2018|access-date=23 December 2018|work=[[Reuters]]|author=Philip Pullella|title=Pope to make Vatican changes in push for reform, transparency}}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 1 September 2019, following his weekly Sunday Angelus address, Francis unexpectedly announced the appointment of 13 new cardinals. Of these, 10 appointees were under the age of 80 and would therefore become [[cardinal electors]], besides three over 80. The new cardinals were formally installed at the consistory celebrated on 5 October 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;R0901&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/pope-picks-cardinals-putting-stamp-104820408.html|title=Pope picks new cardinals, putting his stamp on Church's future|work=[[Reuters]], via [[Yahoo.com]]|first=Philip|last=Pullella|date=1 September 2019|access-date=2 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of the new cardinals come from the peripheries of the church and developing countries. Two new appointees were from Muslim majority countries (Morocco and Indonesia), while two others were known for their work on refugee and migration issues.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/freed-from-elevator-pope-names-new-cardinals-from-muslim-developing-countries/a-50249080|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|title=Freed from elevator, pope names new cardinals from Muslim, developing countries|date=1 September 2019|access-date=2 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; This action took the number of [[cardinal electors]] appointed by Francis to the [[College of Cardinals]] to about 70 out of nearly 130.&lt;ref name=&quot;R0901&quot; /&gt;

Francis created thirteen new cardinals on 28 November 2020; nine appointees were under the age of 80, therefore, could vote in a future papal conclave.&lt;ref name=&quot;25October2020&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Pope announces a consistory for the creation of 13 new cardinals|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2020-10/pope-consistory-creation-13-new-cardinals-thirteen.html|access-date=25 October 2020|publisher=Vatican News|date=25 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The pope also nominated four cardinals over the age of 80. Most of these new appointees continued the trend that Francis adhered to, appointing the first cardinals to represent Brunei and Rwanda. Francis also nominated the first African American cardinal ([[Wilton Daniel Gregory|Gregory]]), while naming the first [[Conventual Franciscan]] ([[Mauro Gambetti|Gambetti]]) in almost 160 years, and the first from Siena ([[Augusto Paolo Lojudice|Lojudice]]) since 1801.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | access-date = 7 November 2020 | url = https://international.la-croix.com/news/letter-from-rome/the-popes-13-new-cardinals-and-the-next-conclave/13266 | work = La Croix | title = The pope's 13 new cardinals and the next conclave | date = 31 October 2020 | first = Robert | last = Mickens}}&lt;/ref&gt; Three of his appointees were only priests upon their nomination, therefore, two (Gambetti and [[Enrico Feroci|Feroci]]) received their [[episcopal consecration]], while one ([[Raniero Cantalamessa|Cantalamessa]]) was granted a papal dispensation from it.

=== Year of Mercy ===
[[File:A Szentév kapujának megnyitása 2015 - Opening of the Holy Door 2015 4.jpeg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Francis opens the [[Holy door|Holy Door]], marking the beginning of the [[Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy]].]]
{{Main|Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy}}
With his April 2015 [[papal bull]] of indiction, ''Misericordiae Vultus'' ([[Latin]]: &quot;The Face of [[Mercy]]&quot;), Francis inaugurated a Special [[Jubilee (Christianity)|Jubilee Year]] of Mercy, to run from 8 December 2015, [[Solemnity]] of the [[Immaculate Conception]] of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]], to the last Sunday before [[Advent]] and the Solemnity of the [[Feast of Christ the King]] of the Universe on 20 November 2016.

The [[Holy Door]]s of the major basilicas of Rome (including the Great Door of St. Peter's) were opened, and special &quot;Doors of Mercy&quot; were opened at cathedrals and other major churches around the world, where the faithful can earn indulgences by fulfilling the usual conditions of prayer for the pope's intentions, confession, and detachment from sin, and communion.&lt;ref name=&quot;opening&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Gift Of The Indulgence (29 January 2000)|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/tribunals/apost_penit/documents/rc_trib_appen_pro_20000129_indulgence_en.html|access-date=6 September 2020|website=www.vatican.va}}&lt;/ref&gt; During Lent of that year, special 24-hour penance services will be celebrated, and during the year, special qualified and experienced priests called &quot;Missionaries of Mercy&quot; will be available in every diocese to forgive even severe, special-case sins normally reserved to the Holy See's [[Apostolic Penitentiary]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Misericordiae&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;time&quot; /&gt;

Francis established the [[World Day of the Poor]] in his Apostolic Letter, ''Misericordia et Misera'', issued on 20 November 2016 to celebrate the end of the Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=World Day of the Poor|url=http://justiceandpeace.org.au/world-day-of-the-poor/|website=Justice and Peace Office|access-date=18 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldmalaysia.com/news/card-ranjith-calls-for-prayers-and-practical-action-on-world-day-of-the-poor/39361/1|title=Card Ranjith calls for prayers and practical action on World Day of the Poor|date=30 November 2017|website=Herald Malaysia Online|access-date=18 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== COVID-19 pandemic ===
{{see also|COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City}}

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Francis canceled his regular [[Papal audience|general audiences]] at [[St. Peter's Square]] to prevent crowds from gathering and spreading the virus, which [[COVID-19 pandemic in Italy|seriously affected Italy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Philip Pullella|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-pope/pope-cancels-main-public-appearances-to-stop-crowds-gathering-amid-coronavirus-idUSKBN20U0JH|work=[[Reuters]]|date=7 March 2020|title=Pope cancels main public appearances to stop crowds gathering amid coronavirus}}&lt;/ref&gt; He encouraged priests to visit patients and health workers;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/pope-tells-priests-to-go-out-and-meet-the-coronavirus-sick|title=Pope tells priests to go out and meet the coronavirus sick|date=10 March 2020|agency=Agence France-Presse}}&lt;/ref&gt; urged the faithful not to forget the poor during the time of crisis;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/pope-francis-do-not-forget-the-poor-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic|title=Pope Francis: Do Not Forget the Poor During the Coronavirus Pandemic|website=National Catholic Register|date=12 March 2020 |access-date=13 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; offered prayers for people with the virus in China;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/pope-francis-prays-for-coronavirus-victims-in-china|title=Pope Francis Prays for Coronavirus Victims in China|website=National Catholic Register|date=26 January 2020 |access-date=13 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; and invoked the Blessed Virgin Mary under her title [[Salus Populi Romani]], as the [[Diocese of Rome]] observed a period of prayer and fasting in recognition of the victims.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/pope-francis-asks-for-marys-protection-of-rome-against-coronavirus|title=Pope Francis Asks for Mary's Protection of Rome Against Coronavirus|website=National Catholic Register|date=12 March 2020 |access-date=13 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The pontiff reacted with displeasure on 13 March 2020, at the news that the Vicar General had closed all churches in the Diocese of Rome. Despite [[2020 Italy coronavirus lockdown|Italy being under a quarantine lockdown]], Francis pleaded &quot;not to leave the ... people alone&quot; and worked to partially reverse the closures.

On 20 March 2020, Francis asked the [[Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development|Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development (DPIHD)]] to create a [[Vatican COVID-19 Commission]] to express the church's concern for the crisis generated by the COVID-19 pandemic and propose responses to the potential socio-economic challenges deriving from it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=We must think of the aftermath of COVID-19 so we are not unprepared|work=[[Vatican News]]|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2020-04/turkson-think-covid19-aftermath-to-not-be-unprepared.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.humandevelopment.va/en/vatican-covid-19.html|title=Vatican Covid-19 Commission – Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development|website=www.humandevelopment.va}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 27 March, Francis gave an extraordinary benediction ''[[Urbi et Orbi]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Pope Francis to give extraordinary benediction urbi et orbi|url=https://catholicherald.co.uk/199149-2/|access-date=7 September 2020|website=Catholic Herald|date=27 March 2020|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; In his homily on [[calming the storm]] in the [[Gospel of Mark]], Francis described the setting: &quot;Dense darkness has thickened on our squares, streets and cities; it looks over our lives filling everything with a deafening silence and a desolate void that paralyzes everything in its passage: you can feel it in the air, you can feel it in your gestures. ...In the face of suffering, where the true development of our peoples is measured, we discover and experience the priestly prayer of Jesus: 'may all be one'.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=27 March 2020|title=Papa Francesco prega nella piazza San Pietro vuota: &quot;Fitte tenebre si sono addensate, scenda la benedizione di Dio&quot;|url=https://www.repubblica.it/vaticano/2020/03/27/news/_fitte_tenebre_si_sono_addensate_sulle_nostre_piazze_ma_scenda_su_tutti_la_benedizione_di_dio_-252483705/|access-date=7 September 2020|website=la Repubblica|language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Francis maintains getting [[COVID vaccination]] is a moral obligation. Francis stated that people had a responsibility to look after themselves, &quot;and this translates into respect for the health of those around us. Health care is a moral obligation.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/jan/10/covid-live-news-40-of-israel-could-be-infected-in-current-wave-germany-to-study-rapid-antigen-test-reliability-for-omicron?page=with:block-61dc232b8f08ad63cf6746c2 Pope Francis has said getting vaccinated against coronavirus is a &quot;moral obligation&quot; and denounced how naysayers had been swayed by &quot;baseless information&quot;.] ''[[The Guardian]]'';;&lt;/ref&gt;

In response to the [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic|economic harm]] created by the COVID-19 pandemic, Francis stated that now is the time to consider implementing a [[Universal basic income|universal basic wage]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 April 2020 |title=Pope calls for consideration of 'universal basic wage' for unprotected workers - Vatican News |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2020-04/pope-letter-popular-movements-universal-basic-wage.html |access-date=14 May 2022 |website=www.vaticannews.va |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Russo-Ukrainian War ===
Following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] and escalation of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]], Francis visited the Russian embassy in Rome in what was described as an &quot;unprecedented move&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-unprecedented-move-pope-makes-personal-appeal-in-remarkable-russia-embassy-visit/|title=In unprecedented move, Pope makes personal appeal in remarkable Russia embassy visit|work=[[Times of Israel]]|access-date=26 February 2022|date=26 February 2022|last=Winfield|first=Nicole}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis called Ukrainian president [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]], stating his &quot;sorrow&quot; as the Vatican worked to find &quot;room for negotiation&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/ukraines-president-zelensky-tweets-thanks-popes-call-support|title=Ukraine's President Zelensky tweets thanks for pope's call of support|last=White|first=Christopher|date=26 February 2022|access-date=26 February 2022|work=[[National Catholic Reporter]]|archive-date=27 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227001711/https://www.ncronline.org/news/ukraines-president-zelensky-tweets-thanks-popes-call-support|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; As the invasion began, the [[major archbishop]] of the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] [[Sviatoslav Shevchuk]] cancelled a trip to visit Francis in Florence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/250477/ukrainian-archbishop-shevchuk-florence-kyiv|title=Ukraine archbishop skipping papal trip to remain in homeland|date=24 February 2022|access-date=26 February 2022|last=Yoder|first=Katie|work=[[Catholic News Agency]]|location=Washington, D.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 25 February, the day after the invasion began, Francis would assure Shevchuk via a phone call that &quot;he would do everything he can to help end the Ukraine conflict&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/250497/ukraine-conflict-pope-francis-to-ukrainian-catholic-leader-i-will-do-everything-i-can-to-help-end-war|title=Pope Francis to Ukrainian Catholic leader: 'I will do everything I can' to help end conflict|location=[[Rome]]|date=25 February 2022|access-date=26 February 2022|work=[[Catholic News Agency]]|author=CNA Staff}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the 27 February Angelus address, Francis called for peace, saying, &quot;Silence the weapons!&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://catholicphilly.com/2022/02/news/world-news/with-a-heart-broken-pope-prays-for-peace-in-ukraine/|title='With a heart broken,' pope prays for peace in Ukraine|work=CatholicPhilly|date=27 February 2022|access-date=22 February 2022|last=Wooden|first=Cindy}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis also sent two high-ranking cardinals with aid to Ukraine at the beginning of March.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Pullella |first1=Philip |last2=Balmer |first2=Crispian |date=6 March 2022 |title=Pope Francis says 'rivers of blood' flowing in Ukraine war |language=en |work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/pope-francis-says-ukraine-conflict-is-not-military-operation-war-2022-03-06/ |access-date=13 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; These special envoys were the papal almsgiver, Cardinal [[Konrad Krajewski]], and Cardinal [[Michael Czerny]], who is head of the papal office that deals with migration, charity, justice and peace. This mission, which involved several trips,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 March 2022 |title=Pope sends cardinal to Ukraine to show solidarity with refugees |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-14-22/h_8cc95cbbd57270b46535d4948ec18d88 |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=[[CNN]]|language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Pope Francis blessed an ambulance that the Vatican sent to Ukraine |url=https://www.infobae.com/en/2022/03/26/pope-francis-blessed-an-ambulance-that-the-vatican-sent-to-ukraine/ |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=infobae |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; was considered a highly unusual move of Vatican diplomacy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pope Francis dispatches 2 cardinals to Ukraine |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/03/06/pope-francis-dispatches-2-cardinals-to-ukraine-00014429 |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=[[Politico]]|date=6 March 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pope Francis consecrated both Russia and Ukraine on 25 March 2022 (see [[consecration of Russia]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2022-03/pope-francis-to-consecrate-russia-and-ukraine-to-the-immaculate.html |title=Pope to consecrate Russia and Ukraine to Immaculate Heart of Mary |work=[[Vatican News]] |date=15 March 2022 |access-date=21 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In mid-May 2022, Francis described Russia's invasion of Ukraine as &quot;perhaps somehow either provoked or not prevented[.]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;politico.eu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 June 2022 |title=Pope Francis: Russian war in Ukraine was 'perhaps provoked' |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/pope-francis-says-war-in-ukraine-perhaps-provoked-or-unprevented/ |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis explained that this observation did not mean he was &quot;pro-Putin&quot;: &quot;It would be simplistic and wrong to say such a thing. I am simply against reducing complexity to the distinction between good guys and bad guys, without reasoning about roots and interests, which are very complex.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;politico.eu&quot;/&gt;

On 24 August 2022, Pope Francis described the killing of [[Darya Dugina]] as a case of innocents paying for the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]]. On the same day, the Ukraine's envoy to the [[Holy See]] protested against such a description of the killing, saying that Dugina was &quot;one of ideologists of (Russian) imperialism&quot; and therefore not an innocent victim.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pullella |first1=Philip |title=Ukraine envoy criticises pope over comments on Russian killed by car bomb |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/pope-warns-potential-nuclear-disaster-ukraines-zaporizhzhia-plant-2022-08-24/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |work=[[Reuters]]|date=24 August 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In September 2022, Francis pointed out that Ukraine has a lawful right to defend itself, and that dialogue with the aggressor is necessary even when &quot;it stinks&quot; and later said that Ukrainians were noble people who were victims of savageness, monstrosities and torture.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pope Francis: 'The West has taken the wrong paths'|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/252304/pope-francis-the-west-has-taken-the-wrong-paths |access-date=21 September 2022 |publisher=Catholic News Agency |date=15 September 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pope Says Ukraine Subjected to Monstrosities |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2022-09-21/pope-says-ukraine-subjected-to-savageness-monstrosities-torture |access-date=21 September 2022 |publisher=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]] |date=21 September 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:21.06.2023 - Franciscus and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (shaking hands).jpg|thumb|Francis and Brazilian President [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] both tried to find a [[Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine|peaceful solution]] to the war between Russia and Ukraine]]
On 2 October 2022, Francis directly addressed Putin and Zelenskyy, making an impassioned appeal to Putin to halt the &quot;spiral of violence and death&quot;, saying that [[Nuclear threats during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|a nuclear escalation]] would bring &quot;uncontrollable global consequences&quot;. Addressing Ukrainian president Zelenskyy, Pope Francis asked him to be open about &quot;serious peace proposals&quot; at the same time that Francis recognized that Ukraine had suffered an &quot;aggression&quot; and that he &quot;pained about the suffering of the Ukrainian people&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pullella |first1=Philip |title=Pope begs Putin to end 'spiral of violence and death', cites nuclear threat |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/pope-begs-putin-end-spiral-violence-death-cites-nuclear-threat-2022-10-02/ |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=[[Reuters]]|date=2 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In November 2022, Francis granted an interview to Christian magazine [[America (magazine)|''America'']]. During the interview, in response to a question asking him about his &quot;seeming unwillingness to directly criticize Russia&quot; and why he was &quot;preferring instead to speak more generally of the need for an end to war, an end to mercenary activity rather than Russian attacks, and to the traffic in arms&quot;, Francis notably stated: &quot;[...] When I speak about Ukraine, I speak about the cruelty because I have much information about the cruelty of the troops that come in. Generally, the cruelest are perhaps those who are of Russia but are not of the Russian tradition, such as the [[Chechens]] and [[Buryats]] and so on [...]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;America Magazine&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Pope Francis discusses Ukraine, U.S. bishops and more |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2022/11/28/pope-francis-interview-america-244225 |access-date=9 August 2023 |work=[[America Magazine]]|date=28 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; These remarks were strongly condemned by Russia's foreign ministry spokesperson [[Maria Zakharova]], who expressed that the comments were &quot;no longer [[Russophobia]], [they] are a perversion on a level I can't even name&quot;. Others remarked that his statement was &quot;racist&quot; and that there was no data supporting this claim concerning Russian soldiers who are non-ethnic Russians.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sauer |first1=Pjotr |title='Racist' interview with Pope Francis causes fury in Russia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/29/interview-pope-francis-fury-russia |access-date=29 November 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]]|date=29 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis also stated during the interview: &quot;Certainly, the one who invades is the Russian state. This is very clear.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;America Magazine&quot;/&gt;

On 30 April 2023, Francis announced that the Vatican is taking part in a [[Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine|secret &quot;peace mission&quot;]] to try to end the war between Russia and Ukraine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pope says Vatican involved in secret Ukraine peace mission |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/pope-says-vatican-involved-ukraine-peace-mission-2023-04-30/ |work=[[Reuters]]|date=30 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Death penalty ===
Francis has [[Catholic Church and capital punishment|committed the Catholic Church]] to the worldwide abolition of the death penalty in any circumstance.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brockhaus-2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brockhaus |first=Hannah |date=2 August 2018 |title=Vatican changes Catechism teaching on death penalty, calls it 'inadmissible' |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/vatican-changes-catechism-teaching-on-death-penalty-calls-it-inadmissible-28541 |access-date=2 August 2018 |website=[[Catholic News Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018, Francis revised the ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'' to read that &quot;in the light of the [[Gospel]]&quot; the death penalty is &quot;inadmissible because it is an attack on the inviolability and [[Human dignity|dignity of the person]]&quot; and that the Catholic Church &quot;works with determination for its abolition worldwide&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brockhaus-2018&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harlan-2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Harlan |first=Chico |date=2 August 2018 |title=Pope Francis changes Catholic Church teaching to say death penalty is 'inadmissible' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/pope-francis-changes-catholic-church-teaching-to-say-death-penalty-is-inadmissible/2018/08/02/0d69ef5e-9647-11e8-80e1-00e80e1fdf43_story.html |access-date=2 August 2018 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In his 2020 encyclical ''[[Fratelli tutti]]'', Francis repeated that the death penalty is &quot;inadmissible&quot; and that &quot;there can be no stepping back from this position&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pentin-2020a&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pentin |first=Edward |date=4 October 2020 |title=Pope's New Encyclical 'Fratelli Tutti' Outlines Vision for a Better World |url=https://www.ncregister.com/news/pope-s-new-encyclical-fratelli-tutti-outlines-vision-for-a-better-world |access-date=6 October 2020 |website=[[National Catholic Register]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 9 January 2022, Pope Francis stated in his annual speech to Vatican ambassadors: &quot;The death penalty cannot be employed for a purported state justice, since it does not constitute a deterrent nor render justice to victims, but only fuels the thirst for vengeance&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pullella-2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pullella |first=Philip |date=9 January 2023 |title=Pope condemns Iran's use of death penalty against protesters |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/pope-says-wars-like-that-ukraine-are-crime-against-god-humanity-2023-01-09/ |access-date=13 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Role of women ===
{{See also|Women in the Catholic Church}}

On 11 January 2021, Francis [[Spiritus Domini (Pope Francis)|allowed]] bishops to institute women to the ministries of [[acolyte]] and [[Reader (liturgy)|lector]]. While these instituted ministries were previously reserved to men, Catholic women already carry out these duties without institution in most of the world. Francis wrote that these [[Christian ministry|ministries]] are fundamentally distinct from those reserved to [[Holy orders in the Catholic Church|ordained clergy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Lettera Apostolica in forma di Motu proprio, sulla modifica del can. 230 § 1 del Codice di Diritto Canonico circa l'accesso delle persone di sesso femminile al ministero istituito del Lettorato e dell'Accolitato (10 gennaio 2021) |author=Francesco|url=http://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/it/motu_proprio/documents/papa-francesco-motu-proprio-20210110_spiritus-domini.html|access-date=11 January 2021|website=www.vatican.va}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mares-2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Mares|first=Courtney|date=11 January 2021|title=Pope Francis admits women to ministries of lector and acolyte in new motu proprio|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-francis-admits-women-to-ministries-of-lector-and-acolyte-in-new-motu-proprio-41309|access-date=11 January 2021|website=Catholic News Agency|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=11 January 2021|title=Pope Francis: Ministries of lector and acolyte to be open to women|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2021-01/pope-francis-opens-ministries-lector-acolyte-women.html|access-date=11 January 2021|website=Vatican News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, Francis initiated dialogue on the possibility of [[Ordination of women|female priests]] and [[deaconess]]es.&lt;ref name=&quot;Faiola-2023&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Horowitz-2023&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Horowitz-2023a&quot; /&gt; In an interview for a book released in Italy the same year, Francis stated that &quot;holy orders is reserved for men&quot; but that &quot;the fact that the woman does not access ministerial life is not a deprivation, because her place is much more important&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/255804/pope-francis-on-women-deacons-holy-orders-is-reserved-for-men|title=Pope Francis on women deacons: 'Holy orders is reserved for men'|work=[[Catholic News Agency]]|date=25 October 2023|access-date=25 October 2023|first=Hannah|last=Brockhaus|location=Rome}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In February 2021, Francis announced back-to-back appointments of women to take positions that were only held by men in the past. He appointed France's member of the [[Congregation of Xavières|Xaviere Missionary Sisters]], [[Nathalie Becquart]] as the first co-undersecretary of the [[Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church|Synod of Bishops]]. Besides, an Italian magistrate, [[Catia Summaria]] also became the first woman Promoter of Justice in the Vatican's Court of Appeals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/pope-francis-appoints-more-women-vatican-posts-previously-held-only-n1256959|title=Pope Francis appoints more women to Vatican posts previously held only by men|access-date=7 February 2021|website=[[NBC News]]|date=7 February 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 26 April 2023, Francis announced that 35 women would be allowed to vote at the [[Sixteenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops]] (making up &quot;just over 10 percent&quot; of all voters),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | access-date = 26 April 2023 | work = New York Times | date = 26 April 2023 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/26/world/europe/pope-women-vote-bishops-meeting.html | title = Pope Will Allow Women to Vote at Meeting of Bishops | first = Elisabetta | last = Povoledo }}&lt;/ref&gt; marking the first time women are allowed to vote at any Catholic Synod of Bishops.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/pope-allows-women-vote-bishops-meeting-first-time-2023-04-26/|title=Pope allows women to vote at bishops meeting for first time|first=Philip|last=Pullella|work=Reuters |date=26 April 2023|via=www.reuters.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Financial corruption ===
Francis was mandated by electing cardinals to sort out Vatican finances following scandals during the papacies of Pope Benedict and Pope John Paul II. He stated he is determined to end corruption in the Catholic Church but is not very optimistic due to it being a human problem dating back centuries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=5 November 2020|title=Pope shakes up running of Vatican funds after London property scandal|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-vatican-finances-idUKKBN27L1MO|access-date=18 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Canadian indigenous residential schools ===
On 24 July 2022, Francis began [[Visit by Pope Francis to Canada|an apostolic journey]] to [[Catholic Church in Canada|Canada]], expressing his sorrow, indignation, and shame over the church's abuse of [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Canadian indigenous]] children in [[Canadian Indian residential school system|residential schools]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN-2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 July 2022 |title=Pope apologizes for 'deplorable evil' of Indigenous abuse in Canadian Catholic residential schools |website=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/25/americas/pope-francis-canada-speech-intl/index.html |access-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725213142/https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/25/americas/pope-francis-canada-speech-intl/index.html |archive-date=25 July 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis described the [[Catholic Church in Canada|Canadian Catholic Church]]'s role as compromising a &quot;[[cultural genocide]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Horowitz-2022&quot; /&gt; He apologized for the church's role in &quot;projects of cultural destruction&quot; and forced [[Cultural assimilation of indigenous peoples|assimilation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN-2022&quot; /&gt; Francis promised a serious investigation into the history of abuse.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN-2022&quot; /&gt;

=== Synod on synodality ===
{{Main|Sixteenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops}}
On 4 October 2023, Francis convened the beginnings of the [[Synod on synodality]]. This synod is described as the culmination of his papacy and the most important event in the Church since the [[Second Vatican Council]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Horowitz-2023&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Horowitz-2023a&quot; /&gt;

=== COP28 ===
{{Further|2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference}}
In advance to the [[2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference|2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28)]] Pope [[Francis (Pope)|Francis]] issued an [[apostolic exhortation]] called ''[[Laudate Deum]]'' in which he calls for brisk action against the [[climate crisis]] and condemns [[climate change denial]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Franziskus ruft zu raschen Maßnahmen gegen Erderwärmung auf &quot;Laudate Deum&quot; veröffentlicht: Papst kritisiert Klimaleugner |url=https://www.katholisch.de/artikel/47424-laudate-deum-veroeffentlicht-papst-kritisiert-klimaleugner |website=katholisch.de |access-date=9 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author-last1=Horowitz |author-last2=Povoledo |title=Francis Issues Urgent Call to Save a Planet Near 'the Breaking Point' |work=The New York Times |date=4 October 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/04/world/europe/pope-francis-letter-climate-change.html |access-date=9 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the beginning of November 2023 the Pope announced he will attend the conference and will stay there for three days. It would have been the first time for a Pope to personally visit the [[United Nations Climate Change conference]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Pope says to attend COP28 climate conference in Dubai |url=https://www.zawya.com/en/special-coverage/cop-28-talking-climate-in-uae/pope-says-to-attend-cop28-climate-conference-in-dubai-hxz06i7c |website=ZAWYA |publisher=Agence France-Presse (AFP) |access-date=2 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Having developed flu-like symptoms in late November, he cancelled his trip on his doctor's orders.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/29/pope-francis-cancels-cop28-meeting-visit-climate-crisis-why-flu-illness|title=Pope Francis 'still unwell' after cancelling trip to Cop28|first=Lorenzo|last=Tondo|date=29 November 2023|newspaper=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Theological emphases ==
{{Main|Theology of Pope Francis}}
In ''Evangelii gaudium'' Francis revealed what would be the emphases of his pontificate: a missionary impulse among all Catholics, sharing the faith more actively, avoiding worldliness and more visibly living the gospel of God's mercy, and helping the poor and working for [[Catholic social teaching|social justice]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wooden |first=Cindy |date=26 November 2013 |title=A summary of the key issues raised by Pope in Evangelii Gaudium |url=https://catholicherald.co.uk/evangelii-gaudium-a-summary-of-the-key-issues-raised-by-pope/ |access-date=7 March 2023 |website=Catholic Herald |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Evangelization ===
{{See also|Theology of Pope Francis#The Church's mission|}}

From his first major letter ''[[Evangelii gaudium]]'' (''Joy to the World''), Francis called for &quot;a missionary and pastoral conversion&quot; whereby the laity would fully share in the missionary task of the church.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Pope:-A-missionary-and-pastoral-conversion-for-a-Church-open-to-changing-its-structures-29645.html|title=Pope: A missionary and pastoral conversion for a Church open to changing its structures|work=AsiaNews.it |access-date=25 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then in his letter on the call of all to the same holiness, ''[[Gaudete et exsultate]]'', Francis describes holiness as &quot;an impulse to evangelize and to leave a mark in this world&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|work=Aleteia |title=The pope's new doc on holiness: Gaudete et Exultate in 15 key words|date=9 April 2018|url=https://aleteia.org/2018/04/09/the-popes-new-doc-on-holiness-gaudete-et-exultate-in-15-key-words/|access-date=1 October 2020|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== {{Anchor|Ordination of women|Clergy}}Church governance ===
{{See also|Theology of Pope Francis#Church governance|}}
[[File:Düsseldorf Rosenmontag 2014 IMG 1350 (12915484354).jpg|thumb|A Carnival float of Francis and Germany's prelate [[Franz-Peter Tebartz-van Elst]], Düsseldorf, 2014|259x259px]]Francis called for decentralization of governance away from Rome, and for a synodal manner of decision making in dialogue with the people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=11 February 2016|title=Church reform requires decentralization, synodality|url=https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/faith-and-justice/church-reform-requires-decentralization-synodality|access-date=3 October 2020|website=National Catholic Reporter|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He strongly opposed [[Theology of Pope Francis#Clericalism|clericalism]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=4 January 2014|title=Pope: Warns that Poorly Trained Priests Can Become 'Little Monsters'|url=https://www.americamagazine.org/content/all-things/pope-warns-poorly-trained-priests-can-become-little-monsters|access-date=3 October 2020|website=America Magazine|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and made [[Theology of Pope Francis#Important role of women|women]] full members of the church's dicasteries in Rome.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=11 July 2019|title=Theologians praise pope's historic appointment of women as members of Vatican congregation|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/theologians-praise-popes-historic-appointment-women-members-vatican-congregation|access-date=25 September 2019|website=National Catholic Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Environment ===
{{See also|Theology of Pope Francis#Environmentalism}}Francis's naming of himself after [[Francis of Assisi]] was an early indication of how he shared Francis's care for all of creation. This was followed in May 2015 with his major [[encyclical]] on the environment, ''[[Laudato si']]'' (''Praise be to you'')&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Burton|first=Tara Isabella|date=11 July 2014|title=Pope Francis's Radical Environmentalism|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/07/pope-franciss-radical-rethinking-of-environmentalism/374300/|access-date=1 October 2020|website=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in October 2023 by an [[apostolic exhortation]] named ''[[Laudate Deum]]'' in which he calls for decisive action to stop [[climate change]] and condemns [[climate change denial]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;/&gt;

=== {{Anchor|Poverty|Liberation theology}}Option for the poor ===
[[File:Pope Francis at Vargihna.jpg|thumb|Francis visits a [[favela]] in Brazil during [[World Youth Day 2013]].]]
{{See also|Theology of Pope Francis#Option for the poor|Theology of Pope Francis#Capitalism|Theology of Pope Francis#Liberation Theology}}
Francis has highly extolled &quot;popular movements&quot;, which demonstrate the &quot;strength of us&quot;, serve as a remedy to the &quot;culture of the self&quot;, and are based on solidarity with the poor and the common good.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2019/08/20/pope-says-popular-movements-are-antidote-to-populism/|title=Pope says popular movements are antidote to populism|website=cruxnow.com|access-date=25 September 2019|archive-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915093351/https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2019/08/20/pope-says-popular-movements-are-antidote-to-populism/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== {{Anchor|Abortion|Contraception and family planning|Capital punishment and life imprisonment}}Morality ===
{{See also|Theology of Pope Francis#Morality as a vehicle of God's mercy|Theology of Pope Francis#Sexual morality as Good News|Pope Francis and LGBT topics}}Cardinal [[Walter Kasper]] has called mercy &quot;the key word of his pontificate&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Austen-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Austen|first=Ivereigh|title=The great reformer : Francis and the making of a radical pope|year=2015|isbn=978-1-250-07499-7|edition=First|location=New York|oclc=889324005}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|31–32}} His papal motto ''Miserando atque eligendo'' (&quot;by having mercy and by choosing&quot;) contains a central theme of his papacy, God's mercy,&lt;ref name=&quot;web.archive.org2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 March 2013|title=Pope Francis explains name, calls for church 'for the poor' – CNN.com|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/16/world/europe/vatican-new-pope/index.html?hpt=hp_t1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317035923/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/16/world/europe/vatican-new-pope/index.html?hpt=hp_t1|archive-date=17 March 2013|access-date=24 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Coat of Arms of Pope Francis|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/elezione/stemma-papa-francesco.html|access-date=1 October 2019|website=The Holy See}}&lt;/ref&gt; While maintaining the Catholic Church's traditional teaching against abortion, Francis, has referred to the &quot;obsession&quot; of some Catholics with a few issues like &quot;abortion, gay marriage and the use of contraceptive methods&quot; which &quot;do not show the heart of the message of Jesus Christ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=30 September 2013|title=A Big Heart Open to God: An interview with Pope Francis|work=America Magazine|url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2013/09/30/big-heart-open-god-interview-pope-francis|access-date=10 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sex ===
{{See also|Theology of Pope Francis#Sexual morality as Good News||}}
Pope Francis has described sexual pleasure as &quot;a gift from God&quot; that should be &quot;disciplined with patience&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-01-18 |title=Pope Francis says sexual pleasure is 'a gift from God' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68016311 |access-date=2024-02-07 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; On January 17 2024 he discussed sex at his weekly general audience saying that it was undermined by pornography and that it provides &quot;satisfaction without relationship that can generate forms of addiction&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lust, pornography poison God's gifts of sexuality, love, pope says {{!}} USCCB |url=https://www.usccb.org/news/2024/lust-pornography-poison-gods-gifts-sexuality-love-pope-says |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=www.usccb.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He added that &quot;in Christianity, there is no condemnation of the sexual instinct&quot; and that the human experience of falling in love is &quot;one of the purest feelings.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

=== LGBT ===
{{Main|Pope Francis and LGBT topics}}
Francis has marked a significantly more accommodative tone on [[Outline of LGBT topics|LGBT topics]] than his predecessors.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Molloy |first=Parker Marie |date=19 December 2013 |title=Op-ed: Pope Francis Has Not Made Good on Transgender Rights |url=https://www.advocate.com/commentary/2013/12/19/op-ed-pope-francis-has-not-made-good-transgender-rights |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=[[The Advocate (magazine)|The Advocate]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2013, his televised &quot;Who am I to judge?&quot; statement was widely reported in the international press, becoming one of his most famous statements on [[LGBT]] people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pullella |first=Philip |date=3 October 2016 |title=Pope says respect gays and transsexuals, questions gender theory |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-gender-idUSKCN1220WK/ |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pullella |first=Philip |date=6 February 2023 |title=Pope Francis says laws criminalising LGBT people are a 'sin' and an injustice |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/pope-francis-says-laws-criminalising-lgbt-people-are-sin-an-injustice-2023-02-05/ |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 May 2018 |title=Pope Francis reportedly tells gay man: &quot;God made you like this and he loves you&quot; |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pope-francis-tells-gay-man-god-made-you-like-this/ |access-date=15 January 2014 |website=[[CBS News]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In other public statements, Francis has emphasised the need to accept, welcome, and accompany LGBT people,&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Spadaro SJ |first=Antonio |author-link=Antonio Spadaro |date=30 September 2013 |title=A Big Heart Open to God: An interview with Pope Francis |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2013/09/30/big-heart-open-god-interview-pope-francis |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=[[America (magazine)|America]] |language=en |quote=In Buenos Aires I used to receive letters from homosexual persons who are ‘socially wounded’ because they tell me that they feel like the church has always condemned them. But the church does not want to do this.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 October 2016 |title=In-flight press conference of His Holiness Pope Francis from Azerbaijan to Rome |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2016/october/documents/papa-francesco_20161002_georgia-azerbaijan-conferenza-stampa.html |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=[[Holy See]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bordoni |first=Linda |date=9 May 2022 |title=Pope to LGBT Catholics: 'God is Father who does not disown any of his children' |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2022-05/pope-letter-fr-martin-lgtb-outreach-questions.html |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=[[Vatican News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; including LGBT children,&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 August 2018 |title=Apostolic Visit to Ireland: Press Conference on the return flight from Dublin to Rome (Papal flight, 26 August 2018) |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2018/august/documents/papa-francesco_20180826_irlanda-voloritorno.html |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=[[Holy See]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 October 2020 |title=Pope Francis calls for civil union law for same-sex couples, in shift from Vatican stance |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/46295/pope-francis-calls-for-civil-union-law-for-same-sex-couples-in-shift-from-vatican-stance |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=[[Catholic News Agency]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and has denounced laws [[Criminalization of homosexuality|criminalising homosexuality]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 January 2023 |title=The AP Interview: Pope says homosexuality not a crime |url=https://apnews.com/article/pope-francis-gay-rights-ap-interview-1359756ae22f27f87c1d4d6b9c8ce212 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 January 2023 |title=Pope Francis clarifies comments on homosexuality: &quot;One must consider the circumstances.&quot; |url=https://outreach.faith/2023/01/pope-francis-clarifies-comments-on-homosexuality-one-must-consider-the-circumstances/ |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=[[Outreach Catholic|Outreach]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; While he has reiterated traditional Catholic teaching that [[Marriage in the Catholic Church|marriage]] is between a man and a woman,&lt;ref name=&quot;:35&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 March 2014 |title=Transcript: Pope Francis' March 5 interview with Corriere della Sera |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/29153/transcript-pope-francis-march-5-interview-with-corriere-della-sera |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=[[Catholic News Agency]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=Pope Francis |author-link=Pope Francis |date=19 March 2016 |title=Amoris laetitia |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_exhortations/documents/papa-francesco_esortazione-ap_20160319_amoris-laetitia.html |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=[[Holy See]] |pages=190–191}}&lt;/ref&gt; he has supported same-sex [[Civil union|civil unions]] as legal protections for [[Same-sex relationship|same-sex couples]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:37&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2021 |title=Same-sex civil unions 'good and helpful to many', says Pope Francis |url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/09/16/same-sex-civil-unions-good-and-helpful-to-many-says-pope-francis |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=[[Euronews]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under his pontificate, the [[Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith]] has confirmed that transgender people can be baptised,&lt;ref name=&quot;:38&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Fernández |first1=Víctor Manuel |author-link=Víctor Manuel Fernández |last2=Francis |author-link2=Pope Francis |date=31 October 2023 |title=Answers to Several Questions from His Excellency, the Most Reverend José Negri, Bishop of Santo Amaro, Brazil, Regarding Participation in the Sacraments of Baptism and Matrimony by Transgender Persons and Homosexual Persons |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_ddf_20231031-documento-mons-negri_en.html |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=[[Holy See]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:39&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=9 November 2023 |title=Transgender people can be baptised and be godparents, Vatican says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67366198 |access-date=26 January 2024 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; and allowed the blessing of same-sex couples in the document {{Lang|la|[[Fiducia supplicans]]}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;:53&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Fiducia supplicans |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_ddf_doc_20231218_fiducia-supplicans_en.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220220316/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_ddf_doc_20231218_fiducia-supplicans_en.html |archive-date=20 December 2023 |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=[[Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith]] |ref=Paragraph 31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis has privately met many LGBT people and activists. In 2013, Francis was named as Person of the Year by ''[[The Advocate (magazine)|The Advocate]]'', an American [[List of LGBT periodicals|LGBT magazine]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Grindley |first=Lucas |date=16 December 2013 |title=The Advocate's Person of the Year: Pope Francis |url=https://www.advocate.com/year-review/2013/12/16/advocates-person-year-pope-francis |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=[[The Advocate (magazine)|The Advocate]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Relative to LGB topics, Francis has been less accomodative on [[Outline of transgender topics|transgender topics]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt; describing [[Gender studies|gender theory]] and children's education on [[gender-affirming surgery]] as &quot;ideological colonisation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=Pope Francis |author-link=Pope Francis |date=27 July 2016 |title=Apostolic Journey to Poland: Meeting with the Polish Bishops in the Cathedral of Kraków |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2016/july/documents/papa-francesco_20160727_polonia-vescovi.html |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=[[Holy See]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; In September 2015, Francis came under media scrutiny for meeting [[Kim Davis]], a [[Municipal clerk|county clerk]] who was imprisoned for refusing to issue [[Marriage license|marriage licences]] for same-sex couples,&lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Bacon |first1=John |last2=Eversley |first2=Melanie |date=30 September 2015 |title=Vatican confirms pope met with Kim Davis |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/09/30/vatican-quiet-claim-pope-met-kim-davis/73078774/ |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=[[USA Today]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Payne |first1=Ed |last2=Burke |first2=Daniel |date=2 October 2015 |title=Pope's meeting with Kim Davis not an endorsement, Vatican says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/10/02/us/kim-davis-pope/index.html |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in August 2018, Francis was criticised for suggesting that gay children seek [[Psychiatry|psychiatric treatment]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:41&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=28 August 2018 |title=Katholische Kirche: Vatikan ändert Papst-Zitate zur psychiatrischen Behandlung homosexueller Kinder |trans-title=Catholic Church: Vatican changes Pope's quotes on psychiatric treatment of homosexual children |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/gesellschaft/queerspiegel/vatikan-andert-papst-zitate-zur-psychiatrischen-behandlung-homosexueller-kinder-3982726.html |access-date=23 January 2024 |work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |language=de-DE |issn=1865-2263}}&lt;/ref&gt; As [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop of Buenos Aires]], Bergoglio led public opposition to the parliamentary bill on legalising [[same-sex marriage in Argentina]], which was approved by the [[Argentine Senate]] on 15 July 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 July 2010 |title=Argentina legalises gay marriage |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/15/argentina-gay-lesbian-marriage-legalisation |access-date=15 January 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; A letter he wrote in that campaign was criticised for using &quot;medieval&quot; and &quot;obscurantist&quot; language,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Romo |first1=Rafael |last2=Rodriguez |first2=Jose Manuel |last3=Shoichet |first3=Catherine E. |date=20 March 2013 |title=Behind closed doors, pope supported civil unions in Argentina, activist says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/20/world/americas/argentina-pope-civil-unions/index.html |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:43&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abrevaya |first=Sebastian |date=27 August 2012 |title=&quot;Se abroquelan para defender privilegios&quot; |trans-title=&quot;They buckle up to defend privileges&quot; |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-201958-2012-08-27.html |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=[[Página 12]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:44&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 March 2013 |title=&quot;El pastor no puede ser un privilegiado, no me imagino a Jesús en el Vaticano&quot; |trans-title=&quot;The pastor cannot be privileged: I cannot imagine Jesus in the Vatican&quot; |url=https://www.lacapital.com.ar/edicion-impresa/el-pastor-no-puede-ser-un-privilegiado-no-me-imagino-jesus-el-vaticano-n549566.html |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=[[La Capital]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was later admitted by an episcopal source to be a strategic error that contributed to the bill's success.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=De Vedia |first=Mariano |date=16 July 2010 |title=La carta de Bergoglio, un error estratégico |trans-title=Bergoglio's letter: A strategic error |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/sociedad/la-carta-de-bergoglio-un-error-estrategico-nid1285258/ |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=[[La Nación]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Religious persecution ===
{{Further|Persecution of Christians by ISIL}}
Francis supported the use of force to stop Islamic militants from attacking religious minorities in Iraq.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.businessinsider.com/pope-francis-endorses-use-of-force-against-isis-in-iraq-2014-8?IR=T|title= Pope Francis Endorses Use Of Force Against ISIS In Iraq|first= Nicole|last= Winfield|date= 18 August 2014|website= [[Business Insider]]|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140822013237/http://www.businessinsider.com/pope-francis-endorses-use-of-force-against-isis-in-iraq-2014-8?IR=T|archive-date= 22 August 2014|url-status=live|access-date= 3 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2018, Francis met with a group of [[Yazidi people|Yazidi]] refugees in Europe and expressed his support for their right to freely profess their own faith without limitations. In the meeting, he also urged the international community &quot;not to remain a silent and unresponsive spectator in the face of [your] tragedy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bordoni |first1=Linda |title=Pope Francis calls for respect for the rights of the Yazidis |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2018-01/pope-francis-yazidi-persecuted.html |work=[[Vatican News]] |date=24 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversies ==
Since 2016, criticism against Francis by theological conservatives has intensified.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pepinster-2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/04/vatican-civil-war-conservatives-battle-francis-lent|title=Civil war in the Vatican as conservatives battle Francis for the soul of Catholicism|last=Pepinster|first=Catherine |author-link=Catherine Pepinster|date=4 March 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=5 March 2017|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Winfield-2017&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_REL_VATICAN_KNIGHTS_OF_MALTA?SITE=AP&amp;SECTION=HOME&amp;TEMPLATE=DEFAULT|title=Conservative criticism intensifies against Pope Francis|last=Winfield|first=Nicole|date=4 February 2017|access-date=4 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204115127/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_REL_VATICAN_KNIGHTS_OF_MALTA?SITE=AP&amp;SECTION=HOME&amp;TEMPLATE=DEFAULT|archive-date=4 February 2017|url-status=dead|agency=[[Associated Press]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schneider-2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://cruxnow.com/commentary/2017/03/05/pope-francis-conservative-critics-may-right/|title=How Pope Francis and his conservative critics may both be right|last=Schneider|first=Matthew|date=5 March 2017|work=Crux|access-date=7 March 2017|archive-date=26 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426133043/https://cruxnow.com/commentary/2017/03/05/pope-francis-conservative-critics-may-right/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown-2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/oct/27/the-war-against-pope-francis|title=The war against Pope Francis|last=Brown|first=Andrew|date=27 October 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=1 November 2017|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Willan-2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/anti-reform-cardinals-want-the-pope-to-quit-z3h75h22v|title=Anti-reform cardinals 'want the Pope to quit'|last=Willan|first=Philip|date=2 March 2017|access-date=5 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; One commentator has described the conservative resistance against Francis as &quot;unique in its visibility&quot; in recent church history.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/13/world/pope-francis-at-five-years-bill-weir/index.html|title=Why Pope Francis scares some conservatives|first=Bill |last=Weir|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=2 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some have explained the level of disagreement as due to his going beyond theoretical principles to pastoral discernment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Codina|first=Victor|date=12 September 2019|title=Why do some Catholics oppose Pope Francis?|url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2019/09/12/why-do-some-catholics-oppose-pope-francis|access-date=22 July 2020|website=America Magazine|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sexual abuse response ===
{{See also|Catholic Church sexual abuse cases}}

As cardinal, in 2010 Bergoglio commissioned a study which concluded that Father [[Julio César Grassi]], a priest convicted of child sexual abuse, was innocent, that his victims were lying, and that the case against him never should have gone to trial.&lt;ref name=&quot;study&quot;/&gt; Despite the study, the [[Supreme Court of Argentina]] upheld the conviction and 15-year prison sentence against Grassi in March 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;study&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|agency=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://cruxnow.com/global-church/2018/09/18/popes-role-in-study-of-argentine-sex-abuse-case-draws-fire/|title=Pope's role in study of Argentine sex abuse case draws fire|website=[[Crux (online newspaper)|Crux Now]]|publisher=Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC|location=Boston, Massachusetts|date=18 September 2018|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427190340/https://cruxnow.com/global-church/2018/09/18/popes-role-in-study-of-argentine-sex-abuse-case-draws-fire/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis has admitted that the church &quot;arrived late&quot; in dealing with sexual abuse cases.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Philip|last=Pullella|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-abuse/pope-candidly-admits-church-arrived-late-in-confronting-abuse-idUSKCN1BW22D|title=Pope candidly admits Church 'arrived late' in confronting abuse|work=[[Reuters]]|date=21 September 2017|access-date=3 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; During his papacy, a number of abuse survivors have expressed disappointment in Francis's response to sex abuse in the church,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|first=Ciara|last=Nugent|url=http://time.com/5540867/pope-francis-sex-abuse-summit-2/|title=Why the Pope's Summit on Abuse Disappointed Some Survivors|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=28 February 2019|access-date=3 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; while others have praised him for his actions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/pope-francis-pontifical-secret-clergy-sex-abuse.amp|title=Pope Francis lifts 'pontifical secret' in clergy sex abuse cases used to protect pedophiles, silence victims |publisher=[[Fox News]]|access-date=3 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2015, Francis was criticized for supporting Chilean bishop [[Juan Barros]], who was accused of covering up sex crimes committed against minors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Stephanie|last=Kirchgaessner|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/31/vatican-juan-barros-chile-bishop-appointment-sex-abuse|title=Vatican supports Chilean bishop despite allegations of sex abuse cover-up|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|location=London, England|date=31 March 2015|access-date=11 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018, Francis acknowledged he had made &quot;grave errors&quot; in judgment about Barros, apologized to the victims and launched a Vatican investigation that resulted in the resignation of Barros and two other Chilean bishops.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/06/11/618825779/pope-francis-accepts-resignations-of-3-bishops-over-chilean-abuse-scandal|title=Pope acknowledges 'grave errors' in Chilean sex abuse scandal|first=Bill|last=Chappell|website=[[NPR]]|date=11 June 2018|access-date=3 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018, Archbishop [[Carlo Maria Viganò]] published an open letter denouncing Francis's handling of sexual abuse allegations against [[Theodore McCarrick]], accusing him of knowing about allegations that McCarrick had committed sexual abuse and failing to take action. Viganò called on the Pope to resign.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=26 August 2018|title=Viganò's accusations: What we know and what questions they raise|url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2018/08/26/viganos-accusations-what-we-know-and-what-questions-they-raise|website=America}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In November 2021, Francis thanked journalists for their work uncovering child sexual abuse scandals in the church, thanking journalists also for &quot;helping us not to sweep it under the carpet, and for the voice you have given to the abuse victims&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pope thanks journalists for helping expose Church sex scandals |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/pope-thanks-journalists-helping-expose-church-sex-scandals-2021-11-13/ |access-date=13 November 2021 |work=[[Reuters]]|date=13 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In November 2022, French Cardinal [[Jean-Pierre Ricard]] admitted to having sexually abused a 14-year-old girl in the 1980s in [[Marseille]]. Ricard (who was named as Cardinal by Benedict XVI in 2006&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pullella |first=Philip |date=11 November 2022 |title=Vatican to investigate French cardinal who abused 14-year-old girl |language=en |work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/vatican-investigate-french-cardinal-who-abused-14-year-old-girl-2022-11-11/ |access-date=17 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;), said that he committed &quot;reprehensible&quot; acts with the girl while he was a priest. French authorities opened an investigation into the case while Francis commented that now that &quot;everything is clearer [...] more cases like this shouldn't surprise [anyone]&quot;, and added condemnation for sexual abuse as &quot;against priestly nature, and also against social nature&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wimmer |first=AC |date=7 November 2022 |title=French cardinal confesses to sexual abuse |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/252746/french-cardinal-confesses-to-sexual-abuse |access-date=17 February 2023 |website=Catholic News Agency |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Miguel |first1=Aura |title=Papa Francisco. Enfrentar abusos na Igreja &quot;implica coragem e nem todos a têm&quot; |trans-title=Pope Francis: Facing abuses in the Church &quot;implies courage and not everybody has it&quot;|url=https://rr.sapo.pt/noticia/religiao/2022/11/08/papa-francisco-enfrentar-abusos-na-igreja-implica-coragem-e-nem-todos-a-tem/307165/ |access-date=9 November 2022 |work=Sapo.pt |date=8 November 2022|language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Theological disagreements ===
==== ''Amoris laetitia'' and the communion to the divorced and civilly remarried ====
{{Main|Amoris laetitia}}
On a theological level, controversy arose after the publication of the apostolic exhortation ''[[Amoris laetitia]]'', especially regarding whether the exhortation had changed the [[Catholic Church]]'s sacramental discipline concerning access to the [[Sacrament of Penance|sacraments of Penance]] and the [[Eucharist in the Catholic Church|Eucharist]] for divorced couples who have [[Civil marriage|civilly remarried]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Oullet&quot;&gt;Oullet, Marc (21 November 2017), [http://www.osservatoreromano.va/en/news/accompanying-discerning-integrating-weakness &quot;Accompanying, Discerning, Integrating Weakness&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105200946/http://www.osservatoreromano.va/en/news/accompanying-discerning-integrating-weakness |date=5 January 2019 }}, ''L'Osservatore Romano''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;, retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;29 November&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Francis had written: &quot;It is important that the divorced who have entered a new union should be made to feel part of the Church.&quot; He called not for &quot;a new set of general rules, canonical in nature and applicable to all cases&quot;, but &quot;a responsible personal and pastoral discernment of particular cases&quot;. He went on to say: &quot;It is true that general rules set forth a good which can never be disregarded or neglected, but in their formulation they cannot provide absolutely for all particular situations.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Carroll|first=James|date=8 April 2016|title=The New Morality of Pope Francis|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/new-morality-of-pope-francis-joy-of-love|access-date=28 September 2019|issn=0028-792X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Four cardinals ([[Raymond Leo Burke]], [[Carlo Caffarra]], [[Walter Brandmüller]], and [[Joachim Meisner]]) formally asked Francis for clarifications, particularly on the issue of giving communion to divorced and civilly remarried Catholics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/four-cardinals-formally-ask-pope-for-clarity-on-amoris-laetitia|title=Four Cardinals Formally Ask Pope for Clarity on 'Amoris Laetitia'|newspaper=[[National Catholic Register]]|access-date=4 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; They submitted five &quot;dubia&quot; (doubts), and requested a yes or no answer. Francis has not publicly replied.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2017/01/05/pope-francis-still-hasnt-responded-dubia-he-has-good-reason-not|title=Pope Francis still hasn't responded to the dubia. He has good reason not to.|newspaper=[[America (magazine)|America]]|access-date=3 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The exhortation has been implemented in different ways by various bishops around the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title=Receiving 'Amoris Laetitia' | date=1 March 2017 | first=James | last=Keenan | journal=Theological Studies | volume=78 | pages=193–212 | doi=10.1177/0040563916681995 | s2cid=171761624 | doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cardinal [[Gerhard Ludwig Müller|Gerhard Müller]], former prefect of the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]], maintained that ''Amoris Laetitia'' should only be interpreted in line with previous doctrine. Therefore, according to Cardinal Müller, divorced and civilly remarried can have access to the Sacraments of Reconciliation and the Eucharist only if they take on the duty of living in complete continence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/cardinal-mueller-on-communion-for-divorced-and-remarried-teaching-of-jesus |title= Cardinal Müller on Communion for Divorced &amp; Remarried: Can't Change Church Teaching |newspaper=[[National Catholic Register]] |publisher=[[EWTN]] |location= Irondale, Alabama |date= 4 March 2016 |access-date=5 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= http://catholicherald.co.uk/news/2017/02/01/cardinal-muller-communion-for-the-remarried-is-against-gods-law |title= Cardinal Müller: Communion for the remarried is against God's law |newspaper= [[Catholic Herald]] |publisher= [[Sir Rocco Forte]], [[Lord Black of Crossharbour]] |location= London, England |date= 1 February 2017 |access-date= 8 July 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180705233123/http://catholicherald.co.uk/news/2017/02/01/cardinal-muller-communion-for-the-remarried-is-against-gods-law/ |archive-date= 5 July 2018 |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis subsequently announced that [[dicastery]] prefects would be appointed for a single five-year term, and replaced Müller at the end of his term in 2017 with [[Luis Ladaria Ferrer]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Edward|last=Pentin|url=http://www.ncregister.com/blog/edward-pentin/cardinal-mueller-to-be-dismissed |title=Pope Francis Appoints Spanish Jesuit Ladaria to Succeed Cardinal Müller |newspaper=[[National Catholic Register]] |publisher=[[EWTN]] |location= Irondale, AL |date=3 June 2017 |access-date= 8 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cardinal [[Carlo Caffarra]], one of the authors of the dubia, maintains that after ''Amoris laetitia'' &quot;only a blind man could deny there's great confusion, uncertainty and insecurity in the Church&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://cruxnow.com/global-church/2017/01/14/cardinal-says-blind-man-deny-confusion-caused-pope |title=Cardinal says 'only blind man' could deny confusion caused by Pope |newspaper=[[Crux (online newspaper)|Crux Now]] |publisher=Boston Globe Partners LLC |location=Boston, MA |date=14 January 2017 |access-date=4 February 2017 |archive-date=26 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426145904/https://cruxnow.com/global-church/2017/01/14/cardinal-says-blind-man-deny-confusion-caused-pope/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In July 2017 a group of conservative clergy, academics and laymen signed a document labeled as a &quot;[[Correctio filialis de haeresibus propagatis|Filial Correction]]&quot; of Francis.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn&quot; /&gt; The 25-page document, which was made public in September after it received no reply, criticized the pope for promoting what it described as seven heretical propositions through various words, actions and omissions during his pontificate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Correctio filialis de haeresibus propagatis&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5FGuFFkfrDvME5seVJ3TkhrRkU/view?usp=embed_facebook|title=&quot;Filial Correction&quot; of Pope Francis, 24 September 2017|website=Google Docs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Capuchin Father [[Thomas Weinandy]], ex-doctrine chief of US Bishops, wrote a letter to Francis on 31 July 2017, which he subsequently made public, in which he charged that Francis is fostering &quot;chronic confusion&quot;, &quot;demeaning&quot; the importance of doctrine, appointing bishops who &quot;scandalize&quot; believers with dubious &quot;teaching and pastoral practice&quot;, giving prelates who object the impression they will be &quot;marginalized or worse&quot; if they speak out, and causing faithful Catholics to &quot;lose confidence in their supreme shepherd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2017/11/01/ex-bishops-doctrine-chief-says-darkness-coming-light-francis/|title=Ex-bishops' doctrine chief says darkness coming to light under Francis|newspaper=[[Crux (online newspaper)|Crux Now]]|publisher=Boston Globe Partners LLC|location=Boston, Massachusetts|date=1 November 2017|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-date=22 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522133907/https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2017/11/01/ex-bishops-doctrine-chief-says-darkness-coming-light-francis/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A defense of ''Amoris Laetitia'' came from philosopher [[Rocco Buttiglione]] who accused its critics of &quot;ethical objectivism&quot;. He said that the critics cannot deny that &quot;there are mitigating circumstances in which a mortal sin (a sin that would otherwise be mortal) becomes a lighter sin, a venial sin. There are therefore some cases in which remarried divorcees can (through their confessor and after an adequate spiritual discernment) be considered in God's grace and therefore deserving of receiving the sacraments&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.lastampa.it/vatican-insider/en/2017/11/20/news/here-is-the-deviation-in-which-amoris-laetitia-s-critics-fall-1.34388313|title=&quot;Here is the deviation in which Amoris Laetitia's critics fall&quot;|work=Vatican Insider|publisher=La Stampa|location=Italy|date=20 November 2017|access-date=21 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Document on Human Fraternity ====
{{Main|Document on Human Fraternity}}
The ''[[Document on Human Fraternity]] for World Peace and Living Together'' is a joint statement signed by Francis and [[Sheikh]] [[Ahmed el-Tayeb]], [[Grand Imam of Al-Azhar]], on 4 February 2019 in [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates. This joint statement is concerned with how different faiths can live peaceably in the same world and areas and later inspired the [[International Day of Human Fraternity]], as acknowledged by the UN Secretary-General, [[António Guterres]], in different occasions.&lt;ref name=&quot;first-ever&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=First-ever International Day of Human Fraternity focuses on tolerance |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/02/1083832|access-date=3 February 2022|website=United Nations|date=4 February 2021 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Secretary-General's message for 2022: International Day of Human Fraternity |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/human-fraternity/messages|access-date=3 February 2022|website=United Nations|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Criticisms focused particularly on the passage about God's will with regard to the diversity of religions, claiming that the &quot;pluralism and the diversity of religions, colour, sex, race and language are willed by God in His wisdom, through which He created human beings&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pope Francis|last2=Al-Tayyeb|first2=Ahmad|date=4 February 2019|title=Document on &quot;Human Fraternity for World Peace and Living Together&quot; signed by His Holiness Pope Francis and the Grand Imam of Al-Azhar Ahamad al-Tayyib (Abu Dhabi, 4 February 2019)|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/travels/2019/outside/documents/papa-francesco_20190204_documento-fratellanza-umana.html|access-date=13 June 2020|website=w2.vatican.va}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Reynolds-2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Reynolds|first=Gabriel|date=12 April 2019|title=After Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/after-abu-dhabi|access-date=13 June 2020|website=Commonweal Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Catholic theologian Chad Pecknold wrote that this sentence was &quot;puzzling, and potentially problematic&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Farrow-2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Farrow|first=Mary|date=4 February 2019|title=Pope Francis signs peace declaration on 'Human Fraternity' with Grand Imam|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-francis-signs-peace-declaration-on-human-fraternity-with-grand-imam-98253|access-date=13 June 2020|website=Catholic News Agency|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some Catholic observers tried to understand it as an allusion to the &quot;permissive will&quot; of God, allowing evil on earth.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reynolds-2019&quot; /&gt; Pecknold wrote that the diversity of religions might also be &quot;evidence of our natural desire to know God&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Farrow-2019&quot; /&gt; Bishop [[Athanasius Schneider]] claims that Pope Francis clarified to him that he was referring to &quot;the permissive will of God&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Gabriel |first=Pedro |url=https://wherepeteris.com/pluralism-and-the-will-of-god-is-there-another-way-to-look-at-it/ |title=Pluralism and the will of God... is there another way to look at it? |publisher=Where Peter Is |date=12 March 2019 |access-date=21 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ''Traditionis custodes'' and the restriction of the Tridentine Mass ====
{{Main|Traditionis custodes}}
In July 2021, Francis issued, ''[[motu proprio]]'', the [[Ecclesiastical letter#Letters of the popes in modern times|apostolic letter]] titled ''[[Traditionis custodes]]'', which reversed the decision of his immediate predecessor Benedict XVI in ''[[Summorum Pontificum]]'' and imposed new restrictions on the use of the [[Tridentine Mass|Traditional Latin Mass]]. The letter returned to the bishops the power to grant or suppress the Latin Mass in their particular dioceses, and requires newly ordained priests to first request permission before performing the old rite, among other changes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Pope Francis renews restrictions on old Latin Mass, reversing Benedict XVI|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/pope-francis-latin-mass/2021/07/16/5fe7238e-e638-11eb-88c5-4fd6382c47cb_story.html|access-date=19 July 2021|issn=0190-8286}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Horowitz|first=Jason|date=16 July 2021|title=Pope Francis Restricts Use of Old Latin Mass, in a Blow to Conservatives|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/16/world/europe/pope-francis-old-latin-mass.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/16/world/europe/pope-francis-old-latin-mass.html |archive-date=28 December 2021 |url-access=limited|access-date=19 July 2021|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Traditionis custodes'', which Pope Francis published and [[Entry into force|came into immediate effect]] on 16 July, has been criticized by prelates such as Cardinals [[Raymond Leo Burke|Raymond Burke]], [[Gerhard Ludwig Müller|Gerhard Müller]] and [[Joseph Zen]], as well as many lay faithful who attend the traditional Latin Mass. The most general criticism is that the restrictions are unnecessary, needlessly harsh, and implemented in an unjustifiably swift fashion.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pentin|first=Edward|title=Latin Mass Society: 'Traditionis Custodes' Regulates Not Abrogrates Older Liturgy|url=https://www.ncregister.com/news/latin-mass-society-traditionis-custodes-regulates-not-abrogrates-older-liturgy|access-date=23 July 2021|website=NCR|date=22 July 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''motu proprio'' was later confirmed by Francis through the [[Ecclesiastical letter#Letters of the popes in modern times|apostolic letter]] ''Desiderio desideravi''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Apostolic Letter &quot;Desiderio desideravi&quot; |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2022/06/29/0501/01027.html#ing |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=press.vatican.va}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ''Fiducia supplicans'' and the blessing of couples in irregular situations. ====
{{Main|Fiducia supplicans}}
In December 2023, the [[Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith]] issued a declaration, ''Fiducia supplicans'', approved by Francis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration Fiducia Supplicans On the Pastoral Meaning of Blessings (18 December 2023) |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_ddf_doc_20231218_fiducia-supplicans_en.html |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=www.vatican.va}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Fiducia supplicans'' intends to provide clarification and reforms on the Catholic Church's treatment of &quot;irregular relationships&quot;, that is, those who establish a [[Monogamy|monogamous]] and emotional bond that lasts over time and have not contracted a Catholic marriage. Notably, it allows [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|Catholic priests]] to perform &quot;spontaneous blessings&quot; of same-sex couples, as well as opposite-sex couples who are not married, and civilly married couples at least one party of which was previously divorced but has not received an [[Annulment (Catholic Church)|annulment]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-18 |title=Doctrinal declaration opens possibility of blessing couples in irregular situations |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2023-12/fiducia-supplicans-doctrine-faith-blessing-irregular-couples.html |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Vatican News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Fiducia supplicans'' sparked considerable controversy and criticism among Catholics, including from several conservative commentators, clerical congregations, and high-profile cardinals, bishops, priests, and lay people.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pentin |first=Edward |date=2024-01-18 |title=Marking One Month of 'Fiducia Supplicans': Opposition Shows No Signs of Abating |url=https://www.ncregister.com/news/marking-one-month-of-fiducia-supplicans-opposition-shows-no-signs-of-abating |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=National Catholic Register |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Horowitz |first=Jason |date=2024-01-04 |title=Vatican Defends Gay Blessings, but Offers Critics Some Leeway |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/04/world/europe/vatican-pope-lgbtq-blessings.html |access-date=2024-01-22 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Coppen |first=Luke |date=2023-12-19 |title='Fiducia supplicans': Who's saying what? |url=https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/fiducia-supplicans-whos-saying-what |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=The Pillar |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cardinal [[Gerhard Ludwig Müller|Gerhard Müller]] called it &quot;sacrilegious and blasphemous&quot; and &quot;self-contradictory&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Müller |first=Gerhard |title=Müller: Blessings for gay couples are blasphemous |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/mueller-blessings-for-gay-couples-are-blasphemous |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cardinal [[Robert Sarah]] described the blessing of couples in irregular situations as &quot;a heresy that seriously undermines the Church&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Quiñones |first=Kate |title=Cardinal Sarah speaks out against clergy blessing same-sex unions |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/256481/cardinal-sarah-speaks-out-against-clergy-blessing-same-sex-unions |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Catholic News Agency |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 January 2024, Cardinal [[Fridolin Ambongo Besungu]] announced that all episcopal conferences in Africa, represented in [[Symposium of Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar|SECAM]], would reject blessings for same-sex couples, stating that &quot;the extra-liturgical blessings proposed in the declaration...cannot be carried out in Africa without exposing themselves to scandals&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-12 |title=African bishops reject same-sex blessings en masse |url=https://catholicherald.co.uk/schism-looms-as-african-bishops-reject-same-sex-blessings-document-en-masse/ |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Catholic Herald |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-01-11 |title=Africa's Catholic hierarchy refuses same-sex blessings, says such unions are contrary to God's will |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/01/11/vatican-lgbtq-blessing-africa-france/9a428208-b09d-11ee-9a32-5c9e6aa28b3b_story.html |access-date=2024-01-22 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== International policy ===
[[File:Raul-castro-papa-francisco.jpg|thumb|upright|Francis with Cuban leader [[Raúl Castro]] in September 2015]]
Francis has regularly been accused by conservatives of having a &quot;soft spot&quot; for leftist populist movements.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2020/02/24/pope-francis-wayward-shepherd/|title=Pope Francis, Wayward Shepherd|last=Mahoney|first=Daniel|date=6 February 2020|website=National Review|access-date=8 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Francis's visit to Cuba in 2015, Catholic Yale historian [[Carlos Eire]] said Francis had a &quot;[[Option for the poor|preferential option]] for the oppressors&quot; in Cuba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2015/09/when-francis-came-to-cuba|title=When Francis Came to Cuba |last=Eire|first=Carlos|date=24 September 2015|website=First Things|access-date=8 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Francis is hostile to [[right-wing populism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://catholicherald.co.uk/magazine/the-vaticans-authoritarian-friend/|title=Why did Evo Morales find such favour at the Vatican?|last=De Souza|first=Raymond|date=28 November 2019|website=Catholic Herald|access-date=8 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 2016, Francis has been contrasted with US President [[Donald Trump]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ivereigh |first=Austen |date=4 March 2017 |title=Is the Pope the Anti-Trump? |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York City |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/04/opinion/sunday/is-the-pope-the-anti-trump.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304213826/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/04/opinion/sunday/is-the-pope-the-anti-trump.html |archive-date=4 March 2017 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; elected that year, with some conservative critics drawing comparisons between the two.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Schmitz |first=Matthew |date=19 February 2016 |title=What Donald Trump and Pope Francis actually have in common |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |publisher=Nash Holdings LLC |location=Washington, DC |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2016/02/19/what-donald-trump-and-pope-francis-actually-have-in-common |access-date=7 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Douthat |first=Ross |date=15 February 2017 |title=The Trump Era's Catholic Mirror |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/15/opinion/the-trump-eras-catholic-mirror.html |access-date=16 February 2017 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the [[2016 United States presidential election]], Francis said of Trump, &quot;A person who only thinks about building walls, wherever they may be, and not building bridges, is not Christian. That is not the gospel.&quot; Trump responded, &quot;For a religious leader to question a person's faith is disgraceful.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lauter-2016&quot; /&gt; [[Federico Lombardi]] said that Francis's comments were not &quot;a personal attack, nor an indication of who to vote for&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Vale |first=Paul |date=19 February 2016 |title=Donald Trump Stares Down The Pope As Vatican Back Peddles On 'Not A Christian' Attack |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2016/02/19/donald-trump-stares-down-pope-_n_9276220.html |access-date=3 January 2019 |publisher=[[Huffington Post Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Huffington Post|The Huffington Post UK]] |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Francis has supported the [[China–Holy See relations#2018 Holy See–China agreement|Vatican-China agreement]], intended to normalize the situation of [[Catholic Church in China|China's Catholics]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=China Is Already Breaking Its Vatican Deal |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/09/17/china-francis-vatican/ |work=Foreign Policy |date=17 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; which was criticized by Cardinal [[Joseph Zen]] as a step toward the &quot;annihilation&quot; of the Catholic Church in China.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://cruxnow.com/church-in-asia-oceania/2018/10/cardinal-zen-the-vatican-is-badly-mishandling-china-situation/|title=cardinal-zen-the-vatican-is-badly-mishandling-china-situation|date=26 October 2018|website=cruxnow.com|access-date=8 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://international.la-croix.com/news/cardinal-zen-targets-vatican-silence-on-china-hong-kong/11447|title=Cardinal Zen targets Vatican silence on China, Hong Kong – La Croix International|last=Sainsbury|first=Michael|date=9 December 2019|website=La Croix|access-date=8 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; U.S. Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] said cooperating with the [[Chinese Communist Party]] puts the pope's moral authority at risk.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pompeo Calls On Pope Francis to Defend Religious Freedom in China |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/pompeo-calls-on-pope-francis-to-defend-religious-freedom-in-china-11601474849 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=30 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2020, Pompeo urged Francis to stand against [[Human rights in China|China's human rights violations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Rebuffed by Vatican, Pompeo Assails China and Aligns With Pope's Critics |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/30/world/europe/pompeo-pope-francis-china.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930234028/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/30/world/europe/pompeo-pope-francis-china.html |archive-date=30 September 2020 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=30 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; In November, Francis named China's [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] minority among a list of the world's persecuted peoples. He wrote: &quot;I think often of persecuted peoples: the [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]] [Muslims in Myanmar], the poor Uighurs, the [[Yazidi]]—what [[Islamic State|ISIS]] did to them was truly cruel—or Christians in Egypt and Pakistan killed by bombs that went off while they prayed in church.&quot; [[Zhao Lijian]], the spokesman of the Foreign Ministry of China, said Francis's remarks had &quot;no factual basis at all&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=China dismisses Pope Francis's comments about persecution of Uighurs |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/25/china-dismisses-pope-franciss-comments-about-persecution-of-uighurs |work=[[The Guardian]]|date=25 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Donald Trump Pope Francis Melania Trump in 2017.jpg|left|thumb|Francis with U.S. President Donald Trump and First Lady [[Melania Trump|Melania]] in 2017]]In response to criticism from [[Episcopal Conference of Venezuela|Venezuela's bishops]], President [[Nicolás Maduro]] said in 2017 that he had the support of Francis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first1=Ines|last1=San Martin|url=https://cruxnow.com/global-church/2017/05/15/venezuelan-president-accuses-bishops-ignoring-pope-francis/|title=Venezuelan president accuses bishops of ignoring Pope Francis|publisher=[[Crux (online newspaper)|Crux]]|date=15 May 2017|access-date=3 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043959/https://cruxnow.com/global-church/2017/05/15/venezuelan-president-accuses-bishops-ignoring-pope-francis/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first1=John Jr.|last1=Allen|url=https://cruxnow.com/commentary/2017/05/19/pope-francis-plan-venezuela-give-time-work/|title=Pope Francis has a plan for Venezuela: Give it time to work|publisher=[[Crux (online newspaper)|Crux]]|date=19 May 2017|access-date=3 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044644/https://cruxnow.com/commentary/2017/05/19/pope-francis-plan-venezuela-give-time-work/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis met with the country's bishops in June 2017, and the Venezuelan bishops' conference president stated, &quot;There is no distance between the episcopal conference and the Holy See.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first1=Cindy|last1=Wooden|url=https://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2017/amid-nations-crisis-venezuelan-bishops-meet-pope.cfm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608161205/http://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2017/amid-nations-crisis-venezuelan-bishops-meet-pope.cfm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 June 2017|title=Amid nation's crisis, Venezuelan bishops meet pope|publisher=Catholic News Service|date=8 June 2017|access-date=3 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2019, 20 former presidents in Latin America wrote a letter to Francis criticizing his Christmas address regarding the ongoing [[Crisis in Venezuela|Venezuelan crisis]] for being too simplistic and for not acknowledging what they believed to be the causes of the suffering of the victims of the crisis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first1=Frances|last1=Jenner|url=https://andestimes.com/latin-american-former-leaders-criticise-popes-christmas-message/2101/|title=Latin American former leaders criticise Pope's Christmas message|work=Andes Times|date=10 January 2019|access-date=3 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis has sought peace in the crisis without picking a side.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first1=Nicole|last1=Winfield|first2=Juan|last2=Zamorano|url=https://apnews.com/4d5745dcd9114f78b5a6000e1dc1efde|title=Pope seeks peace in Venezuela crisis but doesn't pick sides|work=[[Associated Press]]|date=27 January 2019|access-date=3 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2019, during the [[2019–2020 Hong Kong protests|Hong Kong protests]], Francis was criticized by Catholic clergy in Hong Kong, with Cardinal [[Joseph Zen]] criticizing him for not taking a stand against China and instead being quoted as saying &quot;I would like to go to China. I love China&quot;. Francis compared the protests in Hong Kong to those seen [[2019–2021 Chilean protests|in Chile]] and in France.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Riordan |first1=Primrose |title=Hong Kong's Catholics defy Vatican over protests |url=https://www.ft.com/content/360bc752-f6ea-11e9-a79c-bc9acae3b654 |access-date=1 September 2021 |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=5 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== International diplomatic role ==
[[File:Pope Francis Travels.svg|thumb| Map indicating [[List of pastoral visits of Pope Francis outside Italy|countries visited by Francis as pope]]]]
Francis played a key role in the talks toward restoring [[Cuban Thaw|full diplomatic relations between the U.S. and Cuba]]. The restoration was jointly announced by U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] and Cuban President [[Raúl Castro]] on 17 December 2014. The headline in the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' on 19 December was &quot;Bridge to Cuba via Vatican&quot;, with the further lead &quot;In a rare and crucial role, Francis helped keep U.S. talks with Havana on track and guided final deal.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bridge to Cuba&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first1=Paul|last1=Richter|first2=Tom|last2=Kington|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-todays-paper-20141219-htmlstory.html|title=Bridge to Cuba Via Vatican|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=19 December 2014|access-date=27 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The pope, along with the [[Government of Canada]], was a behind-the-scenes broker of the agreement, taking the role following President Obama's request during his visit to the pope in March 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first= Barbie Latza |last= Nadeau |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/12/17/the-pope-s-diplomatic-miracle-ending-the-u-s-cuba-cold-war.html |title= The Pope's Diplomatic Miracle: Ending the U.S.–Cuba Cold War |website= [[The Daily Beast]] |publisher=[[IAC (company)|IAC]]|location=New York City|date= 17 December 2014 |access-date=18 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The success of the negotiations was credited to Francis because &quot;as a religious leader with the confidence of both sides, he was able to convince the Obama and Castro administrations that the other side would live up to the deal&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bridge to Cuba&quot; /&gt; En route to the United States for a visit in September 2015, the pope stopped in Cuba. &quot;The plan comes amid a breakthrough for which Francis has received much credit.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilkinson, Pope will visit Cuba&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first=Tracy|last = Wilkinson|url = https://www.latimes.com/world/mexico-americas/la-fg-pope-cuba-20150422-story.html|title = Pope Francis to stop in Cuba en route to U.S., Vatican announces|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|location=Los Angeles, California|date = 22 April 2015|access-date = 29 July 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150730034810/http://www.latimes.com/world/mexico-americas/la-fg-pope-cuba-20150422-story.html|archive-date=30 July 2015 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Cuba visit &quot;seals that accomplishment, in which he served as a bridge between two erstwhile enemies&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilkinson, Pope will visit Cuba&quot; /&gt; According to one expert on religion in Latin America, Mario Paredes, the pope's visit to Cuba was consistent with his aim to promote an understanding of the role of the Cuban Revolution and that of the Catholic Church. When Francis was archbishop of Buenos Aires, he authored a text entitled &quot;Dialogues Between John Paul II and Fidel Castro&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilkinson, Pope will visit Cuba&quot; /&gt; John Paul was the first pope to visit Cuba. In May 2015, Francis met with Cuban leader Raúl Castro. After the meeting in Vatican City on 10 May 2015, Castro said that he was considering returning to the [[Catholic Church]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Catholic Cuba&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Eliott C.|last=McLaughlin|url= http://edition.cnn.com/2015/05/10/europe/italy-raul-castro-pope-francis-meeting/|title= Raul Castro may join Catholic Church, he says after Pope Francis meeting|publisher=[[CNN]]|location=Atlanta, Georgia|date=14 May 2015|access-date=3 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He said in a televised news conference, &quot;I read all the speeches of the pope, his commentaries, and if the pope continues this way, I will go back to praying and go back to the [Catholic] church. I am not joking.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Yardley-2015&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first=Jim|last=Yardley|title=Praising Pope, Cuban President Says He might return to church|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/11/world/europe/raul-castro-meets-with-pope-francis-at-vatican.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510224154/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/11/world/europe/raul-castro-meets-with-pope-francis-at-vatican.html |archive-date=10 May 2015 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|location=New York City|date=10 May 2015|access-date=27 October 2018|page=A4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Castro said that, when the pope came, &quot;I promise to go to all his Masses and with satisfaction&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yardley-2015&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Korea Pope Francis Arrive Seoul Airport 03.jpg|thumb|Francis with South Korean President [[Park Geun-hye]], 14 August 2014]]
In May 2014, his visit to the [[State of Israel]], where he delivered 13 speeches, was heavily publicized.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=David|last=Willey|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27469349|title=Pope Francis to tread careful path on Mid-East visit|website=[[BBC News]]|location=London, England|date=23 May 2014|access-date=11 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Protests Against Pope Francis Visit to Israel 2014|Protests against his visit]] resulted in an alleged arson attempt at the [[Dormition Abbey]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | access-date = 11 December 2016 | title=Holy Land: Vandal tries to set fire to Dormition Abbey | url = http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/holy-land-vandal-tries-to-set-fire-to-dormition-abbey/ | agency = Catholic News Agency }}&lt;/ref&gt; The cave under the [[Church of the Nativity]] caught fire the night after his visit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | publisher = Novus Ordo Watch | title = Fire breaks out at Nativity Church shortly after Francis visits Bethlehem |year = 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 2015, Francis welcomed Palestinian president [[Mahmoud Abbas]] to the Vatican. Several media outlets reported that Francis praised Abbas as &quot;an angel of peace&quot;, though his actual words were the following: &quot;The angel of peace destroys the evil spirit of war. I thought about you: may you be an angel of peace.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Edward |last=Pentin |url=http://www.ncregister.com/blog/edward-pentin/the-pope-mahmoud-abbas-and-the-angel-of-peace |title=The Pope, Mahmoud Abbas, and the 'Angel of Peace' |newspaper=[[National Catholic Register]]|publisher=Boston Globe Media Partners LLC|location=Boston, Massachusetts|date=18 May 2015 |access-date=18 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Vatican signed a treaty recognizing the [[state of Palestine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.timesofisrael.com/vatican-signs-treaty-recognizing-state-of-palestine/|title= Vatican signs treaty recognizing State of Palestine|date= 26 June 2015|newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]]|access-date=2 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Vatican issued statements concerning the hope that the peace talks could resume between Israel and Palestine. Abbas's visit was on the occasion of the canonization of two Palestinian nuns.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first= Elisabetta |last=Povoledo |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/17/world/europe/in-vatican-abbas-is-praised-as-angel-of-peace.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517035411/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/17/world/europe/in-vatican-abbas-is-praised-as-angel-of-peace.html |archive-date=17 May 2015 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title= At Vatican, Abbas is Praised as 'Angel of Peace' |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date= 17 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Pope Francis in Sarajevo 06 (cropped).JPG|thumb|Crowd at the [[Koševo City Stadium]] in [[Sarajevo]], celebrating a mass with Francis, June 2015]]
On 6 June 2015, Francis visited [[Sarajevo]], the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He urged peace during his time in the religiously diverse city, known as the &quot;Jerusalem of Europe&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first1= Nic |last1=Robertson |first2=Laura |last2=Smith-Spark |first3=Faith |last3=Karimi | url= http://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/06/europe/bosnia-pope-francis-visit/index.html |title= Pope Francis urges peace on visit to Sarajevo, 'Jerusalem of Europe' |publisher=[[CNN]]|location= Atlanta, Georgia |date=6 June 2015 |access-date= 6 June 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 25 September 2015, Francis addressed the United Nations in New York City.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times 2015&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/live/pope-visit-2015 |title=Pope Francis Addresses the U.N.: Live Updates |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date= 25 September 2015 |access-date= 25 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 16 April 2016, he visited, together with [[Bartholomew I of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew]] and [[Ieronymos II of Athens|Archbishop Ieronimos II of Athens]], the [[Moria Refugee Camp]] on the Greek island of [[Lesbos]], to call the attention of the world to the refugee issue. There the three Christian leaders signed a joint declaration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2016/apr/16/pope-francis-europe-visits-lesbos-in-pictures|title=Pope Francis visits Lesbos|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|location=London, England|date=16 April 2016|access-date=27 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In January 2017, Francis demanded the resignation of [[Matthew Festing]], the 79th [[List of Princes and Grand Masters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta|Prince and Grand Master]] of the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]]. The Pope's demand came as a response to Festing and Cardinal [[Raymond Leo Burke]] firing Baron [[Albrecht von Boeselager]] from his position in the Order of Malta. The Order, in May 2017, appointed a new leader in the person of Fra' Giacomo Dalla Torre del Tempio di Sanguinetto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/ancient-order-malta-faces-era-change-interim-leader-elected|title=Ancient Order of Malta faces era of change as interim leader is elected|author=Josephine McKenna|date=1 May 2017|newspaper=[[National Catholic Reporter]]|access-date=2 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Vladimir Putin with Franciscus (2015-06-10) 1.jpg|thumb|left|Francis shaking hands with Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]], in front of Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]], 10 June 2015]]
On 24 May 2017, Francis met with U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] in Vatican City, where they discussed the contributions of [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholics]] to the United States and to the world. They discussed issues of mutual concern, including how religious communities can combat human suffering in crisis regions, such as Syria, Libya, and [[ISIS]]-controlled territory. They also discussed [[terrorism]] and the radicalization of young people. The [[Cardinal Secretary of State|Vatican's secretary of state]], [[Pietro Parolin]], raised the issue of [[climate change]] and encouraged Trump to remain in the [[Paris Agreement]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Trump: Meeting Pope Francis 'the honor of a lifetime' |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/05/24/trump-meeting-pope-francis-honor-lifetime.html |publisher=[[Fox News Channel]]|location=New York City|date=24 May 2017 |access-date=26 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the 2017 [[World Food Day]] ceremony, Francis reiterated that &quot;we see the consequences [of climate change] every day&quot; and that we &quot;know how the problems are to be faced ... [t]hanks to scientific knowledge.&quot; He said that &quot;the international community has drawn up the necessary legal instruments, such as the Paris Agreement, from which however some are withdrawing. There is a re-emergence of the nonchalance towards the delicate balances of ecosystems, the presumption of being able to manipulate and control the planet's limited resources, and greed for profit.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vatican_FAO_20171016&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Visit of the Holy Father Francis to the headquarters of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) in Rome for World Food Day|url=http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2017/10/16/171016a.html|access-date=16 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Francis [[Pope Francis's visit to Ireland|visited Ireland in 2018]], in what was the first papal tour of the country since John Paul II's historic trip in 1979.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Henry|last=McDonald |issn=0261-3077 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/28/pope-francis-to-visit-ireland-in-2018|date=28 November 2016 |title=Pope Francis to visit Ireland in 2018|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|location=London, England|access-date=28 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; While in Ireland he apologized for abuses by clergy in the United States and Ireland.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Ortiz|first=Erik|date=20 August 2018|title=Pope apologizes for priest sex abuse scandal with 'sorrow and shame'|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/pope-francis/pope-francis-apologizes-catholic-priest-sex-abuse-scandal-sorrow-shame-n902121|access-date=27 August 2018|publisher=[[NBC News]]|location=New York City}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Pope Francis visit Bethlehem.jpg|thumb|Francis in [[Bethlehem]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], 25 May 2014]]
In February 2019, Francis visited [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates, on the invitation of [[Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]. Francis became the first pope to hold a papal Mass on the Arabian Peninsula, with more than 120,000 attendees in the [[Zayed Sports City Stadium]] on 5 February.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]]|date=5 February 2019 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-emirates/tens-of-thousands-pack-stadium-for-first-papal-mass-on-arabian-peninsula-idUSKCN1PU0H9?il=0|title=Tens of thousands pack stadium for first papal mass on Arabian Peninsula}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Francis made the plight of refugees and migrants &quot;a core component of his pastoral work&quot;, and has defended their rights in [[Theology of Pope Francis#Refugees and migrants|dialogue both with Europe and with the United States]]. He went on to place a statue in [[St. Peter's Square]] to bring attention to the Christian imperative involved in their situation (Hebrews 13:2).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-wall-idUSKBN15N1ZW|title=Don't build walls, Pope Francis says|date=8 February 2017|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=2 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Friedman|first=Uri|date=16 April 2016|website=[[The Atlantic]] |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/04/refugees-pope-francis-lesbos/477870/|title='The Globalization of Indifference': How Pope Francis Sees the Refugee Crisis|access-date=2 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=New Vatican Statue Proclaims Pope Francis' Concern For Refugees |date=1 October 2019 |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/angels-unaware-statue-pope-francis_n_5d93bf92e4b0ac3cddb05a56|first=Carol |last=Kuruvilla|website=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=2 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In line with this policy, Francis has criticised [[neo-nationalism|neo-nationalists]] and [[populism|populists]] who reject the acceptance of refugees.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=20 August 2019|title=Pope says popular movements are 'antidote' to populism |url=https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2019/08/pope-says-popular-movements-are-antidote-to-populism/|access-date=20 June 2021|website=Crux|language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Momigliano|first=Anna|date=23 May 2017 |title=Catholic Populists Have to Respect the Pope, but They Love Trump |website=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/05/catholic-populists-trump-pope-francis-vatican/527766/ |access-date=20 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In March 2021, Pope Francis held a [[Pope Francis's visit to Iraq|historic meeting]] with Iraq's top [[Shi'ite]] cleric, [[Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani]], and visited the birthplace of the [[Abraham in Islam|Prophet Abraham]], Ur. Giving a message of peaceful coexistence, he and the Iraqi cleric urged the [[Muslim]] and Christian communities to work together in unity for peace.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-iraq/pope-francis-holds-historic-meeting-with-iraqs-top-shiite-cleric-idUSKBN2AY07Y|title=Pope Francis meets Iraq's top Shi'ite cleric, visits birthplace of Prophet Abraham|access-date=6 March 2021|website=[[Reuters]]|date=6 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|website=[[ABC News]]|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/pope-francis-meets-top-shiite-cleric-iraq-76292195 |title=Pope, top Iraq Shiite cleric hold historic, symbolic meeting|access-date=6 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Wizyta w Watykanie (42556254741).jpg|thumb|Francis with Polish Prime Minister [[Mateusz Morawiecki]] and his family, Vatican City, June 2018|left]]
On 9 May 2021, Francis called for peace between Israel and Palestinians and an end to [[2021 Israel–Palestine crisis|clashes in Jerusalem]] during his [[Regina caeli]] address.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Mares |first=Courtney|date=11 May 2021|title=Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem says violence requires 'an urgent intervention'|work=[[Catholic News Agency]]|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/247617/latin-patriarchate-of-jerusalem-says-violence-requires-an-urgent-intervention}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=O'Connell |first=Gerard|date=9 May 2021|title=Pope Francis calls for an end to clashes in Jerusalem|work=[[America Magazine]]|url=https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2021/05/09/pope-francis-clashes-jerusalem-violence-holy-land-peace-israel|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509144945/https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2021/05/09/pope-francis-clashes-jerusalem-violence-holy-land-peace-israel|archive-date=9 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Following the [[2021 Taliban offensive|Taliban takeover of Afghanistan and withdrawal of U.S. forces from the country]], Francis said that the withdrawal of troops was &quot;legitimate&quot; but said that the process of evacuations was &quot;not thought through&quot; and criticized the war for having failed at nation-building. He also stated that the Vatican is in talks with the Taliban through Cardinal [[Pietro Parolin]] to discourage the Taliban on taking reprisal measures against civilians.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Glatz |first1=Carol |title=Pope Francis: Afghanistan withdrawal was not completely thought through |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2021/08/31/pope-francis-afghanistan-withdrawal-241313 |access-date=2 September 2021 |work=America Magazine |date=31 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Matranga |first1=Anna |title=Pope Francis takes a jab at America's policy in Afghanistan |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pope-francis-news-us-afghanistan-policy-health-after-surgery/ |access-date=2 September 2021 |agency=[[CBS News]] |date=1 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 1 September 2021, Francis publicly defended the dialogue with China on the appointment of new bishops. Francis stated that uneasy dialogue was better than no dialogue at all, and emphasized in improving strained ties with the Chinese government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pullella |first1=Philip |title=Pope defends deal with China, says dialogue necessary |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/pope-defends-deal-with-china-says-dialogue-necessary-2021-09-01/ |access-date=1 September 2021 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=1 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On [[All Souls' Day]], on 1 November 2021, Francis visited a war cemetery in Rome and paid tribute to fallen soldiers during the [[Battle of Anzio]] in World War II as well as at the [[Piave River]], in Italy, during World War I. Francis also praised military casualties for &quot;fighting for their homeland and values&quot; and called for global peace.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mares |first1=Courtney |title=Pope Francis celebrates All Souls' Day Mass at military cemetery in Rome |url=https://angelusnews.com/news/vatican/pope-francis-celebrates-all-souls-day-mass-at-military-cemetery-in-rome/ |access-date=3 November 2021 |work=[[Angelus News]] |date=2 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Glatz |first1=Carol |title=Pope Francis on All Souls Day: The tombs of fallen soldiers cry out for peace |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2021/11/02/pope-francis-all-souls-war-241762 |access-date=3 November 2021 |work=[[America (magazine)|America]] |date=2 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Pope Francis and Sergio Mattarella 2022.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Pope Francis with Italian President [[Sergio Mattarella]] in 2022]]
On 16 April 2022, Melitopol mayor [[Ivan Fedorov (politician)|Ivan Fedorov]] attended Easter services in the Vatican with the Pope. Ukrainian politicians [[Maria Mezentseva]], Olena Khomenko, and Rusem Umerov were also in attendance.

Pope Francis said: &quot;In this darkness of war, in the cruelty, we are all praying for you and with you this night. We are praying for all the suffering. We can only give you our company, our prayer&quot;, further stating &quot;the biggest thing you can receive: Christ is risen&quot;, speaking the last three words in Ukrainian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news  |title= Ukrainian politicians, including Melitopol mayor, attend Vatican Easter vigil |url= https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-04-17/melitopol-mayor-and-ukrainian-politicians-attend-vatican-easter-/100995968 |access-date=17 April 2022 |website=[[ABC News]]|date= 17 April 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 25 July 2022, at the Powwow ceremonial grounds on the Cree Nation reservation in Edmonton, Canada, the Pope expressed &quot;deep sorrow&quot; at the Cemetery. &quot;I humbly beg forgiveness for the evil committed by so many Christians against the Indigenous peoples&quot;, Francis said.&lt;ref&gt;Pope apologizes for 'catastrophic' school policy in Canada (msn.com)&lt;/ref&gt; Four chiefs escorted the pontiff to the site near the former Ermineskin Indian Residential School, and presented him with a feathered headdress after he spoke, making him an honorary leader of the community.&lt;ref&gt;Pope Francis Visits Indigenous Residential School Survivors | Time&lt;/ref&gt;

In January 2023, in an interview with the [[Associated Press]], Francis called the [[Criminalization of homosexuality|criminalisation of homosexuality]] &quot;unjust&quot;, calling on the Catholic Church to work towards its abolition by &quot;distinguish[ing] between a sin and crime&quot;. He called on bishops supporting such laws to &quot;have a process of conversion&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; Francis repeated his condemnation the following month, saying that &quot;criminalising people with homosexual tendencies is an injustice&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;

Francis condemned [[2023 Hamas attack on Israel|Hamas's October 2023 attack on Israel]]. He also criticized Israel's actions in the [[Gaza Strip]] during the [[2023 Israel–Hamas war|Israel–Hamas war]], saying that &quot;terror should not justify terror&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Dispute erupts over whether pope called Gaza situation a 'genocide' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/pope-says-conflict-between-israel-hamas-has-gone-beyond-war-terrorism-2023-11-22/ |work=Reuters |date=22 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; He condemned the killing of two [[Palestinian Christians|Palestinian Christian]] women by an [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] sniper in Gaza, calling it &quot;terrorism&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=17 December 2023 |title=&quot;It is Terrorism&quot;: Pope Francis Denounces Killing of Two Christian Women in Gaza |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/pope-francis-israel-gaza-deaths |access-date=19 December 2023 |magazine=Vanity Fair |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Public image ==
{{See also|List of places and things named after Pope Francis}}
{{external media | width = 210px | float = right | headerimage = [[File:Pope Francis (27056871831) (cropped).jpg|210px]]
 | video1 = [https://www.ted.com/talks/pope_francis_why_the_only_future_worth_building_includes_everyone?language=en#t-62701 Why the only future worth building includes everyone], [[TED (conference)|TED talks]], April 2017, 17:51, in Italian with subtitles in 22 languages }}

Popular [[mainstream media]] frequently portray Francis either as a [[Progressivism|progressive]] papal reformer or with [[Social liberalism|liberal]], moderate values.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Waters |first=John |date=20 July 2014 |title=Does Pope Francis have a cunning plan? |work=Irish Independent |url=http://www.independent.ie/opinion/does-pope-francis-have-a-cunning-plan-30444898.html |url-status=live |access-date=18 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720053304/http://www.independent.ie/opinion/does-pope-francis-have-a-cunning-plan-30444898.html |archive-date=20 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Vatican has claimed that Western news outlets often seek to portray his message with a less-doctrinal tone of papacy, in hopes of extrapolating his words to convey a more merciful and tolerant message.&lt;ref name=&quot;Achanging&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|first=Mark|last=Binelli |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/pope-francis-the-times-they-are-a-changin-20140128 |title=Pope Francis Cover Story: The Times They Are A-Changin' |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=28 January 2014 |access-date=24 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/vatican-spokesman-media-manipulated-popes-comments-on-families/|title=Vatican spokesman: media manipulated Pope's family comments |date=7 January 2014|agency=Catholic News Agency|access-date=3 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the news media, both faithful and non-believers often refer to a &quot;honeymoon&quot; phase in which the pope has changed the tone on Catholic doctrines and supposedly initiated [[ecclesiastical]] reform in the Vatican.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/frame_game/2013/09/pope_francis_interview_forget_homosexuality_and_birth_control_he_s_a_flaming.html |title=Pope Francis Is a Liberal |last=Saletan |first=William |author-link=William Saletan|date=19 September 2013 |journal=Slate |access-date=20 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Luke|last=Coppen |url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/features/9112081/the-fantasy-francis/ |title=Sorry – but Pope Francis is no liberal |work=The Spectator |date=11 January 2014 |access-date=24 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=O'Loughlin |first=Michael |url=http://www.advocate.com/politics/religion/2014/01/28/catholics-urge-pope-francis-speak-out-lgbt-rights |title=Catholics Urge Pope Francis to Speak Out for LGBT Rights |work=Advocate |date=28 January 2014 |access-date=24 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Media systems differ, too, not only in their coverage of Francis's stances but also in how individual events are portrayed. His 2015 trip to Cuba is a prime example. During this trip, American-based AP and British-based Reuters highlighted the religious aspect of the pope's journey while Prensa Latina, the official state media agency, depicted it as a diplomatic visit. American and British media were also more likely during this trip to show Francis interacting with regular Cubans compared to the official Cuban media, which showed Francis interacting with elites most often.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Thomson|first1=T. J.|last2=Perreault|first2=Gregory|last3=Duffy|first3=Margaret|date=17 January 2017|title=Politicians, Photographers, and a Pope|journal=Journalism Studies|volume=19|issue=9|pages=1313–1330|doi=10.1080/1461670X.2016.1268929|s2cid=152110990|issn=1461-670X|url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/119023/7/119023.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In December 2013, both ''[[Time Magazine|Time]]'' and ''[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]]'' magazines named the Pontiff as their &quot;Person of the Year&quot; in praise and hopes of reforming the [[Roman Curia]] while hoping to change the Catholic Church's doctrine on various controversial issues. In addition, ''Esquire'' magazine named him as the &quot;Best-dressed man&quot; for 2013 for his simpler vestments often in tune with a modern simplistic design on sartorial fashion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/pope-francis-named-esquires-best-dressed-man-of-2013--but-why-20140101-hv7ab.html |title=Pope Francis named Esquire's 'Best Dressed Man of 2013' – but why?|first=Michael|last=McGough|date=1 January 2014|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=3 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine followed in January 2014 by making the Pontiff their featured front cover.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/pope-francis-gentle-revolution-inside-rolling-stones-new-issue-49840/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |title=Pope Francis' Gentle Revolution: Inside Rolling Stone's New Issue |date=28 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://poy.time.com/2013/12/11/person-of-the-year-pope-francis-the-peoples-pope |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|title=Person of the Year 2013 |date=11 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' magazine also ranked Francis as number one in their list of 50 greatest leaders.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/gallery/leadership/2014/03/20/worlds-best-leaders.fortune/ |publisher=[[CNN]]|first=Geoff |last=Colvin |title=Fortune ranks the World's 50 Greatest Leaders |date=20 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331010527/http://money.cnn.com/gallery/leadership/2014/03/20/worlds-best-leaders.fortune |archive-date=31 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 5 November 2014, he was ranked by ''[[Forbes]]'' as the fourth [[Forbes list of The World's Most Powerful People|most powerful person in the world]] and was the only non-political figure in the top ranking.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbespr/2014/11/05/2014-ranking-of-the-worlds-most-powerful-people/|title=2014 Ranking of the World's Most Powerful People|date=11 May 2014|work=[[Forbes]]|access-date=3 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2016, Francis again made ''Forbes''{{'}}s list of &quot;The World's Most Powerful People&quot;, ranking fifth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=M. Ewalt|first1=David|title=The World's Most Powerful People 2016|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2016/12/14/the-worlds-most-powerful-people-2016/|access-date=3 March 2017|work=[[Forbes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In March 2013, a new song was dedicated to Francis and released in Brazilian Portuguese, European Portuguese, and Italian, titled ''Come Puoi'' (&quot;How You Can&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;nofrills&quot; /&gt; Also in March, Pablo Buera, the mayor of [[La Plata]], Argentina, announced that the city had renamed a section of a street leading up to a local cathedral ''Papa Francisco''.&lt;ref name=&quot;street&quot;&gt;Ho, Erica, [http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/03/28/argentinatown-renames-street-after-pope-francis/ &quot;Argentina: Town renames street after Pope Francis&quot;], ''Time'', 28 March 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013&lt;/ref&gt; There are already efforts to name other streets after him, as well as a school where he studied as a child.&lt;ref name=&quot;street&quot; /&gt; A proposal to create a commemorative coin as a tribute to Francis was made in Argentina's lower house on 28 November 2013. On the coins it would read, &quot;Tribute from the Argentine People to Pope Francis&quot; beneath his face.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/11/27/world/americas/argentina-pope-francis-coin/index.html |title=Argentina weighs putting Pope Francis' face on a coin |publisher=[[CNN]]|author=Catherine E. Shoichet|date=28 November 2013|access-date=27 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of May 2013, sales of papal souvenirs, a sign of popularity, were up.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT52513&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Francis' Humility and Emphasis on the Poor Strike a New Tone at the Vatican|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/26/world/europe/pope-francis-changes-tone-at-the-vatican.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526035144/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/26/world/europe/pope-francis-changes-tone-at-the-vatican.html |archive-date=26 May 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=26 May 2013|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=25 May 2013|first=Rachel|last=Donadio|quote=It was so hard to sell anything under Benedict. This pope attracts huge crowds, and they all want to bring back home something with his smiling face on it.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Francis presided over his first joint public wedding ceremony in a Nuptial Mass for 20 couples from the Archdiocese of Rome on 14 September 2014, just a few weeks before the start of the 5–19 October Extraordinary [[Synod of Bishops (Catholic)|Synod of Bishops]] on the Family.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | access-date = 7 November 2015 | work = BBC News| date= 14 September 2014 | title= Pope marries 20 cohabiting couples in sign of papacy shift
| url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29198491}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|[[Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI]] did not do this during his eight-year reign from 2005 to 2013; his predecessor, [[Pope John Paul II]], married a group of couples from all over the world in 2000, as part of the Jubilee for Families, and before that in 1994 during the church's Year of the Family, as well as presiding over a number of private marriages as pope.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Glatz |first=Carol |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2014/pope-francis-to-preside-over-joint-september-wedding-at-vatican.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524004506/http://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2014/pope-francis-to-preside-over-joint-september-wedding-at-vatican.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 May 2018 |title=Pope Francis to preside over joint September wedding at Vatican |date=29 August 2014 |publisher=Catholic News Service |access-date=23 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

On 19 March 2016, Francis became the first pope to create an [[Instagram]] account.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/19/world/europe/pope-francis-instagram-franciscus.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319121740/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/19/world/europe/pope-francis-instagram-franciscus.html |archive-date=19 March 2016 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Get Ready, Internet. The Pope Has Joined Instagram. |first=Liam |last=Stack |date=19 March 2016 |access-date=5 March 2021 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He broke records after having gained over one million followers in under twelve hours of the account being up.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/03/19/technology/instagram-pope-francis-account/|title=Pope Francis gains 1 million Instagram followers in under 12 hours|author=Ahiza Garcia|date=19 March 2016|work=[[CNN Business]]|access-date=20 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019 Francis held a conference on the World Day of Social Communications highlighting the pros and cons of social media and urging users to use it as a source that liberates rather than enslaves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=24 January 2019|title=Pope highlights pros and cons of internet and social media use – Vatican News|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2019-01/pope-highlights-pros-and-cons-of-internet-and-social-media-use.html|access-date=17 February 2021|website=www.vaticannews.va|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 26 November 2020 Francis became the first pope to write an op-ed for ''The New York Times'', addressing issues such as the coronavirus and the need for global solidarity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Pope Francis|date=26 November 2020|title=Pope Francis: A Crisis Reveals What Is in Our Hearts|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/26/opinion/pope-francis-covid.html|access-date=17 February 2021|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Pontiff also used his op-ed to strongly critique those protesting COVID-19 restrictions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Choi|first=Joseph|date=26 November 2020|title=Pope Francis swipes at groups protesting COVID-19 restrictions in NYT op-ed|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/news/527707-pope-francis-swipes-at-groups-protesting-covid-19-restrictions-in-nyt-op-ed|access-date=17 February 2021|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In August 2021, rumors of a possible resignation arose due to health issues,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gagliarducci |first1=Andrea |title=Analysis: What's behind rumors that Pope Francis will resign? |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/248814/will-pope-francis-resign |access-date=2 September 2021 |work=Catholic News Agency |date=31 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; but he dismissed those rumors in early September 2021, saying that he is &quot;living a normal life&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pullella |first1=Philip |title=Pope denies resignation report, says leads normal life after surgery |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/pope-denies-resignation-report-says-093137157.html |access-date=2 September 2021 |work=Yahoo! |agency=[[Reuters]]|date=2 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2022, the Pope's health was an issue again when he had to cancel his trips to the Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Sudan. The Vatican said that the decision was at the request of the doctors treating his knee, in order to not jeopardize the results of the therapy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pope Francis cancels trip to Congo and South Sudan over health issues |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220610-pope-francis-cancels-trip-to-congo-and-south-sudan-over-health-issues |access-date=12 June 2022 |work=France24 |date=11 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; In an interview with [[Reuters]] in July 2022, Francis denied rumours about his resignation, saying &quot;[it] never entered my mind. For the moment no, for the moment, no. Really!&quot;, but said that he would resign if his health made it impossible for him to run the church.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pullella |first1=Philip |date=4 July 2022 |title=EXCLUSIVE Pope Francis denies he is planning to resign soon |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/exclusive-pope-francis-denies-he-is-planning-resign-soon-2022-07-04/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704083806/https://www.reuters.com/world/exclusive-pope-francis-denies-he-is-planning-resign-soon-2022-07-04/ |archive-date=4 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; During his trip to the Democratic Republic of the Congo in February 2023, Francis shifted away from rumors of an imminent resignation. In a conversation with African Jesuits, Francis said that for pontiffs to resign should not become a &quot;fashion&quot; and that his own resignation was &quot;not in his agenda at the moment&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pullella |first1=Philip |title=Popes are for life, resignations should not become a fashion, Francis says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/popes-are-life-resignations-should-not-become-fashion-francis-says-2023-02-16/ |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=[[Reuters]]|date=16 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nearly one million people came for Pope Francis's mass in Kinshasa in the DRC. He addressed people to be in peace and leave weapons. He told people to &quot;put down your arms and embrace mercy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/02/01/africa/pope-francis-drc-kinshasa-mass-intl/index.html|title=Pope Francis attracts more than one million worshippers to DRC Mass|accessdate=1 February 2023|website=[[CNN]]|date=February 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Holy Mass - Elevating the consecrated Host.jpg|thumb|Pope Francis celebrating Holy Mass in Kossuth tér, Budapest]]   
In March 2023, Pope Francis was hospitalized in Rome with a respiratory infection.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ghiglione |first1=Davide |last2=Davies |first2=Alys |title=Pope Francis in hospital with respiratory infection |work=[[BBC News]] |date=29 March 2023 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65117270 |access-date=29 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Pope returned to celebrate public mass at the [[Easter Vigil]] Mass on [[Holy Saturday]], for the first time since recovering from bronchitis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=D'Emilio |first1=Frances |date=8 April 2023 |title=Pope Francis returns to public eye for Easter vigil Mass |url=https://apnews.com/article/pope-francis-vatican-easter-vigil-basilica-b521343b26ea2d74bb135a0b9aeaebf6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408184929/https://apnews.com/article/pope-francis-vatican-easter-vigil-basilica-b521343b26ea2d74bb135a0b9aeaebf6 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=[[Associated Press|AP News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While visiting Hungary for three days, on  30 April 2023, Pope Francis celebrated Holy Mass in [[Kossuth Square|Kossuth square]], Budapest, Hungary.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Apostolic Journey of His Holiness Pope Francis to Hungary (28 - 30 April 2023) |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/travels/2023/outside/documents/ungheria-2023.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302085228/https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/travels/2023/outside/documents/ungheria-2023.html |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=vatican.va}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=López Campos |first=Paloma |date=30 April 2023 |title=Pope bids farewell to Hungary with a call for hope |url=https://omnesmag.com/en/newsroom/hungria-pope-hope/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510054355/https://omnesmag.com/en/newsroom/hungria-pope-hope/ |archive-date=10 May 2023 |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=Omnes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In June 2023, Pope Francis underwent abdominal surgery after suffering from a [[hernia]]. The Pope received the surgery at Gemelli Hospital, and spent several days in the hospital while recovering.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |first1=Sofia |last1=Betiza |first2=Nicholas |last2=Yong |date=7 June 2023 |title=Pope Francis, 86, to have abdominal surgery |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65821047 |access-date=7 June 2023 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Distinctions ==

=== Titles and styles ===
The official form of address of the pope in English is ''His Holiness Pope Francis''; in Latin, ''Franciscus, Episcopus Romae''. ''Holy Father'' is among the other [[His holiness#Catholic church|honorifics]] used for popes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/894991536|title=Annuario pontificio|publisher=Libr. Ed. Vaticana|oclc=894991536}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Foreign orders ===
* {{flagu|Bolivia}}: [[File:BOL Order of Condor of the Andes - Grand Cross BAR.png|85px]]: Grand Collar of the [[Order of the Condor of the Andes]] (9 July 2015)&lt;ref name=&quot;CondorDeLosAndes&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.presidencia.gob.bo/fuente/noticia.php?cod=3363#contenido |title=Presidente Evo Morales distingue con el Cóndor de Los Andes al Papa Francisco |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709162549/http://www.presidencia.gob.bo/fuente/noticia.php?cod=3363#contenido |archive-date=9 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CrucifixThis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://d2jkk5z9de9jwi.cloudfront.net/content/uploads/2015/07/crucifix_this.jpg |format=JPG |title=Photographic image |website=D2jkk5z9de9jwi.cloudfront.net |access-date=22 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008051929/http://d2jkk5z9de9jwi.cloudfront.net/content/uploads/2015/07/crucifix_this.jpg |archive-date=8 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagu|Bolivia}}: Order of Merit &quot;Father Luis Espinal Camps&quot; (9 July 2015)&lt;ref name=&quot;CondorDeLosAndes&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CrucifixThis&quot; /&gt;
* {{flagu|Poland}}: [[File:POL Order Uśmiechu BAR.svg|85px]]: [[Order of the Smile]] (26 April 2016)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pope2016.com/en/faith/catholic-church/francis/news,466184,pope-francis-receives-order-of-the-smile.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160910222831/http://www.pope2016.com/en/faith/catholic-church/francis/news,466184,pope-francis-receives-order-of-the-smile.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 September 2016|title=Pope Francis receives Order of the Smile – Francis – Catholic Church – Faith – Pope in Poland 2016 – press center |work=pope2016.com|access-date=29 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Awards ===
* {{flagu|Germany}}: [[Charlemagne Prize|International Charlemagne Prize]] of [[Aachen]] 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pope Francis to be awarded Charlemagne Prize on 6 May |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/es/press-room/20160502IPR25453/pope-francis-to-be-awarded-charlemagne-prize-on-6-may |work=[[European Parliament]] |date=2 May 2016|via=www.europarl.europa.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Person of the Year&quot; by [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]] (2015) for his request that all Catholics be kind to animals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=White |first1=Daniel |title=Pope Francis Is PETA's Person of the Year |url=https://time.com/4130961/peta-pope-francis/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=1 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Was made an honorary [[Harlem Globetrotters|Harlem Globetrotter]] on 7 May 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/pope-francis-has-joined-the-harlem-globetrotters-10233040.html|title=Pope Francis got a new gig this week...as a basketball player|date=7 May 2015|website=[[The Independent]]|access-date=5 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Zayed Award for Human Fraternity in October 2020 for significant contributions to the service of humanity from around the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pope meets with Zayed Award judging panel |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/world/news/2020-10/zayed-award-higher-committee-human-fraternity-award-2021-panel.html |work=[[Vatican News]] |date=23 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Nominations open for 2021 Zayed Award for Human Fraternity |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/world/news/2020-10/nominations-zayed-award-human-fraternity-document.html |work=[[Vatican News]] |date=20 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{flagu|Brazil}}: Francis was awarded the Medalha Mérito Legislativo by the [[Congress of Brazil]] in November 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Câmara condecora 32 personalidades com o Mérito Legislativo, entre elas Bolsonaro e papa Francisco Fonte: Agência Câmara de Notícias |url=https://www.camara.leg.br/noticias/830707-camara-condecora-32-personalidades-com-o-merito-legislativo-entre-elas-bolsonaro-e-papa-francisco/ |work=[[Congress of Brazil]] |date=24 November 2021 |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Grand Chief [[Willie Littlechild]] gifted Pope Francis with the Indigenous Name Wapikihew (White Eagle) on behalf of the [[Ermineskin Cree Nation]] and presented him with a tradition Cree [[War bonnet]] following the Pope's apology to the [[Indigenous peoples in Canada]] at [[Maskwacis]], Alberta on 25 July 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chief Wilton Littlechild greets Pope Francis in Maskwacis, Alberta |url=https://slmedia.org/blog/chief-wilton-littlechild-greets-pope-francis-in-maskwacis-alberta |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=slmedia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=David Staples: What to make of outcry over Indigenous leader bestowing headdress on Pope Francis? |url=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/politics/david-staples-what-to-make-of-outcry-over-indigenous-leader-bestowing-headdress-on-pope-francis |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=edmontonjournal |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Honorific eponyms and dedications ===
[[File:Pope Francis Malacanang 45.jpg|thumb| Francis and Philippine President [[Benigno Aquino III]] in [[Manila]], [[Pope Francis's visit to the Philippines|16 January 2015]]]]
* {{flagu|Philippines}}: The Pope Francis Center for the Poor – [[Palo, Leyte]] (12 July 2015)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cbcpnews.com/cbcpnews/?p=59702|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713221857/http://www.cbcpnews.com/cbcpnews/?p=59702|url-status=usurped|archive-date=13 July 2015|title=Palo's Pope Francis Center now houses abandoned elderly, orphans|publisher=Catholic's Bishop Conference of the Philippines}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ennio Morricone]] composed a Mass setting (''Missa Papae Francisci'') named after the pope, for the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the restoration of the Jesuit order. The performance aired on [[Rai 5]] and was attended by former Italian President [[Giorgio Napolitano]] and other dignitaries.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.ewtnnews.com/catholic-news/World.php?id=12223 Oscar-winning composer pens Mass for the Pope] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604092628/http://www.ewtnnews.com/catholic-news/World.php?id=12223 |date=4 June 2016 }}&quot;. EWTN. Published: 12 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.romereports.com/2015/06/12/oscar-award-winner-ennio-morricone-composes-mass-for-pope Oscar award winner, Ennio Morricone composes 'Mass' for Pope]&quot;. Rome Reports. Published: 12 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rai5.rai.it/articoli/missa-papae-francisci-morricone/30466/default.aspx Missa Papae Francisci (Morricone)]. RAI 5. (Napolitano appears at 32:41 and greets Morricone at 33:07) {{in lang|it}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The composer [[Ludger Stühlmeyer]] dedicated his work ''Klangrede – Sonnengesang des [[Francis of Assisi|Franziskus]]'', for choir (SATB) and instruments – to Pope Francis (''Suae Sanctitati Papae Francisci dedicat.''). First performance: Capella Mariana 4 October 2015.&lt;ref&gt;In: ''Offenbarungen – Tage Neuer Kirchenmusik.'' Begleitheft, München 2015, S. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Appreciation ===
In the [[oratorio]] [[Laudato si' (oratorio)|Laudato si']] by [[Peter Reulein]] (music) written on a [[libretto]] by [[Helmut Schlegel]] [[Order of Friars Minor|OFM]], the figure of Francis appears next to [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]], [[Francis of Assisi]], and [[Clare of Assisi]]. In the oratorio, Pope Franziskus suggests a bridge from the crucifixion scene on [[Calvary|Golgotha]] to the suffering of the present. He emphasizes the female talent and the importance of the charism of women for church and society. The texts of the [[encyclical]]s ''[[Laudato si']]'' and ''[[Evangelii gaudium]]'' were used. The motto of the [[Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy]] also plays a central role.&lt;ref name=&quot;Laudato si-score&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last1 = Reulein | first1 = Peter | author-link = Peter Reulein | last2 = Schlegel | first2 = Helmut | author-link2 = Helmut Schlegel | title = Laudato si' / Ein franziskanisches Magnificat | publisher = [[Patrick Dehm|Dehm Verlag]] | location = [[Limburg an der Lahn]] | year = 2016 | isbn = 978-3-943302-34-9 | page = 230 | ismn = 979-0-50226-047-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; The oratorio was premiered on 6 November 2016 in the [[Limburg Cathedral]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Laudato si-Liebfrauen&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.liebfrauen.net/meldung_volltext.php?si=5807238ed0bee&amp;id=57f955bfc9ddd&amp;view=&amp;lang=&amp;akt=musikkunstkultur_musikmeldungen&amp;k1=main&amp;k2=musikkunstkultur&amp;k3=musikmeldungen&amp;k4= | title = Festkonzert zum Jubiläum des Referates Kirchenmusik / Laudato si' – Oratorium von Peter Reulein (Uraufführung) | publisher = [[Liebfrauen, Frankfurt]] | year = 2016 | language = de | access-date = 25 December 2016 | archive-date = 19 October 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161019155601/http://www.liebfrauen.net/meldung_volltext.php?si=5807238ed0bee&amp;id=57f955bfc9ddd&amp;view=&amp;lang=&amp;akt=musikkunstkultur_musikmeldungen&amp;k1=main&amp;k2=musikkunstkultur&amp;k3=musikmeldungen&amp;k4= | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Coat of arms ==
{{Main|Coat of arms of Pope Francis}}
{{Further|Papal coats of arms}}
{{Infobox COA wide
| image = Coat of arms of Franciscus.svg
| bannerimage =
| badgeimage =
| notes = Pope Francis's initial [[grant of arms]] by the [[Holy See]] was as [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop of Buenos Aires]], when he was Cardinal Bergoglio,&lt;ref name= NCR&gt;{{cite news |title=Pope stresses simplicity, ecumenism in inaugural Mass plans |url= http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/pope-stresses-simplicity-ecumenism-inaugural-mass-plans|newspaper= [[National Catholic Reporter]] |date=18 March 2013 |access-date=18 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; in which the depiction of the Star and Spikenard were [[tincture (heraldry)|tinctured]] [[Argent]].&lt;br /&gt;Following his election as [[Pontiff]] these are now tinctured [[Or (heraldry)|Or]]. The first version of [[His Holiness]]'s arms released by the [[Vatican Press Office]] depicted a five-pointed Star from Bergoglio's archiepiscopal version, but upon election as Pope his [[coat of arms]] assumed an eight-pointed star with the representation of the spikenard also being suitably differenced.
| adopted = 18 March 2013
| crest = ''Not applicable to [[prelate]]s''
| torse =
| helm = [[File:MitreBenedetto.svg|35px]] [[Mitre|Bishop's mitre]]
| escutcheon = ''Azure on a Sun in Splendour Or the [[Holy Name of Jesus|IHS Christogram]] ensigned with a [[Cross pattée|Cross Paté]] fiché piercing the [[Holy Name of Jesus|H]] Gules all above three Nails fanwise points to centre Sable, and in dexter base a Mullet of eight points and in sinister base a [[Lavandula|Spikenard flower]] Or''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Wedvick of Jarlsby&amp;nbsp;– Religious/Francis, H. H. Pope 3 |url=http://wedvickofjarlsby.org/webvick-gallery/displayimage.php?album=7&amp;pos=24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206134335/http://wedvickofjarlsby.org/webvick-gallery/displayimage.php?album=7&amp;pos=24 |archive-date=6 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| supporters =
| compartment =
| motto = '''''MISERANDO ATQUE ELIGENDO'''''&lt;br /&gt; ([[Latin]] for &quot;''BY GIVING MERCY AND BY CHOOSING''&quot;)
| orders =
| other_elements = [[Keys of Peter]] behind [[His Holiness|HH]]'s [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|shield]] and [[mantling|Papal mantling]]
| banner = [[Flag of Vatican City]]
| badge =
| symbolism = (On the shield) ''Jesuit emblem'': In reference to Francis being a [[Jesuit]], the uppermost charge on the shield is the emblem of the [[Society of Jesus]].&lt;ref name=&quot;OR&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/francesco/elezione/stemma-papa-francesco_it.html | title=Lo Stemma di Papa Francesco | publisher=[[L'Osservatore Romano]] | date=18 March 2013 | access-date=18 March 2013 | language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; This [[Charge (heraldry)|charge]] displays a radiating sun within which is the [[monogram]] of the [[Holy Name of Jesus]] in red, with a red cross surmounting the [[Christogram|H]] and three black nails below the [[H]].&lt;ref name=&quot;OR&quot; /&gt; ''Eight-pointed star'': a long-standing symbol of the [[Virgin Mary]]. ''[[Spikenard]]'' alias nard: this flower represents [[Saint Joseph]]; in [[Hispanic]] iconographic tradition St Joseph is often depicted holding a branch of spikenard.&lt;ref name=&quot;VIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.news.va/en/news/pope-francis-miserando-atque-eligendo | title=Pope Francis: &quot;Miserando atque eligendo&quot;... | publisher=[[Vatican Information Service]] | date=18 March 2013 | access-date=18 March 2013 | archive-date=18 October 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018143713/http://www.news.va/en/news/pope-francis-miserando-atque-eligendo | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| previous_versions =
}}

== Writings ==
{{Main|Pope Francis bibliography}}
{{Library resources box|by=yes|viaf=68559410}}

Pope Francis has written a variety of books, encyclicals, and other writings.

== Music album ==
{{Main|Wake Up! (Pope Francis album)}}
''[[Wake Up! (Pope Francis album)|Wake Up!]]'' was released on 27 November 2015 by the label Believe Digital and contains speeches by Francis and accompanying music, including rock music.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Pope Francis: &quot;Wake Up!&quot;|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/release/wake-up%21-mr0004476247|publisher=AllMusic|access-date=2 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Pope Francis has released a rock album|work=[[BBC News]]|date=20 November 2015|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/34863904/pope-francis-has-released-a-rock-album|access-date=2 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://popefranciswakeup.believedigital.com/|title=Pope Francis Wake Up! Music Album with His Words and Prayers|website=Popefranciswakeup.believedigital.com|access-date=21 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Films ==
=== Documentary film ===
By 2015, there were two biographical films about Francis: ''[[Call Me Francesco]]'' (Italy, 2015), starring [[Rodrigo de la Serna]], and ''[[Francis: Pray for me]]'' (Argentina, 2015), starring [[Darío Grandinetti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Vivarelli|first=Nick|date=13 January 2015|title=Battle of the Pope Francis Biopics Begins With Two Films Shooting in Buenos Aires|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/global/battle-of-the-pope-francis-biopics-begins-with-two-films-shooting-in-buenos-aires-1201403994/|access-date=15 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[Pope Francis: A Man of His Word]]'' is a documentary film with Swiss-Italian-French-German co-production, co-written and directed by [[Wim Wenders]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2018/05/pope-francis-a-man-of-his-word-cannes-wim-wenders-documentary-pontiff-1201966111/ |title='Pope Francis: A Man of His Word': Wim Wenders Grilled the Pontiff and Left Amazed |first=Anne |last=Thompson |date=18 May 2018 |access-date=9 February 2020 |work=[[Indie Wire]] |publisher=[[Penske Business Media, LLC.]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It premiered at the [[2018 Cannes Film Festival]] and was released in the United States on 18 May 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/cannes-film-review-pope-francis-a-man-of-his-word-1202809055/ |title=Film Review: 'Pope Francis: A Man of His Word' |first=Andrew |last=Barker |date=13 May 2018 |access-date=9 February 2020 |magazine=[[Variety.com]] |publisher=[[Penske Business Media, LLC.]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It includes extensive sections of interviews as well as stock footage from archives.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-spiritual-nearness-of-wim-wenderss-pope-francis-a-man-of-his-word |title=The Spiritual Nearness of Wim Wenders's &quot;Pope Francis: Man of His Word&quot; |first=Paul |last=Elie |date=21 May 2018 |access-date=9 February 2020 |magazine=[[New Yorker (magazine)|New Yorker]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 21 October 2020, the documentary ''[[Francesco (2020 film)|Francesco]]'' directed by film producer [[Evgeny Afineevsky]] premiered.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vatican News-2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=21 October 2020|title=&quot;Francesco&quot;: new documentary on the life and teaching of Pope Francis|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2020-10/new-film-documentary-francesco-pope-francis-rome-film-fesival.html|access-date=23 October 2020|website=Vatican News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Winfield-2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Winfield|first=Nicole|date=21 October 2020|title=Francis becomes 1st pope to endorse same-sex civil unions|url=https://apnews.com/article/pope-endorse-same-sex-civil-unions-eb3509b30ebac35e91aa7cbda2013de2|access-date=22 October 2020|website=[[Associated Press|AP News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 4 October 2022, the documentary ''[[The Letter: A Message for our Earth]]'' premiered on YouTube Originals, directed by Nicolas Brown and produced by Off The Fence in partnership with [[Laudato Si' Movement]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2022/digital/global/youtube-doc-the-letter-a-message-for-our-earth-featuring-pope-francis-1235392482/ |title=Pope Francis YouTube Doc 'The Letter: A Message For Our Earth' Launches From Vatican City – Trailer |work=Variety |last=Vivarelli |first=Nick |date=4 October 2022 |access-date=5 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Portrayal in film ===
Francis is played by [[Jonathan Pryce]] in the [[Biographical film|biographical]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film ''[[The Two Popes]]'' (2019), costarring with [[Anthony Hopkins]] who plays [[Pope Benedict XVI]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://catholicherald.co.uk/magazine/you-couldnt-help-but-be-moved-spiritually-anthony-hopkins-and-jonathan-pryce-interviewed/ |title='You couldn't help but be moved spiritually': Anthony Hopkins and Jonathan Pryce interviewed |first=Gabrielle |last=Donnlly |date=19 December 2019 |access-date=9 February 2020 |newspaper=[[Catholic Herald]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
* [[List of current Christian leaders]]
* [[List of current heads of state and government]]
* [[List of people beatified by Pope Francis]]
* [[List of popes]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
--&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=

&lt;ref name=&quot;opening&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url = http://www.cruxnow.com/church/2015/12/08/opening-the-holy-year-francis-says-mercy-always-trumps-judgment/ | title = Opening the Holy Year, Francis says mercy always trumps judgment | first = Inés | last = San Martín | date = 8 December 2015 | access-date = 8 December 2015 | work = Crux | archive-date = 5 January 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160105174730/http://www.cruxnow.com/church/2015/12/08/opening-the-holy-year-francis-says-mercy-always-trumps-judgment/ | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Misericordiae&quot;&gt;[https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_letters/documents/papa-francesco_bolla_20150411_misericordiae-vultus.html Misericordiae Vultus – Bull of indiction of the Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy (11 April 2015)]. ''The Holy See''. Retrieved 8 May 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;trials&quot;&gt;[http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2015/09/08/pope_francis_reforms_church_law_in_marital_nullity_trials/1170336 Pope Francis reforms Church law in marital nullity trials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312163521/http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2015/09/08/pope_francis_reforms_church_law_in_marital_nullity_trials/1170336 |date=2016-03-12 }}, Vatican Radio. Retrieved 8 September 2015&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;burke&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2013/12/03/pope-i-was-once-a-bar-bouncer/ |title=Pope: I was once a bar bouncer |last=Burke |first=Daniel |publisher=CNN |date=3 December 2013 |access-date=3 December 2013 |archive-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223100810/https://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2013/12/03/pope-i-was-once-a-bar-bouncer/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Vatican Today-2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=New Pope Francis visits St. Mary Major, collects suitcases and pays bill at hotel |publisher=The Vatican Today |date=14 March 2013 |url=http://www.news.va/en/news/new-pope-francis-visits-st-mary-major-collects-sui |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317025225/http://www.news.va/en/news/new-pope-francis-visits-st-mary-major-collects-sui |archive-date=17 March 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;The Guardian-2013a&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Pope Francis explains decision to take St Francis of Assisi's name |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=16 March 2013 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/16/pope-francis-st-francis-assisi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317092441/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/16/pope-francis-st-francis-assisi |archive-date=17 March 2013 |location=London |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;The Guardian-2013b&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Pope Francis's missing lung should not be a problem, say doctors |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 March 2013
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/14/pope-francis-missing-lung-doctors |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314201720/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/14/pope-francis-missing-lung-doctors |archive-date=14 March 2013 |location=London |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Vatican: It's Pope Francis, not Pope Francis I&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title= Vatican: It's Pope Francis, not Pope Francis I |first=Emily |last=Alpert |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=13 March 2013 |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-vatican-pope-francis-name-20130313,0,1309501.story |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315094438/http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-vatican-pope-francis-name-20130313,0,1309501.story |archive-date=15 March 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Park-2013&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |title=Why Pope Francis Only Has One Lung |first=Alice |last=Park |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=13 March 2013 |url=http://healthland.time.com/2013/03/13/why-pope-francis-only-has-one-lung/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314175755/http://healthland.time.com/2013/03/13/why-pope-francis-only-has-one-lung/ |archive-date=14 March 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Chua&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|last=Chua|first=Howard|url=http://poy.time.com/2013/12/11/person-of-the-year-pope-francis-the-peoples-pope/print/|title=TIME's Person of the Year 2013 Pope Francis, The People's Pope|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=11 December 2013|access-date=27 December 2013|archive-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215175016/http://poy.time.com/2013/12/11/person-of-the-year-pope-francis-the-peoples-pope/print/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Remeseira&quot;&gt;Claudio Iván Remeseira: [http://nbclatino.com/2013/03/14/pope-francis-a-humble-and-outspoken-man-and-technically-also-italian/ Pope Francis: A humble and outspoken man, and technically also Italian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027154107/http://nbclatino.com/2013/03/14/pope-francis-a-humble-and-outspoken-man-and-technically-also-italian/ |date=27 October 2014 }} [[National Broadcasting Company|NBCLatino]], 14 March 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Garrido&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Garrido|first=J.|title=Vida y trayectoria de Bergoglio en seis capítulos|url=http://diario.latercera.com/2013/03/16/01/contenido/reportajes/25-132222-9-vida-y-trayectoria-de-bergoglio-en-seis-capitulos.shtml|access-date=24 March 2013|publisher=La Tercera|date=16 March 2013|archive-date=20 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320040835/http://diario.latercera.com/2013/03/16/01/contenido/reportajes/25-132222-9-vida-y-trayectoria-de-bergoglio-en-seis-capitulos.shtml
|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;biografia&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/francesco/biography/documents/papa-francesco-biografia-bergoglio_en.html|title=Vatican Web site, from L'Osservatore Romano, Year LXIII, number 12: biography of the Holy Father Francis|publisher= Holy See|access-date=18 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Sivori&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1564076-el-extasis-familiar-por-el-loco-de-la-guerra|title= Regina María Sívori, su mamá|newspaper= La Nación|date= 17 March 2013|access-date=19 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Rice-Oxley|first=Mark|title=Pope Francis: the humble pontiff with practical approach to poverty|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/13/jorge-mario-bergoglio-pope-poverty|access-date=13 March 2013|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=13 March 2013|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Donovan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Donovan|first= Jeffrey|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-13/argentina-s-cardinal-jorge-bergoglio-is-elected-pope-francis-i.html |title=Argentina's Cardinal Bergoglio Is Elected Pope Francis|publisher=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|date=13 March 2013|access-date=13 March 2013|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Henderson&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/the-pope/9928921/Pope-Francis-elected-leader-of-Catholic-Church-live.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314193835/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/the-pope/9928921/Pope-Francis-elected-leader-of-Catholic-Church-live.html|url-status=dead
|archive-date=14 March 2013|title=Pope Francis elected leader of Catholic Church: latest|first=Barney|last=Henderson|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=14 March 2013|access-date=14 March 2013|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;time&quot;&gt;[http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-francis-now-is-the-time-for-mercy-98103/ Pope Francis: Now is the time for mercy :: Catholic News Agency (CNA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225032652/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-francis-now-is-the-time-for-mercy-98103 |date=2021-02-25 }}. (11 April 2015). Retrieved 8 May 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Tribune&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-pope-family-members-killed-20140819-story.html|title=3 relatives of pope killed in crash in Argentina|date=19 August 2014|work= Chicago Tribune|access-date=4 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;nephews&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1403476.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140819160527/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1403476.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date = 19 August 2014|title = CNS STORY: Pope asks prayers after great nephews, their mother die in car crash |access-date = 4 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;aicabio&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Bergoglio, sobre todo 'pastor', tanguero y simpatizante de San Lorenzo|language=es|url=http://www.aica.org/5517-bergoglio-sobre-todo-pastor-tanguero-simpatizante-de-san-lorenzo.html|access-date=19 March 2013|publisher=Agencia Informativa Católica Argentina|date=13 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;techniciandegree&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1562738-bergoglio-un-sacerdote-jesuita-de-carrera|journal=La Nación|title=Jorge Bergoglio, un sacerdote jesuita de carrera|trans-title=Jorge Bergoglio, a career Jesuit priest|date=13 March 2013|language=es|access-date=14 March 2013|archive-date=16 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216141857/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/1562738-bergoglio-un-sacerdote-jesuita-de-carrera|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Clarin&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Su etapa de laboratorista|url=http://contenidos2.clarin.com/edicion-electronica/20130317/index.html#/8/|access-date=17 March 2013|newspaper=Clarín|date=17 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;reuters&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Lifschitz|first=Alejandro|title=Argentina's pope a modest man focused on the poor|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-succession-bergoglio-idUSBRE92C15X20130313|access-date=14 March 2013|work=[[Reuters]]|date=13 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Gallagher|first1=Delia|last2=Burke|first2=Daniel|title=Conservatives accuse the Pope of spreading heresy|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/25/world/pope-heresy/index.html|access-date=2 December 2017|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=26 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last= Allen|first=John L.|title=The Francis Miracle: Inside the Transformation of the Pope and the Church|year= 2015|publisher= [[Time (magazine)|Time]]|location= New York|isbn= 978-1-61893-131-3}}
* {{cite book | last = Borghesi | first = Massimo | translator-last = Hudock | translator-first = Barry | date = 2018 | orig-year = Italian original, 2017 | title = The Mind of Pope Francis: Jorge Mario Bergoglio's Intellectual Journey | publisher = Liturgical Press | place = Collegeville, Minnesota | isbn = 978-0-8146-8790-1 }}
* {{Cite book|title=Il Dissenso Soffocato: un'agenda per Papa Francesco|trans-title=Dissent Stifled: an agenda for Pope Francis|last1=Castagnaro|first1=Mauro|last2=Eugenio|first2=Ludovica|publisher=La Meridiana|year=2013|isbn=978-8861533240|location=Molfetta|author-link=Mauro Castagnaro}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Dictator Pope: The Inside Story of the Francis Papacy|last=Colonna|first=Marcantonio|publisher=Regnery Publishing|year=2018|isbn=978-1-62157-832-1|location=Washington, DC|author-link=Henry Sire|title-link=The Dictator Pope}}
* {{Cite book|title=To Change the Church: Pope Francis and the Future of Catholicism|last=Douthat|first=Ross|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|year=2018|isbn=978-1-5011-4692-3|location=New York|author-link=Ross Douthat}}
* {{cite book |last= Ivereigh|first=Austen|title= The Great Reformer: Francis and the Making of a Radical Pope|year= 2014|publisher= Henry Holt|location= New York|isbn= 978-1-62779-157-1}}
* {{Cite book|title=Lost Shepherd: How Pope Francis is Misleading His Flock|last=Lawler|first=Philip F.|publisher=Regnery Gateway|year=2018|isbn=978-1-62157-722-5|location=Washington DC}}
* {{cite book |last= Reato|first= Ceferino|date= 2015|title= Doce noches|trans-title= Twelve nights|language= es|location= Argentina|publisher= Sudamericana|isbn= 978-950-07-5203-9}}
* {{cite book |last1= Rosales|first1= Luis|last2=Olivera|first2=Daniel|date= 2013|title= Francis: A pope for our time|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7fX-AAAAQBAJ|location= United States|publisher= Umanix Books|isbn= 978-1-63006-002-2|access-date= 6 May 2014}}
* {{cite book |last1= Rubin|first1= Sergio|last2= Ambrogetti|first2= Francesca|title= El Jesuita|trans-title=The jesuit|year= 2010|edition= 1|language=es|publisher= Vergara Editor|location= Argentina|isbn= 978-950-15-2450-5|title-link= El Jesuita}}
* {{cite book |last= Vallely|first=Paul|title=Pope Francis: Untying the Knots: The Struggle for the Soul of Catholicism. |year= 2015 |edition=  Revised and expanded|publisher= Bloomsbury|location= London |isbn= 978-1-4729-0370-9}}
* {{cite book |last= Willey|first=David|title=The Promise of Francis: The Man, the Pope, and the Challenge of Change|year= 2015|publisher= Simon &amp; Schuster|location= New York|isbn= 978-1-4767-8905-7}}
* {{Cite web |last=Liedl |first=Jonathan |title=Francis' Pontificate Turns 10: Outward-Facing Emphasis Has Shaken Up Church's Inner Equilibrium |url=https://www.ncregister.com/news/francis-pontificate-turns-10-uil8q6nh|access-date=7 March 2023 |website=[[National Catholic Register]] |date=6 March 2023 |language=en}}

== External links ==
{{external media
| float =
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* [https://www.vatican.va/ Vatican: the Holy See]&amp;nbsp;– Vatican web site
** [http://www.news.va/en/news/biography-who-is-jorge-mario-bergoglio Vatican Web site: Official biography of Jorge Mario Bergoglio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018141414/http://www.news.va/en/news/biography-who-is-jorge-mario-bergoglio |date=18 October 2017 }} (published on the occasion of the Conclave by the Holy See Press Office, with the information provided by the cardinals themselves)
* [https://twitter.com/Pontifex Paus Fransiskus] ba [[Twitter]] (Akun [[Twitter]] resmi)
* [https://www.instagram.com/franciscus Paus Fransiskus] ba [[Instagram]] (Akun [[Instagram]] resmi)
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/vatican Vatikan] ba [[YouTube]] (Akun [[YouTube]] resmi)
* [https://curlie.org/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Christianity/Denominations/Catholicism/Popes/F/Francis/ Paus Fransiskus] (Curlie)
* [https://www.c-span.org/person/?69980/Francis Paus Fransiskus] (C-SPAN)

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