Umvumo WesiNdebele

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    <title>Umvumo WesiNdebele</title>
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      <text bytes="2179" sha1="frqbddlyy05j91oox054vnhrayi4s92" xml:space="preserve">Umvumo [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|wesiNdebele]] usatjalaliswa khulu ngokusetjenziswa kweengoma ezivunywa ngaphandle kweenlilisi zomvumo nezikhambisana [[:en:Rattle_(percussion_instrument)|nokubetha inyawo]] (ingadla) kanye [[:en:Clapper_(musical_instrument)|nokubetha izandla]] (ukuwahla). Nawuqathanisa iingoma ezinganazo iinlilisi, ezivunywa nguyedwana kanye nomvumo weenlilisi ufunyana bona akunamehluko otjho litho likhulu, okufana nomdumo [[:en:Southern_Ndebele_people|wamaNdebele weSewula]] ovama ukubizwa ngokuthi ziinodo (umvumo wesiNdebele), Njenge-[[:en:Shona_people|Shona]], amaNdebele weSewula nawo asebenzisa [[:en:Musical_bow|iinlilisi zomlomo]] kanye nezenziwa ngeengodo ezithambileko ezifakwe amathadlana, khulukhulu ukuzidlalela ukuzithabisa nje.&lt;ref&gt;Amoedo, Avelino; Martnez-Costa, Mara del Pilar; Moreno, Elsa (2009-02-01). &quot;An analysis of the communication strategies of Spanish commercial music networks on the web: http://los40.com, http://los40principales.com, http://cadena100.es, http://europafm.es and http://kissfm.es&quot;. Radio Journal:International Studies in Broadcast &amp; Audio Media. 6 (1): 5–20. doi:10.1386/rajo.6.1.5_4. ISSN 1476-4504. {{cite journal}}: External link in |title= (help)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abavumi BamaNdebele ==
Banengi tle abatloli beengoma neenrhehlezana zesiNdebele, khulukhulu abavumi be-[[Zimbabwe]], abakhanukezwe khulu ziindlela zokucoca iindaba zesiNdebele.

* [[:en:Albert_Nyathi|U-Albert Nyathi]]
* Afrida Band
*Andy Brown &amp; The Storm
*Ilanga
*Kampi Moto &amp; George Phiri
*[[:en:Louis_Mhlanga|Louis Mhlanga]]
*Marsha Moyo
*Thabani Band
*Ziyaduma
*Sandra Ndebele&lt;ref&gt;http://www.natartszim.org.zw/roil-bulawayo-arts-awards-set-for-28-november-2020/&lt;/ref&gt;

Omunye wamaKhosikazi womvumo wesiNdebele ohlathululwako nguNothembi Mkhwebane, owaba yikwekwezi yeentjhabatjhaba ngeenrhehlezana zakhe i-The Siblings.

Inengi labavumi bamaNdebele lihlonitjhwe khulu ngepumelelwabo ehle khulu ezikweni lomvumo e-Bulawayo Arts Awards.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://www.natartszim.org.zw/roil-bulawayo-arts-awards-set-for-28-november-2020/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://cite.org.zw/roilbaa-organisers-announce-changes/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iinqophiso ==</text>
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Umvumo [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|wesiNdebele]] usatjalaliswa khulu ngokusetjenziswa kweengoma ezivunywa ngaphandle kweenlilisi zomvumo nezikhambisana [[:en:Rattle_(percussion_instrument)|nokubetha inyawo]] (ingadla) kanye [[:en:Clapper_(musical_instrument)|nokubetha izandla]] (ukuwahla). Nawuqathanisa iingoma ezinganazo iinlilisi, ezivunywa nguyedwana kanye nomvumo weenlilisi ufunyana bona akunamehluko otjho litho likhulu, okufana nomdumo [[:en:Southern_Ndebele_people|wamaNdebele weSewula]] ovama ukubizwa ngokuthi ziinodo (umvumo wesiNdebele), Njenge-[[:en:Shona_people|Shona]], amaNdebele weSewula nawo asebenzisa [[:en:Musical_bow|iinlilisi zomlomo]] kanye nezenziwa ngeengodo ezithambileko ezifakwe amathadlana, khulukhulu ukuzidlalela ukuzithabisa nje.&lt;ref&gt;Amoedo, Avelino; Martnez-Costa, Mara del Pilar; Moreno, Elsa (2009-02-01). &quot;An analysis of the communication strategies of Spanish commercial music networks on the web: http://los40.com, http://los40principales.com, http://cadena100.es, http://europafm.es and http://kissfm.es&quot;. Radio Journal:International Studies in Broadcast &amp; Audio Media. 6 (1): 5–20. doi:10.1386/rajo.6.1.5_4. ISSN 1476-4504. {{cite journal}}: External link in |title= (help)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abavumi BamaNdebele ==
Banengi tle abatloli beengoma neenrhehlezana zesiNdebele, khulukhulu abavumi be-[[Zimbabwe]], abakhanukezwe khulu ziindlela zokucoca iindaba zesiNdebele.

* [[:en:Albert_Nyathi|U-Albert Nyathi]]
* Afrida Band
*Andy Brown &amp; The Storm
*Ilanga
*Kampi Moto &amp; George Phiri
*[[:en:Louis_Mhlanga|Louis Mhlanga]]
*Marsha Moyo
*Thabani Band
*Ziyaduma
*Sandra Ndebele&lt;ref&gt;http://www.natartszim.org.zw/roil-bulawayo-arts-awards-set-for-28-november-2020/&lt;/ref&gt;

Omunye wamaKhosikazi womvumo wesiNdebele ohlathululwako nguNothembi Mkhwebane, owaba yikwekwezi yeentjhabatjhaba ngeenrhehlezana zakhe i-The Siblings.

Inengi labavumi bamaNdebele lihlonitjhwe khulu ngepumelelwabo ehle khulu ezikweni lomvumo e-Bulawayo Arts Awards.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://www.natartszim.org.zw/roil-bulawayo-arts-awards-set-for-28-november-2020/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://cite.org.zw/roilbaa-organisers-announce-changes/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iinqophiso ==</text>
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    <title>Abonompopi Be-Afrika</title>
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      <text bytes="6477" sha1="6owzh9nyybt5azld15jqlr5ira7h3n4" xml:space="preserve">[[File:The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Ntwana_beaded_doll_-_detail.jpg|thumb|Unompopi we-[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Ntwana]] onomncamo.]]

'''Abonompopi be-Afrika''' enarheni zombelele benzelwe abentwana bobulili obusikazi bona badlale ngabo begodu nokululukezela ukuqinisekisa ukugcina imbeleko kwebengubo. Ibunjo nembatho labo lihluka ngokuya ngokweengodi kanye nangesintu. Kanengi-ke abonompopi laba kumukezwana ngabo, kusuka kumma ukuya emntwanenakhe omntazana. Abonompopi beTjingalanga bathandwa khulu kwamanikelela e-Afrika begodu bavama nokumbeswa izembatho zesikhethu.

Lokha umqondo wokubumba unompopi nawuthathwa njengommongo wesiko lobu-Afrika, kanengi-ke akubi yinto yokudlala yabentwana kodwana kuba yinto enqophene nokuphethwa kwamasiko neenhlangano zekolo emphakathini. Abonompopi be-Afrika basetjenziselwa ukufundisa kanye nokunandisa. Babalamuli abanamandla ararako wemvelo begodu babatjhugululi beminqopho yokuphetha isiko. Omunye nomunye walaba abonompopi uhlukile kunabanye ngombana wenziwe ngezandla begodu ngokwesiko udluliselwa eenzukulwaneni ezilamako.

== Abonompopi bamaNdebele ==
Abonompopi bomlingakobe bavela  [[AmaNdebele|emaNdebeleni]] weSewula ye-Afrika. AmaNdebele ngesinye seenhlanga ezincani khulu esigodinesi esidume ngemizayo egwalwe ngemibalabala emanyazelako nelulukeza iinarha zangaphandle. Izembatho zabo zinemibala efana poro! Umsebenzi womncamo kilaba abonompopi babomma bamaNdebele kuveza imbatho labomma bamaNdebele.

Ngesikhathi sokuthandana, isokana elasomako likhamba litjhinge ekhabo lomntazana loyo osakhulako, othandana nalo liyokubeka unompopi ngaphandle kwelawu lakhe ukutjengisa umnqophalo [[:en:Marriage_proposal|wokumbawa ukumvunulisa iitjorholo]]. Lokha umntazana nakazilungiselela ukwenda, unikelwa unompopi bona amthiye [[:en:Name|izinyo]] bekamnakekele. Izibulo lakhe ulithiya ngonompopi.

Ngokungezelelela ukuqinisa ubunjalo bamasiko wamaNdebele, abonompopi bamaNdebele abanemincamo sele bayinto eqakathekileko ekurhwebelaneni ngayo neenarha zangaphandle begodu nedingakala khulu ekungeniseleni abomma bamaNdebele isolombani ngekhaya.

== Abonompopi besi-Xhosa ==

=== Abonompopi bembeleko yesi-Xhosa ===
Abonompopi besi-[[:en:Xhosa_people|Xhosa]] bembeleko bonompopana abenzwe bebavunuliswa bafazi bama-Xhosa. Unompopi lo waziwa nangokuthi 'ngunompopi wethando'. Wenzelwe ukukara indoda efaneleko begodu nokunyusa [[:en:Fertility|imbeleko]] ukuze kube khona abantwana abanengi ababelethwako. Ngabonompopi kukholelwa ekutheni banamandla womlingo ongaphezu kowemvelo. Abentazana abancani bama-Xhosa bakhuthazwa bafazi abadala bama-Xhosa bona bayage abonompopi eentanyeni zabo ukwenzelela ukunyusa imbelekwabo ngeenkhathi zabo [[:en:Fertility|zokuzithwala]]. Abentazana bavama ukunikelwa babelethi babo abonompopi babo nabathoma ukwenza isiko labeli. Umntazana umtjheja kuhle khulu unompopanakhe loyo ngombana akholelwa ekutheni nangalahleka nofana alimale kuzokuba nengozi ezomvelela yokobana lokha nakabelethako, uzokufa. Ngemva kokubelethwa komntwanakhe wokuthoma, ubuyisela [[:en:Doll|unompopi]] loyo ebabelethini bakhe bona asetjenziswe ngudadwabo omncani. Ngokwesiko, abentazana abasese batjha akukafaneli bazitjengise tjhatjhalazi bona bafuna indoda, ngalokho-ke, kulisiko kibo ukufaka 'abonompopi bethando' ukululukeza abantu ebusuku. Ifihlo yeendzila le ivama ukubandakanya unompopi omduna nomsikazi edzileni eyodwa ngesikhathi labo abayifaka ngokutjhaphulukileko nabanonompopi oyedwa onamathiselwe kileyo dzila. Abafazi abatjhadileko nabo bafaka abonompopi njengedzila ukwenzelela ukutjengisa ikanukwabo yokuba nabantwana emphakathini nemadlozini. &lt;ref&gt;Beck, R. (1989). Bibles and Beads: Missionaries as Traders in Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century. The Journal of African History, 30(2), 211-225. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024105 Accessed 22 April 2018&lt;/ref&gt;  

==== Amatshwayo ====
Abonompopi laba benziwa ngamabhodlela amancani, imirhorhotjhi yesiphila, iinsalela zeenkule zesigidi nofana iintolitjhi ezincani zekoteni bese bambeswa ngomncamo. Unompopi loyo ufakwa idzila. Ekuthomeni kweminyaka emakhulu amatjhumi ama-2, i-Museum yePumalanga ye-London gade inebuthelelo labonompopi bembeleko yesi-Xhosa abahlathululwe ngokuthi 'balingiseli' ngesikhatheso. Njenganje boke abonompopi benziwa ngomncamo werhalasi begodu umncamo werhalasi loyo sele uyingcenye eqakathekileko yesiko lamaXhosa. &lt;ref&gt;Beck, R. (1989). Bibles and Beads: Missionaries as Traders in Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century. The Journal of African History, 30(2), 211-225. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024105 Accessed 22 April 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abonompopi beendlwana ===
I- [[:en:Xesibe_people|Xesibe]] (ubuhlanga bama-Xhosa ebuvela [[:en:Eastern_Cape|e-Pumalanga Kapa]]) nayo inesiko lokusebenzisa &quot;abonompopi beendlwana&quot;. Abonompopi laba babunjwe ngesigodo begodu babekwa edageni yendlu yomntazana onganabentwana namkha obonakala [[:en:Infertility|ayinyumba]] njengesibawo emadlozini bona akhe amenze azithwale umntwana wakiloyo muzi. Unompopi kungenzeka bona athungelelwe umncamo namkha angabi nawo. Utjhiywa edageni yendlu bekube kulapho kubelethwa khona umntwana, kuthi nakehliswako ehliswe atjhiswe nenongwana yomntwana. &lt;ref&gt;D.Costello. Not Only For Its Beauty. BEADWORK AND ITS CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE AMONG THE XHOSA-SPEAKING PEOPLES. 1990 University of South Africa. Page 14&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Beck, R. (1989). Bibles and Beads: Missionaries as Traders in Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century. The Journal of African History, 30(2), 211-225. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024105 Accessed 22 April 2018&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Qala godu ==
* [[:en:Akuaba|Akuabaj]]
* [[:en:Mpondo_people|Abantu bakwaPondo]]
* [[:en:Thembu|AbaThembu]]

== Iinqongelo zangaphandle ==
* [http://www.africanholocaust.net/peopleofafrica.htm#x Abantu be-Afrika]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061005123113/http://www.rhi.org.za/index.php?ref=articles&amp;do=rd&amp;artid=5 Umlando wesiXhosa nomphakathi]

== Iinqophiso ==
* Cameron, Elisabeth. ''Kghani Akusuye uNompopi?'' ''Ukudlala Neendlela Zokuphetha Kwesiko Ekubazeni Kwe-Afrika'' . I-Los Angeles: I-UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History, 1996.
* Dagan, Esther A. ''Abonompopi Be-Afrika Bokudlala Nemilingo'' . I-Montreal: I-Galerie Amrad African Arts,1990.
* Green, Yako. ''Abonompopi Bamaphepha Babentazana Nabesana Be-Afrika'' . I-New York: I-Dover Publications, Inc. 1997
* U-Larson, u-Jack Lenor. ''Ubukghwari beNdabuko obuvela e-Global Village'' . I-Santa Fe, NM: I-Museum of New Mexico Press, 1995.</text>
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'''Abonompopi be-Afrika''' enarheni zombelele benzelwe abentwana bobulili obusikazi bona badlale ngabo begodu [[:en:Attract|nokululukezela]] ukuqinisekisa ukugcina imbeleko kwebengubo. [[:en:Shape|Ibunjo]] nembatho labo lihluka ngokuya [[:en:Region|ngokweengodi]] kanye nangesintu. Kanengi-ke abonompopi laba kumukezwana ngabo, kusuka kumma ukuya emntwanenakhe omntazana. Abonompopi beTjingalanga bathandwa khulu kwamanikelela e-Afrika begodu bavama nokumbeswa izembatho zesikhethu.

Lokha umqondo wokubumba unompopi nawuthathwa njengommongo wesiko lobu-Afrika, kanengi-ke akubi yinto yokudlala yabentwana kodwana kuba yinto enqophene nokuphethwa kwamasiko neenhlangano zekolo emphakathini. Abonompopi be-Afrika basetjenziselwa ukufundisa kanye nokunandisa. Babalamuli abanamandla ararako wemvelo begodu babatjhugululi beminqopho yokuphetha isiko. Omunye nomunye walaba abonompopi uhlukile kunabanye ngombana wenziwe ngezandla begodu ngokwesiko udluliselwa eenzukulwaneni ezilamako.

== Abonompopi bamaNdebele ==
Abonompopi bomlingakobe bavela  [[AmaNdebele|emaNdebeleni]] weSewula ye-Afrika. AmaNdebele ngesinye seenhlanga ezincani khulu esigodinesi esidume ngemizayo egwalwe ngemibalabala emanyazelako nelulukeza iinarha zangaphandle. Izembatho zabo zinemibala efana poro! Umsebenzi womncamo kilaba abonompopi babomma bamaNdebele kuveza imbatho labomma bamaNdebele.

Ngesikhathi sokuthandana, isokana elasomako likhamba litjhinge ekhabo lomntazana loyo osakhulako, othandana nalo liyokubeka unompopi ngaphandle kwelawu lakhe ukutjengisa umnqophalo [[:en:Marriage_proposal|wokumbawa ukumvunulisa iitjorholo]]. Lokha umntazana nakazilungiselela ukwenda, unikelwa unompopi bona amthiye [[:en:Name|izinyo]] bekamnakekele. Izibulo lakhe ulithiya ngonompopi.

Ngokungezelelela ukuqinisa ubunjalo bamasiko wamaNdebele, abonompopi bamaNdebele abanemincamo sele bayinto eqakathekileko ekurhwebelaneni ngayo neenarha zangaphandle begodu nedingakala khulu ekungeniseleni abomma bamaNdebele [[:en:Money|isolombani]] ngekhaya.

== Abonompopi besi-Xhosa ==

=== Abonompopi bembeleko yesi-Xhosa ===
Abonompopi besi-[[:en:Xhosa_people|Xhosa]] bembeleko bonompopana abenzwe bebavunuliswa bafazi bama-Xhosa. Unompopi lo waziwa nangokuthi 'ngunompopi wethando'. Wenzelwe ukukara indoda efaneleko begodu nokunyusa [[:en:Fertility|imbeleko]] ukuze kube khona abantwana abanengi ababelethwako. Ngabonompopi kukholelwa ekutheni banamandla womlingo ongaphezu kowemvelo. Abentazana abancani bama-Xhosa bakhuthazwa bafazi abadala bama-Xhosa bona bayage abonompopi eentanyeni zabo ukwenzelela ukunyusa imbelekwabo ngeenkhathi zabo [[:en:Fertility|zokuzithwala]]. Abentazana bavama ukunikelwa babelethi babo abonompopi babo nabathoma ukwenza isiko labeli. Umntazana umtjheja kuhle khulu unompopanakhe loyo ngombana akholelwa ekutheni nangalahleka nofana alimale kuzokuba nengozi ezomvelela yokobana lokha nakabelethako, uzokufa. Ngemva kokubelethwa komntwanakhe wokuthoma, ubuyisela [[:en:Doll|unompopi]] loyo ebabelethini bakhe bona asetjenziswe ngudadwabo omncani. Ngokwesiko, abentazana abasese batjha akukafaneli bazitjengise tjhatjhalazi bona bafuna indoda, ngalokho-ke, kulisiko kibo ukufaka 'abonompopi bethando' ukululukeza abantu ebusuku. Ifihlo yeendzila le ivama ukubandakanya unompopi omduna nomsikazi edzileni eyodwa ngesikhathi labo abayifaka ngokutjhaphulukileko nabanonompopi oyedwa onamathiselwe kileyo dzila. Abafazi abatjhadileko nabo bafaka abonompopi njengedzila ukwenzelela ukutjengisa ikanukwabo yokuba nabantwana emphakathini nemadlozini. &lt;ref&gt;Beck, R. (1989). Bibles and Beads: Missionaries as Traders in Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century. The Journal of African History, 30(2), 211-225. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024105 Accessed 22 April 2018&lt;/ref&gt;  

==== Amatshwayo ====
Abonompopi laba benziwa ngamabhodlela amancani, imirhorhotjhi yesiphila, iinsalela zeenkule zesigidi nofana iintolitjhi ezincani zekoteni bese bambeswa ngomncamo. Unompopi loyo ufakwa idzila. Ekuthomeni kweminyaka emakhulu amatjhumi ama-2, i-Museum yePumalanga ye-London gade inebuthelelo labonompopi bembeleko yesi-Xhosa abahlathululwe ngokuthi 'balingiseli' ngesikhatheso. Njenganje boke abonompopi benziwa ngomncamo werhalasi begodu umncamo werhalasi loyo sele uyingcenye eqakathekileko yesiko lamaXhosa. &lt;ref&gt;Beck, R. (1989). Bibles and Beads: Missionaries as Traders in Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century. The Journal of African History, 30(2), 211-225. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024105 Accessed 22 April 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abonompopi beendlwana ===
I- [[:en:Xesibe_people|Xesibe]] (ubuhlanga bama-Xhosa ebuvela [[:en:Eastern_Cape|e-Pumalanga Kapa]]) nayo inesiko lokusebenzisa &quot;abonompopi beendlwana&quot;. Abonompopi laba babunjwe ngesigodo begodu babekwa edageni yendlu yomntazana onganabentwana namkha obonakala [[:en:Infertility|ayinyumba]] njengesibawo emadlozini bona akhe amenze azithwale umntwana wakiloyo muzi. Unompopi kungenzeka bona athungelelwe umncamo namkha angabi nawo. Utjhiywa edageni yendlu bekube kulapho kubelethwa khona umntwana, kuthi nakehliswako ehliswe atjhiswe nenongwana yomntwana. &lt;ref&gt;D.Costello. Not Only For Its Beauty. BEADWORK AND ITS CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE AMONG THE XHOSA-SPEAKING PEOPLES. 1990 University of South Africa. Page 14&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Beck, R. (1989). Bibles and Beads: Missionaries as Traders in Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century. The Journal of African History, 30(2), 211-225. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024105 Accessed 22 April 2018&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Qala godu ==
* [[:en:Akuaba|Akuabaj]]
* [[:en:Mpondo_people|Abantu bakwaPondo]]
* [[:en:Thembu|AbaThembu]]

== Iinqongelo zangaphandle ==
* [http://www.africanholocaust.net/peopleofafrica.htm#x Abantu be-Afrika]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061005123113/http://www.rhi.org.za/index.php?ref=articles&amp;do=rd&amp;artid=5 Umlando wesiXhosa nomphakathi]

== Iinqophiso ==
* Cameron, Elisabeth. ''Kghani Akusuye uNompopi?'' ''Ukudlala Neendlela Zokuphetha Kwesiko Ekubazeni Kwe-Afrika'' . I-Los Angeles: I-UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History, 1996.
* Dagan, Esther A. ''Abonompopi Be-Afrika Bokudlala Nemilingo'' . I-Montreal: I-Galerie Amrad African Arts,1990.
* Green, Yako. ''Abonompopi Bamaphepha Babentazana Nabesana Be-Afrika'' . I-New York: I-Dover Publications, Inc. 1997
* U-Larson, u-Jack Lenor. ''Ubukghwari beNdabuko obuvela e-Global Village'' . I-Santa Fe, NM: I-Museum of New Mexico Press, 1995.</text>
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'''Abonompopi be-Afrika''' enarheni zombelele benzelwe abentwana bobulili obusikazi bona badlale ngabo begodu [[:en:Attract|nokululukezela]] ukuqinisekisa ukugcina imbeleko kwebengubo. [[:en:Shape|Ibunjo]] nembatho labo lihluka ngokuya [[:en:Region|ngokweengodi]] kanye nangesintu. Kanengi-ke abonompopi laba kumukezwana ngabo, kusuka kumma ukuya emntwanenakhe omntazana. Abonompopi beTjingalanga bathandwa khulu kwamanikelela e-Afrika begodu bavama nokumbeswa izembatho zesikhethu.

Lokha umqondo wokubumba unompopi nawuthathwa njengommongo wesiko lobu-Afrika, kanengi-ke akubi yinto yokudlala yabentwana kodwana kuba yinto enqophene nokuphethwa kwamasiko neenhlangano zekolo emphakathini. Abonompopi be-Afrika basetjenziselwa ukufundisa kanye nokunandisa. Babalamuli abanamandla ararako wemvelo begodu babatjhugululi beminqopho yokuphetha isiko. Omunye nomunye walaba abonompopi uhlukile kunabanye ngombana wenziwe ngezandla begodu ngokwesiko udluliselwa eenzukulwaneni ezilamako.

== Abonompopi bamaNdebele ==
Abonompopi bomlingakobe bavela  [[AmaNdebele|emaNdebeleni]] weSewula ye-Afrika. AmaNdebele ngesinye seenhlanga ezincani khulu esigodinesi esidume ngemizayo egwalwe ngemibalabala emanyazelako nelulukeza iinarha zangaphandle. Izembatho zabo zinemibala efana poro! Umsebenzi womncamo kilaba abonompopi babomma bamaNdebele kuveza imbatho labomma bamaNdebele.

Ngesikhathi sokuthandana, isokana elasomako likhamba litjhinge ekhabo lomntazana loyo osakhulako, othandana nalo liyokubeka unompopi ngaphandle kwelawu lakhe ukutjengisa umnqophalo [[:en:Marriage_proposal|wokumbawa ukumvunulisa iitjorholo]]. Lokha umntazana nakazilungiselela ukwenda, unikelwa unompopi bona amthiye [[:en:Name|izinyo]] bekamnakekele. Izibulo lakhe ulithiya ngonompopi.

Ngokungezelelela ukuqinisa ubunjalo bamasiko wamaNdebele, abonompopi bamaNdebele abanemincamo sele bayinto eqakathekileko ekurhwebelaneni ngayo neenarha zangaphandle begodu nedingakala khulu ekungeniseleni abomma bamaNdebele [[:en:Money|isolombani]] ngekhaya.

== Abonompopi besiXhosa ==

=== Abonompopi bembeleko yesiXhosa ===
Abonompopi besi[[:en:Xhosa_people|Xhosa]] bembeleko bonompopana abenzwe bebavunuliswa bafazi bamaXhosa. Unompopi lo waziwa nangokuthi 'ngunompopi wethando'. Wenzelwe ukukara indoda efaneleko begodu nokunyusa [[:en:Fertility|imbeleko]] ukuze kube khona abantwana abanengi ababelethwako. Ngabonompopi kukholelwa ekutheni banamandla womlingo ongaphezu kowemvelo. Abentazana abancani bamaXhosa bakhuthazwa bafazi abadala bamaXhosa bona bayage abonompopi eentanyeni zabo ukwenzelela ukunyusa imbelekwabo ngeenkhathi zabo [[:en:Fertility|zokuzithwala]]. Abentazana bavama ukunikelwa babelethi babo abonompopi babo nabathoma ukwenza isiko labeli. Umntazana umtjheja kuhle khulu unompopanakhe loyo ngombana akholelwa ekutheni nangalahleka nofana onakale kuzokuba nengozi ezomvelela yokobana lokha nakabelethako uzokufa. Ngemva kokubelethwa komntwanakhe wokuthoma, ubuyisela [[:en:Doll|unompopi]] loyo ebabelethini bakhe bona asetjenziswe ngudadwabo omncani. Ngokwesiko, abentazana abasese batjha akukafaneli bazitjengise tjhatjhalazi bona bafuna indoda, ngalokho-ke, kulisiko kibo ukufaka 'abonompopi bethando' ukululukeza abantu ebusuku. Ifihlo yeendzila le ivama ukubandakanya unompopi omduna nomsikazi edzileni eyodwa ngesikhathi labo abayifaka ngokutjhaphulukileko nabanonompopi oyedwa onamathiselwe kileyo idzila. Abafazi abatjhadileko nabo bafaka abonompopi njengeendzila ukwenzelela ukutjengisa ikanukwabo yokuba nabantwana emphakathini nemadlozini. &lt;ref&gt;Beck, R. (1989). Bibles and Beads: Missionaries as Traders in Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century. The Journal of African History, 30(2), 211-225. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024105 Accessed 22 April 2018&lt;/ref&gt;  

==== Amatshwayo ====
Abonompopi laba benziwa ngamabhodlelo amancani, imirhorhotjhi yesiphila, iinsalela zeenkule zesigidi nofana iintolitjhi ezincani zekoteni bese bambeswa ngomncamo. Unompopi loyo ufakwa idzila. Ekuthomeni kweminyaka eyiinkulungwana ezi-2, i-Museum yePumalanga ye-London gade inebuthelelo labonompopi bembeleko yesiXhosa abahlathululwe ngokuthi 'balingiseli' ngesikhatheso. Njenganje boke abonompopi benziwa ngomncamo werhalasi begodu umncamo werhalasi loyo sele uyingcenye eqakathekileko yesiko lamaXhosa. &lt;ref&gt;Beck, R. (1989). Bibles and Beads: Missionaries as Traders in Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century. The Journal of African History, 30(2), 211-225. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024105 Accessed 22 April 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abonompopi beendlwana ===
I- [[:en:Xesibe_people|Xesibe]] (ubuhlanga bama-Xhosa ebuvela [[:en:Eastern_Cape|e-Pumalanga Kapa]]) nayo inesiko lokusebenzisa &quot;abonompopi beendlwana&quot;. Abonompopi laba babunjwe ngesigodo begodu babekwa edageni yendlu yomntazana onganabentwana namkha obonakala [[:en:Infertility|ayinyumba]] njengesibawo emadlozini bona akhe amenze azithwale umntwana wakiloyo muzi. Unompopi kungenzeka bona athungelelwe umncamo namkha angabi nawo. Utjhiywa edageni yendlu bekube kulapho kubelethwa khona umntwana, kuthi nakehliswako ehliswe atjhiswe nenongwana yomntwana. &lt;ref&gt;D.Costello. Not Only For Its Beauty. BEADWORK AND ITS CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE AMONG THE XHOSA-SPEAKING PEOPLES. 1990 University of South Africa. Page 14&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Beck, R. (1989). Bibles and Beads: Missionaries as Traders in Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century. The Journal of African History, 30(2), 211-225. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024105 Accessed 22 April 2018&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Qala godu ==
* [[:en:Akuaba|Akuabaj]]
* [[:en:Mpondo_people|Abantu bakwaPondo]]
* [[:en:Thembu|AbaThembu]]

== Iinqongelo zangaphandle ==
* [http://www.africanholocaust.net/peopleofafrica.htm#x Abantu be-Afrika]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061005123113/http://www.rhi.org.za/index.php?ref=articles&amp;do=rd&amp;artid=5 Umlando wesiXhosa nomphakathi]

== Iinqophiso ==
* Cameron, Elisabeth. ''Kghani Akusuye uNompopi?'' ''Ukudlala Neendlela Zokuphetha Kwesiko Ekubazeni Kwe-Afrika'' . I-Los Angeles: I-UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History, 1996.
* Dagan, Esther A. ''Abonompopi Be-Afrika Bokudlala Nemilingo'' . I-Montreal: I-Galerie Amrad African Arts,1990.
* Green, Yako. ''Abonompopi Bamaphepha Babentazana Nabesana Be-Afrika'' . I-New York: I-Dover Publications, Inc. 1997
* U-Larson, u-Jack Lenor. ''Ubukghwari beNdabuko obuvela e-Global Village'' . I-Santa Fe, NM: I-Museum of New Mexico Press, 1995.</text>
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'''Abonompopi be-Afrika''' enarheni zombelele benzelwe abentwana bobulili obusikazi bona badlale ngabo begodu [[:en:Attract|nokululukezela]] ukuqinisekisa ukugcina imbeleko kwebengubo. [[:en:Shape|Ibunjo]] nembatho labo lihluka ngokuya [[:en:Region|ngokweengodi]] kanye nangesintu. Kanengi-ke abonompopi laba kumukezwana ngabo, kusuka kumma ukuya emntwanenakhe omntazana. Abonompopi beTjingalanga bathandwa khulu kwamanikelela e-Afrika begodu bavama nokumbeswa izembatho zesikhethu.

Lokha umqondo wokubumba unompopi nawuthathwa njengommongo wesiko lobu-Afrika, kanengi-ke akubi yinto yokudlala yabentwana kodwana kuba yinto enqophene nokuphethwa kwamasiko neenhlangano zekolo emphakathini. Abonompopi be-Afrika basetjenziselwa ukufundisa kanye nokunandisa. Babalamuli abanamandla ararako wemvelo begodu babatjhugululi beminqopho yokuphetha isiko. Omunye nomunye walaba abonompopi uhlukile kunabanye ngombana wenziwe ngezandla begodu ngokwesiko udluliselwa eenzukulwaneni ezilamako.

== Abonompopi bamaNdebele ==
Abonompopi bomlingakobe bavela  [[AmaNdebele|emaNdebeleni]] weSewula ye-Afrika. AmaNdebele ngesinye seenhlanga ezincani khulu esigodinesi esidume ngemizayo egwalwe ngemibalabala emanyazelako nelulukeza iinarha zangaphandle. Izembatho zabo zinemibala efana poro! Umsebenzi womncamo kilaba abonompopi babomma bamaNdebele kuveza imbatho labomma bamaNdebele.

Ngesikhathi sokuthandana, isokana elasomako likhamba litjhinge ekhabo lomntazana loyo osakhulako, othandana nalo liyokubeka unompopi ngaphandle kwelawu lakhe ukutjengisa umnqophalo [[:en:Marriage_proposal|wokumbawa ukumvunulisa iitjorholo]]. Lokha umntazana nakazilungiselela ukwenda, unikelwa unompopi bona amthiye [[:en:Name|izinyo]] bekamnakekele. Izibulo lakhe ulithiya ngonompopi.

Ngokungezelelela ukuqinisa ubunjalo bamasiko wamaNdebele, abonompopi bamaNdebele abanemincamo sele bayinto eqakathekileko ekurhwebelaneni ngayo neenarha zangaphandle begodu nedingakala khulu ekungeniseleni abomma bamaNdebele [[:en:Money|isolombani]] ngekhaya.

== Abonompopi besiXhosa ==

=== Abonompopi bembeleko yesiXhosa ===
Abonompopi besi[[:en:Xhosa_people|Xhosa]] bembeleko bonompopana abenzwe bebavunuliswa bafazi bamaXhosa. Unompopi lo waziwa nangokuthi 'ngunompopi wethando'. Wenzelwe [[:en:Attract|ukukara]] indoda efaneleko begodu nokunyusa [[:en:Fertility|imbeleko]] ukuze kube khona abantwana abanengi ababelethwako. Ngabonompopi kukholelwa ekutheni banamandla womlingo ongaphezu kowemvelo. Abentazana abancani bamaXhosa bakhuthazwa bafazi abadala bamaXhosa bona bayage abonompopi eentanyeni zabo ukwenzelela ukunyusa imbelekwabo ngeenkhathi zabo [[:en:Fertility|zokuzithwala]]. Abentazana bavama ukunikelwa babelethi babo abonompopi babo nabathoma ukwenza isiko labeli. Umntazana umtjheja kuhle khulu unompopanakhe loyo ngombana akholelwa ekutheni nangalahleka nofana onakale kuzokuba nengozi ezomvelela yokobana lokha nakabelethako uzokufa. Ngemva kokubelethwa komntwanakhe wokuthoma, ubuyisela [[:en:Doll|unompopi]] loyo ebabelethini bakhe bona asetjenziswe ngudadwabo omncani. Ngokwesiko, abentazana abasese batjha akukafaneli bazitjengise tjhatjhalazi bona bafuna indoda, ngalokho-ke, kulisiko kibo ukufaka 'abonompopi bethando' ukululukeza abantu ebusuku. Ifihlo yeendzila le ivama ukubandakanya unompopi omduna nomsikazi edzileni eyodwa ngesikhathi labo abayifaka ngokutjhaphulukileko nabanonompopi oyedwa onamathiselwe kileyo idzila. Abafazi abatjhadileko nabo bafaka abonompopi njengeendzila ukwenzelela ukutjengisa ikanukwabo yokuba nabantwana emphakathini nemadlozini. &lt;ref&gt;Beck, R. (1989). Bibles and Beads: Missionaries as Traders in Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century. The Journal of African History, 30(2), 211-225. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024105 Accessed 22 April 2018&lt;/ref&gt;  

==== Amatshwayo ====
Abonompopi laba benziwa ngamabhodlelo amancani, imirhorhotjhi yesiphila, iinsalela zeenkule zesigidi nofana iintolitjhi ezincani zekoteni bese bambeswa ngomncamo. Unompopi loyo ufakwa idzila. Ekuthomeni kweminyaka eyiinkulungwana ezi-2, i-Museum yePumalanga ye-London gade inebuthelelo labonompopi bembeleko yesiXhosa abahlathululwe ngokuthi 'balingiseli' ngesikhatheso. Njenganje boke abonompopi benziwa ngomncamo werhalasi begodu umncamo werhalasi loyo sele uyingcenye eqakathekileko yesiko lamaXhosa. &lt;ref&gt;Beck, R. (1989). Bibles and Beads: Missionaries as Traders in Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century. The Journal of African History, 30(2), 211-225. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024105 Accessed 22 April 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abonompopi beendlwana ===
I- [[:en:Xesibe_people|Xesibe]] (ubuhlanga bama-Xhosa ebuvela [[:en:Eastern_Cape|e-Pumalanga Kapa]]) nayo inesiko lokusebenzisa &quot;abonompopi beendlwana&quot;. Abonompopi laba babunjwe ngesigodo begodu babekwa edageni yendlu yomntazana onganabentwana namkha obonakala [[:en:Infertility|ayinyumba]] njengesibawo emadlozini bona akhe amenze azithwale umntwana wakiloyo muzi. Unompopi kungenzeka bona athungelelwe umncamo namkha angabi nawo. Utjhiywa edageni yendlu bekube kulapho kubelethwa khona umntwana, kuthi nakehliswako ehliswe atjhiswe nenongwana yomntwana. &lt;ref&gt;D.Costello. Not Only For Its Beauty. BEADWORK AND ITS CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE AMONG THE XHOSA-SPEAKING PEOPLES. 1990 University of South Africa. Page 14&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Beck, R. (1989). Bibles and Beads: Missionaries as Traders in Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century. The Journal of African History, 30(2), 211-225. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024105 Accessed 22 April 2018&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Qala godu ==
* [[:en:Akuaba|Akuabaj]]
* [[:en:Mpondo_people|Abantu bakwaPondo]]
* [[:en:Thembu|AbaThembu]]

== Iinqongelo zangaphandle ==
* [http://www.africanholocaust.net/peopleofafrica.htm#x Abantu be-Afrika]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061005123113/http://www.rhi.org.za/index.php?ref=articles&amp;do=rd&amp;artid=5 Umlando wesiXhosa nomphakathi]

== Iinqophiso ==
* Cameron, Elisabeth. ''Kghani Akusuye uNompopi?'' ''Ukudlala Neendlela Zokuphetha Kwesiko Ekubazeni Kwe-Afrika'' . I-Los Angeles: I-UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History, 1996.
* Dagan, Esther A. ''Abonompopi Be-Afrika Bokudlala Nemilingo'' . I-Montreal: I-Galerie Amrad African Arts,1990.
* Green, Yako. ''Abonompopi Bamaphepha Babentazana Nabesana Be-Afrika'' . I-New York: I-Dover Publications, Inc. 1997
* U-Larson, u-Jack Lenor. ''Ubukghwari beNdabuko obuvela e-Global Village'' . I-Santa Fe, NM: I-Museum of New Mexico Press, 1995.</text>
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'''Abonompopi be-Afrika''' enarheni zombelele benzelwe abentwana bobulili obusikazi bona badlale ngabo begodu [[:en:Attract|nokululukezela]] ukuqinisekisa ukugcina imbeleko kwebengubo. [[:en:Shape|Ibunjo]] nembatho labo lihluka ngokuya [[:en:Region|ngokweengodi]] kanye nangesintu. Kanengi-ke abonompopi laba kumukezwana ngabo, kusuka kumma ukuya emntwanenakhe omntazana. Abonompopi beTjingalanga bathandwa khulu kwamanikelela e-Afrika begodu bavama nokumbeswa izembatho zesikhethu.

Lokha umqondo wokubumba unompopi nawuthathwa njengommongo wesiko lobu-Afrika, kanengi-ke akubi yinto yokudlala yabentwana kodwana kuba yinto enqophene nokuphethwa kwamasiko neenhlangano zekolo emphakathini. Abonompopi be-Afrika basetjenziselwa ukufundisa kanye nokunandisa. Babalamuli abanamandla ararako wemvelo begodu babatjhugululi beminqopho yokuphetha isiko. Omunye nomunye walaba abonompopi uhlukile kunabanye ngombana wenziwe ngezandla begodu ngokwesiko udluliselwa eenzukulwaneni ezilamako.

== Abonompopi bamaNdebele ==
Abonompopi bomlingakobe bavela  [[AmaNdebele|emaNdebeleni]] weSewula ye-Afrika. AmaNdebele ngesinye seenhlanga ezincani khulu esigodinesi esidume ngemizayo egwalwe ngemibalabala emanyazelako nelulukeza iinarha zangaphandle. Izembatho zabo zinemibala efana poro! Umsebenzi womncamo kilaba abonompopi babomma bamaNdebele kuveza imbatho labomma bamaNdebele.

Ngesikhathi sokuthandana, isokana elasomako likhamba litjhinge ekhabo lomntazana loyo osakhulako, othandana nalo liyokubeka unompopi ngaphandle [[:en:Room|kwelawu]] lakhe ukutjengisa umnqophalo [[:en:Marriage_proposal|wokumbawa ukumvunulisa iitjorholo]]. Lokha umntazana nakazilungiselela ukwenda, unikelwa unompopi bona amthiye [[:en:Name|izinyo]] bekamnakekele. Izibulo lakhe ulithiya ngonompopi.

Ngokungezelelela ukuqinisa ubunjalo bamasiko wamaNdebele, abonompopi bamaNdebele abanemincamo sele bayinto eqakathekileko ekurhwebelaneni ngayo neenarha zangaphandle begodu nedingakala khulu ekungeniseleni abomma bamaNdebele [[:en:Money|isolombani]] ngekhaya.

== Abonompopi besiXhosa ==

=== Abonompopi bembeleko yesiXhosa ===
Abonompopi besi[[:en:Xhosa_people|Xhosa]] bembeleko bonompopana abenzwe bebavunuliswa bafazi bamaXhosa. Unompopi lo waziwa nangokuthi 'ngunompopi wethando'. Wenzelwe [[:en:Attract|ukukara]] indoda efaneleko begodu nokunyusa [[:en:Fertility|imbeleko]] ukuze kube khona abantwana abanengi ababelethwako. Ngabonompopi kukholelwa ekutheni banamandla womlingo ongaphezu kowemvelo. Abentazana abancani bamaXhosa bakhuthazwa bafazi abadala bamaXhosa bona bayage abonompopi eentanyeni zabo ukwenzelela ukunyusa imbelekwabo ngeenkhathi zabo [[:en:Fertility|zokuzithwala]]. Abentazana bavama ukunikelwa babelethi babo abonompopi babo nabathoma ukwenza isiko labeli. Umntazana umtjheja kuhle khulu unompopanakhe loyo ngombana akholelwa ekutheni nangalahleka nofana onakale kuzokuba nengozi ezomvelela yokobana lokha nakabelethako uzokufa. Ngemva kokubelethwa komntwanakhe wokuthoma, ubuyisela [[:en:Doll|unompopi]] loyo ebabelethini bakhe bona asetjenziswe ngudadwabo omncani. Ngokwesiko, abentazana abasese batjha akukafaneli bazitjengise tjhatjhalazi bona bafuna indoda, ngalokho-ke, kulisiko kibo ukufaka 'abonompopi bethando' ukululukeza abantu ebusuku. Ifihlo yeendzila le ivama ukubandakanya unompopi omduna nomsikazi edzileni eyodwa ngesikhathi labo abayifaka ngokutjhaphulukileko nabanonompopi oyedwa onamathiselwe kileyo idzila. Abafazi abatjhadileko nabo bafaka abonompopi njengeendzila ukwenzelela ukutjengisa ikanukwabo yokuba nabantwana emphakathini nemadlozini. &lt;ref&gt;Beck, R. (1989). Bibles and Beads: Missionaries as Traders in Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century. The Journal of African History, 30(2), 211-225. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024105 Accessed 22 April 2018&lt;/ref&gt;  

==== Amatshwayo ====
Abonompopi laba benziwa ngamabhodlelo amancani, imirhorhotjhi yesiphila, iinsalela zeenkule zesigidi nofana iintolitjhi ezincani zekoteni bese bambeswa ngomncamo. Unompopi loyo ufakwa idzila. Ekuthomeni kweminyaka eyiinkulungwana ezi-2, i-Museum yePumalanga ye-London gade inebuthelelo labonompopi bembeleko yesiXhosa abahlathululwe ngokuthi 'balingiseli' ngesikhatheso. Njenganje boke abonompopi benziwa ngomncamo werhalasi begodu umncamo werhalasi loyo sele uyingcenye eqakathekileko yesiko lamaXhosa. &lt;ref&gt;Beck, R. (1989). Bibles and Beads: Missionaries as Traders in Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century. The Journal of African History, 30(2), 211-225. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024105 Accessed 22 April 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abonompopi beendlwana ===
I- [[:en:Xesibe_people|Xesibe]] (ubuhlanga bamaXhosa ebuvela [[:en:Eastern_Cape|e-Pumalanga Kapa]]) nayo inesiko lokusebenzisa &quot;abonompopi beendlwana&quot;. Abonompopi laba babunjwe ngesigodo begodu babekwa [[:en:Roof|edageni]] yendlu yomntazana onganabentwana namkha obonakala [[:en:Infertility|ayinyumba]] njengesibawo emadlozini bona akhe amenze azithwale umntwana wakiloyo muzi. Unompopi kungenzeka bona athungelelwe umncamo namkha angabi nawo. Utjhiywa edageni yendlu bekube kulapho kubelethwa khona umntwana, kuthi nakehliswako ehliswe atjhiswe [[:en:Umbilical_cord|nenongwana]] yomntwana. &lt;ref&gt;D.Costello. Not Only For Its Beauty. BEADWORK AND ITS CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE AMONG THE XHOSA-SPEAKING PEOPLES. 1990 University of South Africa. Page 14&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Beck, R. (1989). Bibles and Beads: Missionaries as Traders in Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century. The Journal of African History, 30(2), 211-225. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024105 Accessed 22 April 2018&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Qala godu ==
* [[:en:Akuaba|Akuabaj]]
* [[:en:Mpondo_people|Abantu bakwaPondo]]
* [[:en:Thembu|AbaThembu]]

== Iinqongelo zangaphandle ==
* [http://www.africanholocaust.net/peopleofafrica.htm#x Abantu be-Afrika]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061005123113/http://www.rhi.org.za/index.php?ref=articles&amp;do=rd&amp;artid=5 Umlando wesiXhosa nomphakathi]

== Iinqophiso ==
* Cameron, Elisabeth. ''Kghani Akusuye Unompopi?'' ''Ukudlala Neendlela Zokuphetha Kwesiko Ekubazeni Kwe-Afrika'' . I-Los Angeles: I-UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History, 1996.
* Dagan, Esther A. ''Abonompopi Be-Afrika Bokudlala Nemilingo'' . I-Montreal: I-Galerie Amrad African Arts,1990.
* Green, Yako. ''Abonompopi Bamaphepha Babentazana Nabesana Be-Afrika'' . I-New York: I-Dover Publications, Inc. 1997
* U-Larson, u-Jack Lenor. ''Ubukghwari beNdabuko obuvela e-Global Village'' . I-Santa Fe, NM: I-Museum of New Mexico Press, 1995.</text>
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'''Abonompopi be-Afrika''' enarheni zombelele benzelwe abentwana bobulili obusikazi bona badlale ngabo begodu [[:en:Attract|nokululukezela]] ukuqinisekisa ukugcina imbeleko kwebengubo. [[:en:Shape|Ibunjo]] nembatho labo lihluka ngokuya [[:en:Region|ngokweengodi]] kanye nangesintu. Kanengi-ke abonompopi laba kumukezwana ngabo, kusuka kumma ukuya emntwanenakhe omntazana. Abonompopi beTjingalanga bathandwa khulu kwamanikelela e-Afrika begodu bavama nokumbeswa izembatho zesikhethu.

Lokha umqondo wokubumba unompopi nawuthathwa njengommongo wesiko lobu-Afrika, kanengi-ke akubi yinto yokudlala yabentwana kodwana kuba yinto enqophene nokuphethwa kwamasiko neenhlangano zekolo emphakathini. Abonompopi be-Afrika basetjenziselwa ukufundisa kanye nokunandisa. Babalamuli abanamandla ararako wemvelo begodu babatjhugululi beminqopho yokuphetha isiko. Omunye nomunye walaba abonompopi uhlukile kunabanye ngombana wenziwe ngezandla begodu ngokwesiko udluliselwa eenzukulwaneni ezilamako.

== Abonompopi bamaNdebele ==
Abonompopi bomlingakobe bavela  [[AmaNdebele|emaNdebeleni]] weSewula ye-Afrika. AmaNdebele ngesinye seenhlanga ezincani khulu esigodinesi esidume ngemizayo egwalwe ngemibalabala emanyazelako nelulukeza iinarha zangaphandle. Izembatho zabo zinemibala efana poro! Umsebenzi [[:en:Beadwork|womncamo]] kilaba abonompopi babomma bamaNdebele kuveza imbatho labomma bamaNdebele.

Ngesikhathi sokuthandana, isokana elasomako likhamba litjhinge ekhabo lomntazana loyo osakhulako, othandana nalo liyokubeka unompopi ngaphandle [[:en:Room|kwelawu]] lakhe ukutjengisa umnqophalo [[:en:Marriage_proposal|wokumbawa ukumvunulisa iitjorholo]]. Lokha umntazana nakazilungiselela ukwenda, unikelwa unompopi bona amthiye [[:en:Name|izinyo]] bekamnakekele. Izibulo lakhe ulithiya ngonompopi.

Ngokungezelelela ukuqinisa ubunjalo bamasiko wamaNdebele, abonompopi bamaNdebele abanemincamo sele bayinto eqakathekileko ekurhwebelaneni ngayo neenarha zangaphandle begodu nedingakala khulu ekungeniseleni abomma bamaNdebele [[:en:Money|isolombani]] ngekhaya.

== Abonompopi besiXhosa ==

=== Abonompopi bembeleko yesiXhosa ===
Abonompopi besi[[:en:Xhosa_people|Xhosa]] bembeleko bonompopana abenzwe bebavunuliswa bafazi bamaXhosa. Unompopi lo waziwa nangokuthi 'ngunompopi wethando'. Wenzelwe [[:en:Attract|ukukara]] indoda efaneleko begodu nokunyusa [[:en:Fertility|imbeleko]] ukuze kube khona abantwana abanengi ababelethwako. Ngabonompopi kukholelwa ekutheni banamandla womlingo ongaphezu kowemvelo. Abentazana abancani bamaXhosa bakhuthazwa bafazi abadala bamaXhosa bona bayage abonompopi eentanyeni zabo ukwenzelela ukunyusa imbelekwabo ngeenkhathi zabo [[:en:Fertility|zokuzithwala]]. Abentazana bavama ukunikelwa babelethi babo abonompopi babo nabathoma ukwenza isiko labeli. Umntazana umtjheja kuhle khulu unompopanakhe loyo ngombana akholelwa ekutheni nangalahleka nofana onakale kuzokuba nengozi ezomvelela yokobana lokha nakabelethako uzokufa. Ngemva kokubelethwa komntwanakhe wokuthoma, ubuyisela [[:en:Doll|unompopi]] loyo ebabelethini bakhe bona asetjenziswe ngudadwabo omncani. Ngokwesiko, abentazana abasese batjha akukafaneli bazitjengise tjhatjhalazi bona bafuna indoda, ngalokho-ke, kulisiko kibo ukufaka 'abonompopi bethando' ukululukeza abantu ebusuku. Ifihlo yeendzila le ivama ukubandakanya unompopi omduna nomsikazi edzileni eyodwa ngesikhathi labo abayifaka ngokutjhaphulukileko nabanonompopi oyedwa onamathiselwe kileyo idzila. Abafazi abatjhadileko nabo bafaka abonompopi njengeendzila ukwenzelela ukutjengisa ikanukwabo yokuba nabantwana emphakathini nemadlozini. &lt;ref&gt;Beck, R. (1989). Bibles and Beads: Missionaries as Traders in Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century. The Journal of African History, 30(2), 211-225. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024105 Accessed 22 April 2018&lt;/ref&gt;  

==== Amatshwayo ====
Abonompopi laba benziwa ngamabhodlelo amancani, imirhorhotjhi yesiphila, iinsalela zeenkule zesigidi nofana iintolitjhi ezincani zekoteni bese bambeswa ngomncamo. Unompopi loyo ufakwa idzila. Ekuthomeni kweminyaka eyiinkulungwana ezi-2, i-Museum yePumalanga ye-London gade inebuthelelo labonompopi bembeleko yesiXhosa abahlathululwe ngokuthi 'balingiseli' ngesikhatheso. Njenganje boke abonompopi benziwa ngomncamo werhalasi begodu umncamo werhalasi loyo sele uyingcenye eqakathekileko yesiko lamaXhosa. &lt;ref&gt;Beck, R. (1989). Bibles and Beads: Missionaries as Traders in Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century. The Journal of African History, 30(2), 211-225. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024105 Accessed 22 April 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abonompopi beendlwana ===
I- [[:en:Xesibe_people|Xesibe]] (ubuhlanga bamaXhosa ebuvela [[:en:Eastern_Cape|e-Pumalanga Kapa]]) nayo inesiko lokusebenzisa &quot;abonompopi beendlwana&quot;. Abonompopi laba babunjwe ngesigodo begodu babekwa [[:en:Roof|edageni]] yendlu yomntazana onganabentwana namkha obonakala [[:en:Infertility|ayinyumba]] njengesibawo emadlozini bona akhe amenze azithwale umntwana wakiloyo muzi. Unompopi kungenzeka bona athungelelwe umncamo namkha angabi nawo. Utjhiywa edageni yendlu bekube kulapho kubelethwa khona umntwana, kuthi nakehliswako ehliswe atjhiswe [[:en:Umbilical_cord|nenongwana]] yomntwana. &lt;ref&gt;D.Costello. Not Only For Its Beauty. BEADWORK AND ITS CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE AMONG THE XHOSA-SPEAKING PEOPLES. 1990 University of South Africa. Page 14&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Beck, R. (1989). Bibles and Beads: Missionaries as Traders in Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century. The Journal of African History, 30(2), 211-225. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024105 Accessed 22 April 2018&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Qala godu ==
* [[:en:Akuaba|Akuabaj]]
* [[:en:Mpondo_people|Abantu bakwaPondo]]
* [[:en:Thembu|AbaThembu]]

== Iinqongelo zangaphandle ==
* [http://www.africanholocaust.net/peopleofafrica.htm#x Abantu be-Afrika]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061005123113/http://www.rhi.org.za/index.php?ref=articles&amp;do=rd&amp;artid=5 Umlando wesiXhosa nomphakathi]

== Iinqophiso ==
* Cameron, Elisabeth. ''Kghani Akusuye Unompopi?'' ''Ukudlala Neendlela Zokuphetha Kwesiko Ekubazeni Kwe-Afrika'' . I-Los Angeles: I-UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History, 1996.
* Dagan, Esther A. ''Abonompopi Be-Afrika Bokudlala Nemilingo'' . I-Montreal: I-Galerie Amrad African Arts,1990.
* Green, Yako. ''Abonompopi Bamaphepha Babentazana Nabesana Be-Afrika'' . I-New York: I-Dover Publications, Inc. 1997
* U-Larson, u-Jack Lenor. ''Ubukghwari beNdabuko obuvela e-Global Village'' . I-Santa Fe, NM: I-Museum of New Mexico Press, 1995.</text>
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'''Abonompopi be-Afrika''' enarheni zombelele benzelwe abentwana bobulili obusikazi bona badlale ngabo begodu [[:en:Attract|nokululukezela]] ukuqinisekisa ukugcina imbeleko kwebengubo. [[:en:Shape|Ibunjo]] nembatho labo lihluka ngokuya [[:en:Region|ngokweengodi]] kanye nangesintu. Kanengi-ke abonompopi laba kumukezwana ngabo, kusuka kumma ukuya emntwanenakhe omntazana. Abonompopi beTjingalanga bathandwa khulu kwamanikelela e-Afrika begodu bavama nokumbeswa izembatho zesikhethu.

Lokha umqondo wokubumba [[:en:Doll|unompopi]] nawuthathwa njengommongo wesiko lobu-Afrika, kanengi-ke akubi yinto yokudlala yabentwana kodwana kuba yinto enqophene nokuphethwa kwamasiko neenhlangano zekolo emphakathini. Abonompopi be-Afrika basetjenziselwa ukufundisa kanye nokunandisa. Babalamuli abanamandla ararako wemvelo begodu babatjhugululi beminqopho yokuphetha isiko. Omunye nomunye walaba abonompopi uhlukile kunabanye ngombana wenziwe ngezandla begodu ngokwesiko udluliselwa eenzukulwaneni ezilamako.

== Abonompopi bamaNdebele ==
Abonompopi bomlingakobe bavela  [[AmaNdebele|emaNdebeleni]] weSewula ye-Afrika. AmaNdebele ngesinye seenhlanga ezincani khulu esigodinesi esidume ngemizayo egwalwe ngemibalabala emanyazelako nelulukeza iinarha zangaphandle. Izembatho zabo zinemibala efana poro! Umsebenzi [[:en:Beadwork|womncamo]] kilaba abonompopi babomma bamaNdebele kuveza imbatho labomma bamaNdebele.

Ngesikhathi sokuthandana, isokana elasomako likhamba litjhinge ekhabo lomntazana loyo osakhulako, othandana nalo liyokubeka unompopi ngaphandle [[:en:Room|kwelawu]] lakhe ukutjengisa umnqophalo [[:en:Marriage_proposal|wokumbawa ukumvunulisa iitjorholo]]. Lokha umntazana nakazilungiselela ukwenda, unikelwa unompopi bona amthiye [[:en:Name|izinyo]] bekamnakekele. Izibulo lakhe ulithiya ngonompopi.

Ngokungezelelela ukuqinisa ubunjalo bamasiko wamaNdebele, abonompopi bamaNdebele abanemincamo sele bayinto eqakathekileko ekurhwebelaneni ngayo neenarha zangaphandle begodu nedingakala khulu ekungeniseleni abomma bamaNdebele [[:en:Money|isolombani]] ngekhaya.

== Abonompopi besiXhosa ==

=== Abonompopi bembeleko yesiXhosa ===
Abonompopi besi[[:en:Xhosa_people|Xhosa]] bembeleko bonompopana abenzwe bebavunuliswa bafazi bamaXhosa. Unompopi lo waziwa nangokuthi 'ngunompopi wethando'. Wenzelwe [[:en:Attract|ukukara]] indoda efaneleko begodu nokunyusa [[:en:Fertility|imbeleko]] ukuze kube khona abantwana abanengi ababelethwako. Ngabonompopi kukholelwa ekutheni banamandla womlingo ongaphezu kowemvelo. Abentazana abancani bamaXhosa bakhuthazwa bafazi abadala bamaXhosa bona bayage abonompopi eentanyeni zabo ukwenzelela ukunyusa imbelekwabo ngeenkhathi zabo [[:en:Fertility|zokuzithwala]]. Abentazana bavama ukunikelwa babelethi babo abonompopi babo nabathoma ukwenza isiko labeli. Umntazana umtjheja kuhle khulu unompopanakhe loyo ngombana akholelwa ekutheni nangalahleka nofana onakale kuzokuba nengozi ezomvelela yokobana lokha nakabelethako uzokufa. Ngemva kokubelethwa komntwanakhe wokuthoma, ubuyisela [[:en:Doll|unompopi]] loyo ebabelethini bakhe bona asetjenziswe ngudadwabo omncani. Ngokwesiko, abentazana abasese batjha akukafaneli bazitjengise tjhatjhalazi bona bafuna indoda, ngalokho-ke, kulisiko kibo ukufaka 'abonompopi bethando' ukululukeza abantu ebusuku. Ifihlo yeendzila le ivama ukubandakanya unompopi omduna nomsikazi edzileni eyodwa ngesikhathi labo abayifaka ngokutjhaphulukileko nabanonompopi oyedwa onamathiselwe kileyo idzila. Abafazi abatjhadileko nabo bafaka abonompopi njengeendzila ukwenzelela ukutjengisa ikanukwabo yokuba nabantwana emphakathini nemadlozini. &lt;ref&gt;Beck, R. (1989). Bibles and Beads: Missionaries as Traders in Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century. The Journal of African History, 30(2), 211-225. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024105 Accessed 22 April 2018&lt;/ref&gt;  

==== Amatshwayo ====
Abonompopi laba benziwa ngamabhodlelo amancani, imirhorhotjhi yesiphila, iinsalela zeenkule zesigidi nofana iintolitjhi ezincani zekoteni bese bambeswa ngomncamo. Unompopi loyo ufakwa idzila. Ekuthomeni kweminyaka eyiinkulungwana ezi-2, i-Museum yePumalanga ye-London gade inebuthelelo labonompopi bembeleko yesiXhosa abahlathululwe ngokuthi 'balingiseli' ngesikhatheso. Njenganje boke abonompopi benziwa ngomncamo werhalasi begodu umncamo werhalasi loyo sele uyingcenye eqakathekileko yesiko lamaXhosa. &lt;ref&gt;Beck, R. (1989). Bibles and Beads: Missionaries as Traders in Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century. The Journal of African History, 30(2), 211-225. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024105 Accessed 22 April 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abonompopi beendlwana ===
I- [[:en:Xesibe_people|Xesibe]] (ubuhlanga bamaXhosa ebuvela [[:en:Eastern_Cape|e-Pumalanga Kapa]]) nayo inesiko lokusebenzisa &quot;abonompopi beendlwana&quot;. Abonompopi laba babunjwe ngesigodo begodu babekwa [[:en:Roof|edageni]] yendlu yomntazana onganabentwana namkha obonakala [[:en:Infertility|ayinyumba]] njengesibawo emadlozini bona akhe amenze azithwale umntwana wakiloyo muzi. Unompopi kungenzeka bona athungelelwe umncamo namkha angabi nawo. Utjhiywa edageni yendlu bekube kulapho kubelethwa khona umntwana, kuthi nakehliswako ehliswe atjhiswe [[:en:Umbilical_cord|nenongwana]] yomntwana. &lt;ref&gt;D.Costello. Not Only For Its Beauty. BEADWORK AND ITS CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE AMONG THE XHOSA-SPEAKING PEOPLES. 1990 University of South Africa. Page 14&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Beck, R. (1989). Bibles and Beads: Missionaries as Traders in Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century. The Journal of African History, 30(2), 211-225. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024105 Accessed 22 April 2018&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Qala godu ==
* [[:en:Akuaba|Akuabaj]]
* [[:en:Mpondo_people|Abantu bakwaPondo]]
* [[:en:Thembu|AbaThembu]]

== Iinqongelo zangaphandle ==
* [http://www.africanholocaust.net/peopleofafrica.htm#x Abantu be-Afrika]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061005123113/http://www.rhi.org.za/index.php?ref=articles&amp;do=rd&amp;artid=5 Umlando wesiXhosa nomphakathi]

== Iinqophiso ==
* Cameron, Elisabeth. ''Kghani Akusuye Unompopi?'' ''Ukudlala Neendlela Zokuphetha Kwesiko Ekubazeni Kwe-Afrika'' . I-Los Angeles: I-UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History, 1996.
* Dagan, Esther A. ''Abonompopi Be-Afrika Bokudlala Nemilingo'' . I-Montreal: I-Galerie Amrad African Arts,1990.
* Green, Yako. ''Abonompopi Bamaphepha Babentazana Nabesana Be-Afrika'' . I-New York: I-Dover Publications, Inc. 1997
* U-Larson, u-Jack Lenor. ''Ubukghwari beNdabuko obuvela e-Global Village'' . I-Santa Fe, NM: I-Museum of New Mexico Press, 1995.</text>
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