Wikipedia niawiki https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Olayama MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.13 first-letter Media Spesial Huhuo Sangoguna Huhuo zangoguna Wikipedia Huhuo Wikipedia Berkas Huhuo berkas MediaWiki Huhuo MediaWiki Templat Huhuo templat Fanolo Huhuo wanolo Kategori Huhuo kategori Portal Huhuo portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Huhuo Acara 2 3 27563 24538 2026-08-01T23:54:43Z Pathoschild 417 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Revi C.]]) 27563 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__<div class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">{{#babel:ko|en-3|nia-0}} [[File:Revi wikimedia image.jpg|thumb|center|middle|If you are here to talk about CommonsDelinker removing a deleted image, please [[:c:User talk:Revi C.|go here]].]] Hello! I am [[:m:User:Revi C.|revi]]. I edit to [[m:SWMT|revert vandals]], do Wikidata stuff<!--(I am a Wikidata Admin! <small>([{{fullurl:wikidata:Special:ListUsers/Revi C.|limit=1}} Verify])</small>)-->, or do [[:c:COM:FR|Commons Filemoving stuff]] (I am Commons Admin too! <small>([{{fullurl:c:Special:ListUsers/Revi C.|limit=1}} Verify])</small>). Come to [[:m:User:Revi C.|my Meta userpage]] or [[:c:User:Revi C.|my Commons userpage]] for more information. Thank you.</div> 9m423o9918vij72j12o8icoi9qv5ll6 3 4 27562 24537 2026-08-01T23:13:55Z Pathoschild 417 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Revi C.]]) 27562 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__<div class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[File:Revi logo (pink).png|thumb|center|<span style="color:red">PLEASE DO NOT LEAVE MESSAGE HERE!</span>]] ''' <span style="color:red"> BEFORE YOU BLOCK MY ACCOUNT: IF MY EDIT SUMMARY INCLUDE PREFIX </span>''(Script)''<span style="color:red">, DON'T BLOCK ME, JUST TELL ME TO SLOW DOWN AT COMMONS' TALK PAGE. IT IS AN AUTOMATED SCRIPT BEING USED ON COMMONS TO MOVE FILES.</span> Instead, please leave your message following site: <br /> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|45px|link=d:User talk:Revi C.]] [[d:User talk:Revi C.]] for Wikidata (Interwiki links) stuff <!--(I am {{int:Group-sysop}} there)--> <br /> [[File:Commons-logo.svg|45px|link=commons:User talk:Revi C.]] [[commons:User talk:Revi C.]] for renaming stuff or [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] action (I am {{int:Group-sysop}} there) <br /> [[File:Wikimedia Community Logo optimized.svg|45px|link=m:User talk:Revi C.]] [[meta:User talk:Revi C.]] for other stuff (User right notification, revert message, etc...) Messages left on this page may be reverted or moved without any response.</div> esxe13mcstpjlux1bt2hqwxr2v8t8mn 0 121 27569 24689 2026-08-02T07:14:45Z Slaia 39 antropolog > antropologo 27569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Elio Modigliani | image = Modigliani2 006.JPG | image_size = 200px | caption = Modigliani ba Danö Niha, 1886 | birth_date = 13 Juni 1860 | birth_place = Firenze, Kerajaan Sardinia | death_date = {{death date and age|1932|8|6|1860|6|13}} | death_place = Viareggio, Kerajaan Italia | education = | occupation = Antropologo, zoologo | spouse = Catherine McDonell | parents = | children = | signature = }} '''Elio Modigliani''' (★ 13 Juni 1860 – † 6 Agustus 1932) no samösa [[Antropologia|gere antropologia]] moroi ba danö [[Italia]], [[Zoologi|ere zoologi]], samösa ''eksplorer''<ref>Lafotöi ''ekspolorer'' niha si möi ba danö saröu ba wangosili hadia ia. So zi möi ba gatua ba wangosili zinumbua ma zui aurifö ba da'ö, so zi möi ba zuzu hili ba wangosili galitö ([[li Indonesia]]: "{{li|id|gunung berapi}}"), so zi möi ba gotalua soi böi ba wangosili hadara, lala wa'aurira, btn.</ref>, ba somasi-masi mangowuloi ngawalö zinumbua.<ref>Puccini, Sandra (1988). "''Elio Modigliani: Esplorare, osservare, raccogliere nell'esperienza di un etnografo dell'Ottocento''". ''La Ricerca Folklorica'' (18): 25-40. (subtitled: ''A sud dell'occidente. Viaggi, missioni e colonie della vecchia Italia''). (Li Italia)</ref> Me 1886 möi ia ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] ba wamalua fangosili ''ilmiah''. Bua wangosilinia moroi ba wanörö andrö ifa'oli bakha ba mbuku ''[[Un Viaggio a Nias|Un Viaggio a Nias]]'' (eluahania ''Sambua Wekoli ba Danö Niha'') si 724 nga'örö wa'awe'e-we'e niraka me 1890 ba Milan, [[Italia]]. == Sinura == * Elio Modigliani (1890). ''Un viaggio a Nias'', Fratelli Treves Editori, Milan. {{it}}. * Elio Modigliani (1886). ''Escursione nell'isola Nias (a ouest di Sumatra)''. ''Estratto dal Bolletino della Societa Geografica Italiana'', October 1886. {{it}}. * Elio Modigliani (1887). ''Il cota rajia e l'isola di Nias''. ''Estratto dal Bolletino della Societa Geografica Italiana'', January 1887. {{it}}. * Elio Modigliani (1887). ''L'isola di Nias note geografiche''. ''Presso la Societa Geografica Italiana, Roma''. {{it}}. == Basoŵa == * Henry Hillyer Giglioli (1893). ''[[iarchive:internationalesa06inte/page/n137/mode/2up|Notes on the Ethnographical Collections Formed by Dr. Elio Modigliani During His Recent Explorations in Central Sumatra and Engano]]'' in Intern. Gesellschaft für Ethnographie; Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te Leiden (1893). Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie volume VI. Getty Research Institute. Leiden : P.W.M. Trap. {{en}} * Sitor Situmorang (1993). ''Guru Somalaing dan Modigliani "Utusan Raja Rom" Sekelumit Sejarah lahirnya Gerakan Ratu Adil di Toba''. Grafindo Mukti. {{id}}. == Umbu == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Italia]] [[Kategori:Tokoh si fakhai ba Nias]] 79yn7f9wi1fbmj22intdawrdijoeutu 4 1556 27565 27150 2026-08-02T07:08:06Z Slaia 39 standardisasi döi-töi 27565 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ == Huhuo satua == Huhuo satua no te'irö'ö ba da'a: [[/2026|2026]], [[/2025|2025]], [[/2024|2024]], [[/2023|2023]], [[/2022|2022]], [[/2021|2021]] == Standardisasi döi-töi == Me no töra lima fakhe manura-nurado ba wiki, no itugu aboto ba dödögu wa oya döi nitemada moroi ba li Indonesia, sindruhunia muhalö moroi ba li Yunani ma zui Latin. Mendruamanö töi asli andrö abölö faudu ba lela Nono Niha moroi ba döi si no mufaudugö ba li Indonesia. Duma-dumania töi teologi. Sindruhunia fehede andre tehalö moroi ba li Yunani theologia, sambua töi sabölö faudu ba li Niha. [[Teologia]], eluahania fangosili sanandrösa khö [[Lowalangi]] (''theos''). Ba oya sibai döi simane da'a: [[antropologia]], [[biologia]], [[arkeologia]], [[ekologia]], [[dekalogia]] (fulu goroisa), etc. Simanö göi döi-töi bö'ö niwawalö moroi ba li Yunani: [[filosofia]] (phylos: fa'omasi; sophos: fangi'ila). Töi sifakhai ba da'a, ya'ia niha: [[teologo]], [[biologo]], [[arkeologo]], [[ekologo]], [[filosofo]], btn. Na omasi ita tadou'ö miföna wangi'ila ba li Niha silötolalö'ö ta'oguna'ö mbua nibasida moroi ba zi lalö (nifotöi lesson learnt ba li Inggris ma ''pelajaran'' ba li Indonesia). Börö da'ö ba zi lö arara ubörötaigö wangoguna'ö oi töi da'a sabölö faudu ba li Niha moroi ba ngawalö döi moroi ba li Indonesia. <span style="background-color: green; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px">[[User:Slaia|<span style="color: white">slaia</span>]]</span><span style="background-color: blue; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px">[[User talk:Slaia|<span style="color: white">talk</span>]]</span> 2 Agustus 2026 14.08 (WIB) == Fangöna ba wanura ba li Niha == Me no arakhagö töra lima fakhe ulau manura ba wiki, itugu ara itugu aboto ba dödögu, hana wa hulö "areu" Nono Niha wanura. Sindruhunia tenga börö me "areu" ira, bahiza börö me "abua" wanura ba li Niha. Me no ''merdeka'' Indonesia no laröi manö li Niha, irege lö tedou ia, lö mufazökhi khönia wehede si bohou si faudu ba ngawalö wakake, teknologi, politik ba ngawalö zalua iada'a. Sambua gohitö dödöda ba wiki ya'ia ba wamazökhi ngawua wehede si bohou. Ba no göi to'ölö ta'oguna'ö ia simane u'ö (Internet), bolokha gu'ö (website), fuka gu'ö (browser), olayama (halaman utama), btn. Bahiza moguna oya nasa ngawua si bohou, ena'ö tola fahuhuo ba manura ita ba li Niha. Ba da'e tou ufa'oli wangöna ni'oguna'ögu ba wanura ba li Niha: === Oguna'ö wehede nifotöi === Na sindruhu lö sa'ae fangali ba li Niha, ba ta'oguna'ö "nifotöi". Duma-dumania: I'oguna'ö wangöna nifotöi ''iron dome'' Israel; Bakha ba agama nifotöi agama monoteis; karate wangalösö hadia ia nifotöi amplas, btn. === Oguna'ö wehede eluahania === Singo no aurifö sosial, eluahania auri ira oi fao-fao ba zi sambawa... === Alui geluahania === Duma-dumania istilah "ungulata" ba ilmu zoologi. Na tasura manö ia ungulata, ba lö la'ila geluahania dania niha. Andrö moguna tafo'eluaha ia simane bakha ba wehede ''memangsa ungulata berukuran sedang dan besar'' tobali "ahulua ni'aluira ya'ia aurifö segebua sa'a duturu gahe simane kudo, bawi, laosi, btn." Edöna mutohugö ... <span style="background-color: green; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px">[[User:Slaia|<span style="color: white">slaia</span>]]</span><span style="background-color: blue; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px">[[User talk:Slaia|<span style="color: white">talk</span>]]</span> 31 Desember 2025 18.04 (WIB) ckye226ea8wsmvjf04xuo58bono5cui 0 2625 27567 19177 2026-08-02T07:12:30Z Slaia 39 antropolog > antropologo 27567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book | italic title = <!--(see above)--> | name = Ovasa: Feasts of merit in Nias | image = | image_size = | border = | alt = | caption = | author = [[Andrew Beatty (antropologo)|Andrew Beatty]] | audio_read_by = | title_orig = | orig_lang_code = | title_working = | translator = | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = Belanda | language = Inggris | series = Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde | release_number = 147 | subject = Antropologi | genre = Non-Fiksi | set_in = | publisher = Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde | publisher2 = | pub_date = | english_pub_date = | indonesia_pub_date = | published = 1991 | media_type = PDF, Jurnal | pages = 216-235 | awards = | isbn = | isbn_note = | oclc = | dewey = | congress = | preceded_by = | followed_by = | native_wikisource = | wikisource = | notes = | exclude_cover = | website = [https://brill.com/view/journals/bki/147/2-3/article-p216_2.xml Ovasa; Feasts of merit in Nias] }} '''Ovasa: Feasts of merit in Nias''' no sambua zura si tefaböbö ba zura ilmiah nisura [[Andrew Beatty (antropologo)|Andrew Beatty]], samösa antropologo moroi ba [[Britania Raya]]. Fa'anaunia ha 19 nga'örö, börö no oi fasösö sibai nösinia. Bakha ba zura andre ifatunö Andrew fefu zi fakhai ba wamalua sambua owasa ba ibe wanema li ba wanofu andre: hadia otomatis isöndra mbosi (''status'') ba fangosatua (''pengaruh'') niha si no mamalua owasa? Ba wangosisi'ö zanandrösa ba gowasa andre, möi Andrew Beatty ba Danö Niha ba toröi ba sambua mbanua ba [[Kecamatan Susua|Zusua]], arakhagö dua fakhe (20 migu) wa'ara 1986-1988. Baero zura sadogo-dogo ba fasösö andre no isura göi mbuku sanau si tobali bua wangosisi'ö ilmiah nifaluania ba mbanua andrö sotöi ''[[After the Ancestors. An Anthropologist's Story]]'' si 372 nga'örö wa'awe'e-we'e. == Angolifa nösi == # The purpose of ovasa # The organizationn of resources # Prestige payments # Measurement of prestige payments # Factors determining size of prestige payments # Entering the system of prestige payments # Case study # Sanctions on exchange # Leadership in historical perspective # Status and the politics of feasting # Challenge feasts # Power and legitimacy # Conclusion == Umbu == * Andrew Beatty, ''Ovasa: Feasts of merit in Nias'' bakha ba Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde 147 (1991), nga'örö 216-235. ({{-en-}}) * Andrew Beatty, ''After the Ancestors. An Anthropologist's Story'', Cambridge University Press, 2015. ({{-en-}}) == Khai-khai baero == * [https://brill.com/view/journals/bki/147/2-3/article-p216_2.xml ''Ovasa; Feasts of merit in Nias''] [[Kategori:Buku sanandrösa Ono Niha]] [[Kategori:Buku sanandrösa Ono Niha ba Li Inggris]] [[Kategori:Buku ilmiah si fakhai ba Danö Niha]] [[Kategori:Ondröita Digital Nono Niha]] [[Kategori:Andrew Beatty]] [[Kategori:Buku]] qaea4cbcib5i1vmou9ju7oxnz7zy1go 0 3694 27572 27293 2026-08-02T07:20:21Z Slaia 39 filsuf > filosofo 27572 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Euclid.jpg|jmpl|272px|[[Euklides]], matematikawan Yunani, abad si-3 SM, simane si no ihaogö wamatunö ma igambaraini ba wamatunö Raffaello Sanzio moroi ba da'a izaraini ya'ia da'ö moroi ba ''Sekolah Athena''.<ref>Tidak ada perupaan atau penjelasan tentang wujud fisik Euklides yang dibuat selama masa hidupnya yang masih bertahan sebagai kekunoan. Oleh karena itu, penggambaran Euklides di dalam karya seni bergantung pada daya khayal seorang seniman (''lihat [[Euklides]]'').</ref>]] '''Matematika''' moroi ba [[bahasa Yunani]]: ''μαθημα'' - ''mathēma, "pengetahuan, pemikiran,'' pembelajaran") ma fatua lö lafo'eluaha ia simane da'ö lamane wanguma'ö '''ilmu hisab''' ya'ia da'ö sambua wamahaö ; hawa'ebua, hewisa wenaeta, hewisa wangerai nahia si lö ösi, ba tanöbö'önia. Ya'ira si no manöndra famahaö ba Matematika andre ma töira laŵa'ö ia '''''para matematikawan''''' no lafatohu ba wangoguna'ö ngawalö wenaeta ma lala,<ref>[[Lynn Steen]] (29 April 1988). ''[[:en:The Science of Patterns|The Science of Patterns]]'' [[:en:Science (journal)|''Science'']], 240: 611–616. dan diikhtisarkan di [http://www.ascd.org/portal/site/ascd/template.chapter/menuitem.1889bf0176da7573127855b3e3108a0c/?chapterMgmtId=f97433df69abb010VgnVCM1000003d01a8c0RCRD Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929010703/http://www.ascd.org/portal/site/ascd/template.chapter/menuitem.1889bf0176da7573127855b3e3108a0c/?chapterMgmtId=f97433df69abb010VgnVCM1000003d01a8c0RCRD |date=2007-09-29 }}, ascd.org</ref><ref>[[:en:Keith Devlin|Keith Devlin]], ''Mathematics: The Science of Patterns: The Search for Order in Life, Mind and the Universe'' (Scientific American Paperback Library) 1996, ISBN 978-0-7167-5047-5</ref> aefa da'ö la'oguna'ö ba wo ''rumus'' kö ''konjektur'' sibohou, ba lafangamöi hezo zatulö molo'ö ''metode deduksi'' si no mondrege wa'abua ma ''ketat'' nifadege moroi ba ''aksioma'' faoma eluaha-eluaha sifahatö.<ref>Jourdain.</ref> Alua wabu'asa lamane hadia fefu zifakhai ba matematika simane numero ma ''bilangan'' ba niti ma ''titik'' (geometri) no so ba gulidanö andre, ma zui nisöndra ma nihaogö niha. Famahaö sangoguna'ö fangera-ngera sifakhai ba ngawalö zi so wetaro simane, owulo-wulo, ebolo-bolo, öfa sagi, btn, simanö göi zifakhai ba ha wa'ebua, ba ngawalö zifakhai khönia. Matematika andre, asese sibai la goligö ba zi tölu fenaeta : '''''aijabar, analisis, ba geometri.''''' Hewa'ae simanö, tebai sibai tobali gohe-gohe saro ba wogoligö ngawalö wamahaö ba matematika andre, me fefu wenaeta wamahaö ba matematika andre, arakhagö no oi faruka. Si no to'ölö simane '''aijabar''' no mangahatö ia sifakhai ba ngawalö numero ba si tebai la fatunö föna niha, nibabaya tanga ma ba li Indonesia lamane ''melibatkan bilangan dan pengabstrakannya.'' Ba wo'angeragö fa'atarö ngawalö zifakhai ba nifatohu ba si no tetatugöi ndregenia, ba na tafaigi hewisa '''geometri''' ya'ia da'ö sambua goli-goli moroi ba matematika sifakhai ba '''''sains''''' nifodane-dane moroi ba '''''postulat''''' si tola mame'e furugö ba zi sambua ni'erai ma ba wame'e sambua wamaedo si tola labali'ö dane-dane ba wame'e zinöndra. Samösa matematikawan [[Benjamin Peirce]] manötöi matematika sitobali "famahaö same'e furugö-furugö soguna".<ref> Peirce, p.97 Hewa'ae matematika moguna sibai ba wa'auri niha, fa'atedou ba wamahaö ''sains'' ba ''teknologi'', ofeta ba wangehaogö ulidanö andre, matematika auri ia ba fandrafe si'onarai ba wangera-ngera, tenga ba wa'auri soroma hörö. [[Albert Einstein]] manguma'ö no fagöna sibai wa ofeta mane ma'ökhö huku si no ifatumbu'ö matematika, na ahatö ba wa'auri niha si'ero ma'ökhö, hewa'ae matematika tenga ni'ila hörö ba ibabaya tanga."</ref> Molo'ö [[Max Tegmark]], fangoguna'ö "Matematika lö tobali gohe-gohe ba ni'ila hörö" iŵa'ö wa nifa'ema matematika andre ba niha lö möi moroi ba nifatörö niha. Sitobali fa'afaehu moroi ba wamahaö tanöbö'ö, fa'efania ba ni'ila hörö ena'ö böi irege imane niha gulidanö, wa fe'aso gulidanö andre no moroi ba wenaeta matematika, möi fa'afasala wanema'ö ya'ia na irugi simanö da'ö. Molo'ö fangoguna'ö fangera-ngera ma lamane mangoguna'ö uto, ''logika'' ba ''abstraksi matematika'', matematika tefazaewe moroi ba ''pencacahan'', fangerai ma ''perhitungan'', fanu'a ma ''pengukuran'', ba famareso molo'ö fenaeta ma ''pengkajian sistematis'' sifakhai ba ''bangun geometri'' faoma fa'atewu'a ngawalö mbotoŵa sifakhai ba wamahaö fisika. Matematika salio, tefaehagö ba ngawalö halöŵö niha i'otarai me no so waö-waö matematika andre. Fabu'asa ba matematika andre si'oföna sibai ba ''Matematika Yunani'', si'oföna sibai ba ''karya Euklides''. Matematika sidugu tedou, simane ba Tiongkok ba ndröfi si 300 SM ma ''fatua lö masehi'', ba India ba ndröfi si 100 M, ba ba danö Arab ba ndröfi si 800 M, ofeta ginötö '''''Renaisans''''', me inötö tesöndra wamahaö sibohou ba matematika no tola fakhai ba ngawalö wangalui fa'atua-tua tanöbö'ö, ba hiza tenga ha meluo da'ö, ofeta ma'ökhö, matematika andre no oya ma me'e fanolo ba wamahaö tanöbö'ö.<ref>Eves</ref> Iada'a, matematika no la'oguna'ö niha ba zi sagörö ulidanö sitobali fakake ba wanolo famahaö sifakhai ba wamahaö ulidanö ma '''''ilmu alam''''', ''teknik, kedokteran/medis,'' faoma '''''ilmu sosial''''' simane; ''ekonomi'', faoma ''psikologi''. Na '''''Matematika terapan''''', no fenaeta moroi ba matematika si fakhai ba wamahaö tanöbö'ö , da'a zo lulugö fangalui ngawalö wamahaö sibohou ba matematika andre, simane '''[[statistika]]''' faoma '''''teori permainan'''''. Ya'ira niha sangodödögö halöŵö ba matematika andre oi mangalui hewisa nifotöi '''matematika murni''', ma sambua wamahaö ba matematika ba wodou'ö ngawalö zifakhai ba matematika andrö. Lö la tehegö so wanofu ba högöra si tebai mufosinöndra, la'odödögö ba wangalui ngawalö hadia lala ba wamosinöndra fanofu andrö. Da'ö zi tobali fondrou wanga'asogö ba fangoguna'ö nifotöi ''matematika murni''.<ref>Peterson</ref> == Böröta Wehede ''(Etimologi)'' == Ngawua wehede "matematika" tefa'aso moroi ba wehede ma ''bahasa Yunani Kuno'' ya'ia da'ö μάθημα (''máthēma''), si tola la fo'eluaha ''pengkajian'', ''pembelajaran'', ''ilmu'' ma famahaö si so ba mbate'e si lö ebua sibai ma bate'e side-ide, ba eluaha molo'ö ''teknis'' tobali "pengkajian matematika", da'a tenga ha alua ba ginötö iada'a no moroi ba ginötö ''zaman kuno.'' Fehede na molo'ö ''kata sifat'' ya'ia da'ö μαθηματικός (''mathēmatikós''), ''berkaitan dengan pengkajian'', ma ''tekun belajar'', na lafo'eluaha sibai wa no tola lamane ''matematis''. Na molo'ö famahaö si tefaudu ba matematika, ya'ia da'ö ''mathēmatikḗ tékhnē'', ba wehede ''bahasa Latin'' ya'ia da'ö ''ars mathematica'', nifo'eluaha ya'ia da'ö ''seni matematika''. Na molo'ö fehede si töra moroi ba zi sambua ma ''bentuk jamak'' asese la'oguna'ö ba ''bahasa Inggris'', simanö göi ba wehede ''bahasa Prancis'' latötöi; '''''les mathématiques''''' da'a lö asese la'oguna'ö ba wanguma'ö zi ha sambua ma ''bentuk tunggal'', ya'ia da'ö lamane ; ''la mathématique'', sanandrösa ba ''bentuk jamak bahasa Latin'' ngawua sitola lö abua dambai geluahania la'oguna'ö wehede ''mathematica Cicero'', na ba wehede ''bentuk jamak bahasa Yunani'' lamane; τα μαθηματικά (''ta mathēmatiká''), da'a wehede ni'oguna'ö [[Aristoteles]], ma na lafo'eluaha ia ba wehede salio manö ya'ia da'ö ; ''fefu zifakhai ba wangerai'' ma ba wehede Indonesia tola laŵa'ö ia; ''"segala hal yang matematis"''.<ref name=oxforddict>''[[:en:The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology|The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology]]'', ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''</ref> Hiza, ba ''bahasa Inggris'', fehede sifakhai ba mbotoŵa ma ''kata benda'' ya'ia da'ö; ''mathematics'' manga'i ''bentuk tunggal'' na la'oguna'ö ba wehede halöŵöa ma ''kata kerja.'' Ba ngawalö wamatunö ma wahuhuosa sifakhai ba matematika, asese la'adogo-dogo'ö wanötöi lamane; ''math'' da'a ba ''[[Amerika Utara]]'' na ba nahia tanöbö'ö misa lamane; ''maths''. == Waö-waö ''(Sejarah)'' == [[Berkas:Quipu MKL Bd. 13 1890 (128905524).jpg|jmpl|kiri|Sebuah [[quipu]], ni'oguna'ö ba [[Kekaisaran Inca|Inca]] ba wanura ngawalö numero ma ''bilangan.'']] [[Evolusi]] matematika tola la faigi salere ''abstraksi matematika'' sidugu monönö. ''Abstraksi'' ba mböröta, da'a alua oya ba gurifö,<ref>S. Dehaene, G. Dehaene-Lambertz and L. Cohen, Abstract representations of numbers in the animal and human brain, ''Trends in Neuroscience'', Vol. 21 (8), Aug 1998, 355-361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236(98)01263-6.</ref> ya'ia da'ö sofakhai ba ''bilangan'': famatunö ma fangerai dombua ''apel'' faoma dombua ndrima (ha duma-duma, da'a), fa'oya nia no fagölö, ma ba wehede matematika lamane; ''pernyataan bahwa dua apel dan dua jeruk (sebagai contoh) memiliki jumlah yang sama.'' [[Berkas:Kapitolinischer Pythagoras adjusted.jpg|jmpl|kiri|lurus|Matematikawan Yunani [[Pythagoras]] ({{nowrap|c. 570 BC –}} {{nowrap|c. 495 BC}}), da'a no la'ila sambua ni söndra Pythagoras irege laŵa'ö ia ya'ia da'ö [[Teorema Pythagoras]]]] Baero da'ö meno sa'ae mozawili wamahaö matematika andre ba no oi la'ila lala ''pencacahan'' zifakhai ba ''fisika'', niha ''prasejarah'' no göi la'ila lala ba wo ''cacah'' ha wa'ebua ngawalö mbotoŵa si lö oroma ma ''abstrak'', simane [[Inötö]] — [[Ngaluo]], ''[[Musim]]'', [[Döfi]]. ''[[Aritmetika|Aritmetika dasar]]'' ([[Famonönö]], [[Fangeheta]], [[Fokalikö]], faoma [[Fombagi]]) alua hulö sito'ölö. Lala amatohula, moguna so wanura ma lala hewisa ba wanura numero, hulö sinali ma dawai nifelu ni tötöi faoma '''''quipu''''' ni oguna'ö soi '''bangsa Inca''' ba wangirö'ö hadia zifakhai ba numero. [[Numero]] oya ngawalö, numero sitesura siföföna sibai ya'ia da'ö si so ba '''''naskah warisan [[Mesir Kuno]]''''' ba ''Kerajaan Pertengahan Mesir'', [[Papirus Rhind|Lembaran Matematika Rhind]]. [[Berkas:maya.svg|jmpl|Suku Maya|lala numero ba Maya, ma ''Sistem bilangan Maya'']] Fangoguna'ö fondrege sara matematika andre ya'ia da'ö ba halöŵö '''''famawa''''', '''''fanu'a tanö''''', ba '''''wogambaraini''''', ba wangahaogö nukha, ba simanö göi ba '''''wangerai inötö''''' ba hiza lö irai tefazawili ba niha sato irugi döfi si 3000 SM ofeta miföna ba ginötö niha [[Babilonia]] faoma ''Mesir Kuno'' tebörögö mangoguna'ö [[Aritmetika]], [[Aljabar]], faoma [[Geometri]] ba wangerai [[Pajak]] ba sifakhai ba wangerai kefe tanöbö'ö simane ba wangahaogö ngawalö nahia, ma fatukasa faoma ba [[Astronomi]].<ref>Kline 1990, Chapter 1.</ref> Famahaö matematika si tefa'anö molo'ö fenaetanua tebörögö moroi ba zaman Yunani Kuno ba gotalua ndröfi si 600 faoma döfi si 300 SM. [[Berkas:Persian Khwarazmi.jpg|jmpl|lurus|Matematikawan Persia [[Muḥammad bin Mūsā al-Khawārizmī|Al-Khwarizmi]] ({{nowrap|780 M – 850 M}}), sanöndra ma samörötaigö goli-goli matematika ya'ia da'ö [[aljabar]].]] Ba ginötö ''keemasan Islam'', ya'ia da'ö ba abad si-9 faoma abad si-10, matematika no oya ni'ehaogö samodane-dane moroi ba matematika Yunani: da'a oya moroi ba matematikawan Persia simane [[Muḥammad bin Mūsā al-Khawārizmī|Al-Khwarizmi]], [[Omar Khayyam]] dan [[Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī]]. Matematika i'otarai ba ginötö andrö, ba no so khönia wa'atedou, mozawili ba zi sagörö ulidanö, no so wa'ahatöra matematika faoma [[Sains]], si mohare faoma fatambai. Fanöndra ma ''penemuan-penemuan matematika'' tefalua ba zi sagötö waö-waö ba tefatohu ofeta mane ma'ökhö. Molo'ö '''Mikhail B. Sevryuk,''' ba mbaŵa Januari 2006 ni fatumbu'ö ma ''terbitan'' [[:en:Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society|Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society]], "Oya sibai zinura ''makalah''' faoma buku ni fakhai ba ''basis data'' ma ''Mathematical Reviews'' i'otarai döfi si 1940 ma böröta te'oguna'ö MR ''(tahun pertama beroperasinya MR)'' iada'a no töra moroi ba zi 1,9 juta, ba töra moroi ba zi 75 ribu artikel ma sinura ba ''basis data'' andrö ero döfi. Sabölö oya ''karya'' ba ''samudera'' da'a tefa'anö faoma ''teorema'' matematika sibohou faoma ''Pembuktian Matematika''."<ref>Sevryuk</ref> .<ref name=oxforddict/> == Ilham, matematika murni, terapan, faoma estetika == [[Berkas:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Sir [[Isaac Newton]] (1643-1727), samösa ''penemu'' kalkulus infinitesimal.]] Matematika tefatumbu'ö ba ginötö so ngawalö zalua si tebai te'asiwai sifakhai ba ha wa'oya ma ''kuantitas, struktur, ruang,'' faoma ''perubahan.'' Ba mböröta da'a tesöndra ba ginötö alua halöŵö wamawa ma ''perdagangan'', fosu'a tanö ma ''pengukuran tanah'', ba aefa da'ö ba [[Astronomi]]; iada'a, arakhagö fefu wamahaö ma ''ilmu pengetahuan'' ena'ö te fangamöi ba wangosisi'ö ndra matematikawan, ba wangalui lala wamosinöndra na so zi tebai lafosinöndra. Hulö simane, samösa ''fisikawan'' sotöi [[Richard Feynman]] manöndra [[:en:Path integral formulation|rumus integral lintasan]] ''mekanika kuantum'' mangoguna'ö fangi'ila ba matematika faoma ''wawasan fisika'', faoma ''teori dawai'' iada'a, ''teori ilmiah'' si hino wa'atedou mangodödögö hewisa wa tola tefurugö ngawalö wangi'ila andrö, ''Interaksi dasar'', ba tetohugö ba wanöndra fangil'ila sibohou ba matematika.<ref>{{cite book|title = The Feynman Integral and Feynman's Operational Calculus|author = Johnson, Gerald W.; Lapidus, Michel L.|publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]|year = 2002}}</ref> Ba so göi matematika ifaogö ia ba wo'angeragö ya'ia, ba labali'ö sitobali lala ba wame'e söndra ba ngawalö daha-taha. Ba hiza asese sibai matematika andre tefangamöi ma moguna ba lala wamahaö tanöbö'ö. Si no tehöngö wa matematika fondrege sara ma "paling murni" asese tobali famahaö ''terapan praktis'' ya'ia simane ni fa'ema [[Eugene Wigner]] ya'ia da'ö " [[:en:The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences|Fa'amoguna si no sökhi sibai moroi ba matematika andre, ofeta ba zi lö ikhamö aka niha sito'ölö ba wamahaö Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam moguna monönö wamatunö.]]".<ref>[[Eugene Wigner]], 1960, "[http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/MathDrama/reading/Wigner.html The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences,] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228152633/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/MathDrama/reading/Wigner.html |date=2011-02-28 }}" ''Famahuhuosi ma ''Komunikasi'' ba Matematika Murni faoma Terapan'' '''13'''(1): 1–14.</ref> Ba nahia samalua ''pengkajian,'' fangi'ila andre no la faolo ira ba wamahaö matematika. Sambua wa'afabö'ö moroi ba [[Matematika murni]] faoma [[Matematika terapan]]: ato ndra matematikawan la'odödögö wamareso fangi'ila ba gotalua zi dombua wenaeta andrö, ba asese da'a tobali sambua famahaö ba ''program studi'' ba wanöndra ''gelar sarjana'' . Matematika terapan no oya la'osambuai'ö faoma ''tradisi-tradisi'' baero matematika ba tobali sambua lala wamahaö simane [[Statistika]], [[Riset operasi]], ba [[Ilmu komputer]]. Dozi ya'ira si terou tödö ba matematika asese sibai la söndra zifakhai ba ''estetika'' ba wamahaö matematika. Ato matematikawan zanguma'ö wa fa'asökhi ma ''keanggunan'' matematika, ''estetika'' si teforoma'ö, faoma fa'asökhi ma ''keindahan'' moroi ba matematika da'ö samösa. Ba matematika andre, fangaröu ba dödö ma fangide-ngide'ö teharagoi. Tesöndra wa'asökhi ba wangide-ngide'ö [[:en:proof (mathematics)|sitobali lohe-lohe]] nibe'e, sitobali dane-dane ma ''bukti Euclid'' wa tesöndra zi tebai mu'erai ha wa'oya ''bilangan prima'', ba hiza bakha ba wangerai numero ma ''metode numerik'' si sökhi fangerai fa'abölö-bölö ya'ia da'ö ba ''transformasi Fourier cepat.'' [[G. H. Hardy]] bakha ba ''[[A Mathematician's Apology]]'' manguma'ö wa fa'afaduhu dödö ba wa'asökhi andre, khönia samösa, no tobönö ba wanuheni ''pengkajian matematika murni''.<ref>{{cite book|title = A Mathematician's Apology|author = Hardy, G. H.|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 1940}}</ref> Ya'ira sangodödögö famahaö matematika andre ma asese lakaoni ira ya'ia da'ö ''matematikawan'' asese erege dödö ba wangalui dane-dane ma ''bukti teorema'' nifaudugö si sökhi, fangalui [[Paul Erdős]] asese tefuta ba wangalui wa'a moroi ba zoera ni'amoni'ö ma "[[Alkitab]]" wa no isura [[Lowalangi]] ngawalö hadia ia zi so ba gulidanö andre.<ref>{{cite book|title = Proof and Other Dilemmas: Mathematics and Philosophy|author = Gold, Bonnie; Simons, Rogers A.|publisher = MAA|year = 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title = Proofs from the Book|author = Aigner, Martin; Ziegler, Gunter M.|publisher = Springer|year = 2001}}</ref> Fa'amohöngö matematika andre ma ''matematika rekreasi'' ya'ia da'ö wa no oi oya wa'omuso dödö na inötö te fosinöndra ngawalö wanofu ba matematika. == Notasi, bahasa, dan kekakuan == [[Berkas:Leonhard Euler 2.jpg|ka|jmpl|Leonhard Euler. Amada da'a samösa matematikawan soya manöndra ngawalö fa'atua-tua ba zi sandrohu inötö]] No oya ''notasi matematika'' ni'oguna'ö ba ginötö iada'a lö sa'ae tesöndra ofeta ''abad'' si-16.<ref>[http://jeff560.tripod.com/mathsym.html Penggunaan Aneka Lambang Matematika Terdini] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220073955/http://jeff560.tripod.com/mathsym.html |date=2016-02-20 }} (memuat banyak referensi yang lebih jauh)</ref> Ba ''abad'' si-18, [[Leonhard Euler|Euler]] mo noro dödö ba wa'oya ''notasi'' ni'oguna'ö iada'a. ''Notasi modern'' no möi ''matematika'' aoha ba khö ndra sangodödögö ma ''para profesional'', ba hiza ba zawena so wa'omasi ba wamahaö matematika asese so wa'ata'u ba wanohugö ngawalö wamahaö matematika. Alua wo hösö ngawalö wangi'ila ba wame'e fa'akayo ngawalö hadia ia zifakhai ba matematika. Simane ''Notasi musik'', ''notasi matematika modern'' so khö lala wehede ma ''tata kalimat' si ''kaku'' ba ifa'ema ngawalö ''informasi'' no lala sabua sibai na lasura faoma famahaö tanöbö'ö. '''''Bahasa matematika''''' tola göi möi börö walö omasi ba zawena fao ba wamahaö matematika andrö. Ngawalö wehede simane; ''atau'' faoma ''hanya'' so khönia geluaha tenga simane fahuhuosa niha ba zi'ero ma'ökhö. Baero da'ö, fehede simane; ''himpunan terbuka'' ba ''lapangan matematika'' mo'eluaha ba matematika. ''Jargon matematika'' fao ngawalö wogaoni ma ''istilah-istilah teknis'' simane ''homeomorfisma'' faoma ''integral''. Ba hiza so mbörö ba ''notasi khusus'' faoma ''jargon teknis'' da'a: matematika mangoguna'ö ''presisi'' töra moroi ba wahuhuosa ero ma'ökhö. ya'ira ira matematikawan manötöi ''presisi bahasa'' faoma ''logika'' da'a ya'ia da'ö faoma fehede; "ketat" ma "kaku" (''rigor''). Ba hiza, na no so wehede si no labe'e khönia geluaha, ba bawangoguna'ö ya'ia la fo'eluaha simane si no la be'e eluaha khönia, tebai la fawu'a geluahania. Andrö wa laŵa'ö khönia "ketat" da'a sambua gamaehuta ba ''bahasa matematika.'' [[Berkas:Infinity symbol.svg|jmpl|ka|Famaedo ma '''Lambang''' [[ananta|ketakhinggaan]] '''∞''' ba zi ha'uga wamaehagö hadia ia ma ba li Indonesia lamane; ''di dalam beberapa gaya sajian.'']] Fangoguna'ö ''bahasa ketat'' modane-dane si no amaedola sifania ba wo oroma ''pembuktian matematika''. Ya'ira matematikawan so wa'omasi ena'ö fefu ''teorema'' si no lahaogö tefaogö ba ''aksioma-aksioma'' sitobali khamötö ''penalaran sistematik'' ma fangera-ngera si tefa'oli. Da'a ena'ö möi ba wanaha ''"teorema"'' sifasala fanga'i, nifodane-dane ba wanahö si lö alua ma ''praduga kegagalan'', hiza no oya duma-dumania zalua simane da'a.<ref>Lihatlah ''bukti palsu'' untuk contoh sederhana dari hal-hal yang bisa salah di dalam bukti formal. [[:en:Four color theorem|sejarah Teorema Empat Warna]] berisi contoh-contoh bukti-bukti salah yang tanpa sengaja diterima oleh para matematikawan lainnya pada saat itu.</ref> Fenaeta wa lö tebulö ma ''kekakuan'' mutötöna ba matematika andre ena'ö so wa'atebulö ba zisagötö inötö: [[bangsa Yunani]] manötöna ''dalil'' si no tefa'oli, hiza meluo da'ö lala ni'oguna'ö ya'ia da'ö [[Isaac Newton]] no ambö möi nibulö'ö. Salua sifao ba wamo'eluaha ni'oguna'ö Newton möi fo fareso ma fo ''analisis'' sindruhu-ndruhu dödö ba sitobali dane-dane ''formal'' ba abad si-19. Iada'a, ya'ira matematikawan lö'aetu wabu'asara sifakhai ba [[:en:Computer-assisted proof|bukti berbantuan-komputer]]. Börö me fangerai sebua abua ma'ifu wamareso, dane-dane da'ö tola manö ambö möi nibulö'ö.<ref>Ivars Peterson, ''Wisatawan Matematika'', Freeman, 1988, ISBN 0-7167-1953-3. p. 4 "Sedikit keluhan akan ketidakmampuan program komputer memeriksa secara wajar," (merujuk kepada bukti Haken-Apple terhadap Teorema Empat Warna).</ref> ''Aksioma'' molo'ö fangera-ngera ''tradisional'' ya'ia da'ö; "fa'atulö sitobali dane-dane" ma ba wehede Indonesia lamane; ''"kebenaran yang menjadi bukti dengan sendirinya"'', ba hiza fangera-ngera da'a nomöi börö wabu'asa. Ba wenaeta ''formal'', sambua ''aksioma'' ha sara bu ma ''seutas dawai'' ma laŵa'ö '' lambang logika simbolik'', si so eluaha ba ''rumus'' si no so nifetaro ba ''sistem aksioma''. Da'a khamötö ''program Hilbert'' ba wametaro fefu matematika ba zisambua ''basis aksioma'' sabölö, ba hiza molo'ö ''Teorema ketaklengkapan Gödel'' ero-ero ''sistem aksioma (yang cukup kuat)'' mangokhögö ''rumus-rumus'' si [[:en:Independence (mathematical logic)|tidak dapat ditentukan]]; ba börö da'ö sambua ''sistem aksioma'' ma ''aksiomatisasi'' safuria ba matematika lö möi ni'angeragö ma ''mustahil''. Heŵa'ae no simanö, matematika asese la angeraigö ''(di dalam konteks formal)'' lö baero moroi ba ''teori himpunan'' ba zi ha'uga ''aksiomatisasi'', ma nalafo'eluaha ya'ia da'ö wa ero-ero sambua wangombakha ma dane-dane matematika tola famaedonia ba ''rumus-rumus teori himpunan''.<ref>Patrick Suppes, ''Axiomatic Set Theory'', Dover, 1972, ISBN 0-486-61630-4. p. 1, "Ba gotalua wa'oya nga'oli matematika ''modern'', ''teori himpunan'' no tefedadao ba nahia si sökhi ma naha si ''unik'': so ma'ifu wo'ositengö ma ''pengecualian'', ''entitas-entitas'' ni fareso ma ni'angeragö ba ngawalö wanofu ba matematika tola lafaigi ia sitobali sambua ''himpunan khusus'' ma ba ''kelas-kelas objek tertentu.''' "</ref> == Matematika sambua famahaö ''(ilmu pengetahuan)'' == [[Berkas:Carl Friedrich Gauss.jpg|ka|jmpl|[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]], no ibali'ö ia samösa razo ma ''"pangerannya para matematikawan"'', ba hiza imane wa matematika sitobali "Ratunya Ilmu Pengetahuan".]] [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] no iŵa'ö wa matematika sitobali "Ratunya Ilmu Pengetahuan".<ref>Waltershausen</ref> Ba wehede sindruhunia ya'ia da'ö, ba li Latin ''Regina Scientiarum'', ba li [[Jerman]] ''Königin der Wissenschaften'', sifagölö eluaha ba ''ilmu pengetahuan'' so'eluaha tanölafa ma ''(lapangan)'' ba wamahaö. Atulö sibai, ba geluaha ba li [[Inggris]], lö fanendre dödö wa matematika ba da'a no sambua famahaö. Ni odödögö ba wamo'eluaha ya'ia ba ''ilmu pengetahuan alam'' alua ba ginötö aefa da'ö. Na so atö zamaigi ''ilmu pengetahuan'' ha ba [[Fisika]], hiza matematika, tenga sambua famahaö. Imane [[Albert Einstein]] wa ''"ha wa'aröu huku sifakhai matematika no ahatö ba ni'ila hörö ni babaya danga, ba hiza tebai ni etu'ö wa da'a zatulö sibai, ba hiza no tefaudu atö ba no da'ö zahatö ba ni'ila hörö.''"<ref name=certain>Einstein, p. 28. Kutipan ini adalah jawaban Einstein terhadap pertanyaan: "betapa mungkin bahwa matematika, di samping yang lain tentunya, menjadi ciptaan pemikiran manusia yang terbebas dari pengalaman, begitu luar biasa bersesuaian dengan objek-objek kenyataan?" Dia juga memperhatikan ''Keefektifan tak ternalar Matematika di dalam Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam''.</ref> Ato zi no alaŵa fangi'ila ma laŵa'ö ia ''filosofo'' no farisayo sibai wa matematika tebai la tenaŵa moroi ba wo tandraigö ya'ia, andrö börö da'ö tenga famahaö ma fangi'ila ni fo'eluaha [[Karl Popper]].<ref>{{cite book|title = Out of Their Minds: The Lives and Discoveries of 15 Great Computer Scientists|author = Shasha, Dennis Elliot; Lazere, Cathy A.|publisher = Springer|year = 1998|page = 228}}</ref> Ba hiza, bakha ba zi no tefa'elegö ba zi no la söndra me döfi si 1930 sifakhai ba ''logika matematika'' no teforoma'ö wa matematika tebai la ''reduksi'' tobali ''logika'', ba hiza Karl Popper mamurugö imane, wa "no oya ''teori matematika'', simane [[fisika]] faoma [[biologi]], ya'ia da'ö ''hipotetis-deduktif'': andrö börö da'ö, matematika ahatö ba wamahaö ''ilmu pengetahuan alam'' si no la'ila niha wa ''hipotesis-hipotesis''nia ya'ia da'ö ''konjektur (dugaan)'', ba hiza töra moroi ba zawena la söndra niha sibohou."<ref>Popper 1995, p. 56</ref> Ya'ira niha si ''bijak bestari'' tanöbö'ö, tötöi manö simane [[Imre Lakatos]], no lafatötö sambua wenaeta galimosa ma ''pemalsuan'' ba matematika da'ö samösa. Sambua wamaigi moroi ba wamahaö simane ''fisika teoretis'' ya'ia da'ö matematika sifao ''aksioma-aksioma'' ni faedogö sahatö ba ni'ila hörö. Saluania, samösa ''fisikawan teoretis'', sotöi [[J. M. Ziman]], mame'e söndra wa famahaö sifagölötö ma ''pengetahuan umum'' nofao khönia bakha wamahaö matematika.<ref>Ziman</ref> Ba zi ha'uga zi no alua, matematika no oya faoma mame'e fanuheni ba wamahaö tanöbö'ö ma famahaö fisika, simane fangalui hadia zalua ba zi no la börötaigö wamareso salua andrö, simanö göi ba ''Intuisi'' ma fanandraigö ba ''perumusan-konjektur'', ba matematika, he göi ba wamahaö tanöbö'ö. == Umbu == <references /> [[Kategori:Matematika| ]] [[Kategori:Nias]] [[Kategori:Bohou tesura]] a114kwtlb8rbv3k3fxkqj4ifoy2r0ou 0 3774 27570 27560 2026-08-02T07:15:45Z Slaia 39 antropolog > antropologo 27570 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Andrew Beatty.jpg|jmpl|Andrew Beatty]] '''Andrew Beatty''' no samösa gere [[antropologia]] moroi ba [[Inggris]] si no irai mamalua fangosili ilmiah ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] ba wolohi döi nifotöi D.Phil (''doktor [[filosofi]]'') ba [[Universitas Oxford]], [[Inggris]]. Ifa'anö mbua wangosilinia ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] andrö bakha ba mbuku ''[[Society and Exchange in Nias]]'' (1992) faoma buku ''[[After the Ancestors. An Anthropologist's Story]]'' (2015). Baero da'ö no isura ha'uga ngawua zinura bö'ö si fakhai ba Nono Niha simane ''[[Asymetric Alliance in Nias, Indonesia]]'', ''[[Ovasa: Feasts of merit in Nias]]'' ba ''[[Longhouse lockdown]]''. Dua fakhe wa'arania wamalua halöŵö wangosili andrö ba [[Sifalagö Susua]] ba banua si fasui i'otarai 1986 irugi 1988. Iada'a mohalöŵö ia tobali guru sebua [[antropologia]] ba [[Universitas]] Brunel ba [[London]], [[Inggris]]. == Sinura == * Andrew Beatty, [https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Society_and_Exchange_in_Nias.html?id=xtaAAAAAMAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y ''Society and Exchange in Nias''], Clarendon Press, 1992, ISBN: 0198278659, 9780198278658. * Andrew Beatty, [https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/A_Shadow_Falls.html?id=FoBQPwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y ''A Shadow Falls: In the Heart of Java''], Faber & Faber, 2009, ISBN: 0571235867, 9780571235865. * Andrew Beatty, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2803713 ''Asymetric Alliance in Nias, Indonesia''], MAN (New Series) Vol. 25, nga'örö 250-266, 1990 * Andrew Beatty, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27864230 ''Ovasa: Feasts of Merit in Nias''], Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Deel 147, 2/3de Afl. (1991), nga'örö 216-235. * Andrew Beatty, [https://aeon.co/essays/lockdown-on-nias-island-in-indonesia-served-as-a-spiritual-reset ''Longhouse lockdown''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524063016/https://aeon.co/essays/lockdown-on-nias-island-in-indonesia-served-as-a-spiritual-reset |date=2022-05-24 }}, aeon.co, mufaigi me 1 Agustus 2022. * 2012 Andrew Beatty, "The tell-tale heart: conversion and emotion in Nias" ba ''Ethnos'', 77 (3), 1-26, 2012 {{en}}. * Andrew Beatty, "Aid in faraway places: the context of an earthquake", ba ''Anthropology Today'', 21(4), 5-7, 2005 {{en}}. [[Kategori:Buku sanandrösa Ono Niha]] [[Kategori:Buku sanandrösa Ono Niha ba li Inggris]] [[Kategori:Buku ilmiah si fakhai ba Danö Niha]] [[Kategori:Tokoh si fakhai ba Nias]] r0ns10nitqe05mx7so756eyr53l49ld 27571 27570 2026-08-02T07:16:46Z Slaia 39 No ifawu'a Slaia nga'örö [[Andrew Beatty (antropolog)]] tobali [[Andrew Beatty (antropologo)]] ba lö fangaekhugönia: menyeragamkan istilah ilmiah 27570 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Andrew Beatty.jpg|jmpl|Andrew Beatty]] '''Andrew Beatty''' no samösa gere [[antropologia]] moroi ba [[Inggris]] si no irai mamalua fangosili ilmiah ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] ba wolohi döi nifotöi D.Phil (''doktor [[filosofi]]'') ba [[Universitas Oxford]], [[Inggris]]. Ifa'anö mbua wangosilinia ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] andrö bakha ba mbuku ''[[Society and Exchange in Nias]]'' (1992) faoma buku ''[[After the Ancestors. An Anthropologist's Story]]'' (2015). Baero da'ö no isura ha'uga ngawua zinura bö'ö si fakhai ba Nono Niha simane ''[[Asymetric Alliance in Nias, Indonesia]]'', ''[[Ovasa: Feasts of merit in Nias]]'' ba ''[[Longhouse lockdown]]''. Dua fakhe wa'arania wamalua halöŵö wangosili andrö ba [[Sifalagö Susua]] ba banua si fasui i'otarai 1986 irugi 1988. Iada'a mohalöŵö ia tobali guru sebua [[antropologia]] ba [[Universitas]] Brunel ba [[London]], [[Inggris]]. == Sinura == * Andrew Beatty, [https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Society_and_Exchange_in_Nias.html?id=xtaAAAAAMAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y ''Society and Exchange in Nias''], Clarendon Press, 1992, ISBN: 0198278659, 9780198278658. * Andrew Beatty, [https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/A_Shadow_Falls.html?id=FoBQPwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y ''A Shadow Falls: In the Heart of Java''], Faber & Faber, 2009, ISBN: 0571235867, 9780571235865. * Andrew Beatty, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2803713 ''Asymetric Alliance in Nias, Indonesia''], MAN (New Series) Vol. 25, nga'örö 250-266, 1990 * Andrew Beatty, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27864230 ''Ovasa: Feasts of Merit in Nias''], Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Deel 147, 2/3de Afl. (1991), nga'örö 216-235. * Andrew Beatty, [https://aeon.co/essays/lockdown-on-nias-island-in-indonesia-served-as-a-spiritual-reset ''Longhouse lockdown''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524063016/https://aeon.co/essays/lockdown-on-nias-island-in-indonesia-served-as-a-spiritual-reset |date=2022-05-24 }}, aeon.co, mufaigi me 1 Agustus 2022. * 2012 Andrew Beatty, "The tell-tale heart: conversion and emotion in Nias" ba ''Ethnos'', 77 (3), 1-26, 2012 {{en}}. * Andrew Beatty, "Aid in faraway places: the context of an earthquake", ba ''Anthropology Today'', 21(4), 5-7, 2005 {{en}}. [[Kategori:Buku sanandrösa Ono Niha]] [[Kategori:Buku sanandrösa Ono Niha ba li Inggris]] [[Kategori:Buku ilmiah si fakhai ba Danö Niha]] [[Kategori:Tokoh si fakhai ba Nias]] r0ns10nitqe05mx7so756eyr53l49ld 0 3775 27566 24880 2026-08-02T07:11:17Z Slaia 39 antropolog > antropologo 27566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book | italic title = <!--(see above)--> | name = After the Ancestors. An Anthropologist's Story | image = | image_size = | border = | alt = | caption = | author = [[Andrew Beatty (antropologo)]] | audio_read_by = | title_orig = | orig_lang_code = | title_working = | translator = | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = Britania Raya | language = Inggris | series = | release_number = | subject = Antropologia | genre = Non-Fiksi | set_in = | publisher = Cambridge University Press | publisher2 = | pub_date = | english_pub_date = | indonesia_pub_date = | published = 2015 | media_type = | pages = 372 | awards = | isbn = 9781107477407 | isbn_note = | oclc = | dewey = | congress = | preceded_by = | followed_by = | native_wikisource = | wikisource = | notes = | exclude_cover = | website = [https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/After_the_Ancestors.html?id=8Gx2BgAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y After the Ancestors. An Anthropologist's Story] }} '''After the Ancestors. An Anthropologist's Story''' no sambua mbuku nisura [[Andrew Beatty (antropologo)|Andrew Beatty]], samösa antropologo moroi ba [[Britania Raya]]. Fa'anaunia ha 372 nga'örö. Bakha ba mbuku andre itutunö Andrew fefu zi no i'owuloi götö we'asonia ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] i'otarai 1986 irugi 1988. Heŵa'ae buku antropologois ia, no ihaogö wama'anö ya'ia hulö sambua novel ilmiah. Na tabaso ia oroma khöda lala wangera-ngera Nono Niha me föna, hewisa wamaigira wa'auri ba gulidanö, khai-khainia ba wa'alowalangi, amakhaita fatalifusöta, famalua owasa, famaigi niha ba fangowalu, ba fa'amate niha. Baero mbuku andre so ha'uga ngawua tö mbuku nisurania awö zura sadogo-dogo si tola mufaigi ba nga'örö sanandrösa khö [[Andrew Beatty (antropologo)|Andrew]]. == Angolifa nösi == # The statue # House key # Among women # Blood brothers # Daggers and debutants # Stormy Sunday # Three things that matter # The making of great men # A game of chess # Cholera song # Progess # Brothers and strangers # Exile and return # Field work # The chicken's neck # Good deaths and bad deaths # First family # Blessing # Half an egg # Waiting # Death of a chief # Ama Jonah at bay # Unravelling # The enthnographer and his double == Umbu == * Andrew Beatty, ''Ovasa: Feasts of merit in Nias'' bakha ba Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde 147 (1991), nga'örö 216-235. ({{-en-}}) * Andrew Beatty, ''After the Ancestors. An Anthropologist's Story'', Cambridge, 2015. ({{-en-}}) == Khai-khai baero == * [https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/After_the_Ancestors.html?id=8Gx2BgAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y After the Ancestors. An Anthropologist's Story] [[Kategori:Buku sanandrösa Ono Niha]] [[Kategori:Buku sanandrösa Ono Niha ba Li Inggris]] [[Kategori:Buku ilmiah si fakhai ba Danö Niha]] [[Kategori:Ondröita Digital Nono Niha]] [[Kategori:Andrew Beatty]] [[Kategori:Buku]] k4tve8awf652xoj8kfpma7pib7sps8c 0 4121 27574 27543 2026-08-02T07:23:09Z Slaia 39 filsuf > filosofo 27574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox santo |honorific_prefix = [[Santo]] |name = Luka Sanura Injil |image = Berkas:St Luke.JPG |caption = Gambara Luka Sanura Injil ba zandrela gereja paroki SS Mary and Lambert, Stonham Aspal, Suffolk, Inggris |birth_date = Ba gotalua ndröfi 1 ba 16 |birth_place = [[Antiokia]], [[Suriah]] (provinsi Roma me luo da'ö), Kerajaan Romawi<br />(iada'a Antakya, Provinsi Hatay, Turki) |death_place = Thebes, [[Yunani]], Boeotia, Achaea (provinsi Roma), Kerajaan Romawi<br />(iada'a Thebes, [[Yunani]]) |death_date = Ba gotalua ndröfi 84 ba 100 (molo'ö tradisi 84 fakhe) |feast_day = 18 Oktober |venerated_in = Fefu gereja niha Keriso samosumange niha ni'amoni'ö (santo/santa), agama Druze<ref name= "S. Swayd 2009 109">{{cite book|title= The A to Z of the Druzes| first=Samy |last=S. Swayd|year= 2009 | isbn= 978-0-81086836-6| page =109 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote= They also cover the lives and teachings of some biblical personages, such as Job, Jethro, Jesus, John, Luke, and others}}</ref> |titles = Nifahaö, Sanura Injil, Martir |beatified_date = |beatified_place = |beatified_by = |canonized_date = |attributes = Sanura Injil, doto, buku faoma fena, ni'o'awöni öröbao so'afi, sogambaraini ''ikon'' Maria ina Yesu, ngawalö fakake ba wamazökhi gambara |patronage = Seniman, ono matua, doto, doto operasi, sohalöŵö ba danö, sonekhe fahuhuo, btn.<ref name=catholicsaints.info /> |major_shrine = Padua, Italia |major_works = Turia Somuso Dödö nisura Luka, Halöŵö Zinenge |issues = }} '''Luka''' ([[li Latin]] ''Lucas''; [[li Yunani]] Λουκᾶς; [[li Ibrani]] לוקאס; [[li Aramaia]] ܠܘܩܐ/לוקא) ma asese göi lakaoni khönia '''Santo Luka''' no samösa ba gotalua zi daöfa zanura injil kanonik,<ref>Injil kanonik ya'ia da'ö injil si so bakha ba mbuku Gamabu'ulali Sibohou. Baero da'ö so göi mato ha'uga injil nisura niha bö'ö si lö itema Gereja tobali injil nifotöi injil apokrif.</ref> molo'ö tradisi. Laböbögö khönia wanura [[Sura Luka|injil Luka]] ba [[Halöŵö Zinenge]] ira tua Gereja<ref>Lafotöi tua Gereja (li Indonesia ''bapak Gereja'') ya'ira sanura ngawalö buku ba sura sanandrösa ba wamati niha Keriso ba ngaotu ndröfia si sara irugi si lima (?). Si to'ölönia ya'ira andre no ere teologi ba ölö göi ere filosofia.</ref>. Lafaduhu'ö gö da'a ira tokoh si tedou moroi ba mböröta niha Keriso simane Heronimus awö Eusebius, ba hiza lö boto si tola mugogohe si tola la'oguna'ö ira ere Zura Ni'amoni'ö, he sekular ba he göi religius, sanguma'ö wa sanura injil Luka andrö no Luka samösa. Latötöi Luka mato ha'uga kali ba adogo-dogo buku Gamabu'ulali Sibohou awö sura nifotöi Sura khö ndra niha ba Kolose<ref>{{SN|Kol|4|14}}</ref> ba laŵa'ö wa doto ia (li Yunani ''fysikos'', niha samadöhö fökhö); molo'ö fangi'ila Luka andre no samösa doto ba no göi samösa nifahaö khö Waulo. I'otarai mböröta ndra niha Keriso no laŵaö wa niha ni'amoni'ö Luka (li Latin ''santo''). Faduhu dödö niha wa samösa ''martir'' ia (eluahania mate labunu ia börö wamatinia), lataŵi mbaginia ba döla ''zaitun'', heŵa'ae so zi lö faduhu tödö wa simanö zalua khönia.{{efn|name=martyred?}} Lafolakhömi ia tobali ''Santo Luka sanura Injil'' ira [[Gereja Katolik]] ba gereja segebua tanöbö'ö ba baero da'ö tobali ia solumö'ö (li Indonesia ''pelindung'') ndra seniman, doto, iraono matua, doto sangoperasi, mahasiswa ba ira samöfölö urifö. La'owasaini wanörötödö khönia ero 18 Oktober.<ref name= catholicnewsagency.com /><ref>{{cite web|title=The Calendar|url= https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|access-date=27 March 2021|website=The Church of England}}</ref> == Fa'aurinia == [[Berkas:Evangelist Lucas.jpg|thumb|Gambara Luka Sanura Injil nifagamöi Crispijn van de Passe de Oude.<ref name=ugent.be />]] Faduhu dödö ato gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö wa Luka andre no samösa doto sauri ba wöfö [[Yunani]] kota [[Antiokia]] ba danö [[Suriah]] föna (provinsi [[Roma]]),{{efn|name=Hackett}} ba wa tumbu ia ba sambua ngambatö [[Yunani]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2023 |title=St. Luke |url=https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=76 |url-status=live |access-date=August 10, 2023 |website=Catholic Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2023 |title=BIOGRAPHY OF ST. LUKE |url=https://stlukes-parish.org/biography-of-st-luke |url-status=live |access-date=August 10, 2023 |website=BIOGRAPHY OF ST. LUKE |publisher=St. Luke the Evangelist Parish |archive-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811064542/https://stlukes-parish.org/biography-of-st-luke |dead-url=yes }}</ref> heŵa'ae so ösa gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö ba teolog sanguma'ö wa Luka no samösa niha [[Yahudi]] Yunani.{{sfn|Harris|1980|pp=266–68}}{{sfn|Strelan|2013|pp=102–10}} Ölö ato zanema'ö wa teologi injil Luka ba sura Halöŵö Zinenge te'aekhugö khö ndra niha Keriso si tenga Yahudi, so sa'atö zanguma'ö wa abölö atöla ba dödö wa lasura injil Luka ba sura Halöŵö Zinenge soguna khö sambua komunitas si so bakha niha Yahudi ba niha bö'ö, börö me hulö ifa'ösö sibai wangombakha böröta misi khö ndra niha si tenga Yahudi bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö (faigi wangoguna'ö Yes 49:6 ba injil Luka awö sura Halöŵö Zinenge).{{sfn|Koet|1989|pp=157–58}}{{sfn|Koet|2006|pp= 4–5}} Moroi ba sambua test DNA (nihalö moroi ba mboto Luka molo'ö tradisi) te'oroma'ö wa Luka andre no samösa niha [[Suriah]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vernesi |first1=Cristiano |last2=Di Benedetto |first2=Giulietta |last3=Caramelli |first3=David |last4=Secchieri |first4=Erica |last5=Simoni |first5=Lucia |last6=Katti |first6=Emile |last7=Malaspina |first7=Patrizia |last8=Novelletto |first8=Andrea |last9=Marin |first9=Vito Terribile Wiel |last10=Barbujani |first10=Guido |date=6 November 2001 |title=Genetic characterization of the body attributed to the evangelist Luke |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=98 |issue=23 |pages=13460–13463 |doi=10.1073/pnas.211540498 |issn=0027-8424 |pmid=11606723|pmc=60893 |bibcode=2001PNAS...9813460V |doi-access=free }}</ref> Gofu haniha Luka andre, niha Yahudi ma zui tenga, ma zui amarukhatara, oroma moroi ba kualitas li Yunani injil Luka ba Halöŵö Zinenge wa sindruhu niha salaŵa famahaö ia ba gotalua fefu zanura ngawalö mbuku bakha ba Gamabu'ulali Sibohou. Moroi ba wangoguna'önia amaedola moroi ba teks klasik Yunani föna simane Homer, Aesop, Epimenides, Euripides, Plato ba Aratus oroma wa i'ila oi zura Yunani andrö. Eluahania si lötolalö'ö no fao ia ba wamahaö molo'ö kurikulum Yunani, ni'oguna'ö ba danö si fasui nasi Mediterania ngaotu fakhe aefa ginötö Luka.<ref>{{cite book|first=Steve |last=Reece |title=The Formal Education of the Author of Luke-Acts |publication-place=London |publisher=T&T Clark |date=2022 |pages=29–50 |isbn=978-0-567-70588-4}}</ref> Sura si föföna sibai manötöi Luka ya'ia Sura Waulo khö Filemo 1:24.<ref>{{SN|Fil|1|24}}</ref> Latötöi göi ia bakha ba {{SN|Kol|4|14}} ba ba {{SN|TimII|4|11}}. Ya'ira si darua andre, Filemo ba Timoteo, no nifahaö Waulo.{{sfn|Milligan|2006|p=149}}{{sfn|Mornin|2006|p=74}}{{sfn|Aherne|1910}}{{sfn|Smith|1935|p=792}}{{sfn|von Harnack|1907|p=5}} Aefa da'ö latötöi ia bakha ba zura Anti-Marcionite<ref>Anti-Marconite no tölu wehede famasao khö zi tölu injil Mataio, Mareko ba Luka ba tefa'anö a.t. ngaotu ndröfia si dua.</ref> ni'oguna'ö tobali famasao injil Luka, sambua zura nifa'anö ba ngaotu ndröfia si dua. Iŵaö Epifanius moroi ba Salamis wa Luka no samösa ba gotalua ndra nifahaö si 70 (''Panarion'' 51.11) ba ifasinga Yohane Krisostomus wa "talifusö" niŵaö Waulo bakha ba {{SN|KorII|8|18}} no Luka ma zui Baranaba (''Homily 18 on Second Corinthians'' sanandrösa ba Korindro II 8:18). Na tatema wa sindruhu Luka zanura injil Luka ba sura Halöŵö Zinenge, ba tola ta'ila haniha ia moroi ba detil bakha ba zura andrö. Lö isura wa i'ila hörönia samösa halöŵö Yesu, ba hiza asese i'oguna'ö wehede "ya'aga" me itutunö misi Waulo bakha ba Halöŵö Zinenge, eluahania no fao ia ba i'ila hörönia samösa zalua andrö.{{sfn|Bartlet|1911}} Moroi ba komposisi zura injil Luka ba Halöŵö Zinenge awö wa'oya ngawua wehede ni'oguna'ö, oroma wa sanura ya'ia no niha si no mamahaö. Oroma sibai da'a bakha ba sambua wehede niŵaö bakha ba zura Waulo khö niha Kolose sanandrösa ba "wamoto", si tobali samabalö Luka moroi ba zanura ngawalö zura bö'ö bakha ba Gamabu'ulali Sibohou. {{blockquote|¹⁰I'owai ami Arisaro, awögu nikuru andrö, ba Mareko, talifusö MBaranaba andrö. ¹¹I'owai ami göi Yesu andrö sotöi Yuso. Ha da'ö nawögu niha niboto, sohalöŵö ba mbanua Lowalangi; no tobali fondrara dödögu ira. … ¹⁴I'owai ami Luka, doto andrö, ni'omasi'ö, ba Dema.|source={{SN|Kol|4|10|11}}.}} Börö komentar andre lafurugö ira komentator wa Luka andrö no tenga niha Yahudi. Na sindruhu da'a, eluahania ha Luka zi tenga niha Yahudi moroi ba gotalua ndra sanura ngawalö mbuku bakha ba Gamabu'ulali Sibohou. Ba hiza tenga ha da'a zi tola tobali furu-furu. Heŵa'ae laŵaö niha wa Luka andrö no samösa niha Keriso si tenga niha Yahudi, so göi gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö sanguma'ö wa ya'ia no samösa niha Yahudi si tobali niha Yunani.{{sfn|Harris|1980|pp=266–68}}{{sfn|Strelan|2013|pp=102–10}}{{sfn|McCall|1996}} Eluahania tola niha Yahudi solo'ö sibai ritual Yahudi ba niha Yahudi si lö molo'ö sibai ritual andrö.{{sfn|Bartlet|1911}} Itutunö we'aso Luka awö Waulo ba Roma sura TimII 4:11 lö ara fatua lö mate Waulo: "Ha Luka nawögu". Ba gangahorita zura Halöŵö Zinenge, tesura ha'uga kali ba da'ö hulö na no fao ba i'ila samösa Luka zalua nisurania ba Roma, fao ba da'ö me isura {{SN|HalZin|28|16}}: "Ba no marugi Roma…" So ösa zanguma'ö wa no göi fao Luka wanura sura khö niha Heberaio.{{sfn |Fonck|1910}} Mate Luka me 84 ndröfinia ba Boeotia, molo'ö tradisi si föföna sibai ba ni'o'ö oya Gereja.{{sfn|Butler|1991|p=342}} Molo'ö Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos, samösa gere sejarah moroi ba Yunani Greek ngaotu ndröfia si-14 (ba tanöbö'önia), tesöndra lewatö Luka ba Thebes (Yunani), ba hiza gama-gama awö föfö gamatelania no lafawu'a ba ba [[Konstantinopel]] me ndröfi 357.{{sfn|Migne|1901|loc=cols 875–78}} == Sanura injil Luka ba Halöŵö Zinenge == Lö itötöi döi zanura ya'ia injil Luka.{{sfn|Sanders|1995|pp=63–64}}{{sfn|Ehrman|2000|p=43}}{{sfn|Senior|Achtemeier|Karris|2002|p=328}}{{sfn|Nickle|2001|p=43}} Tenga nisura zangila hörö halöŵö Yesu injil Luka, ba lö göi niŵaö injil Luka samösa wa sanura ya'ia no fao ba i'ila Yesu. Fabö'ö sibai da'a ba Halöŵö Zinenge i'otarai faza 16.{{sfn|Ehrman|2005|p=235}}{{sfn|Ehrman|2004|p=110}}{{sfn|Ehrman|2006|p=143}} Ba hiza labotokhi arakhagö fefu ira sangali injil Luka ba Halöŵö Zinenge ba li bö'ö wa tesura zi dombua buku andre aekhu khö Teofilo. Bakha ba teks si föföna sibai injil andre (Papyrus 75 = Papyrus Bodmer XIV-XV) nisura me döfi 200 teböbögö wanura ya'ia khö Luka. Simanö göi bakha ba zinura [[Ireneus]] moroi ba ndröfi 180 awö fragmen Muratorian, sambua teks ba li Latin nisura ngaotu ndröfia si-7, ni'ali moroi ba teks Yunani nisura me döfi 170.{{sfn|Brown|1997|p=267}} Itaria lafotöi injil Luka ba Halöŵö Zinenge ira ere Zura Ni'amoni'ö Luk–HalZin, sambua halöŵö ni'odombua buku. Luk-HalZin no 27.5% nösi ba Gamabu'ulali Sibohou, eluahania kontribusi fondrege ebua zi samösa zanura.{{sfn|Boring|2012|p=556}} [[Berkas:De heilige Lucas schildert de Madonna - Maarten van Heemskerck-1532.JPG|thumb|''Igambaraini Maria Ono Alawe Si Lö Mamalö Luka'', nigambaraini Maarten van Heemskerck, 1532]] == Luka sanura buku "sejarah" == Ato gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö sanguma'ö wa bua halöŵö Luka (Luka-HalZin) tefalua bakha ba tradisi nifotöi historiografi Yunani.{{sfn|Grant|1963|loc=Ch. 10}} Bakha ba Luk 1:1–4, nilau hulö investigasi historis, i'ombakha'ö Luka khö zombaso wa sinurania andre tefaböbö ba ngafu sejarah.{{sfn|Bauckham|2017|p=117}} Lö ha sara dödö niha sanandrösa ba hewisa wama'oli sinura Luka. So gere sejarah sanguma'ö wa nisura Luka andrö fondrege sindruhu (li Indonesia ''akurat''),{{sfn|Ramsay|1915|p=222}}{{sfn|Blaiklock|1970|p=96}} ba so ösa zi lö fao tödö ba da'ö.{{sfn|Powell|1989|p=6}}{{sfn|McGrew|2019}}{{sfn|Flew|1966|p=}}{{sfn|Bradley|1874|p=44}}{{efn|name=McGrew's conclusion}} Börö wa sindruhu wanutunönia banua, kota, hulo, simanö göi wa sindruhu ngawalö döi resmi (li Indonesia ''gelar''), isura William Mitchell Ramsay, samösa gere arkeologi, wa "Luka no samösa ere sejarah bosi fondrege alaŵa; nisurania tenga ha sindruhu boto (li Indonesia ''fakta'') … si lötolalö'ö göi tefa'oli ia ba gotalua ndra ere sejarah fondrege zebua töi."{{sfn|Ramsay|1915|p=222}} Isura Edward Musgrave Blaiklock, samösa profesor bolo klasik ba Auckland University: "Börö me detil ba atmosfer nisurania sindruhu-ndruhu (li Indonesia ''akurat''), fagölö Luka khö Thucydides. Halöŵö Zinenge no tenga bua wanufa tödö ndra niha samati, bahiza no fanutunö hadia zalua si tola tafaduhusi tödö. … Sinura Luka andrö no hulö halöŵö arkeologis si föföna sibai mangoroma'ö sindruhu."{{sfn|Blaiklock|1970|p=96}} No idou'ö wangi'ila boto historis ba fa'asindruhu (li Indonesia ''akurasi'') zinura Luka Colin Hemer, samösa gere Gamabu'ulali Sibohou.{{sfn|Hemer|1989|pp=104–7}} Sanadrösa ba gaekhuta Halöŵö Zinenge, isura ere Gamabu'ulali Sibohou Luke Timothy Johnson wa "Ifili ba ifa'oli nisurania Luka ena'ö faudu ba gohitö dödönia ba wobela wamati, ba ba wamalua da'ö i'o'ö standar satua historiografi."{{sfn|Johnson|1991|p=474}} I'o'ö zöndra andre göi Richard Heard, sangila wa so zo'amböta historis börö dandrösa wanurania ba börö göi wa mo'amböta gumbu informasi khönia."{{sfn|Heard|1950|loc= Ch. 13: The Acts of the Apostles}} Ba ginötö modern andre, labago niha kompetensi Luka tobali sanura sejarah, molo'ö hewisa zöndra ''a priori'' niha zanandrösa ba ngawalö hadia ia si tebai labotokhi molo'ö ilmu (li Indonesia ''adikodrati'').{{sfn|Powell|1989|p=6}} I'otarai ginötö nifotöi fa'ateboka-hörö (li Indonesia ''pencerahan'', li Inggris ''enlightenment'') la'oguna'ö metode naturalisme ira ere sejarah,{{sfn|Ehrman|2000|p=229}}{{sfn|McGrew|2019}}{{sfn|Flew|1966|p=}}{{sfn|Bradley|1874|p=44}}{{efn|name= McGrew's conclusion}}{{efn|name= CraigEhrman2006}} ba khö ndra ere sejarah simane, no sambua tandraŵa na tobali umbu sejarah fefu lala wanutunö si tefaböbö ba ''adikodrati'' simane salua sahöli-höli dödö, mala'ika, afökha, btn. Iŵaö Mark Allan Powell wa "lö ta'ila na ohitö dödö Luka wanura sambua sejarah. Isura zinurania Luka ba wanuriagö, ba wamarou ba ba wame'e eluaha. Lö isura zinurania ba wondrorogö hadia zalua khö nga'ötö miföna. Na tabe'e ba dödöda zimane ba tobali ia hulö gosö-osö safuria nibökö ba hasi Luka tobali sanura sejarah."{{sfn|Powell|1989|p=6}} Iŵaö Robert M. Grant wa so ha'uga zi lö tola alua bakha ba zinura Luka, heŵa'ae omasi Luka tefaogö ia bakha ba tradisi historis, duma-dumania fa'oya niha sato samondrongo huhuo Wetero bakha ba {{SN|HalZin|4|4}}. Baero da'ö so göi zi lö faudu molo'ö angolita ginötö (li Indonesia ''kronologi'') duma-dumania me iŵaö Luka wa "itötöi Toida awö Yuda Gamalieli ba gangolifa ginötö si fasala, börö me sindruhunia maoso Toida töra fulu fakhe aefa muhede Gamalieli andrö (HalZin 5:36–37)",{{sfn|Grant|1963|loc=Ch. 10}} heŵa'ae so nasa wasöndrata zöndra sanandrösa ba gangolifa ginötö andre.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://biblehub.com/commentaries/acts/5-36.htm|title = Acts 5:36 Commentaries: "For some time ago Theudas rose up, claiming to be somebody, and a group of about four hundred men joined up with him. But he was killed, and all who followed him were dispersed and came to nothing}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.christian-thinktank.com/qtheudy.html |title=Good Question… |publisher=Christian thinktank | accessdate=8 March 2022}}</ref> Isura Brent Landau: {{blockquote|Hewisa tola tabaso sambua injil, si ndruhu ia ba zalua side-ide bahiza lö tola alua ia ba zalua segebua? Sambua lala wamotokhi da'a ya'ia wa faduhu dödö Luka wa fa'atumbu Yesu no fondrege fahöna khö zi sagörö ulidanö irege ifangai zalua andre faoma salua (nitufa tödö) samatörö ulidanö ma'asagörö nilau samatörö Roma, si no manguma'ö wa ya'ia andrö no "sangorifi" ba "ono Lowalangi" — bahiza ya'ia andrö tenga sa. Khö samösa zanura sejarah solo'ö lahe Thucydides, tola manö tetema'ö prosedur simanö.<ref name=Landau />}} == Luka samösa "seniman" == [[Berkas:Evangelist Luka pishustchiy ikonu.jpg|thumb|upright|Igambaraini gambara (''ikon'') Maria Ono Alawe Si Lö Mamalö-malö si föföna sibai]] Iŵaö tradisi niha Keriso i'otarai ngaotu ndröfia si-8 wa Luka andrö no sogambaraini ''ikon'' si föföna sibai. Laŵaö wa no igambaraini Maria ba Ononia, duma-dumania gambara Hodegetria si so ba [[Konstantinopel]] (no taya). I'otarai ngaotu ndröfia si-11 so mato ha'uga gambara moroi khönia nifolakhömi niha (li Indonesia ''dihargai''), fao ba da'ö ikon Madonna Saitö moroi ba Częstochowa, ikon Theotokos khö Vladimir ba ikon ''Madonna del Rosario''. Laŵaö wa no göi igambaraini Wetero ba Faulo ba wa no igambaraini sambua mbuku injil.{{sfn|Grigg|1987|pp=3–9}}{{efn|name=Bacci}} Fa'awösa Santo Luka si tesöndra ba oya kota ba Eropa ba ginötö ngahönö ndröfia, töra-töra Flanders ma "Accademia di San Luca" ba Roma — nifasindro ba oya kota ba Eropa götö ngaotu ndröfia si-16 — sangowuloi ba sobelegö ndra seniman samazökhi gambara. No to'ölö sibai tradisi sanguma'ö wa igambaraini ikon Maria ba Yesu Luka ba Gereja Ortodoks Timur. La'o'ö göi tradisi andre ira niha Keriso Santo Tomas ba India sanguma'ö wa ikon Theotokos si so khöra no ni'ohe Santo Tomas ba India.{{efn|name=Hosten}} Isura A.I. Uspensky wa ikon niŵaö nifazökhi Luka sanura injil no molo'ö amuata Byzantin ba awena to'ölö laŵaö ba ngaotu ndröfia si 5 irugi 6.<ref>[https://azbyka.ru/otechnik/Aleksandr_Uspenskij/o-hudozhestvennoj-dejatelnosti-evangelista-luki/ Александр Иванович Успенский. О художественной деятельности евангелиста Луки : I, II. Ев. Лука как иконописец. Ев. Лука как резчик : Реф., чит. 8 нояб. 1900 г. в заседании Церк.-археол. отд. при Общ. люб. духов. просвещения тов. пред. Отд. А.И. Успенским. - Москва : типо-лит. И. Ефимова, 1901. - 12 с.; 27.]</ref> == Tanda khönia ("simbol") == [[Berkas:Hermen Rode 001.jpg|thumb|upright|Gambara fa'awösa seni Santo Luka ba sambua [[altar]] nifosandrela nifazökhi Hermen Rode, Lübeck, Jerman (1484)]] Ba seni tradisional simane gambara ba nifotöi mosaik ba gereja-gereja, asese tegambaraini Santo Luka faoma öröbao, sasese so afi. Itaria na i ha simbol öröbao andrö, töra-töra na la'oroma'ö simbol ndra sanura injil si daöfa.{{sfn|Zuffi|2003|p=8}}{{sfn|Audsley|Audsley|1865|p=94}} == Fanörö-tödö khönia == La'owasaini wanörö-tödö khö Luka ba Gerja Ortodoks Timur,<ref>{{Cite web |title= Лука, Апостол |url= http://drevo-info.ru/articles/10326.html |access-date=16 July 2022 |website= Drevo-info |language=ru}}</ref> simane göi fanörö-tödö ndra nifahaö ba sanura injil bö'ö, faoma owasa si ha'uga hari wa'ara. Da'a tou ngaluo gowasa nifalua ero röfi: * 4 Januari: Sinaksis ndra Nifahaö si-70.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Synaxis of the Seventy Apostles |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2018/01/04/100017-synaxis-of-the-seventy-apostles |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104055229/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2018/01/04/100017-synaxis-of-the-seventy-apostles |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.oca.org}}</ref> * 22 April: Owasa Natanaeli nifahaö Yesu, Luka sanura injil, Klemens moroi ba Sardise ma Klemens moroi ba Roma ba Apelles moroi ba Heraklion (so gumbu ba li Yunani sanguma'ö wa Santo Luka no niha bö'ö moroi khö Luka sanura injil).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/22/101181-apostle-and-evangelist-luke-of-the-seventy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430135925/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/22/101181-apostle-and-evangelist-luke-of-the-seventy |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.oca.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Holy Apostles of the 70 Apelles, Luke (Loukios), and Clement |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/22/101182-holy-apostles-of-the-70-apelles-luke-loukios-and-clement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430135545/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/22/101182-holy-apostles-of-the-70-apelles-luke-loukios-and-clement |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.oca.org}}</ref> Lafalua göi gowasa andre ero 10 September. * 20 Juni: Famawu'a wöfö mboto ba okhöta Luka Nifahaö, Andrea Nifahaö ba Tomas Nifahaö, Eliseus Sama'ele'ö, Lazarus moroi ba Persia martir nisöndra döfi 960 ba ginötö razo Romanos I Lekapenos (919–44) moroi ba biara Santa Agusta lumalö ba Gereja ndra Nifahaö ba Konstantinopel ba ginötö razo konstantinus VII (a.t. 956–970) nidönia'ö Patriark Polyeuctus moroi ba Konstantinopel (956–70).<ref>{{Cite web |title=June 20, 2023. + Orthodox Calendar |url=https://orthochristian.com/calendar/20230620.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430140249/https://orthochristian.com/calendar/20230620.html |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=orthochristian.com}}</ref> * 10 September: Owasa ndra nifahaö si-70: Natanaeli nifahaö Yesu, Luka sanura injil, Klemens moroi ba Sardise ma Klemens moroi ba Roma ba Apelles moroi ba Heraklion. Owasa andre tefalua göi ero 22 April. * 18 Oktober: Owasa Luka Nifahaö ba Sanura Injil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apostle and Evangelist Luke |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2022/10/18/102993-apostle-and-evangelist-luke |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123193835/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2022/10/18/102993-apostle-and-evangelist-luke |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.oca.org}}</ref> Baero da'ö so gowasa bö'ö khö Luka, inötö lafalua ia ba zi lö fagölö ngaluonia ero röfi: * Sinaksis fefu ndra niha ni'amoni'ö moroi ba Akhaia, si to'ölönia ba luo migu fatua lö alua gowasa Santo Andrea (November 30).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanidopoulos |first=John |date=November 28, 2010 |title=Synaxis of the Achaean Saints |url=https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2010/11/synaxis-of-achaean-saints.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327193259/https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2010/11/synaxis-of-achaean-saints.html |archive-date=March 27, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Orthodox Christianity Then and Now}}</ref> * Sinaksis ndra niha ni'amoni'ö moroi ba Boeotia, ba luo Sabtu safuria ba mbaŵa si lima.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanidopoulos |first=John |date=May 27, 2017 |title=Synaxis of All Saints of Boeotia |url=https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2017/05/synaxis-of-all-saints-of-boeotia.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207144712/https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2017/05/synaxis-of-all-saints-of-boeotia.html |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Orthodox Christianity Then and Now}}</ref> == Akhökhöla mbotonia ("relik") == Ŵalu föfö mboto ba siŵa föfö högö, oi muzawili ba zi fabö'ö nahia, te'oroma'ö tobali föfö mboto Luka sanura injil.<ref>[[Ludovic Lalanne]]. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Curiositsdestra00lalagoog.pdf&page=138 Curiosités des traditions, des mœurs et des légendes, 1847. / р. 148]</ref><ref>[[Jacques Collin de Plancy|Jacques Albin Simon Collin de Plancy]]. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dictionnaire_critique_des_reliques_et_des_images_miraculeuses,_T2.pdf&page=141 Dictionnaire critique des reliques et des images miraculeuses, T. 2. 1827 / р. 131]</ref> I'öli oi wöfö mboto (li Indonesia ''relik'') andre George moroi ba Serbia]] moroi khö Sultan Murad II (30.000 hua gana'a). Me i'alani Bosnia razo Ottoman, i'amawa relik andrö ndronga razo Serbia khö Republik Venesia ba Italia.{{sfn|Fine|1975|p=331}} Me ndöfi 1992, i'andrö khö uskup Antonio Mattiazzo moroi ba Padua uskup agung Athena ba aefa da'ö uskup agung Yunani (Metropolitan Ieronymos) ena'ö ifangawuli oi ''relik'' Santo Luka sedöna mu'irö'ö ba nahia heza so lewatö Santo Luka, ba heza lafolakhömi ia irugi ma'ökhö. Börö wangandrö uskup andre, labörögö wamalua fangosili ilmiah ngawalö relik andrö ba Padua. This prompted a scientific investigation of the relics in [[Padua]] mangoguna'ö teknologi modern nifotöi ''carbon-14 dating''. Bua wangosili andrö: relik andrö moroi khö samösa niha moroi ba Suriah simate ba gotalua ndröfi 72 ba 416.{{sfn|Marin|Trolese|2003}}{{sfn|Craig|2001}} Aefa da'ö ifa'ohe'ö sara nosu Santo Luka uksup Padua khö Metropolitan Ieronymos ena'ö tola la'irö'ö ia ba lewatö Santo Luka ba Thebes.<ref name=Tornielli />{{sfn|Wade|2001}} Da'a oi nahia heza te'irö'ö relik Santo Luka: * Botonia, ba Biara Santa Giustina ba Padua, [[Italia]] * Högönia, ba Katedral Santo Vitus ba Prague, [[Ceko]] * Sara nosunia, ba lewatönia ba Thebes, [[Yunani]] {{blockquote|Ma'owuloi göi wöfö moroi ba [[Suriah]] ba ba [[Yunani]]. Me lafaedogö ngawalö wöfö mboto andre faoma wöfö moroi ba Anatolia nitötöi bakha ba ngawalö zura, matenaŵa zöndra sanguma'ö wa boto andre boto niha Yunani, bahiza boto niha Suriah ia. Heŵa'ae simanö arakhagö lö tola wa tohare niha andre moroi ba Turki iada'a, abölö tola wa tohare ia moroi ba Suriah. I'oroma'ö bua wangosili faoma DNA wa boto andrö moroi ba Suriah, ba fangalinia ba Konstantinopel.<ref name="Vernesi Benedetto Caramelli Secchieri 2001 p.">{{cite journal | last1=Vernesi | first1=Cristiano | last2=Benedetto | first2=Giulietta Di | last3= Caramelli | first3=David | last4= Secchieri | first4=Erica | last5= Simoni | first5=Lucia | last6=Katti | first6=Emile | last7=Malaspina | first7=Patrizia | last8=Novelletto | first8=Andrea | last9=Marin | first9= Vito Terribile Wiel | last10= Barbujani | first10=Guido | title=Genetic characterization of the body attributed to the evangelist Luke | journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume=98 | issue=23 | date= 6 November 2001 | pages= 13460–63 | pmid=11606723 | doi= 10.1073/pnas.211540498 | pmc= 60893 | bibcode=2001PNAS...9813460V | doi-access=free}}</ref>|Famöfö'ö mbua wangosili DNA wöfö mboto niŵaö niha boto Luka sanura injil}} == Galeri == <gallery widths="154px" heights="200px" perrow="4" caption="Luka Sanura Injil"> Luke_writing.jpg 142082810-612x612.jpg Luke_the_Evangelist.jpg Saint_luke.jpg Nuremberg_chronicles_f_108r_1.png Icon of the blessed Virgin Mary by Luke the Evangelist.jpg </gallery> == Faigi göi == * [[Mataio]] * [[Sura Mataio]] * [[Mareko]] * [[Sura Mareko]] * [[Luka]] * [[Sura Luka]] * [[Yohane]] * [[Injil Yohane]] * [[Sura Yohane]] == Referensi == === Famotokhi === {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=martyred?|{{harvnb|Aherne|1910}} notes that it is controversial whether he actually died a martyr's death}} {{efn|name=Hackett|Luke, was born in [[Antioch]], by profession was a physician.{{Harvnb|Hackett|1858|p=12}} He had become a disciple of the apostle Paul and later followed Paul until his [Paul's] martyrdom. He died at the age of 84 years.{{Harvnb|Hackett|1858|p=335}} }} {{efn|name=Bacci|The basic study on the legends concerning Saint Luke as a painter is {{harvnb|Bacci|1998}} }} {{efn|name=Hosten| Father '''H. Hosten''' in his book ''Antiquities'' notes the following "The picture at the mount is one of the oldest, and, therefore, one of the most venerable Christian paintings to be had in India. Other traditions hold that St. Luke painted two icons which currently are in Greece: the "Theotokos Mega Spileotissa" (Our Lady of the Great Cave, where supposedly Saint Luke lived for a period of time in asceticism) and the "Panagia Soumela", and "Panagia Kykkou" which are in Cyprus."}} {{efn|name=CraigEhrman2006|Historians can only establish what probably happened in the past, and by definition a miracle is the least probable occurrence. And so, by the very nature of the canons of historical research, we can't claim historically that a miracle probably happened. By definition, it probably didn't. And history can only establish what probably did.{{Harvnb|Craig|Ehrman|2006}} }} {{efn|name=McGrew's conclusion|McGrew's conclusion: historians work with [[methodological naturalism]], which precludes them from establishing miracles as objective historical facts;{{Harvnb |Flew| 1966|p= 146}} cf. {{Harvnb |Bradley |1874|p= 44}}.}} }} === Kutipan === {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=catholicsaints.info>{{cite web|url=http://catholicsaints.info/saint-luke-the-evangelist/|title=Saint Luke the Evangelist | work = Catholic saints |date=27 December 2008}}</ref> <ref name=catholicnewsagency.com>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/st-luke-the-evangelist-23|title=St. Luke The Evangelist|website=Catholic News Agency|access-date=16 October 2018|archive-date=16 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016203317/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/st-luke-the-evangelist-23|dead-url=yes}}</ref> <ref name=ugent.be>{{cite web|title= Evangelist Lucas|url= https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:E1FF1A70-D142-11E7-9D8C-0D306EE4309A#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-1680,0,5842,2450|access-date= 2 October 2020|publisher= Ghent University Library|archive-date= 8 October 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201008003123/https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:E1FF1A70-D142-11E7-9D8C-0D306EE4309A#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-1680,0,5842,2450|dead-url= yes}}</ref> <ref name=Tornielli>{{cite web|url= http://www.traces-cl.com/archive/2000/novembre/luca.htm|title=The Beloved Physician|last= Tornielli |first=Andrea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607075349/http://www.traces-cl.com/archive/2000/novembre/luca.htm|archive-date=7 June 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=Landau>{{cite web|title= Was Luke a Historian?|url= https://www.bibleodyssey.org/en/passages/related-articles/was-luke-a-historian|access-date= 15 July 2020|website= Bible odyssey|first= Brent|last= Landau|date= n.d.|archive-date= 15 July 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200715232043/https://www.bibleodyssey.org/en/passages/related-articles/was-luke-a-historian|dead-url= yes}}</ref> }} === Umbu === {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} *{{cite CE1913|wstitle=Gospel of Saint Luke|volume=9|last=Aherne|first= Cornelius}} *{{Cite book |last1=Audsley |first1= William |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GN5UAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA94 |title=Handbook of Christian Symbolism |last2= Audsley |first2= George Ashdown |publisher=Day & Son |year=1865 |chapter= VI. Symbols and emblems of the Evangelists and the Apostles}} * {{Cite book |last=Bacci |first= Michele |title=Il pennello dell'Evangelista. Storia delle immagini sacre attribuite a san Luca |date=1998 |publisher=Gisem-Ets |location=Pisa |language=it}} *{{cite EB1911|first=James Vernon |last=Bartlet|volume=17|wstitle= Luke}} *{{Cite book |last=Bauckham |first= Richard |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qYfMDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 |title= Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |year=2017 |isbn= 978-1-4674-4680-8}} *{{Cite book |last=Blaiklock |first= E. M. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YgSNvwEACAAJ |title=The Archaeology of the New Testament |publisher= Zondervan |year=1970}} * {{Cite book |last=Boring |first=M. Eugene |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=leFrgkyEtusC&pg=PA556 |title=An Introduction to the New Testament: History, Literature, Theology |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=2012 |isbn= 978-0-66425592-3}} *{{Cite book |last=Bradley |first= Francis Herbert |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zDdPAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA44 |title=The Presuppositions of Critical History |publisher=J. Parker |year=1874 |isbn= 978-0-598-72059-7}} *{{Cite book |last=Brown |first= Raymond Edward |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gk_uAAAAMAAJ |title=An Introduction to the New Testament |publisher= Doubleday |year=1997 |isbn= 978-0-385-24767-2 |author-link= Raymond E. Brown}} *{{Cite book |last=Butler |first= Alban |url= https://archive.org/details/butlerslivesofsa00butl/page/342 |title=Butler's Lives of the Saints |date=1991 |publisher=HarperColllins Publishers |isbn=978-0-06-069299-5 |editor-last=Walsh |editor-first= Michael |location=New York |author-link= Alban Butler}} *{{Cite news |last=Craig |first=Olga |date=21 October 2001 |title=DNA test pinpoints St Luke the apostle's remains to Padua |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1360095/DNA-test-pinpoints-St-Luke-the-apostles-remains-to-Padua.html |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1360095/DNA-test-pinpoints-St-Luke-the-apostles-remains-to-Padua.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status= live}}{{cbignore}} *{{Citation |last1=Craig |first1= William Lane |title=Is There Historical Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus? : A debate held at College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts |date=28 March 2006 |url= http://www.bringyou.to:80/apologetics/p96.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100810074856/http://www.bringyou.to:80/apologetics/p96.htm |access-date= 10 August 2010 |archive-date=10 August 2010 |last2= Ehrman |first2=Bart D.}} *{{Cite book |last=Ehrman |first= Bart D. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kF8RAQAAIAAJ |title=The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings |publisher=University Press |year= 2000 |isbn=978-0-19-512639-6 |location=Oxford |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman}} *{{Cite book |last=Ehrman |first= Bart D. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vbLK6kn5T-EC&pg=PA110 |title=Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code: A Historian Reveals What We Really Know about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Constantine |publisher= University Press |year=2004 |isbn= 978-0-19-534616-9 |location=Oxford |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman}} *{{Cite book |last=Ehrman |first = Bart D. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=URdACxKubDIC&pg=PA235 |title=Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew |publisher=University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-518249-1 |location=Oxford |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman}} *{{Cite book |last=Ehrman |first= Bart D. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oBuJMhJlTYwC&pg=PA143 |title=The Lost Gospel of Judas Iscariot: A New Look at Betrayer and Betrayed |publisher=University Press |year= 2006 |isbn=978-0-19-971104-8 |location=Oxford |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman}} *{{Cite book |last=Fine |first=John van Antwerp |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8sDYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA331 |title=The Bosnian Church: A New Interpretation : a Study of the Bosnian Church and Its Place in State and Society from the 13th to the 15th Centuries |publisher=East European quarterly |year=1975 |isbn= 978-0-914710-03-5}} *{{Cite book |last=Flew |first= Antony |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JcV9AAAAMAAJ |title=God & Philosophy |publisher=Hutchinson |year=1966 |location=London}} *{{cite CE1913|wstitle=Epistle to the Hebrews|first=Leopold |last= Fonck|volume=7}} *{{Cite book |last=Hackett |first= Horatio Balch |title=A Commentary on the Original Text of the Acts of the Apostles |date=1858 |publisher=Gould and Lincoln; Sheldon, Blakeman & Co. |author-link= Horatio Balch Hackett}} *{{Cite book |last=Harris |first= Stephen L. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TGJKeHOmGhwC |title=Understanding the Bible: a reader's guide and reference |publisher=Mayfield |year= 1980 |isbn=978-0-87484-472-6}} *{{Cite book |last=Heard |first= Richard |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oQwXAAAAIAAJ |title=An Introduction to the New Testament |publisher=A. & C. Black |year=1950 |chapter= 13: The Acts of the Apostles |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100412184041/http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=531&C=557 |archive-date=12 April 2010 |chapter-url= http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=531&C=557}} *{{Cite book |last=Koet |first=Bart J. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=liFVAAAAYAAJ |title=Five Studies on Interpretation of Scripture in Luke-Acts |publisher=University Press |year=1989 |isbn= 978-90-6186-330-4 |location= Leuven}} *{{Cite book |last=Koet |first=Bart J. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=K9_QsLPsKYMC |title=Dreams and Scripture in Luke-Acts: Collected Essays |publisher=Peeters |year=2006 |isbn=978-90-429-1750-7}} *{{Cite book |last=Grant |first= Robert McQueen |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2VQJAQAAIAAJ |title=A Historical Introduction to the New Testament |publisher=Harper & Row |year=1963 |chapter= 10: The Gospel of Luke and the Book of Acts |isbn=9780006427063 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100621102923/http://religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1116&C=1230 |archive-date=21 June 2010 |chapter-url= http://religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1116&C=1230}} *{{Cite journal |last=Grigg |first= Robert |date=1987 |title=Byzantine Credulity as an Impediment to Antiquarianism |journal=[[Gesta (journal)|Gesta]] |volume=26 |issue= 1 |pages=3–9 |doi=10.2307/767073 |jstor=767073|s2cid=191950669 }} *{{Cite book |last=Hemer |first= Colin J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPspGyJSteUC |title=The Book of Acts in the Setting of Hellenistic History |publisher=Mohr |year=1989 |isbn=978-3-16-145451-6}} *{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first= Luke Timothy |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=eum1ijxbr6kC&pg=PA474 |title=The Gospel of Luke |publisher=Liturgical Press |year=1991 |isbn= 978-0-8146-5805-5 |series=Sacra Pagina}} *{{Cite book |title=San Luca evangelista testimone della fede che unisce. Atti del Congresso internazionale, Padova, 16–21 ottobre 2000 |date=2003 |publisher= Istituto per la storia ecclesiastica Padovana |editor-last=Marin |editor-first=V.T.W. |volume=I–III |location=Padua |editor-last2=Trolese |editor-first2=F.G.B |language=it}} Documenting an international congress in Padua in 2000 on the topic of Luke the evangelist, including his relics. *{{cite web |last=McCall |first= Thomas S. |date=March 1996 |title= Was Luke a Gentile? |url= https://www.levitt.com/essays/luke |access-date=19 October 2020 |website= Levitt Letter}} *{{Citation |last=McGrew |first= Timothy |title=Miracles |url= https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/miracles/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |year= 2019 |editor-first =Edward N. | editor-last = Zalta |edition=Spring}} *{{Cite book |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/patrologicursus11migngoog#page/n441/mode/2up | series =Patrologia Graeca |date=1901 |editor-last=Migne |editor-first=J.P. |location=Paris | title = Ecclesiasticae Historiae Nicephori Callisti | volume = II | chapter = XLIII}} (In Greek and Latin parallel) *{{Cite book |last=Milligan |first= George |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=x5lLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149 |title=The New Testament Documents: Their Origin and Early History |publisher=Wipf & Stock |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-59752-641-8 |orig-year=1913}} *{{Cite book |last=Mornin |first= Edward |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TDwbvgAACAAJ |title=Saints: A Visual Guide |publisher=Frances Lincoln |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7112-2606-7}} *{{Cite book |last=Nickle |first= Keith Fullerton |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5SSytjasmAgC&pg=PA43 |title=The Synoptic Gospels: An Introduction |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=2001 |isbn= 978-0-664-22349-6}} *{{Cite book |last=Powell |first= Mark Allan |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9jRu8_-GlKMC&pg=PA6 |title=What are They Saying about Luke? |publisher= Paulist Press |year=1989 |isbn= 978-0-8091-3111-2}} *{{Cite book |last=Ramsay |first=Sir William Mitchell |url= https://archive.org/details/cu31924029303760/page/n237/mode/2up |title=The Bearing of Recent Discovery on the Trustworthiness of the New Testament |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |year=1915 |author-link= William Mitchell Ramsay}} *{{Cite book |last=Sanders |first=E. P. |title=The Historical Figure of Jesus |date=1995 |publisher= Penguin}} *{{Cite book |last1=Senior |first1= Donald |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VrmW1eXBILgC&pg=PA328 |title= Invitation to the Gospels |last2= Achtemeier |first2=Paul J. |last3= Karris |first3=Robert J. |publisher= Paulist Press |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-8091-4072-5}} *{{Citation |title=New Outlook |date= 1935 |volume=165 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first= Alfred Emanuel |publisher=Outlook Pub. Co.}} *{{Cite book |last=Strelan |first= Rick |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AeTdi13weAoC&pg=PA102 |title=Luke the Priest: The Authority of the Author of the Third Gospel |publisher= Ashgate |year=2013 |isbn= 978-1-4094-7788-4}} *{{Cite book |last=von Harnack |first= Adolf |title=Luke the Physician: The Author of the Third Gospel |date=1907 |publisher= Williams & Norgate; [[G.P. Putnam's Sons]] |series=New Testament Studies | volume = I}} *{{Cite news |last=Wade |first = Nicholas |date=16 October 2001 |title= Body of St. Luke Gains Credibility |work=[[The New York Times]] |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/16/world/body-of-st-luke-gains-credibility.html}} *{{Cite book |last=Zuffi |first= Stefano |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tL3YeduAk8gC&pg=PA8 |title=Gospel Figures in Art |publisher=Getty Publications |year= 2003 |isbn= 978-0-89236-727-6 |chapter=The Evangelists and their symbols}} {{refend}} === Basoŵa === {{refbegin}} * [[I. Howard Marshall]]. ''Luke: Historian and Theologian''. Downers Grove, [[Illinois|IL]]: InterVarsity Press. * [[F. F. Bruce]], ''[http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/speeches_bruce.pdf The Speeches in the Acts of the Apostles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531103401/http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/speeches_bruce.pdf |date=31 May 2012 }}.'' London: The Tyndale Press, 1942. * Helmut Koester. ''Ancient Christian Gospels''. Harrisburg, [[Pennsylvania|PA]]: Trinity Press International, 1999. * Burton L. Mack. ''Who Wrote the New Testament?: The Making of the Christian Myth''. San Francisco, [[California|CA]]: HarperCollins, 1996. * J. Wenham, "The Identification of Luke", ''[[Evangelical Quarterly]]'' 63 (1991), 3–44 {{refend}} == Khai-khai baero == {{Commons category|Luke the Evangelist}} * [http://www.allaboutthejourney.org/saint-luke.htm Biblical Interpretation of Texts of Saint Luke] * [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/luke.html Early Christian Writings: ''Gospel of Luke'' e-texts, introductions] * [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/211540498v1?maxtoshow National Academy of Sciences on Luke the Evangelist] * [http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=76 Patron Saint Luke] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311192236/http://www.glaubenswege.ch/Evangelist_Lukas.html Photo of the grave of Luke in Padua (in German)] * [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A05E6D61E3FF935A25753C1A9679C8B63 DNA testing of the Saint Luke corpse] * [http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=76, Catholic Online] {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Luka]] [[Kategori:Sura Luka]] [[Kategori:Niha ni'amoni'ö]] [[Kategori:Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Turia Somuso Dödö]] [[Kategori:Sura Ni'amoni'ö]] [[Kategori:Nifahaö Yesu]] [[Kategori:Biografi]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] cz3pg7iys2109hh3epzkvoczko9k2b4 0 4184 27573 24336 2026-08-02T07:22:09Z Slaia 39 filsuf > filosofo 27573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Plato |image = Plato-raphael.jpg |image_size = 200px |caption = gambara Plato |era = Filosofia satua |caption = |birth_date = c. 428–427 SM<ref>[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Plato.html Plato], St. Andrews University</ref> |birth_place = [[Athena]] |death_date = c. 348–347 SM (80 fakhe) |death_place = Athena |nationality = [[Yunani]] }} '''Plato''' (427-348 föna Yesu, 80 fakhe) no samösa [[filosofo]] moroi ba [[Yunani]] si tumbu ba mbanua [[Athena]] khö Ariston of Athens (ama) ba Perictione (ina). Baero ere [[filosofi]], Plato andre no göi ere sebua matematika. [[Filosofi]] nifahaönia no oya la'o'ö niha irugi ma'ökhö, mendrua manö ba danö [[Eropa]]. Ya'ia zamasindro Akademi Plato, sambua sekola [[filosofi]] ba [[Athena]] ba ba da'ö göi ifa'ema wamahaönia si to'olö lafotöi niha ''platonisme'' furi ginötö auri ia. Bua wangera-ngerania fondrege tehöngö ya'ia sambua teori sanandrösa ba nifotöi ''idea''. Molo'ö Plato fefu zoroma ba hörö ni'ilada ba gulidanö andre sindruhunia tenga si'ogötö'ö. Si'ogötö'ö sndruhu sa ba ya'ia ''idea'' moroi ba zoroma ba hörö andrö. Duma-dumania eu ni'ilada ba gatua, tenga si'ogötö ia. So ia ma'ökhö ba ba zi so föna no mate, ahori ba lö oroma sa'ae. Bahiza ''idea'' eu, si lö oroma ba hörö, ba oroma khöda bakha ba wangera-ngera, da'ö zi'ogötö'ö. Molo'ö Plato samösa no ihalö ösa mbua wangera-ngerania moroi khö [[Pythagoras]], [[Heraclitus]] ba [[Parmenides]], heŵa'ae na ha moroi khö Plato tarongo zanandrösa khöra fefu. Awö gurunia [[Sokrates]] ba nifahaönia [[Aristoteles]], tefaböbö Plato khö ndra tuha bakha ba waö-waö [[filosofi]]. Ngawalö zura nifa'anönia no so nasa irugi ma'ökhö, 2.400 fakhe me no mate Plato.<ref>Cooper, John M.; Hutchinson, D.S., eds. (1997): "Introduction."</ref><ref> Cooper, John M.; Hutchinson, D.S., eds. (1997). Plato: Complete Works. Hackett Publishing., nga'örö vii</ref> Lö aetu te'oguna'ö ngawalö zinurania ba zi ngahönö fakhe andre. Filosofinia nifotöi ''Neoplatonisme'' no göi tobali dane-dane [[filosofi]] he ba [[Niha Keriso]] ba he ba [[Islam]].<ref>Duma-dumania [[Agustinus Hippo]] ba Al-Farabi</ref> Iŵa'ö Alfred North Whitehead, wa na ta'angeragö [[tradisi]] [[filosofi]] [[Eropa]] andrö ha hulö famotokhi ba gahe khö Plato.<ref>Whitehead, Alfred North (1978). Process and Reality. New York: The Free Press, nga'örö 39.</ref> Töi Plato (plateau) eluahania ''ndraso'', sambua töi nifatörö gurunia khönia, börö me mangewolo dölahulunia. Hiza fao khönia wamangewolo hulu andrö, me alaŵa ia ba sökhi zikhalania. Baero mbotonia si sökhi sibai, so fahönia ia wa'atua-tua sebua ba i'otarai ba wa'ide-idenia no so khönia khamötö dödö sebua.<ref>Nurdyansa,''"Biografi Plato, Kisah Filsuf Terkenal Serta Ajaran dan Pemikirannya."'', Biografiku.Com, [https://www.biografiku.com/biografi-plato/], mufaigi me 21 September 2023</ref> Bakha ba mbuku sotöi ''Republik'' ifaehagö Plato hadia zi lötolalö'ö la'a'asogö ba wanema sambua dadaoma zamatörö. Famaehagö da'a, tebai so ni'okhögö samösa. Labe'e sambua wangositengagö, ya'ia da'ö; ha ba ngawalö zindruhu-ndruhu sedöna la'ohalöŵögöigö. Tanöbö'ö si lötolalö'ö te'a'asogö fa'atebokai ba harato si so.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lavine|first=T. Z.|date=2020|title=From Socrates to Sartre: The Philosophic Quest|publisher=Immortal|pages=11|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Berkas:Socrates and Plato.jpg|jmpl|150px|Plato faoma [[Socrates]], sambua gambara nifazökhi ba ginötö sara ngahönö.]] So dombua gamuata mbua wangera-ngera Plato: * Si fahatö khö Sokrates: no ifaedogö wangera-ngerania ba wangera-ngera Sokrates, töra-töra ba ngawalö zinurania me awuyu-wuyu ia.<ref name="Simon">Simon Petrus L. Tjahjadi, ''Petualangan Intelektual'', Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2004. ISBN 979-21-0460-7</ref> * Sifagema-gema li: no i'oguna'ö gema-gema Plato ba wama'anö arakhagö fefu zinurania.<ref name="Simon"/> Iŵa'ö bakha ba mbuku ''Sura VII'' wa , Bua wangera-ngera ma söndra Plato, imane; wa ibakugö wangera-ngera sindruhu fena awö taŵania, wa ba ginötö tesura ia, tobali hurufo safiso sambua gera-era. Andrö iŵa'ö wa lala sabölö faudu ba wanura mbua wangera-ngera, ya'ia mangoguna'ö gema-gema.<ref name="Simon"/> == Umbu == <references /> {{Börö zura}} [[Kategori:Filosofo]] [[Kategori:Ere matematika]] [[Kategori:Bohou tesura]] fh3yz2ki3hmbsomx6wj9exs666v0rnl 0 4333 27575 27518 2026-08-02T07:24:20Z Slaia 39 filsuf > filosofo 27575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info pemegang jabatan | honorific-prefix = | name = Soekarno | image = Presiden Sukarno.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Potret resmi, {{circa|1949}} | office = Presiden Indonesia | order = ke-1 | term_start = 18 Agustus 1945 | term_end = 12 Maret 1967 | vicepresident = [[Mohammad Hatta]] (1945–1956) | primeminister = {{Collapsible list|title=''Daftar''|1= {{plainlist|1= *[[Sutan Syahrir]] *[[Amir Sjarifoeddin]] *[[Mohammad Hatta]] *[[Mohammad Natsir]] *[[Soekiman Wirjosandjojo|Soekiman W]] *[[Wilopo]] *[[Ali Sastroamidjojo]] *[[Burhanuddin Harahap]] *[[Djoeanda Kartawidjaja]] *Soekarno *[[Soeharto]] }} }} | predecessor = ''Tidak ada, jabatan baru'' | successor = [[Soeharto]] | office1 = Presiden [[Republik Indonesia Serikat]] | term_start1 = 27 Desember 1949 | term_end1 = 17 Agustus 1950 | predecessor1 = ''Tidak ada, jabatan baru'' | successor1 = ''Jabatan dihapuskan'' | office2 = Perdana Menteri Indonesia | order2 = ke-12 | term_start2 = 9 Juli 1959 | term_end2 = 25 Juli 1966 | predecessor2 = [[Djuanda Kartawidjaja]] | successor2 = [[Soeharto]]<br /><small>(Ketua Presidium Kabinet) | office3 = Ketua Dewan Pertimbangan Agung Republik Indonesia | order3 = ke-5 | term_start3 = 1959 | term_end3 = 1966 | predecessor3 = [[KPH Soetardjo Kartohadikoesoemo]] | successor3 = [[RAA Wiranatakusuma]] | birth_name = Koesno Sosrodihardjo | birth_date = {{birth date|1901|6|6|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Soerabaja]], [[Jawa Timur|Oost Java]], [[Hindia Belanda]] (sekarang Surabaya, Jawa Timur, Indonesia)<ref>A. Setiadi (2013), Soekarno Bapak Bangsa, Yogyakarta: Palapa, pp.21.</ref> | death_date = {{death date and age|1970|6|21|1901|6|6|df=y}} | death_place = [[Museum Satria Mandala|Wisma Yaso]], [[Jakarta]], Indonesia | death_cause = Gangguan ginjal | resting_place = [[Bendogerit, Sananwetan, Blitar]] | resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|-8.0846185|112.1761243|display=inline}} | nationality = [[Indonesia]] | party = {{Parpolicon | PNI}} (1927 - 1931)<br>{{Parpolicon | Independen}} (1931 - 1970) | spouse = {{bulleted list|[[Oetari]] (1921–1923)|[[Inggit Garnasih]] (1923–1943)|[[Fatmawati Soekarno|Fatmawati]] (1943–1970)|[[Hartini]] (1953–1970)|[[Kartini Manoppo]] (1959–1968)|[[Sakiko Kanase|Saliku Maesaroh]] (1958–1959)|[[Ratna Sari Dewi Soekarno|Ratna Sari Dewi]] (1962–1970)|[[Haryati]] (1963–1966)|[[Yurike Sanger]] (1964–1968)|[[Heldy Djafar]] (1966–1969)}} | children = {{Collapsible list|title=''Dari Inggit''|1= {{plainlist|1= *[[Ratna Juami]] (anak angkat) *[[Kartika]] (anak angkat) }} }} {{Collapsible list|title=''Dari Fatmawati''|1= {{plainlist|1= *[[Guntur Soekarnoputra]] *[[Megawati Soekarnoputri]] *[[Rachmawati Soekarnoputri]] *[[Sukmawati Soekarnoputri]] *[[Guruh Soekarnoputra]] }} }} {{Collapsible list|title=''Dari Hartini''|1= {{plainlist|1= *[[Taufan Soekarnoputra]] *[[Bayu Soekarnoputra]] }} }} {{Collapsible list|title=''Dari Ratna''|1= {{plainlist|1= *[[Kartika Sari Dewi Soekarno|Karina Kartika Sari Dewi Soekarno]] }} }} {{Collapsible list|title=''Dari Haryati''|1= {{plainlist|1= *[[Ayu Gembirowati]] }} }} {{Collapsible list|title=''Dari Kartini Manoppo''|1= {{plainlist|1= *Totok Suryawan Soekarnoputra }} }} | parents = {{ubl|[[Soekemi Sosrodihardjo]]|[[Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai]]}} | profession = [[Insinyur]]{{br}}[[Politikus]]{{br}}[[Guru]] | signature = Sukarno Signature.svg }} {{external media | topic = Arsip [[Konferensi Asia-Afrika]] di [[Bandung]] | float = right | width = 20em | video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3dG7wB9WcM Konfrensi Asia Afrika oleh Humas Arsip Nasional RI.] }} '''Soekarno''' ma '''Sukarno''' (tumbu ba [[Surabaya]], 6 Juni 1901 ba mate ba [[Jakarta]], 21 Juni 1970) no presiden Indonesia siföföna sibai (1945-1967), samösa ba gotalua ndra sondrönia'ö "Revolusi Nasional Indonesia" sangodödögö ena'ö maradika Indonesia. Awö [[Mohammad Hatta]], ya'ia zame'e angombakhata wa no maradika Indonesia me 17 Agustus 1945. Sukarno andre zi'oföna sibai mamagölö dane-dane negara Indonesia bakha ba lima gehomo '''Pancasila'''. Me no töra 20 fakhe mamatörö ia, ba tebai sa'ae itenaŵa wamadaŵa ndra militer, itou'ö wamatörö si so ba dangania khö "Letnan Jenderal" Soeharto, sondrönia'ö "Markas Besar Angkatan Darat" me luo da'ö, me iteka zura "Supersemar" ma "Surat Perintah 11 Maret 1966" nisusugö Soeharto. Oya wabagosa zöndra sanandrösa zalua me luo da'ö, bahiza oroma wa silötolalö'ö iheta moroi ba danga Sukarno wamatörö negara Suharto na lö mena edöna Sukarno wangefasi halöwö wamatörö negara andrö. Mendruamanö me no so ba danga Suharto wanehegö moroi ba Amerika Serikat. Me luo da'ö mangiwa sibai dödö Amerika, na aekhu ba danga wamatörö Komunis Indonesia, me hulö abölö aolo dödö Sukarno khö ndra solohi famahaö komunis. == Fa'a'iraono == Sukarno andre tumbu ba Peneleh, Surabaya, Jawa Timur. Töinia ba wa'ide-ide ya'ia '''Kusno''' (Koesno).<ref name="kasenda" /> Hiza, börö me asese mofökhö ia, lafuli lafatörö döinia me felezara fakhe ia ba lakaoni khönia Soekarno. Lahalö döi andre moroi ba Karna, töi balugu wasuwöta bakha ba hikaya Bharata Yudha.<ref name="kasenda" /><ref name="cindy adams" /> Lafaudugö döi "Karna" andre ba li Jawa ba lanönö wehede su, eluahania sökhi, irege Karna tobali Sukarno.<ref name="cindy adams" /> Me tobali ia presiden ifaudugö wanura Soekarno tobali Sukarno molo'ö "ejaan merdeka" si bohou mufatörö me no maradika Indonesia. Lö omasi ia isura döinia faoma "ejaan lama" nifotöinia ejaan ndra Belanda sangosawuyu.<ref name="cindy adams" /> Heŵa'ae simanö, i'oguna'ö döi Soekarno ba waneka ngawalö sura, simanö göi bakha ba zura ''Teks Proklamasi'' 17 Agustus 1945.<ref name="cindy adams" /> Töi somasi-masi niha lakaoni khönia ba ya'ia Bung Karno. Möi Sukarno ba zekola ba Tulung Agung irugi findra ia ba [[Mojokerto]], me awu'a nahia wohalöŵö namania ba da'ö.<ref name="kasenda" /> Ba Mojokerto, ifasura'ö döinia amania ba zekola sotöi ''Eerste Inlandse School'', sambua sekola nahia wohalöŵö namania.<ref name="kisah" /> Aefa da'ö ba Juni 1911 awu'a zui Sukarno ba ''Europeesche Lagere School (ELS)'' sitobali lala ena'ö aoha latema ia ba ''Hogere Burger School (HBS)''.<ref name="kasenda" /> Ba 1915 i'asiwai zekolania ba ELS ba itohugö ba zekola HBS si so ba Surabaya, Jawa Timur.<ref name="kasenda" /> Börö göi wanoloni [[Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto|H.O.S. Tjokroaminoto]], tola tetema'ö ia ba HBS.<ref name="kasenda" /> Itolo nasa ena'ö tola toröi Sukarno ba asirama nifotöi ''pondokan'' heza göi toröi Tjokroaminoto samösa.<ref name="kasenda" /> Ba Surabaya, ato zifalukha khö Sukarno solohe tanga ba gangowuloa ''Sarekat Islam'', organisasi nifatörö ma nikafaloini Tjokroaminoto meluo da'ö, sifalukha khönia andrö simane [[Alimin]], [[Musso]], [[Darsono]], [[Haji Agus Salim]], faoma [[Abdul Muis]].<ref name="kasenda" /> Sukarno owölö-ölö ia fao ba organisasi pemuda simane ''Tri Koro Dharmo'' nifasindro moroi ba zifakhai ba [[Budi Utomo]].<ref name="kasenda" /> Töi organisasi da'ö ba zilö ara tefagati döi tobali ''Jong Java'' (Pemuda Jawa) ba ndröfi si 1918.<ref name="kasenda" /> Baero da'ö, Sukarno ilau manura ba "Oetoesan Hindia" nikafaloini Tjokroaminoto.<ref name="kisah" /> [[Berkas:Sukarno HBS.jpg|jmpl|200px|Gambara Sukarno metobali ono sekola ia ba HBS Soerabaja]] === Achmed Soekarno === Ba negara Barat, töi Sukarno andre itaria lasura faoma töi; ''Achmed Soekarno''. Da'a alua börö me inötö si'oföna sibai Sukarno möi ba Amerika Serikat, ira wartawa manofu-nofu ira haniha döi wogaoni wa'ide-ide Sukarno?"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/sukarno-tanpa-ahmad-PzgE6|title=Soekarno tanpa achmad|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=|archive-date=2019-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228061803/https://historia.id/politik/articles/sukarno-tanpa-ahmad-PzgE6|dead-url=no}}</ref> sanofu ma ira wartawan lö la'ila hewisa wamatörö töi ba Indonesia, simane töi niha Jawa, sangoguna'ö ha sambua döi ma si no mu'ila sasese laŵa'ö ''mononim'' ma ''satu nama saja'' ma löhadöi mado, mazui mangoguna'ö döi moroi ba ngambatö nga'ötö. Sukarno andre ifaehagö wa töi '''Achmed''' i söndra me möi ia ba danö Mekkah ma Naik Haji.<ref name=adamtold>{{en}} {{cite book|first = Cindy|last = Adams|year = 1965|title = Sukarno, an autobiography as told to Cindy Adams|publisher = The Bobs Merryl Company Inc.|location = New York|asin =B0007DFFFK}}</ref> So göi zamahaega töi da'a molo'ö si no mufazaewe, wa famatörö töi Sukarno fogaoni Achmed nisura föna döi Sukarno, nibe'e ndra diplomat muslim moroi ba Indonesia samalua misi luar negeri sitobali sambua lala ena'ö so ''pengakuan kedaulatan negara Indonesia'' ba negara-negara [[Arab]]. Molo'ö ba mbuku ''Bung Karno: Penyambung Lidah Rakyat Indonesia''<ref>(Cindy Adams, terjemahan Syamsu Hadi. Ed. Rev. 2011. Yogyakarta: Media Pressindo, dan Yayasan Bung Karno, ISBN 979-911-032-7-9) halaman 32</ref> tefaehagö ba da'ö töinia ha "Sukarno" lö onönöta, me ba mbanua ba Indonesia meluo da'ö lö oya döi si töra moroi ba dua ngawua li. == Karier == === Ni'ohalöŵögöigönia ba mböröta wa a merdeka === Sukarno andre, sioföna sibai tefakhili'ö khönia ngawalö zöndra ''nasionalis'' ba ginötö fao ia barö wamatörö [[Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto]]. Aefa da'ö, me so ia ba nahia wamahaö ma me tobali ia samösa ''mahasiswa'' ba [[Bandung]], no fao ia ba wa'atedou wangi'ila sifakhai ba ''filosofia politik'' [[Eropa]], [[Amerika Serikat|Amerika]], nasionalis, [[komunis]], faoma sifakhai ba agama, irege mofozu zöndrania ya'ia sa'ae si no oi la'ila niha ''ideologi politik swasembada ala sosialis'' Indonesia. Ibörötaigö ifa'anö ia ba itötö lala tobali ''Marhaenisme'', nihalönia moroi ba döi Marhaen, samösa zohalöŵö ba danö niha Indonesia sifalukha ia ba wetaro tanö raya ba danö [[Bandung]], sokhö bolo danö side-ide sibai nibabayania samösa, ba hiza tola möi fangorifi nösi nomonia. Ba naha wamahaö ma ba universitas, Sukarno ihaogö gangowuloa ndraono sekola nibe'enia töi ''Algemeene Studieclub'', sifaehu ma'ifu moroi ba gangowuloa soya ndra mahasiswa Belanda. === Fefaonia ba Partai Nasional Indonesia === Me tanggal 4 Juli 1927, Sukarno andre faoma ira awönia si so ba gangowuloa ''Algemeene Studieclub'' lafasindro partai pro-kemerdekaan, ya'ia da'ö ''Partai Nasional Indonesia'' ma na la'odogo'ö ia faoma PNI, ba hiza Sukarno tefili sitobali solohe tanga ma Ketua. Partai andre lafaehagö ena'ö Indonesia alio merdeka, ba la falalaŵa zifakhai ba ''imperialisme'' faoma ''kapitalisme'' me molo'ö Sukarno si dombua sistem da'a ha samakao faoma simöi dela wa'atosasa ba niha Indonesia. Hiza, partai andre la farou ''sekularisme'' faoma fahasaradödö bangawalö soi ba [[Hindia Belanda]], ba wangahaogö [[Indonesia]] sihasaratödö. Sukarno manötöna dödö na [[Jepang]] fasuwö ba wolaŵa ''Blok Sekutu'' ba Perang Dunia II ma sitobali fa'abölö ''Barat'' ba hiza moroi ba nifalua Sukarno andre, ba tanö [[Jawa]] tola aefa moroi ba wasuwöta börö wanolo moroi ba [[Jepang]]. Hiza ba ginötö da'ö Partai Nasional Indonesia idugu monönö zifao, moroi ba ndraono sawena tama moroi ba universitas sifao ba wangera-ngera Sukarno ba wangefa'ö moroi ba wamatörö Belanda. Da'a ba zi lö ara sibai aefa disintegrasi ma ''Sarekat Islam'' ba mbaŵa sisara döfi si 1920 ba ba ginötö sifagölö andrö ''Partai Komunis Indonesia'' aboto gangowuloa nia me alua wamalalaŵa ''komunis Sumatra 1927'' si lö a'ozu me döfi si 1926]].<ref name="Adams 1965">{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno, An Autobiography |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |pages=79–80}}</ref> == Tendroma gera-era == ''Pandangan politik orang tsb. (ideologi), aliran (keilmuan, akademis, seniman, dlsb)'' == Ondröita == ''Dampak sepak terjang orang tsb., pengaruhnya di dunia politik/keilmuan/seni. Apakah dia memiliki citra publik tertentu yang berdampak luas seperti presiden pertama berkulit hitam (Barack Obama) atau efek Jokowi (Joko Widodo)?'' == Fa'auri == ''Hal relevan (hanya yang relevan, bukan gosip!) tentang hidup pribadi ybs. misalnya keluarga dan hal lain yang patut direkam sebagai catatan sejarah.'' == Töi nibe'e == ''Penghargaan yang diterima ybs (nasional, dari negara lain, penghargaan lainnya)'' == Publikasi == ''Buku atau artikel menonjol yang ditulis dan dipublikasikan oleh ybs. (akademisi, ilmuan, politikus, dlsb.); karya menonjol baik lukisan (perupa), album (musikus), film (sutradara)'' == Onönöta == ''Hal lain yang merupakan informasi berharga, namun belum disebut di atas; Catatan khusus kalau ada.'' == Basoŵa == ''Di sini ditulis daftar buku relevan tambahan tentang orang tsb. yang belum disebut dalam tulisan.'' == Khai-khai baero == ''Di sini ditulis situs web utama yang membahas orang tsb. kalau ada'' == Umbu == <references /> {{Börö zura}} [[Kategori:Nias]] [[Kategori:Biografi]] [[Kategori:Bohou tesura]] 85q0zc8knvw2e8t0wfadyrf04w5ti2h 0 4515 27568 23196 2026-08-02T07:13:23Z Slaia 39 antropolog > antropologo 27568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book | name = Society and Exchange in Nias | title_orig = | translator = | image = | image_caption = | author = [[Andrew Beatty (antropologo)|Andrew Beatty]] | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = Inggris | language = Inggris | publisher = Clarendon Press Oxford | release_date = 1992 | english_release_date = 1992 | media_type = book | pages = 322 | isbn = 0198278659 }} '''Society and Exchange in Nias''' ('''Niha Mbanua ba Fangalui Lakhömi ba Danö Niha''') no sambua mbuku nisura [[Andrew Beatty (antropologo)|Andrew Beatty]], samösa antropologo moroi ba [[Inggris]], sanandrösa ba hada [[Ono Niha|Nono Niha]] ba ohitö dödöra ba wanöndra lakhömi. Buku andre no bua wangosili si dua fakhe wa'ara nifaluania ba [[Sifalagö Susua]] 1986-1988. Ena'ö tola ifalua wangosili andre, no i'eregesi dödö wamomaha ya'ia ba [[li Niha]], irege tola fahuhuo ia ba niha götö we'asonia ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] ba [[li Niha]]. Götö we'asonia ba Zusua, no itörö lala wa'auri ba da'ö irege hulö samösa [[Ono Niha]] ia: möi ia mohalöŵö ba laza, fao ia möi ba [[Gereja]] ba luo Migu, fao göi ia möi ba [[harimbale]] ba wowöli soguna, fao ia ba wanaro simate, btn. Fao ia na'i ba wamaguru ba [[sile]]. Aefa i'awalisi halöŵönia ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] itohugö nasa wangosili bö'ö ba danö [[Jawa]], fatua lö mangawuli ia ba danö [[Inggris]] ba wangawalisi sekolania ba [[Antropologi]] ba [[Universitas Oxford]]. == Famöfö'ö ösi == So dombua faosatö sebua: ba zi sambua igambaraini hewisa oi gamakhaita niha ba mbanua. Te'a'asogö gamakhaita andre faoma fangai ira'alawe ([[fangowalu]]). Ba faosatö si dua i'osisi'ö hadia lala nitörö niha ba wanöndra lakhömi, ya'ia da'ö faoma famalua [[owasa]]. Lafalua [[owasa|gowasa]] niha si so okhöta ba wanöndra töi fa'abalugu (lakhömi) awö mbosi sebua, same'e irege lafondrondrongo khönia ira niha mbanua bö'ö. Da'e tou gangolifa nösi mbuku andre: '''Famasao'''<br> '''I. Amakhaita niha mbanua''' # Banua # Nga'ötö duhe mbanua ba ira niha bö'ö # Fa'awösa si lö falalaŵa (''asimetris'') # Ngawalö döi gamakhaita # Si fasui fa'awösa fangowalu # Fangowalu ba fa'aso gokhöta zangowalu # Fa'awösa bö'ö '''II. Politik wangalui lakhömi''' # Afore ba goi-goi wanöndra lakhömi # Owasa #* Fama'anö owasa #* Owasa # Bosi ba gotalua niha ba fa'atobali sondrönia'ö '''Fangasiwai''' Buku andre 322 nga'örö wa'awe'e-we'enia; ba so göi bakha khönia mato ha'uga foto. == Umbu == * Andrew Beatty, ''Society and Exchange in Nias'', Clarendon Press Oxford, 1992. [[Kategori:Buku Sanandrösa Ono Niha]] [[Kategori:Buku Sanandrösa Ono Niha ba li Inggris]] [[Kategori:Buku]] 1nib22r8gfg9hh0oq257nhkdfidna13 0 4534 27576 24135 2026-08-02T07:25:16Z Slaia 39 filsuf > filosofo 27576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republik Albania ''(Republic of Albania)'' | native_name = {{small|{{native name|sq|Republika e Shqipërisë}}}} | common_name = Albania | image_flag = Flag of Albania.svg | alt_flag = Red flag with a black double-headed eagle in the centre. | image_coat = [[File:Coat of arms of Albania.svg|60px]] | national_motto = {{native phrase|sq|[[Ti Shqipëri, më jep nder, më jep emrin Shqipëtar|Ti Shqipëri, më jep nder,<br>më jep emrin Shqipëtar]]|paren=no|italic=yes}}<br>"You Albania, give me honour,<br>you give me the name Albanian" | national_anthem = {{lang|sq|"[[Himni i Flamurit]]"|italic=no}}<br>"Hymn to the Flag"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Hymni i Flamurit instrumental.ogg]]</div> | image_map = [[File:Location_Albania_Europe.png|225px|frameless]] | map_caption = Location of Albania (green) | capital = [[Tirana]] | largest_city = [[Tirana]] | coordinates = {{coord|41|19|N|19|49|E|type:city(557,000)_region:AL-11}} | official_languages = [[Albanian language|Albanian]] | languages2_type = Recognised minority languages | languages2 = {{hlist|[[Greek language|Greek]]|[[Aromanian language|Aromanian]]|[[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]}} | religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space; |50.67% [[Islam in Albania|Islam]] |16.02% [[Christianity in Albania|Christianity]] |13.83% [[Non-denominational]] |3.55% [[Irreligion in Albania|Atheism]] |0.15% other |15.77% undeclared<ref name="Census 2023"/> }} | religion_year = 2023 | demonym = [[Albanians|Albanian]] | government_type = [[Unitary parliamentary republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Albania|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Bajram Begaj]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Albania|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Edi Rama]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Albania|Kuvendi]] | leader_title3 = [[Speaker of the Parliament of Albania|Parliament Speaker]] | leader_name3 = [[Elisa Spiropali]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Albania#Independence|Establishment history]] | established_event1 = [[Principality of Arbanon]] | established_date1 = 1190 | established_event2 = [[Kingdom of Albania (medieval)|Kingdom of Albania]] | established_date2 = February 1272 | established_event3 = [[Principality of Albania (medieval)|Princedom of Albania]] | established_date3 = 1368 | established_event4 = [[League of Lezhë]] | established_date4 = 2 March 1444 | established_event5 = [[Pashalik of Scutari]]/[[Pashalik of Janina|Janina]] | established_date5 = 1757/1787 | established_event6 = Proclamation of independence from {{nowrap|the [[Ottoman Empire]]}} | established_date6 = 28 November 1912 | established_event7 = [[Principality of Albania]] | established_date7 = 29 July 1913 | established_event8 = [[Albanian Republic (1925–1928)|1st Republic of Albania]] | established_date8 = 31 January 1925 | established_event9 = [[Albanian Kingdom (1928–39)|Kingdom of Albania]] | established_date9 = 1 September 1928 | established_event10 = [[People's Republic of Albania|2nd Republic of Albania]] | established_date10 = 10 January 1946 | established_event11 = [[Constitution of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania|3rd Republic of Albania]] | established_date11 = 28 December 1976 | established_event12 = 4th Republic of Albania | established_date12 = 29 April 1991 | established_event13 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Albania|Current constitution]]}} | established_date13 = 28 November 1998 | area_km2 = 28,748 | area_sq_mi = 11,100 | area_rank = 140th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | percent_water = 4.7 | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_census = 2,402,113<ref name="Census 2023">{{cite web |publisher=[[Institute of Statistics (Albania)|Instituti i Statistikës]] (INSTAT) |title=Population and Housing Census 2023|url=https://shqiptarja.com/uploads/ckeditor/667eb96647c4bcens-2023.pdf}}</ref> | population_census_year = 2023 | population_density_km2 = 83.5 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $59.099 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AL">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=914,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Albania) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 118th | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $20,739<ref name="IMFWEO.AL" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 83rd | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $25.297 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AL" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 125th | GDP_nominal_year = 2024 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $8,877<ref name="IMFWEO.AL" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 84th | Gini_year = 2019 | Gini = 34.3<!-- number only --> | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = <ref name=eurogini>{{cite web |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> | HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the [[data]] refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI = 0.789 | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web |title=Human Development Report 2023/24 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |date=13 March 2024 |access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 74th | currency = [[Albanian lek|Lek]] | currency_code = ALL | patron_saint = [[Our Lady of Good Counsel]] | time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Albania|+355]] | cctld = [[.al]] }} '''Albania''', ma na lafaigi negarania andre sambua negara republik nikaoni faoma fanötöi; '''Republik Albania''' ([[bahasa Albania]]: ''Republika e Shqipërisë''), ya'ia da'ö sambua negara si so ba [[Eropa Tenggara]]. Negara da'a faola ia ba [[Montenegro]] tanö yöu, [[Kosovo]] gatumbukha sahatö ba nasi, [[Makedonia Utara]] gatumbukha, faoma [[Yunani]] tanöraya, Laut Adriatik tefataro ia ba gaekhula Albania, ba hiza na Laut Ionia ahatö ba gatumbukha göi ''(barat daya)''. Albania na ba wehede ma famoligö ba li ba da'ö, lakaoni faoma; '''Shqipëria''', so eluaha nahia wofo wötö ma ba [[li Indonesia]] lamane ''Tanah Air Burung Elang''. Niha Albania lafakhai wamo'eluaha döi da'a sitobali fogaoni niha Albania ma'afefu, ma sambua soi niha Albania, ya'ia da'ö gambara wofo si dombua högö simane si so ba ''bendera'' faoma ''emblem Albania'' (gambara wofo sidombua högö andre, sindruhunia sambua wamaedo moroi ba Kekaisaran Bizantium si no irai mangiagö [[Balkan]] faoma [[Anatolia]], molo'ö si no la'ila wa nihalö moroi ba ''peradaban-peradaban'' pra-Romawi ba Anatolia. ''Lambang'' ma famaedo da'a tola mufaigi ba ''emblem'' negara-negara tanöbö'ö, simane [[Rusia]]). Töi "Albania" tola manö göi tefa'aso moroi ba wanötöi Indo-Eropa ''albh'' (''putih''). == Waö-waö ma ''Sejarah'' == Ya'ira si so ba wamahaö niha Albania no nga'ötö moroi ba ngafu non-Slavia, ngawawa suku non-Turki si no la'ila niha ya'ia da'ö sitobali ''Illyria'', sitohare ba Balkan me 2000 SM. Ono mbanua Albania modern lö laröi wamaehuni Gheg (suku utara) faoma Tosk (suku selatan). Me no aekhu ia barö otoritas Romawi ba ndröfi si 165 SM, Albania lahörö-hörögö moroi ba wamalalini wa'akuaso ofeta ''pertengahan abad si-20'', salio sibai ba lala wamareta samösa. Tetohugö wa'afambambö [[Kekaisaran Romawi]] me 395, [[Kekaisaran Bizantium]] ibörötaigö la fadöni wamatörö ya'ia mbanua Albania andre mane ma'ökhö. Me abad si-11, Kaisar Bizantium Alexius I Comnenus lahaogö zura nisura si'oföna sibai so mbanua ni'ila niha ya'ia da'ö Albania. [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]] no ya'ira zamatörö Albania ba ginötö 1385-1912. Ba ginötö da'ö, arakhagö fefu nono mbanua tobali ira sifarisayo ba Islam, ba niha mbanua Albania ato zamadege ya'ira numalö ba [[Italia]], [[Yunani]], [[Mesir]] faoma [[Turki]]. Heŵa'ae wohörö-hörögö sadogo-dogo sibai no so wa'ambö fa'ahono dödö ba wa'alua wa'ambö sökhi ginötö ba ndröfi si 1443-1478, nikubaloi [[Gjergj Kastrioti Skenderbeg]], Kesultanan Utsmaniyah lafuli lafaehagö wamasindro wamatörö si no tebörötaigö. Ba mböröta abad si-20, Kesultanan Utsmaniyah tebai ifalua hadia'ia. Liga Prizren (1878) lafaehagö mbua wangera-ngera ma söndra negara kebangsaan Albania ba lafatumbu'ö alfabet Albania modern. Tefatohu ba ginötö gafuriata wasuwöta Perang Balkan I, ba hiza niha mbanua Albania lafaehagö wa'aefara barö mbawa wamatörö mbanua bö'ö nibe'era töi ''Proklamasi Vlore'' ba ngaluo 28 November 1912, lafa'ema gangombakhata 'kemerdekaan'. Fa'afaola Albania nitatugöi fa'abölö sebua ba ndröfi si 1913. ''Integritas'' mbanua Albania lafaduhu'ö ba Konferensi Perdamaian Paris ba ndröfi si 1919, ba ginötö Presiden AS Amerika Serikat [[Woodrow Wilson]] lö'itema'ö wa'edöna fa'abölö Eropa ba wombagi Albania ba gotalua wabanuasania. Ba ginötö alua wasuwöta [[Perang Dunia II]], Albania andre la halö wamatörö moroi ba [[Italia]] (1939-43) aefa da'ö möi barö wamatörö [[Jerman]] (1943-44). Me no sa'ae aefa wasuwöta, samatörö Partai Komunis [[Enver Hoxha]] la fa'anö hewisa ba wame'e fanolo sifakhai ba ''integritas'' wilayah Albania ba hiza tanga ba wa'alio irugi 40 fakhe lafalua wo zago banua da'a, ba hiza no oya ma ebua harago zifakhai ba ''politik'' moroi ba niha mbanuania, ba wamöfögö, ba wangalösi, ngawalö zi lö faudu sifakhai ba ''hak sipil'' faoma ''politik'', simane fomba'agö famalua zifakhai ba wa'afarisayo khö Lowalangi ma ''keagamaan'', ba ma na'i la dou'ö wamalua ''isolasi''. Albania si lö tebulö ba ''filosofia'' Stalinis, irege laheta ira moroi ba Pakta Warsawa ba ndröfi si 1968 ba la'aröu'ö ira moroi ba gangorahua, [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok]] ba ndröfi si 1978. {{umbu}} {{Börö zura}} [[Kategori:Nias]] [[Kategori:Bohou tesura]] kcmvsk03gjysnmij6fs44k7k038lw7t 4 4773 27564 2026-08-02T06:49:52Z Slaia 39 arsip 2026 27564 wikitext text/x-wiki == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hello everyone, We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe. ;About Wiki Loves Folklore '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight: * Folk traditions and rituals * Cultural festivals and celebrations * Traditional attire and crafts * Performing arts, music, and dance * Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world. [[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] ; Host a Local Edition As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to: * Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture * Engage new contributors in your community * Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:''' If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know. If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region. ;Get in Touch If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via: * The project Talk pages * Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org''' We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail. Warm regards, '''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' </div> [[Sangoguna:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:MediaWiki message delivery|fahuhuo]]) 18 Januari 2026 20.21 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tiven2240@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=29228188 --> == Konsensus untuk pemasangan spanduk == Apakah komunitas Wikipedia Bahasa Nias memutuskan ingin memasang spanduk terkait pembatasan akses wiki di Indonesia? (Untuk pembahasan isu ini selengkapnya dapat disimak/berpartisipasi secara anonim di [[:id:Wikipedia:Permohonan pendapat/Pembatasan akses wiki di Indonesia (Februari 2026)#Konsensus untuk isi spanduk]] Apabila mencapai konsensus, kita akan membawa hasil ini ke Meta untuk meminta supaya spanduk dipasang di situs-situs wiki bahasa-bahasa di Indonesia, untuk pembaca dari Indonesia, tanggal (tentatif) 23 Maret 2026, selama 31 hari (durasi paling lama), hingga 24 April 2026. Setelah itu, bisa diperpanjang melalui konsensus yang baru. :(Opsional) Silakan menerjemahkan pesan ini ke bahasa Nias: :Sejak Februari 2026, akses pendaftaran dan masuk log ke Wikipedia serta proyek-proyek Wikimedia telah dibatasi di Indonesia. Kami mengajak Anda untuk mendorong Kemkomdigi mencabut pembatasan tersebut agar kita dapat bersama-sama terus membebaskan pengetahuan! Baca selengkapnya. :(Informasi tambahan 9 Maret): Saat ini pernyataan komunitas telah diterbitkan di https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pernyataan_resmi_komunitas_Wikipedia_bahasa_Indonesia_terhadap_pembatasan_akses_auth.wikimedia.org_di_Indonesia. [[Sangoguna:Bennylin|Bennylin]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:Bennylin|fahuhuo]]) 10 Maret 2026 00.51 (WIB) # [[Sangoguna:Bennylin|Bennylin]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:Bennylin|fahuhuo]]) 3 Maret 2026 02.41 (WIB) sebagai inisiator. #:Saya akan lemparkan usul ini di grup WA komunitas. Sayang bahwa kebanyakan anggota komunitas Nias tidak menggunakan sarana wiki untuk membahas hal seputar wiki. Secara pribadi saya setuju pemasangan spanduk tsb. Tindakan yang diambil Komdigi untuk membatasi login masuk, justru membatasi kontribusi Wikipediawan Indonesia. Terimakasih. <span style="background-color: green; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px">[[User:Slaia|<span style="color: white">slaia</span>]]</span><span style="background-color: blue; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px">[[User talk:Slaia|<span style="color: white">talk</span>]]</span> 3 Maret 2026 17.45 (WIB) #::Terima kasih. [[Sangoguna:Bennylin|Bennylin]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:Bennylin|fahuhuo]]) 3 Maret 2026 18.15 (WIB) #:::Sekedar update. Saya sudah menulis pendapat dari komunitas Wiki Nias di halaman ybs. di IDWIKI. <span style="background-color: green; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px">[[User:Slaia|<span style="color: white">slaia</span>]]</span><span style="background-color: blue; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px">[[User talk:Slaia|<span style="color: white">talk</span>]]</span> 11 Maret 2026 16.17 (WIB) # Saya setuju dengan pemasangan spanduk tersebut. [[Sangoguna:Mystique5|Mystique5]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:Mystique5|fahuhuo]]) 3 Maret 2026 18.13 (WIB) # Saya setuju pemasangan spanduk tersebut, sebagai anggota komunitas Wikipedia Bahasa Nias, berharap bisa kembali normal ketika persyaratan dari Komdigi bisa dipenuhi, semoga ada solusi yang terbaik. <span style="background-color: green; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px">[[User: Yasanto Lase|<span style="color: white">Yasanto Lase</span>]]</span><span style="background-color: blue; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px">[[User talk: Yasanto Lase|<span style="color: white">talk</span>]]</span> [[Sangoguna:Yasanto Lase|Yasanto Lase]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:Yasanto Lase|fahuhuo]]) 3 Maret 2026 18.12 (WIB) # setuju [[Spesial:Kontribusi pengguna/&#126;2026-13819-02|&#126;2026-13819-02]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:&#126;2026-13819-02|Pembicaraan]]) 3 Maret 2026 21.31 (WIB) # Setuju [[Spesial:Kontribusi pengguna/&#126;2026-13897-30|&#126;2026-13897-30]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:&#126;2026-13897-30|Pembicaraan]]) 4 Maret 2026 07.36 (WIB) # {{fao dödögu}} [[Sangoguna:Fatamorganaa|Fatamorganaa]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:Fatamorganaa|fahuhuo]]) 11 Maret 2026 20.38 (WIB) rszux2qf7okmi3dahm6rztujfp0b5un