Fangowai ba Fame'e Afo ba Danö Niha

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    <title>Fangowai ba Fame'e Afo ba Danö Niha</title>
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      <comment>Fangowai ba draalawe</comment>
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      <text bytes="2900" sha1="paxu4qxsivhxtm0xaakr8k2azts247b" xml:space="preserve">'''Fangowai ba Fame'e Afo''' no sambua finaeta ba gangolifa hada si no alua ba Danö Niha, i'otarai meföna irugi manö ginötö iada'a. Fangowai,  asese laŵa'ö, [[sia'a hada]] ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]], tenga sa'ae nifahaö niha hewisa wangowai, hiza no so ba dödö si no oi la'ila ni'erei ero inötö moroi khö zatua baomo ba ndraononia. [[Ya'ahowu]], fehede salaŵa sibai winaetania na la tandrösaigö ba ngawua wehede tanöbö'ö, me no i'agö ba mböröta ngawalö wahuhuosa. Fangowai, Ya'ahowu ba Danö Niha, sambua fasumangeta ba niha sawena falukha ba sambua fangi'ila huku. Fehede Ya'ahowu tehalö moroi ba ngawua wehede ehowu (Li Indonesia ''subur, sejahtera'').

Ba Danö Niha, no oi tarongo wa meföna so nifotöi emali sanga'i högö irege niha oi mangelama ira zamösana, börö lö dozi niha sitohare ba dalu golayama, niha simöi fatome sisökhi, haniha zangila wa tenga sangai högö ia, na laŵa'ö ba da'ö, &quot;'''Emali niha na falukha baewali, ba ono luo na no so yomo'''&quot; eluahania, fatua ua falukha ba dalu newali böi ösö öfaduhusi-tödö wa niha simöi fatome sisökhi, na no irugi yomo nomo, na niha sifalukha andrö niha si no fa'ila, ba niha nifosumange sibai, andrö memböröta ba lö hadöi fangowai sifao fara'u tanga me lamane bada'ö, Mangelama nifö ba mboha eluahania, lö omasi zisamösa niha alua khönia zi lö omasi ia. Me tebai fara'u tanga börö me mangelama, ba andrö la'owai lamane: '''''&quot;Ya'ami yomo, he&quot;, &quot;So ami yomo, ya'ami/yaugö yomo&quot;,''''' ba na so atö niha ba itema, '''''&quot;he&quot;,''''' moroi ba zalua da'a meföna da'ö wa so wangowai fao feme'e afo. Ba dozi banua so ma'ifu wa'afaehu, ba wanötöi sifao ba wa'ato'ölö ba ngawua ba zisambua banua ba lala si no tefa'anö

ba wondrakö nigo'ö.

==Hendri-Hendri==
Ya'e dumaduma nia hendrihendri simane moroi ba zowatö:

&lt;poem&gt;Duhu no mananö dawuo, si'ala gae,
no mananö dawuo-sini,
ba lö fakhamö mogasi,
no itörö si matua nangi,
atata mbulu oköli,
ateu dalu gasigasi,
andrö wa lö sumangemi,
ya'ami tome sangondrasi.&lt;/poem&gt;

Ba latema ya'ira moroi tou;

&lt;poem&gt;Hiza no mananö dawuo, siala gae,
hiza mbanua ba zowatö,
no mananö dawuo-sini,
ba no mowa'a molali,
no wo wanua mamalikhi,
nuwu galimaŵa öri,
sumange dome sangondrasi.&lt;/poem&gt;

Ba wa'oya nasa danöbö'önia. Fangowai ba fame'e afo tenga sawena so ba Danö Niha, no sambua lala wa'auri silötolalö lafalua ba gotalua wabanuasa, ba wa'auri fongambatö, ba fa'auri si'ero ma'ökhö.&lt;ref&gt;Telaumbanua, Pdt. Dr. Tuhoni (18 Mei 2020). ''[https://kabarnias.com/budaya/salam-khas-nias-10122 &quot;'''Fangowai ba Fame'e Afo di Nias'''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118233403/https://kabarnias.com/budaya/salam-khas-nias-10122 |date=2021-01-18 }}'', KabarNias.Com, Inspirasi Ono Niha, mufaigi me, 9 Pebruari 2021&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umbu ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Nias]]
[[Kategori:Hada]]
[[Kategori:Hada Nono Niha]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fökhö Gulo</title>
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      <text bytes="130428" sha1="ic02ewnpvtq3qabjs0kes66j6z9apsw" xml:space="preserve">[[Berkas:Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.jpg|jmpl|Famakao nitörö mboto ba wökhö gulo tipe 1]]
'''Fӧkhӧ Gulo''' (töi resmi ''Diabetes mellitus'', li Indonesia: ''{{li|id|penyakit kencing manis}}'') no ngawalö wӧkhӧ salua börö me falawu oya [[gulo]] bakha ba ndro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diabetes |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/diabetes |url-status=live |access-date=29 January 2023 |website=[[World Health Organization]] |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129101252/https://www.who.int/health-topics/diabetes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;msd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Diabetes Mellitus (DM) - Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-dm-and-disorders-of-blood-sugar-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm |website=MSD Manual Consumer Version |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001070047/https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-dm-and-disorders-of-blood-sugar-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sohalöŵö bakha ba mboto ena'ö böi töra ba böi göi ambö wa'oya [[gulo]] andre ya'ia da'ö ŵe nifotöi [[insulin]] nifazökhi [[fali'a]]. Na mo'amböta ibe'e tohöna [[insulin]] [[fali'a]], ba tola wa falawu oya [[gulo]] bakha ba mboto. Bahiza tola göi börö me i'osilö'ögö boto halöŵö ŵe andrö.&lt;ref name=&quot;Green2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book |veditors=Shoback DG, Gardner D |title=Greenspan's basic &amp; clinical endocrinology|url=https://archive.org/details/greenspansbasicc0000unse |year=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-162243-1|chapter=Chapter 17|edition=9th}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tandra-tandra si no to'ölö la'ila niha ya'ia da'ö fa'owökhi dödö, fa'asese möi kiö, alö wa'abua mboto ba sautö hörö (baŵainö). Na lö mudalu-daluni, tola tobali mongawalö ia (li Indonesia: ''{{li|id|komplikasi}}'') simane [[fökhö tödö]], [[fökhö hörö]], [[fökhö mbua]] ba fökhö nuo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ADA2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN |date=July 2009 |title=Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes |url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/32/7/1335.full |url-status=live |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=32 |issue=7 |pages=1335–1343 |doi=10.2337/dc09-9032 |pmc=2699725 |pmid=19564476 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625075136/http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/32/7/1335.full |archive-date=2016-06-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mate mato 1,5 juta niha ero röfi börö me lö mudalu-daluni ia ma zui ambö faudu dalu-dalunia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

So dombua ngawalö wökhö gulo sasese so, heŵa'ae so sa danö bö'ö göi, ya'ia da'ö nifotöi '''tipe 1''' ba '''tipe 2'''. Ladalu-daluni wökhö gulo tipe 1 faoma fame'e [[insulin]] (la'oguna'ö suti). Na fökhö gulo tipe 2 tola ladalu-daluni ia faoma dalu-dalu nifotöi ''metformin'' awö ''semaglutide'' ba faoma famawu'a lala wa'auri si ero ma'ökhö (li Inggris: ''{{li|en|lifestyle adjustments}}''). So göi wökhö gulo si so ba ginötö manabina ndra'alawe, bahiza döhö manö ia na no tumbu nono dania.

Ba ndröfi 2021, so mato 537 juta niha ba gulidanö si göna fökhö gulo, töra 10% ba gotaluara niha satua. Ba gotalua ndra sofökhö andre 90% göna ira fökhö gulo tipe 2. Molo'ö fangerai, ba ndröfi 2045 edöna so 783 juta niha satua, eluahania samösa ero daŵalu niha, sofökhö gulo, eluahania 46% töra moroi ba wa'oya zofökhö iada'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Facts &amp; figures |url=https://idf.org/about-diabetes/facts-figures/ |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=International Diabetes Federation |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810231724/https://idf.org/about-diabetes/facts-figures/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Itugu ara itugu asese göna niha ia, töra-töra ba negara heza so niha sambö fangalui ma zui ha abönö sibai wangaluira.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = De Silva AP, De Silva SH, Haniffa R, Liyanage IK, Jayasinghe S, Katulanda P, Wijeratne CN, Wijeratne S, Rajapaksa LC | display-authors = 6 | title = Inequalities in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its risk factors in Sri Lanka: a lower middle income country | journal = International Journal for Equity in Health | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 45 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29665834 | pmc = 5905173 | doi = 10.1186/s12939-018-0759-3 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Fa'oya zofökhö ira matua arakhagö fagölö ira wa'oya zofökhö ira alawe, ba fökhö gulo andre no numero ŵalu fökhö fondrege asese tobali börö wa'amate niha ba zi sagörö ulidanö.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vos2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, Shibuya K, Salomon JA, Abdalla S, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Ackerman I, Aggarwal R, Ahn SY, Ali MK, Alvarado M, Anderson HR, Anderson LM, Andrews KG, Atkinson C, Baddour LM, Bahalim AN, Barker-Collo S, Barrero LH, Bartels DH, Basáñez MG, Baxter A, Bell ML, Benjamin EJ, Bennett D, Bernabé E, Bhalla K, Bhandari B, Bikbov B, Bin Abdulhak A, Birbeck G, Black JA, Blencowe H, Blore JD, Blyth F, Bolliger I, Bonaventure A, Boufous S, Bourne R, Boussinesq M, Braithwaite T, Brayne C, Bridgett L, Brooker S, Brooks P, Brugha TS, Bryan-Hancock C, Bucello C, Buchbinder R, Buckle G, Budke CM, Burch M, Burney P, Burstein R, Calabria B, Campbell B, Canter CE, Carabin H, Carapetis J, Carmona L, Cella C, Charlson F, Chen H, Cheng AT, Chou D, Chugh SS, Coffeng LE, Colan SD, Colquhoun S, Colson KE, Condon J, Connor MD, Cooper LT, Corriere M, Cortinovis M, de Vaccaro KC, Couser W, Cowie BC, Criqui MH, Cross M, Dabhadkar KC, Dahiya M, Dahodwala N, Damsere-Derry J, Danaei G, Davis A, De Leo D, Degenhardt L, Dellavalle R, Delossantos A, Denenberg J, Derrett S, Des Jarlais DC, Dharmaratne SD, Dherani M, Diaz-Torne C, Dolk H, Dorsey ER, Driscoll T, Duber H, Ebel B, Edmond K, Elbaz A, Ali SE, Erskine H, Erwin PJ, Espindola P, Ewoigbokhan SE, Farzadfar F, Feigin V, Felson DT, Ferrari A, Ferri CP, Fèvre EM, Finucane MM, Flaxman S, Flood L, Foreman K, Forouzanfar MH, Fowkes FG, Franklin R, Fransen M, Freeman MK, Gabbe BJ, Gabriel SE, Gakidou E, Ganatra HA, Garcia B, Gaspari F, Gillum RF, Gmel G, Gosselin R, Grainger R, Groeger J, Guillemin F, Gunnell D, Gupta R, Haagsma J, Hagan H, Halasa YA, Hall W, Haring D, Haro JM, Harrison JE, Havmoeller R, Hay RJ, Higashi H, Hill C, Hoen B, Hoffman H, Hotez PJ, Hoy D, Huang JJ, Ibeanusi SE, Jacobsen KH, James SL, Jarvis D, Jasrasaria R, Jayaraman S, Johns N, Jonas JB, Karthikeyan G, Kassebaum N, Kawakami N, Keren A, Khoo JP, King CH, Knowlton LM, Kobusingye O, Koranteng A, Krishnamurthi R, Lalloo R, Laslett LL, Lathlean T, Leasher JL, Lee YY, Leigh J, Lim SS, Limb E, Lin JK, Lipnick M, Lipshultz SE, Liu W, Loane M, Ohno SL, Lyons R, Ma J, Mabweijano J, MacIntyre MF, Malekzadeh R, Mallinger L, Manivannan S, Marcenes W, March L, Margolis DJ, Marks GB, Marks R, Matsumori A, Matzopoulos R, Mayosi BM, McAnulty JH, McDermott MM, McGill N, McGrath J, Medina-Mora ME, Meltzer M, Mensah GA, Merriman TR, Meyer AC, Miglioli V, Miller M, Miller TR, Mitchell PB, Mocumbi AO, Moffitt TE, Mokdad AA, Monasta L, Montico M, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moran A, Morawska L, Mori R, Murdoch ME, Mwaniki MK, Naidoo K, Nair MN, Naldi L, Narayan KM, Nelson PK, Nelson RG, Nevitt MC, Newton CR, Nolte S, Norman P, Norman R, O'Donnell M, O'Hanlon S, Olives C, Omer SB, Ortblad K, Osborne R, Ozgediz D, Page A, Pahari B, Pandian JD, Rivero AP, Patten SB, Pearce N, Padilla RP, Perez-Ruiz F, Perico N, Pesudovs K, Phillips D, Phillips MR, Pierce K, Pion S, Polanczyk GV, Polinder S, Pope CA, Popova S, Porrini E, Pourmalek F, Prince M, Pullan RL, Ramaiah KD, Ranganathan D, Razavi H, Regan M, Rehm JT, Rein DB, Remuzzi G, Richardson K, Rivara FP, Roberts T, Robinson C, De Leòn FR, Ronfani L, Room R, Rosenfeld LC, Rushton L, Sacco RL, Saha S, Sampson U, Sanchez-Riera L, Sanman E, Schwebel DC, Scott JG, Segui-Gomez M, Shahraz S, Shepard DS, Shin H, Shivakoti R, Singh D, Singh GM, Singh JA, Singleton J, Sleet DA, Sliwa K, Smith E, Smith JL, Stapelberg NJ, Steer A, Steiner T, Stolk WA, Stovner LJ, Sudfeld C, Syed S, Tamburlini G, Tavakkoli M, Taylor HR, Taylor JA, Taylor WJ, Thomas B, Thomson WM, Thurston GD, Tleyjeh IM, Tonelli M, Towbin JA, Truelsen T, Tsilimbaris MK, Ubeda C, Undurraga EA, van der Werf MJ, van Os J, Vavilala MS, Venketasubramanian N, Wang M, Wang W, Watt K, Weatherall DJ, Weinstock MA, Weintraub R, Weisskopf MG, Weissman MM, White RA, Whiteford H, Wiersma ST, Wilkinson JD, Williams HC, Williams SR, Witt E, Wolfe F, Woolf AD, Wulf S, Yeh PH, Zaidi AK, Zheng ZJ, Zonies D, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, AlMazroa MA, Memish ZA | display-authors = 6 | title = Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2163 | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages = 2163–2196 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23245607 | pmc = 6350784 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The top 10 causes of death |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death |website=www.who.int |access-date=18 May 2020 |language=en |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924191646/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Molo'ö fangerai, la'aekhugö ambö töra 760 triliun dollar Amerika niha ba zi sagörö ulidanö ba wamadöhö fökhö andre ero röfi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Bommer C, Sagalova V, Heesemann E, Manne-Goehler J, Atun R, Bärnighausen T, Davies J, Vollmer S | display-authors = 6 | title = Global Economic Burden of Diabetes in Adults: Projections From 2015 to 2030 | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 41 | issue = 5 | pages = 963–970 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 29475843 | doi = 10.2337/dc17-1962 | s2cid = 3538441 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tandra-tandra ==
[[Berkas:Main symptoms of diabetes.svg|jmpl|upright=1.5|Tandra-tandra wökhö gulo sabölö oya so]]
Tandra wökhö gulo sabölö la'ila niha ya'ia da'ö na asese möi kiö, owökhi dödö ba mo'amböta wa'abua mboto.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Feather |first1=Adam |title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine |last2=Randall |first2=David |last3=Waterhouse |first3=Mona |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-7020-7868-2 |edition=10th |pages=699–741}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bahiza so göi tandra-tandra tanöbö'ö, fao ba ba da'ö lö dage, mosautö hörö (baŵainö) ba ali-ali wamatua ma fa'alawe börö me no ilawusi ia landröta i'i.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; So mato matonga wa'oya niha si no göna fökhö gulo si lö oroma tandra-tandra khöra.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Si to'ölönia i'anema'ö oroma tandra-tandra na no göna niha fökhö gulo tipe 1, bahiza lö i'anema'ö oroma dandra-tandra wökhö gulo tipe 2, itaria no ha'uga fakhe manö ba lö nasa oroma ia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Goldman |first1=Lee |title=Goldman-Cecil Medicine |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780323532662_2 |last2=Schafer |first2=Andrew |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-323-53266-2 |edition=26th |pages=1490–1510}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Berkas:Diabetes complications.jpg|jmpl|Fökhö hörö, fökhö mbua ba fökhö nuo no lua-lua na mongawalö wökhö gulo]]
Asese so wökhö gulo sabölö-bölö nifotöi ''ketoacidosis'' (langu saisö)&lt;ref&gt;Alua wökhö nifotöi ''ketoadicosis'' na falawu oya zaisö bakha ba mboto. Alua baero zaisö da'a na i'ohalöŵögöigö dawö ate, ena'ö lö aetu modage niha, börö me mo'amböta ''insulin''.&lt;/ref&gt; ba tipe 1, heŵa'ae itaria göi alua ia ba tipe 2 na no ara sibai wökhö ma zui na lö mohalöŵö sa'ae sambua [[sel]] nifotöi sel β bakha ba mboto zofökhö.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Penman |first1=Ian |title=Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine |last2=Ralston |first2=Stuart |last3=Strachan |first3=Mark |last4=Hobson |first4=Richard |publisher=Elsevier |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-7020-8348-8 |edition=24th |pages=703–753}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na falawu oya zaisö andre ba tola oroma ia ba tandra-tandra simane fa'omulö-mulö dödö, famu'uta, fökhö dalu, fa'aböu aisö hanu-hanu, fa'ahori mbadu, ba na irege abölö-bölö ia tobali alidifaö zofökhö andrö.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Fökhö sabölö-bölö bö'ö si tola alua ya'ia da'ö nifotöi HHS (li Inggris: ''Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state'') soroma ba tandra-tandra simane famo'amböta nidanö ba mboto (nifotöi ''dehidrasi''), famo'amböta gulo bakha ba ndro ba tola irege fakuyu wangera-ngera zofökhö ma zui femörö sitebai maoso (nifotöi ''koma'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Willix |first1=Clare |last2=Griffiths |first2=Emma |last3=Singleton |first3=Sally |date=May 2019 |title=Hyperglycaemic presentations in type 2 diabetes |url=https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/may/hyperglycaemic-presentations-in-type-2-diabetes |journal=Australian Journal of General Practice |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=263–267 |doi=10.31128/AJGP-12-18-4785 |pmid=31129935 |s2cid=167207067 |doi-access=free |access-date=2023-08-10 |archive-date=2023-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230515/https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/may/hyperglycaemic-presentations-in-type-2-diabetes |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Famo'amböta gulo bakha ba ndro andre no fökhö si no mu'ila ladalu-daluni faoma fame'e [[insulin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Amiel |first=Stephanie A. |date=2021-05-01 |title=The consequences of hypoglycaemia |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-020-05366-3 |journal=Diabetologia |language=en |volume=64 |issue=5 |pages=963–970 |doi=10.1007/s00125-020-05366-3 |issn=1432-0428 |pmc=8012317 |pmid=33550443}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na abölö-bölö ia ba tola oroma tandra-tandra simane oya mböböi, maniri döla, manimba dödö sabölö-bölö, fakuyu gera-era, maniri-niri, koma, ba itaria fa'amate.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Na asese alua da'a, ba tola manö alua wa lö oroma dandra-tandra irege tebörögö fakuyu gera-gera zofökhö.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

=== Fökhö songawalö na ara wökhö ===

Fökhö songawalö (li Indonesia: ''{{li|ira|komplikasi}}'') si tola alua börö wökhö gulo ya'ia da'ö fa'atekiko nuo si fakhai ba dödö.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Diabetes - long-term effects |url=http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes-long-term-effects |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=Better Health Channel |publisher=Department of Health |language=en |publication-place=Victoria |archive-date=2023-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029233716/https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes-long-term-effects |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sarwar N, Gao P, Seshasai SR, Gobin R, Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E, Ingelsson E, Lawlor DA, Selvin E, Stampfer M, Stehouwer CD, Lewington S, Pennells L, Thompson A, Sattar N, White IR, Ray KK, Danesh J | display-authors = 6 | title = Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies | journal = Lancet | volume = 375 | issue = 9733 | pages = 2215–2222 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20609967 | pmc = 2904878 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60484-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Eluahania tobali dua kali mosikho fökhö tödö niha si göna fökhö gulo, ba ambö töra 75% niha simate faoma fökhö gulo, mate börö wökhö tödö.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, Casey DE, Chung MK, de Lemos JA, Ettinger SM, Fang JC, Fesmire FM, Franklin BA, Granger CB, Krumholz HM, Linderbaum JA, Morrow DA, Newby LK, Ornato JP, Ou N, Radford MJ, Tamis-Holland JE, Tommaso CL, Tracy CM, Woo YJ, Zhao DX, Anderson JL, Jacobs AK, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Brindis RG, Creager MA, DeMets D, Guyton RA, Hochman JS, Kovacs RJ, Kushner FG, Ohman EM, Stevenson WG, Yancy CW |date=January 2013 |title=2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines |journal=Circulation |volume=127 |issue=4 |pages=e368 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182742cf6 |pmid=23247304 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fökhö nuo tanöbö'ö ya'ia tekiko nuo samahele ndro ba guto irege mate [[sel]] bakha ba guto (fökhö nifotöi mate-dambai ma ''stroke'') awö wökhö fa'atolazi nuo ba gahe ba ba danga irege lö tola itörö ndro.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Papatheodorou K, Banach M, Bekiari E, Rizzo M, Edmonds M |date=11 March 2018 |title=Complications of Diabetes 2017 |journal=Journal of Diabetes Research |volume=2018 |pages=3086167 |doi=10.1155/2018/3086167 |pmc=5866895 |pmid=29713648 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fökhö nuo andre tola mo'aekhula ia ba wökhö si fakhai ba hörö, ba mbua ba ba nuo nifotöi ''saraf''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Fa'atekiko nuo si fakhai ba hörö no börö wa'abösi ma fa'abalunö hörö khö ndra niha sabölö nasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Tola göi mo'aekhula ia ba wökhö hörö tanöbö'ö simane fa'abalunö hörö nifotöi ''katarak'' ba ''glaucoma''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Sökhi na ero döfi möi lafareso höröra khö doto hörö ya'ira sofökhö gulo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diabetes eye care |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000078.htm |access-date=2018-03-27 |website=MedlinePlus |publisher=National Library of Medicine |language=en |publication-place=Maryland |archive-date=2018-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328102348/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000078.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fökhö gulo no fökhö sasese mamobörö [[fökhö mbua]], töra 50% zofökhö bua ba [[Amerika Serikat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Wing |first1=Edward J |title=Cecil Essentials of Medicine |last2=Schiffman |first2=Fred |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-323-72271-1 |edition=10th |location=Pennsylvania |pages=282–297, 662–677}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tola göi ifakiko nuo nifotöi ''saraf'' fökhö gulo, duma-dumania na lö raso sa'ae, na alua wökhö nuo, na ombuyu dalu ba tebai auri mba'i ndra matua.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Börö me lö raso sa'ae, mo'aekhula ia ba wökhö simane na abao-ombuyu waha ma ahe, irege obou ba moguna lataba faoma operasi (nifotöi ''amputasi'').&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Molo'ö [[data]] si no mu'owuloi, so gamaikhata wökhö gulo tipe 2 faoma wökhö [[awökhu|gawökhu]]. Ya'ira sofökhö gulo abölö mosikho ira göna fökhö [[awökhu|gawökhu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Yuan |first1=Shuai |last2=Gill |first2=Dipender |last3=Giovannucci |first3=Edward L. |last4=Larsson |first4=Susanna C. |date=March 2022 |title=Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, Lifestyle Factors, and Risk of Gallstone Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Investigation |journal=Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology |language=en |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=e529–e537 |doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2020.12.034|pmid=33418132 |doi-access=free |hdl=10044/1/86461 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baero da'ö so göi khai-khaira wökhö gulo ba fa'ambö wangera-ngera (li Inggris: ''{{li|en|cognitive deficit}}''). Oroma da'a bakha ba ngawalö wangosili si no mufalua.&lt;ref name=&quot;cognitive&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Cukierman T, Gerstein HC, Williamson JD |date=December 2005 |title=Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes--systematic overview of prospective observational studies |journal=Diabetologia |volume=48 |issue=12 |pages=2460–2469 |doi=10.1007/s00125-005-0023-4 |pmid=16283246 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fökhö andre itaria göi tobali börö wa asese alau niha sibiha, töra-töra niha si no mangai [[insulin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Yang Y, Hu X, Zhang Q, Zou R |date=November 2016 |title=Diabetes mellitus and risk of falls in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Age and Ageing |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=761–767 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afw140 |pmid=27515679 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samobörö ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right; margin:10px&quot;
|+Fökhö gulo tipe 1 ba tipe 2 (sifagölö ba sifabö'ö)&lt;ref name=Will2011&gt;{{cite book |title=Williams textbook of endocrinology |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |isbn=978-1-4377-0324-5 |pages=1371–1435 |edition=12th|year=2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Omböila !! Tipe 1 !! Tipe 2
|-
! Böröta
| I'anema'ö||Ita'i-ta'i
|-
! Ndröfi 
| Arakhagö fefu ba ndraono || Arakhagö fefu ba zatua
|-
! Fa'ebua mboto
| Afuo ma to'ölö manö&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Lambert P, Bingley PJ | title = What is Type 1 Diabetes? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_critical-care-medicine_2002-06_30_6_0/page/1 | journal = Medicine | volume = 30 | pages = 1–5 | year = 2002 | doi = 10.1383/medc.30.1.1.28264 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || Asese falawu esolo
|-
! Fa'alua langu saisö&lt;ref&gt;Töi resminia ba gotalua ndra doto: ''ketoacidosis''&lt;/ref&gt;
| Asese || Itaria
|-
! Otoantibodi&lt;ref&gt;Lafotöi ''otoantibodi'' zalua na ibörötaigö boto wamakiko botoda samösa. Si to'ölönia na so dungö, langu ma gofu hadia ia zi ta'unö simöi bakha ba mboto, ba i'anema'ö isuwö da'ö fefu boto (lafotöi da'a ''antibodi''). Bahiza itaria ''owöhö'' mbotoda samösa, irege tenga udu moroi baero nisuwönia, bahiza ngawalö zoguna ba mboto samösa. Duma-dumania fökhö nifotöi ''kanker'' alua börö me isuwö mboto botoda samösa.&lt;/ref&gt;
| Si to'ölönia so || Lö so
|-
! Insulin nifazökhi mboto&lt;ref&gt;Lafotöi ''insulin'' sambua ŵe nifatumbu'ö wali'a. Moguna ŵe andre ba wamatörö ena'ö böi falawu töra ba böi göi falawu lö'ö gulo bakha ba ndro.&lt;/ref&gt;
| Arakhagö lö'ö ma lö'ö || Normal, alö&lt;br /&gt; ma monönö
|-
! Fama'ema ba götö mitou
| 0.69 irugi 0.88&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Skov J, Eriksson D, Kuja-Halkola R, Höijer J, Gudbjörnsdottir S, Svensson AM, Magnusson PK, Ludvigsson JF, Kämpe O, Bensing S | display-authors = 6 | title = Co-aggregation and heritability of organ-specific autoimmunity: a population-based twin study | journal = European Journal of Endocrinology | volume = 182 | issue = 5 | pages = 473–480 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32229696 | doi = 10.1530/EJE-20-0049 | pmc = 7182094 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Hyttinen V, Kaprio J, Kinnunen L, Koskenvuo M, Tuomilehto J | title = Genetic liability of type 1 diabetes and the onset age among 22,650 young Finnish twin pairs: a nationwide follow-up study | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetes_2003-04_52_4/page/1052 | journal = Diabetes | volume = 52 | issue = 4 | pages = 1052–1055 | date = April 2003 | pmid = 12663480 | doi = 10.2337/diabetes.52.4.1052 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Condon J, Shaw JE, Luciano M, Kyvik KO, Martin NG, Duffy DL | title = A study of diabetes mellitus within a large sample of Australian twins | journal = Twin Research and Human Genetics | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 28–40 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 18251672 | doi = 10.1375/twin.11.1.28 | s2cid = 18072879 | url = https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/11913813/study_of_diabetes_mellitus_within_a_large_sample_of_Australian_twins.pdf | access-date = 2021-12-27 | archive-date = 2023-07-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230701154034/https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/11913813/study_of_diabetes_mellitus_within_a_large_sample_of_Australian_twins.pdf | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| 0.47 irugi 0.77&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Willemsen G, Ward KJ, Bell CG, Christensen K, Bowden J, Dalgård C, Harris JR, Kaprio J, Lyle R, Magnusson PK, Mather KA, Ordoňana JR, Perez-Riquelme F, Pedersen NL, Pietiläinen KH, Sachdev PS, Boomsma DI, Spector T | display-authors = 6 | title = The Concordance and Heritability of Type 2 Diabetes in 34,166 Twin Pairs From International Twin Registers: The Discordant Twin (DISCOTWIN) Consortium | journal = Twin Research and Human Genetics | volume = 18 | issue = 6 | pages = 762–771 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26678054 | doi = 10.1017/thg.2015.83 | s2cid = 17854531 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Fa'asese tesöndra
(nifaosatö molo'ö ndröfi)
| &lt;2 ero 1,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Lin X, Xu Y, Pan X, Xu J, Ding Y, Sun X, Song X, Ren Y, Shan PF | display-authors = 6 | title = Global, regional, and national burden and trend of diabetes in 195 countries and territories: an analysis from 1990 to 2025 | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 14790 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32901098 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-71908-9 | pmc = 7478957 | bibcode = 2020NatSR..1014790L }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| ~6% (ndramatua), ~5% (ndra'alawe)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Tinajero MG, Malik VS | title = An Update on the Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes: A Global Perspective | journal = Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America | volume = 50 | issue = 3 | pages = 337–355 | date = September 2021 | pmid = 34399949 | doi = 10.1016/j.ecl.2021.05.013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

Molo'ö [[WHO]] (World Health Organization) so 6 faosatö wökhö gulo: fökhö gulo tipe 1, fökhö gulo tipe 2, fökhö gulo si faruka tandra-tandrania (fao ba da'ö wökhö gulo sara manöi ba niha satua awö wökhö gulo tipe 2 si fao langu saisö), fökhö gulo si so ba ndra'alawe sanabina, &quot;fökhö gulo tipe tanöbö'ö&quot; ba &quot;fökhö gulo si lö nasa mufaosatö&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1233344/retrieve |title=Classification of diabetes mellitus 2019 |date=2019 |publisher=World Health Organisation |location=Geneva |isbn=978-92-4-151570-2 |access-date=2023-08-15 |archive-date=2023-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306070305/https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1233344/retrieve |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Oya ngawalö wökhö gulo töra moroi ba ni'angeragö niha meföna, ba tola manö wa göna samösa niha tenga ha sambua bahiza mato ha'uga ngawalö wökhö gulo andrö.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tuomi2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Tuomi T, Santoro N, Caprio S, Cai M, Weng J, Groop L |date=March 2014 |title=The many faces of diabetes: a disease with increasing heterogeneity |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_march-22-28-2014_383_9922/page/1084 |journal=Lancet |volume=383 |issue=9922 |pages=1084–1094 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62219-9 |pmid=24315621 |s2cid=12679248}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fökhö gulo tipe 1 ===

Moroi ba gotalua fefu wökhö gulo, so tipe 1 andre mato 5 irugi 10%. Fondrege tesöndra ia ba wökhö gulo si göna niha sawuyu ndröfi moroi ba zi 20 fakhe;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=V |title=Robbins &amp; Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease |last2=Abbas |first2=A |last3=Aster |first3=J |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-323-60992-0 |edition=10th |location=Pennsylvania |pages=1065–1132}}&lt;/ref&gt; bahiza lö te'oguna'ö sa'ae ŵa'öta &quot;fökhö gulo ndraono matua&quot; me tola alua ia göi ba niha satua.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Oroma wa so wökhö andre na mo'amböta nifotöi [[sel]] β ([[sel]] ''beta'') bakha ba wali'a, ba börö da'ö mo'amböta göi [[insulin]], irege tefaböbö ia sa'ae ba wökhö si fakhai ba wa'abölö mboto wolaŵa fökhö nifotöi ''kekebalan tubuh'' ba li Indonesia ma zui ''immune system'' ba li Inggris.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Arakhagö fefu wökhö salua fakhai ia ba zabölö mboto andre, me isuwö mboto botoda samösa (samalua da'a sambua [[sel]] nifotöi T) irege mate oi [[sel]] beta no mege, ba afuriatania falawu mo'amböta [[insulin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rother&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Rother KI | title = Diabetes treatment--bridging the divide | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2007-04-12_356_15/page/1499 | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 356 | issue = 15 | pages = 1499–1501 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17429082 | pmc = 4152979 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMp078030 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Asese möi yaŵa möi tou wa'oya gulo bakha ba ndro niha sofökhö, börö wo'amböta [[insulin]] ba börö wo'amböta wa'abölö wolaŵa nifotöi fökhö gulo ''hypoglycaemia''.&lt;ref name=&quot;merck1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Brutsaert |first=EF |date=September 2022 |title=Diabetes Mellitus (DM) |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=MSD Manual Professional Version |publisher=[[Merck &amp; Co.|Merck Publishing]] |archive-date=2023-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815124233/https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

So ösa wökhö gulo tipe 1 nifa'ema ba götö mitou, heza tesöndra mato ha'uga ngawalö [[gen]] (fao ba da'ö gen HLA) same'e mosikho niha ba wökhö gulo. Na so gen andre ba mboto zi samösa niha, ba tola alua wa göna ia fökhö gulo börö ngawalö hadia ia zi so ba zi fasui (nifotöi ''faktor lingkungan'' ba li Indonesia),&lt;ref name=PetzoldSolimena2015&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Petzold A, Solimena M, Knoch KP | title = Mechanisms of Beta Cell Dysfunction Associated With Viral Infection | journal = Current Diabetes Reports | volume = 15 | issue = 10 | pages = 73 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 26280364 | pmc = 4539350 | doi = 10.1007/s11892-015-0654-x | type = Review | quote = So far, none of the hypotheses accounting for virus-induced beta cell autoimmunity has been supported by stringent evidence in humans, and the involvement of several mechanisms rather than just one is also plausible. }}&lt;/ref&gt; simane na falemba khöra dungö ite (''virus'') ma zui ngawalö gö ni'ara. So mato ha'uga ngawalö virus andrö, bahiza lö nasa abönö ni'ila hörö nibabaya tanga (''bukti'') moroi ba wangosili ndra ere wökhö.&lt;ref name=PetzoldSolimena2015 /&gt;&lt;ref name=ButaliaKaplan2016&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Butalia S, Kaplan GG, Khokhar B, Rabi DM | title = Environmental Risk Factors and Type 1 Diabetes: Past, Present, and Future | journal = Canadian Journal of Diabetes | volume = 40 | issue = 6 | pages = 586–593 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 27545597 | doi = 10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.05.002 | type = Review }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tola göna niha wökhö gulo tipe 1 gofu manö ndröfi, heŵa'ae niha satua abölö asese göna fökhö andre. Töi nibe'e ndra ere wökhö na alua zimane ya'ia LADA (''Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults''), eluahania alua wökhö tipe 1 ba niha satua; no ita'i-ta'i wamanöi ya'ia, tenga simane ba ndraono, salio manöi wökhö andre. Börö da'ö itaria latötöi wökhö ba zatua andre &quot;fökhö gulo tipe 1,5&quot;. Asese fasala ''diagnosis'' wökhö andre ba niha satua, lawalinga fökhö gulo tipe 2 ia, börö me lasöndra ia ba niha satua.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Laugesen E, Østergaard JA, Leslie RD | title = Latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult: current knowledge and uncertainty | journal = Diabetic Medicine | volume = 32 | issue = 7 | pages = 843–852 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 25601320 | pmc = 4676295 | doi = 10.1111/dme.12700 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Börö LADA tesöndra falawu oya ''insulin'' ba niha satua moroi ba na göna ira wökhö gulo tipe 1, bahiza ambö sökhi gulo nifazökhi insulin andrö.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What Is Diabetes? |url=https://www.diabetesdaily.com/learn-about-diabetes/basics/what-is-diabetes/ |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=Diabetes Daily |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004071449/https://www.diabetesdaily.com/learn-about-diabetes/basics/what-is-diabetes/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Nolasco-Rosales |first1=Germán Alberto |last2=Ramírez-González |first2=Dania |last3=Rodríguez-Sánchez |first3=Ester |last4=Ávila-Fernandez |first4=Ángela |last5=Villar-Juarez |first5=Guillermo Efrén |last6=González-Castro |first6=Thelma Beatriz |last7=Tovilla-Zárate |first7=Carlos Alfonso |last8=Guzmán-Priego |first8=Crystell Guadalupe |last9=Genis-Mendoza |first9=Alma Delia |last10=Ble-Castillo |first10=Jorge Luis |last11=Marín-Medina |first11=Alejandro |last12=Juárez-Rojop |first12=Isela Esther |date=2023-04-29 |title=Identification and phenotypic characterization of patients with LADA in a population of southeast Mexico |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=7029 |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-34171-2 |issn=2045-2322 |pmid=37120620|pmc=10148806 |bibcode=2023NatSR..13.7029N }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fökhö gulo tipe 2 ===
[[Berkas:Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.jpg|jmpl|Na mo'amböta wa'oya ma zui wa'abölö ''insulin'' ba tobali monönö wa'oya gulo bakha ba ndro]]
Manumbu wökhö gulo tipe 2 na mo'amböta wa'abölö ''insulin'' ninönö na wa mo'amböta wa'oyania.&lt;ref name=Green2011/&gt; The defective responsiveness of body tissues to insulin is believed to involve the [[insulin receptor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Freeman |first=Andrew M. |title=Insulin Resistance |date=2024 |work=StatPearls |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507839/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29939616 |last2=Acevedo |first2=Luis A. |last3=Pennings |first3=Nicholas |archive-date=2024-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207020904/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507839/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Fökhö gulo tipe 2 andre no fökhö fondrege asese so, 95% moroi fefu niha si göna fökhö gulo. Ato niha si göna fökhö gulo tipe 2 samörögö faoma fökhö sangoroma'ö wa edöna göna ira dania fökhö gulo tipe 2.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = American Diabetes Association | title = 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 40 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = S11–S24 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 27979889 | doi = 10.2337/dc17-S005 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tola labatogö ia, ena'ö böi irugi wökhö gulo sindruhu, na la'oguna'ö dalu-dalu same'e ena'ö mofa'abölö ''insulin'' ba mo'amböta wamanumbu gulo.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid30528418&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Carris NW, Magness RR, Labovitz AJ | title = Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus in Patients With Prediabetes | journal = The American Journal of Cardiology | volume = 123 | issue = 3 | pages = 507–512 | date = February 2019 | pmid = 30528418 | pmc = 6350898 | doi = 10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.10.032 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

 Awena irugi da'a te'ali mangawuli zura andre moroi ba Wikipedia Inggris. Tolo Wikipedia Nias ba wanohugö wo'ali ya'ia. Oroma teks ba li Inggris ba modus wanura kode

&lt;!--
Type 2 diabetes is primarily due to lifestyle factors and genetics.&lt;ref name=Fat2009&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Risérus U, Willett WC, Hu FB | title = Dietary fats and prevention of type 2 diabetes | journal = Progress in Lipid Research | volume = 48 | issue = 1 | pages = 44–51 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19032965 | pmc = 2654180 | doi = 10.1016/j.plipres.2008.10.002 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A number of lifestyle factors are known to be important to the development of type 2 diabetes, including [[obesity]] (defined by a [[body mass index]] of greater than 30), lack of [[physical activity]], poor [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]], [[stress (biology)|stress]], and [[urbanization]].&lt;ref name=Will2011/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fletcher |first1=Barbara |last2=Gulanick |first2=Meg |last3=Lamendola |first3=Cindy |date=January 2002 |title=Risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11800065 |journal=The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=17–23 |doi=10.1097/00005082-200201000-00003 |issn=0889-4655 |pmid=11800065 |access-date=2023-10-12 |archive-date=2023-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020123710/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11800065/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Excess body fat is associated with 30% of cases in people of Chinese and Japanese descent, 60–80% of cases in those of European and African descent, and 100% of Pima Indians and Pacific Islanders.&lt;ref name=Green2011/&gt; Even those who are not obese may have a high [[waist–hip ratio]].&lt;ref name=Green2011/&gt;

Dietary factors such as [[sugar]]-sweetened drinks are associated with an increased risk.&lt;ref name=&quot;SSB2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Després JP, Hu FB | title = Sugar-sweetened beverages, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease risk | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_circulation_2010-03-23_121_11/page/1356 | journal = Circulation | volume = 121 | issue = 11 | pages = 1356–1364 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20308626 | pmc = 2862465 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.876185 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Després JP, Willett WC, Hu FB | title = Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 33 | issue = 11 | pages = 2477–2483 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 20693348 | pmc = 2963518 | doi = 10.2337/dc10-1079 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The type of [[fat]]s in the diet is also important, with [[saturated fat]] and [[trans fat]]s increasing the risk and [[polyunsaturated fat|polyunsaturated]] and [[monounsaturated fat]] decreasing the risk.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fat2009&quot; /&gt; Eating [[white rice]] excessively may increase the risk of diabetes, especially in Chinese and Japanese people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Hu EA, Pan A, Malik V, Sun Q | title = White rice consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis and systematic review | journal = BMJ | volume = 344 | pages = e1454 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22422870 | pmc = 3307808 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e1454 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lack of physical activity may increase the risk of diabetes in some people.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid22818936&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT | title = Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9838 | pages = 219–229 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22818936 | pmc = 3645500 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Adverse Childhood Experiences Study|Adverse childhood experiences]], including abuse, neglect, and household difficulties, increase the likelihood of type 2 diabetes later in life by 32%, with [[neglect]] having the strongest effect.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Huang H, Yan P, Shan Z, Chen S, Li M, Luo C, Gao H, Hao L, Liu L | display-authors = 6 | title = Adverse childhood experiences and risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Metabolism | volume = 64 | issue = 11 | pages = 1408–1418 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26404480 | doi = 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.08.019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Antipsychotic|Antipsychotic medication]] side effects (specifically metabolic abnormalities, [[dyslipidemia]] and weight gain) and unhealthy lifestyles (including poor diet and decreased [[physical activity]]), are potential risk factors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang Y, Liu Y, Su Y, You Y, Ma Y, Yang G, Song Y, Liu X, Wang M, Zhang L, Kou C | display-authors = 6 | title = The metabolic side effects of 12 antipsychotic drugs used for the treatment of schizophrenia on glucose: a network meta-analysis | journal = BMC Psychiatry | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 373 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 29162032 | pmc = 5698995 | doi = 10.1186/s12888-017-1539-0 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Gestational diabetes===
{{Main|Gestational diabetes}}
Gestational diabetes resembles type 2 diabetes in several respects, involving a combination of relatively inadequate insulin secretion and responsiveness. It occurs in about 2–10% of all [[pregnancy|pregnancies]] and may improve or disappear after delivery.&lt;ref name=NDIC_Stats&gt;{{cite web|title=National Diabetes Clearinghouse (NDIC): National Diabetes Statistics 2011|url=http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/#Gestational|publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services|access-date=22 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417143052/http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/#Gestational|archive-date=17 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is recommended that all pregnant women get tested starting around 24–28 weeks gestation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal| vauthors = Soldavini J |date=November 2019|title=Krause's Food &amp; The Nutrition Care Process|journal=Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior|volume=51|issue=10|pages=1225|doi=10.1016/j.jneb.2019.06.022|s2cid=209272489|issn=1499-4046}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is most often diagnosed in the second or third trimester because of the increase in insulin-antagonist hormone levels that occurs at this time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; However, after pregnancy approximately 5–10% of women with gestational diabetes are found to have another form of diabetes, most commonly type 2.&lt;ref name=NDIC_Stats /&gt; Gestational diabetes is fully treatable, but requires careful medical supervision throughout the pregnancy. Management may include dietary changes, blood glucose monitoring, and in some cases, insulin may be required.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/gestational/management-treatment|title=Managing &amp; Treating Gestational Diabetes {{!}} NIDDK|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-06|archive-date=2019-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506202142/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/gestational/management-treatment|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Though it may be transient, untreated gestational diabetes can damage the health of the fetus or mother. Risks to the baby include [[macrosomia]] (high birth weight), [[Congenital heart defect|congenital heart]] and [[central nervous system]] abnormalities, and [[skeletal muscle]] malformations. Increased levels of insulin in a fetus's blood may inhibit fetal [[surfactant]] production and cause [[infant respiratory distress syndrome]]. A [[Bilirubin#Hyperbilirubinemia|high blood bilirubin level]] may result from [[hemolysis|red blood cell destruction]]. In severe cases, perinatal death may occur, most commonly as a result of poor placental perfusion due to vascular impairment. [[Labor induction]] may be indicated with decreased placental function. A [[caesarean section]] may be performed if there is marked [[fetal distress]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Tarvonen M, Hovi P, Sainio S, Vuorela P, Andersson S, Teramo K | title = Intrapartal cardiotocographic patterns and hypoxia-related perinatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus | journal = Acta Diabetologica | volume = 58 | issue = 11 | pages = 1563–1573 | date = November 2021 | pmid = 34151398 | pmc = 8505288 | doi = 10.1007/s00592-021-01756-0 | s2cid = 235487220 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; or an increased risk of injury associated with macrosomia, such as [[shoulder dystocia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health |date=February 2015 |chapter=Intrapartum care |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0080685/ |title=Diabetes in Pregnancy: Management of diabetes and its complications from preconception to the postnatal period |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK) |language=en |access-date=2018-08-21 |archive-date=2021-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828061326/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK328350/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Other types===
[[Maturity onset diabetes of the young]] (MODY) is a rare [[Dominance (genetics)|autosomal dominant]] inherited form of diabetes, due to one of several single-gene mutations causing defects in insulin production.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Monogenic Forms of Diabetes|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/monogenic-neonatal-mellitus-mody#3|website=National institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases|publisher=US NIH|access-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312195627/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/monogenic-neonatal-mellitus-mody#3|archive-date=12 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is significantly less common than the three main types, constituting 1–2% of all cases. The name of this disease refers to early hypotheses as to its nature. Being due to a defective gene, this disease varies in age at presentation and in severity according to the specific gene defect; thus, there are at least 13 subtypes of MODY. People with MODY often can control it without using insulin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Thanabalasingham G, Owen KR | title = Diagnosis and management of maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) | journal = BMJ | volume = 343 | issue = oct19 3 | pages = d6044 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 22012810 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.d6044 | s2cid = 44891167 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some cases of diabetes are caused by the body's tissue receptors not responding to insulin (even when insulin levels are normal, which is what separates it from type&amp;nbsp;2 diabetes); this form is very uncommon. Genetic mutations ([[Dominance (genetics)|autosomal]] or [[Mitochondrion|mitochondrial]]) can lead to defects in beta cell function. Abnormal insulin action may also have been genetically determined in some cases. Any disease that causes extensive damage to the pancreas may lead to diabetes (for example, [[chronic pancreatitis]] and [[cystic fibrosis]]). Diseases associated with excessive secretion of [[insulin receptor|insulin-antagonistic]] [[hormone]]s can cause diabetes (which is typically resolved once the hormone excess is removed). Many drugs impair insulin secretion and some toxins damage pancreatic beta cells, whereas others increase [[insulin resistance]] (especially [[glucocorticoid]]s which can provoke &quot;[[steroid diabetes]]&quot;). The [[ICD-10]] (1992) diagnostic entity, ''malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus'' (ICD-10 code E12), was deprecated by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) when the current taxonomy was introduced in 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO1999-DefDiagClass&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |title=Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications |year=1999 |url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/WHO_NCD_NCS_99.2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030308005119/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/WHO_NCD_NCS_99.2.pdf |archive-date=2003-03-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Yet another form of diabetes that people may develop is [[double diabetes]]. This is when a type 1 diabetic becomes insulin resistant, the hallmark for type 2 diabetes or has a family history for type 2 diabetes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Cleland SJ, Fisher BM, Colhoun HM, Sattar N, Petrie JR | title = Insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes: what is 'double diabetes' and what are the risks? | journal = Diabetologia | volume = 56 | issue = 7 | pages = 1462–1470 | date = July 2013 | pmid = 23613085 | pmc = 3671104 | doi = 10.1007/s00125-013-2904-2 | publisher = National Library of Medicine }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was first discovered in 1990 or 1991.

The following is a list of disorders that may increase the risk of diabetes:&lt;ref name=Robbins&gt;Unless otherwise specified, reference is: Table 20-5 in {{Cite book|author1=Mitchell, Richard Sheppard |author2=Kumar, Vinay |author3=Abbas, Abul K. |author4=Fausto, Nelson |title=Robbins Basic Pathology|url=https://archive.org/details/robbinsbasicpath0000unse_q0t1 |publisher=Saunders |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1 |edition=8th |year=2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Col-float-begin}}
* Genetic defects of β-cell function
** [[Maturity onset diabetes of the young]]
** Mitochondrial DNA mutations
* Genetic defects in insulin processing or insulin action
** Defects in [[proinsulin]] conversion
** Insulin gene mutations
** Insulin receptor mutations
* Exocrine pancreatic defects (see [[Type 3c diabetes]], i.e. pancreatogenic diabetes)
** [[Chronic pancreatitis]]
** [[Pancreatectomy]]
** [[Pancreatic neoplasia]]
** [[Cystic fibrosis]]
** [[Hemochromatosis]]
** [[Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy]]
{{Col-float-break}}
* [[Endocrinopathies]]
** Growth hormone excess ([[acromegaly]])
** [[Cushing syndrome]]
** [[Hyperthyroidism]]
** [[Hypothyroidism]]
** [[Pheochromocytoma]]
** [[Glucagonoma]]
* Infections
** [[Cytomegalovirus infection]]
** [[Coxsackie B4 virus|Coxsackievirus B]]
* Drugs
** [[Glucocorticoids]]
** [[Thyroid hormone]]
** [[β-adrenergic agonist]]s
** [[Statins]]&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid20167359&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sattar N, Preiss D, Murray HM, Welsh P, Buckley BM, de Craen AJ, Seshasai SR, McMurray JJ, Freeman DJ, Jukema JW, Macfarlane PW, Packard CJ, Stott DJ, Westendorp RG, Shepherd J, Davis BR, Pressel SL, Marchioli R, Marfisi RM, Maggioni AP, Tavazzi L, Tognoni G, Kjekshus J, Pedersen TR, Cook TJ, Gotto AM, Clearfield MB, Downs JR, Nakamura H, Ohashi Y, Mizuno K, Ray KK, Ford I | display-authors = 6 | title = Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_february-27-march-5-2010_375_9716/page/735 | journal = Lancet | volume = 375 | issue = 9716 | pages = 735–742 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 20167359 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61965-6 | s2cid = 11544414 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Col-float-end}}

==Pathophysiology==
[[Berkas:Suckale08 fig3 glucose insulin day.png|jmpl|upright=1.4|The fluctuation of [[Blood sugar level|blood sugar]] (red) and the sugar-lowering hormone [[insulin]] (blue) in humans during the course of a day with three meals. One of the effects of a [[sucrose|sugar]]-rich vs a [[starch]]-rich meal is highlighted.]]
[[Berkas:Glucose-insulin-release.svg|jmpl|upright=1.4|Mechanism of insulin release in normal pancreatic [[beta cell]]s. Insulin production is more or less constant within the beta cells. Its release is triggered by food, chiefly food containing absorbable glucose.]]
[[Insulin]] is the principal hormone that regulates the uptake of [[glucose]] from the blood into most cells of the body, especially liver, adipose tissue and muscle, except smooth muscle, in which insulin acts via the [[IGF-1]].{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} Therefore, deficiency of insulin or the insensitivity of its [[Receptor (biochemistry)|receptors]] play a central role in all forms of diabetes mellitus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Insulin Basics |url=https://diabetes.org/healthy-living/medication-treatments/insulin-other-injectables/insulin-basics |publisher=American Diabetes Association |access-date=25 June 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621163852/https://diabetes.org/healthy-living/medication-treatments/insulin-other-injectables/insulin-basics |archive-date=21 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The body obtains glucose from three main sources: the intestinal absorption of food; the breakdown of [[glycogen]] ([[glycogenolysis]]), the storage form of glucose found in the liver; and [[gluconeogenesis]], the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates in the body.&lt;ref name=GreenspanEndo&gt;{{cite book |veditors=Shoback DG, Gardner D |title=Greenspan's basic &amp; clinical endocrinology |url=https://archive.org/details/greenspansbasicc0000unse |year=2011 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |isbn=978-0-07-162243-1|edition=9th}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insulin plays a critical role in regulating glucose levels in the body. Insulin can inhibit the breakdown of glycogen or the process of gluconeogenesis, it can stimulate the transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells, and it can stimulate the storage of glucose in the form of glycogen.&lt;ref name=GreenspanEndo /&gt;

Insulin is released into the blood by beta cells (β-cells), found in the [[islets of Langerhans]] in the pancreas, in response to rising levels of blood glucose, typically after eating. Insulin is used by about two-thirds of the body's cells to absorb glucose from the blood for use as fuel, for conversion to other needed molecules, or for storage. Lower glucose levels result in decreased insulin release from the beta cells and in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose. This process is mainly controlled by the hormone [[glucagon]], which acts in the opposite manner to insulin.&lt;ref name=GanongsPhys&gt;{{cite book|vauthors=Barrett KE, etal |title=Ganong's review of medical physiology|url=https://archive.org/details/ganongsreviewofm0000unse |year=2012 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |isbn=978-0-07-178003-2 |edition=24th}}&lt;/ref&gt;

If the amount of insulin available is insufficient, or if cells respond poorly to the effects of insulin ([[insulin resistance]]), or if the insulin itself is defective, then glucose is not absorbed properly by the body cells that require it, and is not stored appropriately in the liver and muscles. The net effect is persistently high levels of blood glucose, poor [[Protein biosynthesis|protein synthesis]], and other metabolic derangements, such as metabolic [[acidosis]] in cases of complete insulin deficiency.&lt;ref name=GreenspanEndo /&gt;

When there is too much glucose in the blood for a long time, the [[kidneys]] cannot absorb it all (reach a threshold of [[reabsorption]]) and the extra glucose gets passed out of the body through [[urine]] ([[glycosuria]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Murray RK, etal |title=Harper's illustrated biochemistry |url=https://archive.org/details/harpersillustrat0000unse |year=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |isbn=978-0-07-176576-3 |edition=29th}}&lt;/ref&gt; This increases the [[osmotic pressure]] of the urine and inhibits reabsorption of water by the kidney, resulting in increased urine production ([[polyuria]]) and increased fluid loss. Lost blood volume is replaced osmotically from water in body cells and other body compartments, causing [[dehydration]] and increased thirst ([[polydipsia]]).&lt;ref name=GreenspanEndo /&gt; In addition, intracellular glucose deficiency stimulates appetite leading to excessive food intake (polyphagia).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Juta's Complete Textbook of Medical Surgical Nursing| vauthors = Mogotlane S |publisher=Juta|year=2013|location=Cape Town|pages=839}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Diagnosis==
{{See also|Glycated hemoglobin|Glucose tolerance test}}

Diabetes mellitus is diagnosed with a test for the glucose content in the blood, and is diagnosed by demonstrating any one of the following:&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO1999-DefDiagClass&quot; /&gt;
* [[Fasting glucose|Fasting plasma glucose level]] ≥&amp;nbsp;7.0&amp;nbsp;mmol/L (126&amp;nbsp;mg/dL). For this test, blood is taken after a period of fasting, i.e. in the morning before breakfast, after the patient had sufficient time to fast overnight or at least 8 hours before the test.
* [[Plasma glucose]] ≥&amp;nbsp;11.1&amp;nbsp;mmol/L (200&amp;nbsp;mg/dL) two hours after a 75&amp;nbsp;gram oral glucose load as in a [[glucose tolerance test]] (OGTT)
* Symptoms of high blood sugar and plasma glucose ≥&amp;nbsp;11.1&amp;nbsp;mmol/L (200&amp;nbsp;mg/dL) either while fasting or not fasting
* [[Glycated hemoglobin]] (HbA&lt;sub&gt;1C&lt;/sub&gt;) ≥&amp;nbsp;48&amp;nbsp;mmol/mol (≥&amp;nbsp;6.5 [[Diabetes control and complications trial|DCCT]] %).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors =  | title = Summary of revisions for the 2010 Clinical Practice Recommendations | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 33 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = S3 | date = January 2010 | pmid = 20042773 | pmc = 2797388 | doi = 10.2337/dc10-S003 | url = http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/33/Supplement_1/S3.full | access-date = 29 January 2010 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100113212053/http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/33/Supplement_1/S3.full | archive-date = 13 January 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{OGTT}}
A positive result, in the absence of unequivocal high blood sugar, should be confirmed by a repeat of any of the above methods on a different day. It is preferable to measure a fasting glucose level because of the ease of measurement and the considerable time commitment of formal glucose tolerance testing, which takes two hours to complete and offers no prognostic advantage over the fasting test.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Saydah SH, Miret M, Sung J, Varas C, Gause D, Brancati FL | title = Postchallenge hyperglycemia and mortality in a national sample of U.S. adults | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetes-care_2001-08_24_8/page/1397 | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 24 | issue = 8 | pages = 1397–1402 | date = August 2001 | pmid = 11473076 | doi = 10.2337/diacare.24.8.1397 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the current definition, two fasting glucose measurements at or above 7.0&amp;nbsp;mmol/L (126&amp;nbsp;mg/dL) is considered diagnostic for diabetes mellitus.

Per the WHO, people with fasting glucose levels from 6.1 to 6.9&amp;nbsp;mmol/L (110 to 125&amp;nbsp;mg/dL) are considered to have [[impaired fasting glycemia|impaired fasting glucose]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycemia: report of a WHO/IDF consultation |url=https://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/Definition%20and%20diagnosis%20of%20diabetes_new.pdf |publisher=World Health Organization |page=21 |year=2006 |isbn=978-92-4-159493-6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511072821/http://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/Definition%20and%20diagnosis%20of%20diabetes_new.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; People with plasma glucose at or above 7.8&amp;nbsp;mmol/L (140&amp;nbsp;mg/dL), but not over 11.1&amp;nbsp;mmol/L (200&amp;nbsp;mg/dL), two hours after a 75&amp;nbsp;gram oral glucose load are considered to have [[impaired glucose tolerance]]. Of these two prediabetic states, the latter in particular is a major risk factor for progression to full-blown diabetes mellitus, as well as cardiovascular disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Santaguida PL, Balion C, Hunt D, Morrison K, Gerstein H, Raina P, Booker L, Yazdi H | display-authors = 6 | title = Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose | journal = Evidence Report/Technology Assessment | issue = 128 | pages = 1–11 | date = August 2005 | pmid = 16194123 | pmc = 4780988 | url = http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/impglusum.htm | access-date = 20 July 2008 | publisher = [[Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080916030540/http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/impglusum.htm | archive-date = 16 September 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[American Diabetes Association]] (ADA) since 2003 uses a slightly different range for impaired fasting glucose of 5.6 to 6.9&amp;nbsp;mmol/L (100 to 125&amp;nbsp;mg/dL).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Bartoli E, Fra GP, Carnevale Schianca GP | title = The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) revisited | journal = European Journal of Internal Medicine | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 8–12 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 21238885 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejim.2010.07.008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Glycated hemoglobin]] is better than [[fasting glucose]] for determining risks of cardiovascular disease and death from any cause.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Selvin E, Steffes MW, Zhu H, Matsushita K, Wagenknecht L, Pankow J, Coresh J, Brancati FL | display-authors = 6 | title = Glycated hemoglobin, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 362 | issue = 9 | pages = 800–811 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20200384 | pmc = 2872990 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa0908359 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.589.1658 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Prevention==
{{See also|Prevention of type 2 diabetes}}
There is no known [[Preventive healthcare|preventive]] measure for type&amp;nbsp;1 diabetes.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Diabetes |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes |website=www.who.int |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226173058/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, islet autoimmunity and multiple antibodies can be a strong predictor of the onset of type 1 diabetes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Jacobsen |first1=Laura M. |last2=Haller |first2=Michael J. |last3=Schatz |first3=Desmond A. |date=2018-03-06 |title=Understanding Pre-Type 1 Diabetes: The Key to Prevention |journal= Frontiers in Endocrinology|volume=9 |page=70 |doi=10.3389/fendo.2018.00070 |pmid=29559955 |pmc=5845548 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Type&amp;nbsp;2 diabetes—which accounts for 85–90% of all cases worldwide—can often be prevented or delayed&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors =  | title = Tackling risk factors for type 2 diabetes in adolescents: PRE-STARt study in Euskadi | journal = Anales de Pediatria | volume = 95 | issue = 3 | pages = 186–196 | date = 2020 | pmid = 33388268 | doi = 10.1016/j.anpedi.2020.11.001 | publisher = Anales de Pediatría | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; by maintaining a [[normal body weight]], engaging in physical activity, and eating a healthy diet.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2022&quot;/&gt; Higher levels of physical activity (more than 90 minutes per day) reduce the risk of diabetes by 28%.&lt;ref name= BMJ2016&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Kyu HH, Bachman VF, Alexander LT, Mumford JE, Afshin A, Estep K, Veerman JL, Delwiche K, Iannarone ML, Moyer ML, Cercy K, Vos T, Murray CJ, Forouzanfar MH | display-authors = 6 | title = Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 | journal = BMJ | volume = 354 | pages = i3857 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27510511 | pmc = 4979358 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.i3857 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dietary changes known to be effective in helping to prevent diabetes include maintaining a diet rich in [[whole grain]]s and [[Dietary fiber|fiber]], and choosing good fats, such as the [[polyunsaturated fat]]s found in nuts, vegetable oils, and fish.&lt;ref name=HarvardNutrition&gt;{{cite web|website=The Nutrition Source|title = Simple Steps to Preventing Diabetes |date = 18 September 2012 |url=http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/preventing-diabetes-full-story/#references |publisher= Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425020720/http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/preventing-diabetes-full-story/#references|archive-date=25 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Limiting sugary beverages and eating less red meat and other sources of [[saturated fat]] can also help prevent diabetes.&lt;ref name=HarvardNutrition /&gt; Tobacco smoking is also associated with an increased risk of diabetes and its complications, so [[smoking cessation]] can be an important preventive measure as well.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Willi C, Bodenmann P, Ghali WA, Faris PD, Cornuz J | title = Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = JAMA | volume = 298 | issue = 22 | pages = 2654–2664 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 18073361 | doi = 10.1001/jama.298.22.2654 | s2cid = 30550981 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The relationship between type 2 diabetes and the main modifiable risk factors (excess weight, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and tobacco use) is similar in all regions of the world. There is growing evidence that the underlying determinants of diabetes are a reflection of the major forces driving social, economic and cultural change: [[globalization]], urbanization, population aging, and the general [[health policy]] environment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=World Health Organization |url=https://www.who.int/chp/chronic_disease_report/media/Factsheet1.pdf |title=Chronic diseases and their common risk factors |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017172040/http://www.who.int/chp/chronic_disease_report/media/Factsheet1.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-17 |date=2005 |access-date=30 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Management==
{{Main|Diabetes management}}
Diabetes management concentrates on keeping blood sugar levels close to normal, without causing low blood sugar.&lt;ref name=&quot;niddk16&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Managing diabetes |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/managing-diabetes |publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health |access-date=4 February 2023 |date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306044924/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/managing-diabetes |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This can usually be accomplished with dietary changes,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Toumpanakis A, Turnbull T, Alba-Barba I | title = Effectiveness of plant-based diets in promoting well-being in the management of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review | journal = BMJ Open Diabetes Research &amp; Care | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = e000534 | date = 2018-10-30 | pmid = 30487971 | pmc = 6235058 | doi = 10.1136/bmjdrc-2018-000534 }}&lt;/ref&gt; exercise, weight loss, and use of appropriate medications (insulin, oral medications).&lt;ref name=niddk16/&gt;

Learning about the disease and actively participating in the treatment is important, since complications are far less common and less severe in people who have well-managed blood sugar levels.&lt;ref name=niddk16/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title = The effect of intensive diabetes therapy on the development and progression of neuropathy|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_1995-04-15_122_8/page/n54|author=The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 122 | issue = 8 | pages = 561–568 | date = April 1995 | pmid = 7887548 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-122-8-199504150-00001 | s2cid = 24754081 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The goal of treatment is an A1C level below 7%.&lt;ref name=&quot;niddka1c&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The A1C test and diabetes |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diagnostic-tests/a1c-test |publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health |access-date=4 February 2023 |date=1 April 2018 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204214740/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diagnostic-tests/a1c-test |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |display-authors=3| vauthors = Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, Kansagara D, Horwitch C, Barry MJ, Forciea MA, Fitterman N, Balzer K, Boyd C, Humphrey LL, Iorio A, Lin J, Maroto M, McLean R, Mustafa R, Tufte J | title = Hemoglobin A1c Targets for Glycemic Control With Pharmacologic Therapy for Nonpregnant Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Guidance Statement Update From the American College of Physicians | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 168 | issue = 8 | pages = 569–576 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29507945 | doi = 10.7326/M17-0939 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Attention is also paid to other health problems that may accelerate the negative effects of diabetes. These include [[tobacco smoking|smoking]], [[hypertension|high blood pressure]], [[metabolic syndrome]] [[obesity]], and lack of regular [[exercise]].&lt;ref name=niddk16/&gt;&lt;ref name=NICE66&gt;{{NICE|66|Type 2 diabetes|2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Diabetic shoe|Specialized footwear]] is widely used to reduce the risk of [[diabetic foot ulcer]]s by relieving the pressure on the foot.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Bus SA, van Deursen RW, Armstrong DG, Lewis JE, Caravaggi CF, Cavanagh PR | title = Footwear and offloading interventions to prevent and heal foot ulcers and reduce plantar pressure in patients with diabetes: a systematic review | journal = Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews | volume = 32 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 99–118 | date = January 2016 | pmid = 26342178 | doi = 10.1002/dmrr.2702 | s2cid = 24862853 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Heuch L, Streak Gomersall J | title = Effectiveness of offloading methods in preventing primary diabetic foot ulcers in adults with diabetes: a systematic review | journal = JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports | volume = 14 | issue = 7 | pages = 236–265 | date = July 2016 | pmid = 27532798 | doi = 10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003013 | s2cid = 12012686 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = van Netten JJ, Raspovic A, Lavery LA, Monteiro-Soares M, Rasmussen A, Sacco IC, Bus SA | title = Prevention of foot ulcers in the at-risk patient with diabetes: a systematic review | journal = Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews | volume = 36 | issue = S1 Suppl 1 | pages = e3270 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 31957213 | doi = 10.1002/dmrr.3270 | s2cid = 210830578 | url = https://eprints.qut.edu.au/220879/1/Van%2BNetten%2Bet%2Bal%2B-%2B2016%2B-%2BPrevention%2Bof%2Bfoot%2Bulcers%2Bsystematic%2Breview.pdf | access-date = 2023-01-23 | archive-date = 2023-02-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230209225712/https://eprints.qut.edu.au/220879/1/Van%2BNetten%2Bet%2Bal%2B-%2B2016%2B-%2BPrevention%2Bof%2Bfoot%2Bulcers%2Bsystematic%2Breview.pdf | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Foot examination for patients living with diabetes should be done annually which includes sensation testing, foot [[biomechanics]], vascular integrity and foot structure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Mayfield JA, Reiber GE, Sanders LJ, Janisse D, Pogach LM | title = Preventive foot care in diabetes | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 27 | issue = suppl_1 | pages = S63–S64 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14693928 | doi = 10.2337/diacare.27.2007.S63 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Concerning those with severe [[Mental disorder|mental illness]], the efficacy of [[type 2 diabetes]] self-management interventions is still poorly explored, with insufficient scientific evidence to show whether these interventions have similar results to those observed in the general population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = McBain H, Mulligan K, Haddad M, Flood C, Jones J, Simpson A | title = Self management interventions for type 2 diabetes in adult people with severe mental illness | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2016 | pages = CD011361 | date = April 2016 | issue = 4 | pmid = 27120555 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD011361.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group | pmc = 10201333 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Lifestyle===
{{See also|Diet in diabetes}}
People with diabetes can benefit from education about the disease and treatment, dietary changes, and exercise, with the goal of keeping both short-term and long-term blood glucose levels [[Diabetes management#Glycemic control|within acceptable bounds]]. In addition, given the associated higher risks of cardiovascular disease, lifestyle modifications are recommended to control blood pressure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Haw JS, Galaviz KI, Straus AN, Kowalski AJ, Magee MJ, Weber MB, Wei J, Narayan KM, Ali MK | display-authors = 3 | title = Long-term Sustainability of Diabetes Prevention Approaches: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials | journal = JAMA Internal Medicine | volume = 177 | issue = 12 | pages = 1808–1817 | date = December 2017 | pmid = 29114778 | pmc = 5820728 | doi = 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.6040 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Mottalib A, Kasetty M, Mar JY, Elseaidy T, Ashrafzadeh S, Hamdy O | title = Weight Management in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes and Obesity | journal = Current Diabetes Reports | volume = 17 | issue = 10 | pages = 92 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28836234 | pmc = 5569154 | doi = 10.1007/s11892-017-0918-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Weight loss]] can prevent progression from prediabetes to [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes type 2]], decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease, or result in a partial remission in people with diabetes.&lt;ref name=&quot;ADA2019&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | title = 5. Lifestyle Management: ''Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2019'' | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 42 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = S46–S60 | date = January 2019 | pmid = 30559231 | doi = 10.2337/dc19-S005 | doi-access = free | author1 = American Diabetes Association }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ADA2018&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Evert AB, Dennison M, Gardner CD, Garvey WT, Lau KH, MacLeod J, Mitri J, Pereira RF, Rawlings K, Robinson S, Saslow L, Uelmen S, Urbanski PB, Yancy WS | display-authors = 3 | title = Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 42 | issue = 5 | pages = 731–754 | date = May 2019 | pmid = 31000505 | pmc = 7011201 | doi = 10.2337/dci19-0014 | type = Professional society guidelines | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; No single dietary pattern is best for all people with diabetes.&lt;ref name=Em2015/&gt; Healthy dietary patterns, such as the [[Mediterranean diet]], [[low-carbohydrate diet]], or [[DASH diet]], are often recommended, although evidence does not support one over the others.&lt;ref name=&quot;ADA2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ADA2018&quot; /&gt; According to the ADA, &quot;reducing overall carbohydrate intake for individuals with diabetes has demonstrated the most evidence for improving glycemia&quot;, and for individuals with type 2 diabetes who cannot meet the glycemic targets or where reducing anti-glycemic medications is a priority, [[low-carbohydrate diet|low or very-low carbohydrate diet]]s are a viable approach.&lt;ref name=&quot;ADA2018&quot; /&gt; For overweight people with type 2 diabetes, any diet that achieves weight loss is effective.&lt;ref name=Em2015&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Emadian A, Andrews RC, England CY, Wallace V, Thompson JL | title = The effect of macronutrients on glycaemic control: a systematic review of dietary randomised controlled trials in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes in which there was no difference in weight loss between treatment groups | journal = The British Journal of Nutrition | volume = 114 | issue = 10 | pages = 1656–1666 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26411958 | pmc = 4657029 | doi = 10.1017/S0007114515003475 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Grams J, Garvey WT | title = Weight Loss and the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Using Lifestyle Therapy, Pharmacotherapy, and Bariatric Surgery: Mechanisms of Action | journal = Current Obesity Reports | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 287–302 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 26627223 | doi = 10.1007/s13679-015-0155-x | s2cid = 207474124 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A 2020 Cochrane systematic review compared several non-nutritive sweeteners to sugar, placebo and a nutritive low-calorie sweetener ([[tagatose]]), but the results were unclear for effects on HbA1c, body weight and adverse events.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Lohner |first1=Szimonetta |last2=Kuellenberg de Gaudry |first2=Daniela |last3=Toews |first3=Ingrid |last4=Ferenci |first4=Tamas |last5=Meerpohl |first5=Joerg J |date=2020-05-25 |editor-last=Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group |title=Non-nutritive sweeteners for diabetes mellitus |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |language=en |volume=2020 |issue=5 |pages=CD012885 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012885.pub2 |pmc=7387865 |pmid=32449201}}&lt;/ref&gt; The studies included were mainly of very low-certainty and did not report on health-related quality of life, diabetes complications, all-cause mortality or socioeconomic effects.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

===Medications===
{{Main|Diabetes medication}}

====Glucose control====
{{see also|Anti-diabetic medication}}
Most medications used to treat diabetes act by lowering [[glucose|blood sugar levels]] through different mechanisms. There is broad consensus that when people with diabetes maintain tight glucose control – keeping the glucose levels in their blood within normal ranges – they experience fewer complications, such as [[diabetic nephropathy|kidney problems]] or [[diabetic retinopathy|eye problems]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosberger DF | title = Diabetic retinopathy: current concepts and emerging therapy | journal = Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 721–745 | date = December 2013 | pmid = 24286948 | doi = 10.1016/j.ecl.2013.08.001 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = MacIsaac RJ, Jerums G, Ekinci EI | title = Glycemic Control as Primary Prevention for Diabetic Kidney Disease | journal = Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | pages = 141–148 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29580578 | doi = 10.1053/j.ackd.2017.11.003 }}&lt;/ref&gt; There is however debate as to whether this is appropriate and [[cost effective]] for people later in life in whom the risk of hypoglycemia may be more significant.&lt;ref name=Pozzilli2014&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Pozzilli P, Strollo R, Bonora E | title = One size does not fit all glycemic targets for type 2 diabetes | journal = Journal of Diabetes Investigation | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 134–141 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24843750 | pmc = 4023573 | doi = 10.1111/jdi.12206 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are a number of different classes of anti-diabetic medications. Type&amp;nbsp;1 diabetes requires treatment with [[insulin]], ideally using a &quot;basal bolus&quot; regimen that most closely matches normal insulin release: long-acting insulin for the [[basal rate]] and short-acting insulin with meals.&lt;ref name=NICENG17&gt;{{cite web |title=Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng17 |website=www.nice.org.uk |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence |date=26 August 2015 |access-date=25 December 2020 |archive-date=10 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210211840/https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/NG17 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Type 2 diabetes is generally treated with medication that is taken by mouth (e.g. [[metformin]]) although some eventually require injectable treatment with insulin or [[GLP-1 agonist]]s.&lt;ref name=NICENG28&gt;{{cite web |title=Type 2 diabetes in adults: management |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng28 |website=www.nice.org.uk |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence |date=2 December 2015 |access-date=25 December 2020 |archive-date=22 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222155551/https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng28 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Metformin]] is generally recommended as a first-line treatment for type&amp;nbsp;2 diabetes, as there is good evidence that it decreases mortality.&lt;ref name=AFP09&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ripsin CM, Kang H, Urban RJ | title = Management of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 79 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–36 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19145963 | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0101/p29.pdf | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130505033552/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0101/p29.pdf | archive-date = 2013-05-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It works by decreasing the liver's production of glucose, and increasing the amount of glucose stored in peripheral tissue.&lt;ref name=Drugs2005&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Krentz AJ, Bailey CJ | title = Oral antidiabetic agents: current role in type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = Drugs | volume = 65 | issue = 3 | pages = 385–411 | date = 2005 | pmid = 15669880 | doi = 10.2165/00003495-200565030-00005 | s2cid = 29670619 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Several other groups of drugs, mainly oral medication, may also decrease blood sugar in type 2 diabetes. These include agents that increase insulin release ([[sulfonylurea]]s), agents that decrease absorption of sugar from the intestines ([[acarbose]]), agents that inhibit the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) that inactivates incretins such as GLP-1 and GIP ([[sitagliptin]]), agents that make the body more sensitive to insulin ([[thiazolidinedione]]) and agents that increase the excretion of glucose in the urine ([[SGLT2 inhibitor]]s).&lt;ref name=Drugs2005/&gt; When insulin is used in type 2 diabetes, a long-acting formulation is usually added initially, while continuing oral medications.&lt;ref name=AFP09/&gt;

Some severe cases of type 2 diabetes may also be treated with insulin, which is increased gradually until glucose targets are reached.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP09&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation| author1 = Consumer Reports| author2-link = American College of Physicians| author2 = American College of Physicians| date = April 2012| title = Choosing a type 2 diabetes drug – Why the best first choice is often the oldest drug| publisher = [[Consumer Reports]]| work = High Value Care| url = http://consumerhealthchoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/High-Value-Care-Diabetes-ACP.pdf| access-date = August 14, 2012| url-status=live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140702223552/http://consumerhealthchoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/High-Value-Care-Diabetes-ACP.pdf| archive-date = July 2, 2014| author1-link = Consumer Reports}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Blood pressure lowering====
[[Cardiovascular disease]] is a serious complication associated with diabetes, and many international guidelines recommend blood pressure treatment targets that are lower than 140/90&amp;nbsp;mmHg for people with diabetes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Mitchell S, Malanda B, Damasceno A, Eckel RH, Gaita D, Kotseva K, Januzzi JL, Mensah G, Plutzky J, Prystupiuk M, Ryden L, Thierer J, Virani SS, Sperling L | display-authors = 3 | title = A Roadmap on the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Among People Living With Diabetes | journal = Global Heart | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 215–240 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31451236 | doi = 10.1016/j.gheart.2019.07.009 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, there is only limited evidence regarding what the lower targets should be. A 2016 systematic review found potential harm to treating to targets lower than 140 mmHg,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Brunström M, Carlberg B | title = Effect of antihypertensive treatment at different blood pressure levels in patients with diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analyses | journal = BMJ | volume = 352 | pages = i717 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26920333 | pmc = 4770818 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.i717 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and a subsequent systematic review in 2019 found no evidence of additional benefit from blood pressure lowering to between 130 – 140mmHg, although there was an increased risk of adverse events.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Brunström M, Carlberg B | title = Benefits and harms of lower blood pressure treatment targets: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials | journal = BMJ Open | volume = 9 | issue = 9 | pages = e026686 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31575567 | pmc = 6773352 | doi = 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026686 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2015 American Diabetes Association recommendations are that people with diabetes and albuminuria should receive an inhibitor of the renin-angiotensin system to reduce the risks of progression to end-stage renal disease, cardiovascular events, and death.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Fox CS, Golden SH, Anderson C, Bray GA, Burke LE, de Boer IH, Deedwania P, Eckel RH, Ershow AG, Fradkin J, Inzucchi SE, Kosiborod M, Nelson RG, Patel MJ, Pignone M, Quinn L, Schauer PR, Selvin E, Vafiadis DK | display-authors = 3 | title = Update on Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Light of Recent Evidence: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 38 | issue = 9 | pages = 1777–1803 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26246459 | pmc = 4876675 | doi = 10.2337/dci15-0012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; There is some evidence that [[angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors]] (ACEIs) are superior to other inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system such as [[angiotensin receptor blockers]] (ARBs),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Cheng J, Zhang W, Zhang X, Han F, Li X, He X, Li Q, Chen J | display-authors = 3 | title = Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular deaths, and cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_jama-internal-medicine_2014-05_174_5/page/773 | journal = JAMA Internal Medicine | volume = 174 | issue = 5 | pages = 773–785 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24687000 | doi = 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.348 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; or [[aliskiren]] in preventing cardiovascular disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Zheng SL, Roddick AJ, Ayis S | title = Effects of aliskiren on mortality, cardiovascular outcomes and adverse events in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease or risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 13,395 patients | journal = Diabetes &amp; Vascular Disease Research | volume = 14 | issue = 5 | pages = 400–406 | date = September 2017 | pmid = 28844155 | pmc = 5600262 | doi = 10.1177/1479164117715854 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Although a more recent review found similar effects of ACEIs and ARBs on major cardiovascular and renal outcomes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Catalá-López F, Macías Saint-Gerons D, González-Bermejo D, Rosano GM, Davis BR, Ridao M, Zaragoza A, Montero-Corominas D, Tobías A, de la Fuente-Honrubia C, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Hutton B |author5-link=Barry R. Davis| display-authors = 3 | title = Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes of Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade in Adult Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review with Network Meta-Analyses | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = e1001971 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26954482 | pmc = 4783064 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001971 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; There is no evidence that combining ACEIs and ARBs provides additional benefits.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

==== Aspirin ====
The use of [[aspirin]] to prevent cardiovascular disease in diabetes is controversial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Aspirin is recommended by some in people at high risk of cardiovascular disease, however routine use of aspirin has not been found to improve outcomes in uncomplicated diabetes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Pignone M, Alberts MJ, Colwell JA, Cushman M, Inzucchi SE, Mukherjee D, Rosenson RS, Williams CD, Wilson PW, Kirkman MS | display-authors = 3 | title = Aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular events in people with diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association, a scientific statement of the American Heart Association, and an expert consensus document of the American College of Cardiology Foundation | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetes-care_2010-06_33_6/page/1395 | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 33 | issue = 6 | pages = 1395–1402 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20508233 | pmc = 2875463 | doi = 10.2337/dc10-0555 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 2015 American Diabetes Association recommendations for aspirin use (based on expert consensus or clinical experience) are that low-dose aspirin use is reasonable in adults with diabetes who are at intermediate risk of cardiovascular disease (10-year cardiovascular disease risk, 5–10%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; National guidelines for England and Wales by the [[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]] (NICE) recommend against the use of aspirin in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes who do not have confirmed cardiovascular disease.&lt;ref name=NICENG17/&gt;&lt;ref name=NICENG28/&gt;

===Surgery===
[[Bariatric surgery|Weight loss surgery]] in those with [[obesity]] and type 2 diabetes is often an effective measure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Picot2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Picot J, Jones J, Colquitt JL, Gospodarevskaya E, Loveman E, Baxter L, Clegg AJ |date=September 2009 |title=The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity: a systematic review and economic evaluation |journal=Health Technology Assessment |volume=13 |issue=41 |pages=1–190, 215–357, iii–iv |doi=10.3310/hta13410 |pmid=19726018 |doi-access=free |hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30064294|hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Many are able to maintain normal blood sugar levels with little or no medications following surgery&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Frachetti KJ, Goldfine AB | title = Bariatric surgery for diabetes management | journal = Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 119–124 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19276974 | doi = 10.1097/MED.0b013e32832912e7 | s2cid = 31797748 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; and long-term mortality is decreased.&lt;ref name=Schum2009/&gt; There is, however, a short-term mortality risk of less than 1% from the surgery.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Colucci RA | title = Bariatric surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes: a viable option | journal = Postgraduate Medicine | volume = 123 | issue = 1 | pages = 24–33 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 21293081 | doi = 10.3810/pgm.2011.01.2242 | s2cid = 207551737 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[body mass index]] cutoffs for when surgery is appropriate are not yet clear.&lt;ref name=Schum2009&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Schulman AP, del Genio F, Sinha N, Rubino F | title = &quot;Metabolic&quot; surgery for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = Endocrine Practice | volume = 15 | issue = 6 | pages = 624–631 | date = September–October 2009 | pmid = 19625245 | doi = 10.4158/EP09170.RAR }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is recommended that this option be considered in those who are unable to get both their weight and blood sugar under control.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Dixon JB, le Roux CW, Rubino F, Zimmet P | title = Bariatric surgery for type 2 diabetes | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_june-16-22-2012_379_9833/page/2300 | journal = Lancet | volume = 379 | issue = 9833 | pages = 2300–2311 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22683132 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60401-2 | s2cid = 5198462 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A [[pancreas transplant]] is occasionally considered for people with type&amp;nbsp;1 diabetes who have severe complications of their disease, including [[Chronic kidney disease|end stage kidney disease]] requiring [[kidney transplantation]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Pancreas Transplantation|url=http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-and-care/transplantation/pancreas-transplantation.html|publisher=American Diabetes Association|access-date=9 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413123750/http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-and-care/transplantation/pancreas-transplantation.html|archive-date=13 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Self-management and support===
In countries using a [[general practitioner]] system, such as the United Kingdom, care may take place mainly outside hospitals, with hospital-based specialist care used only in case of complications, difficult blood sugar control, or research projects. In other circumstances, general practitioners and specialists share care in a team approach. Evidence has shown that social prescribing led to slight improvements in blood sugar control for people with type 2 diabetes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Can social prescribing improve the health of people with diabetes? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/can-social-prescribing-improve-the-health-of-people-with-diabetes/ |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=National Institute for Health and Care Research - NIHR Evidence |date=2024 |doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_61876 |s2cid=267264134 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126130722/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/can-social-prescribing-improve-the-health-of-people-with-diabetes/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Home [[telehealth]] support can be an effective management technique.&lt;ref name=&quot;Polisena&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Polisena J, Tran K, Cimon K, Hutton B, McGill S, Palmer K | title = Home telehealth for diabetes management: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Diabetes, Obesity &amp; Metabolism | volume = 11 | issue = 10 | pages = 913–930 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19531058 | doi = 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01057.x | s2cid = 44260857 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The use of [[technology]] to deliver educational programs for adults with type 2 diabetes includes computer-based self-management interventions to collect for tailored responses to facilitate self-management.&lt;ref name=&quot;pal&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Pal K, Eastwood SV, Michie S, Farmer AJ, Barnard ML, Peacock R, Wood B, Inniss JD, Murray E | display-authors = 3 | title = Computer-based diabetes self-management interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 3 | pages = CD008776 | date = March 2013 | volume = 2013 | pmid = 23543567 | pmc = 6486319 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008776.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group }}&lt;/ref&gt; There is no adequate evidence to support effects on [[cholesterol]], [[blood pressure]], [[Behavior change (public health)|behavioral change]] (such as [[physical activity]] levels and dietary), [[Depression (mood)|depression]], weight and [[Quality of life (healthcare)|health-related quality of life]], nor in other biological, cognitive or emotional outcomes.&lt;ref name=pal/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Wei I, Pappas Y, Car J, Sheikh A, Majeed A | title = Computer-assisted versus oral-and-written dietary history taking for diabetes mellitus | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 12 | pages = CD008488 | date = December 2011 | volume = 2011 | pmid = 22161430 | pmc = 6486022 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008488.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Epidemiology==
{{Main|Epidemiology of diabetes}}
[[Berkas:Prevalence of Diabetes by Percent of Country Population (2014) Gradient Map.png|jmpl|upright=1.4|Rates of diabetes worldwide in 2014. The worldwide prevalence was 9.2%.]]
[[Berkas:Diabetes mellitus world map-Deaths per million persons-WHO2012.svg|jmpl|upright=1.4|Mortality rate of diabetes worldwide in 2012 per million inhabitants {{Div col|small=yes|colwidth=10em}}{{legend|#ffff20|28–91}}{{legend|#ffe820|92–114}}{{legend|#ffd820|115–141}}{{legend|#ffc020|142–163}}{{legend|#ffa020|164–184}}{{legend|#ff9a20|185–209}}{{legend|#f08015|210–247}}{{legend|#e06815|248–309}}{{legend|#d85010|310–404}}{{legend|#d02010|405–1879}}{{div col end}}]]

In 2017, 425&amp;nbsp;million people had diabetes worldwide,&lt;ref name=&quot;IDF2017&quot;&gt;{{cite book|vauthors=Elflein J|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/271442/number-of-diabetics-worldwide/|title=Estimated number diabetics worldwide|date=10 December 2019|access-date=17 May 2020|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729234033/https://www.statista.com/statistics/271442/number-of-diabetics-worldwide/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; up from an estimated 382&amp;nbsp;million people in 2013&lt;ref name=Shi2014&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Shi Y, Hu FB | title = The global implications of diabetes and cancer | journal = Lancet | volume = 383 | issue = 9933 | pages = 1947–1948 | date = June 2014 | pmid = 24910221 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60886-2 | s2cid = 7496891 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and from 108&amp;nbsp;million in 1980.&lt;ref name=WHO2016&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Report on Diabetes |publisher=World Health Organization |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204871/9789241565257_eng.pdf |access-date=20 September 2018 |date=2016 |archive-date=16 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516185526/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204871/9789241565257_eng.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Accounting for the shifting age structure of the global population, the prevalence of diabetes is 8.8% among adults, nearly double the rate of 4.7% in 1980.&lt;ref name=IDF2017/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt; Type&amp;nbsp;2 makes up about 90% of the cases.&lt;ref name=Vos2012 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Will2011/&gt; Some data indicate rates are roughly equal in women and men,&lt;ref name=Vos2012/&gt; but male excess in diabetes has been found in many populations with higher type 2 incidence, possibly due to sex-related differences in insulin sensitivity, consequences of obesity and regional body fat deposition, and other contributing factors such as high blood pressure, tobacco smoking, and alcohol intake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Gale EA, Gillespie KM | title = Diabetes and gender | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetologia_2001-01_44_1/page/3 | journal = Diabetologia | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–15 | date = January 2001 | pmid = 11206408 | doi = 10.1007/s001250051573 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Meisinger C, Thorand B, Schneider A, Stieber J, Döring A, Löwel H | title = Sex differences in risk factors for incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: the MONICA Augsburg cohort study | journal = Archives of Internal Medicine | volume = 162 | issue = 1 | pages = 82–89 | date = January 2002 | pmid = 11784224 | doi = 10.1001/archinte.162.1.82 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The WHO estimates that diabetes resulted in 1.5&amp;nbsp;million deaths in 2012, making it the 8th leading cause of death.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013Top10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2013 |title=The top 10 causes of death Fact sheet N°310 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530121727/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/ |archive-date=30 May 2017 |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt; However another 2.2&amp;nbsp;million deaths worldwide were attributable to high blood glucose and the increased risks of cardiovascular disease and other associated complications (e.g. kidney failure), which often lead to premature death and are often listed as the underlying cause on death certificates rather than diabetes.&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Public Health Agency of Canada, ''Diabetes in Canada: Facts and figures from a public health perspective''. Ottawa, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in 2017, the [[International Diabetes Federation]] (IDF) estimated that diabetes resulted in 4.0&amp;nbsp;million deaths worldwide,&lt;ref name=IDF2017/&gt; using modeling to estimate the total number of deaths that could be directly or indirectly attributed to diabetes.&lt;ref name=IDF2017/&gt;

Diabetes occurs throughout the world but is more common (especially type 2) in more developed countries. The greatest increase in rates has however been seen in low- and middle-income countries,&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt; where more than 80% of diabetic deaths occur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Mathers CD, Loncar D | title = Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030 | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 3 | issue = 11 | pages = e442 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 17132052 | pmc = 1664601 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; The fastest prevalence increase is expected to occur in Asia and Africa, where most people with diabetes will probably live in 2030.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wild2004&quot; /&gt; The increase in rates in developing countries follows the trend of urbanization and lifestyle changes, including increasingly sedentary lifestyles, less physically demanding work and the global nutrition transition, marked by increased intake of foods that are high energy-dense but nutrient-poor (often high in sugar and saturated fats, sometimes referred to as the &quot;Western-style&quot; diet).&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wild2004&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H | title = Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetes-care_2004-05_27_5/page/1047 | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 27 | issue = 5 | pages = 1047–1053 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15111519 | doi = 10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; The global number of diabetes cases might increase by 48% between 2017 and 2045.&lt;ref name=IDF2017/&gt;

As of 2020, 38% of all US adults had prediabetes.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Prevalence of Prediabetes Among Adults - Diabetes | website=CDC | date=2018-03-13 | url=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/prevalence-of-prediabetes.html | access-date=2022-12-15 | archive-date=2023-03-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306070935/https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/prevalence-of-prediabetes.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Prediabetes]] is an early stage of diabetes.

==History==
{{Main|History of diabetes}}
Diabetes was one of the first diseases described,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Ripoll BC, Leutholtz I |title=Exercise and disease management|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton|isbn=978-1-4398-2759-8 |page=25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eAn9-bm_pi8C&amp;pg=PA25|edition=2nd|date=2011-04-25|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403054841/https://books.google.com/books?id=eAn9-bm_pi8C&amp;pg=PA25|archive-date=2016-04-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt; with an [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] manuscript from {{Abbr|c.|circa}} 1500 [[Common Era|BCE]] mentioning &quot;too great emptying of the urine.&quot;&lt;ref name=History2010/&gt; The [[Ebers papyrus]] includes a recommendation for a drink to take in such cases.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roberts&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|vauthors=Roberts J|title=Sickening sweet|magazine=Distillations|date=2015|volume=1|issue=4|pages=12–15|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/sickening-sweet|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=13 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113141421/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/sickening-sweet|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first described cases are believed to have been type&amp;nbsp;1 diabetes.&lt;ref name=History2010&gt;{{cite book | veditors = Poretsky L |title=Principles of diabetes mellitus|year=2009|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-09840-1|page=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0qojvF1SpUC&amp;pg=PA3 |edition=2nd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404170919/https://books.google.com/books?id=i0qojvF1SpUC&amp;pg=PA3 |archive-date=2016-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indian physicians around the same time identified the disease and classified it as ''madhumeha'' or &quot;honey urine&quot;, noting the urine would attract ants.&lt;ref name=History2010/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roberts&quot;/&gt;

The term &quot;diabetes&quot; or &quot;to pass through&quot; was first used in 230&amp;nbsp;BCE by the Greek [[Apollonius (physician)|Apollonius of Memphis]].&lt;ref name=History2010/&gt; The disease was considered rare during the time of the [[Roman empire]], with [[Galen]] commenting he had only seen two cases during his career.&lt;ref name=History2010/&gt; This is possibly due to the diet and lifestyle of the ancients, or because the clinical symptoms were observed during the advanced stage of the disease. Galen named the disease &quot;diarrhea of the urine&quot; (diarrhea urinosa).&lt;ref name=&quot;Laios&quot;/&gt;

The earliest surviving work with a detailed reference to diabetes is that of [[Aretaeus of Cappadocia]] (2nd or early 3rd{{nbsp}}century CE). He described the symptoms and the course of the disease, which he attributed to the moisture and coldness, reflecting the beliefs of the &quot;[[Pneumatic school|Pneumatic School]]&quot;. He hypothesized a correlation between diabetes and other diseases, and he discussed differential diagnosis from the snakebite, which also provokes excessive thirst. His work remained unknown in the West until 1552, when the first Latin edition was published in Venice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Laios&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Laios K, Karamanou M, Saridaki Z, Androutsos G | title = Aretaeus of Cappadocia and the first description of diabetes | journal = Hormones | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 109–113 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22450352 | doi = 10.1007/BF03401545 | url = http://www.hormones.gr/pdf/HORMONES%202012,%20109-113.pdf | url-status = live | s2cid = 4730719 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170104092212/http://www.hormones.gr/pdf/HORMONES%202012%2C%20109-113.pdf | archive-date = 2017-01-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Two types of diabetes were identified as separate conditions for the first time by the Indian physicians [[Sushruta]] and [[Charaka]] in 400–500&amp;nbsp;CE with one type being associated with youth and another type with being overweight.&lt;ref name=History2010/&gt; Effective treatment was not developed until the early part of the 20th century when Canadians [[Frederick Banting]] and [[Charles Best (medical scientist)|Charles Best]] isolated and purified insulin in 1921 and 1922.&lt;ref name=History2010/&gt; This was followed by the development of the long-acting insulin [[NPH insulin|NPH]] in the 1940s.&lt;ref name=History2010/&gt;

===Etymology===
The word ''diabetes'' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|d|aɪ|.|ə|ˈ|b|iː|t|iː|z}} or {{IPAc-en|ˌ|d|aɪ|.|ə|ˈ|b|iː|t|ᵻ|s}}) comes from [[Latin]] ''diabētēs'', which in turn comes from [[Ancient Greek]] [[wikt:διαβήτης|διαβήτης]] (''diabētēs''), which literally means &quot;a passer through; a [[siphon]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=OED_diabetes&gt;Oxford English Dictionary. ''diabetes''. Retrieved 2011-06-10.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] [[physician]] [[Aretaeus of Cappadocia]] ([[Floruit|fl.]] 1st{{nbsp}}century [[Common Era|CE]]) used that word, with the intended meaning &quot;excessive discharge of urine&quot;, as the name for the disease.&lt;ref name=OnlineEtymology_diabetes&gt;{{cite web | vauthors = Harper D |title= Online Etymology Dictionary. ''diabetes.'' |year= 2001–2010 |url= http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=diabetes&amp;searchmode=none |access-date= 2011-06-10 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120113074242/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=diabetes&amp;searchmode=none |archive-date= 2012-01-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Aretaeus, ''De causis et signis acutorum morborum (lib. 2)'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:abo:tlg,0719,002:2:2&amp;lang=original Κεφ. β. περὶ Διαβήτεω (Chapter 2, ''On Diabetes'', Greek original)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702232821/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Aabo%3Atlg%2C0719%2C002%3A2%3A2&amp;lang=original |date=2014-07-02 }}, on Perseus&lt;/ref&gt; Ultimately, the word comes from Greek διαβαίνειν (''diabainein''), meaning &quot;to pass through&quot;,&lt;ref name=OED_diabetes/&gt; which is composed of δια- (''dia''-), meaning &quot;through&quot; and βαίνειν (''bainein''), meaning &quot;to go&quot;.&lt;ref name=OnlineEtymology_diabetes/&gt; The word &quot;diabetes&quot; is first recorded in English, in the form ''diabete'', in a medical text written around 1425.

The word ''[[wikt:mellitus|mellitus]]'' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|aɪ|t|ə|s}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɛ|l|ᵻ|t|ə|s}}) comes from the classical Latin word ''mellītus'', meaning &quot;mellite&quot;&lt;ref name=OED_mellite&gt;Oxford English Dictionary. ''mellite''. Retrieved 2011-06-10.&lt;/ref&gt; (i.e. sweetened with honey;&lt;ref name=OED_mellite/&gt; honey-sweet&lt;ref name=MyEtymology_mellitus&gt;{{cite web |title=MyEtimology. ''mellitus.'' |url=http://www.myetymology.com/latin/mellitus.html |access-date=2011-06-10 |url-status=usurped |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110316045914/http://www.myetymology.com/latin/mellitus.html |archive-date=2011-03-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;). The Latin word comes from ''mell''-, which comes from ''mel'', meaning &quot;honey&quot;;&lt;ref name=OED_mellite/&gt;&lt;ref name=MyEtymology_mellitus/&gt; sweetness;&lt;ref name=MyEtymology_mellitus/&gt; pleasant thing,&lt;ref name=MyEtymology_mellitus/&gt; and the suffix -''ītus'',&lt;ref name=OED_mellite/&gt; whose meaning is the same as that of the English suffix &quot;-ite&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;OED_-ite&quot;&gt;Oxford English Dictionary. ''-ite''. Retrieved 2011-06-10.&lt;/ref&gt; It was [[Thomas Willis]] who in 1675 added &quot;mellitus&quot; to the word &quot;diabetes&quot; as a designation for the disease, when he noticed the urine of a person with diabetes had a sweet taste (glycosuria). This sweet taste had been noticed in urine by the ancient Greeks, Chinese, Egyptians, Indians, and [[Persian people|Persians]] {{citation needed|date=April 2022}}.

==Society and culture==
{{Further|List of films featuring diabetes}}

The 1989 &quot;[[St. Vincent Declaration]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book| vauthors = Tulchinsky TH, Varavikova EA |title=The New Public Health, Second Edition| url = https://archive.org/details/newpublichealth0000tulc_2 |publisher=[[Academic Press]]|year=2008|page=[https://archive.org/details/newpublichealth0000tulc_2/page/200 200]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-12-370890-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Piwernetz K, Home PD, Snorgaard O, Antsiferov M, Staehr-Johansen K, Krans M | title = Monitoring the targets of the St Vincent Declaration and the implementation of quality management in diabetes care: the DIABCARE initiative. The DIABCARE Monitoring Group of the St Vincent Declaration Steering Committee | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetic-medicine_1993-05_10_4/page/371 | journal = Diabetic Medicine | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 371–377 | date = May 1993 | pmid = 8508624 | doi = 10.1111/j.1464-5491.1993.tb00083.x | s2cid = 9931183 }}&lt;/ref&gt; was the result of international efforts to improve the care accorded to those with diabetes. Doing so is important not only in terms of quality of life and life expectancy but also economically{{snd}}expenses due to diabetes have been shown to be a major drain on health{{snd}}and productivity-related resources for healthcare systems and governments.

Several countries established more and less successful national diabetes programmes to improve treatment of the disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;EO005-Dubois&amp;Bankauskaite&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Dubois H, Bankauskaite V | title = Type 2 diabetes programmes in Europe | journal = Euro Observer | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 5–6 | year = 2005 | url = http://www2.lse.ac.uk/LSEHealthAndSocialCare/pdf/euroObserver/Obsvol7no2.pdf | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121024171754/http://www2.lse.ac.uk/LSEHealthAndSocialCare/pdf/euroObserver/Obsvol7no2.pdf | archive-date = 2012-10-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Diabetes stigma ===
Diabetes stigma describes the negative attitudes, judgment, discrimination, or prejudice against people with diabetes. Often, the stigma stems from the idea that diabetes (particularly Type 2 diabetes) resulted from poor lifestyle and unhealthy food choices rather than other causal factors like genetics and social determinants of health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2022-11-03 |title=Diabetes Stigma: Learn About It, Recognize It, Reduce It |url=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/diabetes_stigma.html |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |archive-date=2023-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031192432/https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/diabetes_stigma.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Manifestation of stigma can be seen throughout different cultures and contexts. Scenarios include diabetes statuses affecting marriage proposals, workplace-employment, and social standing in communities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Schabert |first1=Jasmin |last2=Browne |first2=Jessica L. |last3=Mosely |first3=Kylie |last4=Speight |first4=Jane |date=2013-03-01 |title=Social Stigma in Diabetes |journal=The Patient - Patient-Centered Outcomes Research |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1007/s40271-012-0001-0 |pmid=23322536 |s2cid=207490680 |issn=1178-1661|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Stigma is also seen internally, as people with diabetes can also have negative beliefs about themselves. Often these cases of self-stigma are associated with higher diabetes-specific distress, lower self-efficacy, and poorer provider-patient interactions during diabetes care.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Puhl |first1=Rebecca M. |last2=Himmelstein |first2=Mary S. |last3=Hateley-Browne |first3=Jessica L. |last4=Speight |first4=Jane |date=October 2020 |title=Weight stigma and diabetes stigma in U.S. adults with type 2 diabetes: Associations with diabetes self-care behaviors and perceptions of health care |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108387 |journal=Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice |volume=168 |pages=108387 |doi=10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108387 |pmid=32858100 |s2cid=221366068 |issn=0168-8227}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Racial and economic inequalities ===
Racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionately affected with higher prevalence of diabetes compared to non-minority individuals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Spanakis |first1=Elias K. |last2=Golden |first2=Sherita Hill |date=December 2013 |title=Race/Ethnic Difference in Diabetes and Diabetic Complications |journal=Current Diabetes Reports |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=10.1007/s11892–013–0421–9 |doi=10.1007/s11892-013-0421-9 |issn=1534-4827 |pmc=3830901 |pmid=24037313}}&lt;/ref&gt; While US adults overall have a 40% chance of developing type 2 diabetes, Hispanic/Latino adults chance is more than 50%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2022-04-04 |title=Hispanic/Latino Americans and Type 2 Diabetes |url=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/hispanic-diabetes.html |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |archive-date=2023-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031192358/https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/hispanic-diabetes.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; African Americans also are much more likely to be diagnosed with diabetes compared to White Americans. Asians have increased risk of diabetes as diabetes can develop at lower BMI due to differences in visceral fat compared to other races. For Asians, diabetes can develop at a younger age and lower body fat compared to other groups. Additionally, diabetes is highly underreported in Asian American people, as 1 in 3 cases are diagnosed compared to the average 1 in 5 for the nation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2022-11-21 |title=Diabetes and Asian American People |url=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/spotlights/diabetes-asian-americans.html |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |archive-date=2023-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031192358/https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/spotlights/diabetes-asian-americans.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

People with diabetes who have neuropathic symptoms such as numbness or tingling in feet or hands are twice as likely to be [[unemployed]] as those without the symptoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17563611&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Chee E, Hirsch AG, Brandenburg NA | title = Lost productive time and costs due to diabetes and diabetic neuropathic pain in the US workforce | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-occupational-and-environmental-medicine_2007-06_49_6/page/672 | journal = Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine | volume = 49 | issue = 6 | pages = 672–679 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17563611 | doi = 10.1097/JOM.0b013e318065b83a | s2cid = 21487348 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2010, diabetes-related emergency room (ER) visit rates in the United States were higher among people from the lowest income communities (526 per 10,000 population) than from the highest income communities (236 per 10,000 population). Approximately 9.4% of diabetes-related ER visits were for the uninsured.&lt;ref name=&quot;hcup-us.ahrq&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Washington R.E. |author2=Andrews R.M. |author3=Mutter R.L. |title=Emergency Department Visits for Adults with Diabetes, 2010 |date=November 2013 |website=HCUP Statistical Brief #167 |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |url=http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb167.jsp |location=Rockville MD |pmid=24455787 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011036/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb167.jsp |archive-date=2013-12-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Naming===
The term &quot;type&amp;nbsp;1 diabetes&quot; has replaced several former terms, including childhood-onset diabetes, juvenile diabetes, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Likewise, the term &quot;type&amp;nbsp;2 diabetes&quot; has replaced several former terms, including adult-onset diabetes, obesity-related diabetes, and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Beyond these two types, there is no agreed-upon standard nomenclature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Type 1 vs. Type 2 Diabetes Differences: Which One Is Worse?|url=https://www.medicinenet.com/type_1_vs_type_2_diabetes_similarities_differences/article.htm|access-date=2021-03-21|website=MedicineNet|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414120708/https://www.medicinenet.com/type_1_vs_type_2_diabetes_similarities_differences/article.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Diabetes mellitus is also occasionally known as &quot;sugar diabetes&quot; to differentiate it from [[diabetes insipidus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Parker K |title= Living with diabetes|date=2008|publisher=Facts On File|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4381-2108-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/livingwithdiabet0000park/page/143 143]|url=https://archive.org/details/livingwithdiabet0000park|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Other animals==
{{main|Diabetes in dogs|Diabetes in cats}}

Diabetes can occur in mammals or reptiles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Niaz K, Maqbool F, Khan F, Hassan FI, Momtaz S, Abdollahi M | title = Comparative occurrence of diabetes in canine, feline, and few wild animals and their association with pancreatic diseases and ketoacidosis with therapeutic approach | journal = Veterinary World | volume = 11 | issue = 4 | pages = 410–422 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29805204 | pmc = 5960778 | doi = 10.14202/vetworld.2018.410-422 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Stahl SJ | chapter =Hyperglycemia in Reptiles |date=2006-01-01 | title = Reptile Medicine and Surgery | edition = Second |pages=822–830 | veditors = Mader DR |place=Saint Louis |publisher=W.B. Saunders |language=en |doi=10.1016/b0-72-169327-x/50062-6 |isbn=978-0-7216-9327-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Birds do not develop diabetes because of their unusually high tolerance for elevated blood glucose levels.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sweazea KL | title = Revisiting glucose regulation in birds - A negative model of diabetes complications | journal = Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry &amp; Molecular Biology | volume = 262 | pages = 110778 | date = 8 July 2022 | pmid = 35817273 | doi = 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110778 | s2cid = 250404382 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In animals, diabetes is most commonly encountered in dogs and cats. Middle-aged animals are most commonly affected. Female dogs are twice as likely to be affected as males, while according to some sources, male cats are more prone than females. In both species, all breeds may be affected, but some small dog breeds are particularly likely to develop diabetes, such as [[Poodle|Miniature Poodles]].&lt;ref name=Merck&gt;{{cite web | title=Diabetes mellitus | website= Merck Veterinary Manual | edition = 9th | url=http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/40302.htm | year=2005 | access-date=2011-10-23 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927154816/http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm%2Fbc%2F40302.htm | archive-date=2011-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Feline diabetes is strikingly similar to human type 2 diabetes. The [[Burmese cat|Burmese]], [[Russian Blue]], [[Abyssinian cat|Abyssinian]], and [[Norwegian Forest cat|Norwegian Forest]] cat breeds are at higher risk than other breeds. Overweight cats are also at higher risk.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|vauthors=Öhlund M|title=Feline diabetes mellitus Aspects on epidemiology and pathogenesis|publisher=Acta Universitatis agriculturae Sueciae|isbn=978-91-7760-067-1|url=https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/14746/1/ohlund_m_171123.pdf|access-date=2017-12-18|archive-date=2021-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413223918/https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/14746/1/ohlund_m_171123.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The symptoms may relate to fluid loss and polyuria, but the course may also be insidious. Diabetic animals are more prone to infections. The long-term complications recognized in humans are much rarer in animals. The principles of treatment (weight loss, oral antidiabetics, subcutaneous insulin) and management of emergencies (e.g. ketoacidosis) are similar to those in humans.&lt;ref name=Merck/&gt;


Da'a tou teks nisura zanura siföföna ...

== Fombagi wökhö gulo ==
[[Berkas:Gas gangrene2.jpg|jmpl|257x257px|Obou duturukahe börö wökhö gulo]]
Fombagi wӧkhӧ gulo molo'ӧ mbӧrӧ (''etiologi'') ma hadia ia zi tobali bӧrӧnia. ''American Diabetes Association'' (ADA) la mane sasesenia fӧkhӧ gulo te'odombua ya'ia da'ӧ fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 1 ba fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 2.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Dombua tipe wӧkhӧ gulo da'e tesura ia molo'ӧ numero ba ''Arab'' tenga numero ba ''Romawi'', bӧrӧ numero II romawi asese elungu niha wamaigi ba lawalinga numero 11 (felezara).&lt;ref&gt;American Diabetes Association. (2003). [http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.2007.S5 Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus: Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Other Categories of Glucose Regulation]. ''Diabetes Care'', ''26''(Suppl. 1), S5-S20. &lt;/ref&gt; Tou da'e wangombakha sadogo-dogo wӧkhӧ gulo tipe 1 ba tipe 2.

=== '''Fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 1''' ===
Fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 1 alua bӧrӧ wӧkhӧ ''autoimun'', sel beta si so ba galakhaӧ (''pankreas'') afufu ba niha sombuyu (''rentan'') si'otarai ba dalu (nga'ӧtӧ) ba tebai mamazӧkhi isuli.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ADA lamane fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 1 sasesenia musӧndra ba ndraono ba iraono sibohou ebua, furihӧ lafotӧi ia fӧkhӧ gulo ''juvenile''. Fӧkhӧ gulo da'e ha alua ia 5% ba niha sigӧna wӧkhӧ gulo, tandrania fa'afufu ''sel beta'' ba galakhaӧ. Da'e bӧrӧ angorudua wӧkhӧ nga'ӧtӧ (''genetik''), fatahana mboto (''imunologi''), ba tola manӧ bӧrӧ likunga (simane, tungö'ite [''virus'']) ba bӧrӧ tanӧ'bӧ'ӧ sitola fakhai ba wa'afufu ''sel beta'' ba galakhaӧ. Fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 1 tola alua ia ba zi 25-50% ba zifaero sifagӧlӧ (''kembar identik''), 6% ba zi fa'talifusӧ, ba 5% mi'tou ba nga'ӧtӧ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Black, J. M., &amp; Hawks, J. H. (2014). ''Keperawatan Medikal Bedah: Manajemen Klinis untuk Hasil yang Diharapkan'' (8&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; edisi). Singapore: Elsevier&lt;/ref&gt; Tandra wӧkhӧ gulo tipe 1 da'e ya'ia da'ӧ asese kiӧ (''poliuria''), owӧkhi dӧdӧ sabӧlӧ-bӧlӧ (''polidipsia''), asese olofo (''polifagia''), ba fa'alӧ wa'abua silӧ taraso.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Khardori, R. (2016). ''[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117739-overview Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus]''. ''Practice Essentials''. Muhalö me 19 Baŵa si dua 2021, moroi ba [http://emedicine.medscape.com emedicine.medscape.com].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 2''' ===
Fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 2 ya'ia da'ӧ masaala ba mboto bӧrӧ me alӧ wa'abӧlӧ ''sel'' ba wanema isuli nifotӧi ''resistensi'' isuli.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 2 andre tesӧndra 90% irugi 95% ba gangarahuta zatua si'no gӧna fӧkhӧ gulo da'e.&lt;ref&gt;Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). [http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes%20/pubs/statsreport14/national-diabetes-report-web.pdf National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2014]. ''National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.'' Muhalö me 19 Baŵa si dua, moroi ba [http://www.cdc.gov cdc.gov].&lt;/ref&gt; Awena te'ila wӧkhӧ da'e na no aefa ndrӧfi si 40 fakhe ba sasesenia ba zatua, sesolo (''obesitas''), ba ''etnik'' awӧ ''ras'' si no mutandrai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 2 alua bӧrӧ nga'ӧtӧ ba bӧrӧ likunga gӧi. Nga'ӧtӧ fakhai ia ba wame'e baero isuli ba ''retensi'' isuli, ba bӧrӧ likunga fakhai ia ba wa'esolo, tӧra manga, ambӧ fa olaraga, siteresi, awӧ wa'atua.&lt;ref&gt;Kaku, K. (2010). [https://www.med.or.jp/english/journal/pdf/2010_01/041_046.pdf Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes and Its Treatment Policy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123223356/https://www.med.or.jp/english/journal/pdf/2010_01/041_046.pdf |date=2020-11-23 }}. ''Japan Medical Association'', ''53''(1), 41-46. Muhalö me 19 Baŵa si dua, moroi ba [https://www.med.or.jp med.or.jp].&lt;/ref&gt;

Ato niha si'gӧna fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 2 andre lӧ te'ila ma lӧ murasoi dandrania. Bahiza, so dandra si'te'ila bӧro wӧkhӧ gulo tipe 2 ya'ia da'ӧ:&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Khardori, R. (2016). [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-overview Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus]. ''Practice Essentials''. Muhalö me 19 Baŵa si dua, moroi ba [http://emedicine.medscape.com emedicine.medscape.com].&lt;/ref&gt;

# Tandra sasese murasoi ba si no ara simane, asese kiӧ, owӧkhi dӧdӧ sabӧlӧ-bӧlӧ, oya manga, ba alӧ wa'abua.
# Alӧ mangi'ila.
# Omboyu ndroto-ndroto tanӧ tou (i'otarai lӧwi-lӧwi irugi zuru gahe).
# Ifeksi zungӧ, simane ''balanitis'' ba nonomatua.

== Fökhö tanö'bö'ö salua börö wökhö gulo ==
Fa'alawa gulo ba ndro (''Hiperglikemia'') sarara tola tekiko ngawalӧ ndroto-ndroto siofӧnania ''saraf'' ba uo. Masaala samakiko fa'auri niha sigӧna fӧkhӧ gulo si lӧ muzago ya'ia da'ӧ fa'alawa gulo ba ndro sifao ''ketoasidosis''.&lt;ref&gt;Khan, A. N., Macdonald, S., Turnbull, I., &amp; Chandramohan, M. (2015). ''[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/391989-overview Imaging in Neuropathic Arthropathy (Charcot Joint)]''. Muhalö me 19 Baŵa si dua, moroi ba [http://emedicine.medscape.com emedicine.medscape.com].&lt;/ref&gt; Fӧkhӧ tanӧ'bӧ'ӧ salua bӧrӧ wӧkhӧ gulo ya'ia da'ӧ:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

# Alio gӧna fӧkhӧ dӧdӧ ba fӧkhӧ fa'ombuyu (''stroke'')
# Fa'atekiko ''saraf'' ba gahe irege alua zokho gahe (ulkus kaki), mӧi zungӧ (infeksi), irege tola la taba gahe.
# Au'a bӧrӧ tekiko nuo si'ide-ide ba hӧrӧ.
# Bӧrӧ [[Fökhö mbua|wӧkhӧ mbua]].
# Fa'amate ba zigӧna wӧkhӧ gulo dua kali '''(lipat)''' moroi ba zilӧ gӧna fӧkhӧ da'e.
# Masaala halӧwӧ zatua (''disfungsi seksual'')

== Famareso wökhö gulo (''diagnostic test'') ==
Famareso wӧkhӧ da'e ya'ia da'ӧ la tesi ba ''laboratorium'' lalania la su'a  wa'alawa gulo ndro. &lt;ref&gt;Hannon, R. A., Pooler, C., &amp; Porth, C. M. (2010). ''Porth Pathophysiology: Consepts of Altered Health States'' (1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; Ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins.&lt;/ref&gt; Fotesi gulo ndro da'e ya'ia da'ӧ:&lt;ref&gt;Williams, L. S., &amp; Hopper, P. D. (2015). ''Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing'' (5&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; Ed.). Philadelphia: F.A Davis Company.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Gulo dro fuasӧ/''Fasting Plasma Glucose Level'' (FPG) ====
ADA imane gulo ndro fuasӧ si ''normal'' ya'ia da'ӧ ambӧ moroi ba zi 100 mg/dl. Niha tola la'''diagnosa'' mo fӧkhӧ gulo na gulo ndro fuasӧnia 126 mg/dl ma tӧra, nihalӧ si'lӧ'ӧ-lӧ'ӧ'nia 8 (walu) ja fuasӧ. Na gulo ndro fuasӧ ba zi 100-125 mg/dl, eluahania niha da'e tegadu gulo ndro fuasӧnia ma tefotӧi ia ba li bӧ'ӧ ''Impaired Fasting Glucose'' (IFG) ba tola gӧna fӧkhӧ gulo (''pradiabetes'').

==== Famareso gulo ndro si'lӧ tatu ginӧtӧ/''Random Plasma Glucose'' (RPG) ====
Gulo ndro sifaruka tefotӧi ia gulo ndro gofu hawa'ara manӧ wamareso. Famareso gulo da'e lӧ'moguna wama'anӧ ma inӧtӧ wemanga. Fӧkhӧ gulo na RPG 200 mg/dl ma tӧra sifao dandra wӧkhӧ gulo.

==== ''Oral Glucose Tolerance Test'' ====
Famareso gulo ndro aefa manga zami-ami ma tefotӧi ia ba li bӧ'ӧ ''Oral Glucose Tolerance Test'' (OGTT). Moguna ba wamaduhu'ӧ ''diagnosis'' wӧkhӧ gulo ba niha sokhӧ gulo ndro si normal ofeta alawa ma ha ma'ifu tedou. OGTT da'e manu'a gulo ndro ba ginӧtӧ aefa wamazu idanӧ si so gulo. Fӧkhӧ gulo na fa'alawa ndro ba zi 200 mg/dl ma tӧra na aefa 2 (dua) ja, na gulo ndro ba zi 140-199 mg/dl aefa 2 (dua) ja, la ''diagnosa'' ia IFG faoma ''pradiabetes''.

==== ''Glycohemoglobin''  ''Test'' ====
''Glycohemoglobin'' la tӧtӧi ia gӧi ''glycosylated hemoglobin'' (HbA&lt;sub&gt;1c&lt;/sub&gt;) ma ''hemoglobin A1C''. HbA&lt;sub&gt;1c&lt;/sub&gt; te'oguna'ӧ ia tobali dane-dane awӧ ba wamaigi fa'atedou ''kontrol'' wӧkhӧ gulo. Su'a-su'a si ''normal'' HbA&lt;sub&gt;1c&lt;/sub&gt; ya'ia da'ӧ 4% ofeta 6%, te'tӧtӧi fӧkhӧ gulo na HbA&lt;sub&gt;1c&lt;/sub&gt; ba zi 6,5% ma tӧra, ba na HbA&lt;sub&gt;1c&lt;/sub&gt; ba gotalua zi 6% ofeta 6,5% tola tobali diabetes (''pradiabetes'').

== Hadia nifalua na tohare wökhö da'e? ==

=== '''Fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 1''' ===
Nifalua ba wӧkhӧ gulo tipe 1 ya'ia da'ӧ:&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

# Muzago (''Kontrol'') gulo
# Muzago gulo samӧsa.
# Dalu-dalu isuli.
# ''Diet'' ba mohalӧwӧ ma fa olaraga.

=== '''Fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 2''' ===
Nifalua ba wӧkhӧ gulo tipe 2 ya'ia da'ӧ:&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

# Mangalӧsi wa'aoha (''risiko'') gӧna wӧkhӧ nuo si'ide-ide he bahӧrӧ ba he ba mbua, lalania mu'zago gulo ndro ba fa'alawa ndro.
# Mangalӧsi wa'aoha gӧna wӧkhӧ nua sebua si so ba nuo dӧdӧ (''koroner''), nuo ba guto (''serebrovaskuler''), ba nuo ba mboto tanӧ'bӧ'ӧ (''perifer'').
# Mangalӧsi wa'aoha ''metabolisme'' ba ''neurologi'', lalania ''kontrol'' gulo ba ndro.

--&gt;

== Fökhö si fakhai ==

* [[Fökhö Mbua]]

== Khai-khai baero ==
* [https://www.diabetes.org American Diabetes Association]
* [https://diabetesatlas.org/ IDF Diabetes Atlas]
* [https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/resources-for-health-educators/national-eye-health-education-program/nehep-partnership-directory/national-diabetes-education-program National Diabetes Education Program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415182511/https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/resources-for-health-educators/national-eye-health-education-program/nehep-partnership-directory/national-diabetes-education-program |date=2022-04-15 }}
* [https://diabetesjournals.org/care/issue/42/Supplement_1 ADA's Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2019]
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Polonsky KS | title = The past 200 years in diabetes | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2012-10-04_367_14/page/1332 | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 367 | issue = 14 | pages = 1332–1340 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23034021 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra1110560 | s2cid = 9456681 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite web | url = https://medlineplus.gov/diabetes.html | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | work = MedlinePlus | title = Diabetes }}

== Umbu ==

{{Reflist|18em}}

[[Kategori:Fökhö]]
[[Kategori:No mufareso]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Sangai halöŵö</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>1611</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28278</id>
      <parentid>25851</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-21T14:31:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Slaia</username>
        <id>39</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fangandrö tobali admin</comment>
      <origin>28278</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2718" sha1="ec2wyylmudzfb9dxb009pq849sxlgr5" xml:space="preserve">== Fangandrö tobali admin Wikipedia Nias ==

Ya'ahowu ira talifusö. Ba gangahorita migu andre ahori göi ginötögu tobali admin ba Wikipedia. Börö da'ö '''na fao dödömi''' ba tola tobali admin zui ndra'o. Na fao dödömi, mitema li wangandrö andre ba misura '''&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{fao dödögu}} ~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;''', lö fao tandra kutip. Saohagölö. &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: green; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px&quot;&gt;[[User:Slaia|&lt;span style=&quot;color: white&quot;&gt;slaia&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: blue; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Slaia|&lt;span style=&quot;color: white&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 21 September 2026 21.31 (WIB)


== Yasanto Lase: Fangandrö tobali admin 2025–2026 ==
Ya'ahowu, ira ama ina ba talifusögu fefu. Ba zi 13 mbaŵa si siŵa andre ahori ginötögu ba wangai ngawalö halöŵö si fakhai ba ''admin'' ba komunitas Wikipedia Nias khöda. Na ba Wikikamus, lö sa'ae matohugö, Hadia fao dödömi na utohugö tobali halöŵö andre ba Wikipedia? Na fao dödömi atö ba mi tema li, sura ba da'e tou '''&lt;nowiki&gt;* {{fao dödö}} ~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Saohagölö. &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: red; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px&quot;&gt;[[User:Yasanto Lase|&lt;span style=&quot;color: white&quot;&gt;Yasanto Lase&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: blue; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Yasanto Lase|&lt;span style=&quot;color: white&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; [[Sangoguna:Yasanto Lase|Yasanto Lase]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:Yasanto Lase|fahuhuo]]) 11 September 2025 20.28 (WIB) WIB)
: {{fao dödö}} &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: green; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px&quot;&gt;[[User:Slaia|&lt;span style=&quot;color: white&quot;&gt;slaia&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: blue; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Slaia|&lt;span style=&quot;color: white&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 11 September 2025 20.55 (WIB)
: {{fao dödö}} Tohugö, böi awöli-wöli. &lt;span style=&quot;padding:2px 6px;font-size:12px;background:#fb0;color:#222;&quot;&gt;[[Sangoguna:Laseapollo|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#222&quot;&gt;LasapolloWp&lt;/span&gt;]] ❯ [[Huho zangoguna:Laseapollo|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#222&quot;&gt;Bicara&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 11 September 2025 22.03 (WIB)
:{{fao dödö}} [[Sangoguna:Tiru D Zendrato|Tiru D Zendrato]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:Tiru D Zendrato|fahuhuo]]) 11 September 2025 22.18 (WIB)
:{{fao dödö}} [[Sangoguna:Lewi Zega|Lewi Zega]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:Lewi Zega|fahuhuo]]) 12 September 2025 08.24 (WIB)
:{{fao dödö}} [[Sangoguna:Wadaihangit|Wadaihangit]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:Wadaihangit|fahuhuo]]) 12 September 2025 13.26 (WIB)
: {{fao dödö}} [[Sangoguna:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:Ardzun|fahuhuo]]) 12 September 2025 17.14 (WIB)

== Ösi satua si no te'irö'ö ==

* [[/2024|2024]], [[/2023|2023]], [[/2022|2022]], [[/2021|2021]]

[[Kategori:Bale zato]]
[[Kategori:Fanolo]]</text>
      <sha1>ec2wyylmudzfb9dxb009pq849sxlgr5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>28280</id>
      <parentid>28278</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-21T14:35:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Slaia</username>
        <id>39</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>mengarsipkan konten 2025</comment>
      <origin>28280</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="781" sha1="n9jiaw7vvsscbooopvscijuvn34pmli" xml:space="preserve">== Fangandrö tobali admin Wikipedia Nias ==

Ya'ahowu ira talifusö. Ba gangahorita migu andre ahori göi ginötögu tobali admin ba Wikipedia. Börö da'ö '''na fao dödömi''' ba tola tobali admin zui ndra'o. Na fao dödömi, mitema li wangandrö andre ba misura '''&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{fao dödögu}} ~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;''', lö fao tandra kutip. Saohagölö. &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: green; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px&quot;&gt;[[User:Slaia|&lt;span style=&quot;color: white&quot;&gt;slaia&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: blue; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Slaia|&lt;span style=&quot;color: white&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 21 September 2026 21.31 (WIB)


== Ösi satua si no te'irö'ö ==

* [[/2024|2024]], [[/2023|2023]], [[/2022|2022]], [[/2021|2021]]

[[Kategori:Bale zato]]
[[Kategori:Fanolo]]</text>
      <sha1>n9jiaw7vvsscbooopvscijuvn34pmli</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>28281</id>
      <parentid>28280</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-21T15:15:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mystique5</username>
        <id>1693</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fangandrö tobali admin Wikipedia Nias */ Tema li</comment>
      <origin>28281</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="922" sha1="ep5q1n6ktbhqfo6v9k0jxzfednqvc1x" xml:space="preserve">== Fangandrö tobali admin Wikipedia Nias ==

Ya'ahowu ira talifusö. Ba gangahorita migu andre ahori göi ginötögu tobali admin ba Wikipedia. Börö da'ö '''na fao dödömi''' ba tola tobali admin zui ndra'o. Na fao dödömi, mitema li wangandrö andre ba misura '''&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{fao dödögu}} ~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;''', lö fao tandra kutip. Saohagölö. &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: green; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px&quot;&gt;[[User:Slaia|&lt;span style=&quot;color: white&quot;&gt;slaia&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: blue; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Slaia|&lt;span style=&quot;color: white&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 21 September 2026 21.31 (WIB)

:&lt;nowiki&gt;{{fao dödögu}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Sangoguna:Mystique5|Mystique5]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:Mystique5|fahuhuo]]) 21 September 2026 22.15 (WIB)


== Ösi satua si no te'irö'ö ==

* [[/2024|2024]], [[/2023|2023]], [[/2022|2022]], [[/2021|2021]]

[[Kategori:Bale zato]]
[[Kategori:Fanolo]]</text>
      <sha1>ep5q1n6ktbhqfo6v9k0jxzfednqvc1x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>28283</id>
      <parentid>28281</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-21T16:23:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tiru Zendrato</username>
        <id>1700</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fangandrö tobali admin Wikipedia Nias */ Tema li</comment>
      <origin>28283</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1056" sha1="igginufumeihqlopjpqrploi877cfdc" xml:space="preserve">== Fangandrö tobali admin Wikipedia Nias ==

Ya'ahowu ira talifusö. Ba gangahorita migu andre ahori göi ginötögu tobali admin ba Wikipedia. Börö da'ö '''na fao dödömi''' ba tola tobali admin zui ndra'o. Na fao dödömi, mitema li wangandrö andre ba misura '''&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{fao dödögu}} ~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;''', lö fao tandra kutip. Saohagölö. &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: green; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px&quot;&gt;[[User:Slaia|&lt;span style=&quot;color: white&quot;&gt;slaia&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: blue; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Slaia|&lt;span style=&quot;color: white&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 21 September 2026 21.31 (WIB)

:&lt;nowiki&gt;{{fao dödögu}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Sangoguna:Mystique5|Mystique5]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:Mystique5|fahuhuo]]) 21 September 2026 22.15 (WIB)
:{{fao dödögu}} [[Sangoguna:Tiru Zendrato|Tiru Zendrato]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:Tiru Zendrato|fahuhuo]]) 21 September 2026 23.23 (WIB)


== Ösi satua si no te'irö'ö ==

* [[/2024|2024]], [[/2023|2023]], [[/2022|2022]], [[/2021|2021]]

[[Kategori:Bale zato]]
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      <sha1>igginufumeihqlopjpqrploi877cfdc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>28284</id>
      <parentid>28283</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-21T16:24:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tiru Zendrato</username>
        <id>1700</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fangandrö tobali admin Wikipedia Nias */</comment>
      <origin>28284</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1035" sha1="atbq1mwgoylr45fk0fkapzpvvdvphxf" xml:space="preserve">== Fangandrö tobali admin Wikipedia Nias ==

Ya'ahowu ira talifusö. Ba gangahorita migu andre ahori göi ginötögu tobali admin ba Wikipedia. Börö da'ö '''na fao dödömi''' ba tola tobali admin zui ndra'o. Na fao dödömi, mitema li wangandrö andre ba misura '''&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{fao dödögu}} ~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;''', lö fao tandra kutip. Saohagölö. &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: green; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px&quot;&gt;[[User:Slaia|&lt;span style=&quot;color: white&quot;&gt;slaia&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: blue; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Slaia|&lt;span style=&quot;color: white&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 21 September 2026 21.31 (WIB)

:{{fao dödögu}} [[Sangoguna:Mystique5|Mystique5]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:Mystique5|fahuhuo]]) 21 September 2026 22.15 (WIB)
:{{fao dödögu}} [[Sangoguna:Tiru Zendrato|Tiru Zendrato]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:Tiru Zendrato|fahuhuo]]) 21 September 2026 23.23 (WIB)

== Ösi satua si no te'irö'ö ==

* [[/2024|2024]], [[/2023|2023]], [[/2022|2022]], [[/2021|2021]]

[[Kategori:Bale zato]]
[[Kategori:Fanolo]]</text>
      <sha1>atbq1mwgoylr45fk0fkapzpvvdvphxf</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>28285</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-22T00:28:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Edison Zega A.Lewi</username>
        <id>702</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fangandrö tobali admin Wikipedia Nias */ Fanama li</comment>
      <origin>28285</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1136" sha1="ousfjmdf780gueuw87pfmk44hfw4025" xml:space="preserve">== Fangandrö tobali admin Wikipedia Nias ==

Ya'ahowu ira talifusö. Ba gangahorita migu andre ahori göi ginötögu tobali admin ba Wikipedia. Börö da'ö '''na fao dödömi''' ba tola tobali admin zui ndra'o. Na fao dödömi, mitema li wangandrö andre ba misura '''&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{fao dödögu}} ~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;''', lö fao tandra kutip. Saohagölö. &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: green; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px&quot;&gt;[[User:Slaia|&lt;span style=&quot;color: white&quot;&gt;slaia&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: blue; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Slaia|&lt;span style=&quot;color: white&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 21 September 2026 21.31 (WIB)

:{{fao dödögu}} [[Sangoguna:Mystique5|Mystique5]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:Mystique5|fahuhuo]]) 21 September 2026 22.15 (WIB)
:{{fao dödögu}} [[Sangoguna:Tiru Zendrato|Tiru Zendrato]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:Tiru Zendrato|fahuhuo]]) 21 September 2026 23.23 (WIB)
:{{fao dödögu}} [[Sangoguna:Edison Zega A.Lewi|Edison Zega A.Lewi]]  23 September 2026 07.27 (WIB)

== Ösi satua si no te'irö'ö ==

* [[/2024|2024]], [[/2023|2023]], [[/2022|2022]], [[/2021|2021]]

[[Kategori:Bale zato]]
[[Kategori:Fanolo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Öba ngawawa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>504</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260922sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="11132" sha1="ehljdo2o6wjvsqnele72pzd0bmbrlbv" xml:space="preserve">''Sura andre te'ali moroi Wikipedia Indonesia [https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekebalan_kelompok Kekebalan Kelompok]''

[[Berkas:Öba ngawawa3.png|thumb|350px| Gambara tanö yaŵa (numero 1) da'a ifa'ele'ö hewisa sambua wökhö sebua tola tegönaisi fefu niha ba ngawawa me so zi no tefatöfa (la'a-la'a soyo) ba tanöbö'ö [[wikt:owaöri|owaöri]] ba mo'öba (la'a-la'a sobalau); fökhö andre tola tefazaewe göna fefu niha ba ngawawa. Gambara numero 2 mamaehagö wa ba gotalua ngawawa so ösa (lö ato) zi no mu'öbaini (la'a-la'a sa'usö); si lö mu öbaini tefatöfa wökhö, si no te'öbaöni lö fatöfa. Ba gambara numero 3, abölö ato niha ba ngawawa zi no te'öbaini; börö da'ö fökhö saoha fatöfa tebatogö ba lö göna ba niha si lö mu'öbaini. Ba zalua si mane gambara numero 1, ato zowaöri ba hiza lö mu'öbaini ba a'oi fatöfa wökhö; na salua simane gambara numero 3, ha sambua ni'o'öfa niha sowaöri zi lö mo'öba zi fatöfa fökhö. ]]

'''[[wikt:Öba|Öba]] ngawawa''' ma (ba li Indonesia: ''kekebalan kawanan''; ba li Inggris: ''herd immunity'') ya'ia da'ö sambua lala woba'aga (si lö i'anemai'ö) moroi ba wökhö saoha fatöfa salua na abölö oya niha ba zisambua ngawawa te'öba moroi ba wökhö börö meno irai göna fökhö ba he göi börö me la öbaini (vaksinasi), irege na so samösa zi lö mo öba ba fao ia tetötöwu. &lt;ref name=pmid21427399 &gt;{{cite journal|last1=Fine|first1=P.|last2=Eames|first2=K.|last3=Heymann|first3=D. L.|date=1 April 2011|title='Herd immunity': A rough guide|url=http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/7/911.full|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=52|issue=7|pages=911–16|doi=10.1093/cid/cir007|pmid=21427399}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=gordis &gt;{{cite book|last=Gordis|first=L.|date=14 November 2013|title=Epidemiology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YX6AQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA26&amp;pg=PA26#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|pages=26–27|isbn=978-1455742516|accessdate=29 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;        

Ba ngawawa so ösi niha sabölö ato zi no te'öbaini (ya'ira andre lö sa'ae fao ira ba wa mazaewe fökhö saoha fatöfa), amaedola rate, aetu ba lala wamatöfa fökhö ma zui tebato. &lt;ref name=merrill &gt;{{cite book|last=Merrill|first=R. M.|date=2013|title=Introduction to Epidemiology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tV5LSztaS2wC&amp;pg=PA68&amp;pg=PA68#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers|pages=68–71|isbn=978-1449645175|accessdate=29 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Na abölö oya niha sino te'öbaini ba ngawawa, idugu ide-ide fakhamöta khö niha si lö mu'öbaini faondra khö niha solohe fökhö. Da'a sambua wanolo ba woba'agö samösa niha si lö mokhö öba bakha ba mbotonia moroi ba wökhö. &lt;ref name=pmid21427399/&gt; 

Samösa niha tola mo'öba na no döhö moroi ba wökhö ma zui no lasuti ia faoma öba (vaksin). &lt;ref name=merrill/&gt; So ösa göi niha si tebai mo'öba börö me so khönia wökhö tanöbö'ö, simane imunodefisiensi ma imunosupresi, irege niha simane, öba ngawawa tobali lala sabölö moguna ba woba'agö ya'ira moroi ba wökhö. &lt;ref name=&quot;ofg&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://vk.ovg.ox.ac.uk/herd-immunity|title=Herd Immunity|publisher=Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford|accessdate=12 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ska &gt;{{cite book|last1=Somerville|first1=M.|last2=Kumaran|first2=K.|last3=Anderson|first3=R.|date=19 January 2012|title=Public Health and Epidemiology at a Glance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rnPItVn_oEC&amp;pg=PA58&amp;pg=PA58#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|pages=58–59|isbn=978-1118308646|accessdate=29 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na no ofeta ba zi sambua inötö nihonogöi, ba ida'i-da'i öba ngawawa mohalöŵö ba wotayaigö fefu wökhö moroi ba  gotalua ngawawa. &lt;ref name=ska/&gt; Penghilangan penyakit ini, jika terjadi di seluruh dunia, dapat mengurangi jumlah infeksi menjadi nol secara permanen, yang disebut [[Eradikasi penyakit menular|eradikasi]] atau pemberantasan penyakit.&lt;ref name=cliffsr &gt;{{cite book|last1=Cliff|first1=A.|last2=Smallman-Raynor|first2=M.|date=11 April 2013|title=Oxford Textbook of Infectious Disease Control: A Geographical Analysis from Medieval Quarantine to Global Eradication|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqhDZkWJjPQC&amp;pg=PA125&amp;pg=PA125#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=125–36|isbn=978-0199596614|accessdate=29 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;   

Fanayaigö fökhö andre, na alua ia ba zi sagörö uli danö, tola mangalösi wa'ato zi fatöfa fökhö irege taya manö, da'ö nifotöi eradikasi ma fanuwösa molaŵa fökhö. &lt;ref name=cliffsr &gt;{{cite book|last1=Cliff|first1=A.|last2=Smallman-Raynor|first2=M.|date=11 April 2013|title=Oxford Textbook of Infectious Disease Control: A Geographical Analysis from Medieval Quarantine to Global Eradication|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqhDZkWJjPQC&amp;pg=PA125&amp;pg=PA125#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=125–36|isbn=978-0199596614|accessdate=29 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Öba ngawawa ni'otomosi faoma fo'öbaini (vaksinasi) ba ndröfi 1997 no fao falulu ba wolaŵa famadöhö fökhö zobulu zukhu (variola) ma zui latötöi ia ba li Indonesia, cacar air, ba fao göi ba wo'alösi asesea wökhö tanöbö'önia. &lt;ref name=pmid21604922 &gt;{{cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=T. H.|last2=Jonhstone|first2=J.|last3=Loeb|first3=M.|date=September 2011|title=Vaccine herd effect|journal=Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=43|issue=9|pages=683–89|doi=10.3109/00365548.2011.582247|pmc=3171704|pmid=21604922}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lö fefu wökhö tola tefadöhö ba göba ngawawa ba ha fökhö saoha fatöfa, ya'ia fökhö si tola mozaewe moroi ba zi samösa niha khö niha tanöbö'ö. [5] Simane Tetanus, farange nia tola möi böröta wökhö, ba hiza lö aoha fatöfa ia, irege öba ngawawa lö taru khönia &lt;ref name=ska/&gt; [[Tetanus]], misalnya, bersifat infeksius tetapi tidak menular, sehingga kekebalan kelompok tidak berlaku.&lt;ref name=ofg/&gt;

Fehede &quot;öba ngawawa&quot; te'oguna'ö ia si'oföna sibai me döfi 1923. [1] Öba ngawawa laŵa'ö ia sambua sahöli tödö salua manö (alami) ba ndröfi 1930, ba me lahaogö lafareso me aefa ato ndraono te'öbaini moroi ba wökhö campak, fa'ato zibohou göna idugu alö ba zi sambua inötö, fao ndraono wökhötö (iraono saoha göna fökhö). &lt;ref name=pmid15106084 &gt;*{{cite journal|last1=Hinman|first1=A. R.|last2=Orenstein|first2=W. A.|last3=Papania|first3=M. J.|date=1 May 2004|title=Evolution of measles elimination strategies in the United States|url=http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/189/Supplement_1/S17.full|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=189|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S17–22|doi=10.1086/377694|pmid=15106084}}&lt;br/&gt;*{{cite journal|last1=Sencer|first1=D. J.|last2=Dull|first2=H. B.|last3=Langmuir|first3=A. D.|date=March 1967|title=Epidemiologic basis for eradication of measles in 1967|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_public-health-reports_1967-03_82_3/page/253|journal=Public Health Reports|volume=82|issue=3|pages=253–56|pmc=1919891|pmid=4960501|doi=10.2307/4592985|jstor=4592985}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I'otarai da'ö, fo'öbaini zato lafalua ena'ö so göba ngawawa ba no tefa'ele'ö wa tola moba'aga wamazaewe börö wökhö saoha fatöfa. &lt;ref name=pmid15627236 &gt;{{cite journal|last1=Garnett|first1=G. P.|date=1 February 2005|title=Role of Herd Immunity in Determining the Effect of Vaccines against Sexually Transmitted Disease|url=http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/191/Supplement_1/S97.full|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=191|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S97–106|doi=10.1086/425271|pmid=15627236}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Falö fao dödö ba wo'öbaini tola manaisi wanga'asogö öba ngawawa irege fökhö si tola laba'agö me na, ba hiza tola tefatöfa ba niha mbanua si lö molau fo'öbaini. &lt;ref name=pmid22926181 &gt;{{cite journal|last1=Quadri-Sheriff|first1=M.|last2=Hendrix|first2=K. S.|last3=Downs|first3=S. M.|last4=Sturm|first4=L. A.|last5=Zimet|first5=G. D.|last6=Finnell|first6=S. M.|date=September 2012|title=The role of herd immunity in parents' decision to vaccinate children: a systematic review|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/130/3/522.full|journal=Pediatrics|volume=130|issue=3|pages=522–30|doi=10.1542/peds.2012-0140|pmid=22926181}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=pmid23584253 &gt;{{cite journal|last1=Dubé|first1=E.|last2=Laberge|first2=C.|last3=Guay|first3=M.|last4=Bramadat|first4=P.|last5=Roy|first5=R.|last6=Bettinger|first6=J.|date=August 2013|title=Vaccine hesitancy: an overview|journal=Human Vaccines &amp; Immunotherapeutics|volume=9|issue=8|pages=1763–73|doi=10.4161/hv.24657|pmc=3906279|pmid=23584253}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=pmid23807359 &gt;{{cite journal|last1=Ropeik|first1=D.|date=August 2013|title=How society should respond to the risk of vaccine rejection|journal=Human Vaccines &amp; Immunotherapeutics|volume=9|issue=8|pages=1815–18|doi=10.4161/hv.25250|pmc=3906287|pmid=23807359}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fökhö sombuyu-mbuyu (polio) awö difteri no si tobali duma-duma wa sindruhunia tola latayaigö, ba hiza ifuli zui tohare ba Indonesia me so watuwusa ba wamalua fo'öbaini. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-01-15/islamic-anti-vaxxers-undermining-diphtheria-vaccination-campaign/9325852 Islamic anti-vaxxers undermine efforts to prevent diphtheria outbreak in Indonesia]&lt;/ref&gt;  Ba Aceh, ha 8% ndraono si no la'öbaini MR (measles and rubella-campak faoma campak jerman), no aröu moroi ba nitötö'u wamareta wa 95 persen no la'öbaini awena tola te'otomosi göba ngawawa. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ozy.com/acumen/the-worlds-first-anti-vax-fatwa-has-been-issued-heres-what-it-did/93536/ The World's First Anti-Vax Fatwa Has Been Issued. Here's What It Did]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Öba ngawawa ba wosuwöi fökhö Covid-19==

Öba ngawawa ba wolawa Covid-19 tola te'otomosi ia faoma famalua fo'öbaini (vaksinasi), tenga tatehegö niha mbanua tetöfa ua wökhö ba döhö irege so khöra göba ba mbotora. Öba sotöi vaksin ifaha'ö göba mboto ba wangehaogö protein solawa fökhö ni'ilada sotöi antibodi, simane salua ba mboto zi samösa sigöna fökhö.  Öba vaksin andre tola ihaogö antibodi ba zi samösa niha ba lö dali mofökhö ua. Niha si no mu'öbaini vaksin ba teba'agö ia moroi ba wökhö saoha fatöfa, da'ö zangetu'ö rate gamazaewe wökhö. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Herd immunity, lockdowns and COVID-19|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/herd-immunity-lockdowns-and-covid-19|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=2021-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Afu tola tesendra göba ngawawa ba tola teba'agö moroi ba dungö Covid-19, fefu niha sato ba ngawawa lötolalö'ö la'öbaini irege te'alösi niha si göna tungö ba  gotalua niha sato. Sambua wozu nitötö'u ba wangotomosi öba ngawawa andre ya'ia ba wo ba'aga ngawawa si lö mu'öbaini (börö me so wökhö tanöbö'ö, irege tebai lö öbaini ira). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==Faigi göi==
* [[Sistem imun]]
* [[Premunitas]]
==Umbu==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Khai-khai baero==
* [http://www.software3d.com/Home/Vax/Immunity.php Simulasi visual kekebalan kelompok] yang dibuat oleh Shane Killian dan dimodifikasi oleh Robert Webb.


[[Kategori:Bohou tesura]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sisobahilisiwalaŵa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3132</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28277</id>
      <parentid>26916</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-21T13:48:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Slaia</username>
        <id>39</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nibulö'ö ba aplikasi WikiNusa</comment>
      <origin>28277</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1409" sha1="tq6q1d7e1unvec3sauz5geo2gywbc5n" xml:space="preserve">{{Desa
|töi              = Sisobahilisiwalaŵa
|töi bö'ö         = Sisobahili Siwalawa
|peta             = 
|foto             = 
|provinsi         = Sumatra Utara
|dati2            = Kabupaten
|töi dati2        = Nias Selatan
|dati3            = Kecamatan
|kecamatan        = Hilisalaŵa'ahe
|kode pos         = 
|fa'ebolo         = 
|fa'ebolo umbu    = 
|niha mbanua      = 390
|niha mbanua döfi = 2020
|niha mbanua umbu = &lt;ref&gt;BPS Kabupaten Nias Selatan (2020), ''Kecamatan Hilisalawa'ahe Dalam Angka 2020'', nga'örö 18.&lt;/ref&gt;
|fa'afasösö       = 
|koordinat        = 
|kemendagri       = 12.14.23.2004
|RT               = 
|RW               = 
|KK               = 
|APBDesa          = 
|bolokha gu'ö     = 
}}

'''Sisobahilisiwalaŵa''' no sambua desa ba [[Kecamatan Hilisalaŵa'ahe]], [[Kabupaten Nias Selatan]]. Kodenia ba wamatörö Indonesia 12.14.23.2004. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.kemendagri.go.id/page/read/48/peraturan-menteri-dalam-negeri-no72-tahun-2019 Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri No.72 Tahun 2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112085931/https://www.kemendagri.go.id/page/read/48/peraturan-menteri-dalam-negeri-no72-tahun-2019 |date=2021-01-12 }} (PDF), Kementerian Dalam Negeri, nga'örö 491. ({{-id-}})&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umbu ==

&lt;references /&gt;

{{Navbox Kecamatan Hilisalaŵa'ahe}}

{{Navbox Kabupaten Nias Selatan}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Kategori:Desa ba Danö Niha]]</text>
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    <title>Wikipedia:Monganga afo (baero)</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
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      <id>28282</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-21T15:20:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MediaWiki message delivery</username>
        <id>62</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Your feedback wanted: Remove (Language link added:) and similar edits from Special:RecentChanges */ bagian baru</comment>
      <origin>28282</origin>
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      <text bytes="69688" sha1="2lyok1yl9k5bmuscy5t4qcsw1tdkpap" xml:space="preserve">== Turia satua ==

Turia satua no te'irö'ö ba da'a: [[Wikipedia:Monganga afo/2021|2021]], [[Wikipedia:Monganga afo/2022|2022]], [[/2023|2023]], [[/2024|2024]], [[/2025|2025]]

== Universal Code of Conduct annual review: provide your comments on the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines ==

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My apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}.

This is a reminder that the first phase of the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines will be closing soon. You can make suggestions for changes through [[d:Q614092|the end of day]], 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. After review of the feedback, proposals for updated text will be published on Meta in March for another round of community review. 

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 3 Februari 2025 07.48 (WIB)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt; Pertemuan Komunitas Bahasa (28 Februari, 14.00 UTC) dan Nawala Mendatang&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Halo, semuanya!
[[File:WP20Symbols WIKI INCUBATOR.svg|right|frameless|150x150px|alt=Sebuah gambar yang menggambarkan berbagai bahasa]]
Kami gembira mengumumkan bahwa '''Pertemuan Komunitas Bahasa''' mendatang akan diselenggarakan pada '''28 Februari pukul 14.00 UTC'''! Jika ingin bergabung, cukup mendaftar '''[[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#28_February_2025|di halaman wiki]]'''.

Ini merupakan pertemuan yang berbasis peserta tempat kita berbagi informasi terbaru mengenai proyek-proyek yang berhubungan dengan bahasa, mendiskusikan tantangan teknis dalam wiki yang berhubungan dengan bahasa, dan bekerja sama dalam mencari solusi. Pada pertemuan terakhir yang lalu, kami membahas topik-topik seperti pengembangan papan ketik bahasa, pembuatan Wikipedia Moore, dan berita terbaru dari jalur dukungan bahasa di Wiki Indaba.

'''Ada topik yang ingin disampaikan?''' Baik itu kabar terbaru teknis dari proyek Anda, tantangan yang perlu dibantu, atau permintaan bantuan penjurubahasaan, kami ingin mendengarnya dari Anda! Jangan ragu untuk '''menanggapi pesan ini''' atau menambahkan topik ke dalam dokumen '''[[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-feb-2025|di sini]]'''.

Kami juga ingin menyampaikan bahwa nawala Bahasa &amp; Internasionalisasi edisi keenam (Januari 2025) tersedia di sini: [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January]]. Nawala ini menyajikan informasi terbaru dari kuartal Oktober–Desember 2024 tentang pengembangan fitur baru, peningkatan berbagai proyek teknis terkait bahasa dan upaya dukungan, informasi mengenai pertemuan komunitas, dan ide untuk berkontribusi ke dalam proyek tersebut. Untuk mendapatkan informasi terbaru, Anda dapat berlangganan nawalanya di halaman wiki: [[:mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter]].

Sampai jumpa di pertemuan komunitas bahasa berikutnya. Kami tunggu ide dan partisipasi Anda!
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22 Februari 2025 15.29 (WIB)
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== Universal Code of Conduct annual review: proposed changes are available for comment ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
My apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}.

I am writing to you to let you know that [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|proposed changes]] to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter]] are open for review. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|You can provide feedback on suggested changes]]''' through the [[d:Q614092|end of day]] on Tuesday, 18 March 2025. This is the second step in the annual review process, the final step will be community voting on the proposed changes.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find relevant links about the process on the UCoC annual review page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] 8 Maret 2025 01.51 (WIB)

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== An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
{{Int:hello}} Wikipedians,

Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}.

The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device.

With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below.
[[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the &quot;For you&quot; and &quot;...More&quot; buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups (&quot;Create new pages&quot; and &quot;Expand with new sections&quot;)-one for each activity.]]
[[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]]
We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''.
Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. 

Thank you!

On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 13 Maret 2025 09.56 (WIB)
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== Feminism and Folklore 2025 starts soon ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;center&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/center&gt;

Dear Wiki Community,

You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2025, to March 31, 2025 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia.
 
You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles.
 
Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project:
# Create a page for the contest on the local wiki.
# Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool.
# Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes.
# Request local admins for site notice.
# Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta project page]].

This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools''']

Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance.
 
We look forward to your immense coordination.
 
Thank you and Best wishes,

'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025 International Team]]'''

::::Stay connected [[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp; [[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Sangoguna:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:MediaWiki message delivery|fahuhuo]]) 29 Januari 2025 09.36 (WIB)

== Wiki Loves Folklore is back! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{int:please-translate}}

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]

Dear Wiki Community,
You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore 2025]]''' an international media contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March.

You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&amp;campaign=wlf_2025 submitting] them in this commons contest.

You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language.

Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. 

'''Kind regards,'''

'''Wiki loves Folklore International Team'''
--[[Sangoguna:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:MediaWiki message delivery|fahuhuo]]) 29 Januari 2025 09.36 (WIB)
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[[Kategori:Monganga afo]]
[[Kategori:Monganga afo (baero)]]

== Final proposed modifications to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter now posted ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
The proposed modifications to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] and the U4C Charter [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Proposed_Changes|are now on Meta-wiki for community notice]] in advance of the voting period. This final draft was developed from the previous two rounds of community review. Community members will be able to vote on these modifications starting on 17 April 2025. The vote will close on 1 May 2025, and results will be announced no later than 12 May 2025. The U4C election period, starting with a call for candidates, will open immediately following the announcement of the review results. More information will be posted on [[m:Special:MyLanguage//Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election|the wiki page for the election]] soon.

Please be advised that this process will require more messages to be sent here over the next two months. 

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 4 April 2025 09.04 (WIB)
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== Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025: Invitation ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:UCDM 2025 general.png|180px|right]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Hello, dear Wikipedians!&lt;br/&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the fifth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''14th April''' until '''16th May 2025'''. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design, and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contributions in every language! 

The most active contesters will receive prizes.

If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.
&lt;br/&gt;

We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]])
&lt;/div&gt;

16 April 2025 23.11 (WIB)
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== Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines (&quot;UCoC EG&quot;) and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17 April 2025 07.34 (WIB)
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== Sub-referencing: User testing ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|400px|right]]
&lt;small&gt;''Apologies for writing in English, please help us by providing a translation below''&lt;/small&gt;

Hi I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]'s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. We are making great strides with the new [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]] and we’d love to invite you to take part in two activities to help us move this work further:

#'''Try it out and share your feedback'''
#:[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing# Test the prototype|Please try]] the updated ''wikitext'' feature [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on the beta wiki] and let us know what you think, either [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our talk page]] or by [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/talktotechwish booking a call] with our UX researcher. 
#'''Get a sneak peak and help shape the ''Visual Editor'' user designs'''
#:Help us test the new design prototypes by participating in user sessions – [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/gxk0taud/apply sign up here to receive an invite]. We're especially hoping to speak with people from underrepresented and diverse groups. If that's you, please consider signing up! No prior or extensive editing experience is required. User sessions will start ''May 14th''.

We plan to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We’ll reach out to wikis for piloting in time for deployments. Creators and maintainers of reference-related tools and templates will be contacted beforehand as well.

Thank you very much for your support and encouragement so far in helping bring this feature to life! &lt;/div&gt; &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 28 April 2025 22.04 (WIB)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Vote on proposed modifications to the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter closes on 1 May 2025 at 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community in your language, as appropriate, so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C -- &lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 29 April 2025 10.41 (WIB)&lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Pembukaan Pendaftaran Calon Anggota Komite Koordinasi Kode Etik Universal (U4C)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Hasil pemungutan suara mengenai Pedoman Penegakan Kode Etik Universal dan Piagam Komite Koordinasi Kode Etik Universal (U4C) telah [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|tersedia di Meta-Wiki]].

Anda kini dapat [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|mengajukan diri sebagai calon anggota U4C]] hingga 29 Mei 2025 pukul 12.00 UTC. Informasi mengenai [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|syarat kelayakan, proses pencalonan, dan jadwal pemilihan tersedia di Meta-Wiki]]. Pemungutan suara untuk para calon akan dibuka pada 1 Juni 2025 dan berlangsung selama dua pekan, ditutup pada 15 Juni 2025 pukul 12.00 UTC.

Jika Anda memiliki pertanyaan, silakan ajukan di [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|halaman diskusi pemilihannya]]. — bersama dengan U4C, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|fahuhuo]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 16 Mei 2025 05.07 (WIB)
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== RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)''

Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. 

We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation.

You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 22 Mei 2025 22.27 (WIB)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Pemilihan Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia 2025 &amp; Pengajuan Pertanyaan&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Halo semua,

Tahun ini, periode 2 (dua) tahun jabatan Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia untuk kursi perwakilan Komunitas dan Organisasi Afiliasi akan segera berakhir. [1] Dewan Pengawas mengundang seluruh anggota Gerakan Wikimedia untuk ikut serta dalam proses pemilihan tahun ini serta memberikan suara mereka supaya jabatan yang kosong bisa segera terisi.

Komite Pemilihan akan mengawasi tahapan pemilihan ini dengan dukungan dari pegawai Yayasan Wikimedia. [2] Komite Tata Kelola Dewan, terdiri atas para anggota Dewan Pengawas yang tidak menjadi calon dalam tahapan pemilihan Dewan Pengawas untuk kursi perwakilan komunitas dan organisasi afiliasi tahun 2025 (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina dan Esra’a Al Shafei), [3] akan bertugas untuk melaksanakan fungsi pengawasan bagi Dewan Pengawas di dalam tahapan pemilihan 2025 ini serta senantiasa menginformasikan perkembangan terbaru kepada Dewan Pengawas. Silakan kunjungi pranala yang tersedia pada catatan kaki di bawah ini untuk mendapatkan informasi lebih lanjut mengenai peran dari Komite Pemilihan, Dewan Pengawas, dan pegawai Wikimedia. [4]

Berikut merupakan tanggal-tanggal penting untuk tahapan pemilihan tahun ini:

* 22 Mei–5 Juni 2025: Pengumuman (informasi yang sedang Anda baca ini) dan masa pengajuan pertanyaan [6]
* 17 Juni–1 Juli 2025: Pengajuan calon17 Juni–1 Juli 2025: Pengajuan calon
* Juli 2025: Jika diperlukan, organisasi afiliasi akan memilih calon Dewan Pengawas yang akan dimasukkan ke tahapan pemilihan berikutnya, apabila terdapat 10 atau lebih calon yang mendaftar [5]
* Agustus 2025: Masa kampanye
* Agustus–September 2025: Masa pemungutan suara komunitas yang akan berlangsung selama dua minggu
* Oktober–November 2025: Pemeriksaan latar belakang dari calon terpilih
* Rapat Dewan Pengawas pada bulan Desember 2025: Penetapan anggota Dewan Pengawas terbaru

Silakan pelajari proses pemilihan 2025 lebih mendalam, termasuk rincian lini masa, proses pencalonan, peraturan kampanye, dan syarat kelayakan pemilih dengan mengakses [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|pranala halaman Meta-Wiki ini]].

'''Pengajuan Pertanyaan'''

Dalam proses pemilihan ini, anggota komunitas berkesempatan untuk mengajukan pertanyaan yang akan dijawab oleh para calon Dewan Pengawas. Komite Pemilihan akan memilih pertanyaan dari daftar yang telah diajukan oleh anggota komunitas sebelumnya, dan kemudian, para calon akan menjawab pertanyaan tersebut. Para calon harus menjawab semua pertanyaan wajib yang tercantum dalam formulir pencalonan agar dapat dianggap telah memenuhi syarat. Jika tidak, pencalonan tersebut akan dianggap batal. Pada tahun ini, Komite Pemilihan akan memilih 5 pertanyaan untuk dijawab oleh para calon. Pertanyaan terpilih mungkin merupakan hasil perpaduan dari daftar pertanyaan yang diajukan oleh komunitas, jika ternyata pertanyaan tersebut mirip atau berkaitan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[link]]]

'''Sukarelawan Pemilihan'''

Cara lain untuk terlibat dalam proses pemilihan 2025 yaitu dengan menjadi Sukarelawan Pemilihan. Sukarelawan Pemilihan akan menjembatani hubungan antara Komite Pemilihan dan komunitas masing-masing. Mereka akan membantu memastikan agar komunitas mereka terwakili dan mengajak anggota komunitas untuk ikut serta memberikan suaranya. Silakan pelajari lebih lanjut tentang program ini dan cara bergabung melalui dengan mengakses [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|pranala halaman Meta Wiki]].

Terima kasih banyak!

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter

[3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024

[4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles

[5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ

[6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates

Salam hangat,

Victoria Doronina

Narahubung Dewan Pengawas untuk Komite Pemilihan

Komite Tata Kelola Dewan&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Sangoguna:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:MediaWiki message delivery|fahuhuo]]) 28 Mei 2025 10.07 (WIB)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=28618011 --&gt;

== Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}

Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC].

Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 14 Juni 2025 06.01 (WIB) &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=28848819 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia 2025 - Pengajuan Calon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;
Halo semua,

Saat ini, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|tahap pengajuan calon untuk pemilihan Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia 2025]] telah dibuka. Tahap ini akan berlangsung dari tanggal 17 Juni 2025 sampai pukul 11:59 UTC, 2 Juli 2025.[1] Dewan Pengawas bertugas untuk mengawasi pekerjaan Yayasan Wikimedia dan masing-masing Pengawas bertugas selama tiga tahun masa jabatan.[2] Jabatan ini bersifat sukarela.

Tahun ini, komunitas Wikimedia akan menghadapi pemilihan yang akan dilangsungkan dari akhir Agustus hingga September 2025. Pemilihan ini bertujuan untuk mengisi dua (2) kursi kosong di Dewan Pengawas, Yayasan Wikimedia. Apakah Anda calon yang kami cari atau Anda tahu orang yang kira-kira cocok untuk dicalonkan sebagai Dewan Pengawas, Yayasan Wikimedia?[3]

Silakan baca lebih lanjut [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|di halaman Meta-Wiki]] untuk mengetahui hal apa saja yang diperlukan untuk dapat menjabat sebagai Dewan Pengawas, cara mengajukan pencalonan diri atau mengajak orang lain untuk maju dalam pemilihan tahun ini.

Salam hangat,

Abhishek Suryawanshi&lt;br /&gt;
Ketua Komite Pemilihan

Atas nama Komite Pemilihan dan Komite Tata Kelola Dewan

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term.

[3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Sangoguna:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:MediaWiki message delivery|fahuhuo]]) 18 Juni 2025 00.44 (WIB)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=28866958 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Dear Wikimedia Community,

The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee (CAC)]]  of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees assigned [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force|the Sister Projects Task Force (SPTF)]] to update and implement a procedure for assessing the lifecycle of Sister Projects – wiki [[m:Wikimedia projects|projects supported by Wikimedia Foundation (WMF)]].

A vision of relevant, accessible, and impactful free knowledge has always guided the Wikimedia Movement. As the ecosystem of Wikimedia projects continues to evolve, it is crucial that we periodically review existing projects to ensure they still align with our goals and community capacity.

Despite their noble intent, some projects may no longer effectively serve their original purpose. '''Reviewing such projects is not about giving up – it's about responsible stewardship of shared resources'''. Volunteer time, staff support, infrastructure, and community attention are finite, and the non-technical costs tend to grow significantly as our ecosystem has entered a different age of the internet than the one we were founded in. Supporting inactive projects or projects that didn't meet our ambitions can unintentionally divert these resources from areas with more potential impact.

Moreover, maintaining projects that no longer reflect the quality and reliability of the Wikimedia name stands for, involves a reputational risk. An abandoned or less reliable project affects trust in the Wikimedia movement.

Lastly, '''failing to sunset or reimagine projects that are no longer working can make it much harder to start new ones'''. When the community feels bound to every past decision – no matter how outdated – we risk stagnation. A healthy ecosystem must allow for evolution, adaptation, and, when necessary, letting go. If we create the expectation that every project must exist indefinitely, we limit our ability to experiment and innovate.

Because of this, SPTF reviewed two requests concerning the lifecycle of the Sister Projects to work through and demonstrate the review process. We chose Wikispore as a case study for a possible new Sister Project opening and Wikinews as a case study for a review of an existing project. Preliminary findings were discussed with the CAC, and a community consultation on both proposals was recommended.

=== Wikispore ===

The [[m:Wikispore|application to consider Wikispore]] was submitted in 2019. SPTF decided to review this request in more depth because rather than being concentrated on a specific topic, as most of the proposals for the new Sister Projects are, Wikispore has the potential to nurture multiple start-up Sister Projects.

After careful consideration, the SPTF has decided '''not to recommend''' Wikispore as a Wikimedia Sister Project. Considering the current activity level, the current arrangement allows '''better flexibility''' and experimentation while WMF provides core infrastructural support. 

We acknowledge the initiative's potential and seek community input on what would constitute a sufficient level of activity and engagement to reconsider its status in the future.

As part of the process, we shared the decision with the Wikispore community and invited one of its leaders, Pharos, to an SPTF meeting.

Currently, we especially invite feedback on measurable criteria indicating the project's readiness, such as contributor numbers, content volume, and sustained community support. This would clarify the criteria sufficient for opening a new Sister Project, including possible future Wikispore re-application. However, the numbers will always be a guide because any number can be gamed.

=== Wikinews ===

We chose to review Wikinews among existing Sister Projects because it is the one for which we have observed the highest level of concern in multiple ways.

Since the SPTF was convened in 2023, its members have asked for the community's opinions during conferences and community calls about Sister Projects that did not fulfil their promise in the Wikimedia movement.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WCNA_2024._Sister_Projects_-_opening%3F_closing%3F_merging%3F_splitting%3F.pdf &lt;nowiki&gt;[1]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/Sister_Projects_Task_Force#Wikimania_2023_session_%22Sister_Projects:_past,_present_and_the_glorious_future%22 &lt;nowiki&gt;[2]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F &lt;nowiki&gt;[3]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] Wikinews was the leading candidate for an evaluation because people from multiple language communities proposed it. Additionally, by most measures, it is the least active Sister Project, with the greatest drop in activity over the years.

While the Language Committee routinely opens and closes language versions of the Sister Projects in small languages, there has never been a valid proposal to close Wikipedia in major languages or any project in English. This is not true for Wikinews, where there was a proposal to close English Wikinews, which gained some traction but did not result in any action[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_English_Wikinews &lt;nowiki&gt;[4]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F &lt;nowiki&gt;[5]&lt;/nowiki&gt;, see section 5] as well as a draft proposal to close all languages of Wikinews[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Archive_2#Close_Wikinews_completely,_all_languages? &lt;nowiki&gt;[6]&lt;/nowiki&gt;].

[[:c:File:Sister Projects Taskforce Wikinews review 2024.pdf|Initial metrics]] compiled by WMF staff also support the community's concerns about Wikinews.

Based on this report, SPTF recommends a community reevaluation of Wikinews. We conclude that its current structure and activity levels are the lowest among the existing sister projects. SPTF also recommends pausing the opening of new language editions while the consultation runs.

SPTF brings this analysis to a discussion and welcomes discussions of alternative outcomes, including potential restructuring efforts or integration with other Wikimedia initiatives.

'''Options''' mentioned so far (which might be applied to just low-activity languages or all languages) include but are not limited to:
*Restructure how Wikinews works and is linked to other current events efforts on the projects,
*Merge the content of Wikinews into the relevant language Wikipedias, possibly in a new namespace,
*Merge content into compatibly licensed external projects,
*Archive Wikinews projects.
Your insights and perspectives are invaluable in shaping the future of these projects. We encourage all interested community members to share their thoughts on the relevant discussion pages or through other designated feedback channels.

=== Feedback and next steps ===

We'd be grateful if you want to take part in a conversation on the future of these projects and the review process. We are setting up two different project pages: [[m:Public consultation about Wikispore|Public consultation about Wikispore]] and [[m:Public consultation about Wikinews|Public consultation about Wikinews]]. Please participate between 27 June 2025 and 27 July 2025, after which we will summarize the discussion to move forward. You can write in your own language.

I will also host a community conversation 16th July Wednesday 11.00 UTC and 17th July Thursday 17.00 UTC (call links to follow shortly) and will be around at Wikimania for more discussions. 
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] on behalf of the Sister Project Task Force, 28 Juni 2025 03.57 (WIB)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Sister_project_MassMassage_on_behalf_of_Victoria/Target_list&amp;oldid=28911188 --&gt;

== Wikidata Item and Property labels soon displayed in Wiki Watchlist/Recent Changes ==

''(Apologies for posting in English, you can help by translating into your language)''

Hello everyone, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team is excited to announce an upcoming change in how Wikidata edit changelogs are displayed in your [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlists]] and [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] lists. If an edit is made on Wikidata that affects a page in another Wikimedia Project, the changelog will contain some information about the nature of the edit. This can include a QID (or Q-number), a PID (or P-number) and a value (which can be text, numbers, dates, or also QID or PID’s). Confused by these terms? See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Glossary|Wikidata:Glossary]] for further explanations.

The upcoming change is scheduled for '''17.07.2025''', between '''1300 - 1500 UTC'''.
The change will display the label (item name) alongside any QID or PIDs, as seen in the image below:
[[File:Apr10 edit summary on Wikidata.png|An edit sum entry on Wikidata, labels display alongside their P- and Q-no.'s]]

These changes will only be visible if you have Wikidata edits enabled in your User Preferences for Watchlists and Recent Changes, or have the active filter ‘Wikidata edits’ checkbox toggled on, directly on the Watchlist and Recent Changes pages.

Your bot and gadget may be affected! There are thousands of bots, gadgets and user-scripts and whilst we have researched potential effects to many of them, we cannot guarantee there won’t be some that are broken or affected by this change.

Further information and context about this change, including how your bot may be affected can be found on this [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|project task page]]. We welcome your questions and feedback, please write to us on this dedicated [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Talk page]].

Thank you, - [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects Team. [[Sangoguna:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:MediaWiki message delivery|fahuhuo]]) 14 Juli 2025 19.45 (WIB)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&amp;oldid=28981877 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Akun sementara akan diaktifkan segera&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;body&quot;/&gt;
Halo, kami dari tim [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity|Product and Safety]] Wikimedia Foundation ingin mengumumkan bahwa fitur '''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|akun sementara]] rencananya akan diaktifkan di wiki ini pada 1 September'''.

Fitur ini sudah diaktifkan di 30 wiki, termasuk beberapa di antaranya adalah Wikipedia bahasa Jerman, Jepang, Prancis, dan Indonesia. Ini berguna untuk kontributor yang tidak memiliki akun dan/atau masuk log dalam melindungi privasinya. Selain itu, fitur ini juga bermanfaat bagi kontributor yang melakukan patroli maupun pengurus, sebagai bagian dari menjaga wiki senantiasa aman dan tetap akurat. 

'''Mengapa kami membuat fitur ini?'''

Sudah sepatutnya proyek Wikimedia menjadi tempat yang aman bagi semua kontributor, termasuk mereka yang memilih untuk tidak masuk log (pengguna anonim). Fitur Akun Sementara mengizinkan pengguna anonim untuk bisa berkontribusi tanpa harus menunjukkan alamat IP mereka secara publik. 

Selain itu, perangkat lunak moderasi kami sangat bergantung pada jaringan yang digunakan (dalam hal ini adalah alamat IP) untuk mendeteksi perilaku vandal maupun penggunaan akun siluman secara tidak bertanggung jawab. Permasalahannya, tidak jarang satu/beberapa alamat IP yang digunakan oleh pelaku vandal juga berbarengan dengan pengguna berniat baik. Alhasil, kontributor berniat baik tersebut bisa saja enggan untuk menyunting kembali karena diblokir dan dianggap sama dengan pelaku vandal tersebut.
Melalui Akun Sementara, kami harapkan hal seperti ini dapat diminimalkan. Untuk cara kerja dari fitur ini dapat dilihat di bawah.

'''Bagaimana fitur ini bekerja?'''
[[File:Temporary account banner and empty talk page.png|thumb]]
Siapa saja yang menyunting secara anonim di wiki, sebuah kuki (cookie) akan disimpan ke dalam peramban web pengguna anonim tersebut. Kemudian, akun sementara yang terhubung dengan kuki tersebut akan dibuat secara otomatis. Nama akun pengguna tersebut akan mengikuti format sebagai berikut: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;~2025-12345-67&lt;/code&gt; (tanda tilda, tahun sekarang, dan angka). Format tersebut yang akan tampil di halaman perubahan terbaru, alih-alih alamat IP seperti sebelumnya.
Kuki akan disimpan selama 90 hari sejak pembuatan. Selama kuki tersebut masih tersimpan, maka nama tersebutlah yang akan digunakan dan akan tetap sama apapun koneksi internet (alamat IP) yang dipakai. Catatan log terkait alamat IP dari akun tersebut akan disimpan selama 90 hari setelah penyuntingan terakhir. Namun, hanya beberapa pengguna terdaftar yang dapat melihat alamat IP tersebut.

'''Apa artinya ini bagi kontributor?'''

'''Bagi pengguna anonim (tidak masuk log)'''

* Meningkatkan privasi atau keamanan. Pada saat ini, ketika Anda memilih untuk tidak masuk log, maka alamat IP Anda akan tampil secara publik. Hal seperti ini tidak akan terjadi lagi nantinya. 
* Apabila Anda menggunakan akun sementara untuk menyunting di lokasi yang berbeda selama 90 hari terakhir, maka riwayat suntingan dan alamat IP dari lokasi tersebut akan tersimpan di dalam akun sementara. Pengguna terdaftar yang [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|memenuhi kriteria]] dapat melihat data tersebut. Jika hal ini membuat Anda terancam, silakan hubungi surel talktohumanrights@wikimedia.org untuk bantuan.

'''Bagi kontributor yang berinteraksi dengan pengguna anonim'''

* Akun sementara secara unik hanya terhubung ke satu perangkat. Jika dibandingkan dengan alamat IP, maka satu alamat IP bisa saja digunakan lebih banyak orang maupun perangkat pada saat yang bersamaan.
* Akan jauh lebih mudah untuk berasumsi bahwa satu akun sementara hanya berlaku untuk satu orang. Jika dibandingkan dengan alamat IP, maka sulit untuk memprediksi apakah itu orang yang sama atau bukan.

'''Bagi kontributor yang menggunakan alamat IP untuk patroli'''

* '''Untuk kontributor yang rutin melakukan patroli''' dalam mencari pelaku vandal, melakukan investigasi pelanggaran kebijakan dan pedoman, dsb: kontributor yang [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|memenuhi kriteria]] dapat melihat alamat IP dari akun sementara maupun seluruh kontribusi yang dibuat oleh akun sementara dari alamat IP secara spesifik/rentang tertentu ([[Special:IPContributions]]). Mereka juga akan memiliki akses ke informasi bermanfaat tentang alamat IP berkat fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|Info IP]]. Selain itu, fitur yang sudah tersedia seperti filter penyalahgunaan, blokir global, kontribusi global, dsb. akan disesuaikan agar dapat bekerja dengan fitur Akun Sementara.
* '''Untuk pengurus yang memblokir alamat IP:'''
** Sangat memungkinkan untuk mencegah beberapa orang dalam membuat akun hanya dengan memblokir akun sementaranya. Seseorang yang diblokir tidak akan dapat membuat akun sementara baru jika pengurus memilih opsi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|blokir otomatis.]]
** Blokir satu maupun rentang alamat IP tetap berlaku.
* Akun Sementara tidak akan berlaku untuk kontribusi sebelum perilisan fitur ini. Pada halaman Istimewa:Kontribusi pengguna, alamat IP yang sudah ada sebelumnya tetap akan tampil. Jika ingin melihat suntingan oleh akun sementara, kunjungi halaman Istimewa:Kontribusi alamat IP.

'''Tahap selanjutnya dan apa yang harus dilakukan'''

* Apabila Anda mengetahui perkakas, akun bot, dsb. yang menggunakan alamat IP, sebaiknya dilakukan uji coba terlebih dahulu di [[testwiki:Main_Page|testwiki]] atau [[test2wiki:Main_Page|test2wiki]]. Jika Anda adalah pengembang sukarelawan, silakan membaca dokumentasi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers| berikut ini]] dan lihat bagian [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers#How should I update my code?|kode Anda mungkin perlu diperbarui]].
* Apabila Anda ingin merasakan pengalaman menggunakan akun sementara, silakan kunjungi testwiki atau test2wiki tanpa masuk log.
* Sampaikan kepada kami apa saja halangan maupun permasalahan yang dialami. Kami akan berusaha semaksimal mungkin dalam membantu, tetapi apabila tidak bisa maka kami akan memikirkan opsi lain yang tersedia.
* Lihat kembali [[m:Meta:Babel#Temporary_Accounts:_access_to_IP_addresses_and_next_steps|pengumuman terakhir kami]] tentang syarat bagi pengguna tanpa hak khusus (pengurus, birokrat, pemeriksa, pengawas) yang ingin melihat alamat IP akun sementara.

Untuk mengetahui lebih lanjut tentang proyek ini, silakan kunjungi halaman [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/FAQ|pertanyaan yang sering diajukan]]. Anda mungkin juga tertarik untuk melihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|pengumuman terkini ]] dan [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|berlangganan nawala kami]]. Salam.&lt;section end=&quot;body&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:user:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]], [[m:user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 27 Agustus 2025 04.36 (WIB)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Berikan suara Anda: pemilihan Dewan Pengawas 2025&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Halo semua,

Masa pemungutan suara untuk [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|pemilihan Dewan Pengawas 2025]] telah dibuka. Para calon akan bertanding untuk memperebutkan dua (2) kursi Dewan Pengawas.

Untuk memeriksa kelayakan Anda sebagai pemilih, silakan kunjungi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|halaman kelayakan pemilih]].

Pelajari para calon dengan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|membaca pernyataan yang tercantum dalam halaman pencalonan dan juga saksikan video mereka]].

Jika Anda telah merasa siap, silakan kunjungi [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|halaman pemungutan suara untuk memberikan suara Anda]].

'''Pemungutan suara akan dibuka dari pukul 00:00 UTC, 8 Oktober hingga 23:59 UTC, 22 Oktober 2022.'''

Salam hangat,

Abhishek Suryawanshi&lt;br /&gt;Ketua, Komite Pemilihan&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Sangoguna:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:MediaWiki message delivery|fahuhuo]]) 9 Oktober 2025 11.48 (WIB)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;function1&quot;/&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere).

There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;section end=&quot;function1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 20 Oktober 2025 18.43 (WIB)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. 

Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages:
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]]

Applications for the committees open on October 30, 2025. Applications for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on December 11, 2025. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org with any questions you may have.

For the Committee Support team,
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] 30 Oktober 2025 21.12 (WIB)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;function2&quot;/&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki&lt;/span&gt;. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;section end=&quot;function2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 20 November 2025 21.22 (WIB)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tinjauan tahunan untuk Kode Etik Universal dan Panduan Penegakan&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Saya ingin menyampaikan bahwa periode peninjauan tahunan Kode Etik Universal dan Pedoman Penegakannya saat ini telah dibuka. Usulan perubahan dapat diajukan hingga 9 Februari 2026. Tahap ini merupakan langkah awal dari rangkaian proses peninjauan tahunan yang akan dilakukan.[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Informasi lengkap dan ruang diskusi tersedia di halaman UCoC di Meta]].

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal]] (U4C) adalah grup global yang didedikasikan untuk memberikan implementasi yang adil dan konsisten dari UCoC. Tinjauan tahunan ini telah direncanakan dan diimplementasikan oleh U4C. Untuk informasi dan tanggung jawab U4C lebih lanjut, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Anda dapat meninjaunya pada piagam U4C]].

Mohon bagikan informasi ini pada anggota lain di komunitas Anda di mana pun yang mungkin sesuai.

-- Bekerja sama dengan U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|bicara]])&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

20 Januari 2026 04.01 (WIB)
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== Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Dear Wikipedians!

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''.

The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences.

🧩'''How to participate?'''

Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine.

🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''.

'''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.'''

If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&amp;messages=&amp;language=en&amp;x=D banner] into your own language.

Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! 

[[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Request for comment (global AI policy) ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}}
A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
[[Sangoguna:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:MediaWiki message delivery|fahuhuo]]) 26 April 2026 07.58 (WIB)
&lt;/bdi&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Pemungutan suara dalam pemilihan U4C 2026 kini telah dibuka&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Para pemilih yang memenuhi syarat diundang untuk berpartisipasi dalam pemilihan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Komite Koordinasi Kode Etik Universal]] (U4C) tahun 2026. Informasi lebih lanjut, termasuk pemeriksaan kelayakan pemilih, tata cara pemungutan suara, informasi kandidat, dan pranala menuju halaman pemungutan suara, tersedia di Meta pada [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|halaman informasi Pemilihan 2026]]. Pemungutan suara akan ditutup pada 2 Juni 2026 [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 pukul 00.00 UTC].

Silakan memberikan suara apabila akun Anda memenuhi syarat. Hasil pemilihan akan diumumkan paling lambat pada 14 Juni 2026. — Bekerja sama dengan U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 28 Mei 2026 00.14 (WIB)
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== RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|fahuhuo]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 24 Juni 2026 00.11 (WIB)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Penerapan halaman kontak Legal dan Keamanan di bagian bawah wiki Anda&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
'''Kontak Legal dan Keamanan'''

Halo, rekan-rekan kontributor! Wikimedia Foundation telah menyediakan [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|halaman kontak legal dan keamanan]] yang akan ditambahkan di bagian bawah wiki. Halaman tersebut sudah diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris, Italia, Jerman, Spanyol, dan sebagainya. Untuk bahasa lainnya akan segera tersedia. Silakan kunjungi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|halaman proyek]] untuk informasi selengkapnya, serta kami harapkan kesediaannya untuk meninggalkan komentar di bawah ini atau di [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|halaman pembicaraan]].

&lt;section end=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 25 Juni 2026 20.29 (WIB)
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== Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}}
You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
[[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]])  24 Juli 2026 19.24 (WIB)
&lt;/bdi&gt;
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== Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges ==
''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)''

Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.&lt;br/&gt;
We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader).

We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.&lt;br/&gt;
Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis.
[[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of &quot;Language Link&quot; edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]]

The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why?
Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. 

Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]]

Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 21 September 2026 22.20 (WIB)
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      <sha1>2lyok1yl9k5bmuscy5t4qcsw1tdkpap</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Sangai halöŵö/2025</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>5108</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28279</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-21T14:35:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Slaia</username>
        <id>39</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>mengarsipkan konten 2025</comment>
      <origin>28279</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1937" sha1="rti1mj9lgc5jhzy6slr3jlc6x1n3nec" xml:space="preserve">== Yasanto Lase: Fangandrö tobali admin 2025–2026 ==
Ya'ahowu, ira ama ina ba talifusögu fefu. Ba zi 13 mbaŵa si siŵa andre ahori ginötögu ba wangai ngawalö halöŵö si fakhai ba ''admin'' ba komunitas Wikipedia Nias khöda. Na ba Wikikamus, lö sa'ae matohugö, Hadia fao dödömi na utohugö tobali halöŵö andre ba Wikipedia? Na fao dödömi atö ba mi tema li, sura ba da'e tou '''&lt;nowiki&gt;* {{fao dödö}} ~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Saohagölö. &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: red; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px&quot;&gt;[[User:Yasanto Lase|&lt;span style=&quot;color: white&quot;&gt;Yasanto Lase&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: blue; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Yasanto Lase|&lt;span style=&quot;color: white&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; [[Sangoguna:Yasanto Lase|Yasanto Lase]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:Yasanto Lase|fahuhuo]]) 11 September 2025 20.28 (WIB) WIB)
: {{fao dödö}} &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: green; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px&quot;&gt;[[User:Slaia|&lt;span style=&quot;color: white&quot;&gt;slaia&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: blue; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Slaia|&lt;span style=&quot;color: white&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 11 September 2025 20.55 (WIB)
: {{fao dödö}} Tohugö, böi awöli-wöli. &lt;span style=&quot;padding:2px 6px;font-size:12px;background:#fb0;color:#222;&quot;&gt;[[Sangoguna:Laseapollo|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#222&quot;&gt;LasapolloWp&lt;/span&gt;]] ❯ [[Huho zangoguna:Laseapollo|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#222&quot;&gt;Bicara&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 11 September 2025 22.03 (WIB)
:{{fao dödö}} [[Sangoguna:Tiru D Zendrato|Tiru D Zendrato]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:Tiru D Zendrato|fahuhuo]]) 11 September 2025 22.18 (WIB)
:{{fao dödö}} [[Sangoguna:Lewi Zega|Lewi Zega]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:Lewi Zega|fahuhuo]]) 12 September 2025 08.24 (WIB)
:{{fao dödö}} [[Sangoguna:Wadaihangit|Wadaihangit]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:Wadaihangit|fahuhuo]]) 12 September 2025 13.26 (WIB)
: {{fao dödö}} [[Sangoguna:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:Ardzun|fahuhuo]]) 12 September 2025 17.14 (WIB)</text>
      <sha1>rti1mj9lgc5jhzy6slr3jlc6x1n3nec</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>