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Messages left on this page may be reverted or moved without any response.</div> 5b8qtz4dnjnrhc9ts3mku14m3gujbq8 0 2668 55330 51585 2026-08-02T18:31:10Z InternetArchiveBot 5150 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 55330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | name = Taerea | image = Multiple rotavirus particles.jpg | caption = Kerafo ya maekro ya electron ya [[rotabirase]], ke sehlodi sa palo ya go nyaka go lekana le 40% ya go robatšwa bookelong ka lebaka la taerea go bana ba ka fase ga mengwaga ye mehlano.<ref name=WHO2010a/> | DiseasesDB = 3742 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|09||a|00}}, {{ICD10|K|59|1|k|55}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|787.91}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 003126 | eMedicineSubj = ped | eMedicineTopic = 583 | MeshID = D003967}} <!-- Definition and Characteristics --> '''Taerea''' goba '''letšhologo''' ke maemo a go ba le mala a go tšhologa meetse goba seela ga raro ka letšatši.<!--<ref name=WHO2013/> --> Gantši taerea e ka diragala matšatši a mmalwa gomme e ka fetša e bakile go felelwa ke meetse mmeleng ka lebaka la go ntšha meetse a mantši.<!--<ref name=WHO2013/> --> Maswao a go felelwa ke meetse mmeleng gantši a thoma ka go felelwa ke go ikotlolla ga letlalo moo go tlwaelegilego le phetogo ya maitshwaro a motho.<!--<ref name=WHO2013/> --> Se se ka tšwelapele ka phokotšo ya mohlapologo, go felelwa ke mmala wa letlalo, go thebatheba ga pelo ka lebelo, le phokotšo ya boikarabelo ge e tšwelapele e ba šoro.<!--<ref name=WHO2013/> --> Mantle a go bofologa eupša a se na meetse go bana bao ba nyanyago letswele, le ge go le bjalo, a tlwaelegile.<ref name=WHO2013/> <!-- Cause and Diagnosis --> Sehlodi se se tlwaelegilego ke phetetšo ya mala goba lela mohlomongwe ka lebaka la [[baerase]], [[pakteria]], [[phelakadingwe]], goba maemo ao a tsebiwago ka go ruruga ga mala (gastroenteritis).<!--<ref name=WHO2013/> --> Diphetetšo tše gantši di hwetšagala go dijo goba meetse ao a tšhilafaditšwego ke mantle, goba di hwetšagala thwii go motho yo a fetetšwego.<!--<ref name=WHO2013/> --> E ka arolwa ka mehuta ye meraro: taerea ya meetsana ya lebakana le le nnyane, taerea ya madi ya lebaka le le nnyane, gape ge e ka tšwelela go feta dibeke tše pedi, ke taerea ya kgatelelo.<!--<ref name=WHO2013/> --> Taerea e meetsana ya lebaka le le kopana e ka ba e hlotšwe ke phetelo ya kholera.<!--<ref name=WHO2013/> --> Ge e ba go na le madi e ka bitšwa tengkhwibidu.<ref name=WHO2013/> Mabaka a mantši a go se hlole phetelo ao a ka fetšago e le taerea a akaretša: hyperthyroidism, go se kgotlelele swikiri lebeseng, bolwetši bja go ruruša mala, dikalafi tše ntši, le syndrome ya thumulo ya mala ge go balwa tše dingwe.<ref name=CEM2013>{{cite book|last1=Doyle|first1=edited by Basem Abdelmalak, D. John|title=Anesthesia for otolaryngologic surgery|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=1107018676|pages=282–287}}</ref> Mabakeng a mangwe mantle ditšo tša mantle ga di hlokege go tiišetša sehlodi sa taerea sa maleba.<ref name=NEJM2014/> <!-- Prevention and Treatment --> Thibelo ya phetelo ya taerea e ka diragala ka kaonafatšo ya tlhwekišo, ya meetse a go hlweka, le go hlapa matsogo.<!--<ref name=WHO2013/> --> Go nyantšha letswele sebaka sa dikgwedi tše tshela go a eletšwa bjalo ka kenti kgatlhanong le rotabaerase.<!--<ref name=WHO2013/> --> Motswako wa go tsenya meetse mmeleng ka molomo (ORS), ke ya meetse a go hlweka le palo e nnyane ya leswai le swikiri, ke kalafi ya boikgethelo.<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> Dipilisi tša Zinc di a eletšwa.<ref name=WHO2013/> Dikalafi tše di akantšwe gore di bolokile maphelo a bana ba 50 milione mengwageng ye 25 ya go feta.<ref name=WHO2010a>{{cite web |url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241598415_eng.pdf |title=whqlibdoc.who.int |format=PDF |work=World Health Organization |access-date=2015-08-28 |archive-date=2010-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108051648/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241598415_eng.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ge batho ba swerwe ke taerea ba eletšwa gore ba tšwelepele ka go ja dijo tša phepo gomme bana ba tšwelepele ka go nyanya letswele.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ge e ba di ORS tša go rekišwa ga di gona, metswako ya ka gae e ka dirišwa.<ref name=Prober2012>{{cite book|last1=Prober|first1=edited by Sarah Long, Larry Pickering, Charles G.|title=Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Saunders|location=Edinburgh|isbn=9781455739851|page=96|edition=4th |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=TN2Gu2Af1BIC&pg=PA96}}</ref> Go bao ba feletšwego ke meetse mmeleng ga šoro, diela tša go tšhelwa mmeleng ka nnalete di ka dirišwa.<ref name=WHO2013/> Mo mabakeng a mangwe; le ge go le bjalo, ba ka thušega ka diela tša go fetišwa ka molomo.<ref>{{cite web|author1=ACEP|title=Nation’s Emergency Physicians Announce List of Test and Procedures to Question as Part of Choosing Wisely Campaign|url=http://www.choosingwisely.org/nations-emergency-physicians-announce-list-of-test-and-procedures-to-question-as-part-of-choosing-wisely-campaign/|website=Choosing Wisely|accessdate=18 June 2014|archive-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517042652/http://www.choosingwisely.org/nations-emergency-physicians-announce-list-of-test-and-procedures-to-question-as-part-of-choosing-wisely-campaign/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Diantibiotiki]], le ge di sa dirišwe kudu, di ka eletšwa mo mabakeng a mmalwa bjalo ka bao ba nago le taerea ya madi le phišo ya godimo, bao ba nago le taerea morago ga go etela, le bao ba hwetšago taerea e itšeng ya pakteria goba diphelakadingwe go mantle a bona.<ref name=NEJM2014/> [[Loperamide]] e ka thuša go fokotša palo ya letšhologo la mala eupša ga e eletšwe go bao ba nago le malwetši a šoro.<ref name=NEJM2014>{{cite journal|last1=DuPont|first1=HL|title=Acute infectious diarrhea in immunocompetent adults.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2014-04-17_370_16/page/1532|journal=The New England journal of medicine|date=17 April 2014|volume=370|issue=16|pages=1532–40|pmid=24738670|doi=10.1056/nejmra1301069}}</ref> <!-- Epidemiology and Prognosis --> Palo ya makga a dibilione tše 1.7 go iša go dibilione tše 5&nbsp; tša taerea e direga ka ngwaga.<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=CEM2013/> Go tlwaelegile kudu go dinaga tše di tšwetšego pele, moo bana ba hwetšago taerea ka palogare ya gararo ka ngwaga.<ref name=WHO2013/> Lefasengkabophara, go tloga ka 2012, ke sehlodi sa bobedi se se tlwaelegilego kudu sa mahu a bana ba ka fase ga mengwaga ye mehlano (0.76 milione goba 11%).<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=CDC2013/> Ditiragalo tša go ipušeletša tša taerea gape ke sehlodi se se tlwaelegilego sa phepompe gomme ke sehlodi se segolo go bana bao ba lego ka fase ga mengwaga ye mehlano.<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Diarrhoeal disease Fact sheet N°330|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/|website=World Health Organization|accessdate=18 June 2014|date=April 2013}}</ref> Mathata a mangwe a go diragala sebaka se setelele ao a ka tšwelelago a akaretša go se tielele mmeleng le go se gole botse monaganong.<ref name=CDC2013>{{cite web|title=Global Diarrhea Burden|url=http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/global/diarrhea-burden.html|website=CDC|accessdate=18 June 2014|date=24 January 2013}}</ref> == Ditšhupetšo == <references /> 0fadu40h07fz62viblsn6n5jcm3ulh9 0 4072 55328 49880 2026-08-02T18:29:40Z InternetArchiveBot 5150 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 55328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Phepompe | Image = Orange ribbon.svg | Caption = Lenti la mmala wa numune—ke [[lenti la temošo]] la malnutrition. | Width = 120 | DiseasesDB = | ICD10 = | ICD9 = 263.9 | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 000404 | eMedicineSubj = ped | eMedicineTopic = 1360 | MeshID = D044342 }}<!-- Definition and Symptoms -->'''Phepompe''' goba '''go se je dijo tša phepo''' ke maemo ao a bakwago ke go ja dijo tše di se nago [[phepo]] goba tša phepo e ntši kudu tša go baka mathata a maphelo.<ref>{{DorlandsDict|five/000062745|malnutrition}}</ref><ref name=FFL2010>{{cite book|title=Facts for life|date=2010|publisher=United Nations Children's Fund|location=New York|isbn=978-92-806-4466-1|pages=61 and 75|edition=4th ed.|url=http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Facts_for_Life_EN_010810.pdf|access-date=2015-09-19|archive-date=2018-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212170249/https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Facts_for_Life_EN_010810.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Diphepo tše di amegago di ka akaretša: [[dikalori]], [[protine]], [[dikhapohaetrete]], [[divitamine]] goba [[diminerale tša|mathomo tša phepo]].<ref name=FFL2010/> Gape e fela e dirišwa go šupetša '''phepo ya tlase''' moo go se nago dikalori tše dintši, diprotine goba [[diphepo tša dimaekro]]; le ge go le bjalo, gape e akaretša [[phepofetišo]].<ref name=Young2012>{{cite book|last1=Young|first1=E.M.|title=Food and development|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=9781135999414|pages=36–38|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=XhwKwNzJVjQC&pg=PA36}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|title=Essentials of International Health|date=2011|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|isbn=9781449667719|page=194|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=lt7TqZPZSlIC&pg=PA194}}</ref> Ge phepo ya tlase e ka direga ka [[boimana]] goba pele ga mengwaga ye mebedi e ka baka mathata a go ya go ile a kgodišo ya mmele le monagano.<ref name=FFL2010/> Phepo ya tlase ya go fetelela, ya go tsebagala ka [[tlala]], e ka ba le dišupo tša go akaretša: bokgopana, mmele o mo sese, maemo a go fokola ga enetši, le maoto a go ruruga le [[dimpa]].<ref name=FFL2010/><ref name=Young2012/> Gantši batho ba fela ba hwetša diphetetšo gape kgafetša kgafetša ba tsenwa ke [[phefo ya|hypothermia]].<!-- <ref name=Young2012/> --> Dišupo tša [[ditlhaelo tša diphepo tša dimaekro]] di botagetše go diphepho tša dimaekro tše ditlhaelago.<ref name=Young2012/> <!-- Cause -->Phepo ya tlase gantši e bakwa ke go hloka go ja dijo tša phepo e botse.<ref name=WHO2014/> Se gantši se nyalelana le theko ya godimo ya dijo le [[bohloki]].<ref name=FFL2010/><ref name=WHO2014/> Go se nyantšhe [[letswele]] go ka oketša, bjale ka palo ya [[malwetši a phetelo]] go swana le: [[letšhologo]], [[nyumonia]], [[malaria]] le [[mooko]] tše di oketšago dinyakwa tša phepo.<ref name=WHO2014/> Go na le mehuta ye mebedi ya phepo ya tlase: [[phepompe ya protine-enetši]] le ditlhaelo tša phepho.<ref name=Jones2011/> Phepompe ya protine-enetši e na le mehuta ye mebedi e šoro: [[marasmase]] (tlhokego ya protine le dikalori) le [[kwašiokoro]] (tlhokego ya protine fela).<ref name=Young2012/> Ditlhaelo tša phepo ya maekro tše tlwaelegilego di akaretša: tlhokego ya [[tlhaelo ya madi|madi]], [[tlhaelo ya iodine|iodine]] le [[tlhaelo ya vitamine A|vitamine A]].<ref name=Young2012/> Ka nako ya [[boimana]], ka ge e nyakega kudu, tlhaelo e tlwaelegile.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Konje|first1=editor, Mala Arora ; co-editor, Justin C.|title=Recurrent pregnancy loss|date=2007|publisher=Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788184480061|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> Go [[dinaga tše di tšwetšwago pele]] phepofetišo ya mohuta wa go[[nona]] e thoma go tšwelela bjalo ka phepo ya tlase.<ref>{{cite web|title=Progress For Children: A Report Card On Nutrition|url=http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Progress_for_Children_-_No._4.pdf|publisher=UNICEF|access-date=2015-09-19|archive-date=2021-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112154958/https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Progress_for_Children_-_No._4.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mabaka a mangwe a go baka phepompe a akaretša [[anorexia nervosa (go itima dijo)]] le [[puo ya bariatric]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prentice|first1=editor-in-chief, Benjamin Caballero ; editors, Lindsay Allen, Andrew|title=Encyclopedia of human nutrition|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=9780080454283|page=68|edition=2nd ed.|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=DHtERWm0mrcC&pg=RA1-PA68}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Stoelting's anesthesia and co-existing disease|date=2012|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781455738120|page=324|edition=6th ed.|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=yxTtmJYPUV0C&pg=PA324}}</ref> Go [[batšofe]] phepompe e tlwaelegile ka lebaka la maemo a popego, saekholotši le leago.<ref>{{cite book|last1=editors|first1=Ronnie A. Rosenthal, Michael E. Zenilman, Mark R. Katlic,|title=Principles and practice of geriatric surgery|date=2011|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=9781441969996|page=78|edition=2nd ed.|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=VcgmpMZE6a8C&pg=PA87}}</ref> <!-- Treatment -->Maiteko a go kaonafatša [[phepo]] ke amangwe a mehuta e kaone ya [[thušo ya tšwelelo]].<ref name=UK2012/> Go nyantšha go ka fokotša palo ya phepompe le mahu a bana,<ref name=FFL2010/> gape maiteko a go tšweletša palo ya godimo ya tlwaetšo.<ref name=Bh2013/> Go bana ba bannyane go fa dijo le tlaleletšo ya go nyantšha magarenga ga dikgwedi tše tshela le mengwaga ye mebedi go kaonafatša dipoelo.<ref name=Bh2013/> Gape go na le bohlatse bjo bo botse bja go thekga [[koketšo ya phepo|koketšo]] ya palo ya diphepo tša dimaekro ka boimana le magareng ga bana mafaseng a go tšwetšwa pele.<ref name=Bh2013/> Go fihliša dijo go batho bao ba di nyakago kudu ka thomelo ya dijo le tšhelete gore ba kgone go reka dijo mebarakeng ya kgauswi go kaone.<ref name=UK2012/><ref>{{cite web|title=World Food Programme, Cash and Vouchers for Food|url=http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/communications/wfp246176.pdf|website=WFP.org|accessdate=5 July 2014|date=April 2012}}</ref> Go fana ka dijo dikolong ga go thuše kudu.<ref name=UK2012/> Taolo ya phepompe e šoro legaeng la motho ka [[dijo tša terapi#Dijo tša Terapi Tše-di beakantšwego-Go ka dirišwa|dijo tša terapi tše-di beakantšwego-Go ka dirišwa]] gantši go a kgonagala.<ref name=Bh2013/> Go batho bao ba nago le phepompe e šoro yeo e bakilwego ke mathata a mangwe a maphelo ka fao kalafo ya bookelo e a eletšwa.<ref name=Bh2013/> Gantši se se akaretša taolo ya [[hypoglycemia|swikiri e tlase mading]], [[hypothermia|themperetšha ya mmele]], [[go felelwa ke meetse mmeleng]], le go ja ga nnyane ga nnyane.<ref name=Bh2013/><ref name=WHO2003>{{cite book|author=Ann Ashworth|title=Guidelines for the inpatient treatment of severely malnourished children|date=2003|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=9241546093}}</ref> Mokgwa wa ka mehla wa [[di-antibiotiki]] gantši o a eletšwa ka lebaka la kotsi e kgolo ya phetelo.<ref name=WHO2003/> Tekanyo ya lebaka le le telele e akaretša: kaonafatšo ya ditlwaetšo tša temo,<ref name=solcultivateplanet>{{cite journal |author=Jonathan A. Foley, Navin Ramankutty, Kate A. Brauman, Emily S. Cassidy, James S. Gerber, Matt Johnston, Nathaniel D. Mueller, Christine O’Connell, Deepak K. Ray, Paul C. West, Christian Balzer, Elena M. Bennett, Stephen R. Carpenter, Jason Hill1, Chad Monfreda, Stephen Polasky1, Johan Rockström, John Sheehan, Stefan Siebert, David Tilman1, David P. M. Zaks |title=Solutions for a cultivated planet |journal=Nature |volume=478 |issue=7369 |pages=337–342 |date=October 2011|pmid=21993620|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v478/n7369/full/nature10452.html |doi=10.1038/nature10452}}</ref> go fokotša bohloki,kaonafatšo ya [[tlhwekišo ya sanitasi]], le go [[matlafatša basadi|matlafatšo ya basadi]].<ref name=UK2012/> <!-- Epidemiology, Society and Culture -->Go be go na le dimilione tše 925&nbsp;tša batho ba phepo ya tlase lefaseng ka 2010, koketšo ya dimilione tše 80&nbsp;go tloga ka 1990.<ref name=FAO2010>{{cite web|title=Global hunger declining, but still unacceptably high International hunger targets difficult to reach|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/al390e/al390e00.pdf|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|accessdate=1 July 2014|date=September 2010}}</ref><ref name=Fao2008>{{cite book|last1=Food|last2=(FAO)|first2=Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|title=The state of food insecurity in the world, 2008 : high food prices and food security : threats and opportunities|date=2008|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)|location=Rome|isbn=978-92-5-106049-0|page=2|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0291e/i0291e00.htm|quote=FAO’s most recent estimates put the number of hungry [actually, malnourished] people at 923 million in 2007, an increase of more than 80 million since the 1990–92 base period.}}</ref> Palo enngwe ya dibilione tša batho e akantšwe go hloka divitamine le dimenerale.<ref name=UK2012>{{cite web|title=An update of ‘The Neglected Crisis of Undernutrition: Evidence for Action’|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/67319/undernutrition-finalevidence-oct12.pdf|website=www.gov.uk|publisher=Department for International Development|accessdate=5 July 2014|date=Oct 2012}}</ref> Ka 2010 [[phepo ya protine-enetši]] e be e lekanyeditšwe go ka ba e bakile mahu a 600,000 go tšwa go mahu a 883,000 ka 1990.<ref name=Loz2012/> Thlaelo enngwe ya phepo, yeo e akaretšago [[tlhaelo ya iodine]] le [[tlhaelo ya madi ya anemia]], e bakile mahu a mangwe a 84,000.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal |author=Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. |title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |journal=Lancet |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2095–128 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23245604 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095}}</ref> Phepo ya tlase go tloga ka 2010 e bakile 1.4% ya [[mengwaga ka moka ya maphelo a go se itekanele mmeleng]].<ref name=UK2012/><ref name=Murray2012>{{cite journal|last1=Murray|first1=CJ|title=Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2197|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2197–223|pmid=23245608|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4}}</ref> Tee tharong ya mahu a bana go dumelwa gore a bakilwe ke phepo ya tlase; le ge go le bjalo; mahu a gona ga a hlaloswe bjalo.<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health|url=http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/child/malnutrition/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=4 July 2014}}</ref> Ka 2010 go be go akanyeditšwe palo ya mahu a dimi1ione tše 1.5 tša basadi le bana<ref name=Lim2012>{{cite journal |author=Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. |title=A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |journal=Lancet |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2224–60 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23245609 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2224}}</ref> le ge le e le gore batho ba bangwe ba akanya gore palo e ka ba e feta dimilione tše &nbsp;3.<ref name="Bh2013"/> Palo tlaleletšo ya bana ba dimilione tše &nbsp; 165 tša [[kgodišompe]] ka baka la malwetši.<ref name=Bh2013>{{cite journal|last1=Bhutta|first1=ZA|last2=Das|first2=JK|last3=Rizvi|first3=A|last4=Gaffey|first4=MF|last5=Walker|first5=N|last6=Horton|first6=S|last7=Webb|first7=P|last8=Lartey|first8=A|last9=Black|first9=RE|last10=Lancet Nutrition Interventions Review|first10=Group|last11=Maternal and Child Nutrition Study|first11=Group|title=Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_august-3-9-2013_382_9890/page/452|journal=Lancet|date=Aug 3, 2013|volume=382|issue=9890|pages=452–77|pmid=23746776|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60996-4}}</ref> Phepo ya tlase e tlwalegile go [[dinaga tše di tšwetšwago pele]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Liz Young|title=World Hunger Routledge Introductions to Development|date=2002|isbn=9781134774944|page=20|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=w4CGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20}}</ref> == Ditšhupetšo == <references /> 3nmpdmgmgg024y36g977d8ccd67zlho 0 4378 55329 51577 2026-08-02T18:30:19Z InternetArchiveBot 5150 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 55329 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Seswantšho:Defecating into a pit (schematic) North Sotho.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Sethalwa sa boithomelo bja mokoti le pane ya boithomelo le sešireletšo.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=WEDC|title=Latrine slabs: an engineer’s guide, WEDC Guide 005|publisher=Water, Engineering and Development Centre The John Pickford Building School of Civil and Building Engineering Loughborough University|isbn=978 1 84380 143 6|pages=22|url=http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/booklets/G005-Latrine-slabs-on-line.pdf}}</ref>]]<!-- Definition and benefits --> '''Boithomelo bja mokoti''' goba '''thoilete ya mokoti''' ke mohuta wa [[thoilete]] ya go kgoboketša [[mantle a batho]] ka mokoting. Di didirišwa ntle le meetse goba go dirišwa litara e tee goba tše pedi tša meetse go sepetša mantle.<ref name="Till2014">{{cite book|author=Tilley, E., Ulrich, L., Lüthi, C., Reymond, Ph. and Zurbrügg, C.|title=Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies|date=2014|publisher=Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)|location=Dübendorf, Switzerland|isbn=9783906484570|edition=2|url=http://www.sandec.ch/compendium}}</ref> Ge di agilwe le go hlokomelwa botse di ka fokotša phatlalatšo ya malwetši ka go fokotša palo ya mantle tikologong go tšwa go [[tshenyo ya phatlalala]].<ref name=WHO3.4/><ref name=UN2015>{{cite web|title=Call to action on sanitation|url=http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf|website=United Nations|accessdate=15 August 2014|format=pdf|archive-date=13 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513064157/http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Se se fokotša phetetšo ya [[dibaerase tša dipatotšene]] magareng ga mantle le dijo ka tshepetšo ya dintšhi.<ref name=WHO3.4/> Dibaerase tše tša dipatotšene ke dihlodi tše kgolo tša [[phetetšo ya taerea]] le [[helminthiasis|phetetšo ya diboko tša ka teng]].<ref name=UN2015/> Phetetšo ya taerea e bakile mahu a palo ya dimilione tše 0.7 tša bana ba mengwaga ya ka fase ga ye mehlano ka 2011 gomme dimilione tše 250 di lahlegetšwe ke matšatši a sekolo. <ref name=UN2015/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Walker|first1=CL|last2=Rudan|first2=I|last3=Liu|first3=L|last4=Nair|first4=H|last5=Theodoratou|first5=E|last6=Bhutta|first6=ZA|last7=O'Brien|first7=KL|last8=Campbell|first8=H|last9=Black|first9=RE|title=Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-20-26-2013_381_9875/page/1405|journal=Lancet|date=Apr 20, 2013|volume=381|issue=9875|pages=1405–16|pmid=23582727|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60222-6}}</ref> Boithomelo bja mekoti ke mokgwatšhomišo wa theko ya tlase wa go kgaogantšha mantle le batho.<ref name=WHO3.4/> <!-- Construction and emptying-->Boithomelo bja mokoti ka kakaretšo bo na le dikarolo tše tharo tše kgolo: mokoti, lebato goba letlapa la go ba le mokoti, le sešireletšo.<ref name="Till2014" /> Mokoti gantši o epiwa ka bodiba bja dimetara &nbsp;tše 3 (dikgato tše&nbsp;10) le metara o 1 wa go putlaganya(dikgato tše 3.2).<ref name="Till2014" /> [[Mokgatlo wa tša Maphelo wa Lefase]] o eletša gore di agwe kgolenyana le dintlo go lekanyetša pharologanyo ya phihlelo ya kgauswi le monkgo. <ref name=WHO3.4/> Bokgole bja [[meetse a go epiwa fase]] le[[meetse a go hwetšagala bokagodimo]] bo swanetše go ba bjo bogolo ka moo go ka kgonagalago go fokotša kotsi ya tšhilafatšo. Mokoti wo o lego letlapeng goba lebatong ga wa swanela go ba le bogolo bja go feta disentimetara tše 25 (dinoko tše 9.8) go thibela gore bana ba se wele ka gare ga mokoti.<!-- <ref name=WHO3.4/> --> Lesedi le swanetše go thibelwa gore le se tsene ka mokoting go fokotša phihlelelo ya dintšhi.<!-- <ref name=WHO3.4/> --> Se se ka nyaka tirišo ya sekhurumelo go tswalela mokoti lebatong ge e sa dirišwe.<ref name=WHO3.4>{{cite web|title=Simple pit latrine (fact sheet 3.4)|url=http://helid.digicollection.org/en/d/Js13461e/3.4.html|website=who.int|date=1996|accessdate=15 August 2014|archive-date=19 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219220918/http://helid.digicollection.org/en/d/Js13461e/3.4.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ge mokoti o tletše go fihla go dimetara tše 0.5 (dikgato tše 1.6) go fihla godimo, o swanetše go hlwekišwa ka go ntšha mantle goba mokoti o mongwe o swanetše go agwa gomme sešireletšo se tlošwe goba boithomelo bo agwe lefelong le lengwe<ref name="VIP2003">{{cite book|author1=François Brikké|title=Linking technology choice with operation and maintenance in the context of community water supply and sanitation|date=2003|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9241562153|page=108|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2003/9241562153.pdf|access-date=2015-10-13|archive-date=2005-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051105100412/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2003/9241562153.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Taolo ya go tloša [[seretse sa mantle]] ka mokoting e tloga e hlakahlakane. Go ba le dikotsi tša tikologo le maphelo ge e sa sepetšwe botse. <!-- Improvements -->Boithomelo bja mokoti bjo bo tlwaelegilego bo ka kaonafatšwa ka mekgwa e mentši. Mokgwa o mongwe o akaretša go tsenya phaepe ya go tsenya moya ka gare ga mokoti godimo ga moago.<!-- <ref name=VIP2003/> --> Se se kaonafatša tshepetšo ya moya le phokotšo ya monkgo wa thoilete.<!-- <ref name=VIP2003/> --> Gape e ka fokotša dintšhi ge bogodimo bja phaephe bo tswaletšwe ka polastiki (gantši ya go dirwa ka [[galase ya faeba]]).<!-- <ref name=VIP2003/> --> Go mehuta ye ya dithoilete sekhurumelo ga se hlokege go ka dirišwa go pipa mokoti lebatong.<ref name=VIP2003/> Kaonafatšo enngwe e ka akaretša go aga lebato ka mokgwa woo diela di ka tsenago ka mokoting gomme bogodimo bja mokoti bo agwe ka ditena le semente go kaonafatša maatlafatšo.<ref name="Till2014" /><ref name=VIP2003/> <!-- Usage, Society and Culture -->Go tloga ka 2013 boithomelo bja mekoti bo akanyeditšwe go dirišwa ke palo ya batho ba dibilione tše 1.77.<ref name=Graham2013>{{cite journal|last1=Graham|first1=JP|last2=Polizzotto|first2=ML|title=Pit latrines and their impacts on groundwater quality: a systematic review.|journal=Environmental health perspectives|date=May 2013|volume=121|issue=5|pages=521–30|pmid=23518813|doi=10.1289/ehp.1206028}}</ref> Se gantši se tšwelela go [[ditšhaba tše di tšwetšwago pele|mafase a tšwetšwago pele]] gape le [[metse selegae]] lemafelo a [[lešokeng]]. Ka 2011 batho ba dibilione tše 2.5 ga se ba kgone go ba le phihlelelo ya thoilete ya maleba gomme dibilione di feditše di diriša [[lebala go bjalo ka boithomelo]] tikologong yeo ba lego go yona.<ref name="UN2014Report" /> [[Borwa bja Asia]] le [[Sub-Saharan Afrika]] go na le phihlelelo ya bofokodi ya dithoilete.<ref name=UN2014Report>{{cite book|title=Progress on sanitation and drinking-water - 2014 update.|date=2014|publisher=WHO|isbn=9789241507240|pages=16–20|url=http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/JMP_report_2014_webEng.pdf|format=pdf|access-date=2015-10-13|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171208/http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/JMP_report_2014_webEng.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Go dinaga tše di tšwetšwago pele theko ya thoilete ya mokoti e bonolo e magareng ga 25 le 60 ya USD.<ref name="Wiley-Blackwell">{{cite book|last1=Selendy|first1=Janine M. H.|title=Water and sanitation-related diseases and the environment challenges, interventions, and preventive measures|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Hoboken, N.J.|isbn=9781118148600|page=25|edition=|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=nZlS4ZfUOZUC&pg=PA25}}</ref> Theko ya tlhokomelo ya go ya go ile e magareng ga 1.5 le 4 ya USD go motho yo mongwe le yo mongwe ngwaga ka ngwaga gape gantši se ga se elwe hloko. <ref>{{cite book|title=Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa Where Do We Stand?|date=2013|publisher=Intl Water Assn|isbn=9781780405414|page=161|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=_CkDAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA161}}</ref> Go dikarolo tše dingwe tša metse magaeng [[India]] go dirilwe tlhabano ya "Ge go se na Thoilete, Go ka se be le Monyadiwa" gomme e dirišwa go tlhohleletša basadi gore ba gane go nyalwa ke banna bao ba se nago thoilete.<ref name="Cambridge University Press">{{cite book|title=Global Problems, Smart Solutions: Costs and Benefits|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107435247|page=623|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=g9tRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA623}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/impactevaluations/haryanas-scarce-women-tell-potential-suitors-no-loo-no-i-do-guest-post-by-yaniv-stopnitzky|title = Haryana's scarce women tell potential suitors: "No loo, no I do"|date = 12 December 2011|accessdate = 17 November 2014|website = Development Impact|publisher = Blog of World Bank|last = Stopnitzky|first = Yaniv}}</ref> == Ditšhupetšo == <references /> hb435qyfjiolv6jru34r4178s02uk0y 0 4379 55326 45721 2026-08-02T18:26:52Z InternetArchiveBot 5150 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 55326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Hepatitis A | Image = Jaundice eye.jpg | Caption = Lekga la tšontisi(bohloko bja nyooko) bja go hlolwa ke hepatitis A | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|15||b|15}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|070.0}}, {{ICD9|070.1}} | DiseasesDB = 5757 | MedlinePlus = 000278 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 991 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|ped|977}} | MeshID = D006506 }} '''Hepatitis A''' (ya go tsebagala bjalo ka '''hepatitis ya phetelo''') ke bolwetši bja go fetela bjo šoro bja sebete bja go bakwa ke baerase ya hepatitis A (HAV).<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | pages = 541–4 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-8385-8529-9 }}</ref> Makga a mantši go ba le dišupo tše nnyane goba ga go na dišupo kudu mo baneng ba ba nnyane.<ref name=AFP2012/> Nako ya magareng ga dišupo le phetelo, go bao ba hwetšago bolwetši, ke magareng ga dibeke tše pedi le tše tshela.<ref name="pmid16271543">{{cite journal| author=Connor BA| title=Hepatitis A vaccine in the last-minute traveler| journal=Am. J. Med.| volume=118 |issue=Suppl 10A| pages=58S–62S| year=2005| pmid=16271543| doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.07.018}}</ref> Ge go na le dišupo gantši di bonagala dibeke tše seswai gomme se se ka akaretša: pherogo, go hlatša, letšhologo, letlalo le serolane, letadi, bohloko dimpeng.<ref name=AFP2012/> Palo ya 10–15% ya batho e itemogela poeletšo ya dišupo mo dikgweding tše tshela morago ga phetelo ya mathomo.<ref name=AFP2012/> Go se šome go šoro ga sebete ga nke go diragala ka ge sese tlwaelegile go diragala go batšofe.<ref name=AFP2012/> <!-- Cause --> Gantši e phatlala ka go ja dijo goba go nwa meetse a go tšhilafatšwa ka mantle a go ba le phetelo.<ref name=AFP2012>{{cite journal|last=Matheny|first=SC|last2=Kingery |first2=JE|title=Hepatitis A.|journal=Am Fam Physician |date=1 December 2012|volume=86|issue=11|pages=1027–34; quiz 1010–2|pmid=23198670 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1201/p1027.html}}</ref> Hlapikgepetla ya go se butšwe botse gantši ke sehlodi.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bellou | first1 = M. | last2 = Kokkinos | first2 = P. | last3 = Vantarakis | first3 = A. | title = Shellfish-borne viral outbreaks: a systematic review. | journal = Food Environ Virol | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 13–23 |date=March 2013 | doi = 10.1007/s12560-012-9097-6 | pmid = 23412719 }}</ref> E ka phatlalatšwa ka patamelo ya motho yo a fetetšwego.<ref name=AFP2012/> Le ge e le gore bana ga ba laetše dišupo ge ba fetetšwe ba sa kgona go fetetša ba bangwe.<ref name=AFP2012/> Morago ga phetelo e tee fela motho wa gona o hwetša sontišo bophelo bja gagwe ka moka.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Hepatitis and Other Liver Diseases|year=2006|publisher=Infobase |isbn=9780816069903|page=105|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=HfPU99jIfboC&pg=PA105}}</ref> Tlhahlobo e nyaka diteko tša madi ka ge diteko di swana le tša malwetši a mangwe.<ref name=AFP2012/> ke enngwe ya tše hlano tša go tsebja tša dibaerase tša hepatitis: A, B, C, D, le E. <!-- Prevention and Treatment --> Kenti ya hepatitis A e thuša kudu ka thibelo.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=Irv2012>{{Cite journal | last1 = Irving | first1 = GJ. | last2 = Holden | first2 = J. | last3 = Yang | first3 = R. | last4 = Pope | first4 = D. | title = Hepatitis A immunisation in persons not previously exposed to hepatitis A. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 7 | issue = | pages = CD009051 | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009051.pub2 | pmid = 22786522 }}</ref> Dinaga tše dingwe di e eletša gore e dirišwe leboeletša go bana le go bao ba lego kotsing e kgolo bao ba sa kago ba hwetša kenti peleng.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=WHO2013/> Go bonagala e na le mohola bophelong.<ref name=AFP2012/> Mekgwa ye mengwe ya thibelo e akaretša go hlatswa ka matsogo le go apea dijo gabotse.<ref name=AFP2012/> Ga go na kalafi e itšeng, ka khutšo le dikalafi tša pherogo goba [[letšhologo]] di eletšwa bjalo ka dinyakwa tša motheo.<ref name=AFP2012/> Phetelo gantši e fola go felela ntle le bolwetši bja go tšwelapele bja sebete.<ref name=AFP2012/> Kalafi ya go se šome ga sebete go šoro, ge e ka direga, e ka direga ka pšalollo ya sebete.<ref name=AFP2012/> <!-- Epidemiology -->Lefaseng ka bophara palo ya dimilione tše 1.5 tša makga a dišupo a tšwelela ngwaga o mongwe le o mongwe<ref name=AFP2012/> ka palo ya dimilione tše lesome tša diphetelo.<ref name=Was2006>{{cite journal|last=Wasley|first=A|author2=Fiore, A |author3=Bell, BP |title=Hepatitis A in the era of vaccination.|journal=Epidemiol Rev |year=2006|volume=28|pages=101–11|pmid=16775039 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxj012 |url=http://epirev.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/1/101.long}}</ref> Go tloga go tlwaelegile dileteng tša mafase ao a nago le tlhwekišo ya go fokola gape ao a se nago meetse a go hlweka.<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Hepatitis A Fact sheet N°328|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs328/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=20 February 2014|date=July 2013}}</ref> Go mafase ao a tšwešego pele 90% ya bana e fetetšwe ka mengwaga ye 10 gomme ba ka sontega ge ba gotše.<ref name=WHO2013/> Gantši e direga ka tsogo go dinaga tše tšwetšego pele ga nnyane moo bana ba sa nkago ba bontšhego ge e sa le ba ba nnyane gomme kenti e sa phatlalatšwa.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ka 2010, hepatitis A e šoro e bakile mahu a 102,000.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> Letšatši la Lefase la Hepatitis le tšwelela ngwaga ka ngwaga ka July 28 go tšweletša temošo ya hepatitis ya phetelo.<ref name=WHO2013/> == Ditšhupetšo == <references /> 8r96nvbj9bmhr2x1ip75a0ydugpd7i0 0 4380 55325 46408 2026-08-02T18:26:11Z InternetArchiveBot 5150 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 55325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Malaria | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|50||b|50}}-{{ICD10|B|54||b|54}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|084}} | Image = Malaria.jpg | Caption = Ke ''Plasmotiamo'' go tšwa mareng a monang wa tshadi moving across a mosquito cell. | DiseasesDB = 7728 | MedlinePlus = 000621 | OMIM = 248310 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 1385 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|305}} {{eMedicine2|ped|1357}} | MeshName = Malaria | MeshNumber = C03.752.250.552 }}<!-- Definition and symptoms -->'''Malaria''' ke [[bolwetši bja go tšwa monangeng|bolwetši bja go tšwa go monang bja go fetela]] batho le diphoofolo tše dingwe tše di hlotšwego ke dipharasaete tša diprotozoan (mohuta wa sele e tee maekrookanisime) ya mohuta wa ''[[Plasmotiamo]]''.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Malaria a baka dišupo tše di akaretšago letadi, malaise, go tlhatša le go opa ke hlogo.<!-- <ref name=EBMED2014/> --> Mabakeng a kgatelelo e šoro e ka baka letlalo le serolana, dikotwane, go idibala goba lehu.<ref name=EBMED2014/> Dišupo tše gantši di thoma go bonagala ka morago ga matšatši a lesome goba lesome hlano morago ga go longwa.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Go batho bao ba sa hwetšago kalafo e botse bolwetši bo ka boya gape ka morago ga dikgwedi tše mmalwa.<ref name=WHO2014/> Go batho bao ba sa tšwelago go fola phetelo, phetelo gape gantši e laetša dišupo tše nnyane.<!-- <ref name=EBMED2014/> --> Karolwana ye ya tšhonto e timelela ka morago ga dikgwedi ge eba ga go sa na phihlelelo ya malaria.<ref name=EBMED2014/> <!--Cause and diagnosis-->Ka tlwaelo, bolwetši bo fetetšwa ka go loma ga monang wa tshadi wo o fetetšwego wa ''[[Anopheles]]''.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> -->Go longwa go go tšweletša dipharasaete tša go tšwa mareng a monang ka gare ga madi.<ref name=WHO2014/> Dipharasaete tše di sepelela sebeteng moo di golago le go tswala gape gona.<!-- <ref name=EBMED2014/> --> Mehuta ye mehlano ya ''Diplasmotiamo'' di ka fetetša le go phatlalatšwa ke batho.<ref name=EBMED2014/> Mahu a mantši a bakwa ke ''[[Plasmotiamo falsiparamo|P.&nbsp;falsiparamo]]'' le ''[[Plasmotiamo vivax|P.&nbsp;vivax]]'', ''[[Plasmotiamo ovale|P.&nbsp;ovale]]'', le ''[[Plasmotiamo malariae|P.&nbsp;malariae]]'' ka kakaretšo di baka mohuta o bonolo wa malaria.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=EBMED2014/> Mehuta ya ''P.&nbsp;knowlesi'' ga e bake malwetši gantši bathong.<ref name=WHO2014/> Malaria e hlahlobiwa ka go dira diteko tša maekroskoupu ya madi ka go diriša difilimi tša madi, goba ka diantitšene-tše di theilwego diteko tša mogololelo.<ref name=EBMED2014/> Mekgwa yeo e dirišago phetogelo ya ketane ya polymerase go lekola dipharasaete DNA di tšweleditšwe, eupša ga di dirišwe ka bophara mafelong ao malaria a go tšwelela gona ka lebaka la theko le tharagano.<ref name="Nadjm 2012">{{Cite journal |author=Nadjm B, Behrens RH |title=Malaria: An update for physicians |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infectious-disease-clinics-of-north-america_2012-06_26_2/page/243 |journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America |year=2012 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=243–59 |pmid=22632637 |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> <!--Prevention and treatment-->Kotsi ya bolwetši e ka fokotšwa ka go thibela go longwa ke menang ka go diriša nete ya menangle sekoba dikhunkhwane, goba magato a go laola menang bjalo ka go fothela dopolayakhukhu le go pšheša meetse a emegego a sa elego.<ref name=EBMED2014/> Dikalafi tše mmalwa di a hwetšagala go sethibela malaria go basepedi mafelong ao bolwetši bo tlwaelegilego gona.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> -->Tose ya sewelo ya kalafi ya [[sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine]] e a eletšwa go masea le ka morago ga dikgwedi tše tharo tša mathomo tša boimana mafelong ao go nago le palo ya godimo ya malaria.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Malebana le tlhokego, ga go kgontšhago ya kenti (vaccine) ye e lego gona, le gee le gore maiteko a go e tšweletša a dirilwe.<ref name=WHO2014/> Kalafi yeo e eletšwago ya kalafo ya malaria ke tswakanyo ya dikalafi tša kgatlhanong le malaria tše di akaretšago [[artemisinin]].<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=EBMED2014/> Kalafi ya bobedi e ka ba [[mefloquine]], [[lumefantrine]], goba sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine.<ref name=WHO2010>{{cite book|last1=Organization|first1=World Health|title=Guidelines for the treatment of malaria|date=2010|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=9789241547925|page=ix|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> [[Quinine]] mmogo le [[doxycycline]] di ka dirišwa ge eba artemisinin ga e hwetšagale.<ref name=WHO2010/> Go a eletšwa gore mafelong ao malaria a tlwaelegilego, go swanetše gore malaria a tiišetšwe pele kalafi e ka thongwe ka lebaka la pelaelo ya palo e kgolo ya kgano ya ditagi tša kalafi.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Kgano e tšweletše go dikalafi tše mmalwa tša kgatlhano le malaria; mohlala, kgano ya [[chloroquine]]- ''P.&nbsp;falsiparamo'' e phatlaletše go mafelo a mantši a malaria, gape kgano ya artemisinin ke bothata dikarolong tše dingwe tša Borwa-bohlabela bja Asia.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!--Epidemiology-->Bolwetši bo phatlaletše ka bophara dileteng tša molatšatši le dilete tša magareng tša melatšatši tše di bapanego ka bophara le ekhweitha.<ref name=EBMED2014>{{cite journal|last=Caraballo|first=Hector|title=Emergency Department Management Of Mosquito-Borne Illness: Malaria, Dengue, And West Nile Virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|date=May 2014|volume=16|issue=5|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Go akaretšwa kudu Sub-Saharan Afrika, [[Asia]], le Latin Amerika.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Mokgatlo wa tša Maphelo wa Lefase o akanyetša gore ka 2012, go be go na le makga a malaria a palo ya dimilione tše 207.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Ngwageng woo, bolwetši bo lekanyeditšwe gore bo bolaile batho ba palo ya magareng ga 473,000 le 789,000, bontši bja bona e be e le bana mo Afrika.<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=28 August 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref> Malaria gantši e nyalwantšhwa le bohloki gomme a na khuetšo empe ya tšwetšopele ya ekonomi.<ref name="IftSoL">{{Cite report |author=Gollin D, Zimmermann C |title=Malaria: Disease Impacts and Long-Run Income Differences |date=August 2007 |publisher=[[Institute for the Study of Labor]] |url=http://ftp.iza.org/dp2997.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="Worrall 2005">{{Cite journal |author=Worrall E, Basu S, Hanson K |title=Is malaria a disease of poverty? A review of the literature |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tropical-medicine-and-international-health_2005-10_10_10/page/1047 |journal=Tropical Health and Medicine |year=2005 |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=1047–59 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01476.x |pmid=16185240}} {{open access}}</ref> Mo Afrika go akanyeditšwe go lahlegelwa ke dibilione tše $12 tša di-USD ka ngwaga ka lebaka la theko ya godimo ya tlhokomelo ya tša maphelo, go lahlegelwa ke bokgoni bja go šoma le tiragatšo ya boeti.<ref name="Greenwood 2005">{{Cite journal |author=Greenwood BM, Bojang K, Whitty CJ, Targett GA |title=Malaria |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-23-29-2005_365_9469/page/1487 |journal=Lancet |year=2005|volume=365 |issue=9469 |pages=1487–98 |pmid=15850634 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3}}</ref> == Ditšhupetšo == <references /> 25l26mezxrtn0ahp1t097gtmoduzfon 0 6324 55327 46195 2026-08-02T18:27:33Z InternetArchiveBot 5150 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 55327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | Name = Leišmaniasis | Image = Skin ulcer due to leishmaniasis, hand of Central American adult 3MG0037 lores.jpg | Caption = Leišmaniasis ya dišwana matsogong a [[motho yo mogolo wa]]ka Bogare bja Amerika | Field = [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]] | pronounce = Leishmaniasis {{IPAc-en|ˌ|l|iː|ʃ|m|ə|ˈ|n|aɪ|ə|s|ɪ|s}}<br>leishmaniosis {{IPAc-en|l|iː|ʃ|ˌ|m|eɪ|n|ɪ|ˈ|əʊ|s|ɪ|s}} or {{IPAc-en|l|iː|ʃ|ˌ|m|æ|n|ɪ|ˈ|əʊ|s|ɪ|s}}<ref>http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/leishmaniasis</ref> | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|55||b|50}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|085}} | DiseasesDB = 3266 | DiseasesDB_mult = {{DiseasesDB2|29171}}<!-- {{DiseasesDB2|3266}} {{DiseasesDB2|7070}} --> | MedlinePlus = 001386 | eMedicineSubj = emerg | eMedicineTopic = 296 | MeshID = D007896 }} '''Leišmaniasis''', gape e peletwa bjalo ka '''leišmaniosis''', ke bolwetši bja go bakwa ke dipharasaete tša protozoan tša ditšini tša ''Leišmania'' gomme di phatlalatšwa ke go longwa ga mehuta e mengwe ya dintšhi tša santeng.<ref name=WHO2014/> Bolwetši bo ka itlhagiša ka mekgwa ye meraro: dišwana, tša mamina, goba leišmaniasis ya ditho tša ka gare.<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Leishmaniasis Fact sheet N°375|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs375/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=17 February 2014|date=January 2014}}</ref> Mokgwa wa dišwana o itlhagiša ka dišwana letlalong, mola mokgwa wa mamina o itlhagiša ka dišwana mo letlalong, molomong le ka nkong, gape mokgwa wa ditho tša ka gare o itlhagiša ka dišo mo letlalong gomme ka morago ya itlhagiša ka letadi, disele tše dikhubedu tša madi tša fase, le kgodišo ya lebete le sebete.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=Barrett2012/> <!-- Cause and diagnosis --> Diphetelo go bathong di bakwa ke dišupo tša go feta tše 20 tša ''Leišmania''.<ref name=WHO2014/> Mabaka a kotsi a akaretša bohloki, phepompe, go tlošwa ga mehlare, le toropofatšo.<ref name=WHO2014/> Mehuta ka moka ye meraro e ka phekolwa ka go lebelela dipharasaete ka maekroskopo.<ref name=WHO2014/> Go tlaleletša, malwetši a ditho tša ka gare a ka phekolwa ka diteko tša madi. <ref name=Barrett2012/> <!-- Prevention and treatment --> Leišmaniasis e ka thibelwa ga nnyane ka go robala ka fase ga dinete tša go tšhelwa kalafi ya polaya khunkhwane<ref name=WHO2014/> Magato a mangwe a akaretša sefothedi sa polaya khunkhwane go bolaya dintšhi tša santeng le go alafa batho ka pela go thibela phatlalatšo ya go naba.<ref name=WHO2014/> Kalafi yeo e hlokegago e ya le gore bolwetši bo hweditšwe ka, dišupo tša ''Leišmania'', le mohuta wa phetelo.<ref name=WHO2014/> Dikalafi tše dingwe tša kgonagalo tše di dirišwago go malwetši a ditho tša ka gare di akaretša liposomal amphoterisini B,<ref name=Sun2013/> tlhakanyo ya [[di-antimoniale tša pentabalente]] le [[paromomisini]],<ref name=Sun2013>{{cite journal|last=Sundar|first=S|author2=Chakravarty, J |title=Leishmaniasis: an update of current pharmacotherapy.|journal=Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy|date=Jan 2013|volume=14|issue=1|pages=53–63|pmid=23256501|doi=10.1517/14656566.2013.755515}}</ref> le [[miltefosine]].<ref name=Dor2012>{{cite journal|last=Dorlo|first=TP|author2=Balasegaram, M |author3=Beijnen, JH |author4= de Vries, PJ |title=Miltefosine: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of leishmaniasis.|journal=The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy|date=Nov 2012|volume=67|issue=11|pages=2576–97|pmid=22833634|doi=10.1093/jac/dks275}}</ref> Go malwetši a dišwana, paromomisini, [[flukonazole]] goba [[pentamidine]] e ka thuša.<ref name=Min2007>{{cite journal|last=Minodier|first=P|author2=Parola, P |title=Cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment.|journal=Travel medicine and infectious disease|date=May 2007|volume=5|issue=3|pages=150–8|pmid=17448941|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2006.09.004}}</ref> <!-- Epidemiology --> Palo ya go feta dimilione tše 12 tša batho ga bjale ba fetetšwe<ref name=Mag>{{cite web|title=Leishmaniasis Magnitude of the problem|url=http://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/burden/magnitude/burden_magnitude/en/index.html|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=17 February 2014}}</ref> dinageng tše dingwe tše 98.<ref name=Barrett2012>{{cite journal|last=Barrett|first=MP|author2=Croft, SL |title=Management of trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis.|journal=British medical bulletin|year=2012|volume=104|pages=175–96|pmid=23137768|doi=10.1093/bmb/lds031|pmc=3530408}}</ref> Palo ya go feta dimilione tše 2 tša dikgetsi tše dimpsha<ref name=Barrett2012/> le magareng ga palo ya dikete tše 20 le 50 tša mahu e tšwelela ngwaga ka ngwaga.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> Palo ya go feta dimilione tše 200&nbsp;tša batho ka [[Asia]], [[Afrika]], [[Amerika Borwa]] le Bogare bja Amerika, le borwa bja [[Europa]] ba dula mafelong ao bolwetši bjo bo tlwaelegilego.<ref name=Barrett2012/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ejazi|first=SA|author2=Ali, N |title=Developments in diagnosis and treatment of visceral leishmaniasis during the last decade and future prospects.|journal=Expert review of anti-infective therapy|date=Jan 2013|volume=11|issue=1|pages=79–98|pmid=23428104|doi=10.1586/eri.12.148}}</ref> Mokgatlo wa Maphelo wa Lefase o hweditše phokoletšo ya theko ya dikalafi tše dingwe tša go alafa bolwetši bjo.<ref name=Barrett2012/> Bolwetši bo ka tšwelela ka palo e ntši go diphoofolo tše dingwe, go akaretšwa tša meno a polai le dikokoni.<ref name=WHO2014/> == Ditšhupetšo == <references /> izxgz7qqay1gpipz6d611tr7gly3va9 0 6327 55324 40579 2026-08-02T18:24:30Z InternetArchiveBot 5150 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 55324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Bolwetši bja Rabies | Image = Dog with rabies.jpg | Caption = Mpša yeo e nago le bolwetši bja rabies yeo e lego maemogong a go repha ditho (morago ga go befelwa) | DiseasesDB = 11148 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|82||a|82}} | ID9 = {{ICD9|071}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 001334 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 1374 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|eerg|493}} {{eMedicine2|ped|1974}} | MeshID = D011818 }} '''Bolwetši bja Rabies''' ke bja phetelo ya go baka go ruruga ga bjoko go batho le [[diphoofolo]] tša madi a-borutho.<ref name=WHO2013/> Dišupo tša ka pela di akaretša letadi le go hlabahlabega mo e tšwelelago gona.<ref name=WHO2013/> Dišupo tše di latelwa ke enngwe goba tše mmalwa tša dišupo tše di latelago: mesepelo ya go laetša bošoro, lethabo la go se laolege, bofiega bja meetse, go palelwa ke go šuthiša ditho tša mmele, go gakanega, le go idibala.<ref name=WHO2013/> Morago ga ge dišupo di tšweletše, bolwetši bja rabies bo tla be bo šetše bo laetša lehu.<ref name=WHO2013/> Nako ya magareng ga go swarwa ke bolwetši le go thoma ga dišupo gantši ke sebaka sa kgwedi e tee go ya go tše tharo. Le ge go le bjale, sebaka se se ka fapana go tloga go sebaka sa ka fase ga beke e tee go ya go ngwaga o tee.<ref name=WHO2013/> Sebaka sa nako se ya le bokgole bjoo baerase e sepelago ka gona go fihlelela bogare bja tsela ya megalatšhika.<ref name=Robbins>{{cite book |author=Cotran RS |title=Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease |edition=7th |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |year=2005 |page=1375 |isbn=0-7216-0187-1 |author2=Kumar V |author3=Fausto N }}</ref> == Seo se bakago bolwetši le phekolo == Bolwetši bja rabies bo fetela batho go tšwa diphoofolong. Bolwetši bja rabies bo ka fetela ge phoofolo yeo e fetetšwego e ka ngwapa goba ya loma phoofolo ye nngwe goba motho.<ref name=WHO2013/> Mare a phoofolo yeo e fetetšwego a ka fetetša bolwetši bja rabies ge eba mare a kgomana le lera la phoofolo goba motho.<ref name=WHO2013/> Dikgetsi tše dintši tša bolwetši bja rabies mo bathong di bakilwe ke go longwa ke mpša.<ref name=WHO2013/> Dikgetsi tša go feta 99% tša bolwetši bja rabies mo dinageng tšeo dimpša di nago le rabies di bakilwe ke go longwa ke mpša.<ref name=Tint2010>{{cite book |author=Tintinalli, Judith E. |title=Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))|publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2010 |pages=Chapter 152 |isbn=0-07-148480-9}}</ref> Ka [[Amerika]], go longwa ke mmankgagane ke mothopo o tlwaelegilego wa phetelo ya bolwetši bja rabies mo bathong, gomme dikgetsi tša ka fase ga 5% ke tša dimpša.<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=Tint2010/> Dikokoni gantši ga ke di fetelwa ke bolwetši bja rabies.<ref name=Tint2010/> Baerase ya bolwetši bja rabies e kitimela ka bjokong ka go latela tšhoga tšhogo ya peripheral. Bolwetši bo ka phekolwa fela ka morago ga ge dišupo di thomile.<ref name=WHO2013/> == Thibelo le kalafo == Mananeo a taolo ya diphoofolo le kento a fokoditše dikotsi tša bolwetši bja rabies dimpšeng deleteng tše mmalwa lefaseng.<ref name=WHO2013/> Go tšhontiša batho pele ba ka fetelwa go a eletšwa go bao ba lego kotsing e kgolo. Dihlopha tše di lego kotsing e kgolo di akaretša batho bao ba šomago ka dimmankgagane goba bao ba dulago sebaka se se telele mafelong a lefase ao bolwetši bja rabies bo tlwaelegilego.<ref name=WHO2013/> Go batho bao ba šetšego ba utullotše bolwetši bja rabies, kenti ya rabies le ka nako tše dingwe [[immunoglobulin ya rabies]] e ka thuša go thibela bolwetši ge eba motho o hwetša kalafi pele dišupo tša bolwetši bja rabies di tšwelela.<ref name=WHO2013/> Go hlatswa go longwa goba mongwapo metsotso ye 14 ka sesepe le meetse, [[povidone iodine]], goba dihlwekiši ka ge di ka bolaya baerase gape go bonagala e ke go ka thuša thibelo ya phetelo ya bolwetši bja rabies.<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Rabies Fact Sheet N°99|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=28 February 2014|date=July 2013}}</ref> Ke batho ba mmalwa fela bao ba phologilego phetelo ya bolwetši bja rabies morago ga go laetša dišupo. Phologo ye e diregile ka kalafi e tseneletšego yeo e tsebagalago ka prothokholo ya Milwaukee .<ref>{{cite journal | author = Hemachudha T, Ugolini G, Wacharapluesadee S, Sungkarat W, Shuangshoti S, Laothamatas J | title = Human rabies: neuropathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. | journal = Lancet neurology | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = 498–513 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23602163 | doi = 10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70038-3 }}</ref> === Kenti === Kenti '''ya bolwetši bja rabies''' ke kenti yeo e dirišwago go thibela bolwetši bja rabies.<ref name=WHO2010>{{cite journal|title=Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper|journal=Weekly epidemiological record|date=Aug 6, 2010|volume=32|issue=85|pages=309-320|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8532.pdf?ua=1}}</ref> Go na le tše dingwe tše mmalwa tše di bolokegilego gape tše di šomago gabotse. <!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Di ka dirišwa go thibela bolwetši bja rabies pele gape sebaka se se telele morago ga go hwetša baerase ka go longwa ke mpša goba mmankgagane. <!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Tšhontišo yeo e tšwelelago e tšea sebaka morago ga ditose tše tharo. <!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Gantši e fiwa ka tlhabelo ka gare ga letlalo goba tšhika. <!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Morago ga phetelo kenti e dirišwa mmogo le immunoglobulin ya bolwetši bja rabies.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Go tloga go eletšwa gore bao ba lego kotsing e kgolo ya go ka fetelwa ba entwe pele ba ka fetelwa. <!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Dikenti di šoma botse mo bathong le diphoofolo tše dingwe.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Go tšhontiša dimpša go thuša kudu go thibela bolwetši mo bathong.<ref name=WHO2010/> ==== Polokego ==== Dimilione tša batho lefaseng ka bophara ba entilwe gomme go lekanyeditšwe gore se se boloka maphelo a batho ba 250,000 ka ngwaga.<ref name=WHO2010/> Se se ka dirišwa ka polokego go dihlopha ka moka tša mengwaga. <!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Palo ya dipersente tša go feta 35 go ya go 45 tša batho ba hwetša bohwibidu le go kwa bohloko ga nnyane mo ba tlhabetšwego gona. <!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Palo ya dipersente tša go feta 5 go ya go 15 tša batho ba ka ba le letadi, ba opa ke hlogo, goba ba kwa ba nyaka go hlatša.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Morago ga go fetelwa ke bolwetši bja rabies ga go na ditlamorago tša kgatlhano ya tšhomišo ya yona. <!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Dikenti tše dintši ga di na [[thimerosal|thiomersal]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Dikenti tše di dirilwego ka thišu ya mogalatšhika di a dirišwa dinageng tše mmalwa, gantši ka Asia, Latin Amerika, gomme ga di šome gabotse kudu ebile di na le ditlamorago tše dintši. <!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Ka fao tšhomišo ya tšona ga e eleletšwe ke ba Mokgatlo wa Maphelo wa Lefase.<ref name=WHO2010/> Theko ya lebenkeleng e magareng ga 44 le 78 USD ya kalafi go tloga ka 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vaccine, Rabies|url=http://erc.msh.org/dmpguide/resultsdetail.cfm?language=english&code=RAB000X&s_year=2014&year=2014&str=&desc=Vaccine%2C%20Rabies&pack=new&frm=VIAL&rte=INJ&class_code2=19%2E3%2E&supplement=&class_name=%2819%2E3%2E%29Vaccines%3Cbr%3E|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|accessdate=6 December 2015}}</ref> Ka United States theko ya kalafi ya bolwetši bja rabies e feta 750 USD.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Shlim|first1=David|title=Perspectives: Intradermal Rabies Preexposure Immunization|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/perspectives-intradermal-rabies-preexposure-immunization|accessdate=6 December 2015|date=June 30, 2015}}</ref> == Epidemiolotši == Bolwetši bja rabies bo baka palo ya mahu a go feta 26,000 go ya go 55,000 lefaseng ka bophara ka ngwaga.<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal | author = Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R | title = Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095 | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages = 2095–128 | date = Dec 15, 2012 | pmid = 23245604 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> Palo ya go feta 95% ya mahu ao a diragala ka [[Asia]] le [[Afrika]].<ref name=WHO2013/> Bolwetši bja rabies bo hwetšagala dinageng tša go feta 150 le dikontinente ka moka eupša le ka Antarktika.<ref name=WHO2013/> Batho ba go feta dimilione tše 3 ba dula dileteng tša lefase moo bolwetši bja rabies bo hwetšagalago.<ref name=WHO2013/> Bontši bja Europa le Australia, bolwetši bja rabies bo hwetšagala fela go dimmankgagane.<ref>{{cite web|title=Presence / absence of rabies in 2007|url=http://www.who.int/rabies/Absence_Presence_Rabies_07_large.jpg?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=1 March 2014|year=2007}}</ref> Ditšhaba tša ditlhakatlhaka tše dintši tše di nnyane ga di na bolwetši bja rabies le ga tee.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rabies-Free Countries and Political Units|url=http://www.cdc.gov/animalimportation/rabies-free-countries.html|work=CDC|accessdate=1 March 2014}}</ref> == Ditšhupetšo == <references /> o1aq8ewqclrbc70dnzq4sn5rvj4vegt 0 6328 55323 53253 2026-08-02T18:23:53Z InternetArchiveBot 5150 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 55323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Schistosomiasis | Image = Schistosomiasis in a child 2.jpg | Caption = Mošimane wa mengwaga ye 11 wa go ba le [[ascites|seela dimpeng]] le[[portal hypertension]]ka baka la schistosomiasis (Agusan del Sur, Philippines) | Field = [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]] | pronounce ={{IPAc-en|ˌ|ʃ|i|s|t|ə|s|ə|ˈ|m|aɪ|ə|s|ᵻ|s|,_|-|t|oʊ|-|,_|-|s|oʊ|-}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/schistosomiasis |title=schistosomiasis - definition of schistosomiasis in English from the Oxford dictionary |publisher=[[OxfordDictionaries.com]] |access-date=2016-01-20 |archive-date=2015-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119184949/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/schistosomiasis |url-status=dead }}</ref> | synonyms = bilharzia, snail fever, Katayama fever<ref name=NHS2011>{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) | url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/schistosomiasis/Pages/Introduction.aspx | work=NHS Choices | accessdate=15 March 2014 | date=17 December 2011 | archive-date=15 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315131919/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/schistosomiasis/Pages/Introduction.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis | url=http://www.patient.info/doctor/schistosomiasis-pro | website=Patient.info | accessdate=11 June 2014 | date=12/2/2013}}</ref> | DiseasesDB =11875 |DiseasesDB_mult={{DiseasesDB2|11882}}{{DiseasesDB2|11856}} | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|65||b|65}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|120}} | OMIM = | MedlinePlus =001321 | eMedicineSubj=article | eMedicineTopic=228392 | MeshID = D012552 |Orphanet=1247 }} '''Schistosomiasis''', gape e bitšwa '''letadi la kgopa''', ke bolwetši bja go bakwa ke pharasaete ya diboko tša go patlama tše di bitšwago di-schistosome.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Tshepetšo ya moroto goba mala di ka fetelwa.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Maswao le dišupo di ka akaretša bohloko dimpeng, [[letšhologo]], mantle a go ba le madi, goba madi ka gare ga moroto.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Batho bao ba fetetšwego sebaka se se telele ba ka itemogela tshenyego ya sebete, go se sa šoma ga dipshio, go se sa kgona go belega, goba kankere ya sebudula.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Mo baneng, e ka baka go se gole botse le bothata bja go ithuta.<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis Fact sheet N°115 | url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs115/en | work=World Health Organization | accessdate=15 March 2014| date=3 February 2014}}</ref> <!-- Cause --> Bolwetši bo phatlalatšwa ka go kgoma meetse a go hlweka a go tšhilafatšwa ke dipharasaete.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Dipharasaete tše di lokollwa go tšwa go dikgopa tša meetse a go hlweka.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Bolwetši bjo bo tlwaelegile magareng ga bana bao ba lego go dinaga tše di tšwetšego pele ka ge ba rata go raloka ka gare ga meetse a go tšhilafatšwa. <!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Dihlopha tše dingwe tše di lego kotsing di akaretša balemi, barei ba dihlapi, le batho bao ba dirišago meetse a go se hlweke tšatši ka tšatši. <ref name=WHO2014/> Ke ya sehlopha sa diphetelo tša helminth.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel | url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/schistosomiasis | website=cdc.gov | accessdate=30 November 2014 | date=1 August 2013}}</ref> Phekolo e dirwa ka go hwetša mae a pharasaete ka gare ga moroto goba mantle a motho.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> E ka kgonthišišwa ka go hwetša dilwantšha mmele kgatlhanong le bolwetši ka gare ga madi.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!-- Prevention and Treatment --> Mekgwa ya go thibela bolwetši e akaretša kaonafatšo ya phihlelelo ya meetse a go hlweka le go fokotša palo ya dikgopa. <!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Mafelong ao bolwetši bo tlwaelegilego, kalafi ya [[praziquantel]] e ka fiwa ga tee ka ngwaga go sehlopha ka moka.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Se se dirwa go fokotša palo ya batho bao ba fetetšwego le, ditla morago, tša phatlalatšo ya bolwetši. <!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Praziquantel gape ke kalafi e eletšwago ke ba Mokgatlo wa Maphelo wa Lefase (WHO) go bao go tsebegago gore ba fetetšwe.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!-- Epidemiology --> Schistosomiasis e amile palo ya go nyaka go lekana le dimilione tše 210 lefaseng ka bophara ka 2012.<ref name=Fen2012>{{cite journal | last=Fenwick | first=A | title=The global burden of neglected tropical diseases.| journal=Public Health | date=Mar 2012 | volume=126 | issue=3 | pages=233–6 | pmid=22325616|doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2011.11.015}}</ref> Tekanyetšo ya palo ya batho ba 12,000<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal | last=Lozano | first=R. | title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095 | journal=Lancet | date=15 December 2012 | volume=380 | issue=9859 | pages=2095–128 | pmid=23245604 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 | last2=Naghavi | first2=M. | last3=Foreman | first3=K. | last4=Lim | first4=S. | last5=Shibuya | first5=K. | last6=Aboyans | first6=V. | last7=Abraham | first7=J. | last8=Adair | first8=T. | last9=Aggarwal | first9=R. | displayauthors=8}}</ref> go ya go 200,000 ba hlokofala ka baka la yona ngwaga ka ngwaga.<ref name=The2013>{{cite journal | last=Thétiot-Laurent | first=S. A. | author2=Boissier, J. | author3=Robert, A. | author4= Meunier, B. | title=Schistosomiasis Chemotherapy | journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English | date=27 June 2013 | pmid=23813602 | volume=52 | issue=31 | pages=7936–56 | doi=10.1002/anie.201208390}}</ref> Bolwetši bjo gantši bo hwetšagala ka Afrika, le Asia gape ka Borwa bja Amerika.<ref name=WHO2014/> Palo ya batho ba go feta dimilione tše 700, go dinaga tša go feta tše 70, ba dula mafelong ao bolwetši bjo bo tlwaelegilego.<ref name=The2013/><ref>{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis A major public health problem | url=http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/en | work=World Health Organization | accessdate=15 March 2014}}</ref> Go dinaga tša melatšatši, schistosomiasis ke ya bobedi go [[malaria ]]magareng ga malwetši a dipharasaete a go ama ekonomi ka tsela e kgolo. <ref name="SCP">{{Cite web | author=The Carter Center | title=Schistosomiasis Control Program | url=http://www.cartercenter.org/health/schistosomiasis/index.html | accessdate=17 July 2008 | archive-date=20 July 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720091015/http://cartercenter.org/health/schistosomiasis/index.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Schistosomiasis e lenaneong lamalwetši a melatšatši a go hlokomologwa.<ref>{{cite web | title=Neglected Tropical Diseases | url=http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html | website=cdc.gov | accessdate=28 November 2014 | date=6 June 2011}}</ref> == Ditšhupetšo == <references /> dptpisxj3prx97zuaff2k43z6unu5kf 3 12925 55322 51605 2026-08-02T15:39:08Z Pathoschild 520 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Revi C.]]) 55322 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User talk:Revi C.]] o9z79lcc9a9pfmqmrod5w3eyk4q9i0o 2 12926 55321 51606 2026-08-02T15:02:52Z Pathoschild 520 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Revi C.]]) 55321 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Revi C.]] 88g0cv17whfgb1wkeh281mptujwtlut 0 13440 55320 53308 2026-08-02T14:30:19Z Dinitrify 8069 /* */ 55320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Montero Nong | birth_name = Choene Tshiamo Nong | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2008|12|01|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Polokwane|Polokwane, Limpopo]], South Africa | other_names = It boy | education = | occupation = {{hlist |Entrepreneur|model|influencer|philanthropist}} | years_active = 2025–present }} '''Choene Tshiamo Nong''' (o belegwe ka 1 Manthole 2008), eo ka botsebi a tsebjago e le '''Montero Nong''', ke rakgwebo, motho wa maiteko a botho, mohlala wa diaparo le botle wa monna wa [[Afrika Borwa]]. O tsebja e le "It boy". O tsebja gape kudu bjalo ka mošemane mothehi wa Nong Cosmetics, leina la botle leo a le thomileng ge a sa le mengwaga ye 16. Nong o hweditše tumelelo mo lefelong la moo a dulago go tšwa mošomong wa gagwe indastering ya botle le maiteko a gagwe a go hlohleletša batšhaba ba bannyenyane ba kgwebo le go hlaolela phihlelelo ya setšhaba sa [[LGBTQ]], gomme o itsephihlelela ka botlalo bjalo ka motho wa pansexual yo a šomišago maemedi a botona (he/him). O ile a tlaišwa ke batswadi ba gagwe ka bobedi gomme a hwetšwa a na le bolwetši bja Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) le bolwetši bja go se je gabotse (eating disorder). == Bophelo le mošomo == Nong o belegwe gomme a godilwe [[Polokwane]], [[Limpopo]], [[Afrika Borwa]] ka 1 Manthole 2008. Ka ngwaga wa 2025, yena le bagwera ba gagwe Bohlokwa Nwanyanwu le Boikano Rampora ba theile ''Kind Roots Initiative'' bjalo ka karolo ya AECI #Future Leaders Competition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathebula |first=Floyd |date=2025-11-08 |title=Bokamoso learners drive change through Kind Roots Initiative |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/kempton-express/news-headlines/local-school-news/2025/11/08/bokamoso-learners-lead-the-way-in-community-care/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=Kempton Express |language=}}</ref> Ge a sa le mengwaga ye 16 fela, Nong o thomile leina la gagwe la botle, Nong Cosmetics, leo le tšweletšwego ke kgatelopele ya ba [[International Standard|international beauty influencers]] bjalo ka Kylie Jenner, Hailey Bieber, Patrick Ta le James Charles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathebula |first=Floyd |date=2025-11-30 |title=Thembisa teen entrepreneur builds dreams with beauty brand and community spirit |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/kempton-express/news-headlines/local-news/2025/11/30/nong-shares-what-is-like-to-relocate-to-thembisa/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=Kempton Express |language=}}</ref> == Ditšupetšo == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nong, Montero}} oya7tlyo8ufrj1mbrcwcsykkn4x9g8d 0 13935 55331 2026-08-02T23:30:51Z Patience02 8394 I added three sources and i cited them 55331 wikitext text/x-wiki = '''Bohlokwa bja koma profenseng ya Limpopo''' = '''Koma''' ka gare ga profense ya [[Limpopo]], ga se moletlo feela wa go bina le go rupa, eupša ke akatemi e phakgameng ya tholego yeo e bopago setho, maitshwaro, le semoya sa setšhaba. Limpopo ke e nngwe ya diprofense tšeo di sa swerego setšo se ka bophara le ka tlhompho e kgolo gare ga merafe e fapanego go swana le Bapedi, Vhavenda, le Vatsonga. Mo mehleng ya bjale ya tšwelopele le go fetoga ga dinako, thuto ye ya setšo e dula e le tšhupatsela ye bohlokwa go tšwetša pele mahlale a setho sa [[Afrika Borwa|Aforika Borwa]].<ref>Sedibe, M. (2020). Exploring traditional male initiates at an initiation school in Limpopo Province, South Africa: Cultural health practices. Department of Educational Psychology, University of Johannesburg. ResearchGate. Available at: <nowiki>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/Exploring_Traditional_Male_Initiates_at_An_Initiation_School_in_Limpopo_Province_South_Africa_Cultural_Health_Practices</nowiki> (researchgate.net in Bing)</ref> [[Seswantšho:Traditional Bapedi initiation schools are conducted over a period of time ( four weeks ) in secluded areas away from settlements, which are often referred to as "the bush" or "the mountain ".jpg|thumb|'''Seswantšho sa Koma ya Bapedi ya basadi''']] Koma e šoma bjalo ka mollwane o tsepamego o aroganyago nako ya bošemane goba bosetsana le nako ya go tsena ga bogolo bjo bo tletšego. Pele mofsa a tsena thutong ye, o tšewa bjalo ka ngwana yo a se nago lentšu mererong e tseneletšego ya lapa le motse. Ka morago ga go aloga, barupedi ba boa gae ba na le maemo a mafsa a semolao le a leago, ba fiwa le maina a mafsa a bogolo ga mmogo le a direto. Phetogo ye e ba tlišetša boikarabelo bjo bofsa bja go hloma malapa, go rwala ditiro tša metse, le go ba bašireletši ba merafe ya bona.<ref>Badugela, T.M. (2024). A deep dive into knowledge: Unveiling perspectives of African teenage boys regarding initiation schools. E-Journal of Religious and Theological Studies, 10(6), pp.79–88. University of Venda. DOI: <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.38159/erats.20241068</nowiki></ref> Lefaseng le le hlabologang ka lebelo le le tletšego ka ditshepedišo tša boditšhabatšhaba, koma ka Limpopo ke sedirišwa se maatla sa go tekološa menagano le go boloka boitšhupo bja setšhaba. Ka gare ga thuto ye ya sephiri, bagolo ba fetišetša histori ya dika le dikoša tša kgale, mmino wa metšo, le tlotlontšu yeo e sa rutiwego dikolong tša kakaretšo. Gape, go bopša ga mephato goba dithaka go hlohleletša maina a matla ao a dula bophelo ka moka, mo e le gore barupedi ba thušana le go šomana mmogo tšwelopeleng ya maphelo a bona. Mooko o mogolo wa thuto ya koma o tsepame godimo ga go aga maitshwaro le go lwantšha mathata a leago, kudu dikgaruru tše tša bong (Gender-Based Violence). Barupedi ba banna ba rutwa ka botlalo gore maatla a monna ga a bontšhwe ka go tlaiša basadi le bana, eupša ka go ba šireletša le go ba fepela. Ka nako e tee, go fetišetšwa thuto e tseneletšego ya maphelo a thobalano le ka fao motho a swanetšego go itlhokomela sethong sa gagwe gore a phele bophelo bjo bo hlwekilego gomme a age lapa la go kgotsofatsa ka moso. <ref>Mabunda, D.Q. & van Graan, J. (2022). Injury, violence, and crime prevention at cultural male initiation schools in Giyani and Malamulele in Limpopo Province, South Africa. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 29(3), pp.289–299. DOI: <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2021.2023194</nowiki> (doi.org in Bing)</ref> Le ge go le bjalo, go tšwelela ga dikolo tša koma tše di sego molaong tšeo di rutilweng ke batho ba ba nago le megabaru ya tšhelete go hlotse dikolofelo tše šoro le mahu gare ga bafsa. Se se gapeleditše Mmušo wa Profense ya Limpopo ka tšhomišano le Lefapha la pušo ya tirišano le merero ya bolaodi le Magoši a motse go tiša melao ka fase ga [[Limpopo]] Initiation Schools Act<ref>Limpopo Province. (2016). Limpopo Initiation Schools Act, 2016 (Act No. 6 of 2016). LawLibrary of South Africa. Available at: <nowiki>https://lawlibrary.org.za/akn/za-lp/act/2016/6/eng@2018-08-10</nowiki> (lawlibrary.org.za in Bing)</ref>. Melao ye e laela gore sekolo sengwe le sengwe se be le laesense e molaong, barupedi ba be le dingwaga tše di dumeletšwego, ba be le ditumelelo tša go ngwalwa ke batswadi, gape ba hlahlobje ke dingaka tša kalafo pele ba eya thabeng go netefatša gore maphelo a bona a šireletšegile. == Ditšhupetšo == # https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2021.2023194 # https://lawlibrary.org.za/akn/za-lp/act/2016/6/eng@2018-08-10 # https://doi.org/10.38159/erats.20241068 [[Setensele:Bohlokwa bja koma profenseng ya Limpopo]] hjtswnb7n6dssf1zf0rypqrx0dmrtef