Wikipedia niawiki https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Olayama MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.20 first-letter Media Spesial Huhuo Sangoguna Huhuo zangoguna Wikipedia Huhuo Wikipedia Berkas Huhuo berkas MediaWiki Huhuo MediaWiki Templat Huhuo templat Fanolo Huhuo wanolo Kategori Huhuo kategori Portal Huhuo portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Huhuo Acara 0 305 28370 27658 2026-09-23T15:32:36Z Slaia 39 added [[Category:Sura amilita]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28370 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nagole''' no föfö mboto sombuyu-mbuyu ba gotalua guli ba töla simane si tola mufera'ö ba mbörö danga ma zui ba [[faha|waha]]. Baero da'ö so göi nifotöi nagole, ya'ia [[ndriwo]].<ref>Ayyıldız, Esat. [https://ia601504.us.archive.org/30/items/klasik-arap-edebiyatinda-et-motifi/Klasik%20Arap%20Edebiyat%C4%B1nda%20Et%20Motifi.pdf “Klasik Arap Edebiyatında Et Motifi”]. ''International Malatya Gastronomy Culture and Tourism Conference''. ed. Aynur Ismayilova – Gunay Rzayeva. 19-24. Malatya: IKSAD Publishing House, 2022.</ref> == Nagole == Nagole no botoŵa sombuyu-mbuyu sombalugö töla, he ba niha ba he ba gaurifö. Eluahania lö fao ba da'ö zimane alakhaö.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-20 |title=Definition of FLESH |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/flesh |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> Ba gaurifö si so töla hulu, oroma ombuyu nagole ba abe'e döla.<ref name="Flesh">{{cite web|title=Flesh|publisher=dictionary.reference.com|access-date=14 February 2013|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/flesh}}</ref> Fabö'ö ma'ifu nifotöi nagole ba zinumbua, ya'ia ndroto mboto zinumbua so'ida-idanö, he töla, ŵa'a ma zui bua.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flesh Definition & Meaning {{!}} Britannica Dictionary |url=https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/flesh |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Ba [[nandröta]] lafotöi nagole fefu zi so barö guli tanö yaŵa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A source-book of biological names and terms|url=https://archive.org/details/sourcebookofbiol0000unse|last=Jaeger|first=Edmund Carroll|author-link=Edmund Jaeger|date=1959|publisher=Thomas|isbn=978-0-398-06179-1|location=Springfield, IL}}</ref> == Ndriwo == [[Berkas:FoodMeat.jpg|jmpl|Nagole safusi ba nagole soyo]] So dombua ngawalö nagole si tobali ndriwo: nagole safusi ba nagole soyo. Nagole [[manu]] awö [[bebe|mbebe]] lafotöi nagole safusi, ba nagole [[bawi|mbawi]] awö [[öröbao|göröbao]] lafotöi nagole soyo. Oi fabö'ö zu'a-su'a dawö si so bakha ba nagole safusi ba ba nagole soyo awö wa fabö'ö göi lala wondrino ya'ia. Faigi [[tabela]] andre si tou ba wangila zu'a-su'a ha wa'oya [[protein]] awö [[tawö|dawö]] si so bakha ba zi ero nagole:<ref>Farrimond, Stuart, ''The science of cooking''. London, 2017, nga'örö 30.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ style="text-align: center;" | |- ! Ngawalö ! Protein ! Tawö |- | Manu | Oya | Fagölö |- | Bebe | Fagölö | Fagölö |- | Bawi | Ma'ifu | Oya |- | Öröbao | Fagölö | Oya |} Moguna wangönöni zu'a-su'a [[protein]] awö [[tawö|dawö]] ba nagole andre, ena'ö tola ta'ila ta'öna'ö wemanga ya'ia. Duma-dumania na andrö manö zi tobali ndriwo ha nagole [[bawi|mbawi]], ba ta'ila wa oya sibai dawö-tawö ba da'ö, ba ha ma'ifu [[protein]]. Börö da'ö na lö famalali gö ba tola mo'amböta mboto ba [[protein]], ba falawu töra [[tawö|dawö]]. Sindruhunia lö salania na oya mu'a [[tawö|dawö]], bahiza manöi zu'a-su'a ''[[kolesterol]]'' ba mboto na mu'a tawö-tawö si so ba nagole si mane nagole [[bawi|mbawi]] andrö. Ba molo'ö ira sangi'ila, itugu alaŵa zu'a-su'a [[kolesterol]] ba itugu tola te'asogö wökhö dödö ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|sakit jantung}}'') ba ma zui ''{{li|id|kanker}}''.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-28797106 BBC News, ''How safe is eating meat?'']</ref> Fabö'ö ia nagole [[manu]]. Bakha ba nagole [[manu]] no oya so ''[[protein]]'' ba ha ma'ifu [[tawö|dawö]]. Börö da'ö abölö moguna ba mboto na mu'a dua kali [[manu]] ba sakali nagole [[bawi|mbawi]]. Baso zura sanandrösa ba [[ndriwo]] ba wangi'ila hadia guna wemanga nagole ba mboto. == Umbu == <references /> [[Kategori:Ngawalö gö]] [[Kategori:Ndriwo]] [[Kategori:Bawi]] [[Kategori:Manu]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] [[Kategori:Sura amilita]] ciaymo57ir5dpfp326nstr0b68gaoqi 0 311 28379 25739 2026-09-23T15:35:48Z Slaia 39 added [[Category:Sura amilita]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28379 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Roasted Pork Neck Meat with Sweet & Sour Sauce.jpg|jmpl|Nagole mbawi nisala sami sibai.]] '''Ndriwo''' ma '''Diwo''' no fehede ni'oguna'ö niha ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] si fakhai ba nagole, si tobali faosatö gö na manga niha.<ref>Itaria la'ali ndriwo ba [[li Indonesia]] faoma ''hidangan pencuci mulut'' ([[li Inggris]]: ''dessert''). Lö faudu wamo'elua andrö, börö me ndriwo tenga ha onönöta ba hiza faosatö gö samösa. Andrö laŵa'ö ba [[li Niha]], ''Ilau mamondriwo ndra sibayania.'' Ta'ila wa ''mamondriwo'' ba da'a tenga sara gae, sambua gulo-gulo ma ''es krim'' si to'ölö latötöi ''dessert'' ba [[li Inggris]]. Mamondriwo eluahania mame'e ö si no farahu ba wame'e sumange si fao nagole [bawi|mbawi]] ma zui nagole [[manu]].</ref> Nagole andre tola nagole [[bawi|mbawi]], [[manu]] ma [[i'a]] ba tanöbö'önia. Me föna ha ŵaraö so ndriwo me lö lala wangirö'ö ya'ia. Ha i'a soköli zi tola la'irö'ö ara ba nomo ba tobali ndriwo sasese so ba mbanu-banua misa. Baero da'ö awena so ndriwo, na la'odödögö wanaba [[manu]] ma zui [[bawi]] ba [[urifö]] bö'ö. Ma zui na so [[falöŵa|walöŵa]] ba [[owasa]] bö'ö ba mbanua.<ref>Ma'ökhö me no so lamari sokafu (li Indonesia ''{{li|id|lemari es}}'', tola la'irö'ö nagole andrö, irege tohöna ndriwo gofu hawa'ara omasi niha wemanga ya'ia.</ref> Na ambö wemanga nagole ba mo'amböta ba mboto nifotöi ''zat besi''.<ref>Lö ta'ila na da'ö göi mbörö wa asese so wökhö nifotöi ''anaemia'' ba Danö Niha me föna, ya'ia na lö döla-döla, adogo-dogo hanu-hanu ba manimba-nimba dödö.</ref> Ba ginötö iada'a ta'ila wa heŵa'ae lö manga ndriwo ma nagole niha, tola te'a'asogö nifotöi ''{{li|id|zat besi}}'' soguna ba mboto na tobönö la'a [[nandröta]], [[toru]], [[höwa]], ngawalö [[harita]] ma zui ngawalö [[bulugeu|mbulugeu]] sowuge'e bö'ö. == Famo'eluaha == Me föna so tölu faosatö gö ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]]: [[gowi]], ndriwo ba [[bulugeu]]. Ba hiza i'otarai me tebörögö wondrou'ö wananö [[fakhe]] ba ginötö wamareta [[Suharto|Presiden Soeharto]]<ref>Fondrou'ö wananö fakhe andre no föfö program wamatörö nifotöi REPELITA (Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun)</ref> itugu laröi wemanga [[gowi]] niha irege hatö [[fakhe]] duho gö ni'ara. Börö da'ö faosatö gö no tobali: [[fakhe]], ndriwo ba [[bulugeu]]. Ndriwo no fefu gö moroi ba nagole. Eluahania ndriwo andrö tola nagole [[manu]], [[bebe]], [[bawi]], [[sökha]], [[i'a]] ba tanöbö'önia. Ba hiza lö asese manga nagole [[bebe|mbebe]], [[sökha]], [[i'a]] niha ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] me föna. Börö da'ö na laŵaö ndriwo si lötolalö'ö nagole [[manu]] ba ma zui nagole [[bawi|mbawi]] zi so ba dödöra. Ba ginötö iada'a no oya wamalala gö tanöbö'ö si tobali ndriwo si tola la'öli ba zogale. Töra-töra niha si toröi ba zahatö ba ngai [[asi|nasi]] ma zui sahatö ba [[fasa]] segebua si mane ba [[Gunungsitoli]], [[Telukdalam]] ba ba mbanua tanöbö'ö. Heŵa'ae si manö, ato nasa niha ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] samakhai ndriwo faoma nagole [[bawi|mbawi]] ba nagole [[manu]] na laŵaö, "He [[sibaya]], hadia so ndriwoda khöu?" == Guna == [[Berkas:Symptoms of anemia.svg|jmpl|Ngawalö dandra-tandra wökhö ''anemia'' ba li Inggris]] Moguna sibai ba mboto wemanga [[nagole]], börö me tesöndra oya nifotöi ''[[protein]]'', ''[[vitamin]]'' ba ''[[mineral]]'' bakha ba nagole. Duma-dumania moguna khö mboto nifotöi ''[[zat besi]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/spotlight-high-iron |title=BBC Good Food, ''Spotlight on... high-iron'' |access-date=2020-06-14 |archive-date=2020-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614173035/https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/spotlight-high-iron |dead-url=yes }}</ref> sambua ''[[mineral]]'' si so bakha ba nagole. ''Zat besi'' andre hulö [[moto]] sanörö-nöröi fefu ndroto-ndroto mbotoda ba wolohe nifotöi ''[[oksigen]]'' soguna sibai ba [[Do|ndro]]. Börö da'ö niha so'amböta ''zat besi'' tola göna ia fökhö nifotöi [[Anemia|''anaemia'']]:<ref>[https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/iron-deficiency-anaemia/ NHS, ''Iron deficiency anaemia'']</ref> oi manö lö döla-döla, adogo-dogo [[hanu-hanu]], mamözi-mözi [[Tödö|dödö]] ba mo'amböta la'a-la'a [[Uli|guli]]. Töra-töra ba ginötö me mangebua ndraono si mane ba ndröfia zekola SMP irugi SMA ma zui ba ginötö irugi baŵa khö ndra alawe (mangahori ndro) moguna sibai ''zat besi''. Na lö lala wamönösi ya'ia faoma nagole ma zui fangali nagole si mane nitutunö sitou, moguna la'a onönöa ''zat besi'' nifotöi ''suplemen'' ba [[li Indonesia]] si tola la'öli ba fasa ma zui ba [[apotik]]. Ba hiza moguna tetöngöni wa ena'ö tola tahalö ''suplemen'' silötolalö'ö tafahuhuosi khö [[doto]], börö no ide-ide sibai zu'a-su'ania (8,7mg ero ma'ökhö na iramatua ma 8,7mg-14.8mg na ira alawe). Na töra wanga'ida ''suplemen zat besi'', eluahania töra mbosinia ([[li Indonesia]]: ''kelebihan dosis'') ba tola so wökhö tanöbö'ö simane fa'atoba'a nösi dalu ([[li Indonesia]]: ''sembelit''), mofökhö, umuta ba fökhö dalu ma na'i fa'amate töra-töra ba ndraono. == Su'a-su'a == [[Berkas:Spinazie vrouwelijke plant (Spinacia oleracea female plant).jpg|jmpl|Oya ''zat besi'' bakha ba mbulu höwa, börö da'ö tola tobali ia fangali ndriwo/nagole na lö lala wemanga nagole.]] Ba hiza fanofuda, ha wa'oya moguna mu'a nagole ena'ö obönö ''zat besi'' bakha ba mbotoda? Na molo'ö su'a-su'a nisura ba da'e<ref>[https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/how-much-meat-safe-eat BBC Good Food, ''How much meat is safe to eat?'']</ref> ba moguna manga 50g nagole manu ba 70g nagole mbawi ero ma'ökhö. Eluahania na sakali samigu mu'a 250g - 500g nagole no tola obönö zoguna ba mboto. Töra moroi ba da'ö lö sala, ba hiza itugu töra wemanga nagole itugu alio göi we'aso wökhö si mane nifotöi [[Kanker|''kanker'']], ya'ia da'ö na so nagole sanöi-nöi manö irege ebua bakha ba mbotoda (''[[tumor]] ganas''). == Fangali == [[Berkas:2016-01 Agaricus bisporus 03.jpg|jmpl|Oya ''zat besi'' göi bakha ba nandröta, börö da'ö tola tobali ia fangali nagole na lö lala wemanga nagole.]] Tenga ha ba nagole tesöndra ''zat besi'' andrö. So göi ''zat besi'' bakha ba gö si mane [[nandröta]], [[toru]], [[höwa]], ngawalö [[harita]] ba ngawalö mbulu-geu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/spotlight-high-iron |title=BBC Good Food, ''Spotlight on... high-iron'' |access-date=2020-06-14 |archive-date=2020-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614173035/https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/spotlight-high-iron |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Eluahania na so wamalali-lali ngawalö gö, itaria nagole ba itaria fangali nagole andre ba tola so wa'abönö ''zat besi'' soguna ba mboto irege lö göna fökhö ''anemia'' ma zui ''kanker'' niŵa'ö moroi yaŵa no mege. == Faigi göi == * [[Nagole]] == Umbu == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Ngawalö gö]] [[Kategori:Fa'owaöri mboto]] [[Kategori:Sura amilita]] ej1kkg14ez6uqi0nuq770alryi6feg2 0 387 28324 28320 2026-09-23T14:25:50Z Slaia 39 /* Ngawalö mbuku ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö */ 28324 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Gutenberg Bible, New York Public Library, USA. Pic 01.jpg|thumb|375px|Sura Ni'amoni'ö siföföna sibai muraka. Lafotöi ia Sura Ni'amoni'ö Gutenberg, börö me soraka ya'ia samösa niha Jerman sotöi Johannes Gutenberg, niha siföföna manöndra lala wondraka buku]] '''Sura Ni'amoni'ö''' ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|Kitab Suci}}'') no töi nibe'e ba mbuku fondrege ni'amoni'ö ba zisambu-sambua agama. Sura Ni'amoni'ö bakha agama [[Hindu]] lafotöi ia [[Weda]], bakha ba agama [[Budha]] lafotöi [[Tripitaka]], bakha ba agama [[Islam]] lafotöi ia [[Alquran]], ba bakha ba agama [[Yahudi]] lafotöi ia [[Tanakh]] ma [[Miqra]]. Bakha ba agama [[Niha Keriso]] to'ölö latötöi manö ia Sura Ni'amoni'ö, ba so khönia bakha zura [[Amabu'ulali Siföföna]] (ya'ia da'ö [[Tanakh]] ni'oguna'ö ndra niha [[Yahudi]]) ba [[Amabu'ulali Sibohou]] (nisura ndra solohi khö Yesu aefa wa'amatenia). Ba gotalua [[Niha Keriso]] to'ölö wa da'a niŵa'ö dödöra na latötöi Sura Ni'amoni'ö. Ba mböröta to'ölö lasura tanga Zura Ni'amoni'ö ba dete garate nifazökhi moroi ba zinumbua sotöi ''papyrus'' (moroi ba döi zinumbua andre göi lahalö wehede ''{{li|en|paper}}'' ba [[li Inggris]]<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/technology/papermaking ''Papermaking''], britannica.com, mufaigi me 03/12/2023, {{en}}.</ref>). Andrö göi wa ebua sibai mböli Zura Ni'amoni'ö ba ambö muzawili ia ba niha ba ginötö da'ö. Bahiza me ngaotu ndröfia si-15 isöndra [[mesin]] woraka [[Johannes Gutenberg]]. Faoma [[mesin]] andre lö sa'ae moguna lasura-tanga hadia ia, irege tola alio sibai wangawalisi sambua buku, ba bölinia göi no tola lakhamö niha sato. Me 1455 iraka Zura Ni'amoni'ö [[Johannes Gutenberg|Gutenberg]],<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/technology/printing-press ''Printing press''], britannica.com, mufaigi me 03/12/2023, {{en}}.</ref> ba i'otarai da'ö oya sa'ae te'a'asogö Zura Ni'amoni'ö irege alio muzawili ia misa ba niha. Me ibörötaigö nifotöi reformasi [[Gereja Protestan|Protestan]] 31 Oktober 1571 [[Martin Luther]], ba no aoha khönia wamazaewe Sura Ni'amoni'ö ba ba wamarou niha wombaso ya'ia. == Sura Ni'amoni'ö Yahudi-Niha Keriso == Lafotöi Zura Ni'amoni'ö amabu'ula li, börö me khönia bakha mufatunö gamabu'ula li [[Lowalangi]] khö niha ba gulidanö si no ibörötaigö khö [[Aberahamo|Gaberahamo]] (da'a nifotöi ndra [[Niha Keriso]] amabu'ula li si föföna) ba furi hö ibohouni mangawuli bakha ba khö [[Yesu]] [[Keriso]] (da'a nifotöi ndra [[Niha Keriso]] amabu'ula li si bohou), heŵa'ae lö latema ira niha [[Yahudi]] wa so gamabu'ula li si bohou.<ref name=":1" >[https://time.com/5606942/jewish-christian-bible/ ''Judaism and Christianity Both Rely on the Hebrew Bible. Why Do They Interpret It So Differently?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928054635/https://time.com/5606942/jewish-christian-bible/ |date=2020-09-28 }}, time.com, mufaigi me 08/11/2023, ({{-en-}}).</ref><ref name=":2" >[https://www.biblica.com/resources/bible-faqs/do-jews-and-christians-basically-have-the-same-religion/ ''Do Jews and Christians basically have the same religion?''], biblica.com, mufaigi me 08/11/2023, ({{-en-}})</ref> Bahiza tenga ha ba gotaluara niha [[Yahudi]] [[Niha Keriso]] so gamaehuta wa'oya mbuku bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö awö wamotöi ya'ia. Bakha ba gotalua ndra [[Niha Keriso]] samösa so gamaehuta wa'oya mbuku nitema'ö. Andrö wa so mbuku si so bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö [[Gereja Katolik]], bahiza lö ia bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö [[Gereja Protestan]]. Hadia mbörönia? So gamaehuta andrö börö nifotöi [[otoritas]], sangetu'ö hadia mbuku si tola ba si tebai lafaogö bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö. Bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]] si no so i'otarai ndra nifahaö Yesu, si muzawili moroi ba [[Yerusalema]] irugi [[Roma]], otoritas andrö ya'ia rafe nifotöi [[Konsili]].<ref>Tola tafaedogö zanandrösa ba '''otoritas''' andre ba wondrakö ba gotalua [[Nono Niha]]. Haniha zi so otoritas wangetu'ö hadia huku (fondrakö) ba hewisa wamatörö ya'ia? Tenga niha si fagölö zangetu'ö ya'ia, bahiza ha niha si so otoritas, ya'ia ndra satua hada/satua mbanua. Simanö göi haniha zangetu'ö hadia mbuku si tola lafaogö bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö. Tenga ero niha zi tola mangetu'ö ya'ia, bahiza ha salaŵa si so otoritas. Bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]] otoritas andrö so ba rafe nifotöi [[Konsili]] ndra uskup (fao bakha ba da'ö [[Paus]]).</ref> Me tebörögö reformasi [[Protestan]] ba ndröfi 1517 nidönia'ö [[Martin Luther]], lö latema'ö mato ha'uga mbuku si no so bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö. Andrö mbörö wa abölö oya mbuku bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö [[Gereja Katolik]] moroi ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö [[Gereja Protestan]]<ref>Riches, John (2000). "The Bible: A Very Short Introduction". Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285343-1. nga'örö 7-8 ({{-en-}})</ref><ref> ''Katolisitas'', [https://www.katolisitas.org/apakah-sola-scriptura-kitab-suci-saja-cukup/ "Apakah Sola Scriptura/ "Kitab Suci saja" cukup?"] {{-id-}}</ref><ref> ''Orthodox Info'', [http://orthodoxinfo.com/inquirers/tca_solascriptura.aspx "Sola Scriptura"] ({{-en-}})</ref> Töra ngaotu fakhe awena lasöndra gangetula ira niha [[Yahudi]] wanema'ö zi 24 mbuku bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö. Arakhagö simanö göi bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]] irege te'etu'ö zi 73 mbuku nitema'ö bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö. Tebörögö ia ba [[Konsili]] ba Roma me ndröfi 382. Lafaduhu'ö zui gangolita mbuku Zura Ni'amoni'ö andre dania ba [[Sinode]] ba Hippo (393), itohugö ba [[Konsili]] ba Kartage (397 ba 419), [[Konsili]] ba Florence (1431-1449) ba afuriatania ba [[Konsili]] ba Trente (1545-1563). Da'a nifotöi Sura Ni'amoni'ö ''kanonik''.<ref>Fehede ''kanonik'' tewawalö moroi ba [[li Yunani]] ''kanon'', eluahania afore (sitobali su'a-su'a). Fagölö geluara wehede standar ba [[li Indonesia]].</ref> Khönia bakha so 46 mbuku si tefaböbö ba [[Amabu'ulali Siföföna|Gamabu'ulali Siföföna]], ba 27 mbuku si tefaböbö ba [[Amabu'ulali Sibohou|Gamabu'ulali Sibohou]]. Eluahania so fefu 73 buku bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö [[Gereja Katolik]]. Sura Ni'amoni'ö kanonik andre la'oguna'ö göi bakha ba [[Gereja Ortodoks]] ba ba [[Gereja Anglikan]]. Moroi ba gotalua zi 73 mbuku andrö so mato ha'uga zi lö lafaogö ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö khöra ya'ira gereja-gereja [[Protestan]] (faigi tabel sitou). == Ngawalö mbuku ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö == Ba da'a tou so gangolifa ngawalö mbuku nifaogö bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö, he nitema'ö niha [[Yahudi]], ba he nitema'ö [[Gereja Protestan]] ba [[Gereja Katolik]] {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Li Ibrani<br />Tanakh<br />(24 buku) ! rowspan="2" |Li Yunani [[Septuaginta]]<br />(60 buku) ! colspan="2" |Li Indonesia ! rowspan="2" |Li asli tesura ia |- ! Protestan<br />[[Amabu'ulali Siföföna]]<br />(39 buku) ! Katolik<br />[[Amabu'ulali Siföföna]]<br />(46 buku) |- style="text-align:center; background:#fff;" ! style="background:#fff;"| ! style="background:#fff;"|''Huku'' ! colspan="2" style="background:#fff;" | ''Taurat {{Nobold|ma}}'' ''Pentateukh'' ! style="background:#fff;"| |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ccf;"| Beresyit | style="background:#ccf;"| Genesis | style="background:#ccf;"| Moze I | style="background:#ccf;"| Kejadian (fomböi) | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ccf;"| Syemot | style="background:#ccf;"| Exodos | style="background:#ccf;"| Moze II | style="background:#ccf;"| Keluaran (fa'awu'a) | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ccf;"| Vayiqra | style="background:#ccf;"| Leuitikon | style="background:#ccf;"| Moze III | style="background:#ccf;"| Imamat (fa'a'ere) | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ccf;"| Bemidbar | style="background:#ccf;"| Arithmoi | style="background:#ccf;"| Moze IV | style="background:#ccf;"| Bilangan (fangerai) | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ccf;"| Devarim | style="background:#ccf;"| Deuteronomion | style="background:#ccf;"| Moze V | style="background:#ccf;"| Ulangan (fo'amenesi) | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background:#fff;"| ! style="background:#fff;"|''Sejarah'' ! colspan="2" style="background:#fff;" | ''Buku sejarah'' ! |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;"| Yehosyua | style="background:#fc9;"| Iesous Naue | style="background:#fc9;"| Yosua | style="background:#fc9;"| Yosua | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;"| Syofetim | style="background:#fc9;"| Kritai | style="background:#fc9;"| Sanguhuku | style="background:#fc9;"| Hakim-Hakim | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;"| Rut | style="background:#fc9;"| Routh | style="background:#fc9;"| Ruti | style="background:#fc9;"| Rut | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fc9;"| Syemuel | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Basileion | style="background:#fc9;"| Samueli I | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Samueli | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;"| 2 Basileion | style="background:#fc9;"| Samueli II | style="background:#fc9;"| 2 Samueli | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fc9;"| Melakhim | style="background:#fc9;"| 3 Basileion | style="background:#fc9;"| Razo I | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Razo | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;"| 4 Basileion | style="background:#fc9;"| Razo II | style="background:#fc9;"| 2 Razo | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="background:#9f9;"| Divre Hayyamim | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Paraleipomenon | style="background:#fc9;"| Nga'ötö I | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Tawarikh | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;"| 2 Paraleipomenon | style="background:#fc9;"| Nga'ötö II | style="background:#fc9;"| 2 Tawarikh | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Esdras | | | Yunani |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="background:#9f9;"| Ezra–Nekhemyah | rowspan="2" style="background:#fc9;" | 2 Esdras | style="background:#fc9;"| Esera | style="background:#fc9;"| Ezra | Ibrani ba Aram |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;"| Nehemia | style="background:#fc9;"| Nehemia | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#fc9;"| Tobit | | style="background:#fc9;"| Tobit | Aram ba Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#fc9;"| Ioudith | | style="background:#fc9;"| Yudit | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;"| Ester | style="background:#fc9;"| Esther | style="background:#fc9;"| Esitera | style="background:#fc9;"| Ester | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Makkabaion | | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Makabe | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#fc9;"| 2 Makkabaion | | style="background:#fc9;"| 2 Makabe | Yunani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#fc9;"| 3 Makkabaion | | | Yunani |- style="text-align:center;" | | | | | |- style="text-align:center; background:#fff;" ! style="background:#fff;" | ! style="background:#fff;" |''Fa'atua-tua'' ! colspan="2" style="background:#fff;" | ''Buku puisi'' ! style="background:#fff;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;" | Iyov | style="background:#9f9;" | Iob | style="background:#9f9;" | Yobi | style="background:#9f9;" | Ayub | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;" | Tehillim | style="background:#9f9;" | Psalmoi | style="background:#9f9;" | Sinunö | style="background:#9f9;" | Mazmur | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#9f9;" | Proseukhe Manasse | | | Yunani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;" | Misylei | style="background:#9f9;" | Paroimiai | style="background:#9f9;" | Amaedola Zelomo | style="background:#9f9;" | Amsal | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;" | Qohelet | style="background:#9f9;" | Ekklesiastes | style="background:#9f9;" | Sangombakha | style="background:#9f9;" | Pengkhotbah | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;" | Syir Hasyirim | style="background:#9f9;" | Asma Asmaton | style="background:#9f9;" | Sinunö Sebua | style="background:#9f9;" | Kidung Agung | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#9f9;" | Sophia Salomontos | | style="background:#9f9;" | Kebijaksanaan Salomo | Yunani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#9f9;" | Sophia Iesou Seirakh | | style="background:#9f9;" | Yesus bin Sirakh | Ibrani |- ! ! ! ! ! |- style="text-align:center; background:#fff;" ! style="background:#fff;" | ! style="background:#fff;" |''Ira sama'ele'ö sebua'' ! colspan="2" style="background:#fff;" | ''Buku ndra sama'ele'ö sebua'' ! style="background:#fff;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;" | Yesyayahu | style="background:#f9f;" | Esaias | style="background:#f9f;" | Yesaya | style="background:#f9f;" | Yesaya | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;" | Yirmeyahu | style="background:#f9f;" | Hieremias | style="background:#f9f;" | Yeremia | style="background:#f9f;" | Yeremia | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;" | Eikhah | style="background:#f9f;" | Threnoi | style="background:#f9f;" | Ngenu-ngenu Yeremia | style="background:#f9f;" | Ratapan | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#f9f;" | Baroukh | | rowspan="2" style="background:#f9f;" | Barukh | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#f9f;"|Epistole Ieremiou | | Yunani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;"| Yekhezqel | style="background:#f9f;"| Iezekiel | style="background:#f9f;"| Hezekieli | style="background:#f9f;"| Yehezkiel | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;"| Daniyyel | style="background:#f9f;"| Daniel | style="background:#f9f;"| Danieli | style="background:#f9f;"| Daniel | Aram ba Ibrani |- ! ! ! ! ! |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background:#fff;" | ! style="background:#fff;" |''Ira sama'ele'ö side-ide'' ! colspan="2" style="background:#fff;" | ''Buku ndra sama'ele'ö side-ide'' ! style="background:#fff;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="12" style="background:#fc9;" | Trei Asar | style="background:#ffc;" | Hosee | style="background:#ffc;" | Hosea | style="background:#ffc;" | Hosea | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Ioel | style="background:#ffc;" | Yoeli | style="background:#ffc;" | Yoel | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Amos | style="background:#ffc;" | Amosi | style="background:#ffc;" | Amos | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Obdiou | style="background:#ffc;" | Obadia | style="background:#ffc;" | Obaja | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Ionas | style="background:#ffc;" | Yona | style="background:#ffc;" | Yunus | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Mikhaias | style="background:#ffc;" | Mikha | style="background:#ffc;" | Mikha | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Naoum | style="background:#ffc;" | Nakhumi | style="background:#ffc;" | Nahum | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Ambakoum | style="background:#ffc;" | Habakuki | style="background:#ffc;" | Habakuk | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Sophonias | style="background:#ffc;" | Sefania | style="background:#ffc;" | Zefanya | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Angaios | style="background:#ffc;" | Hagai | style="background:#ffc;" | Hagai | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Zakharias | style="background:#ffc;" | Sakharia | style="background:#ffc;" | Zakharia | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Malakhias | style="background:#ffc;" | Maleakhi | style="background:#ffc;" | Maleakhi | Ibrani |} == Fangali Zura Ni'amoni'ö ba Li Niha == Tebörögö wangali Zura Ni'amoni'ö ba li Niha me i'ali zura [[Luka]] ba li Niha [[Ernst Ludwig Denninger]], samösa [[misionaris]] [[Gereja Protestan|Protestan]] moroi ba [[Jerman]], ba ndröfi 1874. Ibe'e döi zura [[Luka]] andrö ''Turia Amusoladödö Gamonita Tesua wa Luka'' ba iraka ia "British and Foreign Bible Society", nitohugö dania "Netherlands Bible Society". I'ali zura [[Luka]] andre ba [[dialek Selatan]] (li raya). Bahiza no ifaruka ira li raya ba li yöu, irege ambö fatema dödö niha wombaso ya'ia. Awena dania labe'e noro dödö [[Heinrich Sundermann]] wangali Zura Ni'amoni'ö ba li Niha ([[dialek Nias Utara]]), he [[Amabu'ulali Siföföna]] (1910) ba he [[Amabu'ulali Sibohou]] (1889). Laraka dania ia ba ndröfi 1911. Ba wangali Zura Ni'amoni'ö andre no fao awö [[Heinrich Sundermann|Sundermann]] [[Salaŵa Fali'era]] (Ama Mandranga).<ref>''Dachi, D. K.,'' "[https://ononiha.org/678/soera-niamonio-alkitab-berbahasa-nias/ Soera Ni'amoni'ö: Alkitab berbahasa Nias] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008002413/https://ononiha.org/678/soera-niamonio-alkitab-berbahasa-nias/ |date=2023-10-08 }}" {{-id-}}</ref> Ba mböröta agama [[Niha Keriso]] ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] lafotöi Zura Ni'amoni'ö andrö ''Buku Hia'' ba gotalua niha raya ba ''Buku Lowalangi'' ba gotalua niha yöu.<ref>Uwe Hummel, Tuhoni Telaumbanua, ''Cross and Adu'', Boekencentrum, 2007, nga'örö 245.</ref> Awena furi hö latötöi manö ia Sura Ni'amoni'ö. == Sura Ni'amoni'ö ba fondraka buku == Irugi ma'ökhö so töra 5 miliar Zura Ni'amoni'ö si no laraka ba la'öli niha.<ref>'''Guinness World Records''', [https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/best-selling-book-of-non-fiction ''Best-selling book''], ({{-en-}})</ref> Ambö töra la'öli niha 100 juta ero röfi,<ref>'''The Economist''', [https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2007/12/19/the-battle-of-the-books ''The battle of the books'', ISSN 0013-0613], ({{-en-}})</ref> ba no isösö ngawalö hadia ia ba wa'auri niha, mositöra ba danö [[Eropa]] ba ba [[budaya]] nifotöi budaya [[Barat]].<ref>'''The Washington Times''', [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/dec/11/the-bibles-influence-the-bible-as-cultural-influen/ ''The Bible as cultural influence''], ({{-en-}})</ref> == Faigi göi == * [[Angolifa Mbuku Zura Ni'amoni'ö]] * [[Amabu'ulali Siföföna]] * [[Amabu'ulali Sibohou]] * [[Yahudi]] * [[Israel]] == Umbu == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Sura Ni'amoni'ö]] [[Kategori:Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Agama]] [[Kategori:Teologi]] [[Kategori:Amabu'ulali Siföföna]] [[Kategori:Amabu'ulali Sibohou]] [[Kategori:Sura amilita]] 4okt0hzomhyy70xfsukpbzqdqgqy7gz 28325 28324 2026-09-23T14:26:22Z Slaia 39 /* Ngawalö mbuku ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö */ 28325 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Gutenberg Bible, New York Public Library, USA. Pic 01.jpg|thumb|375px|Sura Ni'amoni'ö siföföna sibai muraka. Lafotöi ia Sura Ni'amoni'ö Gutenberg, börö me soraka ya'ia samösa niha Jerman sotöi Johannes Gutenberg, niha siföföna manöndra lala wondraka buku]] '''Sura Ni'amoni'ö''' ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|Kitab Suci}}'') no töi nibe'e ba mbuku fondrege ni'amoni'ö ba zisambu-sambua agama. Sura Ni'amoni'ö bakha agama [[Hindu]] lafotöi ia [[Weda]], bakha ba agama [[Budha]] lafotöi [[Tripitaka]], bakha ba agama [[Islam]] lafotöi ia [[Alquran]], ba bakha ba agama [[Yahudi]] lafotöi ia [[Tanakh]] ma [[Miqra]]. Bakha ba agama [[Niha Keriso]] to'ölö latötöi manö ia Sura Ni'amoni'ö, ba so khönia bakha zura [[Amabu'ulali Siföföna]] (ya'ia da'ö [[Tanakh]] ni'oguna'ö ndra niha [[Yahudi]]) ba [[Amabu'ulali Sibohou]] (nisura ndra solohi khö Yesu aefa wa'amatenia). Ba gotalua [[Niha Keriso]] to'ölö wa da'a niŵa'ö dödöra na latötöi Sura Ni'amoni'ö. Ba mböröta to'ölö lasura tanga Zura Ni'amoni'ö ba dete garate nifazökhi moroi ba zinumbua sotöi ''papyrus'' (moroi ba döi zinumbua andre göi lahalö wehede ''{{li|en|paper}}'' ba [[li Inggris]]<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/technology/papermaking ''Papermaking''], britannica.com, mufaigi me 03/12/2023, {{en}}.</ref>). Andrö göi wa ebua sibai mböli Zura Ni'amoni'ö ba ambö muzawili ia ba niha ba ginötö da'ö. Bahiza me ngaotu ndröfia si-15 isöndra [[mesin]] woraka [[Johannes Gutenberg]]. Faoma [[mesin]] andre lö sa'ae moguna lasura-tanga hadia ia, irege tola alio sibai wangawalisi sambua buku, ba bölinia göi no tola lakhamö niha sato. Me 1455 iraka Zura Ni'amoni'ö [[Johannes Gutenberg|Gutenberg]],<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/technology/printing-press ''Printing press''], britannica.com, mufaigi me 03/12/2023, {{en}}.</ref> ba i'otarai da'ö oya sa'ae te'a'asogö Zura Ni'amoni'ö irege alio muzawili ia misa ba niha. Me ibörötaigö nifotöi reformasi [[Gereja Protestan|Protestan]] 31 Oktober 1571 [[Martin Luther]], ba no aoha khönia wamazaewe Sura Ni'amoni'ö ba ba wamarou niha wombaso ya'ia. == Sura Ni'amoni'ö Yahudi-Niha Keriso == Lafotöi Zura Ni'amoni'ö amabu'ula li, börö me khönia bakha mufatunö gamabu'ula li [[Lowalangi]] khö niha ba gulidanö si no ibörötaigö khö [[Aberahamo|Gaberahamo]] (da'a nifotöi ndra [[Niha Keriso]] amabu'ula li si föföna) ba furi hö ibohouni mangawuli bakha ba khö [[Yesu]] [[Keriso]] (da'a nifotöi ndra [[Niha Keriso]] amabu'ula li si bohou), heŵa'ae lö latema ira niha [[Yahudi]] wa so gamabu'ula li si bohou.<ref name=":1" >[https://time.com/5606942/jewish-christian-bible/ ''Judaism and Christianity Both Rely on the Hebrew Bible. Why Do They Interpret It So Differently?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928054635/https://time.com/5606942/jewish-christian-bible/ |date=2020-09-28 }}, time.com, mufaigi me 08/11/2023, ({{-en-}}).</ref><ref name=":2" >[https://www.biblica.com/resources/bible-faqs/do-jews-and-christians-basically-have-the-same-religion/ ''Do Jews and Christians basically have the same religion?''], biblica.com, mufaigi me 08/11/2023, ({{-en-}})</ref> Bahiza tenga ha ba gotaluara niha [[Yahudi]] [[Niha Keriso]] so gamaehuta wa'oya mbuku bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö awö wamotöi ya'ia. Bakha ba gotalua ndra [[Niha Keriso]] samösa so gamaehuta wa'oya mbuku nitema'ö. Andrö wa so mbuku si so bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö [[Gereja Katolik]], bahiza lö ia bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö [[Gereja Protestan]]. Hadia mbörönia? So gamaehuta andrö börö nifotöi [[otoritas]], sangetu'ö hadia mbuku si tola ba si tebai lafaogö bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö. Bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]] si no so i'otarai ndra nifahaö Yesu, si muzawili moroi ba [[Yerusalema]] irugi [[Roma]], otoritas andrö ya'ia rafe nifotöi [[Konsili]].<ref>Tola tafaedogö zanandrösa ba '''otoritas''' andre ba wondrakö ba gotalua [[Nono Niha]]. Haniha zi so otoritas wangetu'ö hadia huku (fondrakö) ba hewisa wamatörö ya'ia? Tenga niha si fagölö zangetu'ö ya'ia, bahiza ha niha si so otoritas, ya'ia ndra satua hada/satua mbanua. Simanö göi haniha zangetu'ö hadia mbuku si tola lafaogö bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö. Tenga ero niha zi tola mangetu'ö ya'ia, bahiza ha salaŵa si so otoritas. Bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]] otoritas andrö so ba rafe nifotöi [[Konsili]] ndra uskup (fao bakha ba da'ö [[Paus]]).</ref> Me tebörögö reformasi [[Protestan]] ba ndröfi 1517 nidönia'ö [[Martin Luther]], lö latema'ö mato ha'uga mbuku si no so bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö. Andrö mbörö wa abölö oya mbuku bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö [[Gereja Katolik]] moroi ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö [[Gereja Protestan]]<ref>Riches, John (2000). "The Bible: A Very Short Introduction". Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285343-1. nga'örö 7-8 ({{-en-}})</ref><ref> ''Katolisitas'', [https://www.katolisitas.org/apakah-sola-scriptura-kitab-suci-saja-cukup/ "Apakah Sola Scriptura/ "Kitab Suci saja" cukup?"] {{-id-}}</ref><ref> ''Orthodox Info'', [http://orthodoxinfo.com/inquirers/tca_solascriptura.aspx "Sola Scriptura"] ({{-en-}})</ref> Töra ngaotu fakhe awena lasöndra gangetula ira niha [[Yahudi]] wanema'ö zi 24 mbuku bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö. Arakhagö simanö göi bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]] irege te'etu'ö zi 73 mbuku nitema'ö bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö. Tebörögö ia ba [[Konsili]] ba Roma me ndröfi 382. Lafaduhu'ö zui gangolita mbuku Zura Ni'amoni'ö andre dania ba [[Sinode]] ba Hippo (393), itohugö ba [[Konsili]] ba Kartage (397 ba 419), [[Konsili]] ba Florence (1431-1449) ba afuriatania ba [[Konsili]] ba Trente (1545-1563). Da'a nifotöi Sura Ni'amoni'ö ''kanonik''.<ref>Fehede ''kanonik'' tewawalö moroi ba [[li Yunani]] ''kanon'', eluahania afore (sitobali su'a-su'a). Fagölö geluara wehede standar ba [[li Indonesia]].</ref> Khönia bakha so 46 mbuku si tefaböbö ba [[Amabu'ulali Siföföna|Gamabu'ulali Siföföna]], ba 27 mbuku si tefaböbö ba [[Amabu'ulali Sibohou|Gamabu'ulali Sibohou]]. Eluahania so fefu 73 buku bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö [[Gereja Katolik]]. Sura Ni'amoni'ö kanonik andre la'oguna'ö göi bakha ba [[Gereja Ortodoks]] ba ba [[Gereja Anglikan]]. Moroi ba gotalua zi 73 mbuku andrö so mato ha'uga zi lö lafaogö ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö khöra ya'ira gereja-gereja [[Protestan]] (faigi tabel sitou). == Ngawalö mbuku ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö == Ba da'a tou so gangolifa ngawalö mbuku nifaogö bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö, he nitema'ö niha [[Yahudi]], ba he nitema'ö [[Gereja Protestan]] ba [[Gereja Katolik]] {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Li Ibrani<br />Tanakh<br />(24 buku) ! rowspan="2" |Li Yunani Septuaginta<br />(60 buku) ! colspan="2" |Li Indonesia ! rowspan="2" |Li asli tesura ia |- ! Protestan<br />[[Amabu'ulali Siföföna]]<br />(39 buku) ! Katolik<br />[[Amabu'ulali Siföföna]]<br />(46 buku) |- style="text-align:center; background:#fff;" ! style="background:#fff;"| ! style="background:#fff;"|''Huku'' ! colspan="2" style="background:#fff;" | ''Taurat {{Nobold|ma}}'' ''Pentateukh'' ! style="background:#fff;"| |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ccf;"| Beresyit | style="background:#ccf;"| Genesis | style="background:#ccf;"| Moze I | style="background:#ccf;"| Kejadian (fomböi) | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ccf;"| Syemot | style="background:#ccf;"| Exodos | style="background:#ccf;"| Moze II | style="background:#ccf;"| Keluaran (fa'awu'a) | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ccf;"| Vayiqra | style="background:#ccf;"| Leuitikon | style="background:#ccf;"| Moze III | style="background:#ccf;"| Imamat (fa'a'ere) | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ccf;"| Bemidbar | style="background:#ccf;"| Arithmoi | style="background:#ccf;"| Moze IV | style="background:#ccf;"| Bilangan (fangerai) | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ccf;"| Devarim | style="background:#ccf;"| Deuteronomion | style="background:#ccf;"| Moze V | style="background:#ccf;"| Ulangan (fo'amenesi) | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background:#fff;"| ! style="background:#fff;"|''Sejarah'' ! colspan="2" style="background:#fff;" | ''Buku sejarah'' ! |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;"| Yehosyua | style="background:#fc9;"| Iesous Naue | style="background:#fc9;"| Yosua | style="background:#fc9;"| Yosua | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;"| Syofetim | style="background:#fc9;"| Kritai | style="background:#fc9;"| Sanguhuku | style="background:#fc9;"| Hakim-Hakim | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;"| Rut | style="background:#fc9;"| Routh | style="background:#fc9;"| Ruti | style="background:#fc9;"| Rut | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fc9;"| Syemuel | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Basileion | style="background:#fc9;"| Samueli I | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Samueli | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;"| 2 Basileion | style="background:#fc9;"| Samueli II | style="background:#fc9;"| 2 Samueli | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fc9;"| Melakhim | style="background:#fc9;"| 3 Basileion | style="background:#fc9;"| Razo I | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Razo | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;"| 4 Basileion | style="background:#fc9;"| Razo II | style="background:#fc9;"| 2 Razo | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="background:#9f9;"| Divre Hayyamim | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Paraleipomenon | style="background:#fc9;"| Nga'ötö I | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Tawarikh | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;"| 2 Paraleipomenon | style="background:#fc9;"| Nga'ötö II | style="background:#fc9;"| 2 Tawarikh | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Esdras | | | Yunani |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="background:#9f9;"| Ezra–Nekhemyah | rowspan="2" style="background:#fc9;" | 2 Esdras | style="background:#fc9;"| Esera | style="background:#fc9;"| Ezra | Ibrani ba Aram |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;"| Nehemia | style="background:#fc9;"| Nehemia | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#fc9;"| Tobit | | style="background:#fc9;"| Tobit | Aram ba Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#fc9;"| Ioudith | | style="background:#fc9;"| Yudit | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;"| Ester | style="background:#fc9;"| Esther | style="background:#fc9;"| Esitera | style="background:#fc9;"| Ester | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Makkabaion | | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Makabe | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#fc9;"| 2 Makkabaion | | style="background:#fc9;"| 2 Makabe | Yunani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#fc9;"| 3 Makkabaion | | | Yunani |- style="text-align:center;" | | | | | |- style="text-align:center; background:#fff;" ! style="background:#fff;" | ! style="background:#fff;" |''Fa'atua-tua'' ! colspan="2" style="background:#fff;" | ''Buku puisi'' ! style="background:#fff;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;" | Iyov | style="background:#9f9;" | Iob | style="background:#9f9;" | Yobi | style="background:#9f9;" | Ayub | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;" | Tehillim | style="background:#9f9;" | Psalmoi | style="background:#9f9;" | Sinunö | style="background:#9f9;" | Mazmur | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#9f9;" | Proseukhe Manasse | | | Yunani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;" | Misylei | style="background:#9f9;" | Paroimiai | style="background:#9f9;" | Amaedola Zelomo | style="background:#9f9;" | Amsal | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;" | Qohelet | style="background:#9f9;" | Ekklesiastes | style="background:#9f9;" | Sangombakha | style="background:#9f9;" | Pengkhotbah | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;" | Syir Hasyirim | style="background:#9f9;" | Asma Asmaton | style="background:#9f9;" | Sinunö Sebua | style="background:#9f9;" | Kidung Agung | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#9f9;" | Sophia Salomontos | | style="background:#9f9;" | Kebijaksanaan Salomo | Yunani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#9f9;" | Sophia Iesou Seirakh | | style="background:#9f9;" | Yesus bin Sirakh | Ibrani |- ! ! ! ! ! |- style="text-align:center; background:#fff;" ! style="background:#fff;" | ! style="background:#fff;" |''Ira sama'ele'ö sebua'' ! colspan="2" style="background:#fff;" | ''Buku ndra sama'ele'ö sebua'' ! style="background:#fff;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;" | Yesyayahu | style="background:#f9f;" | Esaias | style="background:#f9f;" | Yesaya | style="background:#f9f;" | Yesaya | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;" | Yirmeyahu | style="background:#f9f;" | Hieremias | style="background:#f9f;" | Yeremia | style="background:#f9f;" | Yeremia | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;" | Eikhah | style="background:#f9f;" | Threnoi | style="background:#f9f;" | Ngenu-ngenu Yeremia | style="background:#f9f;" | Ratapan | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#f9f;" | Baroukh | | rowspan="2" style="background:#f9f;" | Barukh | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#f9f;"|Epistole Ieremiou | | Yunani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;"| Yekhezqel | style="background:#f9f;"| Iezekiel | style="background:#f9f;"| Hezekieli | style="background:#f9f;"| Yehezkiel | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;"| Daniyyel | style="background:#f9f;"| Daniel | style="background:#f9f;"| Danieli | style="background:#f9f;"| Daniel | Aram ba Ibrani |- ! ! ! ! ! |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background:#fff;" | ! style="background:#fff;" |''Ira sama'ele'ö side-ide'' ! colspan="2" style="background:#fff;" | ''Buku ndra sama'ele'ö side-ide'' ! style="background:#fff;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="12" style="background:#fc9;" | Trei Asar | style="background:#ffc;" | Hosee | style="background:#ffc;" | Hosea | style="background:#ffc;" | Hosea | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Ioel | style="background:#ffc;" | Yoeli | style="background:#ffc;" | Yoel | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Amos | style="background:#ffc;" | Amosi | style="background:#ffc;" | Amos | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Obdiou | style="background:#ffc;" | Obadia | style="background:#ffc;" | Obaja | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Ionas | style="background:#ffc;" | Yona | style="background:#ffc;" | Yunus | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Mikhaias | style="background:#ffc;" | Mikha | style="background:#ffc;" | Mikha | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Naoum | style="background:#ffc;" | Nakhumi | style="background:#ffc;" | Nahum | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Ambakoum | style="background:#ffc;" | Habakuki | style="background:#ffc;" | Habakuk | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Sophonias | style="background:#ffc;" | Sefania | style="background:#ffc;" | Zefanya | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Angaios | style="background:#ffc;" | Hagai | style="background:#ffc;" | Hagai | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Zakharias | style="background:#ffc;" | Sakharia | style="background:#ffc;" | Zakharia | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Malakhias | style="background:#ffc;" | Maleakhi | style="background:#ffc;" | Maleakhi | Ibrani |} == Fangali Zura Ni'amoni'ö ba Li Niha == Tebörögö wangali Zura Ni'amoni'ö ba li Niha me i'ali zura [[Luka]] ba li Niha [[Ernst Ludwig Denninger]], samösa [[misionaris]] [[Gereja Protestan|Protestan]] moroi ba [[Jerman]], ba ndröfi 1874. Ibe'e döi zura [[Luka]] andrö ''Turia Amusoladödö Gamonita Tesua wa Luka'' ba iraka ia "British and Foreign Bible Society", nitohugö dania "Netherlands Bible Society". I'ali zura [[Luka]] andre ba [[dialek Selatan]] (li raya). Bahiza no ifaruka ira li raya ba li yöu, irege ambö fatema dödö niha wombaso ya'ia. Awena dania labe'e noro dödö [[Heinrich Sundermann]] wangali Zura Ni'amoni'ö ba li Niha ([[dialek Nias Utara]]), he [[Amabu'ulali Siföföna]] (1910) ba he [[Amabu'ulali Sibohou]] (1889). Laraka dania ia ba ndröfi 1911. Ba wangali Zura Ni'amoni'ö andre no fao awö [[Heinrich Sundermann|Sundermann]] [[Salaŵa Fali'era]] (Ama Mandranga).<ref>''Dachi, D. K.,'' "[https://ononiha.org/678/soera-niamonio-alkitab-berbahasa-nias/ Soera Ni'amoni'ö: Alkitab berbahasa Nias] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008002413/https://ononiha.org/678/soera-niamonio-alkitab-berbahasa-nias/ |date=2023-10-08 }}" {{-id-}}</ref> Ba mböröta agama [[Niha Keriso]] ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] lafotöi Zura Ni'amoni'ö andrö ''Buku Hia'' ba gotalua niha raya ba ''Buku Lowalangi'' ba gotalua niha yöu.<ref>Uwe Hummel, Tuhoni Telaumbanua, ''Cross and Adu'', Boekencentrum, 2007, nga'örö 245.</ref> Awena furi hö latötöi manö ia Sura Ni'amoni'ö. == Sura Ni'amoni'ö ba fondraka buku == Irugi ma'ökhö so töra 5 miliar Zura Ni'amoni'ö si no laraka ba la'öli niha.<ref>'''Guinness World Records''', [https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/best-selling-book-of-non-fiction ''Best-selling book''], ({{-en-}})</ref> Ambö töra la'öli niha 100 juta ero röfi,<ref>'''The Economist''', [https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2007/12/19/the-battle-of-the-books ''The battle of the books'', ISSN 0013-0613], ({{-en-}})</ref> ba no isösö ngawalö hadia ia ba wa'auri niha, mositöra ba danö [[Eropa]] ba ba [[budaya]] nifotöi budaya [[Barat]].<ref>'''The Washington Times''', [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/dec/11/the-bibles-influence-the-bible-as-cultural-influen/ ''The Bible as cultural influence''], ({{-en-}})</ref> == Faigi göi == * [[Angolifa Mbuku Zura Ni'amoni'ö]] * [[Amabu'ulali Siföföna]] * [[Amabu'ulali Sibohou]] * [[Yahudi]] * [[Israel]] == Umbu == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Sura Ni'amoni'ö]] [[Kategori:Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Agama]] [[Kategori:Teologi]] [[Kategori:Amabu'ulali Siföföna]] [[Kategori:Amabu'ulali Sibohou]] [[Kategori:Sura amilita]] 2avji0z8x7tf0mwu2iuf8qeba3pinfq 28326 28325 2026-09-23T14:27:11Z Slaia 39 /* Ngawalö mbuku ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö */ 28326 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Gutenberg Bible, New York Public Library, USA. Pic 01.jpg|thumb|375px|Sura Ni'amoni'ö siföföna sibai muraka. Lafotöi ia Sura Ni'amoni'ö Gutenberg, börö me soraka ya'ia samösa niha Jerman sotöi Johannes Gutenberg, niha siföföna manöndra lala wondraka buku]] '''Sura Ni'amoni'ö''' ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|Kitab Suci}}'') no töi nibe'e ba mbuku fondrege ni'amoni'ö ba zisambu-sambua agama. Sura Ni'amoni'ö bakha agama [[Hindu]] lafotöi ia [[Weda]], bakha ba agama [[Budha]] lafotöi [[Tripitaka]], bakha ba agama [[Islam]] lafotöi ia [[Alquran]], ba bakha ba agama [[Yahudi]] lafotöi ia [[Tanakh]] ma [[Miqra]]. Bakha ba agama [[Niha Keriso]] to'ölö latötöi manö ia Sura Ni'amoni'ö, ba so khönia bakha zura [[Amabu'ulali Siföföna]] (ya'ia da'ö [[Tanakh]] ni'oguna'ö ndra niha [[Yahudi]]) ba [[Amabu'ulali Sibohou]] (nisura ndra solohi khö Yesu aefa wa'amatenia). Ba gotalua [[Niha Keriso]] to'ölö wa da'a niŵa'ö dödöra na latötöi Sura Ni'amoni'ö. Ba mböröta to'ölö lasura tanga Zura Ni'amoni'ö ba dete garate nifazökhi moroi ba zinumbua sotöi ''papyrus'' (moroi ba döi zinumbua andre göi lahalö wehede ''{{li|en|paper}}'' ba [[li Inggris]]<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/technology/papermaking ''Papermaking''], britannica.com, mufaigi me 03/12/2023, {{en}}.</ref>). Andrö göi wa ebua sibai mböli Zura Ni'amoni'ö ba ambö muzawili ia ba niha ba ginötö da'ö. Bahiza me ngaotu ndröfia si-15 isöndra [[mesin]] woraka [[Johannes Gutenberg]]. Faoma [[mesin]] andre lö sa'ae moguna lasura-tanga hadia ia, irege tola alio sibai wangawalisi sambua buku, ba bölinia göi no tola lakhamö niha sato. Me 1455 iraka Zura Ni'amoni'ö [[Johannes Gutenberg|Gutenberg]],<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/technology/printing-press ''Printing press''], britannica.com, mufaigi me 03/12/2023, {{en}}.</ref> ba i'otarai da'ö oya sa'ae te'a'asogö Zura Ni'amoni'ö irege alio muzawili ia misa ba niha. Me ibörötaigö nifotöi reformasi [[Gereja Protestan|Protestan]] 31 Oktober 1571 [[Martin Luther]], ba no aoha khönia wamazaewe Sura Ni'amoni'ö ba ba wamarou niha wombaso ya'ia. == Sura Ni'amoni'ö Yahudi-Niha Keriso == Lafotöi Zura Ni'amoni'ö amabu'ula li, börö me khönia bakha mufatunö gamabu'ula li [[Lowalangi]] khö niha ba gulidanö si no ibörötaigö khö [[Aberahamo|Gaberahamo]] (da'a nifotöi ndra [[Niha Keriso]] amabu'ula li si föföna) ba furi hö ibohouni mangawuli bakha ba khö [[Yesu]] [[Keriso]] (da'a nifotöi ndra [[Niha Keriso]] amabu'ula li si bohou), heŵa'ae lö latema ira niha [[Yahudi]] wa so gamabu'ula li si bohou.<ref name=":1" >[https://time.com/5606942/jewish-christian-bible/ ''Judaism and Christianity Both Rely on the Hebrew Bible. Why Do They Interpret It So Differently?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928054635/https://time.com/5606942/jewish-christian-bible/ |date=2020-09-28 }}, time.com, mufaigi me 08/11/2023, ({{-en-}}).</ref><ref name=":2" >[https://www.biblica.com/resources/bible-faqs/do-jews-and-christians-basically-have-the-same-religion/ ''Do Jews and Christians basically have the same religion?''], biblica.com, mufaigi me 08/11/2023, ({{-en-}})</ref> Bahiza tenga ha ba gotaluara niha [[Yahudi]] [[Niha Keriso]] so gamaehuta wa'oya mbuku bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö awö wamotöi ya'ia. Bakha ba gotalua ndra [[Niha Keriso]] samösa so gamaehuta wa'oya mbuku nitema'ö. Andrö wa so mbuku si so bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö [[Gereja Katolik]], bahiza lö ia bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö [[Gereja Protestan]]. Hadia mbörönia? So gamaehuta andrö börö nifotöi [[otoritas]], sangetu'ö hadia mbuku si tola ba si tebai lafaogö bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö. Bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]] si no so i'otarai ndra nifahaö Yesu, si muzawili moroi ba [[Yerusalema]] irugi [[Roma]], otoritas andrö ya'ia rafe nifotöi [[Konsili]].<ref>Tola tafaedogö zanandrösa ba '''otoritas''' andre ba wondrakö ba gotalua [[Nono Niha]]. Haniha zi so otoritas wangetu'ö hadia huku (fondrakö) ba hewisa wamatörö ya'ia? Tenga niha si fagölö zangetu'ö ya'ia, bahiza ha niha si so otoritas, ya'ia ndra satua hada/satua mbanua. Simanö göi haniha zangetu'ö hadia mbuku si tola lafaogö bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö. Tenga ero niha zi tola mangetu'ö ya'ia, bahiza ha salaŵa si so otoritas. Bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]] otoritas andrö so ba rafe nifotöi [[Konsili]] ndra uskup (fao bakha ba da'ö [[Paus]]).</ref> Me tebörögö reformasi [[Protestan]] ba ndröfi 1517 nidönia'ö [[Martin Luther]], lö latema'ö mato ha'uga mbuku si no so bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö. Andrö mbörö wa abölö oya mbuku bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö [[Gereja Katolik]] moroi ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö [[Gereja Protestan]]<ref>Riches, John (2000). "The Bible: A Very Short Introduction". Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285343-1. nga'örö 7-8 ({{-en-}})</ref><ref> ''Katolisitas'', [https://www.katolisitas.org/apakah-sola-scriptura-kitab-suci-saja-cukup/ "Apakah Sola Scriptura/ "Kitab Suci saja" cukup?"] {{-id-}}</ref><ref> ''Orthodox Info'', [http://orthodoxinfo.com/inquirers/tca_solascriptura.aspx "Sola Scriptura"] ({{-en-}})</ref> Töra ngaotu fakhe awena lasöndra gangetula ira niha [[Yahudi]] wanema'ö zi 24 mbuku bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö. Arakhagö simanö göi bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]] irege te'etu'ö zi 73 mbuku nitema'ö bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö. Tebörögö ia ba [[Konsili]] ba Roma me ndröfi 382. Lafaduhu'ö zui gangolita mbuku Zura Ni'amoni'ö andre dania ba [[Sinode]] ba Hippo (393), itohugö ba [[Konsili]] ba Kartage (397 ba 419), [[Konsili]] ba Florence (1431-1449) ba afuriatania ba [[Konsili]] ba Trente (1545-1563). Da'a nifotöi Sura Ni'amoni'ö ''kanonik''.<ref>Fehede ''kanonik'' tewawalö moroi ba [[li Yunani]] ''kanon'', eluahania afore (sitobali su'a-su'a). Fagölö geluara wehede standar ba [[li Indonesia]].</ref> Khönia bakha so 46 mbuku si tefaböbö ba [[Amabu'ulali Siföföna|Gamabu'ulali Siföföna]], ba 27 mbuku si tefaböbö ba [[Amabu'ulali Sibohou|Gamabu'ulali Sibohou]]. Eluahania so fefu 73 buku bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö [[Gereja Katolik]]. Sura Ni'amoni'ö kanonik andre la'oguna'ö göi bakha ba [[Gereja Ortodoks]] ba ba [[Gereja Anglikan]]. Moroi ba gotalua zi 73 mbuku andrö so mato ha'uga zi lö lafaogö ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö khöra ya'ira gereja-gereja [[Protestan]] (faigi tabel sitou). == Ngawalö mbuku ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö == Ba da'a tou so gangolifa ngawalö mbuku nifaogö bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö, he nitema'ö niha [[Yahudi]], ba he nitema'ö [[Gereja Protestan]] ba [[Gereja Katolik]] {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Li Ibrani<br />Tanakh<br />(24 buku) ! rowspan="2" |Li Yunani<br />Septuaginta<br />(60 buku) ! colspan="2" |Li Indonesia ! rowspan="2" |Li asli tesura ia |- ! Protestan<br />[[Amabu'ulali Siföföna]]<br />(39 buku) ! Katolik<br />[[Amabu'ulali Siföföna]]<br />(46 buku) |- style="text-align:center; background:#fff;" ! style="background:#fff;"| ! style="background:#fff;"|''Huku'' ! colspan="2" style="background:#fff;" | ''Taurat {{Nobold|ma}}'' ''Pentateukh'' ! style="background:#fff;"| |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ccf;"| Beresyit | style="background:#ccf;"| Genesis | style="background:#ccf;"| Moze I | style="background:#ccf;"| Kejadian (fomböi) | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ccf;"| Syemot | style="background:#ccf;"| Exodos | style="background:#ccf;"| Moze II | style="background:#ccf;"| Keluaran (fa'awu'a) | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ccf;"| Vayiqra | style="background:#ccf;"| Leuitikon | style="background:#ccf;"| Moze III | style="background:#ccf;"| Imamat (fa'a'ere) | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ccf;"| Bemidbar | style="background:#ccf;"| Arithmoi | style="background:#ccf;"| Moze IV | style="background:#ccf;"| Bilangan (fangerai) | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ccf;"| Devarim | style="background:#ccf;"| Deuteronomion | style="background:#ccf;"| Moze V | style="background:#ccf;"| Ulangan (fo'amenesi) | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background:#fff;"| ! style="background:#fff;"|''Sejarah'' ! colspan="2" style="background:#fff;" | ''Buku sejarah'' ! |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;"| Yehosyua | style="background:#fc9;"| Iesous Naue | style="background:#fc9;"| Yosua | style="background:#fc9;"| Yosua | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;"| Syofetim | style="background:#fc9;"| Kritai | style="background:#fc9;"| Sanguhuku | style="background:#fc9;"| Hakim-Hakim | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;"| Rut | style="background:#fc9;"| Routh | style="background:#fc9;"| Ruti | style="background:#fc9;"| Rut | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fc9;"| Syemuel | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Basileion | style="background:#fc9;"| Samueli I | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Samueli | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;"| 2 Basileion | style="background:#fc9;"| Samueli II | style="background:#fc9;"| 2 Samueli | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fc9;"| Melakhim | style="background:#fc9;"| 3 Basileion | style="background:#fc9;"| Razo I | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Razo | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;"| 4 Basileion | style="background:#fc9;"| Razo II | style="background:#fc9;"| 2 Razo | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="background:#9f9;"| Divre Hayyamim | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Paraleipomenon | style="background:#fc9;"| Nga'ötö I | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Tawarikh | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;"| 2 Paraleipomenon | style="background:#fc9;"| Nga'ötö II | style="background:#fc9;"| 2 Tawarikh | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Esdras | | | Yunani |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="background:#9f9;"| Ezra–Nekhemyah | rowspan="2" style="background:#fc9;" | 2 Esdras | style="background:#fc9;"| Esera | style="background:#fc9;"| Ezra | Ibrani ba Aram |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;"| Nehemia | style="background:#fc9;"| Nehemia | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#fc9;"| Tobit | | style="background:#fc9;"| Tobit | Aram ba Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#fc9;"| Ioudith | | style="background:#fc9;"| Yudit | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;"| Ester | style="background:#fc9;"| Esther | style="background:#fc9;"| Esitera | style="background:#fc9;"| Ester | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Makkabaion | | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Makabe | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#fc9;"| 2 Makkabaion | | style="background:#fc9;"| 2 Makabe | Yunani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#fc9;"| 3 Makkabaion | | | Yunani |- style="text-align:center;" | | | | | |- style="text-align:center; background:#fff;" ! style="background:#fff;" | ! style="background:#fff;" |''Fa'atua-tua'' ! colspan="2" style="background:#fff;" | ''Buku puisi'' ! style="background:#fff;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;" | Iyov | style="background:#9f9;" | Iob | style="background:#9f9;" | Yobi | style="background:#9f9;" | Ayub | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;" | Tehillim | style="background:#9f9;" | Psalmoi | style="background:#9f9;" | Sinunö | style="background:#9f9;" | Mazmur | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#9f9;" | Proseukhe Manasse | | | Yunani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;" | Misylei | style="background:#9f9;" | Paroimiai | style="background:#9f9;" | Amaedola Zelomo | style="background:#9f9;" | Amsal | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;" | Qohelet | style="background:#9f9;" | Ekklesiastes | style="background:#9f9;" | Sangombakha | style="background:#9f9;" | Pengkhotbah | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;" | Syir Hasyirim | style="background:#9f9;" | Asma Asmaton | style="background:#9f9;" | Sinunö Sebua | style="background:#9f9;" | Kidung Agung | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#9f9;" | Sophia Salomontos | | style="background:#9f9;" | Kebijaksanaan Salomo | Yunani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#9f9;" | Sophia Iesou Seirakh | | style="background:#9f9;" | Yesus bin Sirakh | Ibrani |- ! ! ! ! ! |- style="text-align:center; background:#fff;" ! style="background:#fff;" | ! style="background:#fff;" |''Ira sama'ele'ö sebua'' ! colspan="2" style="background:#fff;" | ''Buku ndra sama'ele'ö sebua'' ! style="background:#fff;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;" | Yesyayahu | style="background:#f9f;" | Esaias | style="background:#f9f;" | Yesaya | style="background:#f9f;" | Yesaya | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;" | Yirmeyahu | style="background:#f9f;" | Hieremias | style="background:#f9f;" | Yeremia | style="background:#f9f;" | Yeremia | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;" | Eikhah | style="background:#f9f;" | Threnoi | style="background:#f9f;" | Ngenu-ngenu Yeremia | style="background:#f9f;" | Ratapan | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#f9f;" | Baroukh | | rowspan="2" style="background:#f9f;" | Barukh | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#f9f;"|Epistole Ieremiou | | Yunani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;"| Yekhezqel | style="background:#f9f;"| Iezekiel | style="background:#f9f;"| Hezekieli | style="background:#f9f;"| Yehezkiel | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;"| Daniyyel | style="background:#f9f;"| Daniel | style="background:#f9f;"| Danieli | style="background:#f9f;"| Daniel | Aram ba Ibrani |- ! ! ! ! ! |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background:#fff;" | ! style="background:#fff;" |''Ira sama'ele'ö side-ide'' ! colspan="2" style="background:#fff;" | ''Buku ndra sama'ele'ö side-ide'' ! style="background:#fff;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="12" style="background:#fc9;" | Trei Asar | style="background:#ffc;" | Hosee | style="background:#ffc;" | Hosea | style="background:#ffc;" | Hosea | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Ioel | style="background:#ffc;" | Yoeli | style="background:#ffc;" | Yoel | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Amos | style="background:#ffc;" | Amosi | style="background:#ffc;" | Amos | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Obdiou | style="background:#ffc;" | Obadia | style="background:#ffc;" | Obaja | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Ionas | style="background:#ffc;" | Yona | style="background:#ffc;" | Yunus | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Mikhaias | style="background:#ffc;" | Mikha | style="background:#ffc;" | Mikha | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Naoum | style="background:#ffc;" | Nakhumi | style="background:#ffc;" | Nahum | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Ambakoum | style="background:#ffc;" | Habakuki | style="background:#ffc;" | Habakuk | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Sophonias | style="background:#ffc;" | Sefania | style="background:#ffc;" | Zefanya | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Angaios | style="background:#ffc;" | Hagai | style="background:#ffc;" | Hagai | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Zakharias | style="background:#ffc;" | Sakharia | style="background:#ffc;" | Zakharia | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Malakhias | style="background:#ffc;" | Maleakhi | style="background:#ffc;" | Maleakhi | Ibrani |} == Fangali Zura Ni'amoni'ö ba Li Niha == Tebörögö wangali Zura Ni'amoni'ö ba li Niha me i'ali zura [[Luka]] ba li Niha [[Ernst Ludwig Denninger]], samösa [[misionaris]] [[Gereja Protestan|Protestan]] moroi ba [[Jerman]], ba ndröfi 1874. Ibe'e döi zura [[Luka]] andrö ''Turia Amusoladödö Gamonita Tesua wa Luka'' ba iraka ia "British and Foreign Bible Society", nitohugö dania "Netherlands Bible Society". I'ali zura [[Luka]] andre ba [[dialek Selatan]] (li raya). Bahiza no ifaruka ira li raya ba li yöu, irege ambö fatema dödö niha wombaso ya'ia. Awena dania labe'e noro dödö [[Heinrich Sundermann]] wangali Zura Ni'amoni'ö ba li Niha ([[dialek Nias Utara]]), he [[Amabu'ulali Siföföna]] (1910) ba he [[Amabu'ulali Sibohou]] (1889). Laraka dania ia ba ndröfi 1911. Ba wangali Zura Ni'amoni'ö andre no fao awö [[Heinrich Sundermann|Sundermann]] [[Salaŵa Fali'era]] (Ama Mandranga).<ref>''Dachi, D. K.,'' "[https://ononiha.org/678/soera-niamonio-alkitab-berbahasa-nias/ Soera Ni'amoni'ö: Alkitab berbahasa Nias] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008002413/https://ononiha.org/678/soera-niamonio-alkitab-berbahasa-nias/ |date=2023-10-08 }}" {{-id-}}</ref> Ba mböröta agama [[Niha Keriso]] ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] lafotöi Zura Ni'amoni'ö andrö ''Buku Hia'' ba gotalua niha raya ba ''Buku Lowalangi'' ba gotalua niha yöu.<ref>Uwe Hummel, Tuhoni Telaumbanua, ''Cross and Adu'', Boekencentrum, 2007, nga'örö 245.</ref> Awena furi hö latötöi manö ia Sura Ni'amoni'ö. == Sura Ni'amoni'ö ba fondraka buku == Irugi ma'ökhö so töra 5 miliar Zura Ni'amoni'ö si no laraka ba la'öli niha.<ref>'''Guinness World Records''', [https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/best-selling-book-of-non-fiction ''Best-selling book''], ({{-en-}})</ref> Ambö töra la'öli niha 100 juta ero röfi,<ref>'''The Economist''', [https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2007/12/19/the-battle-of-the-books ''The battle of the books'', ISSN 0013-0613], ({{-en-}})</ref> ba no isösö ngawalö hadia ia ba wa'auri niha, mositöra ba danö [[Eropa]] ba ba [[budaya]] nifotöi budaya [[Barat]].<ref>'''The Washington Times''', [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/dec/11/the-bibles-influence-the-bible-as-cultural-influen/ ''The Bible as cultural influence''], ({{-en-}})</ref> == Faigi göi == * [[Angolifa Mbuku Zura Ni'amoni'ö]] * [[Amabu'ulali Siföföna]] * [[Amabu'ulali Sibohou]] * [[Yahudi]] * [[Israel]] == Umbu == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Sura Ni'amoni'ö]] [[Kategori:Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Agama]] [[Kategori:Teologi]] [[Kategori:Amabu'ulali Siföföna]] [[Kategori:Amabu'ulali Sibohou]] [[Kategori:Sura amilita]] lk4te5izrae1gelminlgqnvwk8utlp7 0 421 28376 27297 2026-09-23T15:34:24Z Slaia 39 added [[Category:Sura amilita]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28376 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:2020 calendar.jpg|jmpl|Surambaŵa 2020 ba li Inggris]] Lö la'erai [[baŵa|mbaŵa]] molo'ö [[döfi|ndröfi]] meföna ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]]. Awai ni'ilara ha fangerai gofanöŵa [[baŵa|mbaŵa]] ba dalumbanua i'otarai [[tesa'a|desa']]a irugi [[tuli]], ba lafuli zui wangerai moroi föna. Töi [[baŵa|mbaŵa]] si so ba da'e tou no töi [[baŵa|mbaŵa]] niwawalö moroi ba Surambaŵa Paus Gregorius, ni'oguna'ö niha ba zi sagörö ulidanö i'otarai Oktober 1582. Heŵa'ae so ösa zurambaŵa bö'ö simane surambaŵa [[Arab]], surambaŵa [[Tiongkok]], btn. te'oguna'ö sa'atö Zurambaŵa Gregorius andre he ba nahia andrö ba he ba nahia bö'ö ba zi sagörö ulidanö. Bakha ba [[surambaŵa|zurambaŵa]] andre mufaosa zi döfi felendrua [[baŵa]]. Otu fakhe si lalö lafomaha ira niha ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] wanötöi oi döi [[baŵa|mbaŵa]] si felendrua andrö. Simane tou wanötöira döi-töi mbaŵa andrö meföna (no tefaudugö ba lala wanura EYD):<ref>Heinrich Sundermann, ''Niassisch-deutsches Wörterbuch'', 1905</ref> [[Januari|Yanuari]], [[Februari|Feberuari]], [[Maret|Mareti]], [[April|Aferili]], <ref name="lagemann">H. Lagemann, Marah Alam, ''Soera Wombaso, Amaosata V'', 1907, nga'örö 43</ref> [[Mei|Mai]], [[Juni|Yuni]], [[Juli|Yuli]], [[Agustus|Auguso]],<ref name="lagemann"/> [[September|Sefitemba]], [[Oktober|Okitoba]], [[November|Nofemba]], [[Desember|Desemba]] Ma'ökhö andre lö sa'ae la'o'ö lala wanötöi simanö niha ba Danö Niha. No la'o'ö manö lala wanötöi ya'ia ba li Indonesia: [[Januari]], [[Februari]], [[Maret]], [[April]], [[Mei]], [[Juni]], [[Juli]], [[Agustus]], [[September]], [[Oktober]], [[November]] ba [[Desember]]. == Faigi göi == * [[Inötö]] * [[Inötö ba Danö Niha]] * [[Miwo manu]] * [[Tandraluo]] ==Umbu== <references /> [[Kategori:Surambaŵa]] [[Kategori:Tandraluo]] [[Kategori:Ondröita Nono Niha]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] [[Kategori:Sura amilita]] r97ucuvgpcym85u5mx0asr18aumq7qf 0 626 28374 27099 2026-09-23T15:34:07Z Slaia 39 added [[Category:Sura amilita]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28374 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Pendulum clock by Jacob Kock, antique furniture photography, IMG 0931 edit.jpg|jmpl|Tandraluo nifasa ba dowa samözi dorosi side-ide ero afönu sambua jam]] '''Inötö''' no fa'ara moroi ba zalua sisambua irugi zalua sisambua tö. La'erai da'a faoma fakake nifotöi [[tandraluo]], sangerai faoma faosatö [[detik]], [[menit]], ba [[jam]]. Sara ngaluo (sara sima'ökhö ba sibongi) lafaosa ia tobali 24 [[jam]], te'erai i'otarai talumbongi. Me föna lö dozi niha so [[tandraluo|dandraluo]]. Andrö wa lafataro niha samözi eu ma si'öli sangombakha ba niha ba mbanua wa no afönu sambua [[jam]] ginötö (hulö zi mane samözi kato-kato ma torosi me föna). Moroi ba da'ö so wehede "bözi" ba wanötöi inötö, simane bözi sara, bözi lima, bözi felendrua btn. Börö me te'erai ia moroi ba dalumbongi, andrö me felendrua kali labözi no taluluo da'ö. Na no labözi feleŵalu kali ba laŵaö ba khöda bözi önö tanö'owi ma ''mohede riwi''. [[Berkas:1908 calendar Tuck's postcard (obverse).jpg|jmpl|Surambaŵa]] Baero ginötö sero ma'ökhö ni'erai faoma tandraluo andre, so göi ginötö bö'ö sadölö ba hawa'ara so hadia ia. Simane na lamane inötö [[famasi|wamasi]], inötö wemanga, inötö wamahaö ba [[sekola|zekola]], btn. So göi ginötö ni'erai faoma [[surambaŵa]], heza la'owuloi zi'ero ma'ökhö tobali [[migu]], ero [[migu]] tobali [[baŵa]], ba ero [[baŵa]] tobali [[döfi]]. Aefa da'ö so ngafulu ndröfia ero te'erai fulu fakhe, lafotöi ia alahoitö, ba so zingahönö ndröfia ero te'erai ngahönö fakhe. [[Berkas:FULL MOON IN JULY 15.jpg|jmpl|Na afönu mbaŵa lafotöi ia tuli ba li Niha]] Lö ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] wangerai inötö molo'ö [[surambaŵa]] andre meföna. Andrö atö so ia me tohare ndra niha [[Eropa]]. Ba Danö Niha meföna ha la'erai ginötö molo'ö ofanöŵa [[baŵa|mbaŵa]], i'otarai [[tesa'a|desa'a]] lumalö ba [[tuli]], ya'ia na oroma afönu wa'ebua mbaŵa ba mbanua siyaŵa. Me luo da'ö lö nasa khöra fangerai inötö molo'ö döfi. Ni'ilara ya'ia inötö fananö [[fakhe]] ba [[nowi]] ma ba [[laza]] irugi ginötö [[famasi|wamasi]] dania. Andrö göi wa la'oguna'ö wehede [[fakhe]] ba wangerai ndröfi simane na laŵaö, "Ha'uga fakhe nono khöu?" ma zui "Fulu fakhe ubalo-baloi'ö, ga'a." == Faigi göi == * [[Inötö ba Danö Niha]] * [[Miwo manu]] * [[Tandraluo]] * [[Töi mbaŵa]] == Umbu == <references /> [[Kategori:Fakake]] [[Kategori:Mesin]] [[Kategori:Surambaŵa]] [[Kategori:Tandraluo]] [[Kategori:Ondröita Nono Niha]] [[Kategori:Sura amilita]] c1rcj73vvt0vreetznf2cydxt0s2i9o 0 743 28368 27109 2026-09-23T15:31:27Z Slaia 39 added [[Category:Sura amilita]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28368 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fökhö Mbua''' no fökhö salua na ibörögö awuwu halöŵö [[Bua|mbua]] ba wanafi'ö fefu zi ta'unö si so bakha ba nidanö giö fatua lö lumalö ia ba waya. Fökhö da'e tola alua ia ba zi lö arara (nifotöi ''akut'') ba ma zui ba zara (nifotöi ''kronis''). Alua wökhö mbua si lö arara andrö na ambö ndro sangele ba mbua ma zui na no abobo [[bua|mbua]] börö me no tetiti simane na alabu niha ba telobi löwi-löwi, ma na mesokho mbua. Fökhö Mbua sarara si to'ölönia no ida'i-da'i wa'aluania ba töra tölu waŵa wa'ara. Itugu ara itugu abölö-bölö ia ba afuriatania [[bua]] andrö tekiko ma laŵa'ö no irugi mbosi si lima ([[li Inggris]]: ''{{li|en|end stage renal disease}}''). Na no irugi mbosi si lima, ba lö tola mudalu-daluni ia sa'ae. Lö lala wame'e ena'ö sökhi wohalöŵönia mangawuli simane me föna. Ibörötaigö ia fökhö da'e na so [[Fökhö Gulo|wökhö gulo]], na töra abölö wamangele ndro, ma na abao mbua, ma zui na no mokara bakha mbua. Baero da'ö tola göi fao khönia wökhö tanöbö'ö simane fökhö tödö, fa'atöra wa'abölö wamangele ndro, fökhö döla ba fökhö fo'amböta ndro.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease ''Chronic Kidney Disease''], mufaigi me 14 Februari 2020 {{-en-}}</ref> <ref>[https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagal_ginjal_akut ''Gagal Ginjal Akut''], mufaigi me 20 Januari 2020 {{-id-}}</ref> {{Tandra-tandra}} Ba mböröta lö oroma sibai ba lö göi murasoi wa edöna alua wökhö [[bua|mbua]]. Awena tebörögö terasoi ia na no irugi abölö-bölö wa'awuwu halöŵö [[bua|mbua]], na no hatö 10-25% moroi ba zi to'ölönia. Oroma ia na no irugi wa'abölö-bölö simane, ya'ia na mo'amböta nidanö giö ma zui lö möi baero giö. Börö da'ö fefu zi ta'unö tetaha bakha ba mboto ba tobali ia langu. Irege tohare dandra tanöbö'ö sabölö-bölö simane fa'alele mboto ma falö fa'abölö mboto, awuwu wangera-ngera, omulö-mulö dödö ba mo'uta. Börö me tebai möi baero giö, idanö si so ba mboto tetaha bakha, irege abao gahe awö danga. Simanö göi awuwu hanu-hanu me tetaha göi idanö bakha ba mbo.<ref name=":0">Nurarif, A.H., & Kusuma, H. (2015), ''Aplikasi Asuhan Keperawatan Berdasarkan Diagnosa Medis & NANDA NIC-NOC (Jilid 2)''. Jogjakarta: Media Action.</ref> <ref>LeMone, P., Burke, K. M., & Bauldoff, G. (2013), ''Medical Surgical Nursing: Critical thinking in patient care''. United Kingdom: Pearson Education.</ref> {{Famofaosatö}} So lima ngawalö mbosi wa'abölö-bölö wa'awuwu halöŵö mbua (li Inggris ''Glomerular filtration rate'' ma GFR):<ref>Krol, G. D. (2011). ''Chronic Kidney Disease: Clinical Practice Recommendations for Primary Care Physicians and Healthcare Providers''. Diakses dari https://www.asn-online.org/education/training/fellows/HFHS_CKD_V6.pdf</ref><ref>Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes. (2013). KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. ''Kidney International Supplements, 3''(1). Diakses dari <nowiki>https://kdigo.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/KDIGO_2012_CKD_GL.pdf</nowiki></ref> {| class="wikitable" |'''Bosi''' |'''GFR (ml/min/1,73 m²)''' |'''Famotokhi''' |- |1 |≥90 |Bosi nifotöi ''normal'', na tesöndra ''protein'' ba giö |- |2 |60-89 |Bosi nifotöi aoha, eluahania to'ölö alua da'a molo'ö ndröfi niha awö dandra ''protein'' si so ba giö |- |3A |45-59 |Bosi nifotöi ''sedang'', eluahania ha ma'ifu ''risiko'' wa göna fökhö mbua |- |3B |30-44 |Bosi nifotöi ''sedang'' irugi abua, eluahania ha ma'ifu ''risiko'' wa toböhöli wohalöŵö mbua (li Indonesia ''gagal ginjal'') |- |4 |15-29 |Bosi nifotöi abua, eluahania alaŵa ''risiko'' wa edöna tobali ia fökhö mbua |- |5 | rowspan="3" |<15 |Fökhö Mbua |- |5D |Fökhö Mbua: Moguna wanasa ndro (''Hemodialisis''/''peritoneal dialisis'') |- |5T |Fökhö Mbua: Moguna lafalali mbua (''transplantasi ginjal)'' |} {{Diagnosis}} [[Berkas:Kidney – acute cortical necrosis.jpg|jmpl|290x290px|Gambara Mbua]] Sasesenia ibörögö wökhö mbua andrö moroi ba wökhö gulo ba fökhö watöra abölö wamangele ndro (li Inggris ''hypertension'') ba niha satua, ba tanö'bö'ö'nia simane:<ref>[https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/about-chronic-kidney-disease ''Chronic kidney disease (CKD) - Symptoms, causes, treatment''], mufaigi me 14 Februari 2020 {{-en-}}</ref><ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/kidneydisease/pdf/2019_National-Chronic-Kidney-Disease-Fact-Sheet.pdf ''Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2019''], Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, mufaigi me 14 Februari 2020 {{-en-}}</ref> # Fa'abao mbua # Fökhö nga'ötö # Fa'atoba'a lala giö börö mbetua si tobali kara bakha ba mboto niha # Börö dungö sangawuli furi ba mbua # btn. {{Famadöhö}} Sökhi na alio mu'ohe khö doto ba wamareso. Na halöŵö mbua no irugi ambö moroi ba zi 15%, lafotöi ia sa'ae no irugi wökhö mbua (faigi yaŵa) ba fao khönia oi dandra sabölö-bölö nisura si yaŵa. Na no irugi zimane eluahania tebai sa'ae mbua wanafi'ö giö, börö da'ö moguna wanasai ndro (li Indonesia ''cuci darah'' ma asese laŵa'ö ''dialysis''). So dombua lala nitörö ba wanaha ena'ö böi itugu abölö-bölö wökhö da'e: '''Lala si sara''' ba fanasa ndro. Fanasa ndro andre tola nifalua ba sambua mesin nifotöi ''hemodialysis'', ma zui nifalua bakha ba mbetu'a (lafotöi ia ''peritoneal dialysis''). '''Lala si dua''' ba famalali mbua, eluahania lafalali mbua si no tekiko faoma bua moroi ba niha bö'ö sedöna mamualagö buania (moroi khö dalifusö ma zui khö niha sawena mate). Tefalua da'a faoma operasi ba gödo zofökhö (lafotöi ia ''transplantasi ginjal''). Famalali mbua andre ha tola tefalua bakha ba wuröma operasi (''ruang operasi'') ba gödo zofökhö. Lö dalu-dalu baero zi dombua lala nitörö andre.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Download/104032/Permenkes%20Nomor%2038%20Tahun%202016.pdf ''Permenkes Nomor 38 Tahun 2016 tentang Penyelenggaraan Transplantasi Organ,''] mufaigi me 14 Februari 2020 {{-id-}}</ref> {{Fökhö si fakhai}} * [[Fökhö Gulo]] {{Umbu}} <references /> {{Fanimbagö medis}} [[Kategori:Fökhö]] [[Kategori:Ndroto-ndroto mboto]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] [[Kategori:Sura amilita]] s7jpkearg4wjc131r1uan1uqxbwns07 0 1365 28367 28287 2026-09-23T15:31:20Z Slaia 39 added [[Category:Sura amilita]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28367 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.jpg|jmpl|Famakao nitörö mboto ba wökhö gulo tipe 1]] '''Fӧkhӧ Gulo''' (töi resmi ''Diabetes mellitus'', li Indonesia: ''{{li|id|penyakit kencing manis}}'') no ngawalö wӧkhӧ salua börö me falawu oya [[gulo]] bakha ba ndro.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Diabetes |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/diabetes |url-status=live |access-date=29 January 2023 |website=[[World Health Organization]] |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129101252/https://www.who.int/health-topics/diabetes }}</ref><ref name="msd">{{cite web |title=Diabetes Mellitus (DM) - Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-dm-and-disorders-of-blood-sugar-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm |website=MSD Manual Consumer Version |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001070047/https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-dm-and-disorders-of-blood-sugar-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm |url-status=live }}</ref> Sohalöŵö bakha ba mboto ena'ö böi töra ba böi göi ambö wa'oya [[gulo]] andre ya'ia da'ö ŵe nifotöi [[insulin]] nifazökhi [[fali'a]]. Na mo'amböta ibe'e tohöna [[insulin]] [[fali'a]], ba tola wa falawu oya [[gulo]] bakha ba mboto. Bahiza tola göi börö me i'osilö'ögö boto halöŵö ŵe andrö.<ref name="Green2011">{{cite book |veditors=Shoback DG, Gardner D |title=Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology|url=https://archive.org/details/greenspansbasicc0000unse |year=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-162243-1|chapter=Chapter 17|edition=9th}}</ref> Tandra-tandra si no to'ölö la'ila niha ya'ia da'ö fa'owökhi dödö, fa'asese möi kiö, alö wa'abua mboto ba sautö hörö (baŵainö). Na lö mudalu-daluni, tola tobali mongawalö ia (li Indonesia: ''{{li|id|komplikasi}}'') simane [[fökhö tödö]], [[fökhö hörö]], [[fökhö mbua]] ba fökhö nuo.<ref name="ADA2009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN |date=July 2009 |title=Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes |url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/32/7/1335.full |url-status=live |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=32 |issue=7 |pages=1335–1343 |doi=10.2337/dc09-9032 |pmc=2699725 |pmid=19564476 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625075136/http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/32/7/1335.full |archive-date=2016-06-25}}</ref> Mate mato 1,5 juta niha ero röfi börö me lö mudalu-daluni ia ma zui ambö faudu dalu-dalunia.<ref name=":3" /> So dombua ngawalö wökhö gulo sasese so, heŵa'ae so sa danö bö'ö göi, ya'ia da'ö nifotöi '''tipe 1''' ba '''tipe 2'''. Ladalu-daluni wökhö gulo tipe 1 faoma fame'e [[insulin]] (la'oguna'ö suti). Na fökhö gulo tipe 2 tola ladalu-daluni ia faoma dalu-dalu nifotöi ''metformin'' awö ''semaglutide'' ba faoma famawu'a lala wa'auri si ero ma'ökhö (li Inggris: ''{{li|en|lifestyle adjustments}}''). So göi wökhö gulo si so ba ginötö manabina ndra'alawe, bahiza döhö manö ia na no tumbu nono dania. Ba ndröfi 2021, so mato 537 juta niha ba gulidanö si göna fökhö gulo, töra 10% ba gotaluara niha satua. Ba gotalua ndra sofökhö andre 90% göna ira fökhö gulo tipe 2. Molo'ö fangerai, ba ndröfi 2045 edöna so 783 juta niha satua, eluahania samösa ero daŵalu niha, sofökhö gulo, eluahania 46% töra moroi ba wa'oya zofökhö iada'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facts & figures |url=https://idf.org/about-diabetes/facts-figures/ |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=International Diabetes Federation |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810231724/https://idf.org/about-diabetes/facts-figures/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Itugu ara itugu asese göna niha ia, töra-töra ba negara heza so niha sambö fangalui ma zui ha abönö sibai wangaluira.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = De Silva AP, De Silva SH, Haniffa R, Liyanage IK, Jayasinghe S, Katulanda P, Wijeratne CN, Wijeratne S, Rajapaksa LC | display-authors = 6 | title = Inequalities in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its risk factors in Sri Lanka: a lower middle income country | journal = International Journal for Equity in Health | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 45 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29665834 | pmc = 5905173 | doi = 10.1186/s12939-018-0759-3 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Fa'oya zofökhö ira matua arakhagö fagölö ira wa'oya zofökhö ira alawe, ba fökhö gulo andre no numero ŵalu fökhö fondrege asese tobali börö wa'amate niha ba zi sagörö ulidanö.<ref name="Vos2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, Shibuya K, Salomon JA, Abdalla S, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Ackerman I, Aggarwal R, Ahn SY, Ali MK, Alvarado M, Anderson HR, Anderson LM, Andrews KG, Atkinson C, Baddour LM, Bahalim AN, Barker-Collo S, Barrero LH, Bartels DH, Basáñez MG, Baxter A, Bell ML, Benjamin EJ, Bennett D, Bernabé E, Bhalla K, Bhandari B, Bikbov B, Bin Abdulhak A, Birbeck G, Black JA, Blencowe H, Blore JD, Blyth F, Bolliger I, Bonaventure A, Boufous S, Bourne R, Boussinesq M, Braithwaite T, Brayne C, Bridgett L, Brooker S, Brooks P, Brugha TS, Bryan-Hancock C, Bucello C, Buchbinder R, Buckle G, Budke CM, Burch M, Burney P, Burstein R, Calabria B, Campbell B, Canter CE, Carabin H, Carapetis J, Carmona L, Cella C, Charlson F, Chen H, Cheng AT, Chou D, Chugh SS, Coffeng LE, Colan SD, Colquhoun S, Colson KE, Condon J, Connor MD, Cooper LT, Corriere M, Cortinovis M, de Vaccaro KC, Couser W, Cowie BC, Criqui MH, Cross M, Dabhadkar KC, Dahiya M, Dahodwala N, Damsere-Derry J, Danaei G, Davis A, De Leo D, Degenhardt L, Dellavalle R, Delossantos A, Denenberg J, Derrett S, Des Jarlais DC, Dharmaratne SD, Dherani M, Diaz-Torne C, Dolk H, Dorsey ER, Driscoll T, Duber H, Ebel B, Edmond K, Elbaz A, Ali SE, Erskine H, Erwin PJ, Espindola P, Ewoigbokhan SE, Farzadfar F, Feigin V, Felson DT, Ferrari A, Ferri CP, Fèvre EM, Finucane MM, Flaxman S, Flood L, Foreman K, Forouzanfar MH, Fowkes FG, Franklin R, Fransen M, Freeman MK, Gabbe BJ, Gabriel SE, Gakidou E, Ganatra HA, Garcia B, Gaspari F, Gillum RF, Gmel G, Gosselin R, Grainger R, Groeger J, Guillemin F, Gunnell D, Gupta R, Haagsma J, Hagan H, Halasa YA, Hall W, Haring D, Haro JM, Harrison JE, Havmoeller R, Hay RJ, Higashi H, Hill C, Hoen B, Hoffman H, Hotez PJ, Hoy D, Huang JJ, Ibeanusi SE, Jacobsen KH, James SL, Jarvis D, Jasrasaria R, Jayaraman S, Johns N, Jonas JB, Karthikeyan G, Kassebaum N, Kawakami N, Keren A, Khoo JP, King CH, Knowlton LM, Kobusingye O, Koranteng A, Krishnamurthi R, Lalloo R, Laslett LL, Lathlean T, Leasher JL, Lee YY, Leigh J, Lim SS, Limb E, Lin JK, Lipnick M, Lipshultz SE, Liu W, Loane M, Ohno SL, Lyons R, Ma J, Mabweijano J, MacIntyre MF, Malekzadeh R, Mallinger L, Manivannan S, Marcenes W, March L, Margolis DJ, Marks GB, Marks R, Matsumori A, Matzopoulos R, Mayosi BM, McAnulty JH, McDermott MM, McGill N, McGrath J, Medina-Mora ME, Meltzer M, Mensah GA, Merriman TR, Meyer AC, Miglioli V, Miller M, Miller TR, Mitchell PB, Mocumbi AO, Moffitt TE, Mokdad AA, Monasta L, Montico M, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moran A, Morawska L, Mori R, Murdoch ME, Mwaniki MK, Naidoo K, Nair MN, Naldi L, Narayan KM, Nelson PK, Nelson RG, Nevitt MC, Newton CR, Nolte S, Norman P, Norman R, O'Donnell M, O'Hanlon S, Olives C, Omer SB, Ortblad K, Osborne R, Ozgediz D, Page A, Pahari B, Pandian JD, Rivero AP, Patten SB, Pearce N, Padilla RP, Perez-Ruiz F, Perico N, Pesudovs K, Phillips D, Phillips MR, Pierce K, Pion S, Polanczyk GV, Polinder S, Pope CA, Popova S, Porrini E, Pourmalek F, Prince M, Pullan RL, Ramaiah KD, Ranganathan D, Razavi H, Regan M, Rehm JT, Rein DB, Remuzzi G, Richardson K, Rivara FP, Roberts T, Robinson C, De Leòn FR, Ronfani L, Room R, Rosenfeld LC, Rushton L, Sacco RL, Saha S, Sampson U, Sanchez-Riera L, Sanman E, Schwebel DC, Scott JG, Segui-Gomez M, Shahraz S, Shepard DS, Shin H, Shivakoti R, Singh D, Singh GM, Singh JA, Singleton J, Sleet DA, Sliwa K, Smith E, Smith JL, Stapelberg NJ, Steer A, Steiner T, Stolk WA, Stovner LJ, Sudfeld C, Syed S, Tamburlini G, Tavakkoli M, Taylor HR, Taylor JA, Taylor WJ, Thomas B, Thomson WM, Thurston GD, Tleyjeh IM, Tonelli M, Towbin JA, Truelsen T, Tsilimbaris MK, Ubeda C, Undurraga EA, van der Werf MJ, van Os J, Vavilala MS, Venketasubramanian N, Wang M, Wang W, Watt K, Weatherall DJ, Weinstock MA, Weintraub R, Weisskopf MG, Weissman MM, White RA, Whiteford H, Wiersma ST, Wilkinson JD, Williams HC, Williams SR, Witt E, Wolfe F, Woolf AD, Wulf S, Yeh PH, Zaidi AK, Zheng ZJ, Zonies D, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, AlMazroa MA, Memish ZA | display-authors = 6 | title = Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2163 | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages = 2163–2196 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23245607 | pmc = 6350784 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The top 10 causes of death |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death |website=www.who.int |access-date=18 May 2020 |language=en |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924191646/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death |url-status=live }}</ref> Molo'ö fangerai, la'aekhugö ambö töra 760 triliun dollar Amerika niha ba zi sagörö ulidanö ba wamadöhö fökhö andre ero röfi.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bommer C, Sagalova V, Heesemann E, Manne-Goehler J, Atun R, Bärnighausen T, Davies J, Vollmer S | display-authors = 6 | title = Global Economic Burden of Diabetes in Adults: Projections From 2015 to 2030 | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 41 | issue = 5 | pages = 963–970 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 29475843 | doi = 10.2337/dc17-1962 | s2cid = 3538441 | doi-access = free }}</ref> == Tandra-tandra == [[Berkas:Main symptoms of diabetes.svg|jmpl|upright=1.5|Tandra-tandra wökhö gulo sabölö oya so]] Tandra wökhö gulo sabölö la'ila niha ya'ia da'ö na asese möi kiö, owökhi dödö ba mo'amböta wa'abua mboto.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last1=Feather |first1=Adam |title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine |last2=Randall |first2=David |last3=Waterhouse |first3=Mona |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-7020-7868-2 |edition=10th |pages=699–741}}</ref> Bahiza so göi tandra-tandra tanöbö'ö, fao ba ba da'ö lö dage, mosautö hörö (baŵainö) ba ali-ali wamatua ma fa'alawe börö me no ilawusi ia landröta i'i.<ref name=":5" /> So mato matonga wa'oya niha si no göna fökhö gulo si lö oroma tandra-tandra khöra.<ref name=":5" /> Si to'ölönia i'anema'ö oroma tandra-tandra na no göna niha fökhö gulo tipe 1, bahiza lö i'anema'ö oroma dandra-tandra wökhö gulo tipe 2, itaria no ha'uga fakhe manö ba lö nasa oroma ia.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Goldman |first1=Lee |title=Goldman-Cecil Medicine |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780323532662_2 |last2=Schafer |first2=Andrew |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-323-53266-2 |edition=26th |pages=1490–1510}}</ref> [[Berkas:Diabetes complications.jpg|jmpl|Fökhö hörö, fökhö mbua ba fökhö nuo no lua-lua na mongawalö wökhö gulo]] Asese so wökhö gulo sabölö-bölö nifotöi ''ketoacidosis'' (langu saisö)<ref>Alua wökhö nifotöi ''ketoadicosis'' na falawu oya zaisö bakha ba mboto. Alua baero zaisö da'a na i'ohalöŵögöigö dawö ate, ena'ö lö aetu modage niha, börö me mo'amböta ''insulin''.</ref> ba tipe 1, heŵa'ae itaria göi alua ia ba tipe 2 na no ara sibai wökhö ma zui na lö mohalöŵö sa'ae sambua [[sel]] nifotöi sel β bakha ba mboto zofökhö.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last1=Penman |first1=Ian |title=Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine |last2=Ralston |first2=Stuart |last3=Strachan |first3=Mark |last4=Hobson |first4=Richard |publisher=Elsevier |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-7020-8348-8 |edition=24th |pages=703–753}}</ref> Na falawu oya zaisö andre ba tola oroma ia ba tandra-tandra simane fa'omulö-mulö dödö, famu'uta, fökhö dalu, fa'aböu aisö hanu-hanu, fa'ahori mbadu, ba na irege abölö-bölö ia tobali alidifaö zofökhö andrö.<ref name=":6" /> Fökhö sabölö-bölö bö'ö si tola alua ya'ia da'ö nifotöi HHS (li Inggris: ''Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state'') soroma ba tandra-tandra simane famo'amböta nidanö ba mboto (nifotöi ''dehidrasi''), famo'amböta gulo bakha ba ndro ba tola irege fakuyu wangera-ngera zofökhö ma zui femörö sitebai maoso (nifotöi ''koma'').<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Willix |first1=Clare |last2=Griffiths |first2=Emma |last3=Singleton |first3=Sally |date=May 2019 |title=Hyperglycaemic presentations in type 2 diabetes |url=https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/may/hyperglycaemic-presentations-in-type-2-diabetes |journal=Australian Journal of General Practice |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=263–267 |doi=10.31128/AJGP-12-18-4785 |pmid=31129935 |s2cid=167207067 |doi-access=free |access-date=2023-08-10 |archive-date=2023-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230515/https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/may/hyperglycaemic-presentations-in-type-2-diabetes |url-status=live }}</ref> Famo'amböta gulo bakha ba ndro andre no fökhö si no mu'ila ladalu-daluni faoma fame'e [[insulin]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Amiel |first=Stephanie A. |date=2021-05-01 |title=The consequences of hypoglycaemia |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-020-05366-3 |journal=Diabetologia |language=en |volume=64 |issue=5 |pages=963–970 |doi=10.1007/s00125-020-05366-3 |issn=1432-0428 |pmc=8012317 |pmid=33550443}}</ref> Na abölö-bölö ia ba tola oroma tandra-tandra simane oya mböböi, maniri döla, manimba dödö sabölö-bölö, fakuyu gera-era, maniri-niri, koma, ba itaria fa'amate.<ref name=":7" /> Na asese alua da'a, ba tola manö alua wa lö oroma dandra-tandra irege tebörögö fakuyu gera-gera zofökhö.<ref name=":7" /> === Fökhö songawalö na ara wökhö === Fökhö songawalö (li Indonesia: ''{{li|ira|komplikasi}}'') si tola alua börö wökhö gulo ya'ia da'ö fa'atekiko nuo si fakhai ba dödö.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Diabetes - long-term effects |url=http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes-long-term-effects |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=Better Health Channel |publisher=Department of Health |language=en |publication-place=Victoria |archive-date=2023-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029233716/https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes-long-term-effects |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sarwar N, Gao P, Seshasai SR, Gobin R, Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E, Ingelsson E, Lawlor DA, Selvin E, Stampfer M, Stehouwer CD, Lewington S, Pennells L, Thompson A, Sattar N, White IR, Ray KK, Danesh J | display-authors = 6 | title = Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies | journal = Lancet | volume = 375 | issue = 9733 | pages = 2215–2222 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20609967 | pmc = 2904878 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60484-9 }}</ref> Eluahania tobali dua kali mosikho fökhö tödö niha si göna fökhö gulo, ba ambö töra 75% niha simate faoma fökhö gulo, mate börö wökhö tödö.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, Casey DE, Chung MK, de Lemos JA, Ettinger SM, Fang JC, Fesmire FM, Franklin BA, Granger CB, Krumholz HM, Linderbaum JA, Morrow DA, Newby LK, Ornato JP, Ou N, Radford MJ, Tamis-Holland JE, Tommaso CL, Tracy CM, Woo YJ, Zhao DX, Anderson JL, Jacobs AK, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Brindis RG, Creager MA, DeMets D, Guyton RA, Hochman JS, Kovacs RJ, Kushner FG, Ohman EM, Stevenson WG, Yancy CW |date=January 2013 |title=2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines |journal=Circulation |volume=127 |issue=4 |pages=e368 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182742cf6 |pmid=23247304 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Fökhö nuo tanöbö'ö ya'ia tekiko nuo samahele ndro ba guto irege mate [[sel]] bakha ba guto (fökhö nifotöi mate-dambai ma ''stroke'') awö wökhö fa'atolazi nuo ba gahe ba ba danga irege lö tola itörö ndro.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Papatheodorou K, Banach M, Bekiari E, Rizzo M, Edmonds M |date=11 March 2018 |title=Complications of Diabetes 2017 |journal=Journal of Diabetes Research |volume=2018 |pages=3086167 |doi=10.1155/2018/3086167 |pmc=5866895 |pmid=29713648 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Fökhö nuo andre tola mo'aekhula ia ba wökhö si fakhai ba hörö, ba mbua ba ba nuo nifotöi ''saraf''.<ref name=":8" /> Fa'atekiko nuo si fakhai ba hörö no börö wa'abösi ma fa'abalunö hörö khö ndra niha sabölö nasa.<ref name=":5" /> Tola göi mo'aekhula ia ba wökhö hörö tanöbö'ö simane fa'abalunö hörö nifotöi ''katarak'' ba ''glaucoma''.<ref name=":5" /> Sökhi na ero döfi möi lafareso höröra khö doto hörö ya'ira sofökhö gulo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diabetes eye care |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000078.htm |access-date=2018-03-27 |website=MedlinePlus |publisher=National Library of Medicine |language=en |publication-place=Maryland |archive-date=2018-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328102348/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000078.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Fökhö gulo no fökhö sasese mamobörö [[fökhö mbua]], töra 50% zofökhö bua ba [[Amerika Serikat]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last1=Wing |first1=Edward J |title=Cecil Essentials of Medicine |last2=Schiffman |first2=Fred |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-323-72271-1 |edition=10th |location=Pennsylvania |pages=282–297, 662–677}}</ref> Tola göi ifakiko nuo nifotöi ''saraf'' fökhö gulo, duma-dumania na lö raso sa'ae, na alua wökhö nuo, na ombuyu dalu ba tebai auri mba'i ndra matua.<ref name=":5" /> Börö me lö raso sa'ae, mo'aekhula ia ba wökhö simane na abao-ombuyu waha ma ahe, irege obou ba moguna lataba faoma operasi (nifotöi ''amputasi'').<ref name=":5" /> Molo'ö [[data]] si no mu'owuloi, so gamaikhata wökhö gulo tipe 2 faoma wökhö [[awökhu|gawökhu]]. Ya'ira sofökhö gulo abölö mosikho ira göna fökhö [[awökhu|gawökhu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yuan |first1=Shuai |last2=Gill |first2=Dipender |last3=Giovannucci |first3=Edward L. |last4=Larsson |first4=Susanna C. |date=March 2022 |title=Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, Lifestyle Factors, and Risk of Gallstone Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Investigation |journal=Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology |language=en |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=e529–e537 |doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2020.12.034|pmid=33418132 |doi-access=free |hdl=10044/1/86461 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Baero da'ö so göi khai-khaira wökhö gulo ba fa'ambö wangera-ngera (li Inggris: ''{{li|en|cognitive deficit}}''). Oroma da'a bakha ba ngawalö wangosili si no mufalua.<ref name="cognitive">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cukierman T, Gerstein HC, Williamson JD |date=December 2005 |title=Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes--systematic overview of prospective observational studies |journal=Diabetologia |volume=48 |issue=12 |pages=2460–2469 |doi=10.1007/s00125-005-0023-4 |pmid=16283246 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Fökhö andre itaria göi tobali börö wa asese alau niha sibiha, töra-töra niha si no mangai [[insulin]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Yang Y, Hu X, Zhang Q, Zou R |date=November 2016 |title=Diabetes mellitus and risk of falls in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Age and Ageing |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=761–767 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afw140 |pmid=27515679 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Samobörö == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:10px" |+Fökhö gulo tipe 1 ba tipe 2 (sifagölö ba sifabö'ö)<ref name=Will2011>{{cite book |title=Williams textbook of endocrinology |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |isbn=978-1-4377-0324-5 |pages=1371–1435 |edition=12th|year=2011 }}</ref> |- ! Omböila !! Tipe 1 !! Tipe 2 |- ! Böröta | I'anema'ö||Ita'i-ta'i |- ! Ndröfi | Arakhagö fefu ba ndraono || Arakhagö fefu ba zatua |- ! Fa'ebua mboto | Afuo ma to'ölö manö<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lambert P, Bingley PJ | title = What is Type 1 Diabetes? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_critical-care-medicine_2002-06_30_6_0/page/1 | journal = Medicine | volume = 30 | pages = 1–5 | year = 2002 | doi = 10.1383/medc.30.1.1.28264 }}</ref> || Asese falawu esolo |- ! Fa'alua langu saisö<ref>Töi resminia ba gotalua ndra doto: ''ketoacidosis''</ref> | Asese || Itaria |- ! Otoantibodi<ref>Lafotöi ''otoantibodi'' zalua na ibörötaigö boto wamakiko botoda samösa. Si to'ölönia na so dungö, langu ma gofu hadia ia zi ta'unö simöi bakha ba mboto, ba i'anema'ö isuwö da'ö fefu boto (lafotöi da'a ''antibodi''). Bahiza itaria ''owöhö'' mbotoda samösa, irege tenga udu moroi baero nisuwönia, bahiza ngawalö zoguna ba mboto samösa. Duma-dumania fökhö nifotöi ''kanker'' alua börö me isuwö mboto botoda samösa.</ref> | Si to'ölönia so || Lö so |- ! Insulin nifazökhi mboto<ref>Lafotöi ''insulin'' sambua ŵe nifatumbu'ö wali'a. Moguna ŵe andre ba wamatörö ena'ö böi falawu töra ba böi göi falawu lö'ö gulo bakha ba ndro.</ref> | Arakhagö lö'ö ma lö'ö || Normal, alö<br /> ma monönö |- ! Fama'ema ba götö mitou | 0.69 irugi 0.88<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skov J, Eriksson D, Kuja-Halkola R, Höijer J, Gudbjörnsdottir S, Svensson AM, Magnusson PK, Ludvigsson JF, Kämpe O, Bensing S | display-authors = 6 | title = Co-aggregation and heritability of organ-specific autoimmunity: a population-based twin study | journal = European Journal of Endocrinology | volume = 182 | issue = 5 | pages = 473–480 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32229696 | doi = 10.1530/EJE-20-0049 | pmc = 7182094 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hyttinen V, Kaprio J, Kinnunen L, Koskenvuo M, Tuomilehto J | title = Genetic liability of type 1 diabetes and the onset age among 22,650 young Finnish twin pairs: a nationwide follow-up study | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetes_2003-04_52_4/page/1052 | journal = Diabetes | volume = 52 | issue = 4 | pages = 1052–1055 | date = April 2003 | pmid = 12663480 | doi = 10.2337/diabetes.52.4.1052 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Condon J, Shaw JE, Luciano M, Kyvik KO, Martin NG, Duffy DL | title = A study of diabetes mellitus within a large sample of Australian twins | journal = Twin Research and Human Genetics | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 28–40 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 18251672 | doi = 10.1375/twin.11.1.28 | s2cid = 18072879 | url = https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/11913813/study_of_diabetes_mellitus_within_a_large_sample_of_Australian_twins.pdf | access-date = 2021-12-27 | archive-date = 2023-07-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230701154034/https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/11913813/study_of_diabetes_mellitus_within_a_large_sample_of_Australian_twins.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>|| 0.47 irugi 0.77<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Willemsen G, Ward KJ, Bell CG, Christensen K, Bowden J, Dalgård C, Harris JR, Kaprio J, Lyle R, Magnusson PK, Mather KA, Ordoňana JR, Perez-Riquelme F, Pedersen NL, Pietiläinen KH, Sachdev PS, Boomsma DI, Spector T | display-authors = 6 | title = The Concordance and Heritability of Type 2 Diabetes in 34,166 Twin Pairs From International Twin Registers: The Discordant Twin (DISCOTWIN) Consortium | journal = Twin Research and Human Genetics | volume = 18 | issue = 6 | pages = 762–771 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26678054 | doi = 10.1017/thg.2015.83 | s2cid = 17854531 | doi-access = free }}</ref> |- ! Fa'asese tesöndra (nifaosatö molo'ö ndröfi) | <2 ero 1,000<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lin X, Xu Y, Pan X, Xu J, Ding Y, Sun X, Song X, Ren Y, Shan PF | display-authors = 6 | title = Global, regional, and national burden and trend of diabetes in 195 countries and territories: an analysis from 1990 to 2025 | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 14790 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32901098 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-71908-9 | pmc = 7478957 | bibcode = 2020NatSR..1014790L }}</ref>|| ~6% (ndramatua), ~5% (ndra'alawe)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tinajero MG, Malik VS | title = An Update on the Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes: A Global Perspective | journal = Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America | volume = 50 | issue = 3 | pages = 337–355 | date = September 2021 | pmid = 34399949 | doi = 10.1016/j.ecl.2021.05.013 }}</ref> |} Molo'ö [[WHO]] (World Health Organization) so 6 faosatö wökhö gulo: fökhö gulo tipe 1, fökhö gulo tipe 2, fökhö gulo si faruka tandra-tandrania (fao ba da'ö wökhö gulo sara manöi ba niha satua awö wökhö gulo tipe 2 si fao langu saisö), fökhö gulo si so ba ndra'alawe sanabina, "fökhö gulo tipe tanöbö'ö" ba "fökhö gulo si lö nasa mufaosatö".<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1233344/retrieve |title=Classification of diabetes mellitus 2019 |date=2019 |publisher=World Health Organisation |location=Geneva |isbn=978-92-4-151570-2 |access-date=2023-08-15 |archive-date=2023-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306070305/https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1233344/retrieve |url-status=live }}</ref> Oya ngawalö wökhö gulo töra moroi ba ni'angeragö niha meföna, ba tola manö wa göna samösa niha tenga ha sambua bahiza mato ha'uga ngawalö wökhö gulo andrö.<ref name="Tuomi2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tuomi T, Santoro N, Caprio S, Cai M, Weng J, Groop L |date=March 2014 |title=The many faces of diabetes: a disease with increasing heterogeneity |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_march-22-28-2014_383_9922/page/1084 |journal=Lancet |volume=383 |issue=9922 |pages=1084–1094 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62219-9 |pmid=24315621 |s2cid=12679248}}</ref> === Fökhö gulo tipe 1 === Moroi ba gotalua fefu wökhö gulo, so tipe 1 andre mato 5 irugi 10%. Fondrege tesöndra ia ba wökhö gulo si göna niha sawuyu ndröfi moroi ba zi 20 fakhe;<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=V |title=Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease |last2=Abbas |first2=A |last3=Aster |first3=J |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-323-60992-0 |edition=10th |location=Pennsylvania |pages=1065–1132}}</ref> bahiza lö te'oguna'ö sa'ae ŵa'öta "fökhö gulo ndraono matua" me tola alua ia göi ba niha satua.<ref name=":9" /> Oroma wa so wökhö andre na mo'amböta nifotöi [[sel]] β ([[sel]] ''beta'') bakha ba wali'a, ba börö da'ö mo'amböta göi [[insulin]], irege tefaböbö ia sa'ae ba wökhö si fakhai ba wa'abölö mboto wolaŵa fökhö nifotöi ''kekebalan tubuh'' ba li Indonesia ma zui ''immune system'' ba li Inggris.<ref name=":10" /> Arakhagö fefu wökhö salua fakhai ia ba zabölö mboto andre, me isuwö mboto botoda samösa (samalua da'a sambua [[sel]] nifotöi T) irege mate oi [[sel]] beta no mege, ba afuriatania falawu mo'amböta [[insulin]].<ref name="Rother">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rother KI | title = Diabetes treatment--bridging the divide | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2007-04-12_356_15/page/1499 | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 356 | issue = 15 | pages = 1499–1501 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17429082 | pmc = 4152979 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMp078030 }}</ref> Asese möi yaŵa möi tou wa'oya gulo bakha ba ndro niha sofökhö, börö wo'amböta [[insulin]] ba börö wo'amböta wa'abölö wolaŵa nifotöi fökhö gulo ''hypoglycaemia''.<ref name="merck1">{{cite web |last=Brutsaert |first=EF |date=September 2022 |title=Diabetes Mellitus (DM) |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=MSD Manual Professional Version |publisher=[[Merck & Co.|Merck Publishing]] |archive-date=2023-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815124233/https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm |url-status=live }}</ref> So ösa wökhö gulo tipe 1 nifa'ema ba götö mitou, heza tesöndra mato ha'uga ngawalö [[gen]] (fao ba da'ö gen HLA) same'e mosikho niha ba wökhö gulo. Na so gen andre ba mboto zi samösa niha, ba tola alua wa göna ia fökhö gulo börö ngawalö hadia ia zi so ba zi fasui (nifotöi ''faktor lingkungan'' ba li Indonesia),<ref name=PetzoldSolimena2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Petzold A, Solimena M, Knoch KP | title = Mechanisms of Beta Cell Dysfunction Associated With Viral Infection | journal = Current Diabetes Reports | volume = 15 | issue = 10 | pages = 73 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 26280364 | pmc = 4539350 | doi = 10.1007/s11892-015-0654-x | type = Review | quote = So far, none of the hypotheses accounting for virus-induced beta cell autoimmunity has been supported by stringent evidence in humans, and the involvement of several mechanisms rather than just one is also plausible. }}</ref> simane na falemba khöra dungö ite (''virus'') ma zui ngawalö gö ni'ara. So mato ha'uga ngawalö virus andrö, bahiza lö nasa abönö ni'ila hörö nibabaya tanga (''bukti'') moroi ba wangosili ndra ere wökhö.<ref name=PetzoldSolimena2015 /><ref name=ButaliaKaplan2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Butalia S, Kaplan GG, Khokhar B, Rabi DM | title = Environmental Risk Factors and Type 1 Diabetes: Past, Present, and Future | journal = Canadian Journal of Diabetes | volume = 40 | issue = 6 | pages = 586–593 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 27545597 | doi = 10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.05.002 | type = Review }}</ref> Tola göna niha wökhö gulo tipe 1 gofu manö ndröfi, heŵa'ae niha satua abölö asese göna fökhö andre. Töi nibe'e ndra ere wökhö na alua zimane ya'ia LADA (''Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults''), eluahania alua wökhö tipe 1 ba niha satua; no ita'i-ta'i wamanöi ya'ia, tenga simane ba ndraono, salio manöi wökhö andre. Börö da'ö itaria latötöi wökhö ba zatua andre "fökhö gulo tipe 1,5". Asese fasala ''diagnosis'' wökhö andre ba niha satua, lawalinga fökhö gulo tipe 2 ia, börö me lasöndra ia ba niha satua.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Laugesen E, Østergaard JA, Leslie RD | title = Latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult: current knowledge and uncertainty | journal = Diabetic Medicine | volume = 32 | issue = 7 | pages = 843–852 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 25601320 | pmc = 4676295 | doi = 10.1111/dme.12700 }}</ref> Börö LADA tesöndra falawu oya ''insulin'' ba niha satua moroi ba na göna ira wökhö gulo tipe 1, bahiza ambö sökhi gulo nifazökhi insulin andrö.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Diabetes? |url=https://www.diabetesdaily.com/learn-about-diabetes/basics/what-is-diabetes/ |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=Diabetes Daily |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004071449/https://www.diabetesdaily.com/learn-about-diabetes/basics/what-is-diabetes/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nolasco-Rosales |first1=Germán Alberto |last2=Ramírez-González |first2=Dania |last3=Rodríguez-Sánchez |first3=Ester |last4=Ávila-Fernandez |first4=Ángela |last5=Villar-Juarez |first5=Guillermo Efrén |last6=González-Castro |first6=Thelma Beatriz |last7=Tovilla-Zárate |first7=Carlos Alfonso |last8=Guzmán-Priego |first8=Crystell Guadalupe |last9=Genis-Mendoza |first9=Alma Delia |last10=Ble-Castillo |first10=Jorge Luis |last11=Marín-Medina |first11=Alejandro |last12=Juárez-Rojop |first12=Isela Esther |date=2023-04-29 |title=Identification and phenotypic characterization of patients with LADA in a population of southeast Mexico |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=7029 |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-34171-2 |issn=2045-2322 |pmid=37120620|pmc=10148806 |bibcode=2023NatSR..13.7029N }}</ref> === Fökhö gulo tipe 2 === [[Berkas:Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.jpg|jmpl|Na mo'amböta wa'oya ma zui wa'abölö ''insulin'' ba tobali monönö wa'oya gulo bakha ba ndro]] Manumbu wökhö gulo tipe 2 na mo'amböta wa'abölö ''insulin'' ninönö na wa mo'amböta wa'oyania.<ref name=Green2011/> The defective responsiveness of body tissues to insulin is believed to involve the [[insulin receptor]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Freeman |first=Andrew M. |title=Insulin Resistance |date=2024 |work=StatPearls |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507839/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29939616 |last2=Acevedo |first2=Luis A. |last3=Pennings |first3=Nicholas |archive-date=2024-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207020904/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507839/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Fökhö gulo tipe 2 andre no fökhö fondrege asese so, 95% moroi fefu niha si göna fökhö gulo. Ato niha si göna fökhö gulo tipe 2 samörögö faoma fökhö sangoroma'ö wa edöna göna ira dania fökhö gulo tipe 2.<ref>{{cite journal | author = American Diabetes Association | title = 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 40 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = S11–S24 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 27979889 | doi = 10.2337/dc17-S005 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Tola labatogö ia, ena'ö böi irugi wökhö gulo sindruhu, na la'oguna'ö dalu-dalu same'e ena'ö mofa'abölö ''insulin'' ba mo'amböta wamanumbu gulo.<ref name="pmid30528418">{{cite journal | vauthors = Carris NW, Magness RR, Labovitz AJ | title = Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus in Patients With Prediabetes | journal = The American Journal of Cardiology | volume = 123 | issue = 3 | pages = 507–512 | date = February 2019 | pmid = 30528418 | pmc = 6350898 | doi = 10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.10.032 }}</ref> Awena irugi da'a te'ali mangawuli zura andre moroi ba Wikipedia Inggris. Tolo Wikipedia Nias ba wanohugö wo'ali ya'ia. Oroma teks ba li Inggris ba modus wanura kode <!-- Type 2 diabetes is primarily due to lifestyle factors and genetics.<ref name=Fat2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Risérus U, Willett WC, Hu FB | title = Dietary fats and prevention of type 2 diabetes | journal = Progress in Lipid Research | volume = 48 | issue = 1 | pages = 44–51 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19032965 | pmc = 2654180 | doi = 10.1016/j.plipres.2008.10.002 }}</ref> A number of lifestyle factors are known to be important to the development of type 2 diabetes, including [[obesity]] (defined by a [[body mass index]] of greater than 30), lack of [[physical activity]], poor [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]], [[stress (biology)|stress]], and [[urbanization]].<ref name=Will2011/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fletcher |first1=Barbara |last2=Gulanick |first2=Meg |last3=Lamendola |first3=Cindy |date=January 2002 |title=Risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11800065 |journal=The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=17–23 |doi=10.1097/00005082-200201000-00003 |issn=0889-4655 |pmid=11800065 |access-date=2023-10-12 |archive-date=2023-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020123710/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11800065/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Excess body fat is associated with 30% of cases in people of Chinese and Japanese descent, 60–80% of cases in those of European and African descent, and 100% of Pima Indians and Pacific Islanders.<ref name=Green2011/> Even those who are not obese may have a high [[waist–hip ratio]].<ref name=Green2011/> Dietary factors such as [[sugar]]-sweetened drinks are associated with an increased risk.<ref name="SSB2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Després JP, Hu FB | title = Sugar-sweetened beverages, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease risk | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_circulation_2010-03-23_121_11/page/1356 | journal = Circulation | volume = 121 | issue = 11 | pages = 1356–1364 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20308626 | pmc = 2862465 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.876185 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Després JP, Willett WC, Hu FB | title = Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 33 | issue = 11 | pages = 2477–2483 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 20693348 | pmc = 2963518 | doi = 10.2337/dc10-1079 }}</ref> The type of [[fat]]s in the diet is also important, with [[saturated fat]] and [[trans fat]]s increasing the risk and [[polyunsaturated fat|polyunsaturated]] and [[monounsaturated fat]] decreasing the risk.<ref name="Fat2009" /> Eating [[white rice]] excessively may increase the risk of diabetes, especially in Chinese and Japanese people.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hu EA, Pan A, Malik V, Sun Q | title = White rice consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis and systematic review | journal = BMJ | volume = 344 | pages = e1454 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22422870 | pmc = 3307808 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e1454 }}</ref> Lack of physical activity may increase the risk of diabetes in some people.<ref name="pmid22818936">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT | title = Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9838 | pages = 219–229 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22818936 | pmc = 3645500 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9 }}</ref> [[Adverse Childhood Experiences Study|Adverse childhood experiences]], including abuse, neglect, and household difficulties, increase the likelihood of type 2 diabetes later in life by 32%, with [[neglect]] having the strongest effect.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Huang H, Yan P, Shan Z, Chen S, Li M, Luo C, Gao H, Hao L, Liu L | display-authors = 6 | title = Adverse childhood experiences and risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Metabolism | volume = 64 | issue = 11 | pages = 1408–1418 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26404480 | doi = 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.08.019 }}</ref> [[Antipsychotic|Antipsychotic medication]] side effects (specifically metabolic abnormalities, [[dyslipidemia]] and weight gain) and unhealthy lifestyles (including poor diet and decreased [[physical activity]]), are potential risk factors.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang Y, Liu Y, Su Y, You Y, Ma Y, Yang G, Song Y, Liu X, Wang M, Zhang L, Kou C | display-authors = 6 | title = The metabolic side effects of 12 antipsychotic drugs used for the treatment of schizophrenia on glucose: a network meta-analysis | journal = BMC Psychiatry | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 373 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 29162032 | pmc = 5698995 | doi = 10.1186/s12888-017-1539-0 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ===Gestational diabetes=== {{Main|Gestational diabetes}} Gestational diabetes resembles type 2 diabetes in several respects, involving a combination of relatively inadequate insulin secretion and responsiveness. It occurs in about 2–10% of all [[pregnancy|pregnancies]] and may improve or disappear after delivery.<ref name=NDIC_Stats>{{cite web|title=National Diabetes Clearinghouse (NDIC): National Diabetes Statistics 2011|url=http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/#Gestational|publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services|access-date=22 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417143052/http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/#Gestational|archive-date=17 April 2014}}</ref> It is recommended that all pregnant women get tested starting around 24–28 weeks gestation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Soldavini J |date=November 2019|title=Krause's Food & The Nutrition Care Process|journal=Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior|volume=51|issue=10|pages=1225|doi=10.1016/j.jneb.2019.06.022|s2cid=209272489|issn=1499-4046}}</ref> It is most often diagnosed in the second or third trimester because of the increase in insulin-antagonist hormone levels that occurs at this time.<ref name=":2" /> However, after pregnancy approximately 5–10% of women with gestational diabetes are found to have another form of diabetes, most commonly type 2.<ref name=NDIC_Stats /> Gestational diabetes is fully treatable, but requires careful medical supervision throughout the pregnancy. Management may include dietary changes, blood glucose monitoring, and in some cases, insulin may be required.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/gestational/management-treatment|title=Managing & Treating Gestational Diabetes {{!}} NIDDK|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-06|archive-date=2019-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506202142/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/gestational/management-treatment|url-status=live}}</ref> Though it may be transient, untreated gestational diabetes can damage the health of the fetus or mother. Risks to the baby include [[macrosomia]] (high birth weight), [[Congenital heart defect|congenital heart]] and [[central nervous system]] abnormalities, and [[skeletal muscle]] malformations. Increased levels of insulin in a fetus's blood may inhibit fetal [[surfactant]] production and cause [[infant respiratory distress syndrome]]. A [[Bilirubin#Hyperbilirubinemia|high blood bilirubin level]] may result from [[hemolysis|red blood cell destruction]]. In severe cases, perinatal death may occur, most commonly as a result of poor placental perfusion due to vascular impairment. [[Labor induction]] may be indicated with decreased placental function. A [[caesarean section]] may be performed if there is marked [[fetal distress]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tarvonen M, Hovi P, Sainio S, Vuorela P, Andersson S, Teramo K | title = Intrapartal cardiotocographic patterns and hypoxia-related perinatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus | journal = Acta Diabetologica | volume = 58 | issue = 11 | pages = 1563–1573 | date = November 2021 | pmid = 34151398 | pmc = 8505288 | doi = 10.1007/s00592-021-01756-0 | s2cid = 235487220 | doi-access = free }}</ref> or an increased risk of injury associated with macrosomia, such as [[shoulder dystocia]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health |date=February 2015 |chapter=Intrapartum care |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0080685/ |title=Diabetes in Pregnancy: Management of diabetes and its complications from preconception to the postnatal period |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK) |language=en |access-date=2018-08-21 |archive-date=2021-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828061326/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK328350/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Other types=== [[Maturity onset diabetes of the young]] (MODY) is a rare [[Dominance (genetics)|autosomal dominant]] inherited form of diabetes, due to one of several single-gene mutations causing defects in insulin production.<ref>{{cite web|title=Monogenic Forms of Diabetes|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/monogenic-neonatal-mellitus-mody#3|website=National institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases|publisher=US NIH|access-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312195627/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/monogenic-neonatal-mellitus-mody#3|archive-date=12 March 2017}}</ref> It is significantly less common than the three main types, constituting 1–2% of all cases. The name of this disease refers to early hypotheses as to its nature. Being due to a defective gene, this disease varies in age at presentation and in severity according to the specific gene defect; thus, there are at least 13 subtypes of MODY. People with MODY often can control it without using insulin.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Thanabalasingham G, Owen KR | title = Diagnosis and management of maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) | journal = BMJ | volume = 343 | issue = oct19 3 | pages = d6044 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 22012810 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.d6044 | s2cid = 44891167 }}</ref> Some cases of diabetes are caused by the body's tissue receptors not responding to insulin (even when insulin levels are normal, which is what separates it from type&nbsp;2 diabetes); this form is very uncommon. Genetic mutations ([[Dominance (genetics)|autosomal]] or [[Mitochondrion|mitochondrial]]) can lead to defects in beta cell function. Abnormal insulin action may also have been genetically determined in some cases. Any disease that causes extensive damage to the pancreas may lead to diabetes (for example, [[chronic pancreatitis]] and [[cystic fibrosis]]). Diseases associated with excessive secretion of [[insulin receptor|insulin-antagonistic]] [[hormone]]s can cause diabetes (which is typically resolved once the hormone excess is removed). Many drugs impair insulin secretion and some toxins damage pancreatic beta cells, whereas others increase [[insulin resistance]] (especially [[glucocorticoid]]s which can provoke "[[steroid diabetes]]"). The [[ICD-10]] (1992) diagnostic entity, ''malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus'' (ICD-10 code E12), was deprecated by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) when the current taxonomy was introduced in 1999.<ref name="WHO1999-DefDiagClass">{{cite web |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |title=Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications |year=1999 |url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/WHO_NCD_NCS_99.2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030308005119/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/WHO_NCD_NCS_99.2.pdf |archive-date=2003-03-08}}</ref> Yet another form of diabetes that people may develop is [[double diabetes]]. This is when a type 1 diabetic becomes insulin resistant, the hallmark for type 2 diabetes or has a family history for type 2 diabetes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cleland SJ, Fisher BM, Colhoun HM, Sattar N, Petrie JR | title = Insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes: what is 'double diabetes' and what are the risks? | journal = Diabetologia | volume = 56 | issue = 7 | pages = 1462–1470 | date = July 2013 | pmid = 23613085 | pmc = 3671104 | doi = 10.1007/s00125-013-2904-2 | publisher = National Library of Medicine }}</ref> It was first discovered in 1990 or 1991. The following is a list of disorders that may increase the risk of diabetes:<ref name=Robbins>Unless otherwise specified, reference is: Table 20-5 in {{Cite book|author1=Mitchell, Richard Sheppard |author2=Kumar, Vinay |author3=Abbas, Abul K. |author4=Fausto, Nelson |title=Robbins Basic Pathology|url=https://archive.org/details/robbinsbasicpath0000unse_q0t1 |publisher=Saunders |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1 |edition=8th |year=2007 }}</ref> {{Col-float-begin}} * Genetic defects of β-cell function ** [[Maturity onset diabetes of the young]] ** Mitochondrial DNA mutations * Genetic defects in insulin processing or insulin action ** Defects in [[proinsulin]] conversion ** Insulin gene mutations ** Insulin receptor mutations * Exocrine pancreatic defects (see [[Type 3c diabetes]], i.e. pancreatogenic diabetes) ** [[Chronic pancreatitis]] ** [[Pancreatectomy]] ** [[Pancreatic neoplasia]] ** [[Cystic fibrosis]] ** [[Hemochromatosis]] ** [[Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy]] {{Col-float-break}} * [[Endocrinopathies]] ** Growth hormone excess ([[acromegaly]]) ** [[Cushing syndrome]] ** [[Hyperthyroidism]] ** [[Hypothyroidism]] ** [[Pheochromocytoma]] ** [[Glucagonoma]] * Infections ** [[Cytomegalovirus infection]] ** [[Coxsackie B4 virus|Coxsackievirus B]] * Drugs ** [[Glucocorticoids]] ** [[Thyroid hormone]] ** [[β-adrenergic agonist]]s ** [[Statins]]<ref name="pmid20167359">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sattar N, Preiss D, Murray HM, Welsh P, Buckley BM, de Craen AJ, Seshasai SR, McMurray JJ, Freeman DJ, Jukema JW, Macfarlane PW, Packard CJ, Stott DJ, Westendorp RG, Shepherd J, Davis BR, Pressel SL, Marchioli R, Marfisi RM, Maggioni AP, Tavazzi L, Tognoni G, Kjekshus J, Pedersen TR, Cook TJ, Gotto AM, Clearfield MB, Downs JR, Nakamura H, Ohashi Y, Mizuno K, Ray KK, Ford I | display-authors = 6 | title = Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_february-27-march-5-2010_375_9716/page/735 | journal = Lancet | volume = 375 | issue = 9716 | pages = 735–742 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 20167359 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61965-6 | s2cid = 11544414 }}</ref> {{Col-float-end}} ==Pathophysiology== [[Berkas:Suckale08 fig3 glucose insulin day.png|jmpl|upright=1.4|The fluctuation of [[Blood sugar level|blood sugar]] (red) and the sugar-lowering hormone [[insulin]] (blue) in humans during the course of a day with three meals. One of the effects of a [[sucrose|sugar]]-rich vs a [[starch]]-rich meal is highlighted.]] [[Berkas:Glucose-insulin-release.svg|jmpl|upright=1.4|Mechanism of insulin release in normal pancreatic [[beta cell]]s. Insulin production is more or less constant within the beta cells. Its release is triggered by food, chiefly food containing absorbable glucose.]] [[Insulin]] is the principal hormone that regulates the uptake of [[glucose]] from the blood into most cells of the body, especially liver, adipose tissue and muscle, except smooth muscle, in which insulin acts via the [[IGF-1]].{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} Therefore, deficiency of insulin or the insensitivity of its [[Receptor (biochemistry)|receptors]] play a central role in all forms of diabetes mellitus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Insulin Basics |url=https://diabetes.org/healthy-living/medication-treatments/insulin-other-injectables/insulin-basics |publisher=American Diabetes Association |access-date=25 June 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621163852/https://diabetes.org/healthy-living/medication-treatments/insulin-other-injectables/insulin-basics |archive-date=21 June 2023}}</ref> The body obtains glucose from three main sources: the intestinal absorption of food; the breakdown of [[glycogen]] ([[glycogenolysis]]), the storage form of glucose found in the liver; and [[gluconeogenesis]], the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates in the body.<ref name=GreenspanEndo>{{cite book |veditors=Shoback DG, Gardner D |title=Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology |url=https://archive.org/details/greenspansbasicc0000unse |year=2011 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |isbn=978-0-07-162243-1|edition=9th}}</ref> Insulin plays a critical role in regulating glucose levels in the body. Insulin can inhibit the breakdown of glycogen or the process of gluconeogenesis, it can stimulate the transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells, and it can stimulate the storage of glucose in the form of glycogen.<ref name=GreenspanEndo /> Insulin is released into the blood by beta cells (β-cells), found in the [[islets of Langerhans]] in the pancreas, in response to rising levels of blood glucose, typically after eating. Insulin is used by about two-thirds of the body's cells to absorb glucose from the blood for use as fuel, for conversion to other needed molecules, or for storage. Lower glucose levels result in decreased insulin release from the beta cells and in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose. This process is mainly controlled by the hormone [[glucagon]], which acts in the opposite manner to insulin.<ref name=GanongsPhys>{{cite book|vauthors=Barrett KE, etal |title=Ganong's review of medical physiology|url=https://archive.org/details/ganongsreviewofm0000unse |year=2012 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |isbn=978-0-07-178003-2 |edition=24th}}</ref> If the amount of insulin available is insufficient, or if cells respond poorly to the effects of insulin ([[insulin resistance]]), or if the insulin itself is defective, then glucose is not absorbed properly by the body cells that require it, and is not stored appropriately in the liver and muscles. The net effect is persistently high levels of blood glucose, poor [[Protein biosynthesis|protein synthesis]], and other metabolic derangements, such as metabolic [[acidosis]] in cases of complete insulin deficiency.<ref name=GreenspanEndo /> When there is too much glucose in the blood for a long time, the [[kidneys]] cannot absorb it all (reach a threshold of [[reabsorption]]) and the extra glucose gets passed out of the body through [[urine]] ([[glycosuria]]).<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Murray RK, etal |title=Harper's illustrated biochemistry |url=https://archive.org/details/harpersillustrat0000unse |year=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |isbn=978-0-07-176576-3 |edition=29th}}</ref> This increases the [[osmotic pressure]] of the urine and inhibits reabsorption of water by the kidney, resulting in increased urine production ([[polyuria]]) and increased fluid loss. Lost blood volume is replaced osmotically from water in body cells and other body compartments, causing [[dehydration]] and increased thirst ([[polydipsia]]).<ref name=GreenspanEndo /> In addition, intracellular glucose deficiency stimulates appetite leading to excessive food intake (polyphagia).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Juta's Complete Textbook of Medical Surgical Nursing| vauthors = Mogotlane S |publisher=Juta|year=2013|location=Cape Town|pages=839}}</ref> ==Diagnosis== {{See also|Glycated hemoglobin|Glucose tolerance test}} Diabetes mellitus is diagnosed with a test for the glucose content in the blood, and is diagnosed by demonstrating any one of the following:<ref name="WHO1999-DefDiagClass" /> * [[Fasting glucose|Fasting plasma glucose level]] ≥&nbsp;7.0&nbsp;mmol/L (126&nbsp;mg/dL). For this test, blood is taken after a period of fasting, i.e. in the morning before breakfast, after the patient had sufficient time to fast overnight or at least 8 hours before the test. * [[Plasma glucose]] ≥&nbsp;11.1&nbsp;mmol/L (200&nbsp;mg/dL) two hours after a 75&nbsp;gram oral glucose load as in a [[glucose tolerance test]] (OGTT) * Symptoms of high blood sugar and plasma glucose ≥&nbsp;11.1&nbsp;mmol/L (200&nbsp;mg/dL) either while fasting or not fasting * [[Glycated hemoglobin]] (HbA_1C) ≥&nbsp;48&nbsp;mmol/mol (≥&nbsp;6.5 [[Diabetes control and complications trial|DCCT]] %).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = | title = Summary of revisions for the 2010 Clinical Practice Recommendations | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 33 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = S3 | date = January 2010 | pmid = 20042773 | pmc = 2797388 | doi = 10.2337/dc10-S003 | url = http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/33/Supplement_1/S3.full | access-date = 29 January 2010 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100113212053/http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/33/Supplement_1/S3.full | archive-date = 13 January 2010 }}</ref> {{OGTT}} A positive result, in the absence of unequivocal high blood sugar, should be confirmed by a repeat of any of the above methods on a different day. It is preferable to measure a fasting glucose level because of the ease of measurement and the considerable time commitment of formal glucose tolerance testing, which takes two hours to complete and offers no prognostic advantage over the fasting test.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Saydah SH, Miret M, Sung J, Varas C, Gause D, Brancati FL | title = Postchallenge hyperglycemia and mortality in a national sample of U.S. adults | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetes-care_2001-08_24_8/page/1397 | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 24 | issue = 8 | pages = 1397–1402 | date = August 2001 | pmid = 11473076 | doi = 10.2337/diacare.24.8.1397 | doi-access = free }}</ref> According to the current definition, two fasting glucose measurements at or above 7.0&nbsp;mmol/L (126&nbsp;mg/dL) is considered diagnostic for diabetes mellitus. Per the WHO, people with fasting glucose levels from 6.1 to 6.9&nbsp;mmol/L (110 to 125&nbsp;mg/dL) are considered to have [[impaired fasting glycemia|impaired fasting glucose]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycemia: report of a WHO/IDF consultation |url=https://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/Definition%20and%20diagnosis%20of%20diabetes_new.pdf |publisher=World Health Organization |page=21 |year=2006 |isbn=978-92-4-159493-6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511072821/http://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/Definition%20and%20diagnosis%20of%20diabetes_new.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2012}}</ref> People with plasma glucose at or above 7.8&nbsp;mmol/L (140&nbsp;mg/dL), but not over 11.1&nbsp;mmol/L (200&nbsp;mg/dL), two hours after a 75&nbsp;gram oral glucose load are considered to have [[impaired glucose tolerance]]. Of these two prediabetic states, the latter in particular is a major risk factor for progression to full-blown diabetes mellitus, as well as cardiovascular disease.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Santaguida PL, Balion C, Hunt D, Morrison K, Gerstein H, Raina P, Booker L, Yazdi H | display-authors = 6 | title = Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose | journal = Evidence Report/Technology Assessment | issue = 128 | pages = 1–11 | date = August 2005 | pmid = 16194123 | pmc = 4780988 | url = http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/impglusum.htm | access-date = 20 July 2008 | publisher = [[Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080916030540/http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/impglusum.htm | archive-date = 16 September 2008 }}</ref> The [[American Diabetes Association]] (ADA) since 2003 uses a slightly different range for impaired fasting glucose of 5.6 to 6.9&nbsp;mmol/L (100 to 125&nbsp;mg/dL).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bartoli E, Fra GP, Carnevale Schianca GP | title = The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) revisited | journal = European Journal of Internal Medicine | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 8–12 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 21238885 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejim.2010.07.008 }}</ref> [[Glycated hemoglobin]] is better than [[fasting glucose]] for determining risks of cardiovascular disease and death from any cause.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Selvin E, Steffes MW, Zhu H, Matsushita K, Wagenknecht L, Pankow J, Coresh J, Brancati FL | display-authors = 6 | title = Glycated hemoglobin, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 362 | issue = 9 | pages = 800–811 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20200384 | pmc = 2872990 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa0908359 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.589.1658 }}</ref> ==Prevention== {{See also|Prevention of type 2 diabetes}} There is no known [[Preventive healthcare|preventive]] measure for type&nbsp;1 diabetes.<ref name="WHO2022">{{cite web |title=Diabetes |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes |website=www.who.int |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226173058/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes |url-status=live}}</ref> However, islet autoimmunity and multiple antibodies can be a strong predictor of the onset of type 1 diabetes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jacobsen |first1=Laura M. |last2=Haller |first2=Michael J. |last3=Schatz |first3=Desmond A. |date=2018-03-06 |title=Understanding Pre-Type 1 Diabetes: The Key to Prevention |journal= Frontiers in Endocrinology|volume=9 |page=70 |doi=10.3389/fendo.2018.00070 |pmid=29559955 |pmc=5845548 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Type&nbsp;2 diabetes—which accounts for 85–90% of all cases worldwide—can often be prevented or delayed<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = | title = Tackling risk factors for type 2 diabetes in adolescents: PRE-STARt study in Euskadi | journal = Anales de Pediatria | volume = 95 | issue = 3 | pages = 186–196 | date = 2020 | pmid = 33388268 | doi = 10.1016/j.anpedi.2020.11.001 | publisher = Anales de Pediatría | doi-access = free }}</ref> by maintaining a [[normal body weight]], engaging in physical activity, and eating a healthy diet.<ref name="WHO2022"/> Higher levels of physical activity (more than 90 minutes per day) reduce the risk of diabetes by 28%.<ref name= BMJ2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kyu HH, Bachman VF, Alexander LT, Mumford JE, Afshin A, Estep K, Veerman JL, Delwiche K, Iannarone ML, Moyer ML, Cercy K, Vos T, Murray CJ, Forouzanfar MH | display-authors = 6 | title = Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 | journal = BMJ | volume = 354 | pages = i3857 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27510511 | pmc = 4979358 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.i3857 }}</ref> Dietary changes known to be effective in helping to prevent diabetes include maintaining a diet rich in [[whole grain]]s and [[Dietary fiber|fiber]], and choosing good fats, such as the [[polyunsaturated fat]]s found in nuts, vegetable oils, and fish.<ref name=HarvardNutrition>{{cite web|website=The Nutrition Source|title = Simple Steps to Preventing Diabetes |date = 18 September 2012 |url=http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/preventing-diabetes-full-story/#references |publisher= Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425020720/http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/preventing-diabetes-full-story/#references|archive-date=25 April 2014}}</ref> Limiting sugary beverages and eating less red meat and other sources of [[saturated fat]] can also help prevent diabetes.<ref name=HarvardNutrition /> Tobacco smoking is also associated with an increased risk of diabetes and its complications, so [[smoking cessation]] can be an important preventive measure as well.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Willi C, Bodenmann P, Ghali WA, Faris PD, Cornuz J | title = Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = JAMA | volume = 298 | issue = 22 | pages = 2654–2664 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 18073361 | doi = 10.1001/jama.298.22.2654 | s2cid = 30550981 }}</ref> The relationship between type 2 diabetes and the main modifiable risk factors (excess weight, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and tobacco use) is similar in all regions of the world. There is growing evidence that the underlying determinants of diabetes are a reflection of the major forces driving social, economic and cultural change: [[globalization]], urbanization, population aging, and the general [[health policy]] environment.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=World Health Organization |url=https://www.who.int/chp/chronic_disease_report/media/Factsheet1.pdf |title=Chronic diseases and their common risk factors |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017172040/http://www.who.int/chp/chronic_disease_report/media/Factsheet1.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-17 |date=2005 |access-date=30 August 2016}}</ref> ==Management== {{Main|Diabetes management}} Diabetes management concentrates on keeping blood sugar levels close to normal, without causing low blood sugar.<ref name="niddk16">{{cite web |title=Managing diabetes |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/managing-diabetes |publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health |access-date=4 February 2023 |date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306044924/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/managing-diabetes |url-status=live }}</ref> This can usually be accomplished with dietary changes,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Toumpanakis A, Turnbull T, Alba-Barba I | title = Effectiveness of plant-based diets in promoting well-being in the management of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review | journal = BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = e000534 | date = 2018-10-30 | pmid = 30487971 | pmc = 6235058 | doi = 10.1136/bmjdrc-2018-000534 }}</ref> exercise, weight loss, and use of appropriate medications (insulin, oral medications).<ref name=niddk16/> Learning about the disease and actively participating in the treatment is important, since complications are far less common and less severe in people who have well-managed blood sugar levels.<ref name=niddk16/><ref>{{cite journal|title = The effect of intensive diabetes therapy on the development and progression of neuropathy|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_1995-04-15_122_8/page/n54|author=The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 122 | issue = 8 | pages = 561–568 | date = April 1995 | pmid = 7887548 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-122-8-199504150-00001 | s2cid = 24754081 }}</ref> The goal of treatment is an A1C level below 7%.<ref name="niddka1c">{{cite web |title=The A1C test and diabetes |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diagnostic-tests/a1c-test |publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health |access-date=4 February 2023 |date=1 April 2018 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204214740/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diagnostic-tests/a1c-test |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=3| vauthors = Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, Kansagara D, Horwitch C, Barry MJ, Forciea MA, Fitterman N, Balzer K, Boyd C, Humphrey LL, Iorio A, Lin J, Maroto M, McLean R, Mustafa R, Tufte J | title = Hemoglobin A1c Targets for Glycemic Control With Pharmacologic Therapy for Nonpregnant Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Guidance Statement Update From the American College of Physicians | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 168 | issue = 8 | pages = 569–576 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29507945 | doi = 10.7326/M17-0939 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Attention is also paid to other health problems that may accelerate the negative effects of diabetes. These include [[tobacco smoking|smoking]], [[hypertension|high blood pressure]], [[metabolic syndrome]] [[obesity]], and lack of regular [[exercise]].<ref name=niddk16/><ref name=NICE66>{{NICE|66|Type 2 diabetes|2008}}</ref> [[Diabetic shoe|Specialized footwear]] is widely used to reduce the risk of [[diabetic foot ulcer]]s by relieving the pressure on the foot.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bus SA, van Deursen RW, Armstrong DG, Lewis JE, Caravaggi CF, Cavanagh PR | title = Footwear and offloading interventions to prevent and heal foot ulcers and reduce plantar pressure in patients with diabetes: a systematic review | journal = Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews | volume = 32 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 99–118 | date = January 2016 | pmid = 26342178 | doi = 10.1002/dmrr.2702 | s2cid = 24862853 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Heuch L, Streak Gomersall J | title = Effectiveness of offloading methods in preventing primary diabetic foot ulcers in adults with diabetes: a systematic review | journal = JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports | volume = 14 | issue = 7 | pages = 236–265 | date = July 2016 | pmid = 27532798 | doi = 10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003013 | s2cid = 12012686 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = van Netten JJ, Raspovic A, Lavery LA, Monteiro-Soares M, Rasmussen A, Sacco IC, Bus SA | title = Prevention of foot ulcers in the at-risk patient with diabetes: a systematic review | journal = Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews | volume = 36 | issue = S1 Suppl 1 | pages = e3270 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 31957213 | doi = 10.1002/dmrr.3270 | s2cid = 210830578 | url = https://eprints.qut.edu.au/220879/1/Van%2BNetten%2Bet%2Bal%2B-%2B2016%2B-%2BPrevention%2Bof%2Bfoot%2Bulcers%2Bsystematic%2Breview.pdf | access-date = 2023-01-23 | archive-date = 2023-02-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230209225712/https://eprints.qut.edu.au/220879/1/Van%2BNetten%2Bet%2Bal%2B-%2B2016%2B-%2BPrevention%2Bof%2Bfoot%2Bulcers%2Bsystematic%2Breview.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> Foot examination for patients living with diabetes should be done annually which includes sensation testing, foot [[biomechanics]], vascular integrity and foot structure.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mayfield JA, Reiber GE, Sanders LJ, Janisse D, Pogach LM | title = Preventive foot care in diabetes | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 27 | issue = suppl_1 | pages = S63–S64 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14693928 | doi = 10.2337/diacare.27.2007.S63 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Concerning those with severe [[Mental disorder|mental illness]], the efficacy of [[type 2 diabetes]] self-management interventions is still poorly explored, with insufficient scientific evidence to show whether these interventions have similar results to those observed in the general population.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McBain H, Mulligan K, Haddad M, Flood C, Jones J, Simpson A | title = Self management interventions for type 2 diabetes in adult people with severe mental illness | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2016 | pages = CD011361 | date = April 2016 | issue = 4 | pmid = 27120555 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD011361.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group | pmc = 10201333 }}</ref> ===Lifestyle=== {{See also|Diet in diabetes}} People with diabetes can benefit from education about the disease and treatment, dietary changes, and exercise, with the goal of keeping both short-term and long-term blood glucose levels [[Diabetes management#Glycemic control|within acceptable bounds]]. In addition, given the associated higher risks of cardiovascular disease, lifestyle modifications are recommended to control blood pressure.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Haw JS, Galaviz KI, Straus AN, Kowalski AJ, Magee MJ, Weber MB, Wei J, Narayan KM, Ali MK | display-authors = 3 | title = Long-term Sustainability of Diabetes Prevention Approaches: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials | journal = JAMA Internal Medicine | volume = 177 | issue = 12 | pages = 1808–1817 | date = December 2017 | pmid = 29114778 | pmc = 5820728 | doi = 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.6040 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mottalib A, Kasetty M, Mar JY, Elseaidy T, Ashrafzadeh S, Hamdy O | title = Weight Management in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes and Obesity | journal = Current Diabetes Reports | volume = 17 | issue = 10 | pages = 92 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28836234 | pmc = 5569154 | doi = 10.1007/s11892-017-0918-8 }}</ref> [[Weight loss]] can prevent progression from prediabetes to [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes type 2]], decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease, or result in a partial remission in people with diabetes.<ref name="ADA2019">{{cite journal | title = 5. Lifestyle Management: ''Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2019'' | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 42 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = S46–S60 | date = January 2019 | pmid = 30559231 | doi = 10.2337/dc19-S005 | doi-access = free | author1 = American Diabetes Association }}</ref><ref name="ADA2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Evert AB, Dennison M, Gardner CD, Garvey WT, Lau KH, MacLeod J, Mitri J, Pereira RF, Rawlings K, Robinson S, Saslow L, Uelmen S, Urbanski PB, Yancy WS | display-authors = 3 | title = Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 42 | issue = 5 | pages = 731–754 | date = May 2019 | pmid = 31000505 | pmc = 7011201 | doi = 10.2337/dci19-0014 | type = Professional society guidelines | doi-access = free }}</ref> No single dietary pattern is best for all people with diabetes.<ref name=Em2015/> Healthy dietary patterns, such as the [[Mediterranean diet]], [[low-carbohydrate diet]], or [[DASH diet]], are often recommended, although evidence does not support one over the others.<ref name="ADA2019" /><ref name="ADA2018" /> According to the ADA, "reducing overall carbohydrate intake for individuals with diabetes has demonstrated the most evidence for improving glycemia", and for individuals with type 2 diabetes who cannot meet the glycemic targets or where reducing anti-glycemic medications is a priority, [[low-carbohydrate diet|low or very-low carbohydrate diet]]s are a viable approach.<ref name="ADA2018" /> For overweight people with type 2 diabetes, any diet that achieves weight loss is effective.<ref name=Em2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Emadian A, Andrews RC, England CY, Wallace V, Thompson JL | title = The effect of macronutrients on glycaemic control: a systematic review of dietary randomised controlled trials in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes in which there was no difference in weight loss between treatment groups | journal = The British Journal of Nutrition | volume = 114 | issue = 10 | pages = 1656–1666 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26411958 | pmc = 4657029 | doi = 10.1017/S0007114515003475 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grams J, Garvey WT | title = Weight Loss and the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Using Lifestyle Therapy, Pharmacotherapy, and Bariatric Surgery: Mechanisms of Action | journal = Current Obesity Reports | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 287–302 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 26627223 | doi = 10.1007/s13679-015-0155-x | s2cid = 207474124 }}</ref> A 2020 Cochrane systematic review compared several non-nutritive sweeteners to sugar, placebo and a nutritive low-calorie sweetener ([[tagatose]]), but the results were unclear for effects on HbA1c, body weight and adverse events.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Lohner |first1=Szimonetta |last2=Kuellenberg de Gaudry |first2=Daniela |last3=Toews |first3=Ingrid |last4=Ferenci |first4=Tamas |last5=Meerpohl |first5=Joerg J |date=2020-05-25 |editor-last=Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group |title=Non-nutritive sweeteners for diabetes mellitus |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |language=en |volume=2020 |issue=5 |pages=CD012885 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012885.pub2 |pmc=7387865 |pmid=32449201}}</ref> The studies included were mainly of very low-certainty and did not report on health-related quality of life, diabetes complications, all-cause mortality or socioeconomic effects.<ref name=":4" /> ===Medications=== {{Main|Diabetes medication}} ====Glucose control==== {{see also|Anti-diabetic medication}} Most medications used to treat diabetes act by lowering [[glucose|blood sugar levels]] through different mechanisms. There is broad consensus that when people with diabetes maintain tight glucose control – keeping the glucose levels in their blood within normal ranges – they experience fewer complications, such as [[diabetic nephropathy|kidney problems]] or [[diabetic retinopathy|eye problems]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosberger DF | title = Diabetic retinopathy: current concepts and emerging therapy | journal = Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 721–745 | date = December 2013 | pmid = 24286948 | doi = 10.1016/j.ecl.2013.08.001 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = MacIsaac RJ, Jerums G, Ekinci EI | title = Glycemic Control as Primary Prevention for Diabetic Kidney Disease | journal = Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | pages = 141–148 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29580578 | doi = 10.1053/j.ackd.2017.11.003 }}</ref> There is however debate as to whether this is appropriate and [[cost effective]] for people later in life in whom the risk of hypoglycemia may be more significant.<ref name=Pozzilli2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pozzilli P, Strollo R, Bonora E | title = One size does not fit all glycemic targets for type 2 diabetes | journal = Journal of Diabetes Investigation | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 134–141 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24843750 | pmc = 4023573 | doi = 10.1111/jdi.12206 }}</ref> There are a number of different classes of anti-diabetic medications. Type&nbsp;1 diabetes requires treatment with [[insulin]], ideally using a "basal bolus" regimen that most closely matches normal insulin release: long-acting insulin for the [[basal rate]] and short-acting insulin with meals.<ref name=NICENG17>{{cite web |title=Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng17 |website=www.nice.org.uk |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence |date=26 August 2015 |access-date=25 December 2020 |archive-date=10 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210211840/https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/NG17 |url-status=live }}</ref> Type 2 diabetes is generally treated with medication that is taken by mouth (e.g. [[metformin]]) although some eventually require injectable treatment with insulin or [[GLP-1 agonist]]s.<ref name=NICENG28>{{cite web |title=Type 2 diabetes in adults: management |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng28 |website=www.nice.org.uk |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence |date=2 December 2015 |access-date=25 December 2020 |archive-date=22 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222155551/https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng28 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Metformin]] is generally recommended as a first-line treatment for type&nbsp;2 diabetes, as there is good evidence that it decreases mortality.<ref name=AFP09>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ripsin CM, Kang H, Urban RJ | title = Management of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 79 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–36 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19145963 | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0101/p29.pdf | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130505033552/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0101/p29.pdf | archive-date = 2013-05-05 }}</ref> It works by decreasing the liver's production of glucose, and increasing the amount of glucose stored in peripheral tissue.<ref name=Drugs2005>{{cite journal | vauthors = Krentz AJ, Bailey CJ | title = Oral antidiabetic agents: current role in type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = Drugs | volume = 65 | issue = 3 | pages = 385–411 | date = 2005 | pmid = 15669880 | doi = 10.2165/00003495-200565030-00005 | s2cid = 29670619 }}</ref> Several other groups of drugs, mainly oral medication, may also decrease blood sugar in type 2 diabetes. These include agents that increase insulin release ([[sulfonylurea]]s), agents that decrease absorption of sugar from the intestines ([[acarbose]]), agents that inhibit the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) that inactivates incretins such as GLP-1 and GIP ([[sitagliptin]]), agents that make the body more sensitive to insulin ([[thiazolidinedione]]) and agents that increase the excretion of glucose in the urine ([[SGLT2 inhibitor]]s).<ref name=Drugs2005/> When insulin is used in type 2 diabetes, a long-acting formulation is usually added initially, while continuing oral medications.<ref name=AFP09/> Some severe cases of type 2 diabetes may also be treated with insulin, which is increased gradually until glucose targets are reached.<ref name="AFP09" /><ref>{{Citation| author1 = Consumer Reports| author2-link = American College of Physicians| author2 = American College of Physicians| date = April 2012| title = Choosing a type 2 diabetes drug – Why the best first choice is often the oldest drug| publisher = [[Consumer Reports]]| work = High Value Care| url = http://consumerhealthchoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/High-Value-Care-Diabetes-ACP.pdf| access-date = August 14, 2012| url-status=live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140702223552/http://consumerhealthchoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/High-Value-Care-Diabetes-ACP.pdf| archive-date = July 2, 2014| author1-link = Consumer Reports}}</ref> ====Blood pressure lowering==== [[Cardiovascular disease]] is a serious complication associated with diabetes, and many international guidelines recommend blood pressure treatment targets that are lower than 140/90&nbsp;mmHg for people with diabetes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mitchell S, Malanda B, Damasceno A, Eckel RH, Gaita D, Kotseva K, Januzzi JL, Mensah G, Plutzky J, Prystupiuk M, Ryden L, Thierer J, Virani SS, Sperling L | display-authors = 3 | title = A Roadmap on the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Among People Living With Diabetes | journal = Global Heart | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 215–240 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31451236 | doi = 10.1016/j.gheart.2019.07.009 | doi-access = free }}</ref> However, there is only limited evidence regarding what the lower targets should be. A 2016 systematic review found potential harm to treating to targets lower than 140 mmHg,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brunström M, Carlberg B | title = Effect of antihypertensive treatment at different blood pressure levels in patients with diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analyses | journal = BMJ | volume = 352 | pages = i717 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26920333 | pmc = 4770818 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.i717 }}</ref> and a subsequent systematic review in 2019 found no evidence of additional benefit from blood pressure lowering to between 130 – 140mmHg, although there was an increased risk of adverse events.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brunström M, Carlberg B | title = Benefits and harms of lower blood pressure treatment targets: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials | journal = BMJ Open | volume = 9 | issue = 9 | pages = e026686 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31575567 | pmc = 6773352 | doi = 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026686 }}</ref> 2015 American Diabetes Association recommendations are that people with diabetes and albuminuria should receive an inhibitor of the renin-angiotensin system to reduce the risks of progression to end-stage renal disease, cardiovascular events, and death.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fox CS, Golden SH, Anderson C, Bray GA, Burke LE, de Boer IH, Deedwania P, Eckel RH, Ershow AG, Fradkin J, Inzucchi SE, Kosiborod M, Nelson RG, Patel MJ, Pignone M, Quinn L, Schauer PR, Selvin E, Vafiadis DK | display-authors = 3 | title = Update on Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Light of Recent Evidence: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 38 | issue = 9 | pages = 1777–1803 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26246459 | pmc = 4876675 | doi = 10.2337/dci15-0012 }}</ref> There is some evidence that [[angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors]] (ACEIs) are superior to other inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system such as [[angiotensin receptor blockers]] (ARBs),<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cheng J, Zhang W, Zhang X, Han F, Li X, He X, Li Q, Chen J | display-authors = 3 | title = Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular deaths, and cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_jama-internal-medicine_2014-05_174_5/page/773 | journal = JAMA Internal Medicine | volume = 174 | issue = 5 | pages = 773–785 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24687000 | doi = 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.348 | doi-access = free }}</ref> or [[aliskiren]] in preventing cardiovascular disease.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zheng SL, Roddick AJ, Ayis S | title = Effects of aliskiren on mortality, cardiovascular outcomes and adverse events in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease or risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 13,395 patients | journal = Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research | volume = 14 | issue = 5 | pages = 400–406 | date = September 2017 | pmid = 28844155 | pmc = 5600262 | doi = 10.1177/1479164117715854 }}</ref> Although a more recent review found similar effects of ACEIs and ARBs on major cardiovascular and renal outcomes.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Catalá-López F, Macías Saint-Gerons D, González-Bermejo D, Rosano GM, Davis BR, Ridao M, Zaragoza A, Montero-Corominas D, Tobías A, de la Fuente-Honrubia C, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Hutton B |author5-link=Barry R. Davis| display-authors = 3 | title = Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes of Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade in Adult Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review with Network Meta-Analyses | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = e1001971 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26954482 | pmc = 4783064 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001971 |doi-access=free }}</ref> There is no evidence that combining ACEIs and ARBs provides additional benefits.<ref name=":1" /> ==== Aspirin ==== The use of [[aspirin]] to prevent cardiovascular disease in diabetes is controversial.<ref name=":0" /> Aspirin is recommended by some in people at high risk of cardiovascular disease, however routine use of aspirin has not been found to improve outcomes in uncomplicated diabetes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pignone M, Alberts MJ, Colwell JA, Cushman M, Inzucchi SE, Mukherjee D, Rosenson RS, Williams CD, Wilson PW, Kirkman MS | display-authors = 3 | title = Aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular events in people with diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association, a scientific statement of the American Heart Association, and an expert consensus document of the American College of Cardiology Foundation | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetes-care_2010-06_33_6/page/1395 | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 33 | issue = 6 | pages = 1395–1402 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20508233 | pmc = 2875463 | doi = 10.2337/dc10-0555 }}</ref> 2015 American Diabetes Association recommendations for aspirin use (based on expert consensus or clinical experience) are that low-dose aspirin use is reasonable in adults with diabetes who are at intermediate risk of cardiovascular disease (10-year cardiovascular disease risk, 5–10%).<ref name=":0" /> National guidelines for England and Wales by the [[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]] (NICE) recommend against the use of aspirin in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes who do not have confirmed cardiovascular disease.<ref name=NICENG17/><ref name=NICENG28/> ===Surgery=== [[Bariatric surgery|Weight loss surgery]] in those with [[obesity]] and type 2 diabetes is often an effective measure.<ref name="Picot2009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Picot J, Jones J, Colquitt JL, Gospodarevskaya E, Loveman E, Baxter L, Clegg AJ |date=September 2009 |title=The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity: a systematic review and economic evaluation |journal=Health Technology Assessment |volume=13 |issue=41 |pages=1–190, 215–357, iii–iv |doi=10.3310/hta13410 |pmid=19726018 |doi-access=free |hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30064294|hdl-access=free }}</ref> Many are able to maintain normal blood sugar levels with little or no medications following surgery<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Frachetti KJ, Goldfine AB | title = Bariatric surgery for diabetes management | journal = Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 119–124 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19276974 | doi = 10.1097/MED.0b013e32832912e7 | s2cid = 31797748 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and long-term mortality is decreased.<ref name=Schum2009/> There is, however, a short-term mortality risk of less than 1% from the surgery.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Colucci RA | title = Bariatric surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes: a viable option | journal = Postgraduate Medicine | volume = 123 | issue = 1 | pages = 24–33 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 21293081 | doi = 10.3810/pgm.2011.01.2242 | s2cid = 207551737 }}</ref> The [[body mass index]] cutoffs for when surgery is appropriate are not yet clear.<ref name=Schum2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schulman AP, del Genio F, Sinha N, Rubino F | title = "Metabolic" surgery for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = Endocrine Practice | volume = 15 | issue = 6 | pages = 624–631 | date = September–October 2009 | pmid = 19625245 | doi = 10.4158/EP09170.RAR }}</ref> It is recommended that this option be considered in those who are unable to get both their weight and blood sugar under control.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dixon JB, le Roux CW, Rubino F, Zimmet P | title = Bariatric surgery for type 2 diabetes | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_june-16-22-2012_379_9833/page/2300 | journal = Lancet | volume = 379 | issue = 9833 | pages = 2300–2311 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22683132 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60401-2 | s2cid = 5198462 }}</ref> A [[pancreas transplant]] is occasionally considered for people with type&nbsp;1 diabetes who have severe complications of their disease, including [[Chronic kidney disease|end stage kidney disease]] requiring [[kidney transplantation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pancreas Transplantation|url=http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-and-care/transplantation/pancreas-transplantation.html|publisher=American Diabetes Association|access-date=9 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413123750/http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-and-care/transplantation/pancreas-transplantation.html|archive-date=13 April 2014}}</ref> ===Self-management and support=== In countries using a [[general practitioner]] system, such as the United Kingdom, care may take place mainly outside hospitals, with hospital-based specialist care used only in case of complications, difficult blood sugar control, or research projects. In other circumstances, general practitioners and specialists share care in a team approach. Evidence has shown that social prescribing led to slight improvements in blood sugar control for people with type 2 diabetes.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Can social prescribing improve the health of people with diabetes? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/can-social-prescribing-improve-the-health-of-people-with-diabetes/ |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=National Institute for Health and Care Research - NIHR Evidence |date=2024 |doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_61876 |s2cid=267264134 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126130722/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/can-social-prescribing-improve-the-health-of-people-with-diabetes/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Home [[telehealth]] support can be an effective management technique.<ref name="Polisena">{{cite journal | vauthors = Polisena J, Tran K, Cimon K, Hutton B, McGill S, Palmer K | title = Home telehealth for diabetes management: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism | volume = 11 | issue = 10 | pages = 913–930 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19531058 | doi = 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01057.x | s2cid = 44260857 }}</ref> The use of [[technology]] to deliver educational programs for adults with type 2 diabetes includes computer-based self-management interventions to collect for tailored responses to facilitate self-management.<ref name="pal">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pal K, Eastwood SV, Michie S, Farmer AJ, Barnard ML, Peacock R, Wood B, Inniss JD, Murray E | display-authors = 3 | title = Computer-based diabetes self-management interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 3 | pages = CD008776 | date = March 2013 | volume = 2013 | pmid = 23543567 | pmc = 6486319 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008776.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group }}</ref> There is no adequate evidence to support effects on [[cholesterol]], [[blood pressure]], [[Behavior change (public health)|behavioral change]] (such as [[physical activity]] levels and dietary), [[Depression (mood)|depression]], weight and [[Quality of life (healthcare)|health-related quality of life]], nor in other biological, cognitive or emotional outcomes.<ref name=pal/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wei I, Pappas Y, Car J, Sheikh A, Majeed A | title = Computer-assisted versus oral-and-written dietary history taking for diabetes mellitus | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 12 | pages = CD008488 | date = December 2011 | volume = 2011 | pmid = 22161430 | pmc = 6486022 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008488.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group }}</ref> ==Epidemiology== {{Main|Epidemiology of diabetes}} [[Berkas:Prevalence of Diabetes by Percent of Country Population (2014) Gradient Map.png|jmpl|upright=1.4|Rates of diabetes worldwide in 2014. The worldwide prevalence was 9.2%.]] [[Berkas:Diabetes mellitus world map-Deaths per million persons-WHO2012.svg|jmpl|upright=1.4|Mortality rate of diabetes worldwide in 2012 per million inhabitants {{Div col|small=yes|colwidth=10em}}{{legend|#ffff20|28–91}}{{legend|#ffe820|92–114}}{{legend|#ffd820|115–141}}{{legend|#ffc020|142–163}}{{legend|#ffa020|164–184}}{{legend|#ff9a20|185–209}}{{legend|#f08015|210–247}}{{legend|#e06815|248–309}}{{legend|#d85010|310–404}}{{legend|#d02010|405–1879}}{{div col end}}]] In 2017, 425&nbsp;million people had diabetes worldwide,<ref name="IDF2017">{{cite book|vauthors=Elflein J|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/271442/number-of-diabetics-worldwide/|title=Estimated number diabetics worldwide|date=10 December 2019|access-date=17 May 2020|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729234033/https://www.statista.com/statistics/271442/number-of-diabetics-worldwide/|url-status=live}}</ref> up from an estimated 382&nbsp;million people in 2013<ref name=Shi2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shi Y, Hu FB | title = The global implications of diabetes and cancer | journal = Lancet | volume = 383 | issue = 9933 | pages = 1947–1948 | date = June 2014 | pmid = 24910221 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60886-2 | s2cid = 7496891 }}</ref> and from 108&nbsp;million in 1980.<ref name=WHO2016>{{cite web |title=Global Report on Diabetes |publisher=World Health Organization |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204871/9789241565257_eng.pdf |access-date=20 September 2018 |date=2016 |archive-date=16 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516185526/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204871/9789241565257_eng.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Accounting for the shifting age structure of the global population, the prevalence of diabetes is 8.8% among adults, nearly double the rate of 4.7% in 1980.<ref name=IDF2017/><ref name=WHO2016/> Type&nbsp;2 makes up about 90% of the cases.<ref name=Vos2012 /><ref name=Will2011/> Some data indicate rates are roughly equal in women and men,<ref name=Vos2012/> but male excess in diabetes has been found in many populations with higher type 2 incidence, possibly due to sex-related differences in insulin sensitivity, consequences of obesity and regional body fat deposition, and other contributing factors such as high blood pressure, tobacco smoking, and alcohol intake.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gale EA, Gillespie KM | title = Diabetes and gender | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetologia_2001-01_44_1/page/3 | journal = Diabetologia | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–15 | date = January 2001 | pmid = 11206408 | doi = 10.1007/s001250051573 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Meisinger C, Thorand B, Schneider A, Stieber J, Döring A, Löwel H | title = Sex differences in risk factors for incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: the MONICA Augsburg cohort study | journal = Archives of Internal Medicine | volume = 162 | issue = 1 | pages = 82–89 | date = January 2002 | pmid = 11784224 | doi = 10.1001/archinte.162.1.82 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The WHO estimates that diabetes resulted in 1.5&nbsp;million deaths in 2012, making it the 8th leading cause of death.<ref name="WHO2013Top10">{{cite web |date=October 2013 |title=The top 10 causes of death Fact sheet N°310 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530121727/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/ |archive-date=30 May 2017 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref><ref name=WHO2016 /> However another 2.2&nbsp;million deaths worldwide were attributable to high blood glucose and the increased risks of cardiovascular disease and other associated complications (e.g. kidney failure), which often lead to premature death and are often listed as the underlying cause on death certificates rather than diabetes.<ref name=WHO2016 /><ref>Public Health Agency of Canada, ''Diabetes in Canada: Facts and figures from a public health perspective''. Ottawa, 2011.</ref> For example, in 2017, the [[International Diabetes Federation]] (IDF) estimated that diabetes resulted in 4.0&nbsp;million deaths worldwide,<ref name=IDF2017/> using modeling to estimate the total number of deaths that could be directly or indirectly attributed to diabetes.<ref name=IDF2017/> Diabetes occurs throughout the world but is more common (especially type 2) in more developed countries. The greatest increase in rates has however been seen in low- and middle-income countries,<ref name=WHO2016 /> where more than 80% of diabetic deaths occur.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mathers CD, Loncar D | title = Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030 | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 3 | issue = 11 | pages = e442 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 17132052 | pmc = 1664601 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The fastest prevalence increase is expected to occur in Asia and Africa, where most people with diabetes will probably live in 2030.<ref name="Wild2004" /> The increase in rates in developing countries follows the trend of urbanization and lifestyle changes, including increasingly sedentary lifestyles, less physically demanding work and the global nutrition transition, marked by increased intake of foods that are high energy-dense but nutrient-poor (often high in sugar and saturated fats, sometimes referred to as the "Western-style" diet).<ref name=WHO2016 /><ref name="Wild2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H | title = Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetes-care_2004-05_27_5/page/1047 | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 27 | issue = 5 | pages = 1047–1053 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15111519 | doi = 10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The global number of diabetes cases might increase by 48% between 2017 and 2045.<ref name=IDF2017/> As of 2020, 38% of all US adults had prediabetes.<ref name="CDC 2018">{{cite web | title=Prevalence of Prediabetes Among Adults - Diabetes | website=CDC | date=2018-03-13 | url=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/prevalence-of-prediabetes.html | access-date=2022-12-15 | archive-date=2023-03-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306070935/https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/prevalence-of-prediabetes.html | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Prediabetes]] is an early stage of diabetes. ==History== {{Main|History of diabetes}} Diabetes was one of the first diseases described,<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Ripoll BC, Leutholtz I |title=Exercise and disease management|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton|isbn=978-1-4398-2759-8 |page=25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eAn9-bm_pi8C&pg=PA25|edition=2nd|date=2011-04-25|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403054841/https://books.google.com/books?id=eAn9-bm_pi8C&pg=PA25|archive-date=2016-04-03 }}</ref> with an [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] manuscript from {{Abbr|c.|circa}} 1500 [[Common Era|BCE]] mentioning "too great emptying of the urine."<ref name=History2010/> The [[Ebers papyrus]] includes a recommendation for a drink to take in such cases.<ref name="Roberts">{{cite magazine|vauthors=Roberts J|title=Sickening sweet|magazine=Distillations|date=2015|volume=1|issue=4|pages=12–15|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/sickening-sweet|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=13 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113141421/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/sickening-sweet|url-status=live}}</ref> The first described cases are believed to have been type&nbsp;1 diabetes.<ref name=History2010>{{cite book | veditors = Poretsky L |title=Principles of diabetes mellitus|year=2009|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-09840-1|page=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0qojvF1SpUC&pg=PA3 |edition=2nd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404170919/https://books.google.com/books?id=i0qojvF1SpUC&pg=PA3 |archive-date=2016-04-04}}</ref> Indian physicians around the same time identified the disease and classified it as ''madhumeha'' or "honey urine", noting the urine would attract ants.<ref name=History2010/><ref name="Roberts"/> The term "diabetes" or "to pass through" was first used in 230&nbsp;BCE by the Greek [[Apollonius (physician)|Apollonius of Memphis]].<ref name=History2010/> The disease was considered rare during the time of the [[Roman empire]], with [[Galen]] commenting he had only seen two cases during his career.<ref name=History2010/> This is possibly due to the diet and lifestyle of the ancients, or because the clinical symptoms were observed during the advanced stage of the disease. Galen named the disease "diarrhea of the urine" (diarrhea urinosa).<ref name="Laios"/> The earliest surviving work with a detailed reference to diabetes is that of [[Aretaeus of Cappadocia]] (2nd or early 3rd{{nbsp}}century CE). He described the symptoms and the course of the disease, which he attributed to the moisture and coldness, reflecting the beliefs of the "[[Pneumatic school|Pneumatic School]]". He hypothesized a correlation between diabetes and other diseases, and he discussed differential diagnosis from the snakebite, which also provokes excessive thirst. His work remained unknown in the West until 1552, when the first Latin edition was published in Venice.<ref name="Laios">{{cite journal | vauthors = Laios K, Karamanou M, Saridaki Z, Androutsos G | title = Aretaeus of Cappadocia and the first description of diabetes | journal = Hormones | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 109–113 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22450352 | doi = 10.1007/BF03401545 | url = http://www.hormones.gr/pdf/HORMONES%202012,%20109-113.pdf | url-status = live | s2cid = 4730719 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170104092212/http://www.hormones.gr/pdf/HORMONES%202012%2C%20109-113.pdf | archive-date = 2017-01-04 }}</ref> Two types of diabetes were identified as separate conditions for the first time by the Indian physicians [[Sushruta]] and [[Charaka]] in 400–500&nbsp;CE with one type being associated with youth and another type with being overweight.<ref name=History2010/> Effective treatment was not developed until the early part of the 20th century when Canadians [[Frederick Banting]] and [[Charles Best (medical scientist)|Charles Best]] isolated and purified insulin in 1921 and 1922.<ref name=History2010/> This was followed by the development of the long-acting insulin [[NPH insulin|NPH]] in the 1940s.<ref name=History2010/> ===Etymology=== The word ''diabetes'' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|d|aɪ|.|ə|ˈ|b|iː|t|iː|z}} or {{IPAc-en|ˌ|d|aɪ|.|ə|ˈ|b|iː|t|ᵻ|s}}) comes from [[Latin]] ''diabētēs'', which in turn comes from [[Ancient Greek]] [[wikt:διαβήτης|διαβήτης]] (''diabētēs''), which literally means "a passer through; a [[siphon]]".<ref name=OED_diabetes>Oxford English Dictionary. ''diabetes''. Retrieved 2011-06-10.</ref> [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] [[physician]] [[Aretaeus of Cappadocia]] ([[Floruit|fl.]] 1st{{nbsp}}century [[Common Era|CE]]) used that word, with the intended meaning "excessive discharge of urine", as the name for the disease.<ref name=OnlineEtymology_diabetes>{{cite web | vauthors = Harper D |title= Online Etymology Dictionary. ''diabetes.'' |year= 2001–2010 |url= http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=diabetes&searchmode=none |access-date= 2011-06-10 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120113074242/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=diabetes&searchmode=none |archive-date= 2012-01-13 }}</ref><ref>Aretaeus, ''De causis et signis acutorum morborum (lib. 2)'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:abo:tlg,0719,002:2:2&lang=original Κεφ. β. περὶ Διαβήτεω (Chapter 2, ''On Diabetes'', Greek original)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702232821/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Aabo%3Atlg%2C0719%2C002%3A2%3A2&lang=original |date=2014-07-02 }}, on Perseus</ref> Ultimately, the word comes from Greek διαβαίνειν (''diabainein''), meaning "to pass through",<ref name=OED_diabetes/> which is composed of δια- (''dia''-), meaning "through" and βαίνειν (''bainein''), meaning "to go".<ref name=OnlineEtymology_diabetes/> The word "diabetes" is first recorded in English, in the form ''diabete'', in a medical text written around 1425. The word ''[[wikt:mellitus|mellitus]]'' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|aɪ|t|ə|s}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɛ|l|ᵻ|t|ə|s}}) comes from the classical Latin word ''mellītus'', meaning "mellite"<ref name=OED_mellite>Oxford English Dictionary. ''mellite''. Retrieved 2011-06-10.</ref> (i.e. sweetened with honey;<ref name=OED_mellite/> honey-sweet<ref name=MyEtymology_mellitus>{{cite web |title=MyEtimology. ''mellitus.'' |url=http://www.myetymology.com/latin/mellitus.html |access-date=2011-06-10 |url-status=usurped |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110316045914/http://www.myetymology.com/latin/mellitus.html |archive-date=2011-03-16 }}</ref>). The Latin word comes from ''mell''-, which comes from ''mel'', meaning "honey";<ref name=OED_mellite/><ref name=MyEtymology_mellitus/> sweetness;<ref name=MyEtymology_mellitus/> pleasant thing,<ref name=MyEtymology_mellitus/> and the suffix -''ītus'',<ref name=OED_mellite/> whose meaning is the same as that of the English suffix "-ite".<ref name="OED_-ite">Oxford English Dictionary. ''-ite''. Retrieved 2011-06-10.</ref> It was [[Thomas Willis]] who in 1675 added "mellitus" to the word "diabetes" as a designation for the disease, when he noticed the urine of a person with diabetes had a sweet taste (glycosuria). This sweet taste had been noticed in urine by the ancient Greeks, Chinese, Egyptians, Indians, and [[Persian people|Persians]] {{citation needed|date=April 2022}}. ==Society and culture== {{Further|List of films featuring diabetes}} The 1989 "[[St. Vincent Declaration]]"<ref>{{Cite book| vauthors = Tulchinsky TH, Varavikova EA |title=The New Public Health, Second Edition| url = https://archive.org/details/newpublichealth0000tulc_2 |publisher=[[Academic Press]]|year=2008|page=[https://archive.org/details/newpublichealth0000tulc_2/page/200 200]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-12-370890-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Piwernetz K, Home PD, Snorgaard O, Antsiferov M, Staehr-Johansen K, Krans M | title = Monitoring the targets of the St Vincent Declaration and the implementation of quality management in diabetes care: the DIABCARE initiative. The DIABCARE Monitoring Group of the St Vincent Declaration Steering Committee | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetic-medicine_1993-05_10_4/page/371 | journal = Diabetic Medicine | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 371–377 | date = May 1993 | pmid = 8508624 | doi = 10.1111/j.1464-5491.1993.tb00083.x | s2cid = 9931183 }}</ref> was the result of international efforts to improve the care accorded to those with diabetes. Doing so is important not only in terms of quality of life and life expectancy but also economically{{snd}}expenses due to diabetes have been shown to be a major drain on health{{snd}}and productivity-related resources for healthcare systems and governments. Several countries established more and less successful national diabetes programmes to improve treatment of the disease.<ref name="EO005-Dubois&Bankauskaite">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dubois H, Bankauskaite V | title = Type 2 diabetes programmes in Europe | journal = Euro Observer | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 5–6 | year = 2005 | url = http://www2.lse.ac.uk/LSEHealthAndSocialCare/pdf/euroObserver/Obsvol7no2.pdf | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121024171754/http://www2.lse.ac.uk/LSEHealthAndSocialCare/pdf/euroObserver/Obsvol7no2.pdf | archive-date = 2012-10-24 }}</ref> === Diabetes stigma === Diabetes stigma describes the negative attitudes, judgment, discrimination, or prejudice against people with diabetes. Often, the stigma stems from the idea that diabetes (particularly Type 2 diabetes) resulted from poor lifestyle and unhealthy food choices rather than other causal factors like genetics and social determinants of health.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2022-11-03 |title=Diabetes Stigma: Learn About It, Recognize It, Reduce It |url=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/diabetes_stigma.html |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |archive-date=2023-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031192432/https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/diabetes_stigma.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Manifestation of stigma can be seen throughout different cultures and contexts. Scenarios include diabetes statuses affecting marriage proposals, workplace-employment, and social standing in communities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schabert |first1=Jasmin |last2=Browne |first2=Jessica L. |last3=Mosely |first3=Kylie |last4=Speight |first4=Jane |date=2013-03-01 |title=Social Stigma in Diabetes |journal=The Patient - Patient-Centered Outcomes Research |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1007/s40271-012-0001-0 |pmid=23322536 |s2cid=207490680 |issn=1178-1661|doi-access=free }}</ref> Stigma is also seen internally, as people with diabetes can also have negative beliefs about themselves. Often these cases of self-stigma are associated with higher diabetes-specific distress, lower self-efficacy, and poorer provider-patient interactions during diabetes care.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Puhl |first1=Rebecca M. |last2=Himmelstein |first2=Mary S. |last3=Hateley-Browne |first3=Jessica L. |last4=Speight |first4=Jane |date=October 2020 |title=Weight stigma and diabetes stigma in U.S. adults with type 2 diabetes: Associations with diabetes self-care behaviors and perceptions of health care |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108387 |journal=Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice |volume=168 |pages=108387 |doi=10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108387 |pmid=32858100 |s2cid=221366068 |issn=0168-8227}}</ref> === Racial and economic inequalities === Racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionately affected with higher prevalence of diabetes compared to non-minority individuals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Spanakis |first1=Elias K. |last2=Golden |first2=Sherita Hill |date=December 2013 |title=Race/Ethnic Difference in Diabetes and Diabetic Complications |journal=Current Diabetes Reports |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=10.1007/s11892–013–0421–9 |doi=10.1007/s11892-013-0421-9 |issn=1534-4827 |pmc=3830901 |pmid=24037313}}</ref> While US adults overall have a 40% chance of developing type 2 diabetes, Hispanic/Latino adults chance is more than 50%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2022-04-04 |title=Hispanic/Latino Americans and Type 2 Diabetes |url=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/hispanic-diabetes.html |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |archive-date=2023-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031192358/https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/hispanic-diabetes.html |url-status=live }}</ref> African Americans also are much more likely to be diagnosed with diabetes compared to White Americans. Asians have increased risk of diabetes as diabetes can develop at lower BMI due to differences in visceral fat compared to other races. For Asians, diabetes can develop at a younger age and lower body fat compared to other groups. Additionally, diabetes is highly underreported in Asian American people, as 1 in 3 cases are diagnosed compared to the average 1 in 5 for the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2022-11-21 |title=Diabetes and Asian American People |url=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/spotlights/diabetes-asian-americans.html |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |archive-date=2023-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031192358/https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/spotlights/diabetes-asian-americans.html |url-status=live }}</ref> People with diabetes who have neuropathic symptoms such as numbness or tingling in feet or hands are twice as likely to be [[unemployed]] as those without the symptoms.<ref name="pmid17563611">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Chee E, Hirsch AG, Brandenburg NA | title = Lost productive time and costs due to diabetes and diabetic neuropathic pain in the US workforce | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-occupational-and-environmental-medicine_2007-06_49_6/page/672 | journal = Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine | volume = 49 | issue = 6 | pages = 672–679 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17563611 | doi = 10.1097/JOM.0b013e318065b83a | s2cid = 21487348 }}</ref> In 2010, diabetes-related emergency room (ER) visit rates in the United States were higher among people from the lowest income communities (526 per 10,000 population) than from the highest income communities (236 per 10,000 population). Approximately 9.4% of diabetes-related ER visits were for the uninsured.<ref name="hcup-us.ahrq">{{cite journal |author1=Washington R.E. |author2=Andrews R.M. |author3=Mutter R.L. |title=Emergency Department Visits for Adults with Diabetes, 2010 |date=November 2013 |website=HCUP Statistical Brief #167 |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |url=http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb167.jsp |location=Rockville MD |pmid=24455787 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011036/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb167.jsp |archive-date=2013-12-03 }}</ref> ===Naming=== The term "type&nbsp;1 diabetes" has replaced several former terms, including childhood-onset diabetes, juvenile diabetes, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Likewise, the term "type&nbsp;2 diabetes" has replaced several former terms, including adult-onset diabetes, obesity-related diabetes, and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Beyond these two types, there is no agreed-upon standard nomenclature.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Type 1 vs. Type 2 Diabetes Differences: Which One Is Worse?|url=https://www.medicinenet.com/type_1_vs_type_2_diabetes_similarities_differences/article.htm|access-date=2021-03-21|website=MedicineNet|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414120708/https://www.medicinenet.com/type_1_vs_type_2_diabetes_similarities_differences/article.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Diabetes mellitus is also occasionally known as "sugar diabetes" to differentiate it from [[diabetes insipidus]].<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Parker K |title= Living with diabetes|date=2008|publisher=Facts On File|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4381-2108-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/livingwithdiabet0000park/page/143 143]|url=https://archive.org/details/livingwithdiabet0000park|url-access=registration}}</ref> ==Other animals== {{main|Diabetes in dogs|Diabetes in cats}} Diabetes can occur in mammals or reptiles.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Niaz K, Maqbool F, Khan F, Hassan FI, Momtaz S, Abdollahi M | title = Comparative occurrence of diabetes in canine, feline, and few wild animals and their association with pancreatic diseases and ketoacidosis with therapeutic approach | journal = Veterinary World | volume = 11 | issue = 4 | pages = 410–422 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29805204 | pmc = 5960778 | doi = 10.14202/vetworld.2018.410-422 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Stahl SJ | chapter =Hyperglycemia in Reptiles |date=2006-01-01 | title = Reptile Medicine and Surgery | edition = Second |pages=822–830 | veditors = Mader DR |place=Saint Louis |publisher=W.B. Saunders |language=en |doi=10.1016/b0-72-169327-x/50062-6 |isbn=978-0-7216-9327-9 }}</ref> Birds do not develop diabetes because of their unusually high tolerance for elevated blood glucose levels.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sweazea KL | title = Revisiting glucose regulation in birds - A negative model of diabetes complications | journal = Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology | volume = 262 | pages = 110778 | date = 8 July 2022 | pmid = 35817273 | doi = 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110778 | s2cid = 250404382 }}</ref> In animals, diabetes is most commonly encountered in dogs and cats. Middle-aged animals are most commonly affected. Female dogs are twice as likely to be affected as males, while according to some sources, male cats are more prone than females. In both species, all breeds may be affected, but some small dog breeds are particularly likely to develop diabetes, such as [[Poodle|Miniature Poodles]].<ref name=Merck>{{cite web | title=Diabetes mellitus | website= Merck Veterinary Manual | edition = 9th | url=http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/40302.htm | year=2005 | access-date=2011-10-23 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927154816/http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm%2Fbc%2F40302.htm | archive-date=2011-09-27 }}</ref> Feline diabetes is strikingly similar to human type 2 diabetes. The [[Burmese cat|Burmese]], [[Russian Blue]], [[Abyssinian cat|Abyssinian]], and [[Norwegian Forest cat|Norwegian Forest]] cat breeds are at higher risk than other breeds. Overweight cats are also at higher risk.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Öhlund M|title=Feline diabetes mellitus Aspects on epidemiology and pathogenesis|publisher=Acta Universitatis agriculturae Sueciae|isbn=978-91-7760-067-1|url=https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/14746/1/ohlund_m_171123.pdf|access-date=2017-12-18|archive-date=2021-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413223918/https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/14746/1/ohlund_m_171123.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The symptoms may relate to fluid loss and polyuria, but the course may also be insidious. Diabetic animals are more prone to infections. The long-term complications recognized in humans are much rarer in animals. The principles of treatment (weight loss, oral antidiabetics, subcutaneous insulin) and management of emergencies (e.g. ketoacidosis) are similar to those in humans.<ref name=Merck/> Da'a tou teks nisura zanura siföföna ... == Fombagi wökhö gulo == [[Berkas:Gas gangrene2.jpg|jmpl|257x257px|Obou duturukahe börö wökhö gulo]] Fombagi wӧkhӧ gulo molo'ӧ mbӧrӧ (''etiologi'') ma hadia ia zi tobali bӧrӧnia. ''American Diabetes Association'' (ADA) la mane sasesenia fӧkhӧ gulo te'odombua ya'ia da'ӧ fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 1 ba fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 2.<ref name=":1" /> Dombua tipe wӧkhӧ gulo da'e tesura ia molo'ӧ numero ba ''Arab'' tenga numero ba ''Romawi'', bӧrӧ numero II romawi asese elungu niha wamaigi ba lawalinga numero 11 (felezara).<ref>American Diabetes Association. (2003). [http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.2007.S5 Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus: Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Other Categories of Glucose Regulation]. ''Diabetes Care'', ''26''(Suppl. 1), S5-S20. </ref> Tou da'e wangombakha sadogo-dogo wӧkhӧ gulo tipe 1 ba tipe 2. === '''Fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 1''' === Fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 1 alua bӧrӧ wӧkhӧ ''autoimun'', sel beta si so ba galakhaӧ (''pankreas'') afufu ba niha sombuyu (''rentan'') si'otarai ba dalu (nga'ӧtӧ) ba tebai mamazӧkhi isuli.<ref name=":0" /> ADA lamane fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 1 sasesenia musӧndra ba ndraono ba iraono sibohou ebua, furihӧ lafotӧi ia fӧkhӧ gulo ''juvenile''. Fӧkhӧ gulo da'e ha alua ia 5% ba niha sigӧna wӧkhӧ gulo, tandrania fa'afufu ''sel beta'' ba galakhaӧ. Da'e bӧrӧ angorudua wӧkhӧ nga'ӧtӧ (''genetik''), fatahana mboto (''imunologi''), ba tola manӧ bӧrӧ likunga (simane, tungö'ite [''virus'']) ba bӧrӧ tanӧ'bӧ'ӧ sitola fakhai ba wa'afufu ''sel beta'' ba galakhaӧ. Fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 1 tola alua ia ba zi 25-50% ba zifaero sifagӧlӧ (''kembar identik''), 6% ba zi fa'talifusӧ, ba 5% mi'tou ba nga'ӧtӧ.<ref name=":3">Black, J. M., & Hawks, J. H. (2014). ''Keperawatan Medikal Bedah: Manajemen Klinis untuk Hasil yang Diharapkan'' (8^th edisi). Singapore: Elsevier</ref> Tandra wӧkhӧ gulo tipe 1 da'e ya'ia da'ӧ asese kiӧ (''poliuria''), owӧkhi dӧdӧ sabӧlӧ-bӧlӧ (''polidipsia''), asese olofo (''polifagia''), ba fa'alӧ wa'abua silӧ taraso.<ref name=":4">Khardori, R. (2016). ''[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117739-overview Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus]''. ''Practice Essentials''. Muhalö me 19 Baŵa si dua 2021, moroi ba [http://emedicine.medscape.com emedicine.medscape.com].</ref> === '''Fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 2''' === Fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 2 ya'ia da'ӧ masaala ba mboto bӧrӧ me alӧ wa'abӧlӧ ''sel'' ba wanema isuli nifotӧi ''resistensi'' isuli.<ref name=":0" /> Fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 2 andre tesӧndra 90% irugi 95% ba gangarahuta zatua si'no gӧna fӧkhӧ gulo da'e.<ref>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). [http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes%20/pubs/statsreport14/national-diabetes-report-web.pdf National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2014]. ''National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.'' Muhalö me 19 Baŵa si dua, moroi ba [http://www.cdc.gov cdc.gov].</ref> Awena te'ila wӧkhӧ da'e na no aefa ndrӧfi si 40 fakhe ba sasesenia ba zatua, sesolo (''obesitas''), ba ''etnik'' awӧ ''ras'' si no mutandrai.<ref name=":3" /> Fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 2 alua bӧrӧ nga'ӧtӧ ba bӧrӧ likunga gӧi. Nga'ӧtӧ fakhai ia ba wame'e baero isuli ba ''retensi'' isuli, ba bӧrӧ likunga fakhai ia ba wa'esolo, tӧra manga, ambӧ fa olaraga, siteresi, awӧ wa'atua.<ref>Kaku, K. (2010). [https://www.med.or.jp/english/journal/pdf/2010_01/041_046.pdf Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes and Its Treatment Policy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123223356/https://www.med.or.jp/english/journal/pdf/2010_01/041_046.pdf |date=2020-11-23 }}. ''Japan Medical Association'', ''53''(1), 41-46. Muhalö me 19 Baŵa si dua, moroi ba [https://www.med.or.jp med.or.jp].</ref> Ato niha si'gӧna fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 2 andre lӧ te'ila ma lӧ murasoi dandrania. Bahiza, so dandra si'te'ila bӧro wӧkhӧ gulo tipe 2 ya'ia da'ӧ:<ref name=":5">Khardori, R. (2016). [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-overview Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus]. ''Practice Essentials''. Muhalö me 19 Baŵa si dua, moroi ba [http://emedicine.medscape.com emedicine.medscape.com].</ref> # Tandra sasese murasoi ba si no ara simane, asese kiӧ, owӧkhi dӧdӧ sabӧlӧ-bӧlӧ, oya manga, ba alӧ wa'abua. # Alӧ mangi'ila. # Omboyu ndroto-ndroto tanӧ tou (i'otarai lӧwi-lӧwi irugi zuru gahe). # Ifeksi zungӧ, simane ''balanitis'' ba nonomatua. == Fökhö tanö'bö'ö salua börö wökhö gulo == Fa'alawa gulo ba ndro (''Hiperglikemia'') sarara tola tekiko ngawalӧ ndroto-ndroto siofӧnania ''saraf'' ba uo. Masaala samakiko fa'auri niha sigӧna fӧkhӧ gulo si lӧ muzago ya'ia da'ӧ fa'alawa gulo ba ndro sifao ''ketoasidosis''.<ref>Khan, A. N., Macdonald, S., Turnbull, I., & Chandramohan, M. (2015). ''[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/391989-overview Imaging in Neuropathic Arthropathy (Charcot Joint)]''. Muhalö me 19 Baŵa si dua, moroi ba [http://emedicine.medscape.com emedicine.medscape.com].</ref> Fӧkhӧ tanӧ'bӧ'ӧ salua bӧrӧ wӧkhӧ gulo ya'ia da'ӧ:<ref name=":2" /> # Alio gӧna fӧkhӧ dӧdӧ ba fӧkhӧ fa'ombuyu (''stroke'') # Fa'atekiko ''saraf'' ba gahe irege alua zokho gahe (ulkus kaki), mӧi zungӧ (infeksi), irege tola la taba gahe. # Au'a bӧrӧ tekiko nuo si'ide-ide ba hӧrӧ. # Bӧrӧ [[Fökhö mbua|wӧkhӧ mbua]]. # Fa'amate ba zigӧna wӧkhӧ gulo dua kali '''(lipat)''' moroi ba zilӧ gӧna fӧkhӧ da'e. # Masaala halӧwӧ zatua (''disfungsi seksual'') == Famareso wökhö gulo (''diagnostic test'') == Famareso wӧkhӧ da'e ya'ia da'ӧ la tesi ba ''laboratorium'' lalania la su'a  wa'alawa gulo ndro. <ref>Hannon, R. A., Pooler, C., & Porth, C. M. (2010). ''Porth Pathophysiology: Consepts of Altered Health States'' (1^st Ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.</ref> Fotesi gulo ndro da'e ya'ia da'ӧ:<ref>Williams, L. S., & Hopper, P. D. (2015). ''Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing'' (5^th Ed.). Philadelphia: F.A Davis Company.</ref> ==== Gulo dro fuasӧ/''Fasting Plasma Glucose Level'' (FPG) ==== ADA imane gulo ndro fuasӧ si ''normal'' ya'ia da'ӧ ambӧ moroi ba zi 100 mg/dl. Niha tola la'''diagnosa'' mo fӧkhӧ gulo na gulo ndro fuasӧnia 126 mg/dl ma tӧra, nihalӧ si'lӧ'ӧ-lӧ'ӧ'nia 8 (walu) ja fuasӧ. Na gulo ndro fuasӧ ba zi 100-125 mg/dl, eluahania niha da'e tegadu gulo ndro fuasӧnia ma tefotӧi ia ba li bӧ'ӧ ''Impaired Fasting Glucose'' (IFG) ba tola gӧna fӧkhӧ gulo (''pradiabetes''). ==== Famareso gulo ndro si'lӧ tatu ginӧtӧ/''Random Plasma Glucose'' (RPG) ==== Gulo ndro sifaruka tefotӧi ia gulo ndro gofu hawa'ara manӧ wamareso. Famareso gulo da'e lӧ'moguna wama'anӧ ma inӧtӧ wemanga. Fӧkhӧ gulo na RPG 200 mg/dl ma tӧra sifao dandra wӧkhӧ gulo. ==== ''Oral Glucose Tolerance Test'' ==== Famareso gulo ndro aefa manga zami-ami ma tefotӧi ia ba li bӧ'ӧ ''Oral Glucose Tolerance Test'' (OGTT). Moguna ba wamaduhu'ӧ ''diagnosis'' wӧkhӧ gulo ba niha sokhӧ gulo ndro si normal ofeta alawa ma ha ma'ifu tedou. OGTT da'e manu'a gulo ndro ba ginӧtӧ aefa wamazu idanӧ si so gulo. Fӧkhӧ gulo na fa'alawa ndro ba zi 200 mg/dl ma tӧra na aefa 2 (dua) ja, na gulo ndro ba zi 140-199 mg/dl aefa 2 (dua) ja, la ''diagnosa'' ia IFG faoma ''pradiabetes''. ==== ''Glycohemoglobin''  ''Test'' ==== ''Glycohemoglobin'' la tӧtӧi ia gӧi ''glycosylated hemoglobin'' (HbA_1c) ma ''hemoglobin A1C''. HbA_1c te'oguna'ӧ ia tobali dane-dane awӧ ba wamaigi fa'atedou ''kontrol'' wӧkhӧ gulo. Su'a-su'a si ''normal'' HbA_1c ya'ia da'ӧ 4% ofeta 6%, te'tӧtӧi fӧkhӧ gulo na HbA_1c ba zi 6,5% ma tӧra, ba na HbA_1c ba gotalua zi 6% ofeta 6,5% tola tobali diabetes (''pradiabetes''). == Hadia nifalua na tohare wökhö da'e? == === '''Fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 1''' === Nifalua ba wӧkhӧ gulo tipe 1 ya'ia da'ӧ:<ref name=":4" /> # Muzago (''Kontrol'') gulo # Muzago gulo samӧsa. # Dalu-dalu isuli. # ''Diet'' ba mohalӧwӧ ma fa olaraga. === '''Fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 2''' === Nifalua ba wӧkhӧ gulo tipe 2 ya'ia da'ӧ:<ref name=":5" /> # Mangalӧsi wa'aoha (''risiko'') gӧna wӧkhӧ nuo si'ide-ide he bahӧrӧ ba he ba mbua, lalania mu'zago gulo ndro ba fa'alawa ndro. # Mangalӧsi wa'aoha gӧna wӧkhӧ nua sebua si so ba nuo dӧdӧ (''koroner''), nuo ba guto (''serebrovaskuler''), ba nuo ba mboto tanӧ'bӧ'ӧ (''perifer''). # Mangalӧsi wa'aoha ''metabolisme'' ba ''neurologi'', lalania ''kontrol'' gulo ba ndro. --> == Fökhö si fakhai == * [[Fökhö Mbua]] == Khai-khai baero == * [https://www.diabetes.org American Diabetes Association] * [https://diabetesatlas.org/ IDF Diabetes Atlas] * [https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/resources-for-health-educators/national-eye-health-education-program/nehep-partnership-directory/national-diabetes-education-program National Diabetes Education Program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415182511/https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/resources-for-health-educators/national-eye-health-education-program/nehep-partnership-directory/national-diabetes-education-program |date=2022-04-15 }} * [https://diabetesjournals.org/care/issue/42/Supplement_1 ADA's Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2019] * {{cite journal | vauthors = Polonsky KS | title = The past 200 years in diabetes | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2012-10-04_367_14/page/1332 | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 367 | issue = 14 | pages = 1332–1340 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23034021 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra1110560 | s2cid = 9456681 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite web | url = https://medlineplus.gov/diabetes.html | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | work = MedlinePlus | title = Diabetes }} == Umbu == {{Reflist|18em}} [[Kategori:Fökhö]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] [[Kategori:Sura amilita]] p7utlgpd6hnvpeq00hutifwhay62gr6 0 1400 28378 24707 2026-09-23T15:35:24Z Slaia 39 added [[Category:Sura amilita]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book | name = Harry Potter | title_orig = | translator = | image = Berkas:Harry Potter wordmark.svg | image_caption = Logo ''Harry Potter'', te'oguna'ö si föföna sibai ba seri novel edisi Amerika Serikat ba aefa da'ö ba seri filem | author = [[J.K. Rowling]] | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = [[Britania Raya]] | language =[[li Inggris]] | genre = [[Fantasi]], [[fiksi remaja]], [[misteri]], [[cerita seru]], realisme sihir | publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing (Britania Raya)<br />Scholastic Press (Amerika Serikat) | release_date = 29 Juni 1997 – 21 Juli 2007 | timeline = 1991 - 2017 | media_type = Cetak (uli sawe'e & uli sito'ölö)<br />[[Buku audio]]<br />[[Buku elektronik]] | pages = 3.407 }} {{infobox | above = Edisi Indonesia | image = | caption = | headerstyle = | label1 = Judul | data1 = ''Harry Potter'' | label2= Sangali |data2= Listiana Srisanti |label3=Penerbit |data3=[[Gramedia Pustaka Utama]] |label4=Baŵa terbit |data4= September 2000 – Januari 2008 | label5 =Nga'örö |data5= 5.248 |label6=Seri |data6= 1. ''[[Harry Potter dan Batu Bertuah]]''<br />2. ''[[Harry Potter dan Kamar Rahasia]]''<br />3. ''[[Harry Potter dan Tawanan Azkaban]]''<br />4. ''[[Harry Potter dan Piala Api]]''<br />5. ''[[Harry Potter dan Orde Phoenix]]''<br />6. ''[[Harry Potter dan Pangeran Berdarah Campuran]]''<br />7. ''[[Harry Potter dan Relikui Kematian]]'' }} '''Harry Potter''' no töi fitu novel fantasi nifa'anö [[J.K. Rowling]], samösa zanura moroi ba [[Skotlandia]], [[Britania Raya]]. Bakha ba novel andre itutunö Rowling hadia nitörö Harry Potter, samösa iraono si so elemu awö Ron Weasley ba Hermione Granger, awönia sekola Sekolah Sihir Hogwarts. Tuho nitutunö bakha ba ziha'uga novel andre ya'ia hadia nilau Harry ba wolaŵa Lord Voldemort, samösa niha so'elemu göi, somasi wogamö fa'auri silö'aetu, somasi mangalani gelemu niha bö'ö, somasi mame'e barö mbawania niha si lö elemu ba somasi mamunu fefu niha somba'agö ya'ia ba wamalua fefu da'a, mendrua manö Harry. [[Berkas:J. K. Rowling 2010.jpg|jmpl|Somböi ''Harry Potter'' J.K. Rowling]] I'otarai la'efasi novel si föföna ''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone'' (ba Indonesia la'efasi ia faoma töi ''Harry Potter dan Batu Bertuah'') me 30 Juni 1997, i'anema'ö populer ia, lasuno ia ato niha, ba gofu heza oya tefamawa ia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2996578.stm|title=Potter's place in the literary canon|publisher=BBC News|last=Allsobrook|first=Dr. Marian|date=18 Juni 2003|accessdate=15 Oktober 2007|archive-date=2008-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109162755/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2996578.stm|dead-url=no}}</ref> Töra 600 juga ngawua novel moroi ba seri andre tefamawa ba zi sagörö ulidanö, ba börö da'ö tobali novel fondrege la'öli niha sagötö inötö, ba no la'ali ia ba 85 li ba gulidanö.<ref name="Harry Potter copies">{{cite press release |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Scholastic Marks 25 Year Anniversary of The Publication of J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone |url=http://mediaroom.scholastic.com/press-release/scholastic-marks-25-year-anniversary-publication-jk-rowling-s-harry-potter-and-sorcere |location=New York, New York |publisher=Scholastic |agency= |date=2023-02-06 |access-date=2023-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313054050/http://mediaroom.scholastic.com/press-release/scholastic-marks-25-year-anniversary-publication-jk-rowling-s-harry-potter-and-sorcere|archive-date=13 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Translations for Harry Potter">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7649962.stm|title=Rowling 'makes £5 every second'|date=3 Oktober 2008|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=17 Oktober 2008|archive-date=2009-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311003331/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7649962.stm|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.time.com/2013/07/31/because-its-his-birthday-harry-potter-by-the-numbers/|publisher=Time|title=Because It's His Birthday: Harry Potter, By the Numbers|author=TIME staff|date=31 Juli 2013|access-date=2014-12-27|archive-date=2013-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801013055/http://entertainment.time.com/2013/07/31/because-its-his-birthday-harry-potter-by-the-numbers/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Öfa novel safuria ba seri andre no ikhamö sambua rekor tobali novel fondrege alio tefamawa ba zi'ogötö'ö tanö. Bakha ba novel andre oya lala wangera-ngera nifotöi ''genre'': so fantasi<ref>Lafotöi ''fantasi'' sambua nidunö-dunö si lö irai alua ba wa'auri niha, si ha alua ia bakha ba wangera-ngera zanura ya'ia. Eluahania lö tola falukha ita khö niha nitutunö ba da'ö ba lö göi irai alua zalua khönia ba wa'auri niha sauri ba gotaluada.</ref>, so ''misteri'', so ''cerita seru'', so wekolisa (''petualangan'') ba so göi ''roman'', irege tesöndra oya zi fakhai ba budaya khönia bakha.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fry|first=Stephen|authorlink=Stephen Fry|url=http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2005/1205-bbc-fry.html|title=Living with Harry Potter|publisher=BBC Radio 4|date=10 Desember 2005|accessdate=10 Desember 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602092002/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2005/1205-bbc-fry.html|archivedate=2009-06-02|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Harry Up!|work=Entertainment Weekly|last=Jenson|first=Jeff|year=2000|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,85524~5~0~,00.html|accessdate=20 September 2007|date=7 September 2000|archive-date=2012-07-30|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,85524~5~0~,00.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Last Chapter|author=Nancy Carpentier Brown|publisher=Our Sunday Visitor|year=2007|url=http://www.osv.com/Portals/0/images/pdf/TheLastChapter.pdf|accessdate=28 April 2009|archive-date=2007-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013134200/http://www.osv.com/Portals/0/images/pdf/TheLastChapter.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=J. K. Rowling |title=J. K. Rowling at the Edinburgh Book Festival |url=http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/news_view.cfm?id=80 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820213620/http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/news_view.cfm?id=80 |archivedate=2006-08-20 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> Molo'ö Rowling, tema si tobali tuho novel andre ya'ia fa'amate.<ref name="Geordie Greig">{{cite news|author=Geordie Greig|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/10/nrowl110.xml|title='There would be so much to tell her...'|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=4 April 2007|date=11 Januari 2006|location=London|archive-date=2007-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311032026/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2006%2F01%2F10%2Fnrowl110.xml|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Bahiza so göi tema tanöbö'ö simane korupsi awö söndra sanandrösa ba niha bö'ö si lö aetu negatif.<ref name="Mzimba, Lizo, moderator. Interview with [[Steve Kloves]] and J.K. Rowling">{{cite news|url=http://www.quick-quote-quill.org/articles/2003/0302-newsround-mzimba.htm|publisher=Quick Quotes Quill|title=Interview with Steve Kloves and J.K. Rowling|moderator=Lizo Mzimba|date=28 Juli 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040104114558/http://www.quick-quote-quill.org/articles/2003/0302-newsround-mzimba.htmaccess|archivedate=2004-01-04|access-date=2013-01-24|dead-url=no}}</ref> Ba mböröta novel Harry Potter andre niraka Bloomsbury ba [[Britania Raya]] awö Scholastic Press ba [[Amerika Serikat]]. Aefa da'ö oya sa'ae penerbit bö'ö ba zi sagörö ulidanö soraka ya'ia, simane [[Gramedia Pustaka Utama]] ba [[Indonesia]]. No göi labali'ö seri filem fefu novel andre ira Warner Bros Pictures, ba no tobali ia filem fondrege oya mu'öli tiket ba zi'ogötö'ö tanö. Baero da'ö oya göi merek wogale nifazökhi moroi ba seri ''Harry Potter'' andre si no tobali töra 25 milliar dollar AS mbölinia.<ref name="HP brand worth">{{cite news|url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/movers_and_shakers/article3663197.ece|title=Business big shot: Harry Potter author JK Rowling|accessdate=14 Juli 2009|location=London|newspaper=The Times|first=Susan|last=Thompson|date=2 April 2008|archive-date=2012-07-08|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/movers_and_shakers/article3663197.ece|dead-url=no}}</ref> Börö wa'oya la'öli ia niha, no göi tobali sanura fondrege mo'okhöta Rowling.<ref>{{cite news |first = |last = |author = Watson, Julie dan Kellner, Tomas |coauthors = |url = http://www.forbes.com/maserati/billionaires2004/cx_jw_0226rowlingbill04.html |title = J.K. Rowling And The Billion-Dollar Empire |work = |publisher = [http://www.forbes.com/ Forbes.com] |pages = |page = |date = 26 Februari 2004 |accessdate = 19 Maret 2006 |archive-date = 2021-01-11 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210111180754/https://www.forbes.com/maserati/billionaires2004/cx_jw_0226rowlingbill04.html |dead-url = no }}</ref> Moroi ba ''Harry Potter'' andre lafazökhi oi bisnis tanöbö'ö simane media digital (nisura Rowling samösa), filem (''Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them''), atraksi wisata awö studio tur ba [[London]] awö nifotöi ''taman hiburan'' (''The Wizarding World of Harry Potter'' ba ''Universal Destinations & Experiences''). Awena irugi ba da'a zi no mufareso. Oya gumbu si fasala ba gahe, börö me lö nasa awai ia. === Harry Potter dan Batu Bertuah === Itema zura wa no latema ia ba zekola Hogwarts Harry ba luo wa'atumbunia si-11. Itörö kereta api ba we'amöi ba nahia heza so zekola andrö. Toröi ia ba [[asrama]] Gryffindor, heza göi toröi Hermione faoma Ron.<ref name=":1">Britannica Encyclopedia. [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Harry-Potter-and-the-Philosophers-Stone Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]. Mufaigi me 27/02/2021.</ref> Ba ginötö da'ö so ba Hogwarts sambua gara si so fetua (nifotöi ''batu bertuah'') ba no labini'ö ia moroi khö Voldemort. Bahiza lö la'ia ira Harrry faoma awönia haniha zedöna mangokhögö gara andre, wa Voldemort ia andrö. Lawalinga i ya'ia guru kelas khöra sotöi Severus Snape. Awena tö la'ila haniha ia me lasöndra Voldemort samini'ö ya'ia barö gambala gurura sotöi Quirrell. Lö sa'ae boto khö Voldemort, ha noso zi so khönia, si tola i'iago ba mboto niha bö'ö.<ref name=":1" /> == Khai-khai baero == * [https://www.audible.com/ep/HarryPotter Audiobook Harry Potter] * [https://gbp.shop.pottermore.com/collections/ebooks E-book Harry Potter] == Umbu == <references /> [[Kategori:Novel]] [[Kategori:Skotlandia]] [[Kategori:Britania Raya]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] [[Kategori:Sura amilita]] 5uql50s1mgr10npsfsiz146pdcx1ha8 4 1578 28334 17309 2026-09-23T15:25:11Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]]; added [[Category:Olayama]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28334 wikitext text/x-wiki Amaedola no sambua lala nitörö Nono Niha ba wama'ema nösi dödöra ba niha bö'ö na fahuhuo, he ba walukhasata si ero ma'ökhö simane yomo ba nomo, falukhasata ba zi lö mutötöna, ba he göi ba walukhasata ni'odödögö si mane ba gödo ma ba halöŵö hada. Fama'ema ösi dödö faoma amaedola fabö'ö ira na fahuhuo sito'ölö. Ba huhuo sito'ölö, muŵa'ö manö zi so ba dödö, lö mangoguna'ö maedo-maedo (''terus terang''). Andrö lafotöi ia "nifamahö towa". Ba hiza amaedola tenga simanö. Fama'ema ösi dödö andrö tebe'e wamaedo ba ni'ila hörö ma sasese alua ba muhaogö wama'oli fehede ba wanguma'ö ya'ia ena'ö ohahau dödö zamondrondrongo ba ena'ö lö tetutu dödö na so wehede famatika ma fanegu... [[Amaedola ba Faosatönia|''Baso dohu-tohunia'']] [[Kategori:Olayama]] dvbe1zf2czqn1p4khosbm3gvu66f1pj 4 1579 28335 20097 2026-09-23T15:25:20Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]]; added [[Category:Olayama]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28335 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:PeeledCassava.jpg|right|113x150px]] '''[[Gowirio]]''' (li Latin ''Manihot esculenta'', li Indonesia ''ubi kayu'', ''ketela pohon'', li Jawa Barat ''singkong'') no sambua zinumbua ba danö si so töla ba hiza lö tobali eu sebua ia. Tefaböbö ia ba soi ''Euphorbiaceae'' ba auri ia ba gölana ''tropika'' faoma ''subtropika''. Ŵa'ania tobali tuho gö same'e ''karbohidrat'' ba bulunia tobali bulugeu (''sayur''). So dombua ngawalö gowirio: si nami-namitö ba safeto. Gowirio si to'ölö ta'ila ba Danö Niha ba si nami-namitö andrö. Ide-ide göi ia moroi ba gowirio safeto. Gowirio safeto egebua nösinia ba oya khönia bakha langu nifotöi sianida. Andrö wa silötolalö'ö lahaogö wama'anö ya'ia ena'ö tola mu'a. Börö da'ö göi asese la'oguna'ö gowirio safeto ba wamazökhi hamo (''tepung tapioka''), ''kripik'' ma ö tanöbö'ö nifa'anö ba pabrik. Tanömö gowirio ba tölania andrö samösa nitanö tou ba danö. Aoha wananö ya'ia me lö moguna sibai khönia oya halöŵö wondrorogö simane sinanö bö'ö. Gowirio no tuho gö he ba Danö Niha ba he ba mbanu-banua misa, tola nirino, nibogö ma zui nisano. {{Baso|Gowirio}}<noinclude> [[Kategori:Olayama]] </noinclude> rgovn2wx3b4mdyl4amh7k28qkpmdzd2 4 1580 28364 18584 2026-09-23T15:29:41Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28364 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Simple Labarum2.svg|right|113x150px]] '''Chi Rho''' (famoligö ya'ia ''kai rou'') ma asese tesura ia faoma tandra ☧ no sambua dandra si fakhai ba [[niha Keriso]]. Hurufo ''chi'' faoma ''rho'' no moroi ba li Yunani. Na tasura ia ba lala wanurada ma'ökhö tobali ia ''x'' ba ''p''. XP andrö no dombua hurufo ba mböröta döi Keriso ba li Yunani: '''ΧΡ'''ΙΣΤΟΣ (Christos). Bahiza asese lafalaete wanura ya'ia irege tobali ia ☧. Ibörötaigö asese ta'ila dandra andre ba media sosial, börö me itugu ato ndra sohalöŵö ba Gereja Protestan ba Danö Niha sangoguna'ö ''toga'' liturgi andre. Me föna ha ere bakha ba Gereja Katolik. Si to'ölönia tandra '''chi rho''' andre tegambaraini ia ba nifotöi stola {{Baso|Chi Rho}}<noinclude> [[Kategori:Olayama]] </noinclude> gn453hfrlw5a140b5v2pt5nq5hvipsw 4 1613 28336 20098 2026-09-23T15:25:28Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]]; added [[Category:Olayama]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28336 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Charlottenburg Straße des 17. Juni Flohmarkt-004.jpg|left|frameless|115x115px|Harimbale ba Berlin, Jerman.]]'''[[Harimbale]]''' no sambua ngaluo wogale, me owulo ndra sogale ba ngaluo ba ba zi sambua nahia si no tehonogöi, irege tola möi niha sato wowöli gofu hadia ia zoguna khöra ero migu. Laŵaö ia ''pasar mingguan'' ba Li Indonesia ma ''Wochenmarkt'' ma zui ''Flohmarkt'' ba Li Jerman. Ba ginötö föna ha ngaluo harimbale andre ginötö wa owulo niha sato, börö da'ö möi niha tenga ha ba wowöli soguna khöra ba hiza göi ba wanöndra oya ngawalö sangomusoi'ö tödö. Börö da'ö oya zalua ba zi fasui harimbale. So zi famai bola ma voli. So zanunö-nunö ba so göi lafo wemanga. So zi famai ba so göi zangai rafe niha sato. Itaria na i so göi zikola wanunö. Börö da'ö ato niha si möi ba harimbale ena'ö tola omuso dödöra. Tola börö me fakese ba nawö-nawöra ma zui börö wamaisa ma na i börö wamadu tuo. Asese alua wa fasöndra niha ba harimbale ba si to'ölönia börö zimabu wamadu tuo ma agu. {{Baso|Harimbale}}<noinclude> [[Kategori:Olayama]] </noinclude> tgfnuybu40s9rjo7sd6swtbt1luu6xm 4 1614 28337 17312 2026-09-23T15:25:34Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]]; added [[Category:Olayama]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28337 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Famohu niha''' no sambua waosatö si föföna sibai nitörö niha ba Danö Niha me föna na omasi ira mangowalu. Samohu niha ha ono matua. Ha ono matua zi tola möi manöröi tanö ba wangalui ono alawe somasi ia tobali ngambatönia dania. Tola sa ifohu ono alawe samösa nono matua somasi ia, ba hiza i angetulania tenga ba dangania. Oi angetula ndra satuania na tola ma tebai tebe'e ia nihalö khö nono matua somasi ia andrö. {{Baso|Famohu Niha}} [[Kategori:Olayama]] btn5j3vi0g29tgccwduvhwog242jaje 4 1615 28338 27194 2026-09-23T15:25:42Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]]; added [[Category:Olayama]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28338 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Blausen 0580 Insulin Syringe&Pen.png|left|frameless|150x113px]] '''Fökhö gulo''' no sambua wökhö salua börö me mo'amböta mboto ba wamazökhi nifotöi ''insulin''. Insulin andre moguna ia ba wamalalaŵa wa'oya gulo ba mboto niha, ena'ö böi mo'amböta sibai ba ma zui falawu oya gulo bakha ba ndro. Fökhö andre no asese tesöndra ba zi sagörö ulidanö. Molo'ö WHO me ndröfi 2014 töra 422 juta niha moroi ndröfi 18 mofökhö gulo. Ba molo'ö fangerai sambua gamaota fökhö gulo Amerika ba ndröfi 2035 dania ba edöna so 592 juta niha sofökhö gulo... {{Baso|Fökhö Gulo}} [[Kategori:Olayama]] 06v9nuil54aiy03pk4ohykam5vboyo3 0 2703 28375 25612 2026-09-23T15:34:13Z Slaia 39 added [[Category:Sura amilita]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28375 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Lozi Mbölökha.jpg|jmpl|Tandraluo mbölökha]] Lafa'oli wanandra ginötö ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] meföna molo'ö tandra-tandra ni'ilara alua götö zi ma'ökhö ba si bongi. Baero wangerai ginötö si'ero ma'ökhö, so nasa wangerai ginötö molo'ö gofanöŵa mbaŵa ba mbanua si yaŵa ba fangerai döfi wangahalö ba danö. Awena dania me no tohare niha safusi uli solohe [[surambaŵa]], labörötaigö göi niha wangerai luo ba zi samigu, ba zi sara waŵa ba ba zi döfi. Faigi zanandrösa ba da'a ba zura [[Inötö]] sisa. [[Berkas:Lozi Mbagolö.jpg|jmpl|Tandraluo ba dowa]] == Ngenoli ginötö ba zi sara ngaluo == * Talumbongi: 00:00 * Aefa talumbongi: 00:30 – 02:00 * Samuza kearö: 02:00 – 02:30 * Miwo manu siföföna: 02:30 – 03:00 * Miwo manu simendrua: 03:00 – 03:30 * Miwo manu simedölu: 03:30 – 04:00 * Miwo manu sifadoro: 04:00 – 04:30 * Miwo manu safuria: 04:30 – 05:00 * Mofanö zamölö akhe: 05:00 – 05:30 * Afusi wali ma oroma newali: 05:30 – 05:45 * Mohede riŵi: 05:45 – 06:00 * Tumbu luo: 06:00 * Sihulöwongi, mofanö niha ba halöŵö: 06:30 – 07:00 * Te'anö niha ba halöŵö: 07:00 – 07:30 * Otufo namo: 08:00 * Ibörögö numalö yaŵa luo: 09:00 * Mohede riŵi: 05:45 – 06:00 * Tumbu luo: 06:00 * Ahulö wongi, mofanö niha ba halöŵö: 06:30 – 07:00 * Te'anö niha ba halöŵö: 07:00 – 07:30 * Otufo namo: 08:00 * Ibörögö numalö yaŵa luo: 09:00 * Numalö yaŵa luo: 10:00 * Lumalö yomo zondrino: 11:00 * Mangawuli zimilo: 11:30 * Inötö wemanga ba zi taluluo: 11:45 * Laluo: 12:00 * Ahole yöu: 13:00 * Manaere yöu: 14:00 * Aruru yöu: 15:00 * Aso'a yöu: 16:00 * Mangawuli zimilo: 17:00 * Aekhu luo: 18:00 * Manuge manu: 18:15 * Manunu fandru: 18:30 * Mondrino gö bongi : 19:00 * Fatutu ogömi: 19:30 * Asoso gö bongi: 20:00 * Manga niha ba zibongi : 20:00 – 20:45 * Monganga afo bongi: 20:45 – 21:30 * Mörö niha: 21:30 – 22:00 * Ahono mörö niha: 22:00 – 23:00 * Saraö tö talumbongi: 23:00 – 24:00 == Ngenoli ngaluo ba zi samigu == Lö la'erai ngaluo ero migu niha ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] meföna. Awena dania lafaosatö ngaluo tobali migu me tohare niha ndrawa awö niha safusi uli ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]]. Andrö göi wa töi-töi ngaluo andre tenga [[li Niha]] ia bahiza niwawalö moroi ba li [[li Melayu]]/[[li Arab]] awö moroi ba [[li Portugis]]/[[li Latin]]. Töi Migu tehalö moroi ba [[li Portugis]] ''domingo'', eluahania luo Zo'aya, börö me ba luo andrö owulo ndra [[niha Keriso]] ba wamolakhömi [[So'aya]], si no lafalua ira solohi khö [[Yesu]] i'otarai ginötö aefa wemaosonia moroi ba gotalua zimate. * Migu (moroi ba [[li Portugis]] Domingo) * Sinaya (moroi ba [[li Melayu]] Senin) * Salasa (moroi ba [[li Melayu]] Selasa) * Rabu (moroi ba [[li Melayu]] Rabu) * Khami (moroi ba [[li Melayu]] Khamis) * Zumaha (moroi ba [[li Melayu]] Jumaat) * Satu (moroi ba [[li Melayu]] Sabtu) == Ngenoli ginötö ba zi sara waŵa == [[Berkas:FULL MOON IN SEPTEMBER 10 2022.jpg|jmpl|Baŵa safönu wa'ebua nifotöi '''tuli''' me 10 September 2022]] Baero wangerai inötö molo'ö si ma'ökhö ba si bongi, la'erai göi ginötö ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] meföna molo'ö gofanöŵa mbaŵa (nifotöi ''{{li|en|lunar calendar}}'' ba [[li Inggris]]). Lahörögö [[baŵa|mbaŵa]] ba dalu mbanua i'otarai lö oroma ia (nifotöi fasulöna), ba itugu ara itugu ebua ia, irege afönu wa'ebuania (nifotöi tuli), ba aefa da'ö itugu ara itugu ide-ide ia, irege taya zui (nifotöi aekhu mbaŵa). [[Berkas:Crescent moon - Hilal.jpg|jmpl|Baŵa salö wa'ebua nifotöi '''tesa'a''']] * Sambua Desa'a * Dua Desa'a * Tölu Desa'a * Öfa Desa'a * Lima Desa'a * Önö Desa'a * Mewitu Desa'a * Meŵalu Desa'a * Meziŵa Desa'a * Mawulu Desa'a * Mewelezara Desa'a * Mewelendrua Desa'a * Meweledölu Desa'a * Mewele'öfa Desa'a * Tuli * Solumö'ö ma Samuza Akhömi * Mendrua Akhömi * Medölu Akhömi * Mendröfa Akhömi * Melima Akhömi * Me'önö Akhömi * Mewitu Akhömi * Meŵalu Akhömi (Börö Zikho) * Meziŵa Akhömi (Sikho) * Mewulu Akhömi (Börö Mugu) * Mewelezara Wa'aekhu (Angekhula Mugu) * Felendrua Wa'aekhu (Börö Ndriwakha) * Sambua lö aekhu (Talu Ndriŵa) * Aekhu mbaŵa (Ahakhöŵa) * Fasulöna == Ngenoli ginötö ba zi döfi == [[Berkas:Man harvesting rice in Don Det, Laos.jpg|jmpl|Inötö wamasi ba danö Laos]] Börö me la'erai ginötö molo'ö gofanöŵa mbaŵa (nifotöi ''{{li|en|lunar calendar}}'' ba [[li Inggris]]), lö fangerai zi döfi (nifotöi ''{{li|en|solar calendar}}'' ba [[li Inggris]]) ba Danö Niha meföna. Ni'ilara ha inötö wananö, fanese ba famasi ba nowi ma ba laza nifotöi ndröfi wangahalö. Faigi zanandrösa ba da'a ba zura [[Inötö]] sisa. [[Berkas:Dry season planting Mutarnee north Queensland July 1984 IMG 0010.jpg|jmpl|Inötö wananö ba danö Australia]] * Inötö Wamohu tanö-nowi, folowi naha gowi ma folowi laza (döfi wangahalö fetaronia ba zibözi önö tanö ba gatumbukha), gamaudu April – Mei ba ndröfi ndra niha Keriso (nifotöi döfi [[Masehi]] ba [[li Indonesia]], nihalö moroi ba wehede Mesias, töi wogaoni khö [[Yesu Keriso]]). * Inötö Wananö fakhe (döfi wangahalö fetaronia ba zibözi ŵalu), gamaudu Juni – Juli ba ndröfi ndra niha Keriso. * Inötö Wanese ma fangofösi börö wakhe (döfi wangahalö fetaronia ba zibözi fulu), gamaudu Agustus – September ba ndröfi ndra niha Keriso. * Inötö Wanese simendrua ma moweto wakhe (döfi wangahalö fetaronia ba zibözi felendrua), gamaudu Oktober – November ba ndröfi ndra niha Keriso. * Inötö Mewo ma mamasi ba zahulö (döfi wangahalö fetaronia ba zibözi fele'öfa ma ba zibözi dua tanö'owi), gamaudu Desember - Januari ba ndröfi ndra niha Keriso. * Inötö Wamasi (döfi wangahalö fetaronia ba zibözi fele'önö ma ba zibözi öfa tanö'owi), gamaudu Januari – Februari ba ndröfi ndra niha Keriso. * Inötö Wamakha ma fangofösi börö gowi ba zabe'e tanö (döfi wangahalö fetaronia ba zibözi feleŵalu ma ba zibözi önö tanö'owi), gamaudu Februari – Maret ba ndröfi ndra niha Keriso. == Fangerai inötö == * Ha mamö'i hörö (ambö töra 1 detik) * Ahou ba manu (ambö töra 2 detik) * Sandrohu wikho-wikho (ambö töra 6 detik) * Aboto lölö afo (ambö töra 2 menit) * Alölö afo (ambö töra 5 menit) * Ahakhö roko sisara (ambö töra 10 menit) * Mo'otu nidanö ni'ukhugö (ambö töra 15 menit) * Sambadu fofanö (ambö töra 30 menit) * Dua mbadu fofanö(ambö töra 1 jam) * Matonga luo (ambö töra 6 jam) * Ma'ö-ma'ökhö (ambö töra 12 jam) * Sara luo sara wongi (24 jam) * Samigu (7 ngaluo) * Sara waŵa * Mowua rigi (ambö töra 3 waŵa) * Mowua nohi (ambö töra 6 fakhe) * Owalusö ndraono (ambö töra 18 fakhe) == Faigi göi == * [[Inötö]] * [[Miwo manu]] * [[Tandraluo]] * [[Töi mbaŵa]] == Umbu == <references /> [[Kategori:Surambaŵa]] [[Kategori:Tandraluo]] [[Kategori:Ondröita Nono Niha]] [[Kategori:Sura amilita]] 2app5cbvuyvuo4gk02avvyydzumgkaf 4 3762 28354 20255 2026-09-23T15:28:28Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]]; added [[Category:Olayama]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28354 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Elephantopus scaber by kadavoor.jpg|nirbing|kiri|115px]] '''Rafarafa''' (Li Indonesia ''tapak liman'') no sambua zinumbua si tefaböbö ba famili ndru'u sobowo sihulö luo (töi ilmiah [[Asteraceae]] ma ''bunga matahari'' ba li Indonesia). Asese tumbu ia ba zinga newali ma zui ba zinga geno'o, ba tola göi ba golayama, ba zinga lala, ba mbewe mbandra, ba zinga mbombo ba tanöbö'önia. Ŵa'ania aro fakha'a tou ba danö. Tölania abe'e ba adogo-dogo. Bulunia tumbu sagö-sagörö moroi ba döla, omböilania manganau ba no ahalo-halo tanö ba mbalö, mogökha-gökha ba zinga ba mogumo dete mbulunia. Na no atua ia ba mobowo. Bowonia no orudu ba lalai döla, sola'a safusi ba itaria göi so zobowodoru. Rafarafa asese la'ogunaö ia tobali dalu-dalu wökhö gowimanekhe (li Indonesia ''batu ginjal''), fökhö gulo ba dalu-dalu wa'aukhu. Bahiza tebai labadu ia ira'alawe sotabina, börö tola ibe'e adudu nono ba dalu. {{Baso|Rafarafa}}<noinclude> [[Kategori:Olayama]] </noinclude> kntkfbb7u2ws5lvsqobisge8jrc2f24 4 3770 28356 23812 2026-09-23T15:28:57Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]]; added [[Category:Olayama]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28356 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Kidney – acute cortical necrosis.jpg|frameless|left|115x115px]] '''Fökhö mbua''' no fökhö salua na ibörögö awuwu halöŵö [[Bua|mbua]] ba wanafi'ö fefu zi ta'unö si so ba mboto moroi ba nidanö giö si lalö ba [[faya|waya]]. Fökhö da'e tola alua ia ba ginötö si lö arara (nifotöi ''{{li|id|akut}}'') ba ma zui arara (nifotöi ''{{li|id|kronis}}''). Alua wökhö wökhö [[Bua|mbua]] si lö arara andre na mo'amböta ndro sangele ba [[Bua|mbua]] ma zui na no abobo [[Bua|mbua]] andrö börö wa'alabu niha, ma na no mesokho [[Bua|mbua]] andrö. Fabö'ö wökhö [[Bua|mbua]] sarara. Sito'ölönia no ida'i-da'i wa'aluania, ba töra tölu waŵa wa'ara. Itugu ara itugu abölö-bölö ia ba afuriatania [[bua]] andrö tekiko, ma to'ölö laŵa'ö no irugi mbosi si lima (latötöi ia ba [[li Inggris]]: ''{{li|en|end stage renal disease}}''). Na no irugi mbosi si lima, ba lö tola mudalu-daluni sa'ae [[Bua|mbua]] andrö. Lö sa'ae lala wame'e ena'ö mangawuli sökhi wohalöŵönia simane meföna. Ibörötaigö ia fökhö da'e na so [[Fökhö gulo|wökhö gulo]], na alaŵa wa'abölö-bölö wamangele ndro, ma na abao [[Bua|mbua]], ma zui na no mokara bakha ba [[Bua|mbua]]. Baero da'ö tola göi fao khönia wökhö tanöbö'ö simane fökhö tödö, fatöra wangele ndro, fökhö döla ba ma zui fökhö wo'amböta wamangele ndro. {{Baso|Fökhö mbua}}<noinclude> [[Kategori:Olayama]] </noinclude> ejhwo7bcmnxq6g0067v8ec9zd9fypv2 4 3772 28357 23844 2026-09-23T15:29:03Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]]; added [[Category:Olayama]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28357 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:YouTube full-color icon (2017).svg|jmpl|150px]] '''YouTube''' no sambua mbolokha gu'ö ba internet heza tola la'irö'ö gambara digital saliŵa-liŵa ([[video]]) niha, ena'ö tola lafaigi ia niha bö'ö. Lafasindro ia me ndröfi 2005. Ba mbolokha gu'ö andre tola lafairö, lafaigi ba lafazaewe [[video]] niha. Oya ngawalö [[video]] nifairö niha ba YouTube: so filem, [[TV]], [[video]] musik, [[video]] fondrörö niha ([[li Inggris]]: ''{{li|en|entertainment}}'') awö [[video]] famahaö ([[li Inggris]]: ''{{li|en|educational}}''), so [[video]] sanau ba so göi [[video]] sadogo-dogo. Video sabölö oya so ba YouTube, no [[video]] nifairö niha zamösana, heŵa'ae so göi [[video]] nifairö ''organisasi'' ma zui sambua ''perusahaan media'' simane [[BBC]], [[Vevo]], [[Hulu]], btn. Me November 2006 i'öli YouTube [[Google]], ba i'otarai da'ö tobali ia ono ''perusahaan'' khö [[Google]]. Fa'ebua mbölinia me i'öli ia [[Google]] 1,6 miliar [[dolar]] Amerika. Tuhe gödonia so ba San Bruno, [[Kalifornia]]. Tola i'irö'ö [[video]] ba YouTube ero niha, lö moguna labe'e okosi khö [[Google]]. Isöndra harenia Google moroi ba nifotöi ''{{li|id|iklan}}'' ni'oroma'ö gasa-gasa lafaigi [[video]] niha. Börö da'ö itugu oya niha samaigi sambua [[video]] (eluahania itugu oya niha samaigi ''{{li|id|iklan}}'') ba itugu oya mohare [[Google]]. Hare nisöndrania andrö ibe'e ösa khö zamazökhi [[video]] ma zui khö zangokhögö ''{{li|id|kanal}}'' [[video]] andrö ([[li Inggris]]: ''channel''). Andrö göi mbörö wa la'odödögö sibai niha ena'ö [[video]] khöra tobali alio muzawili hulö dungö ''[[virus]]'' (andrö lafotöi da'a ''viral'', eluahania alio muzawili hulö [[virus]]) ba oya niha samaigi ya'ia. Itaria ena'ö tola ''viral'' ia, lahaogö [[video]] same'e tobali dödö niha ma same'e tobali mofönu ato niha ma zui same'e tobali afökhö dödö niha (duma-dumania huhuo sangobousi töi niha ma töi sambua soi, btn.). Itugu tobali dödö niha ma zui mofönu ira, itugu lasura zöndrara ba wanimbagö ösi [[video]] andrö, ba itugu owölö-ölö ira wamazaewe ya'ia khö zi fa'ila khöra. ([[YouTube|''Baso zanandrösa ba YouTube'']]) [[Kategori:Olayama]] hjupwqxiwf503siep3y62l3nvwb3yvl 4 3789 28358 27761 2026-09-23T15:29:08Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]]; added [[Category:Olayama]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28358 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:BNKP Tebing Tinggi 01.jpg|right|frameless|150px]] '''Banua Niha Keriso''' no töi ni'oguna'ö ba wangali fehede ''[[gereja]]'' ba [[li Niha]] bakha ba [[Gereja Protestan]]. Andrö wa so [[Banua Niha Keriso Protestan]] ma asese te'adogo'ö [[BNKP]] eluahania sambua denominasi [[gereja Protestan]] si so dadaomania ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]]. Sindruhunia fehede [[gereja]] ma ba [[li Yunani]] ἐκκλησία (famoligö ya'ia ''ekklesia'') abölö faudu moroi ba banua, börö me oya te'oguna'ö ia bakha ba zura [[Amabu'ulali Sibohou|Gamabu'ulali Sibohou]] (114 kali). Duma-dumania ba [[Halöŵö Zinenge|HalZin]] 11:26 tesura, ''Ba tobali döfi wa'ara falukha-lukha ira ba mbanua andrö...'', sindruhunia tenga "ba mbanua" tesura bakha ba da'ö bahiza "ba gereja" ma ἐκκλησία. Ba [[li Indonesia]] te'gouna'ö göi wehede ''umat'' ma ''jemaat'' nihalö moroi ba [[li Arab]] si fagölö eluaha ba wehede ἐκκλησία ba [[li Yunani]]. Bahiza abölö fagöna na ta'oguna'ö wehede nitemada moroi ba [[Sura Ni'amoni'ö|Zura Ni'amoni'ö]] samösa, ya'ia da'ö ba [[li Yunani]] ba tenga ba [[li Arab]]. {{Baso|Banua niha Keriso}}<noinclude> [[Kategori:Olayama]] </noinclude> g4mjpf0v0ic0ajwzd2jkkd7jlh7rhig 4 3801 28359 27762 2026-09-23T15:29:12Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]]; added [[Category:Olayama]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28359 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Houten beeld, een vierarmige hermafrodiet voorstellend- Stichting Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen - TM-1940-1.jpg|jmpl|100x150px]] '''Fangesa Sebua''' ma sabölö fagönania [[Fangesa Dödö Sebua]] no töi nibe'e niha ba zalua ba ginötö 1915-1930, me alio muzawili [[Turia Somuso Dödö|Duria Somuso Dödö]] ba zi sagörö [[Tanö Niha]], irege ba ginötö si lö arara ato [[Ono Niha|Nono Niha]] tobali [[niha Keriso]]. Me luo da'ö no töra 50 fakhe wa'ara me no tohare misi [[Protestan]] ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]], bahiza hulö na ambö mowua halöŵö ndra falito andrö. Me 1890 isura J.A. Fehr, samösa ba gotalua ndra falito: ''Alimagö me hulö sindruhu lö ba dödö [[Ono Niha|Nono Niha]] wangata'ufi Lowalangi.'' Irugi da'ö ha fasamösa [[Ono Niha|Nono Niha]] si tobali [[niha Keriso]], niha sato latohugö manö wolo'ö famati [[Ono Niha|Nono Niha]] meluo da'ö, ya'ia ''folohe [[adu]]''. Bahiza me 1915 tohare wangesa dödö si lö mudöna-döna, si muzawili hulö galitö ba zi sagörö [[Tanö Niha]]. Fagohi niha ba wangolembai famati khö [[Keriso]], lafakiko fefu zi fakhai ba wamatira föna, ya'ia da'ö fefu zi fakhai ba wame'e [[adu]]. Waö-waö awö lua-luania? {{Baso|Fangesa Dödö Sebua}}<noinclude> [[Kategori:Olayama]] </noinclude> 1o5xls5qyxqwvpd5mh3gf3bv1b2v4mi 4 3879 28333 18499 2026-09-23T15:25:00Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28333 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hallstatt evangelische Kirche 20180206.jpg|jmpl|100x150px]] '''Gereja''' tola mo'eluaha ia omo Lowalangi ma zui angowuloa niha samati. Ba Danö Niha asese la'ali ia faoma [[Osali|osali]], sambua nahia gangowuloa zato. Börö da'ö ba Gereja Protestan ba Danö Niha no fagölö geluahara gosali ba gereja. Ba hiza bakha [[Gereja Katolik]] ba Danö Niha to'ölö la'oguna'ö gosali ba nomo Lowalangi si so ba mbanu-banua misa si lö bakha nifotöi [[Sakramen]] Fondrege Ni'amoni'ö (Li Indonesia, ''Sakramen Mahakudus''). Sindruhu göi wa osali no nahia gangowuloa zato ia. Bakha ba gosali lalau mangandrö niha, lahalö rafe, folelo ma owasa ba tanö bö'önia. Ba hiza bakha ba Gereja Katolik lö latötöi osali nomo Lowalangi si so bakha Sakramen Fondrege Ni'amoni'ö (24 ja ma'ökhö, 7 ngaluo samigu), si mane ba gereja Paroki ma gereja Katedral. Gereja simane andre tenga nahia gangowuloa si fagölö ia, börö me no muhonogöi wa ha tola molau halöŵö wangandrö bakha, ba tebai lahalö rafe, folelo ma zui owasa tanö bö'ö bakha khönia. {{Baso|Gereja}}<noinclude> [[Kategori:Olayama]] <noinclude> n1k52x79m6z261xumwr1eidhd3b3eqc 4 3880 28355 18497 2026-09-23T15:28:33Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28355 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Artocarpus heterophyllus fruits at tree.jpg|jmpl|97x150px]] '''Na'a''' ma ba li Latin ''Artocarpus'' no sambua mado zinanö ba gotaluania so zasese tafotöi na'a ba Danö Niha ma töi ilmiahnia ''Artocarpus heterophyllus''. Oya tumbu ia töra-töra ba Asia Selatan faoma Asia Tenggara. Buania tola ebua irege 55 kilo, fa'anaunia tola irege 90 cm ba fa'awe'e-we'enia irugi 50 cm ba ebua hogunia. Töla na'a si no atua tola mame 200 bua ero röfi. Na'a oya gitönia ba no fakhitö-khitö, abua wangeheta na falemba ba nukha. Bua na'a asese labali'ö gule awö wakhe ba wemanga. Asoso mbua andre ba hogu ba tola mu'a manö lö dali larino {{Baso|Na'a}}<noinclude> [[Kategori:Olayama]] <noinclude> jplfu5gw3918atozoqm593k97kozbdc 4 3881 28344 18498 2026-09-23T15:26:59Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28344 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Origin of Species title page.jpg|jmpl|93x150px]] '''''On the Origin of Species''''' no sambua zinura ''ilmiah'' ba li Inggris nisura [[Charles Darwin]] sanandrösa ba nifotöi [[teori evolusi]] niraka me 24 November 1859. Bakha ba mbuku andre iŵa'ö Darwin wa fefu zauri ba gulidanö andre no tumbu moroi ba zaliŵa-liŵa bö'ö nifotöi ''furugö gaurifö fefu'' (li Inggris ''common ancestors''). Tumbu khö Darwin wangera-ngera andre aefa ifalua wangosili ilmiah me fao ia ba ''ekspedisi Beagle'' me döfi 1830-a awö ''ekspedisi'' nifalua aefa da'ö {{Baso|On the Origin of Species}}<noinclude> [[Kategori:Olayama]] <noinclude> j6a90u85h7i20e791ym5dum6euk8auz 4 3882 28360 18496 2026-09-23T15:29:16Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28360 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Akne-jugend.jpg|jmpl|150x102px]] '''Ndreŵa''' ma zui [[deŵa]] (''dialek Nias Utara'') ya'ia da'ö no sambua [[Fökhö|wökhö]] [[Uli|guli]] sasese sibai tesöndra ba [[niha]]. No oroyo-royo la'a-la'ania ba taraso anaukhu-naukhu ma zui afökhö-fökhö na tetuli ia. Abölö oya tesöndra ia ba mbawa, hulu ba ba mbagi. Heŵa'ae lö [[dalu-dalu]] ndreŵa, ba hiza tola lö abölö tedou ia na ö'o'ö zi no musura ba [[Ndreŵa|da'e]]. Na itugu afökhö ia ba tola möi mu'öli "dalu-dalu" moroi ba apotik, heŵa'e dalu-dalu andre lö ifadöhö ia. Na itugu töra wa'abölönia ba si lö tola lö'ö ae ö'ondrasi samösa doto {{Baso|Ndreŵa}}<noinclude> [[Kategori:Olayama]] <noinclude> 7b5ieu3cijhjs44c7nq2dhebpokh72u 4 3893 28361 18495 2026-09-23T15:29:19Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28361 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Musim Kupu-Kupu Kuning''' (li Niha, ''Hino Kawa-Kawa Usö'' ma ''Hino Löhö-Löhö Usö'') no sambua novel ba li Indonesia sanutunö zalua ba Mbawömataluo me ngaotu ndröfia si-19 nisura [[Vanni Puccioni]]. Vanni andre no samösa niha Italia si no irai toröi ba Danö Niha ba ginötö nifotöi ''rehabilitasi'' ba ''rekonstruksi'' aefa ndruru sebua Maret 2005 ba Danö Niha. Novel andre no ni'ali moroi ba li Italia ba niraka Gramedia Pustaka Utama ba tefa'olo'ö ba zato me 20 Agustus 2021. Töi novel asli nisura ba li ''Italia Nella stagione delle farfalle gialle'' niraka Ciesse Edizioni me 2019 {{Baso|Musim_Kupu-Kupu_Kuning}}<noinclude> [[Kategori:Olayama]] <noinclude> okb5xdzvej6v1lw1sckel38xp3858ti 4 3894 28362 18494 2026-09-23T15:29:23Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28362 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Cucumber BNC.jpg|jmpl|150x100px]] '''La'izu''' (töi Latin ''Cucumis sativus'') no sambua zinanö si faböbö ba zinumbua nifotöi ''Cucurbitaceae'' sobua owulo anau si tola tobali ngawalö gö simane tobali bulugeu ni'a ma zui tobali jus nibadu. Ba mböröta tesöndra auri la'izu ba Asia Tenggara, ba hiza furi ö muzawili ia ba zi sagörö ulidanö, irege tesöndra tumbu ia ba zi lima benua. Ma'ökhö abölö oya mutanö ia ba [[Tiongkok]], arakhagö 80% fefu la'izu nifamawa ba gulidanö si 91 juta ton no moroi ba Tiongkok (2019) {{Baso|La'izu}}<noinclude> [[Kategori:Olayama]] <noinclude> kt4bdh0ir2cit0ocdy9noegx02pt2qb 4 3895 28363 18493 2026-09-23T15:29:35Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28363 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Vigna radiata MHNT.BOT.2009.17.4.jpg|jmpl|128x150px]] '''Harita''' no sambua zinanö sobulu owuge'e ba buania aganau si so bakha hunö soroma hulö mbua niha. Oya ngawalö zinanö si fakhili khönia, irege no oi fabö'ö-bö'ö geluaha harita ba nahia bö'ö ba gulidanö. Nitötöi harita ba Danö Niha ya'ia nifotöi nifotöi ''kacang panjang'' ma zui ''kacang hijau'' ba li Indonesia. Ba hiza ba Jakarta na laŵa'ö ''kacang'' si to'ölönia ''kacang tanah'' niŵaö dödöra, sambua zinanö si tenga harita ba Danö Niha. Simanö göi fabö'ö nifotöi harita ba li Inggris. Tenga ''nut'' (simane peanut, ''kacang tanah'') sasese laŵaö niha, ba hiza ''legume''. Töi ilmiahnia ''Fabaceae'' ma zui ''Leguminosae'' {{Baso|Harita}}<noinclude> [[Kategori:Olayama]] <noinclude> 1kpzon6wltopsrmvja33un8jmib1grj 0 3948 28377 25495 2026-09-23T15:34:41Z Slaia 39 added [[Category:Sura amilita]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28377 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Swollen eye with conjunctivitis.jpg|jmpl|Hörö sabao börö mbösi]] '''Bösi''' ([[li Indonesia]]: ''konjungtivitis'', [[li Inggris]]: ''conjunctivitis'') no sambua wökhö hörö si göna wenaeta guli nono hörö. Tola alua ia börö nifotöi ''[[alergi]]'' ma zui börö halöŵö dungö ite simane [[bakteri]] ma [[virus]]. Oroma ia khöda na oroyo-royo hörö, ali-ali, mo'ida-idanö ba itaria hulö zi so ngawua gawu-gawu bakha ba hörö. Hewa'ae no simanö lö möi ia fangalösi ba wamaigi hadia ia ba lö göi tobali ia börö wa'atekiko hörö. Fökhö andre lö abölö-bölö ba na no aefa dua migu döhö manö ia, heŵa'ae lö mudalu-daluni. {{Tandra-tandra}} Si to'ölönia göna fatambai hörö, he kabera ba he kambölö. Tandra-tandrania: so zoroyo-oroyo ba guli nono hörö, mo'ida-idanö, itaria so zi fakhai si hulö ningo nifotöi mutö (asese oroma ba zihulöwongi), ali-ali ba itaria taraso hulö na so gawu-gawu bakha ba hörö. {{Famofaosatö}} Molo'ö wamareso ndra sohalöŵö sifakhai ba wökhö, börö wökhö bösi tola ''[[bakteri]]'' mazui ''[[virus]]'', ba tola göi nifotöi ''[[alergi]]''. {{Diagnosis}} Lala wamareso fökhö andre ya'ia da'ö lafaigi na oyo nono hörö ba aefa da'ö na mo'ida-idanö ia. Simane si no tefaehagö yaŵa, baero nifotöi [[alergi]], börö si'ai wökhö andre ya'ia da'ö [[infeksi]] nifobörö [[bakteri]] ma zui [[virus]]. Heŵa'ae simanö so göi mbörö tanöbö'ö simane na möi bakha ba hörö: * böböi hörö * gawu-gawu same'e tobali azaza nono hörö * fanagaŵa ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|sampo}}'') * simbo * ''klorin'' (dalu-dalu nifaruka bakha ba nidanö, ena'ö mate dungö wökhö ba te'ehaogö ia) ma zui börö me no mangehao gi'i ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|jamur}}'') ma zui ngawalö zauri side-ide samobörö fökhö nifotöi ''{{li|id|parasit}}'' bakha ba hörö, Bösi asese tesöndra ia ba ndraono, me tola fatöfa khöra [[bakteri]] ma [[virus]] ba zekola ma zui ba nahia wolaya iraono sigide-ide.<ref>dr. Fadhli Rizal Makarim (26 Mei 2022), [https://www.halodoc.com/kesehatan/konjungtivitis ''Konjungtivitis''], halodoc.com, mufaigi me 9 Februari 2023. {{-id-}}</ref> {{Famadöhö}} Asese labe'e dalu-dalu nifotöi [[antibiotik]] ira matiri ba ira dokter, bahiza awai faudu la'oguna'ö da'a na [[bakteri]] zama'aso mbösi andrö. Antibiotik andre so nibe'e bakha ba mböböi hörö (ba zatua ba ba ndraono) ba so göi nigule'ö. Na bösi andre nifa'aso moroi ba [[bakteri]] nifotöi ''gonorrhea'' ma zui ''klamidia'' ba sasese la'oguna'ö ba wodalu-daluni ya'ia sambua dalu-dalu ni'a ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|antibiotik oral}}''). Na börönia [[virus]] ma tungö tanöbö'ö ba zaya-zaya gölö wangoguna'ö ''antibiotik''.<ref>[https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/antibiotics/uses/ Antibiotics Use], mufaigi me 13 Maret 2023. {{en}}</ref>. Ba ölö na la'oguna'ö ''antibiotik'' si lötolalö'ö mangelama wangoguna'ö ya'ia, börö na lö'ö ba tobali a'öba bakteri ba dalu-dalu andrö ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|resistensi antibiotik}}'', [[li Inggris]]: ''{{li|en|antibiotic resistance}}'').<ref>Faigi göi [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antibiotic-resistance Antibiotic resistance] moroi ba WHO {{en}}</ref> Simane si no musura yaŵa lö moguna dalu-dalu. Fökhö andre döhö manö na no irugi ha'uga ngaluo (2 migu). Baero da'ö asese göi labe'e mböböi hörö ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|tetes mata}}''), ba hiza moguna da'a ha ba wangokafu ma'ifu, tenga si'ai dalu-dalu ia.<ref>Sasese tesöndra bakha ba mböböi hörö: polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alkohol, propylene glycol, carboxymethylcellulose, povidone, glycerine ba fanikha mineral.</ref> Itaria na börö mbösi andrö börö nifotöi ''[[alergi]]'' ba la'oguna'ö dalu-dalu nifotöi ''antihistamin'' nibe'e bakha ba mböböi hörö. Lala da'a ba wangalösi fa'ali-ali nono hörö soyo awö ba wangalösi fa'abao nono hörö.<ref>dr. Fadhli Rizal Makarim (26 Mei 2022), [https://www.halodoc.com/kesehatan/konjungtivitis ''Konjungtivitis''], halodoc.com, mufaigi me 13 Maret 2023. {{-id-}}</ref>. {{Onönöta}} Ba [[Danö Niha]] asese labali'ö fango'aya niha mbösi andre. Asese lamane wa göna mbösi samösa niha börö me no ikiöni ia bela. Baero da'ö so göi zanguma'ö, wa börönia börö me oya manga asio. Ba hiza fefu da'a tenga sindruhu, ha fanguma'ö niha meföna me lö la'ila wa ''[[bakteri]]'' ma zui ''[[virus]]'' zama'aso fökhö andre. {{Fökhö si fakhai}} * [[Au'a]] {{Khai-khai baero}} * [https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/conjunctivitis/ Conjunctivitis], National Health Service England, mufaigi me 27/01/2023. {{en}} * [https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/eye-health-conjunctivitis Conjunctivitis (Pinkeye)], WebMD, mufaigi me 27/01/2023. {{en}} {{Umbu}} <references /> [[Kategori:Fökhö]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] [[Kategori:Sura amilita]] fthjf02vln9x4tnvu9j7i3854jn2owy 0 3973 28371 27660 2026-09-23T15:32:49Z Slaia 39 added [[Category:Sura amilita]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28371 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Última Cena - Juan de Juanes.jpg|jmpl|375px|Femanga safuria nigambaraini Juan de Juanes (a.t. 1562). Oroma ifazaŵa roti Yesu ba fönania so mako ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|piala}}'') si so bakha agu]] '''Sakramen Fondrege Ni'amoni'ö''' ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|Sakramen Maha Kudus}}'', [[li Inggris]]: ''{{li|en|The Blessed Sacrament}}'') no töi roti ba [[agu]] si no tobali boto awö do Keriso me mufahowu'ö ia bakha ba wangowasaini [[misa]]/[[Ekaristi]]. Töi andre te'oguna'ö ia bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]] ba ba gereja bö'ö simane [[Gereja Anglikan]], [[Gereja Lutheran]], [[Gereja Metodis]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Doctrines and Discipline of the Methodist Church|url=https://archive.org/details/doctrinesdiscipl0000na|year=1960|publisher=The Methodist Publishing House|location=Nashville, Tennessee |language=English|page=[https://archive.org/details/doctrinesdiscipl0000na/page/522 522]|quote=Ba ginötö möi bakha ba gereja, ifaköu ia sanema komuni ba ihatö'ö ia ba Sakramen Fondrege Ni'amoni'ö faoma fangandrö awö famatou ba dödö nifotöi ''meditasi''}}</ref> btn. Faduhu dödö gereja-gereja sondrorogö tradisi da'a wa sindruhu so Yesu Keriso samösa bakha ba roti awö agu si no mufahowu'ö andrö, ba börö da'ö silötolalö mu'irö'ö ia na so zi tosai. To'ölö la'irö'ö zi tosai boto Keriso da'a bakha ba Gereja ba nahia nifotöi [[tabernakel]] si lö mamalö muhola wandru khönia bongi ma'ökhö. Oroma na so Sakramen Fondrege Ni'amoni'ö bakha ba zi sambua Gereja, ya'ia na so wandru sihola nifataro ba zinga [[tabernakel]] andrö. == Gereja Katolik == Ekaristi no owasa fondrege ni'amoni'ö bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]]. Baero wamondrondrongo ba ba wamotokhi Taromali, so nifotöi fangandrö saohagölö sebua ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|Doa Syukur Agung}}''). Lafalua wangandrö saohagölö sebua andrö molo'ö ni'oroi'ö [[Yesu]] samösa ba wamohowu'ö roti ba agu ena'ö tobali dania boto ba do [[Keriso]]. Iŵa'ö [[Yesu]] samösa, "Botogu da'e" ba "Dogu da'e".<ref>Faigi Mat 26:26-28; Mar 14:22-24; Luk 22:19-20; Yoh 6:48-58</ref> Börö da'ö molo'ö [[teologi]] Katolik, tenga ha roti ba agu sa'ae ba hiza no tobali boto ba do Keriso roti ba agu si no mufahowu'ö bakha ba gowasa [[Ekaristi]]. Salua simane lafotöi ia bakha ba teologi ''transubstansiasi''. No tobali [[tradisi]] bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]] wa la'irö'ö zi tosai Sakramen Fondrege Ni'amoni'ö andre bakha ba nahia nifotöi [[tabernakel]] nifehola fandru bongi ma'ökhö. Börö da'ö göi wa te'amoni'ö sibai na möi niha bakha ba sambua [[Gereja Katolik]]. Ba asese möi niha mangandrö föna Sakramen Fondrege Ni'amoni'ö andrö baero ginötö wangowasaini [[Ekaristi]]. [[File:Oblater_Alterbr%C3%B8d_3.jpg|jmpl|375px|Roti ni'oguna'ö bakha ba wangowasaini Ekaristi. To'ölö latötöi ia bakha ba Gereja Katolik ''[[hosti]]'']] [[File:US_Navy_100912-M-2275H-196_A_command_chaplain_holds_church_services_aboard_USS_Kearsarge.jpg|jmpl|375px|Ifaduwa agu bakha ba mako (piala) samösa ere ba wangowasaini Ekaristi]] == Gereja Anglikan == ''Lö nasa sawai'' == Gereja Lutheran == ''Lö nasa sawai'' == Gereja Metodis == ''Lö nasa sawai'' {{Basoŵa}} * {{Cite web | title = Kitab Hukum Kanonik (''Codex Iuris Canonici'') | date = 1983 | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P39.HTM#4.1.0.3.1.2.916 | publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana | ref = {{harvid|CIC|1983}} }} {{Khai-khai baero}} * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05584a.htm ''The Blessed Eucharist as a Sacrament''], [http://www.newadvent.org/ newadvent.org] (Ensiklopedi Katolik) {{en}} * [http://www.savior.org/ Savior.org] (Video siaran langsung Sakramen Fondrege Ni'amoni'ö ba savior.org) * [http://www.usccb.org/catechism/text/pt2sect2chpt1art3.htm#1376 Faosatö 1376 Katekismus Gereja Katolik] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208233521/http://www.usccb.org/catechism/text/pt2sect2chpt1art3.htm#1376|date=2006-02-08}} * [http://www.ewtn.com/faith/teachings/euchmenu.htm EWTN ''The Holy Eucharist''], [http://www.ewtn.com/ EWTN] (bolokha gu'ö heza oya tesöndra wamahaö Katolik sanandrösa ba Ekaristi) {{en}} * [http://westernorthodox.blogspot.com/2006/06/melkite-rite-of-benediction-of-most.html Ritus Famahowu'ö], [http://westernorthodox.blogspot.com/ Gereja Katolik Yunani Melkit] == Umbu == <references /> {{Börö zura}} [[Kategori:Agama]] [[Kategori:Agama Katolik]] [[Kategori:Sakramen]] [[Kategori:Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] [[Kategori:Sura amilita]] 5st2lowve3hnt3zsbkv8zyjmqjl9ew9 4 3981 28339 19025 2026-09-23T15:25:49Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]]; added [[Category:Olayama]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28339 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Charles Darwin 1880.jpg|left|frameless|109x150px]] '''Charles Darwin''' no samösa gere geologi awö biologi, si tehöngö ba zi sagörö ulidanö börö zöndrania sanandrösa ba nifotöi teori evolusi. Molo'ö Darwin fefu zauri ba gulidanö no tumbu moroi mböröta zauri föna (''common ancestors''). Ma'ökhö teori andre no tobali sambua teori nitemagö ba zi sagörö ulidanö ba no tobali konsep ni'odane-danegö bakha ba wamahaö nifotöi ''sains'' {{Baso|Charles Darwin}} [[Kategori:Olayama]] 9acp6hjx5lpx1pv8w3w2b3tonv2njy3 4 3982 28340 22492 2026-09-23T15:26:26Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]]; added [[Category:Olayama]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28340 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Die Heilkunde der Niasser.png|left|frameless|97x150px]]'''Die Heilkunde der Niasser''' (eluahania '''Lala Wamadöhö Wökhö ba Ndraono Niha''') no sambua mbuku nisura J.P. Kleiweg de Zwaan, samösa dosen ba Universitas [[Amsterdam]] si möi ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] wolau wangosili ilmiah. Bua wangosili'önia andrö ya'ia mbuku si 293 nga'örö wa'awe'e-we'e niraka me 1913. Buku andre no buku fondrege fahöna (li Indonesia ''{{li|id|komprehensif}}'') ba wangozara oi ngawalö wökhö si so ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] me föna, hadia mbörö oi ngawalö wökhö andrö ba hadia göi lala wamadöhö ya'ia molo'ö fangi'ila [[Ono Niha|Nono Niha]] {{Baso|Die Heilkunde der Niasser}} [[Kategori:Olayama]] ka3l6r7qeresf2lty5yuikqcukk4jz0 0 4019 28329 28315 2026-09-23T15:13:23Z Slaia 39 mangatulö'ö gumbu 28329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox santo |honorific_prefix = [[Santo]] |name = Mareko |birth_date = a.t. 12 |death_date = a.t. 68 (56 fakhe) |image = Berkas:St Mark.JPG |imagesize = |caption = Gambara Santo Mareko ba zandrela gereja paroki SS Mary and Lambert, Stonham Aspal, Suffolk, Inggris |birth_place = Kirene (iada negara [[Libya]]) molo'ö tradisi Koptik<ref name=cocn>{{cite web | title=St. Mark The Apostle, Evangelist | publisher=Coptic Orthodox Church Network| url= http://www.copticchurch.net/topics/synexarion/mark.html| access-date = November 21, 2012}}</ref> |titles = Sanura [[Injil]], [[Martir]] |feast_day= * 25 April ([[Agama Katolik]] ba [[Ortodoks Timur]] (kalender Julian)) * 30 Parmouti (Ortodoks Timur) ma 8 Mei (Ortodoks Koptik ba Ortodoks Timur molo'ö kalender Gregorian) |venerated_in = Fefu gereja ndra niha Keriso samolakhömi niha ni'amoni'ö |beatified_date = |beatified_place = |beatified_by = |canonized_date = |canonized_place = |canonized_by = |major_shrine = Basilika Santo Marco ([[Venesia]], [[Italia]])<br />Katedral Santo Markus ([[Aleksandria]], [[Mesir]]) |patronage = Pengacara, Venesia,<ref name="Walsh, p. 21">[[#Walsh|Walsh]], p. 21.</ref> Mesir, Koptik,<ref>{{cite book|title=Through Cyprus|first=Agnes Smith |last=Lewis|year= 2008| isbn=9780884022848| page =65|publisher=University of Michigan Press|quote=St. Mark is the patron saint of the Copts.}}</ref> Mainar, Podgorica<ref>https://borba.me/markovdan-slava-podgorice/</ref> |suppressed_Date = |prayer = |prayer_attrib = |death_place = [[Aleksandria]], [[Mesir]] (barö wamatörö Roma me luo da'ö) | major_works = [[Turia Somuso Dödö Nisura Mareko]] (niböbögö khö Mareko) }} '''Mareko''' ([[li Latin]] Marcus; [[li Yunani]] Μᾶρκος; [[li Aramaia]] ܡܪܩܘܣ; [[li Geʽez]] ማርቆስ; [[li Ibrani]] מארק) ma '''Mareko Yohane'''<ref name="HalZin">HalZin 12:1-17</ref> ma asese göi latötöi ia '''Santo Mareko''', no samösa niha niŵaö tradisi sanura Zura Mareko. Ha sambalö fao-dödö ndra ere [[Sura Ni'amoni'ö|Zura Ni'amoni'ö]] modern wa sanura [[Sura Mareko|Zura Mareko]] no samösa niha bö'ö si lö ta'ila töi ba tenga Mareko samösa.<ref name=sanders /><ref name=lost /><ref name=nickle /><ref name="Carolina2004" /> Molo'ö tradisi<ref>Latötöi ''tradisi'' fefu ni'oroi'ö zatua föna, nitohu-tohugö wanutunö ba ni'o'ö-o'ö niha irugi iada'a. Moroi ba li Latin ''traditio'', eluahania nifa'ema. Tradisi Gereja eluahania fefu goroisa nifa'ema i'otrarai ndra niha Keriso si föföna aefa götö Yesu, nitohugö wanutunö irugi ma'ökhö ba ni'o'ö ndra niha Keriso i'otarai me föna.</ref> Gereja, ifasindro Gereja Keuskupan Aleksandria Mareko, si tobali sambua moroi ba zilima dadaoma ndra niha Keriso nifotöi ''patriarkat''<ref>So lima nifotöi patriarkat, ya'ia da'ö tuho nahia (li Indonesia ''pusat'') ndra niha Keriso, ya'ia da'ö Roma, Antiokhia, Aleksandria, Konstantinopel ba furi hö Yerusalem</ref> bakha ba agama [[Niha Keriso]]. Te'owasaini wanörö-tödö khönia ero 25 April ba simbol<ref>Latötöi ''simbol'' gofu hadia ni'oguna'ö niha tobali tandra ba wangosalahini gofu hadia ia bö'ö. Duma-dumania na ta'ila dandra röfa ba no salahi wa'anihakeriso da'ö. Itaria la'oguna'ö niha gambara wofo beo ma zui mbua ndruria tobali simbol Danö Niha. Mandrera soyo afusi no tobali simbol negara Indonesia.</ref> khönia harimo so'afi.<ref name=EECp720>{{Citation|last=Senior|first=Donald P.|year=1998|edition = 2nd|contribution=Mark|editor1-last=Ferguson|editor1-first=Everett|title=Encyclopedia of Early Christianity|place=New York and London|publisher=Garland Publishing, Inc.|page=720|isbn= 0-8153-3319-6}}</ref> == Haniha ia (identitas) == [[Berkas:Leone marciano andante - Vittore Carpaccio - Google Cultural Institute.jpg|thumb|330px|[[Singo]] so'afi no simbol Mareko Sanura Injil ma asese laŵa'ö ia Singo Santo Mareko. Nisura ba gambara andre: ''PAX TIBI MARCE EVANGELISTA MEVS'' ("Fa'ahono-dödö khöu, Mareko, sanura turia somuso dödö khögu"). Singo simane andre no göi simbol kota Venesia, [[Italia]] (oroma bakha ba gambara andrö)]] Molo'ö William Lane (1974), so "tradisi si lö mamalö" sanguma'ö wa Mareko Yohane no Mareko Sanura Injil samösa,<ref>{{cite book |last=Lane |first=William L.|author-link=William L. Lane|chapter=The Author of the Gospel |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nIjPDDlweUgC&pg=PA21 |title=The Gospel According to Mark |series=[[New International Commentary on the New Testament]] |year=1974 |publisher=Eerdmans |location=Grand Rapids |pages=21–3 |isbn=978-0-8028-2502-5}}</ref> ba ba wa Mareko Yohane no talifusö tiri khö [[Baranaba]].<ref>Mark: Images of an Apostolic Interpreter, nga'örö 55 mbuku C. Clifton Black – 2001 –"... infrequent occurrence in the Septuagint (Num 36:11; Tob 7:2) to its presence in Josephus (JW 1.662; Ant 1.290, 15.250) and Philo (On the Embassy to Gaius 67), anepsios consistently carries the connotation of "cousin," though ..."</ref> Ba hiza bakha ba zura ''On the Seventy Apostles'' ifabö'öni Hipolitus moroi ba Roma zi datölu niha andrö: Mareko Sanura Injil ({{SN|TimII|4|11}}), Mareko Yohane (HalZin 12:12,25; 13:5,13; {{SN|HalZin|15|37|hafaza=1}}) ba Mareko talifusö tiri khö Baranaba ({{SN|Kol|4|10}}; {{SN|Fil|1|24}}).<ref>{{cite book |author=Hippolytus |author-link=Hippolytus of Rome |chapter=The same Hippolytus on the Seventy Apostles |chapter-url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf05.iii.v.iii.html |title=Ante-Nicene Fathers|title-link=Ante-Nicene Fathers }}</ref> Molo'ö Hipolitus, fefu ira si datölu andre te'erai ba gotalua ndra "nifahaö si fitu ngafulu" nifatenge [[Yesu]] ba wamazaewe turia somuso-dödö ({{SN|Luk|10|1}}) ba danö Yudaia. Molo'ö [[Eusebius moroi ba Kaisarea]] (''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 2.9.1–4), ba ndröfi si sara wamatörönia Yudaia (ndröfi 41), ibunu Yakobo ono Zebedaio Herode Agripa I ba ifara'u'ö Wetero, sedöna mubunu aefa [[Paska]]. Bahiza i'efa'ö Wetero mala'ika ba zahöli-höli dödö ba te'efa'ö moroi ba wogamö Herode (HalZin 12:1-19). Isaŵa Antiokhia Fetero ba ba döfi si dua wamatörö Klaudius (döfi 42; ''Hist. Eccl.'' 2.14.6) mofanö ia möi ba Roma itörö Anatolia (ba negara Turki iada'a) (itörö khö ndra niha samati ba Pontus, Galatia, Kapadokia, Asia ba Bithinia, simane nisura ba {{SN|FetI|1|1}}). Ba lala wofanönia andrö falukha ia khö Mareko ba ihalö Mareko tobali awönia ba lala awö tobali sangali li khönia. Isusura ngawalö huhuo sebua khö Wetero götö wefaora andrö Mareko ba si no isura andre tobali dania böröta Zura Mareko (''Hist. Eccl.'' 15-16). Aefa da'ö iröi Wetero Mareko, ilau ia ba Aleksandria ba döfi si tölu wamatörö Klaudius (döfi 43).<ref>{{cite book |first=Jack |last=Finegan |title=Handbook of Biblical Chronology |location=Peabody, MA |publisher=Hendrickson |year=1998 |page=374 |isbn=978-1-56563-143-4}}</ref> Molo'ö HalZin 15:39, aefa sinode ba Yerusalema möi Mareko ba Siprus fao awönia Baranaba. Molo'ö tradisi, me döfi 49, eluahania 19 fakhe aefa wanahae Yesu ba zorugo, möi mukoli Mareko ba Aleksandria ba ba da'ö ifasindro Gereja. [[Gereja Ortodoks]] Koptik ba Gereja Ortodoks Aleksandria awö [[Gereja Katolik]] Koptik, oi latötöi wurugöra khö ndra niha Keriso siföföna ba Aleksandria andre.<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/egypt |title=Egypt |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=December 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220145046/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/egypt |archive-date=December 20, 2011 |url-status=dead }} See drop-down essay on "Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire"</ref> So ösa ngawalö bakha ba liturgi Koptik si'otarai moroi khö Mareko samösa.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Christian Coptic Orthodox Church Of Egypt|url=http://www.coptic.net/EncyclopediaCoptica/|website=Encyclopedia Coptica|access-date=26 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831164722/http://www.coptic.net/EncyclopediaCoptica/|archive-date=August 31, 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tobali Mareko uskup siföföna Aleksandria ba lafolakhömi göi ia tobali samasindro fa'anihakeriso ba Afrika.<ref name=OSVESp401>{{cite book |last1=Bunson |first1=Matthew |last2=Bunson |first2=Margaret |last3=Bunson |first3=Stephen |title=Our Sunday Visitor's Encyclopedia of Saints |url=https://archive.org/details/oursundayvisitor0000buns_j4r7 |publisher=Our Sunday Visitor Publishing Division |year=1998 |place=Huntington, Indiana |page=[https://archive.org/details/oursundayvisitor0000buns_j4r7/page/401 401] |isbn=0-87973-588-0}}</ref> Molo'ö Eusebius (''Hist. Eccl. '' 2.24.1), te i'ali Mareko Paus Anianus moroi ba [[Aleksandria]] ba döfi si ŵalu wamatörö [[Nero]] (döfi 62/63), lö i ta'ila sibai, börö wa'amatenia. Furi hö iŵa'ö tradisi Koptik wa labunu ia börö wamatinia (to'ölö laŵaö da'ö bakha ba tradisi Gereja ''martir'') me döfi 68.<ref name=cocn/><ref name=macrory>{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09672c.htm |title=Catholic Encyclopedia, St. Mark |access-date=March 1, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=acts%2015:36-40&version=NASB|title=Acts 15:36–40|work=Bible Gateway}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2timothy%204:11&version=NASB|title=2timothy 4:11 NASB – Only Luke is with me. Pick up Mark and – Bible Gateway|work=Bible Gateway}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=philemon%201:24&version=NASB|title=Philemon 1:24|work=Bible Gateway}}</ref> Ha sambalö sambua zöndra arakhagö fefu gere [[Sura Ni'amoni'ö|Zura Ni'amoni'ö]] modern wa sanura Zura Mareko no samösa niha si lö ta'ila töi ba tenga Mareko samösa.<ref name="Ehrman 2004 p. ">{{cite book | last=Ehrman | first=Bart D. | title=The New Testament | url=https://archive.org/details/newtestamenthist0000ehrm_r9h4 | publisher=Oxford University Press, USA | date=2004 | isbn=0-19-515462-2 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/newtestamenthist0000ehrm_r9h4/page/n91 58]–59 | quote=Proto-orthodox Christians of the second century, some decades after most of the New Testament books had been written, claimed that their favorite Gospels had been penned by two of Jesus' disciples&mdash;Matthew, the tax collector, and John, the beloved disciple&mdash;and by two friends of the apostles&mdash;Mark, the secretary of Peter, and Luke, the travelling companion of Paul. Scholars today, however, find it difficult to accept this tradition for several reasons.}}</ref><ref name="Staff 2012 p. 344">{{cite book | author=Holman Reference Staff | title=Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook | publisher=B&H Publishing Group | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-4336-7833-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qc_GBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT344 | access-date=13 August 2023 | page=PT344 | quote=Most critical scholars deny that Mark was the author or that he wrote on the basis of Peter's recollections}}</ref><ref name="B&H Publishing Group 2006 p. 1454">{{cite book | title=Holman Illustrated Study Bible-HCSB | publisher=B&H Publishing Group | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-58640-277-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz2QxQUrFxoC&pg=PA1454 | access-date=13 August 2023 | page=1454 | quote=Most critical scholars deny that Mark was the author or that he wrote on the basis of Peter's recollections}}</ref><ref name="Easley 2002 p. 233">{{cite book | last=Easley | first=Kendell H. | title=Holman Quicksource Guide to Understanding the Bible: A Book-By-Book Overview | publisher=B&H Publishing Group | series=Holman QuickSource | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-4336-7134-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ucy4AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT233 | access-date=13 August 2023 | page=PT233 | quote=Most critical scholars deny that Mark was the author or that he wrote on the basis of Peter's recollections}}</ref><ref name="Craig Lüdemann Copan Tacelli 2000 p. 43">{{cite book | last1=Craig | first1=William Lane | last2=Lüdemann | first2=Gerd | last3=Copan | first3=Paul | last4=Tacelli | first4=Ronald K. | title=Jesus' Resurrection: Fact Or Figment?: A Debate Between William Lane Craig & Gerd Ludemann | publisher=InterVarsity Press | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-8308-1569-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kPhL1w9-JbEC&pg=PA43 | language=nl | access-date=13 August 2023 | page=43 | quote=I wanted to use that quotation in order to show that the results of historical scholarship can be made known to the public&mdash;especially to believers&mdash;only with difficulty. Many Christians feel threatened if they hear that most of what was written in the Bible is (in historical terms) untrue and that none of the four New Testament Gospels was written by the author listed at the top of the text.}}</ref><ref name="Jeon Baugh 2017 p. 181">{{cite book | last1=Jeon | first1=Jeong Koo | last2=Baugh | first2=Steve | title=Biblical Theology: Covenants and the Kingdom of God in Redemptive History | publisher=Wipf & Stock | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-5326-0580-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rVoQDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA181 | access-date=13 August 2023 | page=181 fn. 10 | quote=10. Just as historical critical scholars deny the Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch, so they also deny the authorship of the four Gospels by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. [...] But today, these persons are not thought to have been the actual authors.}}</ref><ref name=sanders>{{cite book|author=E. P. Sanders|title=The Historical Figure of Jesus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkbTL36ZgPIC&pg=PT103|date=30 November 1995|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-14-192822-7|page=103|quote="We do not know who wrote the gospels. They presently have headings: ‘according to Matthew’, ‘according to Mark’, ‘according to Luke’ and ‘according to John’. The Matthew and John who are meant were two of the original disciples of Jesus. Mark was a follower of Paul, and possibly also of Peter; Luke was one of Paul's converts.⁵ These men – Matthew, Mark, Luke and John – really lived, but we do not know that they wrote gospels. Present evidence indicates that the gospels remained untitled until the second half of the second century."}}</ref><ref name=lost>{{cite book|last=Ehrman|first=Bart D.|author-link=Bart D. Ehrman|title=Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URdACxKubDIC&pg=PA235|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-518249-1|page=235|quote=Why then do we call them Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John? Because sometime in the second century, when proto-orthodox Christians recognized the need for apostolic authorities, they attributed these books to apostles (Matthew and John) and close companions of apostles (Mark, the secretary of Peter; and Luke, the traveling companion of Paul). Most scholars today have abandoned these identifications,¹¹ and recognize that the books were written by otherwise unknown but relatively well-educated Greek-speaking (and writing) Christians during the second half of the first century.}}</ref><ref name=nickle>{{cite book |last=Nickle |first=Keith Fullerton |title=The Synoptic Gospels: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SSytjasmAgC&pg=PA43|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-22349-6|page=43|quote=We must candidly acknowledge that all three of the Synoptic Gospels are anonymous documents. None of the three gains any importance by association with those traditional figures out of the life of the early church. Neither do they lose anything in importance by being recognized to be anonymous. Throughout this book the traditional names are used to refer to the authors of the first three Gospels, but we shall do so simply as a device of convenience. }}</ref><ref name="Carolina2004">{{cite book|last=Ehrman|first=Bart D.|author-link=Bart D. Ehrman|title=Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code : A Historian Reveals What We Really Know about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Constantine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vbLK6kn5T-EC&pg=PA110|date=November 1, 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-534616-9|page=110-111|quote=We call these books, of course, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. And for centuries Christians have believed they were actually written by these people: two of the disciples of Jesus, Matthew the tax collector (see Matt. 9:9) and John, the “beloved disciple” (John 21:24), and two companions of the apostles, Mark, the secretary of Peter, and Luke, the traveling companion of Paul. These are, after all, the names found in the titles of these books. But what most people don’t realize is that these titles were added later, by second-century Christians, decades after the books themselves had been written, in order to be able to claim that they were apostolic in origin. Why would later Christians do this? Recall our earlier discussion of the formation of the New Testament canon: only those books that were apostolic could be included. What was one to do with Gospels that were widely read and accepted as authoritative but that in fact were written anonymously, as all four of the New Testament Gospels were? They had to be associated with apostles in order to be included in the canon, and so apostolic names were attached to them.}}</ref><ref name=ehrman>Bart D. Ehrman (2000:43) ''The New Testament: a historical introduction to early Christian writings.'' Oxford University Press.</ref><ref name="Ehrman 2006 p. 143">{{cite book | last=Ehrman | first=Bart D. | title=The Lost Gospel of Judas Iscariot: A New Look at Betrayer and Betrayed | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-19-971104-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oBuJMhJlTYwC&pg=PA143 | access-date=13 August 2023 | page=143 | quote=The Gospels of the New Testament are therefore our earliest accounts. These do not claim to be written by eyewitnesses to the life of Jesus, and historians have long recognized that they were produced by second- or third-generation Christians living in different countries than Jesus (and Judas) did, speaking a different language (Greek instead of Aramaic), experiencing different situations, and addressing different audiences.}}</ref><ref name="Ehrman 2000 p. 55">{{cite book | last=Ehrman | first=Bart D. | title=The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-19-512639-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kF8RAQAAIAAJ | access-date=13 August 2023 | page=55 | quote=We have already learned significant bits of information about these books. They were written thirty-five to sixty-five years after Jesus’ death by authors who did not know him, authors living in different countries who were writing at different times to different communities with different problems and concerns. The authors all wrote in Greek and they all used sources for the stories they narrate. Luke explicitly indicates that his sources were both written and oral. These sources appear to have recounted the words and deeds of Jesus that had been circulating among Christian congregations throughout the Mediterranean world. At a later stage we will consider the question of the historical reliability of these stories. Here we are interested in the Gospels as pieces of early Christian literature.}}</ref><ref name="Boring 2012 p. 522">{{cite book | last=Boring | first=M. Eugene | title=An Introduction to the New Testament: History, Literature, Theology | publisher=Presbyterian Publishing Corporation | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-664-25592-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=leFrgkyEtusC&pg=PA522 | access-date=13 August 2023 | page=522 | quote=Beginning with Papias in the second century, a tradition developed in various forms that attributed the authorship of the Gospel of Mark to this John Mark, who had been the companion of both Paul and Peter (Eusebius, ''Hist. eccl.'' 3.39.15). In all its variations, the ancient tradition makes clear that Mark's Gospel was accepted and valued in the church, not because of its historical accuracy, but because it represented Peter's apostolic authority. The Gospel of Mark itself makes no claim to have been written by an eyewitness and gives no evidence of such authorship. While most critical scholars consider the actual author's name to be unknown, the traditional view that Mark was written in Rome by a companion of Peter is still defended by some scholars who begin with the church tradition cited above and do not find convincing historical evidence to disprove it.⁶ For convenience, in this book we continue to refer to the Gospels by the names of their traditional authors.}}</ref><ref name="Ray 2018 p. 123">{{cite book | last=Ray | first=Ronald R. | title=Systematics Critical and Constructive 1: Biblical-Interpretive-Theological-Interdisciplinary | publisher=Pickwick Publications | year=2018 | isbn=978-1-5326-0016-6 | url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=-j9qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA123 | access-date=15 August 2023 | page=123 | quote=Authorship by an apostle was so unimportant to early recognition of a writing's authority that names of apostles (Matthew and John) or names of people thought to be associated with apostles (Mark and Luke respectively with Peter and Paul) were only attached to the four Gospels at the beginning of the second century, after those had gained recognition primarily because of churchly appreciation of their content. Having studied the content of John and Matthew, historical-critical scholarship massively doubts that the Hellenistic Fourth Gospel was authored by the apostle John, and widely doubts that the First Gospel was written by the apostle Matthew. That the author of Mark was Peter's associate also seems unlikely, since that Gospel is very Hellenistic and Peter—according to both Acts and Paul—was highly Jewish. Similarly, that the author of Luke was Paul's companion is most improbable, since Acts's accounts concerning Paul conflict much with what Paul's epistles report. Again, had any of the Gospels been written by apostles, why were their names attached so late?¹²⁵ Nor would apostle associates have been apostles!}}</ref><ref name="Foster 2012 p. 176">Which is not a new claim, see {{cite book | last=Foster | first=Douglas A. | title=The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement | publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-4674-2736-4 | url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=gv-AEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT176 | access-date=15 August 2023 | page=176 | quote=During this period Disciples scholars such as Willett began to study at interdenominational theological schools and secular universities, and for the first time the Stone-Campbell Movement engaged historical criticism as the primary perspective on biblical interpretation. While Campbell's "Seven Rules" had advocated a kind of historical criticism, traditional conclusions about authorship, date, and the nature of biblical documents had been assumed, so that no one in the first generation had supposed that the consistent application of Campbell's own principles would lead to results that challenged and overturned these conclusions. By the end of the nineteenth century, those who followed the critical method arrived at a new set of conclusions that made the Bible look entirely different. Among these new conclusions: the Pentateuch was not written by Moses but represented a long development within history, the prophets were not making long-range predictions about Jesus and the church, but spoke to the issues of their own time; the Gospels were not independent 'testimonies" that provided "evidence" for the historical facts about Jesus' life and teaching, but were interdependent (Matthew and Luke used Mark and "Q"); also, the Gospels were not written by apostles and contained several layers of reinterpreted traditions.}}</ref> Duma-dumania ambö i'ila geografi Palestina sanura Zura Mareko (te börö me lö irai möi ia ba da'ö),<ref name="leach">{{cite book | last=Leach | first=Edmund | editor-last1=Alter | editor-first1=Robert | editor-last2=Kermode | editor-first2=Frank | title=The Literary Guide to the Bible | publisher=Harvard University Press | year=1990 | isbn=978-0-674-26141-9 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSEwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT354 | chapter=Fishing for men on the edge of the wilderness | page=590 | quote=5. The geography of Gospel Palestine, like the geography of Old Testament Palestine, is symbolic rather than actual. It is not clear whether any of the evangelists had ever been there.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wells | first=George Albert | title=Cutting Jesus Down to Size: What Higher Criticism Has Achieved and Where It Leaves Christianity | publisher=Open Court | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-8126-9867-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KuccAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 | access-date=13 August 2023 | page=25 | quote=Mark's knowledge even of Palestine's geography is likewise defective. [...] Kümmel (1975, p. 97) writes of Mark's "numerous geographical errors"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Hengel | first=Martin | title=Between Jesus and Paul: Studies in the Earliest History of Christianity | publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers | year=2003 | isbn=978-1-7252-0077-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVj7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 | access-date=13 August 2023 | page=98 | quote=Furthermore, it is more than doubtful whether evangelists like Mark or Luke ever caught sight of a map of Palestine.}}</ref><ref name="Evans 2014 p. 252"/>{{sfn|Reddish|2011|p=36|ps=: "Evidence in the Gospel itself has led many readers of the Gospel to question the traditional view of authorship. The author of the Gospel does not seem to be too familiar with Palestinian geography. [...] Is it likely that a native of Palestine, as John Mark was, would have made such errors?" [...] Also, certain passages in the Gospel contain erroneous statements about Palestinian or Jewish practices."}} "sindruhu tenga sohalöŵö ba danö ma zui sondra'u i'a ba nasi ia",<ref name="leach"/> ambö i'ila hada zi to'ölö ba niha [[Yahudi]] (moroi ba Palestina),<ref name="Evans 2014 p. 252"/>{{sfn|Reddish|2011|p=36|ps=: "Evidence in the Gospel itself has led many readers of the Gospel to question the traditional view of authorship. The author of the Gospel does not seem to be too familiar with Palestinian geography. [...] Is it likely that a native of Palestine, as John Mark was, would have made such errors?" [...] Also, certain passages in the Gospel contain erroneous statements about Palestinian or Jewish practices."}} ba te samösa "niha Yahudi Yunani sitoröi baero danö Palestina" ia.<ref>{{cite book | last=Watts Henderson | first=Suzanne | editor-last1=Coogan | editor-first1=Michael | editor-last2=Brettler | editor-first2=Marc | editor-last3=Newsom | editor-first3=Carol | editor-last4=Perkins | editor-first4=Pheme | title=The New Oxford Annotated Bible: New Revised Standard Version | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-19-027605-8 | chapter=The Gospel according to Mark | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T05WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1431 | access-date=13 August 2023 | page=1431 | quote=suggest that the evangelist was a Hellenized Jew who lived outside of Palestine.}}</ref> Itema i Mitchell Reddish wa töi zanura Sura Mareko Mareko, bahiza lö ta'ila Mareko haniha.{{sfn|Reddish|2011|p=36|ps=: "Evidence in the Gospel itself has led many readers of the Gospel to question the traditional view of authorship. The author of the Gospel does not seem to be too familiar with Palestinian geography. [...] Is it likely that a native of Palestine, as John Mark was, would have made such errors?" [...] Also, certain passages in the Gospel contain erroneous statements about Palestinian or Jewish practices."}} Simanö göi, "iŵaö Francis Moloney wa sanura ya'ia samösa niha sotöi Mareko, ba hiza te tenga Mareko nitötöi bakha ba [[Amabu'ulali Sibohou|Gamabu'ulali Sibohou]]".<ref name="Tucker Kuecker 2020 p. 70">{{cite book | last1=Tucker | first1=J. Brian | last2=Kuecker | first2=Aaron | title=T&T Clark Social Identity Commentary on the New Testament | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | year=2020 | isbn=978-0-567-66785-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKbDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70 | access-date=13 August 2023 | page=70 | quote=Francis Moloney suggests the author was someone named Mark, though maybe not any of the Marks mentioned in the New Testament (Moloney, 11-12).}}</ref> Iŵaö göi zimanö ''The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus'': latötöi ia Mareko, ba hiza lö la'ila ira ere Zura Ni'amoni'ö haniha Mareko andrö.<ref name="Evans 2014 p. 252">{{cite book | last=Hatina | first=Thomas R. |editor-last=Evans | editor-first=Craig A. | title=The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-317-72224-3 | chapter=Gospel of Mark | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=StasAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA252 | access-date=13 August 2023 | page=252 | quote=Like the other synoptics, Mark's Gospel is anonymous. Whether it was originally so is, however, difficult to know. Nevertheless, we can be fairly certain that it was written by someone named Mark. [...] The difficulty is ascertaining the identity of Mark. Scholars debate [...] or another person simply named Mark who was not native to Palestine. Many scholars have opted for the latter option due to the Gospel's lack of understanding of Jewish laws (1:40-45; 2:23-28; 7:1-23), incorrect Palestinian geography (5:1-2, 12-13; 7:31), and concern for Gentiles (7:24-28:10) (e.g. Marcus 1999: 17-21).}}</ref> Arakhagö fefu gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö ha sara zöndra wa fefu injil si öfa buku tenga nisura niha si no mangila hörö Yesu samösa.<ref name="Millard 2006">{{Cite book|last=Millard|first=Alan|chapter=Authors, Books, and Readers in the Ancient World|editor1-last=Rogerson|editor1-first=J.W.|editor2-last=Lieu|editor2-first=Judith M.|title=The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies|publisher=Oxford University Press|year= 2006|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKZYMifS1fAC&dq=%22written+virtually+entirely+in+a+form+of+ancient+Greek%22&pg=PA558|isbn=978-0199254255|page=558|quote=The historical narratives, the Gospels and Acts, are anonymous, the attributions to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John being first reported in the mid-second century by Irenaeus}}</ref>{{sfn|Reddish|2011|pp=13, 42}}{{sfn|Cousland|2010|p=1744}}{{sfn|Cousland|2018|p=1380}} So sa ösa zangosili konservatif<ref>Latötöi ''konservatif'' niha sabölö aolo ba wombelegö hadia ni'oroi'ö moroi meföna/zatua föna. Si fa'ero eluaha khönia ya'ia ''progresif'', eluahania abölö aolo ba wangalui hadia zindruhu iada'a ba latema hadia ia ni'oroi'ö me föna ha na sindruhu ia aefa lafatörö ia ba wamareso ilmiah.</ref> samorege wa sanura injil si'öfa andrö simane niŵa'ö tradisi, ba hiza no laröi zöndra andre ya'ira arakhagö fefu gere zura ma ndregenia na laŵa'ö ia ba lö laforege sibai.{{sfn|Lindars|Edwards|Court|2000|p=41}} == Niŵaö Zura Ni'amoni'ö ba tradisi == Wa laŵa'ö isura Zura Mareko Mareko samösa, tebörögö ia moroi khö Papias moroi ba Hierapolis (a.t. döfi 60–130).<ref>http://oyc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/canon_0.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705013329/http://oyc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/canon_0.pdf |date=2016-07-05 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref name="Papias01">{{cite book|chapter=[[s:Ante-Nicene Christian Library/Fragments of Papias|Exposition of the Oracles of the Lord]]|title=Ante-Nicene Christian Library, Volume I|year=1885|publisher=T. & T. Clark in Edinburgh|author=Papias|author-link=Papias of Hierapolis|translator=Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson}}</ref><ref name=NJBCp596>{{Citation |last=Harrington |first=Daniel J. |year=1990 |contribution=The Gospel According to Mark |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Raymond E. |editor1-link=Raymond_E._Brown |editor2-last=Fitzmyer |editor2-first=Joseph A. |editor2-link=Joseph_A._Fitzmyer |editor3-last=Murphy |editor3-first=Roland E. |title=The New Jerome Biblical Commentary |place=Englewood Cliffs, NJ |publisher=Prentice Hall |page=596 |isbn=0-13-614934-0 }}</ref> Ba hiza laŵa'ö ira ere zura moroi ba ''Trinity Evangelical Divinity School'' wa niŵa'ö Papias andrö "arakhagö lö mangiwa dödö" no Mareko Yohane.<ref>D. A. Carson, Douglas J. Moo and Leon Morris, ''An Introduction to the New Testament'' (Apollos, 1992), 93.</ref> Molo'ö ira ere zura modern, aökö wamotokhi ba dödö informasi moroi khö Papias.<ref name="MuddimanBarton2010">{{cite book|first1=Henry|last1=Wansbrough|editor-first1=John|editor-last1=Muddiman|editor-first2=John|editor-last2=Barton|title=The Gospels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utMUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA243|date=22 April 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-958025-5|page=243|quote=Finally it is important to realize that none of the four gospels originally included an attribution to an author. All were anonymous, and it is only from the fragmentary and enigmatic and—according to Eusebius, from whom we derive the quotation—unreliable evidence of Papias in 120/130 CE that we can begin to piece together any external evidence about the names of their authors and their compilers. This evidence is so difficult to interpret that most modern scholars form their opinions from the content of the gospels themselves, and only then appeal selectively to the external evidence for confirmation of their findings.}}</ref> Ha sambalö li Gereja Ortodoks Koptik ba Aleksandria wa sanura Sura Mareko no Mareko Yohane andrö, awö wa ya'ia no samösa ba gotalua ndra nifahaö si 70 nifatenge Keriso ({{SN|Luk|10|1}}), simane nifaduhu'ö Hipolitus moroi ba Roma.<ref name=Shen01/> Laforege göi tradisi Koptik wanguma'ö wa ifonaha ndra nifahaö ba nomonia sanura Sura Mareko aefa wa'amate Yesu, ba wa itörö nomo Mareko Yesu Keriso si no maoso (Yoh 20), ba wa möi tou Geheha Ni'amoni'ö yaŵara ba nomonia andrö göi.<ref name=Shen01/> Inönö na, laŵa'ö wa Mareko no samösa ba gotalua genoni sama'ema idanö si no tobali agu ba walöŵa ba Kana (Yoh 2:1–11).<ref name="Shen01">[[Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria|Pope Shenouda III]], ''The Beholder of God Mark the Evangelist Saint and Martyr'', Chapter One. [http://tasbeha.org/content/hh_books/Stmark/ Tasbeha.org]</ref> Molo'ö tradisi Koptik, tumbu Mareko ba Kirene, sambua kota ba Afrika Utara (iada'a [[Libya]]). Inönö tradisi andre wa ba da'a mangawuli dania Mareko aefa ifatenge ia Faulo ba Golose (Kol 4:10; Filem 24. So ösa zanguma'ö wa sindruhunia tenga Mareko da'a ba hiza Mareko talifusö tiri Baranaba) ba tobali enoninia ba Roma (TimII 4:11); Moroi ba Kirene andre awu'a ia dania möi ba Aleksandria.<ref name=SUSCopt>{{cite web |publisher = Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States |url = http://www.suscopts.org/diocese/about/ |title = About the Diocese |access-date = 2023-08-11 |archive-date = 2013-01-13 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20130113145639/http://www.suscopts.org/diocese/about/ |dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.suscopts.org/coptic-orthodox/church/saint-mark/ |title = Saint Mark |access-date = May 14, 2009 |archive-date = December 10, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231210053927/http://www.suscopts.org/coptic-orthodox/church/saint-mark/ |dead-url = yes }}</ref> Me mangawuli Mareko ba Aleksandria, la'afökhösi tödö halöŵönia ira niha si lö mamati, börö me ifanudu dödö niha ba wamolakhömi lowalangi ndra niha Yunani.<ref name=Shen07/> Me ndröfi 68, latawi zinali ba mbaginia, ladönia ia sagötö lala irege mate ia.<ref name=Shen07>Paus Shenouda III, ''The Beholder of God Mark the Evangelist Saint and Martyr'', Faza fitu. [http://tasbeha.org/content/hh_books/Stmark/ Tasbeha.org]</ref> == Famolakhömi == [[Berkas:La tradizione del dono del "Bocol".jpg|thumb|Owasa mbunga ''Festa del bocoło'' ba Venisia (Italia)]] La'owasaini gowasa Santo Mareko ira Gereja Katolik ba Gereja Ortodoks Timur ero 25 April. Gereja bö'ö sangoguna'ö kalender Julian, la'owasaini ia ero 8 Mei kalender Gregorian irugi döfi 2099. I'owasaini gowasa Santo Mareko Gereja Ortodoks Koptik ero 30 Parmouti, si faudu ba zi 25 April ba kalender Julian ma 8 Mei ba kalender Gregorian. Tefabö'öni Mareko Yohane moroi ba Mareko sanura Injil ba mbaŵa gowasa wanörö-tödö ya'ira, Mareko Yohane te'owasaini 27 September (faudu ma Martirologi Romawi) ba Mareko sanura injil 25 April. Bakha ba wa'awösa [[Gereja Anglikan]] la'owasaini Mareko faoma sambua festival sebua ero 25 April.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Calendar|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|access-date=2021-03-27|website=The Church of England|language=en}}</ref> == Mareko bakha ba "seni" == Fondrege asese lagambaraini Mareko Sanura Injil faoma gambara, heza isura-sura ma zui igogohe khönia [[Injil]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/christianiconog00millgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/christianiconog00millgoog/page/n369 356]|quote=St. Mark iconography.|title=Christian Iconography: The Trinity. Angels. Devils. Death. The soul. The Christian scheme. Appendices|first=Adolphe Napoléon|last=Didron|date=February 20, 1886|publisher=G. Bell|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Bakha ba tradisi niha Keriso, la'oguna'ö gambara zingo tobali simbol Mareko Sanura Injil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.christianiconography.info/mark.html|title=St. Mark in Art|website=www.christianiconography.info}}</ref> [[Singo]] andre no singo ba danö-simate nitutunö Mareko bakha ba injil Mareko; tola göi lagambaraini ia tobali uskup nifasui ha'uga singo; ma zui gambara niha sanolo ya'ira soloyo ba Venesia, Italia. Asese göi oroma ia i'ohe mbuku si so nisura ''pax tibi Marce'' ma zui igogohe mbulu nohi ba sambua buku. Ba gambara tanöbö'ö la'oroma'ö Mareko samösa niha sololohe buku ma gölu-gölu zura ba ba zingania so zingo so'afi. [[Singo]] andre tola eluahania femaoso Yesu moroi ba gotalua zimate, börö faduhu dödö niha wa teboka sambua hörö zingo na mörö ia, irege tobali famaedo Keriso ba lewatönia ba Keriso si tobali razo. So göi gambara Mareko faoma zinali ba mbaginia ba ma zui oroma ia wangefa'ö ndra sawuyu (si no tobali niha Keriso) moroi khö niha Sarasene. == Galeri == <gallery widths="154px" heights="200px" perrow="4" caption="Mareko Sanura Injil"> Accademia - St Mark's Body Brought to Venice by Jacopo Tintoretto.jpg|Gambara ndra saniaga sangosao'ö boto Santo Mareko ba Venesia, nifalului ndra biarawan Yunani, nifazökhi Tintoretto Codexaureus 21.jpg|Gambara Mareko samondrondrongo khö singo so'afi (bakha ba injil Lorsch) Vangeli di ebbone (evangelista marco), epernay, Bibliothèque municipale, Ms. 1 f 18 v., 20,8x26 cm, ante 823.jpg|Gambara Mareko Sanura Injil samaigi singo (a.t. döfi 823) Folio 19v - The Martyrdom of Saint Mark.jpg|Gambara sangoroma'ö me tobali ''martir'' Santo Mareko (Musée Condé, Chantilly, a.t. döfi 1412 ba 1416) Andrea Mantegna 087.jpg|Gambara ''Santo Mareko'' nifazökhi Andrea Mantegna, 1448 Evangelist-with-lion.jpg|Gambara Mareko Sanura Injil faoma singo, 1524 Bodleian Library MS. Arm. d.13. Armenian Gospels-0041-0.jpg|Gambara Mareko ba injil Armenia moroi ba ndröfi 1609 si so ba Bodleian Library, Oxford, Inggris Åhus kyrka-15.jpg|Gambara Santo Mareko ba nahia zekola wanunö ba Gereja Santa Maria, Åhus, Swedia Pasquale Ottino San Marcos escribe sus Evangelios al dictado de San Pedro Musée des Beaux-Arts, Bordeaux.jpg|Gambara Santo Mareko sanura injil Mareko moroi ba wanutunö Santo Fetero, nifazökhi Pasquale Ottino, ngaotu ndröfi si-17, Beaux-Arts, Bordeaux Il Pordenone - San Marco - Budapest.jpg|Gambara Mareko Sanura Injil nifazökhi Il Pordenone (a.t. 1484 – 1539) GRM Inv. J-3179.jpg|Gambara Mareko Sanura Injil si so ba mbawagöli Katedral Kazan, St. Petersburg, Rusia, 1804 Tzanes Emmanuel - St Mark the Evangelist - Google Art Project.jpg|Ikon Mareko Sanura Injil, 1657 San Marco cathedral in Venice.JPG|Gereja Basilika Santo Mareko Nuremberg chronicles f 104r 1.png|Gambara Santo Mareko bakha ba zura Nuremberg Chronicle Stmark.jpg|Gambara Santo Mareko nifazökhi Donatello (1411–1413), Florence, Italia </gallery> == Nahia tefolakhömi ia == * Basilika Santo Mareko (Venesia, Italia) * Katedral Santo Mareko Ortodoks Koptik (Aleksandria, [[Mesir]]) * Gereja Santo Mareko (Belgrade, [[Serbia]]) * Katedral Santo Mareko Ortodoks Koptik (Kairo, [[Mesir]]) * Gereja Santo Mareko in-the-Bowery ([[New York City]], [[Amerika Serikat]]) == Faigi göi == * [[Mataio]] * [[Sura Mataio]] * [[Mareko]] * [[Sura Mareko]] * [[Luka]] * [[Sura Luka]] * [[Yohane]] * [[Injil Yohane]] * [[Sura Yohane]] == Basoŵa == * {{Cite book |last1 = Fant |first1 = Clyde E. |last2 = Reddish |first2 = Mitchell E. |title = Lost Treasures of the Bible |publisher = Eerdmans |year = 2008 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Dj6zVQJz7zYC |isbn = 9780802828811 }} * {{Cite book |last = Reddish |first = Mitchell |title = An Introduction to The Gospels |year = 2011 |publisher = Abingdon Press |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hliGUOv18cQC |isbn = 978-1426750083 }} * {{Cite book|first=J.R.C.|last=Cousland|editor-first4=Pheme|editor-last4=Perkins|editor-first1=Michael David|editor-last1=Coogan|editor-first2=Marc Zvi|editor-last2=Brettler|editor-first3=Carol Ann|editor-last3=Newsom|title=The New Oxford Annotated Bible: New Revised Standard Version|url=https://archive.org/details/newoxfordannotat0000unse_i0x8|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|page=[https://archive.org/details/newoxfordannotat0000unse_i0x8/page/1744 1744]|isbn=978-0-19-528955-8}} * {{cite book|first=J.R.C.|last=Cousland|editor-first1=Michael David|editor-last1=Coogan|editor-first2=Marc Zvi|editor-last2=Brettler|editor-first3=Carol Ann|editor-last3=Newsom|editor-first4=Pheme|editor-last4=Perkins|title=The New Oxford Annotated Bible: New Revised Standard Version|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T05WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1380|date=1 March 2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-027605-8|page=1380}} * {{Cite book | title = The Johannine Literature | last1 = Lindars | first1 = Barnabas | last2 = Edwards | first2 = Ruth | last3 = Court | first3 = John M. | year = 2000 | publisher = A&C Black | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qVOD0PhayhsC | isbn = 978-1-84127-081-4 }} {{Umbu}} {{Reflist|colwidth=22em}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Mareko]] [[Kategori:Sura Mareko]] [[Kategori:Niha ni'amoni'ö]] [[Kategori:Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Turia Somuso Dödö]] [[Kategori:Sura Ni'amoni'ö]] [[Kategori:Nifahaö Yesu]] [[Kategori:Biografi]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] [[Kategori:Sura amilita]] dh7pd1oxexrkd0xt4gup4hxuyyt6mrx 4 4034 28347 25437 2026-09-23T15:27:30Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]]; added [[Category:Olayama]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28347 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sagrado Coração de Jesus - escola portuguesa, século XIX.png|left|frameless|86x115px]] '''Tödö''' no tuho wa'auri molo'ö fangera-ngera niha [[Mesir]] meföna. Börö da'ö na mate khöra niha, laheta fefu galakhaö, simanö göi guto, ha [[tödö]] niröira bakha. Awena dania labe'e dalu-dalu ba mboto zimate andrö falö obou, lalöwösi ia ba labe'e bakha ba lewatö sebua. Tödö andre dania zi fao khö zi mate ba wofanönia irugi [[Fa'auri si lö aetu|wa'auri silö'aetu]]. No fakhili-khili ''zinöndra'' (li Indonesia: ''{{li|id|konsep}}'') andre ba ''zinöndra'' Nono Niha sanandrösa ba dödö. Tödö no salahi niha ma'asageu. Baero da'ö so hikaya [[Hikaya Duada Hia|Dödö Hia]] ba Nono Niha ba ba [[Niha Keriso]] so hada wamosumange Tödö Yesu Ni'amoni'ö. {{Baso|Tödö Niha Miserayi}}<noinclude> [[Kategori:Olayama]] <noinclude> pzrpajaa4r8ytkcpcgrx97tz0fa6whg 4 4035 28348 25446 2026-09-23T15:27:37Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]]; added [[Category:Olayama]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28348 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:SARS-CoV-2 without background.png|left|frameless|115x115px]] '''Tungö''' no töi zauri si no fondrege wa'ide-idenia, irege lö oroma ia ba [[hörö]]. Na tafaedogö wa'anau dungö ba [[Utu|gutu]] si so yaŵa ba [[Bu|mbu]] niha duma-dumania (fa'anau gutu ambö töra 2 mm), ba ba wa'anau ero sambua gutu tola tefa'oli 2 juta dungö simane virus korona! Ena'ö tola oroma dungö moguna nifotöi [[mikroskop]]. Na ha tola i'ebua hurufo side-ide sambua [[sörömi hörö]] ni'oguna'ö ba wombaso, tola i'ebua'ö dungö side-ide [[mikroskop]], irege oroma ia khöda. {{Baso|Tungö}}<noinclude> [[Kategori:Olayama]] </noinclude> p8biyjudlze6wzis5hx4sf9gef0h2o2 4 4036 28341 27282 2026-09-23T15:26:34Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]]; added [[Category:Olayama]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28341 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ernst Ludwig Denninger''' no samösa [[wikt:falito|falito]] Protestan moroi ba [[Jerman]] si möi mamazaewe [[Taromali]] [[Lowalangi]] ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]]. Ba hiza tehöngö göi ia me ya'ia zi oföna sibai mangali [[Turia Somuso Dödö|Duria Somuso Dödö]] nisura [[Luka]] ba li Niha, heŵa'ae lö la'oguna'ö ia niha. Denninger no göi [[wikt:falito|falito]] [[Protestan]] si föföna sibai mame'e fombayaigöidanö khö [[Nono Niha]]. Terou dödönia we'amöi ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] aefa falukha ia khö Ndraono Niha si so ba [[Padang]]. Aefa halöŵönia ba Danö Niha, mangawuli Denninger ba [[Jerman]] ba lö ara aefa da'ö iröi gulidanö. Tola lamane wa ya'ia andre [[wikt:falito|falito]] Protestan si oföna sibai molohe [[Turia Somuso Dödö]] ba Danö Niha. {{Baso|Ernst Ludwig Denninger}}<noinclude> [[Kategori:Olayama]] </noinclude> ps9cldrbp7k5x8ngl20xne0qa1fpsac 4 4037 28342 20101 2026-09-23T15:26:43Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]]; added [[Category:Olayama]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28342 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sarcoptes scabiei 1950 000.jpg|left|frameless|79x115px]] '''Böni''' no sambua wökhö guli ni'a'asogö sambua [[Tungö|dungö]] sotöi ''Sarcoptes scabiei''. Na no i'usu guli niha tungö andre ba ibörötaigö mowo'a-wo'a guli andrö, atoto mbu si so ba da'ö, ba maulu wa'ali-ali. Tungö ''Sarcoptes scabiei'' andre no owulo-wulo, so 8 rozi gahenia no anifi-nifi, fa'anaunia mato 300–600 x 250–400 μm na sihene ba 200–240 x 150–200 μm na simatua. Auri ia ba narö guli ba wenaeta nifotöi ''epidermis''. Hulu dungö andre oroma mowatö-fatö irege oroma hulö zi tölu sagi ia. Baero da'ö so mbu sanau ba gahe nomoro 3 ba ba nomoro 4 khö zihene dungö andre, ba hiza ha so mbu ba gahe nomoro 3 khö zimatuania. {{Baso|Böni}}<noinclude> [[Kategori:Olayama]] </noinclude> 3o0k9z26mn45q7ve281ndc0taxz3sq4 4 4038 28343 20104 2026-09-23T15:26:52Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]]; added [[Category:Olayama]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28343 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Dan Brown November 2015.jpg|left|frameless|115x153px]] '''The Da Vinci Code''' no sambua novel detektif misteri nisura [[Dan Brown]], soya tefamawa göi ba Indonesia. Bakha ba novel andre itutunö Dan Brown nitörö Robert Langdon awö Sophie Neveu aefa alua wamunu niha ba [[Museum Louvre]] ba Paris. Moroi ba da'ö fatahö ira ndra nifotöi [[Biarawan Sion]] awö ndra solohi khö [[Opus Dei]] ba wangalui hadia sindruhu wa no mangowalu [[Yesu]] khö [[Maria Magdalena]]. Inönö nasa ba da'ö Dan Brown nidunö-dunö sanandrösa ba Piala Ni'amoni'ö, ni'oguna'ö Yesu ba wemanga safuria fatua lö mate ia. Aefa da'ö molo'ö novel andre ira razo [[Prancis]] moroi ba nga'ötö Meroving no ma'uwu Yesu samösa moroi khö Maria Magdalena. {{Baso|The Da Vinci Code}}<noinclude> [[Kategori:Olayama]] </noinclude> drdpx1axl70ygwp5tqjcr567og0r33m 4 4039 28345 20106 2026-09-23T15:27:11Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]]; added [[Category:Olayama]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28345 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kabupaten Nias''' no sambua kabupaten ba [[Provinsi Sumatra Utara]] si so ba [[Danö Niha]]. Kodenia ba wamatörö 12.04. Me 2016 lafawu'a ibu kotania moroi ba [[Gunungsitoli]] (1956-2016) ba [[Gidö]], me fabali Gunungsitoli moroi ba Kabupaten Nias tobali [[Kota Gunungsitoli]]. Tuho lala wangalui ba Kabupaten Nias no sohalöŵö ba danö ba fakiri ba nasi. Molo'ö [[Badan Pusat Statistik]] so 22.100 niha silumana ba Kabupaten Nias me 2020, eluahania 15,69% moroi ba wa'oya niha mbanua. Fa'oya niha mbanuania 143.319 (2019) ba arakhagö fefu ira Ono Niha. Agamara Niha Keriso (98,81% me 2019). Ba kabupaten andre so göi bandara [[Binaka]] si so ba [[Kecamatan Gidö]]. {{Baso|Kabupaten Nias}}<noinclude> [[Kategori:Olayama]] </noinclude> p9xp6d92zjhe385ybtvg0p8ofzm6jfk 4 4040 28346 22618 2026-09-23T15:27:21Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]]; added [[Category:Olayama]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28346 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yasato Harefa''' (* [[Gunungsitoli]] 16 Mei 1945) no samösa guru sabölö tehöngö börö ngawalö zinunö si no ifazökhi awö mbuku wamahaö [[Li Niha]] si no ifa'anö. Tuho halöŵönia ya'ia tobali guru [[PNS]] (''pegawai negeri sipil''). Heŵa'ae tumbu ia ba Danö Niha, ibörögö zekolania me 1957 ba [[SR]] (''Sekolah Rakyat'') [[Sibolga]] ba me 1960 itohugö ba SMP Negri Sibolga. Awena aefa da'ö manohugö sekola ia ba SMA Negri Gunungsitoli (1963). Me no awai ba möi ia kuliah ba [[Universitas HKBP Nommensen]] ba Pematangsiantar (1968) wanahaö ba Sastra [[Inggris]]. Aefa da'ö kuliah zui ia ihalö ''Pendidikan Umum'' ba [[IKIP Gunungsitoli]] (1975). Furi hö inönö na sa faoma kuliah ''Psikologi'', ''Pendidikan'' ba ''Bimbingan'' ba IKIP Gunungsitoli (1987). {{Baso|Yasato Harefa}}<noinclude> [[Kategori:Olayama]] </noinclude> jjllzrbgj9ltboegfqouvjd96qbzi2u 4 4041 28349 22891 2026-09-23T15:27:46Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]]; added [[Category:Olayama]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28349 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tsunami''' (moroi ba [[li Jepang]] {{li|jp|津波}}, eluahania "lowu sebua ba labua") no salua na möi yaŵa lowu sebua ba danö sahatö ba mbewe nasi, irege tekiko fefu hadia ia zi so ba danö simane omo, lala, sinanö btn. ba tehanigö. Lowu sebua andre alua ia na so ndruru sebua barö nasi, töra-töra na mamoka danö barö nasi börö ndruru danö andrö. Itugu abölö-bölö ndruru, itugu abölö-bölö göi molö nidanö nasi si möi ba danö. So zirugi 90 km ero jam wa'abölö wofanö nidanönia. Andrö wa tola ifufu ba ihanigö gofu hadia ia, irege tola mate niha. Alua tsunami sabölö-bölö ba [[Propinsi Aceh|Aceh]] me 26 Desember 2004. Oya afufu nomo, sinanö ba urifö, ba oya mate niha, tenga ha ba [[Propinsi Aceh|Aceh]], ba hiza ba nahia si fasui göi irugi [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]]. {{Baso|Tsunami}}<noinclude> [[Kategori:Olayama]] </noinclude> iw9hhz5a0i43ofdwh0wj4uo3damdd0n 4 4062 28350 25500 2026-09-23T15:27:54Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]]; added [[Category:Olayama]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28350 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Kwik Kian Gie.jpg|left|115x115px]]'''Tionghoa''' no töi niha si tefaböbö khö sambua soi moroi ba Tiongkok ni'oguna'ö ba [[Indonesia]] ba [[Malaysia]] ba ba [[Singapura]]. Ba wangoguna'ö töi simane, lafabö'ösi niha [[Tiongkok]] ma niha Cina (niha sowanua ba [[Tiongkok]] ma Cina) moroi ba niha Tionghoa, ya'ia nga'ötö soi soroi ba [[Tiongkok]] bahiza si no tobali sowanua ba negara si so ya'ira. Börö da'ö so nifotöi niha Tionghoa [[Indonesia]] (niha Indonesia moroi ba soi Tionghoa), Tionghoa [[Malaysia]] (niha [[Malaysia]] moroi ba soi Tionghoa), Tionghoa [[Singapura]] (niha Singapura moroi ba soi Tionghoa) ba tanöbö'önia na. Ba [[Danö Niha]] so göi döi Kehai. Ba hiza töi simane da'e fakhili ira ngawalö döi tanöbö'ö simane ''niha mbae'a'', ''niha mbekhua'' ba tanöbö'önia na. Eluahania, da'a no ngawua wehede nifotöi ''{{li|id|informal}}'' ba itaria na i fatutu dödö niha wamondrondrongo ya'ia. {{Baso|Tionghoa}}<noinclude> [[Kategori:Olayama]] </noinclude> 1vrmmo7pxfrqee7jf22dnrg4voqb5gc 4 4063 28351 23070 2026-09-23T15:28:03Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]]; added [[Category:Olayama]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28351 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tanö Niha Mbanua Somasido''' ma asese la'adogoi'ö sinunö '''Tanö Niha''' no töi sambua zinunö si tehöngö sibai ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]]. Asese la'anunöisi ia na owulo niha ba ba ginötö la'oroma'ö wa sindruhu la'odödögö wondrou'ö ba ba wangehao [[Tanö Niha]]. Sinunö andre no nifa'anö Aro'ö Zebua (A. Dandra) moroi ba [[Ononamölö I Lot|Nononamölö]], Laraga Ononamölö Tumöri, ba hiza töinia ba [[li Niha]] nisura Ligim Zebua ba töinia ba [[li Indonesia]] nisura [[Yasato Harefa]]. No so oya zinunö andre ba YouTube. Alimagö wa no ma'ifu faehu moroi ba zinunö asli. {{Baso|Tanö Niha Mbanua Somasido}}<noinclude> [[Kategori:Olayama]] </noinclude> r9ud9c8yytm67uvr2xd5ekt9o7mniol 4 4064 28352 20253 2026-09-23T15:28:12Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]]; added [[Category:Olayama]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28352 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Eddoe 2017.jpg|left|86x115px]]'''Talö''' (li Latin, ''Colocasia esculenta L.'') no sinanö bayania tola labali'ö ö ma famalala gö. Lö ta'ila sibai heza oföna sibai latanö dalö, na ba [[Asia Tenggara]] ma zui ba [[Asia Tengah]], ba hiza ta'ila wa no latanö ia niha fatua lö labörötaigö wananö fakhe. Iada'a no muzawili dalö ba zi sagörö ulidanö simane ba [[India]], [[Cina]], [[Afrika Barat]] ba [[Afrika Utara]], faoma [[Hindia Barat]]. Tenga ha ba Danö Niha labali'ö dalö andre famalala gö ma famaedo gö, ba hiza göi ba danö tanö bö'ö simane ba ngawalö hulo [[Oseania]] ba asese labali'ö ia ö fao mbua zinanö bö'ö. {{Baso|Talö}}<noinclude> [[Kategori:Olayama]] </noinclude> isy1jqf136kcqcr1jaepl66vxq1385w 4 4065 28353 20254 2026-09-23T15:28:22Z Slaia 39 removed [[Category:Sura amilita]]; added [[Category:Olayama]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28353 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Zea mays 004.JPG|left|86x115px]]'''Rigi''' (li Latin, ''Zea mays'') no sara ba gotalua zi tölu ngawalö zinanö (gandru, fakhe ba rigi), khönia oya tesöndra nifotöi [[karbohidrat]] soguna sibai ba mboto, same fa'abölö, famanöi ba fa'owaöri mboto niha ba he göi ba gurifö. Khö ndra niha ba danö [[Amerika Tengah]] ba ba [[Amerika Selatan]] awö ösa niha ba [[Afrika]] faoma ba [[Indonesia]], no tobali rigi andre awö wakhe tuho gö. Baero da'ö te'oguna'ö göi rigi tobali ö gurifö, ba hamonia (li Indonesia ''tepung'') la'oguna'ö ba wanga'asogö fanikha. Fa'ara wa'auri rigi i'otarai mutanö ofeta mowua ia mato tölu waŵa irugi öfa waŵa. Aefa da'ö oköli ia ba mate sa'e. Börö da'ö lafotöi göi rigi sinanö si ha sakali inötö wowua (li Indonesia, ''tanaman semusim''). {{Baso|Rigi}}<noinclude> [[Kategori:Olayama]] </noinclude> t61ytix4s85w0vu641krrbgp018mngt 0 4076 28327 28314 2026-09-23T14:39:20Z Slaia 39 28327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox santo |honorific_prefix = [[Santo]] |name = Mataio |death_date = Ngaotu ndröfi si-1 |feast_day = 21 September (niha Keriso ba Barat)<br />22 Oktober (Ortodoks Koptik)<br />16 November (niha Keriso ba Timur) |venerated_in = Gereja Ortodoks Timur<br />[[Gereja Katolik]]<br />Gereja Katolik Timur<br />Ortodoks Timur<br />Gereja Timur<br />Persekutuan Anglikan<br />[[Gereja Lutheran]] |image = Berkas:Rubens apostel mattheus grt.jpg |caption = Santo Mataio (a.t. 1611) nigambaraini Peter Paul Rubens |birth_place = Kafanauma,{{sfn|Easton|1897}} Galilaia, Kerajaan Romawi |death_place = [[Etiopia]] |titles = Nifahaö, Sanura Injil, Martir |canonized_date = |attributes = Mala'ika |patronage = Akuntan; kota Salerno (Italia); ira sohalöŵö ba bank; sangowuloi bea; ya'ira samazökhi parfum; pegawai negeri<ref name=stmatthewscathedral.org /> |major_works = [[Sura Mataio|Turia Somuso Dödö Nisura Mataio]] }} '''Mataio''' ([[li Ibrani]] מַתִּתְיָהוּ, te'adogo'ö מַתִּי; [[li Aramaia]] ܡܰܬ݁ܰܝ; [[li Yunani]] Μαθθαῖος; [[li Koptik]] ⲙⲁⲧⲑⲉⲟⲥ; [[li Latin]] Matthaeus; li Indonesia Matius) ma asese lakaoni ia '''Santo Mataio''' no töi samösa moroi ba gotalua ndra nifahaö Yesu si felendrua. Molo'ö tradisi niha Keriso, ya'ia göi samösa moroi ba gotalua zi daöfa zanura [[Injil]], sanura Sura Mataio, ba börö da'ö tehöngö göi ia faoma töi '''Mataio Sanura Injil''', sambua döi si lö latema arakhagö fefu gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö, heŵa'ae so göi zanohugö manguma'ö wa Mataio zanura Injil andrö.{{sfn|Allison|2010|p=27}} Isura Amabu'ulali Sibohou wa i'o'ö Yesu Mataio tobali nifahaö Yesu. Furi da'ö laŵaö ira tua Gereja simane [[Ireneus]] ba [[Klemens moroi ba Aleksandria]] wa ituriagö Injil Mataio khö ndra angowuloa Yahudi ba danö Yudea, fatua lö awu'a ia ba negara bö'ö. == Mataio bakha ba Gamabu'ulali Sibohou == [[Berkas:Bodleian Library MS. Arm. d.13. Armenian Gospels-0039-0.jpg|thumb|upright|Gambara Mataio bakha ba Injil Armenia 1609, ni'irö'ö ba Bodleian Library]] Bakha ba {{SN|Mataio|9|9}} awö {{SN|Mataio|10|3}} tetötöi Mataio samösa niha sangowuloi bea ba Kafanauma, si dadao ba gödo wanema bea me tekaoni ia wolo'ö Yesu. Tefa'oli göi ia ba gotalua ndra nifahaö si felendrua, ba hiza lö nisura sanandrösa heza moroi ia bakha ba {{SN|Mar|3|18}}, {{SN|Luk|6|15}} ba ba {{SN|HalZin|1|13}}. Ba ayati si fagölö ba Mataio 9:9, lasura Mareko 2:14 ba Luka 5:27 zanandrösa ba wogaoni Lewi, sanema bea, ono Alfeus, ba hiza lö irai latötöi Injil Mareko ba injil Luka wa Lewi andrö no samösa moroi ba gotalua ndra nifahaö si felendrua. == Halöŵö fa'a'enoni == Ituriagö Amabu'ulali Sibohou wa i'o'ö Yesu Mataio, tobali samösa nifahaö. Aefa da'ö la'iagö sambua lote ira nifahaö ({{SN|HalZin|1|10|14}}) (latötöi ia kenakel ba gotalua ndra niha Keriso me föna) ba Yerusalema.{{sfn|Jacquier|1911}} Toröi ndra nifahaö ba Yerusalema ba ba mbanua sifasui ba laturiagö wa Yesu andrö no Keriso. Ba mbuku ''Talmud [[Babilonia]]'' (Sanhedrin 43a), tesura wa "Mattai" andrö no samösa moroi ba gotalua zi dalima nifahaö "Jeshu".{{sfn|Schneemelcher|2003|p=17}} Laŵaö ira tua Gereja simane [[Ireneus]] (''Against Heresies'' 3.1.1) ma zui Klemens moroi ba Aleksandria wa ituriagö Injil Mataio khö ndra niha Yahudi ba danö Yudaia, fatua lö möi ia ba mbanua zobanua. Lö la'ila ya'ira sanura me föna hadia mbanua zobanua andrö, ba hiza latötöi [[Etiopia]] arakhagö fefu gumbu zura.{{sfn|Jacquier|1911}} Ira [[Gereja Katolik]] ba [[Gereja Ortodoks]] la'o'ö tradisi wa mate Mataio tobali ''martir'' (niha nibunu börö wamatinia) ba hulö i'ombakha'ö hewisa labunu ia ''Talmud [[Babilonia]]'' bakha ba Sanhedrin 43a.{{sfn|Lardner|1838|p=299}}{{sfn|Bock|2002|p=164}} Molo'ö tradisi Gereja, me möi mangombakha Mataio ba Etiopia, ibe'e tobali niha Keriso Ephigenia, ono alawe khö razo Etiopia Egippus<ref>''The Golden Legend of Jacobus de Voragine'', trans. and adapted by Ryan, Granger and Helmut Ripperger. (Arno Press: Longmans, Green & Co) 1941. pp. 561–566.</ref> ba aefa da'ö te'angaruwusi ia tobali biarawati. Me i'ali Egippus razo Hirtacus, i'andrö khö Mataio ena'ö tola omasi Ephigenia mangowalu khönia. Börö da'ö ikaoni razo Hirtacus Mataio ena'ö fao ia ba [[misa]] ba hari migu föna da'ö. Bakha ba misa andrö ihöwö razo Hirtacus andrö Mataio ba wangisönia Ephigenia, si no tobali biarawati ba börö da'ö no sangowalu khö Keriso. Bakha ba wönunia ifatenge zaradadunia razo andrö ba wamunu Mataio si sindro nasa ba [[altar]], irege tebunu ia tobali [[martir]].<ref name=ROCOR2004>The Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of Western Europe and the Americas (ROCOR). ''St. Hilarion Calendar of Saints for the year of our Lord 2004.'' St. Hilarion Press (Austin, TX). p.&nbsp;70.</ref> == Injil Mataio == [[Berkas:Rembrandt - Saint Matthew and the angel.jpg|jmpl|upright|Gambara ''Santo Mataio faoma Mala'ika'' nigambaraini [[Rembrandt]] (1661)]] Ifaduhu'ö tradisi Gereja meföna wa Mataio zanura Turia Somuso Dödö nisura Mataio. Si föföna sibai manguma'ö da'a ya'ia ngawalö zinura moroi ba ngaotu ndröfia si sara ba si dua, simane sinura uskup Papias moroi ba Hierapolis (a.t. döfi 60–163),{{sfn|Martin|2012}} sangai niŵaö Eusebius, samösa ere Hikaya Gereja (döfi 260–340), imane: "I'owuloi ngawalö ngawua wehede (''logia'': nidunö-dunö khö Yesu) ba li Ibrani Mataio, ba ifo'eluaha ia ndrege wa'abölönia."{{sfn|Turner|2008|p=15–16}}{{efn|name=Eusebius}}{{sfn|Bingham|1998|p=64}} Simanö göi iŵa'ö teolog sotöi Origenes (a.t. 184 – a.t. 253) wa Injil si föföna no nisura Mataio,{{sfn|Edwards|2009|p=18}}{{sfn|Repschinski|2000|p=14}} ba wa Injil andrö khönia no tesura ba li Ibrani ba zahatö ba Yerusalema si lalö khö ndra niha Keriso Ibrani ba ni'ali ba li Yunani. Injil asli ba li Ibrani andrö te'irö'ö ba perpustakaan Kaisaria. Ba gangahorita ngaotu ndröfia si öfa lafazökhi sambua kopi Injil andrö ira fa'awösa Nazarene ba labe'e ia khö Hieronimus{{sfn|Nicholson|1879|p=82}} ni'oguna'önia dania ba halöŵö wangosili Zura Ni'amoni'ö.{{sfn|Saint Jerome|2000|p=10}} Latötöi Injil Mataio me luo da'ö ''Turia Somuso Dödö molo'ö niha Heberaio''{{sfn|Hultgren|Haggmark|1996|p=122}} ba itaria göi ''Turia Somuso Dödö ndra Nifahaö''{{sfn|Nicholson|1879|p=26}}{{sfn|Dods|1858|p=iv}} ba faduhu dödö niha me luo da'ö wa injil andre no tanömö zura asli ''Mataio Yunani'' si so bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö.{{sfn|Harrison|1964|p=152}} Ba hiza no latenaŵa da'a ira ere Zura Ni'amoni'ö modern simane Bart D. Ehrman ba James R. Edwards.{{sfn|Edwards|2009|p=245}}{{sfn|Ehrman|1999|p=43}} Faigi göi nifotöi ''hipotese dombua-gumbu''.<ref>'''Hipotese dombua-gumbu''' no sambua zöndra nifaehagö ndra ere zura Ni'amoni'ö ba wamotokhi hana wa oya zi fagölö ba so göi zi fabö'ö ba gotalua zi tölu injil Mataio, Mareko ba Luka. Molo'ö famotokhi andre me lasura injil khöra ira Mataio ba Luka, la'oguna'ö '''injil Mareko'''. Awena lanönö göi nidunö-dunö si tesöndra ba zura '''Q''', ya'ia da'ö angowuloa angowuloa nidunö-dunö sanandrösa khö Yesu ba gotalua ndra niha Keriso.</ref>{{sfn|Mills|Wilson|2003|p=942}}{{sfn|Epiphanius of Salamis|1987|p=129}} Ha sambalö latema'ö arakhagö fefu gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö modern wa sanura Injil Mataio no niha bö'ö si lö ta'ila töi ba tenga Mataio samösa.{{sfn|Muddiman|Barton|2010|p=27}}{{sfn|Allison|2010|p=27}} Lö nibe'enia döinia bakha ba teks sanura injil Mataio ba molo'ö ndra ere Zura Ni'amoni'ö, awena ba ngaotu ndröfia si dua tenönö döi zura "molo'ö Mataio".{{sfn|Harrington|1991|p=8}}{{sfn|Nolland|2005|p=16}} == Injil bö'ö si lö resmi ("apokrif") == [[Berkas:Matthaeus San Giovanni in Laterano 2006-09-07.jpg|thumb|upright|Gambara ''Santo Mataio'' nigambaraini Camillo Rusconi (1713–1715), so ba Basilika Sebua Santo Yohane Lateran ba Roma]] Ba ngaotu ndröfia si tölu, la'oguna'ö injil Keriso-Yahudi niböbögö khö Mataio ya'ira niha Keriso Yahudi simane fa'awösa Nazarene ba fa'awösa Ebionita. Tesöndra gakhökhöla si toröi moroi ba injil andre bakha ba zura Hieronimus, sura Epiphanius ba ba zura tanöbö'ö. La'o'ö wamaosatö ngawalö zura andre arakhagö fefu zangosili Zura Ni'amoni'ö: Injil ndra fa'awösa Nazarene (36 fragmen), Injil ndra niha Ebionita (7 fragmen) ba Injil ndra niha Yahudi (7 fragmen) si tesöndra bakha ba Gamabu'ulali Sibohou ''apokrif''<ref>Lafotöi ''apokrif'' fefu zura injil si ''lö resmi'' tetema'ö bakha ba Gereja, simane injil ndra Nazarene, injil ndra Ebionita, injil ndra niha Heberaio, injil Tomas btn. Lö te'oguna'ö ia bakha ba Gereja me manumbu dödö niha ba wa'afatulönia. Bahiza la'oguna'ö oi zura andre ira ere Zura Ni'amoni'ö ba wangosili hewisa zalua me luo no ba ginötö Yesu.</ref> nifa'anö Schneemelcher. Laŵa'ö ira komentator si no mangosisi'o ngawalö teks andre wa tesura ia ba li Yunani ba tefaböbö ia ba Mataio Yunani.{{sfn|Vielhauer|Strecker|2003|p=542}} So ösa ndra komentator sanguma'ö wa teks andre no akhökhöla (li Indonesia ''fragmen'') moroi ba injil asli ba li Ibrani ba ba li Aramaia si no taya. Injil nifotöi Pseudo-Mataio no sambua zura nifa'anö ba ngaotu ndröfia si fitu moroi ba zi tölu zura ''apokrif'' tanöbö'ö ya'ia da'ö Injil Yakobus, Foloi ba Mesir, ba Injil Nono Side-ide nisura Tomas. Ifasinga Hieronimus, wa molo'ö ndra fa'awösa Nazarene, Injil Heberaio khöra no nisura Mataio {{sfn|Saint Jerome|2000|p=10}} heŵa'ae laŵa'ö ira [[Ireneus]] ba Epiphanius moroi ba Salami wa sindruhunia injil andre ha nisura mangawuli Injil resmi (''kanonik''). So ma'ifu nösi Injil andre si tesöndra ba ngawalö zura ndra [[tua Gereja]], niŵa'ö nisura Mataio.{{sfn|Mills|Wilson|2003|p=942}} Lö iŵa'ö Epiphanius wa Mataio zanura Injil Heberaio, ha iböbögö wanguma'ö simanö khö ndra Ebionita (sambua wa'awösa niha Keriso selungu).{{sfn|Epiphanius of Salamis|1987|p=129}} [[Berkas:Matthew the Apostle. Detail of the mosaic in the Basilica of San Vitale. Ravena, Italy.jpg|jmpl|upright|Gambara ''Mataio Nifahaö'', detil mosaik si so ba Basilika Santo Vitale, Ravenna, ngaotu ndröfia si önö]] == Fanörö-tödö khönia == Latema'ö Mataio tobali samösa niha ni'amoni'ö (''santo'') ya'ira [[Gereja Katolik]], [[Gereja Ortodoks Timur]], [[Gereja Lutheran]]{{sfn|ELCA|2006|p=57}} ba [[Gereja Anglikan]]. La'owasaini wanörö-tödö khönia ero 21 September ba Barat ba ero 16 November ba Timur (Ba gereja-gereja solo'ö kalender Julian te'aekhugö ia ero 29 November kalender Gregorian modern, saekhu ba 16 November ba kalender Julian). Latörö-tödö göi Mataio ba Gereja Ortodoks ero 30 Juni (13 Juli) fao awö ndra nifahaö bö'ö, nifotöira ''Synaksis ndra Nifahaö Ni'amoni'ö''. So lewatönia ba gereja Katedral Salerno ba Italia Selatan. Bakha ba Gereja Anglikan ba Inggris la'owasaini ia faoma sambua festival sebua ero 21 September.<ref name=Calendar /> Simane ya'ira sanura Injil tanöbö'ö, asese göi tegambaraini Mataio bakha ba ''seni'' niha Keriso faoma aurifö nitötöi bakha ba zura Wama'ele'ö 4:7.<ref>{{SN|Fam|4|7}}</ref> Si to'ölö labe'e fao bakha ba gambara Mataio ya'ia samösa niha si so afi. Tölu gambara Mataio nifazökhi Caravaggio si so ba Gereja San Luigi dei Francesi ba [[Roma]], heza oroma ikaoni Mataio Yesu moroi ba halöŵönia ba wangowuloi bea, no tölu gambara fondrege tehöngö ba ''seni'' Barat. == Bakha ba Islam == Itötöi Al-Qur'an wa so ndra nifahaö Yesu, ba hiza lö itötöi döira, ha ifotöi ira "sanolo halöŵö Lowalangi".<ref>{{Cite quran|3|49|e=53|s=ns}}</ref> Ba hiza latötöi döi ndra nifahaö andrö ira samo'eluaha Al-Qur'an ba laŵaö wa fao ba da'ö Mataio.{{sfn|Noegel|Wheeler|2003|p=86}} Latohugö sambua tradisi ira samo'eluaha Al-Qur'an wa Mataio ba Andrea no darua nifahaö si möi ba Etiopia ba wanuriagö turia Lowalangi. == Bakha ba arsitektur == Ba narö zagö Basilika Wanuriagö ba Nazareta so gambara Mataio Nifahaö awö hikayania faoma razo Eglypus moroi ba Etiopia ba iraono khönia. Te'oroma'ö hewisa me i'oloi'ö ira Mataio moroi khö gafökha. Itutunö Sura Ni'amoni'ö hewisa me ibali'ö niha Keriso razo andrö awö ndraono khönia Mataio. Tenga ha itutunö gambara Mataio andre hadia nifazökhi Mataio bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö, ba hiza ifasinga göi wa edöna tobali ''martir'' Mataio. Me labunu Mataio Nifahaö, tobali ia ''martir'' khö agama niha Keriso börö me tebunu ia ba wamatinia ba ba wamahaönia. Itolo ita fogambaraini gambara ba narö zagö Basilika Wanuriagö andre ena'ö aboto ba dödöda hewisa ba ginötö föna andrö me tobali agama wa'anihakeriso. I'oroma'ö sambua nikhoi sadölö ba gotaluara Etiopia ba Nazareta, heza so ibu kota iada'a.<ref name=stmatthewscathedral.org>{{cite web|url=http://www.stmatthewscathedral.org/events/2013/09/happy-feast-st-matthew |title=Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle, Washington, D.C |publisher=Stmatthewscathedral.org |date=2013-09-21 |access-date=2014-07-10}}</ref><ref name=franciscanmedia.org>{{Cite web |title=Saint Matthew |website=franciscanmedia.org |publisher=Franciscan Media |access-date=21 September 2020 |url=https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saint-matthew/ |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008010504/https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saint-matthew/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=Calendar>{{Cite web|title=The Calendar|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|access-date=2021-03-27|website=The Church of England|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jewish">{{Cite journal |last1=Nees |first1=Lawrence |last2=Boehm |first2=Barbara Drake |last3=Holcolmb |first3=Melanie |date=2018 |title=Pleasurable Perplexity: Reflecting the Holy City |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90025854 |journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review |volume=108 |issue=4 |pages=551–561 |jstor=90025854 |issn=0021-6682}}</ref><ref name="Neophilologus">Jasmine A. L. Kilburn. 2003. "The Contrasted `Other' in the Old English Apocryphal Acts of Matthew, Simon and Jude." Neophilologus 87 (1) (01): 137–151.</ref><ref name=Humanities>Naomi, Simhony. 2020. "The Central Synagogue of Nazareth Illit and its Architectural Dialogue with Nazareth’s Basilica of the Annunciation." Humanities & Social Sciences Communications 7 (1) (12).</ref> == Bakha ba zura fiksi == * Novel The Master and Margarita == Galeri == <gallery widths="154px" heights="200px" perrow="4" caption="Mataio Sanura Injil"> Saint Matthew2.jpg|Santo Mataio bakha ba Injil Ebbo MattewIslam.JPG|''Isura injil Santo Mataio ba mala'ika sogogohe ya'ia'', gambara Islam a.t.. 1530 nifazökhi Kesu Das khö razo Mughal The Calling of Saint Matthew-Caravaggo (1599-1600).jpg|''Fogaoni Santo Mataio'', nigambaraini Caravaggio (1599–1600) Guido Reni - St Matthew and the Angel.jpg|''Santo Mataio ba Mala'ika'' nigambaraini Guido Reni (1620–1630) MatthewSt.Matts.jpg|Gambara Santo Mataio ba Gereja Lutheran Jerman ba Charleston, South Carolina Saint Matthew (crop) - Triumphal arch - Sant'Apollinare in Classe - Ravenna 2016.jpg|Ikon Santo Mataio ba Basilika Santo Apolinaris, Ravenna Giuseppe Bernardi-Matthew-BMA.jpg|Adu Santo Mataio nifazökhi moroi ba dambu nibogö nifazökhi Giuseppe Bernardi Salerno 2013-05-17 10-47-55.jpg|Lewatö barö Gereja Katedral Salerno Helsinki Cathedral Matthew the Evangelist.jpg|Adu Santo Mataio nifazökhi August Wredow ba zagö Katedral Helsinki </gallery> == Faigi göi == * [[Mataio]] * [[Sura Mataio]] * [[Mareko]] * [[Sura Mareko]] * [[Luka]] * [[Sura Luka]] * [[Yohane]] * [[Injil Yohane]] * [[Sura Yohane]] == Referensi == === Famotokhi === {{notelist|notes= {{efn|name=Eusebius|Eusebius, "History of the Church" 3.39.14–17, c.&nbsp;325 CE, teks Yunani 16: "ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ἱστόρηται τῷ Παπίᾳ περὶ τοῦ Μάρκου· περὶ δὲ τοῦ Ματθαῖου ταῦτ’ εἴρηται· Ματθαῖος μὲν οὖν Ἑβραΐδι διαλέκτῳ τὰ λόγια συνετάξατο, ἡρμήνευσεν δ’ αὐτὰ ὡς ἧν δυνατὸς ἕκαστος. Oya te'ali ba li Inggris, referensi standar nifazökhi Philip Schaff ba [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.viii.xxxix.html CCEL]: "[C]oncerning Matthew he [Papias] writes as follows: 'So then(963) Matthew wrote the oracles in the Hebrew language, and every one interpreted them as he was able.'(964)" Versi online fao ba da'ö wamotokhi ba gahe 963 awö 964 moroi khö Schaff.<br>Iŵa'ö göi [[Ireneus moroi ba Lyons]] (mate a.t. 202) zimane da'ö, te ihalö moroi khö Papias, bakha ba ''Against Heresies'', [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.ix.iv.ii.html Book III, Chapter 1], ''"Matthew also issued a written Gospel among the Hebrews in their own dialect"''}} }} === Basoŵa === {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} *{{cite EB1911|first=James Vernon |last=Bartlet|wstitle=Matthew, St|volume=17}} *{{cite book| first=Dale C. Jr. |last=Allison|author-link=Dale Allison|editor-first1=John|editor-last1=Muddiman|editor-first2=John|editor-last2=Barton|title=The Gospels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utMUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|date=22 April 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-958025-5|page=27}} *{{cite book|last=Bingham|first=D. Jeffrey |title=Irenaeus' Use of Matthew's Gospel in Adversus Haereses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vRvCYSw4DIC&pg=PA64|year=1998|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=978-90-6831-964-4}} *{{cite book|last=Bock|first=Darrell L. |title=Studying the Historical Jesus: A Guide to Sources and Methods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZooDflYCwEC&pg=PA164|year=2002|publisher=Baker Academic|isbn=978-1-58558-596-0}} *{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=William David |last2=Finkelstein|first2=Louis |title=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 2, The Hellenistic Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L20ipjJ-efYC|year=1984|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21929-7}} *{{cite book |first=John Bovee |last=Dods |editor=Gibson Smith |year=1858 |url=https://archive.org/details/gospeljesus00dodsgoog |quote=Gospel of the Apostles. |title=The Gospel of Jesus |publisher=G. Smith }} *{{cite EBD|wstitle=Matthew}} *{{cite book|last=Edwards|first=James R. |title=The Hebrew Gospel and the Development of the Synoptic Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vs9YXAB_axYC&pg=PA18|year=2009|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-6234-1}} *{{cite book|first=Bart D.|last=Ehrman|author-link=Bart D. Ehrman|title=Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8_QCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA45|date=23 September 1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-802888-8|page=45}} *{{cite book|first=Bart D.|last=Ehrman|title=A Brief Introduction to the New Testament|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrRBAQAAIAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-536934-2|page=56}} *{{cite book|ref={{sfnref|ELCA|2006}}|publisher=Evangelical Lutheran Church in America|title=Evangelical Lutheran Worship|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UnOnQwAACAAJ|year=2006|via=Augsburg Fortress|isbn=978-0-8066-5672-4|chapter=Lesser Festivals, Commemorations, and Occasions}} *{{cite book|author=Epiphanius of Salamis|author-link=Epiphanius of Salamis|title=The Panarion of Ephiphanius of Salamis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s9-utOHPLfEC&pg=PA129|volume=Book I (sects 1–46)|year=1987|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-07926-2|translator=Frank Williams}} *{{cite book|last=Freedman|first= David Noel |title=The Anchor Bible Reference Library|year=2001|publisher=Doubleday|title-link=Anchor Bible Series}} *{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Everett Falconer |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qh7b4o6JQpIC&pg=PA152 |title=Introduction to the New Testament|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=9780802847867 }} *{{cite book|last=Hezser|first=Catherine |title=Jewish Literacy in Roman Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zlrxbYml2ioC&pg=PA172|year=2001|publisher=Mohr Siebeck|isbn=978-3-16-147546-7}} *{{cite book|last1=Hultgren|first1=Arland J. |last2=Haggmark|first2=Steven A. |title=The Earliest Christian Heretics: Readings from Their Opponents|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wLZAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Fortress Press|isbn=978-0-8006-2963-2}} *{{cite CE1913|wstitle=St. Matthew|first=Eugène |last=Jacquier|volume=10}} *{{cite book |author=Saint Jerome |editor=Thomas P. Halton |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqzY1zBtKg0C&q=%22composed%20a%20gospel%20of%20Christ%22&pg=PA10 |title=On Illustrious Men (The Fathers of the Church, Volume 100) |publisher=CUA Press |isbn=978-0813201009 }} *{{cite book|last=Lardner|first=Nathaniel |author-link=Nathaniel Lardner|title=The Works of Nathaniel Lardner|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DX89AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA299|year=1838|publisher=W. Ball|volume=5|chapter=St Matthew, Apostle and Evangelist}} *{{Cite web |title=Introduction to New Testament History and Literature |last=Martin |first=Dale B. |work=oyc.yale.edu |date=2012 |publisher=Yale University |access-date=21 September 2020 |url= https://oyc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/canon_0.pdf }} *{{cite journal|first=Werner G. |last=Marx|title=Money Matters in Matthew|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-bibliotheca-sacra_1979-06_136_542/page/148 |journal=Bibliotheca Sacra|volume= 136|issue=542|date=April–June 1979|pages=148–157}} *{{cite book|last1=Mills|first1=Watson E. |last2=Wilson|first2=Richard F. |title=Mercer Commentary on the New Testament|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iNLZYtBEw0sC&pg=PA942|year=2003|publisher=Mercer University Press|isbn=978-0-86554-864-0}} *{{Cite book|last1=Muddiman|first1=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utMUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|title=The Gospels|last2=Barton|first2=John|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-958025-5}} *{{cite book|last=Nicholson|first=E.B. |author-link=E.B. Nicholson|title=The Gospel according to the Hebrews, its fragments tr. and annotated, with a critical analysis of the evidence relating to it|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cb4CAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA82|year=1879}} *{{cite book |author1-last= Noegel|author1-first= Scott B.|author2-last= Wheeler|author2-first= Brandon M.|date= 2003|title= Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6aTXAAAAMAAJ|location= Lanham, MD|publisher= Scarecrow Press (Rowman & Littlefield)|isbn= 978-0810843059}} *{{cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924095207126/page/n651/mode/2up |title=The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia|chapter= Matthew |editor-first=James|editor-last= Orr |publisher=The Howard-Severance Co.|location=Chicago |year=1915 }} *{{cite book|last=Repschinski|first=Boris |title=The Controversy Stories in the Gospel of Matthew: Their Redaction, Form und &#91;sic&#93; Relevance for the Relationship Between the Matthean Community and Formative Judaism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2VLANXcZsYC&pg=PA14|year=2000|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|isbn=978-3-525-53873-9}} *{{cite book|editor-last=Schneemelcher|editor-first=Wilhelm |title=New Testament Apocrypha: Writings relating to the Apostles; Apocalypses and related subjects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v6IqqnEoN3QC&pg=PA17|year=2003|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-22722-7|translator=Robert McLachlan Wilson}} *{{Cite book|last=Theissen|first=Gerd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zhQsAQAAMAAJ|author-link=Gerd Theissen|title=The New Testament: History, Literature, Religion|date=2003|publisher=T & T Clark|isbn=978-0-567-08949-6}} *{{cite book|editor-last=Schneemelcher|editor-first=Wilhelm |author-link=Wilhelm Schneemelcher|title=New Testament Apocrypha: Writings relating to the Apostles; Apocalypses and related subjects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v6IqqnEoN3QC&pg=PA17|year=2003|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-22722-7|translator=Robert McLachlan Wilson|last1=Vielhauer |last2=Strecker|first1=Philipp|first2=Georg}} *{{Cite journal|last1=NEES |first1=LAWRENCE |author2=Barbara Drake Boehm |author3=Melanie Holcolmb |title=Pleasurable Perplexity: Reflecting the Holy City |journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review |volume=108 |issue=4 |year=2018 |pages=551–561 |doi=10.1353/jqr.2018.0038 |jstor=90025854 |s2cid=165897158 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90025854}} {{refend}} === Basoŵa onönöta === {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} * {{Cite book|editor-last=Aune|editor-first=David E. |title=The Gospel of Matthew in current study|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E8lZ7BXzt0sCe|isbn=978-0-8028-4673-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Aune|first=David E.|title=The New Testament in its literary environment|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XdSto1nkx9AC|isbn=978-0-664-25018-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Beaton |first=Richard C. |chapter=How Matthew Writes |editor1-last=Bockmuehl |editor1-first=Markus |editor2-last=Hagner |editor2-first=Donald A. |title=The Written Gospel |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pAZxCMRztQ4C&pg=PA116 |isbn=978-0-521-83285-4 }} * {{Cite book|last=Browning|first=W. R. F.|title=Oxford Dictionary of the Bible|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lKsdAtPUoRgC&q=W.+R.+F.+Browning,+Gospel+of+Matthew,+A+dictionary+of+the+Bible|isbn=978-0-19-860890-5}} * {{Cite book|last=Burkett|first=Delbert|title=An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EcsQknxV-xQC&q=Gospel+of+Matthew|isbn=978-0-521-00720-7}} * {{Cite book |last = Casey |first = Maurice |author-link = Maurice Casey |title = Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching |publisher = Continuum |year = 2010 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lXK0auknD0YC |isbn = 978-0-567-64517-3 }} * {{Cite book|last=Clarke|first=Howard W.|title=The Gospel of Matthew and Its Readers|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5BB70m7EVPkC&q=Howard+W.+Clarke+%282003%29|isbn=978-0-253-34235-5}} * {{Cite book |editor1-last = Cross |editor1-first = Frank L. |editor1-link = Frank Leslie Cross |editor2-last = Livingstone |editor2-first = Elizabeth A. |title = The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church |contribution = Matthew, Gospel acc. to St. |page = 1064 |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 2005 |orig-year = 1997 |edition = 3 |url = http://www.biblicalwritings.com/the-oxford-dictionary-of-the-christian-church/?alfa=M&word=Matthew,%0AGospel+acc.+to+St.+ |isbn = 978-0-19-280290-3 |access-date = 14 November 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184503/http://www.biblicalwritings.com/the-oxford-dictionary-of-the-christian-church/?alfa=M&word=Matthew,%0AGospel+acc.+to+St.+ |archive-date = 23 September 2015 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }} * {{Cite book|last=Dunn|first=James D. G.|title=Jesus Remembered|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC|isbn=978-0-8028-3931-2}} * {{cite book |last = Ehrman |first = Bart D. |title = Did Jesus Exist?: The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth |year = 2012 |publisher = HarperCollins |isbn = 978-0-06-220460-8 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hf5Rj8EtsPkC&pg=PT102 }} * {{Cite book |last=Fuller |first=Reginald H. |chapter=Biblical Theology |editor1-last=Metzger |editor1-first=Bruce M. |editor2-last=Coogan |editor2-first=Michael D. |title=The Oxford Guide to Ideas & Issues of the Bible |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780195149173 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aml3tEWoOVEC&pg=PA68 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last = Hagner |first = D. A. |editor-last = Bromiley |editor-first = Geoffrey W. |title = International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Vol. 3: K-P |contribution = Matthew, Gospel According to |pages = 280–8 |year = 1986 |publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn = 978-0-8028-8163-2 |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Zkla5Gl_66oC&pg=PA280 }} * {{cite book|last=Harris |first=Stephen L. |title=Understanding the Bible |url=https://archive.org/details/understandingbib0000harr_w2l8 |location=Palo Alto |publisher=Mayfield |year=1985 }} * {{Cite book |last=Kowalczyk |first=A. |title=The influence of typology and texts of the Old Testament on the redaction of Matthew's Gospel |publisher=Bernardinum |year=2008 |url=http://digital.fides.org.pl/publication/814 |isbn=978-83-7380-625-2 }} * {{Cite book |last=Kupp |first=David D. |title=Matthew's Emmanuel: Divine Presence and God's People in the First Gospel |url=https://archive.org/details/matthewsemmanuel0000kupp |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-57007-7 }} * {{Cite book |last=Levine |first=Amy-Jill |chapter=Visions of kingdoms: From Pompey to the first Jewish revolt |editor1-last=Coogan |editor1-first=Michael D. |title=The Oxford History of the Biblical World |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&pg=PT546 |isbn=978-0-19-513937-2 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Levison |first1=J. |last2=Pope-Levison |first2=P. |chapter=Christology |editor1-last=Dyrness |editor1-first=William A. |editor2-last=Kärkkäinen |editor2-first=Veli-Matti |title=Global Dictionary of Theology |publisher=InterVarsity Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780830878116 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncqkZnDSeo4C&pg=PA167 }} * {{Cite book|last=Luz|first=Ulrich|title=Studies in Matthew|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voRVZFEpNsAC&q=Luz+Studies+in+Matthew|isbn=978-0-8028-3964-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Luz|first=Ulrich|title=The Theology of the Gospel of Matthew|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cKl5M_MQMoYC|isbn=978-0-521-43576-5}} * {{Cite book |last=McMahon |first=Christopher |chapter=Introduction to the Gospels and Acts of the Apostles |editor-last=Ruff |editor-first=Jerry |title=Understanding the Bible: A Guide to Reading the Scriptures |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2008 |isbn=9780884898528 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=al4d-3t6rqwC&pg=PA57 }} * {{Cite book|last=Morris|first=Leon|title=New Testament Theology|publisher=Zondervan|year=1986|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6D3o6fZd67EC&q=Morris+New+Testament+Theology|isbn=978-0-310-45571-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Peppard |first=Michael |title=The Son of God in the Roman World: Divine Sonship in Its Social and Political Context |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iH4Zk-3MJJcC&pg=PA133|isbn=9780199753703 }} * {{Cite book|last=Perkins|first=Pheme|chapter=The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles: Telling the Christian Story|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSHCRgS_SAUC&pg=PR7|title=The Cambridge Companion to Biblical Interpretation|isbn=0521485932|date=1998-07-28}}, in {{Cite book|editor-last=Kee|editor-first=Howard Clark|title=The Cambridge companion to the bible: part 3|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00keeh|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-521-48593-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Saldarini|first=Anthony|chapter=Matthew|year=2003|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA1000|title=Eerdmans commentary on the Bible|isbn=0802837115}}, in {{Cite book|last1=Dunn|first1=James D. G.|last2=Rogerson|first2=John William|title=Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Saldarini|first=Anthony|title=Matthew's Christian-Jewish Community|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=btSZh4_vzqoC|isbn=978-0-226-73421-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Sanford |first=Christopher B. |title=Matthew: Christian Rabbi |publisher=Author House |year=2005 |isbn=9781420883718 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FYw3MGiYgSkC }} * {{Cite book |last=Scholtz |first=Donald |title=Jesus in the Gospels and Acts: Introducing the New Testament |publisher=Saint Mary's Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780884899556 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=royKA4FeMB4C&pg=PA34 }} * {{Cite book|last=Senior|first=Donald|chapter=Directions in Matthean Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E8lZ7BXzt0sC|title=The Gospel of Matthew in Current Study: Studies in Memory of William G. Thompson, S.J|isbn=0802846734|year=2001}}, in {{Cite book|editor-last=Aune|editor-first=David E. |title=The Gospel of Matthew in current study|url=https://archive.org/details/gospelofmatthewi0000unse_o7v3|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8028-4673-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Senior|first=Donald|title=What are they saying about Matthew?|publisher=PaulistPress|year=1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xuyaPmvwnLEC&q=What+are+they+saying+about+Matthew|isbn=978-0-8091-3624-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Stanton|first=Graham|title=A gospel for a new people: studies in Matthew|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1993|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GytxXOIsF-0C&q=Stanton%2BA+Gospel+for+a+New+People|isbn=978-0-664-25499-5}} * {{Cite book|last=Strecker|first=Georg|title=Theology of the New Testament|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2000 |orig-year=1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_6NxpAvdrOgC&q=Strecker+Theology+New+Testament|isbn=978-0-664-22336-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Tuckett |first=Christopher Mark |title=Christology and the New Testament: Jesus and His Earliest Followers |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780664224318 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J5Zr0_CsEcwC&q=christology+matthew&pg=PA119 }} * {{Cite book|last=Van de Sandt|first=H. W. M.|chapter=''Introduction''|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cTE0FQtrphwC&q=Matthew+and+the+Didache|title=Matthew and the Didache: Two Documents from the Same Jewish–Christian Milieu?|isbn=9023240774|year=2005}}, in {{Cite book|last=Van de Sandt|first=H. W. M.|title=Matthew and the Didache|publisher=Royal Van Gorcum&Fortress Press|year=2005|isbn=978-90-232-4077-8}} * {{Cite book|last=Weren|first=Wim|chapter=The History and Social Setting of the Matthean Community|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cTE0FQtrphwC&q=Matthew+and+the+Didache|title=Matthew and the Didache: Two Documents from the Same Jewish–Christian Milieu?|isbn=9023240774|year=2005}}, in {{Cite book|editor-last=Van de Sandt|editor-first=H. W. M.|title=Matthew and the Didache|publisher=Royal Van Gorcum&Fortress Press|year=2005|isbn=978-90-232-4077-8}} {{refend}} ==== Komentar ==== {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} * {{Cite book|last=Allison|first=D. C.|author-link=Dale Allison|title=Matthew: A Shorter Commentary|publisher=T&T Clark|year=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_OShrBh0I0C&q=Allison+Matthew:+a+shorter+commentary|isbn=978-0-567-08249-7}} * {{Cite book|last1=Davies|first1=W. D.|author-link=W. D. Davies|last2=Allison|first2=D. C.|title=Matthew 1–7|publisher=T&T Clark|year=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQzZc7KYUKgC&q=Davies+and+Allison+%E2%80%94+Matthew+1-7|isbn=978-0-567-08355-5 }} * {{Cite book|last1=Davies|first1=W. D.|last2=Allison|first2=D. C.|title=Matthew 8–18|publisher=T&T Clark|year=1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdpE84GmWiIC&q=Davies+and+Allison+%E2%80%94+Matthew+8-18&pg=PA211|isbn=978-0-567-08365-4}} * {{Cite book|last1=Davies|first1=W. D.|last2=Allison|first2=D. C.|title=Matthew 19–28|publisher=T&T Clark|year=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEKQ_iBhX7UC&q=Davies+and+Allison+%E2%80%94+Matthew+19-28|isbn=978-0-567-08375-3}} * {{Cite book |last = Duling |first = Dennis C. |editor-last=Aune |editor-first = David E. |title = The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament |contribution = The Gospel of Matthew |publisher = Wiley-Blackwell |year = 2010 |isbn = 978-1-4051-0825-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygcgn8h-jo4C&q=%22Chapter+18+The+Gospel+of+Matthew%22&pg=PA295}} * {{Cite book|last=France|first=R. T.|title=The Gospel of Matthew|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ruP6J_XPCEC&q=%22A+pre-70+date+for+Matthew%22&pg=PA19 |isbn=978-0-8028-2501-8 |page=19}} * {{Cite book |last=Harrington|first=Daniel J.|title=The Gospel of Matthew | publisher=Liturgical Press|year=1991|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bNf13S3k2w0C|isbn=9780814658031 }} * {{Cite book|last=Keener|first=Craig S.|title=A commentary on the Gospel of Matthew|publisher=Eerdmans|year=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sWzhEdBZOp4C&q=Craig+S.+Keener+%E2%80%94+A+Commentary+on+the+Gospel+of+Matthew|isbn=978-0-8028-3821-6}} * {{Cite book|last=Luz|first=Ulrich|author-link=Ulrich Luz|title=Matthew 1–7: a commentary|url=https://archive.org/details/matthew17contine0000luzu|publisher=Fortress Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-8006-9600-9}} * {{Cite book|last=Luz|first=Ulrich|title=Matthew 8–20: a commentary|publisher=Fortress Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8006-6034-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/matthewcommentar0000luzu}} * {{Cite book|last=Luz|first=Ulrich|title=Matthew 21–28: a commentary|publisher=Fortress Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8006-3770-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/matthewcommentar0000luzu}} * {{Cite book|last=Morris|first=Leon|title=The Gospel according to Matthew|publisher=Eerdmans|year=1992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-pwaSKcHyEEC&q=Leon+Morris+%E2%80%94+The+Gospel+According+to+Matthew|isbn=978-0-85111-338-8}} * {{Cite book|last=Nolland|first=John|title=The Gospel of Matthew: A Commentary on the Greek Text|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2005|isbn=0802823890}} * {{Cite book|last=Turner|first=David L.|title=Matthew|publisher=Baker|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8z9LSdKLUl4C&q=David+Turner|isbn=978-0-8010-2684-3}} {{refend}} == Khai-khai baero == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20121118101557/http://www.mcah.columbia.edu/medmil/pages/non-mma-pages/text_links/gl_matthew.html Saint Matthew the Apostle] from The ''[[Golden Legend]]'' *[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=103313 Apostle and Evangelist Matthew] Orthodox [[icon]] and [[synaxarion]] *[https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2006/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20060830_en.html Benedict XVI, "Matthew", General audience, 30 August 2006] *[https://opinion.inquirer.net/81926/the-caravaggio-effect "The Caravaggio Effect"] === Umbu === {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Mataio]] [[Kategori:Sura Mataio]] [[Kategori:Niha ni'amoni'ö]] [[Kategori:Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Turia Somuso Dödö]] [[Kategori:Sura Ni'amoni'ö]] [[Kategori:Nifahaö Yesu]] [[Kategori:Biografi]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] [[Kategori:Sura amilita]] c3xan8y338cjwy412wv2qvwotuvsk0e 28328 28327 2026-09-23T14:40:45Z Slaia 39 memperbaiki subjudul 28328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox santo |honorific_prefix = [[Santo]] |name = Mataio |death_date = Ngaotu ndröfi si-1 |feast_day = 21 September (niha Keriso ba Barat)<br />22 Oktober (Ortodoks Koptik)<br />16 November (niha Keriso ba Timur) |venerated_in = Gereja Ortodoks Timur<br />[[Gereja Katolik]]<br />Gereja Katolik Timur<br />Ortodoks Timur<br />Gereja Timur<br />Persekutuan Anglikan<br />[[Gereja Lutheran]] |image = Berkas:Rubens apostel mattheus grt.jpg |caption = Santo Mataio (a.t. 1611) nigambaraini Peter Paul Rubens |birth_place = Kafanauma,{{sfn|Easton|1897}} Galilaia, Kerajaan Romawi |death_place = [[Etiopia]] |titles = Nifahaö, Sanura Injil, Martir |canonized_date = |attributes = Mala'ika |patronage = Akuntan; kota Salerno (Italia); ira sohalöŵö ba bank; sangowuloi bea; ya'ira samazökhi parfum; pegawai negeri<ref name=stmatthewscathedral.org /> |major_works = [[Sura Mataio|Turia Somuso Dödö Nisura Mataio]] }} '''Mataio''' ([[li Ibrani]] מַתִּתְיָהוּ, te'adogo'ö מַתִּי; [[li Aramaia]] ܡܰܬ݁ܰܝ; [[li Yunani]] Μαθθαῖος; [[li Koptik]] ⲙⲁⲧⲑⲉⲟⲥ; [[li Latin]] Matthaeus; li Indonesia Matius) ma asese lakaoni ia '''Santo Mataio''' no töi samösa moroi ba gotalua ndra nifahaö Yesu si felendrua. Molo'ö tradisi niha Keriso, ya'ia göi samösa moroi ba gotalua zi daöfa zanura [[Injil]], sanura Sura Mataio, ba börö da'ö tehöngö göi ia faoma töi '''Mataio Sanura Injil''', sambua döi si lö latema arakhagö fefu gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö, heŵa'ae so göi zanohugö manguma'ö wa Mataio zanura Injil andrö.{{sfn|Allison|2010|p=27}} Isura Amabu'ulali Sibohou wa i'o'ö Yesu Mataio tobali nifahaö Yesu. Furi da'ö laŵaö ira tua Gereja simane [[Ireneus]] ba [[Klemens moroi ba Aleksandria]] wa ituriagö Injil Mataio khö ndra angowuloa Yahudi ba danö Yudea, fatua lö awu'a ia ba negara bö'ö. == Mataio bakha ba Gamabu'ulali Sibohou == [[Berkas:Bodleian Library MS. Arm. d.13. Armenian Gospels-0039-0.jpg|thumb|upright|Gambara Mataio bakha ba Injil Armenia 1609, ni'irö'ö ba Bodleian Library]] Bakha ba {{SN|Mataio|9|9}} awö {{SN|Mataio|10|3}} tetötöi Mataio samösa niha sangowuloi bea ba Kafanauma, si dadao ba gödo wanema bea me tekaoni ia wolo'ö Yesu. Tefa'oli göi ia ba gotalua ndra nifahaö si felendrua, ba hiza lö nisura sanandrösa heza moroi ia bakha ba {{SN|Mar|3|18}}, {{SN|Luk|6|15}} ba ba {{SN|HalZin|1|13}}. Ba ayati si fagölö ba Mataio 9:9, lasura Mareko 2:14 ba Luka 5:27 zanandrösa ba wogaoni Lewi, sanema bea, ono Alfeus, ba hiza lö irai latötöi Injil Mareko ba injil Luka wa Lewi andrö no samösa moroi ba gotalua ndra nifahaö si felendrua. == Halöŵö fa'a'enoni == Ituriagö Amabu'ulali Sibohou wa i'o'ö Yesu Mataio, tobali samösa nifahaö. Aefa da'ö la'iagö sambua lote ira nifahaö ({{SN|HalZin|1|10|14}}) (latötöi ia kenakel ba gotalua ndra niha Keriso me föna) ba Yerusalema.{{sfn|Jacquier|1911}} Toröi ndra nifahaö ba Yerusalema ba ba mbanua sifasui ba laturiagö wa Yesu andrö no Keriso. Ba mbuku ''Talmud [[Babilonia]]'' (Sanhedrin 43a), tesura wa "Mattai" andrö no samösa moroi ba gotalua zi dalima nifahaö "Jeshu".{{sfn|Schneemelcher|2003|p=17}} Laŵaö ira tua Gereja simane [[Ireneus]] (''Against Heresies'' 3.1.1) ma zui Klemens moroi ba Aleksandria wa ituriagö Injil Mataio khö ndra niha Yahudi ba danö Yudaia, fatua lö möi ia ba mbanua zobanua. Lö la'ila ya'ira sanura me föna hadia mbanua zobanua andrö, ba hiza latötöi [[Etiopia]] arakhagö fefu gumbu zura.{{sfn|Jacquier|1911}} Ira [[Gereja Katolik]] ba [[Gereja Ortodoks]] la'o'ö tradisi wa mate Mataio tobali ''martir'' (niha nibunu börö wamatinia) ba hulö i'ombakha'ö hewisa labunu ia ''Talmud [[Babilonia]]'' bakha ba Sanhedrin 43a.{{sfn|Lardner|1838|p=299}}{{sfn|Bock|2002|p=164}} Molo'ö tradisi Gereja, me möi mangombakha Mataio ba Etiopia, ibe'e tobali niha Keriso Ephigenia, ono alawe khö razo Etiopia Egippus<ref>''The Golden Legend of Jacobus de Voragine'', trans. and adapted by Ryan, Granger and Helmut Ripperger. (Arno Press: Longmans, Green & Co) 1941. pp. 561–566.</ref> ba aefa da'ö te'angaruwusi ia tobali biarawati. Me i'ali Egippus razo Hirtacus, i'andrö khö Mataio ena'ö tola omasi Ephigenia mangowalu khönia. Börö da'ö ikaoni razo Hirtacus Mataio ena'ö fao ia ba [[misa]] ba hari migu föna da'ö. Bakha ba misa andrö ihöwö razo Hirtacus andrö Mataio ba wangisönia Ephigenia, si no tobali biarawati ba börö da'ö no sangowalu khö Keriso. Bakha ba wönunia ifatenge zaradadunia razo andrö ba wamunu Mataio si sindro nasa ba [[altar]], irege tebunu ia tobali [[martir]].<ref name=ROCOR2004>The Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of Western Europe and the Americas (ROCOR). ''St. Hilarion Calendar of Saints for the year of our Lord 2004.'' St. Hilarion Press (Austin, TX). p.&nbsp;70.</ref> == Injil Mataio == [[Berkas:Rembrandt - Saint Matthew and the angel.jpg|jmpl|upright|Gambara ''Santo Mataio faoma Mala'ika'' nigambaraini [[Rembrandt]] (1661)]] Ifaduhu'ö tradisi Gereja meföna wa Mataio zanura Turia Somuso Dödö nisura Mataio. Si föföna sibai manguma'ö da'a ya'ia ngawalö zinura moroi ba ngaotu ndröfia si sara ba si dua, simane sinura uskup Papias moroi ba Hierapolis (a.t. döfi 60–163),{{sfn|Martin|2012}} sangai niŵaö Eusebius, samösa ere Hikaya Gereja (döfi 260–340), imane: "I'owuloi ngawalö ngawua wehede (''logia'': nidunö-dunö khö Yesu) ba li Ibrani Mataio, ba ifo'eluaha ia ndrege wa'abölönia."{{sfn|Turner|2008|p=15–16}}{{efn|name=Eusebius}}{{sfn|Bingham|1998|p=64}} Simanö göi iŵa'ö teolog sotöi Origenes (a.t. 184 – a.t. 253) wa Injil si föföna no nisura Mataio,{{sfn|Edwards|2009|p=18}}{{sfn|Repschinski|2000|p=14}} ba wa Injil andrö khönia no tesura ba li Ibrani ba zahatö ba Yerusalema si lalö khö ndra niha Keriso Ibrani ba ni'ali ba li Yunani. Injil asli ba li Ibrani andrö te'irö'ö ba perpustakaan Kaisaria. Ba gangahorita ngaotu ndröfia si öfa lafazökhi sambua kopi Injil andrö ira fa'awösa Nazarene ba labe'e ia khö Hieronimus{{sfn|Nicholson|1879|p=82}} ni'oguna'önia dania ba halöŵö wangosili Zura Ni'amoni'ö.{{sfn|Saint Jerome|2000|p=10}} Latötöi Injil Mataio me luo da'ö ''Turia Somuso Dödö molo'ö niha Heberaio''{{sfn|Hultgren|Haggmark|1996|p=122}} ba itaria göi ''Turia Somuso Dödö ndra Nifahaö''{{sfn|Nicholson|1879|p=26}}{{sfn|Dods|1858|p=iv}} ba faduhu dödö niha me luo da'ö wa injil andre no tanömö zura asli ''Mataio Yunani'' si so bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö.{{sfn|Harrison|1964|p=152}} Ba hiza no latenaŵa da'a ira ere Zura Ni'amoni'ö modern simane Bart D. Ehrman ba James R. Edwards.{{sfn|Edwards|2009|p=245}}{{sfn|Ehrman|1999|p=43}} Faigi göi nifotöi ''hipotese dombua-gumbu''.<ref>'''Hipotese dombua-gumbu''' no sambua zöndra nifaehagö ndra ere zura Ni'amoni'ö ba wamotokhi hana wa oya zi fagölö ba so göi zi fabö'ö ba gotalua zi tölu injil Mataio, Mareko ba Luka. Molo'ö famotokhi andre me lasura injil khöra ira Mataio ba Luka, la'oguna'ö '''injil Mareko'''. Awena lanönö göi nidunö-dunö si tesöndra ba zura '''Q''', ya'ia da'ö angowuloa angowuloa nidunö-dunö sanandrösa khö Yesu ba gotalua ndra niha Keriso.</ref>{{sfn|Mills|Wilson|2003|p=942}}{{sfn|Epiphanius of Salamis|1987|p=129}} Ha sambalö latema'ö arakhagö fefu gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö modern wa sanura Injil Mataio no niha bö'ö si lö ta'ila töi ba tenga Mataio samösa.{{sfn|Muddiman|Barton|2010|p=27}}{{sfn|Allison|2010|p=27}} Lö nibe'enia döinia bakha ba teks sanura injil Mataio ba molo'ö ndra ere Zura Ni'amoni'ö, awena ba ngaotu ndröfia si dua tenönö döi zura "molo'ö Mataio".{{sfn|Harrington|1991|p=8}}{{sfn|Nolland|2005|p=16}} == Injil bö'ö si lö resmi ("apokrif") == [[Berkas:Matthaeus San Giovanni in Laterano 2006-09-07.jpg|thumb|upright|Gambara ''Santo Mataio'' nigambaraini Camillo Rusconi (1713–1715), so ba Basilika Sebua Santo Yohane Lateran ba Roma]] Ba ngaotu ndröfia si tölu, la'oguna'ö injil Keriso-Yahudi niböbögö khö Mataio ya'ira niha Keriso Yahudi simane fa'awösa Nazarene ba fa'awösa Ebionita. Tesöndra gakhökhöla si toröi moroi ba injil andre bakha ba zura Hieronimus, sura Epiphanius ba ba zura tanöbö'ö. La'o'ö wamaosatö ngawalö zura andre arakhagö fefu zangosili Zura Ni'amoni'ö: Injil ndra fa'awösa Nazarene (36 fragmen), Injil ndra niha Ebionita (7 fragmen) ba Injil ndra niha Yahudi (7 fragmen) si tesöndra bakha ba Gamabu'ulali Sibohou ''apokrif''<ref>Lafotöi ''apokrif'' fefu zura injil si ''lö resmi'' tetema'ö bakha ba Gereja, simane injil ndra Nazarene, injil ndra Ebionita, injil ndra niha Heberaio, injil Tomas btn. Lö te'oguna'ö ia bakha ba Gereja me manumbu dödö niha ba wa'afatulönia. Bahiza la'oguna'ö oi zura andre ira ere Zura Ni'amoni'ö ba wangosili hewisa zalua me luo no ba ginötö Yesu.</ref> nifa'anö Schneemelcher. Laŵa'ö ira komentator si no mangosisi'o ngawalö teks andre wa tesura ia ba li Yunani ba tefaböbö ia ba Mataio Yunani.{{sfn|Vielhauer|Strecker|2003|p=542}} So ösa ndra komentator sanguma'ö wa teks andre no akhökhöla (li Indonesia ''fragmen'') moroi ba injil asli ba li Ibrani ba ba li Aramaia si no taya. Injil nifotöi Pseudo-Mataio no sambua zura nifa'anö ba ngaotu ndröfia si fitu moroi ba zi tölu zura ''apokrif'' tanöbö'ö ya'ia da'ö Injil Yakobus, Foloi ba Mesir, ba Injil Nono Side-ide nisura Tomas. Ifasinga Hieronimus, wa molo'ö ndra fa'awösa Nazarene, Injil Heberaio khöra no nisura Mataio {{sfn|Saint Jerome|2000|p=10}} heŵa'ae laŵa'ö ira [[Ireneus]] ba Epiphanius moroi ba Salami wa sindruhunia injil andre ha nisura mangawuli Injil resmi (''kanonik''). So ma'ifu nösi Injil andre si tesöndra ba ngawalö zura ndra [[tua Gereja]], niŵa'ö nisura Mataio.{{sfn|Mills|Wilson|2003|p=942}} Lö iŵa'ö Epiphanius wa Mataio zanura Injil Heberaio, ha iböbögö wanguma'ö simanö khö ndra Ebionita (sambua wa'awösa niha Keriso selungu).{{sfn|Epiphanius of Salamis|1987|p=129}} [[Berkas:Matthew the Apostle. Detail of the mosaic in the Basilica of San Vitale. Ravena, Italy.jpg|jmpl|upright|Gambara ''Mataio Nifahaö'', detil mosaik si so ba Basilika Santo Vitale, Ravenna, ngaotu ndröfia si önö]] == Fanörö-tödö khönia == Latema'ö Mataio tobali samösa niha ni'amoni'ö (''santo'') ya'ira [[Gereja Katolik]], [[Gereja Ortodoks Timur]], [[Gereja Lutheran]]{{sfn|ELCA|2006|p=57}} ba [[Gereja Anglikan]]. La'owasaini wanörö-tödö khönia ero 21 September ba Barat ba ero 16 November ba Timur (Ba gereja-gereja solo'ö kalender Julian te'aekhugö ia ero 29 November kalender Gregorian modern, saekhu ba 16 November ba kalender Julian). Latörö-tödö göi Mataio ba Gereja Ortodoks ero 30 Juni (13 Juli) fao awö ndra nifahaö bö'ö, nifotöira ''Synaksis ndra Nifahaö Ni'amoni'ö''. So lewatönia ba gereja Katedral Salerno ba Italia Selatan. Bakha ba Gereja Anglikan ba Inggris la'owasaini ia faoma sambua festival sebua ero 21 September.<ref name=Calendar /> Simane ya'ira sanura Injil tanöbö'ö, asese göi tegambaraini Mataio bakha ba ''seni'' niha Keriso faoma aurifö nitötöi bakha ba zura Wama'ele'ö 4:7.<ref>{{SN|Fam|4|7}}</ref> Si to'ölö labe'e fao bakha ba gambara Mataio ya'ia samösa niha si so afi. Tölu gambara Mataio nifazökhi Caravaggio si so ba Gereja San Luigi dei Francesi ba [[Roma]], heza oroma ikaoni Mataio Yesu moroi ba halöŵönia ba wangowuloi bea, no tölu gambara fondrege tehöngö ba ''seni'' Barat. == Bakha ba Islam == Itötöi Al-Qur'an wa so ndra nifahaö Yesu, ba hiza lö itötöi döira, ha ifotöi ira "sanolo halöŵö Lowalangi".<ref>{{Cite quran|3|49|e=53|s=ns}}</ref> Ba hiza latötöi döi ndra nifahaö andrö ira samo'eluaha Al-Qur'an ba laŵaö wa fao ba da'ö Mataio.{{sfn|Noegel|Wheeler|2003|p=86}} Latohugö sambua tradisi ira samo'eluaha Al-Qur'an wa Mataio ba Andrea no darua nifahaö si möi ba Etiopia ba wanuriagö turia Lowalangi. == Bakha ba arsitektur == Ba narö zagö Basilika Wanuriagö ba Nazareta so gambara Mataio Nifahaö awö hikayania faoma razo Eglypus moroi ba Etiopia ba iraono khönia. Te'oroma'ö hewisa me i'oloi'ö ira Mataio moroi khö gafökha. Itutunö Sura Ni'amoni'ö hewisa me ibali'ö niha Keriso razo andrö awö ndraono khönia Mataio. Tenga ha itutunö gambara Mataio andre hadia nifazökhi Mataio bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö, ba hiza ifasinga göi wa edöna tobali ''martir'' Mataio. Me labunu Mataio Nifahaö, tobali ia ''martir'' khö agama niha Keriso börö me tebunu ia ba wamatinia ba ba wamahaönia. Itolo ita fogambaraini gambara ba narö zagö Basilika Wanuriagö andre ena'ö aboto ba dödöda hewisa ba ginötö föna andrö me tobali agama wa'anihakeriso. I'oroma'ö sambua nikhoi sadölö ba gotaluara Etiopia ba Nazareta, heza so ibu kota iada'a.<ref name=stmatthewscathedral.org>{{cite web|url=http://www.stmatthewscathedral.org/events/2013/09/happy-feast-st-matthew |title=Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle, Washington, D.C |publisher=Stmatthewscathedral.org |date=2013-09-21 |access-date=2014-07-10}}</ref><ref name=franciscanmedia.org>{{Cite web |title=Saint Matthew |website=franciscanmedia.org |publisher=Franciscan Media |access-date=21 September 2020 |url=https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saint-matthew/ |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008010504/https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saint-matthew/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=Calendar>{{Cite web|title=The Calendar|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|access-date=2021-03-27|website=The Church of England|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jewish">{{Cite journal |last1=Nees |first1=Lawrence |last2=Boehm |first2=Barbara Drake |last3=Holcolmb |first3=Melanie |date=2018 |title=Pleasurable Perplexity: Reflecting the Holy City |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90025854 |journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review |volume=108 |issue=4 |pages=551–561 |jstor=90025854 |issn=0021-6682}}</ref><ref name="Neophilologus">Jasmine A. L. Kilburn. 2003. "The Contrasted `Other' in the Old English Apocryphal Acts of Matthew, Simon and Jude." Neophilologus 87 (1) (01): 137–151.</ref><ref name=Humanities>Naomi, Simhony. 2020. "The Central Synagogue of Nazareth Illit and its Architectural Dialogue with Nazareth’s Basilica of the Annunciation." Humanities & Social Sciences Communications 7 (1) (12).</ref> == Bakha ba zura fiksi == * Novel The Master and Margarita == Galeri == <gallery widths="154px" heights="200px" perrow="4" caption="Mataio Sanura Injil"> Saint Matthew2.jpg|Santo Mataio bakha ba Injil Ebbo MattewIslam.JPG|''Isura injil Santo Mataio ba mala'ika sogogohe ya'ia'', gambara Islam a.t.. 1530 nifazökhi Kesu Das khö razo Mughal The Calling of Saint Matthew-Caravaggo (1599-1600).jpg|''Fogaoni Santo Mataio'', nigambaraini Caravaggio (1599–1600) Guido Reni - St Matthew and the Angel.jpg|''Santo Mataio ba Mala'ika'' nigambaraini Guido Reni (1620–1630) MatthewSt.Matts.jpg|Gambara Santo Mataio ba Gereja Lutheran Jerman ba Charleston, South Carolina Saint Matthew (crop) - Triumphal arch - Sant'Apollinare in Classe - Ravenna 2016.jpg|Ikon Santo Mataio ba Basilika Santo Apolinaris, Ravenna Giuseppe Bernardi-Matthew-BMA.jpg|Adu Santo Mataio nifazökhi moroi ba dambu nibogö nifazökhi Giuseppe Bernardi Salerno 2013-05-17 10-47-55.jpg|Lewatö barö Gereja Katedral Salerno Helsinki Cathedral Matthew the Evangelist.jpg|Adu Santo Mataio nifazökhi August Wredow ba zagö Katedral Helsinki </gallery> == Faigi göi == * [[Mataio]] * [[Sura Mataio]] * [[Mareko]] * [[Sura Mareko]] * [[Luka]] * [[Sura Luka]] * [[Yohane]] * [[Injil Yohane]] * [[Sura Yohane]] == Famotokhi == {{notelist|notes= {{efn|name=Eusebius|Eusebius, "History of the Church" 3.39.14–17, c.&nbsp;325 CE, teks Yunani 16: "ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ἱστόρηται τῷ Παπίᾳ περὶ τοῦ Μάρκου· περὶ δὲ τοῦ Ματθαῖου ταῦτ’ εἴρηται· Ματθαῖος μὲν οὖν Ἑβραΐδι διαλέκτῳ τὰ λόγια συνετάξατο, ἡρμήνευσεν δ’ αὐτὰ ὡς ἧν δυνατὸς ἕκαστος. Oya te'ali ba li Inggris, referensi standar nifazökhi Philip Schaff ba [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.viii.xxxix.html CCEL]: "[C]oncerning Matthew he [Papias] writes as follows: 'So then(963) Matthew wrote the oracles in the Hebrew language, and every one interpreted them as he was able.'(964)" Versi online fao ba da'ö wamotokhi ba gahe 963 awö 964 moroi khö Schaff.<br>Iŵa'ö göi [[Ireneus moroi ba Lyons]] (mate a.t. 202) zimane da'ö, te ihalö moroi khö Papias, bakha ba ''Against Heresies'', [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.ix.iv.ii.html Book III, Chapter 1], ''"Matthew also issued a written Gospel among the Hebrews in their own dialect"''}} }} == Basoŵa == {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} *{{cite EB1911|first=James Vernon |last=Bartlet|wstitle=Matthew, St|volume=17}} *{{cite book| first=Dale C. Jr. |last=Allison|author-link=Dale Allison|editor-first1=John|editor-last1=Muddiman|editor-first2=John|editor-last2=Barton|title=The Gospels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utMUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|date=22 April 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-958025-5|page=27}} *{{cite book|last=Bingham|first=D. Jeffrey |title=Irenaeus' Use of Matthew's Gospel in Adversus Haereses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vRvCYSw4DIC&pg=PA64|year=1998|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=978-90-6831-964-4}} *{{cite book|last=Bock|first=Darrell L. |title=Studying the Historical Jesus: A Guide to Sources and Methods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZooDflYCwEC&pg=PA164|year=2002|publisher=Baker Academic|isbn=978-1-58558-596-0}} *{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=William David |last2=Finkelstein|first2=Louis |title=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 2, The Hellenistic Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L20ipjJ-efYC|year=1984|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21929-7}} *{{cite book |first=John Bovee |last=Dods |editor=Gibson Smith |year=1858 |url=https://archive.org/details/gospeljesus00dodsgoog |quote=Gospel of the Apostles. |title=The Gospel of Jesus |publisher=G. Smith }} *{{cite EBD|wstitle=Matthew}} *{{cite book|last=Edwards|first=James R. |title=The Hebrew Gospel and the Development of the Synoptic Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vs9YXAB_axYC&pg=PA18|year=2009|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-6234-1}} *{{cite book|first=Bart D.|last=Ehrman|author-link=Bart D. Ehrman|title=Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8_QCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA45|date=23 September 1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-802888-8|page=45}} *{{cite book|first=Bart D.|last=Ehrman|title=A Brief Introduction to the New Testament|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrRBAQAAIAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-536934-2|page=56}} *{{cite book|ref={{sfnref|ELCA|2006}}|publisher=Evangelical Lutheran Church in America|title=Evangelical Lutheran Worship|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UnOnQwAACAAJ|year=2006|via=Augsburg Fortress|isbn=978-0-8066-5672-4|chapter=Lesser Festivals, Commemorations, and Occasions}} *{{cite book|author=Epiphanius of Salamis|author-link=Epiphanius of Salamis|title=The Panarion of Ephiphanius of Salamis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s9-utOHPLfEC&pg=PA129|volume=Book I (sects 1–46)|year=1987|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-07926-2|translator=Frank Williams}} *{{cite book|last=Freedman|first= David Noel |title=The Anchor Bible Reference Library|year=2001|publisher=Doubleday|title-link=Anchor Bible Series}} *{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Everett Falconer |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qh7b4o6JQpIC&pg=PA152 |title=Introduction to the New Testament|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=9780802847867 }} *{{cite book|last=Hezser|first=Catherine |title=Jewish Literacy in Roman Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zlrxbYml2ioC&pg=PA172|year=2001|publisher=Mohr Siebeck|isbn=978-3-16-147546-7}} *{{cite book|last1=Hultgren|first1=Arland J. |last2=Haggmark|first2=Steven A. |title=The Earliest Christian Heretics: Readings from Their Opponents|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wLZAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Fortress Press|isbn=978-0-8006-2963-2}} *{{cite CE1913|wstitle=St. Matthew|first=Eugène |last=Jacquier|volume=10}} *{{cite book |author=Saint Jerome |editor=Thomas P. Halton |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqzY1zBtKg0C&q=%22composed%20a%20gospel%20of%20Christ%22&pg=PA10 |title=On Illustrious Men (The Fathers of the Church, Volume 100) |publisher=CUA Press |isbn=978-0813201009 }} *{{cite book|last=Lardner|first=Nathaniel |author-link=Nathaniel Lardner|title=The Works of Nathaniel Lardner|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DX89AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA299|year=1838|publisher=W. Ball|volume=5|chapter=St Matthew, Apostle and Evangelist}} *{{Cite web |title=Introduction to New Testament History and Literature |last=Martin |first=Dale B. |work=oyc.yale.edu |date=2012 |publisher=Yale University |access-date=21 September 2020 |url= https://oyc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/canon_0.pdf }} *{{cite journal|first=Werner G. |last=Marx|title=Money Matters in Matthew|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-bibliotheca-sacra_1979-06_136_542/page/148 |journal=Bibliotheca Sacra|volume= 136|issue=542|date=April–June 1979|pages=148–157}} *{{cite book|last1=Mills|first1=Watson E. |last2=Wilson|first2=Richard F. |title=Mercer Commentary on the New Testament|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iNLZYtBEw0sC&pg=PA942|year=2003|publisher=Mercer University Press|isbn=978-0-86554-864-0}} *{{Cite book|last1=Muddiman|first1=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utMUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|title=The Gospels|last2=Barton|first2=John|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-958025-5}} *{{cite book|last=Nicholson|first=E.B. |author-link=E.B. Nicholson|title=The Gospel according to the Hebrews, its fragments tr. and annotated, with a critical analysis of the evidence relating to it|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cb4CAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA82|year=1879}} *{{cite book |author1-last= Noegel|author1-first= Scott B.|author2-last= Wheeler|author2-first= Brandon M.|date= 2003|title= Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6aTXAAAAMAAJ|location= Lanham, MD|publisher= Scarecrow Press (Rowman & Littlefield)|isbn= 978-0810843059}} *{{cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924095207126/page/n651/mode/2up |title=The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia|chapter= Matthew |editor-first=James|editor-last= Orr |publisher=The Howard-Severance Co.|location=Chicago |year=1915 }} *{{cite book|last=Repschinski|first=Boris |title=The Controversy Stories in the Gospel of Matthew: Their Redaction, Form und &#91;sic&#93; Relevance for the Relationship Between the Matthean Community and Formative Judaism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2VLANXcZsYC&pg=PA14|year=2000|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|isbn=978-3-525-53873-9}} *{{cite book|editor-last=Schneemelcher|editor-first=Wilhelm |title=New Testament Apocrypha: Writings relating to the Apostles; Apocalypses and related subjects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v6IqqnEoN3QC&pg=PA17|year=2003|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-22722-7|translator=Robert McLachlan Wilson}} *{{Cite book|last=Theissen|first=Gerd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zhQsAQAAMAAJ|author-link=Gerd Theissen|title=The New Testament: History, Literature, Religion|date=2003|publisher=T & T Clark|isbn=978-0-567-08949-6}} *{{cite book|editor-last=Schneemelcher|editor-first=Wilhelm |author-link=Wilhelm Schneemelcher|title=New Testament Apocrypha: Writings relating to the Apostles; Apocalypses and related subjects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v6IqqnEoN3QC&pg=PA17|year=2003|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-22722-7|translator=Robert McLachlan Wilson|last1=Vielhauer |last2=Strecker|first1=Philipp|first2=Georg}} *{{Cite journal|last1=NEES |first1=LAWRENCE |author2=Barbara Drake Boehm |author3=Melanie Holcolmb |title=Pleasurable Perplexity: Reflecting the Holy City |journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review |volume=108 |issue=4 |year=2018 |pages=551–561 |doi=10.1353/jqr.2018.0038 |jstor=90025854 |s2cid=165897158 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90025854}} {{refend}} == Basoŵa onönöta == {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} * {{Cite book|editor-last=Aune|editor-first=David E. |title=The Gospel of Matthew in current study|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E8lZ7BXzt0sCe|isbn=978-0-8028-4673-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Aune|first=David E.|title=The New Testament in its literary environment|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XdSto1nkx9AC|isbn=978-0-664-25018-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Beaton |first=Richard C. |chapter=How Matthew Writes |editor1-last=Bockmuehl |editor1-first=Markus |editor2-last=Hagner |editor2-first=Donald A. |title=The Written Gospel |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pAZxCMRztQ4C&pg=PA116 |isbn=978-0-521-83285-4 }} * {{Cite book|last=Browning|first=W. R. F.|title=Oxford Dictionary of the Bible|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lKsdAtPUoRgC&q=W.+R.+F.+Browning,+Gospel+of+Matthew,+A+dictionary+of+the+Bible|isbn=978-0-19-860890-5}} * {{Cite book|last=Burkett|first=Delbert|title=An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EcsQknxV-xQC&q=Gospel+of+Matthew|isbn=978-0-521-00720-7}} * {{Cite book |last = Casey |first = Maurice |author-link = Maurice Casey |title = Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching |publisher = Continuum |year = 2010 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lXK0auknD0YC |isbn = 978-0-567-64517-3 }} * {{Cite book|last=Clarke|first=Howard W.|title=The Gospel of Matthew and Its Readers|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5BB70m7EVPkC&q=Howard+W.+Clarke+%282003%29|isbn=978-0-253-34235-5}} * {{Cite book |editor1-last = Cross |editor1-first = Frank L. |editor1-link = Frank Leslie Cross |editor2-last = Livingstone |editor2-first = Elizabeth A. |title = The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church |contribution = Matthew, Gospel acc. to St. |page = 1064 |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 2005 |orig-year = 1997 |edition = 3 |url = http://www.biblicalwritings.com/the-oxford-dictionary-of-the-christian-church/?alfa=M&word=Matthew,%0AGospel+acc.+to+St.+ |isbn = 978-0-19-280290-3 |access-date = 14 November 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184503/http://www.biblicalwritings.com/the-oxford-dictionary-of-the-christian-church/?alfa=M&word=Matthew,%0AGospel+acc.+to+St.+ |archive-date = 23 September 2015 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }} * {{Cite book|last=Dunn|first=James D. G.|title=Jesus Remembered|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC|isbn=978-0-8028-3931-2}} * {{cite book |last = Ehrman |first = Bart D. |title = Did Jesus Exist?: The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth |year = 2012 |publisher = HarperCollins |isbn = 978-0-06-220460-8 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hf5Rj8EtsPkC&pg=PT102 }} * {{Cite book |last=Fuller |first=Reginald H. |chapter=Biblical Theology |editor1-last=Metzger |editor1-first=Bruce M. |editor2-last=Coogan |editor2-first=Michael D. |title=The Oxford Guide to Ideas & Issues of the Bible |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780195149173 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aml3tEWoOVEC&pg=PA68 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last = Hagner |first = D. A. |editor-last = Bromiley |editor-first = Geoffrey W. |title = International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Vol. 3: K-P |contribution = Matthew, Gospel According to |pages = 280–8 |year = 1986 |publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn = 978-0-8028-8163-2 |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Zkla5Gl_66oC&pg=PA280 }} * {{cite book|last=Harris |first=Stephen L. |title=Understanding the Bible |url=https://archive.org/details/understandingbib0000harr_w2l8 |location=Palo Alto |publisher=Mayfield |year=1985 }} * {{Cite book |last=Kowalczyk |first=A. |title=The influence of typology and texts of the Old Testament on the redaction of Matthew's Gospel |publisher=Bernardinum |year=2008 |url=http://digital.fides.org.pl/publication/814 |isbn=978-83-7380-625-2 }} * {{Cite book |last=Kupp |first=David D. |title=Matthew's Emmanuel: Divine Presence and God's People in the First Gospel |url=https://archive.org/details/matthewsemmanuel0000kupp |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-57007-7 }} * {{Cite book |last=Levine |first=Amy-Jill |chapter=Visions of kingdoms: From Pompey to the first Jewish revolt |editor1-last=Coogan |editor1-first=Michael D. |title=The Oxford History of the Biblical World |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&pg=PT546 |isbn=978-0-19-513937-2 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Levison |first1=J. |last2=Pope-Levison |first2=P. |chapter=Christology |editor1-last=Dyrness |editor1-first=William A. |editor2-last=Kärkkäinen |editor2-first=Veli-Matti |title=Global Dictionary of Theology |publisher=InterVarsity Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780830878116 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncqkZnDSeo4C&pg=PA167 }} * {{Cite book|last=Luz|first=Ulrich|title=Studies in Matthew|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voRVZFEpNsAC&q=Luz+Studies+in+Matthew|isbn=978-0-8028-3964-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Luz|first=Ulrich|title=The Theology of the Gospel of Matthew|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cKl5M_MQMoYC|isbn=978-0-521-43576-5}} * {{Cite book |last=McMahon |first=Christopher |chapter=Introduction to the Gospels and Acts of the Apostles |editor-last=Ruff |editor-first=Jerry |title=Understanding the Bible: A Guide to Reading the Scriptures |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2008 |isbn=9780884898528 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=al4d-3t6rqwC&pg=PA57 }} * {{Cite book|last=Morris|first=Leon|title=New Testament Theology|publisher=Zondervan|year=1986|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6D3o6fZd67EC&q=Morris+New+Testament+Theology|isbn=978-0-310-45571-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Peppard |first=Michael |title=The Son of God in the Roman World: Divine Sonship in Its Social and Political Context |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iH4Zk-3MJJcC&pg=PA133|isbn=9780199753703 }} * {{Cite book|last=Perkins|first=Pheme|chapter=The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles: Telling the Christian Story|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSHCRgS_SAUC&pg=PR7|title=The Cambridge Companion to Biblical Interpretation|isbn=0521485932|date=1998-07-28}}, in {{Cite book|editor-last=Kee|editor-first=Howard Clark|title=The Cambridge companion to the bible: part 3|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00keeh|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-521-48593-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Saldarini|first=Anthony|chapter=Matthew|year=2003|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA1000|title=Eerdmans commentary on the Bible|isbn=0802837115}}, in {{Cite book|last1=Dunn|first1=James D. G.|last2=Rogerson|first2=John William|title=Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Saldarini|first=Anthony|title=Matthew's Christian-Jewish Community|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=btSZh4_vzqoC|isbn=978-0-226-73421-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Sanford |first=Christopher B. |title=Matthew: Christian Rabbi |publisher=Author House |year=2005 |isbn=9781420883718 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FYw3MGiYgSkC }} * {{Cite book |last=Scholtz |first=Donald |title=Jesus in the Gospels and Acts: Introducing the New Testament |publisher=Saint Mary's Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780884899556 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=royKA4FeMB4C&pg=PA34 }} * {{Cite book|last=Senior|first=Donald|chapter=Directions in Matthean Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E8lZ7BXzt0sC|title=The Gospel of Matthew in Current Study: Studies in Memory of William G. Thompson, S.J|isbn=0802846734|year=2001}}, in {{Cite book|editor-last=Aune|editor-first=David E. |title=The Gospel of Matthew in current study|url=https://archive.org/details/gospelofmatthewi0000unse_o7v3|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8028-4673-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Senior|first=Donald|title=What are they saying about Matthew?|publisher=PaulistPress|year=1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xuyaPmvwnLEC&q=What+are+they+saying+about+Matthew|isbn=978-0-8091-3624-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Stanton|first=Graham|title=A gospel for a new people: studies in Matthew|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1993|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GytxXOIsF-0C&q=Stanton%2BA+Gospel+for+a+New+People|isbn=978-0-664-25499-5}} * {{Cite book|last=Strecker|first=Georg|title=Theology of the New Testament|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2000 |orig-year=1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_6NxpAvdrOgC&q=Strecker+Theology+New+Testament|isbn=978-0-664-22336-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Tuckett |first=Christopher Mark |title=Christology and the New Testament: Jesus and His Earliest Followers |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780664224318 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J5Zr0_CsEcwC&q=christology+matthew&pg=PA119 }} * {{Cite book|last=Van de Sandt|first=H. W. M.|chapter=''Introduction''|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cTE0FQtrphwC&q=Matthew+and+the+Didache|title=Matthew and the Didache: Two Documents from the Same Jewish–Christian Milieu?|isbn=9023240774|year=2005}}, in {{Cite book|last=Van de Sandt|first=H. W. M.|title=Matthew and the Didache|publisher=Royal Van Gorcum&Fortress Press|year=2005|isbn=978-90-232-4077-8}} * {{Cite book|last=Weren|first=Wim|chapter=The History and Social Setting of the Matthean Community|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cTE0FQtrphwC&q=Matthew+and+the+Didache|title=Matthew and the Didache: Two Documents from the Same Jewish–Christian Milieu?|isbn=9023240774|year=2005}}, in {{Cite book|editor-last=Van de Sandt|editor-first=H. W. M.|title=Matthew and the Didache|publisher=Royal Van Gorcum&Fortress Press|year=2005|isbn=978-90-232-4077-8}} {{refend}} == Komentar == {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} * {{Cite book|last=Allison|first=D. C.|author-link=Dale Allison|title=Matthew: A Shorter Commentary|publisher=T&T Clark|year=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_OShrBh0I0C&q=Allison+Matthew:+a+shorter+commentary|isbn=978-0-567-08249-7}} * {{Cite book|last1=Davies|first1=W. D.|author-link=W. D. Davies|last2=Allison|first2=D. C.|title=Matthew 1–7|publisher=T&T Clark|year=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQzZc7KYUKgC&q=Davies+and+Allison+%E2%80%94+Matthew+1-7|isbn=978-0-567-08355-5 }} * {{Cite book|last1=Davies|first1=W. D.|last2=Allison|first2=D. C.|title=Matthew 8–18|publisher=T&T Clark|year=1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdpE84GmWiIC&q=Davies+and+Allison+%E2%80%94+Matthew+8-18&pg=PA211|isbn=978-0-567-08365-4}} * {{Cite book|last1=Davies|first1=W. D.|last2=Allison|first2=D. C.|title=Matthew 19–28|publisher=T&T Clark|year=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEKQ_iBhX7UC&q=Davies+and+Allison+%E2%80%94+Matthew+19-28|isbn=978-0-567-08375-3}} * {{Cite book |last = Duling |first = Dennis C. |editor-last=Aune |editor-first = David E. |title = The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament |contribution = The Gospel of Matthew |publisher = Wiley-Blackwell |year = 2010 |isbn = 978-1-4051-0825-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygcgn8h-jo4C&q=%22Chapter+18+The+Gospel+of+Matthew%22&pg=PA295}} * {{Cite book|last=France|first=R. T.|title=The Gospel of Matthew|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ruP6J_XPCEC&q=%22A+pre-70+date+for+Matthew%22&pg=PA19 |isbn=978-0-8028-2501-8 |page=19}} * {{Cite book |last=Harrington|first=Daniel J.|title=The Gospel of Matthew | publisher=Liturgical Press|year=1991|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bNf13S3k2w0C|isbn=9780814658031 }} * {{Cite book|last=Keener|first=Craig S.|title=A commentary on the Gospel of Matthew|publisher=Eerdmans|year=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sWzhEdBZOp4C&q=Craig+S.+Keener+%E2%80%94+A+Commentary+on+the+Gospel+of+Matthew|isbn=978-0-8028-3821-6}} * {{Cite book|last=Luz|first=Ulrich|author-link=Ulrich Luz|title=Matthew 1–7: a commentary|url=https://archive.org/details/matthew17contine0000luzu|publisher=Fortress Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-8006-9600-9}} * {{Cite book|last=Luz|first=Ulrich|title=Matthew 8–20: a commentary|publisher=Fortress Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8006-6034-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/matthewcommentar0000luzu}} * {{Cite book|last=Luz|first=Ulrich|title=Matthew 21–28: a commentary|publisher=Fortress Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8006-3770-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/matthewcommentar0000luzu}} * {{Cite book|last=Morris|first=Leon|title=The Gospel according to Matthew|publisher=Eerdmans|year=1992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-pwaSKcHyEEC&q=Leon+Morris+%E2%80%94+The+Gospel+According+to+Matthew|isbn=978-0-85111-338-8}} * {{Cite book|last=Nolland|first=John|title=The Gospel of Matthew: A Commentary on the Greek Text|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2005|isbn=0802823890}} * {{Cite book|last=Turner|first=David L.|title=Matthew|publisher=Baker|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8z9LSdKLUl4C&q=David+Turner|isbn=978-0-8010-2684-3}} {{refend}} == Khai-khai baero == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20121118101557/http://www.mcah.columbia.edu/medmil/pages/non-mma-pages/text_links/gl_matthew.html Saint Matthew the Apostle] from The ''[[Golden Legend]]'' *[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=103313 Apostle and Evangelist Matthew] Orthodox [[icon]] and [[synaxarion]] *[https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2006/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20060830_en.html Benedict XVI, "Matthew", General audience, 30 August 2006] *[https://opinion.inquirer.net/81926/the-caravaggio-effect "The Caravaggio Effect"] == Umbu == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Mataio]] [[Kategori:Sura Mataio]] [[Kategori:Niha ni'amoni'ö]] [[Kategori:Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Turia Somuso Dödö]] [[Kategori:Sura Ni'amoni'ö]] [[Kategori:Nifahaö Yesu]] [[Kategori:Biografi]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] [[Kategori:Sura amilita]] ld513n6lbwg4821pwjhg8speuzj3tr2 0 4121 28330 28316 2026-09-23T15:18:24Z Slaia 39 mangatulö'ö gumbu 28330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox santo |honorific_prefix = [[Santo]] |name = Luka Sanura Injil |image = Berkas:St Luke.JPG |caption = Gambara Luka Sanura Injil ba zandrela gereja paroki SS Mary and Lambert, Stonham Aspal, Suffolk, Inggris |birth_date = Ba gotalua ndröfi 1 ba 16 |birth_place = [[Antiokia]], [[Suriah]] (provinsi Roma me luo da'ö), Kerajaan Romawi<br />(iada'a Antakya, Provinsi Hatay, Turki) |death_place = Thebes, [[Yunani]], Boeotia, Achaea (provinsi Roma), Kerajaan Romawi<br />(iada'a Thebes, [[Yunani]]) |death_date = Ba gotalua ndröfi 84 ba 100 (molo'ö tradisi 84 fakhe) |feast_day = 18 Oktober |venerated_in = Fefu gereja niha Keriso samosumange niha ni'amoni'ö (santo/santa), agama Druze<ref name= "S. Swayd 2009 109">{{cite book|title= The A to Z of the Druzes| first=Samy |last=S. Swayd|year= 2009 | isbn= 978-0-81086836-6| page =109 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote= They also cover the lives and teachings of some biblical personages, such as Job, Jethro, Jesus, John, Luke, and others}}</ref> |titles = Nifahaö, Sanura Injil, Martir |beatified_date = |beatified_place = |beatified_by = |canonized_date = |attributes = Sanura Injil, doto, buku faoma fena, ni'o'awöni öröbao so'afi, sogambaraini ''ikon'' Maria ina Yesu, ngawalö fakake ba wamazökhi gambara |patronage = Seniman, ono matua, doto, doto operasi, sohalöŵö ba danö, sonekhe fahuhuo, btn.<ref name=catholicsaints.info /> |major_shrine = Padua, Italia |major_works = Turia Somuso Dödö nisura Luka, Halöŵö Zinenge |issues = }} '''Luka''' ([[li Latin]] ''Lucas''; [[li Yunani]] Λουκᾶς; [[li Ibrani]] לוקאס; [[li Aramaia]] ܠܘܩܐ/לוקא) ma asese göi lakaoni khönia '''Santo Luka''' no samösa ba gotalua zi daöfa zanura injil kanonik,<ref>Injil kanonik ya'ia da'ö injil si so bakha ba mbuku Gamabu'ulali Sibohou. Baero da'ö so göi mato ha'uga injil nisura niha bö'ö si lö itema Gereja tobali injil nifotöi injil apokrif.</ref> molo'ö tradisi. Laböbögö khönia wanura [[Sura Luka|injil Luka]] ba [[Halöŵö Zinenge]] ira tua Gereja<ref>Lafotöi tua Gereja (li Indonesia ''bapak Gereja'') ya'ira sanura ngawalö buku ba sura sanandrösa ba wamati niha Keriso ba ngaotu ndröfia si sara irugi si lima (?). Si to'ölönia ya'ira andre no ere teologi ba ölö göi ere filosofia.</ref>. Lafaduhu'ö gö da'a ira tokoh si tedou moroi ba mböröta niha Keriso simane Heronimus awö Eusebius, ba hiza lö boto si tola mugogohe si tola la'oguna'ö ira ere Zura Ni'amoni'ö, he sekular ba he göi religius, sanguma'ö wa sanura injil Luka andrö no Luka samösa. Latötöi Luka mato ha'uga kali ba adogo-dogo buku Gamabu'ulali Sibohou awö sura nifotöi Sura khö ndra niha ba Kolose<ref>{{SN|Kol|4|14}}</ref> ba laŵa'ö wa doto ia (li Yunani ''fysikos'', niha samadöhö fökhö); molo'ö fangi'ila Luka andre no samösa doto ba no göi samösa nifahaö khö Waulo. I'otarai mböröta ndra niha Keriso no laŵaö wa niha ni'amoni'ö Luka (li Latin ''santo''). Faduhu dödö niha wa samösa ''martir'' ia (eluahania mate labunu ia börö wamatinia), lataŵi mbaginia ba döla ''zaitun'', heŵa'ae so zi lö faduhu tödö wa simanö zalua khönia.{{efn|name=martyred?}} Lafolakhömi ia tobali ''Santo Luka sanura Injil'' ira [[Gereja Katolik]] ba gereja segebua tanöbö'ö ba baero da'ö tobali ia solumö'ö (li Indonesia ''pelindung'') ndra seniman, doto, iraono matua, doto sangoperasi, mahasiswa ba ira samöfölö urifö. La'owasaini wanörötödö khönia ero 18 Oktober.<ref name= catholicnewsagency.com /><ref>{{cite web|title=The Calendar|url= https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|access-date=27 March 2021|website=The Church of England}}</ref> == Fa'aurinia == [[Berkas:Evangelist Lucas.jpg|thumb|Gambara Luka Sanura Injil nifagamöi Crispijn van de Passe de Oude.<ref name=ugent.be />]] Faduhu dödö ato gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö wa Luka andre no samösa doto sauri ba wöfö [[Yunani]] kota [[Antiokia]] ba danö [[Suriah]] föna (provinsi [[Roma]]),{{efn|name=Hackett}} ba wa tumbu ia ba sambua ngambatö [[Yunani]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2023 |title=St. Luke |url=https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=76 |url-status=live |access-date=August 10, 2023 |website=Catholic Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2023 |title=BIOGRAPHY OF ST. LUKE |url=https://stlukes-parish.org/biography-of-st-luke |url-status=live |access-date=August 10, 2023 |website=BIOGRAPHY OF ST. LUKE |publisher=St. Luke the Evangelist Parish |archive-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811064542/https://stlukes-parish.org/biography-of-st-luke |dead-url=yes }}</ref> heŵa'ae so ösa gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö ba teolog sanguma'ö wa Luka no samösa niha [[Yahudi]] Yunani.{{sfn|Harris|1980|pp=266–68}}{{sfn|Strelan|2013|pp=102–10}} Ölö ato zanema'ö wa teologi injil Luka ba sura Halöŵö Zinenge te'aekhugö khö ndra niha Keriso si tenga Yahudi, so sa'atö zanguma'ö wa abölö atöla ba dödö wa lasura injil Luka ba sura Halöŵö Zinenge soguna khö sambua komunitas si so bakha niha Yahudi ba niha bö'ö, börö me hulö ifa'ösö sibai wangombakha böröta misi khö ndra niha si tenga Yahudi bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö (faigi wangoguna'ö Yes 49:6 ba injil Luka awö sura Halöŵö Zinenge).{{sfn|Koet|1989|pp=157–58}}{{sfn|Koet|2006|pp= 4–5}} Moroi ba sambua test DNA (nihalö moroi ba mboto Luka molo'ö tradisi) te'oroma'ö wa Luka andre no samösa niha [[Suriah]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vernesi |first1=Cristiano |last2=Di Benedetto |first2=Giulietta |last3=Caramelli |first3=David |last4=Secchieri |first4=Erica |last5=Simoni |first5=Lucia |last6=Katti |first6=Emile |last7=Malaspina |first7=Patrizia |last8=Novelletto |first8=Andrea |last9=Marin |first9=Vito Terribile Wiel |last10=Barbujani |first10=Guido |date=6 November 2001 |title=Genetic characterization of the body attributed to the evangelist Luke |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=98 |issue=23 |pages=13460–13463 |doi=10.1073/pnas.211540498 |issn=0027-8424 |pmid=11606723|pmc=60893 |bibcode=2001PNAS...9813460V |doi-access=free }}</ref> Gofu haniha Luka andre, niha Yahudi ma zui tenga, ma zui amarukhatara, oroma moroi ba kualitas li Yunani injil Luka ba Halöŵö Zinenge wa sindruhu niha salaŵa famahaö ia ba gotalua fefu zanura ngawalö mbuku bakha ba Gamabu'ulali Sibohou. Moroi ba wangoguna'önia amaedola moroi ba teks klasik Yunani föna simane Homer, Aesop, Epimenides, Euripides, Plato ba Aratus oroma wa i'ila oi zura Yunani andrö. Eluahania si lötolalö'ö no fao ia ba wamahaö molo'ö kurikulum Yunani, ni'oguna'ö ba danö si fasui nasi Mediterania ngaotu fakhe aefa ginötö Luka.<ref>{{cite book|first=Steve |last=Reece |title=The Formal Education of the Author of Luke-Acts |publication-place=London |publisher=T&T Clark |date=2022 |pages=29–50 |isbn=978-0-567-70588-4}}</ref> Sura si föföna sibai manötöi Luka ya'ia Sura Waulo khö Filemo 1:24.<ref>{{SN|Fil|1|24}}</ref> Latötöi göi ia bakha ba {{SN|Kol|4|14}} ba ba {{SN|TimII|4|11}}. Ya'ira si darua andre, Filemo ba Timoteo, no nifahaö Waulo.{{sfn|Milligan|2006|p=149}}{{sfn|Mornin|2006|p=74}}{{sfn|Aherne|1910}}{{sfn|Smith|1935|p=792}}{{sfn|von Harnack|1907|p=5}} Aefa da'ö latötöi ia bakha ba zura Anti-Marcionite<ref>Anti-Marconite no tölu wehede famasao khö zi tölu injil Mataio, Mareko ba Luka ba tefa'anö a.t. ngaotu ndröfia si dua.</ref> ni'oguna'ö tobali famasao injil Luka, sambua zura nifa'anö ba ngaotu ndröfia si dua. Iŵaö Epifanius moroi ba Salamis wa Luka no samösa ba gotalua ndra nifahaö si 70 (''Panarion'' 51.11) ba ifasinga Yohane Krisostomus wa "talifusö" niŵaö Waulo bakha ba {{SN|KorII|8|18}} no Luka ma zui Baranaba (''Homily 18 on Second Corinthians'' sanandrösa ba Korindro II 8:18). Na tatema wa sindruhu Luka zanura injil Luka ba sura Halöŵö Zinenge, ba tola ta'ila haniha ia moroi ba detil bakha ba zura andrö. Lö isura wa i'ila hörönia samösa halöŵö Yesu, ba hiza asese i'oguna'ö wehede "ya'aga" me itutunö misi Waulo bakha ba Halöŵö Zinenge, eluahania no fao ia ba i'ila hörönia samösa zalua andrö.{{sfn|Bartlet|1911}} Moroi ba komposisi zura injil Luka ba Halöŵö Zinenge awö wa'oya ngawua wehede ni'oguna'ö, oroma wa sanura ya'ia no niha si no mamahaö. Oroma sibai da'a bakha ba sambua wehede niŵaö bakha ba zura Waulo khö niha Kolose sanandrösa ba "wamoto", si tobali samabalö Luka moroi ba zanura ngawalö zura bö'ö bakha ba Gamabu'ulali Sibohou. {{blockquote|¹⁰I'owai ami Arisaro, awögu nikuru andrö, ba Mareko, talifusö MBaranaba andrö. ¹¹I'owai ami göi Yesu andrö sotöi Yuso. Ha da'ö nawögu niha niboto, sohalöŵö ba mbanua Lowalangi; no tobali fondrara dödögu ira. … ¹⁴I'owai ami Luka, doto andrö, ni'omasi'ö, ba Dema.|source={{SN|Kol|4|10|11}}.}} Börö komentar andre lafurugö ira komentator wa Luka andrö no tenga niha Yahudi. Na sindruhu da'a, eluahania ha Luka zi tenga niha Yahudi moroi ba gotalua ndra sanura ngawalö mbuku bakha ba Gamabu'ulali Sibohou. Ba hiza tenga ha da'a zi tola tobali furu-furu. Heŵa'ae laŵaö niha wa Luka andrö no samösa niha Keriso si tenga niha Yahudi, so göi gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö sanguma'ö wa ya'ia no samösa niha Yahudi si tobali niha Yunani.{{sfn|Harris|1980|pp=266–68}}{{sfn|Strelan|2013|pp=102–10}}{{sfn|McCall|1996}} Eluahania tola niha Yahudi solo'ö sibai ritual Yahudi ba niha Yahudi si lö molo'ö sibai ritual andrö.{{sfn|Bartlet|1911}} Itutunö we'aso Luka awö Waulo ba Roma sura TimII 4:11 lö ara fatua lö mate Waulo: "Ha Luka nawögu". Ba gangahorita zura Halöŵö Zinenge, tesura ha'uga kali ba da'ö hulö na no fao ba i'ila samösa Luka zalua nisurania ba Roma, fao ba da'ö me isura {{SN|HalZin|28|16}}: "Ba no marugi Roma…" So ösa zanguma'ö wa no göi fao Luka wanura sura khö niha Heberaio.{{sfn |Fonck|1910}} Mate Luka me 84 ndröfinia ba Boeotia, molo'ö tradisi si föföna sibai ba ni'o'ö oya Gereja.{{sfn|Butler|1991|p=342}} Molo'ö Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos, samösa gere sejarah moroi ba Yunani Greek ngaotu ndröfia si-14 (ba tanöbö'önia), tesöndra lewatö Luka ba Thebes (Yunani), ba hiza gama-gama awö föfö gamatelania no lafawu'a ba ba [[Konstantinopel]] me ndröfi 357.{{sfn|Migne|1901|loc=cols 875–78}} == Sanura injil Luka ba Halöŵö Zinenge == Lö itötöi döi zanura ya'ia injil Luka.{{sfn|Sanders|1995|pp=63–64}}{{sfn|Ehrman|2000|p=43}}{{sfn|Senior|Achtemeier|Karris|2002|p=328}}{{sfn|Nickle|2001|p=43}} Tenga nisura zangila hörö halöŵö Yesu injil Luka, ba lö göi niŵaö injil Luka samösa wa sanura ya'ia no fao ba i'ila Yesu. Fabö'ö sibai da'a ba Halöŵö Zinenge i'otarai faza 16.{{sfn|Ehrman|2005|p=235}}{{sfn|Ehrman|2004|p=110}}{{sfn|Ehrman|2006|p=143}} Ba hiza labotokhi arakhagö fefu ira sangali injil Luka ba Halöŵö Zinenge ba li bö'ö wa tesura zi dombua buku andre aekhu khö Teofilo. Bakha ba teks si föföna sibai injil andre (Papyrus 75 = Papyrus Bodmer XIV-XV) nisura me döfi 200 teböbögö wanura ya'ia khö Luka. Simanö göi bakha ba zinura [[Ireneus]] moroi ba ndröfi 180 awö fragmen Muratorian, sambua teks ba li Latin nisura ngaotu ndröfia si-7, ni'ali moroi ba teks Yunani nisura me döfi 170.{{sfn|Brown|1997|p=267}} Itaria lafotöi injil Luka ba Halöŵö Zinenge ira ere Zura Ni'amoni'ö Luk–HalZin, sambua halöŵö ni'odombua buku. Luk-HalZin no 27.5% nösi ba Gamabu'ulali Sibohou, eluahania kontribusi fondrege ebua zi samösa zanura.{{sfn|Boring|2012|p=556}} [[Berkas:De heilige Lucas schildert de Madonna - Maarten van Heemskerck-1532.JPG|thumb|''Igambaraini Maria Ono Alawe Si Lö Mamalö Luka'', nigambaraini Maarten van Heemskerck, 1532]] == Luka sanura buku "sejarah" == Ato gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö sanguma'ö wa bua halöŵö Luka (Luka-HalZin) tefalua bakha ba tradisi nifotöi historiografi Yunani.{{sfn|Grant|1963|loc=Ch. 10}} Bakha ba Luk 1:1–4, nilau hulö investigasi historis, i'ombakha'ö Luka khö zombaso wa sinurania andre tefaböbö ba ngafu sejarah.{{sfn|Bauckham|2017|p=117}} Lö ha sara dödö niha sanandrösa ba hewisa wama'oli sinura Luka. So gere sejarah sanguma'ö wa nisura Luka andrö fondrege sindruhu (li Indonesia ''akurat''),{{sfn|Ramsay|1915|p=222}}{{sfn|Blaiklock|1970|p=96}} ba so ösa zi lö fao tödö ba da'ö.{{sfn|Powell|1989|p=6}}{{sfn|McGrew|2019}}{{sfn|Flew|1966|p=}}{{sfn|Bradley|1874|p=44}}{{efn|name=McGrew's conclusion}} Börö wa sindruhu wanutunönia banua, kota, hulo, simanö göi wa sindruhu ngawalö döi resmi (li Indonesia ''gelar''), isura William Mitchell Ramsay, samösa gere arkeologi, wa "Luka no samösa ere sejarah bosi fondrege alaŵa; nisurania tenga ha sindruhu boto (li Indonesia ''fakta'') … si lötolalö'ö göi tefa'oli ia ba gotalua ndra ere sejarah fondrege zebua töi."{{sfn|Ramsay|1915|p=222}} Isura Edward Musgrave Blaiklock, samösa profesor bolo klasik ba Auckland University: "Börö me detil ba atmosfer nisurania sindruhu-ndruhu (li Indonesia ''akurat''), fagölö Luka khö Thucydides. Halöŵö Zinenge no tenga bua wanufa tödö ndra niha samati, bahiza no fanutunö hadia zalua si tola tafaduhusi tödö. … Sinura Luka andrö no hulö halöŵö arkeologis si föföna sibai mangoroma'ö sindruhu."{{sfn|Blaiklock|1970|p=96}} No idou'ö wangi'ila boto historis ba fa'asindruhu (li Indonesia ''akurasi'') zinura Luka Colin Hemer, samösa gere Gamabu'ulali Sibohou.{{sfn|Hemer|1989|pp=104–7}} Sanadrösa ba gaekhuta Halöŵö Zinenge, isura ere Gamabu'ulali Sibohou Luke Timothy Johnson wa "Ifili ba ifa'oli nisurania Luka ena'ö faudu ba gohitö dödönia ba wobela wamati, ba ba wamalua da'ö i'o'ö standar satua historiografi."{{sfn|Johnson|1991|p=474}} I'o'ö zöndra andre göi Richard Heard, sangila wa so zo'amböta historis börö dandrösa wanurania ba börö göi wa mo'amböta gumbu informasi khönia."{{sfn|Heard|1950|loc= Ch. 13: The Acts of the Apostles}} Ba ginötö modern andre, labago niha kompetensi Luka tobali sanura sejarah, molo'ö hewisa zöndra ''a priori'' niha zanandrösa ba ngawalö hadia ia si tebai labotokhi molo'ö ilmu (li Indonesia ''adikodrati'').{{sfn|Powell|1989|p=6}} I'otarai ginötö nifotöi fa'ateboka-hörö (li Indonesia ''pencerahan'', li Inggris ''enlightenment'') la'oguna'ö metode naturalisme ira ere sejarah,{{sfn|Ehrman|2000|p=229}}{{sfn|McGrew|2019}}{{sfn|Flew|1966|p=}}{{sfn|Bradley|1874|p=44}}{{efn|name= McGrew's conclusion}}{{efn|name= CraigEhrman2006}} ba khö ndra ere sejarah simane, no sambua tandraŵa na tobali umbu sejarah fefu lala wanutunö si tefaböbö ba ''adikodrati'' simane salua sahöli-höli dödö, mala'ika, afökha, btn. Iŵaö Mark Allan Powell wa "lö ta'ila na ohitö dödö Luka wanura sambua sejarah. Isura zinurania Luka ba wanuriagö, ba wamarou ba ba wame'e eluaha. Lö isura zinurania ba wondrorogö hadia zalua khö nga'ötö miföna. Na tabe'e ba dödöda zimane ba tobali ia hulö gosö-osö safuria nibökö ba hasi Luka tobali sanura sejarah."{{sfn|Powell|1989|p=6}} Iŵaö Robert M. Grant wa so ha'uga zi lö tola alua bakha ba zinura Luka, heŵa'ae omasi Luka tefaogö ia bakha ba tradisi historis, duma-dumania fa'oya niha sato samondrongo huhuo Wetero bakha ba {{SN|HalZin|4|4}}. Baero da'ö so göi zi lö faudu molo'ö angolita ginötö (li Indonesia ''kronologi'') duma-dumania me iŵaö Luka wa "itötöi Toida awö Yuda Gamalieli ba gangolifa ginötö si fasala, börö me sindruhunia maoso Toida töra fulu fakhe aefa muhede Gamalieli andrö (HalZin 5:36–37)",{{sfn|Grant|1963|loc=Ch. 10}} heŵa'ae so nasa wasöndrata zöndra sanandrösa ba gangolifa ginötö andre.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://biblehub.com/commentaries/acts/5-36.htm|title = Acts 5:36 Commentaries: "For some time ago Theudas rose up, claiming to be somebody, and a group of about four hundred men joined up with him. But he was killed, and all who followed him were dispersed and came to nothing}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.christian-thinktank.com/qtheudy.html |title=Good Question… |publisher=Christian thinktank | accessdate=8 March 2022}}</ref> Isura Brent Landau: {{blockquote|Hewisa tola tabaso sambua injil, si ndruhu ia ba zalua side-ide bahiza lö tola alua ia ba zalua segebua? Sambua lala wamotokhi da'a ya'ia wa faduhu dödö Luka wa fa'atumbu Yesu no fondrege fahöna khö zi sagörö ulidanö irege ifangai zalua andre faoma salua (nitufa tödö) samatörö ulidanö ma'asagörö nilau samatörö Roma, si no manguma'ö wa ya'ia andrö no "sangorifi" ba "ono Lowalangi" — bahiza ya'ia andrö tenga sa. Khö samösa zanura sejarah solo'ö lahe Thucydides, tola manö tetema'ö prosedur simanö.<ref name=Landau />}} == Luka samösa "seniman" == [[Berkas:Evangelist Luka pishustchiy ikonu.jpg|thumb|upright|Igambaraini gambara (''ikon'') Maria Ono Alawe Si Lö Mamalö-malö si föföna sibai]] Iŵaö tradisi niha Keriso i'otarai ngaotu ndröfia si-8 wa Luka andrö no sogambaraini ''ikon'' si föföna sibai. Laŵaö wa no igambaraini Maria ba Ononia, duma-dumania gambara Hodegetria si so ba [[Konstantinopel]] (no taya). I'otarai ngaotu ndröfia si-11 so mato ha'uga gambara moroi khönia nifolakhömi niha (li Indonesia ''dihargai''), fao ba da'ö ikon Madonna Saitö moroi ba Częstochowa, ikon Theotokos khö Vladimir ba ikon ''Madonna del Rosario''. Laŵaö wa no göi igambaraini Wetero ba Faulo ba wa no igambaraini sambua mbuku injil.{{sfn|Grigg|1987|pp=3–9}}{{efn|name=Bacci}} Fa'awösa Santo Luka si tesöndra ba oya kota ba Eropa ba ginötö ngahönö ndröfia, töra-töra Flanders ma "Accademia di San Luca" ba Roma — nifasindro ba oya kota ba Eropa götö ngaotu ndröfia si-16 — sangowuloi ba sobelegö ndra seniman samazökhi gambara. No to'ölö sibai tradisi sanguma'ö wa igambaraini ikon Maria ba Yesu Luka ba Gereja Ortodoks Timur. La'o'ö göi tradisi andre ira niha Keriso Santo Tomas ba India sanguma'ö wa ikon Theotokos si so khöra no ni'ohe Santo Tomas ba India.{{efn|name=Hosten}} Isura A.I. Uspensky wa ikon niŵaö nifazökhi Luka sanura injil no molo'ö amuata Byzantin ba awena to'ölö laŵaö ba ngaotu ndröfia si 5 irugi 6.<ref>[https://azbyka.ru/otechnik/Aleksandr_Uspenskij/o-hudozhestvennoj-dejatelnosti-evangelista-luki/ Александр Иванович Успенский. О художественной деятельности евангелиста Луки : I, II. Ев. Лука как иконописец. Ев. Лука как резчик : Реф., чит. 8 нояб. 1900 г. в заседании Церк.-археол. отд. при Общ. люб. духов. просвещения тов. пред. Отд. А.И. Успенским. - Москва : типо-лит. И. Ефимова, 1901. - 12 с.; 27.]</ref> == Tanda khönia ("simbol") == [[Berkas:Hermen Rode 001.jpg|thumb|upright|Gambara fa'awösa seni Santo Luka ba sambua [[altar]] nifosandrela nifazökhi Hermen Rode, Lübeck, Jerman (1484)]] Ba seni tradisional simane gambara ba nifotöi mosaik ba gereja-gereja, asese tegambaraini Santo Luka faoma öröbao, sasese so afi. Itaria na i ha simbol öröbao andrö, töra-töra na la'oroma'ö simbol ndra sanura injil si daöfa.{{sfn|Zuffi|2003|p=8}}{{sfn|Audsley|Audsley|1865|p=94}} == Fanörö-tödö khönia == La'owasaini wanörö-tödö khö Luka ba Gerja Ortodoks Timur,<ref>{{Cite web |title= Лука, Апостол |url= http://drevo-info.ru/articles/10326.html |access-date=16 July 2022 |website= Drevo-info |language=ru}}</ref> simane göi fanörö-tödö ndra nifahaö ba sanura injil bö'ö, faoma owasa si ha'uga hari wa'ara. Da'a tou ngaluo gowasa nifalua ero röfi: * 4 Januari: Sinaksis ndra Nifahaö si-70.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Synaxis of the Seventy Apostles |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2018/01/04/100017-synaxis-of-the-seventy-apostles |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104055229/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2018/01/04/100017-synaxis-of-the-seventy-apostles |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.oca.org}}</ref> * 22 April: Owasa Natanaeli nifahaö Yesu, Luka sanura injil, Klemens moroi ba Sardise ma Klemens moroi ba Roma ba Apelles moroi ba Heraklion (so gumbu ba li Yunani sanguma'ö wa Santo Luka no niha bö'ö moroi khö Luka sanura injil).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/22/101181-apostle-and-evangelist-luke-of-the-seventy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430135925/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/22/101181-apostle-and-evangelist-luke-of-the-seventy |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.oca.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Holy Apostles of the 70 Apelles, Luke (Loukios), and Clement |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/22/101182-holy-apostles-of-the-70-apelles-luke-loukios-and-clement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430135545/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/22/101182-holy-apostles-of-the-70-apelles-luke-loukios-and-clement |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.oca.org}}</ref> Lafalua göi gowasa andre ero 10 September. * 20 Juni: Famawu'a wöfö mboto ba okhöta Luka Nifahaö, Andrea Nifahaö ba Tomas Nifahaö, Eliseus Sama'ele'ö, Lazarus moroi ba Persia martir nisöndra döfi 960 ba ginötö razo Romanos I Lekapenos (919–44) moroi ba biara Santa Agusta lumalö ba Gereja ndra Nifahaö ba Konstantinopel ba ginötö razo konstantinus VII (a.t. 956–970) nidönia'ö Patriark Polyeuctus moroi ba Konstantinopel (956–70).<ref>{{Cite web |title=June 20, 2023. + Orthodox Calendar |url=https://orthochristian.com/calendar/20230620.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430140249/https://orthochristian.com/calendar/20230620.html |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=orthochristian.com}}</ref> * 10 September: Owasa ndra nifahaö si-70: Natanaeli nifahaö Yesu, Luka sanura injil, Klemens moroi ba Sardise ma Klemens moroi ba Roma ba Apelles moroi ba Heraklion. Owasa andre tefalua göi ero 22 April. * 18 Oktober: Owasa Luka Nifahaö ba Sanura Injil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apostle and Evangelist Luke |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2022/10/18/102993-apostle-and-evangelist-luke |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123193835/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2022/10/18/102993-apostle-and-evangelist-luke |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.oca.org}}</ref> Baero da'ö so gowasa bö'ö khö Luka, inötö lafalua ia ba zi lö fagölö ngaluonia ero röfi: * Sinaksis fefu ndra niha ni'amoni'ö moroi ba Akhaia, si to'ölönia ba luo migu fatua lö alua gowasa Santo Andrea (November 30).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanidopoulos |first=John |date=November 28, 2010 |title=Synaxis of the Achaean Saints |url=https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2010/11/synaxis-of-achaean-saints.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327193259/https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2010/11/synaxis-of-achaean-saints.html |archive-date=March 27, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Orthodox Christianity Then and Now}}</ref> * Sinaksis ndra niha ni'amoni'ö moroi ba Boeotia, ba luo Sabtu safuria ba mbaŵa si lima.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanidopoulos |first=John |date=May 27, 2017 |title=Synaxis of All Saints of Boeotia |url=https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2017/05/synaxis-of-all-saints-of-boeotia.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207144712/https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2017/05/synaxis-of-all-saints-of-boeotia.html |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Orthodox Christianity Then and Now}}</ref> == Akhökhöla mbotonia ("relik") == Ŵalu föfö mboto ba siŵa föfö högö, oi muzawili ba zi fabö'ö nahia, te'oroma'ö tobali föfö mboto Luka sanura injil.<ref>[[Ludovic Lalanne]]. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Curiositsdestra00lalagoog.pdf&page=138 Curiosités des traditions, des mœurs et des légendes, 1847. / р. 148]</ref><ref>[[Jacques Collin de Plancy|Jacques Albin Simon Collin de Plancy]]. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dictionnaire_critique_des_reliques_et_des_images_miraculeuses,_T2.pdf&page=141 Dictionnaire critique des reliques et des images miraculeuses, T. 2. 1827 / р. 131]</ref> I'öli oi wöfö mboto (li Indonesia ''relik'') andre George moroi ba Serbia]] moroi khö Sultan Murad II (30.000 hua gana'a). Me i'alani Bosnia razo Ottoman, i'amawa relik andrö ndronga razo Serbia khö Republik Venesia ba Italia.{{sfn|Fine|1975|p=331}} Me ndöfi 1992, i'andrö khö uskup Antonio Mattiazzo moroi ba Padua uskup agung Athena ba aefa da'ö uskup agung Yunani (Metropolitan Ieronymos) ena'ö ifangawuli oi ''relik'' Santo Luka sedöna mu'irö'ö ba nahia heza so lewatö Santo Luka, ba heza lafolakhömi ia irugi ma'ökhö. Börö wangandrö uskup andre, labörögö wamalua fangosili ilmiah ngawalö relik andrö ba Padua. This prompted a scientific investigation of the relics in [[Padua]] mangoguna'ö teknologi modern nifotöi ''carbon-14 dating''. Bua wangosili andrö: relik andrö moroi khö samösa niha moroi ba Suriah simate ba gotalua ndröfi 72 ba 416.{{sfn|Marin|Trolese|2003}}{{sfn|Craig|2001}} Aefa da'ö ifa'ohe'ö sara nosu Santo Luka uksup Padua khö Metropolitan Ieronymos ena'ö tola la'irö'ö ia ba lewatö Santo Luka ba Thebes.<ref name=Tornielli />{{sfn|Wade|2001}} Da'a oi nahia heza te'irö'ö relik Santo Luka: * Botonia, ba Biara Santa Giustina ba Padua, [[Italia]] * Högönia, ba Katedral Santo Vitus ba Prague, [[Ceko]] * Sara nosunia, ba lewatönia ba Thebes, [[Yunani]] {{blockquote|Ma'owuloi göi wöfö moroi ba [[Suriah]] ba ba [[Yunani]]. Me lafaedogö ngawalö wöfö mboto andre faoma wöfö moroi ba Anatolia nitötöi bakha ba ngawalö zura, matenaŵa zöndra sanguma'ö wa boto andre boto niha Yunani, bahiza boto niha Suriah ia. Heŵa'ae simanö arakhagö lö tola wa tohare niha andre moroi ba Turki iada'a, abölö tola wa tohare ia moroi ba Suriah. I'oroma'ö bua wangosili faoma DNA wa boto andrö moroi ba Suriah, ba fangalinia ba Konstantinopel.<ref name="Vernesi Benedetto Caramelli Secchieri 2001 p.">{{cite journal | last1=Vernesi | first1=Cristiano | last2=Benedetto | first2=Giulietta Di | last3= Caramelli | first3=David | last4= Secchieri | first4=Erica | last5= Simoni | first5=Lucia | last6=Katti | first6=Emile | last7=Malaspina | first7=Patrizia | last8=Novelletto | first8=Andrea | last9=Marin | first9= Vito Terribile Wiel | last10= Barbujani | first10=Guido | title=Genetic characterization of the body attributed to the evangelist Luke | journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume=98 | issue=23 | date= 6 November 2001 | pages= 13460–63 | pmid=11606723 | doi= 10.1073/pnas.211540498 | pmc= 60893 | bibcode=2001PNAS...9813460V | doi-access=free}}</ref>|Famöfö'ö mbua wangosili DNA wöfö mboto niŵaö niha boto Luka sanura injil}} == Galeri == <gallery widths="154px" heights="200px" perrow="4" caption="Luka Sanura Injil"> Luke_writing.jpg 142082810-612x612.jpg Luke_the_Evangelist.jpg Saint_luke.jpg Nuremberg_chronicles_f_108r_1.png Icon of the blessed Virgin Mary by Luke the Evangelist.jpg </gallery> == Faigi göi == * [[Mataio]] * [[Sura Mataio]] * [[Mareko]] * [[Sura Mareko]] * [[Luka]] * [[Sura Luka]] * [[Yohane]] * [[Injil Yohane]] * [[Sura Yohane]] == Famotokhi == {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=martyred?|{{harvnb|Aherne|1910}} notes that it is controversial whether he actually died a martyr's death}} {{efn|name=Hackett|Luke, was born in [[Antioch]], by profession was a physician.{{Harvnb|Hackett|1858|p=12}} He had become a disciple of the apostle Paul and later followed Paul until his [Paul's] martyrdom. He died at the age of 84 years.{{Harvnb|Hackett|1858|p=335}} }} {{efn|name=Bacci|The basic study on the legends concerning Saint Luke as a painter is {{harvnb|Bacci|1998}} }} {{efn|name=Hosten| Father '''H. Hosten''' in his book ''Antiquities'' notes the following "The picture at the mount is one of the oldest, and, therefore, one of the most venerable Christian paintings to be had in India. Other traditions hold that St. Luke painted two icons which currently are in Greece: the "Theotokos Mega Spileotissa" (Our Lady of the Great Cave, where supposedly Saint Luke lived for a period of time in asceticism) and the "Panagia Soumela", and "Panagia Kykkou" which are in Cyprus."}} {{efn|name=CraigEhrman2006|Historians can only establish what probably happened in the past, and by definition a miracle is the least probable occurrence. And so, by the very nature of the canons of historical research, we can't claim historically that a miracle probably happened. By definition, it probably didn't. And history can only establish what probably did.{{Harvnb|Craig|Ehrman|2006}} }} {{efn|name=McGrew's conclusion|McGrew's conclusion: historians work with [[methodological naturalism]], which precludes them from establishing miracles as objective historical facts;{{Harvnb |Flew| 1966|p= 146}} cf. {{Harvnb |Bradley |1874|p= 44}}.}} }} == Basoŵa == {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} *{{cite CE1913|wstitle=Gospel of Saint Luke|volume=9|last=Aherne|first= Cornelius}} *{{Cite book |last1=Audsley |first1= William |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GN5UAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA94 |title=Handbook of Christian Symbolism |last2= Audsley |first2= George Ashdown |publisher=Day & Son |year=1865 |chapter= VI. Symbols and emblems of the Evangelists and the Apostles}} * {{Cite book |last=Bacci |first= Michele |title=Il pennello dell'Evangelista. Storia delle immagini sacre attribuite a san Luca |date=1998 |publisher=Gisem-Ets |location=Pisa |language=it}} *{{cite EB1911|first=James Vernon |last=Bartlet|volume=17|wstitle= Luke}} *{{Cite book |last=Bauckham |first= Richard |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qYfMDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 |title= Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |year=2017 |isbn= 978-1-4674-4680-8}} *{{Cite book |last=Blaiklock |first= E. M. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YgSNvwEACAAJ |title=The Archaeology of the New Testament |publisher= Zondervan |year=1970}} * {{Cite book |last=Boring |first=M. Eugene |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=leFrgkyEtusC&pg=PA556 |title=An Introduction to the New Testament: History, Literature, Theology |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=2012 |isbn= 978-0-66425592-3}} *{{Cite book |last=Bradley |first= Francis Herbert |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zDdPAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA44 |title=The Presuppositions of Critical History |publisher=J. Parker |year=1874 |isbn= 978-0-598-72059-7}} *{{Cite book |last=Brown |first= Raymond Edward |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gk_uAAAAMAAJ |title=An Introduction to the New Testament |publisher= Doubleday |year=1997 |isbn= 978-0-385-24767-2 |author-link= Raymond E. Brown}} *{{Cite book |last=Butler |first= Alban |url= https://archive.org/details/butlerslivesofsa00butl/page/342 |title=Butler's Lives of the Saints |date=1991 |publisher=HarperColllins Publishers |isbn=978-0-06-069299-5 |editor-last=Walsh |editor-first= Michael |location=New York |author-link= Alban Butler}} *{{Cite news |last=Craig |first=Olga |date=21 October 2001 |title=DNA test pinpoints St Luke the apostle's remains to Padua |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1360095/DNA-test-pinpoints-St-Luke-the-apostles-remains-to-Padua.html |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1360095/DNA-test-pinpoints-St-Luke-the-apostles-remains-to-Padua.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status= live}}{{cbignore}} *{{Citation |last1=Craig |first1= William Lane |title=Is There Historical Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus? : A debate held at College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts |date=28 March 2006 |url= http://www.bringyou.to:80/apologetics/p96.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100810074856/http://www.bringyou.to:80/apologetics/p96.htm |access-date= 10 August 2010 |archive-date=10 August 2010 |last2= Ehrman |first2=Bart D.}} *{{Cite book |last=Ehrman |first= Bart D. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kF8RAQAAIAAJ |title=The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings |publisher=University Press |year= 2000 |isbn=978-0-19-512639-6 |location=Oxford |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman}} *{{Cite book |last=Ehrman |first= Bart D. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vbLK6kn5T-EC&pg=PA110 |title=Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code: A Historian Reveals What We Really Know about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Constantine |publisher= University Press |year=2004 |isbn= 978-0-19-534616-9 |location=Oxford |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman}} *{{Cite book |last=Ehrman |first = Bart D. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=URdACxKubDIC&pg=PA235 |title=Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew |publisher=University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-518249-1 |location=Oxford |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman}} *{{Cite book |last=Ehrman |first= Bart D. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oBuJMhJlTYwC&pg=PA143 |title=The Lost Gospel of Judas Iscariot: A New Look at Betrayer and Betrayed |publisher=University Press |year= 2006 |isbn=978-0-19-971104-8 |location=Oxford |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman}} *{{Cite book |last=Fine |first=John van Antwerp |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8sDYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA331 |title=The Bosnian Church: A New Interpretation : a Study of the Bosnian Church and Its Place in State and Society from the 13th to the 15th Centuries |publisher=East European quarterly |year=1975 |isbn= 978-0-914710-03-5}} *{{Cite book |last=Flew |first= Antony |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JcV9AAAAMAAJ |title=God & Philosophy |publisher=Hutchinson |year=1966 |location=London}} *{{cite CE1913|wstitle=Epistle to the Hebrews|first=Leopold |last= Fonck|volume=7}} *{{Cite book |last=Hackett |first= Horatio Balch |title=A Commentary on the Original Text of the Acts of the Apostles |url=https://archive.org/details/acommentaryonor00hackgoog |date=1858 |publisher=Gould and Lincoln; Sheldon, Blakeman & Co. |author-link= Horatio Balch Hackett}} *{{Cite book |last=Harris |first= Stephen L. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TGJKeHOmGhwC |title=Understanding the Bible: a reader's guide and reference |publisher=Mayfield |year= 1980 |isbn=978-0-87484-472-6}} *{{Cite book |last=Heard |first= Richard |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oQwXAAAAIAAJ |title=An Introduction to the New Testament |publisher=A. & C. Black |year=1950 |chapter= 13: The Acts of the Apostles |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100412184041/http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=531&C=557 |archive-date=12 April 2010 |chapter-url= http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=531&C=557}} *{{Cite book |last=Koet |first=Bart J. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=liFVAAAAYAAJ |title=Five Studies on Interpretation of Scripture in Luke-Acts |publisher=University Press |year=1989 |isbn= 978-90-6186-330-4 |location= Leuven}} *{{Cite book |last=Koet |first=Bart J. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=K9_QsLPsKYMC |title=Dreams and Scripture in Luke-Acts: Collected Essays |publisher=Peeters |year=2006 |isbn=978-90-429-1750-7}} *{{Cite book |last=Grant |first= Robert McQueen |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2VQJAQAAIAAJ |title=A Historical Introduction to the New Testament |publisher=Harper & Row |year=1963 |chapter= 10: The Gospel of Luke and the Book of Acts |isbn=9780006427063 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100621102923/http://religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1116&C=1230 |archive-date=21 June 2010 |chapter-url= http://religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1116&C=1230}} *{{Cite journal |last=Grigg |first= Robert |date=1987 |title=Byzantine Credulity as an Impediment to Antiquarianism |journal=[[Gesta (journal)|Gesta]] |volume=26 |issue= 1 |pages=3–9 |doi=10.2307/767073 |jstor=767073|s2cid=191950669 }} *{{Cite book |last=Hemer |first= Colin J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPspGyJSteUC |title=The Book of Acts in the Setting of Hellenistic History |publisher=Mohr |year=1989 |isbn=978-3-16-145451-6}} *{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first= Luke Timothy |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=eum1ijxbr6kC&pg=PA474 |title=The Gospel of Luke |publisher=Liturgical Press |year=1991 |isbn= 978-0-8146-5805-5 |series=Sacra Pagina}} *{{Cite book |title=San Luca evangelista testimone della fede che unisce. Atti del Congresso internazionale, Padova, 16–21 ottobre 2000 |date=2003 |publisher= Istituto per la storia ecclesiastica Padovana |editor-last=Marin |editor-first=V.T.W. |volume=I–III |location=Padua |editor-last2=Trolese |editor-first2=F.G.B |language=it}} Documenting an international congress in Padua in 2000 on the topic of Luke the evangelist, including his relics. *{{cite web |last=McCall |first= Thomas S. |date=March 1996 |title= Was Luke a Gentile? |url= https://www.levitt.com/essays/luke |access-date=19 October 2020 |website= Levitt Letter}} *{{Citation |last=McGrew |first= Timothy |title=Miracles |url= https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/miracles/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |year= 2019 |editor-first =Edward N. | editor-last = Zalta |edition=Spring}} *{{Cite book |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/patrologicursus11migngoog#page/n441/mode/2up | series =Patrologia Graeca |date=1901 |editor-last=Migne |editor-first=J.P. |location=Paris | title = Ecclesiasticae Historiae Nicephori Callisti | volume = II | chapter = XLIII}} (In Greek and Latin parallel) *{{Cite book |last=Milligan |first= George |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=x5lLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149 |title=The New Testament Documents: Their Origin and Early History |publisher=Wipf & Stock |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-59752-641-8 |orig-year=1913}} *{{Cite book |last=Mornin |first= Edward |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TDwbvgAACAAJ |title=Saints: A Visual Guide |publisher=Frances Lincoln |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7112-2606-7}} *{{Cite book |last=Nickle |first= Keith Fullerton |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5SSytjasmAgC&pg=PA43 |title=The Synoptic Gospels: An Introduction |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=2001 |isbn= 978-0-664-22349-6}} *{{Cite book |last=Powell |first= Mark Allan |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9jRu8_-GlKMC&pg=PA6 |title=What are They Saying about Luke? |publisher= Paulist Press |year=1989 |isbn= 978-0-8091-3111-2}} *{{Cite book |last=Ramsay |first=Sir William Mitchell |url= https://archive.org/details/cu31924029303760/page/n237/mode/2up |title=The Bearing of Recent Discovery on the Trustworthiness of the New Testament |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |year=1915 |author-link= William Mitchell Ramsay}} *{{Cite book |last=Sanders |first=E. P. |title=The Historical Figure of Jesus |url=https://archive.org/details/historicalfigure0000sand_v5c9 |date=1995 |publisher= Penguin}} *{{Cite book |last1=Senior |first1= Donald |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VrmW1eXBILgC&pg=PA328 |title= Invitation to the Gospels |last2= Achtemeier |first2=Paul J. |last3= Karris |first3=Robert J. |publisher= Paulist Press |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-8091-4072-5}} *{{Citation |title=New Outlook |date= 1935 |volume=165 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first= Alfred Emanuel |publisher=Outlook Pub. Co.}} *{{Cite book |last=Strelan |first= Rick |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AeTdi13weAoC&pg=PA102 |title=Luke the Priest: The Authority of the Author of the Third Gospel |publisher= Ashgate |year=2013 |isbn= 978-1-4094-7788-4}} *{{Cite book |last=von Harnack |first= Adolf |title=Luke the Physician: The Author of the Third Gospel |date=1907 |publisher= Williams & Norgate; [[G.P. Putnam's Sons]] |series=New Testament Studies | volume = I}} *{{Cite news |last=Wade |first = Nicholas |date=16 October 2001 |title= Body of St. Luke Gains Credibility |work=[[The New York Times]] |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/16/world/body-of-st-luke-gains-credibility.html}} *{{Cite book |last=Zuffi |first= Stefano |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tL3YeduAk8gC&pg=PA8 |title=Gospel Figures in Art |publisher=Getty Publications |year= 2003 |isbn= 978-0-89236-727-6 |chapter=The Evangelists and their symbols}} {{refend}} == Basoŵa onönöta == {{refbegin}} * [[I. Howard Marshall]]. ''Luke: Historian and Theologian''. Downers Grove, [[Illinois|IL]]: InterVarsity Press. * [[F. F. Bruce]], ''[http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/speeches_bruce.pdf The Speeches in the Acts of the Apostles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531103401/http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/speeches_bruce.pdf |date=31 May 2012 }}.'' London: The Tyndale Press, 1942. * Helmut Koester. ''Ancient Christian Gospels''. Harrisburg, [[Pennsylvania|PA]]: Trinity Press International, 1999. * Burton L. Mack. ''Who Wrote the New Testament?: The Making of the Christian Myth''. San Francisco, [[California|CA]]: HarperCollins, 1996. * J. Wenham, "The Identification of Luke", ''[[Evangelical Quarterly]]'' 63 (1991), 3–44 {{refend}} == Umbu == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=catholicsaints.info>{{cite web|url=http://catholicsaints.info/saint-luke-the-evangelist/|title=Saint Luke the Evangelist | work = Catholic saints |date=27 December 2008}}</ref> <ref name=catholicnewsagency.com>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/st-luke-the-evangelist-23|title=St. Luke The Evangelist|website=Catholic News Agency|access-date=16 October 2018|archive-date=16 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016203317/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/st-luke-the-evangelist-23|dead-url=yes}}</ref> <ref name=ugent.be>{{cite web|title= Evangelist Lucas|url= https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:E1FF1A70-D142-11E7-9D8C-0D306EE4309A#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-1680,0,5842,2450|access-date= 2 October 2020|publisher= Ghent University Library|archive-date= 8 October 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201008003123/https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:E1FF1A70-D142-11E7-9D8C-0D306EE4309A#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-1680,0,5842,2450|dead-url= yes}}</ref> <ref name=Tornielli>{{cite web|url= http://www.traces-cl.com/archive/2000/novembre/luca.htm|title=The Beloved Physician|last= Tornielli |first=Andrea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607075349/http://www.traces-cl.com/archive/2000/novembre/luca.htm|archive-date=7 June 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=Landau>{{cite web|title= Was Luke a Historian?|url= https://www.bibleodyssey.org/en/passages/related-articles/was-luke-a-historian|access-date= 15 July 2020|website= Bible odyssey|first= Brent|last= Landau|date= n.d.|archive-date= 15 July 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200715232043/https://www.bibleodyssey.org/en/passages/related-articles/was-luke-a-historian|dead-url= yes}}</ref> }} == Khai-khai baero == {{Commons category|Luke the Evangelist}} * [http://www.allaboutthejourney.org/saint-luke.htm Biblical Interpretation of Texts of Saint Luke] * [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/luke.html Early Christian Writings: ''Gospel of Luke'' e-texts, introductions] * [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/211540498v1?maxtoshow National Academy of Sciences on Luke the Evangelist] * [http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=76 Patron Saint Luke] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311192236/http://www.glaubenswege.ch/Evangelist_Lukas.html Photo of the grave of Luke in Padua (in German)] * [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A05E6D61E3FF935A25753C1A9679C8B63 DNA testing of the Saint Luke corpse] * [http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=76, Catholic Online] {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Luka]] [[Kategori:Sura Luka]] [[Kategori:Niha ni'amoni'ö]] [[Kategori:Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Turia Somuso Dödö]] [[Kategori:Sura Ni'amoni'ö]] [[Kategori:Nifahaö Yesu]] [[Kategori:Biografi]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] [[Kategori:Sura amilita]] f23ekuj29jntdp1kbwoqf05pr17f6nf 28331 28330 2026-09-23T15:19:26Z Slaia 39 28331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox santo |honorific_prefix = [[Santo]] |name = Luka Sanura Injil |image = Berkas:St Luke.JPG |caption = Gambara Luka Sanura Injil ba zandrela gereja paroki SS Mary and Lambert, Stonham Aspal, Suffolk, Inggris |birth_date = Ba gotalua ndröfi 1 ba 16 |birth_place = [[Antiokia]], [[Suriah]] (provinsi Roma me luo da'ö), Kerajaan Romawi<br />(iada'a Antakya, Provinsi Hatay, Turki) |death_place = Thebes, [[Yunani]], Boeotia, Achaea (provinsi Roma), Kerajaan Romawi<br />(iada'a Thebes, [[Yunani]]) |death_date = Ba gotalua ndröfi 84 ba 100 (molo'ö tradisi 84 fakhe) |feast_day = 18 Oktober |venerated_in = Fefu gereja niha Keriso samosumange niha ni'amoni'ö (santo/santa), agama Druze<ref name= "S. Swayd 2009 109">{{cite book|title= The A to Z of the Druzes| first=Samy |last=S. Swayd|year= 2009 | isbn= 978-0-81086836-6| page =109 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote= They also cover the lives and teachings of some biblical personages, such as Job, Jethro, Jesus, John, Luke, and others}}</ref> |titles = Nifahaö, Sanura Injil, Martir |beatified_date = |beatified_place = |beatified_by = |canonized_date = |attributes = Sanura Injil, doto, buku faoma fena, ni'o'awöni öröbao so'afi, sogambaraini ''ikon'' Maria ina Yesu, ngawalö fakake ba wamazökhi gambara |patronage = Seniman, ono matua, doto, doto operasi, sohalöŵö ba danö, sonekhe fahuhuo, btn.<ref name=catholicsaints.info /> |major_shrine = Padua, Italia |major_works = Turia Somuso Dödö nisura Luka, Halöŵö Zinenge |issues = }} '''Luka''' ([[li Latin]] ''Lucas''; [[li Yunani]] Λουκᾶς; [[li Ibrani]] לוקאס; [[li Aramaia]] ܠܘܩܐ/לוקא) ma asese göi lakaoni khönia '''Santo Luka''' no samösa ba gotalua zi daöfa zanura injil kanonik,<ref>Injil kanonik ya'ia da'ö injil si so bakha ba mbuku Gamabu'ulali Sibohou. Baero da'ö so göi mato ha'uga injil nisura niha bö'ö si lö itema Gereja tobali injil nifotöi injil apokrif.</ref> molo'ö tradisi. Laböbögö khönia wanura [[Sura Luka|injil Luka]] ba [[Halöŵö Zinenge]] ira tua Gereja<ref>Lafotöi tua Gereja (li Indonesia ''bapak Gereja'') ya'ira sanura ngawalö buku ba sura sanandrösa ba wamati niha Keriso ba ngaotu ndröfia si sara irugi si lima (?). Si to'ölönia ya'ira andre no ere teologi ba ölö göi ere filosofia.</ref>. Lafaduhu'ö gö da'a ira tokoh si tedou moroi ba mböröta niha Keriso simane Heronimus awö Eusebius, ba hiza lö boto si tola mugogohe si tola la'oguna'ö ira ere Zura Ni'amoni'ö, he sekular ba he göi religius, sanguma'ö wa sanura injil Luka andrö no Luka samösa. Latötöi Luka mato ha'uga kali ba adogo-dogo buku Gamabu'ulali Sibohou awö sura nifotöi Sura khö ndra niha ba Kolose<ref>{{SN|Kol|4|14}}</ref> ba laŵa'ö wa doto ia (li Yunani ''fysikos'', niha samadöhö fökhö); molo'ö fangi'ila Luka andre no samösa doto ba no göi samösa nifahaö khö Waulo. I'otarai mböröta ndra niha Keriso no laŵaö wa niha ni'amoni'ö Luka (li Latin ''santo''). Faduhu dödö niha wa samösa ''martir'' ia (eluahania mate labunu ia börö wamatinia), lataŵi mbaginia ba döla ''zaitun'', heŵa'ae so zi lö faduhu tödö wa simanö zalua khönia.{{efn|name=martyred?}} Lafolakhömi ia tobali ''Santo Luka sanura Injil'' ira [[Gereja Katolik]] ba gereja segebua tanöbö'ö ba baero da'ö tobali ia solumö'ö (li Indonesia ''pelindung'') ndra seniman, doto, iraono matua, doto sangoperasi, mahasiswa ba ira samöfölö urifö. La'owasaini wanörötödö khönia ero 18 Oktober.<ref name= catholicnewsagency.com /><ref>{{cite web|title=The Calendar|url= https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|access-date=27 March 2021|website=The Church of England}}</ref> == Fa'aurinia == [[Berkas:Evangelist Lucas.jpg|thumb|Gambara Luka Sanura Injil nifagamöi Crispijn van de Passe de Oude.<ref name=ugent.be />]] Faduhu dödö ato gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö wa Luka andre no samösa doto sauri ba wöfö [[Yunani]] kota [[Antiokia]] ba danö [[Suriah]] föna (provinsi [[Roma]]),{{efn|name=Hackett}} ba wa tumbu ia ba sambua ngambatö [[Yunani]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2023 |title=St. Luke |url=https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=76 |url-status=live |access-date=August 10, 2023 |website=Catholic Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2023 |title=BIOGRAPHY OF ST. LUKE |url=https://stlukes-parish.org/biography-of-st-luke |url-status=live |access-date=August 10, 2023 |website=BIOGRAPHY OF ST. LUKE |publisher=St. Luke the Evangelist Parish |archive-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811064542/https://stlukes-parish.org/biography-of-st-luke |dead-url=yes }}</ref> heŵa'ae so ösa gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö ba teolog sanguma'ö wa Luka no samösa niha [[Yahudi]] Yunani.{{sfn|Harris|1980|pp=266–68}}{{sfn|Strelan|2013|pp=102–10}} Ölö ato zanema'ö wa teologi injil Luka ba sura Halöŵö Zinenge te'aekhugö khö ndra niha Keriso si tenga Yahudi, so sa'atö zanguma'ö wa abölö atöla ba dödö wa lasura injil Luka ba sura Halöŵö Zinenge soguna khö sambua komunitas si so bakha niha Yahudi ba niha bö'ö, börö me hulö ifa'ösö sibai wangombakha böröta misi khö ndra niha si tenga Yahudi bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö (faigi wangoguna'ö Yes 49:6 ba injil Luka awö sura Halöŵö Zinenge).{{sfn|Koet|1989|pp=157–58}}{{sfn|Koet|2006|pp= 4–5}} Moroi ba sambua test DNA (nihalö moroi ba mboto Luka molo'ö tradisi) te'oroma'ö wa Luka andre no samösa niha [[Suriah]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vernesi |first1=Cristiano |last2=Di Benedetto |first2=Giulietta |last3=Caramelli |first3=David |last4=Secchieri |first4=Erica |last5=Simoni |first5=Lucia |last6=Katti |first6=Emile |last7=Malaspina |first7=Patrizia |last8=Novelletto |first8=Andrea |last9=Marin |first9=Vito Terribile Wiel |last10=Barbujani |first10=Guido |date=6 November 2001 |title=Genetic characterization of the body attributed to the evangelist Luke |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=98 |issue=23 |pages=13460–13463 |doi=10.1073/pnas.211540498 |issn=0027-8424 |pmid=11606723|pmc=60893 |bibcode=2001PNAS...9813460V |doi-access=free }}</ref> Gofu haniha Luka andre, niha Yahudi ma zui tenga, ma zui amarukhatara, oroma moroi ba kualitas li Yunani injil Luka ba Halöŵö Zinenge wa sindruhu niha salaŵa famahaö ia ba gotalua fefu zanura ngawalö mbuku bakha ba Gamabu'ulali Sibohou. Moroi ba wangoguna'önia amaedola moroi ba teks klasik Yunani föna simane Homer, Aesop, Epimenides, Euripides, Plato ba Aratus oroma wa i'ila oi zura Yunani andrö. Eluahania si lötolalö'ö no fao ia ba wamahaö molo'ö kurikulum Yunani, ni'oguna'ö ba danö si fasui nasi Mediterania ngaotu fakhe aefa ginötö Luka.<ref>{{cite book|first=Steve |last=Reece |title=The Formal Education of the Author of Luke-Acts |publication-place=London |publisher=T&T Clark |date=2022 |pages=29–50 |isbn=978-0-567-70588-4}}</ref> Sura si föföna sibai manötöi Luka ya'ia Sura Waulo khö Filemo 1:24.<ref>{{SN|Fil|1|24}}</ref> Latötöi göi ia bakha ba {{SN|Kol|4|14}} ba ba {{SN|TimII|4|11}}. Ya'ira si darua andre, Filemo ba Timoteo, no nifahaö Waulo.{{sfn|Milligan|2006|p=149}}{{sfn|Mornin|2006|p=74}}{{sfn|Aherne|1910}}{{sfn|Smith|1935|p=792}}{{sfn|von Harnack|1907|p=5}} Aefa da'ö latötöi ia bakha ba zura Anti-Marcionite<ref>Anti-Marconite no tölu wehede famasao khö zi tölu injil Mataio, Mareko ba Luka ba tefa'anö a.t. ngaotu ndröfia si dua.</ref> ni'oguna'ö tobali famasao injil Luka, sambua zura nifa'anö ba ngaotu ndröfia si dua. Iŵaö Epifanius moroi ba Salamis wa Luka no samösa ba gotalua ndra nifahaö si 70 (''Panarion'' 51.11) ba ifasinga Yohane Krisostomus wa "talifusö" niŵaö Waulo bakha ba {{SN|KorII|8|18}} no Luka ma zui Baranaba (''Homily 18 on Second Corinthians'' sanandrösa ba Korindro II 8:18). Na tatema wa sindruhu Luka zanura injil Luka ba sura Halöŵö Zinenge, ba tola ta'ila haniha ia moroi ba detil bakha ba zura andrö. Lö isura wa i'ila hörönia samösa halöŵö Yesu, ba hiza asese i'oguna'ö wehede "ya'aga" me itutunö misi Waulo bakha ba Halöŵö Zinenge, eluahania no fao ia ba i'ila hörönia samösa zalua andrö.{{sfn|Bartlet|1911}} Moroi ba komposisi zura injil Luka ba Halöŵö Zinenge awö wa'oya ngawua wehede ni'oguna'ö, oroma wa sanura ya'ia no niha si no mamahaö. Oroma sibai da'a bakha ba sambua wehede niŵaö bakha ba zura Waulo khö niha Kolose sanandrösa ba "wamoto", si tobali samabalö Luka moroi ba zanura ngawalö zura bö'ö bakha ba Gamabu'ulali Sibohou. {{blockquote|¹⁰I'owai ami Arisaro, awögu nikuru andrö, ba Mareko, talifusö MBaranaba andrö. ¹¹I'owai ami göi Yesu andrö sotöi Yuso. Ha da'ö nawögu niha niboto, sohalöŵö ba mbanua Lowalangi; no tobali fondrara dödögu ira. … ¹⁴I'owai ami Luka, doto andrö, ni'omasi'ö, ba Dema.|source={{SN|Kol|4|10|11}}.}} Börö komentar andre lafurugö ira komentator wa Luka andrö no tenga niha Yahudi. Na sindruhu da'a, eluahania ha Luka zi tenga niha Yahudi moroi ba gotalua ndra sanura ngawalö mbuku bakha ba Gamabu'ulali Sibohou. Ba hiza tenga ha da'a zi tola tobali furu-furu. Heŵa'ae laŵaö niha wa Luka andrö no samösa niha Keriso si tenga niha Yahudi, so göi gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö sanguma'ö wa ya'ia no samösa niha Yahudi si tobali niha Yunani.{{sfn|Harris|1980|pp=266–68}}{{sfn|Strelan|2013|pp=102–10}}{{sfn|McCall|1996}} Eluahania tola niha Yahudi solo'ö sibai ritual Yahudi ba niha Yahudi si lö molo'ö sibai ritual andrö.{{sfn|Bartlet|1911}} Itutunö we'aso Luka awö Waulo ba Roma sura TimII 4:11 lö ara fatua lö mate Waulo: "Ha Luka nawögu". Ba gangahorita zura Halöŵö Zinenge, tesura ha'uga kali ba da'ö hulö na no fao ba i'ila samösa Luka zalua nisurania ba Roma, fao ba da'ö me isura {{SN|HalZin|28|16}}: "Ba no marugi Roma…" So ösa zanguma'ö wa no göi fao Luka wanura sura khö niha Heberaio.{{sfn |Fonck|1910}} Mate Luka me 84 ndröfinia ba Boeotia, molo'ö tradisi si föföna sibai ba ni'o'ö oya Gereja.{{sfn|Butler|1991|p=342}} Molo'ö Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos, samösa gere sejarah moroi ba Yunani Greek ngaotu ndröfia si-14 (ba tanöbö'önia), tesöndra lewatö Luka ba Thebes (Yunani), ba hiza gama-gama awö föfö gamatelania no lafawu'a ba ba [[Konstantinopel]] me ndröfi 357.{{sfn|Migne|1901|loc=cols 875–78}} == Sanura injil Luka ba Halöŵö Zinenge == Lö itötöi döi zanura ya'ia injil Luka.{{sfn|Sanders|1995|pp=63–64}}{{sfn|Ehrman|2000|p=43}}{{sfn|Senior|Achtemeier|Karris|2002|p=328}}{{sfn|Nickle|2001|p=43}} Tenga nisura zangila hörö halöŵö Yesu injil Luka, ba lö göi niŵaö injil Luka samösa wa sanura ya'ia no fao ba i'ila Yesu. Fabö'ö sibai da'a ba Halöŵö Zinenge i'otarai faza 16.{{sfn|Ehrman|2005|p=235}}{{sfn|Ehrman|2004|p=110}}{{sfn|Ehrman|2006|p=143}} Ba hiza labotokhi arakhagö fefu ira sangali injil Luka ba Halöŵö Zinenge ba li bö'ö wa tesura zi dombua buku andre aekhu khö Teofilo. Bakha ba teks si föföna sibai injil andre (Papyrus 75 = Papyrus Bodmer XIV-XV) nisura me döfi 200 teböbögö wanura ya'ia khö Luka. Simanö göi bakha ba zinura [[Ireneus]] moroi ba ndröfi 180 awö fragmen Muratorian, sambua teks ba li Latin nisura ngaotu ndröfia si-7, ni'ali moroi ba teks Yunani nisura me döfi 170.{{sfn|Brown|1997|p=267}} Itaria lafotöi injil Luka ba Halöŵö Zinenge ira ere Zura Ni'amoni'ö Luk–HalZin, sambua halöŵö ni'odombua buku. Luk-HalZin no 27.5% nösi ba Gamabu'ulali Sibohou, eluahania kontribusi fondrege ebua zi samösa zanura.{{sfn|Boring|2012|p=556}} [[Berkas:De heilige Lucas schildert de Madonna - Maarten van Heemskerck-1532.JPG|thumb|''Igambaraini Maria Ono Alawe Si Lö Mamalö Luka'', nigambaraini Maarten van Heemskerck, 1532]] == Luka sanura buku "sejarah" == Ato gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö sanguma'ö wa bua halöŵö Luka (Luka-HalZin) tefalua bakha ba tradisi nifotöi historiografi Yunani.{{sfn|Grant|1963|loc=Ch. 10}} Bakha ba Luk 1:1–4, nilau hulö investigasi historis, i'ombakha'ö Luka khö zombaso wa sinurania andre tefaböbö ba ngafu sejarah.{{sfn|Bauckham|2017|p=117}} Lö ha sara dödö niha sanandrösa ba hewisa wama'oli sinura Luka. So gere sejarah sanguma'ö wa nisura Luka andrö fondrege sindruhu (li Indonesia ''akurat''),{{sfn|Ramsay|1915|p=222}}{{sfn|Blaiklock|1970|p=96}} ba so ösa zi lö fao tödö ba da'ö.{{sfn|Powell|1989|p=6}}{{sfn|McGrew|2019}}{{sfn|Flew|1966|p=}}{{sfn|Bradley|1874|p=44}}{{efn|name=McGrew's conclusion}} Börö wa sindruhu wanutunönia banua, kota, hulo, simanö göi wa sindruhu ngawalö döi resmi (li Indonesia ''gelar''), isura William Mitchell Ramsay, samösa gere arkeologi, wa "Luka no samösa ere sejarah bosi fondrege alaŵa; nisurania tenga ha sindruhu boto (li Indonesia ''fakta'') … si lötolalö'ö göi tefa'oli ia ba gotalua ndra ere sejarah fondrege zebua töi."{{sfn|Ramsay|1915|p=222}} Isura Edward Musgrave Blaiklock, samösa profesor bolo klasik ba Auckland University: "Börö me detil ba atmosfer nisurania sindruhu-ndruhu (li Indonesia ''akurat''), fagölö Luka khö Thucydides. Halöŵö Zinenge no tenga bua wanufa tödö ndra niha samati, bahiza no fanutunö hadia zalua si tola tafaduhusi tödö. … Sinura Luka andrö no hulö halöŵö arkeologis si föföna sibai mangoroma'ö sindruhu."{{sfn|Blaiklock|1970|p=96}} No idou'ö wangi'ila boto historis ba fa'asindruhu (li Indonesia ''akurasi'') zinura Luka Colin Hemer, samösa gere Gamabu'ulali Sibohou.{{sfn|Hemer|1989|pp=104–7}} Sanadrösa ba gaekhuta Halöŵö Zinenge, isura ere Gamabu'ulali Sibohou Luke Timothy Johnson wa "Ifili ba ifa'oli nisurania Luka ena'ö faudu ba gohitö dödönia ba wobela wamati, ba ba wamalua da'ö i'o'ö standar satua historiografi."{{sfn|Johnson|1991|p=474}} I'o'ö zöndra andre göi Richard Heard, sangila wa so zo'amböta historis börö dandrösa wanurania ba börö göi wa mo'amböta gumbu informasi khönia."{{sfn|Heard|1950|loc= Ch. 13: The Acts of the Apostles}} Ba ginötö modern andre, labago niha kompetensi Luka tobali sanura sejarah, molo'ö hewisa zöndra ''a priori'' niha zanandrösa ba ngawalö hadia ia si tebai labotokhi molo'ö ilmu (li Indonesia ''adikodrati'').{{sfn|Powell|1989|p=6}} I'otarai ginötö nifotöi fa'ateboka-hörö (li Indonesia ''pencerahan'', li Inggris ''enlightenment'') la'oguna'ö metode naturalisme ira ere sejarah,{{sfn|Ehrman|2000|p=229}}{{sfn|McGrew|2019}}{{sfn|Flew|1966|p=}}{{sfn|Bradley|1874|p=44}}{{efn|name= McGrew's conclusion}}{{efn|name= CraigEhrman2006}} ba khö ndra ere sejarah simane, no sambua tandraŵa na tobali umbu sejarah fefu lala wanutunö si tefaböbö ba ''adikodrati'' simane salua sahöli-höli dödö, mala'ika, afökha, btn. Iŵaö Mark Allan Powell wa "lö ta'ila na ohitö dödö Luka wanura sambua sejarah. Isura zinurania Luka ba wanuriagö, ba wamarou ba ba wame'e eluaha. Lö isura zinurania ba wondrorogö hadia zalua khö nga'ötö miföna. Na tabe'e ba dödöda zimane ba tobali ia hulö gosö-osö safuria nibökö ba hasi Luka tobali sanura sejarah."{{sfn|Powell|1989|p=6}} Iŵaö Robert M. Grant wa so ha'uga zi lö tola alua bakha ba zinura Luka, heŵa'ae omasi Luka tefaogö ia bakha ba tradisi historis, duma-dumania fa'oya niha sato samondrongo huhuo Wetero bakha ba {{SN|HalZin|4|4}}. Baero da'ö so göi zi lö faudu molo'ö angolita ginötö (li Indonesia ''kronologi'') duma-dumania me iŵaö Luka wa "itötöi Toida awö Yuda Gamalieli ba gangolifa ginötö si fasala, börö me sindruhunia maoso Toida töra fulu fakhe aefa muhede Gamalieli andrö (HalZin 5:36–37)",{{sfn|Grant|1963|loc=Ch. 10}} heŵa'ae so nasa wasöndrata zöndra sanandrösa ba gangolifa ginötö andre.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://biblehub.com/commentaries/acts/5-36.htm|title = Acts 5:36 Commentaries: "For some time ago Theudas rose up, claiming to be somebody, and a group of about four hundred men joined up with him. But he was killed, and all who followed him were dispersed and came to nothing}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.christian-thinktank.com/qtheudy.html |title=Good Question… |publisher=Christian thinktank | accessdate=8 March 2022}}</ref> Isura Brent Landau: {{blockquote|Hewisa tola tabaso sambua injil, si ndruhu ia ba zalua side-ide bahiza lö tola alua ia ba zalua segebua? Sambua lala wamotokhi da'a ya'ia wa faduhu dödö Luka wa fa'atumbu Yesu no fondrege fahöna khö zi sagörö ulidanö irege ifangai zalua andre faoma salua (nitufa tödö) samatörö ulidanö ma'asagörö nilau samatörö Roma, si no manguma'ö wa ya'ia andrö no "sangorifi" ba "ono Lowalangi" — bahiza ya'ia andrö tenga sa. Khö samösa zanura sejarah solo'ö lahe Thucydides, tola manö tetema'ö prosedur simanö.<ref name=Landau />}} == Luka samösa "seniman" == [[Berkas:Evangelist Luka pishustchiy ikonu.jpg|thumb|upright|Igambaraini gambara (''ikon'') Maria Ono Alawe Si Lö Mamalö-malö si föföna sibai]] Iŵaö tradisi niha Keriso i'otarai ngaotu ndröfia si-8 wa Luka andrö no sogambaraini ''ikon'' si föföna sibai. Laŵaö wa no igambaraini Maria ba Ononia, duma-dumania gambara Hodegetria si so ba [[Konstantinopel]] (no taya). I'otarai ngaotu ndröfia si-11 so mato ha'uga gambara moroi khönia nifolakhömi niha (li Indonesia ''dihargai''), fao ba da'ö ikon Madonna Saitö moroi ba Częstochowa, ikon Theotokos khö Vladimir ba ikon ''Madonna del Rosario''. Laŵaö wa no göi igambaraini Wetero ba Faulo ba wa no igambaraini sambua mbuku injil.{{sfn|Grigg|1987|pp=3–9}}{{efn|name=Bacci}} Fa'awösa Santo Luka si tesöndra ba oya kota ba Eropa ba ginötö ngahönö ndröfia, töra-töra Flanders ma "Accademia di San Luca" ba Roma — nifasindro ba oya kota ba Eropa götö ngaotu ndröfia si-16 — sangowuloi ba sobelegö ndra seniman samazökhi gambara. No to'ölö sibai tradisi sanguma'ö wa igambaraini ikon Maria ba Yesu Luka ba Gereja Ortodoks Timur. La'o'ö göi tradisi andre ira niha Keriso Santo Tomas ba India sanguma'ö wa ikon Theotokos si so khöra no ni'ohe Santo Tomas ba India.{{efn|name=Hosten}} Isura A.I. Uspensky wa ikon niŵaö nifazökhi Luka sanura injil no molo'ö amuata Byzantin ba awena to'ölö laŵaö ba ngaotu ndröfia si 5 irugi 6.<ref>[https://azbyka.ru/otechnik/Aleksandr_Uspenskij/o-hudozhestvennoj-dejatelnosti-evangelista-luki/ Александр Иванович Успенский. О художественной деятельности евангелиста Луки : I, II. Ев. Лука как иконописец. Ев. Лука как резчик : Реф., чит. 8 нояб. 1900 г. в заседании Церк.-археол. отд. при Общ. люб. духов. просвещения тов. пред. Отд. А.И. Успенским. - Москва : типо-лит. И. Ефимова, 1901. - 12 с.; 27.]</ref> == Tanda khönia ("simbol") == [[Berkas:Hermen Rode 001.jpg|thumb|upright|Gambara fa'awösa seni Santo Luka ba sambua [[altar]] nifosandrela nifazökhi Hermen Rode, Lübeck, Jerman (1484)]] Ba seni tradisional simane gambara ba nifotöi mosaik ba gereja-gereja, asese tegambaraini Santo Luka faoma öröbao, sasese so afi. Itaria na i ha simbol öröbao andrö, töra-töra na la'oroma'ö simbol ndra sanura injil si daöfa.{{sfn|Zuffi|2003|p=8}}{{sfn|Audsley|Audsley|1865|p=94}} == Fanörö-tödö khönia == La'owasaini wanörö-tödö khö Luka ba Gerja Ortodoks Timur,<ref>{{Cite web |title= Лука, Апостол |url= http://drevo-info.ru/articles/10326.html |access-date=16 July 2022 |website= Drevo-info |language=ru}}</ref> simane göi fanörö-tödö ndra nifahaö ba sanura injil bö'ö, faoma owasa si ha'uga hari wa'ara. Da'a tou ngaluo gowasa nifalua ero röfi: * 4 Januari: Sinaksis ndra Nifahaö si-70.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Synaxis of the Seventy Apostles |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2018/01/04/100017-synaxis-of-the-seventy-apostles |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104055229/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2018/01/04/100017-synaxis-of-the-seventy-apostles |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.oca.org}}</ref> * 22 April: Owasa Natanaeli nifahaö Yesu, Luka sanura injil, Klemens moroi ba Sardise ma Klemens moroi ba Roma ba Apelles moroi ba Heraklion (so gumbu ba li Yunani sanguma'ö wa Santo Luka no niha bö'ö moroi khö Luka sanura injil).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/22/101181-apostle-and-evangelist-luke-of-the-seventy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430135925/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/22/101181-apostle-and-evangelist-luke-of-the-seventy |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.oca.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Holy Apostles of the 70 Apelles, Luke (Loukios), and Clement |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/22/101182-holy-apostles-of-the-70-apelles-luke-loukios-and-clement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430135545/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/22/101182-holy-apostles-of-the-70-apelles-luke-loukios-and-clement |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.oca.org}}</ref> Lafalua göi gowasa andre ero 10 September. * 20 Juni: Famawu'a wöfö mboto ba okhöta Luka Nifahaö, Andrea Nifahaö ba Tomas Nifahaö, Eliseus Sama'ele'ö, Lazarus moroi ba Persia martir nisöndra döfi 960 ba ginötö razo Romanos I Lekapenos (919–44) moroi ba biara Santa Agusta lumalö ba Gereja ndra Nifahaö ba Konstantinopel ba ginötö razo konstantinus VII (a.t. 956–970) nidönia'ö Patriark Polyeuctus moroi ba Konstantinopel (956–70).<ref>{{Cite web |title=June 20, 2023. + Orthodox Calendar |url=https://orthochristian.com/calendar/20230620.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430140249/https://orthochristian.com/calendar/20230620.html |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=orthochristian.com}}</ref> * 10 September: Owasa ndra nifahaö si-70: Natanaeli nifahaö Yesu, Luka sanura injil, Klemens moroi ba Sardise ma Klemens moroi ba Roma ba Apelles moroi ba Heraklion. Owasa andre tefalua göi ero 22 April. * 18 Oktober: Owasa Luka Nifahaö ba Sanura Injil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apostle and Evangelist Luke |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2022/10/18/102993-apostle-and-evangelist-luke |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123193835/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2022/10/18/102993-apostle-and-evangelist-luke |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.oca.org}}</ref> Baero da'ö so gowasa bö'ö khö Luka, inötö lafalua ia ba zi lö fagölö ngaluonia ero röfi: * Sinaksis fefu ndra niha ni'amoni'ö moroi ba Akhaia, si to'ölönia ba luo migu fatua lö alua gowasa Santo Andrea (November 30).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanidopoulos |first=John |date=November 28, 2010 |title=Synaxis of the Achaean Saints |url=https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2010/11/synaxis-of-achaean-saints.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327193259/https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2010/11/synaxis-of-achaean-saints.html |archive-date=March 27, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Orthodox Christianity Then and Now}}</ref> * Sinaksis ndra niha ni'amoni'ö moroi ba Boeotia, ba luo Sabtu safuria ba mbaŵa si lima.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanidopoulos |first=John |date=May 27, 2017 |title=Synaxis of All Saints of Boeotia |url=https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2017/05/synaxis-of-all-saints-of-boeotia.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207144712/https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2017/05/synaxis-of-all-saints-of-boeotia.html |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Orthodox Christianity Then and Now}}</ref> == Akhökhöla mbotonia ("relik") == Ŵalu föfö mboto ba siŵa föfö högö, oi muzawili ba zi fabö'ö nahia, te'oroma'ö tobali föfö mboto Luka sanura injil.<ref>[[Ludovic Lalanne]]. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Curiositsdestra00lalagoog.pdf&page=138 Curiosités des traditions, des mœurs et des légendes, 1847. / р. 148]</ref><ref>[[Jacques Collin de Plancy|Jacques Albin Simon Collin de Plancy]]. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dictionnaire_critique_des_reliques_et_des_images_miraculeuses,_T2.pdf&page=141 Dictionnaire critique des reliques et des images miraculeuses, T. 2. 1827 / р. 131]</ref> I'öli oi wöfö mboto (li Indonesia ''relik'') andre George moroi ba Serbia]] moroi khö Sultan Murad II (30.000 hua gana'a). Me i'alani Bosnia razo Ottoman, i'amawa relik andrö ndronga razo Serbia khö Republik Venesia ba Italia.{{sfn|Fine|1975|p=331}} Me ndöfi 1992, i'andrö khö uskup Antonio Mattiazzo moroi ba Padua uskup agung Athena ba aefa da'ö uskup agung Yunani (Metropolitan Ieronymos) ena'ö ifangawuli oi ''relik'' Santo Luka sedöna mu'irö'ö ba nahia heza so lewatö Santo Luka, ba heza lafolakhömi ia irugi ma'ökhö. Börö wangandrö uskup andre, labörögö wamalua fangosili ilmiah ngawalö relik andrö ba Padua. This prompted a scientific investigation of the relics in [[Padua]] mangoguna'ö teknologi modern nifotöi ''carbon-14 dating''. Bua wangosili andrö: relik andrö moroi khö samösa niha moroi ba Suriah simate ba gotalua ndröfi 72 ba 416.{{sfn|Marin|Trolese|2003}}{{sfn|Craig|2001}} Aefa da'ö ifa'ohe'ö sara nosu Santo Luka uksup Padua khö Metropolitan Ieronymos ena'ö tola la'irö'ö ia ba lewatö Santo Luka ba Thebes.<ref name=Tornielli />{{sfn|Wade|2001}} Da'a oi nahia heza te'irö'ö relik Santo Luka: * Botonia, ba Biara Santa Giustina ba Padua, [[Italia]] * Högönia, ba Katedral Santo Vitus ba Prague, [[Ceko]] * Sara nosunia, ba lewatönia ba Thebes, [[Yunani]] {{blockquote|Ma'owuloi göi wöfö moroi ba [[Suriah]] ba ba [[Yunani]]. Me lafaedogö ngawalö wöfö mboto andre faoma wöfö moroi ba Anatolia nitötöi bakha ba ngawalö zura, matenaŵa zöndra sanguma'ö wa boto andre boto niha Yunani, bahiza boto niha Suriah ia. Heŵa'ae simanö arakhagö lö tola wa tohare niha andre moroi ba Turki iada'a, abölö tola wa tohare ia moroi ba Suriah. I'oroma'ö bua wangosili faoma DNA wa boto andrö moroi ba Suriah, ba fangalinia ba Konstantinopel.<ref name="Vernesi Benedetto Caramelli Secchieri 2001 p.">{{cite journal | last1=Vernesi | first1=Cristiano | last2=Benedetto | first2=Giulietta Di | last3= Caramelli | first3=David | last4= Secchieri | first4=Erica | last5= Simoni | first5=Lucia | last6=Katti | first6=Emile | last7=Malaspina | first7=Patrizia | last8=Novelletto | first8=Andrea | last9=Marin | first9= Vito Terribile Wiel | last10= Barbujani | first10=Guido | title=Genetic characterization of the body attributed to the evangelist Luke | journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume=98 | issue=23 | date= 6 November 2001 | pages= 13460–63 | pmid=11606723 | doi= 10.1073/pnas.211540498 | pmc= 60893 | bibcode=2001PNAS...9813460V | doi-access=free}}</ref>|Famöfö'ö mbua wangosili DNA wöfö mboto niŵaö niha boto Luka sanura injil}} == Galeri == <gallery widths="154px" heights="200px" perrow="4" caption="Luka Sanura Injil"> Luke_writing.jpg 142082810-612x612.jpg Luke_the_Evangelist.jpg Saint_luke.jpg Nuremberg_chronicles_f_108r_1.png Icon of the blessed Virgin Mary by Luke the Evangelist.jpg </gallery> == Faigi göi == * [[Mataio]] * [[Sura Mataio]] * [[Mareko]] * [[Sura Mareko]] * [[Luka]] * [[Sura Luka]] * [[Yohane]] * [[Injil Yohane]] * [[Sura Yohane]] == Famotokhi == {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=martyred?|{{harvnb|Aherne|1910}} notes that it is controversial whether he actually died a martyr's death}} {{efn|name=Hackett|Luke, was born in [[Antioch]], by profession was a physician.{{Harvnb|Hackett|1858|p=12}} He had become a disciple of the apostle Paul and later followed Paul until his [Paul's] martyrdom. He died at the age of 84 years.{{Harvnb|Hackett|1858|p=335}} }} {{efn|name=Bacci|The basic study on the legends concerning Saint Luke as a painter is {{harvnb|Bacci|1998}} }} {{efn|name=Hosten| Father '''H. Hosten''' in his book ''Antiquities'' notes the following "The picture at the mount is one of the oldest, and, therefore, one of the most venerable Christian paintings to be had in India. Other traditions hold that St. Luke painted two icons which currently are in Greece: the "Theotokos Mega Spileotissa" (Our Lady of the Great Cave, where supposedly Saint Luke lived for a period of time in asceticism) and the "Panagia Soumela", and "Panagia Kykkou" which are in Cyprus."}} {{efn|name=CraigEhrman2006|Historians can only establish what probably happened in the past, and by definition a miracle is the least probable occurrence. And so, by the very nature of the canons of historical research, we can't claim historically that a miracle probably happened. By definition, it probably didn't. And history can only establish what probably did.{{Harvnb|Craig|Ehrman|2006}} }} {{efn|name=McGrew's conclusion|McGrew's conclusion: historians work with [[methodological naturalism]], which precludes them from establishing miracles as objective historical facts;{{Harvnb |Flew| 1966|p= 146}} cf. {{Harvnb |Bradley |1874|p= 44}}.}} }} == Basoŵa == {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} *{{cite CE1913|wstitle=Gospel of Saint Luke|volume=9|last=Aherne|first= Cornelius}} *{{Cite book |last1=Audsley |first1= William |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GN5UAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA94 |title=Handbook of Christian Symbolism |last2= Audsley |first2= George Ashdown |publisher=Day & Son |year=1865 |chapter= VI. Symbols and emblems of the Evangelists and the Apostles}} * {{Cite book |last=Bacci |first= Michele |title=Il pennello dell'Evangelista. Storia delle immagini sacre attribuite a san Luca |date=1998 |publisher=Gisem-Ets |location=Pisa |language=it}} *{{cite EB1911|first=James Vernon |last=Bartlet|volume=17|wstitle= Luke}} *{{Cite book |last=Bauckham |first= Richard |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qYfMDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 |title= Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |year=2017 |isbn= 978-1-4674-4680-8}} *{{Cite book |last=Blaiklock |first= E. M. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YgSNvwEACAAJ |title=The Archaeology of the New Testament |publisher= Zondervan |year=1970}} * {{Cite book |last=Boring |first=M. Eugene |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=leFrgkyEtusC&pg=PA556 |title=An Introduction to the New Testament: History, Literature, Theology |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=2012 |isbn= 978-0-66425592-3}} *{{Cite book |last=Bradley |first= Francis Herbert |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zDdPAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA44 |title=The Presuppositions of Critical History |publisher=J. Parker |year=1874 |isbn= 978-0-598-72059-7}} *{{Cite book |last=Brown |first= Raymond Edward |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gk_uAAAAMAAJ |title=An Introduction to the New Testament |publisher= Doubleday |year=1997 |isbn= 978-0-385-24767-2 |author-link= Raymond E. Brown}} *{{Cite book |last=Butler |first= Alban |url= https://archive.org/details/butlerslivesofsa00butl/page/342 |title=Butler's Lives of the Saints |date=1991 |publisher=HarperColllins Publishers |isbn=978-0-06-069299-5 |editor-last=Walsh |editor-first= Michael |location=New York |author-link= Alban Butler}} *{{Cite news |last=Craig |first=Olga |date=21 October 2001 |title=DNA test pinpoints St Luke the apostle's remains to Padua |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1360095/DNA-test-pinpoints-St-Luke-the-apostles-remains-to-Padua.html |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1360095/DNA-test-pinpoints-St-Luke-the-apostles-remains-to-Padua.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status= live}}{{cbignore}} *{{Citation |last1=Craig |first1= William Lane |title=Is There Historical Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus? : A debate held at College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts |date=28 March 2006 |url= http://www.bringyou.to:80/apologetics/p96.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100810074856/http://www.bringyou.to:80/apologetics/p96.htm |access-date= 10 August 2010 |archive-date=10 August 2010 |last2= Ehrman |first2=Bart D.}} *{{Cite book |last=Ehrman |first= Bart D. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kF8RAQAAIAAJ |title=The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings |publisher=University Press |year= 2000 |isbn=978-0-19-512639-6 |location=Oxford |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman}} *{{Cite book |last=Ehrman |first= Bart D. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vbLK6kn5T-EC&pg=PA110 |title=Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code: A Historian Reveals What We Really Know about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Constantine |publisher= University Press |year=2004 |isbn= 978-0-19-534616-9 |location=Oxford |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman}} *{{Cite book |last=Ehrman |first = Bart D. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=URdACxKubDIC&pg=PA235 |title=Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew |publisher=University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-518249-1 |location=Oxford |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman}} *{{Cite book |last=Ehrman |first= Bart D. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oBuJMhJlTYwC&pg=PA143 |title=The Lost Gospel of Judas Iscariot: A New Look at Betrayer and Betrayed |publisher=University Press |year= 2006 |isbn=978-0-19-971104-8 |location=Oxford |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman}} *{{Cite book |last=Fine |first=John van Antwerp |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8sDYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA331 |title=The Bosnian Church: A New Interpretation : a Study of the Bosnian Church and Its Place in State and Society from the 13th to the 15th Centuries |publisher=East European quarterly |year=1975 |isbn= 978-0-914710-03-5}} *{{Cite book |last=Flew |first= Antony |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JcV9AAAAMAAJ |title=God & Philosophy |publisher=Hutchinson |year=1966 |location=London}} *{{cite CE1913|wstitle=Epistle to the Hebrews|first=Leopold |last= Fonck|volume=7}} *{{Cite book |last=Hackett |first= Horatio Balch |title=A Commentary on the Original Text of the Acts of the Apostles |url=https://archive.org/details/acommentaryonor00hackgoog |date=1858 |publisher=Gould and Lincoln; Sheldon, Blakeman & Co. |author-link= Horatio Balch Hackett}} *{{Cite book |last=Harris |first= Stephen L. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TGJKeHOmGhwC |title=Understanding the Bible: a reader's guide and reference |publisher=Mayfield |year= 1980 |isbn=978-0-87484-472-6}} *{{Cite book |last=Heard |first= Richard |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oQwXAAAAIAAJ |title=An Introduction to the New Testament |publisher=A. & C. Black |year=1950 |chapter= 13: The Acts of the Apostles |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100412184041/http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=531&C=557 |archive-date=12 April 2010 |chapter-url= http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=531&C=557}} *{{Cite book |last=Koet |first=Bart J. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=liFVAAAAYAAJ |title=Five Studies on Interpretation of Scripture in Luke-Acts |publisher=University Press |year=1989 |isbn= 978-90-6186-330-4 |location= Leuven}} *{{Cite book |last=Koet |first=Bart J. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=K9_QsLPsKYMC |title=Dreams and Scripture in Luke-Acts: Collected Essays |publisher=Peeters |year=2006 |isbn=978-90-429-1750-7}} *{{Cite book |last=Grant |first= Robert McQueen |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2VQJAQAAIAAJ |title=A Historical Introduction to the New Testament |publisher=Harper & Row |year=1963 |chapter= 10: The Gospel of Luke and the Book of Acts |isbn=9780006427063 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100621102923/http://religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1116&C=1230 |archive-date=21 June 2010 |chapter-url= http://religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1116&C=1230}} *{{Cite journal |last=Grigg |first= Robert |date=1987 |title=Byzantine Credulity as an Impediment to Antiquarianism |journal=[[Gesta (journal)|Gesta]] |volume=26 |issue= 1 |pages=3–9 |doi=10.2307/767073 |jstor=767073|s2cid=191950669 }} *{{Cite book |last=Hemer |first= Colin J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPspGyJSteUC |title=The Book of Acts in the Setting of Hellenistic History |publisher=Mohr |year=1989 |isbn=978-3-16-145451-6}} *{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first= Luke Timothy |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=eum1ijxbr6kC&pg=PA474 |title=The Gospel of Luke |publisher=Liturgical Press |year=1991 |isbn= 978-0-8146-5805-5 |series=Sacra Pagina}} *{{Cite book |title=San Luca evangelista testimone della fede che unisce. Atti del Congresso internazionale, Padova, 16–21 ottobre 2000 |date=2003 |publisher= Istituto per la storia ecclesiastica Padovana |editor-last=Marin |editor-first=V.T.W. |volume=I–III |location=Padua |editor-last2=Trolese |editor-first2=F.G.B |language=it}} Documenting an international congress in Padua in 2000 on the topic of Luke the evangelist, including his relics. *{{cite web |last=McCall |first= Thomas S. |date=March 1996 |title= Was Luke a Gentile? |url= https://www.levitt.com/essays/luke |access-date=19 October 2020 |website= Levitt Letter}} *{{Citation |last=McGrew |first= Timothy |title=Miracles |url= https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/miracles/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |year= 2019 |editor-first =Edward N. | editor-last = Zalta |edition=Spring}} *{{Cite book |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/patrologicursus11migngoog#page/n441/mode/2up | series =Patrologia Graeca |date=1901 |editor-last=Migne |editor-first=J.P. |location=Paris | title = Ecclesiasticae Historiae Nicephori Callisti | volume = II | chapter = XLIII}} (In Greek and Latin parallel) *{{Cite book |last=Milligan |first= George |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=x5lLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149 |title=The New Testament Documents: Their Origin and Early History |publisher=Wipf & Stock |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-59752-641-8 |orig-year=1913}} *{{Cite book |last=Mornin |first= Edward |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TDwbvgAACAAJ |title=Saints: A Visual Guide |publisher=Frances Lincoln |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7112-2606-7}} *{{Cite book |last=Nickle |first= Keith Fullerton |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5SSytjasmAgC&pg=PA43 |title=The Synoptic Gospels: An Introduction |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=2001 |isbn= 978-0-664-22349-6}} *{{Cite book |last=Powell |first= Mark Allan |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9jRu8_-GlKMC&pg=PA6 |title=What are They Saying about Luke? |publisher= Paulist Press |year=1989 |isbn= 978-0-8091-3111-2}} *{{Cite book |last=Ramsay |first=Sir William Mitchell |url= https://archive.org/details/cu31924029303760/page/n237/mode/2up |title=The Bearing of Recent Discovery on the Trustworthiness of the New Testament |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |year=1915 |author-link= William Mitchell Ramsay}} *{{Cite book |last=Sanders |first=E. P. |title=The Historical Figure of Jesus |url=https://archive.org/details/historicalfigure0000sand_v5c9 |date=1995 |publisher= Penguin}} *{{Cite book |last1=Senior |first1= Donald |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VrmW1eXBILgC&pg=PA328 |title= Invitation to the Gospels |last2= Achtemeier |first2=Paul J. |last3= Karris |first3=Robert J. |publisher= Paulist Press |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-8091-4072-5}} *{{Citation |title=New Outlook |date= 1935 |volume=165 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first= Alfred Emanuel |publisher=Outlook Pub. Co.}} *{{Cite book |last=Strelan |first= Rick |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AeTdi13weAoC&pg=PA102 |title=Luke the Priest: The Authority of the Author of the Third Gospel |publisher= Ashgate |year=2013 |isbn= 978-1-4094-7788-4}} *{{Cite book |last=von Harnack |first= Adolf |title=Luke the Physician: The Author of the Third Gospel |date=1907 |publisher= Williams & Norgate; [[G.P. Putnam's Sons]] |series=New Testament Studies | volume = I}} *{{Cite news |last=Wade |first = Nicholas |date=16 October 2001 |title= Body of St. Luke Gains Credibility |work=[[The New York Times]] |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/16/world/body-of-st-luke-gains-credibility.html}} *{{Cite book |last=Zuffi |first= Stefano |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tL3YeduAk8gC&pg=PA8 |title=Gospel Figures in Art |publisher=Getty Publications |year= 2003 |isbn= 978-0-89236-727-6 |chapter=The Evangelists and their symbols}} {{refend}} == Basoŵa onönöta == {{refbegin}} * [[I. Howard Marshall]]. ''Luke: Historian and Theologian''. Downers Grove, [[Illinois|IL]]: InterVarsity Press. * [[F. F. Bruce]], ''[http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/speeches_bruce.pdf The Speeches in the Acts of the Apostles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531103401/http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/speeches_bruce.pdf |date=31 May 2012 }}.'' London: The Tyndale Press, 1942. * Helmut Koester. ''Ancient Christian Gospels''. Harrisburg, [[Pennsylvania|PA]]: Trinity Press International, 1999. * Burton L. Mack. ''Who Wrote the New Testament?: The Making of the Christian Myth''. San Francisco, [[California|CA]]: HarperCollins, 1996. * J. Wenham, "The Identification of Luke", ''[[Evangelical Quarterly]]'' 63 (1991), 3–44 {{refend}} == Khai-khai baero == {{Commons category|Luke the Evangelist}} * [http://www.allaboutthejourney.org/saint-luke.htm Biblical Interpretation of Texts of Saint Luke] * [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/luke.html Early Christian Writings: ''Gospel of Luke'' e-texts, introductions] * [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/211540498v1?maxtoshow National Academy of Sciences on Luke the Evangelist] * [http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=76 Patron Saint Luke] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311192236/http://www.glaubenswege.ch/Evangelist_Lukas.html Photo of the grave of Luke in Padua (in German)] * [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A05E6D61E3FF935A25753C1A9679C8B63 DNA testing of the Saint Luke corpse] * [http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=76, Catholic Online] == Umbu == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=catholicsaints.info>{{cite web|url=http://catholicsaints.info/saint-luke-the-evangelist/|title=Saint Luke the Evangelist | work = Catholic saints |date=27 December 2008}}</ref> <ref name=catholicnewsagency.com>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/st-luke-the-evangelist-23|title=St. Luke The Evangelist|website=Catholic News Agency|access-date=16 October 2018|archive-date=16 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016203317/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/st-luke-the-evangelist-23|dead-url=yes}}</ref> <ref name=ugent.be>{{cite web|title= Evangelist Lucas|url= https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:E1FF1A70-D142-11E7-9D8C-0D306EE4309A#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-1680,0,5842,2450|access-date= 2 October 2020|publisher= Ghent University Library|archive-date= 8 October 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201008003123/https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:E1FF1A70-D142-11E7-9D8C-0D306EE4309A#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-1680,0,5842,2450|dead-url= yes}}</ref> <ref name=Tornielli>{{cite web|url= http://www.traces-cl.com/archive/2000/novembre/luca.htm|title=The Beloved Physician|last= Tornielli |first=Andrea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607075349/http://www.traces-cl.com/archive/2000/novembre/luca.htm|archive-date=7 June 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=Landau>{{cite web|title= Was Luke a Historian?|url= https://www.bibleodyssey.org/en/passages/related-articles/was-luke-a-historian|access-date= 15 July 2020|website= Bible odyssey|first= Brent|last= Landau|date= n.d.|archive-date= 15 July 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200715232043/https://www.bibleodyssey.org/en/passages/related-articles/was-luke-a-historian|dead-url= yes}}</ref> }} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Luka]] [[Kategori:Sura Luka]] [[Kategori:Niha ni'amoni'ö]] [[Kategori:Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Turia Somuso Dödö]] [[Kategori:Sura Ni'amoni'ö]] [[Kategori:Nifahaö Yesu]] [[Kategori:Biografi]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] [[Kategori:Sura amilita]] tvqpl3npb54juwtsqkjrrfp2r575rg9 0 4125 28332 28317 2026-09-23T15:20:41Z Slaia 39 mangatulö'ö gumbu 28332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox santo |honorific_prefix = [[Santo]] |name = Yohane Sama'anö Injil |birth_date = ba gotalua a.t döfi 6-9 |death_date = a.t. 100<ref name=Theophylact>{{Citation|author=Saint [[Sophronius of Jerusalem]]|orig-year=c. 600|year=2007|title=The Explanation of the Holy Gospel According to John|chapter=The Life of the Evangelist John|publisher=Chrysostom Press|publication-place=[[House Springs, Missouri]], United States|isbn=978-1-889814-09-4|pages=2–3}}</ref> |feast_day = 27 Desember (Niha Keriso Barat); 8 Mei ba 26 September (Gereja Ortodoks Timur) |venerated_in = [[Gereja Katolik]]<br>[[Gereja Katolik Timur]]<br>[[Gereja Ortodoks Timur]]<br>Fa'awösa [[Gereja Anglikan]]<br>[[Gereja Lutheran]] |image = Berkas:Saint John in the stained glass of the church of St Mary and St Lambert (Stonham Aspal, Suffolk - 12-02-2009).jpg |imagesize = |caption = Gambara Yohane Sanura Injil ba zandrela gereja paroki SS Mary and Lambert, Stonham Aspal, Suffolk, Inggris |titles = Sanura Injil, Nifahaö, Teologo |attributes = Moyo, Mako (Piala), Gölu-Gölu Zura |patronage = |major_works = Turia Somuso Dödö nisura Yohane<br>Sura Yohane<br>Fama'ele'ö }} '''Yohane''' ([[li Yunani]] Ἰωάννης; [[li Aramaia]] ܝܘܚܢܢ; [[li Ge'ez]] ዮሐንስ; [[li Arab]] يوحنا الإنجيلي; [[li Latin]] Ioannes; [[li Ibrani]] יוחנן; [[li Koptik]] ⲓⲱⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ ma ⲓⲱ̅ⲁ) ma '''Yohane Sanura Injil''' ba asese göi latötöi ia '''Santo Yohane''' no samösa niha sanura sura Yohane molo'ö ndra tua Gereja meföna ([[tradisi]]). Bakha ba tradisi laŵaö niha Keriso wa Yohane andrö no fagölö ira Yohane nifahaö Yesu, Yohane moroi ba Patmos ba Yohane Satua Niha Samati,<ref name="Harris" /> heŵa'ae no latenaŵa da'a arakhagö fefu gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö modern.<ref name="Ehrman" /> == Haniha ia == [[Berkas:Johannes (evangelist).jpg|jmpl|274x274px|Gambara niraka Yohane Sama'anö Injil. Te'irö'ö ia ba Ghent University Library.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Evangelist Johannes|url=https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:E3E2CDAA-D142-11E7-9D8C-0D306EE4309A#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-1300,-136,5055,2713|access-date=2 October 2020|website=lib.ugent.be}}</ref>]] I'ombakha'ö khöda Injil Yohane wa so samösa "nifahaö ni'omasi'ö Yesu" si lö mutötöi töi, si no "mamaduhu'ö ba manura" turia injil.<ref name = "TM1998 2">Theissen, Gerd and Annette Merz. The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide. Fortress Press. 1998. translated from German (1996 edition). Chapter 2. Christian sources about Jesus.</ref> Hulö na sanura injil andre, i'odödögö wamini'ö haniha sibai döi zanura ya'ia. Na tafaedogö zi tölu injil ''sinoptik''<ref>Lafotöi sinoptik zi tölu injil Mataio, Mareko ba Luka, börö oya nösinia si fakhili-khili, irege na lafasinga ira fefu (li Indonesia ''sinopsis'') tola oroma wa no fagölö ma fakhili nösinia.</ref> ba na ta'angeragö wa töi zanura ya'ia Fetero awö na tatörö tödö wa Yakobo no tobali ''martir''<ref>''Martir'' no töi sasese la'oguna'ö bakha ba tradisi gereja, me i'otarai mböröta lö aetu so niha Keriso nibunu börö wamatira khö Keriso. Itutunö Halöŵö Zinenge hewisa me tobali martir Stefanus.</ref> me ndröfi 44,<ref>HalZin 12:2</ref> arakhagö gofu heza faduhu dödö niha wa sanura andrö no Yohane nifahaö Yesu (heŵa'ae so zanguma'ö wa ha ibe'e hulö ya'ia zanura).<ref name = "TM1998">Theissen, Gerd and Annette Merz. The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide. Fortress Press. 1998. translated from German (1996 edition)</ref> Iŵaö tradisi niha Keriso wa Yohane Sanura Injil andrö no Yohane nifahaö Yesu samösa. Baero Wetero ba Yakobo, Yohane no samösa moroi ba gotalua zi datölu börö zanuhe gereja ba Yerusalema aefa wa'amate Yesu.<ref name="Harris John">[[Stephen L Harris|Harris, Stephen L.]], ''Understanding the Bible''. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. "John" p. 302-310</ref> No samösa ia moroi ba gotalua nifahaö si felendrua. Molo'ö tradisi ya'ia nifahaö fondrege awuyu ndröfi ba safuria mate moroi ba gotaluara fefu. Laŵaö wa alaŵa sibai ndröfinia ba mate ia me irugi inötö khönia ba Nefeso aefa ndröfi 98, götö wamatörö kaisaro Traian. Börö da'ö moroi ba gotalua ndra nifahaö, ha Yohane zi lö mate tobali ''martir''. Laŵaö wa a.t. döfi 95 latibo'ö ia ba hulo Patmos, heza isura Zura [[Fama'ele'ö|Wama'ele'ö]]. Ba hiza so ösa zanguma'ö wa sanura Sura Wama'ele'ö no samösa niha bö'ö sotöi Yohane Satua Niha Samati ma zui niha bö'ö si lö ta'ila töi.<ref>{{cite book |title=In Encyclopaedia Britannica, Britannica concise encyclopedia |date=2017 |publisher=Britannica Digital Learning |location=Chicago IL}}</ref> Iforege Bauckham wanguma'ö wa khö ndra niha Keriso si föföna no fagölö ira Yohane Sanura Injil andrö ba Yohane Satua Niha Samati.<ref name="Bauckham2007">Bauckham, Richard (2007)) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QQzjDM_L7-oC The Testimony of the Beloved Disciple]''.</ref> == Sanura ngawalö zura Yohane == No fabago zöndra ndra ere Zura Ni'amoni'ö i'otarai ngaotu ndröfia si-2 ba zanadrösa ba haniha zanura oi ngawalö zura Yohane (Injil Yohane, tölu zura Yohane ba sura Wama'ele'ö).<ref>F. L. Cross, ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'', (New York: [[Oxford University Press]], 1997), 45</ref> Tuho nifadönira ya'ia haniha zanura oi sura andrö ba hezo zura nisura Yohane ni'ilada. Iböbögö tradisi Ortodoks Timur zanura fefu zura Yohane khö Yohane nifahaö Yesu.<ref name=Harris>Stephen L Harris, ''Understanding the Bible,'' (Palo Alto: Mayfield, 1985), 355</ref> Ba ngaotu ndröfia si-6 iŵaö ''Decretum Gelasianum'' wa sanura [[Sura Yohane II]] ba [[Sura Yohane III]] no samösa niha bö'ö sotöi "Yohane, samösa ere" (faigi göi Yohane Satua Niha Samati).<ref>Since the 18th century, the Decretum Gelasianum has been associated with the [[Council of Rome]] (382), although historians dispute the connection.</ref> Ira ere sejarah simane H.P.V. Nunn,<ref>{{cite book|last=Nunn|first=Rev Henry Preston Vaughan (H.P.V.)|title=The Fourth Gospel: An Outline of the Problem and Evidence|url=https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/article_4thgospel_nunn.html|date= 1 January 1946|publisher=London The Tyndale Press|asin=B002NRY6G2|pages=10–13, 14–18, 19, 21–35, 37–39}}</ref> ba ere sejarah si tenga niha Keriso simane Reza Aslan,<ref>{{cite book|last=Aslan|first=Reza |title=ZEALOT: The Life and Times of Jesus of Nazareth|url=https://archive.org/details/zealotlifetimeso00reza|date= 16 July 2013|publisher=Random House; Illustrated Edition, NY Times Press|isbn=978-2523470201|page=XX}}</ref> ba Bart Ehrman,<ref>{{cite book|last=Ehrman|first=Bart|title=Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the Millenium|url=http://www.bartdehrman.com/jesus-apocalyptic-prophet-of-the-new-millennium/|date=May 2001|publisher=Oxford University Press Press|isbn=978-0195124743|pages=41–44, 90–93|access-date=2023-08-20|archive-date=2021-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204045247/https://www.bartdehrman.com/jesus-apocalyptic-prophet-of-the-new-millennium/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> lö latema wa Yohane nifahaö Yesu zanura oi zura Yohane, lö na'i sambua ba gotalua zura andrö. Faduhu dödö arakhagö fefu gere zura Ni'amoni'ö modern wa lö sambua zura Yohane nisura Yohane nifahaö Yesu.,<ref name="Fourth Gospel 1985 p. 355">"Although ancient traditions attributed to the Apostle John the Fourth Gospel, the Book of Revelation, and the three Epistles of John, modern scholars believe that he wrote none of them." [[Stephen L Harris|Harris, Stephen L.]], ''Understanding the Bible'' (Palo Alto: Mayfield, 1985) p. 355</ref><ref name="Kelly2012">{{cite book|last=Kelly|first=Joseph F.|title=History and Heresy: How Historical Forces Can Create Doctrinal Conflicts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=923-w0Knq-AC&pg=PA115|date=1 October 2012|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-5999-1|page=115}}</ref> heŵa'ae so ösa ira simane J.A.T. Robinson, F.F. Bruce, Leon Morris ba Martin Hengel,<ref>{{cite book |last=Hengel |first=Martin |title=Four Gospels and the One Gospel of Jesus Christ, 1st edition |url=https://archive.org/details/fourgospelsonego0000heng |page=[https://archive.org/details/fourgospelsonego0000heng/page/40 40] |isbn=978-1-56338-300-7 |publisher=Trinity Press International |year=2000}}</ref> sanguma'ö wa silö'ö-lö'önia sambua ba gotalua zura Yohane, töra-töra Injil Yohane, no nisura Yohane nifahaö Yesu.<ref name="Morris1995">Morris, Leon (1995) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=II-33dS9esAC&q=Continental+scholars&pg=PA4 The Gospel According to John]'' Volume 4 of The new international commentary on the New Testament, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-8028-2504-9}}, pp. 4–5, 24, 35–7. "Continental scholars have&nbsp;... abandoned the idea that this gospel was written by the apostle John, whereas in Great Britain and America scholarship has been much more open to the idea." Abandonment is due to changing opinion rather "than to any new evidence." "Werner, Colson, and I have been joined, among others, by I. Howard Marshall and J.A.T. Robinson in seeing the evidence as pointing to John the son of Zebedee as the author of this Gospel." The view that John's history is substandard "is becoming increasingly hard to sustain. Many recent writers have shown that there is good reason for regarding this or that story in John as authentic.&nbsp;... It is difficult to&nbsp;... regard John as having little concern for history. The fact is John is concerned with historical information.&nbsp;... John apparently records this kind of information because he believes it to be accurate.&nbsp;... He has some reliable information and has recorded it carefully.&nbsp;... The evidence is that where he can be tested John proves to be remarkably accurate." *Bruce 1981 pp. 52–4, 58. "The evidence&nbsp;... favor[s] the apostolicity of the gospel.&nbsp;... John knew the other gospels and&nbsp;... supplements them.&nbsp;... The synoptic narrative becomes more intelligible if we follow John." John's style is different so Jesus' "abiding truth might be presented to men and women who were quite unfamiliar with the original setting.&nbsp;... He does not yield to any temptation to restate Christianity.&nbsp;... It is the story of events that happened in history.&nbsp;... John does not divorce the story from its Palestinian context." *Dodd p. 444. "Revelation is distinctly, and nowhere more clearly than in the Fourth Gospel, a historical revelation. It follows that it is important for the evangelist that what he narrates happened." *Temple, William. "Readings in St. John's Gospel". MacMillan and Co, 1952. "The synoptists give us something more like the perfect photograph; St. John gives us the more perfect portrait". *Edwards, R. A. "The Gospel According to St. John" 1954, p 9. One reason he accepts John's authorship is because "the alternative solutions seem far too complicated to be possible in a world where living men met and talked". *Hunter, A. M. "Interpreting the New Testament" P 86. "After all the conjectures have been heard, the likeliest view is that which identifies the Beloved Disciple with the Apostle John.</ref><ref name="Strobel, Lee 1998">Dr. [[Craig Blomberg]], cited in Lee Strobel ''The Case for Christ'', 1998, Chapter 2. *Marshall, Howard. "The Illustrated Bible Dictionary", ed J. D. Douglas et al. Leicester 1980. II, p 804 *Robinson, J. A. T. "The Priority of John" P 122 *Cf. Marsh, "John seems to have believed that theology was not something which could be used to read a meaning into events but rather something that was to be discovered in them. His story is what it is because his theology is what it is; but his theology is what it is because the story happened so" (p&nbsp;580–581).</ref> Tola manö wa injil Yohane ba si tölu zura Yohane no nisura samösa niha.<ref name=Harris/> Bahiza so ösa ere Zura Ni'amoni'ö sanguma'ö wa sanura zura Yohane fabö'ö moroi ba zanura injil Yohane, heŵa'ae fefu ia te'a'asogö moroi ba sambua komunitas.<ref>Ehrman, pp.&nbsp;178–9.</ref> Molo'ö tradisi injil Yohane ba sura Yohane tohare moroi ba Nefeso, a.t. 90-100, heŵa'ae so gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö sanguma'ö wa moroi ba Suriah oi zura andrö.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Raymond E. |author-link=Raymond E. Brown |title=Introduction to the New Testament |year=1997 |publisher=Anchor Bible |page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontone00brow_0/page/334 334] |location=New York |isbn=0-385-24767-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontone00brow_0/page/334 }}</ref> Na manandrösa ba zura Wama'ele'ö, fao dödö arakhagö fefu gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö wa sanura ya'ia no niha bö'ö, ya'ia da'ö Yohane moroi ba Patmos, a.t. döfi 95, ba so ösa wöfö zura andrö soroi ba ndröfia 60 ba ginötö kaisaro [[Nero]].<ref name=Harris/><ref name=Ehrman>{{Cite book|last=Ehrman |first=Bart D.|author-link=Bart D. Ehrman |title=The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford |location=New York |isbn=0-19-515462-2 |page=468 }}</ref> == Luo wangowasaini ya'ia == Luo wanörö-tödö khö Santo Yohane bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]], fa'awösa [[Gereja Anglikan|Anglikan]] ba ba [[Gereja Lutheran]], te'owasaini ero 27 Desember, ngaluo si tölu ba ginötö Natal.<ref name="Dame2006">{{cite book|last=Frandsen|first=Mary E. |title=Crossing Confessional Boundaries : The Patronage of Italian Sacred Music in Seventeenth-Century Dresden|url=https://archive.org/details/crossingconfessi00fran_0|url-access=registration|date=4 April 2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en |isbn=9780195346367|page=[https://archive.org/details/crossingconfessi00fran_0/page/161 161]|quote=On the Feast of St. John the Evangelist (the third day of Christmas) in 1665, for example, peranda presented two concertos in the morning service, his ''O Jesu mi dulcissime'' and ''Verbum caro factum est'', and presented his ''Jesus dulcis'', ''Jesu pie'' and ''Atendite fideles'' at Vespers.}}</ref> Bakha ba kalender Trentine (ni'oguna'ö i'otarai me ifakhoi ia Paus Pius V ba ndröfi 1568) tetohugö wangowasaini ya'ia irugi 3 Januari (samigu wa'ara ma latötöi ia bakha ba liturgi Latin ''Octave''). Ibatogö wamalua Octave andre Paus Pius XII ba ndröfi 1955.<ref>General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII</ref> Afusi no la'a-la'a liturgi wanörö-tödö Santo Yohane bakha ba tradisi. La'owasaini göi luo andre ira nifotöi fa'awösa Freemasons i'otarai ngahönö ndröfia si-18, ba ngaluo da'ö göi tefa'olo Presiden ba ya'ira nifotöi Grand Masters si bohou ndra freemasons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.masonrytoday.com/index.php?new_month=12&new_day=27&new_year=2015|title=Today in Masonic History - Feast of St. John the Evangelist|website=www.masonrytoday.com|access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref> == Yohane bakha ba ngawalö gambara == Bakha ba tradisi to'ölö la'oroma'ö Yohane ba zi dua ngawalö: ma samösa niha satua si so gambi safusi, ma zui samösa nono matua si lö gambi.<ref name=HallJerousek>Umbu: *James Hall, ''Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art,'' (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), 129, 174-75. *Carolyn S. Jerousek, "Christ and St. John the Evangelist as a Model of Medieval Mysticism," ''Cleveland Studies in the History of Art,'' Vol. 6 (2001), 16. </ref><ref name=BritannicaOnline>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |title=Saint John the Apostle |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-John-the-Apostle |access-date=4 August 2017 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=Chicago, Illinois}}</ref> Bakha ba seni [[Bizantin]] to'ölö la'oroma'ö ia si hulö niha satua andrö, te nihalö moroi ba lala wogambaraini [[Sokrates]].<ref> Jadranka Prolović, "Socrates and St. John the Apostle: the interchangеable similarity of their portraits" ''Zograf,'' vol. 35 (2011), 9: "It is difficult to locate when and where this iconography of John originated and what the prototype was, yet it is clearly visible that this iconography of John contains all of the main characteristics of well-known antique images of Socrates. This fact leads to the conclusion that Byzantine artists used depictions of Socrates as a model for the portrait of John."</ref> Bakha ba seni Eropa Barat to'ölö lagambaraini ia si hulö ono matua, ba no so gambara simane ba Roma si'otarai ngaotu ndröfia si-4.<ref name="BritannicaOnline" /> Ba gambara, adu ba ba zura nifazökhi ba ginötö nifotöi ''Abad Pertengahan'', asese la'oroma'ö Santo Yohane simane onomatua soroma hulö ira'alawe (li Indonesia ''feminin'') (li Inggris ''androgynous'').<ref>*James Hall, ''Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art,'' (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), 129, 174-75. *[[Jeffrey F. Hamburger]], ''St. John the Divine: The Deified Evangelist in Medieval Art and Theology.'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), xxi-xxii; ibidem, 159-160. *Carolyn S. Jerousek, "Christ and St. John the Evangelist as a Model of Medieval Mysticism," ''Cleveland Studies in the History of Art,'' Vol. 6 (2001), 16. *Annette Volfing, ''John the Evangelist and Medieval Writing: Imitating the Inimitable.'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 139. </ref> Laböbögö lala wangoroma'ö simanö ira ere sejarah ba niha sedöna tobali samaigi gambara andrö dania.<ref>*[[Jeffrey F. Hamburger]], ''St. John the Divine: The Deified Evangelist in Medieval Art and Theology.'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), xxi-xxii. *Carolyn S. Jerousek, "Christ and St. John the Evangelist as a Model of Medieval Mysticism" ''Cleveland Studies in the History of Art,'' Vol. 6 (2001), 20. *Sarah McNamer, ''Affective Meditation and the Invention of Medieval Compassion'', (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010), 142-148. *Annette Volfing, ''John the Evangelist and Medieval Writing: Imitating the Inimitable.'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 139. </ref> Duma-dumania gambara sangoroma'ö ya'ia hulö ira'alawe tefazökhi ena'ö abölö ahatö ia ba ndra alawe samaigi gambara andrö.<ref> * Carolyn S. Jerousek, "Christ and St. John the Evangelist as a Model of Medieval Mysticism" ''Cleveland Studies in the History of Art,'' Vol. 6 (2001), 20. * Annette Volfing, ''John the Evangelist and Medieval Writing: Imitating the Inimitable.'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 139. </ref> Ba zimanö, iŵaö Sarah McNamer wa börö status ''androgynous'' Yohane andre, tola tobali ia salahi ''gender'' nomoro tölu, ya'ia da'ö ba gotaluara ndra alawe ba ba ndra matua<ref> Sarah McNamer, ''Affective Meditation and the Invention of Medieval Compassion'', (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010), 142. </ref> ba heza tola la'ila ira samösa niha samati iramatua<ref> Sarah McNamer, ''Affective Meditation and the Invention of Medieval Compassion'', (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010), 145. </ref> somasi molo'ö gamuata wa'alowalangi sangofönai'ö worasoi tödö (li Indonesia ''affective piety''), solo'ö lala wanou'ö fa'auri khö Zokhö (li Inggris ''devotion'') sangofönai'ö wa'alulu dödö (li Indonesia ''emosi''), soya la'o'ö niha ba ginötö ''Abad Pertengahan'', ba si lö faudu ba wa'aonomatua (li Indonesia ''maskulinitas'').<ref> Sarah McNamer, ''Affective Meditation and the Invention of Medieval Compassion'', (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010), 142-148.</ref> Nidunö-dunö (li Indonesia ''legenda'') nisura bakha ba zura "Halöŵö Yohanes" no tobali umbu ngawalö gambara nifazökhi ba "Abad Pertengahan". Moroi khönia tumbu zöndra wa tobali nifahaö Yohane me awuyu-wuyu ia nasa.<ref name="BritannicaOnline" /> Sambua gambara sasese te'oroma'ö fao khö Yohane ya'ia da'ö mako (li Indonesia ''piala''), asese göi oroma möi baero gulö moroi ba mako andrö.<ref name="Hall1979">James Hall, "John the Evangelist," ''Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art,'' rev. ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1979)</ref> Molo'ö sambua nidunö-dunö bakha ba "Halöŵö Yohane",<ref>J.K. Elliot (ed.), ''A Collection of Apocryphal Christian Literature in an English Translation Based on M.R. James'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993/2005), 343-345.</ref> samuza ma'ökhö tetandraigö Yohane wamadu moroi ba mako si no labe bakha langu ba wangoroma'ö wa'abölö wamatinia, ba börö wanolo Zo'aya lö manga khönia langu andrö.<ref name="Hall1979" /><ref>J K Elliott, "Graphic Versions: Did non-biblical stories about Jesus and the saints originate more in art than text?", ''Times Literary Supplement'', 14 December 2018, pp. 15-16, referring to the El Greco painting.</ref> Tola göi lafakhai mako andrö ba Wemanga Safuria ma zui ba wehede Keriso khö Yohane ba Yakobo: "Mibadu sa nösi mako andrö khögu dania."<ref>''Bible'' {{Bibleverse||Matthew|20:23}}</ref><ref name="CathEnc">Fonck, L. (1910). [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08492a.htm St. John the Evangelist]. In ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'' (New York: Robert Appleton Company). Retrieved 14 August 2017 from New Advent.</ref> Molo'ö ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (1910), faduhu dödö niha sangila wa simbol andre awena tebörögö ba ngaotu ndröfia si-13.<ref name="CathEnc" /> So nasa sambua tö nidunö-dunö sanguma'ö wa no irai larino Yohane bakha ba wanikha ba ba zahöli-höli dödö lö tekiko ia.<ref>J K Elliott, "Graphic Versions: Did non-biblical stories about Jesus and the saints originate more in art than text?", ''Times Literary Supplement'', 14 December 2018, pp. 15-16, referring to a thirteenth-century manuscript in Cambridge known as the Trinity College Apocalypse.</ref> Gambara tanöbö'ö sasese mangoroma'ö Yohane ya'ia buku ma gölu-gölu zura, si tobali tandra ngawalö zinurania.<ref name="Hall1979" /> Lagambaraini göi Yohane Sanura Injil faoma moyo, sara ba gotalua ngawalö gomböila nifa'ele'ö khö Hezekieli (1:10) ba si so göi bakha ba mbuku Wama'ele'ö (4:7).<ref name="CathEnc" /> <gallery widths="154px" heights="200px" perrow="4" caption="Yohane Sanura Injil"> Joan_de_Joanes_-_St_John_the_Evangelist_-_WGA12061.jpg|Santo Yohane Sanura Injil nifazökhi Vicente Juan Masip (1507–1579) Zampieri St John Evangelist.jpg|Santo Yohane Sanura Injil nifazökhi Domenichino (1621–29) 1490 Gleismüller Johannes auf Patmos anagoria.JPG|Santo Yohane Sanura Injil nifazökhi ba hulo Patmos, 1490 Piero di Cosimo (Piero di Lorenzo) - St. John the Evangelist, c. 1500.jpg|Santo Yohane Sanura Injil nifazökhi Piero di Cosimo (1504–6), Honolulu Museum of Art El Greco, The Vision of Saint John (1608-1614).jpg |Fama'ele'ö khö Santo Yohane nifazökhi El Greco (1608–1614) Simone Cantarini - São João Batista em Meditação.jpg|Mangandrö Santo Yohane Sanura Injil nifazökhi Simone Cantarini (1612–1648), Bologna, Italia Sts-john-and-bartholomew-with-donor-dosso-dossi.jpg|Santo Yohane ba Bartolomeus nifazökhi Dosso Dossi Enniscorthy St. Aidan's Cathedral East Aisle Second Window Evangelist John Detail 2009 09 28.jpg|Sandrela Gereja Katedral St. Aidan, Irlandia Cano - San Juan.jpg|''Santo Yohane ba Mako si so langu'' nifazökhi Alonzo Cano (1635–1637), Spanyol GRM Inv. J-3182.jpg|''Santo Yohane ba moyo'' nifazökhi Vladimir Borovikovsky ba Gereja Katedral Kazan, Saint Petersburg, Rusia KellsFol291vPortJohn.jpg|Sambua potret moroi ba mbuku Book of Kells, a.t. döfi 800 El Greco 034.jpg|''Santo Yohane ba mako'' nifazökhi El Greco St-johns-seminary-st-john.jpg|Adu ''Yohane Sanura Injil'' ba mbagolö Seminari Santo Yohane (Massachusetts), Boston De Grey Hours f.26.v St. John the Evangelist.png|Santo Yohane Sanura Injil bakha ba sambua zura moroi ngaotu ndröfi si-14 San Juan Evangelista, por Francisco Pacheco.jpg|''Santo Yohane Sanura Injil'' nifazökhi Francisco Pacheco (1608), Museo del Prado Prochorus and St John Miniature, 1224.jpg|Prokorus ba Santo Yohane bakha ba injil Xoranasat 1224 (sura moroi ba Armenia) </gallery> == Faigi göi == * [[Mataio]] * [[Sura Mataio]] * [[Mareko]] * [[Sura Mareko]] * [[Luka]] * [[Sura Luka]] * [[Yohane]] * [[Injil Yohane]] * [[Sura Yohane]] == Khai-khai baero == {{Commons category|Saint John the Evangelist}} * [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/305163/Saint-John-the-Apostle "Saint John the Apostle." ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.] * [http://www.answers.com/topic/john-saint Answers.com] * [http://www.christianiconography.info/john.html St. John the Evangelist] at the [http://www.christianiconography.info Christian Iconography] web site * Caxton's translations of the ''[[Golden Legend]]''{{'}}s two chapters on St. John: [http://www.christianiconography.info/goldenLegend/john.htm Of St. John the Evangelist] and [http://www.christianiconography.info/goldenLegend/johnPortLatin.htm The History of St. John Port Latin] == Umbu == {{Reflist|30em}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Yohane]] [[Kategori:Injil Yohane]] [[Kategori:Sura Yohane]] [[Kategori:Niha ni'amoni'ö]] [[Kategori:Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Turia Somuso Dödö]] [[Kategori:Sura Ni'amoni'ö]] [[Kategori:Nifahaö Yesu]] [[Kategori:Biografi]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] [[Kategori:Sura amilita]] aty6wklslixj06r62rgsm9ne1jhoxo2 0 4187 28372 27666 2026-09-23T15:33:04Z Slaia 39 added [[Category:Sura amilita]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28372 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Tabernakel in het koor van de Onze-Lieve-Vrouw van Fatimakerk (Gijmel).jpg|mini|Tabernakel si so bakha ba gereja ba Aarschot-Gijmel ([[Belgia]])]] '''Tabernakel''' (li Latin ''tabernaculum'' eluahania ose-ose) no sambua nahia ba wangirö'ö [[Sakramen Fondrege Ni'amoni'ö]], ya'ia da'ö roti ba agu si no mufahowu'ö tobali boto awö do [[Keriso]], si tosai ero wangowasaini [[misa]] ma [[ekaristi]].<ref>{{cite book |first=William Warde |last=Fowler |author-link=William Warde Fowler |title=The Religious Experience of the Roman People |url=https://archive.org/details/religiousexperie0000fowl_q3a3 |location=London |date=1922 |page=[https://archive.org/details/religiousexperie0000fowl_q3a3/page/209 209]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Scheid |author-link=John Scheid |title=An Introduction to Roman Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoro00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Indiana University Press |date=2003|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoro00sche/page/113 113–114]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Linderski |first=Jerzy|title=The Augural Law |work=Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt |volume=II |number=16 |date=1986 |pages=2164–2288}}</ref> Börö me faduhu dödö ndra Niha Keriso wa sindruhu boto awö do Keriso ia, andrö la'irö'ö ba la'amoni'ö ia. Lalau da'a bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]], [[Gereja Anglikan]], [[Gereja Ortodoks Timur]] awö ba [[Gereja Lutheran]]. To'ölö wa la'amoni'ö nahia si so tabernakel ba tobali ia nahia wangandrö. Ba fa'awösa Mormon ba simanö göi ba fa'awösa solo'ö khö Calvin, lafotöi tabernakel sambua gosali ma nahia ni'oguna'öra ba wangandrö. [[Berkas:Stiftshuette Modell Timnapark.jpg|jmpl|Tabernakel nifasindro ba Timna Valley Park, [[Israel]]. Simane oroma nose-ose nifotöi tabernakel andrö nifawu'a-wu'a ndraono Gizeraeli götö wanöröra tanösimate.]] Fehede tabernakel tehalö moroi ba li Ibrani ''mischkan'' (משכן) eluahania ose-ose (li Indonesia ''kemah'', ''tenda''). Ifazökhi tabernakel andre [[Moze]] ba [[hili Sinai]] aefa itema [[fulu goroisa]].<ref>Faigi MozeII 25–31 ba 35–40</ref> Bakha ba tabernakel andre la'irö'ö gara wanura heza tesura [[fulu goroisa]] andrö. I'otarai da'ö lö aetu awu'a tabernakel andre fao awö ndraono [[Izeraeli|Gizeraeli]] ba wanöröra tanösimate irege larugi danö amabu'ula ba danö [[Kana'ana]]. Me 440 fakhe aefa da'ö, lafawu'a gara wanura fulu goroisa moroi ba nose-ose nifawu'a-wu'a lumalö ba Gosali Sebua ba [[Yerusalem]], si tobali omo Lowalangi sindruhu. == Umbu == <references /> [[Kategori:Agama]] [[Kategori:Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Gereja Katolik]] [[Kategori:Liturgi]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] [[Kategori:Sura amilita]] 3bpmpo104v19oyor9g9g9k6q43sriri 0 4240 28369 27317 2026-09-23T15:32:15Z Slaia 39 added [[Category:Sura amilita]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28369 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kabel''' ma asese göi latötöi ia meföna '''kaŵe''' no töi zinali nifazökhi moroi ba [[tambagö]] (li Indonesia "tembaga") ma zui moroi ba galasi, ni'oguna'ö ba wamatörö [[data]] [[elektronik]]<ref name="Communication">{{en}} Grant, August E & Meadows, Jennifer H. (eds.) (2008). ''Communication Technology Update and Fundamental,'' Eleventh Edition. Boston: Focal Press</ref> ma zui ba wamatörö hou [[listrik]], irege tola lafa'ohe'ö [[data]] andrö moroi ba zi sambua nahia lumalö ba nahia bö'ö. Oya ta'ila kabel nifazökhi moroi ba tambagö, me da'ö zi oföna la'oguna'ö niha, bahiza iada'a itugu oya lafasa kabel nifazökhi moroi ba galasi nifotöi [[kabel serat optik]], me abölö alio ba abölö oya [[data]] [[elektronik]] si tola ifatörö (faigi gambara tou). Oya te'oguna'ö ngawalö kabel andre. Tola tobali ia kabel [[listrik]] (samatörö hou [[listrik]] ba nomo-omo misa), kabel [[TV]], kabel [[komputer]] (samatörö hou [[data]] [[elektronik]] sasese latötöi göi kabel ethernet ma RJ-45) ma zui tobali kabel [[telepon]]. == Oroita wehede == Tohare wehede kabel ba danö Indonesia moroi ba [[li Belanda]] "kabel",<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kabel - betekenis en definitie {{!}} Nederlands Woordenboek|url=https://www.woordenboeken.nu/betekenis?q=kabel&dict=nl|website=www.woordenboeken.nu|language=nl|access-date=2021-09-23}}</ref> niwawalö ndra niha Belanda moroi ba [[li Latin]] "capulum"<ref>{{Cite web|title=CAPULUM, Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis, Du Cange et al.|url=http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/CAPULUM|website=ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr|language=la|access-date=2021-09-23|archive-date=2022-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617021712/http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/CAPULUM|dead-url=yes}}</ref>, eluahania tali ma sinali. == Galeri == <gallery> Berkas:RG-59.jpg|Kabel koaksial/sepaksi: fombugö ba fombalu (A-C), tambagö samatörö data elektronik (D) Berkas:Optical breakout cable.jpg|Kabel serat optik: oroma oya khönia kabel moroi ba galasi Berkas:Leitungsende Abisoliert en.svg|Kabel listrik si so tölu kabel tambagö bakha </gallery> == Faigi göi == * [[Elektronik]] * [[Komputer]] * [[Wi-Fi]] {{Umbu}} <references /> [[Kategori:Elektronik]] [[Kategori:Komputer]] [[Kategori:Teknologi]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] [[Kategori:Sura amilita]] iqcta3hcd6fyiqissi9jkj9d4z0l03o 0 4314 28366 25496 2026-09-23T15:31:08Z Slaia 39 added [[Category:Sura amilita]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28366 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Última Cena - Juan de Juanes.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Asese lagambaraini Wangowasaini Ekaristi bakha ba ''seni'' Niha Keriso.<ref>''Gospel Figures in Art'' by Stefano Zuffi 2003 {{ISBN|978-0892367276}} nga'örö 252</ref> Duma-dumania bakha ba gambara andre nigambaraini Vicente Juan Masip (ngaotu ndröfia si-16) molo'ö gambara ''Femangan Safuria'' nigambaraini Leonardo da Vinci]] '''Fangowasaini Ekaristi''' (ma asese göi latötöi ia '''Misa''') no töi sambua halöŵö fangandrö ba fanunö bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]], heza mufondrondrongo [[Taromali|Daromali Lowalangi]] ba mufa'ema roti ba agu si no tobali boto ba do [[Keriso]] samösa. Ba [[Gereja Protestan]] asese göi latötöi da'a [[Femanga Gö Ni'amoni'ö]]. Fehede ''ekaristi'' tehalö moroi ba li Yunani εὐχαριστία (''eucharistia''), eluahania fangandrö saohagölö, sasese la'oguna'ö bakha ba zura [[Amabu'ulali Sibohou|Gamabu'ulali Sibohou]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/greek/2169.htm |title=Strong's Greek: 2169. εὐχαριστία (eucharistia) – thankfulness, giving of thanks |publisher=Biblehub.com |access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref> Töi andre tetohugö te'oguna'ö irugi ma'ökhö bakha ba [[Gereja Anglikan]], [[Gereja Ortodoks]] ba mendrua manö bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]] ba ba mato ha'uga [[Gereja Protestan]]. Hada wangowasaini Ekaristi andre tebörögö mufalua ba ginötö ndra nifahaö [[Yesu]] samösa. Ba zi bongi fatua lö laforöfa ia, i'owuloi ndra nifahaönia ba wemanga safuria Yesu. Bakha ba wemanga safuria andrö ifahowu'ö roti ba agu tobali boto ba donia, ba i'oroi'ö khö ndra nihafahaönia ena'ö latohugö wangowasaini simane ba wanörötödö khönia. Tesura da'a si föföna sibai bakha ba zura [[Faulo|Waulo]] khö [[Niha Keriso]] ba mbanua Korindro ({{SN|KorI|11|23|25}}) ba aefa da'ö bakha ba [[Injil]] [[Mareko]] ({{SN|Mar|14|22|25}}), [[Mataio]] ({{SN|Mat|26|26|29}}) awö [[Luka]] ({{SN|Luk|22|13|20}}) me imane, <blockquote>Me manga ira ba zi bongi, ihalö roti Yesu, i'andrö saohagölö,<ref>Ba nahia wehede ''i'andrö saohagölö'' andre tesura bakha ba teks asli ba li Yunani ''εὐχαριστήσας''</ref> iboboto roti ba ibe'e khö ndra nifahaönia imane, "Mitema ba mi'a; botogu da'e nibe'e soguna khömi." Aefa da'ö ihalö mako, i'andrö saohagölö, ibe'e khö ndra nifahaönia imane, "Mitema ba mibadu; dogu da'e, do gamabu'ula li sibohou, niduwagö soguna khömi. Mifalua zimane ba wanörötödö ya'o."<ref>Fehede andre no mufaudugö (li Indonesia ''disarikan'') molo'ö teks si no oi fabö'ö-bö'ö wama'oli ya'ia bakha ba Korindro I, Mareko, Mataio ba Luka.</ref></blockquote> Aefa da'ö itutunö [[Luka]] bakha ba zura [[Halöŵö Zinenge]] wa lö aetu owulo ndra solohi khö [[Yesu]] ero luo Migu ba "wamoboto roti ba ba wangandrö" ({{SN|HalZin|2|42}}; {{SN|HalZin|20|7|hafaza=1}}). I'otarai da'ö irugi ma'ökhö lö aetu owulo ndra [[Niha Keriso]] ba wangowasaini Ekaristi. == Töi Ekaristi == Simane si no tesura yaŵa tehalö wehede andre moroi ba [[Sura Ni'amoni'ö|Zura Ni'amoni'ö]] me ihalö wangandrö saohagölö [[Yesu]]. Baero döi andre la'oguna'ö göi niha Katolik ba zi sagörö ulidanö döi '''Misa''' (li Inggris ''mass'', li Jerman ''Messe''). Fehede andrö tehalö moroi ba li Latin ''missa'', niŵa'ö gere ba gangahorita wangowasaini Ekaristi me imane ''ite missa est'', eluahania ambö töra: Lau, no awai wangowasaini Ekaristi. Mi'ofanö ba mifolakhömi Lowalangi ba wa'aurimi. == Faosatö Gowasa Ekaristi == === Famobörö === * Sinunö * Fangowai * Fehede Famasao * Famalalini era-era * [[Litani]] * Sinunö Fanuno (ha ba luo Migu ma Owasa sebua) === Liturgi Taromali === * Fombaso I * Sinunö Fanemali * Fombaso II * Sinunö Föna Injil * Fombaso Injil * [[Homilia]] * Tuho Wamati * Fangandrö Niha Samati === Liturgi Ekaristi === * Fama'anö buala * Sinunö buala * Fangandrö Saohagölö Sebua ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|Doa Syukur Agung}}'') ** Prefasi ** Anamnese ** Doksologi * [[Komuni]] ** Fangandrö Zo'aya (He Ama Khöma) ** Ono Mbiri-biri ** Fanema [[Komuni]] ** Sinunö [[Komuni]] ** Fangandrö [[Komuni]] === Fangasiwai === * Angombakhata * Famahowu'ö * Sinunö Fangasiwai == Umbu == <references /> [[Kategori:Yesu]] [[Kategori:Agama]] [[Kategori:Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Gereja Katolik]] [[Kategori:Amabu'ulali Sibohou]] [[Kategori:Teologi]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] [[Kategori:Sura amilita]] o2u5za6bmb39xtu1bjp85hobc7x1eyp 0 4316 28373 27300 2026-09-23T15:33:20Z Slaia 39 added [[Category:Sura amilita]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28373 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Papyrus 66 (GA).jpg|jmpl|Buku Gamabu'ulali Sibohou nisura ba li Yunani ba garate nifotöi papirus]] '''Turia Somusodödö''' (li Indonesia {{li|id|''Injil''}}) no töi ni'oguna'ö ndra [[Niha Keriso]] tobali töi nidunö-dunö sanandrösa khö [[Yesu]] [[Keriso]], si no tobali turia somuso-dödö ba niha samati khönia. Fehede "turia somuso dödö" andre no eluaha ba li Niha wehede {{li|grc-x-koine|εὐαγγέλιον}} (''evangelion'') ba li [[Yunani]], heza tesura zura [[Amabu'ulali Sibohou|Gamabu'ulali Sibohou]]. Me föna la'oguna'ö wehede andre ba wangombakha turia si fakhai khö razo. Duma-dumania angombakhata wa no tumbu khönia nono ma wa edöna tohare ia ba zi sambua banua ma zui wa so goi-goi sibohou same'e aoha noro-dödö niha-mbanua, btn. Bakha ba zura [[Amabu'ulali Sibohou|Gamabu'ulali Sibohou]] te'oguna'ö wehede andre ha ba zi '''öfa mbuku''' sanutunö waö-waö wa'auri Yesu i'otarai tumbu ia irugi mate ia ba manahae ba zorugo,<ref>Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'']. Oxford University Press, nga'örö 697, {{en}}.</ref><ref>Alexander, Loveday (2006). "What is a Gospel?". In Barton, Stephen C. (ed.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=lX16qfiZkOoC ''The Cambridge Companion to the Gospels.''] Cambridge University Press, nga'örö 16, {{en}}.</ref> ya'iada'ö buku [[Mataio]], [[Mareko]], [[Luka]] ba [[Yohane]]. Duma-dumania ibörötaigö wanura buku khönia [[Mareko]] faoma fehede famasao andre, "Böröta duria somusodödö andrö, khö Yesu Keriso", ba nahia "duria somusodödö" andrö tesura ba li Yunani {{li|grc-x-koine|εὐαγγέλιον}}. == Töi Injil == Tohare ba [[Indonesia]] wehede [[Yunani]] {{li|grc-x-koine|εὐαγγέλιον}} andre moroi ba li [[Arab]] {{li|ar|إِنْجِيل}} si tobali ''injil'' ba li Melayu. Da'ö mbörö wa ba li Indonesia latötöi Duria Somusodödö andrö [[Injil]]. Töi [[Injil]] andre göi zito'ölö la'oguna'ö bakha ba [[liturgi]] [[Gereja Katolik]] ba [[Danö Niha]]. == Inötö Wanura == [[Berkas:Relationship between synoptic gospels-en.svg|jmpl|Umbu zinura Injil Mareko, Luka ba Yohane. Oroma ba da'ö göi wa so gumbu nifotöi Q ma ''double tradition''.]] Molo'ö wangosili ndra ere [[Sura Ni'amoni'ö|Zura Ni'amoni'ö]] tesura zi öfa mbuku [[Injil]] andre ba gotalua ndröfi 66 ba 110, eluahania töra 30 fakhe aefa wa'amate [[Yesu]].<ref>Perkins, Pheme (1998). "The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles: Telling the Christian Story". In Barton, John (ed.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=PSHCRgS_SAUC ''The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation'']. Westminster John Knox Press, nga'örö 241, {{en}}.</ref><ref>Reddish, Mitchell (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=hliGUOv18cQC ''An Introduction to The Gospels'']. Abingdon Press, nga'örö 108,144, {{en}}.</ref><ref>Lincoln, Andrew (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=eYmxAwAAQBAJ&q=%22final+form%22%22some+time+between+90+and+110+ce%22&pg=PA18 ''Gospel According to St John'']. Bloomsbury Publishing, nga'örö 18, {{en}}</ref> Ba mböröta lö fao tesura döi zanura ya'ia irege lö la'ila niha haniha oi zanura [[Injil]] andrö. Awena ba ngaotu ndröfia si-2 lanönö niha oi döi Mataio, Mareko, Luka ba Yohane, eluahania me no oi mate niha sangila ya'ira.<ref>Reddish, Mitchell (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=hliGUOv18cQC ''An Introduction to The Gospels'']. Abingdon Press, nga'örö 13,42, {{en}}.</ref> Molo'ö zinöndra ato gere [[Sura Ni'amoni'ö|Zura Ni'amoni'ö]], si föföna sibai tesura ba ya'ia Injil [[Mareko]]. Aefa da'ö la'oguna'ö zura [[Mareko]] andre ya'ira sanura Injil [[Mataio]] ba [[Luka]] ba wanura Injil khöra, ba lanönö göi nidunö-dunö moroi ba gumbu zura bö'ö (ba gotaluania sura nibe'e töi '''Q''' ba gotalua ndra ere [[Sura Ni'amoni'ö|Zura Ni'amoni'ö]]).<ref>Levine, Amy-Jill (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=HIp_0N3uPPcC&q=%22held+by+the+majority+of+scholars+today%22%22four-source+theory%22&pg=PA6 "Introduction"]. In Levine, Amy-Jill; Allison, Dale C. Jr.; Crossan, John Dominic (eds.). The Historical Jesus in Context. Princeton University Press, nga'örö 6, {{en}}.</ref> Andrö asese lafotöi zitölu ngawalö buku [[Injil]] siföföna andre ''Injil sinopsis'', börö me ösira bakha so zifagölö (nihalö moroi khö [[Mareko]]) ba so göi zifabö'ö (nihalö moroi khö Q. Faigi gambara ba zinga sisa sangoroma'ö hewisa gamakhaita zi tölu mbuku [[Injil]] andre. Bakha ba gambara andrö latötöi gumbu Q faoma ''double tradition'') Injil [[Yohane]] tesura ara furi da'ö, ba la'oguna'ö ia ba gotalua ndra niha si no tefaböbö ba gangowuloa nifotöi angowuloa khö [[Yohane]].<ref>Burge, Gary M. (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=StasAgAAQBAJ&q=%22The+gospel+of+john+has+been+both+esteemed+as+a+valid+source%22&pg=PA236 "Gospel of John"]. In Evans, Craig A. (ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus. Routledge, nga'örö 307, {{en}}.</ref> == Faigi göi == * [[Mataio]] * [[Mareko]] * [[Luka]] * [[Yohane]] * [[Sura Ni'amoni'ö]] * [[Amabu'ulali Sibohou|Amabu'ula-li Sibohou]] == Umbu == <references /> [[Kategori:Mataio]] [[Kategori:Mareko]] [[Kategori:Luka]] [[Kategori:Yohane]] [[Kategori:Sura Ni'amoni'ö]] [[Kategori:Amabu'ulali Sibohou]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] [[Kategori:Sura amilita]] a3t9c5j5jggbxczpag85akuq3y0o8k2 0 4714 28365 27653 2026-09-23T15:30:50Z Slaia 39 added [[Category:Sura amilita]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 28365 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Tabernakel in het koor van de Onze-Lieve-Vrouw van Fatimakerk (Gijmel).jpg|mini|Fandru ni'amoni'ö sihola, tandra wa so mboto Keriso bakha ba tabernakel andre]] '''Fandru ni'amoni'ö''' no fandru si lö mamalö muhola nifataro ba [[tabernakel]] si so bakha boto Keriso.<ref>{{cite book |first=William Warde |last=Fowler |author-link=William Warde Fowler |title=The Religious Experience of the Roman People |url=https://archive.org/details/religiousexperie0000fowl_q3a3 |location=London |date=1922 |page=[https://archive.org/details/religiousexperie0000fowl_q3a3/page/209 209]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Scheid |author-link=John Scheid |title=An Introduction to Roman Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoro00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Indiana University Press |date=2003|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoro00sche/page/113 113–114]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Linderski |first=Jerzy|title=The Augural Law |work=Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt |volume=II |number=16 |date=1986 |pages=2164–2288}}</ref> Boto [[Keriso]] ba da'e no [[roti]] si no mufahowu'ö tobali boto Keriso bakha ba [[Misa]] ([[Fangowasaini Ekaristi|Ekaristi]]) ba börö da'ö tenga sa'ae roti si to'ölö ia. Tandra wa so mboto [[Keriso]] bakha ba sambua [[tabernakel]] ya'ia na muhola wandru ni'amoni'ö, si tobali tandra ba niha wa nahia andre sinangea mu'amoni'ö, me ba da'ö so [[Keriso]] samösa. To'ölö möi ndra niha samati ba wangandrö föna [[tabernakel]] si so boto [[Keriso]]. Bakha ba [[liturgi]] gereja so sambua wangandrö ni'oniagö ba wamolakhömi we'aso [[Keriso]] andre ya'ia '''Fangalulu Föna [[Sakramen Fondrege Ni'amoni'ö]]''', sambua hada ndra Niha Keriso nitohugö mufalua irugi ma'ökhö bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]], [[Gereja Ortodoks]], [[Gereja Anglikan]], [[Gereja Lutheran]], btn. == Ngawalö döi == No fabö'ö-bö'ö döi Wandru ni'amoni'ö he ba negara bö'ö ba he ba li bö'ö. Lafotöi ia "{{li|id|lampu tabernakel}}" ba [[li Indonesia]]. Ba [[li Inggris]] oya döinia ndrege gereja ma tanö. So zanötöi ya'ia "{{li|en|sanctuary lamp}}", "{{li|en|chancel lamp}}" awö "{{li|en|altar lamp}}" ba so göi zanötöi ya'ia "{{li|en|eternal light}}" ma zui "{{li|en|everlasting light}}". Töi si faudu ya'ia '''fandru ni'amoni'ö''' börö me tenga fandru si to'ölö ma zui ha fandru altar ia, bahiza no fandru sangoroma'ö wa so mboto Keriso bakha ba tabernakel nihagaininia. == Faigi göi == * [[Sakramen Fondrege Ni'amoni'ö]] * [[Fangowasaini Ekaristi]] * [[Tabernakel]] == Umbu == <references /> [[Kategori:Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Liturgi]] [[Kategori:Teologia]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] [[Kategori:Sura amilita]] 5sau9ojf89q68rg79fcirrfqb5kq6zo 2 5031 28389 28293 2026-09-24T10:33:15Z Slaia 39 28389 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Important cultural note:''' * Throughout this study, we consistently employ the original Nias term ''omo niha'' (literally, "house of humans" or "Nias house") to refer to Nias traditional houses instead of ''omo hada''. While ''omo hada'' is frequently found in academic literature, it is a direct translation from the Indonesian word ''rumah adat'' and not the original Nias word for it. Using the authentic Nias word is a vital part of reclaiming, preserving, and reviving the island's unique cultural heritage. * This text is currently a first draft and will be gradually refined in terms of both language and references. Given the processes of external and internal decolonization (see the introduction to the whole program), the reflection evolves as the scope of reading expands. * The text was originally written in Indonesian and use AI translation service. == Introduction and Linguistic Foundations == The traditional timber architecture of Nias Island (known locally as Tanö Niha), situated off the western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, constitutes one of the most sophisticated vernacular building achievements in Southeast Asia.<ref>Viaro 2008, 175</ref> Developed over centuries by highly stratified, patrilineal societies, this architectural tradition embodies deep metaphysical, structural, and ecological concepts. To appreciate this heritage, one must understand the linguistic boundaries established by Niasans themselves to describe built forms. Rather than utilizing generic external classifications, the local inhabitants maintain a sharp linguistic and structural contrast between ''omo niha'' and ''omo ndrawa''. <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2025, 4880</ref> The term ''omo niha'' (literally, 'house of humans' or 'Nias house') refers strictly to traditional dwellings constructed in accordance with ancestral carpentry rules, using native hardwoods, flexible joinery, diagonal bracing, and tripartite spatial configurations that reflect Nias cosmology. <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2025, 4882</ref> Conversely, ''omo ndrawa'' (literally, 'house of foreigners' or 'outside house') designates all modern brick, concrete, or non-traditional timber houses introduced by missionaries, colonial authorities, and post-independence government programs. <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2025, 4885</ref> While the Indonesian translation 'omo hada' (adat house) is frequently utilized in modern literature to match the generic Indonesian 'rumah adat', Niasans themselves maintain the linguistic boundary of ''omo niha'' to indicate the living continuity of their cultural identity. <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2025, 4887</ref> The grandest version of the Nias traditional house, built exclusively for village chiefs, is known as the ''omo sebua'' ('big house'). <ref>Nitto et al. 2016, 167</ref> == Regional Classifications and Spatial Typologies == Traditional ''omo niha'' architecture varies significantly across the island's Northern, Central, and Southern cultural zones, reflecting distinct sociopolitical realities, structural mechanics, and defensive priorities. Although dialectal and administrative divisions exist, scholars identify three primary physical typologies. <ref>Koestoro & Wiradnyana 2007, 25</ref> === North Nias: Detached Oval Structures === The North Nias ''omo niha'' is immediately recognizable by its oval or roundish style, comprised of a central rectangular core flanked by two semicircular ends. <ref>Viaro 2008, 182</ref> These structures are built as detached, scattered dwellings across the hillsides rather than being aligned in tightly planned villages. <ref>Viaro 2008, 185</ref> [[Berkas:Nias House.jpg|jmpl|North Nias traditional house]] Structurally, the oval shape is formed by short, independent longitudinal and transversal curved floor joists. <ref>Viaro 2008, 187</ref> The vertical frame relies on a core of four massive central posts—known as the ''silalöyaŵa'', which start at ground level, pass through the floorboards, and carry the central roof and gables directly. <ref>Viaro 2008, 190</ref> All other vertical posts under the floor (''ehomo'') terminate directly underneath the floorboards. <ref>Viaro 2008, 192</ref> The lateral and internal walls of the North Nias house are entirely non-load-bearing, functioning like a woven, rigid basket nested securely between the elevated floor and the heavy roof. <ref>Viaro 2008, 195</ref> === Central Nias: Detached Rectangular Modular Houses === Central Nias ''omo niha'' represent a rustic, transitional mountain style. <ref>Viaro 2008, 198</ref> Unlike the oval northern type, central dwellings are rectangular in plan, though they remain detached from each other. <ref>Viaro 2008, 200</ref> They are constructed with highly adaptable, modular timber frameworks. Adjacent houses can be visually or functionally connected into a temporary 'longhouse' structure by partially suppressing the adjacent lateral walls. <ref>Viaro 2008, 202</ref> [[Berkas:House in Nias North Sumatra.jpg|jmpl|Central Nias traditional house]] The substructure features a middle longitudinal row of posts, with every second side post extending up to the first level of the roof framework (''silalöyaŵa'') to prevent the gables from tipping. <ref>Viaro 2008, 205</ref> The floor extends laterally beyond the vertical posts. <ref>Viaro 2008, 207</ref> The diagonal bracing posts (''ndriŵa'') are highly adaptable, utilizing a unique configuration where they lean against and literally 'wedge' the central ''ehomo'' post from four sides to lock it in place. <ref>Viaro 2008, 210</ref> The walls are lightweight partition frames composed of thin wooden planks or split bamboo panels that carry no vertical load. <ref>Viaro 2008, 212</ref> === South Nias: Continuous Semidetached Rows === South Nias ''omo niha'' represent the peak of monumental and defensive architectural planning. <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2023, 64</ref> Dwellings are rectangular, narrow, and deep (typically 4 meters wide by 12 meters deep). <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2023, 65</ref> Unlike the scattered or detached dwellings of other regions, southern houses are built in continuous, tightly semidetached rows facing each other across wide, stone-paved streets. <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2023, 67</ref> [[Berkas:Omo-sebua.webp|jmpl|South Nias traditional house]] Adjacent houses are separated by a shared partition wall containing a small internal door called the ''bawagölu''. <ref>Viaro 2008, 215</ref> This continuous row layout provides a formidable collective defensive barrier against enemy raids. <ref>Viaro 2008, 217</ref> Structurally, the side walls (''towa'') are critical load-bearing units consisting of thick horizontal beams with vertical 'mother' (''ina laso'') and 'child' (''ono laso'') panels mortised tightly together to carry the entire roof weight. <ref>Viaro 2008, 220</ref> This eliminates the need for any internal vertical bearing columns, leaving the living room completely free of vertical posts. <ref>Viaro 2008, 222</ref> The ridgepole is supported by a median kingbolt fixed to the top of the upper frames. <ref>Viaro 2008, 225</ref> == Static and Seismic Resilience Engineering == Nias Island is situated on a highly active tectonic subduction zone, making it prone to severe, recurring earthquakes. This vulnerability was dramatically highlighted by the catastrophic magnitude 8.7 earthquake of March 28, 2005. <ref>Koestoro & Wiradnyana 2007, 35</ref> During this event, modern concrete and brick buildings (''omo ndrawa'') suffered a devastating collapse rate of up to 80% in Gunungsitoli. <ref>Koestoro & Wiradnyana 2007, 36</ref> In contrast, traditional wood-frame ''omo niha'' in surrounding villages like Bawömataluo remained completely undamaged. <ref>Nitto et al. 2016, 168</ref> The extraordinary seismic resilience of traditional Nias architecture is achieved through four primary engineering choices: <ref>Viaro 2008, 228</ref> '''Non-Anchored, 'Floating' Foundations:''' Traditional houses are never anchored or buried into the soil. Instead, the massive vertical pillars (''ehomo'') simply rest on flat, heavy, river-rounded stones called ''batu gehomo''. <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2023, 68</ref> When an earthquake strikes, the ground slides and sways underneath the flat stones, and the entire house shifts and sways as a unified three-dimensional box, dissipating kinetic energy rather than snapping under shear stress. <ref>Viaro 2008, 230</ref> '''Three-Dimensional Diagonal Bracing (''Ndriŵa''):''' The substructure under the floor is heavily reinforced by a dense network of thick, diagonal logs called ''ndriŵa''. <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2023, 69</ref> These braces form V-shaped or X-shaped patterns that wedge tightly against the vertical pillars and horizontal beams, acting as a massive three-dimensional truss system that absorbs lateral forces and distributes stress throughout the entire timber skeleton. <ref>Viaro 2008, 232</ref> '''Nail-Free Peg-and-Tenon Joinery:''' Every connection within the structural skeleton of the house is held together using wooden pegs, dowels, and tight mortise-and-tenon joints (such as the ''sikhöli'', ''silötö'', and ''laliöwö'' network). <ref>Koestoro & Wiradnyana 2007, 38</ref> Under seismic shaking, these joints allow a safe amount of micro-movement (or 'play') without losing their structural cohesion. This tiny friction at thousands of wooden joints acts as a highly effective shock-absorbing system that dampens seismic waves. <ref>Viaro 2008, 234</ref> '''Lightweight Thatch Roofs:''' The high, steep roofs of ''omo niha'' were traditionally thatched with lightweight sago palm leaves (''bulu zaku''), which were stitched onto bamboo rods to form roofing panels (''sagela''). <ref>Nitto et al. 2016, 170</ref> Keeping the roof lightweight keeps the center of gravity of the entire tall building low, reducing the centrifugal forces acting on the superstructure during earthquakes. <ref>Viaro 2008, 235</ref> === The Modern Zinc Roof Dilemma === In the late 20th century, many Nias families replaced traditional sago thatch roofs with corrugated zinc sheet metal to reduce maintenance. <ref>Nitto et al. 2016, 172</ref> However, research shows that this modification has severely compromised the ''omo niha'''s structure. <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2025, 4890</ref> Zinc panels absorb extreme tropical heat and trap moisture inside the roof frame, accelerating wood rot and creating a warm, humid environment that attracts massive termite infestations. <ref>Nitto et al. 2016, 174</ref> These termites aggressively eat and destroy the primary structural hardwood beams, leading to premature structural failures. <ref>Nitto et al. 2016, 175</ref> === Modern Timber Conservation Alternatives === Due to critical deforestation and the long growth cycles of traditional hardwoods, sourcing massive logs for complete reconstructions has become ecologically and financially unsustainable. <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2025, 4892</ref> To preserve traditional seismic features without consuming high wood volumes, researchers have successfully developed several hybrid solutions: <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2025, 4895</ref> '''Splicing, Grafting, and Epoxies:''' Decayed sections of structural pillars can be removed and repaired using precise wooden splicing, with structural integrity reinforced using epoxy resins and aramid or carbon fiber wraps. '''Hidden Metal Fittings:''' Traditional joinery can be bolstered using high-strength metal plates and fittings placed out of sight within the joints. '''Lightweight Steel Frames:''' Modern structures can be built using lightweight steel skeletons configured to mimic the flexible, diagonal bracing patterns of the traditional Nias ''ndriŵa'' system. == Forest Ecology and the Traditional Harvesting Calendar == Nias builders maintained a highly structured, respectful relationship with the nearby rainforest (''tanö mbanua''). <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2025, 4896</ref> To ensure that building timber was strong, long-lasting, and free from pests, they followed strict ecological and astronomical rules: <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2025, 4898</ref> === Site Selection and Soil Testing === Before any construction began, builders performed ritual tests to ensure the land was physically and spiritually stable: <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2025, 4900</ref> In South Nias, builders planted a branch of a ''tugala'' tree in the middle of the chosen plot. If the soil pushed the tree upward overnight (making it appear 'longer'), the site was accepted; if it sank (indicating spongy, unstable ground), the site was rejected. In North Nias, the builder planted a green wood stick and prayed to the gods. Favorable dreams that night (e.g., clear water, coconut trees) indicated a blessed site, while dreams of floods, earthquakes, or snakes were warnings to find another plot. === The Lunar Forestry Calendar === Tree felling (''manaba eu'') was restricted to the waxing phases of the moon (from the 9th to the 15th phase) to ensure wood density and pest resistance: <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2025, 4902</ref> The 9th phase (''simeziŵa'') was used to fell trees like ''afoa''. The 13th phase (''faofulo'', perfectly round moon) was preferred for felling softer, flexible woods like ''simandraölö'' and ''siholi''. The 15th phase (''te'o sebua'', full moon) was the strict requirement for felling massive, dense structural hardwoods like ''berua'' and ''manawadanö''. === Ocean Tide and Leaf Observations === Tree felling was carefully coordinated with the tides of the Indian Ocean. Builders observed the water levels from hilltops and initiated felling strictly during low tide. <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2025, 4905</ref> At low tide, living trees contain a much lower sap and moisture content. This ensured that the wood dried evenly without splitting or warping. <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2025, 4907</ref> Additionally, cutting was initiated only when the forest leaves turned brown or drier than usual, which served as a physical indicator of wood maturity. <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2025, 4909</ref> === Native Timber Taxonomy and Gola Dane Borders === Nias carpenters possessed an exhaustive taxonomy of native timber species, matching each wood type to its mechanical performance: <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2025, 4912</ref> '''Berua and Manawadanö:''' Ultra-dense hardwoods taking up to 50 years to mature, reserved exclusively for primary vertical columns (''ehomo'') and seismic braces (''ndriŵa''). '''Maöla:''' A heavy hardwood used for structural framing, main columns, and solid security doors. '''Siholi:''' A medium-hard wood chosen for second-floor floor planks due to its fine grain and durability under foot. '''Afoa:''' A versatile wood used for non-load-bearing wall panels (''dane-dane''), bed frames (''batö''), and overhanging shelves (''harefa''). '''Simandraölö:''' A lightweight, flexible wood selected specifically for the intricate rafters of the roof. To prevent land disputes and manage forest resources, Nias families marked their private forests (*benua*) by planting rows of ''siholi'' trees, pinang (areca) palms, and wild ''buno'' flowers, forming official property boundaries called ''gola danö''. <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2025, 4915</ref> == Spatial Organization and Social Division == The ''omo niha'''s spatial layout is structured by a strict tripartite cosmological mapping that mirrors the traditional Nias social order. <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2025, 4918</ref> This splits the building into three vertical layers: the Upperworld (the sacred roof domain of the sky god ''Lowalangi''), the Middleworld (the elevated human living space, or ''banua''), and the Underworld (the dark substructure under the floorboards, representing the realm of the underworld god ''Laturedanö''). <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2025, 4920</ref> On the elevated living floor, space is divided into public and private zones along a front-to-back axis: <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2023, 72</ref> '''The Tawolo (Communal Front Room):''' Occupying approximately 40% of the second floor, this open, spacious room serves as the communal center. <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2023, 73</ref> It is used for welcoming visitors, conducting village assemblies, celebrating weddings, and sleeping for young men. <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2025, 4922</ref> A long, horizontal wood-slat lattice window (''zara-zara'') stretches across the front of the room, allowing ventilation and defense observation. <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2023, 74</ref> '''The Private Rear Room:''' Occupying the remaining 60% of the floor, this is the private family quarters (''föröma'') where the family sleeps. <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2023, 75</ref> It contains the family hearth (''awu''), storage shelves (''harefa''), and raised wooden platforms (''batö'') used as beds. <ref>Viaro 2008, 238</ref> An openwork partition separates the loud, public ''tawolo'' from this quiet family domain. <ref>Viaro 2008, 240</ref> == Sacred Iconography and the Chief's House of Hilimondregeraya: Transgression, Exile, and Rebirth == The traditional village of Hilimondregeraya, situated on a steep hilltop in the southern district of Teluk Dalam, occupies a legendary place in the architectural history of Nias (''Tanö Niha''). <ref>Feldman 2014, 57; Gruber & Mechler 2013</ref> For decades, Hilimondregeraya was renowned among anthropologists and architects not for a palace that stood in its ceremonial plaza, but for one that was conspicuously missing. <ref>Gruber & Mechler 2013</ref> The village’s original ''omo sebua'' (chief’s house), constructed in the 1870s, was widely considered the finest, most elaborate, and most structurally audacious building of its era. <ref>Feldman 2014, 58</ref> Today, the story of this house—from its blood-stained consecration to its dismantling, exile to Europe, and dramatic 2011 reconstruction—stands as a powerful testament to the resilience of Nias cultural identity. <ref>Gruber & Mechler 2013</ref> In his landmark essay, art historian Jerome Feldman uses the term ''transgressions'', which in the Nias context refers to severe violations of ancestral customary laws (''adat''), sacred taboos, or moral boundaries that disrupt cosmic balance—to describe the shocking events surrounding this royal structure. <ref>Feldman 2014, 57</ref> The building itself represents a series of physical and spiritual crossings, connecting the human middleworld to the celestial and underworld realms, while its history is marked by moral violations that Niasans believe ultimately cursed the royal lineage. <ref>Feldman 2014, 58, 63</ref> === The Mythological Lasara and Apotropaic Protection === The defining visual and spiritual feature of the South Nias chief's house is the ''lasara'', a fearsome, polymorphic mythological monster carved on the front façade to serve as an apotropaic guardian, repelling enemies, hostile forces, and evil spirits. <ref>Feldman 2014, 60</ref> The creature is a hybrid beast, combining the crest of a noble hornbill (''gogowaya''), the antlers of a stag (''böhö''), and the wide-open, fanged mouth of a crocodile (''buaya'') paired with sharp tiger's teeth (''ifö harimao''). <ref>Feldman 2014, 62</ref> Historically, to activate the protective power of the ''lasara'', human heads (''binu'') obtained through headhunting raids were crushed against the façade carving during the house's consecration, spiritually transferring their vital life force (''ndrawa'') directly to the guardian monster. <ref>Feldman 2014, 65</ref> Skulls were also buried at the bases of the corner pillars and the front facade's diagonal ''ndriŵa'' to dedicate the entire home as a sacred cosmic model. <ref>Feldman 2014, 62</ref> === Structural and Artistic Audacity in Feldman's Study === Although smaller than the giant palaces of Bawömataluo or Orahili, measuring 21 by 9 meters, the original Hilimondregeraya ''omo sebua'' was unmatched in its sculptural complexity and structural daring, featuring several unique characteristics: <ref>Feldman 2014, 58</ref> * '''Complete-Bodied Lasara Carvings:''' While all other known chief houses feature only carved heads or serpentine representations projecting from the façade, the Hilimondregeraya house was unique in featuring '''three ''lasara'' sculpted with complete bodies''', including four legs and a tail that forks into two deeply undercut, boldly sculptural fern-like scrolls. <ref>Feldman 2014, 60</ref> This design strongly resembles the stone ''osa-osa'' seats found in the village plazas of Central Nias, showing the Central Nias origin of its master builder. <ref>Feldman 2014, 60, 62</ref> * '''The Gravity-Defying ''Ndriŵa Batö'':''' The roof framework featured an audacious engineering choice where the oblique roof supports (''ndriŵa batö'') began below the rest of the roof structure at the wall-topping beams (''lagö-lagö'') and continued directly to the center-most support beam (''fuso batö''). <ref>Feldman 2014, 63</ref> This made the ''ndriŵa batö'' '''longer and heavier than those in any other recorded ''omo sebua''''' on the island—a structural style adapted directly from Central Nias mountain houses. <ref>Feldman 2014, 63</ref> * '''A "Baroque" Abundance of Golden Panels (''Laso Sohagu''):''' While normal chief houses featured only two ''laso sohagu'' (carved golden head panels), Hilimondregeraya boasted '''four highly elaborate panels''', two more than considered architecturally necessary. <ref>Feldman 2014, 63</ref> The two front panels depicted female golden head jewelry with a complex, baroque profusion of animal life, showing monkeys climbing between hooks, sea creatures, lizards, and birds biting worms, illustrating the fertility of the ancestral land. <ref>Feldman 2014, 63</ref> * '''Unprecedented Interior Sculptures:''' The front living room (''tawolo'', here historically recorded as ''ulu'') contained three carved human busts indicating the senses (pointing to the eyes, ear lobes, and jaw). <ref>Feldman 2014, 62, 81</ref> These unique figures featured iron rings in their hands designed to hold oil lamps, casting dramatic, flickering shadows across the room. <ref>Feldman 2014, 62</ref> High in the rafters, a massive progenitor ancestor figure Commemorating Gomo ancestors stood guard, wearing a towering, highly complex headdress unmatched in Nias art. <ref>Feldman 2014, 62</ref> === The Tragedy of the Master Builder (''Fondrekhe Lasara'') === Nias tradition dictates that the completion of an ''omo sebua'' must be celebrated with the sacrifice of a pig (''bawi nigulu''), which is rolled off the high roof ridge and crashed to its death on the stone-paved plaza below. <ref>Feldman 2014, 58</ref> However, during the consecration of the Hilimondregeraya palace, its royal builder, '''Razo Siwalowalani''', committed a horrific transgression. <ref>Feldman 2014, 58</ref> He was so consumed by jealousy over the artistic perfection of the house, and so terrified that his master sculptor—a genius from Aramö near Gomo known by the title '''fondrekhe lasara''', would be hired to build a grander palace for the rival chief Laowo in Bawömataluo, that he '''substituted the master builder for the sacrificial pig'''. <ref>Feldman 2014, 58</ref> The artist was thrown to his death from the roof ridge. <ref>Feldman 2014, 58</ref> In Nias oral history, this ultimate transgression cursed Rajo Siwalowalani’s lineage, bringing financial ruin, illness, and eventual collapse to the royal family. <ref>Feldman 2014, 58</ref> === Ruin, Sale, and Exile to Copenhagen === By the early 1920s, the cursed royal family had fallen into deep poverty, and the magnificent palace was in a sad state of semi-ruin. <ref>Gruber & Mechler 2013</ref> Dr. Agner Møller, a Danish army doctor working for the Dutch colonial administration, recognized the extraordinary artistic value of the decaying structure. <ref>Gruber & Mechler 2013</ref> Desperate to save its carvings from rotting away in the humid tropical climate, Møller decided to purchase the remaining components of the house to ship them to the National Museum of Denmark (''Nationalmuseet'') in Copenhagen. <ref>Gruber & Mechler 2013</ref> Because the late royal owner had passed away, the home's title belonged to an infant prince. <ref>Gruber & Mechler 2013</ref> Two deaf-mute brothers of the late chief brokered the highly controversial sale with Møller behind the backs of the villagers. <ref>Gruber & Mechler 2013</ref> The local community was deeply distressed; they believed that selling the house—which symbolically represented a living ancestor—violated sacred custom and would seal the final downfall of the royal line. <ref>Feldman 2014, 58</ref> Before the house was systematically dismantled and packed onto ships, Møller hired a talented Chinese photographer named '''Ho Teng Lin''' to take incredibly detailed, high-resolution photographs of the palace standing on its stone terraces. <ref>Gruber & Mechler 2013</ref> The house was shipped to Copenhagen, where its magnificent complete-bodied ''lasara'', ''laso sohagu'' panels, and ancestor figures were put on prominent display. <ref>Gruber & Mechler 2013</ref> === Interesting Spatial Details for Modern Readers === * '''The Royal Bathrooms:''' The village plan of Hilimondregeraya featured a unique luxury behind the palace site: a large, beautifully carved '''stone bath (''hele'')''' reserved exclusively for the convenience of the ruling chief’s family. <ref>Feldman 2014, 58</ref> * '''The "Mouse Bridge" (''Ete De'u''):''' Inside the palace roof rafters sat the ''ete de'u'' (literally, the "mouse bridge"). <ref>Viaro 2008, 200</ref> This slanted structural beam served as a symbolic "spirit ladder." <ref>Feldman 2014, 63</ref> Offerings placed on the floor were believed to be carried upward to the gods in heaven by the house cats and mice running along this designated timber track. <ref>Viaro 2008, 200</ref> * '''The Offering Head:''' To activate the defensive, spiritual power of the diagonal V-shaped braces (''ndriŵa''), an oblique post in front of the floor altar featured a carved human head with a flattened top. <ref>Feldman 2014, 62</ref> It was onto this wooden head that real, headhunted human skulls (''binu'') were placed as offerings to the underworld deity '''Laturedanö'''. <ref>Feldman 2014, 62</ref> === Rebirth: The 2011 Reconstruction === For nearly a century, the ceremonial plaza of Hilimondregeraya sat empty, isolated by deep rivers and accessible only via steep, mud-slicked footpaths. <ref>Gruber & Mechler 2013</ref> However, the devastating magnitude 8.7 earthquake of March 28, 2005, triggered a dramatic cultural renaissance. <ref>Gruber & Mechler 2013; Koestoro & Wiradnyana 2007, 73</ref> Supported by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the Bureau of Reconstruction and Rehabilitation (BRR), and the '''Museum Pusaka Nias''', the remote village finally received a functional road connection in 2009, sparking a wave of traditional carpentry reconstructions. <ref>Gruber & Mechler 2013</ref> In 2011, the descendants of the royal family and the village community embarked on their most ambitious project: '''building a brand-new ''omo sebua'' on the original central plaza'''. <ref>Gruber & Mechler 2013</ref> To ensure the new palace matched the unparalleled beauty of the lost 1870s original, the builders used '''Ho Teng Lin's 85-year-old Danish museum photographs''' as their blueprints. <ref>Gruber & Mechler 2013</ref> The Museum Pusaka Nias sourced massive, rare hardwoods from the Gidö district (24 kilometers away). <ref>Gruber & Mechler 2013</ref> Transporting these massive logs by truck was incredibly difficult, requiring the builders to clear numerous police checkpoints set up to combat modern illegal logging. <ref>Gruber & Mechler 2013</ref> Led by master builder '''Ane Nanö Duha''' and funded by the Jakarta-based Tirto Foundation, the carpenters carved new, complete-bodied ''lasara'' figures, raised the towering ''ndriŵa batö'' rafters entirely by hand, and crowned the roof with a uniform layer of dark red metal sheets designed to protect the timber from tropical moisture and termites. <ref>Gruber & Mechler 2013</ref> The rebirth of the Hilimondregeraya ''omo sebua'' proved to the modern world that the ancestral engineering, carving artistry, and ecological wisdom of Nias are not dead relics of the past, but a living, breathing tradition. <ref>Gruber & Mechler 2013</ref> == Construction Phases and Communal Rituals == The construction of an ''omo niha'' is a sacred, collective social process structured around five main construction phases, each celebrated with communal feasts (''folau omo'' or ''owasa'') and specific gold and pig sacrifices: <ref>Viaro 2008, 242</ref> '''Phase 1: Planning and Timber Gathering (''Halöwö Luluitö''):''' The carpenter team and the owner hold the planning meeting (''motomo'' or ''mamosindro omo'') to calculate dimensions and wood volume. <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2025, 4925</ref> Neighbors fledge and transport timber from private lands through the ''halöwö luluitö'' mutual-aid system. <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2025, 4928</ref> Site selection is verified through soil-testing (planting a ''tugala'' tree or green wood stick) and dream-omens of clear water from the gods. <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2025, 4930</ref> '''Phase 2: Lower Structure Assembly and the Masumindro Gehomo:''' On the first day of assembly, all vertical pillars (''ehomo''), diagonal braces (''ndriŵa''), and horizontal crossbeams (''silötö'') are raised onto the foundation stones (''batu gehomo'') and locked. <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2023, 76</ref> Once the skeleton stands, construction stops for four days. A starting party called the ''masumindro gehomo'' is celebrated, requiring the owner to offer 1 gold unit (''batu''), traditionally equivalent to a pig weighing 4 ''alisi'' (approx. 60 kg) to feed the village. <ref>Viaro 2008, 245</ref> '''Phase 3: Main Structure and Wall Framing:''' Carpenters install the massive ''sikhöli'' lateral beams, which form the skeletal frame for the side walls, sliding doors, and front façade elements like the sitting bench (''farakhina'') and overhanging shelf (''harefa''). <ref>Viaro 2008, 248</ref> This phase utilizes 60 trees (primarily ''afoa'' and ''siholi''). <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2025, 4932</ref> The owner must offer 3 pigs (equal to 3 gold units): one pig for the ''sikhöli'', one for the ''farakhina'', and one for the floorboards. <ref>Viaro 2008, 250</ref> '''Phase 4: Upper Structure and Roof Thatching:''' Rafters (''gasö matua'') and roof framework beams (''lagö-lagö'') are raised, terminating at the ''bule'' (top notch). Sago thatch panels are tied to the rafters. <ref>Nitto et al. 2016, 176</ref> This requires an additional offering of 3 pigs to the carpenters and ancestors. <ref>Viaro 2008, 252</ref> '''Phase 5: Consecration, Blessing, and the Famewuasi Feast:''' Carpenters sleep in the house for 2 to 7 nights to prepare it, during which time women are strictly banned. <ref>Viaro 2008, 254</ref> The head carpenter places a piece of gold in a bowl of water and splashes it onto the walls as an aspersion blessing, repeated by the owner's maternal uncle (''sibaya'') and father-in-law. <ref>Viaro 2008, 255</ref> The family officially 'warms' the house with the ''famewuasi'' (house-warming feast), sacrificing 15 to 24 pigs. <ref>Atmanti & Uekita 2025, 4935</ref> The chief carpenter's final compensation is calculated based on the house width: 1 meter of width = 1 gold unit. <ref>Viaro 2008, 258</ref> If the owner refused to pay or provide the traditional offerings, the head carpenter would curse the house (''fanelifi'' or ''lifi-lifi'') by striking the wall panels with an axe to bring bad fortune. <ref>Viaro 2008, 260</ref> == Nias vs. Other Indonesian Vernacular Architecture == While building on posts (stilt construction) is a widespread Austronesian heritage across the Indonesian archipelago, ''omo niha'' architecture features several distinctive elements that set it apart from other traditional cultures: <ref>Koestoro & Wiradnyana 2007, 42</ref> '''Complete Absence of Rice Granaries:''' In Toraja, Batak, or Balinese villages, the rice granary is a highly decorated central monument of spiritual and economic life. However, Nias warriors prioritized weapons and fortifications over crop cultivation. Consequently, agricultural soil is virtually unmentioned in village plans, and the entire island has no traditional rice granaries. '''Floating Surface Foundations:''' While most stilt houses bury their pillars directly into the ground or anchor them firmly, Nias builders did the exact opposite. Every pillar rests on flat river stones. This unanchored, 'floating' foundation, combined with three-dimensional V-braces, allows Nias structures to absorb and flex under severe earthquake tremors. '''Continuous Semidetached Streets:''' Unlike the highly detached, scattered stilt houses of other Indonesian groups, South Nias ''omo niha'' are built as tightly connected, semidetached structures. Small lateral doors (''bawagölu'') allow residents to walk the entire length of a village street through the interior of the houses without ever stepping outside. '''Front-Bridge Entrance System:''' While traditional houses across Southeast Asia are entered via a side ladder or directly through a trapdoor in the floor, South Nias ''omo sebua'' feature a unique entrance system where visitors cross a wooden-planked bridge (''ete'') underneath the building before climbing a central ladder into the communal hall. == Comprehensive Glossary of Architectural Terminology == Rather than presenting this technical data in a standard structural grid, the native architectural terms and definitions are presented below as continuous prose descriptions. '''Omo niha:''' The authentic traditional Nias house (''General''), constructed using native timber, peg joints, and seismic-braced floating foundations. '''Omo sebua:''' The monumental traditional house of a ruling village chief (''South Nias''), featuring massive pillars and extensive royal carvings (''si'ulu''). '''Omo ndrawa:''' Literally, 'foreign house' (''General''); used to describe all modern brick, concrete, or non-traditional structures introduced from outside Nias. '''Ehomo:''' Massive vertical wooden pillars (''General'') forming the primary load-bearing foundation columns under the elevated floorboards. '''Driwa / Diwa:''' Thick diagonal bracing logs (''General'') wedged under the floor (substructure) to resist lateral earthquake forces. '''Batu gehomo:''' The flat river-rounded stones (''General'') placed on the ground upon which the ''ehomo'' pillars float without anchoring. '''Sikhöli:''' The massive, curved longitudinal lateral beams (''South and Central Nias'') running along the sides of the house, supporting the outer load-bearing walls. '''Silalöyaŵa:''' The primary vertical posts (''North and Central Nias'') that pass from the ground through the floorboards to carry the main roof frame directly. '''Silötö:''' Massive horizontal transverse beams (''General'') embedded into the top notches of the ''ehomo'' columns to tie the substructure together. '''Laliöwö:''' Longitudinal joists (''General'') laid across the ''silötö'' to form the structural framework for the elevated floorboards. '''Tawolo / Tawölö:''' The spacious front public room of the house (''South Nias''), used for community meetings, ceremonies, and guest sleeping. '''Föröma / Förömä:''' The private family quarters (''South and Central Nias'') located at the rear of the house, including sleeping platforms and the kitchen. '''Batö:''' Raised wooden platforms (''South Nias'') built along the walls to serve as collective family beds or seating areas. '''Zara-zara:''' The horizontal wooden trellis window (''General'') stretching across the front façade, allowing defense observation and ventilation. '''Harefa:''' A prominent, curved overhanging shelf (''South Nias'') constructed above the front trellis window on the outer façade. '''Awu:''' The communal hearth or fireplace (''General''), built as a wooden box filled with earth to prevent accidental fires. '''Bawagölu:''' Small partition doors (''South Nias'') built on the side walls to allow neighbors to pass directly between attached row-houses. '''Farakhina:''' A wide, solid wooden bench (''South Nias'') integrated directly into the front platform of the exterior façade. '''Danedane:''' Lattice wall panels (''General'') or horizontal ventilation elements constructed on the front façade. '''Ina laso:''' The thick vertical 'mother' load-bearing panels (''South Nias'') forming the structural core of the lateral walls. '''Ono laso:''' The narrow 'child' wall panels (''South Nias'') slotted tightly between the mother panels to complete the wall. '''Lagölagö:''' A heavy longitudinal beam (''South Nias'') topping the side walls, acting as the base from which the roof structure rises. '''Mbumbu:''' The primary horizontal ridgepole (''General'') running along the very top of the roof structure. '''Gasö matua:''' The primary structural wood rafters (''General'') supporting the steep slopes of the roof. '''Sagela:''' The individual lightweight roof panels (''General''), crafted from folded sago leaves sewn onto bamboo sticks. '''Lawalawa:''' A movable roof panel (''South Nias'') acting as a skylight and smoke hatch, opened by pushing a stick from below. '''Tuwutuwu:''' The specialized wooden pole (''South Nias'') used by inhabitants to push open and latch the ''lawalawa'' roof window. '''Ete de'u:''' Literally 'mouse bridge' (''South Nias''), a specialized rafter beam channeling symbolic offerings to the gods via house cats and mice. '''Lasara:''' The mythological composite monster (''General'') featuring a hornbill crest, deer horns, crocodile snout, and tiger fangs, carved on façades to repel evil spirits. '''Laso sohagu:''' Meticulously carved royal wooden panels (''South Nias'') depicting gold crowns, reserved strictly for chief houses (''omo sebua''). '''Omo nadu:''' A small, house-like wall altar (''South Nias'') built in the front room to store the family's ancestral figures (''adu zatua''). == Sources == # Atmanti, F. P., & Uekita, Y. (2023). Adaptive Reuse of Vernacular Architecture for Conservation in Indonesia: Case Study of South Nias Village, Bawömataluo Conservation Project. ''Asian Culture and History'', 15(1), 64. # Atmanti, F. P., & Uekita, Y. (2025). Preserving tradition: the role of community customs and sustainable practices in traditional house preservation on Nias Island, Indonesia. ''Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering'', 24(6), 4880–4900. # Feldman, J. (2014). Transgressions in the House of the Chief: Hilimondregeraya village in South Nias, Indonesia. ''Brepols Publishers'', 57–73. # Gruber, P., & Mechler, M. (2013). Reconstruction of Tradition: New Records for a Comparative View of the Architectural Development of the Village of Hilimondregeraya in Nias, Indonesia. ''ResearchGate / Vienna University of Technology'', 241–250. # Koestoro, L. P., & Wiradnyana, K. (2007). ''Megalithic Traditions in Nias Island''. Medan Archeological Office / UNESCO. # Nitto, K., Uekita, Y., Jiang, B., Oodaira, S., & Sato, K. (2016). Conservation and Restoration Guidelines for the Omo Sebua in Bawömataluo Village, South Nias, Indonesia. ''Asian Culture and History'', 8(1), 167. # Viaro, M. A. (2008). Nias island traditional houses. In R. Schefold & J. M. Nas (Eds.), ''Indonesian houses''. Leiden: Brill. == References == {{Reflist|18em}} ''Note: This article was prepared by Sirus Laia as part of the Nias history, culture and language showcase in the Ondröita Nono Niha app or Nias Heritage in Indonesian and Nias Heritage in English, which can be downloaded from the Play Store.'' hw378og7oq287k2swzehl60gkewuhvn 2 5032 28388 28177 2026-09-24T09:15:37Z Slaia 39 proof reading 28388 wikitext text/x-wiki Sampai sekarang narasi tentang Nias — sejarah, budaya, dan bahasanya — banyak diceritakan melalui kacamata orang luar, sesuatu yang kita tidak sadari lagi, terutama generasi muda yang tidak mempunyai akses ke arsip sejarah dan budaya Nias. Selama hampir 150 tahun, cendekiawan Barat, misionaris, dan peneliti asing mendokumentasikan tradisi kita, yang tentu saja merupakan hal yang sangat berharga bagi pelestarian budaya Nias. Namun efek sampingnya adalah bahwa mereka kadang menginterpretasi budaya kita dengan sudut pandang yang bias atau tidak lengkap. Ada yang terjadi karena asumsi teoretis mereka sendiri, ada juga karena keterbatasan lingkup data yang mereka kumpulkan (hanya dari daerah tertentu), dan ada pula karena keterbatasan penguasaan bahasa Nias (mereka sering menggunakan penerjemah berbahasa Melayu, yang tidak selalu mengerti bahasa simbolik dan mitologi Nias).<ref>Johannes Hämmerle telah menguraikan hal ini dalam esei berjudul ''150 Years of Ethnological Interpretation and Misinterpretation on the Example of Nias'' (Anthropos, Vol. 108, No. 1, 2013, hlm. 173-204). </ref> Namun karena dominasi penelitian dan publikasi ilmiah, hasil interpretasi dan sistematisasi mereka menjadi narasi dominan. == Bagaimana Narasi Nias Dominan Terbentuk == === 1. Bias Intelektual Kolonial === Para cendekiawan Eropa tiba di Nias pada akhir abad ke-19 ketika teori ras lagi sedang mode di Eropa. Mereka ingin membuktikan secara ilmiah bahwa ras kulit putih adalah superior, sementara ras lain dianggap "primitif." Dalam kerangka penelitian semacam itu mereka mengukur ciri fisik kita, mendokumentasikan adat istiadat kita, dan menggambarkan budaya kita sebagai sesuatu yang eksotik atau terbelakang. Misalnya, J.P. Kleiweg de Zwaan membuat cetakan wajah 64 orang Nias dan mencatat segala ciri fisik, penyakit, karakter dan pandangan religius orang Nias. Mereka datang ke Nias bukan dengan maksud mulia untuk ilmu pengetahuan, melainkan merupaan bagian dari usaha Belanda untuk menguasai Nias. === 2. Antropologi Spekulatif Jarak Jauh === Beberapa peneliti, seperti Peter Suzuki, bahkan tidak pernah menginjakkan kaki di Nias. Namun, karya mereka, yang didasarkan pada laporan kolonial tangan kedua, menjadi "otoritatif". Suzuki mengklaim bahwa kosmologi Nias terdiri dari "sembilan langit" dengan ''Lowalangi'' sebagai dewa dunia atas dan ''Laturedanö'' sebagai dewa dunia bawah.<ref>Peter Suzuki, ''The Religious System and Culture of Nias, Indonesia'', s'Gravenhage, 1959</ref> Pandangan tentang sembilan langit adalah interpretasi bias dari luar. Kenyataanya, angka sembilan dan langit adalah bahasa simbolik lahirnya manusia dari kandungan ibu. ''Lowalangi'' dan ''Laturedanö'' adalah leluhur orang Nias sendiri, bukan dewa. Para misionaris seperti Heinrich Sundermann misalnya mempertanyakan kenyataan bahwa ''Lowalangi'' dan ''Laturedanö'' memiliki keluarga atau memelihara babi. Tapi mereka akhirnya mengabaikan hal ini dan bertahan pada kedua leluhur orang Nias tsb. sebagai dewa dunia atas dan dunia bawah. === 3. Penghancuran Budaya oleh Aliran Kekristenan Puritan === Para misionaris, terutama dari ''tradisi Calvinis Puritan'', memandang tradisi kita sebagai "penyembahan berhala." Mereka menghancurkan ''adu zatua'' (patung leluhur), melarang ritual-ritual, dan mendefinisikan ulang kepercayaan asli Ono Niha.<ref>Andrew Beatty, ''The Tell-Tale Heart: Conversion and Emotion in Nias'' in Ethnos, vol. 77:3, hlm. 295-320</ref><ref>Uwe Hummel & Tuhoni Telaumbanua, Cross and Adu, 2007, hlm. 284.</ref><ref>M.L. Tjoa-Bonatz, “Idol and Art: Missionary Attitudes toward Indigenous Worship and the Material Culture on Nias, Indonesia, 1904–1920”, in Dubois, T.D. (Ed.). ''Casting Faiths'', hlm. 111- 115.</ref> Tokoh seperti ''afökha'', yang semula merupakan roh yang baik, dilabeli sebagai "setan", sementara ''nadaoya'' (yang sebenarnya roh jahat) aman saja. Praktik sehari-hari, seperti ''mowöli ndronga'' (menikah menurut adat Nias) dan menimbang emas, dikutuk sebagai dosa. Hasilnya adalah — menggunakan istilah Hämmerle dalam esei 150 Years — '''amnesia geneologis''' dan saya menambahkan lagi '''amnesia budaya''': hilangnya silsilah, stagnasi seni, dan generasi yang terputus dari garis tradisi mereka sendiri. == Proses Dekolonisasi Narasi Nias == Untuk merebut kembali narasi Nias, kita harus melakukan semacam ''dekolonisasi'' dan berlangsung ''dua arah'': pertama ''dekolonisasi eksternal'', yakni membebaskan diri dari salah interpretasi atau interpretasi setengah keliru dari asing, dan ''dekolonisasi internal'', yakni membebaskan diri kita dari kesalahpahaman kita sendiri terhadap budaya orang lain. Tujuan kita bukan mempersalahkan orang lain, melainkan secara sehat membongkar bias, baik bias orang lain terhadap budaya kita maupun bias kita sendiri terhadap budaya orang lain. Untungnya kita tak perlu mulai dari nol. Hämmerle, Telaumbanua, Beatty, Tjai-Bonatz dll, telah memulai proses dekolonisasi ini, kendati mereka sendiri tidak menggunkan istilah tsb. Seperti orang Inggris mengatakan, kita "berdiri di atas pundak para raksasa" (''standing on the shoulders of giants''). Mereka telah memulai, tugas kita meneruskannya. === 1. Dekolonisasi Eksternal === Melalui medium digital kita menceritakan kembali narasi Nias dominan secara kritis dan berusaha '''menulis ulang narasi Nias dengan kata-kata dan interpreatasi asli Ono Niha sendiri'''. Untuk ini kita menggunakan platform Wikipedia, Wikikamus dan Wikibuku, yang memungkinkan kita untuk: * Mendokumentasikan bahan mentah sejarah dan budaya, seperti ''amaedola'' (peribahasa), ''hoho'' (resitasi epik), dan ''hendri-hendri'' (lagu rakyat). * Mengklarifikasi istilah-istilah yang salah dipahami atau secara tidak sadar mengandung bias, baik bias orang luar maupun bias kita sendiri. * Memastikan bahwa kita mendokumentasi berbagai narasi dari berbagai daerah di Nias, sehingga kita tidak mengulangi kesalahan para pejabat kolonial dan misionaris, yang hanya mendokumentasikan narasi yang ada di sekitar Gunungsitoli dan mengklaimnya sebagai narasi mutlak untuk seluruh pulau. === 2. Dekolonisasi Internal === Selain mendokumentasikan sejarah, budaya dan bahasa kita sendiri, tujuan kita yang lebih besar adalah '''membebaskan pengetahuan''' buat generasi masa depan Ono Niha. Untuk itu kita harus berani juga menerapkan proses dekolonisasi internal, sehingga kita bisa terlepas dari bias kita sendiri dan bisa memajukan Ono Niha melalui bahasa, budaya dan teknologi dari luar. Sebagai contoh kita patut menerapkan dekolonisasi internal terhadap bias kita akan ilmu. Orang Nias memperlakukan ilmu sebagai "elemu", yang harus disembunyikan dan terbatas pada pribadi-pribadi istimewa tertentu. Orang Nias harus berani membuka kembali "elemu" ke pengertiannya yang sesungguhnya sebagai ilmu, yang perlu dibagi dan diperdebatkan, sehingga menjadi alat untuk memajukan peradaban manusia. Untuk mendapat gambaran lebih dalam dan mendetail tentang hal ini lihat tulisan '''[[Sangoguna:Slaia/Merebut Kembali Narasi Nias (Ceramah)|Merebut Kembali Narasi Nias (Ceramah kepada Mahasiswa Universitas Nias Raya)]]''' dalam daftar tulisan Warisan Nias, di mana juga bisa ditemukan daftar bacaan dari para "raksasa" yang disebut di atas. Kerangka kerja ini menjadi landasan untuk '''tujuh artikel''' dalam Warisan Nias, yang disajikan dalam aplikasi ini. Sambil kita memamerkan keunikan capaian budaya Nias, tulisan-tulisan tersebut sekaligus menjalani proses dekolonisasi eksternal dan internal. Semoga hal ini menjadi sebuah kontribusi dalam usaha kita merebut kembali '''narasi Nias yang otentik'''. == Catatan kaki == <references /> [[Kategori:Nias Heritage]] [[Kategori:Ondröita Nono Niha]] [[Kategori:Warisan Nias]] cwrmk53t6wtofml2ycg5sdqgajkqflo 2 5037 28380 28153 2026-09-23T20:18:05Z Slaia 39 mangehaogö ösi 28380 wikitext text/x-wiki Awena ubörötaigö wo'ali zura andre ba li Niha moroi ba li Indonesia. Lö nasa awai. Ae faigi zui ba da'a ba wa'alio. Gasa-gasa lö na awai tola öbaso zurania ba li Indonesia: * [[Sangoguna:Slaia/Merebut Kembali Narasi Nias|Merebut Kembali Narasi Nias]] * [[Sangoguna:Slaia/Merebut Kembali Narasi Nias (Ceramah)|Merebut Kembali Narasi Nias (Ceramah di Universitas Nias Raya)]] [[Kategori:Nias Heritage]] [[Kategori:Ondröita Nono Niha]] [[Kategori:Warisan Nias]] qequfixqcj3m2ap4j5u8tv0mzg9adu3 2 5038 28381 28301 2026-09-23T20:19:02Z Slaia 39 mangehaogö ösi 28381 wikitext text/x-wiki Awena ubörötaigö wo'ali zura andre ba li Niha moroi ba li Indonesia. Lö nasa awai. Ae faigi zui ba da'a ba wa'alio. Gasa-gasa lö na awai tola öbaso zurania ba li Indonesia: [[Sangoguna:Slaia/Arsitektur Rumah Tradisional Nias|Arsitektur Rumah Tradisional Nias]] [[Kategori:Nias Heritage]] [[Kategori:Ondröita Nono Niha]] [[Kategori:Warisan Nias]] e9eqi4931kqaccrjvw64eveuw3inq3u 2 5039 28382 28302 2026-09-23T20:19:48Z Slaia 39 mangehaogö ösi 28382 wikitext text/x-wiki Awena ubörötaigö wo'ali zura andre ba li Niha moroi ba li Indonesia. Lö nasa awai. Ae faigi zui ba da'a ba wa'alio. Gasa-gasa lö na awai tola öbaso zurania ba li Indonesia: [[Sangoguna:Slaia/Batu Megalit Nias|Batu Megalit Nias]] [[Kategori:Nias Heritage]] [[Kategori:Ondröita Nono Niha]] [[Kategori:Warisan Nias]] or3ozfftczml1qi6o27sdjtmhz0scal 2 5040 28383 28304 2026-09-23T20:21:07Z Slaia 39 mangehaogö ösi 28383 wikitext text/x-wiki Awena ubörötaigö wo'ali zura andre ba li Niha moroi ba li Indonesia. Lö nasa awai. Ae faigi zui ba da'a ba wa'alio. Gasa-gasa lö na awai tola öbaso zurania ba li Indonesia: [[Sangoguna:Slaia/Seni dan Budaya Nias|Seni dan Budaya Nias]] [[Kategori:Nias Heritage]] [[Kategori:Ondröita Nono Niha]] [[Kategori:Warisan Nias]] h77ilcm2qqw9w97i1m7po1zcil66r8m 2 5044 28384 28306 2026-09-23T20:21:35Z Slaia 39 mangehaogö ösi 28384 wikitext text/x-wiki Awena ubörötaigö wo'ali zura andre ba li Niha moroi ba li Indonesia. Lö nasa awai. Ae faigi zui ba da'a ba wa'alio. Gasa-gasa lö na awai tola öbaso zurania ba li Indonesia: [[Sangoguna:Slaia/Busana Nias dan Perkakas|Busana Nias dan Perkakas]] [[Kategori:Nias Heritage]] [[Kategori:Ondröita Nono Niha]] [[Kategori:Warisan Nias]] qloew74ywbbp8p9kvax7683udwqi0x1 2 5046 28385 28308 2026-09-23T20:22:05Z Slaia 39 mangehaogö ösi 28385 wikitext text/x-wiki Awena ubörötaigö wo'ali zura andre ba li Niha moroi ba li Indonesia. Lö nasa awai. Ae faigi zui ba da'a ba wa'alio. Gasa-gasa lö na awai tola öbaso zurania ba li Indonesia: [[Sangoguna:Slaia/Sistem Sosial Nias|Sistem Sosial Nias]] [[Kategori:Nias Heritage]] [[Kategori:Ondröita Nono Niha]] [[Kategori:Warisan Nias]] ot5fzkb9iktl4cz2ppnb02g6wtth5g6 2 5050 28386 28310 2026-09-23T20:22:37Z Slaia 39 mangehaogö ösi 28386 wikitext text/x-wiki Awena ubörötaigö wo'ali zura andre ba li Niha moroi ba li Indonesia. Lö nasa awai. Ae faigi zui ba da'a ba wa'alio. Gasa-gasa lö na awai tola öbaso zurania ba li Indonesia: [[Sangoguna:Slaia/Asal-usul Orang Nias|Asal-usul Orang Nias]] [[Kategori:Nias Heritage]] [[Kategori:Ondröita Nono Niha]] [[Kategori:Warisan Nias]] h860zmx9hwpt2rvd2b2khzkbirszfeg 2 5053 28387 28312 2026-09-23T20:23:01Z Slaia 39 mangehaogö ösi 28387 wikitext text/x-wiki Awena ubörötaigö wo'ali zura andre ba li Niha moroi ba li Indonesia. Lö nasa awai. Ae faigi zui ba da'a ba wa'alio. Gasa-gasa lö na awai tola öbaso zurania ba li Indonesia: [[Sangoguna:Slaia/Linimasa Sejarah Nias|Linimasa Sejarah Nias]] [[Kategori:Nias Heritage]] [[Kategori:Ondröita Nono Niha]] [[Kategori:Warisan Nias]] nnhjdwi8id4p3n4pkw6f58entsnvy0q