Fitu zahöli-höli dödö ba gulidanö

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    <title>Fitu zahöli-höli dödö ba gulidanö</title>
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      <text bytes="16899" sha1="lbdlwzl1hxn1mtigyxxaca277tyf1a0" xml:space="preserve">[[File:SevenWondersOfTheWorld.png|thumb|276px|[[Fitu Zahöli-höli Dödö ba Ginötö Föna]] (moroi ba gambera lumalö ba gambölö, moroi yaŵa lumalö mitou): [[Piramida Sebua Giza]], [[Kabu Sanue Babilonia]], [[Osali Artemis]] ba Efesus, [[Adu Zeus ba Olimpia]], [[Lewatö Sebua Mausolos]], [[Adu Sebua ba Rhodes]], and the [[Malige Wandru ba Aleksandria]]. Nigambaraini Maarten van Heemskerck, ngaotu ndröfia si-16.]]
No oya lafazökhi niha gangolifa hadia ia wondrege zahöli-höli dödö si so ba gulidanö, i'otarai meföna irugi iada'a. Ohitö dödöra ena'ö tefa'oli he sahöli-höli dödö ni'ila niha alua ba danö ba he göi sahöli-höli dödö ni'otomosi niha.

Angolifa fondrege atua ya'ia [[Fitu Zahöli-höli Dödö ba Ginötö Föna]], heza tefa'oli fitu gotomosi niha ba ginötö föna. Bakha ba gangolifa andre ha tesöndra zahöli-höli dödö si so ba zifasui nasi [[Mediterania]] ni'oguna'ö ndra niha [[Yunani]] ba we'amöi mukoli. Khö ndra niha [[Yunani]] fitu no fangerai fondrege afönu (li Indonesia: ''{{li|id|sempurna}}'') ba fondrege oya, börö molo'ö ira niha [[Yunani]] fa'oya fitu no famaedo wa'oya [[planet]]&lt;ref&gt;Lafotöi ''{{li|id|planet}}'' fefu botoŵa sebua simane tanöa, samasui luo, simane [[Venus]], [[Mars]], [[Yupiter]], btn.&lt;/ref&gt; baero [[luo]] ba [[baŵa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Anon&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Anon. |year=1993|title=The Oxford Illustrated Encyclopedia|edition=First |publisher=Oxford: Oxford University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hulö göi la'oguna'ö fitu ba Danö Niha tobali maedo-maedo fondrege zafönu. Duma-dumania la'oguna'ö ia ba wamahowu'ö, &quot;Yafitu khöu nono matua, ba yafitu khöu nono alawe.&quot; Simanö göi bakha ba [[Sura Ni'amoni'ö|Zura Ni'amoni'ö]] ba ba gotalua ndra [[Niha Keriso]]. Duma-dumania la'erai fitu ngaluo bakha ba [[Sura Ni'amoni'ö|Zura Ni'amoni'ö]] ba fitu [[sakramen]] bakha ba [[Gereja]].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fitu zahöli-höli dödö ba ginötö föna ==

[[File:Gizeh Cheops BW 1.jpg|thumb|Hatö [[Piramida Sebua Giza]] zi so nasa irugi ma'ökhö moroi ba zi fitu zahöli-höli dödö ba ginötö föna]]
Lafazökhi gangolifa fitu zahöli-höli dödö ya'ira ere sejarah [[Herodotus]] (484 – ambö töra 425 föna Keriso) ba Callimachus moroi ba Kirene (ambö töra 305–240 föna Keriso) ba [[museum]] Aleksandria. Angolifa andrö khöra no taya, ha ta'ila nösinia moroi ba wanötöi niha ba zinurara.

Si fitu zahöli-höli dödö andrö ya'ia:

* [[Piramida Sebua Giza]], ba Giza, [[Mesir]], otomosi fondrege atua te'awalisi ba si sindro nasa irugi ma'ökhö.
* [[Adu Sebua ba Rhodes]], ba labua ba Rhodes, sambua hulo ba [[Yunani]].
* [[Kabu Sanue Babilonia]], ba [[Babilonia]], sahatö ba kota Niniwe, Mosul, [[Irak]].
* [[Malige Wandru ba Aleksandria]], ba [[Aleksandria]], [[Mesir]].
* [[Lewatö Sebua Mausolos]], ba kota Halikarnasus föna, ba [[Turki]] ma'ökhö.
* [[Adu Zeus ba Olimpia]], ba kota Olimpia, [[Yunani]] ma'ökhö.
* [[Osali Artemis]] ba Efesus, [[Turki]] ma'ökhö.

== Angolifa moroi ba ginötö bö'ö ==

Me ngaotu ndröfia si-19 ba si-20 labörötaigö niha wamazökhi angolifa si bohou, simane &quot;Sahöli-höli dödö ba Abad Pertengahan&quot;, &quot;Fitu zahöli-höli dödö ba Abad Pertengahan&quot;, &quot;Fitu zahöli-höli dödö ba wangera-ngera Abad Pertegahan&quot;, ba &quot;Fangotomosi sahöli-höli dödö ba Abad Pertengahan&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.org/details/sevenwondersofme00regc/page/2/mode/2up &quot;The Seven Wonders of the Medieval World&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; Lö tesura oi gangolifa andre ba ginötö andrö, börö me awena la'oguna'ö niha döi ''Abad Pertengahan'' ba ngaotu ndröfia si-16. Andrö göi wa itötöi ira ''Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable'' angolifa furi hö.&lt;ref name=&quot;brewers&quot; /&gt;

Oya otomosi si so bakha ba gangolifa andrö tefazökhi föna ''Abad Pertengahan'', bahiza no tehöngö ba zi sagörö ulidanö.&lt;ref name=&quot;carrington&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Hereward Carrington (1880–1958) |title=''The Seven Wonders of the World: ancient, medieval and modern'', reprinted in the ''Carington Collection'' (2003) |isbn= 0-7661-4378-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=btDWYgEACAAJ&amp;q=the+carrington+collection|title=The Carrington Collection|isbn=9781169692169|access-date=October 29, 2014|last1=Carrington|first1=Hereward|date=September 2010|publisher=Kessinger |archive-date=December 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201125716/https://books.google.com/books?id=btDWYgEACAAJ&amp;q=the+carrington+collection|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sasese latötöi bakha ba gangolifa andrö ya'ia:&lt;ref name=&quot;brewers&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Evans, I H (reviser|title=Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable|edition=Centenary edition Fourth impression (corrected)|location= London|publisher=Cassell|date= 1975|page= 1163}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;carrington&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;latham&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Latham, Edward|title=A Dictionary of Names, Nicknames and Surnames, of Persons, Places and Things|date=1904|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XnuUd4 |oclc=01038938|page= 280}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;miller&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Miller|first1=Francis Trevelyan|author-link1=Francis Trevelyan Miller|title=America, the Land We Love|date=1915|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAMqLz88aXAC&amp;pg=PA201|oclc=00334597|page=201|access-date=October 16, 2020|archive-date=December 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201125659/https://books.google.com/books?id=UAMqLz88aXAC&amp;pg=PA201|url-status=live}} Excerpts from speeches by [[Woodrow Wilson]], [[William Howard Taft|William H. Taft]], and [[Theodore Roosevelt]].&lt;/ref&gt;

* Lewatö barö danö Kom el Shoqafa, ba [[Aleksandria]], [[Mesir]].
* Koloseum, tanölafa nahia wamaisa si so ba kota [[Roma]], [[Italia]].
* Öli Sebua Tiongkok, öli niwöwöi tobali öli danö ba Tiongkok Utara, nibörötaigö mufazökhi me ngaotu ndröfia si-7 föna Keriso.
* [[Katedral]] [[Hagia Sophia]], ni'otomosi ba ngaotu ndröfia si-6 ba [[Istanbul]], [[Turki]] ma'ökhö (no labali'ö [[mesjid]]).
* Malige Saheu Pisa, ba kota [[Pisa]], [[Italia]], nifazökhi me ngaotu ndröfia si-12.
* Malige Porselen Nanjing, ba kota Nanjing, [[Tiongkok]], nifazökhi me ngaotu ndröfia si-15.
* Stonehenge, ba Wiltshire, [[Inggris]], nifasindro me ngahönö ndröfia si-3 föna Keriso.

So nasa otomosi bö'ö sitaraia lafaogö bakha:

* Hati Kairo, sambua hati nifazökhi ba ngaotu ndröfia si-13 ba kota Kairo, [[Mesir]], ba wanenaŵa udu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Crusades|date=2001| page =153}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Biara Kluni, sambua biara Benediktin ba kota Kluni, [[Perancis]], nifasindro me ngaotu ndröfia si-10.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Cluny Abbey|work=[[The Catholic Encyclopedia]]|volume=4|date=1913|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2GcQAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA73|oclc=06974688|page=73|editor-first=Charles George|editor-last=Herbermann|access-date=October 16, 2020|archive-date=December 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201125734/https://books.google.com/books?id=2GcQAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA73|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Katedral Ely, ba kota Ely, Cambridgeshire, [[Inggris]], nifazökhi me ngaotu ndröfia si-11.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Rough Guide To England|date=1994| page= 596}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fitu zahöli-höli dödö ba danö ===
[[File:Victoriafälle.jpg|thumb|Idanö satoru Viktoria]]
Simane ba gangolifa bö'ö, lö ha sara dödö niha ba wangohonogöi hadia manö zinangea ba si lö sinangea lafaogö bakha ba gangolifa zahöli-höli dödö, ba no göi asese mufahuhuosi hawa'oya lafaogö bakha zahöli-höli dödö. Da'a tou gangolifa nifazökhi [[CNN]] me 1997:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/9711/natural.wonders/ |title=Natural Wonders |work=CNN |date=November 11, 1997 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060721011803/http://www.cnn.com/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/9711/natural.wonders/ |archive-date=July 21, 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Aurora, haga sahöli-höli dödö sasese soroma ba Artika ba ba Antartika
* Grand Canyon, sambua ndraso sebua si so ba Arizona, [[Amerika Serikat]]
* Great Barrier Reef, kara sebua ba sebolo sihulö rabo si so ba Queensland, [[Australia]]
* Ŵalö ba Rio de Janeiro, [[Brasil]]
* Hili Everest, ba gotaluara [[Nepal]] ba [[Tiongkok]]
* Hili so'alitö Parícutin, ba Michoacán, [[Meksiko]]
* Idanö satoru Viktoria, ba gotaluara [[Zambia]] ba [[Zimbabwe]]

=== Fitu zahöli-höli dödö ba gulidanö sibohou ===

[[File:Chichen Itza 2006 08 15.JPG|thumb|El Castillo ba Chichen Itza, Meksiko]]
Me 2001-2007 la'owuloi zöndra niha sato ba gu'ö Internet ya'ira moroi ba New7Wonders Foundation, sambua organisasi moroi ba [[Swiss]]. Moroi ba gangolita 200 zahöli-höli dödö, lafili niha 7 wondregea höli dödö.&lt;ref name=New7Wonders101&gt;{{cite web|title=The multimedia campaign to choose the New 7 Wonders of the World is in its final stage.|url=http://www.new7wonders.com/index.php?id=3&amp;L=0|publisher=New7Wonders|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103164233/http://www.new7wonders.com/index.php?id=3&amp;L=0|archive-date=January 3, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Me la'ombakha'ö mbua wangowuloi zöndra andrö me 2007, lö ba gotaluania [[Piramida Sebua Giza]]. Andrö wa lanönö ia tobali onönöta, me hatö piramida andre zi toröi moroi ba ginötö föna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Egypt's pyramids out of seven wonders contest|url=https://dailynewsegypt.com/2007/04/20/egypts-pyramids-out-of-seven-wonders-contest/|access-date=25 June 2018|date=April 20, 2007|work=[[Daily News Egypt]]|archive-date=June 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625132520/https://dailynewsegypt.com/2007/04/20/egypts-pyramids-out-of-seven-wonders-contest/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/08/1972797.htm |title=Reuters via ABC News Australia &quot;Opera House snubbed as new Wonders unveiled&quot; 7 July 2007 |publisher=ABC |location=Australia |date=July 8, 2007 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-date=June 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629014102/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/08/1972797.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Sahöli dödö
! Inötö mufasindro
! Nahiania ma'ökhö
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; &quot;
| [[Öli Sebua Tiongkok]]
| I'otarai ngaotu ndröfia si-7 föna Keriso&lt;ref name=&quot;Brit&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/243863/Great-Wall-of-China|title=Great Wall of China|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|date=|access-date=February 16, 2012|archive-date=May 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502181216/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/243863/Great-Wall-of-China|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Tiongkok]]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; &quot;
| [[Petra]]
| ambö töra 100 föna Keriso
| Ma'an, [[Yordania]]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; &quot;
| ''[[Adu Keriso Sangorifi]]''
| tebokai khö zato 12/10/1931
| [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brasil]]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; &quot;
| [[Machu Picchu]]
| ambö töra 1450
| Propinsi Urubamba, [[Peru]]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; &quot;
| [[Chichén Itzá]]
| ambö töra 600
| Yucatán, [[Meksico]]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; &quot;
| [[Koloseum]]
| te'awalisi 80
| [[Roma]], [[Italia]]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; &quot;
| [[Taj Mahal]]
| te'awalisi ambö töra 1648
| Agra, [[India]]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; &quot;
| ''[[Piramida Sebua Giza]]'' (onönöta)
| te'awalisi ambö töra 2560 föna Keriso
| Giza, [[Mesir]]
|}

=== Fitu zahöli-höli dödö ba danö sibohou ===

[[File:Jeju Island.jpg|thumb|Hulo Jeju]]
Aefa da'ö la'owuloi zui zöndra niha ya'ira New7Wonders Foundation me 2007-2011. Nifili sakali da'a ya'ia sahöli-höli dödö ba danö, eluahania tenga ni'otomosi niha.

* Idanö Satoru Iguazu, ba gotaluara [[Argentina]] ba [[Brasil]]
* Ŵalö Hạ Long, ba Propinsi Quang Ninh, [[Vietnam]]
* Hulo Jeju, ba Propinsi Jeju, [[Korea Selatan]]
* Ungo nidanö barö danö Puerto Princesa, ba Palawan, [[Filipina]]
* Hili sihulö meza, ba Cape Town, [[Afrika Selatan]]
* Hulo Komodo, Manggarai Barat, [[Indonesia]]
* Atua sebua Amazon, si so ba [[Brasil]], [[Peru]], [[Kolombia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Ekuador]], [[Bolivia]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], ba [[Guiana Perancis]]

=== Fitu kota sahöli-höli dödö sibohou ===

[[File: Calle Crisologo, Vigan City, Ilocos Sur.JPG|thumb|Calle Crisologo, [[Vigan City]]]]
Angolita zahöli-höli dödö aefa da'ö ni'owuloi New7Wonders Foundation ya'ia kota:

*[[Durban]], [[South Africa]]
*[[Vigan]], [[Philippines]]
*[[Havana]], [[Cuba]]
*[[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]]
*[[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]]
*[[Doha]], [[Qatar]]
*[[La Paz]], [[Bolivia]]

=== Fitu zahölö-höli dödö barö nasi ===

[[File:Great barrier reef.JPG|thumb|Kara sihulö rabo nifotöi Great Barrier Reef]]
Samazökhi angolita andre ya'ia CEDAM International, sambua orahua moroi ba Amerika, sangodödögö wamalua fangosili ba ba famaeri nasi. Me 1989 i'owuloi ndra ere nasi CEDAM ba wamili zahöli-höli dödö barö nasi sinange mufaeri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wonderclub.com/WorldWonders/UnderWaterWonders.html/ |title=Underwater Wonders of the World |publisher=Wonderclub |access-date=August 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613234745/http://wonderclub.com/WorldWonders/UnderWaterWonders.html |archive-date=June 13, 2017 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Palau]]
* Belize Barrier Reef, [[Belize]]
* Great Barrier Reef, [[Australia]]
* Umbu nidanö aukhu barö nasi (ba zi sagörö ulidanö)
* Hulo Galapagos, [[Ekuador]]
* Baŵa Baikal, [[Rusia]]
* Asi Soyo, ba gotaluara [[Arab Saudi]], [[Yemen]], [[Mesir]], [[Sudan]], [[Eritrea]] ba [[Jibouti]]

=== Fitu zahöli-höli dödö si fakhai ba industri ===
[[File:Bell Rock Lighthouse.jpg|thumb|Malige haga Bell Rock]]
Samazökhi angolita andre no Deborah Cadbury moroi ba [[Inggris]] bakha ba mbukunia ''Seven Wonders of the Industrial World''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/nov/08/featuresreviews.guardianreview7|title=Review: Seven Wonders of the Industrial World by Deborah Cadbury|work=The Guardian|author=Kumar, Manjit|date=7 November 2003|access-date=December 13, 2016|archive-date=September 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921205115/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/nov/08/featuresreviews.guardianreview7|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Me 2003 ifazökhi filem sanandrösa ba zahöli-höli dödö si fakhai ba industri andre [[BBC]] faoma Deborah Cadbury.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/seven_wonders_01.shtml|access-date=2015-03-25|title=British History in Depth: Seven Wonders of the Industrial World|author=Cadbury, Deborah|date=17 February 2011|archive-date=December 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227012826/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/seven_wonders_01.shtml|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* SS ''Great Eastern'', köfa nasi Inggris nifofanö faoma sau nidanö, tebörögö moloyo me 1858
* Malige haga Bell Rock, ba mbewe nasi Angus, [[Skotlandia]], te'awalisi me 1810
* Soroso Brooklyn, ba New York City, [[New York]], [[Amerika Serikat]], tebörögö te'oguna'ö me 1883
* Sistem wanibo'ö nidanö sita'unö ba [[London]], [[Inggris]], i'otarai gangahorita ngaotu ndröfia si-19
* Lala kereta api transkontinental, [[Amerika Serikat]], 3.077 km fa'anau, te'awalisi me 1869
* Kanal Panama, lala nidanö nifazökhi niha 82 km fa'anau, samatohu nasi Atlantik ba Pasifik, te'awalisi me 1914
* Ba'a nidanö sebua Hoover, ba nidanö Kolorado, [[Amerika Serikat]], te'awalisi me 1936

=== Fitu zahöli-höli dödö baero langi ===
[[File:PIA17202 - Approaching Enceladus.jpg|thumb|Enceladus]]
Me 1999 ifazökhi gangolita zahöli-höli dödö baero langi majalah ''Astronomy''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aaa.org/dvdlibrary |title=Seven Wonders of the Solar System Video |publisher=Aaa.org |date= 1999|access-date=2014-02-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401000851/http://www.aaa.org/dvdlibrary |archive-date=April 1, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Enceladus, sambua moroi ba gotalua mbaŵa [[Saturnus]]
* Tandra soyo khö [[Yupiter]], tandra wa so mbade sebua tanö tou [[Yupiter]]
* Böbölöwi asteroid, sambua nahia ba gotalua lala nitörö [[Mars]] ba [[Yupiter]]
* Uli [[Luo]]
* Asi sebolo ba gulidanö
* Laeduru [[Saturnus]]
* Olympus Mons, hili so'alitö si so ba [[Mars]], hili fondrege alaŵa ba zi sagörö sistem luo

== Famotokhi ==
{{Reflist|group=&quot;n&quot;}}

== Khai-khai baero ==
{{Commons category|Seven Wonders of the World}}
* [http://cuicui.be/ 77 Wonders of the World in 360°] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525091316/http://cuicui.be/ |date=2019-05-25 }} A list of world wonders linking the ancient 7 Wonders of the World and the World Heritage List by UNESCO

== Umbu ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}

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      <text bytes="9793" sha1="g8ijoh8fm68tyvhi7afy49bydg1kqhh" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox dot-com company
| name = Facebook
| logo = [[File:2021 Facebook icon.svg|100px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Facebook Logo (2019).svg|196px]]
| screenshot = 
| caption = Profil akun Mark Zuckerberg 
| collapsible = tidak
| type = [[Layanan jejaring sosial]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Penerbit]]
| language = [[Multibahasa]]&lt;br /&gt;
Afrikaans, Albania, Amhara, Arab, Armenia, Assam, Azerbaijan, Basque, Belarus, Benggala, Bosnia, Breton, Bulgaria, Burma, Katalan, Cebuano, Corsica, Kroasia, Ceko, Denmark, Belanda, Belanda (Belgia), Inggris (Britania), Inggris (Amerika), Inggris (terbalik), Esperanto, Estonia, Faroe, Filipina, Finlandia, Prancis (Kanada), Prancis (Prancis), Frisia, Fula, Galicia, Georgia, Jerman, Yunani, Guarani, Gujarat, Kreol Haiti, Hausa, Ibrani, Hindi, Hungaria, Islandia, Indonesia, Irlandia, Italia, Jepang, Jepang (Kansai), Jawa, Kannada, Kazakh, Khmer, Kinyarwanda, Korea, Kurdi (Kurmanji), Kirgiz, Lao, Latvia, Lituania, Makedonia, Malagasi, Melayu, Malayalam, Malta, Marathi, Mongol, Nepal, Norwegia (bokmal), Norwegia (nynorsk), Oriya, Pashto, Persia, Polski, Portugis (Brasil), Portugis (Portugal), Punjab, Rumania, Rusia, Sardinia, Serbia, Shona, Silesia, Tionghoa sederhana (Tiongkok), Sinhala, Slowakia, Slovenia, Somalia, Kurdi Sorani, Spanyol, Spanyol (Spanyol), Swahili, Swedia, Suryani, Tajik, Tamazight, Tamil, Tatar, Telugu, Tetun, Thai, Tionghoa tradisional (Hong Kong), Tionghoa tradisional (Taiwan), Turki, Ukraina, Urdu, Uzbek, Vietnam, Wales dan Zaza
| language_count = 111
| language_footnote = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Facebook Interface Languages|url=https://www.facebook.com/language.php|website=Facebook}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| founded = {{Start date and age|2004|02|04}} di [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], Amerika Serikat
| area_served = Di seluruh dunia, kecuali negara yang memblokir
| founder = [[Mark Zuckerberg]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Eduardo Saverin]]
| CEO = [[Mark Zuckerberg]]
| url = {{url|facebook.com/}}
| registration = Diperlukan (untuk melakukan aktivitas apa pun)
| users = {{increase}} 2.85&amp;nbsp;miliar pengguna aktif bulanan ({{asof|2021|03|31|lc=yes}})&lt;ref name=&quot;investor-report&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Facebook Reports First Quarter 2021 Results|url=https://investor.fb.com/investor-news/press-release-details/2021/Facebook-Reports-First-Quarter-2021-Results/default.aspx|website=Facebook Investor Relations|access-date=31 Maret 2021|date=31 Maret 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2004|02|04}}
| parent = [[Meta Platforms]] (sebelumnya dikenal sebagai Facebook, Inc.)
| current_status = Aktif
| programming_language =[[PHP]], [[C++]], [[Hack (bahasa pemrograman)|Hack]] (sebagai [[Mesin Virtual HipHop|HHVM]]), [[D (bahasa pemrograman)|D]]
| footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;Our History&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Our History|url=https://newsroom.fb.com/company-info/|website=Facebook|access-date=7 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Gavin|last=Clarke|title=Facebook re-write takes PHP to an enterprise past|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/02/02/facebook_hiphop_unveiled/|website=[[The Register]]|publisher=Situation Publishing|date=2 Februari 2010|access-date=23 Maret 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.drdobbs.com/mobile/facebook-adopts-d-language/240162694|title=Facebook Adopts D Language|last=Bridgwater|first=Adrian|work=[[Informa]]|location=San Francisco|date=16 Oktober 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/02/facebook-mark-zuckerberg-platform-publisher-lawsuit|title=Is Facebook a publisher? In public it says no, but in court it says yes|first=Sam|last=Levin|date=3 Juli 2018|via=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

'''Facebook''' (asese te'adogo'ö FB) ya'ia da'ö sambua aplikasi&lt;ref&gt;Lafotöi ''aplikasi'' sambua program [[komputer]] he sofanö ba [[Desktop|komputer meza]], ma ba [[Tablet (komputer)|tablet]], ba ma zui ba [[HP (telepon)|telepon sonekhe]] ([[li Indonesia]] ''telepon cerdas'', [[li Inggris]] ''smartphone'') &lt;/ref&gt; fariawösa ba [[internet]] ([[li Indonesia]] ''media sosial'') ni'okhögö Meta Platforms, sambua perusahaan teknologi sebua moroi ba [[Amerika Serikat|Amerika]]. Lafasindro FB me döfi si 2004 ira mahasiswa [[Harvard University|Harvard College]] sotöi [[Mark Zuckerberg]], Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz, awö Chris Hughes. Lahalö döi facebook moroi ba döi mbuku &quot;face book&quot;, sambua buku gangolita döi ndra mahasiswa sasese labe'e khö ndra mahasiswa ba [[Amerika Serikat|Amerika]]. Ba mböröta ha iraono zekola ba [[Harvard University|Harvard]] zi tola fao ba aplikasi FB andre, ba hiza aefa da'ö itugu labokai ia irege mahasiswa moroi ba [[universitas]] bö'ö ba [[Amerika Serikat|Amerika]]/[[Kanada]] tola göi fao. I'otarai döfi 2006 latehegö fao dozi niha si no töra moroi ba zi 13 fakhe ndröfinia. Me Desember 2022 ituriagö FB wa no ikhamö 2,96 miliar niha sangoguna'ö FB andre ero waŵa,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=Feb 1, 2023 |title=Meta Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2022 Results |url=https://investor.fb.com/investor-news/press-release-details/2023/Meta-Reports-Fourth-Quarter-and-Full-Year-2022-Results/default.aspx |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=Meta Investor Relations - [[Facebook]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ba tobali bolokha gu'ö digital&lt;ref&gt;Lafotöi ''u'ö digital'' fefu [[komputer]] si oi tefakhai ba [[Internet]] soroma hulö sambua gu'ö. Töi &quot;internet&quot; tefagamöi moroi ba wehede &quot;inter&quot; eluahania faoma tefakhai, ba &quot;net&quot; eluahania u'ö. Fefu [[komputer]] nifakhai ba zi sambua nahia lafotöi network (net eluahania u'ö, work eluahania halöŵö). Fefu network nifakhai irege tola lakhamö ia moroi ba nahia bö'ö ba gulidanö lafotöi internet.&lt;/ref&gt; numero tölu fondrege oya la'ondrasi niha ba zi sagörö ulidanö.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/|title=Top Websites Ranking - Most Visited Websites in January 2023|website=similarweb|access-date=August 8, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba döfi 2020 aplikasi FB no tobali aplikasi fondrege oya lafailo ba [[HP (telepon)|HP]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://9to5mac.com/2019/12/16/apps-and-games-of-the-decade/|title=These were the most-downloaded apps and games of the decade|last=Miller|first=Chance|date=December 17, 2019|website=9to5Mac|language=en-US|access-date=December 17, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tola labokai [[Facebook]] moroi ba wakake si so khai-khai ba ''internet'', simane [[komputer]] ([[laptop]] ma zui [[desktop]]), [[Tablet (komputer)|tablet]] ba [[HP (telepon)|hape]] (''[[smartphone]]''). Na no lafasura'ö döira niha, tola lafa'anö nifotöi ''[[profil]]'', heza la'ombakha'ö haniha ira awö informasi tanöbö'ö khöra. Aefa da'ö tola lasura ira sangoguna ngawalö duria si fakhai ba lala döröŵara: nisura, foto ma video sedöna mubabagi khö zangoguna bö'ö si no latema tobali awö ([[li Indonesia]] ''teman'', [[li Inggris]] ''friend'') ma zui tefazaewe khö niha sato dali wanehegö bakha ba ''[[Setelan]] [[privasi]]''. Baero da'ö tola göi lafa'ohe'ö duria salio khö zangoguna bö'ö faoma ''[[Facebook Messenger]]'', tola fao ba ''grup'', ya'ia da'ö angowuloa ndra zangoguna somasi-masi mamatunö sambua duho huhuo, ba tola latema wangombakha ([[li Indonesia]] ''[[notifikasi]]'') na so zi bohou nisura zangoguna bö'ö si no tobali awö.

Facebook no göi tobali börö wabu'asa li ([[li Indonesia]] ''kontroversi''). Asese lategu FB niha börö ''isu privasi'' zangoguna (duma-dumania ''skandal [[data]] Cambridge Analytica''), ''manipulasi politik'' (duma-dumania famawukaisi nifalua Rusia ba pemilu 2016 Amerika Serikat) awö nifotöi ''mass surveillance'', ya'ia da'ö me no tobali FB nahia fondrege aoha khö ''[[Badan Intelijen|intelijen]]'' ba wohörö-hörögö niha sato.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=May 24, 2018|title=Facebook accused of conducting mass surveillance through its apps|url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/may/24/facebook-accused-of-conducting-mass-surveillance-through-its-apps|access-date=October 9, 2020|website=The Guardian|language=en|last1=Cadwalladr|first1=Carole|last2=Graham-Harrison|first2=v}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baero da'ö no göi lategu abölö-bölö FB börö ''efek psikologis'' simane ''kecanduan'' faoma ''rasa rendah diri'' si no tobali ''masalah sosial'' ba zi sagörö ulidanö, awö isu tanöbö'ö simane famazaewe turia si lö boto ([[li Indonesia]], ''berita palsu'') ma zui turia samaelungu ([[li Indonesia]] ''teori konspirasi''), fangokhögö okhöta niha bö'ö ([[li Indonesia]] ''pelanggaran hak cipta'') ba sura ma huhuo sangobousi töi niha bö'ö ([[li Indonesia]] ''ujaran kebencian'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/dec/21/quit-facebook-privacy-scandal-private-messages|title=Is 2019 the year you should finally quit Facebook?|first=Arwa|last=Mahdawi|date=December 21, 2018|newspaper=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Laböbögö göi khö FB, wa no ihönagö nahia wamazaewe ngawalö duria simane da'ö yaŵa awö wa töra ihöni-höni wa'oya zangoguna, ha ena'ö adöni dödö zowöli ''[[iklan]]''.&lt;ref name=useradappeal&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theregister.com/2018/08/17/facebook_ad_reach_lawsuit/#:~:text='Made%2Dup%20PR%20numbers',to%20exaggerate%20online%20advertising%20audience&amp;text=Facebook%20brags%20it%20has%20a,than%201.27bn%20fake%20accounts.|title=Facebook flat-out 'lies' about how many people can see its ads – lawsuit|first=Thomas|last=Claburn|publisher=The Register|date=August 17, 2018|access-date=November 18, 2020|archive-date=September 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907062047/https://www.theregister.com/2018/08/17/facebook_ad_reach_lawsuit/#:~:text='Made%2Dup%20PR%20numbers',to%20exaggerate%20online%20advertising%20audience&amp;text=Facebook%20brags%20it%20has%20a,than%201.27bn%20fake%20accounts.|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umbu ==

&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Teknologi]]
[[Kategori:Media sosial]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aljabar</title>
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      <text bytes="44311" sha1="nowypx205pnr9snxaij92rwfyv8mxx0" xml:space="preserve">[[Berkas:Quadratic formula.svg|jmpl|Rumus [[persamaan kuadrat]] mengungkapkan solusi dari persamaan derajat dua &lt;math&gt;ax^2 + bx +c=0&lt;/math&gt; dalam koefisien &lt;math&gt;a, b, c&lt;/math&gt;, dimana &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; bukan nol.]]

'''Aljabar''' andre (dari [[bahasa Arab]] الجبر ''&quot;al-jabr&quot;'' ma na la fo'eluaha ia lamane, fangowuloi mbagia si no tekiko ''(&quot;pengumpulan bagian yang rusak&quot;)''&lt;ref name=&quot;oed&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/algebra|title=algebra|website=Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=2017-02-21|archive-date=2013-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231173558/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/algebra|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;) ya'ia da'ö sambua mbagia wamahaö moroi ba [[Matematika]], sifao ba ''teori bilangan'', [[Geometri]] ba tola gö ba wo ''Analisis matematis''. No si no oi la'ila niha, aljabar ya'ia da'ö fangi'ila ba ngawalö dandra-dandra ''(simbol-simbol)'' matematika ba goi-goi hewisa wo fangamöi tandra-tandra ni'oguna'ö ba wangerai andrö;&lt;ref&gt;I. N. Herstein, ''Topics in Algebra'', &quot;An algebraic system can be described as a set of objects together with some operations for combining them.&quot; p. 1, Ginn and Company, 1964&lt;/ref&gt; aljabar no sambua wamahaö samarahu arakhagö fefu mbagia ba matematika.&lt;ref&gt;I. N. Herstein, ''Topics in Algebra'', &quot;...it also serves as the unifying thread which interlaces almost all of mathematics.&quot; p. 1, Ginn and Company, 1964&lt;/ref&gt; Baero da'ö, aljabar andre, no sambua dane-dane ba wangalui lala hewisa wo fosinöndra ngawalö ni'erai ba matetika simane ''abstraksi grup matematika'', ''Gelanggang matematika'' ba ''Medan matematika''. Idugu oya mbagia dane-dane moroi ba aljabar latötöi faoma ''aljabar elementer'', na aljabar ''abstrak'' latötöi faoma ''aljabar abstrak'' mazui ''aljabar modern''. Aljabar elementer sito'ölönia labali'ö soguna sibai ba wamahaö matematika, ''ilmu pengetahuan'', mazui ''teknik'', faoma ''aplikasi'' sifakhai ba ''kesehatan'' ba simanö göi ba wamahaö ''ekonomi''. Aljabar abstrak sambua duho ba matematika salaŵa ma'ifu ma ''tingkat lanjut'', ni'oguna'ö ya'ira si no ''profesional'' ba ere matematika.

Aljabar elementer faehu ma'ifu faoma [[Aritmetika]] ba wangoguna'ö ''abstraksi'', simane mangoguna'ö hurufo ba wo salahini numero-numero si lö mu'ilana mazui tetehege tola ihalö oya zinöndra ''(nilai)''. Simane duma-duma, ba &lt;math&gt;x + 2 = 5&lt;/math&gt; hurufo &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; lö mu'ila, ba hiza huku ''inversi'' tola la'oguna'ö ba wangalui sinöndra ma ''nilai'': &lt;math&gt;x=3&lt;/math&gt;. Bakha ba ''(Ekivalensi massa-energi)'', hurufo &lt;math&gt;E&lt;/math&gt; faoma &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; da'ö ni'oguna'ö tobali ''variabel'', ba hurufo &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; sitobali ''Konstanta (matematika)'', ''kecepatan cahaya'' bakha ba ''vakum''. Aljabar ibe'e lala ''metode'' ba wangalui wamagölösi ba hewisa ba wo faehagö ''rumus'' saoha (khöra ya'ira si no to'ölö mangoguna'ö ''konsep'' da'a) moroi na i'oguna'ö ''metode konvensional'', simane lasura fefu zinöndra faoma hurufo ma ngawua wehede.

Ngawua wehede ''aljabar'' andre, oya sibai la'oguna'ö ba ngawalö lala sakhökhö. Ngawalö gangolifa ba dandrösa matematika ba aljabar abstrak da'ö nifotöi &quot;aljabar&quot;, fehede da'a la'oguna'ö, simane ba wanötöi [[aljabar linear]] faoma topologi aljabar.

Samösa gere matematika si no mamalua famareso ma ba [[li Indonesia]] lamane ''penelitian'' sanandrösa ba aljabar lakaoni faoma fanötöi; '''aljabarwan'''.

== Etimologi ==
Fehede ''aljabar'' tefoli moroi ba Bahasa Arab {{Lang|ar|الجبر}} (''al-jabr'' molo'ö famo'eluaha moroi ba ngawua wehede andrö, eluahania ya'ia da'ö; &quot;fangowuloi ngawalö zi no tekiko&quot;) fehede ma fanötöi da'a, tehalö moroi ba zi sambua mbuku nibe'e högö mbuku andrö ''Al Kitaab al muhtasar fii hisaab al jabr wa'l muqabaala''&lt;ref&gt;Ekkehard Kopp &quot;[https://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/1279 Making up Numbers : A History of Invention in Mathematics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407031354/https://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/1279 |date=2022-04-07 }}&quot; Open Book Publishers&lt;/ref&gt; nisura matematikawan ba astronom [[Persia]], [[Muḥammad bin Mūsā al-Khawārizmī|Al-Khwarizmi]]. Ngawua wehede da'a no möi ia ba bahasa Inggris ba abad si 15, he moroi ba [[Spanyol]], [[Italia]], mazui moroi ba Pertengahan Latin. Aljabar ba zi'oföna latötöi ia ''prosedur operasi pengaturan patah'' ma ''dislokasi tulang''. Eluahania ba matematika si'oföna sibai lasura ba abad 16.

== Ngawalö geluaha &quot;aljabar&quot; ==
Ngawua wehede &quot;aljabar&quot; so lala wangoguna'ö ya'ia bakha ba matematika, sitobali fehede nitandrösaigö ba dandrösa mazui faoma ''kualifikasi''.
* Sitobali fehede fanandrösa ba dandrösa ma ''kata tunggal'' si lö mangoguna'ö kata sandang, &quot;aljabar&quot; töi sambua wamahaö ba wamahaö matematika.
* Sitobali fehede fanandrösa ba dandrösa ma ''kata tunggal'' mazui ba wanötöi ha wa'oya, &quot;aljabar&quot; ifaehagö wenaeta ma ''struktur'' matematika faoma fa'akhökhö, ba famo'eluaha satulö, te balazigö hewisa gamöta dödö zanura ya'ia. Sito'ölönia fenaeta da'a so khönia wamonönö ''(penambahan, perkalian, ba skalar perkalian)''. Ba ginötö zanura mangoguna'ö fehede &quot;aljabar&quot;, lahaogö sambua ''subset'' moroi ba ''asumsi tambahan'' simane: ''asosiatif, komutatif, unital, mazui/faoma ''dimensi berhingga''. Bakha ba aljabar universal, fehede &quot;aljabar&quot; tefaolo ba ''generalisasi'' moroi ba ''konsep'' da'ö moroi yaŵa, tola manö; ''n-ary'' operasi.
* Faoma ''kualifikasi'', so wa'afabö'ö sifagölö:
** Lö hadöi khönia ''kata sandang'', eluahania no föfö moroi ba aljabar, simane ''aljabar linier, aljabar elementer'' ma ''simbol-manipulasi'' goi-goi nifaha'ö ba naha wamaha'ö ma ''kursus sd'' matematika sitobali dane-dane moroi ba wamahaö ''pendidikan dasar'' faoma ''menengah'', mazui ''aljabar abstrak''.
** Sangoguna'ö ''kata sandang'', eluahania sambua duma-duma moroi ba ''struktur abstrak'', simane ''aljabar bentang'', ''aljabar asosiatif'', mazui ''aljabar operator verteks''.
** Fa'itaria dombua geluaha da'a la'oguna'ö ba wangerai sifagölö, simane bakha ba ''kalimat'': ''aljabar Komutatif adalah studi tentang gelanggang komutatif, yang merupakan aljabar komutatif atas bilangan bulat''.

== Aljabar moroi ba Matematika ==
Aljabar andre tebörötaigö moroi ba wangerai sifagölö ba [[Aritmetika]], sangoguna'ö hurufo ba wo salahini numero. Da'a tola möi sitobali dane-dane moroi ba zindruhunia heŵa'ae lö lafaogö khönia numero-numero. Simane duma-dumania, ba ''persamaan kuadrat''
:&lt;math&gt;ax^2+bx+c=0,&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;a, b, c&lt;/math&gt; tola tobali ''bilangan'' gofu hadia manö(kecuali bahwa &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; tidak dapat bernilai &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;), ba rumus kuadrat andre tola la'oguna'ö wa'alio ba aoha ba wanöndra ''nilai-nilai'' moroi ''kuantitas'' &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; si lö mu'ila ma ba wofönui ''persamaan''. Rumus kuadrat la'oguna'ö ba wamatunö persamaan, ba aefa da'ö ba wanöndra hadia lala moroi ba ''persamaan'' da'ö.

Molo'ö waö-waö, ba famahaö ba ginötö iada'a, famareso aljabar tebörötaigö moroi hewisa ba wamosinöndra ''persamaan'' simane ''persamaan kuadrat'' da'ö yaŵa. Aefa da'ö, oya wanofu-wanofu sito'ölö, simane; &quot;hadia ''persamaan'' simane da'ö so lala wamosinöndra ya'ia?&quot;, &quot;hawa'oya lala nitörö ba wangasiwai ngawalö wamosinöndra ''persamaan'' da'a?&quot;, &quot;hadia zitola lafaehagö moroi ba lala wamosinöndra fanofu andrö?&quot;. Fanofu-fanofu simane da'a, möi ba wa'atohare ngawalö mbua wangera-ngera sifakhai ba ''bentuk, struktur'' faoma ''simetri''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Common Sense of Teaching Mathematics|last=Gattengo|first=Caleb|publisher=Educational Solutions Inc.|year=2010|isbn=978-0878252206}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Sifat-sifat struktural'' moroi ba ''objek-objek non-numerik'' ma si tenga numero, aefa da'ö awena la ''abstraksi'' ba wanutunö waö-waö ''struktur-struktur'' aljabar simane grup (matematika), ''gelanggang'' (matematika), faoma ''medan (matematika).

Fatua lö abad si-16, matematika so ba zidombua ''subbidang'', ya'ia da'ö [[Aritmetika]] faoma [[Geometri]]. Heŵa'ae ba zi ha'uga ngawalö ''metode'', si no oföna mu'ehaogö, te da'ö ni'ila niha sitobali aljabar, ma fa'atohare aljabar faoma lö ara aefa da'ö, ''Kalkulus infinitesimal'' sitobali ''subbidang'' matematika ha ba gotalua abad si-16 ma abad si-17. Moroi ba dalu abad si-19, oya zibohou sifakhai ba matematika, nifaehagö moroi ba aritmetika faoma geometri, ba arakhagö fefu mangoguna'ö aljabar.

Ba ginötö iada'a, aljabar no idugu sökhi irege oya wamahaö moroi ba matematika zangoguna'ö simane sitola mufaigi ba [[Klasifikasi Subjek Matematika]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ams.org/mathscinet/msc/msc2010.html|title=2010 Mathematics Subject Classification|access-date=2014-10-05|archive-date=2014-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606010248/http://www.ams.org/mathscinet/msc/msc2010.html|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
hiza, lö hadöi he ha sambua moroi ba wenaeta si'oföna (dua digit entri) nifotöi ''aljabar''. Iada'a aljabar no irugi 08-sistem-sistem aljabar umum, 12-[[Medan (matematika)|teori medan]] dan [[Polinomial]], 13-[[Aljabar Komutatif]], 15-[[Aljabar Linear]] dan [[Aljabar Multilinear|multilinear]]; [[Matriks (matematika)|teori matriks]], 16-[[Aljabar Asosiatif]], 17-[[Aljabar tak-Asosiatif]], 18-[[Teori Kategori]]; [[Aljabar Homologis]], 19-[[Teori-K]], faoma 20-[[Teori Grup]]. Aljabar andrö la'oguna'ö göi ia molo'ö ''ekstensif'' bakha 11-[[Teori Bilangan]] faoma 14-[[Geometri Aljabar]].

== Waö-waö ''(Sejarah)'' ==

=== Böröta aljabar ''(Sejarah awal aljabar)'' ===
[[Berkas:Image-Al-Kitāb al-muḫtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-ğabr wa-l-muqābala.jpg|jmpl|Nga'örö moroi ba mbuku ni sura [[Muḥammad bin Mūsā al-Khawārizmī|Al-Khwarizmi]] yang berjudul '''al-Kitab al-muḫtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-ğabr wa-l-muqābala''' (''Buku Ringkasan tentang Perhitungan dengan Pelengkapan dan Penyetimbangan'']]
Ŵa'a moroi ba aljabar andre, tola mu'osisi'ö ofeta ba ginötö me Babilonia kuno,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A Concise History of Mathematics|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000stru_m6j1|last=Struik|first=Dirk J.|publisher=Dover Publications|year=1987|isbn=0-486-60255-9|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; samazaewe ma sangodödögö fangi'ila sifakhai ba ''sistem aritmetika lanjut'' ni'oguna'ö ba wangerai ''menurut gaya algoritme''. Bangsa Babilonia la odödögö ba wangi'ila ''rumus'' ba wangerai hewisa lala wanema li ma hewisa ba wangalui sinöndra moroi ba ngawalö zedöna la'erai ba ginötö iada'a, hiza ba wangalui sinöndrönania la'oguna'ö lala ''persamaan linear, persamaan kuadrat'', faoma ''persamaan taktentu''. Hiza, tenga fefu, so göi matematika Mesir Kuno ma ni'oguna'ö ira niha [[Mesir]] ba ginötö iada'a faoma Matematika Yunani ba matematika Tiongkok ba milenium 1 SM sito'ölönia lafosinöndra wanofu andrö faoma ''metode geometris'', simane si no lafaehagö bakha ba ''Papirus Matematika Rhind'', ''Elemen Euklides'', faoma ''Sembilan Bab mengenai Seni Matematika''. Karya geometris moroi Yunani, simane si no lasura bakha ''Elemen'', no lahenagö döla-döla dödö ma ''kerangka kerja'' ba wame'e ''rumus'' ma na'i manalu'i moroi ba zinöndra nitötöna irege da'a nigo'ö zato ba wangalui sinöndra, heŵa'ae da'a lö si tehöngö fatua lö si muledo ''Matematika Islam'' ba ''abad pertengahan''.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Boyer|1991}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba ginötö [[Plato]], matematika Yunani no so wa'atedou. Niha Yunani no la'ila nifotöi aljabar geometri, hiza moroi ba wamahaö andrö tefaehagö awa ''suku-suku matematika''  tetötöi ia moroi ba ''sisi-sisi'' ba ''objek geometri'', sito'ölönia simane famadölö ma ''garis'', sangokhögö hurufo-hurufo sifakhai ba wangerai.&lt;ref name=citeboyer&gt;{{Harv|Boyer|1991|loc=&quot;Europe in the Middle Ages&quot; p. 258}} &quot;In the arithmetical theorems in Euclid's ''Elements'' VII-IX, numbers had been represented by line segments to which letters had been attached, and the geometric proofs in al-Khwarizmi's ''Algebra'' made use of lettered diagrams; but all coefficients in the equations used in the ''Algebra'' are specific numbers, whether represented by numerals or written out in words. The idea of generality is implied in al-Khwarizmi's exposition, but he had no scheme for expressing algebraically the general propositions that are so readily available in geometry.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[Diofantus]] (abad si-3 Masehi) ya'ia da'ö samösa gere matematika ma laŵa'ö ba wehede lamane Matematikawan Yunani moroi ba mbanua ''Iskandariyah'' ba si no manura oya mbuku nifotöi ''[[Arithmetica]]''. Sinura-sinura andre fakhai ia ba wamosinöndra ngawalö wanofu moroi ba ''persamaan aljabar'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=gZ2Us3F7dSwC&amp;pg=PA34&amp;dq#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false|title=A History of Elementary Mathematics – With Hints on Methods of Teaching|last=Cajori|first=Florian|year=2010|isbn=1-4460-2221-8|page=34|author-link=Florian Cajori}}&lt;/ref&gt; ba hiza no möi famarou ba si ba wangi'ila nifotöi ''persamaan Diofantin'' bakha ba ''teori bilangan''.

Sito'ölö nifalui ba ginötö iada'a na la faedogö moroi ba ni fa'ema ba da'ö moroi yaŵa, no manandrösa ia ba Matematikawan bangsa Persia, Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (kira-kira 780–850). Aefa da'ö isura mbuku nibe'enia högö mbuku andrö:  ''Buku Ringkasan tentang Perhitungan dengan Pelengkapan dan Penyetimbangan'', nifangamöi aljabar sitobali famahaö matematika ma ''disiplin'' matematika si lö mombalazigö geometri faoma aritmetika.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Al Khwarizmi: The Beginnings of Algebra|author=Roshdi Rashed|publisher=Saqi Books|date=November 2009|isbn=0-86356-430-5|ref=harv|postscript= }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matematikawan ba ginötö periode Helenistik, sotöi Heron moroi ba Iskandariyah faoma Diofantus,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://library.thinkquest.org/25672/diiophan.htm |title=Diophantus, Father of Algebra |publisher= |accessdate=2014-10-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727040815/http://library.thinkquest.org/25672/diiophan.htm |archivedate=2013-07-27 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt; simanö göi Matematikawan India simane Brahmagupta manohugö sito'ölö lafalua ma tradisi-tradisi Mesir faoma Babilonia, heŵa'ae ''Arithmetica''-nia Diophantus faoma ''Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta''-nia Brahmagupta so ba dadaoma sabölö alaŵa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.algebra.com/algebra/about/history/|title=History of Algebra|publisher=|accessdate=2014-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Simane duma-dumania, lala wangalui aritmetika si'oföna ''(termasuk solusi nol dan negatif)'' soguna ba ''persamaan kuadrat'', hulö simane si no ifaehagö  Brahmagupta ba mbukunia ''Brahmasphutasiddhanta''. Aefa da'ö, Matematikawan Persia faoma Arab no la'odödögö hewisa ba wondrou'ö metode-metode aljabar ba wogamö wetaro sabölö alaŵa. Heŵa'ae Diofantus faoma bangsa Babilonia asese sibai mangoguna'ö metode ''ad hoc'' nifaehagö ni'oguna'öra ba wangalui sinöndra persamaan-persamaan, bua wangera-ngera Al-Khwarizmi no tobali dane-dane si sökhi. No i'asiwai persamaan linear faoma kuadrat si lö mangoguna'ö ''simbolisme'' aljabar, ''bilangan negatif'', mazui ''nol'', börö da'ö, andrö wa si lötolalö'ö i faehusi ngawalö persamaan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meri2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Josef W. Meri|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC&amp;pg=PA31|accessdate=25 November 2012|year=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-96690-0|page=31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba wamahaö aljabar andre, no la'ila niha ya'ia da'ö fakhai ia ba wamagölö ngawalö wangerai ma lamane ''teori persamaan'', Matematikawan Yunani, sotöi Diofantus molo'ö wangi'ila niha sito'ölö, lakaoni ia faoma ere aljabar ma abölö enahöi wanötöi ya'ia, ya'ia da'ö:  &quot;bapak aljabar&quot; ba hiza ba wa'anumalö ginötö, oya wabu'a-bu'asa sifakhai khö gere tanöbö'ö simane sotöi ''al-Khwarizmi'', sangahaogö fangi'ila nifotöi: ''al-jabr'', tola göi lakaoni ia faoma ''ama aljabar''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Carl B. |last=Boyer |title=A History of Mathematics |url=https://archive.org/details/historymathemati00boye_328 |edition=Second |location= |publisher=Wiley |year=1991 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historymathemati00boye_328/page/n197 178], 181 |isbn=0-471-54397-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya'ira sifao khö zöndra Diofantus zanguŵa'ö wa aljabar nisöndra bakha ba ''Al-Jabr'' tehude ma'ifu moroi ba nisöndra ba ''Arithmetica'' ba börö da'ö ''Arithmetica'' no hulö ni'adogo'ö, na ''Al-Jabr'' ma'afefu no hulö ''retoris''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Carl B. |last=Boyer |title=A History of Mathematics |url=https://archive.org/details/historymathemati00boye_328 |edition=Second |location= |publisher=Wiley |year=1991 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historymathemati00boye_328/page/n247 228] |isbn=0-471-54397-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ya'ira sifao ba zöndra Al-Khwarizmi sifakhai ma samaehagö nifotöi metode &quot;[[reduksi (matematika)|reduksi]]&quot; faoma &quot;penyetimbangan&quot; ''(transposisi suku-suku yang diambil ke ruas lain suatu persamaan, yaitu, pencoretan suku-suku yang memiliki [[variabel (matematika)|variabel]] dan [[eksponensiasi|pangkat]] sama pada ruas lain suatu persamaan)'', nituturu ma ni aekhugö moroi ba ''al-jabr'' ba mböröta,&lt;ref name=Boyer-229&gt;{{Harv|Boyer|1991|loc=&quot;The Arabic Hegemony&quot; p. 229}} &quot;It is not certain just what the terms ''al-jabr'' and ''muqabalah'' mean, but the usual interpretation is similar to that implied in the translation above. The word ''al-jabr'' presumably meant something like &quot;restoration&quot; or &quot;completion&quot; and seems to refer to the transposition of subtracted terms to the other side of an equation; the word ''muqabalah'' is said to refer to &quot;reduction&quot; or &quot;balancing&quot; – that is, the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; ba no ifaehagö molo'ö wangi'ilania ngawalö wamosinöndra sifakhai ba ''persamaan kuadrat'' ma fangerai ba numeronia samösa,&lt;ref&gt;{{Harv|Boyer|1991|loc=&quot;The Arabic Hegemony&quot; p. 230}} &quot;The six cases of equations given above exhaust all possibilities for linear and quadratic equations having positive root. So systematic and exhaustive was al-Khwarizmi's exposition that his readers must have had little difficulty in mastering the solutions.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; i'abe'e'ö dödö niha molo'ö ngawalö zi so khönia sitobali dane-dane ''geometris'', sifao ba wangoguna'ö aljabar sitonali sambua dane-dane ma ''disiplin'' nifaehagö molo'ö fa'ato'ölö zangoguna'ö ya'ia.&lt;ref&gt;Gandz and Saloman (1936), ''The sources of al-Khwarizmi's algebra'', Osiris i, p. 263–277: &quot;In a sense, Khwarizmi is more entitled to be called &quot;the father of algebra&quot; than Diophantus because Khwarizmi is the first to teach algebra in an elementary form and for its own sake, Diophantus is primarily concerned with the theory of numbers&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Aljabar andre, lö sa'ae i'angeragö ngawalö wangalui sinöndra ba ngawalö wanofu, hiza sambua ''eksposisi'' ba mböröta sifakhai ba ''suku-suku primitif'' ba ngawalö wangorudugö ba wamagölösi sinöndra, ba tetohugö ia molo'ö ''eksplisit'' ba wangalui sinöndra satulö&quot;. Ya'ia göi no i'alui wamagölösi ma ''persamaan'' soguna khönia samösa ba lala wangerai sito'ölö simane nifalua niha bö'ö, ba hiza no iföfögö ba wangalui sambua zinöndra si lö hadöi amozua ma abölö sökhi wanötöi ya'ia ba [[li Indonesia]] lamane: ''tak terbatas''.&lt;ref name=Rashed-Armstrong&gt;{{Cite book | last1=Rashed | first1=R. | last2=Armstrong | first2=Angela | year=1994 | title=The Development of Arabic Mathematics | publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] | isbn=0-7923-2565-6 | oclc=29181926 | pages=11–2 | ref=harv | postscript= }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matematikawan Persia tanöbö'ö, sotöi ''Umar Khayyām'' si no latema ngawalö wangi'ila ba woföfögö dane-dane ''geometri aljabar'' ba ya'ia samösa ere samaehagö ''solusi geometris umum'' ba wangerai famagölösi ''fungsi kubik'' ma ''persamaan kubik''. Buku nisurania nibe'e högö mbuku: ''Risalah tentang Peragaan Soal-Soal Aljabar'' (1070), so honogöigö ngawalö ''prinsip-prinsip aljabar'', si no angolifa moroi ba zifakhai ba Matematika, hiza Matematika Persia andre, sindruhunia la fa'ohe'ö ba Eropa.&lt;ref&gt;[[#refmathmaster|Mathematical Masterpieces: Further Chronicles by the Explorers]], p. 92&lt;/ref&gt; Matematikawan Persia tanöbö'ö, simane ''Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi'', sanöndra lala wamosinöndra aljabar faoma numero ba ngawalö zifakhai ba wamagölösi fangerai kubik ma ''persamaan kubik.''&lt;ref&gt;{{MacTutor|id=Al-Tusi_Sharaf|title=Sharaf al-Din al-Muzaffar al-Tusi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dia juga mengembangkan konsep mengenai [[fungsi (matematika)|fungsi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Victor J. Katz|first=Bill Barton|title=Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching|journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Netherlands]]|volume=66|issue=2|date=October 2007|doi=10.1007/s10649-006-9023-7|pages=185–201 [192]|last2=Barton|first2=Bill|ref=harv|postscript= }}&lt;/ref&gt; Matematikawan India, sotöi [[Mahavira (matematikawan)|Mahavira]] faoma [[Bhāskara II]], Matematikawan Persia [[Al-Karaji]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyer al-Karkhi ax2n&quot;&gt;{{Harv|Boyer|1991|loc=&quot;The Arabic Hegemony&quot; p. 239}} &quot;Abu'l Wefa was a capable algebraist as well as a trigonometer.&amp;nbsp;... His successor al-Karkhi evidently used this translation to become an Arabic disciple of Diophantus – but without Diophantine analysis!&amp;nbsp;... In particular, to al-Karkhi is attributed the first numerical solution of equations of the form ax&lt;sup&gt;2n&lt;/sup&gt; + bx&lt;sup&gt;n&lt;/sup&gt; = c (only equations with positive roots were considered),&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; faoma Matematikawan Tiongkok, [[Zhu Shijie]], mangasiwai ngawalö wangerai sifakhai ba ''persamaan kubik'', ''persamaan kuartik ma kuartik'', ''persamaan kuintik'', faoma famagölösi ''polinomial'' sasese laŵa'ö ''berorde'' abölö alaŵa mangoguna'ö ''metode numerik''. Ba abad ke-13, fangasiwaisi ''persamaan kubik'' nifalua [[Fibonacci]] ya'ia da'ö sosalahini moroi ba mböröta wangi'ila aljabar Eropa. [[Abū al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī al-Qalaṣādī]] (1412–1486) manga'i mbosi-bosi si'oföna sinumalö ba wangi'ila ngawalö dandra aljabar, ma ba [[li Indonesia]] lamane: &quot;langkah-langkah pertama menuju perkenalan simbolisme aljabar&quot;. Hiza, no göi i'erai ∑''n''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, ∑''n''&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; ba i'oguna'ö wamahatö (suksesif) ba wotatugöi ''akar kuadrat''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Qalasadi.html|title=Al-Qalasadi biography|website=www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk|access-date=2017-10-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba ginötö [[Islam]] so ma'ifu we'amöi furi, dunia Eropa hi no wa'amanöi wangi'ila ba matematika. Ba da'ö aljabar andre, tedou wa'amozawili ba zi sagörö ulidanö.

=== Waö-waö Sibohou Aljabar ''(Sejarah modern aljabar)'' ===

[[Berkas:Cardano.jpg|jmpl|258x258px|Matematikawan Italia [[Girolamo Cardano]] mamatumbu'ö lala wangalui sinöndra kubik ma ba wehede matematika asese lamane ''fungsi kubik'' faoma ''fungsi kuadrat'' nisurania bakha ba mbuku ba ndröfi si 1545 nibe'e högö mbuku: ''[[Ars Magna (Gerolamo Cardano)|Ars magna]]''.]]
Karya [[François Viète]] sifakhai ba aljabar sibohou, ba gafuriata abadi si-16 no sambua bosi soguna sibai sinumalö ba wangoguna'ö ''aljabar modern''. Ba ndröfi si 1637, [[René Descartes]] mamatumbu'ö ''La Géométrie'', sifao ba wanöndra sambua lala nifotöi ''geometri analitis'' ba hiza ifaehagö göi ba niha sato nifotöi ''notasi aljabar modern''. Salua tanöbö'ö zifakhai ba wondrou'ö aljabar ya'ia da'ö ba wangasiwaisi ''aljabar'' si no oi la'ila niha sato ba zi sagörö ulidanö meluo da'ö ba wangalui hewisa wamagölösi nifotöi ''persamaan kubik'' faoma ''kuartik'', nifanöi wangi'ila ba ginötö abad si-16. Bua wangera-ngera sifakhai ba ''determinan'' nifanöi moroi khö matematikawan Jepang sotöi [[Seki Kōwa]] ba abad si-17, no igo'ö ia sotöi [[Gottfried Leibniz]] ba wa'omasinia samösa, eluahania tenga ba döi gangowuloa ilau da'ö ba zi 10 fakhe fa'ara aefa da'ö, sitobali ohitö dödö ba wangalui hewisa zinöndra ba ''sistem persamaan linear simultan'' sangoguna'ö ''Matriks (matematika)''. Hiza, Gabriel Cramer ilau mohalöŵö sifakhai ba matriks faoma determinan ba abad si-18. Permutasi i'alui lala hewisa wangasiwaisi ngawalö wanofu sotöi [[Joseph-Louis de Lagrange]] ba mbuku nisurania me döfi si 1770 nibe'enia högönia ''Réflexions sur la résolution algébrique des équations'' (Refleksi ba resolusi aljabar ba zisambua wamagölösi), si'oföna sibai ba wotatugöi hewisa lala wangasiwaisi fanofu zisambua ''persamaan aljabar'', hiza no ifaehagö [[resolven (teori Galois)|resolven Lagrange]]. Paolo Ruffini ya'ia da'ö niha si'oföna sibai sofanöi teori moroi ba ''grup permutasi'', hulö zimane nifalui ndra matematikawan ba mböröta, tola göi ba wangalui sinöndra ''persamaan aljabar''.

== Angolifa Matematika Sangoguna'ö Ngawua Wehede Aljabar ba Döira ''(Bidang matematika dengan kata aljabar pada nama mereka)'' ==

Ba zi ha'uga gangolifa matematika  si no ahono ba zifakhai ba Aljabar ''(klasifikasi aljabar abstrak)'' mamaogö fehede aljabar ba döira; simane ''aljabar linear'' ha sambua duma-duma da'a. Ba hiza so göi zi lö'ö fao döira, simane: ''teori grup'', ''teori gelanggang'', faoma ''Medan (matematika)'' ma ''teori bidang''. Ba da'a tou so gangolifa matematika sangoguna'ö fehede &quot;aljabar&quot; ba döira.
* '''Aljabar elementer''', angolifa moroi ba aljabar sito'ölö nifahaö ba ''perkuliahan dasar Matematika''.
* '''Aljabar abstrak''', hiza ba ''struktur aljabar'' simane ''Grup (matematika)'', ''Gelanggang (matematika)'' faoma ''Medan (matematika)'' nifo'eluaha faoma ''sistem aksioma'' ma asese lamane ''aksiomatis''.
* '''Aljabar linear''', hiza no oya dandra-tandra moroi ba ''persamaan linear'', ''Ruang vektor'' faoma ''Matriks (matematika)'' nitema niha ba wamahaö.
* '''Aljabar Boolean''', angolifa aljabar samahatö ''komputasi'' faoma sahatö ba ''nilai kebenaran'' nifaehagö faoma fehede; ''atulö/benar'' faoma ''falasa/salah''.
* '''Aljabar komutatif''', famahaö sifakhai ba ''gelanggang komutatif''.
* '''Komputasi simbolik''' mazui '''Aljabar komputer''', famatöfaigö metode-metode aljabar simane; ''algoritme'' faoma ''program komputer''.
* '''Aljabar homologis''', famahaö fenaeta ''aljabar'' sitobali dane-dane ba wangi'ila ''ruang topologi''.
* '''Aljabar semesta''', tandra-tandra sito'ölö ba zi'ogötö'ö fenaeta ''aljabar'' nitema ba wamahaö.
* '''Teori bilangan aljabar''', tandra-tandra ''bilangan'' nitema wamahaö molo'ö wamaigi moroi ba aljabar.
* '''Geometri aljabar''', sambua gangolifa moroi ba geometri, ba wamaigi moroi meföna ba wotatugöi ''kurva'' faoma tete sitobali lala ba wangalui sinöndra wamagölösi ''persamaan polinomial''.
* '''Kombinatorika aljabar''', da'a sambua ''metode-metode'' aljabar ni'oguna'ö ba wamaigi fanofu ''kombinatorika''.
* '''Aljabar relasional''': sambua gangowuloa moroi ba ''relasi berhingga'' sitolumö barö zisambua ''operator''.
Oya wenaeta matematika nifotöi '''aljabar''':
* '''Aljabar atas medan''' mazui töra simane ''aljabar di atas gelanggang''.&lt;br&gt;Oya nahia ba aljabar ba dete danölafa mazui yaŵa ba nahia sangokhögö töi nitatugoi ''(spesifik)'':
** '''Aljabar asosiatif'''
** '''Aljabar takasosiatif'''
** '''Aljabar Lie'''
** '''Aljabar Hopf'''
** '''Aljabar-C*'''
** '''Aljabar simetri'''
** '''Aljabar eksterior'''
** '''Aljabar tensor'''
* Ba ''teori ukuran'',
** '''Aljabar sigma'''
** Algebra ba dete ''Medan himpunan''
* Bakha ba ''teori kategori''
** '''''Aljabar-F''''' faoma '''''Koaljabar-F'''''
** '''''Aljabar-T'''''
* Bakha ba ''logika'',
** '''Aljabar relasi''', aljabar Boolean beresidu, ni'ebolo'ö faoma fa'abua nifotöi faoma ''konvers''.
** '''Aljabar Boolean (struktur)''', '''kisi distributif''' faoma '''kisi komplemen''' na la'adogo'ö ia lamane '''komplemen'''.
** '''Aljabar Heyting'''

== Aljabar elementer ==

[[Berkas:algebraic equation notation.svg|jmpl|ka|Notasi ekspresi aljabar:&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp; 1 – pangkat (''power'')&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp; 2 – koefisien&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp; 3 – suku (''term'')&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp; 4 – operator&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp; 5 – suku konstanta&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp; ''x'' ''y'' ''c'' – variabel/konstanta]]
'''Aljabar elementer''' ya'ia da'ö angolifa aljabar nibali'ö dane-dane. Aljabar elementer nifahaö ba ndraono sekola ma ''siswa/mahasiswa'' nifaigi walö hadöi fangi'ila ba zifakhai ba matematika, ba hiza töra ma'ifu moroi ba nifaehagö si sabata, hiza tobali ia dane-dane ba wangi'ila ngawalö zedöna latema wamahaö matematika ya'ia da'ö dane-dane moroi ba aritmetika. Bakha ba aritmetika, ha ''bilangan'' faoma ''operasi aritmetika'' (simane; +, −, ×, ÷) ni'ila niha. Bakha ba aljabar, numero asese lasura ia faoma famaedo, nitötöi faoma fanguma'ö ''variabel (matematika)'' (simane; ''a'', ''n'', ''x'', ''y'', mazui ''z''). Da'a moguna, börö me:
* Tetehegö ba wame'e lala nitörö moroi ba zi no latatugöi ba ''hukum-hukum aritmetika'' (simane; ''a'' + ''b'' = ''b'' + ''a'' ero-ero; ''a'' faoma ''b''), ba hiza da'a no sambua bosi si'oföna numalö ba wangi'ila ma ''eksplorasi sistematis'' ba dandra-tandra numero ''sistem bilangan real''.
* Tetehegö hezo lahalö ia gumbu zifakhai ba numero &quot;anu&quot;, fame'e lala ma ''perumusan'' ba wamagölösi ma ''persamaan'' faoma ba wangalui sinöndra. (Simane duma-dumania, &quot;Carilah bilangan ''x'' irege 3''x'' + 1 = 10&quot; ma na tatohugö ia; &quot;Carilah bilangan ''x'' irege tobalia ia; ''ax'' + ''b'' = ''c''&quot;. Bosi da'a numalö ba wurugö wa tenga dandra-tandra moroi ba zisambua numero zi tola mu'alui zinöndrania, hiza moroi ba ''operasi'' nilataeni khönia.
* Tetehegö ba wangalui wamosinöndra zifakhai ba ''fungsi (matematika)''. (Simane duma-dumania, &quot;Na ö amawa ''x'' karcis, wa hare nisöndrau ya'ia da'ö fa'ebuania; 3''x'' − 10 rupiah, mazui ''f''(''x'') = 3''x'' − 10, na tafaigi wa; ''f'' sambua ''fungsi'', faoma ''x'' ya'ia da'ö ni'erai ba ''fungsi'' nilaeteni khönia.

=== Polinomial ===
[[Berkas:Polynomialdeg3.svg|[[Grafik fungsi|Grafik]] fungsi polinomial berderajat 3.|jmpl|ka]]

'''Polinomial''' ma asese latötöi faoma fehede; '''suku banyak''' ya'ia da'ö sambua ''ekspresi (matematika)'' fa'oya ni'erai sitola ni'erai moroi ba ''suku (logika)'' ma ''suku-suku'' sitenga ''nol'' (tak-nol), ero-ero ''suku'' so khönia wokali nilai konstanta faoma wa'oya zitola ni'erai ''variabel (matematika)'' nifa'aso faoma fefu ''pangkat bilangan''. Duma-dumania; ''x''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; + 2''x'' − 3 ya'ia da'ö; polinomial bakha ba variabel tunggal ''x''. Sambua '''ekspresi polinomial''' ya'ia da'ö; ekspresi sitola lafomendrua wanura ya'ia sitobali polinomial, sangoguna'ö ''sifat-sifat komutativitas'', ''asosiativitas'', faoma ''distributivitas'' famonönö faoma fokalikö. Simane duma-dumania;, (''x'' − 1)(''x'' + 3) da'a no sambua ''ekspresi polinomial''. Sambua '''fungsi polinomial''' tola göi lamane ''fungsi'' nifo'eluaha polinomial, mazui, molo'ö ''ekivalen'', moroi ba zi sambua ''ekspresi polinomial''. Dombua duma-duma da'ö yaŵa mamaehagö ''fungsi polinomial'' sifagölö.

Dombua wanofu soguna sibai ba faoma fakhai bakha ba aljabar ya'ia da'ö; ''faktorisasi polinomial'', famotokhi ya'ia simane ya'ia da'ö; mamaehagö ''polinomial'' sitobali fokali moroi ba ''polinomial-polinomial'' tanöbö'ö si tebai lagoligö sa'ae ma tebai nibagi, ba ''komputasi'' ma ''(faktor persekutuan terbesar polinomial)''. Duma-duma polinomial da'ö yaŵa sitola ni goligö sitobali; (''x'' − 1)(''x'' + 3). Sambua wenaeta wanofu sifakhai ya'ia da'ö ba wangalui ''ekspresi aljabar'' ba wamosinöndra ''akar fungsi'' zi sambua polinomial bakha ba variabel si mosindro samösa.

=== Famahaö ''(Pendidikan)'' ===
No lafaehagö wa ''aljabar elementer'' andre ena'ö sambua lala wamahaö ba ndraono sekola si no irugi 11 fakhe,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hull's Algebra |work=New York Times |date=1904-07-16 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F10714FB395E12738DDDAF0994DF405B848CF1D3 |format=[[pdf]] |accessdate=2012-09-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; heŵa'ae ba gafuriata andre so ma'ifu wa'atedou ba wamahaö ''aljabar elementer'' ba ndraono [[SMP]] ma sodadao ba kalasi 1 [[SMP]] (≈&amp;nbsp;13&amp;nbsp;tahun&amp;nbsp;±) di Amerika Serikat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Quaid |first=Libby |title=Kids misplaced in algebra |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=2008-09-22 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-09-22-357650952_x.htm |format=Report |accessdate=2012-09-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Heŵa'ae simanö, ba zekola si so ba [[Amerika Serikat]], aljabar no lafahaö ba kalasi 3 SMP.

I'otarai me döfi si 1997, ''Institut Politeknik'' faoma ''Universitas Negeri Virginia'' ba [[universitas]] tanöbö'ö, no labörötaigö mangoguna'ö sambua lala wamahaö aljabar si no laföfögö ba wame'e fa'aboto ba dödö ba nifahaö moroi ba no lahaogö ''peranti lunak komputer'' ba wangahatö lala wangi'ila ba aljabar, ena'ö lö oya tetibo ginötö faoma soguna tanöbö'ö sangoguna'ö kefe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/07/us/ut-arlington-adopts-new-way-to-tackle-algebra.html|title=THE TEXAS TRIBUNE; U.T.-Arlington Adopts New Way to Tackle Algebra|last=Hamilton|first=Reeve|date=2012-09-07|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2012-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aljabar abstrak ==

'''Aljabar abstrak''' mangebolo'ö ngawalö zifakhai ba ''aljabar elementer'' faoma [[Aritmetika]] ''bilangan'' numalö ba mbosi-bosi sito'ölö la'oguna'ö. Ba da'a tou so mbosi-bosi ma lala nitörö bakha ba ''aljabar abstrak''.

'''Himpunan Matematika''': tenga ha sito'ölö töra ma'ifu wangasiwaisi ngawalö wanofu sifakhai ba wangeraisi sifabö'ö-bö'ö, aljabar abstrak fakhai ba gangorudua ma nibe'e fanötöi ; ''himpunan'' na lafo'eluaha ia ya'ia da'ö; angorudua si so amakhaita ba wangerai si tola ni'orudugö. Fefu gangorudua da'a latötöi faoma ''himpunan''. Duma-duma simane; ''Matriks (matematika)'' dua-kali-dua(2x2), angorudua ''polinomial'' nibe'e faka 2 ma ''(berderajat 2 (''ax''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; + ''bx'' + ''c'')'', angorudua ''Vektor (spasial)'' dua dimensi ba zisambua nahia, ba tanöbö'ö soya sibai simane ''grup siklis'', sifao bakha ba ''aritmetika modular'' ma ''modulo'' bilangan bulat ''n''. ''Teori himpunan'' andre ya'ia da'ö sambua gangolifa moroi ba ''logika'' ba molo'ö lala wangalui sinöndrania ya'ia da'ö tenga fenaeta moroi ba aljabar.

'''Operasi biner''': amozua wamonönö ma ''perjumlahan'' (+) la ''abstraksi'' ia ba wame'e sambua khönia ''operasi biner'', Tola lamane ∗amozua moroi ba ''operasi biner'' lö gunania na lö hadöi nahia gangorudua lala wangerai sedöna lafalua. Ba zi dombua ''elemen'' moroi ba ''a'' faoma ''b'' bakha ba gangorudua ''S'', ''a'' ∗ ''b'' ya'ia da'ö ''elemen'' tanöbö'ö bakha ba ni'orudugö; fangerai da'a latötöi ia fa'ateduhö matematika ma ba [[li Indonesia]] sasese latötöi ba matematika lamane; ''ketertutupan (matematika)''. Famonönö (+), Fangeheta (−), Fokali (×), faoma Fombagi (÷) tola tobali ''operasi biner'' na tefaehagö ia ba gangorudua zifabö'ö, duma-dumania famonönö faoma fokali ''matriks, vektor'', faoma ''polinomial''.

'''Elemen identitas''', ya'ia da'ö: Numero ''nol'' faoma sambua ni ''abstraksi'' ba wamo'eluaha zisambua ''elemen identitas'' ba zisambua fangerai. Nol no sambua ''elemen identitas'' ba wamonönö ba sambua ia göi ba wokali. Ba ''operator biner'' si no oi la'ila niha sato misa ∗ elemen identitas ''e'' lötolalö'ö ena'ö so khönia; ''a'' ∗ ''e'' = ''a'' faoma ''e'' ∗ ''a'' = ''a'', ba mangerai samösa ia, na so ni'erai khönia. Da'a te'oguna'ö ia ba wamonönö sitobali; ''a'' + 0 = ''a'' faoma 0 + ''a'' = ''a'' ba simanö göi ba wokali; ''a'' × 1 = ''a'' faoma 1 × ''a'' = ''a''. Lö fefu gangorudua faoma fangerai sifabö'ö-bö'ö oi so ''elemen identitas''; simane, angorudua ''bilangan asli positif'' (1, 2, 3,&amp;nbsp;...) lö hadöi khönia ''elemen identitas'' ba wamonönö.

'''Elemen invers''' mazui '''unsur balikan''', ya'ia da'ö; ''Bilangan negatif'' samaehagö lala wangerai; ''elemen invers''. Ba wamonönö, invers ''a'' lasura ia faoma −''a''; na ba wokali lasura ia faoma ''a''&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;. Elemen invers te'oguna'ö ba zidombua lala wangerai ''a''&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; asala so khönia zikhala wa ''a'' ∗ ''a''&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; = ''e'' faoma ''a''&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; ∗ ''a'' = ''e'', hiza i ''e'' no sambua ''elemen identitas''.

'''Sifat asosiatif'' ma''Asosiativitas'''la fo'eluaha ia: famonönö ''bilangan bulat'' sangokhögö sikhala nifotöi ''asosiativitas''. Ya'ia da'ö, famöfögö ''bilangan'' na la fonönö ia lö tebulö zinöndrania. Simane duma-dumania: {{nowrap|1=(2 + 3) + 4 = 2 + (3 + 4)}}. Na sito'ölönia, da'a tobali; (''a'' ∗ ''b'') ∗ ''c'' = ''a'' ∗ (''b'' ∗ ''c''). Sikhala wangerai da'a tefalua göi ia ba lala wangerai ''operasi biner'', hiza i tenga ba wangerai fangeheta, fombagi, mazuo fokali ''oktonion''.

'''Sifat komutatif''', ya'ia da'ö; Famonönö faoma fokali ''bilangan real'' sifagölö sangokhögö sikhala ''komutatif''. Ya'ia da'ö, fenaera numero ni'erai si lö mamulö'ö zinöndra moroi ba wangerai ya'ia. Duma-dumania; 2 + 3 = 3 + 2. Molo'ö fangerai sito'ölö, tola la'erai ia; ''a'' ∗ ''b'' = ''b'' ∗ ''a''. Sikhala da'a lö la'oguna'ö ia ba wangerai ''operasi biner''. Simane, fokali ''matriks'' faoma fokali ''kuaternion'', börö me dombua wangerai da'a tenga angolifa zikhala wangerai ''komutatif''.

=== Angorudua ''(Grup)'' ===

Fangorudugö lala wangerai da'ö yaŵa mame'e fangi'ila hewisa ia wenaeta soguna sibai bakha ba matematika ma abölö enahöi lamane ba; '''Grup (matematika)'''. Nifotöi Grup ba da'a ya'ia da'ö; famaruka sambua angorudua ''S'' ba sambua lala wangerai ''operasi biner'' ∗, lafo'eluaha ia bakha ba lala wangerai nifili, hiza böi fasala molo'ö lala simane ba da'a tou;
* So sambua khönia ''elemen identitas'' ''e'', irege ero sambua ni'erai khönia simane; ''a'' moroi ba ''S'', ''e'' ∗ ''a'' faoma ''a'' ∗ ''e'' dombua lala da'a fagölö ira; ''a''.
* Ero-ero ''elemen'' sokhönia ''invers'': ero ngawua; ''a'' moroi ba ''S'', sokhönia ngawua ''a''&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; irege ''a'' ∗ ''a''&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; faoma ''a''&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; ∗ ''a'' da'a fagölö ira ''elemen identitas''.
* Lala wangerai sikhala ''asosiatif'': Na ''a'', ''b'', faoma ''c'' angolifa moroi ba ''S'', hiza (''a'' ∗ ''b'') ∗ ''c'' fagölö ira ''a'' ∗ (''b'' ∗ ''c'').
Na'atö angorudua da'a ''komutatif'', ya'ia da'ö ero dombua gangolifania ''a'' faoma ''b'' moroi ba ''S'', ''a'' ∗ ''b'' fagölö ira ''b'' ∗ ''a''—ba hiza angorudua da'a tola latötöi ia faoma fanötöi ''grup abelian''.

Sitobali duma-duma, angorudua moroi ba ''bilangan bulat'' barö wangerai famonönö no sambua angorudua ma ''grup''. Ba gangorudua da'a, ''elemen identitas'' ya'ia da'ö; 0 ba hiza ''invers'' moroi ba ''elemen'', ''a'' ya'ia da'ö ''negasi'', −''a''. Si lötolalö'ö te'a'asogö ba wangerai ''asosiativitas'', me ero ''bilangan bulat'',  ''a'', ''b'', faoma ''c'', (''a'' + ''b'') + ''c'' = ''a'' + (''b'' + ''c'')

'''Bilangan rasional'' sitenga Nol tehaogö khönia gangorudua ma ''grup'' barö wangerai fokali. Ba da'a, ''elemen identitas'' ya'ia da'ö 1, me 1 × ''a'' = ''a'' × 1 = ''a'' ero ''bilangan rasional'' ''a''. Invers moroi ba ''a'' ya'ia da'ö  1/''a'', börö me ''a'' × 1/''a'' = 1.

Heŵa'ae simanö, ''bilangan bulat'' barö wangerai fokali lö tehaogö khönia gangorudua ma grup. Da'a börö me ''invers'' fokali ''bilangan bulat'' lö mamosinöndra tobali ''bilangan bulat''. Simane duma-duma, 4 no ta'ila wa sambua ''bilangan bulat'', hiza i ''invers'' fokali ya'ia, ya'ia da'ö; ¼, ba no tefa'ele'ö wa tenga ''bilangan bulat''.

Lala wangerai sifakhai ba gangorudua nitötöi faoma fehede ''grup'' ba wamahaö andre, no mozawili misa wamahaö ya'ia si no oi la'ila niha ya'ia da'ö; ''teori grup''. Nisöndra moroi ba wamahö andre ya'ia da'ö hewisa ba wama'oli gangorudua-gangorudua wangerai ma fanötöi ba li matematika ''klasifikasi grup-grup sederhana berhingga'', hiza abölö ebua nifatumbu'ö ba gotalua ndröfi 1955 faoma döfi si 1983, samöfögö ''grup sederhana'', ''himpunan berhingga'' tobali ba zi 30 ngawalö dane-dane wamahaö.

''Semigrup'', ''kuasigrup'', faoma ''monoid'' ya'ia da'ö fenaeta-fenaeta sifagölö ira ''grup'', hiza i sikhalania sifagölötö ba danö bö'ö. No lahaogö sambua gangorudua faoma sambua wangerai ''operasi biner'' si tekusi, ha ya'i lö moguna sibai so khönia goi-goi nihonogöi. ''Semigrup'' so khönia ''operasi biner'' simane; ''asosiatif'', ba lö hadöi ''elemen identitas''. Na ''Monoid'' ya'ia da'ö ''semigrup'' sangokhögö ''elemen identitas'', ba lö hadöi khönia ''invers'' ero-ero ''elemen''. Fabö'ö ira na ''Kuasigrup'', so zi lötolalö'ö tefa'aso khönia me gofu hadia manö ''elemen'' tola tefangamöi tobali ''elemen'' tanöbö'ö moroi ba wokali kabera ma zui kambölö; ha ya'i ''operasi biner''nia tola manö lö khönia sikhala ''asosiatif''.

Fefu gangorudua ma ''grup'' tola lamane fao ba ''monoid'', ba fefu ''monoid'' ya'ia da'ö; ''semigrup''.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+'''D u m a  -  D u m a'''
|-
!Himpunan
| colspan=2|[[Bilangan asli]] '''N'''
| colspan=2|[[Bilangan bulat]] '''Z'''
| colspan=4|[[Bilangan rasional]] '''Q''' (juga [[Bilangan real]] '''R''' faoma [[Bilangan kompleks|kompleks]] '''C''')
| colspan=2|[[Aritmetika modular|Modulo]] bilangan bulat  3: '''Z'''&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2}
|-
!Operasi
| +
| × (tak-nol)
| +
| × (tak-nol)
| +
| −
| × (tak-nol)
| ÷ (tak-nol)
| +
| × (tak-nol)
|-
!Tertutup
| Ya
| Ya
| Ya
| Ya
| Ya
| Ya
| Ya
| Ya
| Ya
| Ya
|-
| Identitas
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 1
| 0
| Lö hadöi
| 1
| Lö hadöi
| 0
| 1
|-
| Invers
| Lö hadöi
| Lö hadöi
| −''a''
| Lö hadöi
| −''a''
| Lö hadöi
| 1/''a''
| Lö hadöi
| ero-ero: 0, 2, 1
| ero-ero: Lö hadöi, 1, 2
|-
| Asosiatif
| Ya
| Ya
| Ya
| Ya
| Ya
| Lö'ö
| Ya
| Lö'ö
| Ya
| Ya
|-
| Komutatif
| Ya
| Ya
| Ya
| Ya
| Ya
| Lö'ö
| Ya
| Lö'ö
| Ya
| Ya
|-
| Struktur
| [[monoid]]
| [[monoid]]
| [[grup abelian]]
| [[monoid]]
| [[grup abelian]]
| [[kuasigrup]]
| [[grup abelian]]
| [[kuasigrup]]
| [[grup abelian]]
| [[grup abelian]] ('''Z'''&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)
|}

=== ''Gelanggang'' faoma ''Lapangan'' ===
Grup ha sambua khönia ''operasi biner''. Famaehagö ngawalö lala wangerai sifabö'ö-bö'ö, fangerai si so fenaeta dombua lala wangerai lötolalö'ö lafanöi lala wangi'ila ba wamahaö aljabar andre. Sabölö moguna ya'ia da'ö ba wangi'ila hadia ia nifotöi ''Gelanggang'' (matematika), faoma ''Medan''(matematika).

Sambua '''Gelanggang'''(matematika) so dombua khönia ''Operasi biner'' ya'ia da'ö; (+) faoma (×), simanö göi × distributif ba dete wamonönö (+). Fangerai si'oföna ya'ia da'ö (+), te faehagö khönia ''grup abelian''. Fangerai aefa da'ö, fokali (×), sikhalania ya'ia sa'ae nifotöi ''asosiatif'', ha ya'i lö khönia ''identitas'' mazui ''invers'', irege lö moguna la bologö ero fenaeta. ''Elemen identitas'' wamonönö (+) lasura ia faoma numero; 0 ba ''invers'' famonönö moroi ba ''a'' lasura ia faoma; −a. Böi olifu wa lala wangerai da'a tola lamane fangerai si ''abstrak'', fefu zedöna la faehagö.

'''Distributif'' ma sikhala moroi ba ''distributif'' la'osara'ö ba zito'ölö la'erai niha ya'ia da'ö; ''hukum distributif'' fangerai numero. Na ba ''bilangan bulat'' {{nowrap|1=(''a'' + ''b'') × ''c'' = ''a'' × ''c'' + ''b'' × ''c''}} faoma {{nowrap|1=''c'' × (''a'' + ''b'') = ''c'' × ''a'' + ''c'' × ''b'',}} faoma × latötöi ia; ''distributif'' ba dete +.

''Bilangan bulat'' sambua duma-duma moroi ba nifotöi ''gelanggang''. ''Bilangan bulat'' sikhalania so khönia wamonönö solohe ya'ia tobali '''domain integral''', ma lamane; '''daerah bilangan bulat''', mazui '''ranah bilangan bulat,'''.

Sambua ''medan (matematika)'' ma ''lapangan]'' ya'ia da'ö; ''gelanggang'' sikhala wamonönö wa fefu ''elemen'' tak-nol mamaehagö ''grup abelian'' barö ×. Sikhala wokali (×) lasura faoma numero 1 ba ''invers'' wokali moroi ba ''a'' lasura faoma ''a''&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;.

''Bilangan rasional, bilangan real'', faoma ''bilangan kompleks'' sambua duma-duma moroi ba ''lapangan''.


== Umbu ==


[[Kategori:Nias]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sangoguna:Slaia/Sistem Sosial Nias</title>
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    <id>5047</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28185</id>
      <parentid>28164</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-15T16:54:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Slaia</username>
        <id>39</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>menyisipkan gambar</comment>
      <origin>28185</origin>
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      <text bytes="32322" sha1="1v1aalg32jukif7in3ova93eyf8zek0" xml:space="preserve">''Ringkasan: Artikel ini menyajikan desa tradisional Nias (banua) sebagai sebuah kosmos otonom yang mengatur dirinya sendiri dan berlandaskan pada ingatan genealogis, bukan pada konsep-konsep keagamaan yang diperkenalkan oleh pihak Eropa. Tulisan ini menguraikan hierarki sosial yang kaku di pulau tersebut, pesta-pesta pencapaian status (owasa) yang bersifat kompetitif, aliansi pernikahan asimetris, serta hukum adat (fondrakö). Terakhir, artikel ini menelaah masa transisi yang traumatis pada awal abad ke-20, dari tradisi lisan leluhur menuju aturan tertulis gereja Kristen (amakhoita), serta dampak jangka panjangnya terhadap identitas masyarakat Nias.''

Dalam pandangan dunia tradisional Ono Niha, penduduk asli Pulau Nias di lepas pantai Sumatra Barat, kehidupan manusia dan tatanan sosial berakar pada penghormatan leluhur dan ingatan silsilah. Berbeda dengan miskonsepsi kolonial Eropa awal yang memandang ''Teteholi Ana'a'' sebagai &quot;surga emas di langit&quot; dan ''Lowalangi'' sebagai tuhan monoteistik, studi etnologi komparatif &lt;ref&gt;Hämmerle 2013&lt;/ref&gt; mengungkapkan bahwa kebudayaan tradisional Nias tidak mengenal konsep agama abstrak, surga, atau dewa monoteistik. Sebaliknya, ''Teteholi Ana'a'' merujuk secara historis pada pemukiman pertama leluhur di atas bukit di Nias tengah (juga dikenal sebagai ''Börönadu'' di tepi sungai Holi) sekaligus metafora puitis untuk proses kehamilan manusia, sementara ''Lowalangi'' adalah gelar kehormatan anumerta bagi pendiri garis keturunan utama, Leluhur Hia.

Untuk memahami bagaimana filsafat hidup leluhur ini dijalankan, seseorang harus melihat unit politik dan spasial paling mendasar: desa berbenteng di atas bukit yang dikenal sebagai '''banua'''.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 17, 28; Hämmerle 2013, 176, 179&lt;/ref&gt; Berarti secara harfiah &quot;dunia&quot; atau &quot;alam semesta&quot; dalam bahasa Nias, ''banua'' dikonsepkan bukan sekadar kumpulan tempat tinggal, melainkan sebuah kosmos politik yang otonom dan mandiri.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 14, 17&lt;/ref&gt; Berlapiskan batu-batu tebal dan terletak tinggi di atas bukit untuk pertahanan, ''banua'' mewakili alam semesta yang teratur menurut tata manusia.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 14, 29&lt;/ref&gt; Di luar gerbang pertahanannya membentang hutan rimba, wilayah asing dan liar yang dihuni oleh roh-roh hutan (''bela'') dan musuh pemburu kepala (''niha baero'').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 14, 15, 17&lt;/ref&gt; Di dalam dunia-desa ini, masyarakat Nias membangun salah satu sistem kemasyarakatan paling kompleks, kaku, dan terstratifikasi di Asia Tenggara, sebuah sistem sosial di mana kekuasaan, gengsi, pernikahan, dan hukum terjalin secara erat.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 12, 55&lt;/ref&gt;

== Stratifikasi Sosial: Kekakuan Hirarki Nias ==

Berbeda dengan kebudayaan tetangga di sepanjang kepulauan benteng di Sumatra barat yang sebagian besar tetap egaliter, masyarakat tradisional Nias ditandai oleh struktur kelas yang sangat kaku.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 311; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 53&lt;/ref&gt; Setiap individu terlahir ke dalam tingkatan sosial tertentu, dan hirarki membagi desa menjadi beberapa kelas yang terdefinisi dengan jelas:

* '''Kaum Bangsawan (Si'ulu atau Salaŵa):''' Di puncak tertinggi masyarakat Nias berdiri kaum bangsawan turun-temurun, dikenal sebagai ''si'ulu'' (berarti &quot;mereka yang ada di atas&quot;) di selatan, atau ''salaŵa'' (berarti &quot;yang tertinggi&quot;) di utara dan tengah.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 449; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 21, 55&lt;/ref&gt; Para kepala suku ini mengklaim garis keturunan langsung dan tak terputus dari leluhur pendiri desa, sebuah silsilah yang melegitimasi wewenang mutlak mereka untuk memerintah, memimpin musyawarah, dan menegakkan hukum adat.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 450; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 13&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Para Penasihat (Si ila):''' Berada tepat di bawah kaum bangsawan adalah ''si ila'' (&quot;mereka yang tahu&quot;, dari kata ''manila'', &quot;mengetahui&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 449, 451; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 21, 25&lt;/ref&gt; Mereka adalah rakyat biasa yang, melalui kecerdasan luar biasa, kekayaan, dan kemahiran berpidato, dipilih untuk menjadi penasihat kepala suku, membantu memediasi perselisihan dan mengadili perkara.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 452; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 14, 25&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Para Prajurit (Balö niha):''' Para &quot;pria kuat&quot; atau &quot;pria terkemuka&quot; ini membentuk pengawal kehormatan elit kepala suku.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 449, 452&lt;/ref&gt; Status sebagai ''balö niha'' diperoleh melalui keberanian pribadi, kekuatan fisik, serta ketangkasan dalam peperangan dan perburuan kepala.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 452&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Rakyat Biasa (Sato):''' Mayoritas penduduk tergolong sebagai ''sato'' (&quot;yang banyak&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 449; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 55&lt;/ref&gt; Meskipun menikmati akses bebas ke tanah komunal, mereka memiliki kewajiban upeti dan kerja bakti yang berat kepada kaum bangsawan serta tidak memiliki perwakilan langsung dalam peradilan desa (''oraho'').&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 311; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 53, 55&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Kaum Budak (Sawuyu atau Binu):''' Berada sepenuhnya di luar hirarki silsilah adalah kelas budak yang besar.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 449; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 55&lt;/ref&gt; Budak biasa (''sawuyu'', secara harfiah &quot;yang muda&quot;) adalah rakyat biasa yang kehilangan kemerdekaannya akibat utang yang tak terbayar atau pelanggaran sosial.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 21, 48&lt;/ref&gt; Tawanan perang, yang dikenal sebagai ''binu'', mengalami nasib yang jauh lebih ganas; mereka dipelihara oleh kepala suku sebagai pekerja rumah tangga dan secara berkala dikorbankan untuk menyenangkan roh leluhur saat pembangunan rumah bangsawan atau pemakaman kepala suku.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 21, 48, 55&lt;/ref&gt; Jika seorang bangsawan kaya menebus hukuman mati seorang penjahat, orang tersebut menjadi budak seumur hidup bagi bangsawan tersebut, dikenal sebagai ''hölitö''.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 27, 55&lt;/ref&gt; Di Nias Selatan, budak juga disebut sebagai ''harakana''.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 55&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asal-usul Ekologis dan Historis Stratifikasi Nias ===
Mengapa Nias mengembangkan stratifikasi yang begitu kaku dibandingkan tetangganya? Dalam studi monumental, antropolog Wolfgang Marschall (2002) mengajukan penjelasan ekologis berdasarkan '''keterbatasan geografis dan kepadatan penduduk'''.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312&lt;/ref&gt;

Nias memiliki populasi yang padat secara historis tetapi memiliki medan bergunung-gunung yang mencegah perkembangan budi daya padi sawah, memaksa penduduk mengandalkan pertanian ladang berpindah (''ladang/swidden'').&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312&lt;/ref&gt; Karena pulau ini terbatas secara geografis, migrasi keluar sangat terbatas.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312&lt;/ref&gt; Untuk menghadapi kelangkaan sumber daya, garis keturunan yang dominan mengorganisasi masyarakat secara vertikal, membatasi akses sumber daya bagi kelas bawah.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312&lt;/ref&gt; Tekanan internal ini diperhebat oleh '''perdagangan budak eksternal''' sebelum era kolonial.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312&lt;/ref&gt; Dimulai sejak abad ke-11 melalui serangan Kesultanan Aceh, dan berlanjut melalui kontrak formal dengan Kompeni Belanda (VOC) pada tahun 1669 dan 1693, kaum bangsawan ''si'ulu'' secara aktif menjual tawanan dan rakyat yang terjerat utang kepada pedagang asing demi mendapatkan emas, gong, dan senjata api.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312, 317; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 15, 17&lt;/ref&gt; Perdagangan ini memungkinkan elit penguasa menumpuk kekayaan melimpah dan membangun monopoli kekuasaan yang belum pernah ada sebelumnya.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mobilitas Sosial: Pesta Jasa dan Ekonomi Lakhömi ==

Meskipun sifat kepemimpinan bangsawan bersifat turun-temurun, masyarakat tradisional Nias memberikan ruang bagi mobilitas sosial yang sangat kompetitif melalui penyelenggaraan '''pesta jasa''', yang dikenal sebagai '''ovasa''' di utara dan tengah, atau '''tawila''' di selatan.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1991, 216; Scarduelli 1990, 451, 453&lt;/ref&gt;

Melalui ''ovasa'', seorang rakyat biasa secara teoritis dapat menaiki tingkatan (''bosi'') dalam hirarki sosial, sementara seorang bangsawan dapat mengesahkan dan meningkatkan wibawa serta otoritas spiritualnya, yang dikenal sebagai '''lakhömi'''.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1991, 216, 234; Scarduelli 1990, 451&lt;/ref&gt; Mata uang ''ovasa'' terdiri dari dua hal: babi dan emas.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1991, 216, 221; Scarduelli 1990, 449&lt;/ref&gt; Menyelenggarakan pesta menuntut tuan rumah mengumpulkan, meminjam, dan membagikan daging babi serta perhiasan emas dalam jumlah masif kepada komunitas.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1991, 219; Scarduelli 1990, 449&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Berkas:Naik Tingkat Sosial Nias.png|pus|jmpl]]

Untuk mencapai tingkat terendah sebagai kepala keluarga dewasa, seorang rakyat biasa harus menggelar *tawila* dasar untuk menyucikan anting emas sederhana.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 453&lt;/ref&gt; Untuk naik ke tingkat *si ila* (penasihat), seorang pria harus menggelar dua pesta berturut-turut untuk menyucikan gelang dan kalung emas, menyembelih puluhan ekor babi.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 453; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 21&lt;/ref&gt; Bagi seorang bangsawan (*si'ulu*) untuk memangku jabatan tertinggi sebagai kepala desa (*balö si'ulu*), ia harus menyelesaikan siklus sedikitnya enam (di Nias Selatan) atau sebelas/dua belas (di Nias Tengah) pesta besar.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 453; Beatty 1991, 217; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 44&lt;/ref&gt;

Pesta-pesta besar ini membutuhkan:
* Penyembelihan ratusan ekor babi.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 453; Beatty 1991, 217&lt;/ref&gt;
* Penyucian berilogram-kilogram zirah emas, termasuk mahkota, pedang, dan jubah bersalut daun emas.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 453, 454; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 13, 53&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mobilisasi tenaga kerja komunal untuk mengangkut dan menegakkan monumen batu masif, kursi batu ukir (''darodaro'' atau ''harefa'') dan tugu batu obelisk (''behu'' atau ''gowe''), yang berdiri di depan rumah kepala suku sebagai bukti fisik yang permanen atas tingkatan kemuliaannya.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 451; Beatty 1991, 229; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 53&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Pengorbanan tertinggi:''' Untuk menyucikan status kepala suku tertinggi dan meresmikan pembangunan rumah besar kepala suku (''omo sebua''), diperlukan sebuah kepala manusia yang dipenggal (''binu'').&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 452, 459; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 13, 14, 53&lt;/ref&gt; Para prajurit dikirim untuk menyerang wilayah musuh, terutama wilayah utara non-Mölö, untuk mengambil kepala-kepala ini, yang ditanam di bawah tiang penyangga rumah dan kemudian digantung di balai desa (''bale'' atau ''osali nadu'').&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 452; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 14, 53, 55&lt;/ref&gt;

Meskipun mobilitas ke atas mendatangkan *lakhömi* yang luar biasa, penurunan kelas sosial adalah ancaman yang selalu mengintai.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1991, 217&lt;/ref&gt; Jika seorang rakyat biasa (*sato*) terjerat utang mendalam untuk membiayai pernikahan anak-anaknya, jatuh sakit dan membutuhkan pengorbanan yang mahal, atau gagal membayar kembali kewajiban *ovasa*-nya, ia menjadi sasaran bunga utang yang mencekik dari orang kaya.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1991, 220, 231&lt;/ref&gt; Tak sanggup membayar, ia dan anak-anaknya akan merosot langsung menjadi budak utang (*sawuyu*), dicabut dari seluruh kedudukan sosial dan hak hukumnya.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 21, 48&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kekerabatan dan Pernikahan: Hubungan Memberi dan Menerima Istri ==

Kekerabatan di Nias diorganisasi berdasarkan garis keturunan patrilineal, atau klan, yang dikenal sebagai '''mado''' di utara dan '''gana''' di selatan.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 52&lt;/ref&gt; Eksogami klan ditegakkan secara ketat: menikahi seseorang dari *mado* yang sama dianggap sebagai inses (''salakha''), yang secara historis diancam dengan hukuman mati.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 37, 52&lt;/ref&gt;

Alih-alih pertukaran timbal balik yang sederhana, kekerabatan Nias diatur oleh sistem '''aliansi pernikahan asimetris non-preskriptif''' yang unik.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 454&lt;/ref&gt; Dalam sistem ini, perempuan dan pembayaran pernikahan mengalir dalam satu arah yang mutlak.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 454, 455&lt;/ref&gt; Ini menciptakan ketimpangan material dan spiritual yang mendalam dan seumur hidup antara kedua kelompok:

* '''Pemberi Istri (Sokhö ya'ita atau Sibaya):''' Kelompok yang memberikan perempuan dalam pernikahan disebut ''sokhö ya'ita'', yang berarti secara harfiah &quot;mereka yang memiliki/memegang kita&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 457, 465&lt;/ref&gt; Karena mereka adalah sumber &quot;karunia kehidupan&quot; (reproduksi dan tenaga kerja pertanian), mereka dipandang superior secara spiritual dan memiliki kuasa mistis untuk memberkati atau mengutuk penerima istri.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 465&lt;/ref&gt; Penerima istri secara harfiah &quot;berlutut&quot; di hadapan pemberi istrinya, yang menduduki posisi sejajar dengan Tuhan dan leluhur.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 465&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Penerima Istri (Ono alawe atau Ono):''' Kelompok yang menerima istri diposisikan sebagai bawahan, menanggung utang seumur hidup yang tak pernah bisa dilunasi sepenuhnya.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 457, 465&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Berkas:Sistem Kekerabatan Nias.png|pus|jmpl]]
Untuk menelusuri kewajiban yang kompleks ini, masyarakat Nias memetakan pernikahan secara cermat melalui '''garis keturunan ibu''' (''nga'ötö ndra alawe''), menelusuri garis keturunan patrilineal ibu, nenek dari pihak ibu, dan buyut dari pihak ibu.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 457&lt;/ref&gt; Ketika aliansi pernikahan dirundingkan, keluarga pengantin pria harus membagikan berbagai porsi mahar, atau '''böwö''' (yang disimbolkan oleh kalung emas berharga, ''aya''), kepada rantai garis keturunan pemberi istri historis: kaum patrilineal pengantin wanita (''so'ono''), paman dari pihak ibu (''sibaya''), hingga saudara laki-laki nenek dari pihak ibu.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 455, 456&lt;/ref&gt;

Bagi Ono Niha, ''böwö'' tidak pernah dipandang sebagai harga jual beli komersial, melainkan sebagai simbol penghormatan, kasih sayang, dan solidaritas sosial yang berkelanjutan (''faoböwö'').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 40&lt;/ref&gt; Pepatah Nias yang populer menyatakan: ''Hönö mböwö no awai, hönö mböwö no tosai'', &quot;ribuan telah dibayarkan dalam mahar, namun ribuan lagi masih tersisa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 312&lt;/ref&gt; Ini menangkap pemahaman bahwa aliansi pernikahan adalah hubungan utang, saling menghormati, dan pertukaran timbal balik seumur hidup.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 312&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tata Pemerintahan dan Hukum Adat Fondrakö ==

Sebelum diterapkannya kekuasaan kolonial, ''banua'' berfungsi sebagai &quot;republik desa&quot; yang independen dan mandiri.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 52; Beatty 1991, 228&lt;/ref&gt; Kepala suku utama (''salaŵa'' atau ''balö zi'ulu'') memimpin musyawarah desa (''oraho''), yang terdiri dari kaum bangsawan, tokoh masyarakat, dan kepala keluarga.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 451; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 53&lt;/ref&gt; Hukum adat, yang dikenal sebagai '''adat''' atau '''hada''', bukanlah sekumpulan aturan yang statis, melainkan sistem dinamis yang secara berkala diperbarui, direvisi, dan disahkan melalui upacara suci yang dramatis yang disebut '''fondrakö'''.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 19, 26&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fondrakö: Pembuatan Hukum Melalui Sumpah Kutukan ===
Kata ''fondrakö'' berasal dari kata kerja ''rakö'', yang merujuk pada proses musyawarah umum di antara para tetua untuk menerapkan hukum baru, menetapkan standar timbangan, dan menentukan ukuran baku (''fali'era'').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 19, 26&lt;/ref&gt; Untuk meratifikasi dan menyucikan keputusan-keputusan baru ini, imam tinggi (''ere'' atau ''ere börö nadu'') memimpin upacara teatrikal (Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 21, 26):

* Sang ''ere'' berdiri di atas meja batu suci di alun-alun desa.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 26&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ia membacakan hukum-hukum yang baru disepakati kepada publik, dengan warga desa menjawab serentak: ''Huuuuuu'' (&quot;demikianlah, Amin&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 26&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sang ''ere'' kemudian berdiri di samping api unggun dekat patung leluhur (''adu siraha lato'').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 26&lt;/ref&gt; Ia mengucapkan kutukan-kutukan mengerikan bagi siapa saja yang berani melanggar ''fondrakö'' baru tersebut (Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 26, 27): ''Patahkanlah kaki siapa saja yang melanggar, dan belahlah perutnya! Biarlah ia tidak memiliki anak; di bumi jangan biarkan ia berakar, dan di langit jangan biarkan ia berpucuk; biarlah ia lenyap tanpa bekas, dan mati tanpa kubur!'' (Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 27)
* Untuk menegaskan kutukan ini, sang imam melakukan tindakan simbolis yang dramatis, seperti menuangkan timah cair (''simo'') ke dalam paruh ayam hidup atau mematahkan ranting kering untuk melambangkan kehancuran fisik pelanggar hukum.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 26, 27&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, ''fondrakö'' ditegakkan secara ketat.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 27&lt;/ref&gt; Pelanggaran adat ringan berakibat denda berat berupa emas atau babi.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 27&lt;/ref&gt; Pelanggaran paling berat, perzinahan (''mohorö''), pembunuhan, dan pengkhianatan, diancam hukuman mati, yang dieksekusi dengan gantung, ditenggelamkan, atau dikubur hidup-hidup.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 27&lt;/ref&gt; Namun, kaum bangsawan yang kaya memiliki akses ke lembaga penebusan ('''hölitö'''), membayar sejumlah besar emas (''hölihöli döla mbagi'') untuk &quot;menebus leher mereka,&quot; yang tak terhindarkan mengakibatkan pelaku miskin menjadi budak mereka selamanya (''sawuyu'' atau ''hölitö'').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 27, 55, 255&lt;/ref&gt; Untuk mencegah ketidakadilan atau bias peradilan, para hakim dan kepala suku juga mengandalkan '''adu horö''' (patung buaya berkepala ganda) untuk mengawasi norma-norma tradisional dan memastikan keadilan.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 23, 255&lt;/ref&gt;

== Perjumpaan dengan Kekristenan: Dari Fondrakö ke Amakhoita Tertulis ==

Pada paruh kedua abad ke-19, misionaris Lutheran Jerman dari Rhenish Missionary Society (RM) tiba di Nias, disusul oleh misionaris Belanda dari Dutch Lutheran Missionary Society (DLM) di Kepulauan Batu di selatan.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 12, 41-42&lt;/ref&gt; Pada awal abad ke-20, pemerintah kolonial Belanda menyelesaikan penaklukan militernya yang ganas di pulau ini, mengakhiri era kepala suku yang berdaulat.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 95, 98&lt;/ref&gt;

Bekerja sama secara erat, pemerintah kolonial dan misi Kristen berusaha secara sistematis membongkar tatanan agama tradisional, yang mereka pandang sebagai &quot;kegelapan kafir&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 15, 98&lt;/ref&gt; Aliansi ini membawa perubahan sosial yang cepat dan traumatis:

* Pada tahun 1914, pemerintah Belanda dan misi '''secara ketat melarang''' ritual besar rekonsiliasi dan pembaruan hukum, seperti ''börö nadu'' dan ''famatö harimao'', untuk mencegah pengumpulan massa dan pemberontakan politik.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 98, 122&lt;/ref&gt;
* Para misionaris secara sistematis memasuki rumah-rumah warga, menuntut pemusnahan seluruh patung kayu leluhur ('''adu zatua'''), yang kemudian dibakar, dikubur, atau dikirim ke museum-museum Eropa sebagai piala kemenangan.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 21-22, 103&lt;/ref&gt;
* Untuk membersihkan desa dan menegakkan higienitas, pemerintah kolonial melarang memelihara babi di kolong rumah tradisional (''omo hada'').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 98, 122&lt;/ref&gt; Ini, digabungkan dengan pembersihan ''adu'' di bawah atap rumah, meruntuhkan pandangan dunia kosmolagis tiga tingkat kuno masyarakat Nias (dunia bawah, dunia manusia, dan dunia roh).&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 98, 122&lt;/ref&gt;
* Praktik-praktik seperti pengasahan gigi (''fangöhözi'') dan pemotongan alat kelamin pria (''famoto'') ditentang keras dan dilarang dalam konferensi tetua tahun 1917–1918.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 34, 35, 105&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Berkas:Transisi Hukum Nias.png|pus|jmpl]]

=== Guncangan Budaya Traumatis: Melumpuhkan Tubuh Sosial ===
Bagi generasi muda Nias saat ini, yang tumbuh di tengah masyarakat modern yang damai di mana menara gereja menghiasi cakrawala, hampir tidak terbayangkan skala guncangan budaya yang mengerikan yang dialami oleh leluhur mereka pada dekade awal abad ke-20. Kehidupan tradisional Nias bukan sekadar agama; itu adalah kosmos holistik di mana hukum, pertanian, arsitektur, dan keluarga terhubung secara intim dengan roh leluhur.

Ketika militer kolonial Belanda menyelesaikan penaklukan militernya di Nias pada tahun 1908, mereka tidak hanya menaklukkan wilayah; dalam aliansi erat dengan misionaris Barat, mereka membongkar fondasi mendasar identitas Nias.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 122, 230&lt;/ref&gt; Ini adalah guncangan mendadak yang meruntuhkan dunia.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 2012, 295-296&lt;/ref&gt; Pada tahun 1908, pemerintah Belanda melarang ritual suci ''börö nadu'' dan ''famatö harimao'', pesta besar rekonsiliasi dan pembaruan hukum yang digelar masyarakat Nias setiap tujuh hingga empat belas tahun untuk memulihkan keseimbangan kosmis, menghentikan perang antar-desa, dan memperbarui hukum adat.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 98, 324&lt;/ref&gt; Untuk memperjelas trauma tersebut secara fisik, pada tahun yang sama, seorang misionaris bernama Johannes Bieger secara terbuka menebang pohon suci ''fösi'' di Bawalia, sebuah tindakan penentangan yang menimbulkan kepanikan kolektif dan meninggalkan &quot;ruang hampa keagamaan&quot; yang melumpuhkan.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 122, 324&lt;/ref&gt;

Para misionaris secara sistematis memasuki rumah-rumah, menuntut agar keluarga menyerahkan patung kayu leluhur (''adu zatua'') yang sangat mereka cintai untuk dimusnahkan.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 103, 104&lt;/ref&gt; Bagi misi Jerman dan Belanda, patung-patung ini adalah &quot;berhala kafir&quot; yang bisa dipotong begitu saja. Namun bagi masyarakat Nias, ''adu zatua'' adalah orang tua dan kakek-nenek mereka, sumber perlindungan, penyembuhan, dan berkat kehidupan (''howuhowu'').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 20, 22&lt;/ref&gt; Membuangnya terasa seperti mengubur orang tua mereka untuk kedua kalinya, atau membiarkan mereka masuk ke dalam neraka.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 22, 104&lt;/ref&gt; Para antropolog hari ini mencatat bahwa dengan memperlakukan agama leluhur sebagai &quot;organ tambahan&quot; kecil yang bisa diamputasi, para misionaris telah memotong saraf pusat Nias, melumpuhkan seluruh tubuh sosial dan melakukan apa yang dikritik oleh para pengamat saat itu sebagai &quot;vandalisme budaya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 104, 230&lt;/ref&gt;

Guncangan traumatis ini memicu kepanikan eksistensial yang hebat.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 2012, 295-296&lt;/ref&gt; Ketika gerakan konversi massal pertama, Pertobatan Besar (''fangesa dödö sebua''), melanda Nias mulai tahun 1915, gerakan ini didorong bukan sekadar oleh kesadaran teologis, melainkan oleh krisis ketakutan kolektif, wabah cacar, dan pembangkangan politik yang ditindas.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 156, 160&lt;/ref&gt; Di bawah tekanan psikologis yang intens dari para misionaris yang mengancam dengan pengucilan dan api neraka abadi, orang Nias mulai &quot;melompat&quot; dan gemetar di gereja, menangis ketakutan akan neraka dan secara histeris mengakui dosa-dosa mereka dalam keadaan disosiasi spiritual.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 2012, 308, 311&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Hukum Baru&quot; (''huku Lowalangi'') yang dihasilkan memaksa masyarakat Nias menjalani &quot;kehidupan ganda&quot; yang terpisah.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 51, 248, 250&lt;/ref&gt; Di luar, mereka mematuhi aturan gereja; secara sembunyi-sembunyi, di dalam rumah, mereka masih menjalankan pantangan kehamilan tradisional (''famoni'') dan memohon berkat leluhur, takut mendatangkan kutukan bagi anak-anak mereka.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 248, 250&lt;/ref&gt; Bagi banyak orang, keruntuhan dunia kuno mereka secara mendadak tidak membawa kedamaian Kristen secara langsung, melainkan &quot;pengasingan spiritual&quot; yang menyakitkan.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 2012, 295, 316&lt;/ref&gt; Terputus dari leluhur namun tak mampu memenuhi standar moral Kristen Barat yang mustahil tanpa utang, mereka merasa terjebak di antara dua dunia. Seperti yang diakui seorang tetua dengan pilu kepada antropolog Andrew Beatty: ''&quot;Ya, kami adalah orang Kristen. Tetapi kami bukanlah anak-anak Allah. Kami adalah anak-anak tiri Allah&quot;''.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 2012, 316&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lahirnya Amakhoita Tertulis ===
Dengan dilarangnya mekanisme tradisional pembaruan hukum (''fondrakö''), hukum adat menjadi beku, menghasilkan ruang hampa hukum dan spiritual yang parah.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 138, 160&lt;/ref&gt; Untuk mengisi kekosongan ini dan menegakkan ketertiban sosial di antara ribuan pemeluk baru, para misionaris dan pembantu pribumi mereka beralih ke '''pendekatan legislatif'''.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 126, 139&lt;/ref&gt;

Antara tahun 1912 dan 1915, mereka bekerja sama dengan Residen Belanda Tapanuli untuk menyusun kode khusus hukum adat bagi orang Nias Kristen ('''adat-recht''').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 102, 110&lt;/ref&gt; Ini segera disusul oleh kode disiplin dan tata tertib gereja sendiri, di mana mereka mengadopsi istilah leluhur tradisional: '''amakhoita'''.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 139, 140&lt;/ref&gt;

Pertama kali disahkan oleh konferensi misionaris pada tahun 1923 sebagai ''&quot;Aturan bagi Orang Kristen di Nias&quot;'' (''Amakhoita Sogoena ba mbanua Niha Keriso ba Danö Nias''), dokumen tertulis ini menggantikan ''fondrakö'' yang fleksibel dengan kode legalis yang kaku (Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 140, 298):
* Kode ini secara ketat melarang seluruh persembahan leluhur tradisional (''adu zatua''), penegakan megalit peringatan (''gowe''), dan konsultasi kepada imam tradisional (''ere'').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 174, 298&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kode ini mengatur kehidupan keluarga dengan menetapkan usia pernikahan minimum (18 tahun untuk pria, 16 tahun untuk wanita), melarang poligami, dan melarang pernikahan dengan non-Kristen (''niha baero'').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 298&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kode ini menjatuhkan sanksi berat bagi pelanggaran: mereka yang tertangkap menjalankan ritual leluhur, berzina, atau menggelar pesta babi terlarang (''owasa'') dikucilkan dari gereja, ditolak sakramen, dan ditolak pemakaman secara Kristen.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 185, 298&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Revisi Amakhoita pada Tahun 1960-an ===
Setelah Perang Dunia II dan kemerdekaan Indonesia, Gereja Nias Protestan yang baru mandiri ('''BNKP''', didirikan tahun 1936) berjuang menghadapi dualisme kehidupan Nias yang persisten.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 12, 175, 230&lt;/ref&gt; Secara resmi, masyarakat adalah umat Kristen yang taat; secara praktis, mereka terus menjalankan ''adat'' leluhur secara sembunyi-sembunyi.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 175, 230&lt;/ref&gt;

Untuk mengatasi ketegangan ini, Sinode BNKP melakukan revisi besar-besaran terhadap ''amakhoita'' pada tahun '''1961''', menerapkan larangan yang lebih radikal.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 126, 324&lt;/ref&gt; Sebagai contoh, jika kode tahun 1923 masih mentoleransi pantangan kehamilan tradisional ('''famoni'''), kode tahun 1961 secara eksplisit melarangnya sebagai &quot;pemujaan berhala kafir&quot; (''amonita niha baero'') yang melanggar Hukum Pertama dan Kedua.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 291, 308&lt;/ref&gt;

Namun, selama Sinode bersejarah tahun '''1964 dan 1965''', gereja terpaksa menerapkan serangkaian kompromi budaya untuk meredakan gesekan yang berlangsung:
* '''Mas Kawin:''' Melihat bahwa keluarga-keluarga hancur secara finansial akibat tinggi mas kawin (''böwö wangowalu''), sinode tahun 1964 secara resmi membatasi mas kawin maksimal menjadi 17 ekor babi (masing-masing berbobot sekitar 50 kg) pada tanggal 16 Mei 1964.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 309&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Kematian dan Pemakaman:''' Secara tradisional, keluarga menjalankan ''fangasi'' (pesta babi masif setelah pemakaman) dan ''fanibo tufo'' (membuang tempat tidur dan barang-barang almarhum pada hari keempat untuk mengusir roh).&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 235, 312&lt;/ref&gt; Sinode 1965 berkompromi dengan mengganti ''fanibo tufo'' yang animistik menjadi '''fananö bunga''' (menanam bunga di atas kubur), dan ''fangasi'' menjadi '''fame'e ö zohalöwö''' (memberi makan para pekerja).&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 235, 313&lt;/ref&gt; Untuk mencegah kembalinya pemujaan roh leluhur, gereja menetapkan bahwa kegiatan-kegiatan ini tidak boleh diikat secara khusus pada hari keempat setelah kematian.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 235, 313&lt;/ref&gt;

== Keunikan Nias: Perspektif Komparatif ==

Sistem sosial dan hukum adat Nias berdiri secara kontras jika dibandingkan dengan kebudayaan tetangga di wilayah tersebut:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Fitur !! Kebudayaan Nias !! Mentawai, Enggano, Simuluë !! Kebudayaan Batak (Sumatra)
|-
| '''Struktur Sosial''' || '''Stratifikasi Kaku:''' Kasta ketat (''si'ulu'', ''sato'', ''sawuyu'') didorong oleh kepadatan penduduk yang tinggi.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 311; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 53&lt;/ref&gt; || '''Egaliter:''' Tidak memiliki kepala suku turun-temurun, kelas kaku, atau perdagangan budak terorganisasi.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 311&lt;/ref&gt; || '''Garis Kerajaan Terstratifikasi:''' Sistem kerajaan tersentralisasi (''raja'') yang berfungsi sebagai simbol tradisi.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 156, 273&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Sistem Perbudakan''' || '''Perbudakan Luas:''' Perbudakan utang (''sawuyu'') dan tawalan korban manusia (''binu'') sangat terintegrasi dalam pesta tingkatan sosial.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 21, 30, 55&lt;/ref&gt; || '''Tidak Ada:''' Tidak ada perbudakan perang atau utang yang terinstitusi.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 311&lt;/ref&gt; || '''Terbatas:''' Ada namun kurang terikat pada arsitektur megalit monumen atau ekspor skala besar.
|-
| '''Aliansi Pernikahan''' || '''Asimetris &amp; Non-Preskriptif:''' Larangan pernikahan satu arah yang ketat, namun tanpa aturan positif untuk menikahi sepupu tertentu.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 455&lt;/ref&gt; || '''Simetris/Bilateral:''' Berfokus pada pertukaran timbal balik yang lebih sederhana. || '''Asimetris &amp; Preskriptif:''' Aturan hukum ketat yang mewajibkan pernikahan dengan sepupu matrilateral (''kalimbubu'' / ''anakberu'').&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 455&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Integrasi Politik''' || '''Kosmos Tersentralisasi Lokal:''' Republik desa independen (''banua'') yang sangat kompetitif, berpusat pada kepala suku dan ''fondrakö''.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 11, 28; Beatty 1991, 228&lt;/ref&gt; || '''Desentralisasi:''' Berbasis pada pemukiman keluarga kecil yang egaliter. || '''Aliansi Tersentralisasi:''' Federasi regional yang lebih besar dan stabil dengan rumah penguasa turun-temurun.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 156, 273&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

Through sejarah panjang tekanan lingkungan yang intens, pertanian ladang, dan perdagangan budak era pra-kolonial yang sangat menguntungkan, Nias menciptakan sebuah kosmos yang unik dan kaku.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312&lt;/ref&gt; Meskipun patung-patung fisik ''adu'' telah tumbang, warisan sistem kuno ini, jaringan utang pernikahan, wewenang para kepala suku, serta pergulatan moral antara hukum tertulis dan ''adat'', terus membentuk hati dan kehidupan Ono Niha hingga hari ini.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 175, 230&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sumber ==

* '''Beatty 1990:''' Andrew Beatty, ''Asymmetric Alliance in Nias, Indonesia''. Man, New Series, Vol. 25, No. 3 (Sep., 1990), pp. 454-471.
* '''Beatty 1991:''' Andrew Beatty, ''Ovasa: Feasts of merit in Nias''. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 147 (1991), no. 2/3, Leiden, pp. 216-235.
* '''Beatty 2012:''' Andrew Beatty, ''The Tell-Tale Heart: Conversion and Emotion in Nias''. Ethnos, Vol. 77:3, September 2012, pp. 295-320.
* '''Hämmerle 2013:''' Johannes M. Hämmerle, ''150 years of ethnological interpretation and misinterpretation of Nias, Indonesia''. Dalam: *Sigaru Dora'a / International Ethnological Studies*, Museum Pusaka Nias, Gunungsitoli.
* '''Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007:''' Uwe Hummel dan Tuhoni Telaumbanua, ''Cross and Adu: A Socio-Historical Study on the Encounter between Christianity and the Indigenous Culture on Nias and the Batu Islands, Indonesia (1865-1965)''. Utrecht University, Boekencentrum Publishing House, Zoetermeer, 2007.
* '''Marschall 2002:''' Wolfgang Marschall, ''Social Stratification and Slavery on Nias and its Reflection in Oral History''. Indonesia and the Malay World, Vol. 30, No. 88, 2002, pp. 309-318.
* '''Scarduelli 1990:''' Pietro Scarduelli, ''Accumulation Of Heads, Distribution Of Food: The Image Of Power In Nias''. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Deel 146, 4de Afl. (1990), pp. 448-462.

== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|18em}}

[[Kategori:Nias Heritage]]
[[Kategori:Ondröita Nono Niha]]
[[Kategori:Warisan Nias]]</text>
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    <title>Sangoguna:Slaia/Nias Social System</title>
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      <text bytes="30837" sha1="88sp2gemvbmydc43igbdp8bsi5gf3tx" xml:space="preserve">''Summary: This article presents the traditional Nias village (banua) as a self-governing, autonomous cosmos grounded in genealogical memory rather than European-imposed religious concepts. It details the island's rigid social hierarchy, competitive feasts of merit (owasa), asymmetric marriage alliances, and customary law (fondrakö). Finally, it examines the traumatic early 20th-century transition from oral ancestral tradition to written Christian church codes (amakhoita) and its lasting impact on Nias identity.''

In the traditional worldview of the Ono Niha, the indigenous inhabitants of the West Sumatran barrier island of Nias, human life and social order were rooted in ancestral veneration and genealogical memory. Contrary to early European colonial misinterpretations that viewed ''Teteholi Ana'a'' as a &quot;golden celestial upperworld&quot; and ''Lowalangi'' as a monotheistic god, comparative ethnological studies &lt;ref&gt;Hämmerle 2013&lt;/ref&gt; reveal that traditional Nias culture possessed no concepts of abstract religion, heaven, or monotheistic deities. Instead, ''Teteholi Ana'a'' refers historically to the first ancestral hilltop settlement in central Nias (also known as ''Börönadu'' on the Holi river) as well as a poetic metaphor for human gestation, while ''Lowalangi'' was the posthumous title of the primary lineage founder, Ancestor Hia.

To understand how this ancestral philosophy of life was lived, one must look to its most fundamental political and spatial unit: the fortified hilltop village, known as the '''banua'''.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 17, 28; Hämmerle 2013, 176, 179&lt;/ref&gt; Meaning literally &quot;world&quot; or &quot;universe&quot; in the Nias language, the ''banua'' was conceived not merely as a collection of dwellings, but as a self-sufficient, politically autonomous cosmos.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 14, 17&lt;/ref&gt; Paved with heavy flagstones and situated high on ridges for defense, the ''banua'' represented the human-ordered universe.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 14, 29&lt;/ref&gt; Outside its defensive gates lay the primary forest, a menacing domain inhabited by wild forest spirits (''bela'') and headhunting enemies (''niha baero'').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 14, 15, 17&lt;/ref&gt; Within this village-world, the Nias people built one of the most complex, rigid, and highly stratified societies in Southeast Asia, a social system where power, prestige, marriage, and law were tightly interwoven.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 12, 55&lt;/ref&gt;

== Social Stratification: The Rigidity of the Nias Hierarchy ==

Unlike neighboring cultures along the barrier islands of western Sumatra, which remained largely egalitarian, traditional Nias society was characterized by an exceptionally rigid class structure.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 311; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 53&lt;/ref&gt; Every individual was born into a distinct social stratum, and the hierarchy divided the village into several well-defined classes:

* '''The Nobility (Si'ulu or Salaŵa):''' At the absolute apex of Nias society were the hereditary nobles, known as ''si'ulu'' (meaning &quot;those who are on high&quot;) in the south, or ''salaŵa'' (meaning &quot;the highest&quot;) in the north and center.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 449; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 21, 55&lt;/ref&gt; These chiefs claimed direct, uninterrupted descent from the mythical founding ancestors of the village, a genealogy that legitimized their absolute authority to govern, preside over assemblies, and administer customary law.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 450; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 13&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''The Advisors (Si ila):''' Positioned immediately below the nobility were the ''si ila'' (&quot;those who know&quot;, from ''manila'', &quot;to know&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 449, 451; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 21, 25&lt;/ref&gt; These were commoners who, through outstanding intelligence, wealth, and oratory skills, were chosen to serve as the chief's advisors, helping to mediate disputes and administer justice.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 452; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 14, 25&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''The Warriors (Balö niha):''' These &quot;great men&quot; or &quot;strong men&quot; made up the chief's elite guard of honor.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 449, 452&lt;/ref&gt; Status as a ''balö niha'' was earned through personal bravery, physical strength, and prowess in warfare and headhunting.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 452&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''The Commoners (Sato):''' The vast majority of the population belonged to the ''sato'' (&quot;the many&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 449; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 55&lt;/ref&gt; While they enjoyed free access to communal lands, they had heavy tribute and labor obligations to the nobility and lacked direct representation in the village court (''oraho'').&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 311; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 53, 55&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''The Slaves (Sawuyu or Binu):''' Positioned entirely outside the genealogical hierarchy was a large slave class.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 449; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 55&lt;/ref&gt; Ordinary slaves (''sawuyu'', literally &quot;the young ones&quot;) were commoners who had lost their freedom due to unpaid debts or social violations.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 21, 48&lt;/ref&gt; Captives of war, known as ''binu'', suffered a far harsher fate; they were kept by chiefs as house laborers and were regularly sacrificed to appease the ancestral spirits during the construction of noble houses or chiefly funerals.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 21, 48, 55&lt;/ref&gt; If a wealthy noble redeemed a condemned criminal's death penalty, that person also became the noble's lifelong slave, known as ''hölitö''.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 27, 55&lt;/ref&gt; In South Nias, slaves were also referred to as ''harakana''.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 55&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The Ecological and Historical Origins of Nias Stratification ===
Why did Nias develop such a rigid stratification compared to its neighbors? In a landmark study, the anthropologist Wolfgang Marschall (2002) proposed an ecological explanation based on '''geographical circumscription and population density'''.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312&lt;/ref&gt; 

Nias had a historically dense population but possessed a mountainous terrain that prevented the development of wet-rice cultivation (''sawah''), forcing the population to rely on swidden (slash-and-burn) agriculture.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312&lt;/ref&gt; Because the island was geographically bounded, emigration was limited.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312&lt;/ref&gt; To cope with resource scarcity, the dominant lineages reorganized society vertically, restricting access to resources for the lower classes.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312&lt;/ref&gt; This internal pressure was heavily intensified by the precolonial '''external slave trade'''.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312&lt;/ref&gt; Beginning as early as the eleventh century with raids by the Sultanate of Aceh, and continuing through formal contracts with the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1669 and 1693, the ''si'ulu'' nobility actively sold captives and debt-ridden commoners to foreign traders in exchange for gold, gongs, and firearms.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312, 317; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 15, 17&lt;/ref&gt; This trade allowed the ruling elite to consolidate immense wealth and establish an unprecedented monopoly on power.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312&lt;/ref&gt;

== Social Mobility: Feasts of Merit and the Economy of Lakhömi ==

Despite the hereditary nature of the nobility, traditional Nias society left room for a highly competitive form of social mobility through the sponsoring of grand '''feasts of merit''', known as '''ovasa''' in the north and center, or '''tawila''' in the south.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1991, 216; Scarduelli 1990, 451, 453&lt;/ref&gt; 

Through the ''ovasa'', a commoner could theoretically climb the ranks (''bosi'') of the social hierarchy, while a noble could validate and increase his prestige and spiritual authority, known as '''lakhömi'''.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1991, 216, 234; Scarduelli 1990, 451&lt;/ref&gt; The currency of the ''ovasa'' was twofold: pigs and gold.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1991, 216, 221; Scarduelli 1990, 449&lt;/ref&gt; Sponsoring a feast required the host to amass, borrow, and distribute massive quantities of pork and gold ornaments to the community.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1991, 219; Scarduelli 1990, 449&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Berkas:Nias Social Mobility.png|pus|jmpl]]

To achieve the lowest rank of an adult family head, a commoner had to hold a basic ''tawila'' to consecrate a simple gold earring.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 453&lt;/ref&gt; To rise to the rank of ''si ila'' (advisor), a man had to hold two successive feasts to consecrate gold bracelets and necklaces, slaughtering dozens of pigs.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 453; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 21&lt;/ref&gt; For a noble (''si'ulu'') to assume the supreme position of village chief (''balö si'ulu''), he had to complete a cycle of at least six (in South Nias) or eleven/twelve (in Central Nias) grand feasts.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 453; Beatty 1991, 217; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 44&lt;/ref&gt; 

These grand feasts required:
* The slaughter of hundreds of pigs.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 453; Beatty 1991, 217&lt;/ref&gt;
* The consecration of kilograms of gold armor, including helmets, sabers, and gold-leaf coats.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 453, 454; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 13, 53&lt;/ref&gt;
* The mobilization of communal labor to haul and erect massive stone monuments, carved stone seats (''darodaro'' or ''harefa'') and stone obelisks (''behu'' or ''gowe''), which stood in front of the chief's house as physical, permanent testaments of his rank.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 451; Beatty 1991, 229; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 53&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''The ultimate sacrifice:''' To consecrate the highest chiefly status and complete the construction of the chief’s great house (''omo sebua''), a severed human head (''binu'') was required.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 452, 459; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 13, 14, 53&lt;/ref&gt; Warriors were dispatched to raid enemy territories, particularly the northern non-Mölö regions, to fetch these heads, which were buried under the house's support pillars and later hung in the village assembly hall (''bale'' or ''osali nadu'').&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 452; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 14, 53, 55&lt;/ref&gt;

While upward mobility brought immense ''lakhömi'', downward mobility was an ever-present threat.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1991, 217&lt;/ref&gt; If an ordinary commoner (''sato'') fell deep into debt to finance his children's weddings, fell ill and required expensive sacrifices, or failed to repay his ''ovasa'' obligations, he was subjected to the extortionate interest rates of the wealthy.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1991, 220, 231&lt;/ref&gt; Unable to pay, he and his children would descend directly into debt-slavery (''sawuyu''), stripped of all social standing and legal rights.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 21, 48&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kinship and Marriage: Giving and Taking Wives ==

Kinship on Nias was organized around patrilineal maximal lineages, or clans, known as '''mado''' in the north and '''gana''' in the south.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 52&lt;/ref&gt; Clan exogamy was strictly enforced: marrying someone of the same ''mado'' was regarded as incestuous (''salakha''), historically punishable by execution.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 37, 52&lt;/ref&gt;

Rather than simple reciprocal exchanges, Nias kinship was governed by a unique system of '''non-prescriptive asymmetric marriage alliance'''.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 454&lt;/ref&gt; Under this system, women and marriage payments flowed in a strictly one-way direction.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 454, 455&lt;/ref&gt; This created a profound, lifelong spiritual and material inequality between the two involved groups:

* '''The Wife-Givers (Sokhö ya'ita or Sibaya):''' The group that gave a woman in marriage was called ''sokhö ya'ita'', meaning literally &quot;those who own us&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 457, 465&lt;/ref&gt; Because they were the source of the &quot;gift of life&quot; (reproduction and agricultural labor), they were viewed as spiritually superior and possessed the mystical power to bless or curse their wife-takers.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 465&lt;/ref&gt; The wife-taker literally &quot;knelt&quot; before his wife-givers, who occupied a position analogous to God and the ancestors.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 465&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''The Wife-Takers (Ono alave or Ono):''' The group receiving the wife was positioned as subordinate, carrying a lifelong debt that could never be fully liquidated.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 457, 465&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Berkas:Nias Kinship and Marriage.png|pus|jmpl]]
To trace these complex obligations, Niasans meticulously mapped marriages through the '''line of maternal affiliation''' (''nga'ötö ndra alawe''), tracking a mother’s, maternal grandmother's, and maternal great-grandmother's agnatic lines.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 457&lt;/ref&gt; When a marriage was negotiated, the bridegroom's family had to distribute different portions of the dowry, or '''böwö''' (which was symbolized by the precious gold necklace, ''aya''), to a chain of historical wife-giving lineages: the bride's agnates (''so'ono''), the mother's brother (''sibaya''), and even the maternal grandmother's brother.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 455, 456&lt;/ref&gt; 

For the Ono Niha, the ''böwö'' was never viewed as a commercial purchase price, but rather as an ongoing symbol of mutual respect, love, and social solidarity (''faoböwö'').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 40&lt;/ref&gt; A popular Nias proverb states: ''Hönö mböwö no awai, hönö mböwö no tosai'', &quot;thousands have been paid in dowry, but thousands still remain&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 312&lt;/ref&gt; This captured the understanding that the marriage alliance was a lifelong, continuous relationship of debt, mutual respect, and reciprocal exchange.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 312&lt;/ref&gt;

== Governance and the Customary Law of Fondrakö ==

Before the imposition of colonial rule, the ''banua'' functioned as independent, self-governing &quot;village republics&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 52; Beatty 1991, 228&lt;/ref&gt; The paramount chief (''salaŵa'' or ''balö zi'ulu'') presided over the village assembly (''oraho''), which comprised the nobility, notables, and family heads.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 451; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 53&lt;/ref&gt; Customary law, known as '''adat''' or '''hada''', was not a static code of rules, but a dynamic, living system that was periodically updated, revised, and validated through a dramatic, sacred ceremony called the '''fondrakö'''.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 19, 26&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The Fondrakö: Lawmaking through Terrifying Curses ===
The word ''fondrakö'' comes from the verb ''rakö'', referring to a process of public palaver among the elders to implement new laws, fix standard weights, and establish standard scales (''fali'era'').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 19, 26&lt;/ref&gt; To ratify and sanctify these new decisions, the high priest (''ere'' or ''ere börö nadu'') led a theatrical ceremony (Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 21, 26):

* The ''ere'' stood atop a sacred stone table on the village square.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 26&lt;/ref&gt;
* He read the newly agreed-upon laws to the public, with the villagers responding in unison: ''Huuuuuu'' (&quot;that is right, Amen&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 26&lt;/ref&gt;
* The ''ere'' then stood beside a campfire near the ancestral images (''adu siraha lato'').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 26&lt;/ref&gt; He pronounced terrifying curses upon anyone who dared to violate the new ''fondrakö'' (Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 26, 27): ''May the legs of anyone who disobeys be broken, and his stomach cracked! May he have no children; on earth let him have no root, and in the sky let him have no top; let him vanish without a trace, and die without a grave!'' (Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 27)
* To underline these curses, the priest performed dramatic, symbolic actions, such as pouring molten tin (''simo'') down the beak of a live chicken or snapping a dry twig to represent the physical destruction of the lawbreaker.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 26, 27&lt;/ref&gt;

In everyday life, the ''fondrakö'' was enforced strictly.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 27&lt;/ref&gt; Minor adat violations resulted in heavy fines of gold or pigs.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 27&lt;/ref&gt; The most severe violations, adultery (''mohorö''), murder, and treason, carried the death penalty, executed by hanging, drowning, or burying the criminal alive.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 27&lt;/ref&gt; However, the wealthy nobility had access to the institution of redemption ('''hölitö'''), paying massive sums of gold (''hölihöli döla mbagi'') to &quot;redeem their necks,&quot; which inevitably resulted in the poor culprit becoming their permanent, subordinate slave (''sawuyu'' or ''hölitö'').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 27, 55, 255&lt;/ref&gt; To prevent injustice or judicial bias, judges and chiefs also utilized the '''adu horö''' (a large double-headed crocodile statue) to keep an eye on traditional norms and ensure fair administration of justice.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 23, 255&lt;/ref&gt;

== The Encounter with Christianity: From Fondrakö to written Amakhoita ==

In the second half of the nineteenth century, German Lutheran missionaries of the Rhenish Missionary Society (RM) arrived on Nias, followed by Dutch missionaries of the Dutch Lutheran Missionary Society (DLM) on the southern Batu Islands.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 12, 41-42&lt;/ref&gt; At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Dutch colonial government completed its violent military conquest of the island, bringing an end to the era of sovereign chiefs.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 95, 98&lt;/ref&gt; 

Working in close cooperation, the colonial state and the Christian missions sought to systematically dismantle the traditional religious order, which they viewed as &quot;heathen darkness&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 15, 98&lt;/ref&gt; This alliance brought rapid, traumatic social changes:

* In 1914, the Dutch administration and the missions '''strictly prohibited''' the great rites of reconciliation and law renewal, such as ''börö nadu'' and ''famatö harimao'', to prevent mass political gatherings and revolts.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 98, 122&lt;/ref&gt;
* Missionaries systematically entered homes, demanding the destruction of all ancestral wood carvings ('''adu zatua'''), which they burned, buried, or sent to European museums as trophies.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 21-22, 103&lt;/ref&gt; 
* To clean up the village and enforce hygiene, the colonial administration prohibited keeping pigs underneath the traditional houses (''omo hada'').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 98, 122&lt;/ref&gt; This, combined with the clearing of the ''adu'' under the roofs, shattered the ancient three-tiered cosmological worldview of the Nias people (underworld, human world, and spirit world).&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 98, 122&lt;/ref&gt;
* Practices such as teeth-filing (''fangöhözi'') and male genital incision (''famoto'') were strictly disapproved of and banned during the elders' conferences of 1917–1918.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 34, 35, 105&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Berkas:Nias Law Transition.png|pus|jmpl]]

=== The Traumatic Cultural Shock: Paralyzing the Social Body ===
For the younger generation of Niasans today, who have grown up in a peaceful, modern society where church steeples define the skyline, it is almost impossible to imagine the sheer, terrifying scale of the cultural shock their ancestors experienced in the early decades of the twentieth century. Traditional Nias life was not just a religion; it was a holistic cosmos where law, farming, architecture, and family were all intimately connected to the ancestral spirits. 

When the Dutch colonial military completed its violent conquest of Nias in 1908, it did not just conquer territory; in close alliance with Western missionaries, it dismantled the very foundations of Nias identity.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 122, 230&lt;/ref&gt; This was a sudden, world-shattering shock.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 2012, 295-296&lt;/ref&gt; In 1908, the Dutch administration banned the sacred ''börö nadu'' and ''famatö harimao'', the great feasts of reconciliation and law-renewal that Niasans held every seven to fourteen years to reset cosmic balance, resolve inter-village warfare, and update customary laws.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 98, 324&lt;/ref&gt; To make the trauma physical, in that same year, a missionary named Johannes Bieger publicly chopped down the sacred ''fösi'' tree in Bawalia, an act of defiance that sent a collective shiver through the population and left a deep, paralyzing &quot;religious vacuum&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 122, 324&lt;/ref&gt; 

Missionaries systematically entered homes, demanding that families surrender their cherished wooden ancestral carvings (''adu zatua'') for destruction.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 103, 104&lt;/ref&gt; To the German and Dutch missions, these carvings were &quot;heathen idols&quot; that could simply be cut out. But to Niasans, their ''adu zatua'' were their parents and grandparents, their source of protection, healing, and life-giving blessings (''howuhowu'').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 20, 22&lt;/ref&gt; Abandoning them felt like burying their parents for a second time, or abandoning them to hell.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 22, 104&lt;/ref&gt; Anthropologists today note that by treating the ancestral religion as a minor &quot;appendix&quot; that could be amputated, the missionaries severed Nias's central nerve, paralyzing the entire social body and committing what observers at the time criticized as &quot;cultural vandalism&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 104, 230&lt;/ref&gt;

This traumatic break triggered an intense existential panic.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 2012, 295-296&lt;/ref&gt; When the first mass conversion movement, the Great Repentance (''fangesa dödö sebua''), swept Nias starting in 1915, it was driven not merely by theological realization, but by a profound collective crisis of fear, smallpox epidemics, and total political subjugation.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 156, 160&lt;/ref&gt; Under intense psychological pressure from missionaries who threatened excommunication and eternal hellfire, Niasans began to &quot;jump&quot; and shiver in church, weeping in terror of hell and frantically confessing their sins in a state of spiritual dissociation.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 2012, 308, 311&lt;/ref&gt; 

The resulting &quot;New Law&quot; (''huku Lowalangi'') forced Niasans to live a split, dualistic &quot;double life&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 51, 248, 250&lt;/ref&gt; Outwardly, they observed the church's rules; secretly, in the quiet of their homes, they still practiced traditional pregnancy taboos (''famoni'') and sought the blessings of the ancestors, terrified of bringing a curse upon their children.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 248, 250&lt;/ref&gt; For many, this sudden collapse of their ancient world did not lead to immediate Christian peace, but to a painful &quot;spiritual exile&quot; or &quot;limbo&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 2012, 295, 316&lt;/ref&gt; Cut off from their ancestors but unable to fully live up to the impossible, debt-free moral standards of Western Christianity, they felt caught between two worlds. As one elder poignantly confessed to anthropologist Andrew Beatty: ''&quot;Yes, we are Christians. But we are not God's children. We are God's stepchildren&quot;''.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 2012, 316&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The Birth of the Written Amakhoita ===
With the traditional cultural mechanisms for renewing the law (''fondrakö'') banned, the customary ''adat'' was frozen, resulting in a severe legal and spiritual vacuum.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 138, 160&lt;/ref&gt; To fill this void and establish social order among the thousands of new converts, the missionaries and their indigenous helpers turned to a '''legislative approach'''.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 126, 139&lt;/ref&gt; 

Between 1912 and 1915, they worked with the Dutch Resident of Tapanuli to draft a special codex of customary law for Nias Christians ('''adat-recht''').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 102, 110&lt;/ref&gt; This was quickly followed by the church's own uniform code of discipline and order, for which they adopted the traditional ancestral term: the '''amakhoita'''.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 139, 140&lt;/ref&gt; 

First passed by the conference of missionaries in 1923 as ''&quot;The Rules for the Christian on Nias&quot;'' (''Amakhoita Sogoena ba mbanua Niha Keriso ba Danö Nias''), this written document replaced the flexible ''fondrakö'' with a rigid, legalistic code (Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 140, 298):
* It strictly banned all traditional ancestral offerings (''adu zatua''), the erection of memorial megaliths (''gowe''), and consulting traditional priests (''ere'').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 174, 298&lt;/ref&gt;
* It regulated family life by establishing minimum marriage ages (18 for men, 16 for women), prohibiting polygamy, and outlawing marriage to non-Christians (''niha baero'').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 298&lt;/ref&gt;
* It imposed strict penalties for violations: those caught practicing ancestral rites, committing adultery, or holding forbidden pig feasts (''owasa'') were excommunicated from the church, denied the sacraments, and refused a Christian burial.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 185, 298&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Revisions of the Amakhoita in the 1960s ===
After World War II and the independence of Indonesia, the newly independent Nias Protestant Church ('''BNKP''', established in 1936) struggled with the persistent dualism of Nias life.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 12, 175, 230&lt;/ref&gt; Officially, the people were devout Christians; practically, they continued to follow their traditional ancestral ''adat'' in secret.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 175, 230&lt;/ref&gt; 

To address these tensions, the BNKP Synod undertook a major revision of the ''amakhoita'' in '''1961''', introducing even more radical prohibitions.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 126, 324&lt;/ref&gt; For instance, while the 1923 code had tolerated traditional pregnancy taboos ('''famoni'''), the 1961 code explicitly outlawed them as &quot;heathen idolatry&quot; (''amonita niha baero'') that violated the first and second Commandments.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 291, 308&lt;/ref&gt; 

However, during the landmark Synods of '''1964 and 1965''', the church was forced to introduce a series of cultural compromises to resolve the ongoing friction:
* '''The Dowry:''' Seeing that families were being financially devastated by the high dowry (''böwö wangowalu''), the 1964 synod officially restricted the maximum bride-price to seventeen pigs (each weighing roughly 50 kilograms) on 16 May 1964.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 309&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Death and Burials:''' Traditionally, families practiced ''fangasi'' (a massive pig feast after the funeral) and ''fanibo tufo'' (disposing of the deceased's bedding and belongings on the fourth day to drive away the spirit).&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 235, 312&lt;/ref&gt; The 1965 synod compromised by replacing the animistic ''fanibo tufo'' with '''fananö bunga''' (planting of flowers on the grave), and ''fangasi'' with '''fame'e ö zohalöwö''' (feeding the workers).&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 235, 313&lt;/ref&gt; To prevent any return to ancestral spirit worship, the church decreed that these activities must not be tied specifically to the fourth day after death.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 235, 313&lt;/ref&gt;

== The Nias Difference: A Comparative Perspective ==

The social system and customary law of Nias stand out in sharp contrast when compared to neighboring cultures in the region:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Feature !! Nias Culture !! Mentawai, Enggano, Simuluë !! Batak Culture (Sumatra)
|-
| '''Social Structure''' || '''Rigid Stratification:''' Strict caste system (''si'ulu'', ''sato'', ''sawuyu'') driven by high population density.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 311; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 53&lt;/ref&gt; || '''Egalitarian:''' Lacked hereditary chiefs, rigid classes, or a structured slave trade.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 311&lt;/ref&gt; || '''Stratified Royal Lines:''' Centralized kingship systems (''raja'') acting as symbols of tradition.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 156, 273&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Slavery System''' || '''Extensive Slavery:''' Debt slavery (''sawuyu'') and human sacrifice captives (''binu'') highly integrated into status feasts.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 21, 30, 55&lt;/ref&gt; || '''Absent:''' No institutionalized debt or war slavery.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 311&lt;/ref&gt; || '''Limited:''' Present but less tied to monumental status architecture or large-scale exports.
|-
| '''Marriage Alliance''' || '''Asymmetric &amp; Non-Prescriptive:''' Strict unilateral marriage prohibitions, but no positive rule to marry a specific cousin.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 455&lt;/ref&gt; || '''Symmetric/Bilateral:''' Focused on simpler, reciprocal exchanges. || '''Asymmetric &amp; Prescriptive:''' Strict jural rule mandating marriage to the matrilateral cross-cousin (''kalimbubu'' / ''anakberu'').&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 455&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Political Integration''' || '''Decentralized Cosmos:''' Highly competitive, independent village republics (''banua'') centered on chiefs and ''fondrakö''.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 11, 28; Beatty 1991, 228&lt;/ref&gt; || '''Decentralized:''' Based on small, egalitarian family-based settlements. || '''Centralized Alliances:''' Larger, stable regional federations with hereditary ruling houses.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 156, 273&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

Through its history of intense environmental pressure, swidden agriculture, and a highly lucrative precolonial slave trade, Nias created a unique and rigid cosmos.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312&lt;/ref&gt; Although the physical ''adu'' carvings have fallen, the legacy of this ancient system, its networks of affinal debts, the authority of its chiefs, and the moral struggles between the written law and customary ''adat'', continues to shape the heart and life of the Ono Niha today.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 175, 230&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sources ==

* '''Beatty 1990:''' Andrew Beatty, ''Asymmetric Alliance in Nias, Indonesia''. Man, New Series, Vol. 25, No. 3 (Sep., 1990), pp. 454-471.
* '''Beatty 1991:''' Andrew Beatty, ''Ovasa: Feasts of merit in Nias''. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 147 (1991), no. 2/3, Leiden, pp. 216-235.
* '''Beatty 2012:''' Andrew Beatty, ''The Tell-Tale Heart: Conversion and Emotion in Nias''. Ethnos, Vol. 77:3, September 2012, pp. 295-320.
* '''Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007:''' Uwe Hummel and Tuhoni Telaumbanua, ''Cross and Adu: A Socio-Historical Study on the Encounter between Christianity and the Indigenous Culture on Nias and the Batu Islands, Indonesia (1865-1965)''. Utrecht University, Boekencentrum Publishing House, Zoetermeer, 2007.
* '''Marschall 2002:''' Wolfgang Marschall, ''Social Stratification and Slavery on Nias and its Reflection in Oral History''. Indonesia and the Malay World, Vol. 30, No. 88, 2002, pp. 309-318.
* '''Scarduelli 1990:''' Pietro Scarduelli, ''Accumulation Of Heads, Distribution Of Food: The Image Of Power In Nias''. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Deel 146, 4de Afl. (1990), pp. 448-462.

== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|18em}}

[[Kategori:Nias Heritage]]
[[Kategori:Ondröita Nono Niha]]
[[Kategori:Warisan Nias]]</text>
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      <text bytes="30837" sha1="3imp26hk99qy0tz625lw08exg6vqlax" xml:space="preserve">''Summary: This article presents the traditional Nias village (banua) as a self-governing, autonomous cosmos grounded in genealogical memory rather than European-imposed religious concepts. It details the island's rigid social hierarchy, competitive feasts of merit (owasa), asymmetric marriage alliances, and customary law (fondrakö). Finally, it examines the traumatic early 20th-century transition from oral ancestral tradition to written Christian church codes (amakhoita) and its lasting impact on Nias identity.''

In the traditional worldview of the Ono Niha, the indigenous inhabitants of the West Sumatran barrier island of Nias, human life and social order were rooted in ancestral veneration and genealogical memory. Contrary to early European colonial misinterpretations that viewed ''Teteholi Ana'a'' as a &quot;golden celestial upperworld&quot; and ''Lowalangi'' as a monotheistic god, comparative ethnological studies &lt;ref&gt;Hämmerle 2013&lt;/ref&gt; reveal that traditional Nias culture possessed no concepts of abstract religion, heaven, or monotheistic deities. Instead, ''Teteholi Ana'a'' refers historically to the first ancestral hilltop settlement in central Nias (also known as ''Börönadu'' on the Holi river) as well as a poetic metaphor for human gestation, while ''Lowalangi'' was the posthumous title of the primary lineage founder, Ancestor Hia.

To understand how this ancestral philosophy of life was lived, one must look to its most fundamental political and spatial unit: the fortified hilltop village, known as the '''banua'''.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 17, 28; Hämmerle 2013, 176, 179&lt;/ref&gt; Meaning literally &quot;world&quot; or &quot;universe&quot; in the Nias language, the ''banua'' was conceived not merely as a collection of dwellings, but as a self-sufficient, politically autonomous cosmos.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 14, 17&lt;/ref&gt; Paved with heavy flagstones and situated high on ridges for defense, the ''banua'' represented the human-ordered universe.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 14, 29&lt;/ref&gt; Outside its defensive gates lay the primary forest, a menacing domain inhabited by wild forest spirits (''bela'') and headhunting enemies (''niha baero'').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 14, 15, 17&lt;/ref&gt; Within this village-world, the Nias people built one of the most complex, rigid, and highly stratified societies in Southeast Asia, a social system where power, prestige, marriage, and law were tightly interwoven.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 12, 55&lt;/ref&gt;

== Social Stratification: The Rigidity of the Nias Hierarchy ==

Unlike neighboring cultures along the barrier islands of western Sumatra, which remained largely egalitarian, traditional Nias society was characterized by an exceptionally rigid class structure.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 311; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 53&lt;/ref&gt; Every individual was born into a distinct social stratum, and the hierarchy divided the village into several well-defined classes:

* '''The Nobility (Si'ulu or Salaŵa):''' At the absolute apex of Nias society were the hereditary nobles, known as ''si'ulu'' (meaning &quot;those who are on high&quot;) in the south, or ''salaŵa'' (meaning &quot;the highest&quot;) in the north and center.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 449; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 21, 55&lt;/ref&gt; These chiefs claimed direct, uninterrupted descent from the mythical founding ancestors of the village, a genealogy that legitimized their absolute authority to govern, preside over assemblies, and administer customary law.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 450; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 13&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''The Advisors (Si'ila):''' Positioned immediately below the nobility were the ''si'ila'' (&quot;those who know&quot;, from ''manila'', &quot;to know&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 449, 451; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 21, 25&lt;/ref&gt; These were commoners who, through outstanding intelligence, wealth, and oratory skills, were chosen to serve as the chief's advisors, helping to mediate disputes and administer justice.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 452; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 14, 25&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''The Warriors (Balö niha):''' These &quot;great men&quot; or &quot;strong men&quot; made up the chief's elite guard of honor.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 449, 452&lt;/ref&gt; Status as a ''balö niha'' was earned through personal bravery, physical strength, and prowess in warfare and headhunting.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 452&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''The Commoners (Sato):''' The vast majority of the population belonged to the ''sato'' (&quot;the many&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 449; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 55&lt;/ref&gt; While they enjoyed free access to communal lands, they had heavy tribute and labor obligations to the nobility and lacked direct representation in the village court (''oraho'').&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 311; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 53, 55&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''The Slaves (Sawuyu or Binu):''' Positioned entirely outside the genealogical hierarchy was a large slave class.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 449; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 55&lt;/ref&gt; Ordinary slaves (''sawuyu'', literally &quot;the young ones&quot;) were commoners who had lost their freedom due to unpaid debts or social violations.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 21, 48&lt;/ref&gt; Captives of war, known as ''binu'', suffered a far harsher fate; they were kept by chiefs as house laborers and were regularly sacrificed to appease the ancestral spirits during the construction of noble houses or chiefly funerals.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 21, 48, 55&lt;/ref&gt; If a wealthy noble redeemed a condemned criminal's death penalty, that person also became the noble's lifelong slave, known as ''hölitö''.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 27, 55&lt;/ref&gt; In South Nias, slaves were also referred to as ''harakana''.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 55&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The Ecological and Historical Origins of Nias Stratification ===
Why did Nias develop such a rigid stratification compared to its neighbors? In a landmark study, the anthropologist Wolfgang Marschall (2002) proposed an ecological explanation based on '''geographical circumscription and population density'''.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312&lt;/ref&gt; 

Nias had a historically dense population but possessed a mountainous terrain that prevented the development of wet-rice cultivation (''sawah''), forcing the population to rely on swidden (slash-and-burn) agriculture.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312&lt;/ref&gt; Because the island was geographically bounded, emigration was limited.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312&lt;/ref&gt; To cope with resource scarcity, the dominant lineages reorganized society vertically, restricting access to resources for the lower classes.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312&lt;/ref&gt; This internal pressure was heavily intensified by the precolonial '''external slave trade'''.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312&lt;/ref&gt; Beginning as early as the eleventh century with raids by the Sultanate of Aceh, and continuing through formal contracts with the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1669 and 1693, the ''si'ulu'' nobility actively sold captives and debt-ridden commoners to foreign traders in exchange for gold, gongs, and firearms.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312, 317; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 15, 17&lt;/ref&gt; This trade allowed the ruling elite to consolidate immense wealth and establish an unprecedented monopoly on power.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312&lt;/ref&gt;

== Social Mobility: Feasts of Merit and the Economy of Lakhömi ==

Despite the hereditary nature of the nobility, traditional Nias society left room for a highly competitive form of social mobility through the sponsoring of grand '''feasts of merit''', known as '''ovasa''' in the north and center, or '''tawila''' in the south.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1991, 216; Scarduelli 1990, 451, 453&lt;/ref&gt; 

Through the ''ovasa'', a commoner could theoretically climb the ranks (''bosi'') of the social hierarchy, while a noble could validate and increase his prestige and spiritual authority, known as '''lakhömi'''.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1991, 216, 234; Scarduelli 1990, 451&lt;/ref&gt; The currency of the ''ovasa'' was twofold: pigs and gold.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1991, 216, 221; Scarduelli 1990, 449&lt;/ref&gt; Sponsoring a feast required the host to amass, borrow, and distribute massive quantities of pork and gold ornaments to the community.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1991, 219; Scarduelli 1990, 449&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Berkas:Nias Social Mobility.png|pus|jmpl]]

To achieve the lowest rank of an adult family head, a commoner had to hold a basic ''tawila'' to consecrate a simple gold earring.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 453&lt;/ref&gt; To rise to the rank of ''si'ila'' (advisor), a man had to hold two successive feasts to consecrate gold bracelets and necklaces, slaughtering dozens of pigs.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 453; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 21&lt;/ref&gt; For a noble (''si'ulu'') to assume the supreme position of village chief (''balö si'ulu''), he had to complete a cycle of at least six (in South Nias) or eleven/twelve (in Central Nias) grand feasts.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 453; Beatty 1991, 217; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 44&lt;/ref&gt; 

These grand feasts required:
* The slaughter of hundreds of pigs.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 453; Beatty 1991, 217&lt;/ref&gt;
* The consecration of kilograms of gold armor, including helmets, sabers, and gold-leaf coats.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 453, 454; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 13, 53&lt;/ref&gt;
* The mobilization of communal labor to haul and erect massive stone monuments, carved stone seats (''darodaro'' or ''harefa'') and stone obelisks (''behu'' or ''gowe''), which stood in front of the chief's house as physical, permanent testaments of his rank.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 451; Beatty 1991, 229; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 53&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''The ultimate sacrifice:''' To consecrate the highest chiefly status and complete the construction of the chief’s great house (''omo sebua''), a severed human head (''binu'') was required.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 452, 459; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 13, 14, 53&lt;/ref&gt; Warriors were dispatched to raid enemy territories, particularly the northern non-Mölö regions, to fetch these heads, which were buried under the house's support pillars and later hung in the village assembly hall (''bale'' or ''osali nadu'').&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 452; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 14, 53, 55&lt;/ref&gt;

While upward mobility brought immense ''lakhömi'', downward mobility was an ever-present threat.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1991, 217&lt;/ref&gt; If an ordinary commoner (''sato'') fell deep into debt to finance his children's weddings, fell ill and required expensive sacrifices, or failed to repay his ''ovasa'' obligations, he was subjected to the extortionate interest rates of the wealthy.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1991, 220, 231&lt;/ref&gt; Unable to pay, he and his children would descend directly into debt-slavery (''sawuyu''), stripped of all social standing and legal rights.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 21, 48&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kinship and Marriage: Giving and Taking Wives ==

Kinship on Nias was organized around patrilineal maximal lineages, or clans, known as '''mado''' in the north and '''gana''' in the south.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 52&lt;/ref&gt; Clan exogamy was strictly enforced: marrying someone of the same ''mado'' was regarded as incestuous (''salakha''), historically punishable by execution.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 37, 52&lt;/ref&gt;

Rather than simple reciprocal exchanges, Nias kinship was governed by a unique system of '''non-prescriptive asymmetric marriage alliance'''.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 454&lt;/ref&gt; Under this system, women and marriage payments flowed in a strictly one-way direction.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 454, 455&lt;/ref&gt; This created a profound, lifelong spiritual and material inequality between the two involved groups:

* '''The Wife-Givers (Sokhö ya'ita or Sibaya):''' The group that gave a woman in marriage was called ''sokhö ya'ita'', meaning literally &quot;those who own us&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 457, 465&lt;/ref&gt; Because they were the source of the &quot;gift of life&quot; (reproduction and agricultural labor), they were viewed as spiritually superior and possessed the mystical power to bless or curse their wife-takers.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 465&lt;/ref&gt; The wife-taker literally &quot;knelt&quot; before his wife-givers, who occupied a position analogous to God and the ancestors.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 465&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''The Wife-Takers (Ono alave or Ono):''' The group receiving the wife was positioned as subordinate, carrying a lifelong debt that could never be fully liquidated.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 457, 465&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Berkas:Nias Kinship and Marriage.png|pus|jmpl]]
To trace these complex obligations, Niasans meticulously mapped marriages through the '''line of maternal affiliation''' (''nga'ötö ndra alawe''), tracking a mother’s, maternal grandmother's, and maternal great-grandmother's agnatic lines.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 457&lt;/ref&gt; When a marriage was negotiated, the bridegroom's family had to distribute different portions of the dowry, or '''böwö''' (which was symbolized by the precious gold necklace, ''aya''), to a chain of historical wife-giving lineages: the bride's agnates (''so'ono''), the mother's brother (''sibaya''), and even the maternal grandmother's brother.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 455, 456&lt;/ref&gt; 

For the Ono Niha, the ''böwö'' was never viewed as a commercial purchase price, but rather as an ongoing symbol of mutual respect, love, and social solidarity (''faoböwö'').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 40&lt;/ref&gt; A popular Nias proverb states: ''Hönö mböwö no awai, hönö mböwö no tosai'', &quot;thousands have been paid in dowry, but thousands still remain&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 312&lt;/ref&gt; This captured the understanding that the marriage alliance was a lifelong, continuous relationship of debt, mutual respect, and reciprocal exchange.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 312&lt;/ref&gt;

== Governance and the Customary Law of Fondrakö ==

Before the imposition of colonial rule, the ''banua'' functioned as independent, self-governing &quot;village republics&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 52; Beatty 1991, 228&lt;/ref&gt; The paramount chief (''salaŵa'' or ''balö zi'ulu'') presided over the village assembly (''oraho''), which comprised the nobility, notables, and family heads.&lt;ref&gt;Scarduelli 1990, 451; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 53&lt;/ref&gt; Customary law, known as '''adat''' or '''hada''', was not a static code of rules, but a dynamic, living system that was periodically updated, revised, and validated through a dramatic, sacred ceremony called the '''fondrakö'''.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 19, 26&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The Fondrakö: Lawmaking through Terrifying Curses ===
The word ''fondrakö'' comes from the verb ''rakö'', referring to a process of public palaver among the elders to implement new laws, fix standard weights, and establish standard scales (''fali'era'').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 19, 26&lt;/ref&gt; To ratify and sanctify these new decisions, the high priest (''ere'' or ''ere börö nadu'') led a theatrical ceremony (Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 21, 26):

* The ''ere'' stood atop a sacred stone table on the village square.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 26&lt;/ref&gt;
* He read the newly agreed-upon laws to the public, with the villagers responding in unison: ''Huuuuuu'' (&quot;that is right, Amen&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 26&lt;/ref&gt;
* The ''ere'' then stood beside a campfire near the ancestral images (''adu siraha lato'').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 26&lt;/ref&gt; He pronounced terrifying curses upon anyone who dared to violate the new ''fondrakö'' (Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 26, 27): ''May the legs of anyone who disobeys be broken, and his stomach cracked! May he have no children; on earth let him have no root, and in the sky let him have no top; let him vanish without a trace, and die without a grave!'' (Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 27)
* To underline these curses, the priest performed dramatic, symbolic actions, such as pouring molten tin (''simo'') down the beak of a live chicken or snapping a dry twig to represent the physical destruction of the lawbreaker.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 26, 27&lt;/ref&gt;

In everyday life, the ''fondrakö'' was enforced strictly.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 27&lt;/ref&gt; Minor adat violations resulted in heavy fines of gold or pigs.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 27&lt;/ref&gt; The most severe violations, adultery (''mohorö''), murder, and treason, carried the death penalty, executed by hanging, drowning, or burying the criminal alive.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 27&lt;/ref&gt; However, the wealthy nobility had access to the institution of redemption ('''hölitö'''), paying massive sums of gold (''hölihöli döla mbagi'') to &quot;redeem their necks,&quot; which inevitably resulted in the poor culprit becoming their permanent, subordinate slave (''sawuyu'' or ''hölitö'').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 27, 55, 255&lt;/ref&gt; To prevent injustice or judicial bias, judges and chiefs also utilized the '''adu horö''' (a large double-headed crocodile statue) to keep an eye on traditional norms and ensure fair administration of justice.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 23, 255&lt;/ref&gt;

== The Encounter with Christianity: From Fondrakö to written Amakhoita ==

In the second half of the nineteenth century, German Lutheran missionaries of the Rhenish Missionary Society (RM) arrived on Nias, followed by Dutch missionaries of the Dutch Lutheran Missionary Society (DLM) on the southern Batu Islands.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 12, 41-42&lt;/ref&gt; At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Dutch colonial government completed its violent military conquest of the island, bringing an end to the era of sovereign chiefs.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 95, 98&lt;/ref&gt; 

Working in close cooperation, the colonial state and the Christian missions sought to systematically dismantle the traditional religious order, which they viewed as &quot;heathen darkness&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 15, 98&lt;/ref&gt; This alliance brought rapid, traumatic social changes:

* In 1914, the Dutch administration and the missions '''strictly prohibited''' the great rites of reconciliation and law renewal, such as ''börö nadu'' and ''famatö harimao'', to prevent mass political gatherings and revolts.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 98, 122&lt;/ref&gt;
* Missionaries systematically entered homes, demanding the destruction of all ancestral wood carvings ('''adu zatua'''), which they burned, buried, or sent to European museums as trophies.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 21-22, 103&lt;/ref&gt; 
* To clean up the village and enforce hygiene, the colonial administration prohibited keeping pigs underneath the traditional houses (''omo hada'').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 98, 122&lt;/ref&gt; This, combined with the clearing of the ''adu'' under the roofs, shattered the ancient three-tiered cosmological worldview of the Nias people (underworld, human world, and spirit world).&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 98, 122&lt;/ref&gt;
* Practices such as teeth-filing (''fangöhözi'') and male genital incision (''famoto'') were strictly disapproved of and banned during the elders' conferences of 1917–1918.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 34, 35, 105&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Berkas:Nias Law Transition.png|pus|jmpl]]

=== The Traumatic Cultural Shock: Paralyzing the Social Body ===
For the younger generation of Niasans today, who have grown up in a peaceful, modern society where church steeples define the skyline, it is almost impossible to imagine the sheer, terrifying scale of the cultural shock their ancestors experienced in the early decades of the twentieth century. Traditional Nias life was not just a religion; it was a holistic cosmos where law, farming, architecture, and family were all intimately connected to the ancestral spirits. 

When the Dutch colonial military completed its violent conquest of Nias in 1908, it did not just conquer territory; in close alliance with Western missionaries, it dismantled the very foundations of Nias identity.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 122, 230&lt;/ref&gt; This was a sudden, world-shattering shock.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 2012, 295-296&lt;/ref&gt; In 1908, the Dutch administration banned the sacred ''börö nadu'' and ''famatö harimao'', the great feasts of reconciliation and law-renewal that Niasans held every seven to fourteen years to reset cosmic balance, resolve inter-village warfare, and update customary laws.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 98, 324&lt;/ref&gt; To make the trauma physical, in that same year, a missionary named Johannes Bieger publicly chopped down the sacred ''fösi'' tree in Bawalia, an act of defiance that sent a collective shiver through the population and left a deep, paralyzing &quot;religious vacuum&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 122, 324&lt;/ref&gt; 

Missionaries systematically entered homes, demanding that families surrender their cherished wooden ancestral carvings (''adu zatua'') for destruction.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 103, 104&lt;/ref&gt; To the German and Dutch missions, these carvings were &quot;heathen idols&quot; that could simply be cut out. But to Niasans, their ''adu zatua'' were their parents and grandparents, their source of protection, healing, and life-giving blessings (''howuhowu'').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 20, 22&lt;/ref&gt; Abandoning them felt like burying their parents for a second time, or abandoning them to hell.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 22, 104&lt;/ref&gt; Anthropologists today note that by treating the ancestral religion as a minor &quot;appendix&quot; that could be amputated, the missionaries severed Nias's central nerve, paralyzing the entire social body and committing what observers at the time criticized as &quot;cultural vandalism&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 104, 230&lt;/ref&gt;

This traumatic break triggered an intense existential panic.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 2012, 295-296&lt;/ref&gt; When the first mass conversion movement, the Great Repentance (''fangesa dödö sebua''), swept Nias starting in 1915, it was driven not merely by theological realization, but by a profound collective crisis of fear, smallpox epidemics, and total political subjugation.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 156, 160&lt;/ref&gt; Under intense psychological pressure from missionaries who threatened excommunication and eternal hellfire, Niasans began to &quot;jump&quot; and shiver in church, weeping in terror of hell and frantically confessing their sins in a state of spiritual dissociation.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 2012, 308, 311&lt;/ref&gt; 

The resulting &quot;New Law&quot; (''huku Lowalangi'') forced Niasans to live a split, dualistic &quot;double life&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 51, 248, 250&lt;/ref&gt; Outwardly, they observed the church's rules; secretly, in the quiet of their homes, they still practiced traditional pregnancy taboos (''famoni'') and sought the blessings of the ancestors, terrified of bringing a curse upon their children.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 248, 250&lt;/ref&gt; For many, this sudden collapse of their ancient world did not lead to immediate Christian peace, but to a painful &quot;spiritual exile&quot; or &quot;limbo&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 2012, 295, 316&lt;/ref&gt; Cut off from their ancestors but unable to fully live up to the impossible, debt-free moral standards of Western Christianity, they felt caught between two worlds. As one elder poignantly confessed to anthropologist Andrew Beatty: ''&quot;Yes, we are Christians. But we are not God's children. We are God's stepchildren&quot;''.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 2012, 316&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The Birth of the Written Amakhoita ===
With the traditional cultural mechanisms for renewing the law (''fondrakö'') banned, the customary ''adat'' was frozen, resulting in a severe legal and spiritual vacuum.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 138, 160&lt;/ref&gt; To fill this void and establish social order among the thousands of new converts, the missionaries and their indigenous helpers turned to a '''legislative approach'''.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 126, 139&lt;/ref&gt; 

Between 1912 and 1915, they worked with the Dutch Resident of Tapanuli to draft a special codex of customary law for Nias Christians ('''adat-recht''').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 102, 110&lt;/ref&gt; This was quickly followed by the church's own uniform code of discipline and order, for which they adopted the traditional ancestral term: the '''amakhoita'''.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 139, 140&lt;/ref&gt; 

First passed by the conference of missionaries in 1923 as ''&quot;The Rules for the Christian on Nias&quot;'' (''Amakhoita Sogoena ba mbanua Niha Keriso ba Danö Nias''), this written document replaced the flexible ''fondrakö'' with a rigid, legalistic code (Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 140, 298):
* It strictly banned all traditional ancestral offerings (''adu zatua''), the erection of memorial megaliths (''gowe''), and consulting traditional priests (''ere'').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 174, 298&lt;/ref&gt;
* It regulated family life by establishing minimum marriage ages (18 for men, 16 for women), prohibiting polygamy, and outlawing marriage to non-Christians (''niha baero'').&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 298&lt;/ref&gt;
* It imposed strict penalties for violations: those caught practicing ancestral rites, committing adultery, or holding forbidden pig feasts (''owasa'') were excommunicated from the church, denied the sacraments, and refused a Christian burial.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 185, 298&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Revisions of the Amakhoita in the 1960s ===
After World War II and the independence of Indonesia, the newly independent Nias Protestant Church ('''BNKP''', established in 1936) struggled with the persistent dualism of Nias life.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 12, 175, 230&lt;/ref&gt; Officially, the people were devout Christians; practically, they continued to follow their traditional ancestral ''adat'' in secret.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 175, 230&lt;/ref&gt; 

To address these tensions, the BNKP Synod undertook a major revision of the ''amakhoita'' in '''1961''', introducing even more radical prohibitions.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 126, 324&lt;/ref&gt; For instance, while the 1923 code had tolerated traditional pregnancy taboos ('''famoni'''), the 1961 code explicitly outlawed them as &quot;heathen idolatry&quot; (''amonita niha baero'') that violated the first and second Commandments.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 291, 308&lt;/ref&gt; 

However, during the landmark Synods of '''1964 and 1965''', the church was forced to introduce a series of cultural compromises to resolve the ongoing friction:
* '''The Dowry:''' Seeing that families were being financially devastated by the high dowry (''böwö wangowalu''), the 1964 synod officially restricted the maximum bride-price to seventeen pigs (each weighing roughly 50 kilograms) on 16 May 1964.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 309&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Death and Burials:''' Traditionally, families practiced ''fangasi'' (a massive pig feast after the funeral) and ''fanibo tufo'' (disposing of the deceased's bedding and belongings on the fourth day to drive away the spirit).&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 235, 312&lt;/ref&gt; The 1965 synod compromised by replacing the animistic ''fanibo tufo'' with '''fananö bunga''' (planting of flowers on the grave), and ''fangasi'' with '''fame'e ö zohalöwö''' (feeding the workers).&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 235, 313&lt;/ref&gt; To prevent any return to ancestral spirit worship, the church decreed that these activities must not be tied specifically to the fourth day after death.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 235, 313&lt;/ref&gt;

== The Nias Difference: A Comparative Perspective ==

The social system and customary law of Nias stand out in sharp contrast when compared to neighboring cultures in the region:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Feature !! Nias Culture !! Mentawai, Enggano, Simuluë !! Batak Culture (Sumatra)
|-
| '''Social Structure''' || '''Rigid Stratification:''' Strict caste system (''si'ulu'', ''sato'', ''sawuyu'') driven by high population density.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 311; Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 53&lt;/ref&gt; || '''Egalitarian:''' Lacked hereditary chiefs, rigid classes, or a structured slave trade.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 311&lt;/ref&gt; || '''Stratified Royal Lines:''' Centralized kingship systems (''raja'') acting as symbols of tradition.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 156, 273&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Slavery System''' || '''Extensive Slavery:''' Debt slavery (''sawuyu'') and human sacrifice captives (''binu'') highly integrated into status feasts.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 21, 30, 55&lt;/ref&gt; || '''Absent:''' No institutionalized debt or war slavery.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 311&lt;/ref&gt; || '''Limited:''' Present but less tied to monumental status architecture or large-scale exports.
|-
| '''Marriage Alliance''' || '''Asymmetric &amp; Non-Prescriptive:''' Strict unilateral marriage prohibitions, but no positive rule to marry a specific cousin.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 455&lt;/ref&gt; || '''Symmetric/Bilateral:''' Focused on simpler, reciprocal exchanges. || '''Asymmetric &amp; Prescriptive:''' Strict jural rule mandating marriage to the matrilateral cross-cousin (''kalimbubu'' / ''anakberu'').&lt;ref&gt;Beatty 1990, 455&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Political Integration''' || '''Decentralized Cosmos:''' Highly competitive, independent village republics (''banua'') centered on chiefs and ''fondrakö''.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 11, 28; Beatty 1991, 228&lt;/ref&gt; || '''Decentralized:''' Based on small, egalitarian family-based settlements. || '''Centralized Alliances:''' Larger, stable regional federations with hereditary ruling houses.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 156, 273&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

Through its history of intense environmental pressure, swidden agriculture, and a highly lucrative precolonial slave trade, Nias created a unique and rigid cosmos.&lt;ref&gt;Marschall 2002, 312&lt;/ref&gt; Although the physical ''adu'' carvings have fallen, the legacy of this ancient system, its networks of affinal debts, the authority of its chiefs, and the moral struggles between the written law and customary ''adat'', continues to shape the heart and life of the Ono Niha today.&lt;ref&gt;Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007, 175, 230&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sources ==

* '''Beatty 1990:''' Andrew Beatty, ''Asymmetric Alliance in Nias, Indonesia''. Man, New Series, Vol. 25, No. 3 (Sep., 1990), pp. 454-471.
* '''Beatty 1991:''' Andrew Beatty, ''Ovasa: Feasts of merit in Nias''. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 147 (1991), no. 2/3, Leiden, pp. 216-235.
* '''Beatty 2012:''' Andrew Beatty, ''The Tell-Tale Heart: Conversion and Emotion in Nias''. Ethnos, Vol. 77:3, September 2012, pp. 295-320.
* '''Hummel &amp; Telaumbanua 2007:''' Uwe Hummel and Tuhoni Telaumbanua, ''Cross and Adu: A Socio-Historical Study on the Encounter between Christianity and the Indigenous Culture on Nias and the Batu Islands, Indonesia (1865-1965)''. Utrecht University, Boekencentrum Publishing House, Zoetermeer, 2007.
* '''Marschall 2002:''' Wolfgang Marschall, ''Social Stratification and Slavery on Nias and its Reflection in Oral History''. Indonesia and the Malay World, Vol. 30, No. 88, 2002, pp. 309-318.
* '''Scarduelli 1990:''' Pietro Scarduelli, ''Accumulation Of Heads, Distribution Of Food: The Image Of Power In Nias''. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Deel 146, 4de Afl. (1990), pp. 448-462.

== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|18em}}

[[Kategori:Nias Heritage]]
[[Kategori:Ondröita Nono Niha]]
[[Kategori:Warisan Nias]]</text>
      <sha1>3imp26hk99qy0tz625lw08exg6vqlax</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Suahasil Nazara</title>
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        <id>2977</id>
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      <comment>←Membuat halaman berisi '{{Infobox pejabat | name                = Suahasil Nazara | image               = Suahasil Nazara, Wakil Menteri Keuangan (2026).jpg | caption             = Gambara tobali Wakil Menteri Keuangan, 2026 | office              = Menteri Keuangan Indonesia | order               = ke-31 | term_start          = 14 September 2026 | term_end            =  | succeeding          =  | president           = [[Prabowo Subianto]] | minister            =  | lieutenant          =...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="12561" sha1="j28i6ycn8jf8fdwk37uf1zhrzdxoj6f" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox pejabat
| name                = Suahasil Nazara
| image               = Suahasil Nazara, Wakil Menteri Keuangan (2026).jpg
| caption             = Gambara tobali Wakil Menteri Keuangan, 2026
| office              = Menteri Keuangan Indonesia
| order               = ke-31
| term_start          = 14 September 2026
| term_end            = 
| succeeding          = 
| president           = [[Prabowo Subianto]]
| minister            = 
| lieutenant          = [[Juda Agung]]
| predecessor         = [[Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa]]
| successor           = 
| office1             = Wakil Menteri Keuangan Indonesia
| order1              = ke-11
| term_start1         = 25 Oktober 2019
| term_end1           = 14 September 2026
| succeeding1         = 
| president1          = [[Joko Widodo]]&lt;br&gt;[[Prabowo Subianto]]
| minister1           = [[Sri Mulyani]]&lt;br&gt;[[Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa]]
| alongside1          = &lt;br&gt;[[Thomas Djiwandono]] (2024–2026),&lt;br&gt; [[Anggito Abimanyu]] (2024–2025), ba &lt;br&gt;[[Juda Agung]] (2026)
| predecessor1        = [[Mardiasmo]]
| successor1          = 
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1970|11|23|mf=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Jakarta]], Indonesia
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| nationality         = &lt;!-- Ha khö niha mbanua bö'ö --&gt;
| party               = [[Independen (politikus)|Independen]]
| spouse              = {{marriage|Christina Pusporini Messakh|2000}}
| father              = [[Hanati Nazara]]
| mother              = Upiak
| children            = 3
| education           = [[Universitas Indonesia]] (S.E.)&lt;br&gt;[[Universitas Cornell]] (M.Sc.)&lt;br&gt;[[Universitas Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] (Ph.D.)
| occupation          = 
| profession          = [[Ekonom]], akademisi
| signature           = 
| website             = 
| footnotes           = 
| module              = {{Infobox academic | child=yes 
| thesis_title        = An Exploration of Interaction Effects in Indonesian Regional Economic Development
| thesis_url          = https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/80816
| thesis_year         = 2003
| school_tradition    = 
| doctoral_advisor    = Geoffrey J.D. Hewings
| academic_advisors   = 
| influences          = 
| era                 = 
| discipline          = [[Ekonomi]]
| sub_discipline      = [[Ekonomi pembangunan]]
| workplaces          = 
| doctoral_students   = 
| notable_students    = 
| main_interests      = 
| notable_works       = 
| notable_ideas       = 
| influenced          = 
}}
}}
'''Suahasil Nazara''' (tumbu ba [[Jakarta]], 23 November 1970) no samösa ekonom ba akademisi Indonesia si no tobali [[Daftar Menteri Keuangan Indonesia|Menteri Keuangan Indonesia]] i'otarai 14 September 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Hikam|first=Herdi Alif Al|title=Suahasil Gantikan Purbaya Jadi Menkeu!|url=https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-8662271/suahasil-gantikan-purbaya-jadi-menkeu|website=detikfinance|language=id-ID|access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Widodo|first=Rendi|date=2026-09-14|title=Suahasil Dilantik Jadi Menteri Keuangan|url=https://periskop.id/politik/20260914/suahasil-dilantik-jadi-menteri-keuangan|website=Periskop.id|access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fatulö wa'atobalinia menteri, no tobali ia [[Wakil Menteri Keuangan Indonesia]] moroi ba ndröfi 2019 irugi 2026, ba ya'ia no [[Daftar wakil menteri terlama menjabat di Indonesia|wakil menteri sara sibai inötö halöwö]] (6 ndröfi, 324 ngaluo). Suahasil no göi tobali dosen ba profesor ba [[Universitas Indonesia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Indonesia|first=C. N. N.|title=Daftar Lengkap Calon Wakil Menteri yang Merapat ke Istana|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20191025093529-32-442728/daftar-lengkap-calon-wakil-menteri-yang-merapat-ke-istana|website=nasional|language=id-ID|access-date=2022-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fatulönia, i'otarai 2016, no tobali ia Kepala [[Badan Kebijakan Fiskal]] [[Kementerian Keuangan Indonesia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mediatama|first=Grahanusa|date=2016-10-31|title=Suahasil Nazara resmi menjabat Kepala BKF|url=https://nasional.kontan.co.id/news/suahasil-nazara-resmi-menjabat-kepala-bkf|website=kontan.co.id|language=id|access-date=2022-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fa'auri ba mböröta ==
Suahasil tumbu ba [[Jakarta]] me tanggal 23 November 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahyuningtyas (2026)&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Wahyuningtyas |first=Prihatini |date=2026-09-14 |title=Profil Suahasil Nazara Menkeu Pengganti Purbaya dan Kekayaannya |url=https://tirto.id/profil-suahasil-nazara-menkeu-pengganti-purbaya-dan-kekayaannya-hCRW |work=Tirto.ID |language=id |access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Namania no samösa politikus ba birokrat, [[Hanati Nazara]], si no tobali [[Bupati Nias]] moroi ba ndröfi 1981 irugi 1986,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mendrofa |first=Orasafati |date=2023-09-08 |title=Bupati Nias Terima Kunjungan Wakil Menteri Keuangan Republik Indonesia di Kabupaten Nias |url=https://niaskab.go.id/bupati-nias-terima-kunjungan-wakil-menteri-keuangan-republik-indonesia-di-kabupaten-nias |publisher=Pemerintah [[Kabupaten Nias]] |language=id |access-date=2026-09-14 |quote=...bernostalgia melihat prasasti yang ditandatangani oleh ayahnya yaitu Hanati Nazara, S.H. yang pernah menjabat sebagai Bupati Nias dari tahun 1981-1986.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ba aefa da'ö tobali anggota [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia|Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat]] moroi ba ndröfi 1997 irugi 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Fitriyani |first=Resti |date=2026-09-14 |title=Hanati Nazara: Siapa Orang Tua Menkeu Suahasil Nazara? Ini Profil Eks Anggota DPR: Karir hingga Anak Siapa Saja |url=https://jogja.suaramerdeka.com/nasional/1817632747/hanati-nazara-siapa-orang-tua-menkeu-suahasil-nazara-ini-profil-eks-anggota-dpr-karir-hingga-anak-siapa-saja |work=[[Suara Merdeka]] |language=id |access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ifahaö ia ba wamahaö ekonomi ba [[Universitas Indonesia]] (UI) ba awai ia faoma gelar [[Sarjana Ekonomi]] (S.E.) me ndröfi 1994. Aefa da'ö itohugö zekolania ba mbanua bö'ö, isöndra gelar [[Master of Science]] (M.Sc.) moroi ba [[Universitas Cornell]] ba gelar [[Doktor]] (Ph.D.) moroi ba [[Universitas Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] me ndröfi 1997 ba 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kemenkeu|title=Profil pejabat kepala badan kebijakan fiskal|url=https://www.kemenkeu.go.id/profil/profil-pejabat/kepala-badan-kebijakan-fiskal/|website=kemenkeu.go.id|access-date=2022-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723034732/https://www.kemenkeu.go.id/profil/profil-pejabat/kepala-badan-kebijakan-fiskal/|archive-date=2019-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kertiyasa &amp; Silalahi (2026)&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Kertiyasa |first1=Martin Bagya |last2=Silalahi |first2=Theressia |date=2026-09-14 |title=Breaking News: Prabowo Replaces Purbaya With Suahasil Nazara as Finance Minister |url=https://jakartaglobe.id/news/breaking-news-prabowo-replaces-purbaya-with-suahasil-nazara-as-finance-minister |work=[[The Jakarta Globe]] |language=en |access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karier ==
[[File:Suahasil_Nazara_at_the_University_of_Indonesia_Graduation_Ceremony,_13_September_2025_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Suahasil isuwu toga guru besar bidang ekonomi ba [[Universitas Indonesia]], 2025.]]
Ibörögö kariernia ba halöwö akademis tobali dosen [[pegawai negeri sipil]] ba [[Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Indonesia]] (FEB UI) me ndröfi 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kertiyasa &amp; Silalahi (2026)&quot;/&gt; Aefa da'ö tobali ia ketua program studi pascasarjana ilmu ekonomi moroi ba ndröfi 2004 irugi 2005 ba kepala [[Lembaga Demografi Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Indonesia|Lembaga Demografi]] moroi ba ndröfi 2005 irugi 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ldfebui.org/en/previous-directors/|title=Previous Directors Lembaga Demografi FEB UI|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-24|archive-date=2019-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205115056/http://ldfebui.org/en/previous-directors/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Akbar (2026)&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Akbar |first=Nawir Arsyad |date=2026-09-14 |title=Profil Suahasil Nazara, Menkeu Baru Pengganti Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa |url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2026/09/14/15362881/profil-suahasil-nazara-menkeu-baru-pengganti-purbaya-yudhi-sadewa |work=[[Kompas]] |language=id |access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suahasil tefataro tobali [[Profesor|guru besar]] (Profesor) me Oktober 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahyuningtyas (2026)&quot;/&gt; Ya'ia göi tobali ketua departemen ilmu ekonomi ba UI moroi ba ndröfi 2009 irugi 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;Akbar (2026)&quot;/&gt;

Baero halöwö akademis, Suahasil mofalua halöwö ba tim asistensi menteri keuangan ba desentralisasi fiskal moroi ba ndröfi 2009 irugi 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;Akbar (2026)&quot; /&gt; Tefili göi ia tobali koordinator kebijakan ba [[Tim Nasional Percepatan Penanggulangan Kemiskinan]] (TNP2K), si so barö kantörö [[Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia|wakil presiden]], ba ihalö halöwö andrö moroi ba ndröfi 2010 irugi 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahyuningtyas (2026)&quot;/&gt; Suahasil no göi anggota [[Komite Ekonomi Nasional]] moroi ba ndröfi 2013 irugi 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;Akbar (2026)&quot; /&gt;

Ifarigö ia ba zamatörö [[Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia|Kementerian Keuangan]] me ndröfi 2015, ba tobali kepala [[Badan Kebijakan Fiskal]] me Oktober 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kertiyasa &amp; Silalahi (2026)&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Akbar (2026)&quot; /&gt; Me ndröfi 2019, ifataro ia Presiden [[Joko Widodo]] tobali wakil menteri keuangan ba [[Kabinet Indonesia Maju]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mediatama|first=Grahanusa|date=2019-10-25|title=Suahasil Nazara, putra Nias yang menjadi Wakil Menteri Keuangan|url=https://nasional.kontan.co.id/news/suahasil-nazara-putra-nias-yang-menjadi-wakil-menteri-keuangan|website=kontan.co.id|language=id|access-date=2022-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-4760760/perjalanan-karier-suahasil-nazara-dari-dosen-ui-kini-jadi-wamenkeu|title=Perjalanan Karier Suahasil Nazara, dari Dosen UI Kini Jadi Wamenkeu|last=Indraini|first=Anisa|website=detikfinance|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Itohugö halöwönia tobali wakil menteri ba [[Kabinet Merah Putih]] barö wamatörö Presiden [[Prabowo Subianto]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kertiyasa &amp; Silalahi (2026)&quot; /&gt; Aefa teheta [[Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa]], tefataro ia tobali menteri keuangan si bohou me September 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sulaiman &amp; Suroyo&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Sulaiman |first1=Stefanno |last2=Suroyo |first2=Gayatri |date=2026-09-14 |title=Indonesia president appoints his third finance minister in under two years |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/indonesias-president-replaces-finance-minister-with-deputy-official-says-2026-09-14/ |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en |access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fa'auri si samösa ==
[[File:Suahasil_Nazara_and_wife_at_the_University_of_Indonesia_Graduation_Ceremony,_13_September_2025_(cropped).jpg|jmpl|Suahasil Nazara ba fo'omonia]]
Molo'ö [[Laporan Harta Kekayaan Penyelenggara Negara]] (LHKPN), fa'okhöta nibe'enia turia no irugi mato 138 miliar [[Rupiah|rupiah]]. Fa'ao ba da'ö ngawalö mbolo mbanua awö nomo si so ba Jakarta ba [[Depok]], tefa'ao tanö ba omo ba [[Jakarta Selatan]] si no mu'erai mbölinia mato 28 miliar rupiah. Hiza'i, abölö oya mbö'ö wa'okhötania moroi ba [[Efek (keuangan)|surat berharga]] si so mböli mato 67 miliar rupiah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahyuningtyas (2026)&quot; /&gt;

== Umbu ==
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{{URUTANBAKU:Nazara, Suahasil}}
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[[Kategori:Menteri Kabinet Merah Putih]]</text>
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      <id>28192</id>
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      <text bytes="11421" sha1="lv53iizskb5h8eqlfko2g2scnw8x75i" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox pejabat
| name                = Suahasil Nazara
| image               = Suahasil Nazara, Wakil Menteri Keuangan (2026).jpg
| caption             = Gambara tobali Wakil Menteri Keuangan, 2026
| office              = Menteri Keuangan Indonesia
| order               = ke-31
| term_start          = 14 September 2026
| term_end            = 
| succeeding          = 
| president           = [[Prabowo Subianto]]
| minister            = 
| lieutenant          = [[Juda Agung]]
| predecessor         = [[Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa]]
| successor           = 
| office1             = Wakil Menteri Keuangan Indonesia
| order1              = ke-11
| term_start1         = 25 Oktober 2019
| term_end1           = 14 September 2026
| succeeding1         = 
| president1          = [[Joko Widodo]]&lt;br&gt;[[Prabowo Subianto]]
| minister1           = [[Sri Mulyani]]&lt;br&gt;[[Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa]]
| alongside1          = &lt;br&gt;[[Thomas Djiwandono]] (2024–2026),&lt;br&gt; [[Anggito Abimanyu]] (2024–2025), ba &lt;br&gt;[[Juda Agung]] (2026)
| predecessor1        = [[Mardiasmo]]
| successor1          = 
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1970|11|23|mf=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Jakarta]], Indonesia
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| nationality         = &lt;!-- Ha khö niha mbanua bö'ö --&gt;
| party               = [[Independen (politikus)|Independen]]
| spouse              = {{marriage|Christina Pusporini Messakh|2000}}
| father              = [[Hanati Nazara]]
| mother              = Upiak
| children            = 3
| education           = [[Universitas Indonesia]] (S.E.)&lt;br&gt;[[Universitas Cornell]] (M.Sc.)&lt;br&gt;[[Universitas Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] (Ph.D.)
| occupation          = 
| profession          = [[Ekonom]], akademisi
| signature           = 
| website             = 
| footnotes           = 
| module              = {{Infobox academic | child=yes 
| thesis_title        = An Exploration of Interaction Effects in Indonesian Regional Economic Development
| thesis_url          = https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/80816
| thesis_year         = 2003
| school_tradition    = 
| doctoral_advisor    = Geoffrey J.D. Hewings
| academic_advisors   = 
| influences          = 
| era                 = 
| discipline          = [[Ekonomi]]
| sub_discipline      = [[Ekonomi pembangunan]]
| workplaces          = 
| doctoral_students   = 
| notable_students    = 
| main_interests      = 
| notable_works       = 
| notable_ideas       = 
| influenced          = 
}}
}}
'''Suahasil Nazara''' (tumbu ba [[Jakarta]], 23 November 1970) no samösa ekonom ba akademisi Indonesia si no tobali [[Daftar Menteri Keuangan Indonesia|Menteri Keuangan Indonesia]] i'otarai 14 September 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Hikam|first=Herdi Alif Al|title=Suahasil Gantikan Purbaya Jadi Menkeu!|url=https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-8662271/suahasil-gantikan-purbaya-jadi-menkeu|website=detikfinance|language=id-ID|access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Widodo|first=Rendi|date=2026-09-14|title=Suahasil Dilantik Jadi Menteri Keuangan|url=https://periskop.id/politik/20260914/suahasil-dilantik-jadi-menteri-keuangan|website=Periskop.id|access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fatulö wa'atobalinia menteri, no tobali ia [[Wakil Menteri Keuangan Indonesia]] moroi ba ndröfi 2019 irugi 2026, ba ya'ia no [[Daftar wakil menteri terlama menjabat di Indonesia|wakil menteri sara sibai inötö halöwö]] (6 ndröfi, 324 ngaluo). Suahasil no göi tobali dosen ba profesor ba [[Universitas Indonesia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Indonesia|first=C. N. N.|title=Daftar Lengkap Calon Wakil Menteri yang Merapat ke Istana|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20191025093529-32-442728/daftar-lengkap-calon-wakil-menteri-yang-merapat-ke-istana|website=nasional|language=id-ID|access-date=2022-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fatulönia, i'otarai 2016, no tobali ia Kepala [[Badan Kebijakan Fiskal]] [[Kementerian Keuangan Indonesia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mediatama|first=Grahanusa|date=2016-10-31|title=Suahasil Nazara resmi menjabat Kepala BKF|url=https://nasional.kontan.co.id/news/suahasil-nazara-resmi-menjabat-kepala-bkf|website=kontan.co.id|language=id|access-date=2022-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fa'auri ba mböröta ==
Suahasil tumbu ba [[Jakarta]] me tanggal 23 November 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahyuningtyas (2026)&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Wahyuningtyas |first=Prihatini |date=2026-09-14 |title=Profil Suahasil Nazara Menkeu Pengganti Purbaya dan Kekayaannya |url=https://tirto.id/profil-suahasil-nazara-menkeu-pengganti-purbaya-dan-kekayaannya-hCRW |work=Tirto.ID |language=id |access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Namania no samösa politikus ba birokrat, [[Hanati Nazara]], si no tobali [[Bupati Nias]] moroi ba ndröfi 1981 irugi 1986,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mendrofa |first=Orasafati |date=2023-09-08 |title=Bupati Nias Terima Kunjungan Wakil Menteri Keuangan Republik Indonesia di Kabupaten Nias |url=https://niaskab.go.id/bupati-nias-terima-kunjungan-wakil-menteri-keuangan-republik-indonesia-di-kabupaten-nias |publisher=Pemerintah [[Kabupaten Nias]] |language=id |access-date=2026-09-14 |quote=...bernostalgia melihat prasasti yang ditandatangani oleh ayahnya yaitu Hanati Nazara, S.H. yang pernah menjabat sebagai Bupati Nias dari tahun 1981-1986.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ba aefa da'ö tobali anggota [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia|Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat]] moroi ba ndröfi 1997 irugi 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Fitriyani |first=Resti |date=2026-09-14 |title=Hanati Nazara: Siapa Orang Tua Menkeu Suahasil Nazara? Ini Profil Eks Anggota DPR: Karir hingga Anak Siapa Saja |url=https://jogja.suaramerdeka.com/nasional/1817632747/hanati-nazara-siapa-orang-tua-menkeu-suahasil-nazara-ini-profil-eks-anggota-dpr-karir-hingga-anak-siapa-saja |work=[[Suara Merdeka]] |language=id |access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ifahaö ia ba wamahaö ekonomi ba [[Universitas Indonesia]] (UI) ba awai ia faoma gelar [[Sarjana Ekonomi]] (S.E.) me ndröfi 1994. Aefa da'ö itohugö zekolania ba mbanua bö'ö, isöndra gelar [[Master of Science]] (M.Sc.) moroi ba [[Universitas Cornell]] ba gelar [[Doktor]] (Ph.D.) moroi ba [[Universitas Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] me ndröfi 1997 ba 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kemenkeu|title=Profil pejabat kepala badan kebijakan fiskal|url=https://www.kemenkeu.go.id/profil/profil-pejabat/kepala-badan-kebijakan-fiskal/|website=kemenkeu.go.id|access-date=2022-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723034732/https://www.kemenkeu.go.id/profil/profil-pejabat/kepala-badan-kebijakan-fiskal/|archive-date=2019-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kertiyasa &amp; Silalahi (2026)&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Kertiyasa |first1=Martin Bagya |last2=Silalahi |first2=Theressia |date=2026-09-14 |title=Breaking News: Prabowo Replaces Purbaya With Suahasil Nazara as Finance Minister |url=https://jakartaglobe.id/news/breaking-news-prabowo-replaces-purbaya-with-suahasil-nazara-as-finance-minister |work=[[The Jakarta Globe]] |language=en |access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karier ==
[[File:Suahasil_Nazara_at_the_University_of_Indonesia_Graduation_Ceremony,_13_September_2025_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Suahasil isuwu toga guru besar bidang ekonomi ba [[Universitas Indonesia]], 2025.]]
Ibörögö kariernia ba halöwö akademis tobali dosen [[pegawai negeri sipil]] ba [[Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Indonesia]] (FEB UI) me ndröfi 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kertiyasa &amp; Silalahi (2026)&quot;/&gt; Aefa da'ö tobali ia ketua program studi pascasarjana ilmu ekonomi moroi ba ndröfi 2004 irugi 2005 ba kepala [[Lembaga Demografi Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Indonesia|Lembaga Demografi]] moroi ba ndröfi 2005 irugi 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ldfebui.org/en/previous-directors/|title=Previous Directors Lembaga Demografi FEB UI|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-24|archive-date=2019-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205115056/http://ldfebui.org/en/previous-directors/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Akbar (2026)&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Akbar |first=Nawir Arsyad |date=2026-09-14 |title=Profil Suahasil Nazara, Menkeu Baru Pengganti Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa |url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2026/09/14/15362881/profil-suahasil-nazara-menkeu-baru-pengganti-purbaya-yudhi-sadewa |work=[[Kompas]] |language=id |access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suahasil tefataro tobali [[Profesor|guru besar]] (Profesor) me Oktober 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahyuningtyas (2026)&quot;/&gt; Ya'ia göi tobali ketua departemen ilmu ekonomi ba UI moroi ba ndröfi 2009 irugi 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;Akbar (2026)&quot;/&gt;

Baero halöwö akademis, Suahasil mofalua halöwö ba tim asistensi menteri keuangan ba desentralisasi fiskal moroi ba ndröfi 2009 irugi 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;Akbar (2026)&quot; /&gt; Tefili göi ia tobali koordinator kebijakan ba [[Tim Nasional Percepatan Penanggulangan Kemiskinan]] (TNP2K), si so barö kantörö [[Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia|wakil presiden]], ba ihalö halöwö andrö moroi ba ndröfi 2010 irugi 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahyuningtyas (2026)&quot;/&gt; Suahasil no göi anggota [[Komite Ekonomi Nasional]] moroi ba ndröfi 2013 irugi 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;Akbar (2026)&quot; /&gt;

Ifarigö ia ba zamatörö [[Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia|Kementerian Keuangan]] me ndröfi 2015, ba tobali kepala [[Badan Kebijakan Fiskal]] me Oktober 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kertiyasa &amp; Silalahi (2026)&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Akbar (2026)&quot; /&gt; Me ndröfi 2019, ifataro ia Presiden [[Joko Widodo]] tobali wakil menteri keuangan ba [[Kabinet Indonesia Maju]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mediatama|first=Grahanusa|date=2019-10-25|title=Suahasil Nazara, putra Nias yang menjadi Wakil Menteri Keuangan|url=https://nasional.kontan.co.id/news/suahasil-nazara-putra-nias-yang-menjadi-wakil-menteri-keuangan|website=kontan.co.id|language=id|access-date=2022-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-4760760/perjalanan-karier-suahasil-nazara-dari-dosen-ui-kini-jadi-wamenkeu|title=Perjalanan Karier Suahasil Nazara, dari Dosen UI Kini Jadi Wamenkeu|last=Indraini|first=Anisa|website=detikfinance|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Itohugö halöwönia tobali wakil menteri ba [[Kabinet Merah Putih]] barö wamatörö Presiden [[Prabowo Subianto]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kertiyasa &amp; Silalahi (2026)&quot; /&gt; Aefa teheta [[Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa]], tefataro ia tobali menteri keuangan si bohou me September 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sulaiman &amp; Suroyo&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Sulaiman |first1=Stefanno |last2=Suroyo |first2=Gayatri |date=2026-09-14 |title=Indonesia president appoints his third finance minister in under two years |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/indonesias-president-replaces-finance-minister-with-deputy-official-says-2026-09-14/ |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en |access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fa'auri si samösa ==
[[File:Suahasil_Nazara_and_wife_at_the_University_of_Indonesia_Graduation_Ceremony,_13_September_2025_(cropped).jpg|jmpl|Suahasil Nazara ba fo'omonia]]
Molo'ö [[Laporan Harta Kekayaan Penyelenggara Negara]] (LHKPN), fa'okhöta nibe'enia turia no irugi mato 138 miliar [[Rupiah|rupiah]]. Fa'ao ba da'ö ngawalö mbolo mbanua awö nomo si so ba Jakarta ba [[Depok]], tefa'ao tanö ba omo ba [[Jakarta Selatan]] si no mu'erai mbölinia mato 28 miliar rupiah. Hiza'i, abölö oya mbö'ö wa'okhötania moroi ba [[Efek (keuangan)|surat berharga]] si so mböli mato 67 miliar rupiah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahyuningtyas (2026)&quot; /&gt;

== Umbu ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nazara, Suahasil}}

[[Kategori:Nias]]
[[Kategori:Biografi]]
[[Kategori:Bohou tesura]]</text>
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      <text bytes="10754" sha1="h18vomut88g222ac9dsipqi4dy4vlzq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox pejabat
| name                = Suahasil Nazara
| image               = Suahasil Nazara, Wakil Menteri Keuangan (2026).jpg
| caption             = Gambara tobali Wakil Menteri Keuangan, 2026
| office              = Menteri Keuangan Indonesia
| order               = ke-31
| term_start          = 14 September 2026
| term_end            = 
| succeeding          = 
| president           = [[Prabowo Subianto]]
| minister            = 
| lieutenant          = [[Juda Agung]]
| predecessor         = [[Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa]]
| successor           = 
| office1             = Wakil Menteri Keuangan Indonesia
| order1              = ke-11
| term_start1         = 25 Oktober 2019
| term_end1           = 14 September 2026
| succeeding1         = 
| president1          = [[Joko Widodo]]&lt;br&gt;[[Prabowo Subianto]]
| minister1           = [[Sri Mulyani]]&lt;br&gt;[[Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa]]
| alongside1          = &lt;br&gt;[[Thomas Djiwandono]] (2024–2026),&lt;br&gt; [[Anggito Abimanyu]] (2024–2025), ba &lt;br&gt;[[Juda Agung]] (2026)
| predecessor1        = [[Mardiasmo]]
| successor1          = 
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1970|11|23|mf=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Jakarta]], Indonesia
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| nationality         = &lt;!-- Ha khö niha mbanua bö'ö --&gt;
| party               = [[Independen (politikus)|Independen]]
| spouse              = {{marriage|Christina Pusporini Messakh|2000}}
| father              = [[Hanati Nazara]]
| mother              = Upiak
| children            = 3
| education           = [[Universitas Indonesia]] (S.E.)&lt;br&gt;[[Universitas Cornell]] (M.Sc.)&lt;br&gt;[[Universitas Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] (Ph.D.)
| occupation          = 
| profession          = [[Ekonom]], akademisi
| signature           = 
| website             = 
| footnotes           = 
}}
'''Suahasil Nazara''' (tumbu ba [[Jakarta]], 23 November 1970) no samösa ekonom ba akademisi Indonesia si no tobali [[Daftar Menteri Keuangan Indonesia|Menteri Keuangan Indonesia]] i'otarai 14 September 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Hikam|first=Herdi Alif Al|title=Suahasil Gantikan Purbaya Jadi Menkeu!|url=https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-8662271/suahasil-gantikan-purbaya-jadi-menkeu|website=detikfinance|language=id-ID|access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Widodo|first=Rendi|date=2026-09-14|title=Suahasil Dilantik Jadi Menteri Keuangan|url=https://periskop.id/politik/20260914/suahasil-dilantik-jadi-menteri-keuangan|website=Periskop.id|access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fatulö wa'atobalinia menteri, no tobali ia [[Wakil Menteri Keuangan Indonesia]] moroi ba ndröfi 2019 irugi 2026, ba ya'ia no [[Daftar wakil menteri terlama menjabat di Indonesia|wakil menteri sara sibai inötö halöwö]] (6 ndröfi, 324 ngaluo). Suahasil no göi tobali dosen ba profesor ba [[Universitas Indonesia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Indonesia|first=C. N. N.|title=Daftar Lengkap Calon Wakil Menteri yang Merapat ke Istana|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20191025093529-32-442728/daftar-lengkap-calon-wakil-menteri-yang-merapat-ke-istana|website=nasional|language=id-ID|access-date=2022-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fatulönia, i'otarai 2016, no tobali ia Kepala [[Badan Kebijakan Fiskal]] [[Kementerian Keuangan Indonesia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mediatama|first=Grahanusa|date=2016-10-31|title=Suahasil Nazara resmi menjabat Kepala BKF|url=https://nasional.kontan.co.id/news/suahasil-nazara-resmi-menjabat-kepala-bkf|website=kontan.co.id|language=id|access-date=2022-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fa'auri ba mböröta ==
Suahasil tumbu ba [[Jakarta]] me tanggal 23 November 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahyuningtyas (2026)&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Wahyuningtyas |first=Prihatini |date=2026-09-14 |title=Profil Suahasil Nazara Menkeu Pengganti Purbaya dan Kekayaannya |url=https://tirto.id/profil-suahasil-nazara-menkeu-pengganti-purbaya-dan-kekayaannya-hCRW |work=Tirto.ID |language=id |access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Namania no samösa politikus ba birokrat, [[Hanati Nazara]], si no tobali [[Bupati Nias]] moroi ba ndröfi 1981 irugi 1986,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mendrofa |first=Orasafati |date=2023-09-08 |title=Bupati Nias Terima Kunjungan Wakil Menteri Keuangan Republik Indonesia di Kabupaten Nias |url=https://niaskab.go.id/bupati-nias-terima-kunjungan-wakil-menteri-keuangan-republik-indonesia-di-kabupaten-nias |publisher=Pemerintah [[Kabupaten Nias]] |language=id |access-date=2026-09-14 |quote=...bernostalgia melihat prasasti yang ditandatangani oleh ayahnya yaitu Hanati Nazara, S.H. yang pernah menjabat sebagai Bupati Nias dari tahun 1981-1986.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ba aefa da'ö tobali anggota [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia|Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat]] moroi ba ndröfi 1997 irugi 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Fitriyani |first=Resti |date=2026-09-14 |title=Hanati Nazara: Siapa Orang Tua Menkeu Suahasil Nazara? Ini Profil Eks Anggota DPR: Karir hingga Anak Siapa Saja |url=https://jogja.suaramerdeka.com/nasional/1817632747/hanati-nazara-siapa-orang-tua-menkeu-suahasil-nazara-ini-profil-eks-anggota-dpr-karir-hingga-anak-siapa-saja |work=[[Suara Merdeka]] |language=id |access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ifahaö ia ba wamahaö ekonomi ba [[Universitas Indonesia]] (UI) ba awai ia faoma gelar [[Sarjana Ekonomi]] (S.E.) me ndröfi 1994. Aefa da'ö itohugö zekolania ba mbanua bö'ö, isöndra gelar [[Master of Science]] (M.Sc.) moroi ba [[Universitas Cornell]] ba gelar [[Doktor]] (Ph.D.) moroi ba [[Universitas Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] me ndröfi 1997 ba 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kemenkeu|title=Profil pejabat kepala badan kebijakan fiskal|url=https://www.kemenkeu.go.id/profil/profil-pejabat/kepala-badan-kebijakan-fiskal/|website=kemenkeu.go.id|access-date=2022-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723034732/https://www.kemenkeu.go.id/profil/profil-pejabat/kepala-badan-kebijakan-fiskal/|archive-date=2019-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kertiyasa &amp; Silalahi (2026)&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Kertiyasa |first1=Martin Bagya |last2=Silalahi |first2=Theressia |date=2026-09-14 |title=Breaking News: Prabowo Replaces Purbaya With Suahasil Nazara as Finance Minister |url=https://jakartaglobe.id/news/breaking-news-prabowo-replaces-purbaya-with-suahasil-nazara-as-finance-minister |work=[[The Jakarta Globe]] |language=en |access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karier ==
[[File:Suahasil_Nazara_at_the_University_of_Indonesia_Graduation_Ceremony,_13_September_2025_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Suahasil isuwu toga guru besar bidang ekonomi ba [[Universitas Indonesia]], 2025.]]
Ibörögö kariernia ba halöwö akademis tobali dosen [[pegawai negeri sipil]] ba [[Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Indonesia]] (FEB UI) me ndröfi 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kertiyasa &amp; Silalahi (2026)&quot;/&gt; Aefa da'ö tobali ia ketua program studi pascasarjana ilmu ekonomi moroi ba ndröfi 2004 irugi 2005 ba kepala [[Lembaga Demografi Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Indonesia|Lembaga Demografi]] moroi ba ndröfi 2005 irugi 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ldfebui.org/en/previous-directors/|title=Previous Directors Lembaga Demografi FEB UI|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-24|archive-date=2019-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205115056/http://ldfebui.org/en/previous-directors/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Akbar (2026)&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Akbar |first=Nawir Arsyad |date=2026-09-14 |title=Profil Suahasil Nazara, Menkeu Baru Pengganti Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa |url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2026/09/14/15362881/profil-suahasil-nazara-menkeu-baru-pengganti-purbaya-yudhi-sadewa |work=[[Kompas]] |language=id |access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suahasil tefataro tobali [[Profesor|guru besar]] (Profesor) me Oktober 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahyuningtyas (2026)&quot;/&gt; Ya'ia göi tobali ketua departemen ilmu ekonomi ba UI moroi ba ndröfi 2009 irugi 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;Akbar (2026)&quot;/&gt;

Baero halöwö akademis, Suahasil mofalua halöwö ba tim asistensi menteri keuangan ba desentralisasi fiskal moroi ba ndröfi 2009 irugi 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;Akbar (2026)&quot; /&gt; Tefili göi ia tobali koordinator kebijakan ba [[Tim Nasional Percepatan Penanggulangan Kemiskinan]] (TNP2K), si so barö kantörö [[Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia|wakil presiden]], ba ihalö halöwö andrö moroi ba ndröfi 2010 irugi 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahyuningtyas (2026)&quot;/&gt; Suahasil no göi anggota [[Komite Ekonomi Nasional]] moroi ba ndröfi 2013 irugi 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;Akbar (2026)&quot; /&gt;

Ifarigö ia ba zamatörö [[Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia|Kementerian Keuangan]] me ndröfi 2015, ba tobali kepala [[Badan Kebijakan Fiskal]] me Oktober 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kertiyasa &amp; Silalahi (2026)&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Akbar (2026)&quot; /&gt; Me ndröfi 2019, ifataro ia Presiden [[Joko Widodo]] tobali wakil menteri keuangan ba [[Kabinet Indonesia Maju]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mediatama|first=Grahanusa|date=2019-10-25|title=Suahasil Nazara, putra Nias yang menjadi Wakil Menteri Keuangan|url=https://nasional.kontan.co.id/news/suahasil-nazara-putra-nias-yang-menjadi-wakil-menteri-keuangan|website=kontan.co.id|language=id|access-date=2022-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-4760760/perjalanan-karier-suahasil-nazara-dari-dosen-ui-kini-jadi-wamenkeu|title=Perjalanan Karier Suahasil Nazara, dari Dosen UI Kini Jadi Wamenkeu|last=Indraini|first=Anisa|website=detikfinance|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Itohugö halöwönia tobali wakil menteri ba [[Kabinet Merah Putih]] barö wamatörö Presiden [[Prabowo Subianto]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kertiyasa &amp; Silalahi (2026)&quot; /&gt; Aefa teheta [[Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa]], tefataro ia tobali menteri keuangan si bohou me September 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sulaiman &amp; Suroyo&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Sulaiman |first1=Stefanno |last2=Suroyo |first2=Gayatri |date=2026-09-14 |title=Indonesia president appoints his third finance minister in under two years |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/indonesias-president-replaces-finance-minister-with-deputy-official-says-2026-09-14/ |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en |access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fa'auri si samösa ==
[[File:Suahasil_Nazara_and_wife_at_the_University_of_Indonesia_Graduation_Ceremony,_13_September_2025_(cropped).jpg|jmpl|Suahasil Nazara ba fo'omonia]]
Molo'ö [[Laporan Harta Kekayaan Penyelenggara Negara]] (LHKPN), fa'okhöta nibe'enia turia no irugi mato 138 miliar [[Rupiah|rupiah]]. Fa'ao ba da'ö ngawalö mbolo mbanua awö nomo si so ba Jakarta ba [[Depok]], tefa'ao tanö ba omo ba [[Jakarta Selatan]] si no mu'erai mbölinia mato 28 miliar rupiah. Hiza'i, abölö oya mbö'ö wa'okhötania moroi ba [[Efek (keuangan)|surat berharga]] si so mböli mato 67 miliar rupiah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahyuningtyas (2026)&quot; /&gt;

== Umbu ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nazara, Suahasil}}

[[Kategori:Nias]]
[[Kategori:Biografi]]
[[Kategori:Bohou tesura]]</text>
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      <text bytes="10765" sha1="ts3nd1vdbkmprtbev880hx3cevir28v" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox pejabat
| name                = Suahasil Nazara
| image               = Suahasil Nazara, Wakil Menteri Keuangan (2026).jpg
| caption             = Gambara tobali Wakil Menteri Keuangan, 2026
| office              = Menteri Keuangan Indonesia
| order               = ke-31
| term_start          = 14 September 2026
| term_end            = 
| succeeding          = 
| president           = [[Prabowo Subianto]]
| minister            = 
| lieutenant          = [[Juda Agung]]
| predecessor         = [[Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa]]
| successor           = 
| office1             = Wakil Menteri Keuangan Indonesia
| order1              = ke-11
| term_start1         = 25 Oktober 2019
| term_end1           = 14 September 2026
| succeeding1         = 
| president1          = [[Joko Widodo]]&lt;br&gt;[[Prabowo Subianto]]
| minister1           = [[Sri Mulyani]]&lt;br&gt;[[Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa]]
| alongside1          = &lt;br&gt;[[Thomas Djiwandono]] (2024–2026),&lt;br&gt; [[Anggito Abimanyu]] (2024–2025), ba &lt;br&gt;[[Juda Agung]] (2026)
| predecessor1        = [[Mardiasmo]]
| successor1          = 
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1970|11|23|mf=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Jakarta]], Indonesia
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| nationality         = &lt;!-- Ha khö niha mbanua bö'ö --&gt;
| party               = [[Independen (politikus)|Independen]]
| spouse              = {{marriage|Christina Pusporini Messakh|2000}}
| father              = [[Hanati Nazara]]
| mother              = Upiak
| children            = 3
| education           = [[Universitas Indonesia]] (S.E.)&lt;br&gt;[[Universitas Cornell]] (M.Sc.)&lt;br&gt;[[Universitas Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] (Ph.D.)
| occupation          = 
| profession          = [[Ekonom]], akademisi
| signature           = 
| website             = 
| footnotes           = 
}}
'''Suahasil Nazara''' (tumbu ba [[Jakarta]], 23 November 1970) no samösa ekonom ba akademisi Indonesia si no tobali [[Daftar Menteri Keuangan Indonesia|Menteri Keuangan Indonesia]] i'otarai 14 September 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Hikam|first=Herdi Alif Al|title=Suahasil Gantikan Purbaya Jadi Menkeu!|url=https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-8662271/suahasil-gantikan-purbaya-jadi-menkeu|website=detikfinance|language=id-ID|access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Widodo|first=Rendi|date=2026-09-14|title=Suahasil Dilantik Jadi Menteri Keuangan|url=https://periskop.id/politik/20260914/suahasil-dilantik-jadi-menteri-keuangan|website=Periskop.id|access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fatulö wa'atobalinia menteri, no tobali ia [[Wakil Menteri Keuangan Indonesia]] moroi ba ndröfi 2019 irugi 2026, ba ya'ia no [[Daftar wakil menteri sara sibai inötö halöwö ba Indonesia|wakil menteri sara sibai inötö halöwö]] (6 ndröfi, 324 ngaluo). Suahasil no göi tobali dosen ba profesor ba [[Universitas Indonesia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Indonesia|first=C. N. N.|title=Daftar Lengkap Calon Wakil Menteri yang Merapat ke Istana|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20191025093529-32-442728/daftar-lengkap-calon-wakil-menteri-yang-merapat-ke-istana|website=nasional|language=id-ID|access-date=2022-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fatulönia, i'otarai 2016, no tobali ia Kepala [[Badan Kebijakan Fiskal]] [[Kementerian Keuangan Indonesia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mediatama|first=Grahanusa|date=2016-10-31|title=Suahasil Nazara resmi menjabat Kepala BKF|url=https://nasional.kontan.co.id/news/suahasil-nazara-resmi-menjabat-kepala-bkf|website=kontan.co.id|language=id|access-date=2022-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fa'auri ba mböröta ==
Suahasil tumbu ba [[Jakarta]] me tanggal 23 November 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahyuningtyas (2026)&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Wahyuningtyas |first=Prihatini |date=2026-09-14 |title=Profil Suahasil Nazara Menkeu Pengganti Purbaya dan Kekayaannya |url=https://tirto.id/profil-suahasil-nazara-menkeu-pengganti-purbaya-dan-kekayaannya-hCRW |work=Tirto.ID |language=id |access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Namania no samösa politikus ba birokrat, [[Hanati Nazara]], si no tobali [[Bupati Nias]] moroi ba ndröfi 1981 irugi 1986,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mendrofa |first=Orasafati |date=2023-09-08 |title=Bupati Nias Terima Kunjungan Wakil Menteri Keuangan Republik Indonesia di Kabupaten Nias |url=https://niaskab.go.id/bupati-nias-terima-kunjungan-wakil-menteri-keuangan-republik-indonesia-di-kabupaten-nias |publisher=Pemerintah [[Kabupaten Nias]] |language=id |access-date=2026-09-14 |quote=...bernostalgia melihat prasasti yang ditandatangani oleh ayahnya yaitu Hanati Nazara, S.H. yang pernah menjabat sebagai Bupati Nias dari tahun 1981-1986.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ba aefa da'ö tobali anggota [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia|Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat]] moroi ba ndröfi 1997 irugi 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Fitriyani |first=Resti |date=2026-09-14 |title=Hanati Nazara: Siapa Orang Tua Menkeu Suahasil Nazara? Ini Profil Eks Anggota DPR: Karir hingga Anak Siapa Saja |url=https://jogja.suaramerdeka.com/nasional/1817632747/hanati-nazara-siapa-orang-tua-menkeu-suahasil-nazara-ini-profil-eks-anggota-dpr-karir-hingga-anak-siapa-saja |work=[[Suara Merdeka]] |language=id |access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ifahaö ia ba wamahaö ekonomi ba [[Universitas Indonesia]] (UI) ba awai ia faoma gelar [[Sarjana Ekonomi]] (S.E.) me ndröfi 1994. Aefa da'ö itohugö zekolania ba mbanua bö'ö, isöndra gelar [[Master of Science]] (M.Sc.) moroi ba [[Universitas Cornell]] ba gelar [[Doktor]] (Ph.D.) moroi ba [[Universitas Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] me ndröfi 1997 ba 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kemenkeu|title=Profil pejabat kepala badan kebijakan fiskal|url=https://www.kemenkeu.go.id/profil/profil-pejabat/kepala-badan-kebijakan-fiskal/|website=kemenkeu.go.id|access-date=2022-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723034732/https://www.kemenkeu.go.id/profil/profil-pejabat/kepala-badan-kebijakan-fiskal/|archive-date=2019-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kertiyasa &amp; Silalahi (2026)&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Kertiyasa |first1=Martin Bagya |last2=Silalahi |first2=Theressia |date=2026-09-14 |title=Breaking News: Prabowo Replaces Purbaya With Suahasil Nazara as Finance Minister |url=https://jakartaglobe.id/news/breaking-news-prabowo-replaces-purbaya-with-suahasil-nazara-as-finance-minister |work=[[The Jakarta Globe]] |language=en |access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karier ==
[[File:Suahasil_Nazara_at_the_University_of_Indonesia_Graduation_Ceremony,_13_September_2025_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Suahasil isuwu toga guru besar bidang ekonomi ba [[Universitas Indonesia]], 2025.]]
Ibörögö kariernia ba halöwö akademis tobali dosen [[pegawai negeri sipil]] ba [[Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Indonesia]] (FEB UI) me ndröfi 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kertiyasa &amp; Silalahi (2026)&quot;/&gt; Aefa da'ö tobali ia ketua program studi pascasarjana ilmu ekonomi moroi ba ndröfi 2004 irugi 2005 ba kepala [[Lembaga Demografi Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Indonesia|Lembaga Demografi]] moroi ba ndröfi 2005 irugi 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ldfebui.org/en/previous-directors/|title=Previous Directors Lembaga Demografi FEB UI|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-24|archive-date=2019-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205115056/http://ldfebui.org/en/previous-directors/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Akbar (2026)&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Akbar |first=Nawir Arsyad |date=2026-09-14 |title=Profil Suahasil Nazara, Menkeu Baru Pengganti Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa |url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2026/09/14/15362881/profil-suahasil-nazara-menkeu-baru-pengganti-purbaya-yudhi-sadewa |work=[[Kompas]] |language=id |access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suahasil tefataro tobali [[Profesor|guru besar]] (Profesor) me Oktober 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahyuningtyas (2026)&quot;/&gt; Ya'ia göi tobali ketua departemen ilmu ekonomi ba UI moroi ba ndröfi 2009 irugi 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;Akbar (2026)&quot;/&gt;

Baero halöwö akademis, Suahasil mofalua halöwö ba tim asistensi menteri keuangan ba desentralisasi fiskal moroi ba ndröfi 2009 irugi 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;Akbar (2026)&quot; /&gt; Tefili göi ia tobali koordinator kebijakan ba [[Tim Nasional Percepatan Penanggulangan Kemiskinan]] (TNP2K), si so barö kantörö [[Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia|wakil presiden]], ba ihalö halöwö andrö moroi ba ndröfi 2010 irugi 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahyuningtyas (2026)&quot;/&gt; Suahasil no göi anggota [[Komite Ekonomi Nasional]] moroi ba ndröfi 2013 irugi 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;Akbar (2026)&quot; /&gt;

Ifarigö ia ba zamatörö [[Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia|Kementerian Keuangan]] me ndröfi 2015, ba tobali kepala [[Badan Kebijakan Fiskal]] me Oktober 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kertiyasa &amp; Silalahi (2026)&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Akbar (2026)&quot; /&gt; Me ndröfi 2019, ifataro ia Presiden [[Joko Widodo]] tobali wakil menteri keuangan ba [[Kabinet Indonesia Maju]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mediatama|first=Grahanusa|date=2019-10-25|title=Suahasil Nazara, putra Nias yang menjadi Wakil Menteri Keuangan|url=https://nasional.kontan.co.id/news/suahasil-nazara-putra-nias-yang-menjadi-wakil-menteri-keuangan|website=kontan.co.id|language=id|access-date=2022-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-4760760/perjalanan-karier-suahasil-nazara-dari-dosen-ui-kini-jadi-wamenkeu|title=Perjalanan Karier Suahasil Nazara, dari Dosen UI Kini Jadi Wamenkeu|last=Indraini|first=Anisa|website=detikfinance|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Itohugö halöwönia tobali wakil menteri ba [[Kabinet Merah Putih]] barö wamatörö Presiden [[Prabowo Subianto]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kertiyasa &amp; Silalahi (2026)&quot; /&gt; Aefa teheta [[Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa]], tefataro ia tobali menteri keuangan si bohou me September 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sulaiman &amp; Suroyo&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Sulaiman |first1=Stefanno |last2=Suroyo |first2=Gayatri |date=2026-09-14 |title=Indonesia president appoints his third finance minister in under two years |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/indonesias-president-replaces-finance-minister-with-deputy-official-says-2026-09-14/ |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en |access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fa'auri si samösa ==
[[File:Suahasil_Nazara_and_wife_at_the_University_of_Indonesia_Graduation_Ceremony,_13_September_2025_(cropped).jpg|jmpl|Suahasil Nazara ba fo'omonia]]
Molo'ö [[Laporan Harta Kekayaan Penyelenggara Negara]] (LHKPN), fa'okhöta nibe'enia turia no irugi mato 138 miliar [[Rupiah|rupiah]]. Fa'ao ba da'ö ngawalö mbolo mbanua awö nomo si so ba Jakarta ba [[Depok]], tefa'ao tanö ba omo ba [[Jakarta Selatan]] si no mu'erai mbölinia mato 28 miliar rupiah. Hiza'i, abölö oya mbö'ö wa'okhötania moroi ba [[Efek (keuangan)|surat berharga]] si so mböli mato 67 miliar rupiah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahyuningtyas (2026)&quot; /&gt;

== Umbu ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nazara, Suahasil}}

[[Kategori:Nias]]
[[Kategori:Biografi]]
[[Kategori:Bohou tesura]]</text>
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      <text bytes="10766" sha1="ouzi1au55ctmpo5168h8xjf56hkng5p" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox pejabat
| name                = Suahasil Nazara
| image               = Suahasil Nazara, Wakil Menteri Keuangan (2026).jpg
| caption             = Gambara tobali Wakil Menteri Keuangan, 2026
| office              = Menteri Keuangan Indonesia
| order               = ke-31
| term_start          = 14 September 2026
| term_end            = 
| succeeding          = 
| president           = [[Prabowo Subianto]]
| minister            = 
| lieutenant          = [[Juda Agung]]
| predecessor         = [[Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa]]
| successor           = 
| office1             = Wakil Menteri Keuangan Indonesia
| order1              = ke-11
| term_start1         = 25 Oktober 2019
| term_end1           = 14 September 2026
| succeeding1         = 
| president1          = [[Joko Widodo]]&lt;br&gt;[[Prabowo Subianto]]
| minister1           = [[Sri Mulyani]]&lt;br&gt;[[Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa]]
| alongside1          = &lt;br&gt;[[Thomas Djiwandono]] (2024–2026),&lt;br&gt; [[Anggito Abimanyu]] (2024–2025), ba &lt;br&gt;[[Juda Agung]] (2026)
| predecessor1        = [[Mardiasmo]]
| successor1          = 
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1970|11|23|mf=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Jakarta]], Indonesia
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| nationality         = &lt;!-- Ha khö niha mbanua bö'ö --&gt;
| party               = [[Independen (politikus)|Independen]]
| spouse              = {{marriage|Christina Pusporini Messakh|2000}}
| father              = [[Hanati Nazara]]
| mother              = Upiak
| children            = 3
| education           = [[Universitas Indonesia]] (S.E.)&lt;br&gt;[[Universitas Cornell]] (M.Sc.)&lt;br&gt;[[Universitas Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] (Ph.D.)
| occupation          = 
| profession          = [[Ekonom]], akademisi
| signature           = 
| website             = 
| footnotes           = 
}}
'''Suahasil Nazara''' (tumbu ba [[Jakarta]], 23 November 1970) no samösa ekonom ba akademisi Indonesia si no tobali [[Daftar Menteri Keuangan Indonesia|Menteri Keuangan Indonesia]] i'otarai 14 September 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Hikam|first=Herdi Alif Al|title=Suahasil Gantikan Purbaya Jadi Menkeu!|url=https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-8662271/suahasil-gantikan-purbaya-jadi-menkeu|website=detikfinance|language=id-ID|access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Widodo|first=Rendi|date=2026-09-14|title=Suahasil Dilantik Jadi Menteri Keuangan|url=https://periskop.id/politik/20260914/suahasil-dilantik-jadi-menteri-keuangan|website=Periskop.id|access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fatua lö tobali Menteri Keuangan, Suahasil no tobali ia [[Wakil Menteri Keuangan Indonesia]] moroi ba ndröfi 2019 irugi 2026, ba ya'ia no [[Daftar wakil menteri sara sibai inötö halöwö ba Indonesia|wakil menteri sara sibai inötö halöwö]] (6 fakhe, 324 ngaluo). Suahasil no göi tobali dosen ba profesor ba [[Universitas Indonesia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Indonesia|first=C. N. N.|title=Daftar Lengkap Calon Wakil Menteri yang Merapat ke Istana|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20191025093529-32-442728/daftar-lengkap-calon-wakil-menteri-yang-merapat-ke-istana|website=nasional|language=id-ID|access-date=2022-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; I'otarai 2016, no tobali ia Kepala [[Badan Kebijakan Fiskal]] [[Kementerian Keuangan Indonesia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mediatama|first=Grahanusa|date=2016-10-31|title=Suahasil Nazara resmi menjabat Kepala BKF|url=https://nasional.kontan.co.id/news/suahasil-nazara-resmi-menjabat-kepala-bkf|website=kontan.co.id|language=id|access-date=2022-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fa'auri ba mböröta ==
Suahasil tumbu ba [[Jakarta]] me tanggal 23 November 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahyuningtyas (2026)&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Wahyuningtyas |first=Prihatini |date=2026-09-14 |title=Profil Suahasil Nazara Menkeu Pengganti Purbaya dan Kekayaannya |url=https://tirto.id/profil-suahasil-nazara-menkeu-pengganti-purbaya-dan-kekayaannya-hCRW |work=Tirto.ID |language=id |access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Namania no samösa politikus ba birokrat, [[Hanati Nazara]], si no tobali [[Bupati Nias]] moroi ba ndröfi 1981 irugi 1986,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mendrofa |first=Orasafati |date=2023-09-08 |title=Bupati Nias Terima Kunjungan Wakil Menteri Keuangan Republik Indonesia di Kabupaten Nias |url=https://niaskab.go.id/bupati-nias-terima-kunjungan-wakil-menteri-keuangan-republik-indonesia-di-kabupaten-nias |publisher=Pemerintah [[Kabupaten Nias]] |language=id |access-date=2026-09-14 |quote=...bernostalgia melihat prasasti yang ditandatangani oleh ayahnya yaitu Hanati Nazara, S.H. yang pernah menjabat sebagai Bupati Nias dari tahun 1981-1986.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ba aefa da'ö tobali anggota [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia|Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat]] moroi ba ndröfi 1997 irugi 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Fitriyani |first=Resti |date=2026-09-14 |title=Hanati Nazara: Siapa Orang Tua Menkeu Suahasil Nazara? Ini Profil Eks Anggota DPR: Karier hingga Anak Siapa Saja |url=https://jogja.suaramerdeka.com/nasional/1817632747/hanati-nazara-siapa-orang-tua-menkeu-suahasil-nazara-ini-profil-eks-anggota-dpr-karier-hingga-anak-siapa-saja |work=[[Suara Merdeka]] |language=id |access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ifahaö ia ba wamahaö ekonomi ba [[Universitas Indonesia]] (UI) ba awai ia faoma gelar [[Sarjana Ekonomi]] (S.E.) me ndröfi 1994. Aefa da'ö itohugö zekolania ba mbanua bö'ö, isöndra gelar [[Master of Science]] (M.Sc.) moroi ba [[Universitas Cornell]] ba gelar [[Doktor]] (Ph.D.) moroi ba [[Universitas Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] me ndröfi 1997 ba 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kemenkeu|title=Profil pejabat kepala badan kebijakan fiskal|url=https://www.kemenkeu.go.id/profil/profil-pejabat/kepala-badan-kebijakan-fiskal/|website=kemenkeu.go.id|access-date=2022-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723034732/https://www.kemenkeu.go.id/profil/profil-pejabat/kepala-badan-kebijakan-fiskal/|archive-date=2019-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kertiyasa &amp; Silalahi (2026)&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Kertiyasa |first1=Martin Bagya |last2=Silalahi |first2=Theressia |date=2026-09-14 |title=Breaking News: Prabowo Replaces Purbaya With Suahasil Nazara as Finance Minister |url=https://jakartaglobe.id/news/breaking-news-prabowo-replaces-purbaya-with-suahasil-nazara-as-finance-minister |work=[[The Jakarta Globe]] |language=en |access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karier ==
[[File:Suahasil_Nazara_at_the_University_of_Indonesia_Graduation_Ceremony,_13_September_2025_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Suahasil isuwu toga guru besar bidang ekonomi ba [[Universitas Indonesia]], 2025.]]
Ibörögö kariernia ba halöwö akademis tobali dosen [[pegawai negeri sipil]] ba [[Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Indonesia]] (FEB UI) me ndröfi 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kertiyasa &amp; Silalahi (2026)&quot;/&gt; Aefa da'ö tobali ia ketua program studi pascasarjana ilmu ekonomi moroi ba ndröfi 2004 irugi 2005 ba kepala [[Lembaga Demografi Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Indonesia|Lembaga Demografi]] moroi ba ndröfi 2005 irugi 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ldfebui.org/en/previous-directors/|title=Previous Directors Lembaga Demografi FEB UI|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-24|archive-date=2019-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205115056/http://ldfebui.org/en/previous-directors/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Akbar (2026)&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Akbar |first=Nawir Arsyad |date=2026-09-14 |title=Profil Suahasil Nazara, Menkeu Baru Pengganti Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa |url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2026/09/14/15362881/profil-suahasil-nazara-menkeu-baru-pengganti-purbaya-yudhi-sadewa |work=[[Kompas]] |language=id |access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suahasil tefataro tobali [[Profesor|guru besar]] (Profesor) me Oktober 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahyuningtyas (2026)&quot;/&gt; Ya'ia göi tobali ketua departemen ilmu ekonomi ba UI moroi ba ndröfi 2009 irugi 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;Akbar (2026)&quot;/&gt;

Baero halöwö akademis, Suahasil mofalua halöwö ba tim asistensi menteri keuangan ba desentralisasi fiskal moroi ba ndröfi 2009 irugi 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;Akbar (2026)&quot; /&gt; Tefili göi ia tobali koordinator kebijakan ba [[Tim Nasional Percepatan Penanggulangan Kemiskinan]] (TNP2K), si so barö kantörö [[Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia|wakil presiden]], ba ihalö halöwö andrö moroi ba ndröfi 2010 irugi 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahyuningtyas (2026)&quot;/&gt; Suahasil no göi anggota [[Komite Ekonomi Nasional]] moroi ba ndröfi 2013 irugi 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;Akbar (2026)&quot; /&gt;

Ifarigö ia ba zamatörö [[Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia|Kementerian Keuangan]] me ndröfi 2015, ba tobali kepala [[Badan Kebijakan Fiskal]] me Oktober 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kertiyasa &amp; Silalahi (2026)&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Akbar (2026)&quot; /&gt; Me ndröfi 2019, ifataro ia Presiden [[Joko Widodo]] tobali wakil menteri keuangan ba [[Kabinet Indonesia Maju]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mediatama|first=Grahanusa|date=2019-10-25|title=Suahasil Nazara, putra Nias yang menjadi Wakil Menteri Keuangan|url=https://nasional.kontan.co.id/news/suahasil-nazara-putra-nias-yang-menjadi-wakil-menteri-keuangan|website=kontan.co.id|language=id|access-date=2022-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-4760760/perjalanan-karier-suahasil-nazara-dari-dosen-ui-kini-jadi-wamenkeu|title=Perjalanan Karier Suahasil Nazara, dari Dosen UI Kini Jadi Wamenkeu|last=Indraini|first=Anisa|website=detikfinance|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Itohugö halöwönia tobali wakil menteri ba [[Kabinet Merah Putih]] barö wamatörö Presiden [[Prabowo Subianto]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kertiyasa &amp; Silalahi (2026)&quot; /&gt; Aefa teheta [[Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa]], tefataro ia tobali menteri keuangan si bohou me September 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sulaiman &amp; Suroyo&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Sulaiman |first1=Stefanno |last2=Suroyo |first2=Gayatri |date=2026-09-14 |title=Indonesia president appoints his third finance minister in under two years |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/indonesias-president-replaces-finance-minister-with-deputy-official-says-2026-09-14/ |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en |access-date=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fa'auri si samösa ==
[[File:Suahasil_Nazara_and_wife_at_the_University_of_Indonesia_Graduation_Ceremony,_13_September_2025_(cropped).jpg|jmpl|Suahasil Nazara ba fo'omonia]]
Molo'ö [[Laporan Harta Kekayaan Penyelenggara Negara]] (LHKPN), fa'okhöta nibe'enia turia no irugi mato 138 miliar [[Rupiah|rupiah]]. Fa'ao ba da'ö ngawalö mbolo mbanua awö nomo si so ba Jakarta ba [[Depok]], tefa'ao tanö ba omo ba [[Jakarta Selatan]] si no mu'erai mbölinia mato 28 miliar rupiah. Hiza'i, abölö oya mbö'ö wa'okhötania moroi ba [[Efek (keuangan)|surat berharga]] si so mböli mato 67 miliar rupiah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wahyuningtyas (2026)&quot; /&gt;

== Umbu ==
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{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nazara, Suahasil}}

[[Kategori:Nias]]
[[Kategori:Biografi]]
[[Kategori:Bohou tesura]]</text>
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