Wikipedia nsowiki https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letlakala_la_pele MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.19 first-letter Media Special Bolediša Mošomi Boledišana le Mošomi Wikipedia Dipolelo tša Wikipedia Seswantšho Poledišano ya Seswantšho MediaWiki Poledišano ya MediaWiki Template Poledišano ya Template Thušo Poledišano ya Thušo Setensele Poledišano ya Setensele TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 12762 55788 50819 2026-09-11T20:27:34Z Nompumelelo.S29 8767 Created by translating the section "Northern Ndebele culture" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336288050|Lobolo]]" 55788 wikitext text/x-wiki  '''Lobola''' ka [[Setebele|Sesotho sa Leboa]] ( '''''mahadi''''' ka [[Sesotho]], '''''mahari''''' ka [[Seswahili]], '''''magadi''''' ka [[Sesotho sa Leboa|Sepedi]] le [[Setswana]], '''''lovola''''' ka [[Setsonga|Xitsonga]], le '''''mamalo''''' ka [[Sevenda|Tshivenda]] ), ka dinako tše dingwe e bitšwa " [[Theko ya monyadiwa|lehumo la monyadiwa."]] " <ref>https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/africa/article/abs/international-african-institute-192651/047EEFA82113039651006EC3ECD2F037</ref> <ref>[[Signe Arnfred]], ''Sexuality & Gender Politics in Mozambique: Rethinking Gender in Africa''</ref> '''goba''' "[[theko ya monyadiwa]]" ke thoto ka diruiwa goba mohuta o mongwe, yeo monna wa ka moso, goba hlogo ya lapa la gagwe, e itlamago go e fa hlogo ya lapa la mosadi wa ka moso bjalo ka tebogo ya go dumelela monna go nyala morwedi wa bona le [[Lobola|go]] lapa ka go mo godiša. == Lobolo le Molao == [[Afrika Borwa]], moo mokgwa wa magadi o dirwago kudu, kopano ya pele e phethilwe go ya ka molao wa setšo, eupša bjale e laolwa ka fase ga Temogo ya Manyalo a Setšo, 1998 (Molao wa 120 wa 1998) (RCMA) gomme o na le dinyakwa tše di latelago tša pele gore lenyalo le dumelelwe ka fase ga molao wa setšo: == Northern Ndebele culture == Monna wa go nyala mosadi wa gotšwa morafeng wa Matebele o swanetše go ntšha magadi. Monna o bonagala a rata molekane wa gagwe, ge a boloka mašeleng a go mo ntšhwetša magadi. Ka setšo sa Matebele gola la Zimbabwe, magadi a tšea magato a mmalwa. Mo legatong le lengwe le le lengwe la modiro,go na le setšo seo se swanetšego go lebelliwa ka tsinkelo le mašeleng a magadi a ntšhiwa gannyane gannyane. Lobola ga e lefelwe ka nako e tee eupša ke sehlohlolong sa ditšhelete tše dintši tše di fapanego. Tšhelete yeo e lefilwego e laolwa nakong ya ditherišano gomme e ithekgile ka mabaka a go fapafapana. Ge monyadi a be a dutše a boloka tšhelete go itokišeletša lenyalo, ka morago ga ditšhupetšo go tšwa go moratiwa wa gagwe tša seo lobola e ka bago sona, tshepedišo e ka phethwa ka dikgato tše pedi tše kopana - kgato ya mathomo, kgato ya go bula molomo goba "isivulamlomo", <ref>https://briefly.co.za/37583-all-details-lobola-what-lobola-lobola-letter-sample-wear-ceremony-more.html</ref> moo monyadi a fiwago sebaka sa go bolela maikemišetšo a gagwe a go nyala moratiwa wa gagwe ka morago ga go tsenya tšhelete ka serotong se se logilwego, gomme lapa la monyadiwa le botša grooms family seo ba se nyakago bjalo ka lobolo. Ke moka go bewa letšatši-kgwedi, leo le dumelelanago le mahlakore ka bobedi, gore ba kopane gape. Ka nako ya go ngwala, kgomo ka Zimbabwe ka tekanyo ye e lekanago e fiwa lapa la monyadiwa, lapa le ka kgopela tšhelete ye e lekanago le palo ya dikgomo tšeo ba di nyakago. Se se loketše malapa a mantši ka lebaka la gore go rua dikgomo go ka nyaka nako le mošomo o montši. Kgomo ye e bitšwa "ukangaziwe" yeo e lego kgomo ya mmago monyadiwa.<ref>https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/ndebele-traditional-marriage-customs-part-2/</ref> Mo kgatong ya bobedi, moo lapa la monyadi le itlhagišago ka letšatšikgwedi leo go kwanetšwego ka lona, tšhelete e bewa gape ka serotong se se logilwego gore e dumelelwa go bolela gomme e phethagatša dikgopelo tša lapa la monyadiwa ka go tšweletša ka moka ga lobola. rokd890vbngk0c5tiat5513e0p3pckb 0 13490 55791 53455 2026-09-12T09:43:26Z Bandla21 8351 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373905374|Water buffalo]]" 55791 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nare ya meetse''' ( '''''Bubalus bubalis''''' ), yeo gape e bitšwago n'''are ya meetse ya gae le''' '''nare ya meetse ya Asia,''' ke kgomo ye kgolo ye e ruiwago yeo e tšwago Borwa le Borwa-bohlabela bja Asia gomme ke mohuta wo o ruiwago wa nare ya meetse ya naga , gomme Lehono e hwetšagala le mafelong a mangwe a go akaretša [[Italia]], Balkan, Australia, Amerika le dikarolong tše dingwe tša Afrika. Mehuta ye mebedi ye e sa lego gona ya Dinare tša meetse e a lemogwa, yeo e theilwego godimo ga ditekanyetšo tša sebopego le boitshwaro : D'''inare tša noka''' tša kontinente ya India le go ya pele ka Bodikela go ya Balkans, Egipita le Ithali; le N'''are ya mogwapo''' go tšwa Assam ka Bodikela go phatša Borwabohlabela bja Asia go ya Moeding wa Yangtze wa China ka Bohlabela. <ref name="Cockrill1977" /> suxqc9mek8y602y6z48f69mrtc3u3xh 55792 55791 2026-09-12T09:58:51Z Bandla21 8351 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373905374|Water buffalo]]" 55792 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nare ya meetse''' ( '''''Bubalus bubalis''''' ), yeo gape e bitšwago n'''are ya meetse ya gae le''' '''nare ya meetse ya Asia,''' ke kgomo ye kgolo ye e ruiwago yeo e tšwago Borwa le Borwa-bohlabela bja Asia gomme ke mohuta wo o ruiwago wa nare ya meetse ya naga , gomme Lehono e hwetšagala le mafelong a mangwe a go akaretša [[Italia]], Balkan, Australia, Amerika le dikarolong tše dingwe tša Afrika. Mehuta ye mebedi ye e sa lego gona ya Dinare tša meetse e a lemogwa, yeo e theilwego godimo ga ditekanyetšo tša sebopego le boitshwaro : D'''inare tša noka''' tša kontinente ya India le go ya pele ka Bodikela go ya Balkans, Egipita le Ithali; le N'''are ya mogwapo''' go tšwa Assam ka Bodikela go phatša Borwabohlabela bja Asia go ya Moeding wa Yangtze wa China ka Bohlabela. <ref name="Cockrill1977" /> <ref name="Liu2004">{{Cite journal}}[[Nare]]</ref> 0taksz4uib7nodsg2hqzvje0obasseh 55793 55792 2026-09-12T10:00:06Z Bandla21 8351 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373905374|Water buffalo]]" 55793 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>promise</ref>'''Nare ya meetse''' ( '''''Bubalus bubalis''''' ), yeo gape e bitšwago n'''are ya meetse ya gae le''' '''nare ya meetse ya Asia,''' ke kgomo ye kgolo ye e ruiwago yeo e tšwago Borwa le Borwa-bohlabela bja Asia gomme ke mohuta wo o ruiwago wa nare ya meetse ya naga , gomme Lehono e hwetšagala le mafelong a mangwe a go akaretša [[Italia]], Balkan, Australia, Amerika le dikarolong tše dingwe tša Afrika. Mehuta ye mebedi ye e sa lego gona ya Dinare tša meetse e a lemogwa, yeo e theilwego godimo ga ditekanyetšo tša sebopego le boitshwaro : D'''inare tša noka''' tša kontinente ya India le go ya pele ka Bodikela go ya Balkans, Egipita le Ithali; le N'''are ya mogwapo''' go tšwa Assam ka Bodikela go phatša Borwabohlabela bja Asia go ya Moeding wa Yangtze wa China ka Bohlabela. <ref name="Cockrill1977" /> <ref name="Liu2004">{{Cite journal}}[[Nare]]</ref> inakcth3okrspy8ddvbou4p1m27frs6 0 14057 55789 55773 2026-09-12T00:42:51Z InternetArchiveBot 5150 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 55789 wikitext text/x-wiki Ditwatši '''Ditwatši''' ke ditwatši tše nnyane tšeo di ka babjago batho, diphoofolo le dimela. Ke tše nnyane kudu go feta ditwatši gomme o ka se di bone ka microscope ya ka mehla. O ka hwetša ditwatši gohle mo go re dikologilego. Ditwatši tše dingwe di hlola malwetši a nnyane, mola tše dingwe di ka ba tše šoro kudu goba le go bea bophelo kotsing. Go ithuta ka ditwatši go bohlokwa thutamahlale le kalafo ka gobane e re thuša go tseba gore malwetši a phatlalala bjang le gore re ka a thibela bjang.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Viruses: What They Are & How They Work |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/24861-virus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260811132642/https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/24861-virus |archive-date=2026-08-11 |access-date=2026-09-10 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Seswantšho:201904 Virus.svg|thumb|Twatši]] Ditwatši ke diphelakadingwe tše nnyane, tšeo di sa phelego tšeo di sa swanelago go swana le disele tše di tlwaelegilego. Di ka fetetša diphedi tša go fapafapana, go tloga go pakteria go ya go dimela go ya go [[diphoofolo]]. Ditwatši di gona magareng ga dilo tše di phelago le tše di sa phelego. Dibaerase tše di phelago di a gola, di a tswala le go tswala, eupša ditwatši ga di dirwe ka disele, ga di na tshepedišo ya mmele, ga di gole ebile ga di kgone go arogana go swana le disele. Ditwatši di ka itirela dikopi, eupša di ithekga ka botlalo ka disele tša tšona go bopa ditwatši tše mpsha, tšeo di kgobokeditšwego ka sebopego sa tšona sa mafelelo. Ga go na motho yo a tsebago gore ditwatši di tšweletše neng le gona bjang, ka ge di sa tlogele difosile. Ditwatši tše dingwe di dumela gore ditwatši tša sebjalebjale di swana le [[patchwork]] ya dikarolwana tša esiti ya [[nucleic]] tšeo di adimilwego go tšwa methopong ya go fapafapana historing ya tšona ya tlhagelelo.Ditwatši di ile tša utollwa la mathomo ka morago ga ge borathutamahlale ba tšweleditše sefa se se kgethegilego sa porcelain—sefa sa Chamberland-Pasteur—seo se bego se ka tloša dipakteria ka moka tšeo o ka di bonago ka fase ga maekroskopo. Ka 1886, Adolph Meyer o bontšhitše gore bolwetši bja dibjalo tša motšoko, bjo bo bitšwago bolwetši bja mosaic ya motšoko, bo ka fetišetšwa go tšwa go sebjalo se se babjago go ya go se phetšego gabotse ka go diriša dintšhi tša seela go tšwa sebjalong. Ka 1892, Dmitri Ivanowski o hweditše gore bolwetši bjo bo ka phatlalatšwa le ka morago ga go sefa dipakteria ka moka ka sefa sa Chamberland-Pasteur. Go tšere mengwaga ye mentši pele batho ba lemoga gore ditwatši tše tša go fetela "tše di ka sefago" e be e se fela dipakteria tše dinyenyane, eupša e be e le mohuta o moswa ka botlalo wa dikarolwana tše nnyane tše di hlolago malwetši.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Viral Infections |url=https://medlineplus.gov/viralinfections.html |access-date=2026-09-10 |website=medlineplus.gov |publisher=National Library of Medicine}}</ref> Baerase e dirilwe ka dikarolwana tša leabela—e ka ba DNA goba RNA—ka gare ga kgopa ya tšhireletšo yeo e bitšwago capsid. Ditwatši tše dingwe le tšona di na le khupetšo ya ka ntle yeo e bitšwago envelopu. Go fapana le disele tše di phelago, ditwatši ga di kgone go itswadiša ka botšona. Di swanetše go tsena ka gare ga disele tša monggae gomme di diriše metšhene ya sele go dira ditwatši tše dingwe. Ditwatši tše mpsha di ka fetetša disele tše dingwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts:Overview of Viral Infections |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/quick-facts-infections/overview-of-viral-infections/overview-of-viral-infections |access-date=2026-09-10 |website=Merck Manual Consumer Version |language=en-US}}</ref> Ditwatši di ka phatlalala ka ditsela tša go fapafapana. Tše dingwe di sepela moyeng ge motho yo a fetetšwego a gohlola goba a ethimola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-09-02 |title=Virus {{!}} Definition, Structure, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/virus |access-date=2026-09-10 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Ditšhupetšo == <references /> [[Setensele:Dibaerase]] 9swwclwjuj14jlc9v5fva74ol4jefbt 0 14066 55790 55673 2026-09-12T01:16:24Z InternetArchiveBot 5150 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 55790 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Seswantšho:Mageu (carton and glass).JPG|alt=Senwewa sa go bedišwa|center|thumb|Mageu]]   {| class="wikitable" |+ !Mohuta !Senwewa ! ! |- |'''Lefelo/naga''' |Afrika ka bophara | | |- |'''Didiriswa tša motswako''' |Bogobe,bupi bja korong le mmetsi | | |- | | | | |} '''Mageu'''(ka leleme la Setswana), mahleu (ka leleme la Sesotho), madleke (ka leleme la seTsonga), mabundu (ka leleme la seVenda), mahewe goba amarhewu (ka leleme la seXhosa) goba amahewu (ka leleme la seZulu le seTebele) ke senwewa sa setšo sa go hloka bjalwa goba sa gosa tagane, se nwewa ke merafe ya go fapana ya Afrika Borwa. Mageu a diriwa ka bogobe bjo bo thomago go bola, bo kopantšhwa le meetsi gomme ba khurumetšwa ka kgamelong gore bo bele.Bontšhi bja batho ka rata go itirela o na ka gae le ge a hwetšagala mabenkeleng. Tatso ya wona e tlosa ke go babanyana go go hlolwago ke ge mageu a bela ka gare ga kgamelo eupša ao a hwetšagalago mabenkeleng wona tatso ya wona ke ye bose. Mageu a hwetšagala nage tše dingwe tša Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://easysouthafricanrecipes.com/beverages/mageu/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2026-09-04 |archive-date=2026-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260904100237/https://easysouthafricanrecipes.com/beverages/mageu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tshepidišo ya go bediša == '''Go''' thomiwa ka go apea bogobe bjo o bo hlakantšhitšwego le bopi bja korong, seo se baka mohlabušo wa dipatšhi tša go hlaola esiti ya lakthiki. Motshwako wo o beiwa lefelong la go huthumala gore o kgone go bela.<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s42779-026-00323-8</ref> == Phepo == '''Ka''' phepo, mageu o swana le bogobe eupša ka lekgokolo le fetolelwa go ba esiti ya lakthiki ge ntše a bela. Ditokišetšo tša kgwebo di a maatlafatšwa (Afrika Borwa mmolelo wa 'tlafatša' le dumelletšwe se molao go dilo tše dingwe tša mmušo go swana le ,government-sanctioned nutrition programs bjalo ka ya borotho) ka dithekga mmele. Le ge a tsebega a se na bjalwa, dipalo tše nnyane( ka fase ga 1%) tša ethanol di begilwe.<ref>https://open.uct.ac.za/items/243d6f6f-7027-4ba5-a0dc-4f5990a44b79</ref> == Bona gape == '''Ka''' ga dijo * Boza * Ogi * Tejuino == Lenaneo la ditšhupetšo == <references /> {{Reflist}} [[Setensele:Dinwewa tša go diriwa ka bupi]] [[Setensele:Dinwewa tša go bidišwa]] [[Setensele:Afrika Borwa]] [[Setensele:Dinwena tša Afrika]] [[Setensele:Merafe ya Afrika]] [[Setensele:Mageu]] bewvtpof86hlti4nalvnx2rx9n32jj9