Wikiphidiya nrwiki https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter Iinrhatjhi Khethekileko Asiqongelane Umsebenzisi Umsebenzisi asiqongelane Wikiphidiya Wikiphidiya asiqongelane Isimumathi Isimumathi asiqongelane MediaWiki MediaWiki asiqongelane Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo asiqongelane Lisizo Lisizo asiqongelane Mkhakha Mkhakha asiqongelane TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 958 6888 6887 2026-09-25T15:37:58Z Andries Solly Skhosana 1624 /* */ 6888 wikitext text/x-wiki Umvumo [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|wesiNdebele]] usatjalaliswa khulu ngokusetjenziswa kweengoma ezivunywa ngomlomo kwaphela, ngaphandle kweenlilisi zomvumo nezikhambisana [[:en:Rattle_(percussion_instrument)|nokubetha inyawo]] (ingadla) kanye [[:en:Clapper_(musical_instrument)|nokubetha izandla]] (ukuwahla). Nawuqathanisa iingoma ezinganazo iinlilisi, ezivunywa nguyedwana kanye nomvumo weenlilisi ufunyana bona akunamehluko otjho litho likhulu, okufana nomdumo [[:en:Southern_Ndebele_people|wamaNdebele weSewula]] ovama ukubizwa ngokuthi ziinodo (umvumo wesiNdebele), Njenge-[[:en:Shona_people|Shona]], amaNdebele weSewula nawo asebenzisa [[:en:Musical_bow|iinlilisi zomlomo]] kanye nezenziwa ngeengodo ezithambileko ezifakwe ithadlana, khulukhulu ukuzidlalela ukuzithabisa nje.<ref>Amoedo, Avelino; Martnez-Costa, Mara del Pilar; Moreno, Elsa (2009-02-01). "An analysis of the communication strategies of Spanish commercial music networks on the web: http://los40.com, http://los40principales.com, http://cadena100.es, http://europafm.es and http://kissfm.es". Radio Journal:International Studies in Broadcast & Audio Media. 6 (1): 5–20. doi:10.1386/rajo.6.1.5_4. ISSN 1476-4504. {{cite journal}}: External link in |title= (help)</ref> == Abavumi BamaNdebele == Banengi tle abatloli beengoma neenrhehlezana zesiNdebele, khulukhulu abavumi [[Zimbabwe|beZimbabwe]], abakhunukezwe khulu ziindlela zokucoca iindaba zesiNdebele. * [[Albert Nyathi|U-Albert Nyathi]] * Afrida Band * * * * * * * * Omunye wamaKhosikazi womvumo wesiNdebele ohlathululwako nguNothembi Mkhwebane, owaba yi-star yeentjhabatjhaba ngeenrhehlezana zakhe i-The Siblings. Inengi labavumi bamaNdebele lihlonitjhwe khulu ngepumelelwabo ehle khulu ezikweni lomvumo e-Bulawayo Arts Awards. == Abavumi BamaNdebele == Banengi tle abatloli beengoma neenrhehlezana zesiNdebele, khulukhulu abavumi [[Zimbabwe|beZimbabwe]], abakhunukezwe khulu ziindlela zokucoca iindaba zesiNdebele. * [[Albert Nyathi|U-Albert Nyathi]] * Afrida Band * * * * * * * * Omunye wamaKhosikazi womvumo wesiNdebele ohlathululwako nguNothembi Mkhwebane, owaba yi-star yeentjhabatjhaba ngeenrhehlezana zakhe i-The Siblings. Inengi labavumi bamaNdebele lihlonitjhwe khulu ngepumelelwabo ehle khulu ezikweni lomvumo e-Bulawayo Arts Awards. 08ruzab026wurh6tx03wcrc4j705wfh 6889 6888 2026-09-25T15:41:14Z Andries Solly Skhosana 1624 /* Abavumi BamaNdebele */ 6889 wikitext text/x-wiki Umvumo [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|wesiNdebele]] usatjalaliswa khulu ngokusetjenziswa kweengoma ezivunywa ngomlomo kwaphela, ngaphandle kweenlilisi zomvumo nezikhambisana [[:en:Rattle_(percussion_instrument)|nokubetha inyawo]] (ingadla) kanye [[:en:Clapper_(musical_instrument)|nokubetha izandla]] (ukuwahla). Nawuqathanisa iingoma ezinganazo iinlilisi, ezivunywa nguyedwana kanye nomvumo weenlilisi ufunyana bona akunamehluko otjho litho likhulu, okufana nomdumo [[:en:Southern_Ndebele_people|wamaNdebele weSewula]] ovama ukubizwa ngokuthi ziinodo (umvumo wesiNdebele), Njenge-[[:en:Shona_people|Shona]], amaNdebele weSewula nawo asebenzisa [[:en:Musical_bow|iinlilisi zomlomo]] kanye nezenziwa ngeengodo ezithambileko ezifakwe ithadlana, khulukhulu ukuzidlalela ukuzithabisa nje.<ref>Amoedo, Avelino; Martnez-Costa, Mara del Pilar; Moreno, Elsa (2009-02-01). "An analysis of the communication strategies of Spanish commercial music networks on the web: http://los40.com, http://los40principales.com, http://cadena100.es, http://europafm.es and http://kissfm.es". Radio Journal:International Studies in Broadcast & Audio Media. 6 (1): 5–20. doi:10.1386/rajo.6.1.5_4. ISSN 1476-4504. {{cite journal}}: External link in |title= (help)</ref> == Abavumi BamaNdebele == Banengi tle abatloli beengoma neenrhehlezana zesiNdebele, khulukhulu abavumi [[Zimbabwe|beZimbabwe]], abakhunukezwe khulu ziindlela zokucoca iindaba zesiNdebele. * [[Albert Nyathi|U-Albert Nyathi]] * Afrida Band * * * * * * * * Omunye wamaKhosikazi womvumo wesiNdebele ohlathululwako nguNothembi Mkhwebane, owaba yi-star yeentjhabatjhaba ngeenrhehlezana zakhe i-The Siblings. Inengi labavumi bamaNdebele lihlonitjhwe khulu ngepumelelwabo ehle khulu ezikweni lomvumo e-Bulawayo Arts Awards. == Iinqophiso == dwyhdys7esqo0pvh1sal8f9ltimgh6r 6890 6889 2026-09-25T16:42:54Z Andries Solly Skhosana 1624 /* Abavumi BamaNdebele */ 6890 wikitext text/x-wiki Umvumo [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|wesiNdebele]] usatjalaliswa khulu ngokusetjenziswa kweengoma ezivunywa ngomlomo kwaphela, ngaphandle kweenlilisi zomvumo nezikhambisana [[:en:Rattle_(percussion_instrument)|nokubetha inyawo]] (ingadla) kanye [[:en:Clapper_(musical_instrument)|nokubetha izandla]] (ukuwahla). Nawuqathanisa iingoma ezinganazo iinlilisi, ezivunywa nguyedwana kanye nomvumo weenlilisi ufunyana bona akunamehluko otjho litho likhulu, okufana nomdumo [[:en:Southern_Ndebele_people|wamaNdebele weSewula]] ovama ukubizwa ngokuthi ziinodo (umvumo wesiNdebele), Njenge-[[:en:Shona_people|Shona]], amaNdebele weSewula nawo asebenzisa [[:en:Musical_bow|iinlilisi zomlomo]] kanye nezenziwa ngeengodo ezithambileko ezifakwe ithadlana, khulukhulu ukuzidlalela ukuzithabisa nje.<ref>Amoedo, Avelino; Martnez-Costa, Mara del Pilar; Moreno, Elsa (2009-02-01). "An analysis of the communication strategies of Spanish commercial music networks on the web: http://los40.com, http://los40principales.com, http://cadena100.es, http://europafm.es and http://kissfm.es". Radio Journal:International Studies in Broadcast & Audio Media. 6 (1): 5–20. doi:10.1386/rajo.6.1.5_4. ISSN 1476-4504. {{cite journal}}: External link in |title= (help)</ref> == Abavumi BamaNdebele == Banengi tle abatloli beengoma neenrhehlezana zesiNdebele, khulukhulu abavumi [[Zimbabwe|beZimbabwe]], abakhunukezwe khulu ziindlela zokucoca iindaba zesiNdebele. * [[Albert Nyathi|U-Albert Nyathi]] * Afrida Band *Andy Brown & The Storm *Ilanga *Kampi Moto & George Phiri *[[:en:Louis_Mhlanga|Louis Mhlanga]] *Marsha Moyo *Thabani Band *Ziyaduma *Sandra Ndebele Omunye wamaKhosikazi womvumo wesiNdebele ohlathululwako nguNothembi Mkhwebane, owaba yi-star yeentjhabatjhaba ngeenrhehlezana zakhe i-The Siblings. Inengi labavumi bamaNdebele lihlonitjhwe khulu ngepumelelwabo ehle khulu ezikweni lomvumo e-Bulawayo Arts Awards. == Iinqophiso == 5plfvi5mbc8vuhrh8l610efritmpxgk 6891 6890 2026-09-25T17:45:22Z Andries Solly Skhosana 1624 6891 wikitext text/x-wiki Umvumo [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|wesiNdebele]] usatjalaliswa khulu ngokusetjenziswa kweengoma ezivunywa ngaphandle kweenlilisi zomvumo nezikhambisana [[:en:Rattle_(percussion_instrument)|nokubetha inyawo]] (ingadla) kanye [[:en:Clapper_(musical_instrument)|nokubetha izandla]] (ukuwahla). Nawuqathanisa iingoma ezinganazo iinlilisi, ezivunywa nguyedwana kanye nomvumo weenlilisi ufunyana bona akunamehluko otjho litho likhulu, okufana nomdumo [[:en:Southern_Ndebele_people|wamaNdebele weSewula]] ovama ukubizwa ngokuthi ziinodo (umvumo wesiNdebele), Njenge-[[:en:Shona_people|Shona]], amaNdebele weSewula nawo asebenzisa [[:en:Musical_bow|iinlilisi zomlomo]] kanye nezenziwa ngeengodo ezithambileko ezifakwe ithadlana, khulukhulu ukuzidlalela ukuzithabisa nje.<ref>Amoedo, Avelino; Martnez-Costa, Mara del Pilar; Moreno, Elsa (2009-02-01). "An analysis of the communication strategies of Spanish commercial music networks on the web: http://los40.com, http://los40principales.com, http://cadena100.es, http://europafm.es and http://kissfm.es". Radio Journal:International Studies in Broadcast & Audio Media. 6 (1): 5–20. doi:10.1386/rajo.6.1.5_4. ISSN 1476-4504. {{cite journal}}: External link in |title= (help)</ref> == Abavumi BamaNdebele == Banengi tle abatloli beengoma neenrhehlezana zesiNdebele, khulukhulu abavumi [[Zimbabwe|beZimbabwe]], abakhunukezwe khulu ziindlela zokucoca iindaba zesiNdebele. * [[:en:Albert_Nyathi|U-Albert Nyathi]] * Afrida Band *Andy Brown & The Storm *Ilanga *Kampi Moto & George Phiri *[[:en:Louis_Mhlanga|Louis Mhlanga]] *Marsha Moyo *Thabani Band *Ziyaduma *Sandra Ndebele<ref>http://www.natartszim.org.zw/roil-bulawayo-arts-awards-set-for-28-november-2020/</ref> Omunye wamaKhosikazi womvumo wesiNdebele ohlathululwako nguNothembi Mkhwebane, owaba yi-star yeentjhabatjhaba ngeenrhehlezana zakhe i-The Siblings. Inengi labavumi bamaNdebele lihlonitjhwe khulu ngepumelelwabo ehle khulu ezikweni lomvumo e-Bulawayo Arts Awards.<ref><nowiki>http://www.natartszim.org.zw/roil-bulawayo-arts-awards-set-for-28-november-2020/</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://cite.org.zw/roilbaa-organisers-announce-changes/</nowiki></ref> == Iinqophiso == 2afzfsfmou8shq8wkwq9kxq0dwswwqt 0 1239 6892 6863 2026-09-25T20:27:36Z Andries Solly Skhosana 1624 6892 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ndebele Architecture.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Igwalo lendlu yamaNdebele laziwa ngokusebenzisa [[:en:Pattern|imisikiso]] yejometri kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemibala ekhanyako.]] [[Isimumathi:Ndebele-women-loopspruit.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Abomma bamaNdebele bajame ngaphandle kwendlu [[:en:Rondavel|yerantabula]] egwaliweko.]] '''Ukugwalwa kwendlu yamaNdebele''' mhlobo wobukghwari be-Afrika obenziwa [[AmaNdebele|maNdebele weSewula]] enarheni yeSewula Afrika kanye [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|namaNdebele weTlhagwini]], e-[[:en:Matobo|Matobo]], e-Zimbabwe<ref>[[Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture (1st ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN 9780797493148]]</ref>. == Umlando == Ubukghwari obufunyaneka endaweni yesikopilo yamaNdebele babukhona eminyakeni eyiinkulungwana eyadlulako begodu bufakazelwa bukghwari bamatje obufunyaneka ema-Matopos <ref>https://cultureincrisis.org/projects/documentation-of-ndebele-art-and-architectural-traditions</ref> <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781779012852</ref> obuthiywe ngama-Khoi-San.<ref>https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3889034</ref><ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref><ref>Needham, D.E. (1984). ''From Iron Age to Independence - A History of Central Africa''. England: Longman. p.&nbsp;5. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>0582651115</bdi>.</ref> Ngomnyaka wee-2016, iSikhwama se-US Mzenda vikela iSiko, i-AFCP<ref>NewsDay, The. "Book on preservation of Ndebele art, architecture launched". ''NewsDay''. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</ref> ngokurhunyeziweko sanikela ngesibonelelo sokutlola phasi ubukghwari besikopilo yesiNdebele, bokugwala kanye nebokuhlobisa amarantabula. Lokhu-ke kuza njengokuba kuqakatheke ngakho ukudlulisela amakghono kanye nelwazi ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya kwesesibili.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Ngesikhathi seminyaka emakhulu ali-18, isitjhaba samaNdebele wakwaNdzundza; [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]] sakha isiko kanye nendlela yaso ekhethekileko yokugwala izindlu. Kwaze kwaba sekupheleni komnyaka we-1900, amaNdebele atjheja iingorho kanye nabanikazi abakhulu abaphethe indawo. Ngesiruthwana somnyaka we-1883, aya epini namaBhunu abomakhelwana babo. [[Lose|Ukuloba]] ipi kwawo kwaletha ipilo ebukhuni tle kanye nokujeziswa okumbi khulu kwamambala emaNdebeleni. Ngeenkhathi lezo ezibudisi, amatshwayo wokuveza imizwa akhiqizwa babantu abatlhagako lokha nabaveza ubuhlungu babo. Amatshwayo la bekasithomo sobukghwari be-Afrika. [[Isimumathi:Esther Mahlangu in 2015.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Umgwali wamaNdebele u-[[Esther Mahlangu]] ugwala iboda.]] Isitjhaba samaNdebele ekuthomeni kweminyaka emakhulu ali-18 besihlala eenrantabuleni zotjani. Sathoma ngokusebenzisa izindlu ezinamaboda wedaka, phakathi kweminyaka emakhulu ali-18 lokha amatshwayo la nakathoma ukubunjwa eendlini zaso nemabodenaso. Amatshwayo avezwako la gade asetjenziselwa ukulomondisana hlangana neenqhema ezincani zabantu bamaNdebele. Bajamela iragelo phambili labo lokujamela amasiko nobunjalo bobujamo babo. Abalimi bamaBhunu gade bangatlhadlhuleki, kunokuzwisisa lokho bona bebakuthatha njengobukghwari bamasiko obungalimaziko, nje-ke kwavunyelwa bona kuragelwe phambili. Amagwalo la asemabodeni bekenziwa babantu abasikazi, ayimtlolofihlo owaziwa babantu babo bodwa, ingasi nanyana ngubani kodwana amaNdebele kwaphela. Kwesinye isikhathi ukukhuliswa kwabantu abaduna, okwaziwa ngokuwela (ukuyama), bekusizathu sokuvuselela, kodwana isiko belingavezwa. Elinye izinga lepilo elingakhange livezwe namkha linqotjhiswe ngamabodabo bekukuvezwa ukuhlanzeka kwabo. Amasiko neenkolelo azange zibe yingcenye yamagwalo wemizi yamaNdebele. Abomma bamaNdebele bavama ukuba bathwali besiko begodu nabathuthukisi abakhulu bobukghwari bamaboda wemakhaya wabo. Isiko nendlela ekhethekileko yokugwala indlu idluliselwa ngumma emalungeni wemindeni, ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya esizukulwaneni sesibili. Ikhaya eligwalwe kuhle liveza umfazi wekhaya njengomfazi kanye nomma wamambala. Utjheja khulu ukugwala iimpundu zemithangala yesango, imithangala yesirhodlo, imithangala yesibuya begodu kanengi utjheja nomthejo wengakwakhe. Into eyodwa tere elitjhuguluko elikarisako soloko kwathoma ukugwala amaboda wezindlu zobukghwari zagadesi kuziindlela zabo ezikhethekileko nezihlukileko kwezabanye. Ekuthomeni kokugwala izindlu, amatshwayo [[Patterns|nemisikiso]] yazo bekavama ukususelwa emilingakobeni nemikhaleni yawamaNdebele. Imisikiso beyinemibala erasako begodu igwalwe ngemino yabantu abasikazi. Ipende yokuthoma eendlini bekuyipende emhlophe eyenziwa ngomlotha wamatje aphekiweko, i-limestone whitewash. Imibala eyimfakela lokha nakugwalwako bekumibala yemvelo, efakahlangana umbala onzotho, onzima kanye neminye eminengi. Inengi lemisikiso gade linesibumbeko seledere elingu-V begodu noncantathu odwebiwa abe mkhulu ngokwesibumbeko esinombala. Imisikiso, ukukhanya kwemibala yephasi, iinkomba kanye nobukhulu beziqakatheke khulu kwamambala ukudlula imibala yanamhlanjesi ekhanya bha! == Imibala == Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi, imibala nebunjo kwaba yinto eqakathekileko emitlanyweni yoke. Emaswapheleni weminyaka we-1968, indlela etja ekhethekileko yabonakala. Lokho okwakukade kuyimvelo ngokugwala ngomuno, muva nje sele kwenziwa iinsetjenziswa ezihlanganiswe neeensibana kwaba ngasuthi ziinkwasana. Amaboda bekasese mhlophe ekuthomeni kodwana imibala yawo yabuya yatjhuguluka khulu. Imisikiso namatshwayo namhlanjesi angabonakala ngombala onzima omanyazelako kanye nombala okhanya bha!. Kunemibala emihlanu eqakathekileko: Obovu kanye nobovu khulu, osarulana ukuya kolidzugu, olijuba, ohlaza tjani begodu kwesinye isikhathi obukhobe. Imibala inikela ihlathululo etjhujileko yamaNdebele. Ingatjho ubujamo nofana amandla wabanikazi bekhaya, ukuthandaza, ukukwakwazelela umtjhado ekhaya nofana ingajamela umtjhagalo wagadesi. Imigwalo iveza ihlathululo engabonakaliko nengasi ngeyamambala. Le kuyindlela eqophileko yokutjengisa ukuzibonakalisa kwabo ebantwini abangaphandle komndeni wabo ohlukileko, ukutjengisa ikghono nokunambitheka kukamma. Umbala omhlophe uhlala usetjenziswa njengesizinda ngombana wenza imisikiso ekhanyako ibonakale khulu. == Imisikiso == Imisikiso ebukhobe ngeminye yemibala eqakatheke khulu kwamambala enetjhebiswano elihle negwalo. Ivama ukuzibuyekezabuyekeza kiyo yoke imitlamo yayo ngetjhugulukwana elincani khulu kanye nangemibalayo yekhetho elihlukileko. Imisikiso yejometri nemibunjo ithonywa ngedwebo elindulungelwe ngombala omnzima magega, bese-ke ngemva kwalokho izaliswe ngombala othileko ngaphakathi. Imisikiso ihlelwe ngeenqhenyama kiwo woke amaboda ngokuya ngesakhiwo sawo esisisekelo. Ukwakha iinsetjenziswa ezifaneleko kuvumela ukunemba poro kanye netjhaphuluko lokutjhijilwa msebenzi obudisi. Iinsetjenziswa akhange zakhandela umgwali bona enze ubukghwari bakhe. Kufanele abe neensetjenziswa zesibumbeko esikhulu sejometri esinombala osipara kanye namakwasi amancani azokufinyelela endaweni ezincani khulu nemiphethweni. Ukuthuthuka kweensetjenziswa zokugwala kuvumele imiklamo ekhawulezako neyinkimbinkimbi kiyo yoke imizi yamaNdebele. Izindlu lezi ezigwaliweko neziqaleka zigwaleke lula tle zidzimele ehlelweni elitjhijilako lamasiko nokwenziwa kwawo. Isikopilo lokugwaleli lisaphila nanamhlanjesi. Njengoba esinye nesinye isizukulwana sidlulisa leli isikopilo, amatjhuguluko amancani athoma ukuba khona. Le yindlela yabo yokukhulumisana kanye nokuziveza tjhatjhalazi ngamakhaya wabo. Abomma basebenza isikhathi eside khulu nabudisi ukuqeda amaboda la begodu batjhejwa mphakathi wangaphandle ngebanga lekghono labo nokuziveza kwabo epepeneneni. == Qala godu == * [[Esther Mahlangu|U-Esther Mahlangu]] == Iinqophiso == pzsvq27c6q0brm3j3b2h06x2c2xr2oj 6893 6892 2026-09-25T20:38:01Z Andries Solly Skhosana 1624 6893 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ndebele Architecture.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Igwalo lendlu yamaNdebele laziwa ngokusebenzisa [[:en:Pattern|imisikiso]] yejometri kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemibala ekhanyako.]] [[Isimumathi:Ndebele-women-loopspruit.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Abomma bamaNdebele bajame ngaphandle kwendlu [[:en:Rondavel|yerantabula]] egwaliweko.]] '''Ukugwalwa kwendlu yamaNdebele''' mhlobo wobukghwari be-Afrika obenziwa [[AmaNdebele|maNdebele weSewula]] enarheni yeSewula Afrika kanye [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|namaNdebele weTlhagwini]], e-[[:en:Matobo|Matobo]], e-Zimbabwe.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> == Umlando == Ubukghwari obufunyaneka endaweni yesikopilo yamaNdebele babukhona eminyakeni eyiinkulungwana eyadlulako begodu bufakazelwa bukghwari bamatje obufunyaneka ema-Matopos <ref>https://cultureincrisis.org/projects/documentation-of-ndebele-art-and-architectural-traditions</ref> <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781779012852</ref> obuthiywe ngama-Khoi-San.<ref>https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3889034</ref><ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref><ref>Needham, D.E. (1984). ''From Iron Age to Independence - A History of Central Africa''. England: Longman. p.&nbsp;5. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>0582651115</bdi>.</ref> Ngomnyaka wee-2016, iSikhwama se-US Mzenda vikela iSiko, i-AFCP<ref>NewsDay, The. "Book on preservation of Ndebele art, architecture launched". ''NewsDay''. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</ref> ngokurhunyeziweko sanikela ngesibonelelo sokutlola phasi ubukghwari besikopilo yesiNdebele, bokugwala kanye nebokuhlobisa amarantabula. Lokhu-ke kuza njengokuba kuqakatheke ngakho ukudlulisela amakghono kanye nelwazi ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya kwesesibili.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Ngesikhathi seminyaka emakhulu ali-18, isitjhaba samaNdebele wakwaNdzundza; [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]] sakha isiko kanye nendlela yaso ekhethekileko yokugwala izindlu. Kwaze kwaba sekupheleni komnyaka we-1900, amaNdebele atjheja iingorho kanye nabanikazi abakhulu abaphethe indawo. Ngesiruthwana somnyaka we-1883, aya epini namaBhunu abomakhelwana babo. [[Lose|Ukuloba]] ipi kwawo kwaletha ipilo ebukhuni tle kanye nokujeziswa okumbi khulu kwamambala emaNdebeleni. Ngeenkhathi lezo ezibudisi, amatshwayo wokuveza imizwa akhiqizwa babantu abatlhagako lokha nabaveza ubuhlungu babo. Amatshwayo la bekasithomo sobukghwari be-Afrika.<ref>Wilson, Judith (1988). "Ndebele: The Art of an African Tribe". ''Woman's Art Journal''. '''9''' (1): 47. doi:10.2307/1358366. ISSN&nbsp;0270-7993. JSTOR&nbsp;1358366.</ref> [[Isimumathi:Esther Mahlangu in 2015.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Umgwali wamaNdebele u-[[Esther Mahlangu]] ugwala iboda.]] Isitjhaba samaNdebele ekuthomeni kweminyaka emakhulu ali-18 besihlala eenrantabuleni zotjani. Sathoma ngokusebenzisa izindlu ezinamaboda wedaka, phakathi kweminyaka emakhulu ali-18 lokha amatshwayo la nakathoma ukubunjwa eendlini zaso nemabodenaso. Amatshwayo avezwako la gade asetjenziselwa ukulomondisana hlangana neenqhema ezincani zabantu bamaNdebele. Bajamela iragelo phambili labo lokujamela amasiko nobunjalo bobujamo babo. Abalimi bamaBhunu gade bangatlhadlhuleki, kunokuzwisisa lokho bona bebakuthatha njengobukghwari bamasiko obungalimaziko, nje-ke kwavunyelwa bona kuragelwe phambili. Amagwalo la asemabodeni bekenziwa babantu abasikazi, ayimtlolofihlo owaziwa babantu babo bodwa, ingasi nanyana ngubani kodwana amaNdebele kwaphela.<ref>DULUCQ, Sophie (1997-11-01). "Margaret COURTNEY-CLARKE, Ndebele. L'art d'une tribu d'Afrique du Sud, Arthaud, 1991, 204 p." ''Clio'' (6). doi:10.4000/clio.398. ISSN&nbsp;1252-7017.</ref> Kwesinye isikhathi ukukhuliswa kwabantu abaduna, okwaziwa ngokuwela (ukuyama), bekusizathu sokuvuselela, kodwana isiko belingavezwa. Elinye izinga lepilo elingakhange livezwe namkha linqotjhiswe ngamabodabo bekukuvezwa ukuhlanzeka kwabo. Amasiko neenkolelo azange zibe yingcenye yamagwalo wemizi yamaNdebele. Abomma bamaNdebele bavama ukuba bathwali besiko begodu nabathuthukisi abakhulu bobukghwari bamaboda wemakhaya wabo. Isiko nendlela ekhethekileko yokugwala indlu idluliselwa ngumma emalungeni wemindeni, ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya esizukulwaneni sesibili. Ikhaya eligwalwe kuhle liveza umfazi wekhaya njengomfazi kanye nomma wamambala. Utjheja khulu ukugwala iimpundu zemithangala yesango, imithangala yesirhodlo, imithangala yesibuya begodu kanengi utjheja nomthejo wengakwakhe. Into eyodwa tere elitjhuguluko elikarisako soloko kwathoma ukugwala amaboda wezindlu zobukghwari zagadesi kuziindlela zabo ezikhethekileko nezihlukileko kwezabanye. Ekuthomeni kokugwala izindlu, amatshwayo [[Patterns|nemisikiso]] yazo bekavama ukususelwa emilingakobeni nemikhaleni yawamaNdebele. Imisikiso beyinemibala erasako begodu igwalwe ngemino yabantu abasikazi. Ipende yokuthoma eendlini bekuyipende emhlophe eyenziwa ngomlotha wamatje aphekiweko, i-limestone whitewash. Imibala eyimfakela lokha nakugwalwako bekumibala yemvelo, efakahlangana umbala onzotho, onzima kanye neminye eminengi. Inengi lemisikiso gade linesibumbeko seledere elingu-V begodu noncantathu odwebiwa abe mkhulu ngokwesibumbeko esinombala. Imisikiso, ukukhanya kwemibala yephasi, iinkomba kanye nobukhulu beziqakatheke khulu kwamambala ukudlula imibala yanamhlanjesi ekhanya bha! == Imibala == Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi, imibala nebunjo kwaba yinto eqakathekileko emitlanyweni yoke. Emaswapheleni weminyaka we-1968, indlela etja ekhethekileko yabonakala. Lokho okwakukade kuyimvelo ngokugwala ngomuno, muva nje sele kwenziwa iinsetjenziswa ezihlanganiswe neeensibana kwaba ngasuthi ziinkwasana. Amaboda bekasese mhlophe ekuthomeni kodwana imibala yawo yabuya yatjhuguluka khulu. Imisikiso namatshwayo namhlanjesi angabonakala ngombala onzima omanyazelako kanye nombala okhanya bha!. Kunemibala emihlanu eqakathekileko: Obovu kanye nobovu khulu, osarulana ukuya kolidzugu, olijuba, ohlaza tjani begodu kwesinye isikhathi obukhobe. Imibala inikela ihlathululo etjhujileko yamaNdebele. Ingatjho ubujamo nofana amandla wabanikazi bekhaya, ukuthandaza, ukukwakwazelela umtjhado ekhaya nofana ingajamela umtjhagalo wagadesi. Imigwalo iveza ihlathululo engabonakaliko nengasi ngeyamambala. Le kuyindlela eqophileko yokutjengisa ukuzibonakalisa kwabo ebantwini abangaphandle komndeni wabo ohlukileko, ukutjengisa ikghono nokunambitheka kukamma. Umbala omhlophe uhlala usetjenziswa njengesizinda ngombana wenza imisikiso ekhanyako ibonakale khulu.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> == Imisikiso == Imisikiso ebukhobe ngeminye yemibala eqakatheke khulu kwamambala enetjhebiswano elihle negwalo. Ivama ukuzibuyekezabuyekeza kiyo yoke imitlamo yayo ngetjhugulukwana elincani khulu kanye nangemibalayo yekhetho elihlukileko. Imisikiso yejometri nemibunjo ithonywa ngedwebo elindulungelwe ngombala omnzima magega, bese-ke ngemva kwalokho izaliswe ngombala othileko ngaphakathi. Imisikiso ihlelwe ngeenqhenyama kiwo woke amaboda ngokuya ngesakhiwo sawo esisisekelo. Ukwakha iinsetjenziswa ezifaneleko kuvumela ukunemba poro kanye netjhaphuluko lokutjhijilwa msebenzi obudisi. Iinsetjenziswa akhange zakhandela umgwali bona enze ubukghwari bakhe. Kufanele abe neensetjenziswa zesibumbeko esikhulu sejometri esinombala osipara kanye namakwasi amancani azokufinyelela endaweni ezincani khulu nemiphethweni. Ukuthuthuka kweensetjenziswa zokugwala kuvumele imiklamo ekhawulezako neyinkimbinkimbi kiyo yoke imizi yamaNdebele.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Izindlu lezi ezigwaliweko neziqaleka zigwaleke lula tle zidzimele ehlelweni elitjhijilako lamasiko nokwenziwa kwawo. Isikopilo lokugwaleli lisaphila nanamhlanjesi. Njengoba esinye nesinye isizukulwana sidlulisa leli isikopilo, amatjhuguluko amancani athoma ukuba khona. Le yindlela yabo yokukhulumisana kanye nokuziveza tjhatjhalazi ngamakhaya wabo. Abomma basebenza isikhathi eside khulu nabudisi ukuqeda amaboda la begodu batjhejwa mphakathi wangaphandle ngebanga lekghono labo nokuziveza kwabo epepeneneni. == Qala godu == * [[Esther Mahlangu|U-Esther Mahlangu]] == Iinqophiso == 8p56f0otf17sfixbn61dum1tba7k49t 6894 6893 2026-09-25T20:48:08Z Andries Solly Skhosana 1624 6894 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ndebele Architecture.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Igwalo lendlu yamaNdebele laziwa ngokusebenzisa [[:en:Pattern|imisikiso]] yejometri kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemibala ekhanyako.]] [[Isimumathi:Ndebele-women-loopspruit.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Abomma bamaNdebele bajame ngaphandle kwendlu [[:en:Rondavel|yerantabula]] egwaliweko.]] '''Ukugwalwa kwendlu yamaNdebele''' mhlobo wobukghwari be-Afrika obenziwa [[AmaNdebele|maNdebele weSewula]] enarheni yeSewula Afrika kanye [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|namaNdebele weTlhagwini]], e-[[:en:Matobo|Matobo]], e-Zimbabwe.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> == Umlando == Ubukghwari obufunyaneka endaweni yesikopilo yamaNdebele babukhona eminyakeni eyiinkulungwana eyadlulako begodu bufakazelwa bukghwari bamatje obufunyaneka ema-Matopos <ref>Documentation of Ndebele Art and Architectural Traditions". ''Culture in Crisis''. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</ref> <ref>Sibanda, M (2016). ''The African Heritage'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Harare, Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe Publishing House. p.&nbsp;14. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9781779012852</bdi>.</ref> obuthiywe ngama-Khoi-San.<ref>Walker, Nick; Parry, Elspeth (December 2001). "Legacy on the Rocks: The Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers of the Matopo Hills, Zimbabwe". ''The South African Archaeological Bulletin''. '''56''' (173/174): 106. doi:10.2307/3889034. ISSN&nbsp;0038-1969. JSTOR&nbsp;3889034.</ref><ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref><ref>Needham, D.E. (1984). ''From Iron Age to Independence - A History of Central Africa''. England: Longman. p.&nbsp;5. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>0582651115</bdi>.</ref> Ngomnyaka wee-2016, iSikhwama se-US Mzenda vikela iSiko, i-AFCP<ref>NewsDay, The. "Book on preservation of Ndebele art, architecture launched". ''NewsDay''. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</ref> ngokurhunyeziweko sanikela ngesibonelelo sokutlola phasi ubukghwari besikopilo yesiNdebele, bokugwala kanye nebokuhlobisa amarantabula. Lokhu-ke kuza njengokuba kuqakatheke ngakho ukudlulisela amakghono kanye nelwazi ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya kwesesibili.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Ngesikhathi seminyaka emakhulu ali-18, isitjhaba samaNdebele wakwaNdzundza; [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]] sakha isiko kanye nendlela yaso ekhethekileko yokugwala izindlu. Kwaze kwaba sekupheleni komnyaka we-1900, amaNdebele atjheja iingorho kanye nabanikazi abakhulu abaphethe indawo. Ngesiruthwana somnyaka we-1883, aya epini namaBhunu abomakhelwana babo. [[Lose|Ukuloba]] ipi kwawo kwaletha ipilo ebukhuni tle kanye nokujeziswa okumbi khulu kwamambala emaNdebeleni. Ngeenkhathi lezo ezibudisi, amatshwayo wokuveza imizwa akhiqizwa babantu abatlhagako lokha nabaveza ubuhlungu babo. Amatshwayo la bekasithomo sobukghwari be-Afrika.<ref>Wilson, Judith (1988). "Ndebele: The Art of an African Tribe". ''Woman's Art Journal''. '''9''' (1): 47. doi:10.2307/1358366. ISSN&nbsp;0270-7993. JSTOR&nbsp;1358366.</ref> [[Isimumathi:Esther Mahlangu in 2015.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Umgwali wamaNdebele u-[[Esther Mahlangu]] ugwala iboda.]] Isitjhaba samaNdebele ekuthomeni kweminyaka emakhulu ali-18 besihlala eenrantabuleni zotjani. Sathoma ngokusebenzisa izindlu ezinamaboda wedaka, phakathi kweminyaka emakhulu ali-18 lokha amatshwayo la nakathoma ukubunjwa eendlini zaso nemabodenaso. Amatshwayo avezwako la gade asetjenziselwa ukulomondisana hlangana neenqhema ezincani zabantu bamaNdebele. Bajamela iragelo phambili labo lokujamela amasiko nobunjalo bobujamo babo. Abalimi bamaBhunu gade bangatlhadlhuleki, kunokuzwisisa lokho bona bebakuthatha njengobukghwari bamasiko obungalimaziko, nje-ke kwavunyelwa bona kuragelwe phambili. Amagwalo la asemabodeni bekenziwa babantu abasikazi, ayimtlolofihlo owaziwa babantu babo bodwa, ingasi nanyana ngubani kodwana amaNdebele kwaphela.<ref>DULUCQ, Sophie (1997-11-01). "Margaret COURTNEY-CLARKE, Ndebele. L'art d'une tribu d'Afrique du Sud, Arthaud, 1991, 204 p." ''Clio'' (6). doi:10.4000/clio.398. ISSN&nbsp;1252-7017.</ref> Kwesinye isikhathi ukukhuliswa kwabantu abaduna, okwaziwa ngokuwela (ukuyama), bekusizathu sokuvuselela, kodwana isiko belingavezwa. Elinye izinga lepilo elingakhange livezwe namkha linqotjhiswe ngamabodabo bekukuvezwa ukuhlanzeka kwabo. Amasiko neenkolelo azange zibe yingcenye yamagwalo wemizi yamaNdebele. Abomma bamaNdebele bavama ukuba bathwali besiko begodu nabathuthukisi abakhulu bobukghwari bamaboda wemakhaya wabo. Isiko nendlela ekhethekileko yokugwala indlu idluliselwa ngumma emalungeni wemindeni, ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya esizukulwaneni sesibili. Ikhaya eligwalwe kuhle liveza umfazi wekhaya njengomfazi kanye nomma wamambala. Utjheja khulu ukugwala iimpundu zemithangala yesango, imithangala yesirhodlo, imithangala yesibuya begodu kanengi utjheja nomthejo wengakwakhe. Into eyodwa tere elitjhuguluko elikarisako soloko kwathoma ukugwala amaboda wezindlu zobukghwari zagadesi kuziindlela zabo ezikhethekileko nezihlukileko kwezabanye. Ekuthomeni kokugwala izindlu, amatshwayo [[Patterns|nemisikiso]] yazo bekavama ukususelwa emilingakobeni nemikhaleni yawamaNdebele. Imisikiso beyinemibala erasako begodu igwalwe ngemino yabantu abasikazi. Ipende yokuthoma eendlini bekuyipende emhlophe eyenziwa ngomlotha wamatje aphekiweko, i-limestone whitewash. Imibala eyimfakela lokha nakugwalwako bekumibala yemvelo, efakahlangana umbala onzotho, onzima kanye neminye eminengi. Inengi lemisikiso gade linesibumbeko seledere elingu-V begodu noncantathu odwebiwa abe mkhulu ngokwesibumbeko esinombala. Imisikiso, ukukhanya kwemibala yephasi, iinkomba kanye nobukhulu beziqakatheke khulu kwamambala ukudlula imibala yanamhlanjesi ekhanya bha! == Imibala == Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi, imibala nebunjo kwaba yinto eqakathekileko emitlanyweni yoke. Emaswapheleni weminyaka we-1968, indlela etja ekhethekileko yabonakala. Lokho okwakukade kuyimvelo ngokugwala ngomuno, muva nje sele kwenziwa iinsetjenziswa ezihlanganiswe neeensibana kwaba ngasuthi ziinkwasana. Amaboda bekasese mhlophe ekuthomeni kodwana imibala yawo yabuya yatjhuguluka khulu. Imisikiso namatshwayo namhlanjesi angabonakala ngombala onzima omanyazelako kanye nombala okhanya bha!. Kunemibala emihlanu eqakathekileko: Obovu kanye nobovu khulu, osarulana ukuya kolidzugu, olijuba, ohlaza tjani begodu kwesinye isikhathi obukhobe. Imibala inikela ihlathululo etjhujileko yamaNdebele. Ingatjho ubujamo nofana amandla wabanikazi bekhaya, ukuthandaza, ukukwakwazelela umtjhado ekhaya nofana ingajamela umtjhagalo wagadesi. Imigwalo iveza ihlathululo engabonakaliko nengasi ngeyamambala. Le kuyindlela eqophileko yokutjengisa ukuzibonakalisa kwabo ebantwini abangaphandle komndeni wabo ohlukileko, ukutjengisa ikghono nokunambitheka kukamma. Umbala omhlophe uhlala usetjenziswa njengesizinda ngombana wenza imisikiso ekhanyako ibonakale khulu.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> == Imisikiso == Imisikiso ebukhobe ngeminye yemibala eqakatheke khulu kwamambala enetjhebiswano elihle negwalo. Ivama ukuzibuyekezabuyekeza kiyo yoke imitlamo yayo ngetjhugulukwana elincani khulu kanye nangemibalayo yekhetho elihlukileko. Imisikiso yejometri nemibunjo ithonywa ngedwebo elindulungelwe ngombala omnzima magega, bese-ke ngemva kwalokho izaliswe ngombala othileko ngaphakathi. Imisikiso ihlelwe ngeenqhenyama kiwo woke amaboda ngokuya ngesakhiwo sawo esisisekelo. Ukwakha iinsetjenziswa ezifaneleko kuvumela ukunemba poro kanye netjhaphuluko lokutjhijilwa msebenzi obudisi. Iinsetjenziswa akhange zakhandela umgwali bona enze ubukghwari bakhe. Kufanele abe neensetjenziswa zesibumbeko esikhulu sejometri esinombala osipara kanye namakwasi amancani azokufinyelela endaweni ezincani khulu nemiphethweni. Ukuthuthuka kweensetjenziswa zokugwala kuvumele imiklamo ekhawulezako neyinkimbinkimbi kiyo yoke imizi yamaNdebele.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Izindlu lezi ezigwaliweko neziqaleka zigwaleke lula tle zidzimele ehlelweni elitjhijilako lamasiko nokwenziwa kwawo. Isikopilo lokugwaleli lisaphila nanamhlanjesi. Njengoba esinye nesinye isizukulwana sidlulisa leli isikopilo, amatjhuguluko amancani athoma ukuba khona. Le yindlela yabo yokukhulumisana kanye nokuziveza tjhatjhalazi ngamakhaya wabo. Abomma basebenza isikhathi eside khulu nabudisi ukuqeda amaboda la begodu batjhejwa mphakathi wangaphandle ngebanga lekghono labo nokuziveza kwabo epepeneneni. == Qala godu == * [[Esther Mahlangu|U-Esther Mahlangu]] == Iinqophiso == e00dninri40m330duon404ro0wt9lxf 6895 6894 2026-09-25T20:54:58Z Andries Solly Skhosana 1624 /* */ 6895 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ndebele Architecture.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Igwalo lendlu yamaNdebele laziwa ngokusebenzisa [[:en:Pattern|imisikiso]] yejometri kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemibala ekhanyako.]] [[Isimumathi:Ndebele-women-loopspruit.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Abomma bamaNdebele bajame ngaphandle kwendlu [[:en:Rondavel|yerantabula]] egwaliweko.]] '''Ukugwalwa kwendlu yamaNdebele''' mhlobo wobukghwari be-Afrika obenziwa [[AmaNdebele|maNdebele weSewula]] enarheni yeSewula Afrika kanye [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|namaNdebele weTlhagwini]], e-[[:en:Matobo|Matobo]], e-Zimbabwe.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> == Umlando == Ubukghwari obufunyaneka endaweni yesikopilo yamaNdebele babukhona eminyakeni eyiinkulungwana eyadlulako begodu bufakazelwa bukghwari bamatje obufunyaneka ema-Matopos <ref>Documentation of Ndebele Art and Architectural Traditions". ''Culture in Crisis''. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</ref> <ref>Sibanda, M (2016). ''The African Heritage'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Harare, Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe Publishing House. p.&nbsp;14. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9781779012852</bdi>.</ref> obuthiywe ngama-Khoi-San.<ref>Walker, Nick; Parry, Elspeth (December 2001). "Legacy on the Rocks: The Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers of the Matopo Hills, Zimbabwe". ''The South African Archaeological Bulletin''. '''56''' (173/174): 106. doi:10.2307/3889034. ISSN&nbsp;0038-1969. JSTOR&nbsp;3889034.</ref><ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref><ref>Needham, D.E. (1984). ''From Iron Age to Independence - A History of Central Africa''. England: Longman. p.&nbsp;5. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>0582651115</bdi>.</ref> Ngomnyaka wee-2016, iSikhwama se-US Mzenda vikela iSiko, i-AFCP<ref>NewsDay, The. "Book on preservation of Ndebele art, architecture launched". ''NewsDay''. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</ref> ngokurhunyeziweko sanikela ngesibonelelo sokutlola phasi ubukghwari besikopilo yesiNdebele, bokugwala kanye nebokuhlobisa amarantabula. Lokhu-ke kuza njengokuba kuqakatheke ngakho ukudlulisela amakghono kanye nelwazi ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya kwesesibili.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Ngesikhathi seminyaka emakhulu ali-18, isitjhaba samaNdebele wakwaNdzundza; [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]] sakha isiko kanye nendlela yaso ekhethekileko yokugwala izindlu. Kwaze kwaba sekupheleni komnyaka we-1900, amaNdebele atjheja iingorho kanye nabanikazi abakhulu abaphethe indawo. Ngesiruthwana somnyaka we-1883, aya epini namaBhunu abomakhelwana babo. [[Lose|Ukuloba]] ipi kwawo kwaletha ipilo ebukhuni tle kanye nokujeziswa okumbi khulu kwamambala emaNdebeleni. Ngeenkhathi lezo ezibudisi, amatshwayo wokuveza imizwa akhiqizwa babantu abatlhagako lokha nabaveza ubuhlungu babo. Amatshwayo la bekasithomo sobukghwari be-Afrika.<ref>Wilson, Judith (1988). "Ndebele: The Art of an African Tribe". ''Woman's Art Journal''. '''9''' (1): 47. doi:10.2307/1358366. ISSN&nbsp;0270-7993. JSTOR&nbsp;1358366.</ref> Isitjhaba samaNdebele ekuthomeni kweminyaka emakhulu ali-18 besihlala eenrantabuleni zotjani. Sathoma ngokusebenzisa izindlu ezinamaboda wedaka, phakathi kweminyaka emakhulu ali-18 lokha amatshwayo la nakathoma ukubunjwa eendlini zaso nemabodenaso. Amatshwayo avezwako la gade asetjenziselwa ukulomondisana hlangana neenqhema ezincani zabantu bamaNdebele. Bajamela iragelo phambili labo lokujamela amasiko nobunjalo bobujamo babo. Abalimi bamaBhunu gade bangatlhadlhuleki, kunokuzwisisa lokho bona bebakuthatha njengobukghwari bamasiko obungalimaziko, nje-ke kwavunyelwa bona kuragelwe phambili. Amagwalo la asemabodeni bekenziwa babantu abasikazi, ayimtlolofihlo owaziwa babantu babo bodwa, ingasi nanyana ngubani kodwana amaNdebele kwaphela.<ref>DULUCQ, Sophie (1997-11-01). "Margaret COURTNEY-CLARKE, Ndebele. L'art d'une tribu d'Afrique du Sud, Arthaud, 1991, 204 p." ''Clio'' (6). doi:10.4000/clio.398. ISSN&nbsp;1252-7017.</ref> Kwesinye isikhathi ukukhuliswa kwabantu abaduna, okwaziwa ngokuwela (ukuyama), bekusizathu sokuvuselela, kodwana isiko belingavezwa. Elinye izinga lepilo elingakhange livezwe namkha linqotjhiswe ngamabodabo bekukuvezwa ukuhlanzeka kwabo. Amasiko neenkolelo azange zibe yingcenye yamagwalo wemizi yamaNdebele. Abomma bamaNdebele bavama ukuba bathwali besiko begodu nabathuthukisi abakhulu bobukghwari bamaboda wemakhaya wabo. Isiko nendlela ekhethekileko yokugwala indlu idluliselwa ngumma emalungeni wemindeni, ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya esizukulwaneni sesibili. Ikhaya eligwalwe kuhle liveza umfazi wekhaya njengomfazi kanye nomma wamambala. Utjheja khulu ukugwala iimpundu zemithangala yesango, imithangala yesirhodlo, imithangala yesibuya begodu kanengi utjheja nomthejo wengakwakhe. Into eyodwa tere elitjhuguluko elikarisako soloko kwathoma ukugwala amaboda wezindlu zobukghwari zagadesi kuziindlela zabo ezikhethekileko nezihlukileko kwezabanye. Ekuthomeni kokugwala izindlu, amatshwayo [[Patterns|nemisikiso]] yazo bekavama ukususelwa emilingakobeni nemikhaleni yawamaNdebele. Imisikiso beyinemibala erasako begodu igwalwe ngemino yabantu abasikazi. Ipende yokuthoma eendlini bekuyipende emhlophe eyenziwa ngomlotha wamatje aphekiweko, i-limestone whitewash. Imibala eyimfakela lokha nakugwalwako bekumibala yemvelo, efakahlangana umbala onzotho, onzima kanye neminye eminengi. Inengi lemisikiso gade linesibumbeko seledere elingu-V begodu noncantathu odwebiwa abe mkhulu ngokwesibumbeko esinombala. Imisikiso, ukukhanya kwemibala yephasi, iinkomba kanye nobukhulu beziqakatheke khulu kwamambala ukudlula imibala yanamhlanjesi ekhanya bha! == Imibala == Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi, imibala nebunjo kwaba yinto eqakathekileko emitlanyweni yoke. Emaswapheleni weminyaka we-1968, indlela etja ekhethekileko yabonakala. Lokho okwakukade kuyimvelo ngokugwala ngomuno, muva nje sele kwenziwa iinsetjenziswa ezihlanganiswe neeensibana kwaba ngasuthi ziinkwasana. Amaboda bekasese mhlophe ekuthomeni kodwana imibala yawo yabuya yatjhuguluka khulu. Imisikiso namatshwayo namhlanjesi angabonakala ngombala onzima omanyazelako kanye nombala okhanya bha!. Kunemibala emihlanu eqakathekileko: Obovu kanye nobovu khulu, osarulana ukuya kolidzugu, olijuba, ohlaza tjani begodu kwesinye isikhathi obukhobe. Imibala inikela ihlathululo etjhujileko yamaNdebele. Ingatjho ubujamo nofana amandla wabanikazi bekhaya, ukuthandaza, ukukwakwazelela umtjhado ekhaya nofana ingajamela umtjhagalo wagadesi. Imigwalo iveza ihlathululo engabonakaliko nengasi ngeyamambala. Le kuyindlela eqophileko yokutjengisa ukuzibonakalisa kwabo ebantwini abangaphandle komndeni wabo ohlukileko, ukutjengisa ikghono nokunambitheka kukamma. Umbala omhlophe uhlala usetjenziswa njengesizinda ngombana wenza imisikiso ekhanyako ibonakale khulu.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> == Imisikiso == Imisikiso ebukhobe ngeminye yemibala eqakatheke khulu kwamambala enetjhebiswano elihle negwalo. Ivama ukuzibuyekezabuyekeza kiyo yoke imitlamo yayo ngetjhugulukwana elincani khulu kanye nangemibalayo yekhetho elihlukileko. Imisikiso yejometri nemibunjo ithonywa ngedwebo elindulungelwe ngombala omnzima magega, bese-ke ngemva kwalokho izaliswe ngombala othileko ngaphakathi. Imisikiso ihlelwe ngeenqhenyama kiwo woke amaboda ngokuya ngesakhiwo sawo esisisekelo. Ukwakha iinsetjenziswa ezifaneleko kuvumela ukunemba poro kanye netjhaphuluko lokutjhijilwa msebenzi obudisi. Iinsetjenziswa akhange zakhandela umgwali bona enze ubukghwari bakhe. Kufanele abe neensetjenziswa zesibumbeko esikhulu sejometri esinombala osipara kanye namakwasi amancani azokufinyelela endaweni ezincani khulu nemiphethweni. Ukuthuthuka kweensetjenziswa zokugwala kuvumele imiklamo ekhawulezako neyinkimbinkimbi kiyo yoke imizi yamaNdebele.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Izindlu lezi ezigwaliweko neziqaleka zigwaleke lula tle zidzimele ehlelweni elitjhijilako lamasiko nokwenziwa kwawo. Isikopilo lokugwaleli lisaphila nanamhlanjesi. Njengoba esinye nesinye isizukulwana sidlulisa leli isikopilo, amatjhuguluko amancani athoma ukuba khona. Le yindlela yabo yokukhulumisana kanye nokuziveza tjhatjhalazi ngamakhaya wabo. Abomma basebenza isikhathi eside khulu nabudisi ukuqeda amaboda la begodu batjhejwa mphakathi wangaphandle ngebanga lekghono labo nokuziveza kwabo epepeneneni. == Qala godu == * [[Esther Mahlangu|U-Esther Mahlangu]] == Iinqophiso == le7j00aw7rdn7icqgmn5940fpfyfifl 6896 6895 2026-09-25T21:01:53Z Andries Solly Skhosana 1624 /* Imisikiso */ 6896 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ndebele Architecture.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Igwalo lendlu yamaNdebele laziwa ngokusebenzisa [[:en:Pattern|imisikiso]] yejometri kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemibala ekhanyako.]] [[Isimumathi:Ndebele-women-loopspruit.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Abomma bamaNdebele bajame ngaphandle kwendlu [[:en:Rondavel|yerantabula]] egwaliweko.]] '''Ukugwalwa kwendlu yamaNdebele''' mhlobo wobukghwari be-Afrika obenziwa [[AmaNdebele|maNdebele weSewula]] enarheni yeSewula Afrika kanye [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|namaNdebele weTlhagwini]], e-[[:en:Matobo|Matobo]], e-Zimbabwe.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> == Umlando == Ubukghwari obufunyaneka endaweni yesikopilo yamaNdebele babukhona eminyakeni eyiinkulungwana eyadlulako begodu bufakazelwa bukghwari bamatje obufunyaneka ema-Matopos <ref>Documentation of Ndebele Art and Architectural Traditions". ''Culture in Crisis''. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</ref> <ref>Sibanda, M (2016). ''The African Heritage'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Harare, Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe Publishing House. p.&nbsp;14. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9781779012852</bdi>.</ref> obuthiywe ngama-Khoi-San.<ref>Walker, Nick; Parry, Elspeth (December 2001). "Legacy on the Rocks: The Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers of the Matopo Hills, Zimbabwe". ''The South African Archaeological Bulletin''. '''56''' (173/174): 106. doi:10.2307/3889034. ISSN&nbsp;0038-1969. JSTOR&nbsp;3889034.</ref><ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref><ref>Needham, D.E. (1984). ''From Iron Age to Independence - A History of Central Africa''. England: Longman. p.&nbsp;5. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>0582651115</bdi>.</ref> Ngomnyaka wee-2016, iSikhwama se-US Mzenda vikela iSiko, i-AFCP<ref>NewsDay, The. "Book on preservation of Ndebele art, architecture launched". ''NewsDay''. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</ref> ngokurhunyeziweko sanikela ngesibonelelo sokutlola phasi ubukghwari besikopilo yesiNdebele, bokugwala kanye nebokuhlobisa amarantabula. Lokhu-ke kuza njengokuba kuqakatheke ngakho ukudlulisela amakghono kanye nelwazi ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya kwesesibili.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Ngesikhathi seminyaka emakhulu ali-18, isitjhaba samaNdebele wakwaNdzundza; [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]] sakha isiko kanye nendlela yaso ekhethekileko yokugwala izindlu. Kwaze kwaba sekupheleni komnyaka we-1900, amaNdebele atjheja iingorho kanye nabanikazi abakhulu abaphethe indawo. Ngesiruthwana somnyaka we-1883, aya epini namaBhunu abomakhelwana babo. [[Lose|Ukuloba]] ipi kwawo kwaletha ipilo ebukhuni tle kanye nokujeziswa okumbi khulu kwamambala emaNdebeleni. Ngeenkhathi lezo ezibudisi, amatshwayo wokuveza imizwa akhiqizwa babantu abatlhagako lokha nabaveza ubuhlungu babo. Amatshwayo la bekasithomo sobukghwari be-Afrika.<ref>Wilson, Judith (1988). "Ndebele: The Art of an African Tribe". ''Woman's Art Journal''. '''9''' (1): 47. doi:10.2307/1358366. ISSN&nbsp;0270-7993. JSTOR&nbsp;1358366.</ref> Isitjhaba samaNdebele ekuthomeni kweminyaka emakhulu ali-18 besihlala eenrantabuleni zotjani. Sathoma ngokusebenzisa izindlu ezinamaboda wedaka, phakathi kweminyaka emakhulu ali-18 lokha amatshwayo la nakathoma ukubunjwa eendlini zaso nemabodenaso. Amatshwayo avezwako la gade asetjenziselwa ukulomondisana hlangana neenqhema ezincani zabantu bamaNdebele. Bajamela iragelo phambili labo lokujamela amasiko nobunjalo bobujamo babo. Abalimi bamaBhunu gade bangatlhadlhuleki, kunokuzwisisa lokho bona bebakuthatha njengobukghwari bamasiko obungalimaziko, nje-ke kwavunyelwa bona kuragelwe phambili. Amagwalo la asemabodeni bekenziwa babantu abasikazi, ayimtlolofihlo owaziwa babantu babo bodwa, ingasi nanyana ngubani kodwana amaNdebele kwaphela.<ref>DULUCQ, Sophie (1997-11-01). "Margaret COURTNEY-CLARKE, Ndebele. L'art d'une tribu d'Afrique du Sud, Arthaud, 1991, 204 p." ''Clio'' (6). doi:10.4000/clio.398. ISSN&nbsp;1252-7017.</ref> Kwesinye isikhathi ukukhuliswa kwabantu abaduna, okwaziwa ngokuwela (ukuyama), bekusizathu sokuvuselela, kodwana isiko belingavezwa. Elinye izinga lepilo elingakhange livezwe namkha linqotjhiswe ngamabodabo bekukuvezwa ukuhlanzeka kwabo. Amasiko neenkolelo azange zibe yingcenye yamagwalo wemizi yamaNdebele. Abomma bamaNdebele bavama ukuba bathwali besiko begodu nabathuthukisi abakhulu bobukghwari bamaboda wemakhaya wabo. Isiko nendlela ekhethekileko yokugwala indlu idluliselwa ngumma emalungeni wemindeni, ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya esizukulwaneni sesibili. Ikhaya eligwalwe kuhle liveza umfazi wekhaya njengomfazi kanye nomma wamambala. Utjheja khulu ukugwala iimpundu zemithangala yesango, imithangala yesirhodlo, imithangala yesibuya begodu kanengi utjheja nomthejo wengakwakhe. Into eyodwa tere elitjhuguluko elikarisako soloko kwathoma ukugwala amaboda wezindlu zobukghwari zagadesi kuziindlela zabo ezikhethekileko nezihlukileko kwezabanye. Ekuthomeni kokugwala izindlu, amatshwayo [[Patterns|nemisikiso]] yazo bekavama ukususelwa emilingakobeni nemikhaleni yawamaNdebele. Imisikiso beyinemibala erasako begodu igwalwe ngemino yabantu abasikazi. Ipende yokuthoma eendlini bekuyipende emhlophe eyenziwa ngomlotha wamatje aphekiweko, i-limestone whitewash. Imibala eyimfakela lokha nakugwalwako bekumibala yemvelo, efakahlangana umbala onzotho, onzima kanye neminye eminengi. Inengi lemisikiso gade linesibumbeko seledere elingu-V begodu noncantathu odwebiwa abe mkhulu ngokwesibumbeko esinombala. Imisikiso, ukukhanya kwemibala yephasi, iinkomba kanye nobukhulu beziqakatheke khulu kwamambala ukudlula imibala yanamhlanjesi ekhanya bha! == Imibala == Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi, imibala nebunjo kwaba yinto eqakathekileko emitlanyweni yoke. Emaswapheleni weminyaka we-1968, indlela etja ekhethekileko yabonakala. Lokho okwakukade kuyimvelo ngokugwala ngomuno, muva nje sele kwenziwa iinsetjenziswa ezihlanganiswe neeensibana kwaba ngasuthi ziinkwasana. Amaboda bekasese mhlophe ekuthomeni kodwana imibala yawo yabuya yatjhuguluka khulu. Imisikiso namatshwayo namhlanjesi angabonakala ngombala onzima omanyazelako kanye nombala okhanya bha!. Kunemibala emihlanu eqakathekileko: Obovu kanye nobovu khulu, osarulana ukuya kolidzugu, olijuba, ohlaza tjani begodu kwesinye isikhathi obukhobe. Imibala inikela ihlathululo etjhujileko yamaNdebele. Ingatjho ubujamo nofana amandla wabanikazi bekhaya, ukuthandaza, ukukwakwazelela umtjhado ekhaya nofana ingajamela umtjhagalo wagadesi. Imigwalo iveza ihlathululo engabonakaliko nengasi ngeyamambala. Le kuyindlela eqophileko yokutjengisa ukuzibonakalisa kwabo ebantwini abangaphandle komndeni wabo ohlukileko, ukutjengisa ikghono nokunambitheka kukamma. Umbala omhlophe uhlala usetjenziswa njengesizinda ngombana wenza imisikiso ekhanyako ibonakale khulu.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> == Imisikiso == Imisikiso ebukhobe ngeminye yemibala eqakatheke khulu kwamambala enetjhebiswano elihle negwalo. Ivama ukuzibuyekezabuyekeza kiyo yoke imitlamo yayo ngetjhugulukwana elincani khulu kanye nangemibalayo yekhetho elihlukileko. Imisikiso yejometri nemibunjo ithonywa ngedwebo elindulungelwe ngombala omnzima magega, bese-ke ngemva kwalokho izaliswe ngombala othileko ngaphakathi. Imisikiso ihlelwe ngeenqhenyama kiwo woke amaboda ngokuya ngesakhiwo sawo esisisekelo. Ukwakha iinsetjenziswa ezifaneleko kuvumela ukunemba poro kanye netjhaphuluko lokutjhijilwa msebenzi obudisi. Iinsetjenziswa akhange zakhandela umgwali bona enze ubukghwari bakhe. Kufanele abe neensetjenziswa zesibumbeko esikhulu sejometri esinombala osipara kanye namakwasi amancani azokufinyelela endaweni ezincani khulu nemiphethweni. Ukuthuthuka kweensetjenziswa zokugwala kukuvumela imitlamo erhabekileko netjharaganisako kiyo yoke imizi yamaNdebele.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Izindlu lezi ezigwaliweko neziqaleka zigwaleke lula tle zidzimele ehlelweni elitjhijilako lamasiko nokwenziwa kwawo. Isikopilo lokugwaleli lisaphila nanamhlanjesi. Njengoba esinye nesinye isizukulwana sidlulisa leli isikopilo, amatjhuguluko amancani athoma ukuba khona. Le yindlela yabo yokukhulumisana kanye nokuziveza tjhatjhalazi ngamakhaya wabo. Abomma basebenza isikhathi eside khulu nabudisi ukuqeda amaboda la begodu batjhejwa mphakathi wangaphandle ngebanga lekghono labo nokuziveza kwabo epepeneneni. == Qala godu == * [[Esther Mahlangu|U-Esther Mahlangu]] == Iinqophiso == dh89m4vbtm05zn5xfanq6papodzpf5e 6897 6896 2026-09-25T21:09:07Z Andries Solly Skhosana 1624 6897 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ndebele Architecture.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Igwalo lendlu yamaNdebele laziwa ngokusebenzisa [[:en:Pattern|imisikiso]] yejometri kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemibala ekhanyako.]] [[Isimumathi:Ndebele-women-loopspruit.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Abomma bamaNdebele bajame ngaphandle kwendlu [[:en:Rondavel|yerantabula]] egwaliweko.]] [[Isimumathi:Esther Mahlangu in 2015.jpg|thumb|Umgwali wamaNdebele u-Esther Mahlangu ugwala iboda.]] '''Ukugwalwa kwendlu yamaNdebele''' mhlobo wobukghwari be-Afrika obenziwa [[AmaNdebele|maNdebele weSewula]] enarheni yeSewula Afrika kanye [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|namaNdebele weTlhagwini]], e-[[:en:Matobo|Matobo]], e-Zimbabwe.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> == Umlando == Ubukghwari obufunyaneka endaweni yesikopilo yamaNdebele babukhona eminyakeni eyiinkulungwana eyadlulako begodu bufakazelwa bukghwari bamatje obufunyaneka ema-Matopos <ref>Documentation of Ndebele Art and Architectural Traditions". ''Culture in Crisis''. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</ref> <ref>Sibanda, M (2016). ''The African Heritage'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Harare, Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe Publishing House. p.&nbsp;14. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9781779012852</bdi>.</ref> obuthiywe ngama-Khoi-San.<ref>Walker, Nick; Parry, Elspeth (December 2001). "Legacy on the Rocks: The Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers of the Matopo Hills, Zimbabwe". ''The South African Archaeological Bulletin''. '''56''' (173/174): 106. doi:10.2307/3889034. ISSN&nbsp;0038-1969. JSTOR&nbsp;3889034.</ref><ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref><ref>Needham, D.E. (1984). ''From Iron Age to Independence - A History of Central Africa''. England: Longman. p.&nbsp;5. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>0582651115</bdi>.</ref> Ngomnyaka wee-2016, iSikhwama se-US Mzenda vikela iSiko, i-AFCP<ref>NewsDay, The. "Book on preservation of Ndebele art, architecture launched". ''NewsDay''. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</ref> ngokurhunyeziweko sanikela ngesibonelelo sokutlola phasi ubukghwari besikopilo yesiNdebele, bokugwala kanye nebokuhlobisa amarantabula. Lokhu-ke kuza njengokuba kuqakatheke ngakho ukudlulisela amakghono kanye nelwazi ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya kwesesibili.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Ngesikhathi seminyaka emakhulu ali-18, isitjhaba samaNdebele wakwaNdzundza; [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]] sakha isiko kanye nendlela yaso ekhethekileko yokugwala izindlu. Kwaze kwaba sekupheleni komnyaka we-1900, amaNdebele atjheja iingorho kanye nabanikazi abakhulu abaphethe indawo. Ngesiruthwana somnyaka we-1883, aya epini namaBhunu abomakhelwana babo. [[Lose|Ukuloba]] ipi kwawo kwaletha ipilo ebukhuni tle kanye nokujeziswa okumbi khulu kwamambala emaNdebeleni. Ngeenkhathi lezo ezibudisi, amatshwayo wokuveza imizwa akhiqizwa babantu abatlhagako lokha nabaveza ubuhlungu babo. Amatshwayo la bekasithomo sobukghwari be-Afrika.<ref>Wilson, Judith (1988). "Ndebele: The Art of an African Tribe". ''Woman's Art Journal''. '''9''' (1): 47. doi:10.2307/1358366. ISSN&nbsp;0270-7993. JSTOR&nbsp;1358366.</ref> Isitjhaba samaNdebele ekuthomeni kweminyaka emakhulu ali-18 besihlala eenrantabuleni zotjani. Sathoma ngokusebenzisa izindlu ezinamaboda wedaka, phakathi kweminyaka emakhulu ali-18 lokha amatshwayo la nakathoma ukubunjwa eendlini zaso nemabodenaso. Amatshwayo avezwako la gade asetjenziselwa ukulomondisana hlangana neenqhema ezincani zabantu bamaNdebele. Bajamela iragelo phambili labo lokujamela amasiko nobunjalo bobujamo babo. Abalimi bamaBhunu gade bangatlhadlhuleki, kunokuzwisisa lokho bona bebakuthatha njengobukghwari bamasiko obungalimaziko, nje-ke kwavunyelwa bona kuragelwe phambili. Amagwalo la asemabodeni bekenziwa babantu abasikazi, ayimtlolofihlo owaziwa babantu babo bodwa, ingasi nanyana ngubani kodwana amaNdebele kwaphela.<ref>DULUCQ, Sophie (1997-11-01). "Margaret COURTNEY-CLARKE, Ndebele. L'art d'une tribu d'Afrique du Sud, Arthaud, 1991, 204 p." ''Clio'' (6). doi:10.4000/clio.398. ISSN&nbsp;1252-7017.</ref> Kwesinye isikhathi ukukhuliswa kwabantu abaduna, okwaziwa ngokuwela (ukuyama), bekusizathu sokuvuselela, kodwana isiko belingavezwa. Elinye izinga lepilo elingakhange livezwe namkha linqotjhiswe ngamabodabo bekukuvezwa ukuhlanzeka kwabo. Amasiko neenkolelo azange zibe yingcenye yamagwalo wemizi yamaNdebele. Abomma bamaNdebele bavama ukuba bathwali besiko begodu nabathuthukisi abakhulu bobukghwari bamaboda wemakhaya wabo. Isiko nendlela ekhethekileko yokugwala indlu idluliselwa ngumma emalungeni wemindeni, ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya esizukulwaneni sesibili. Ikhaya eligwalwe kuhle liveza umfazi wekhaya njengomfazi kanye nomma wamambala. Utjheja khulu ukugwala iimpundu zemithangala yesango, imithangala yesirhodlo, imithangala yesibuya begodu kanengi utjheja nomthejo wengakwakhe. Into eyodwa tere elitjhuguluko elikarisako soloko kwathoma ukugwala amaboda wezindlu zobukghwari zagadesi kuziindlela zabo ezikhethekileko nezihlukileko kwezabanye. Ekuthomeni kokugwala izindlu, amatshwayo [[Patterns|nemisikiso]] yazo bekavama ukususelwa emilingakobeni nemikhaleni yawamaNdebele. Imisikiso beyinemibala erasako begodu igwalwe ngemino yabantu abasikazi. Ipende yokuthoma eendlini bekuyipende emhlophe eyenziwa ngomlotha wamatje aphekiweko, i-limestone whitewash. Imibala eyimfakela lokha nakugwalwako bekumibala yemvelo, efakahlangana umbala onzotho, onzima kanye neminye eminengi. Inengi lemisikiso gade linesibumbeko seledere elingu-V begodu noncantathu odwebiwa abe mkhulu ngokwesibumbeko esinombala. Imisikiso, ukukhanya kwemibala yephasi, iinkomba kanye nobukhulu beziqakatheke khulu kwamambala ukudlula imibala yanamhlanjesi ekhanya bha! == Imibala == Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi, imibala nebunjo kwaba yinto eqakathekileko emitlanyweni yoke. Emaswapheleni weminyaka we-1968, indlela etja ekhethekileko yabonakala. Lokho okwakukade kuyimvelo ngokugwala ngomuno, muva nje sele kwenziwa iinsetjenziswa ezihlanganiswe neeensibana kwaba ngasuthi ziinkwasana. Amaboda bekasese mhlophe ekuthomeni kodwana imibala yawo yabuya yatjhuguluka khulu. Imisikiso namatshwayo namhlanjesi angabonakala ngombala onzima omanyazelako kanye nombala okhanya bha!. Kunemibala emihlanu eqakathekileko: Obovu kanye nobovu khulu, osarulana ukuya kolidzugu, olijuba, ohlaza tjani begodu kwesinye isikhathi obukhobe. Imibala inikela ihlathululo etjhujileko yamaNdebele. Ingatjho ubujamo nofana amandla wabanikazi bekhaya, ukuthandaza, ukukwakwazelela umtjhado ekhaya nofana ingajamela umtjhagalo wagadesi. Imigwalo iveza ihlathululo engabonakaliko nengasi ngeyamambala. Le kuyindlela eqophileko yokutjengisa ukuzibonakalisa kwabo ebantwini abangaphandle komndeni wabo ohlukileko, ukutjengisa ikghono nokunambitheka kukamma. Umbala omhlophe uhlala usetjenziswa njengesizinda ngombana wenza imisikiso ekhanyako ibonakale khulu.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> == Imisikiso == Imisikiso ebukhobe ngeminye yemibala eqakatheke khulu kwamambala enetjhebiswano elihle negwalo. Ivama ukuzibuyekezabuyekeza kiyo yoke imitlamo yayo ngetjhugulukwana elincani khulu kanye nangemibalayo yekhetho elihlukileko. Imisikiso yejometri nemibunjo ithonywa ngedwebo elindulungelwe ngombala omnzima magega, bese-ke ngemva kwalokho izaliswe ngombala othileko ngaphakathi. Imisikiso ihlelwe ngeenqhenyama kiwo woke amaboda ngokuya ngesakhiwo sawo esisisekelo. Ukwakha iinsetjenziswa ezifaneleko kuvumela ukunemba poro kanye netjhaphuluko lokutjhijilwa msebenzi obudisi. Iinsetjenziswa akhange zakhandela umgwali bona enze ubukghwari bakhe. Kufanele abe neensetjenziswa zesibumbeko esikhulu sejometri esinombala osipara kanye namakwasi amancani azokufinyelela endaweni ezincani khulu nemiphethweni. Ukuthuthuka kweensetjenziswa zokugwala kukuvumela imitlamo erhabekileko netjharaganisako kiyo yoke imizi yamaNdebele.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Izindlu lezi ezigwaliweko neziqaleka zigwaleke lula tle zidzimele ehlelweni elitjhijilako lamasiko nokwenziwa kwawo. Isikopilo lokugwaleli lisaphila nanamhlanjesi. Njengoba esinye nesinye isizukulwana sidlulisa leli isikopilo, amatjhuguluko amancani athoma ukuba khona. Le yindlela yabo yokukhulumisana kanye nokuziveza tjhatjhalazi ngamakhaya wabo. Abomma basebenza isikhathi eside khulu nabudisi ukuqeda amaboda la begodu batjhejwa mphakathi wangaphandle ngebanga lekghono labo nokuziveza kwabo epepeneneni. == Qala godu == * [[Esther Mahlangu|U-Esther Mahlangu]] == Iinqophiso == 12wl9o53pt3rx6l0pckvy1ya5lyjd3w 6898 6897 2026-09-25T21:30:10Z Andries Solly Skhosana 1624 /* */ 6898 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ndebele Architecture.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Igwalo lendlu yamaNdebele laziwa ngokusebenzisa [[:en:Pattern|imisikiso]] yejometri kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemibala ekhanyako.]] [[Isimumathi:Ndebele-women-loopspruit.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Abomma bamaNdebele bajame ngaphandle kwendlu [[:en:Rondavel|yerantabula]] egwaliweko.]] [[Isimumathi:Esther Mahlangu in 2015.jpg|thumb|Umgwali wamaNdebele u-Esther Mahlangu ugwala iboda.|550x550px]] '''Ukugwalwa kwendlu yamaNdebele''' mhlobo wobukghwari be-Afrika obenziwa [[AmaNdebele|maNdebele weSewula]] enarheni yeSewula Afrika kanye [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|namaNdebele weTlhagwini]], e-[[:en:Matobo|Matobo]], e-Zimbabwe.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> == Umlando == Ubukghwari obufunyaneka endaweni yesikopilo yamaNdebele babukhona eminyakeni eyiinkulungwana eyadlulako begodu bufakazelwa bukghwari bamatje obufunyaneka ema-Matopos <ref>Documentation of Ndebele Art and Architectural Traditions". ''Culture in Crisis''. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</ref> <ref>Sibanda, M (2016). ''The African Heritage'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Harare, Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe Publishing House. p.&nbsp;14. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9781779012852</bdi>.</ref> obuthiywe ngama-Khoi-San.<ref>Walker, Nick; Parry, Elspeth (December 2001). "Legacy on the Rocks: The Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers of the Matopo Hills, Zimbabwe". ''The South African Archaeological Bulletin''. '''56''' (173/174): 106. doi:10.2307/3889034. ISSN&nbsp;0038-1969. JSTOR&nbsp;3889034.</ref><ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref><ref>Needham, D.E. (1984). ''From Iron Age to Independence - A History of Central Africa''. England: Longman. p.&nbsp;5. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>0582651115</bdi>.</ref> Ngomnyaka wee-2016, iSikhwama se-US Mzenda vikela iSiko, i-AFCP<ref>NewsDay, The. "Book on preservation of Ndebele art, architecture launched". ''NewsDay''. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</ref> ngokurhunyeziweko sanikela ngesibonelelo sokutlola phasi ubukghwari besikopilo yesiNdebele, bokugwala kanye nebokuhlobisa amarantabula. Lokhu-ke kuza njengokuba kuqakatheke ngakho ukudlulisela amakghono kanye nelwazi ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya kwesesibili.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Ngesikhathi seminyaka emakhulu ali-18, isitjhaba samaNdebele wakwaNdzundza; [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]] sakha isiko kanye nendlela yaso ekhethekileko yokugwala izindlu. Kwaze kwaba sekupheleni komnyaka we-1900, amaNdebele atjheja iingorho kanye nabanikazi abakhulu abaphethe indawo. Ngesiruthwana somnyaka we-1883, aya epini namaBhunu abomakhelwana babo. [[Lose|Ukuloba]] ipi kwawo kwaletha ipilo ebukhuni tle kanye nokujeziswa okumbi khulu kwamambala emaNdebeleni. Ngeenkhathi lezo ezibudisi, amatshwayo wokuveza imizwa akhiqizwa babantu abatlhagako lokha nabaveza ubuhlungu babo. Amatshwayo la bekasithomo sobukghwari be-Afrika.<ref>Wilson, Judith (1988). "Ndebele: The Art of an African Tribe". ''Woman's Art Journal''. '''9''' (1): 47. doi:10.2307/1358366. ISSN&nbsp;0270-7993. JSTOR&nbsp;1358366.</ref> Isitjhaba samaNdebele ekuthomeni kweminyaka emakhulu ali-18 besihlala eenrantabuleni zotjani. Sathoma ngokusebenzisa izindlu ezinamaboda wedaka, phakathi kweminyaka emakhulu ali-18 lokha amatshwayo la nakathoma ukubunjwa eendlini zaso nemabodenaso. Amatshwayo avezwako la gade asetjenziselwa ukulomondisana hlangana neenqhema ezincani zabantu bamaNdebele. Bajamela iragelo phambili labo lokujamela amasiko nobunjalo bobujamo babo. Abalimi bamaBhunu gade bangatlhadlhuleki, kunokuzwisisa lokho bona bebakuthatha njengobukghwari bamasiko obungalimaziko, nje-ke kwavunyelwa bona kuragelwe phambili. Amagwalo la asemabodeni bekenziwa babantu abasikazi, ayimtlolofihlo owaziwa babantu babo bodwa, ingasi nanyana ngubani kodwana amaNdebele kwaphela.<ref>DULUCQ, Sophie (1997-11-01). "Margaret COURTNEY-CLARKE, Ndebele. L'art d'une tribu d'Afrique du Sud, Arthaud, 1991, 204 p." ''Clio'' (6). doi:10.4000/clio.398. ISSN&nbsp;1252-7017.</ref> Kwesinye isikhathi ukukhuliswa kwabantu abaduna, okwaziwa ngokuwela (ukuyama), bekusizathu sokuvuselela, kodwana isiko belingavezwa. Elinye izinga lepilo elingakhange livezwe namkha linqotjhiswe ngamabodabo bekukuvezwa ukuhlanzeka kwabo. Amasiko neenkolelo azange zibe yingcenye yamagwalo wemizi yamaNdebele. Abomma bamaNdebele bavama ukuba bathwali besiko begodu nabathuthukisi abakhulu bobukghwari bamaboda wemakhaya wabo. Isiko nendlela ekhethekileko yokugwala indlu idluliselwa ngumma emalungeni wemindeni, ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya esizukulwaneni sesibili. Ikhaya eligwalwe kuhle liveza umfazi wekhaya njengomfazi kanye nomma wamambala. Utjheja khulu ukugwala iimpundu zemithangala yesango, imithangala yesirhodlo, imithangala yesibuya begodu kanengi utjheja nomthejo wengakwakhe. Into eyodwa tere elitjhuguluko elikarisako soloko kwathoma ukugwala amaboda wezindlu zobukghwari zagadesi kuziindlela zabo ezikhethekileko nezihlukileko kwezabanye. Ekuthomeni kokugwala izindlu, amatshwayo [[Patterns|nemisikiso]] yazo bekavama ukususelwa emilingakobeni nemikhaleni yawamaNdebele. Imisikiso beyinemibala erasako begodu igwalwe ngemino yabantu abasikazi. Ipende yokuthoma eendlini bekuyipende emhlophe eyenziwa ngomlotha wamatje aphekiweko, i-limestone whitewash. Imibala eyimfakela lokha nakugwalwako bekumibala yemvelo, efakahlangana umbala onzotho, onzima kanye neminye eminengi. Inengi lemisikiso gade linesibumbeko seledere elingu-V begodu noncantathu odwebiwa abe mkhulu ngokwesibumbeko esinombala. Imisikiso, ukukhanya kwemibala yephasi, iinkomba kanye nobukhulu beziqakatheke khulu kwamambala ukudlula imibala yanamhlanjesi ekhanya bha! == Imibala == Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi, imibala nebunjo kwaba yinto eqakathekileko emitlanyweni yoke. Emaswapheleni weminyaka we-1968, indlela etja ekhethekileko yabonakala. Lokho okwakukade kuyimvelo ngokugwala ngomuno, muva nje sele kwenziwa iinsetjenziswa ezihlanganiswe neeensibana kwaba ngasuthi ziinkwasana. Amaboda bekasese mhlophe ekuthomeni kodwana imibala yawo yabuya yatjhuguluka khulu. Imisikiso namatshwayo namhlanjesi angabonakala ngombala onzima omanyazelako kanye nombala okhanya bha!. Kunemibala emihlanu eqakathekileko: Obovu kanye nobovu khulu, osarulana ukuya kolidzugu, olijuba, ohlaza tjani begodu kwesinye isikhathi obukhobe. Imibala inikela ihlathululo etjhujileko yamaNdebele. Ingatjho ubujamo nofana amandla wabanikazi bekhaya, ukuthandaza, ukukwakwazelela umtjhado ekhaya nofana ingajamela umtjhagalo wagadesi. Imigwalo iveza ihlathululo engabonakaliko nengasi ngeyamambala. Le kuyindlela eqophileko yokutjengisa ukuzibonakalisa kwabo ebantwini abangaphandle komndeni wabo ohlukileko, ukutjengisa ikghono nokunambitheka kukamma. Umbala omhlophe uhlala usetjenziswa njengesizinda ngombana wenza imisikiso ekhanyako ibonakale khulu.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> == Imisikiso == Imisikiso ebukhobe ngeminye yemibala eqakatheke khulu kwamambala enetjhebiswano elihle negwalo. Ivama ukuzibuyekezabuyekeza kiyo yoke imitlamo yayo ngetjhugulukwana elincani khulu kanye nangemibalayo yekhetho elihlukileko. Imisikiso yejometri nemibunjo ithonywa ngedwebo elindulungelwe ngombala omnzima magega, bese-ke ngemva kwalokho izaliswe ngombala othileko ngaphakathi. Imisikiso ihlelwe ngeenqhenyama kiwo woke amaboda ngokuya ngesakhiwo sawo esisisekelo. Ukwakha iinsetjenziswa ezifaneleko kuvumela ukunemba poro kanye netjhaphuluko lokutjhijilwa msebenzi obudisi. Iinsetjenziswa akhange zakhandela umgwali bona enze ubukghwari bakhe. Kufanele abe neensetjenziswa zesibumbeko esikhulu sejometri esinombala osipara kanye namakwasi amancani azokufinyelela endaweni ezincani khulu nemiphethweni. Ukuthuthuka kweensetjenziswa zokugwala kukuvumela imitlamo erhabekileko netjharaganisako kiyo yoke imizi yamaNdebele.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Izindlu lezi ezigwaliweko neziqaleka zigwaleke lula tle zidzimele ehlelweni elitjhijilako lamasiko nokwenziwa kwawo. Isikopilo lokugwaleli lisaphila nanamhlanjesi. Njengoba esinye nesinye isizukulwana sidlulisa leli isikopilo, amatjhuguluko amancani athoma ukuba khona. Le yindlela yabo yokukhulumisana kanye nokuziveza tjhatjhalazi ngamakhaya wabo. Abomma basebenza isikhathi eside khulu nabudisi ukuqeda amaboda la begodu batjhejwa mphakathi wangaphandle ngebanga lekghono labo nokuziveza kwabo epepeneneni. == Qala godu == * [[Esther Mahlangu|U-Esther Mahlangu]] == Iinqophiso == 3xb9feflua78jdppu8je4i2pt0c4rch 6899 6898 2026-09-25T21:44:51Z Andries Solly Skhosana 1624 /* */ 6899 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ndebele Architecture.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Igwalo lendlu yamaNdebele laziwa ngokusebenzisa [[:en:Pattern|imisikiso]] yejometri kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemibala ekhanyako.]] [[Isimumathi:Ndebele-women-loopspruit.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Abomma bamaNdebele bajame ngaphandle kwendlu [[:en:Rondavel|yerantabula]] egwaliweko.]] [[Isimumathi:Esther Mahlangu in 2015.jpg|thumb|Umgwali wamaNdebele u-[[:en:Esther_Mahlangu|Esther Mahlangu]] ugwala iboda.|550x550px]] '''Ukugwalwa kwendlu yamaNdebele''' mhlobo wobukghwari be-Afrika obenziwa [[AmaNdebele|maNdebele weSewula]] enarheni yeSewula Afrika kanye [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|namaNdebele weTlhagwini]], e-[[:en:Matobo|Matobo]], e-Zimbabwe.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> == Umlando == Ubukghwari obufunyaneka endaweni yesikopilo yamaNdebele babukhona eminyakeni eyiinkulungwana eyadlulako begodu bufakazelwa bukghwari bamatje obufunyaneka ema-[[:en:Matobo_National_Park|Matopos]] <ref>Documentation of Ndebele Art and Architectural Traditions". ''Culture in Crisis''. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</ref> <ref>Sibanda, M (2016). ''The African Heritage'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Harare, Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe Publishing House. p.&nbsp;14. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9781779012852</bdi>.</ref> obuthiywe ngama-[[:en:Khoisan|Khoi-San]].<ref>Walker, Nick; Parry, Elspeth (December 2001). "Legacy on the Rocks: The Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers of the Matopo Hills, Zimbabwe". ''The South African Archaeological Bulletin''. '''56''' (173/174): 106. doi:10.2307/3889034. ISSN&nbsp;0038-1969. JSTOR&nbsp;3889034.</ref><ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref><ref>Needham, D.E. (1984). ''From Iron Age to Independence - A History of Central Africa''. England: Longman. p.&nbsp;5. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>0582651115</bdi>.</ref> Ngomnyaka wee-2016, iSikhwama se-US Mzenda vikela iSiko, i-AFCP<ref>NewsDay, The. "Book on preservation of Ndebele art, architecture launched". ''NewsDay''. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</ref> ngokurhunyeziweko sanikela ngesibonelelo sokutlola phasi ubukghwari besikopilo yesiNdebele, bokugwala kanye nebokuhlobisa amarantabula. Lokhu-ke kuza njengokuba kuqakatheke ngakho ukudlulisela amakghono kanye nelwazi ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya kwesesibili.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Ngesikhathi seminyaka emakhulu ali-18, [[:en:Tribe|isitjhaba]] samaNdebele wakwaNzunza; [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]] sakha isiko kanye nendlela yaso ekhethekileko yokugwala izindlu. Kwaze kwaba sekupheleni komnyaka we-1900, amaNdebele atjheja iingorho kanye nabanikazi abakhulu abaphethe indawo. Ngesiruthwana somnyaka we-1883, aya epini [[:en:Boers|namaBhunu]] abomakhelwana babo. [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/lose Ukuloba] ipi kwawo kwaletha ipilo ebukhuni tle kanye nokujeziswa okumbi khulu kwamambala emaNdebeleni. Ngeenkhathi lezo ezibudisi, amatshwayo wokuveza imizwa akhiqizwa babantu abatlhagako lokha nabaveza ubuhlungu babo. Amatshwayo la bekasithomo sobukghwari be-Afrika.<ref>Wilson, Judith (1988). "Ndebele: The Art of an African Tribe". ''Woman's Art Journal''. '''9''' (1): 47. doi:10.2307/1358366. ISSN&nbsp;0270-7993. JSTOR&nbsp;1358366.</ref> Isitjhaba samaNdebele ekuthomeni kweminyaka emakhulu ali-18 besihlala eenrantabuleni zotjani. Sathoma ngokusebenzisa izindlu ezinamaboda wedaka, phakathi kweminyaka emakhulu ali-18 lokha amatshwayo la nakathoma ukubunjwa eendlini zaso nemabodenaso. Amatshwayo avezwako la gade asetjenziselwa ukulomondisana hlangana neenqhema ezincani zabantu bamaNdebele. Bajamela iragelo phambili labo lokujamela amasiko nobunjalo bobujamo babo. Abalimi bamaBhunu gade bangatlhadlhuleki, kunokuzwisisa lokho bona bebakuthatha njengobukghwari bamasiko obungalimaziko, nje-ke kwavunyelwa bona kuragelwe phambili. Amagwalo la asemabodeni bekenziwa babantu abasikazi, ayimtlolofihlo owaziwa babantu babo bodwa, ingasi nanyana ngubani kodwana amaNdebele kwaphela.<ref>DULUCQ, Sophie (1997-11-01). "Margaret COURTNEY-CLARKE, Ndebele. L'art d'une tribu d'Afrique du Sud, Arthaud, 1991, 204 p." ''Clio'' (6). doi:10.4000/clio.398. ISSN&nbsp;1252-7017.</ref> Kwesinye isikhathi ukukhuliswa kwabantu abaduna, okwaziwa ngokuwela (ukuyama), bekusizathu sokuvuselela, kodwana isiko belingavezwa. Elinye izinga lepilo elingakhange livezwe namkha linqotjhiswe ngamabodabo bekukuvezwa ukuhlanzeka kwabo. Amasiko neenkolelo azange zibe yingcenye yamagwalo wemizi yamaNdebele. Abomma bamaNdebele bavama ukuba bathwali besiko begodu nabathuthukisi abakhulu bobukghwari bamaboda wemakhaya wabo. Isiko nendlela ekhethekileko yokugwala indlu idluliselwa ngumma emalungeni wemindeni, ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya esizukulwaneni sesibili. Ikhaya eligwalwe kuhle liveza umfazi wekhaya njengomfazi kanye nomma wamambala. Utjheja khulu ukugwala iimpundu zemithangala yesango, imithangala yesirhodlo, imithangala yesibuya begodu kanengi utjheja nomthejo wengakwakhe. Into eyodwa tere elitjhuguluko elikarisako soloko kwathoma ukugwala amaboda wezindlu zobukghwari zagadesi kuziindlela zabo ezikhethekileko nezihlukileko kwezabanye. Ekuthomeni kokugwala izindlu, amatshwayo [[Patterns|nemisikiso]] yazo bekavama ukususelwa emilingakobeni nemikhaleni yawamaNdebele. Imisikiso beyinemibala erasako begodu igwalwe ngemino yabantu abasikazi. Ipende yokuthoma eendlini bekuyipende emhlophe eyenziwa ngomlotha wamatje aphekiweko, i-limestone whitewash. Imibala eyimfakela lokha nakugwalwako bekumibala yemvelo, efakahlangana umbala onzotho, onzima kanye neminye eminengi. Inengi lemisikiso gade linesibumbeko seledere elingu-V begodu noncantathu odwebiwa abe mkhulu ngokwesibumbeko esinombala. Imisikiso, ukukhanya kwemibala yephasi, iinkomba kanye nobukhulu beziqakatheke khulu kwamambala ukudlula imibala yanamhlanjesi ekhanya bha! == Imibala == Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi, imibala nebunjo kwaba yinto eqakathekileko emitlanyweni yoke. Emaswapheleni weminyaka we-1968, indlela etja ekhethekileko yabonakala. Lokho okwakukade kuyimvelo ngokugwala ngomuno, muva nje sele kwenziwa iinsetjenziswa ezihlanganiswe neeensibana kwaba ngasuthi ziinkwasana. Amaboda bekasese mhlophe ekuthomeni kodwana imibala yawo yabuya yatjhuguluka khulu. Imisikiso namatshwayo namhlanjesi angabonakala ngombala onzima omanyazelako kanye nombala okhanya bha!. Kunemibala emihlanu eqakathekileko: Obovu kanye nobovu khulu, osarulana ukuya kolidzugu, olijuba, ohlaza tjani begodu kwesinye isikhathi obukhobe. Imibala inikela ihlathululo etjhujileko yamaNdebele. Ingatjho ubujamo nofana amandla wabanikazi bekhaya, ukuthandaza, ukukwakwazelela umtjhado ekhaya nofana ingajamela umtjhagalo wagadesi. Imigwalo iveza ihlathululo engabonakaliko nengasi ngeyamambala. Le kuyindlela eqophileko yokutjengisa ukuzibonakalisa kwabo ebantwini abangaphandle komndeni wabo ohlukileko, ukutjengisa ikghono nokunambitheka kukamma. Umbala omhlophe uhlala usetjenziswa njengesizinda ngombana wenza imisikiso ekhanyako ibonakale khulu.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> == Imisikiso == Imisikiso ebukhobe ngeminye yemibala eqakatheke khulu kwamambala enetjhebiswano elihle negwalo. Ivama ukuzibuyekezabuyekeza kiyo yoke imitlamo yayo ngetjhugulukwana elincani khulu kanye nangemibalayo yekhetho elihlukileko. Imisikiso yejometri nemibunjo ithonywa ngedwebo elindulungelwe ngombala omnzima magega, bese-ke ngemva kwalokho izaliswe ngombala othileko ngaphakathi. Imisikiso ihlelwe ngeenqhenyama kiwo woke amaboda ngokuya ngesakhiwo sawo esisisekelo. Ukwakha iinsetjenziswa ezifaneleko kuvumela ukunemba poro kanye netjhaphuluko lokutjhijilwa msebenzi obudisi. Iinsetjenziswa akhange zakhandela umgwali bona enze ubukghwari bakhe. Kufanele abe neensetjenziswa zesibumbeko esikhulu sejometri esinombala osipara kanye namakwasi amancani azokufinyelela endaweni ezincani khulu nemiphethweni. Ukuthuthuka kweensetjenziswa zokugwala kukuvumela imitlamo erhabekileko netjharaganisako kiyo yoke imizi yamaNdebele.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Izindlu lezi ezigwaliweko neziqaleka zigwaleke lula tle zidzimele ehlelweni elitjhijilako lamasiko nokwenziwa kwawo. Isikopilo lokugwaleli lisaphila nanamhlanjesi. Njengoba esinye nesinye isizukulwana sidlulisa leli isikopilo, amatjhuguluko amancani athoma ukuba khona. Le yindlela yabo yokukhulumisana kanye nokuziveza tjhatjhalazi ngamakhaya wabo. Abomma basebenza isikhathi eside khulu nabudisi ukuqeda amaboda la begodu batjhejwa mphakathi wangaphandle ngebanga lekghono labo nokuziveza kwabo epepeneneni. == Qala godu == * [[Esther Mahlangu|U-Esther Mahlangu]] == Iinqophiso == 5glr68kjavh2d805eiyd61ny53vm4jj 6900 6899 2026-09-25T21:46:11Z Andries Solly Skhosana 1624 /* */ 6900 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ndebele Architecture.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Igwalo lendlu yamaNdebele laziwa ngokusebenzisa [[:en:Pattern|imisikiso]] yejometri kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemibala ekhanyako.]] [[Isimumathi:Ndebele-women-loopspruit.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Abomma bamaNdebele bajame ngaphandle kwendlu [[:en:Rondavel|yerantabula]] egwaliweko.]] [[Isimumathi:Esther Mahlangu in 2015.jpg|thumb|Umgwali wamaNdebele, u-[[:en:Esther_Mahlangu|Esther Mahlangu]] ugwala iboda.|550x550px]] '''Ukugwalwa kwendlu yamaNdebele''' mhlobo wobukghwari be-Afrika obenziwa [[AmaNdebele|maNdebele weSewula]] enarheni yeSewula Afrika kanye [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|namaNdebele weTlhagwini]], e-[[:en:Matobo|Matobo]], e-Zimbabwe.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> == Umlando == Ubukghwari obufunyaneka endaweni yesikopilo yamaNdebele babukhona eminyakeni eyiinkulungwana eyadlulako begodu bufakazelwa bukghwari bamatje obufunyaneka ema-[[:en:Matobo_National_Park|Matopos]] <ref>Documentation of Ndebele Art and Architectural Traditions". ''Culture in Crisis''. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</ref> <ref>Sibanda, M (2016). ''The African Heritage'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Harare, Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe Publishing House. p.&nbsp;14. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9781779012852</bdi>.</ref> obuthiywe ngama-[[:en:Khoisan|Khoi-San]].<ref>Walker, Nick; Parry, Elspeth (December 2001). "Legacy on the Rocks: The Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers of the Matopo Hills, Zimbabwe". ''The South African Archaeological Bulletin''. '''56''' (173/174): 106. doi:10.2307/3889034. ISSN&nbsp;0038-1969. JSTOR&nbsp;3889034.</ref><ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref><ref>Needham, D.E. (1984). ''From Iron Age to Independence - A History of Central Africa''. England: Longman. p.&nbsp;5. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>0582651115</bdi>.</ref> Ngomnyaka wee-2016, iSikhwama se-US Mzenda vikela iSiko, i-AFCP<ref>NewsDay, The. "Book on preservation of Ndebele art, architecture launched". ''NewsDay''. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</ref> ngokurhunyeziweko sanikela ngesibonelelo sokutlola phasi ubukghwari besikopilo yesiNdebele, bokugwala kanye nebokuhlobisa amarantabula. Lokhu-ke kuza njengokuba kuqakatheke ngakho ukudlulisela amakghono kanye nelwazi ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya kwesesibili.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Ngesikhathi seminyaka emakhulu ali-18, [[:en:Tribe|isitjhaba]] samaNdebele wakwaNzunza; [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]] sakha isiko kanye nendlela yaso ekhethekileko yokugwala izindlu. Kwaze kwaba sekupheleni komnyaka we-1900, amaNdebele atjheja iingorho kanye nabanikazi abakhulu abaphethe indawo. Ngesiruthwana somnyaka we-1883, aya epini [[:en:Boers|namaBhunu]] abomakhelwana babo. [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/lose Ukuloba] ipi kwawo kwaletha ipilo ebukhuni tle kanye nokujeziswa okumbi khulu kwamambala emaNdebeleni. Ngeenkhathi lezo ezibudisi, amatshwayo wokuveza imizwa akhiqizwa babantu abatlhagako lokha nabaveza ubuhlungu babo. Amatshwayo la bekasithomo sobukghwari be-Afrika.<ref>Wilson, Judith (1988). "Ndebele: The Art of an African Tribe". ''Woman's Art Journal''. '''9''' (1): 47. doi:10.2307/1358366. ISSN&nbsp;0270-7993. JSTOR&nbsp;1358366.</ref> Isitjhaba samaNdebele ekuthomeni kweminyaka emakhulu ali-18 besihlala eenrantabuleni zotjani. Sathoma ngokusebenzisa izindlu ezinamaboda wedaka, phakathi kweminyaka emakhulu ali-18 lokha amatshwayo la nakathoma ukubunjwa eendlini zaso nemabodenaso. Amatshwayo avezwako la gade asetjenziselwa ukulomondisana hlangana neenqhema ezincani zabantu bamaNdebele. Bajamela iragelo phambili labo lokujamela amasiko nobunjalo bobujamo babo. Abalimi bamaBhunu gade bangatlhadlhuleki, kunokuzwisisa lokho bona bebakuthatha njengobukghwari bamasiko obungalimaziko, nje-ke kwavunyelwa bona kuragelwe phambili. Amagwalo la asemabodeni bekenziwa babantu abasikazi, ayimtlolofihlo owaziwa babantu babo bodwa, ingasi nanyana ngubani kodwana amaNdebele kwaphela.<ref>DULUCQ, Sophie (1997-11-01). "Margaret COURTNEY-CLARKE, Ndebele. L'art d'une tribu d'Afrique du Sud, Arthaud, 1991, 204 p." ''Clio'' (6). doi:10.4000/clio.398. ISSN&nbsp;1252-7017.</ref> Kwesinye isikhathi ukukhuliswa kwabantu abaduna, okwaziwa ngokuwela (ukuyama), bekusizathu sokuvuselela, kodwana isiko belingavezwa. Elinye izinga lepilo elingakhange livezwe namkha linqotjhiswe ngamabodabo bekukuvezwa ukuhlanzeka kwabo. Amasiko neenkolelo azange zibe yingcenye yamagwalo wemizi yamaNdebele. Abomma bamaNdebele bavama ukuba bathwali besiko begodu nabathuthukisi abakhulu bobukghwari bamaboda wemakhaya wabo. Isiko nendlela ekhethekileko yokugwala indlu idluliselwa ngumma emalungeni wemindeni, ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya esizukulwaneni sesibili. Ikhaya eligwalwe kuhle liveza umfazi wekhaya njengomfazi kanye nomma wamambala. Utjheja khulu ukugwala iimpundu zemithangala yesango, imithangala yesirhodlo, imithangala yesibuya begodu kanengi utjheja nomthejo wengakwakhe. Into eyodwa tere elitjhuguluko elikarisako soloko kwathoma ukugwala amaboda wezindlu zobukghwari zagadesi kuziindlela zabo ezikhethekileko nezihlukileko kwezabanye. Ekuthomeni kokugwala izindlu, amatshwayo [[Patterns|nemisikiso]] yazo bekavama ukususelwa emilingakobeni nemikhaleni yawamaNdebele. Imisikiso beyinemibala erasako begodu igwalwe ngemino yabantu abasikazi. Ipende yokuthoma eendlini bekuyipende emhlophe eyenziwa ngomlotha wamatje aphekiweko, i-limestone whitewash. Imibala eyimfakela lokha nakugwalwako bekumibala yemvelo, efakahlangana umbala onzotho, onzima kanye neminye eminengi. Inengi lemisikiso gade linesibumbeko seledere elingu-V begodu noncantathu odwebiwa abe mkhulu ngokwesibumbeko esinombala. Imisikiso, ukukhanya kwemibala yephasi, iinkomba kanye nobukhulu beziqakatheke khulu kwamambala ukudlula imibala yanamhlanjesi ekhanya bha! == Imibala == Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi, imibala nebunjo kwaba yinto eqakathekileko emitlanyweni yoke. Emaswapheleni weminyaka we-1968, indlela etja ekhethekileko yabonakala. Lokho okwakukade kuyimvelo ngokugwala ngomuno, muva nje sele kwenziwa iinsetjenziswa ezihlanganiswe neeensibana kwaba ngasuthi ziinkwasana. Amaboda bekasese mhlophe ekuthomeni kodwana imibala yawo yabuya yatjhuguluka khulu. Imisikiso namatshwayo namhlanjesi angabonakala ngombala onzima omanyazelako kanye nombala okhanya bha!. Kunemibala emihlanu eqakathekileko: Obovu kanye nobovu khulu, osarulana ukuya kolidzugu, olijuba, ohlaza tjani begodu kwesinye isikhathi obukhobe. Imibala inikela ihlathululo etjhujileko yamaNdebele. Ingatjho ubujamo nofana amandla wabanikazi bekhaya, ukuthandaza, ukukwakwazelela umtjhado ekhaya nofana ingajamela umtjhagalo wagadesi. Imigwalo iveza ihlathululo engabonakaliko nengasi ngeyamambala. Le kuyindlela eqophileko yokutjengisa ukuzibonakalisa kwabo ebantwini abangaphandle komndeni wabo ohlukileko, ukutjengisa ikghono nokunambitheka kukamma. Umbala omhlophe uhlala usetjenziswa njengesizinda ngombana wenza imisikiso ekhanyako ibonakale khulu.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> == Imisikiso == Imisikiso ebukhobe ngeminye yemibala eqakatheke khulu kwamambala enetjhebiswano elihle negwalo. Ivama ukuzibuyekezabuyekeza kiyo yoke imitlamo yayo ngetjhugulukwana elincani khulu kanye nangemibalayo yekhetho elihlukileko. Imisikiso yejometri nemibunjo ithonywa ngedwebo elindulungelwe ngombala omnzima magega, bese-ke ngemva kwalokho izaliswe ngombala othileko ngaphakathi. Imisikiso ihlelwe ngeenqhenyama kiwo woke amaboda ngokuya ngesakhiwo sawo esisisekelo. Ukwakha iinsetjenziswa ezifaneleko kuvumela ukunemba poro kanye netjhaphuluko lokutjhijilwa msebenzi obudisi. Iinsetjenziswa akhange zakhandela umgwali bona enze ubukghwari bakhe. Kufanele abe neensetjenziswa zesibumbeko esikhulu sejometri esinombala osipara kanye namakwasi amancani azokufinyelela endaweni ezincani khulu nemiphethweni. Ukuthuthuka kweensetjenziswa zokugwala kukuvumela imitlamo erhabekileko netjharaganisako kiyo yoke imizi yamaNdebele.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Izindlu lezi ezigwaliweko neziqaleka zigwaleke lula tle zidzimele ehlelweni elitjhijilako lamasiko nokwenziwa kwawo. Isikopilo lokugwaleli lisaphila nanamhlanjesi. Njengoba esinye nesinye isizukulwana sidlulisa leli isikopilo, amatjhuguluko amancani athoma ukuba khona. Le yindlela yabo yokukhulumisana kanye nokuziveza tjhatjhalazi ngamakhaya wabo. Abomma basebenza isikhathi eside khulu nabudisi ukuqeda amaboda la begodu batjhejwa mphakathi wangaphandle ngebanga lekghono labo nokuziveza kwabo epepeneneni. == Qala godu == * [[Esther Mahlangu|U-Esther Mahlangu]] == Iinqophiso == 6qudi9l2hs4msg5dh3av1ezr15wb5c0 6901 6900 2026-09-25T21:54:48Z Andries Solly Skhosana 1624 /* Umlando */ 6901 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ndebele Architecture.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Igwalo lendlu yamaNdebele laziwa ngokusebenzisa [[:en:Pattern|imisikiso]] yejometri kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemibala ekhanyako.]] [[Isimumathi:Ndebele-women-loopspruit.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Abomma bamaNdebele bajame ngaphandle kwendlu [[:en:Rondavel|yerantabula]] egwaliweko.]] [[Isimumathi:Esther Mahlangu in 2015.jpg|thumb|Umgwali wamaNdebele, u-[[:en:Esther_Mahlangu|Esther Mahlangu]] ugwala iboda.|550x550px]] '''Ukugwalwa kwendlu yamaNdebele''' mhlobo wobukghwari be-Afrika obenziwa [[AmaNdebele|maNdebele weSewula]] enarheni yeSewula Afrika kanye [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|namaNdebele weTlhagwini]], e-[[:en:Matobo|Matobo]], e-Zimbabwe.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> == Umlando == Ubukghwari obufunyaneka endaweni yesikopilo yamaNdebele babukhona eminyakeni eyiinkulungwana eyadlulako begodu bufakazelwa bukghwari bamatje obufunyaneka ema-[[:en:Matobo_National_Park|Matopos]] <ref>Documentation of Ndebele Art and Architectural Traditions". ''Culture in Crisis''. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</ref> <ref>Sibanda, M (2016). ''The African Heritage'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Harare, Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe Publishing House. p.&nbsp;14. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9781779012852</bdi>.</ref> obuthiywe ngama-[[:en:Khoisan|Khoi-San]].<ref>Walker, Nick; Parry, Elspeth (December 2001). "Legacy on the Rocks: The Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers of the Matopo Hills, Zimbabwe". ''The South African Archaeological Bulletin''. '''56''' (173/174): 106. doi:10.2307/3889034. ISSN&nbsp;0038-1969. JSTOR&nbsp;3889034.</ref><ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref><ref>Needham, D.E. (1984). ''From Iron Age to Independence - A History of Central Africa''. England: Longman. p.&nbsp;5. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>0582651115</bdi>.</ref> Ngomnyaka wee-2016, iSikhwama se-US Mzenda vikela iSiko, i-AFCP<ref>NewsDay, The. "Book on preservation of Ndebele art, architecture launched". ''NewsDay''. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</ref> ngokurhunyeziweko sanikela ngesibonelelo sokutlola phasi ubukghwari besikopilo yesiNdebele, bokugwala kanye nebokuhlobisa amarantabula. Lokhu-ke kuza njengokuba kuqakatheke ngakho ukudlulisela amakghono kanye nelwazi ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya kwesesibili.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Ngesikhathi seminyaka emakhulu ali-18, [[:en:Tribe|isitjhaba]] samaNdebele wakwaNzunza; [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]] sakha isiko kanye nendlela yaso ekhethekileko yokugwala izindlu. Kwaze kwaba sekupheleni komnyaka we-1900, amaNdebele atjheja iingorho kanye nabanikazi abakhulu abaphethe indawo. Ngesiruthwana somnyaka we-1883, aya epini [[:en:Boers|namaBhunu]] abomakhelwana babo. [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/lose Ukuloba] ipi kwawo kwaletha ipilo ebukhuni tle kanye nokujeziswa okumbi khulu kwamambala emaNdebeleni. Ngeenkhathi lezo ezibudisi, amatshwayo wokuveza imizwa akhiqizwa babantu abatlhagako lokha nabaveza ubuhlungu babo. Amatshwayo la bekasithomo sobukghwari be-Afrika.<ref>Wilson, Judith (1988). "Ndebele: The Art of an African Tribe". ''Woman's Art Journal''. '''9''' (1): 47. doi:10.2307/1358366. ISSN&nbsp;0270-7993. JSTOR&nbsp;1358366.</ref> Isitjhaba samaNdebele ekuthomeni kweminyaka emakhulu ali-18 besihlala eenrantabuleni zotjani. Sathoma ngokusebenzisa izindlu ezinamaboda wedaka, phakathi kweminyaka emakhulu ali-18 lokha amatshwayo la nakathoma ukubunjwa eendlini zaso nemabodenaso. Amatshwayo avezwako la gade asetjenziselwa ukulomondisana hlangana neenqhema ezincani zabantu bamaNdebele. Bajamela iragelo phambili labo lokujamela amasiko nobunjalo bobujamo babo. Abalimi bamaBhunu gade bangatlhadlhuleki, kunokuzwisisa lokho bona bebakuthatha njengobukghwari bamasiko obungalimaziko, nje-ke kwavunyelwa bona kuragelwe phambili. Amagwalo la asemabodeni bekenziwa babantu abasikazi, ayimtlolofihlo owaziwa babantu babo bodwa, ingasi nanyana ngubani kodwana amaNdebele kwaphela.<ref>DULUCQ, Sophie (1997-11-01). "Margaret COURTNEY-CLARKE, Ndebele. L'art d'une tribu d'Afrique du Sud, Arthaud, 1991, 204 p." ''Clio'' (6). doi:10.4000/clio.398. ISSN&nbsp;1252-7017.</ref> Kwesinye isikhathi ukukhuliswa kwabantu abaduna, okwaziwa ngokuwela (ukuyama), bekusizathu sokuvuselela, kodwana isiko belingavezwa. Elinye izinga lepilo elingakhange livezwe namkha linqotjhiswe ngamabodabo bekukuvezwa ukuhlanzeka kwabo. Amasiko neenkolelo azange zibe yingcenye yamagwalo wemizi yamaNdebele. Abomma bamaNdebele bavama ukuba bathwali besiko begodu nabathuthukisi abakhulu bobukghwari bamaboda wemakhaya wabo. Isiko nendlela ekhethekileko yokugwala indlu idluliselwa ngumma emalungeni wemindeni, ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya esizukulwaneni sesibili. Ikhaya eligwalwe kuhle liveza umfazi wekhaya njengomfazi kanye nomma wamambala. Utjheja khulu ukugwala iimpundu zemithangala yesango, imithangala yesirhodlo, imithangala yesibuya begodu kanengi utjheja nomthejo wengakwakhe. Into eyodwa tere elitjhuguluko elikarisako soloko kwathoma ukugwala amaboda wezindlu zobukghwari zagadesi kuziindlela zabo ezikhethekileko nezihlukileko kwezabanye. Ekuthomeni kokugwala izindlu, amatshwayo [[:en:Pattern|nemisikiso]] yazo bekavama ukususelwa emilingakobeni nemikhaleni yawamaNdebele. Imisikiso beyinemibala erasako begodu igwalwe ngemino yabantu abasikazi. Ipende yokuthoma eendlini bekuyipende emhlophe eyenziwa ngomlotha wamatje aphekiweko, i-limestone whitewash. Imibala eyimfakela lokha nakugwalwako bekumibala yemvelo, efakahlangana umbala onzotho, onzima kanye neminye eminengi. Inengi lemisikiso gade linesibumbeko seledere elingu-V begodu noncantathu odwebiwa abe mkhulu ngokwesibumbeko esinombala. Imisikiso, ukukhanya kwemibala yephasi, iinkomba kanye nobukhulu beziqakatheke khulu kwamambala ukudlula imibala yanamhlanjesi ekhanya bha! == Imibala == Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi, imibala nebunjo kwaba yinto eqakathekileko emitlanyweni yoke. Emaswapheleni weminyaka we-1968, indlela etja ekhethekileko yabonakala. Lokho okwakukade kuyimvelo ngokugwala ngomuno, muva nje sele kwenziwa iinsetjenziswa ezihlanganiswe neeensibana kwaba ngasuthi ziinkwasana. Amaboda bekasese mhlophe ekuthomeni kodwana imibala yawo yabuya yatjhuguluka khulu. Imisikiso namatshwayo namhlanjesi angabonakala ngombala onzima omanyazelako kanye nombala okhanya bha!. Kunemibala emihlanu eqakathekileko: Obovu kanye nobovu khulu, osarulana ukuya kolidzugu, olijuba, ohlaza tjani begodu kwesinye isikhathi obukhobe. Imibala inikela ihlathululo etjhujileko yamaNdebele. Ingatjho ubujamo nofana amandla wabanikazi bekhaya, ukuthandaza, ukukwakwazelela umtjhado ekhaya nofana ingajamela umtjhagalo wagadesi. Imigwalo iveza ihlathululo engabonakaliko nengasi ngeyamambala. Le kuyindlela eqophileko yokutjengisa ukuzibonakalisa kwabo ebantwini abangaphandle komndeni wabo ohlukileko, ukutjengisa ikghono nokunambitheka kukamma. Umbala omhlophe uhlala usetjenziswa njengesizinda ngombana wenza imisikiso ekhanyako ibonakale khulu.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> == Imisikiso == Imisikiso ebukhobe ngeminye yemibala eqakatheke khulu kwamambala enetjhebiswano elihle negwalo. Ivama ukuzibuyekezabuyekeza kiyo yoke imitlamo yayo ngetjhugulukwana elincani khulu kanye nangemibalayo yekhetho elihlukileko. Imisikiso yejometri nemibunjo ithonywa ngedwebo elindulungelwe ngombala omnzima magega, bese-ke ngemva kwalokho izaliswe ngombala othileko ngaphakathi. Imisikiso ihlelwe ngeenqhenyama kiwo woke amaboda ngokuya ngesakhiwo sawo esisisekelo. Ukwakha iinsetjenziswa ezifaneleko kuvumela ukunemba poro kanye netjhaphuluko lokutjhijilwa msebenzi obudisi. Iinsetjenziswa akhange zakhandela umgwali bona enze ubukghwari bakhe. Kufanele abe neensetjenziswa zesibumbeko esikhulu sejometri esinombala osipara kanye namakwasi amancani azokufinyelela endaweni ezincani khulu nemiphethweni. Ukuthuthuka kweensetjenziswa zokugwala kukuvumela imitlamo erhabekileko netjharaganisako kiyo yoke imizi yamaNdebele.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Izindlu lezi ezigwaliweko neziqaleka zigwaleke lula tle zidzimele ehlelweni elitjhijilako lamasiko nokwenziwa kwawo. Isikopilo lokugwaleli lisaphila nanamhlanjesi. Njengoba esinye nesinye isizukulwana sidlulisa leli isikopilo, amatjhuguluko amancani athoma ukuba khona. Le yindlela yabo yokukhulumisana kanye nokuziveza tjhatjhalazi ngamakhaya wabo. Abomma basebenza isikhathi eside khulu nabudisi ukuqeda amaboda la begodu batjhejwa mphakathi wangaphandle ngebanga lekghono labo nokuziveza kwabo epepeneneni. == Qala godu == * [[Esther Mahlangu|U-Esther Mahlangu]] == Iinqophiso == 3ghrwrwgeo7rfa3bkzfwrjxbkf255k7