Wikiphidiya nrwiki https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter Iinrhatjhi Khethekileko Asiqongelane Umsebenzisi Umsebenzisi asiqongelane Wikiphidiya Wikiphidiya asiqongelane Isimumathi Isimumathi asiqongelane MediaWiki MediaWiki asiqongelane Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo asiqongelane Lisizo Lisizo asiqongelane Mkhakha Mkhakha asiqongelane TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1239 6905 6901 2026-09-30T06:02:46Z Andries Solly Skhosana 1624 6905 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ndebele Architecture.jpg|thumb|450x450px|Igwalo lendlu yamaNdebele laziwa ngokusebenzisa [[:en:Pattern|imisikiso]] yejometri kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemibala ekhanyako.]] [[Isimumathi:Ndebele-women-loopspruit.jpg|thumb|450x450px|Abomma bamaNdebele bajame ngaphandle kwendlu [[:en:Rondavel|yerantabula]] egwaliweko.]] [[Isimumathi:Esther Mahlangu in 2015.jpg|thumb|Umgwali wamaNdebele, u-[[:en:Esther_Mahlangu|Esther Mahlangu]] ugwala iboda.|450x450px]] '''Ukugwalwa kwezindlu zamaNdebele''' mhlobo wobukghwari be-Afrika obenziwa [[AmaNdebele|maNdebele weSewula]] enarheni yeSewula Afrika kanye [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|namaNdebele weTlhagwini]], e-[[:en:Matobo|Matobo]], e-Zimbabwe.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> == Umlando == Ubukghwari obufunyaneka endaweni yesikopilo yamaNdebele babukhona eminyakeni eyiinkulungwana eyadlulako begodu bufakazelwa bukghwari bamatje obufunyaneka ema-[[:en:Matobo_National_Park|Matopos]] <ref>Documentation of Ndebele Art and Architectural Traditions". ''Culture in Crisis''. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</ref> <ref>Sibanda, M (2016). ''The African Heritage'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Harare, Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe Publishing House. p.&nbsp;14. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9781779012852</bdi>.</ref> obuthiywe ngama-[[:en:Khoisan|Khoi-San]].<ref>Walker, Nick; Parry, Elspeth (December 2001). "Legacy on the Rocks: The Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers of the Matopo Hills, Zimbabwe". ''The South African Archaeological Bulletin''. '''56''' (173/174): 106. doi:10.2307/3889034. ISSN&nbsp;0038-1969. JSTOR&nbsp;3889034.</ref><ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref><ref>Needham, D.E. (1984). ''From Iron Age to Independence - A History of Central Africa''. England: Longman. p.&nbsp;5. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>0582651115</bdi>.</ref> Ngomnyaka wee-2016, iSikhwama se-US Mzenda vikela iSiko, i-AFCP<ref>NewsDay, The. "Book on preservation of Ndebele art, architecture launched". ''NewsDay''. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</ref> ngokurhunyeziweko sanikela ngesibonelelo sokutlola phasi ubukghwari besikopilo yesiNdebele, bokugwala kanye nebokuhlobisa amarantabula. Lokhu-ke kuza njengokuba kuqakatheke ngakho ukudlulisela amakghono kanye nelwazi ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya kwesesibili.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Ngesikhathi seminyaka emakhulu ali-18, [[:en:Tribe|isitjhaba]] samaNdebele wakwaNzunza; [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]] sakha isiko kanye nendlela yaso ekhethekileko yokugwala izindlu. Kwaze kwaba sekupheleni komnyaka we-1900, amaNdebele atjheja iingorho kanye nabanikazi abakhulu abaphethe indawo. Ngesiruthwana somnyaka we-1883, aya epini [[:en:Boers|namaBhunu]] abomakhelwana babo. [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/lose Ukuloba] ipi kwawo kwaletha ipilo ebukhuni tle kanye nokujeziswa okumbi khulu kwamambala emaNdebeleni. Ngeenkhathi lezo ezibudisi, amatshwayo wokuveza imizwa akhiqizwa babantu abatlhagako lokha nabaveza ubuhlungu babo. Amatshwayo la bekasithomo sobukghwari be-Afrika.<ref>Wilson, Judith (1988). "Ndebele: The Art of an African Tribe". ''Woman's Art Journal''. '''9''' (1): 47. doi:10.2307/1358366. ISSN&nbsp;0270-7993. JSTOR&nbsp;1358366.</ref> Isitjhaba samaNdebele ekuthomeni kweminyaka emakhulu ali-18 besihlala eenrantabuleni zotjani. Sathoma ngokusebenzisa izindlu ezinamaboda wedaka, phakathi kweminyaka emakhulu ali-18 lokha amatshwayo la nakathoma ukubunjwa eendlini zaso nemabodenaso. Amatshwayo avezwako la gade asetjenziselwa ukulomondisana hlangana neenqhema ezincani zabantu bamaNdebele. Bajamela iragelo phambili labo lokujamela amasiko nobunjalo bobujamo babo. Abalimi bamaBhunu gade bangatlhadlhuleki, kunokuzwisisa lokho bona bebakuthatha njengobukghwari bamasiko obungalimaziko, nje-ke kwavunyelwa bona kuragelwe phambili. Amagwalo la asemabodeni bekenziwa babantu abasikazi, ayimtlolofihlo owaziwa babantu babo bodwa, ingasi nanyana ngubani kodwana amaNdebele kwaphela.<ref>DULUCQ, Sophie (1997-11-01). "Margaret COURTNEY-CLARKE, Ndebele. L'art d'une tribu d'Afrique du Sud, Arthaud, 1991, 204 p." ''Clio'' (6). doi:10.4000/clio.398. ISSN&nbsp;1252-7017.</ref> Kwesinye isikhathi ukukhuliswa kwabantu abaduna, okwaziwa ngokuwela (ukuyama), bekusizathu sokuvuselela, kodwana isiko belingavezwa. Elinye izinga lepilo elingakhange livezwe namkha linqotjhiswe ngamabodabo bekukuvezwa ukuhlanzeka kwabo. Amasiko neenkolelo azange zibe yingcenye yamagwalo wemizi yamaNdebele. Abomma bamaNdebele bavama ukuba bathwali besiko begodu nabathuthukisi abakhulu bobukghwari bamaboda wemakhaya wabo. Isiko nendlela ekhethekileko yokugwala indlu idluliselwa ngumma emalungeni wemindeni, ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya esizukulwaneni sesibili. Ikhaya eligwalwe kuhle liveza umfazi wekhaya njengomfazi kanye nomma wamambala. Utjheja khulu ukugwala iimpundu zemithangala yesango, imithangala yesirhodlo, imithangala yesibuya begodu kanengi utjheja nomthejo wengakwakhe. Into eyodwa tere elitjhuguluko elikarisako soloko kwathoma ukugwala amaboda wezindlu zobukghwari zagadesi kuziindlela zabo ezikhethekileko nezihlukileko kwezabanye. Ekuthomeni kokugwala izindlu, amatshwayo [[:en:Pattern|nemisikiso]] yazo bekavama ukususelwa emilingakobeni nemikhaleni yawamaNdebele. Imisikiso beyinemibala erasako begodu igwalwe ngemino yabantu abasikazi. Ipende yokuthoma eendlini bekuyipende emhlophe eyenziwa ngomlotha wamatje aphekiweko, i-limestone whitewash. Imibala eyimfakela lokha nakugwalwako bekumibala yemvelo, efakahlangana umbala onzotho, onzima kanye neminye eminengi. Inengi lemisikiso gade linesibumbeko seledere elingu-V begodu noncantathu odwebiwa abe mkhulu ngokwesibumbeko esinombala. Imisikiso, ukukhanya kwemibala yephasi, iinkomba kanye nobukhulu beziqakatheke khulu kwamambala ukudlula imibala yanamhlanjesi ekhanya bha! == Imibala == Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi, imibala nebunjo kwaba yinto eqakathekileko emitlanyweni yoke. Emaswapheleni weminyaka we-1968, indlela etja ekhethekileko yabonakala. Lokho okwakukade kuyimvelo ngokugwala ngomuno, muva nje sele kwenziwa iinsetjenziswa ezihlanganiswe neeensibana kwaba ngasuthi ziinkwasana. Amaboda bekasese mhlophe ekuthomeni kodwana imibala yawo yabuya yatjhuguluka khulu. Imisikiso namatshwayo namhlanjesi angabonakala ngombala onzima omanyazelako kanye nombala okhanya bha!. Kunemibala emihlanu eqakathekileko: Obovu kanye nobovu khulu, osarulana ukuya kolidzugu, olijuba, ohlaza tjani begodu kwesinye isikhathi obukhobe. Imibala inikela ihlathululo etjhujileko yamaNdebele. Ingatjho ubujamo nofana amandla wabanikazi bekhaya, ukuthandaza, ukukwakwazelela umtjhado ekhaya nofana ingajamela umtjhagalo wagadesi. Imigwalo iveza ihlathululo engabonakaliko nengasi ngeyamambala. Le kuyindlela eqophileko yokutjengisa ukuzibonakalisa kwabo ebantwini abangaphandle komndeni wabo ohlukileko, ukutjengisa ikghono nokunambitheka kukamma. Umbala omhlophe uhlala usetjenziswa njengesizinda ngombana wenza imisikiso ekhanyako ibonakale khulu.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> == Imisikiso == Imisikiso ebukhobe ngeminye yemibala eqakatheke khulu kwamambala enetjhebiswano elihle negwalo. Ivama ukuzibuyekezabuyekeza kiyo yoke imitlamo yayo ngetjhugulukwana elincani khulu kanye nangemibalayo yekhetho elihlukileko. Imisikiso yejometri nemibunjo ithonywa ngedwebo elindulungelwe ngombala omnzima magega, bese-ke ngemva kwalokho izaliswe ngombala othileko ngaphakathi. Imisikiso ihlelwe ngeenqhenyama kiwo woke amaboda ngokuya ngesakhiwo sawo esisisekelo. Ukwakha iinsetjenziswa ezifaneleko kuvumela ukunemba poro kanye netjhaphuluko lokutjhijilwa msebenzi obudisi. Iinsetjenziswa akhange zakhandela umgwali bona enze ubukghwari bakhe. Kufanele abe neensetjenziswa zesibumbeko esikhulu sejometri esinombala osipara kanye namakwasi amancani azokufinyelela endaweni ezincani khulu nemiphethweni. Ukuthuthuka kweensetjenziswa zokugwala kukuvumela imitlamo erhabekileko netjharaganisako kiyo yoke imizi yamaNdebele.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Izindlu lezi ezigwaliweko neziqaleka zigwaleke lula tle zidzimele ehlelweni elitjhijilako lamasiko nokwenziwa kwawo. Isikopilo lokugwaleli lisaphila nanamhlanjesi. Njengoba esinye nesinye isizukulwana sidlulisa leli isikopilo, amatjhuguluko amancani athoma ukuba khona. Le yindlela yabo yokukhulumisana kanye nokuziveza tjhatjhalazi ngamakhaya wabo. Abomma basebenza isikhathi eside khulu nabudisi ukuqeda amaboda la begodu batjhejwa mphakathi wangaphandle ngebanga lekghono labo nokuziveza kwabo epepeneneni. == Qala godu == * [[Esther Mahlangu|U-Esther Mahlangu]] == Iinqophiso == rg6jim1oz3xcrovfeoch9bm1jjyc7es 6906 6905 2026-09-30T07:20:06Z Andries Solly Skhosana 1624 6906 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ndebele Architecture.jpg|thumb|450x450px|Umgwalo wendlu yamaNdebele waziwa ngokusebenzisa [[:en:Pattern|imisikiso]] yejometri kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemibala ekhanyako. Umgwalo wangaphandle kwendlu yamaNdebele ubizwa ngomthetjho, bese wangaphakathi kwendlu wona ubizwa ngosikoti.]] [[Isimumathi:Ndebele-women-loopspruit.jpg|thumb|450x450px|Abomma bamaNdebele bajame ngaphandle kwendlu [[:en:Rondavel|yerantabula]] egwaliweko.]] [[Isimumathi:Esther Mahlangu in 2015.jpg|thumb|Umgwali wamaNdebele, u-[[:en:Esther_Mahlangu|Esther Mahlangu]] ugwala iboda.|450x450px]] '''Ukugwalwa kwezindlu zamaNdebele''' mhlobo wobukghwari be-Afrika obenziwa [[AmaNdebele|maNdebele weSewula]] enarheni yeSewula Afrika kanye [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|namaNdebele weTlhagwini]], e-[[:en:Matobo|Matobo]], e-Zimbabwe.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> == Umlando == Ubukghwari obufunyaneka endaweni yesikopilo yamaNdebele babukhona eminyakeni eyikulungwana eyadlulako begodu bufakazelwa bukghwari bamatje obufunyaneka e-[[:en:Matobo_National_Park|Matopos]] <ref>Documentation of Ndebele Art and Architectural Traditions". ''Culture in Crisis''. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</ref> <ref>Sibanda, M (2016). ''The African Heritage'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Harare, Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe Publishing House. p.&nbsp;14. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9781779012852</bdi>.</ref> obuthiywe ngama-[[:en:Khoisan|Khoi-San]].<ref>Walker, Nick; Parry, Elspeth (December 2001). "Legacy on the Rocks: The Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers of the Matopo Hills, Zimbabwe". ''The South African Archaeological Bulletin''. '''56''' (173/174): 106. doi:10.2307/3889034. ISSN&nbsp;0038-1969. JSTOR&nbsp;3889034.</ref><ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref><ref>Needham, D.E. (1984). ''From Iron Age to Independence - A History of Central Africa''. England: Longman. p.&nbsp;5. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>0582651115</bdi>.</ref> Ngomnyaka wee-2016, isikhwama se-US soMzenda wezokuvikela iSiko, i-AFCP<ref>NewsDay, The. "Book on preservation of Ndebele art, architecture launched". ''NewsDay''. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</ref> ngokurhunyeziweko sanikela ngesibonelelo sokutlola phasi ubukghwari besikopilo yamaNdebele, bokugwala kanye nebokuhlobisa amarantabula. Lokhu-ke kuza njengokuba kuqakatheke ngakho ukudlulisela amakghono kanye nelwazi ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya kwesesibili.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Ngesikhathi [[:en:18th_century|seminyaka eyikulungwana namakhulu abu-8]], [[:en:Tribe|isitjhaba]] samaNdebele wakwaNzunza; [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]] sakha isiko kanye nendlela yaso ekhethekileko yokugwala izindlu. Kwaze kwaba semaswapheleni womnyaka we-1900, amaNdebele atjheja iingorho kanye nabanikazi abakhulu abaphethe indawo. Ngesiruthwana somnyaka we-1883, aya epini [[:en:Boers|namaBhunu]] abomakhelana babo. [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/lose Ukuloba] ipi kwawo kwaletha ipilo ebukhuni tle kanye nokujeziswa okumbi khulu kwamambala emaNdebeleni. Ngeenkhathi lezo ezibudisi, amatshwayo wokuveza imizwa akhiqizwa babantu abatlhagako lokha nabaveza ubuhlungu babo. Amatshwayo la bekasithomo sobukghwari be-Afrika.<ref>Wilson, Judith (1988). "Ndebele: The Art of an African Tribe". ''Woman's Art Journal''. '''9''' (1): 47. doi:10.2307/1358366. ISSN&nbsp;0270-7993. JSTOR&nbsp;1358366.</ref> Isitjhaba samaNdebele ekuthomeni kweminyaka eyikulungwana namakhulu abu-8 besihlala eenrantabuleni zotjani. Sathoma ngokusebenzisa izindlu ezinamaboda wedaka, phakathi kweminyaka emakhulu ali-18 lokha amatshwayo la nakathoma ukubunjwa eendlini zaso nemabodenaso. Amatshwayo avezwako la gade asetjenziselwa ukulomondisana hlangana neenqhema ezincani zabantu bamaNdebele. Bajamela iragelo phambili labo lokujamela amasiko nobunjalo bobujamo babo. Abalimi bamaBhunu gade bangatlhadlhuleki, kunokuzwisisa lokho bona bebakuthatha njengobukghwari bamasiko obungalimaziko, nje-ke kwavunyelwa bona kuragelwe phambili. Amagwalo la asemabodeni bekenziwa babantu abasikazi, ayimtlolofihlo owaziwa babantu babo bodwa, ingasi nanyana ngubani kodwana amaNdebele kwaphela.<ref>DULUCQ, Sophie (1997-11-01). "Margaret COURTNEY-CLARKE, Ndebele. L'art d'une tribu d'Afrique du Sud, Arthaud, 1991, 204 p." ''Clio'' (6). doi:10.4000/clio.398. ISSN&nbsp;1252-7017.</ref> Kwesinye isikhathi ukukhuliswa kwabantu abaduna, okwaziwa ngokuwela (ukuyama), bekusizathu sokuvuselela, kodwana isiko belingavezwa. Elinye izinga lepilo elingakhange livezwe namkha linqotjhiswe ngamabodabo bekukuvezwa ukuhlanzeka kwabo. Amasiko neenkolelo azange zibe yingcenye yamagwalo wemizi yamaNdebele. Abomma bamaNdebele bavama ukuba bathwali besiko begodu nabathuthukisi abakhulu bobukghwari bamaboda wemakhaya wabo. Isiko nendlela ekhethekileko yokugwala indlu idluliselwa ngumma emalungeni wemindeni, ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya esizukulwaneni sesibili. Ikhaya eligwalwe kuhle liveza umfazi wekhaya njengomfazi kanye nomma wamambala. Utjheja khulu ukugwala iimpundu zemithangala yesango, imithangala yesirhodlo, imithangala yesibuya begodu kanengi utjheja nomthejo wengakwakhe. Into eyodwa tere elitjhuguluko elikarisako soloko kwathoma ukugwala amaboda wezindlu zobukghwari zagadesi kuziindlela zabo ezikhethekileko nezihlukileko kwezabanye. Ekuthomeni kokugwala izindlu, amatshwayo [[:en:Pattern|nemisikiso]] yazo bekavama ukususelwa emilingakobeni nemikhaleni yawamaNdebele. Imisikiso beyinemibala erasako begodu igwalwe ngemino yabantu abasikazi. Ipende yokuthoma eendlini bekuyipende emhlophe eyenziwa ngomlotha wamatje aphekiweko, i-limestone whitewash. Imibala eyimfakela lokha nakugwalwako bekumibala yemvelo, efakahlangana umbala onzotho, onzima kanye neminye eminengi. Inengi lemisikiso gade linesibumbeko seledere elingu-V begodu noncantathu odwebiwa abe mkhulu ngokwesibumbeko esinombala. Imisikiso, ukukhanya kwemibala yephasi, iinkomba kanye nobukhulu beziqakatheke khulu kwamambala ukudlula imibala yanamhlanjesi ekhanya bha! == Imibala == Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi, imibala nebunjo kwaba yinto eqakathekileko emitlanyweni yoke. Emaswapheleni weminyaka we-1968, indlela etja ekhethekileko yabonakala. Lokho okwakukade kuyimvelo ngokugwala ngomuno, muva nje sele kwenziwa iinsetjenziswa ezihlanganiswe neeensibana kwaba ngasuthi ziinkwasana. Amaboda bekasese mhlophe ekuthomeni kodwana imibala yawo yabuya yatjhuguluka khulu. Imisikiso namatshwayo namhlanjesi angabonakala ngombala onzima omanyazelako kanye nombala okhanya bha!. Kunemibala emihlanu eqakathekileko: Obovu kanye nobovu khulu, osarulana ukuya kolidzugu, olijuba, ohlaza tjani begodu kwesinye isikhathi obukhobe. Imibala inikela ihlathululo etjhujileko yamaNdebele. Ingatjho ubujamo nofana amandla wabanikazi bekhaya, ukuthandaza, ukukwakwazelela umtjhado ekhaya nofana ingajamela umtjhagalo wagadesi. Imigwalo iveza ihlathululo engabonakaliko nengasi ngeyamambala. Le kuyindlela eqophileko yokutjengisa ukuzibonakalisa kwabo ebantwini abangaphandle komndeni wabo ohlukileko, ukutjengisa ikghono nokunambitheka kukamma. Umbala omhlophe uhlala usetjenziswa njengesizinda ngombana wenza imisikiso ekhanyako ibonakale khulu.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> == Imisikiso == Imisikiso ebukhobe ngeminye yemibala eqakatheke khulu kwamambala enetjhebiswano elihle negwalo. Ivama ukuzibuyekezabuyekeza kiyo yoke imitlamo yayo ngetjhugulukwana elincani khulu kanye nangemibalayo yekhetho elihlukileko. Imisikiso yejometri nemibunjo ithonywa ngedwebo elindulungelwe ngombala omnzima magega, bese-ke ngemva kwalokho izaliswe ngombala othileko ngaphakathi. Imisikiso ihlelwe ngeenqhenyama kiwo woke amaboda ngokuya ngesakhiwo sawo esisisekelo. Ukwakha iinsetjenziswa ezifaneleko kuvumela ukunemba poro kanye netjhaphuluko lokutjhijilwa msebenzi obudisi. Iinsetjenziswa akhange zakhandela umgwali bona enze ubukghwari bakhe. Kufanele abe neensetjenziswa zesibumbeko esikhulu sejometri esinombala osipara kanye namakwasi amancani azokufinyelela endaweni ezincani khulu nemiphethweni. Ukuthuthuka kweensetjenziswa zokugwala kukuvumela imitlamo erhabekileko netjharaganisako kiyo yoke imizi yamaNdebele.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Izindlu lezi ezigwaliweko neziqaleka zigwaleke lula tle zidzimele ehlelweni elitjhijilako lamasiko nokwenziwa kwawo. Isikopilo lokugwaleli lisaphila nanamhlanjesi. Njengoba esinye nesinye isizukulwana sidlulisa leli isikopilo, amatjhuguluko amancani athoma ukuba khona. Le yindlela yabo yokukhulumisana kanye nokuziveza tjhatjhalazi ngamakhaya wabo. Abomma basebenza isikhathi eside khulu nabudisi ukuqeda amaboda la begodu batjhejwa mphakathi wangaphandle ngebanga lekghono labo nokuziveza kwabo epepeneneni. == Qala godu == * [[Esther Mahlangu|U-Esther Mahlangu]] == Iinqophiso == 5lr533i71kc78dtghkgt2hulxu3u9pd 6907 6906 2026-09-30T09:20:44Z Andries Solly Skhosana 1624 6907 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ndebele Architecture.jpg|thumb|450x450px|Umgwalo wendlu yamaNdebele waziwa ngokusebenzisa [[:en:Pattern|imisikiso]] yejometri kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemibala ekhanyako. Umgwalo wangaphandle kwendlu yamaNdebele ubizwa ngomthetjho, bese wangaphakathi kwendlu wona ubizwa ngosikoti.]] [[Isimumathi:Ndebele-women-loopspruit.jpg|thumb|450x450px|Abomma bamaNdebele bajame ngaphandle kwendlu [[:en:Rondavel|yerantabula]] egwaliweko.]] [[Isimumathi:Esther Mahlangu in 2015.jpg|thumb|Umgwali wamaNdebele, u-[[:en:Esther_Mahlangu|Esther Mahlangu]] ugwala iboda.|450x450px]] '''Ukugwalwa kwezindlu zamaNdebele''' mhlobo wobukghwari be-Afrika obenziwa [[AmaNdebele|maNdebele weSewula]] enarheni yeSewula Afrika kanye [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|namaNdebele weTlhagwini]], e-[[:en:Matobo|Matobo]], e-Zimbabwe.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> == Umlando == Ubukghwari obufunyaneka endaweni yesikopilo yamaNdebele babukhona eminyakeni eyikulungwana eyadlulako begodu bufakazelwa bukghwari bamatje obufunyaneka e-[[:en:Matobo_National_Park|Matopos]] <ref>Documentation of Ndebele Art and Architectural Traditions". ''Culture in Crisis''. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</ref> <ref>Sibanda, M (2016). ''The African Heritage'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Harare, Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe Publishing House. p.&nbsp;14. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9781779012852</bdi>.</ref> obuthiywe ngama-[[:en:Khoisan|Khoi-San]].<ref>Walker, Nick; Parry, Elspeth (December 2001). "Legacy on the Rocks: The Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers of the Matopo Hills, Zimbabwe". ''The South African Archaeological Bulletin''. '''56''' (173/174): 106. doi:10.2307/3889034. ISSN&nbsp;0038-1969. JSTOR&nbsp;3889034.</ref><ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref><ref>Needham, D.E. (1984). ''From Iron Age to Independence - A History of Central Africa''. England: Longman. p.&nbsp;5. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>0582651115</bdi>.</ref> Ngomnyaka wee-2016, isikhwama se-US soMzenda wezokuvikela iSiko, i-AFCP<ref>NewsDay, The. "Book on preservation of Ndebele art, architecture launched". ''NewsDay''. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</ref> ngokurhunyeziweko sanikela ngesibonelelo sokutlola phasi ubukghwari besikopilo yamaNdebele, bokugwala kanye nebokuhlobisa amarantabula. Lokhu-ke kuza njengokuba kuqakatheke ngakho ukudlulisela amakghono kanye nelwazi ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya kwesesibili.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Ngesikhathi [[:en:18th_century|seminyaka eyikulungwana namakhulu abu-8]], [[:en:Tribe|isitjhaba]] samaNdebele wakwaNzunza; [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]] sakha isiko kanye nendlela yaso ekhethekileko yokugwala izindlu. Kwaze kwaba semaswapheleni womnyaka we-1900, amaNdebele atjheja iingorho kanye nabanikazi abakhulu abaphethe indawo. Ngesiruthwana somnyaka we-1883, aya epini [[:en:Boers|namaBhunu]] abomakhelana babo. [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/lose Ukuloba] ipi kwawo kwaletha ipilo ebukhuni tle kanye nokujeziswa okumbi khulu kwamambala emaNdebeleni. Ngeenkhathi lezo ezibudisi, amatshwayo wokuveza imizwa akhiqizwa babantu abatlhagako lokha nabaveza ubuhlungu babo. Amatshwayo la bekasithomo sobukghwari be-Afrika.<ref>Wilson, Judith (1988). "Ndebele: The Art of an African Tribe". ''Woman's Art Journal''. '''9''' (1): 47. doi:10.2307/1358366. ISSN&nbsp;0270-7993. JSTOR&nbsp;1358366.</ref> Isitjhaba samaNdebele ekuthomeni kweminyaka eyikulungwana namakhulu abu-8 besihlala eenrantabuleni zotjani. Sathoma ngokusebenzisa izindlu zekghokgho nezomdzidlhelo (ezinamaboda wedaka,) phakathi kweminyaka eyikulungwana namakhulu abu-8, lokha amatshwayo la nakathoma ukubunjwa eendlini zesitjhabesi nemikikitweni yaso. Amatshwayo avezwako la gade asetjenziselwa ukulomondisana hlangana neenqhema ezincani zabantu abamaNdebele. Bajamela iragelo phambili labo lokujamela amasiko nobunjalo bobujamo babo. Abalimi bamaBhunu gade bangatlhadlhuleki, kunokuzwisisa lokho bona bebakuthatha njengobukghwari bamasiko obungalimaziko, nje-ke kwavunyelwa bona kuragelwe phambili. Amagwalo la asemabodeni bekenziwa babantu abasikazi, amtlolofihlo owaziwa sitjhaba samaNdebele sodwa, ingasi nanyana ngubani kodwana amaNdebele kwaphela.<ref>DULUCQ, Sophie (1997-11-01). "Margaret COURTNEY-CLARKE, Ndebele. L'art d'une tribu d'Afrique du Sud, Arthaud, 1991, 204 p." ''Clio'' (6). doi:10.4000/clio.398. ISSN&nbsp;1252-7017.</ref> Kwesinye isikhathi ukukhuliswa kwabantu abaduna, okwaziwa ngokuwela (ukuyama), bekungokhunye okuvuselela isintu kodwana isiko belingavezwa. Elinye izinga lepilo elingakhange livezwe namkha linqotjhiswe ngamabodabo bekukuvezwa ukuhlanzeka kwabo. Amasiko neenkolelo azange zibe yingcenye yamagwalo wemizi yamaNdebele. Abomma bamaNdebele bavama ukuba bathwali besiko begodu nabathuthukisi abakhulu bobukghwari bamaboda wemakhaya wabo. Isiko nendlela ekhethekileko yokugwala indlu idluliselwa ngumma emalungeni wemindeni, ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya esizukulwaneni sesibili. Ikhaya eligwalwe kuhle liveza umfazi wekhaya njengomfazi kanye nomma wamambala. Utjheja khulu ukugwala iimpundu zemithangala yesango, imithangala yesirhodlo, imithangala yesibuya begodu kanengi utjheja nomthejo wengakwakhe. Into eyodwa tere elitjhuguluko elikarisako soloko kwathoma ukugwala amaboda wezindlu zobukghwari zagadesi kuziindlela zabo ezikhethekileko nezihlukileko kwezabanye. Ekuthomeni kokugwala izindlu, amatshwayo [[:en:Pattern|nemisikiso]] yazo bekavama ukususelwa emilingakobeni nemikhaleni yawamaNdebele. Imisikiso beyinemibala erasako begodu igwalwe ngemino yabantu abasikazi. Ipende yokuthoma eendlini bekuyipende emhlophe eyenziwa ngomlotha wamatje aphekiweko, i-limestone whitewash. Imibala eyimfakela lokha nakugwalwako bekumibala yemvelo, efakahlangana umbala onzotho, onzima kanye neminye eminengi. Inengi lemisikiso gade linesibumbeko seledere elingu-V begodu noncantathu odwebiwa abe mkhulu ngokwesibumbeko esinombala. Imisikiso, ukukhanya kwemibala yephasi, iinkomba kanye nobukhulu beziqakatheke khulu kwamambala ukudlula imibala yanamhlanjesi ekhanya bha! == Imibala == Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi, imibala nebunjo kwaba yinto eqakathekileko emitlanyweni yoke. Emaswapheleni weminyaka we-1968, indlela etja ekhethekileko yabonakala. Lokho okwakukade kuyimvelo ngokugwala ngomuno, muva nje sele kwenziwa iinsetjenziswa ezihlanganiswe neeensibana kwaba ngasuthi ziinkwasana. Amaboda bekasese mhlophe ekuthomeni kodwana imibala yawo yabuya yatjhuguluka khulu. Imisikiso namatshwayo namhlanjesi angabonakala ngombala onzima omanyazelako kanye nombala okhanya bha!. Kunemibala emihlanu eqakathekileko: Obovu kanye nobovu khulu, osarulana ukuya kolidzugu, olijuba, ohlaza tjani begodu kwesinye isikhathi obukhobe. Imibala inikela ihlathululo etjhujileko yamaNdebele. Ingatjho ubujamo nofana amandla wabanikazi bekhaya, ukuthandaza, ukukwakwazelela umtjhado ekhaya nofana ingajamela umtjhagalo wagadesi. Imigwalo iveza ihlathululo engabonakaliko nengasi ngeyamambala. Le kuyindlela eqophileko yokutjengisa ukuzibonakalisa kwabo ebantwini abangaphandle komndeni wabo ohlukileko, ukutjengisa ikghono nokunambitheka kukamma. Umbala omhlophe uhlala usetjenziswa njengesizinda ngombana wenza imisikiso ekhanyako ibonakale khulu.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> == Imisikiso == Imisikiso ebukhobe ngeminye yemibala eqakatheke khulu kwamambala enetjhebiswano elihle negwalo. Ivama ukuzibuyekezabuyekeza kiyo yoke imitlamo yayo ngetjhugulukwana elincani khulu kanye nangemibalayo yekhetho elihlukileko. Imisikiso yejometri nemibunjo ithonywa ngedwebo elindulungelwe ngombala omnzima magega, bese-ke ngemva kwalokho izaliswe ngombala othileko ngaphakathi. Imisikiso ihlelwe ngeenqhenyama kiwo woke amaboda ngokuya ngesakhiwo sawo esisisekelo. Ukwakha iinsetjenziswa ezifaneleko kuvumela ukunemba poro kanye netjhaphuluko lokutjhijilwa msebenzi obudisi. Iinsetjenziswa akhange zakhandela umgwali bona enze ubukghwari bakhe. Kufanele abe neensetjenziswa zesibumbeko esikhulu sejometri esinombala osipara kanye namakwasi amancani azokufinyelela endaweni ezincani khulu nemiphethweni. Ukuthuthuka kweensetjenziswa zokugwala kukuvumela imitlamo erhabekileko netjharaganisako kiyo yoke imizi yamaNdebele.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Izindlu lezi ezigwaliweko neziqaleka zigwaleke lula tle zidzimele ehlelweni elitjhijilako lamasiko nokwenziwa kwawo. Isikopilo lokugwaleli lisaphila nanamhlanjesi. Njengoba esinye nesinye isizukulwana sidlulisa leli isikopilo, amatjhuguluko amancani athoma ukuba khona. Le yindlela yabo yokukhulumisana kanye nokuziveza tjhatjhalazi ngamakhaya wabo. Abomma basebenza isikhathi eside khulu nabudisi ukuqeda amaboda la begodu batjhejwa mphakathi wangaphandle ngebanga lekghono labo nokuziveza kwabo epepeneneni. == Qala godu == * [[Esther Mahlangu|U-Esther Mahlangu]] == Iinqophiso == lfnhb0rtmpvc23d33pn8unyg6id3p9g 6908 6907 2026-09-30T10:29:44Z Andries Solly Skhosana 1624 /* */ 6908 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ndebele Architecture.jpg|thumb|450x450px|Umgwalo wendlu yamaNdebele waziwa ngokusebenzisa [[:en:Pattern|imisikiso]] yejometri kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemibala ekhanyako. Umgwalo wangaphandle kwendlu yamaNdebele ubizwa ngomthetjho, bese wangaphakathi kwendlu wona ubizwa ngosikoti.]] [[Isimumathi:Ndebele-women-loopspruit.jpg|thumb|450x450px|Abomma bamaNdebele bajame ngaphandle kwendlu [[:en:Rondavel|yerantabula]] egwaliweko.]] [[Isimumathi:Esther Mahlangu in 2015.jpg|thumb|Umgwali wamaNdebele, u-[[:en:Esther_Mahlangu|Esther Mahlangu]] ugwala iboda.|450x450px]] '''Ukugwalwa kwezindlu zamaNdebele''' mhlobo wobukghwari be-Afrika obenziwa [[AmaNdebele|maNdebele weSewula]], enarheni yeSewula Afrika kanye [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|namaNdebele weTlhagwini]] e-[[:en:Matobo|Matobo]], e-Zimbabwe.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> == Umlando == Ubukghwari obufunyaneka endaweni yesikopilo yamaNdebele babukhona eminyakeni eyikulungwana eyadlulako begodu bufakazelwa bukghwari bamatje obufunyaneka e-[[:en:Matobo_National_Park|Matopos]] <ref>Documentation of Ndebele Art and Architectural Traditions". ''Culture in Crisis''. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</ref> <ref>Sibanda, M (2016). ''The African Heritage'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Harare, Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe Publishing House. p.&nbsp;14. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9781779012852</bdi>.</ref> obuthiywe ngama-[[:en:Khoisan|Khoi-San]].<ref>Walker, Nick; Parry, Elspeth (December 2001). "Legacy on the Rocks: The Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers of the Matopo Hills, Zimbabwe". ''The South African Archaeological Bulletin''. '''56''' (173/174): 106. doi:10.2307/3889034. ISSN&nbsp;0038-1969. JSTOR&nbsp;3889034.</ref><ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref><ref>Needham, D.E. (1984). ''From Iron Age to Independence - A History of Central Africa''. England: Longman. p.&nbsp;5. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>0582651115</bdi>.</ref> Ngomnyaka wee-2016, isikhwama se-US soMzenda wezokuvikela iSiko, i-AFCP<ref>NewsDay, The. "Book on preservation of Ndebele art, architecture launched". ''NewsDay''. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</ref> ngokurhunyeziweko sanikela ngesibonelelo sokutlola phasi ubukghwari besikopilo yamaNdebele, bokugwala kanye nebokuhlobisa amarantabula. Lokhu-ke kuza njengokuba kuqakatheke ngakho ukudlulisela amakghono kanye nelwazi ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya kwesesibili.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Ngesikhathi [[:en:18th_century|seminyaka eyikulungwana namakhulu abu-8]], [[:en:Tribe|isitjhaba]] samaNdebele wakwaNzunza; [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]] sakha isiko kanye nendlela yaso ekhethekileko yokugwala izindlu. Kwaze kwaba semaswapheleni womnyaka we-1900, amaNdebele atjheja iingorho kanye nabanikazi abakhulu abaphethe indawo. Ngesiruthwana somnyaka we-1883, aya epini [[:en:Boers|namaBhunu]] abomakhelana babo. [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/lose Ukuloba] ipi kwawo kwaletha ipilo ebukhuni tle kanye nokujeziswa okumbi khulu kwamambala emaNdebeleni. Ngeenkhathi lezo ezibudisi, amatshwayo wokuveza imizwa akhiqizwa babantu abatlhagako lokha nabaveza ubuhlungu babo. Amatshwayo la bekasithomo sobukghwari be-Afrika.<ref>Wilson, Judith (1988). "Ndebele: The Art of an African Tribe". ''Woman's Art Journal''. '''9''' (1): 47. doi:10.2307/1358366. ISSN&nbsp;0270-7993. JSTOR&nbsp;1358366.</ref> Isitjhaba samaNdebele ekuthomeni kweminyaka eyikulungwana namakhulu abu-8 sasihlala eenrantabuleni zotjani. Sathoma ngokusebenzisa izindlu zekghokgho nezomdzidlhelo (ezinamaboda wedaka,) phakathi kweminyaka eyikulungwana namakhulu abu-8, lokha amatshwayo la nakathoma ukubunjwa eendlini zesitjhabesi nemikikitweni yaso. Amatshwayo avezwako la gade asetjenziselwa ukulomondisana hlangana neenqhema ezincani zabantu abamaNdebele. Bajamela iragelo phambili labo lokujamela amasiko nobunjalo bobujamo babo. Abalimi bamaBhunu gade bangatlhadlhuleki, kunokuzwisisa lokho bona bebakuthatha njengobukghwari bamasiko obungalimaziko, nje-ke kwavunyelwa bona kuragelwe phambili. Amagwalo la asemabodeni bekenziwa babantu abasikazi, amtlolofihlo owaziwa sitjhaba samaNdebele sodwa, ingasi nanyana ngubani kodwana amaNdebele kwaphela.<ref>DULUCQ, Sophie (1997-11-01). "Margaret COURTNEY-CLARKE, Ndebele. L'art d'une tribu d'Afrique du Sud, Arthaud, 1991, 204 p." ''Clio'' (6). doi:10.4000/clio.398. ISSN&nbsp;1252-7017.</ref> Kwesinye isikhathi ukukhuliswa kwabantu abaduna, okwaziwa ngokuwela (ukuyama), bekungokhunye okuvuselela isintu kodwana isiko belingavezwa tjhatjhalazi. Elinye izinga lepilo elingakhange livezwe namkha linqotjhiswe ngamabodabo la bekukuvezwa ukuhlanzeka kwabo. Amasiko neenkolelo azange zibe yingcenye yamagwalo wezindlu zamaNdebele. Abomma bamaNdebele bavama ukuba bathwali besiko begodu nabathuthukisi abakhulu bobukghwari bamaboda wemakhayabo. Isiko nendlela ekhethekileko yokugwala indlu idluliselwa ngumma emalungeni wemindeni, ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya esizukulwaneni sesibili. Ikhaya eligwalwe kuhle liveza umfazi wekhaya njengomfazi kanye nomma wamambala. Utjheja khulu ukugwala iimpundu zemithangala yesango, imithangala yesirhodlo, imithangala yesibuya begodu kanengi utjheja nomthetjho wengakwakhe. Into eyodwa tere! Elitjhuguluko elikarisako soloko kwathoma ukugwala amaboda wezindlu zobukghwari zagadesi kuziindlela zabo ezikhethekileko nezihlukileko kwezabanye. Ekuthomeni kokugwalwa kwezindlu, amatshwayo [[:en:Pattern|nemisikiso]] yazo kanengi beyinzinze emisebenzini yemincamo yamaNdebele. Imisikiso beyinemibala erasako begodu igwalwe ngemino yabantu abasikazi. Ipende yokuthoma eendlini zamaNdebele bekuyipende emhlophe eyenziwa ngomlotha wamatje aphekiweko, i-limestone whitewash. Imibala eyimfakela lokha nakugwalwako bekumibala yemvelo, efakahlangana umbala onzotho, onzima kanye neminye eminengi. Inengi lemisikiso gade linesibumbeko seledere elingu-V begodu noncantathu odwebiwa abe mkhulu ngokwesibumbeko esinombala. Imisikiso, ukukhanya kwemibala yephasi, iinkomba kanye nobukhulu beziqakatheke khulu kwamambala ukudlula imibala yanamhlanjesi ekhanya bha! == Imibala == Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi, imibala nebunjo kwaba yinto eqakathekileko emitlanyweni yoke. Emaswapheleni weminyaka we-1968, indlela etja ekhethekileko yabonakala. Lokho okwakukade kuyimvelo ngokugwala ngomuno, muva nje sele kwenziwa ziinsetjenziswa ezihlanganiswe neeensibana kwaba ngasuthi ziinkwasana. Amaboda bekasese mhlophe ekuthomeni kodwana imibalayo yabuya yatjhuguluka khulu kwamambala. Imisikiso namatshwayo angabonakala namhlanjesi ngombala onzima omanyazelako kanye nombala okhanya bha! Kunemibala emihlanu eqakathekileko: Obovu kanye nobovu khulu, osarulana ukuya kolidzugu, olijuba, ohlaza tjani begodu kwesinye isikhathi nobukhobe. Imibala inikela ihlathululo etjhujileko yamaNdebele. Ingatjho ubujamo nofana amandla wabanikazi bekhaya, ukuthandaza, ukukwakwazelela umtjhado ekhaya nofana ingajamela umtjhagalo wagadesi. Imigwalo iveza ihlathululo engabonakaliko nengasi ngeyamambala. Le kuyindlela eqophileko yokutjengisa ukuzibonakalisa kwabo ebantwini abangaphandle komndeni wabo ohlukileko, ukutjengisa ikghono nokunambitheka kukamma. Umbala omhlophe uhlala usetjenziswa njengombala wangemuva ngombana wenza imisikiso ekhanyako ibonakale khulu.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> == Imisikiso == Imisikiso ebukhobe ngeminye yemibala eqakatheke khulu kwamambala enetjhebiswano elihle negwalo. Ivama ukuzibuyekezabuyekeza kiyo yoke imitlamo yayo ngetjhugulukwana elincani khulu kanye nangemibalayo yekhetho nehlukileko. Imisikiso yejometri nemibunjo ithonywa ngedwebo elindulungelwe ngombala onzima magega, bese-ke ngemva kwalokho izaliswe ngombala othileko ngaphakathi. Imisikiso ihlelwe ngeenqhenyama kiwo woke amaboda ngokuya ngesakhiwo sawo esisisekelo. Ukwakha iinsetjenziswa ezifaneleko kuvumela ukunemba poro! Kanye netjhaphuluko lokutjhijilwa msebenzi obudisi. Iinsetjenziswa akhange zakhandela umgwali bona enze ubukghwari bakhe. Kufanele abe neensetjenziswa zesibumbeko esikhulu sejometri esinombala osipara kanye namakwasi amancani azokufinyelela endaweni ezincani khulu nemiphethweni. Ukuthuthuka kweensetjenziswa zokugwala kukuvumela imitlamo erhabekileko netjharaganisako kiyo yoke imizi yamaNdebele.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Izindlu lezi ezigwaliweko neziqaleka zigwaleke lula tle zidzimele ehlelweni elitjhijilako lamasiko nokwenziwa kwawo. Isikopilo lokugwaleli lisaphila nanamhlanjesi. Njengoba esinye nesinye isizukulwana sidlulisa leli isikopilo, amatjhuguluko amancani athoma ukuba khona. Le yindlela yabo yokukhulumisana kanye nokuziveza tjhatjhalazi ngamakhaya wabo. Abomma basebenza isikhathi eside khulu nabudisi ukuqeda amaboda la begodu batjhejwa mphakathi wangaphandle ngebanga lekghono labo nokuziveza kwabo epepeneneni. == Qala godu == * [[Esther Mahlangu|U-Esther Mahlangu]] == Iinqophiso == mpw6lkwd4rfgpj9nt2n958h0gkbbpf2 6909 6908 2026-09-30T11:25:22Z Andries Solly Skhosana 1624 /* */ 6909 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ndebele Architecture.jpg|thumb|450x450px|Umgwalo wendlu yamaNdebele waziwa khulu ngokusetjenziswa [[:en:Pattern|kwemisikiso]] yejometri kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemibala ekhanyako. Umgwalo wangaphandle kwendlu yamaNdebele ubizwa ngomthetjho, bese wangaphakathi wona ubizwa ngosikoti.]] [[Isimumathi:Ndebele-women-loopspruit.jpg|thumb|450x450px|Abomma bamaNdebele bajame ngaphandle kwendlu [[:en:Rondavel|yerantabula]] egwaliweko.]] [[Isimumathi:Esther Mahlangu in 2015.jpg|thumb|Umgwali wamaNdebele, u-[[:en:Esther_Mahlangu|Esther Mahlangu]] ugwala iboda ngaphandle — umthetjho.|450x450px]] '''Ukugwalwa kwezindlu zamaNdebele''' mhlobo wobukghwari be-Afrika obenziwa [[AmaNdebele|maNdebele weSewula]], enarheni yeSewula Afrika kanye [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|namaNdebele weTlhagwini]] e-[[:en:Matobo|Matobo]], e-Zimbabwe.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> == Umlando == Ubukghwari obufunyaneka endaweni yesikopilo yamaNdebele babukhona eminyakeni eyikulungwana eyadlulako begodu bufakazelwa bukghwari bamatje obufunyaneka e-[[:en:Matobo_National_Park|Matopos]] <ref>Documentation of Ndebele Art and Architectural Traditions". ''Culture in Crisis''. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</ref> <ref>Sibanda, M (2016). ''The African Heritage'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Harare, Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe Publishing House. p.&nbsp;14. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9781779012852</bdi>.</ref> obuthiywe ngama-[[:en:Khoisan|Khoi-San]].<ref>Walker, Nick; Parry, Elspeth (December 2001). "Legacy on the Rocks: The Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers of the Matopo Hills, Zimbabwe". ''The South African Archaeological Bulletin''. '''56''' (173/174): 106. doi:10.2307/3889034. ISSN&nbsp;0038-1969. JSTOR&nbsp;3889034.</ref><ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref><ref>Needham, D.E. (1984). ''From Iron Age to Independence - A History of Central Africa''. England: Longman. p.&nbsp;5. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>0582651115</bdi>.</ref> Ngomnyaka wee-2016, isikhwama se-US soMzenda wezokuvikela iSiko, i-AFCP<ref>NewsDay, The. "Book on preservation of Ndebele art, architecture launched". ''NewsDay''. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</ref> ngokurhunyeziweko sanikela ngesibonelelo sokutlola phasi ubukghwari besikopilo yamaNdebele, bokugwala kanye nebokuhlobisa amarantabula. Lokhu-ke kuza njengokuba kuqakatheke ngakho ukudlulisela amakghono kanye nelwazi elidephileko ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya kwesesibili.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Ngesikhathi [[:en:18th_century|seminyaka eyikulungwana namakhulu abu-8]], [[:en:Tribe|isitjhaba]] samaNdebele wakwaNzunza; [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]] sakha isiko kanye nendlela yaso ekhethekileko yokugwala izindlu. Kwaze kwafika emaswapheleni womnyaka we-1900, amaNdebele atjheja iingorho kanye nabanikazi abakhulu abaphethe indawo. Ngesiruthwana somnyaka we-1883, aya epini [[:en:Boers|namaBhunu]] abomakhelana babo. [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/lose Ukuloba] ipi kwawo kwaletha ipilo ebukhuni tle kanye nokujeziswa okumbi khulu kwamambala emaNdebeleni. Ngeenkhathi lezo ezibudisi, amatshwayo wokuveza imizwa akhiqizwa babantu abatlhagako lokha nabaveza ubuhlungu babo. Amatshwayo la bekasithomo sobukghwari be-Afrika.<ref>Wilson, Judith (1988). "Ndebele: The Art of an African Tribe". ''Woman's Art Journal''. '''9''' (1): 47. doi:10.2307/1358366. ISSN&nbsp;0270-7993. JSTOR&nbsp;1358366.</ref> Isitjhaba samaNdebele ekuthomeni kweminyaka eyikulungwana namakhulu abu-8 sasihlala eenrantabuleni zotjani. Sathoma ngokusebenzisa izindlu zekghokgho nezomdzidlhelo (ezinamaboda wedaka) phakathi kweminyaka eyikulungwana namakhulu abu-8, lokha amatshwayo la nakathoma ukubunjwa eendlini zesitjhabesi nemikikitweni yaso. Amatshwayo avezwako la gade asetjenziselwa ukulomondisana hlangana neenqhema ezincani zabantu abamaNdebele. Bajamela iragelo phambili labo lokujamela amasiko nobunjalo bobujamo babo. Abalimi bamaBhunu gade bangatlhadlhuleki, kunokuzwisisa lokho bona bebakuthatha njengobukghwari bamasiko obungasi yingozi, nje-ke kwavunyelwa bona kuragelwe phambili. Amagwalo la asemabodeni bekenziwa babantu bobulili obusikazi, amtlolofihlo owaziwa sitjhaba samaNdebele sodwa, ingasi nanyana ngubani kodwana amaNdebele kwaphela.<ref>DULUCQ, Sophie (1997-11-01). "Margaret COURTNEY-CLARKE, Ndebele. L'art d'une tribu d'Afrique du Sud, Arthaud, 1991, 204 p." ''Clio'' (6). doi:10.4000/clio.398. ISSN&nbsp;1252-7017.</ref> Kwesinye isikhathi ukukhuliswa kwabantu abaduna, okwaziwa ngokuwela (ukuyama), bekungokhunye okuvuselela isintu samaNdebele kodwana isiko belingavezwa tjhatjhalazi ngaleso isikhathi. Elinye izinga lepilo elingakhange livezwe namkha linqotjhiswe ngamaboda wamaNdebele la bekukuvezwa ukuhlanzeka kwawo. Amasiko neenkolelo azange zibe yingcenye yamagwalo wezindlu zamaNdebele. Abomma bamaNdebele bavama ukuba bathwali besiko begodu nabathuthukisi abakhulu bobukghwari bamaboda wemakhayabo. Isiko nendlela ekhethekileko yokugwala izindlu idluliselwa ngumma emalungeni wemindeni, ukusuka esizukulwaneni sokuthoma ukuya esizukulwaneni sesibili. Ikhaya eligwalwe kuhle liveza umfazi wekhaya njengomfazi kanye nomma wamambala. Utjheja khulu ukugwala iimpundu zemithangala yesango, imithangala yesirhodlo, imithangala yesibuya begodu kanengi utjheja nomthetjho wengakwakhe. Into eyodwa tere! Elitjhuguluko elikarisako soloko kwathonywa ukugwala amaboda wezindlu zobukghwari zagadesi kuziindlela zabo ezikhethekileko nezihlukileko kwezabanye. Ekuthomeni kokugwalwa kwezindlu, amatshwayo [[:en:Pattern|nemisikiso]] yazo kanengi beyidzimelele emisebenzini yemincamo yamaNdebele. Imisikiso beyinemibala erasako begodu igwalwe ngemino yabantu abasikazi. Ipende yokuthoma eendlini zamaNdebele bekuyipende emhlophe, eyenziwa ngomlotha wamatje aphekiweko, i-limestone whitewash. Imibala eyimfakela lokha nakugwalwako bekumibala yemvelo, efakahlangana umbala onzotho, onzima kanye neminye eminengi. Inengi lemisikiso gade linesibumbeko seledere elingu-V begodu noncantathu odwebiwa abe mkhulu ngokwesibumbeko esinombala. Imisikiso, ukukhanya kwemibala yephasi, iinkomba kanye nobukhulu beziqakatheke khulu kwamambala ukudlula imibala yanamhlanjesi ekhanya bha! == Imibala == Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi, imibala nebunjo kwaba yinto eqakathekileko emitlanyweni yoke. Emaswapheleni weminyaka we-1968, indlela etja nekhethekileko yabonakala. Lokho okwakukade kuyimvelo ngokugwala ngomuno, muva nje sele kwenziwa ziinsetjenziswa ezihlanganiswe neeensibana kwaba ngasuthi ziinkwasana. Amaboda bekasese mhlophe ekuthomeni kodwana imibalayo yabuya yatjhuguluka khulu kwamambala. Imisikiso namatshwayo angabonakala namhlanjesi ngombala onzima omanyazelako kanye nombala okhanya bha! Kunemibala emihlanu eqakathekileko: Obovu kanye nobovu khulu, osarulana ukuya kolidzugu, olijuba, ohlaza tjani begodu kwesinye isikhathi nobukhobe. Imibala inikela ihlathululo etjhujileko yamaNdebele. Ingatjho ubujamo nofana amandla wabanikazi bekhaya, ukuthandaza, ukukwakwazelela umtjhado ekhaya nofana ingajamela umtjhagalo wagadesi. Imigwalo iveza ihlathululo engabonakaliko nengasi ngeyamambala. Le kuyindlela eqophileko yokutjengisa ukuzibonakalisa kwabo ebantwini abangaphandle komndenabo ohlukileko, ukutjengisa ikghono nokunambitheka kukamma. Umbala omhlophe uhlala usetjenziswa njengombala wangemuva ngombana wenza imisikiso ekhanyako ibonakale khulu.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> == Imisikiso == Imisikiso ebukhobe ngeminye yemibala eqakatheke khulu kwamambala enetjhebiswano elihle negwalo. Ivama ukuzibuyekezabuyekeza kiyo yoke imitlamo yayo ngetjhugulukwana elincani khulu kanye nangemibalayo yekhetho nehlukileko. Imisikiso yejometri nemibunjo ithonywa ngedwebo elindulungelwe ngombala onzima magega, bese-ke ngemva kwalokho izaliswe ngombala othileko ngaphakathi. Imisikiso ihlelwe ngeenqhenyama kiwo woke amaboda ngokuya ngesakhiwo sawo esisisekelo. Ukwakha iinsetjenziswa ezifaneleko kuvumela ukunemba poro! Kanye netjhaphuluko lokutjhijilwa msebenzi obudisi. Iinsetjenziswa akhange zakhandela umgwali bona enze ubukghwari bakhe. Kufanele abe neensetjenziswa zesibumbeko esikhulu sejometri esinombala osipara kanye namakwasi amancani azokufinyelela endaweni ezincani khulu nemiphethweni. Ukuthuthuka kweensetjenziswa zokugwala kukuvumela imitlamo erhabekileko netjharaganisako kiyo yoke imizi yamaNdebele.<ref>Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780797493148</bdi>.</ref> Izindlu lezi ezigwaliweko neziqaleka zigwaleke lula tle zidzimele ehlelweni elitjhijilako lamasiko nokwenziwa kwawo. Isikopilo lokugwaleli lisaphila nanamhlanjesi. Njengoba esinye nesinye isizukulwana sidlulisa leli isikopilo, amatjhuguluko amancani athoma ukuba khona. Le yindlela yabo yokukhulumisana kanye nokuziveza tjhatjhalazi ngamakhaya wabo. Abomma basebenza isikhathi eside khulu nabudisi ukuqeda amaboda la begodu batjhejwa mphakathi wangaphandle ngebanga lekghono labo nokuziveza kwabo epepeneneni. == Qala godu == * [[Esther Mahlangu|U-Esther Mahlangu]] == Iinqophiso == nwr0j8rugzms21w6u7vgnuvyxmq85y2