Wikipedia nywiki https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsamba_Lalikulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.13 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3927 71878 71533 2026-08-04T18:38:21Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260804sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Likodzo | Image = Schistosomiasis in a child 2.jpg | Caption = Mnyamata wazaka 11 yemwe ali ndi [[ascites|madzi ambiri m'mimba]] ndiponso [[vuto lothamanga magazi]] chifukwa cha likodzo (Agusan del Sur, Philippines) | Field = [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]] | pronounce ={{IPAc-en|ˌ|ʃ|i|s|t|ə|s|ə|ˈ|m|aɪ|ə|s|ᵻ|s|,_|-|t|oʊ|-|,_|-|s|oʊ|-}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/schistosomiasis |title=schistosomiasis - definition of schistosomiasis in English from the Oxford dictionary |publisher=[[OxfordDictionaries.com]] |access-date=2016-01-20 |archive-date=2015-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119184949/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/schistosomiasis |url-status=dead }}</ref> | synonyms = likodzo, matenda a munkhono, matenda a Katayama<ref name=NHS2011>{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) | url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/schistosomiasis/Pages/Introduction.aspx | work=NHS Choices | accessdate=15 March 2014 | date=17 December 2011 | archive-date=15 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315131919/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/schistosomiasis/Pages/Introduction.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis | url=http://www.patient.info/doctor/schistosomiasis-pro | website=Patient.info | accessdate=11 June 2014 | date=12/2/2013}}</ref> | DiseasesDB =11875 |DiseasesDB_mult={{DiseasesDB2|11882}}{{DiseasesDB2|11856}} | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|65||b|65}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|120}} | OMIM = | MedlinePlus =001321 | eMedicineSubj=article | eMedicineTopic=228392 | MeshID = D012552 |Orphanet=1247 }} '''Likodzo''', lomwenso limadziwika ndi dzina lakuti '''matenda a munkhono''', ndi matenda amene pachingelezi amatchedwanso [[matenda a |helminthiasis]] ndipo amayambitsidwa ndi tizilombo [[tizilombo|kapena nyongolosi]] [[zophwathalala ngati tepi]] zomwe pachingelezi zimatchedwa [[schistosome]]s.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Nyongolosi zimenezi nthawi zambiri zimakhala mu [[chikhodzodzo]] kapena mu [[matumbo]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Zina mwa zizindikiro za matendawa ndi [[kumva kupweteka m'mimba]], [[kutsegula m'mimba]], [[kuchita chimbuzi chosakanikirana ndi magazi|chimbuzi cha magazi]], kapena [[mkodzo wosakanikirana ndi magazi|magazi mu mkodzo]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Matenda a likodzo akafika poipa komanso [[pokula |munthu akakhala nawo kwa nthawi yaitali]], zinthu zina m'thupi zikhoza kuwonongeka, monga [[chiwindi]], [[impso]], komanso akhoza kukhala [[wosabereka]], kapena angayambe matenda a [[khansa ya m'chikhodzodzo]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Ana omwe ali ndi matendawa amakhala ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana, monga [[kusakula bwino|kupinimbira]] ndiponso [[kulephera kuphunzira |kulephera m'kalasi]].<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis Fact sheet N°115 | url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs115/en | work=World Health Organization | accessdate=15 March 2014| date=3 February 2014}}</ref> <!-- Cause --> Munthu angatenge matendawa ngati wakhudzana ndi [[madzi opanda mchere]], a m'zithaphwi, mumtsinje kapena m'nyanja omwe ali ndi tizilimbo toyambitsa matendawa.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> [[Nkhono za m'madzi opanda mchere]] ndi zimene zimasunga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a likodzo.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Matendawa ndi ofala makamaka kwa ana a m'mayiko osauka chifukwa anawo amakonda kusewera m'madzi omwe angakhale ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Anthu enanso amene amakhala pachiopsezo chachikulu chotenga matendawa ndi alimi, asodzi, ndiponso anthu onse amene amagwiritsa ntchito madzi osakhala aukhondo pa moyo wawo wa tsiku ndi tsiku.<ref name=WHO2014/> Matenda a likodzo ali m'gulu la matenda amene amayambitsidwa ndi nyongolosi [[nyongolosi|kapena njoka za m'mimba]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel | url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/schistosomiasis | website=cdc.gov | accessdate=30 November 2014 | date=1 August 2013}}</ref>Madokotala angadziwe ngati munthu ali ndi matendawa pomuyeza mkodzo kapena chimbudzi kuti aone ngati muli mazira a nyongolosi zoyambitsa matendawa.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Njira inanso imene madokotala angatsatire ndi kuyeza magazi a munthuyo kuti aone ngati muli [[mazira a nyongolosi]].<ref name=WHO2014/> <!-- Prevention and Treatment --> Anthu angapewe matendawa ngati atamagwiritsa ntchito madzi aukhondo komanso ngati atayesetsa kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha nkhono.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> M'madera amene matendawa ndi ofala kwambiri, mankhwala a [[praziquantel|''Praziquantel'']] angamaperekedwe kwa anthu onse m'deralo kamodzi pa chaka.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Kuchita zimenezi kumathandiza kuti chiwerengero cha anthu amene angatenge matendawa chichepe komanso kuti matendawa asafalikire.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> [[Bungwe Loona za Umoyo Padziko Lonse]] limalimbikitsanso anthu a m'madera amene matenda a likodzo ndi ofala kwambiri kuti azimwa mankhwala a ''Praziquantel''.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!-- Epidemiology --> Pafupifupi anthu 210 miliyoni anali ndi matenda a likodzo padziko lonse m'chaka cha 2012.<ref name=Fen2012>{{cite journal | last=Fenwick | first=A | title=The global burden of neglected tropical diseases.| journal=Public Health | date=Mar 2012 | volume=126 | issue=3 | pages=233–6 | pmid=22325616|doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2011.11.015}}</ref> Ndipo anthu oyambira pa 12,000<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal | last=Lozano | first=R. | title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095 | journal=Lancet | date=15 December 2012 | volume=380 | issue=9859 | pages=2095–128 | pmid=23245604 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 | last2=Naghavi | first2=M. | last3=Foreman | first3=K. | last4=Lim | first4=S. | last5=Shibuya | first5=K. | last6=Aboyans | first6=V. | last7=Abraham | first7=J. | last8=Adair | first8=T. | last9=Aggarwal | first9=R. | displayauthors=8}}</ref> mpaka 200,000 amamwalira chaka chilichonse ndi matendawa.<ref name=The2013>{{cite journal | last=Thétiot-Laurent | first=S. A. | author2=Boissier, J. | author3=Robert, A. | author4= Meunier, B. | title=Schistosomiasis Chemotherapy | journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English | date=27 June 2013 | pmid=23813602 | volume=52 | issue=31 | pages=7936–56 | doi=10.1002/anie.201208390}}</ref> Matendawa ndi ofala kwambiri ku Africa, ku Asia ndi ku South America.<ref name=WHO2014/> Anthu pafupifupi 700 miliyoni a m'mayiko opitirira 70 amakhala m'madera amene matenda a likodzo ndi ofala kwambiri.<ref name=The2013/><ref>{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis A major public health problem | url=http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/en | work=World Health Organization | accessdate=15 March 2014}}</ref> M'mayiko otentha, likodzo ndi matenda ofala kwambiri ndipo amangoposedwa ndi [[malungo]] okha pa matenda onse oyambitsidwa ndi tizilombo, ndipo amabwezera m'mbuyo kwambiri ntchito zachuma.<ref name="SCP">{{Cite web | author=The Carter Center | title=Schistosomiasis Control Program | url=http://www.cartercenter.org/health/schistosomiasis/index.html | accessdate=17 July 2008 | archive-date=20 July 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720091015/http://cartercenter.org/health/schistosomiasis/index.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Matenda amenewa ali m'gulu la [[matenda amene amanyalanyazidwa kwambiri m'mayiko otentha]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Neglected Tropical Diseases | url=http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html | website=cdc.gov | accessdate=28 November 2014 | date=6 June 2011}}</ref> ==Malifalensi== <references /> 39bw020r1ufk6h6dptrb1kwqqt3wu81 0 3928 71869 17064 2026-08-04T18:30:43Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260804sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Chiwewe | image = Dog with rabies.jpg | caption = Galu wachiwewe amene chiwewe chake sichinafike poipa kwambiri | DiseasesDB = 11148 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|82||a|82}} | ID9 = {{ICD9|071}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 001334 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 1374 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|eerg|493}} {{eMedicine2|ped|1974}} | MeshID = D011818 }} '''Chiwewe''' ndi [[matenda oyambitsidwa |ndi mavairasi]] omwe amachititsa [[kutupa|kutupa kwa bongo]] wa munthu kapena [[nyama]] yomwe yagwidwa ndi matendawa.<ref name=WHO2013/> Zizindikiro zoyambirira za matendawa ndi kutentha ndiponso kuphwanya kwa thupi komanso kuyabwa kwa pamalo pamene palowa tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa.<ref name=WHO2013/> Kenako pamakhalanso zizindikiro zina monga zotsatirazi: kuchita zinthu mwachiwawa, kusangalala kopitirira malire, kuopa kwambiri[[kuopa kwambiri| madzi]], kulephera kusuntha kapena kuyendetsa ziwalo zina zathupi, kusokonezeka, ngakhalenso [[kukomoka kumene]].<ref name=WHO2013/> Zizindikiro za matendawa zikangoyamba kuonekera, nthawi zambiri munthuyo kapena nyamayo imafa.<ref name=WHO2013/> Kuchokera pa nthawi imene tizilombo toyambitsa chiwewe talowa m'thupi la munthu kapena nyama, nthawi zambiri pamadutsa mwezi umodzi kapena itatu kuti zizindikiro ziyambe kuonekera. Komabe, nthawi zina pangapite mlungu umodzi wokha kuti zizindikirozi ziyambe kuonekera, kapenanso pangapite nthawi yokwana chaka chimodzi.<ref name=WHO2013/> Zimenezi zimadalira kutalika kwa mtunda umene tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa tingayende kuchokera pamene talowera kuti tikafike ku [[bongo]].<ref name=Robbins>{{cite book |author=Cotran RS |title=Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease |edition=7th |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |year=2005 |page=1375 |isbn=0-7216-0187-1 |author2=Kumar V |author3=Fausto N }}</ref> == Zimene zimayambitsa matendawa komanso zizindikiro zake== Matenda a chiwewe amafalikira kwa anthu kuchokera ku zinyama. Matendawa angafalikire ngati nyama yomwe ili ndi matedwa yakanda kapena kuluma nyama ina ngakhalenso munthu.<ref name=WHO2013/> Tozilombo toyambitsa matendawa tingalowe m'thupi la munthu wina ngati munthuyo wakhudza malovu kapena timadzi tina ta m'thupi la munthu yemwe ali ndi matendawa.<ref name=WHO2013/> Anthu ambiri amadwala matenda a chiwewe chifukwa cholumidwa ndi agalu achiwewe.<ref name=WHO2013/> M'mayiko amene chiwewe n'chofala, anthu oposa 99% omwe amadwala matendwa, amadwala chifukwa cholumidwa ndi agalu achiwewe.<ref name=Tint2010>{{cite book |author=Tintinalli, Judith E. |title=Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))|publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2010 |pages=Chapter 152 |isbn=0-07-148480-9}}</ref> Koma m'mayiko a ku [[North ndi South America]], anthu amadwala kwambiri chiwewe chifukwa cholumidwa ndi [[mileme]] ndipo anthu osakwana 5% amadwala matendawa chifukwa cholumidwa ndi agalu achiwewe.<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=Tint2010/> Koma sikawirikawiri kuti nyama ngati makoswe, mbewa ndi mbira zikhale ndi chiwewe.<ref name=Tint2010/> [[Mavairasi oyambitsa chiwewe]] amayenda kufika ku bongo podutsa mu [[Gawo lakunja la bongo|minyewa ya kunja kwa bongo]]. Madokotala angadziwe zoti munthu ali ndi matendawa pokhapokha ngati munthuyo wayamba kusonyeza zizindikiro.<ref name=WHO2013/> == Kapewedwe kake ndiponso chithandizo == Katemera wachiwewe wa agalu wachepetsa kwambiri matendawa m'madera ambiri padziko lonse lapansi.<ref name=WHO2013/> Komanso zimakhala bwino kuti anthu amene ali m'madera amene chiwewe n'chofala kwambiri azilandiriratu katemera wa matendawa. Anthu omwe ali pachiopsezo chachikulu chotenga matendawa ndi amene amagwira ntchito m'madera amene mileme ndi yochuluka kapena omwe amakhala nthawi yaitali m'madera omwe chiwewecho n'chofala kwambiri.<ref name=WHO2013/> Kwa anthu amene ali m'madera oterewa [[katemera wachiwewe]] kapena kumweratu makhwala othandiza kuti [[munthu asadwale chiwewe]] n'zothandiza kwambiri kuti munthu apewe matendawa, ngakhale kuti sakusonyeza zizindikiro zoti angakhale ndi matendawa.<ref name=WHO2013/> Munthu angathenso kupewa chiwewe ngati watsuka pachilonda chomwe walumidwa ndi galu kapena nyama ina yachiwewe kwa maminitsi 15, pogwiritsa ntchito sopo ndi madzi, [[povidone ayodini]], kapena sopo wina wopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Rabies Fact Sheet N°99|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=28 February 2014|date=July 2013}}</ref> Ndi anthu ochepa kwambiri amene anachira pambuyo poti ayamba kusonyeza zizindikiro zoti ali ndi matenda achiwewe. Anthuwo amachira akathandizidwa kwa nthawi yaitali ndi njira zosiyasiyana zakuchipatala, monga njira yotchedwa [[Milwaukee protocol]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Hemachudha T, Ugolini G, Wacharapluesadee S, Sungkarat W, Shuangshoti S, Laothamatas J | title = Human rabies: neuropathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. | journal = Lancet neurology | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = 498–513 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23602163 | doi = 10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70038-3 }}</ref> ===Katemera=== '''Katemera wachiwewe''' ndi [[katemera]] amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kupewa [[chiwewe]].<ref name=WHO2010>{{cite journal|title=Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper|journal=Weekly epidemiological record|date=Aug 6, 2010|volume=32|issue=85|pages=309-320|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8532.pdf?ua=1}}</ref> Pali mitundu ingapo yakatemerayi yemwe ndi yosaopsa komanso wothandiza kwambiri.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Munthu angalandire katemera ameneyu kwa nthawi inayake, kapena asanapite kudera limene kuli mileme kapena agalu ambiri a chiwewe.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Katemerayu amaperekedwa nthawi zitatu, ndipo amathandiza kwa nthawi yaitali.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Nthawi zambiri anthu amapatsidwa katemerayu powabaya jakiseni.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Ngati munthu ali kale m'dera lomwe chiwewe n'chofala, kawirikawiri angapatsidwe [[katemera wachiwewe wamphamvu kwambiri]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Zimakhala bwino kuti anthu amene akudziwa kuti apita kumadera amene chiwewe n'chofala alandiriretu katemera asanapite kuderalo.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Katemerayu ndi wothandiza kwa anthu ndi zinyama zomwe.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Kupereka katemera kwa agalu n'kothandiza zedi popewa chiwewe.<ref name=WHO2010/> ==== Kodi Katemerayu Amayambitsa Mavuto Alionse? ==== Anthu mamiliyoni ambirimbiri padziko lonse alandirapo katemera wachiwewe ndipo zikuoneka kuti chaka chilichonse katemerayu amathandiza kuti anthu 250,000 asafe ndi chiwewe.<ref name=WHO2010/> Anthu a misinkhu yonse akhoza kulandira katemerayu popanda vuto lililonse.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Koma anthu pafupifupi 35 mpaka 45 pa 100 aliwonse amatha kutupa pang'ono komanso kwa nthawi yochedwa pamalo pamene abayidwa ndi jakiseni polandira katemerayi.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Ndipo anthu 5 mpaka 15 pa 100 aliwonse amamva [[kuphwanya kwa thupi]], [[kupweteka kwa mutu]], kapenanso [[amachita nseru]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Ndipotu munthu angathe kupitiriza kulandira katemerayu ngakhale atalumidwa ndi galu kapena nyama ina yachiwewe.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Mitundu yambiri ya katemera sikhala ndi mankhwala otchedwa [[thimerosal]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Katemera wopangidwa kuchokera kuminyewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayiko ena angapo, makamaka ku Asia ndi ku Latin America, koma katemera wotereyu siwamphamvu kwenikweni, ndipo amayambitsa mavuto ena m'thupi.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Choncho [[Bungwe Loona za Umoyo Padziko Lonse]] sililimbikitsa anthu kuti azigwiritsa ntchito katemera ameneyu.<ref name=WHO2010/> M'chaka cha 2014, mtengo wachipiku wa magawo onse a katemerayu unkayambira pa madola 44 mpaka 78 a ku America.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vaccine, Rabies|url=http://erc.msh.org/dmpguide/resultsdetail.cfm?language=english&code=RAB000X&s_year=2014&year=2014&str=&desc=Vaccine%2C%20Rabies&pack=new&frm=VIAL&rte=INJ&class_code2=19%2E3%2E&supplement=&class_name=%2819%2E3%2E%29Vaccines%3Cbr%3E|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|accessdate=6 December 2015}}</ref> Koma ku America, mtengo wa magawo onse a katemerayu ndi woposa madola 750.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Shlim|first1=David|title=Perspectives: Intradermal Rabies Preexposure Immunization|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/perspectives-intradermal-rabies-preexposure-immunization|accessdate=6 December 2015|date=June 30, 2015}}</ref> ==Zokhudza Kufalikira kwa Matendawa== Chaka chilichonse, anthu pafupifupi 26,000 mpaka 55,000 amafa ndi matenda a chiwewe.<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal | author = Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R | title = Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095 | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages = 2095–128 | date = Dec 15, 2012 | pmid = 23245604 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> Mwa anthu amenewa, anthu oposa 95 pa 100 alionse ndi a ku [[Asia]] ndi ku [[Africa]].<ref name=WHO2013/> Matenda achiwewe akupezeka m'mayiko oposa 150 m'makontinenti onse, kungopatulapo ku Antarctica.<ref name=WHO2013/> Anthu oposa 3 biliyoni amakhala m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansili kumene kuli chiwewe.<ref name=WHO2013/> M'mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya ndiponso ku Australia, chiwewe chimapezeka ndi mileme basi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Presence / absence of rabies in 2007|url=http://www.who.int/rabies/Absence_Presence_Rabies_07_large.jpg?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=1 March 2014|year=2007}}</ref> Ndipo chiwewe sichipezeka n'komwe m'zilumba zambiri zing'onozing'ono.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rabies-Free Countries and Political Units|url=http://www.cdc.gov/animalimportation/rabies-free-countries.html|work=CDC|accessdate=1 March 2014}}</ref> ==Malifalensi== <references /> 07y36a0p8dcqqp25r9aanexrvo5dluq 0 3931 71863 48729 2026-08-04T18:26:03Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260804sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Zilonda Zapakhungu | image = Skin ulcer due to leishmaniasis, hand of Central American adult 3MG0037 lores.jpg | caption = Chilonda chachikulu chapakhungu padzanja la munthu wamkulu ndithu ku [[Central America]] | Field = [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]] | pronounce = Leishmaniasis {{IPAc-en|ˌ|l|iː|ʃ|m|ə|ˈ|n|aɪ|ə|s|ɪ|s}}<br>leishmaniosis {{IPAc-en|l|iː|ʃ|ˌ|m|eɪ|n|ɪ|ˈ|əʊ|s|ɪ|s}} or {{IPAc-en|l|iː|ʃ|ˌ|m|æ|n|ɪ|ˈ|əʊ|s|ɪ|s}}<ref>http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/leishmaniasis</ref> | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|55||b|50}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|085}} | DiseasesDB = 3266 | DiseasesDB_mult = {{DiseasesDB2|29171}}<!-- {{DiseasesDB2|3266}} {{DiseasesDB2|7070}} --> | MedlinePlus = 001386 | eMedicineSubj = emerg | eMedicineTopic = 296 | MeshID = D007896 }} '''Zilonda zapakhungu zomwe pa Chingelezi zimatchedwa''' '''Leishmaniasis''' kapenanso '''leishmaniosis''', ndi [[matenda]] amene amayambitsidwa ndi tizilombo ta [[m'gulu la]] [[mapulotozowa]] otchedwa ''[[Leishmania]]'' ndipo tizilomboti zimafalitsidwa ndi [[ntchentche]] zinazake zoluma.<ref name=WHO2014/> Matendawa angagawidwe m'magulu atatu: [[Zilonda zazikulu zapakhungu|zilonda zazikulu]], zilonda zamafinya, ndiponso [[zilonda zapakhungu la zawalo za mkati mwathupi|zilonda zapakhungu la ziwalo za mkati mwathupi]].<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Leishmaniasis Fact sheet N°375|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs375/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=17 February 2014|date=January 2014}}</ref> Matenda a m'gulu loyambalo amadziwika chifukwa cha kukula kwa zilonda zake, pomwe a m'gulu lachiwirilo amadziwika ndi zilonda zamafinya pakhungu, m'kamwa ndiponso m'phuno, pomwe gulu lomalizalo limadziwika ndi zilonda zapakhungu, kuphwanya thupi, kuchepa kwa masero ofiira m'thupi, ndiponso kutupa kwa kapamba ndi chiwindi.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=Barrett2012/> <!-- Cause and diagnosis --> Matendawa amafalitsidwa ndi mitundu yoposa 20 ya tizilombo totchedwa ''[[Leishmania]]''.<ref name=WHO2014/> Zinthu zinanso zimene zimachititsa kuti matendawa afalikire kwambiri ndi umphawi, kusowa kwa zakudya m'thupi, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndiponso kuchulukana kwa anthu m'matauni.<ref name=WHO2014/> Madokotala angadziwe ngati munthu ali ndi matendawa, mtundu uliwonse pa mitundu itatu ija, ngati ataunika chilonda cha munthuyo ndi makina oonera zinthu zosaoneka ndi maso kuti aone tizilomboto.<ref name=WHO2014/> Kuwonjezera pamenepa, matenda a zilonda zapakhungu la ziwalo za mkati mwa thupi angadziwike ngati madokotala atayeza magazi a munthu amene akuoneka kuti akudwala.<ref name=Barrett2012/> <!-- Prevention and treatment --> Anthu angapewe matendawa ngati atamagona m'maneti onyikidwa [[m'mankhwala]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Zinthu zinanso zimene zingathandize munthu kupewa matendawa ndi kupopera mankhwala opha tizilombo touluka monga ntchentche, komanso ngati kulandira thandizo lakuchipatala akangoyamba kumene kudwala n'cholinga choti matendawa asafalikire.<ref name=WHO2014/> Madokotala amapereka mankhwala oyenerera kwa wodwala potengera malo amene watengera matendawo, mtundu wa tizilombo ta ''Leishmania'' timene tayambitsa matendawa, komanso mtundu wa matendawo.<ref name=WHO2014/> Ena mwa mankhwala amene amathandiza kuchiza matenda a zilonda zapakhungu la ziwalo za m'kati mwathupi ndi [[liposomal amphotericin B]],<ref name="Sun2013">{{cite journal|last=Sundar|first=S|author2=Chakravarty, J|title=Leishmaniasis: an update of current pharmacotherapy.|journal=Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy|date=Jan 2013|volume=14|issue=1|pages=53–63|pmid=23256501|doi=10.1517/14656566.2013.755515}}</ref> komanso mankhwala a [[pentavalent antimonials]] kuwaphatikiza ndi a [[paromomycin]] , ndi [[Miltefosine]].<ref name=Dor2012>{{cite journal|last=Dorlo|first=TP|author2=Balasegaram, M |author3=Beijnen, JH |author4= de Vries, PJ |title=Miltefosine: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of leishmaniasis.|journal=The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy|date=Nov 2012|volume=67|issue=11|pages=2576–97|pmid=22833634|doi=10.1093/jac/dks275}}</ref> Ndipo zilonda zikuluzikulu za pakhungu zingachiritsidwe ndi paromomycin, [[fluconazole]], kapenanso [[pentamidine]].<ref name=Min2007>{{cite journal|last=Minodier|first=P|author2=Parola, P |title=Cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment.|journal=Travel medicine and infectious disease|date=May 2007|volume=5|issue=3|pages=150–8|pmid=17448941|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2006.09.004}}</ref> <!-- Epidemiology --> Panopa, pali anthu pafupifupi 12 miliyoni omwe ali ndi matendawa<ref name=Mag>{{cite web|title=Leishmaniasis Magnitude of the problem|url=http://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/burden/magnitude/burden_magnitude/en/index.html|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=17 February 2014}}</ref> m'mayiko okwana 98.<ref name=Barrett2012>{{cite journal|last=Barrett|first=MP|author2=Croft, SL |title=Management of trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis.|journal=British medical bulletin|year=2012|volume=104|pages=175–96|pmid=23137768|doi=10.1093/bmb/lds031|pmc=3530408}}</ref> Ndipo chaka chilichonse, anthu atsopano okwana pafupifupi 2 miliyoni amatenga matendawa <ref name=Barrett2012/> ndipo anthu oyambira pa 20 mpaka 50 sauzande amamwalira ndi matendawa chaka chilichonse.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> Anthu pafupifupi 200 miliyoni a ku Asia, Africa, South ndi Central America, ndiponso m'mayiko ena a kummwera kwa Ulaya akukhala m'madera amene matendawa ndi ofala.<ref name=Barrett2012/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ejazi|first=SA|author2=Ali, N |title=Developments in diagnosis and treatment of visceral leishmaniasis during the last decade and future prospects.|journal=Expert review of anti-infective therapy|date=Jan 2013|volume=11|issue=1|pages=79–98|pmid=23428104|doi=10.1586/eri.12.148}}</ref> [[Bungwe Loona za Umoyo Padziko Lonsen]] limagula mankhwala a matendawa pa mtengo wotsikirapo n'cholinga choti anthu omwe akudwala azilandira thandizo mosavuta.<ref name=Barrett2012/> Nthawi zina matendawa amatha kugwira zinyama zosiyanasiyana, monga [[agalu]], [[makoswe, mbewa, mbira]], ndi zina zotero.<ref name=WHO2014/> ==Malifalensi== <references /> jaa1wu6bb9b5k5coqtk77rym5ntyg2v 0 3983 71864 53106 2026-08-04T18:26:42Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260804sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox medical condition |Name = Kubereka mwana |Image = Postpartum baby2.jpg |Caption = Newborn infant and mother |Width = 300 |Field = [[Obstetrics]], [[midwifery]] |synonyms = partus, parturition, birth }} <!-- Definition --> [[File:A l’hôpital au Cameroun - Obstétrique.jpg|thumb|Kubereka mwana.]] Mawu akuti '''kubereka mwana''', omwenso ndi ofanana ndi akuti'''ubereki''', amatanthauza mapeto a [[mimba kapena pakati]] ndipo mwana m'modzi[[kapena angapo]] abadwa kuchokera [[m'chiberekero cha mayi]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Elizabeth|title=Concise Colour Medical Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199687992|page=375|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2_EkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375|language=en}}</ref> M'chaka cha 2015, padziko lonse pansi panabadwa ana pafupifupi 135 miliyoni.<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html|website=www.cia.gov|accessdate=30 July 2016|date=July 11, 2016|archive-date=16 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116011033/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ana pafupifupi 15 miliyoni anabadwa [[masiku asanakwane|milungu 37 asanathe]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Preterm birth Fact sheet N°363|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs363/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=30 July 2016|date=November 2015}}</ref> ndipo ana oyambira pa 3 mpaka 12 peresenti anabadwa [[masiku oyenera kubadwa atapitirira|patadutsa milungu 42]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Buck|first1=Germaine M.|last2=Platt|first2=Robert W.|title=Reproductive and perinatal epidemiology|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780199857746|page=163|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=by1lwSpfruQC&pg=PA163}}</ref> [[M'mayiko olemera]] ana ambiri amabadwira kuchipatala,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Co-Operation|first1=Organisation for Economic|last2=Development|title=Doing better for children|date=2009|publisher=OECD|location=Paris|isbn=9789264059344|page=105|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=0Q_WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Olsen|first1=O|last2=Clausen|first2=JA|title=Planned hospital birth versus planned home birth.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=12 September 2012|issue=9|pages=CD000352|pmid=22972043}}</ref> pomwe [[m'mayiko amene akukwera kumene]] ana ambiri amabadwira panyumba mothandizidwa ndi [[azamba]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fossard|first1=Esta de|last2=Bailey|first2=Michael|title=Communication for Behavior Change: Volume lll: Using Entertainment–Education for Distance Education|date=2016|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9789351507581|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref> <!-- Method --> Njira yofala kwambiri yoberekera mwana ndi yomwe [[mwana amatuluka m'njira yachibadwa]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Memon|first1=HU|last2=Handa|first2=VL|title=Vaginal childbirth and pelvic floor disorders.|journal=Women's health (London, England)|date=May 2013|volume=9|issue=3|pages=265-77; quiz 276-7|pmid=23638782}}</ref> Pamakhala magawo atatu kuti mwana abadwe m'njira imeneyi: [[kuchepa kwa khomo la chiberekero|kuchepa kwa khomo lachiberekero]] ndi [[Kutanuka kwa khomo la chiberekero|kutseguka kwa khomo lachiberekero]], ndiponso [[kubadwa]] kwa mwana, ndiponso kutuluka kwa [[thumba limene munali mwana]].<ref name=Col2016/> Gawo loyambali nthawi zambiri limachitika kwa maola oyambira pa 12 mpaka 19, gawo lachiwiri limachitika kwa nthawi yoyambira pa maminitsi 20 mpaka maola awiri, ndipo gawo lachitatu limachitika kwa maminitsi 5 mpaka kufika pa maminitsi 30.<ref name=NIH2010/> Gawo loyambali limayamba ndi kupweteka kwa m'mimba kapena msana kwa masekandi 30 ndipo izi zimachitika pa maminitsi 10 mpaka 30 aliwonse.<ref name=Col2016>{{cite web |title= Birth |url= http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/birth.aspx#5 |work= [[Columbia Encyclopedia|The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia]] | edition = 6| publisher= [[Columbia University Press]] |year= 2016 |accessdate= 2016-07-30 from Encyclopedia.com}}</ref> M'kupita kwa nthawi, ululuwu umachitika pafupipafupi komanso umawonjezereka.<ref name=NIH2010>{{cite web|title=Pregnancy Labor and Birth|url=http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy//childbirth-beyond/labor-birth.html|website=Women's Health|accessdate=31 July 2016|date=September 27, 2010|archive-date=28 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728000124/http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy//childbirth-beyond/labor-birth.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> M'gawo lachiwiri, minofu imayamba kukungika ndipo imatha kuyamba kukankha mwanayo kuti atuluke.<ref name=NIH2010/> M'gawo lachitatu [[zimakhala bwino kumugwira kapena kumusisita pamchombo|kumugwira kapena kumusisita pamchomba mayiyo kwa nthawi ndithu]] kuti azimvako bwino.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=McDonald|first1=SJ|last2=Middleton|first2=P|last3=Dowswell|first3=T|last4=Morris|first4=PS|title=Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=11 July 2013|issue=7|pages=CD004074|pmid=23843134}}</ref> Pali njira zambiri zimene zingathandize kuti mayi asamve kwambiri [[ululu]] monga kumuthandiza kuti mtima wake ukhale m'malo, kumupatsa [[mankhwala ochepetsa ululu]], ndiponso kumuika [[timiyala tosalala pamsana]].<ref name=NIH2010/> <!-- Recommendations --> Ana ambiri akamabadwa, mutu ndi umene umayambirira kutuluka; komabe ana 4 pa 100 alionse, miyendo kapena [[matako]] ndi amene amayambirira kutuluka, ndipo zimenezi zimatchedwa [[kubadwa koyambira kumunsi|kubadwa koyambira kumunsi]].<ref name=NIH2010/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hofmeyr|first1=GJ|last2=Hannah|first2=M|last3=Lawrie|first3=TA|title=Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=21 July 2015|issue=7|pages=CD000166|pmid=26196961}}</ref> Mayi akayamba kumva ululu woti akhoza kubereka, palibe vuto lililonse ngati atasankha kuti adye chakudya kapena kuyendayenda, koma mayi wotere salimbikitsidwa kuti ayambe kukankha kuti mwana atuluke kapena kuti mutu wa mwana utuluke, ndiponso sibwino kuti pa nthawiyi apatsidwe [[mankhwala]] othandiza kuti mwanayo abadwe mosavuta.<ref>{{cite book|title=Childbirth: Labour, Delivery and Immediate Postpartum Care|date=2015|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154935-6|page=Chapter D|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326674/|accessdate=31 July 2016|language=en}}</ref> Ngakhale kuti madokotala ena amakonda kucheka kapena kung'amba [[njira]] yoberekera pofuna [[kuikulitsa]], nthawi zambiri zimenezi zimakhala zosafunika.<ref name=NIH2010/> Mu 2012, amayi pafupifupi 23 miliyoni anabereka powachita [[opaleshoni]].<ref name=Mol2015>{{cite journal|last1=Molina|first1=G|last2=Weiser|first2=TG|last3=Lipsitz|first3=SR|last4=Esquivel|first4=MM|last5=Uribe-Leitz | first5=T|last6=Azad|first6=T|last7=Shah|first7=N|last8=Semrau|first8=K|last9=Berry|first9=WR|last10=Gawande|first10=AA|last11=Haynes|first11=AB|title=Relationship Between Cesarean Delivery Rate and Maternal and Neonatal Mortality |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2015-12-01_314_21/page/2263|journal=JAMA|date=1 December 2015| volume=314| issue=21| pages=2263–70| pmid=26624825| doi=10.1001/jama.2015.15553}}</ref> Nthawi zambiri madokotala amatha kuona kuti opaleshoni ikufunika ngati m'mimba mwa mayiyo muli [[mapasa]], [[ngati pali mavuto ambiri kwa mwana wosabadwayo|mwana wosabadwayo akuoneka kuti ali ndi mavuto ambiri]], kapena ngati miyendo kapena matako a mwanaya ndi amene angayambirire kutuluka.<ref name=NIH2010/> Ngati mayi wabereka m'njira imeneyi, pangatenge nthawi yaitali kuti chilonda chake chipole bwinobwino.<ref name=NIH2010/> <!-- Complications --> Chaka chilichonse, amayi pafupifupi 500,000 amamamwalira ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi uchembere [[imfa zauchembere]], ndipo amayi 7 miliyoni amakhala ndi mavuto aakulu osatherapo, komanso amayi 50 miliyoni amakhala ndi mavuto ena.<ref name=WHO2008Ed/> Ochuluka mwa mavuto amenewa amachitika kwa amayi a [[m'mayiko amene akukwera kumene]].<ref name=WHO2008Ed/> Ena mwa mavuto amene amayiwa amakumana nawo amakhala [[kusalandira thandizo loyenera pobereka]], [[kutaya magazi ambiri]], [[kukomoka]], ndiponso [[kutenga matenda ena chifukwa chosasamaliridwa bwino pobereka]].<ref name=WHO2008Ed>{{cite book|title=Education material for teachers of midwifery : midwifery education modules|date=2008|publisher=World Health Organisation|location=Geneva [Switzerland]|isbn=978-92-4-154666-9|edition=2nd|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1|page=3|access-date=2017-05-25|archive-date=2015-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221002801/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ndipo mwana amene akubadwayo amatha kukhala ndi mavuto ena, monga [[kubanika]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Richard J.|last2=Fanaroff|first2=Avroy A.|last3=Walsh|first3=Michele C.|title=Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine: Diseases of the Fetus and Infant|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323295376|page=116|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=AnVYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|language=en}}</ref> ==Malifalensi== <references /> c5vo9zpjvls534lp7zta97hn3y89z8p 0 3986 71868 55721 2026-08-04T18:30:08Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260804sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox interventions | name = Njira zolera | image = Opened Oral Birth Control.jpg | alt = Package of birth control pills | caption = Paketi ya [[mapilisi a kulera]] | ICD10 = | ICD9 = | ICD9unlinked = | MeshID = D003267 | LOINC = | other_codes = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicine = }} Mawu akuti '''kulera''', omwe ndi ofanana ndi mawu kuti '''njira zolera''' kapena '''maleredwe''', amatanthauza njira zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kupewa kutenga [[pakati]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of Birth control|url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=53351|work=MedicineNet|accessdate=9 August 2012|archive-date=6 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806234913/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=53351|url-status=dead}}</ref> Koma kupanga mapulani, kusankha njira zolera, ndi kuzigwiritsira ntchito kumatchedwa [[mapulani a banja]].<ref name=OED2012>{{cite book|title=Oxford English Dictionary|date=June 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/19395}}</ref><ref name=WHO-health-topic>{{cite web|last=World Health Organization (WHO)|title=Family planning|url=http://www.who.int/topics/family_planning/en/|work=Health topics|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)}}</ref> Anthu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito njira zolera kuyambira kale kwambiri, koma njira zothandizadi ndiponso zosaopsa zinayamba kupezeka m'zaka za [[m'ma 1900]].<ref name=Hopkins2010>{{cite book|last1=Hanson|first1=S.J.|last2=Burke|first2=Anne E.|date=21 December 2010|chapter=Fertility control: contraception, sterilization, and abortion|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PR232|editor1-last=Hurt|editor1-first=K. Joseph|editor2-last=Guile|editor2-first=Matthew W.|editor3-last=Bienstock|editor3-first=Jessica L.|editor4-last=Fox|editor4-first=Harold E.|editor5-last=Wallach|editor5-first=Edward E.|title=The Johns Hopkins manual of gynecology and obstetrics|edition=4th|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|pages=382–395|isbn=978-1-60547-433-5}}</ref> M'zikhalidwe zina, anthu salimbikitsidwa kapena kuloledwa kuti azigwiritsira ntchito njira zolera chifukwa zimaonedwa kuti n'zosemphana ndi chikhalidwe chawo, chipemphedzo chawo kapena maganizo a anthu ambiri m'deralo.<ref name=Hopkins2010/> <!-- Methods --> Njira zolera zothandiza kwambiri ndi monga [[Kutseka (zachipatala)|kutseka]] njira [[yodutsa mbewu]] ya abambo ndiponso [[kutseka njira mbewu ya]] amayi, [[kutseka khomo la chiberekero]]Lupu, ndiponso [[kuika kachubu kolera |kuseri kwa khungu]].<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011/> --> Palinso njira zina monga [[zokhudzana ndi mahomoni|zokhudza mahomoni]] ndipo zina mwa izo ndi [[Mapilisi akumwa|mapilisi]],[[ machubu oika kuseri kwa khungu|machubu oika m'kati mwa khungu]], [[maring'i oika kunjira yodutsa chida cha abambo]], ndiponso [[jakisoni wa kulera|jakisoni]].<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011/> --> Njira zolera zomwe zimathandiza koma osati kwambiri ndi monga [[Zotchinga|zinthu zotchingira]] monga [[makondomu]], [[zotchingira kunjira yodutsa chida cha abambo|zotchinga kunjira yodutsa chida cha abambo]] ndiponso [[thonje lolerera|thonje la kulera]] komanso [[kuzindikira nthawi imene mayi angatenge pakati]].<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011/> --> Pali njira zinanso zomwe n'zosadalirika, monga[[mankhwala opha mbewu ya abambo]]ndiponso [[njira yochotsa|kuchotsa]] chida cha abambo [[asanathire umuna pogonana]].<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011/> --> Njira yotseka ndi yothandiza kwambiri koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosatheka kuti munthu aberekenso; pomwe njira zina zonsezo ubwino wake ndi wakuti munthu angathe kuberekanso akangosiya kuzigwiritsa ntchito.<ref name=WHO_FP2011>{{cite book|author=World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research|title=Family planning: A global handbook for providers: Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration|year=2011|publisher=WHO and Center for Communication Programs|location=Geneva, Switzerland|isbn=978-0-9788563-7-3|url=http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|edition=Rev. and Updated|access-date=2017-05-25|archive-date=2013-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054335/http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Kugonana m'njira yotetezeka]], monga kugwiritsa ntchito makondomu a abambo kapena [[makondomu a amayi]], kungathandizenso kuti mupewe [[matenda opatsirana pogonana]].<ref name="pmid22423463">{{cite journal |last1 = Taliaferro | first1 = L. A. |last2 = Sieving | first2 = R. |last3 = Brady | first3 = S. S. |last4 = Bearinger | first4 = L. H. |title = We have the evidence to enhance adolescent sexual and reproductive health--do we have the will? |journal = Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews |volume = 22 |issue = 3 |pages = 521–543, xii |year = 2011 |pmid = 22423463}}</ref><ref name="pmid22341164">{{cite journal |last1 = Chin | first1 = H. B. |last2 = Sipe | first2 = T. A. |last3 = Elder | first3 = R. |last4 = Mercer | first4 = S. L. |last5 = Chattopadhyay | first5 = S. K. |last6 = Jacob | first6 = V. |last7 = Wethington | first7 = H. R. |last8 = Kirby | first8 = D. |last9 = Elliston | first9 = D. B. |doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.11.006 |title = The Effectiveness of Group-Based Comprehensive Risk-Reduction and Abstinence Education Interventions to Prevent or Reduce the Risk of Adolescent Pregnancy, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Sexually Transmitted Infections |journal = American Journal of Preventive Medicine |volume = 42 |issue = 3 |pages = 272–294 |year = 2012 |pmid = 22341164 |pmc = |url = http://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(11)00906-8/abstract}}</ref> [[Njira za kulera zapangozi|Njira zolera zapangozi]] zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti mayi apewe kutenga pakati ngati papita masiku angapo atagonana ndi mwamuna mosadziteteza.<ref name=Gizzo2012>{{cite journal|last=Gizzo|first=S|last2=Fanelli |first2=T |last3=Di Gangi |first3=S |last4=Saccardi |first4=C |last5=Patrelli |first5=TS |last6=Zambon |first6=A |last7=Omar |first7=A |last8=D'Antona |first8=D |last9=Nardelli |first9=GB|title=Nowadays which emergency contraception? Comparison between past and present: latest news in terms of clinical efficacy, side effects and contraindications.|journal=Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology|date=October 2012|volume=28|issue=10|pages=758–63|pmid=22390259|doi=10.3109/09513590.2012.662546}}</ref> Anthu ena amaona kuti [[kupeweratu kugonana|kusagonana ndi aliyense]] ndi njira yabwino yolera, koma [[kuphunzitsa munthu kuti asamagonane ndi aliyense]] kungachititse atsikana ambiri kuti azitenga mimba[[kumachititsa atsikana kuti azitenga mimba]] ngati atsikanawo akungouzidwa kuti azikhala odziletsa koma osawapatsa njira zolerazo.<ref name="pmid12065267">{{cite journal |author=DiCenso A, Guyatt G, Willan A, Griffith L |title=Interventions to reduce unintended pregnancies among adolescents: systematic review of randomised controlled trials |journal=BMJ |volume=324 |issue=7351|pages=1426 |date=June 2002 |pmid=12065267 |pmc=115855 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.324.7351.1426|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18923389">{{cite journal |last1 = Duffy | first1 = K. |last2 = Lynch | first2 = D. A. |last3 = Santinelli | first3 = J. |doi = 10.1038/clpt.2008.188 |title = Government Support for Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Education |journal = Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics |volume = 84 |issue = 6 |pages = 746–748 |year = 2008|pmid = 18923389 |pmc = |url = http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v84/n6/full/clpt2008188a.html}}</ref> <!--Special populations --> Pakati pa [[atsikana otenga mimba|atsikana]] ambiri amene amatenga mimba, zotsatira zake zimakhala zoipa kwambiri.<!-- <ref name="pmid22764559"/> --> Koma [[maphunziro akathithi okhudza zakugonana]] ndiponso kupereka njira zakulera zimathandiza kuti chiwerengero cha mimba zosafunikira chichepe pakata pa atsikana.<ref name="pmid22764559">{{Cite journal |last1 = Black | first1 = A. Y. |last2 = Fleming | first2 = N. A. |last3 = Rome | first3 = E. S. |title = Pregnancy in adolescents |journal = Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews |volume = 23 |issue = 1 |pages = 123–138, xi |year = 2012 |pmid = 22764559}}</ref><ref name="pmid22764557">{{cite journal |last1 = Rowan | first1 = S. P. |last2 = Someshwar | first2 = J. |last3 = Murray | first3 = P. |title = Contraception for primary care providers|journal = Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews |volume = 23 |issue = 1 |pages = 95–110, x–xi|year = 2012 |pmid = 22764557}}</ref> Ngakhale kuti achinyamata angathe kugwiritsira ntchito njira iliyonse ya kulera,<ref name=WHO_FP2011p260/>[[njira zomwe zimagwira ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali komanso zosavuta kuzichotsa]] monga zoika kuseri kwa khungu, Lupu, kapena maring'i oika kunjira yodutsa chida cha abambo, zimathandiza kwambiri kuchepetsa mimba.<ref name="pmid22764557"/> Mayi akangobereka mwana ndipo sakuyamwitsa kwambiri, angathe kutenganso pakati pakangopita milungu yochepa yokha, yoyambira pa inayi kufika pa 6.<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011p260/>--> Njira zina zolera zingathe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngakhale mayi atangobereka kumene, koma angafunikire kudikira kaye, mwina mpaka miyezi 6 kuti ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina.<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011p260/>--> Kwa amayi amene akuyamwitsa, [[Njira zolera zopanda mahomini osokoneza mkaka|njira zolera zopanda mahomini osokoneza mkaka wa m'mabere]] zimakhala bwino kuzigwiritsa ntchito poyerekezera ndi mapilisi.<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011p260/>--> Ndipo kwa amayi amene afika msinkhu [[wosiya kusamba]], zimakhala bwino kuti apitirize kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolera kwa chaka chathunthu kuchokera pamene anasamba komaliza.<ref name=WHO_FP2011p260>{{cite book|author=World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research|title=Family planning: A global handbook for providers: Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration|year=2011|pages=260–300|publisher=WHO and Center for Communication Programs|location=Geneva, Switzerland|isbn=978-0-9788563-7-3|url=http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|edition=Rev. and Updated|access-date=2017-05-25|archive-date=2013-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054335/http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> <!-- Prevalence and effects --> Amayi pafupifupi 222 miliyoni omwe amafuna atapewa kutenga pakati [[m'mayiko omwe akukwera kumene|m'mayiko omwe akukwera kumene]], sagwiritsa ntchito njiira zamakono zolera.<ref name="Guttmacher2012">{{cite web|title=Costs and Benefits of Contraceptive Services: Estimates for 2012|url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/AIU-2012-estimates.pdf|work=United Nations Population Fund|pages=1|format=pdf|date=June 2012}}</ref><ref name="pmid22784540">{{cite journal |last1 = Carr |first1 = B. |last2 = Gates | first2 = M. F. |last3 = Mitchell | first3 = A. |last4 = Shah | first4 = R.|title = Giving women the power to plan their families |doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60905-2 |journal = The Lancet |volume = 380 |issue = 9837 |pages = 80–82 |year = 2012 |pmid = 22784540 |pmc = |url =http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60905-2/fulltext}}</ref> Kugwiritsira ntchito njira zolera m'mayiko omwe akukwera kumene kwathandiza kuti kuchepetsa[[imfa zochitika chifukwa cha uchembere|imfa zokhudzana ndi ubereki]] ndi 40 peresenti (imfa pafupifupi 270,000 zinapewedwa mu 2008), ndipo njirazi zikanathandiza kuti kupewa imfa zofika pa 70 peresenti zikanakhala kuti aliyense akuzipeza mosavuta.<ref name="pmid22784533">{{cite journal|last=Cleland|first=J|author2=Conde-Agudelo, A |author3=Peterson, H |author4=Ross, J |author5= Tsui, A |title=Contraception and health.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_july-14-20-2012_380_9837/page/149|journal=Lancet|date=Jul 14, 2012|volume=380|issue=9837|pages=149–56|pmid=22784533|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60609-6}}</ref><ref name="pmid22784531">{{cite journal|last1 = Ahmed | first1 = S. |last2 = Li | first2 = Q. |last3 = Liu | first3 = L. |last4 = Tsui |first4 = A. O. |title = Maternal deaths averted by contraceptive use: An analysis of 172 countries |doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60478-4 |journal = The Lancet |volume = 380 |issue = 9837 |pages = 111–125|year = 2012 |pmid = 22784531 |pmc = |url =http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60478-4/fulltext}}</ref> Popeza kugwiritsira ntchito njira zolera kumathandiza kuti mayi asamatenge pakati pafupipafupi, zimathandiza mayiyo azibereka ana athanzi komanso kumachepetsa mpata woti anawo angamwalire pobadwa kapena akangobadwa kumene.<ref name="pmid22784533"/> M'mayiko olemera, chuma chimene amayi amapeza, [[katundu]],[[nthanzi lawo|kulemera kwa thupi laawo]], komanso sukulu zimene ana awo amapita ndiponso umoyo wawo, zimakhala zabwino chifukwa choti amapeza mosavuta njira zolera.<ref name="pmid22784535">{{cite journal |last1 = Canning | first1 = D. |last2 = Schultz | first2 = T. P. |doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60827-7 |title = The economic consequences of reproductive health and family planning |journal = The Lancet |volume = 380 |issue = 9837 |pages = 165–171 |year = 2012 |pmid = 22784535 |pmc = |url =http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60827-7/fulltext}}</ref> Kugwiritsira ntchito njira zolera kumathandizanso [[kuti chuma chikwere]] chifukwa banja limakhala ndi ana ochepa oti n'kumawasamalira, amayi ambiri [[amagwira ntchito]], ndipo zinthu zofunika pamoyo zimakhala zosavuta kuzipeza.<ref name="pmid22784535" /><ref name="pmid22784542">{{cite journal |last1 = Van Braeckel | first1 = D. |last2 = Temmerman | first2 = M.|last3 = Roelens | first3 = K. |last4 = Degomme | first4 = O. |title = Slowing population growth for wellbeing and development |doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60902-7 |journal = The Lancet |volume = 380|issue = 9837 |pages = 84–85 |year = 2012 |pmid = 22784542 |pmc = |url =http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60902-7/fulltext}}</ref> ==Malifalensi== <references /> p6y9lzknhvn7zh2kbrbsmstpi2d22xe 0 4563 71867 71543 2026-08-04T18:29:27Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260804sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71867 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Vincent van Gogh - Self-Portrait - Google Art Project (454045).jpg|thumb|Kudzijambula, 1887, [[Art Institute ya Chicago]]]] '''Vincent Willem van Gogh''' (Dutch: [vɪnsɛnt ʋɪləm vɑŋ ɣɔx] 30 March 1853 - 29 July 1890) anali wojambula wa Dutch Post-Impressionist yemwe ndi mmodzi mwa anthu otchuka kwambiri komanso olemekezeka m'mbiri ya zamakono a West. Pa zaka khumi zokha analenga zithunzi pafupifupi 2,100, kuphatikizapo zithunzi 860 za mafuta, ambiri mwa zaka ziwiri zapitazo. Zimaphatikizapo malo, zamoyo, zithunzi komanso zojambulajambula, ndipo zimadziwika ndi mitundu yolimba komanso zojambula zochititsa chidwi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maziko a zamakono apange. Adzipha pazaka 37 zotsatira za matenda aumphawi ndi umphawi. Atabadwira m'banja lapamwamba, Van Gogh adakali mwana ndipo anali wolimba, wamtendere komanso woganizira. Ali mnyamata adagwira ntchito yogulitsa luso, nthawi zambiri akuyenda, koma adasokonezeka atatumizidwa ku [[London]]. Anatembenukira ku chipembedzo, ndipo anakhala nthawi yaumishonale wa Chiprotestanti kumpoto kwa Belgium. Anayamba kudwala ndi kudzipatula asanayambe kujambula mu 1881, atabwerera kunyumba ndi makolo ake. Mng'ono wake Theo anamuthandiza pa zachuma, ndipo awiriwo adalemba kalata yaitali. Ntchito zake zoyambirira, makamaka zamoyo ndi ziwonetsero za antchito olima, ali ndi zizindikiro zochepa za mtundu woonekera womwe unasiyanitsa ntchito yake yotsatira. Mu 1886, anasamukira ku Paris, kumene anakumana ndi anthu a avant-garde, kuphatikizapo Emile Bernard ndi Paul Gauguin, omwe anali kutsutsana ndi chidwi cha Impressionist. Pamene ntchito yake inakhazikitsidwa adayambitsa njira yatsopano yopititsira patsogolo miyoyo ya anthu komanso mizinda. Zithunzi zake zinakula kwambiri pamene adayamba kalembedwe kake pamene adakhala ku Arles kum'mwera kwa France mu 1888. Pa nthawiyi adakulitsa nkhani yake kuphatikizapo mitengo ya azitona, minda ya tirigu ndi mpendadzuwa. ==Zaka zoyambirira== Vincent Willem van Gogh anabadwa pa 30 March 1853 ndikulowa m'banja la Dutch Reformed ku Groot-Zundert, m'chigawo chachikulu cha Katolika cha North Brabant kum'mwera kwa Netherlands. Iye anali mwana wamkulu kwambiri wa Theodorus van Gogh, mtumiki wa Tchalitchi cha Dutch Reformed, ndi Anna Cornelia Carbentus. Van Gogh anapatsidwa dzina la agogo ake aamuna, ndi a mchimwene wake anabadwa chimodzimodzi chaka chimodzi asanabadwe.Vincent anali dzina lofala m'banja la Van Gogh: agogo ake aamuna, a Vincent (1789-1874), omwe adalandira digiri ya zamulungu pa M'chaka cha 1811, yunivesite ya Leiden, inali ndi ana asanu ndi mmodzi, ndipo atatu mwa iwo anakhala opanga zamalonda. Vincent uyu angakhale atatchulidwa dzina la amalume ake aang'ono, ojambula zithunzi (1729-1802). Amayi a Van Gogh adachokera ku banja lolemera ku The Hague, ndipo bambo ake anali mwana wamng'ono kwambiri wa mtumiki. Onse awiri anakumana pamene mchemwali wake wa Anna, Cornelia, anakwatira mkulu wa Theodorus, Vincent (Cent). Makolo a Van Gogh anakwatira mu May 1851 ndipo anasamukira ku Zundert. Mbale wake Theo anabadwa pa 1 May 1857. Panali m'bale wina, Cor, ndi alongo atatu: Elisabeth, Anna, ndi Willemina (wotchedwa "Wil"). M'moyo wam'tsogolo Van Vangh adangogwirizana ndi Willemina ndi Theo. Amayi a Van Gogh anali amayi okhwima komanso achipembedzo omwe anagogomezera kufunikira kwa banja mpaka kufotokozera anthu omwe ali pafupi naye. Malipiro a Theodorus anali odzichepetsa, koma Tchalitchi chinapatsa banjali nyumba, mdzakazi, ophika awiri, woyang'anira munda, galimoto ndi kavalo, ndipo Anna adalimbikitsa ana kuti azikhala ndi udindo wopititsa patsogolo banja lawo. Van Gogh anali mwana wamkulu komanso woganizira. Anaphunzitsidwa pakhomo ndi amayi ake komanso wophunzira, ndipo mu 1860 anatumizidwa ku sukulu ya kumudzi. Mu 1864 adayikidwa ku sukulu ya abusa ku Zevenbergen, komwe adamva kuti achoka, ndipo adalimbikitsidwa kubwerera kwawo. M'malomwake, mu 1866 makolo ake anamutumiza ku sukulu yapakati ku Tilburg, komwe sanasangalale kwambiri. Chidwi chake chojambula chinayamba ali wamng'ono. Analimbikitsidwa kutengera mwana wake ndi mwana wake, ndipo zojambula zake ndizofotokozera, koma sakuyandikira kwambiri ntchito yake yotsatira.Constant Cornelis Huijsmans, yemwe adali katswiri wojambula ku Paris, adaphunzitsa ophunzira ku Tilburg. Filosofi yake inali kukana njira kuti atenge zojambula za zinthu, makamaka zachilengedwe kapena zinthu zofala. Kusakhutira kwakukulu kwa Van Gogh kumawoneka kuti kwakuphimba maphunziro, omwe analibe zotsatira; mu March 1868 adabwerera kwawo mwamsanga. Pambuyo pake analemba kuti unyamata wake unali "wotentha komanso wozizira, wosabala". Mu Julayi 1869 Bambo ake a uncle a Van Gogh adapeza udindo kwa ogulitsa malonda Goupil & Cie ku The Hague. Atamaliza maphunziro ake mu 1873, adasamutsira ku ofesi ya Goupil ku London ku Southampton Street, ndipo adakhala ku 87 Hackford Road, Stockwell. Iyi inali nthawi yosangalatsa kwa Van Gogh; iye anali wopambana kuntchito, ndipo pa 20 anali kupeza zochuluka kuposa bambo ake. Mkazi wa Theo adanena kuti uwu unali chaka chabwino kwambiri cha moyo wa Vincent. Anakopeka ndi mwana wamkazi wa nyumba yake, Eugénie Loyer, koma anakanidwa atavomereza maganizo ake; iye analumikizidwa mwachinsinsi kwa yemwe kale anali ogona. Iye anakula kwambiri, ndipo anali wolimba mtima mwachipembedzo. Bambo ake ndi amalume ake anakonza zoti apite ku Paris mu 1875, komwe adakwiya kwambiri ndi nkhani monga momwe amachitira zojambulajambula, ndipo adachotsedwa chaka chimodzi. ==Reputation== ===Kwa Zinthu Zakale Za Vincent van Gogh=== Vincent Willem van Gogh (1890-1978), dzina lake Vincent Willem van Gogh (1890-1978), analandira nyumbayo pambuyo pa imfa ya amayi ake mu 1925. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, adakonza zolemba makalata onse omwe analembedwa m'mabuku anayi ndi zinenero zambiri. Kenaka adayamba kukambirana ndi boma la Dutch kuti athandizire maziko oti agule ndikugulitsa zonsezo. Mwana wa Theo anatenga nawo mbali pokonzekera polojekitiyo poganiza kuti ntchitoyi idzawonetsedwa pansi pazifukwa zabwino. Ntchitoyi inayamba mu 1963; Katswiri wina wa zomangamanga dzina lake Gerrit Rietveld anapatsidwa ntchito yoti apange, ndipo atamwalira mu 1964, Kisho Kurokawa anatenga udindo. Ntchito inapita patsogolo m'zaka za m'ma 1960, ndi 1972 monga cholinga cha kutseguka kwake. Nyumba ya Van Gogh inatsegulidwa ku Museum Museum ku Amsterdam m'chaka cha 1973. Idamakhala nyumba yachiwiri yotchuka ku Netherlands, pambuyo pa Rijksmuseum, yomwe imalandira alendo oposa 1.5 miliyoni pa chaka. Mu 2015 anali ndi mbiri 1.9 miliyoni; [293] 85 peresenti ya alendo ochokera kumayiko ena. == Zosowa == {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last= Arnold |first=Wilfred Niels |title=Vincent van Gogh: Chemicals, Crises, and Creativity|publisher=Birkhäuser |date=1992 |isbn=978-3-7643-3616-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal|last=Arnold|first=Wilfred Niels |title=The illness of Vincent van Gogh|journal=[[Journal of the History of the Neurosciences]]|volume=13 | issue= 1|pages=22–43|year=2004|doi=10.1080/09647040490885475 |pmid=15370335 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wilfred_Arnold/publication/8345093_The_Illness_of_Vincent_van_Gogh/links/00b4952869cc0ec876000000.pdf | ref = harv}} <!-- * {{cite book |last= Bailey |first=Martin |title=The Sunflowers are Mine: The Story of Van Gogh's Masterpiece|publisher=Frances Lincoln |date=2013 |isbn=978-0-7112-3298-3 |ref=harv}} --> * {{cite journal |last=Blumer |first=Dietrich |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.159.4.519 |title=The Illness of Vincent van Gogh |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_2002-04_159_4/page/519 |journal=[[American Journal of Psychiatry]] |year=2002 |volume=159 |issue=4 |pages=519–526 |ref=harv |pmid=11925286}}{{open access}} * {{cite book |last=Callow |first=Philip |title=Vincent van Gogh: A Life|publisher=Ivan R. Dee |date=1990 |isbn=978-1-56663-134-1|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Channing |first1=Laurence |first2=Barbara J. |last2=Bradley |title=Monet to Dalí: Impressionist and Modern Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art|publisher=Cleveland Museum of Art |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-940717-90-9 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal|last=Cohen|first=Ben |year=2003|title=A Tale of Two Ears|journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]]|volume=96 |issue=6|ref=harv |pmc=539517 |pmid=12782701 |pages=305–6 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.96.6.305}} * {{cite book|last=Davies|first=Christopher|title=Divided by a Common Language: A Guide to British and American English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTSWCwAAQBAJ|year=2007|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-547-35028-8|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Doiteau |first1=Victor |last2=Leroy |first2=Edgard |title=La Folie de Vincent Van Gogh |trans-title= |language=fr |publisher=Éditions Aesculape |date=1928 |oclc=458125921 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Dorn |first=Roland |title=Décoration: Vincent van Gogh's Werkreihe für das Gelbe Haus in Arles |trans-title=Décoration: Vincent van Gogh's Series of Works for the Yellow House in Arles |language=de |publisher=Olms Verlag |date=1990 |isbn=978-3-487-09098-6 |ref=harv}} * {{cite contribution |last1=Dorn |first1=Roland |last2=Leeman |first2=Fred |contribution=(exh. cat.) |editor-last=Költzsch |editor-first=Georg-Wilhelm |title=Vincent van Gogh and the Modern Movement, 1890–1914|year=1990 |isbn=978-3-923641-33-8 |ref=harv}} Other editions: {{ISBN|978-3-923641-31-4}} (German); {{ISBN|978-90-6630-247-1}}(Dutch) * {{cite contribution |last1=Dorn |first1=Roland |last2=Keyes |first2=George |contribution=(exh. cat) |title=Van Gogh Face to Face: The Portraits |year=2000 |publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-89558-153-2 |ref=harv}} <!-- (REFCHECK alt) --> * {{cite book |editor1-last=Dorn |editor1-first=Roland |editor2-last=Schröder |editor2-first=Albrecht |editor3-last=Sillevis |editor3-first=John |title= Van Gogh und die Haager Schule|publisher= Bank Austria Kunstforum |publication-date=1996 |isbn=978-88-8118-072-1 |ref=harv }} * {{cite contribution |last1=Druick |first1=Douglas |last2=Zegers |first2=Pieter |contribution=(exh. cat) |title=Van Gogh and Gauguin: The Studio of the South |publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=2001 |isbn=978-0-500-51054-4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Edwards |first=Cliff |title=Van Gogh and God: A Creative Spiritual Quest |publisher=Loyola University Press|date=1989 |isbn=978-0-8294-0621-4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Erickson |first=Kathleen Powers |title=At Eternity's Gate: The Spiritual Vision of Vincent van Gogh |publisher =Eerdmans|date=1998 |isbn=978-0-8028-4978-6|ref=harv}} *{{ cite book | last=Faille | first=Jacob-Baart de la | year=1928 | title=L'Oeuvre de Vincent van Gogh: Catalogue Raisonnée (4 volumes) | publisher=G. van Oest | language=French | oclc=3312853 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last1=Farr |first1=Dennis |last2=Peppiatt |first2=Michael |author2link=Michael Peppiatt |last3=Yard |first3=Sally |title=Francis Bacon: A Retrospective |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |date=1999 |isbn=978-0-8109-2925-8 |ref=harv}} <!-- WorldCat says place of publication not identified --> *{{ cite book | last=Feilchenfeldt | first=Walter | year=2013 | title=Vincent Van Gogh: The Years in France: Complete Paintings 1886–1890 | publisher=Philip Wilson | isbn=978-1-78130-019-0 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Fell |first=Derek |authorlink=Derek Fell |title=The Impressionist Garden|publisher=Frances Lincoln |date=1997 |isbn=978-0-7112-1148-3 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Fell |first=Derek |title=Van Gogh's Women: His Love Affairs and Journey into Madness |publisher=Pavilion Books |date=2015 |isbn=978-1-910232-42-2 |ref=harv}} <!-- WorldCat only has 2005; Carrol & Graf --> * {{cite book |last=Gayford |first=Martin |title=The Yellow House: Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Nine Turbulent Weeks in Arles |publisher=Penguin |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-670-91497-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Geskó |editor-first=Judit |title=Van Gogh in Budapest|publisher=Vince Books |date=2006 |isbn=978-963-7063-34-3 |ref=harv}}; {{ISBN|963-7063-33-1}} (Hungarian) *{{cite book|last=Grant|first=Patrick|title=The Letters of Vincent van Gogh: A Critical Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c2L7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|date=2014|publisher=Athabasca University Press|isbn=978-1-927356-74-6|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Hammacher |first= Abraham M. |title=Vincent van Gogh: Genius and Disaster|publisher=Harry N. Abrams |date=1985 |isbn=978-0-8109-8067-9 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Hayden |first=Deborah |title=Pox: Genius, Madness and the Mysteries of Syphilis|publisher=Basic Books |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-465-02881-8 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal | last =Hemphill| first= R. E. |title=The illness of Vincent van Gogh|journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine]] | year= 1961 |volume = 54| pages =1083–1088|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Robert |authorlink=Robert Hughes (critic) |title=Nothing If Not Critical|publisher=The Harvill Press |date=1990 |isbn=978-0-14-016524-1|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Robert |title=The Portable Van Gogh|publisher=Universe |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-7893-0803-0 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Hulsker |first=Jan |authorlink=Jan Hulsker |title=The Complete Van Gogh|publisher=Phaidon |date=1980 |isbn=978-0-7148-2028-6 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Hulsker |first=Jan|title=Vincent and Theo Van Gogh: A Dual Biography|publisher=Fuller Publications |date=1990 |isbn=978-0-940537-05-7 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Lubin |first=Albert J. |title=Stranger on the Earth: A Psychological Biography of Vincent van Gogh|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |date=1972 |isbn=978-0-03-091352-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=McQuillan |first=Melissa |title=Van Gogh |publisher=Thames and Hudson |date=1989 |isbn=978-0-500-20232-6 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Naifeh |first1=Steven W. |authorlink1=Steven Naifeh |first2=Gregory White |last2=Smith |authorlink2=Gregory White Smith |title=Van Gogh: The Life|publisher=Random House |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-375-50748-9 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Nemeczek |first=Alfred |title=Van Gogh in Arles| publisher=Prestel Verlag |date=1999 |isbn=978-3-7913-2230-8 |ref=harv}} *{{cite journal|last=Perry|first=Isabella H.|title=Vincent van Gogh's illness: a case record|journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine|volume=21|pages=146–172|year=1947| ref = harv}} * {{cite contribution |last=Pickvance |first=Ronald |contribution=(exh. cat) |title=English Influences on Vincent van Gogh |id=University of Nottingham, 1974/75|publisher=Arts Council |year=1974 |ref=harv}} * {{cite contribution |last=Pickvance |first=Ronald |contribution=(exh. cat) |title=Van Gogh in Arles |id=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |publisher=Abrams |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-87099-375-6 |ref=harv}} * {{cite contribution |last=Pickvance |first=Ronald |contribution=(exh. cat) |title=Van Gogh in Saint-Rémy and Auvers |id=Metropolitan Museum of Art |publisher=Abrams |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-87099-477-7 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Pomerans |first=Arnold |authorlink=Arnold Pomerans |title=The Letters of Vincent van Gogh |publisher=Penguin Classics |date=1997 |isbn=978-0-14-044674-6 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Rewald |first=John |authorlink=John Rewald |title=Post-Impressionism: From van Gogh to Gauguin|publisher=Secker & Warburg |date=1978 |isbn=978-0-436-41151-9 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Rewald |first=John |title=Studies in Post-Impressionism |publisher=Abrams |date=1986 |isbn=978-0-8109-1632-6 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Rosenblum |first=Robert |authorlink=Robert Rosenblum |date=1975 |title=Modern Painting and the Northern Romantic Tradition: Friedrich to Rothko|publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0-06-430057-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Rovers |first=Eva |year=2007 | title='He Is the Key and the Antithesis of so Much': Helene Kröller-Müller's Fascination with Vincent van Gogh|journal=[[Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art]]|volume= 33|issue=4 |pages=258–272 |jstor=25608496 | ref = harv}} * {{cite book|last=Selz|first=Peter Howard|title=German Expressionist Painting|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UimQfCpawyUC&pg=PA82|year=1968|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02515-8| ref = harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Sund |first=Judy |year= 1988|title=The Sower and the Sheaf: Biblical Metaphor in the Art of Vincent van Gogh|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-bulletin_1988-12_70_4/page/660 |journal=[[College Art Association|The Art Bulletin]] |volume= 70|issue=4 |pages=660–676 |jstor=3051107 |ref = harv |doi=10.2307/3051107}} * {{cite book |last=Spurling |first=Hilary |authorlink = Hilary Spurling |date= 1998|title=The Unknown Matisse: A Life of Henri Matisse, Vol. 1, 1869–1908|publisher=Hamish Hamilton|isbn=978-0-679-43428-3 |ref = harv}} * {{cite book |last=Sund |first=Judy |title=Van Gogh|publisher=Phaidon |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-7148-4084-0 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Sweetman |first=David |authorlink=David Sweetman |title=Van Gogh: His Life and His Art|publisher=Touchstone |date=1990 |isbn=978-0-671-74338-3|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Tralbaut |first=Marc Edo |title=Vincent van Gogh, le mal aimé |trans-title= |language=fr|publisher=Alpine Fine Arts |origyear=1969 |date=1981 |isbn=0-933516-31-2 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Van der Veen |first1=Wouter |first2=Peter |last2=Knapp |title=Van Gogh in Auvers: His Last Days|publisher=Monacelli Press |date=2010 |isbn=978-1-58093-301-8 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Van der Wolk |first=Johannes |title=De schetsboeken van Vincent van Gogh |trans-title=The Sketchbooks of Vincent van Gogh |language=Dutch |publisher=Meulenhoff/Landshoff|isbn=978-90-290-8154-2 |date=1987 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Van Gogh |first=Vincent |authorlink=Vincent van Gogh |url=http://www.vangoghletters.org/ |title=Vincent van Gogh – The Letters |editor1=Leo Jansen |editor2=Hans Luijten |editor3=Nienke Bakker |publisher=Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING |date=2009 |ref=harv |access-date=2018-10-03 |archive-date=2021-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811194851/https://vangoghletters.org/ |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last=Van Heugten |first=Sjraar |title=Vincent van Gogh: tekeningen 1: Vroege jaren 1880–1883 |trans-title=Vincent van Gogh: Drawings 1: Early years 1880–1883 |language=Dutch|publisher=V+K |date=1996 |isbn=978-90-6611-501-9 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Van Uitert |first=Evert |year= 1981|title=Van Gogh's Concept of His ''Oeuvre''|journal=Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art |volume= 12|issue=4 |pages=223–244 |jstor=3780499 | ref = {{sfnRef|van Uitert|1981}} |doi=10.2307/3780499}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=van Uitert |editor1-first=Evert |editor2-last=van Tilborgh |editor2-first=Louis |editor2-link= |editor3-last=van Heugten |editor3-first=Sjraar |contribution=(exh. cat) |title= Vincent van Gogh|publisher= Arnoldo Mondadori Arte de Luca |publication-date=1990 |isbn=88-242-0022-2 |ref=harv}}<!-- ISBN 13 conversion shows a false result --> * {{cite book |last1=Walther |first1=Ingo |last2=Metzger |first2=Rainer |title=Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings|publisher=Taschen |date=1994 |isbn=978-3-8228-0291-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Weikop |first=Christian |year= 2007|title=Exhibition Reviews: Van Gogh and Expressionism. Amsterdam and New York |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_burlington-magazine_2007-03_149_1248/page/208 |journal=The Burlington Magazine|volume= 149|issue=1248 |pages=208–209 |jstor=20074786 | ref = harv}} * {{cite book |last=Wilkie |first=Kenneth |title=The Van Gogh File: The Myth and the Man|publisher=Souvenir Press |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-285-63691-0 |ref=harv}} {{refend}} [[Category:1853 kubadwa]] [[Category:1890 akufa]] aj35vkg4dt2xwsk12ek1dm3al36wmyd 0 4830 71858 52651 2026-08-04T18:20:08Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260804sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|other types of depression|Mood disorder}} {{Distinguish|Depression (mood)}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}} {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Matenda ovutika kwambiri maganizo | image = Van Gogh - Trauernder alter Mann.jpeg | caption = Chithunzi cha mu 1890[[Vincent van Gogh|Vincent van Gogh's]] 1890 painting<br />''[[At Eternity's Gate|Sorrowing old man ('At Eternity's Gate')]]'' | field = [[Kuthandiza anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la maganizo]], [[maganizo]] | synonyms = Kuvutika maganizo, Kuvutika kwambiri maganizo, Matenda okhudza nkhawa, Matenda okhudzana ndi nkhawa, Kuvutika maganizo kobwerezabwereza | symptoms = [[nkhawa (kukhumudwa)|Kukhumudwa]], kudzikayikira [[kusadzidalira]] , [[kusasangalala|kulephera kusangalala]] pa zochitika zosangalatsa, kufooka, [[kumva kuphweteka]] popanda chifukwa<ref name=NIH2016/> | complications = [[Kudzipha]]<ref name=Rich2014/> | onset = 20s–30s<ref name=DSM5/><ref name=Kes2013/> | duration = > 2 weeks<ref name=NIH2016/> | causes = [[kuyamwira|Zoyamwira]], mmene zinthu zilili pamoyo, ndiponso zokhudza vuto la maganizo<ref name=NIH2016/> | risks = [[Zakumtundu (mankhwala)|Zakumtundu]], kusintha kwa zochitika pamoyo, zinthu monga [[mankhwala enaake]], [[mavuto aakulu okhudza umoyo]], [[mankhwala osokoneza bongo]]<ref name=NIH2016/><ref name=DSM5/> | diagnosis = | differential = [[Kukhumudwa]]<ref name=DSM5/> | prevention = | treatment = [[kuthandiza anthu ovutika maganizo|Uphungu]], [[mankhwala a antidepressant]], [[electroconvulsive therapy]]<ref name=NIH2016/> | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = 216 miliyoni (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 }}</ref> | deaths = }} <!--Definition and symptoms --> '''Matenda a nkhawa''' ('''MDD'''), omwenso amadziwika kuti '''nkhawa''', ndi [[matenda a maganizo]] ndipo wodwala amatha kupanikizika ndi matendawa kwa milungu yosachepera iwiri [[akuvutika maganizo (wokhumudwa)|wosasangalala]] malinga ndi zimene zam'chitikira pa nthawiyo.<ref name=NIH2016/> Munthu akayamba kudwala matendawa, kawirikawiri amayambanso [[kudzikayikira]], [[kusasangalala|kukhala wosasangalala]] pa zochitika zoyenera kusangalala, amafooka, ndiponso [[amamva ululu]] popanda chifukwa chomveka.<ref name=NIH2016/> Anthu omwe ali ndi matendawa nthawi zina amaona [[zilubwelubwe|amakhulupirira zinthu zomwe si zoona]] kapenanso [[amaona zinthu zina m'mutu mwawo|amaona kapena kumva zinthu zimene kulibe]].<ref name=NIH2016/> Anthu ena amavutika kwambiri ndi [[Matenda ovutika kwambiri maganizo|pa nthawi zinazake]] pa nthawi zinazake pachaka, pomwe amavutika ndi matendawa nthawi zonse.<ref name=DSM5/> Matenda a nkhawa angasokoneze kwambiri moyo wa munthu, ntchito yake, maphunziro ake, kumusowetsa tulo ngakhalenso kumulepheretsa kudya ndi kusokonezanso thanzi lake.<ref name=NIH2016/><ref name=DSM5/> Anthu akuluakulu oyambira pa awiri kufika 8 pa Anthu 1000 aliwonse omwe li ndi matenda a nkhawa amafa mochita [[kudzipha]],<ref name=Rich2014>{{cite book|last1=Richards|first1=C. Steven|last2=O'Hara|first2=Michael W. |name-list-format=vanc |title=The Oxford Handbook of Depression and Comorbidity|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199797042|page=254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jpsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA254|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Strakowski|first1=Stephen |last2=Nelson |first2=Erik |title=Major Depressive Disorder |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190264321 |page=PT27 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=nD8FCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT27 |language=en}}</ref> ndipo hafu ya anthu onse omwe amadzipha amakhala kuti anali ndi matenda a nkhawa kapena [[matenda ena a maganizo]].} <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bachmann |first1=S |title=Epidemiology of Suicide and the Psychiatric Perspective |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |date=6 July 2018 |volume=15 |issue=7 |pages=1425 |doi=10.3390/ijerph15071425 |pmid=29986446|pmc=6068947 |quote=Half of all completed suicides are related to depressive and other mood disorders}}</ref> <!-- Cause and diagnosis --> Pali zinthu zingapo zimene zimayambitsa matenda a nkhawa, monga [[kuyamwira]] matendawa komanso chifukwa cha zochitika pamoyo wa munthu.<ref name=NIH2016>{{cite web|title=Depression|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml|website=NIMH|accessdate=31 July 2016|date=May 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805065529/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml|archivedate=5 August 2016}}</ref> Zina mwa zinthu zimene zimayambitsa matendawa ndi [[kuyamwira kuchokera kumtundu|zakumtundu]], kusintha kwambiri kwa zinthu pamoyo, mankhwala ena akuchipatala, [[matenda ena akuluakulu]], ndiponso [[kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo]].<ref name=NIH2016/><ref name=DSM5/> Zikuoneka kuti anthu 40 pa 100 aliwonse amene amadwala matendawa amachita kuyamwira kuchokera ku mtundu wawo.<ref name=DSM5/> Madokotala amatha kudziwa kuti munthu ali ndi matenda a nkhawa malinga ndi zimene munthuyo wakhala akuchita ndiponso [[mmene kaganizidwe ka munthuyo kalili]].<ref name=Pat2015>{{cite book|last1=Patton|first1=Lauren L.|name-list-format=vanc |title=The ADA Practical Guide to Patients with Medical Conditions|date=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118929285|page=339|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTJiCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA339|language=en}}</ref> Palibe njira ya ku labu imene ingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyeza kuti madokotala adziwe ngati munthu ali ndi matenda a nkhawa.<ref name=DSM5/> Komabe, madokotala amatha kumuyeza munthu kuti adziwe ngati ali ndi matenda ena omwe zizindikiro zake n'zofanana ndi matenda a ankhawa.<ref name=Pat2015/> Munthu yemwe akudwala matenda a nkhawa amamva ululu woopsa ndipo izi zimachitika kwa nthawi yaitali kuposa [[kungokhumudwa]], komwe kumachitika pamoyo wa munthu aliyense.<ref name=DSM5/> Bungwe la [[United States Preventive Services Task Force]] (USPSTF) limalimbikitsa kuti anthu amene akwanitsa zaka 12 zakubadwa azikayezetsa kuti adziwe ngati ali ndi matenda a nkhawa,<ref name=US2016>{{cite journal |vauthors=Siu AL, Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Baumann LC, Davidson KW, Ebell M, García FA, Gillman M, Herzstein J, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kurth AE, Owens DK, Phillips WR, Phipps MG, Pignone MP |title=Screening for Depression in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2016-01-26_315_4/page/380 |journal=JAMA |volume=315 |issue=4 |pages=380–7 |date=January 2016 |pmid=26813211 |doi=10.1001/jama.2015.18392 }}</ref><ref name=US2016Peds>{{cite journal |vauthors=Siu AL |title=Screening for Depression in Children and Adolescents: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=164 |issue=5 |pages=360–6 |date=March 2016 |pmid=26858097 |doi=10.7326/M15-2957 }}</ref> pomwe kafukufuku wa[[Cochrane]] amapeza kuti mafunso amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza kuti adziwe ngati munthu ali ndi vutoli sapereka n'komwe njira zimene zingathandize munthuyo.<ref name=Gil2005>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gilbody S, House AO, Sheldon TA |title=Screening and case finding instruments for depression |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=4 |pages=CD002792 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16235301 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002792.pub2 }}</ref> <!--Treatment and course --> Komabe, anthu omwe ali ndi matendawa angathandizidwe ndithu ngati thandizo la [[psychotherapy|uphungu]] ndiponso mankhwala a [[antidepressant]]. <ref name=NIH2016/> Zikuoneka kuti mankhwala akuchipatala amathandiza ndithu, koma makamaka ngati matendawo akula kwambiri.<ref name="Fou2010">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fournier JC, DeRubeis RJ, Hollon SD, Dimidjian S, Amsterdam JD, Shelton RC, Fawcett J |title=Antidepressant drug effects and depression severity: a patient-level meta-analysis |journal=JAMA |volume=303 |issue=1 |pages=47–53 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20051569 |pmc=3712503 |doi=10.1001/jama.2009.1943 }}</ref><ref name="Kir2008">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kirsch I, Deacon BJ, Huedo-Medina TB, Scoboria A, Moore TJ, Johnson BT |title=Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: a meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration |journal=PLoS Medicine |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=e45 |date=February 2008 |pmid=18303940 |pmc=2253608 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050045 }}</ref> Sizikudziwika ngati mankhwala akuchipatala amawonjezeranso chiopsezo choti munthu angathe kudzipha.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Braun C, Bschor T, Franklin J, Baethge C |title=Suicides and Suicide Attempts during Long-Term Treatment with Antidepressants: A Meta-Analysis of 29 Placebo-Controlled Studies Including 6,934 Patients with Major Depressive Disorder |journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=171–9 |date=2016 |pmid=27043848 |doi=10.1159/000442293 }}</ref> Uphungu umene munthu angapatsidwe ungaphatikizepo [[wothandiza munthu kusintha khalidwe]] ndiponso [[wothandiza munthu kuti azichita zinthu ndi anthu ena]].<ref name=NIH2016/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Driessen E, Hollon SD |title=Cognitive behavioral therapy for mood disorders: efficacy, moderators and mediators |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=537–55 |date=September 2010 |pmid=20599132 |pmc=2933381 |doi=10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.005 }}</ref> Ngati njira zimenezi sizikuthandiza, mungayese njira ya [[electroconvulsive therapy]] ndipo imeneyi ingathe kuthandiza.<ref name=NIH2016/> Munthu yemwe akudwala matendawa angathenso kugonekedwa m'chipatala ngati zikuoneka kuti akhoza kudzipha ndipo angagonekedwe m'chipatalamo ngakhale kuti mwiniwakeyo sakugwirizana nazo.<ref>{{cite book |author=American Psychiatric Association |title=American Psychiatric Association Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Compendium 2006|publisher=American Psychiatric Pub|isbn=9780890423851|page=780|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zql0AqtRSrYC&pg=PA780|language=en|year=2006}}</ref> <!-- Epidemiology, history, and society --> M'chaka cha 2015 chokha, anthu pafupifupi 216 miliyoni (atatu pa anthu 100 aliwonse padziko lonse) anadwala matenda a nkhawa.<ref name=GBD2015Pre/> M'dziko la Japan lokha, chiwerengero cha anthu amene amadwala matendawa pa nthawi inayake m'moyo wawo ndi 7 pa 100 aliwonse, pomwe ku France ndi 21 pa 100 aliwonse.<ref name="Kes2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kessler RC, Bromet EJ |title=The epidemiology of depression across cultures |journal=Annual Review of Public Health |volume=34 |pages=119–38 |date=2013 |pmid=23514317 |pmc=4100461 |doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114409 }}</ref> Anthu omwe amavutika matendawa kwa moyo wawo wonse [[m'mayiko olemera]] ndi ochuluka ndi 15 pa 100 aliwonse poyerekezera ndi anthu a [[m'mayiko osiyana]] omwe ndi 11 pa 100 aliwonse.<ref name=Kes2013/> Vutoli ndi lachiwiri pa matenda [[amene anthu amangokhala nawo kwa moyo wawo wonse]], ndipo amatenda omwe ali pamalo oyamba ndi [[matenda a msana]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators |title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 |journal=Lancet |volume=386 |issue=9995 |pages=743–800 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26063472 |pmc=4561509 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4 }}</ref> Anthu ambiri amadwala amatenda a nkhawa akafika zaka za m'ma 20 ndi 30.<ref name=DSM5/><ref name=Kes2013/> Ndipo akazi ndi amene amadwala kwambiri matendawa poyerekezera ndi amuna.<ref name=DSM5>{{citation|author=American Psychiatric Association|year=2013|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|location=Arlington|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|pages=160–168|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|edition=5th|url=https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/dsm-5|accessdate=22 July 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731072609/https://psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/dsm-5|archivedate=31 July 2016}}</ref><ref name=Kes2013/> Bungwe la [[American Psychiatric Association]] linaika "matenda ovutika kwambiri maganizo" pagulu la matenda lotchedwa ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]'' (DSM-III) mu 1980.<ref name=Her2008/> Gulu la matendali linagawidwa n'kupanga gulu lina la[[matenda a muubongo]] kuchoka m'gulu lomwe lija la DSM-II, lomwe mulinso matenda a [[dysthymia]] ndiponso [[matenda a nkhawa omwe amayamba chifukwa chosamukira kudera lina ndiponso kukhumudwa]].<ref name=Her2008>{{cite book|last1=Hersen|first1=Michel|last2=Rosqvist|first2=Johan |name-list-format=vanc |title=Handbook of Psychological Assessment, Case Conceptualization, and Treatment, Volume 1: Adults|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470173565|page=32|date=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zOBdVdjGf4oC&pg=PA32|language=en}}</ref> Anthu omwe akupezeka ndi matendawa panopa komanso omwe anapezeka nawo kale akhoza [[kumasalidwa]]. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Strakowski|first1=Stephen M.|last2=Nelson|first2=Erik | name-list-format=vanc |title=Major Depressive Disorder|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190206185|page=Chapter 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dz8FCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT9|language=en|chapter=Introduction|year=2015}}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ===Cited works=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders |edition=Fourth Edition, Text Revision: DSM-IV-TR |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. |location=Washington, DC |year=2000a|isbn=978-0-89042-025-6|ref=CITEREFAmerican_Psychiatric_Association2000a |author=American Psychiatric Association}} * {{cite book |vauthors=Barlow DH, Durand VM |title=Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach (5th ed.) |publisher=Thomson Wadsworth |location=Belmont, CA, USA |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-534-63356-1|ref=CITEREFBarlow2005}} * {{cite book |vauthors=Beck AT, Rush J, Shaw BF, Emery G |title=Cognitive Therapy of depression |publisher=Guilford Press |location=New York, NY, USA |year=1987|origyear=1979 |isbn=978-0-89862-919-4|ref=CITEREFBeck1987}} * {{cite book |author=Hergenhahn BR|title=An Introduction to the History of Psychology |edition=5th |publisher=Thomson Wadsworth |location=Belmont, CA, USA |year=2005|isbn=978-0-534-55401-9|ref=CITEREFHergenhahn2005}} * {{cite book |vauthors=May R |title=The discovery of being: Writings in existential psychology |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |location=New York, NY, USA |year=1994|isbn=978-0-393-31240-9|ref=CITEREFMay1994}} * {{cite book |last1=Hadzi-Pavlovic |first1=Dusan |last2=Parker |first2=Gordon |name-list-format=vanc |title=Melancholia: a disorder of movement and mood: a phenomenological and neurobiological review |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-47275-3|ref=CITEREFParker1996}} * {{cite book |title=British National Formulary (BNF 56) |author=Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain |year=2008 |publisher=BMJ Group and RPS Publishing |location=UK |isbn=978-0-85369-778-7 |url=http://www.bnf.org/bnf/ |ref=CITEREFRoyal_Pharmaceutical_Society_of_Great_Britain2008 |access-date=12 December 2018 |archive-date=13 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513222626/http://www.bnf.org/bnf/ |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last1=Sadock |first1=Virginia A. |last2=Sadock |first2=Benjamin J. |last3=Kaplan |first3=Harold I. |name-list-format=vanc |title=Kaplan & Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry: behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Philadelphia |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7817-3183-6|ref=CITEREFSadock2002}} {{refend}} ==External links== {{Medical condition classification and resources |DiseasesDB=3589 |ICD10={{ICD10|F|32||f|30}}, {{ICD10|F|33||f|30}} |ICD9={{ICD9|296.2}}, {{ICD9|296.3}} |ICDO= |OMIM=608516 |MedlinePlus=003213 |eMedicineSubj=med |eMedicineTopic=532 |MeshID=D003865 }} {{Spoken Wikipedia|Mdd2 003.ogg|2014-10-06}} * {{dmoz|Health/Mental_Health/Disorders/Mood/Depression|Depression}} {{Mental and behavioural disorders|selected=mood}} {{Mood disorders}} {{Featured article}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Bipolar spectrum]] [[Category:Mood disorders]] [[Category:Depression (psychology)]] [[Category:Psychiatric diagnosis]] [[Category:RTT]] [[Category:History of mental health]] [[Category:RTTNEURO]] pj51tis82ihep0hkn6ubufentfnjwk5 0 4831 71872 71500 2026-08-04T18:32:33Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260804sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hatnote|"OCD" redirects here. For other uses, see [[OCD (disambiguation)]]. Not to be confused with [[Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder]].}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}} {{Use American English|date=December 2017}} {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Matenda a muubongo okonda kuchita zinthu mobwerezabwereza (OCD) | image = OCD handwash.jpg | caption = Anthu ena omwe ali ndi OCD amakonda kusamba m'manja mobwerezabwereza | field = [[Vuto la muubongo]] | symptoms = Amaona kuti akufunika kufufuza zinthu mobwerezabwereza, amachita [[zinthu modzidzimukira|amachita zinthu zina mobwerezabwereza]], [[kaganizidwe kobwerezabwereza| kuganiza zinthu mobwerezabwereza]]<ref name=NIH2015 /> | complications = [[vuto lochita zinthu zinazake mobwerezabwereza|Kuchita zinthu mobwerezabwereza]], [[matenda a nkhawa]], [[kudzipha]]<ref name=DSM5 /><ref name=Ang2015 /> | onset = Zaka 35 zisanakwane <ref name=NIH2015 /><ref name=DSM5 /> | duration = | causes = Sizikudziwika<ref name=NIH2015 /> | risks = [[Kuchitira nkhanza ana]], [[kupanikizika maganizo]]<ref name=DSM5 /> | diagnosis = Malinga ndi zizindikiro<ref name=DSM5 /> | differential = Matenda a nkhawa, [[matenda ovutika kwambiri maganizo]], [[vuto lokonda kukhumudwa]], [[matenda ochita zinthu modzidzimukira komanso mobwerezabwereza]]<ref name=DSM5 /> | prevention = | treatment = [[kuthandiza anthu ovutika maganizo|Uphungu]], [[mankhwala a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]], [[mankhwala a tricyclic antidepressant|tricyclic antidepressants]]<ref name=NEJM2014 /><ref name=Ve2014 /> | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = 2.3%<ref name=Good2014 /> | deaths = }} <!-- Definition and symptoms --> '''Matenda a muubongo ochititsa munthu kuchita zinthu mobwerezabwereza [Obsessive–compulsive disorder ''' ('''OCD''')] ali m’gulu la [[matenda a maganizo]] amene amachititsa munthu kuchita zinthu zinazake [[mobwerezabwereza]] (kukhala ndi "khalidwe"), kapena munthuyo amakhala ndi [[maganizo enaake mobwerezabwereza]] ("chizolowezi").<ref name=NIH2015 /> Kwa nthawi yaitali ndithu, anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli amalephera kulamulira maganizo ndiponso zochita zawo. <ref name=NIH2015 /> Ambiri mwa anthu omwe ali ndi matendawa amakonda [[kusamba m’manja]], kuwerenga zinthu, ndiponso kufufuza mobwerezabwereza kuti aone ngati chitseko chakhomedwa ndi loko.<ref name=NIH2015 /> Ena amakhala ndi vuto lotaya zinthu. <ref name=NIH2015 /> Anthu osiyanasiyana amachita zinthuzi pa mlingo wosiyanasiyananso, ndipo moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa anthuwo umasokonezeka. <ref name=NIH2015>{{cite web|title=What is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/index.shtml|website=U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH)|author=The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)|date=January 2016|accessdate=24 July 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723194024/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/index.shtml|archivedate=23 July 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Nthawi yomwe munthu yemwe ali ndi vutoli amawononga akuchita zinthu mobwerezabwereza ingakhale yambiri ndithu mpaka kuposa ola limodzi patsiku. <ref name=DSM5>{{cite book|title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5|date=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|location=Washington|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|pages=237–242|edition=5}}</ref> Anthu akuluakulu ambiri omwe ali ndi matendawa amazindikira ndithu kuti khalidwe lawo lochita zinthu mobwerezabwereza ndi lachilendo. <ref name=NIH2015 /> Anthu amene ali matendawa nthawi zina angakhalenso ndi mavuto ena monga [[kusuntha kapena kunjenjemera mosalamulirika kwa mbali zina za thupi lawo]], [[kuda nkhawa kwambiri]], ndiponso kukhala pachiopsezo chachikulu chofuna [[kudzipha]].<ref name=DSM5 /><ref name=Ang2015>{{cite journal|last1=Angelakis|first1=I|last2=Gooding|first2=P|last3=Tarrier|first3=N|last4=Panagioti|first4=M|title=Suicidality in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD): A systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=Clinical Psychology Review|date=25 March 2015|volume=39|pages=1–15|pmid=25875222|doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2015.03.002}}</ref> <!-- Cause and diagnosis --> Chomwe chimayambitsa matendawa sichikudziwika. <ref name=NIH2015 /> Koma zikuoneka kuti munthu angathe [[kuyamwira]] matendawa kuchokera kumtundu makamaka ngati ali [[mapasa ofanana]] koma mapasa omwe si ofanana sakhala pachiopsezo chachikulu choti angathe kuyamwira matendawa.<ref name=DSM5 /> Zina mwa zochitika pamoyo wa munthu zimene zingayambitse matendawa zingakhale [[kuchitiridwa nkhanza uli mwana]], kapenanso kukumana ndi [[zoopsa]] pamoyo.<ref name=DSM5 /> Zikuonekanso kuti anthu ena amayamba kudwala matenda a OCD pambuyo poti anadwala matenda ena oyambitsidwa ndi [[majeremusi|tizilombo]].<ref name=DSM5 /> Madokotala amatha kudziwa kuti munthu ali ndi matenda a OCD akaona zizindikiro zimene munthuyo akusonyeza zomwe ndi zosiyana ndi zamatenda ena kapena za zotsatirapo za mankhwala amene munthu akumwa. <ref name=DSM5 /> Masikelo oyezera zinthu zosiyanasiyana, monga ya [[Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale]] (Y-BOCS) ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pofuna kudziwa kukula kwa matendawa.<ref name="Fenske_2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fenske JN, Schwenk TL | title = Obsessive compulsive disorder: diagnosis and management | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 80 | issue = 3 | pages = 239–45 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19621834 | doi = | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0801/p239.html | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140512222223/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0801/p239.html | archivedate = 12 May 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Matenda ena amene zizindikiro zake zingafanane ndi za OCD ndi matenda a nkhawa, [[matenda ovutika maganizo]], [[matenda ovutika kudya]], [[matenda ochititsa ziwala zina za thupi kusuntha kapena kunjenjemera mosalamulirika]], ndiponso [[matenda ochititsa munthu kumasinthasintha khalidwe]].<ref name=DSM5 /> <!-- Treatment and prognosis --> Thandizo lomwe lingathandize munthu wodwala OCD ndi monga [[kulandira uphungu|uphungu]], monga [[wothandiza munthu kusintha khalidwe]] (CBT), ndiponso nthawi zina mankhwala a [[antidepressants]] monga [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor|selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]] (SSRI) kapenanso [[clomipramine]].<ref name=NEJM2014 /><ref name=Ve2014 /> Wodwala amapatsidwa uphungu woti aziona kapena kukhala pafupi ndi zinthu zimene zimachititsa kuti OCD iyambe koma asamachite chilichonse. <ref name=NEJM2014>{{cite journal | author = Grant JE | title = Clinical practice: Obsessive-compulsive disorder. | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2014-08-14_371_7/page/646 | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 371 | issue = 7 | pages = 646–53 | date = 14 August 2014 | pmid = 25119610 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMcp1402176}}</ref> Ngakhale kuti zikuoneka kuti mankhwala amathandiza kuti matendawa achepe, zikuonekanso kuti mankhwalawo amayambitsa mavuto ena aakulu, choncho wodwala angapatsidwe mankhwala pokhapokha ngati uphungu sukuthandiza. <ref name=NEJM2014 /> Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala a [[Atypical antipsychotic|Atypical antipsychotics]] angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwonjezera pa mankhwala a SSRI ngati wodwalayo akuoneka kuti akuvutika kwambiri, ngakhale kuti wodwalayo angakumanenso ndi mavuto ena obwera chifukwa cha mankhwalawo. <ref name=Ve2014>{{cite journal |last=Veale |first= D|last2= Miles|first2=S |last3=Smallcombe |first3= N|last4=Ghezai |first4=H |last5=Goldacre |first5=B|last6=Hodsoll |first6=J |date=29 November 2014 |title=Atypical antipsychotic augmentation in SSRI treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. |journal=BMC Psychiatry|publisher= |volume= 14|issue= |pages=317 |doi=10.1186/s12888-014-0317-5 |pmid=25432131 |pmc=4262998}}</ref><ref name=Dec2010>{{cite journal |vauthors=Decloedt EH, Stein DJ | title = Current trends in drug treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder | journal = Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat | volume = 6 | issue = |pages = 233–42 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20520787 | pmc = 2877605 | doi = 10.2147/NDT.S3149}}</ref> Ngati munthu sangalandire thandizo, akhoza kukhala ndi matendawa kwa zaka zambiri. <ref name=DSM5 /> <!-- Epidemiology, Society and Culture --> Padziko lonse, 2.3 peresenti ya anthu amadwala kapena anadwalapo matenda a OCD pa nthawi inayake pa moyo wawo. <ref name=Good2014>{{cite journal|last1=Goodman|first1=WK|last2=Grice|first2=DE|last3=Lapidus|first3=KA|last4=Coffey|first4=BJ|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychiatric-clinics-of-north-america_2014-09_37_3/page/n14|journal=The Psychiatric clinics of North America|date=September 2014|volume=37|issue=3|pages=257–67|pmid=25150561|doi=10.1016/j.psc.2014.06.004}}</ref> Ndipo anthu odwala matendawa chaka chilichonse ndi 1.2 peresenti. <ref name=DSM5 /> Sizichitika kawirikawiri kuti munthu amene wayamba kudwala matendawa atafika zaka 35 azisonyeza zizindikiro zake; hafu ya odwala amayamba kusonyeza zizindikiro asanakwanitse zaka 20. <ref name=NIH2015 /><ref name=DSM5 /> Matendawa amagwira amuna ndi akazi mofanana. <ref name=NIH2015 /> M’zilankhulo zina, nthawi zina mawu akuti ''kuchita zinthu mobwerezabwereza'' angagwiritsidwe ntchito pofotokoza zinthu zina zosakhudzana ndi matenda a OCD; mwina ponena za munthu yemwe amakonda kuchita zinthu zinazake, mosamala kwambiri [[Mosalakwitsa|mosafuna kulakwitsa]], ndi mtima wonse, komanso mosalola kudodometsedwa.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bynum|first1=W.F.|last2=Porter|first2=Roy|last3=Shepherd|first3=Michael|title=The anatomy of madness : essays in the history of psychiatry|date=1985|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-32382-6|pages=166–187|chapter=Obsessional Disorders: A Conceptual History. Terminological and Classificatory Issues.}}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == {{Medical resources | DiseasesDB = 33766 | DiseasesDB_mult = | ICD10 = {{ICD10|F|42||f|40}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|300.3}} | ICDO = | OMIM =164230 | MedlinePlus = 000929 | eMedicineSubj = article | eMedicineTopic = 287681 | eMedicine_mult = | MeshID = D009771 }} {{clear}} {{Commons category}} *{{dmoz|Health/Mental_Health/Disorders/Anxiety/Obsessive-Compulsive/}} *[http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/index.shtml National Institute Of Mental Health] *[https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/ocd/what-is-obsessive-compulsive-disorder American Psychiatric Association] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202423/https://www.div12.org/psychological-treatments/disorders/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/ APA Division 12 treatment page for obsessive-compulsive disorder] *{{cite book |author=Davis, Lennard J. |title=Obsession: A History |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-226-13782-7}} {{Mental and behavioral disorders|selected = neurotic}} {{Obsessive–compulsive disorder}} {{OCD pharmacotherapies}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Obsessive compulsive disorder}} [[Category:Obsessive–compulsive disorder| ]] [[Category:Habit and impulse disorders]] [[Category:Magical thinking]] [[Category:Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders]] [[Category:Ritual]] [[Category:Psychiatric diagnosis]] [[Category:RTT]] [[Category:Anxiety]] [[Category:RTTNEURO]] g917vvob6mi7c5eefum2nnnuxb6xewj 0 4833 71876 49786 2026-08-04T18:36:04Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260804sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71876 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kudwala ndi maganizo''' kuli m'gulu la [[matenda a maganizo]] ndipo munthu yemwe ali ndi matendawa amayamba kusonyeza [[khalidwe lachilendo]] ndiponso amavutika kuti aone zinthu [[m’njira yoyenerera]].<ref name=WHO2015>{{cite web|title=Schizophrenia Fact sheet N°397|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs397/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=3 February 2016|date=September 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018051507/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs397/en/|archivedate=18 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Zizindikiro zofala za matendawa ndi monga [[zilubwelubwe|kukhulupirira zinthu zabodza]], [[kuganiza molakwika|kumva zinthu zimene anthu ena sakuzimva]], [[kusakonda kuchita zinthu ndi anthu ena]],kusasonyeza munthu akusangalala kapena sakusangalala ndiponso kusakhala ndiponso [[kupanda chidwi|kusakhala ndi chidwi chofuna kuchita zinthu zina]].<ref name=WHO2015/><ref name=NIH2016/> Anthu amene amadwala ndi maganizo kawirikawiri amakhalanso ndi [[matenda ena okhudzana ndi maganizo]] monga [[nkhawa]], [[kuvutika maganizo]], kapenanso [[chizolowezi chogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo]].<ref name="Sim_et_al_2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Buckley PF, Miller BJ, Lehrer DS, Castle DJ | title = Psychiatric comorbidities and schizophrenia | journal = Schizophrenia Bulletin | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 383–402 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19011234 | pmc = 2659306 | doi = 10.1093/schbul/sbn135 }}</ref> Zizindikiro za matendawa zimayamba kuonekera mwa pang’onopang’ono, ndipo nthawi zambiri munthu amayamba kudwala matendawa ali wachinyamata mpaka amakula nawo.<ref name=NIH2016>{{cite web|title=Schizophrenia|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml|website=National Institute of Mental Health|accessdate=3 February 2016|date=January 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125145206/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml|archivedate=25 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=DSM5pg101/> Zina mwa zinthu zimene zimayambitsa matendawa ndi [[Mmene zinthu zilili pamoyo|zochitika pamoyo]] ndiponso [[zakumtundu|zoyamwira]].<ref name=Lancet2016/> Zochitika pamoyo wa munthu monga kukulira mumzinda, kusuta [[chamba]] uli mwana, matenda ena, msinkhu wa makolo komanso kuperewera kwa zakudya m’thupi pa nthawi imene mayi ali woyembekezera.<ref name=Lancet2016/><ref name=Chadwick2013>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chadwick B, Miller ML, Hurd YL | title = Cannabis Use during Adolescent Development: Susceptibility to Psychiatric Illness | journal = Frontiers in Psychiatry | volume = 4 | issue = | pages = 129 | date = October 2013 | pmid = 24133461 | pmc = 3796318 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00129 | type = Review }}</ref> Ngati vutoli lili loyamwira kuchokera kumtundu umene munthu wabadwira, zizindikiro zake zingaonekerenso mwa anthu ena a kumtunduwo.<ref name="KavanaghTansey2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kavanagh DH, Tansey KE, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ | title = Schizophrenia genetics: emerging themes for a complex disorder | journal = Molecular Psychiatry | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 72–6 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25385368 | doi = 10.1038/mp.2014.148 }}</ref> Kuona zochita za munthu, zimene wakumana nazo pamoyo wake, ndiponso malipoti a ena omwe akumudziwa bwino munthuyo.<ref name=DSM5pg101/> Muyenera kuganiziranso [[chikhalidwe]] cha munthuyo ngati vutoli lili la kumtundu.<ref name=DSM5pg101/> Pofika m'chaka cha 2013 azachipatala anali asanapeze njira yodalirika yoyezera matendawa.<ref name=DSM5pg101>{{cite book| author= American Psychiatric Association |title= Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |publisher= American Psychiatric Publishing |location= Arlington |isbn= 978-0-89042-555-8 |pages= 101–05 |edition=5th}}</ref> Kudwala maganizo sikutanthauza "kusintha khalidwe mwadzidzidzi" ayi kapena [[kusakonda kuchita zinthu ndi anthu]], khalidwe lomwe kawirikawiri anthu ochuluka salimvetsa bwino.<ref name=BMJ07>{{cite journal | vauthors = Picchioni MM, Murray RM | title = Schizophrenia | journal = BMJ | volume = 335 | issue = 7610 | pages = 91–5 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17626963 | pmc = 1914490 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.39227.616447.BE }}</ref> <!-- Prevention and treatment --> Mankhwala odalirika kwambiri a matendawa ndi [[antipsychotic]], pamodzi ndi kulandira [[psychotherapy|uphungungu]], kuphunzira ntchito komanso kukhala ndi ndondomeko yothandiza kuthana ndi vutoli.<ref name=WHO2015/><ref name=Lancet2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Owen MJ, Sawa A, Mortensen PB | title = Schizophrenia | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10039 | pages = 86–97 | date = July 2016 | pmid = 26777917 | pmc = 4940219 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01121-6 }}</ref> Sizikudziwika bwinobwino ngati mtundu woyambirira wa mankhwala a [[antipsychotic|oyambirira]] kapena mtundu [[mtundu wachiwiri wa mankhwalawa|mtundu wachiwiri]] ndiwo umathandiza kwambiri.<ref name=Kane2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kane JM, Correll CU | title = Pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia | journal = Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 345–57 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20954430 | pmc = 3085113 }}</ref> Kwa anthu amene zikuonekeratu kuti mankhwala a antipsychotics sakuthandiza, angayese mankhwala a [[clozapine]].<ref name=Lancet2016/> Munthu yemwe akuoneka kuti akudwala kwambiri matendawa angathe [[kugonekedwa m'chipatala]] ngakhale kuti mwiniwakeyo sakugwirizana nazo, ngati zikuoneka kuti vutoli lakula kwambiri, ndipo masiku ano anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli sakumakhalitsa m’chipatala komanso sakumagonekedwamo kawirikawiri.<ref name="BeckerKilian2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Becker T, Kilian R | title = Psychiatric services for people with severe mental illness across western Europe: what can be generalized from current knowledge about differences in provision, costs and outcomes of mental health care? | journal = Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum | volume = 113 | issue = 429 | pages = 9–16 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16445476 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00711.x }}</ref> <!-- Epidemiology and prognosis --> Pafupifupi 0.3 mpaka 0.7 peresenti ya anthu onse amadwala kapena anadwalapo matenda a maganizo pa nthawi inayake m'moyo wawo.<ref name=Lancet09>{{cite journal | vauthors = van Os J, Kapur S | title = Schizophrenia | journal = Lancet | volume = 374 | issue = 9690 | pages = 635–45 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19700006 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60995-8 | url = http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/19525360/611943554/name/Schizophrenia+-+The+Lancet.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130623065810/http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/19525360/611943554/name/Schizophrenia+-+The+Lancet.pdf | df = dmy-all | deadurl = no | archive-date = 23 June 2013 }}</ref> M'chaka cha 2013, padziko lonse pansi anthu pafupifupi 23.6 miliyoni amadwala matendawa.<ref name=GBD2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = ((Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators)) | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 | journal = Lancet | volume = 386 | issue = 9995 | pages = 743–800 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 26063472 | pmc = 4561509 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4 }}</ref> Amuna ndi amene amadwala kwambiri matendawa poyerekezera ndi akazi, ndipo nthawi zambiri matendawa amakula ndithu.<ref name=WHO2015/> Ndipo pafupifupi 20 peresenti ya anthu omwe amadawala matendawa amachira bwinobwino,<ref name=DSM5pg101/> ndipo pafupifupi hafu ya odwala onse, amavutika ndi matendawa kwa moyo wawo wonse.<ref name=Law2015>{{cite book | last1 = Lawrence | first1 = Ryan E. | last2 = First | first2 = Michael B. | last3 = Lieberman | first3 = Jeffrey A. | name-list-format = vanc | chapter = Chapter 48: Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses | editor-first1 = Allan | editor-last1 = Tasman | editor-first2 = Jerald | editor-last2 = Kay | editor-first3 = Jeffrey A. | editor-last3 = Lieberman | editor-first4 = Michael B. | editor-last4 = First | editor-first5 = Michelle B. | editor-last5 = Riba | title = Psychiatry | edition = fourth | date = 2015 | pages = 798, 816, 819 | doi = 10.1002/9781118753378.ch48 | publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd | isbn = 978-1-118-84547-9 }}</ref> Mavuto ofala amene odwala amakumana nawo amatha kukhala a nthawi yaitali ndithu, monga kusakhala pa ntchito, umphawi ndiponso kukhala [[opanda nyumba]].<ref name=DSM5pg101/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Foster A, Gable J, Buckley J | title = Homelessness in schizophrenia | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_psychiatric-clinics-of-north-america_2012-09_35_3/page/717 | journal = The Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 35 | issue = 3 | pages = 717–34 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22929875 | doi = 10.1016/j.psc.2012.06.010 }}</ref> Pa avereji, anthu odwala matendawa [[moyo wawo umafukikirapo]] ndi zaka 10 mpaka 25 poyerekezera ndi anthu omwe sakudwala matendawa.<ref name=Lauren2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Laursen TM, Munk-Olsen T, Vestergaard M | title = Life expectancy and cardiovascular mortality in persons with schizophrenia | journal = Current Opinion in Psychiatry | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | pages = 83–8 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22249081 | doi = 10.1097/YCO.0b013e32835035ca }}</ref> Izi zili chonchi chifukwa ambiri amatha kudwala matenda enanso kuwonjezera pa matenda a maganizo komanso anthu ambiri [[amadzipha]] (pafupifupi 5 peresenti).<ref name=Lancet09/><ref name=Jop2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hor K, Taylor M | title = Suicide and schizophrenia: a systematic review of rates and risk factors | journal = Journal of Psychopharmacology | volume = 24 | issue = 4 Suppl | pages = 81–90 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 20923923 | pmc = 2951591 | doi = 10.1177/1359786810385490 }}</ref> M'chaka cha 2015 chokha, anthu pafupifupi 17,000 anafa padziko lonse chifukwa cha zochitika zokhudzana ndi kudwala matenda a maganizo.<ref name=GDB2015>{{cite journal |author=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 }}</ref> {{wikiquote}} == Umboni == {{Reflist}} 9qi0evc24imhtb2sghxt1w45rllzxb4 0 4835 71859 19158 2026-08-04T18:21:25Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260804sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71859 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kudzipha''' ndi chinthu chimene munthu amachita pochotsa moyo wake mwadala n'cholinga choti [[afe]].<ref name=Sted2006>{{cite book |title=Stedman's Medical Dictionary |year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-7817-3390-8 |edition=28th}}</ref> [[Matenda aakulu ovutika maganizo|Kuvutika maganizo]], [[matenda ovutika maganizo]], [[matenda a maganizo]], [[matenda okhudza khalidwe|matenda okhudza makhalidwe]], ndiponso [[kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo]] – kuphatikizapo [[kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa]] ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a[[Benzodiazepine|benzodiazepine]], ndi zina mwa zinthu zimene zimachititsa kuti munthu adziphe.<ref name=WHO2016/><ref name=Hawton2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hawton K, van Heeringen K | title = Suicide | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-18-24-2009_373_9672/page/1372 | journal = Lancet | volume = 373 | issue = 9672 | pages = 1372–81 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19376453 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X }}</ref><ref name=Dod2017>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dodds TJ | title = Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature | journal = The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28257172 | doi = 10.4088/PCC.16r02037 }}</ref> Anthu ena amadzipha ngati [[njra yachidule|njira yachidule]] yothawira mavuto monga [[azachuma]], mavuto obwera chifukwa chosagwirizana [[kusagwirizana ndi anthu ena|maubale]], kapenanso [[kuvutitsidwa ndi anthu ena]].<ref name=WHO2016/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bottino SM, Bottino CM, Regina CG, Correia AV, Ribeiro WS | title = Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review | journal = Cadernos De Saude Publica | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 463–75 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25859714 | doi = 10.1590/0102-311x00036114 }}</ref> Anthu amene achitapo zinthu zosonyeza kuti ankafuna kudzipha ndi amene ali pa chiopsezo chachikulu choti angathe kudzipha nthawi ina m'tsogolomu.<ref name=WHO2016/> Pali njira zambiri zothandiza munthu kuti [[asadziphe]] ndipo zina mwa njirazi ndi kuchita zinthu zoti munthu yemwe angadzipheyo asapeze zinthu monga [[mfuti]], mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndiponso poizoni. Njira zinanso ndi kupereka thandizo la chipatala kwa munthu amene ali ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo; kuthandiza munthuyo kuti amve [[uthenga umene ukufalitsidwa moyenerera|uthenga]] kudziwitsa anthu ena ngati munthu wina akufuna kudzipha, ndiponso kuchita zinthu zothandiza kuti zachuma ziyambe kuyenda bwino pa moyo.<ref name=WHO2016>{{cite web|title=Suicide Fact sheet N°398|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|website=WHO|access-date=3 March 2016|date=April 2016|deadurl=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192347/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|archive-date=4 March 2016|df=}}</ref> Ngakhale kuti pali [[malo oimbira foni ulere]] ambiri, umboni ukusonyeza kuti malowa sakuthandiza kwenikweni.<ref name=Sak2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sakinofsky I | title = The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses | journal = Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie | volume = 52 | issue = 6 Suppl 1 | pages = 7S-20S | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17824349 }}</ref> <!--Method --> Njira zofala kwambiri zimene anthu amagwiritsa ntchito [[podzipha|podziphera]] zimasiyanasiyana m'mayiko osiyanasiyananso.<ref name=Yip2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yip PS, Caine E, Yousuf S, Chang SS, Wu KC, Chen YY | title = Means restriction for suicide prevention | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_june-23-29-2012_379_9834/page/2393 | journal = Lancet | volume = 379 | issue = 9834 | pages = 2393–9 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22726520 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60521-2 }}</ref> Zina mwa njira zodziphera zimene anthu amagwiritsa ntchito kawirikawiri ndi monga [[kudzimangirira]], [[kumwa poizoni]], ndiponso kudziwombera ndi [[mfuti]].<ref name=WHO2016/><ref name=Aj2008>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M, Hepp U, Bopp M, Gutzwiller F, Rössler W | title = Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 86 | issue = 9 | pages = 726–32 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18797649 | pmc = 2649482 | doi = 10.2471/BLT.07.043489 }}</ref> Padziko lonse, m'chaka cha 2015 chokha, anthu 828,000 anadzipha, ndipo chiwerengerochi ndi chokwera kwambiri tikayerekezera ndi anthu 712,000 omwe anadzipha mu 1990.<ref name=GBD2015De/><ref name=GDB2013>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 | journal = Lancet | volume = 385 | issue = 9963 | pages = 117–71 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25530442 | pmc = 4340604 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 }}</ref> Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti pa zinthu zimene [[zikuchititsa imfa kwambiri]] padziko lonse lapansi, kudzipha kuli pa nambala 10.<ref name=Hawton2009/><ref name=Var2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Värnik P | title = Suicide in the world | journal = International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 760–71 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22690161 | pmc = 3367275 | doi = 10.3390/ijerph9030760 }}</ref> <!-- Demographics --> Chaka chilichonse, anthu pafupifupi 0.5-1.4% amadzipha, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti anthu 12 pa 100,000 amadzipha chaka chilichonse.<ref name=Var2012/><ref name=EB2011/> Anthu atatu pa anthu anayi alionse amene amadzipha padziko lonse amakhala a [[m’mayiko amene akukwera kumene pa nkhani ya chuma|kapena ochokera m’mayiko osauka]].<ref name=WHO2016/> Ndipo kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti azibambo ambiri amadzipha poyerekezera ndi azimayi, ndipo chiwerengero cha azibambo odziphawo n’chokwera ndi 1.5 [[m’mayiko osauka]], koma m’mayiko olemera, chiwerengerochi chimafika pa 3.5.<ref name=WHO2014Pre/> M’madera ambiri, anthu omwe apitirira zaka 70 ndi amene amakonda kudzipha. Koma m’madera ena, anthu a zaka zoyambira pa 15 mpaka 30 ndi omwe amadzipha kwambiri.<ref name=WHO2014Pre>{{cite book|title=Preventing suicide: a global imperative|date=2014|publisher=WHO|isbn=9789241564779|pages=7, 20, 40}}</ref> Mwachitsanzo, mu 2015 anthu ochuluka kwambiri amene anadzipha anali a ku Ulaya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|title=Suicide rates per (100 000 population)|website=World Health Organization}}</ref> Ndipo zikuoneka kuti chaka chilichonse, anthu oyambira pa 10 miliyoni mpaka 20 miliyoni [[Amachita zinthu zofuna kudzipha|amachita zinthu zofuna kudzipha]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A | title = Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective | journal = World Psychiatry | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = 181–5 | date = October 2002 | pmid = 16946849 | pmc = 1489848 }}</ref> Anthu omwe anayesera kudzipha koma sanafe nthawi zambiri amavulala ngakhalenso kulumala kumene.<ref name=EB2011/> M’mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi ku America, anthu ochuluka zedi amene amadzipha kapena kuchita zinthu zofuna kudzipha amakhala achinyamata ndiponso akazi.<ref name=EB2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chang B, Gitlin D, Patel R | title = The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies | journal = Emergency Medicine Practice | volume = 13 | issue = 9 | pages = 1–23; quiz 23–4 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 22164363 }}</ref> <!--History, society and culture --> Anthu amadzipha pazifukwa [[zosiyanasiyana]]monga zokhudza chipembedzo, [[kufuna ulemu]], kapenanso [[kukhala ndi moyo wopanda tanthauzo]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tomer|first1=Adrian | name-list-format = vanc |title=Existential and Spiritual Issues in Death Attitudes|date=2013|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9781136676901|page=282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&pg=PA282 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ritzer |first1=edited by George |last2=Stepnisky |first2=Jeffrey | name-list-format = vanc |title=The Wiley-Blackwell companion to major social theorists |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Malden, MA |isbn=9781444396607 |page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&pg=PA65 }}</ref> [[Chipembedzo cha Abulahamu]] chimaona kuti kudzipha ndi [[tchimo|lochimwira Mulungu]], ndipo anthu a m’chipembedzochi amakhulupirira zimenezi chifukwa [[amaona kuti moyo ndi wopatulika]].<ref>{{cite book|title=God, Religion, Science, Nature, Culture, and Morality|date=2014|publisher=Archway Publishing|isbn=9781480811249|page=254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA254 }}</ref> M'nthawi ya [[chisamurai]] ku Japan, mwambo wodzipha wotchedwa [[seppuku]] (''harakiri'') unkaonedwa kuti ndi wovomerezeka chikwa anthu ankakhulupirira kuti ndi njira yokonzera zimene munthu walakwitsa kapenanso kuti njira yochitira zionetsero zosonyeza kusakondwa ndi zinazake.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Colt|first1=George Howe|title=The enigma of suicide|date=1992|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|isbn=9780671760717|page=139|edition=1st Touchstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&pg=PA139 }}</ref> Mwambo winanso wotchedwa [[Sati (mwambo)|Sati]], womwe unathetsedwa ndi a [[British Raj]], unkachitika m’njira yakuti [[Namfedwa#Anamfedwa a ku malinga ndi chikhalidwe chawo|namfedwa wamkazi wa ku Indiya]] ankafunika [[kudziponya pamoto|kudzipha]] podziponya pamoto [[maliro a mwamuna wake|wa maliro a mwamuna wake]]. Mkaziyo ankafunika kuchita zimenezi kaya mwakufuna kwake kapena mochita kukakamizidwa ndi achibale ake ngakhalenso anthu ena.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml |title=Indian woman commits sati suicide |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=2002-08-07 |access-date=2010-08-26 |deadurl=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202101233/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml |archive-date=2011-02-02 |df= }}</ref> M’mbuyomu, mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya ndi ku America anali ndi lamulo loletsa kudzipha komanso kuchita zinthu zofuna kudzipha, koma masiku ano, lamulo limeneli linathetsedwa m’mayikowo.<ref name=White2010>{{cite book|last=White | first = Tony | name-list-format = vanc |title=Working with suicidal individuals : a guide to providing understanding, assessment and support|year=2010|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|location=London|isbn=978-1-84905-115-6|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&pg=PT12 }}</ref> Komabe, mayiko ambiri [[#ali ndi lamulo loletsa kudzipha|ngakhalenso kuchita zinthu zosonyeza kuti munthu akufuna kudzipha]].<ref name=Islam2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lester D | title = Suicide and islam | journal = Archives of Suicide Research | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 77–97 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16287698 | doi = 10.1080/13811110500318489 }}</ref> M’zaka za m’ma 1900 komanso m’ma 2000, anthu ena akhala akudzipha mwa apo ndi apo ngati njira yochitira ziwonetsero zosonyeza kusakondwa ndi zinazake ndipo njira yodzipherayi imatchedwa [[kamikaze]]komanso zigawenga zakhala [[zikudzipha pophulitsa mabomba a timkenawo]] komanso pofuna kupha anthu ena.{{TOC limit|3}} <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Aggarwal N | title = Rethinking suicide bombing | journal = Crisis | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = 94–7 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19525169 | doi = 10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94 }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == {{Library resources box}} * {{cite book |author=Gambotto, Antonella |title=[[The Eclipse: A Memoir of Suicide]] |publisher=Broken Ankle Books |location=Australia |year=2004 |isbn=0-9751075-1-8}} *{{Cite book|title=Suicide in Nazi Germany |first=Christian |last=Goeschel | name-list-format = vanc |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=0-19-953256-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIjccRg7_UYC&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5 |ref=harv}} == External links == {{Medical condition classification and resources| ICD10 = {{ICD10|X60-X84}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|E950}} | DiseasesDB=12641 | MedlinePlus = 001554 | eMedicineSubj = article | eMedicineTopic = 288598 | MeshName = Suicide | MeshNumber = F01.145.126.980.875 }} [[Category:Suicide| ]] [[Category:Causes of death]] [[Category:RTT(full)]] [[Category:RTTNEURO]] 23858zqv6sal0sly807h7a3swjfiajt 0 5484 71871 32224 2026-08-04T18:31:08Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260804sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Hepatitis A | Image = Jaundice eye.jpg | Caption = A case of jaundice caused by hepatitis A | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|15||b|15}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|070.0}}, {{ICD9|070.1}} | DiseasesDB = 5757 | MedlinePlus = 000278 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 991 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|ped|977}} | MeshID = D006506 }} '''Hepataitisi A''' (matenda omwe poyamba ankatchedwa '''matenda opatsirana a hepataitisi''') ndi [[Acute (medical)|matenda opatsirana]] omwe amagwira [[liver|chiwindi]] ndipo amayambitsidwa ndi vailasi yotchedwa hepataitisi A (HAV).<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | pages = 541–4 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-8385-8529-9 }}</ref> Ambiri mwa anthu amene ali ndi mavailasi amenewa, makamaka ana, amasonyeza zizindikiro zochepa kapena sasonyeza n'komwe zizindikiro za matendawa.<ref name=AFP2012/> Kwa anthu amene akusonyeza zizindikiro za matendawa, pamatenga milungu iwiri mpaka milungu 6 kuchokera pamene tizilomboti tinalowa m'thupi kuti zizindikiro ziyambe kuonekera.<ref name="pmid16271543">{{cite journal| author=Connor BA| title=Hepatitis A vaccine in the last-minute traveler| journal=Am. J. Med.| volume=118 |issue=Suppl 10A| pages=58S–62S| year=2005| pmid=16271543| doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.07.018}}</ref> Nthawi zambiri zizindikiro za matendawa zimaonekera kwa milungu 8 ndipo zina mwa zizindikirozo ndi: nseru, kusanza, kutsegula m'mimba, [[jaundice|khungu kuchita chikasu]], fkutentha thupi, komanso kumva kupweteka m'mimba.<ref name=AFP2012/> Pafupifupi anthu 10 mpaka 15 pa 100 aliwonse amene asonyeza zizindikiro za matendawa, zizindikirozo zimayambiranso pakatipa miyezi 6 kuchokera pamene tizilombo ta matendawa tinalowa m'thupi.<ref name=AFP2012/> Matendawa amatha [[Acute liver failure|kulepheretsa chiwindi kugwira bwino nthcito yake]] ndipo izi zimachitika makamaka kwa achikulire.<ref name=AFP2012/> <!-- Cause --> Kawirikawiri matendawa amafalikira ngati munthu wadya chakudya kapena kumwa madzi omwe akhudzidwa ndi nyansi za kuchimbudzi zomwe zili ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa.<ref name=AFP2012>{{cite journal|last=Matheny|first=SC|last2=Kingery |first2=JE|title=Hepatitis A.|journal=Am Fam Physician |date=1 December 2012|volume=86|issue=11|pages=1027–34; quiz 1010–2|pmid=23198670 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1201/p1027.html}}</ref> [[Shellfish|Nkhanu]] komanso ndiwo zina za m'gulu la nkhanu zomwe sizinaphikidwe mokwanira zimathanso kufalitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bellou | first1 = M. | last2 = Kokkinos | first2 = P. | last3 = Vantarakis | first3 = A. | title = Shellfish-borne viral outbreaks: a systematic review. | journal = Food Environ Virol | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 13–23 |date=March 2013 | doi = 10.1007/s12560-012-9097-6 | pmid = 23412719 }}</ref> Matendawa amatha kufalanso ngati munthu yemwe ali ndi matendawa akukhudzana kwambiri ndi anthu ena.<ref name=AFP2012/> Ngakhale kuti ana omwe ali ndi tizolombo toyambitsa matendawa sasonyeza zizindikiro zake, komabe anawo amatha kupatsira anthu ena matendawa.<ref name=AFP2012/> Matendawa akalowa m'thupi la munthu koyamba munthuyo n'kuchira, munthuwo sangadwalenso matendawa kwa moyo wake wonse ngakhale tizilombo tochuluka titalowa m'thupi mwake.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Hepatitis and Other Liver Diseases|year=2006|publisher=Infobase |isbn=9780816069903|page=105|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=HfPU99jIfboC&pg=PA105}}</ref> Zizindikiro za hepataitisi A n'zofanana ndi zizindikiro za matenda ena ambiri choncho pamafunika kuyeza magazi kuti madokotala atsimikizire ngati munthu ali ndi matendawa.<ref name=AFP2012/> Matenda a [[hepatitis|hepataitisi]] alipo mitundu yosiyanasiyana yokwanira 5 motengera mtundu wa vailasi umene umawayambitsa, monga: A, [[hepatitis B|B]], [[hepatitis C|C]], [[hepatitis D|D]], ndi [[hepatitis E|E]]. <!-- Prevention and Treatment --> [[hepatitis A vaccine|Katemera wa hepataitisi A]] amathandiza kwambiri kupewa matendawa.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=Irv2012>{{Cite journal | last1 = Irving | first1 = GJ. | last2 = Holden | first2 = J. | last3 = Yang | first3 = R. | last4 = Pope | first4 = D. | title = Hepatitis A immunisation in persons not previously exposed to hepatitis A. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 7 | issue = | pages = CD009051 | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009051.pub2 | pmid = 22786522 }}</ref> Mayiko ena amalimbikitsa kuti ana onse azilandira katemera wa matendawa nthawi ndi nthawi makamaka ngati ali m'madera amene matendawa ndi ofala kwambiri.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=WHO2013/> Zikuoneka kuti munthu akangolandira katemerayu kamodzi, amagwira ntchito m'thupi mwake kwa moyo wake wonse.<ref name=AFP2012/> Matendawa angapewedwe mosavuta potsatira njira zaukhondo monga [[hand washing|kusamba m'manja]] komanso kuphika zakudya m'njira yabwino.<ref name=AFP2012/> Matendawa alibe mankhwala, koma wodwala amapatsidwa mankhwala oti athane ndi zizindikiro za matendawa monga [[nausea|nseru]] kapena [[diarrhea|kutsegula m'mimba]].<ref name="AFP2012" /> Nthawi zambiri munthu yemwe ali ndi tizolombo toyambitsa matendawa amakhala bwinobwino popanda vuto lililonse la chiwindi.<ref name="AFP2012" /> Koma ngati matendawa achititsa kut chiwindi chiwonongeke n'kumalephera kugwira bwino ntchito, pangafunike [[liver transplantion|opaleshoni yochotsa chiwindicho n'kuika china]].<ref name=AFP2012/> <!-- Epidemiology --> Padziko lonse, anthu 1.5 miliyoni amasonyeza zizindikiro za matendawa chaka chilichonse<ref name=AFP2012/> ndipo zikuoneka kuti anthu mamiliyoni ambirimbiri amatenga tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa.<ref name=Was2006>{{cite journal|last=Wasley|first=A|author2=Fiore, A |author3=Bell, BP |title=Hepatitis A in the era of vaccination.|journal=Epidemiol Rev |year=2006|volume=28|pages=101–11|pmid=16775039 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxj012 |url=http://epirev.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/1/101.long}}</ref> Matendawa ndi ofala kwambiri m'madera amene ukhondo ndi wovuta komanso madzi aukhondo ndi osowa.<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Hepatitis A Fact sheet N°328|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs328/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=20 February 2014|date=July 2013}}</ref> [[developing world|M'mayiko amene akukwera kumene]], pafupifupi ana 90 pa 100 aliwonse amakhala atatenga tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa akamafika pokwanitsa zaka 10 zakubadwa, choncho sangadwale matendawa akafika pa msinkhu wauchikulire.<ref name=WHO2013/> M'mayiko amene ndi olemera ndithu, nthawi zambiri matendawa amafika pokhala mliri chifukwa ana m'mayiko oterewa salandira katemera wa matendawa komanso matupi awo amakhala asanazolowere tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa.<ref name=WHO2013/> Mu 2010, matenda a hepataitisi A anapha anthu okwana 102,000 padziko lonse.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |last2=Naghavi | first2=M |last3=Foreman | first3=K |last4=Lim | first4=S |last5=Shibuya | first5=K |last6=Aboyans | first6=V |last7=Abraham | first7=J |last8=Adair | first8=T |last9=Aggarwal | first9=R, |last10=Ahn | first10=SY |display-authors=etal}}</ref> Choncho panakhazikitsidwa [[World Hepatitis Day|Tsiku Lokumbukira Matenda a Hepataitisi Padziko Lonse]] lomwe ndi pa July 28 chaka chilichonse ndipo cholinga chake ndi kuthandiza anthu kuti adziwe za kuopsa kwa [[viral hepatitis|matenda a hepataitisi]].<ref name=WHO2013/> ==Malifalensi== <references /> 210dc3giryyo54fbm5nb338rbv2gi7i 0 5486 71877 32232 2026-08-04T18:37:40Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260804sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new)|name=Hepatitis B|image=Hepatitis-B virions.jpg|caption=[[Transmission electron microscopy|Electron micrograph]] of [[hepatitis B virus]]|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]], [[gastroenterology]]|symptoms=None, [[jaundice|yellowish skin]], [[fatigue (medicine)|tiredness]], dark urine, [[abdominal pain]]<ref name=WHO2014/>|complications=[[Cirrhosis]], [[hepatocellular carcinoma|liver cancer]]<ref name="pmid17336170"/>|onset=Symptoms may take up to 6 months to appear<ref name=WHO2014/>|duration=Short or long term<ref name=GBD2015Pre/>|causes=[[Hepatitis B virus]] spread by some [[body fluids]]<ref name=WHO2014/>|risks=[[Intravenous drug use]], [[sexual intercourse]], [[dialysis]], living with an infected person<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=CDC2014T/>|diagnosis=Blood tests<ref name=WHO2014/>|differential=|prevention=[[Hepatitis B vaccine]]<ref name=WHO2014/>|treatment=[[Antiviral medication]] ([[tenofovir]], [[interferon]]), [[liver transplantation]]<ref name=WHO2014/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=356 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre/>|deaths=65,400 direct (2015), >750,000 (total)<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref>}}{{Infobox disease|Name=Hepatitis B|ICD10={{ICD10|B|16||b|15}},<br />{{ICD10|B|18|0|b|15}}-{{ICD10|B|18|1|b|15}}|ICD9={{ICD9|070.2}}-{{ICD9|070.3}}|Image=Hepatitis-B virions.jpg|Caption=[[Transmission electron microscopy|Electron micrograph]] of [[hepatitis B virus]]|DiseasesDB=5765|MedlinePlus=000279|eMedicineSubj=med|eMedicineTopic=992|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|ped|978}}|MeshID=D006509|OMIM=610424}}<!-- Definition and symptoms -->'''Hepataitisi B''' ndi [[Infectious disease|matenda opatsirana]] omwe amayambitsira ndi mavailasi otchedwa [[Hepatitis B virus|hepataitisi B virus]] (HBV) ndipo amagwira [[Liver|chiwindi]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa tikalowa m'matupi kwa anthu ena anthuwo sangadwale pomwe ena [[Chronic infection|amadwala kwambiri]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Anthu ambiri sasonyeza zizindikiro zilizonse za matendawa tizilomboti tikangolowa m'thupi mwawo.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Koma ena amayamba kusonyeza zizindikiro nthawi mwachangu kwambiri moti amayamba kusanza, [[Jaundice|khungu limachita chikasu,]] [[Fatigue (medicine)|amakhala otupa]], amakodza mkodzo woderapo komanso [[abdominal pain|amamva kupweteka m'mimba]].<ref name="WHO20142">{{cite web|title=Hepatitis B Fact sheet N°204|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/|website=who.int|accessdate=4 November 2014|date=July 2014}}</ref> Nthawi zambiri zizindikirozi zimaonekera kwa milungu ingapo ndipo si zichitika kawirikawiri kuti munthu amwalire ndi zizindikiro zoyambirirazi.<ref name="WHO20142" /><ref>{{cite book|author1=Raphael Rubin; David S. Strayer|title=Rubin's Pathology : clinicopathologic foundations of medicine ; [includes access to online text, cases, images, and audio review questions!]|date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia [u.a.]|isbn=9780781795166|page=638|edition=5th|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=kD9VZ267wDEC&pg=PA638}}</ref> Kuchokera pamene tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa talowa m'thupi, pangatenge masiku 30 mpaka 180 kuti zizindikiro za matendawa ziyambe kuonekera.<ref name="WHO20142" /> Ana 90 pa 100 aliwonse amene tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa timalowa m'thupi mwawo pa nthawo yobadwa kapena atangobadwa kumene amadwala kwambiri matenda a hepataitisi B, pomwe ndi ana 10 okha pa 100 aliwonse amene amadwala kwambiri matendawa ngati tizilomboti talowa m'thupi mwawo atakwanitsa zaka 5.<ref name="CDC2014T2">{{cite web|title=Hepatitis B FAQs for the Public — Transmission|url=http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/B/bFAQ.htm#transmission|publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|accessdate=2011-11-29}}</ref> Anthu ochuluka omwe amadwala kwambiri matendawa sasonyeza zizindikiro zoonekeratu; koma pakapita nthawi, [[cirrhosis|chiwindi chawo chimatha kuputa]] kapenanso angathe kudwala [[Hepatoma|khanso ya m'chiwindi]].<ref name="pmid173361702">{{cite journal|authors=Chang MH|title=Hepatitis B virus infection|journal=Semin Fetal Neonatal Med|volume=12|issue=3|pages=160–167|date=June 2007|pmid=17336170|doi=10.1016/j.siny.2007.01.013}}</ref> Mavuto akuluakulu amenewa amachititsa kuti anthu oyambira pa 15 mpaka 25 pa 100 aliwonse amwalire ndi matendawa.<ref name="WHO20142" /><!-- Cause and diagnosis --> Mavailasi omwe amayambitsa matendawa amafalikira kwa anthu ena kudzera [[blood|m'magazi]] kapena [[body fluids|m'madzi ena m'magazi]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> -->Anthu ambiri amatenga matenda a hepataitisi B [[Perinatal infection|pa nthawi yobadwa]] kapena amawatenga pa nthawi yomwe anali ana, ndipo imeneyi ndi njira yaikulu imene matendawa [[Endemic|amafalira]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> M'madera amene matendawa si ofala kwenikweni, matendawa amafala kwambiri chifukwa [[intravenous drug use|chogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ozunguza bongo]] ndiponso kudzera m'kugonana.<ref name="WHO20142" /> Njira zina zimene zingachititse munthu kutenga matendawa ndi: kugwira ntchito zaumoyo, [[blood transfusions|kuikidwa magazi]], [[dialysis|njira yachipatala yochotsera madzi m'thupi]], kukhala nyumba imodzi ndi munthu amene ali ndi matendawa, kupita kumayiko amene matendawa ndi ofala kwambiri, ndiponso kukhala pamalo amene pakukhala anthu ambirimbiri.<ref name="WHO20142" /><ref name="CDC2014T2" /> M'zaka za m'ma 1980, zinadziwika kuti zipangizo zojambulira matatuwu ndiponso [[acupuncture|masingano ochiritsira]] zinathandizira kuti matendawa afale; koma masiku ano vutoli lachepa chifukwa zipangizo zimenezi zikumatsukidwa bwino ndi mankhwala moti sizingafalitsenso matendawa.<ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas HC|title=Viral Hepatitis|year=2013|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken|isbn=9781118637302|page=83|edition=4th|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=7aQeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83}}</ref> Mavailasi a {{nowrap|hepataitisi B}} sangafalikire ngati anthu atagwirana manja, kudyera mbale imodzi, kukisana, kuhagana, kukhosomola, kuyetsemula, kapena kuyamwitsa mwana.<ref name="CDC2014T2" /> Madokotala angathe kuyeza munthu ndi kudziwa ngati ali ndi matendawa ngati papita masiku oyambira pa 30 mpaka 60 kuchokera pamene tizilomboti talowa m'thupi.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Kawirikawiri madokotala amayeza magazi kuti adziwe ngati muli tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa komanso kuti adziwe ngati muli [[antibodies|maselo ambiri olimbana ndi mavailasi]].<ref name="WHO20142" /> Matendawa ali m'gulu la matenda a [[hepatitis|hepataitisi]] omwe amayambitsidwa ndi mavailasi awa: [[Hepatitis A|A]], B, [[Hepatitis C|C]], [[Hepatitis D|D]], ndi [[Hepatitis E|E]].<!-- Prevention and treatment --> Kuyambira mu 1982, panakonzedwa [[Hepatitis B vaccine|katemera]] wothandiza kupewa matendawa.<ref name="pmid17673066">{{cite journal|authors=Pungpapong S, Kim WR, Poterucha JJ|title=Natural History of Hepatitis B Virus Infection: an Update for Clinicians|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mayo-clinic-proceedings_2007-08_82_8/page/967|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=82|issue=8|pages=967–975|year=2007|pmid=17673066|doi=10.4065/82.8.967}}</ref><ref name="WHO20142" /> Bungwe la [[World Health Organization]] limalimbikitsa zonse mwana aliyense azipatsidwa katemerayu pa tsiku limene wabadwa ngati zili zotheka kutero.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Pakapita nthawi, munthu aliyense amafunika kulandira katemerayu kachiwiri kapenanso kachitatu n'cholinga choti akhale wotetezeka kwambiri.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Katemerayu amathandiza kwambiri moti anthu 95 pa 100 aliwonse amene apatsidwa katemerayu, sadwala ngakhale pang'ono matendawa.<ref name="WHO20142" /> Mayiko 180 padziko lonse akhala akupereka katemerayu kwa anthu awo kuyambira mu 2006.<ref name="Will2006">{{cite journal|authors=Williams R|title=Global challenges in liver disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2006-09_44_3/page/n28|journal=Hepatology|volume=44|issue=3|pages=521–526|year=2006|pmid=16941687|doi=10.1002/hep.21347}}</ref> Kwa anthu amene akufuna kuikidwa magazi, ndi bwino kuti magaziwo aziyezedwa kaye n'kutsimikizira kuti alibe tizilombo toyambitsa hepataitisi B, komanso [[condoms|makondomu]] ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati m'modzi mwa anthu amene akufuna kugonanawo ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Wodwala akangoyamba kumene kusonyeza zizindikiro za matendawa, akuyenera kusamalidwa bwino mogwirizana ndi zizindikiro zimene ali nazo.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Anthu amene akudwala kwambiri matendawa angapatsidwe [[antiviral medication|mankhwala a antiviral]] monga [[tenofovir]] komanso [[interferon]], ngakhale kuti mankhwala amenewa ndi okwera mtengo.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> -->Nthawi zina pangafunike [[Liver transplantation|opaleshoni yochotsa chiwindi ndi kuika china]] ngati chiwindicho chawonongeka kwambiri.<ref name="WHO20142" /><!-- Epidemiology --> Zikuoneka kuti munthu m'modzi pa atatu aliwonse padziko lonse tizilombo toyambitsa hepataitisi B tinalowapo m'thupi mwawo, ndipo anthu oyambira pa 240&nbsp;miliyoni mpaka kufika pa 350&nbsp;miliyoni anadwala kwambiri ndi matendawa.<ref>{{cite journal|authors=Schilsky ML|title=Hepatitis B "360"|journal=Transplantation Proceedings|volume=45|issue=3|pages=982–985|year=2013|pmid=23622604|pmc=|doi=10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.02.099}}</ref><ref name="WHO20142" /> Ndipo chaka chilichonse, anthu 750,000 amamwalira ndi matenda a hepataitisi B.<ref name="WHO20142" /> Masiku ano matendawa ndi [[Endemic (epidemiology)|ofala kwambiri]] m'mayiko a ku [[East Asia]] ndi ku [[sub-Saharan Africa|Kumunsi kwa chipululu cha Sahara, ku Africa]] ndipo anthu akuluakulu oyambira pa 5 mpaka 10 pa 100 aliwonse amadwala kwambiri matendawa.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> -->Koma anthu omwe amadwala matendawa ku Ulaya ndi ku North America ndi ochepa kwambiri, moti ndi munthu m'modzi yekha pa 100 aliwonse amene angadwale matendawa.<ref name="WHO20142" /> Matenda a hepataitisi B poyamba ankadziwika ndi dzina lakuti hepataitisi ya m'madzi a m'magazi.<ref name="Barker1996">{{cite journal|authors=Barker LF, Shulman NR, Murray R, Hirschman RJ, Ratner F, Diefenbach WC, Geller HM|title=Transmission of serum hepatitis. 1970|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_1996-09-11_276_10/page/n122|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association|volume=276|issue=10|pages=841–844|year=1996|pmid=8769597|doi=10.1001/jama.276.10.841}}</ref> Akatswiri ochita kafukufuku akofuna kukonza chakudya chimene chizikhala ndi katemera wa HBV.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=Bruce|title=Production of Therapeutic Proteins in Plants|date=2002|isbn=9781601072542|page=4|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=D-Nj4x9zXi4C&pg=PA4&dq|accessdate=25 November 2014}}</ref> Zikuoneka kuti matendawa akhoza [[Hominoidea|kugwiranso anyani akuluakulu]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Plotkin|first1=[edited by] Stanley A.|last2=Orenstein,|first2=Walter A.|last3=Offit|first3=Paul A.|title=Vaccines|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=[Edinburgh]|isbn=9781455700905|page=208|edition=6th.|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=hoigDQ6vdDQC&pg=PA208}}</ref> == Malifalensi == <references /> om2f7cqwzddsnm8gxwg9kns4sqfrdr5 0 5488 71861 32241 2026-08-04T18:23:26Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260804sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71861 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matenda oumitsa khosi''' ndi matenda amene amayamba chifukwa cha [[Acute (medical)|kutupa]] khungu limene limakutira [[brain|bongo]] ndiponso [[spinal cord|mnyewa waukulu wochoka ku bongo]], ndipo kutupa kotereku kukachitika kumatchedwa [[meninges|meningesi]].<ref name="Lancet2">{{cite journal|author=Sáez-Llorens X, McCracken GH|title=Bacterial meningitis in children|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2003-06-21_361_9375/page/2139|journal=Lancet|volume=361|issue=9375|pages=2139–48|date=June 2003|pmid=12826449|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13693-8}}</ref> Zizindikiro zofala kwambiri za matendawa ndi [[fever|kutentha thupi]], [[headache|kupweteka kwa mutu]] ndiponso [[neck stiffness|kuuma kwa khosi]].<!-- <ref name=CDC2014B/> --> Zizindikiro zinanso zingakhale monga [[Mental confusion|kusokonezeka maganizo]] kapena [[consciousness|bongo kusiya kugwira ntchito moyenera]], kusanza, ndiponso [[Photophobia|kudana kwambiri ndi kuwala]] kapena [[Phonophobia|phokoso]].<!-- <ref name=CDC2014B/> --> Ana omwe ali ndi matendawa nthawi zambiri [[nonspecific symptoms|zosagwirizana kwenikweni ndi matendawa]], monga kunyong'onyeka, kuwodzera, ndiponso kukana kudya.<ref name="CDC2014B2">{{cite web|title=Bacterial Meningitis|url=http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html|website=CDC|accessdate=5 March 2016|date=April 1, 2014}}</ref> Koma ngati [[rash|tizilonda tatuluka]], zingasonyeze kuti munthuyo ali ndi mtundu winawake wa matenda oumitsa khosi; monga, [[Meningococcal disease|matenda oumitsa khosi omwe amayambitsidwa ndi bakiteriya wa meningococcal]].<ref name="Lancet2" /><ref name="NEJM2">{{cite journal|author=van de Beek D, de Gans J, Tunkel AR, Wijdicks EF|title=Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2006-01-05_354_1/page/44|journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]|volume=354|issue=1|pages=44–53|date=January 2006|pmid=16394301|doi=10.1056/NEJMra052116}}</ref><!-- Cause and diagnosis --> Kutupa kwa khungu lokuta bongo ndi mnyewa waukulu kumachititsidwa ndi [[Virus|mavailasi]], [[bacteria|mabakiteriya]], ngakhalenso [[Microorganism|tizilombo tina]], ndipo nthawi zina mwa apo ndi apo, kumatha kuyambitsidwanso ndi [[Medication|mankhwala a kuchipatala]].<ref name="Ginsberg">{{cite journal|author=Ginsberg L|title=Difficult and recurrent meningitis|journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry|volume=75 Suppl 1|issue=90001|pages=i16–21|date=March 2004|pmid=14978146|pmc=1765649|doi=10.1136/jnnp.2003.034272|url=http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/75/suppl_1/i16.full.pdf}}</ref> Matenda oumitsa khosi akhoza kukhala oopsa kwambiri makamaka ngati khungu lomwe latupalo lili pafupi kwambiri ndi malo amene bongo ndi mnyewa waukulu zalumikizana, ndipo zoterezi zikachitika, wodwalayo amayenera kulandira [[medical emergency|thandizo la chipatala mwamsanga]].<ref name="Lancet2" /><ref name="IDSA">{{cite journal|author=Tunkel AR|title=Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=39|issue=9|pages=1267–84|date=November 2004|pmid=15494903|doi=10.1086/425368|url=http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/39/9/1267.full.pdf|author2=Hartman BJ|author3=Kaplan SL|display-authors=3|last4=Kaufman|first4=Bruce A.|last5=Roos|first5=Karen L.|last6=Scheld|first6=W. Michael|last7=Whitley|first7=Richard J.}}</ref> Ndipo njira ya kuchipatala yoyeza [[lumbar puncture|timadzi ta mkati mwa msana]] imathandiza madokotala kudziwa ngati munthu ali ndi matenda oumitsa khosi kapena ayi.<ref name="CDC2014B2" /> Kuti achite zimenezi, madokotala amabaya jakisoni [[spinal canal|kumsana m'munsi mwa fupi la khosi]] n'kutenga [[cerebrospinal fluid|timadzi]] tomwe timakuta khungu lophimba bongo ndi mnyewa waukulu. Ndiyeno amayeza timadzite ndi makina oyezera.<ref name="IDSA" /><!-- Prevention and treatment --> Anthu angathe kupewa mitundu ina ya matendawa ngati [[immunization|atalandira katemera]] wa [[Meningococcal vaccine|meningococcal]], [[Mumps vaccine|wa masagwidwi]], [[Pneumococcal vaccine|wa chibayo]], ndiponso [[Hib vaccine|katemera wa Hib]].<ref name="Lancet2" /> Ndipo nthawi zina zimathandiza ngati anthu omwe akuoneka kuti angathe kutenga matendawa mosavuta atapatsidwa [[Antibiotic|mankhwala olimbana ndi tizilombo ta matendawa]].<ref name="CDC2014B2" /> Thandizo loyambirira kwa munthu amene akudwala kwambiri matendawa lingakhale kumupatsa mankhwala olimbana ndi mabakiteriya ndipo nthawi zinanso mankhwala [[Antiviral drug|olimbana ndi mavailasi]].<ref name="CDC2014B2" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Viral Meningitis|url=http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/viral.html|website=CDC|accessdate=5 March 2016|date=November 26, 2014}}</ref> Anthu omwe akudwala kwambiri matendawa angapatsidwe mankhwala la [[Corticosteroid|corticosteroids]] omwe amathandiza thandiza kuti khungu lokuta bongo ndi mnyewa waukulu lisatupe.<ref name="IDSA" /><ref name="NEJM2" /> Munthu yemwe ali ndi matenda oumisa khosi akapanda kulandira thandizo mwachangu, angakhalenso ndi mavuto ena aakulu monga [[deafness|kugontha n'khutu]], [[epilepsy|khunyu]], [[hydrocephalus|madzi kuunjikana mubongo]], kapenanso [[Cognitive deficit|mavuto ena a mubongo]].<ref name="Lancet2" /><ref name="NEJM2" /><!-- Epidemiology and history --> Mu 2013 matenda oumisa khosi anagwira anthu pafupfupi 16 miliyoni.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|first1=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_august-22-28-2015_386_9995/page/743|journal=Lancet|date=22 August 2015|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743-800|pmid=26063472}}</ref> Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti anthu 303,000 amwalire ndi matendawa, omwe ndi anthu ocheperapo oyerekezera ndi anthu 464,000 omwe anamwalira ndi matendawa mu 1990.<ref name="GBD204">{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|pmc=4340604}}</ref> Odwala akalandira thandizo loyenerera, ndi anthu 15 okha pa 100 aliwonse omwe angamwalire ndi matendawa.<ref name="CDC2014B2" /> Chaka chilichonse, mliri wa matendawa umabuka cha mu December ndi June m'mayiko [[sub-Saharan Africa|kumunsi kwa chipululu cha Sahara ku Africa]] dera lomwe limadziwika kuti [[meningitis belt|dera la matenda oumisa khosi]].<ref name="WHO2015">{{cite web|title=Meningococcal meningitis Fact sheet N°141|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs141/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=5 March 2016|date=November 2015}}</ref> Miliri ina yocheperapo ya matendawa imabukanso m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansili.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Dzina la Chingelezi la matendawa meningitis ndipo linachokera ku mawa a [[Ancient Greek|Chigiriki]] akuti μῆνιγξ ''méninx'', omwe amatanthauza "khungu" kapena "chikopa" ndipo mawu a zachipatala amene anawonjezeredwa ku dzinali akuti ''-itis'', amatanthauza "kutupa".<ref>{{cite book|title=Mosby's pocket dictionary of medicine, nursing & health professions|date=2010|publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|location=St. Louis, Mo.|isbn=9780323066044|page=traumatic meningitis|edition=6th.|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=_QGaoiFCIDMC&pg=PT4755}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmh%3Dnigc|author=Liddell HG, Scott R|chapter=μήνιγξ|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1940}}</ref> == Malifalensi == <references /> [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 69xk97dvgnexrhm6tj18k2qwfj0deue 0 6924 71862 52878 2026-08-04T18:25:21Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260804sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71862 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Empfang für Benjamin List im Rathaus Köln-7597-crop.jpg|thumb]] '''Benjamin List''' (wobadwa pa 11 Januware 1968) ndi katswiri wamagetsi waku [[Germany]] yemwe ndi m'modzi mwa oyang'anira a Max Planck Institute for Coal Research komanso pulofesa wa organic chemistry ku University of Cologne. Anapanga organocatalysis, njira yothamangitsira kusintha kwa mankhwala ndikuwapangitsa kukhala ogwira ntchito bwino. Adagawana mphotho ya 2021 [[Nobel mu Chemistry]] ndi [[David MacMillan]] "pakukula kwa asymmetric organocatalysis".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2021|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2021/list/facts/|access-date=6 October 2021|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbiri == Wobadwira m'banja lapakati-lapakati la asayansi ndi ojambula ku [[Frankfurt]], Mndandanda ndi mdzukulu wamwamuna wa katswiri wamatenda a Franz Volhard ndi mdzukulu wa 2 wa wasayansi [[Jacob Volhard]]. Azakhali ake, omwe analandila Nobel mu 1995 mu zamankhwala Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, ndi mlongo wa amayi ake, wopanga mapulani a Heidi List. Ali ndi zaka zitatu, makolo ake adasudzulana.<ref name="mpg-int">{{cite web|last=Pietschmann|first=Catarina|title=A Perspective for Life|website=Max-Planck-Gesellschaft|date=6 October 2021|url=https://www.mpg.de/17662734/potrait-benjamin-list|access-date=7 October 2021}}</ref> == Ulemu ndi mphotho == {{div col}} *1994 NaFöG-Award from the City of Berlin<ref name="rbb24">{{cite web | title=Diplom an der Freien Universität Berlin: Müller gratuliert Chemie-Nobelpreisträgern List und McMillan | website=rbb24 | url=https://www.rbb24.de/panorama/beitrag/2021/10/berlin-mueller-gratuliert-chemie-nobelpreis-list-mcmillan.html | language=de | access-date=7 October 2021 | archive-date=7 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007051224/https://www.rbb24.de/panorama/beitrag/2021/10/berlin-mueller-gratuliert-chemie-nobelpreis-list-mcmillan.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> *1997 Feodor Lynen Fellowship of the [[Alexander von Humboldt Foundation]] *2000 Synthesis-Synlett Journal Award *2003 {{ill|Carl-Duisberg-Memorial Award|de|Carl-Duisberg-Gedächtnispreis}} of the [[German Chemical Society]] *2004 Degussa Prize for Chiral Chemistry *2004 Lecturer’s Award of the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie *2004 Lieseberg Prize of the [[University of Heidelberg]] *2005 AstraZeneca European Lectureship, the Society of Synthetic Chemistry, Japan *2005 Lectureship Award *2005 [[Novartis]] Young Investigator Award *2006 [[JSPS]] Fellowship Award of Japan *2007 AstraZeneca Award in Organic Chemistry *2007 Award of the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie *2007 OBC-Lecture Award *2008 Visiting Professor at [[Sungkyunkwan University]], Korea *2009 Boehringer-Ingelheim Lectureship, Canada *2009 Organic Reactions Lectureship, US *2009 [[Thomson Reuters]] Citation Laureate *2011 Boehringer-Ingelheim Lectureship, [[Harvard University]], US *2011 ERC Advanced Grant *2012 Novartis Chemistry Lectureship Award *2012 {{ill|Otto-Bayer-Preis|de}} *2013 Horst-Pracejus-Preis *2013 Mukaiyama Award *2013 Ruhrpreis, Mülheim, Germany *2014 Cope Scholar Award, US *2014 Thomson Reuters Highly Cited Researcher *2015 Carl Shipp Marvel Lectures, [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]], US *2016 [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize]] *2017 Prof. U. R. Ghatak Endowment Lecture, [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] (IACS), Kolkata, India *2017 Ta-shue Chou Lectureship, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan *2018 Member of the [[German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina]] *2019 Herbert C. Brown Lecture, [[Purdue University]], Indiana, US *2019 [[Web of Science]] Citation Laureate™ in Chemistry *2021 TCR Lecture,100th CSJ Annual Meeting, Japan *2021 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] *2022 Herbert C. Brown Award 2022 for Creative Research in Synthetic Methodes<ref name="Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung 2021">{{cite web | title=Professor Ben List erhält den Herbert C. Brown Award | website=Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung | date=1 October 2021 | url=https://www.kofo.mpg.de/844630/20212709-Herbert-C-Brown-Award-an-Ben-List | language=de | access-date=6 October 2021}}</ref> {{div col end}} == Ntchito zosankhidwa == * {{cite journal|last1=List|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|doi=10.1021/ja994280y|issn=0002-7863|date=26 February 2000|issue=10|volume=122|publisher=American Chemical Society (ACS)|title=Proline-Catalyzed Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reactions|url=https://archive.org/details/american-chemical-society-journal_2000-03-15_122_10/page/2395|first1=Benjamin|author-link3=Carlos F. Barbas III|first3=Carlos F.|last3=Barbas|author-link2=Richard Lerner|first2=Richard A.|last2=Lerner|pages=2395–2396}} * {{cite journal|last1=Mayer|first1=Sonja|last2=List|first2=Benjamin|title=Asymmetric Counteranion-Directed Catalysis|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|publisher=Wiley|volume=45|issue=25|date=19 June 2006|issn=1433-7851|doi=10.1002/anie.200600512|pages=4193–4195|pmid=16721891}} * {{cite journal|last1=Mahlau|first1=Manuel|last2=List|first2=Benjamin|title=Asymmetric Counteranion-Directed Catalysis: Concept, Definition, and Applications|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|publisher=Wiley|volume=52|issue=2|date=28 November 2012|issn=1433-7851|doi=10.1002/anie.201205343|pages=518–533|pmid=23280677}} * {{cite journal|last1=Čorić|first1=Ilija|last2=List|first2=Benjamin|title=Asymmetric spiroacetalization catalysed by confined Brønsted acids|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2012-03-15_483_7389/page/315|journal=Nature|publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC|volume=483|issue=7389|year=2012|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/nature10932|pages=315–319|pmid=22422266|bibcode=2012Natur.483..315C|s2cid=4401955}} * {{cite journal|last1=Kaib|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|pages=13200–13203|doi=10.1002/anie.201607828|issn=1433-7851|date=6 October 2016|issue=42|volume=55|publisher=Wiley|title=Extremely Active Organocatalysts Enable a Highly Enantioselective Addition of Allyltrimethylsilane to Aldehydes|first1=Philip S. J.|first5=Benjamin|last5=List|first4=Roberta|last4=Properzi|first3=Sunggi|last3=Lee|first2=Lucas|last2=Schreyer|pmid=27653018}} * {{cite journal|last1=Tsuji|last9=List|bibcode=2018Sci...359.1501T|pmid=29599238|pages=1501–1505|doi=10.1126/science.aaq0445|issn=0036-8075|date=29 March 2018|issue=6383|volume=359|publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)|journal=Science|title=Activation of olefins via asymmetric Brønsted acid catalysis|url=https://archive.org/details/science_2018-03-30_359_6383/page/1501|first9=Benjamin|first8=Christophe|first1=Nobuya|last8=Farès|first7=Dmytro|last7=Bykov|first6=Philip S. J.|last6=Kaib|first5=Sébastien|last5=Prévost|first4=Sunggi|last4=Lee|first3=Thomas|last3=Buyck|first2=Jennifer L.|last2=Kennemur|s2cid=4549863}} * {{cite journal|last1=Lee|journal=Science|bibcode=2013Sci...341.1225L|pmid=24031014|pages=1225–1229|doi=10.1126/science.1242196|issn=0036-8075|date=12 September 2013|issue=6151|volume=341|publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)|title=Organotextile Catalysis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2013-09-13_341_6151/page/1225|first1=J.-W.|first6=B.|last6=List|first5=J. S.|last5=Gutmann|first4=C. E.|last4=Song|first3=K.|last3=Opwis|first2=T.|last2=Mayer-Gall|s2cid=206550607}} == Zolemba == [[Category:1968 kubadwa]] 6s3c0s0fjj3g5vqz5i756dgnzjombem 0 7011 71875 71778 2026-08-04T18:34:20Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260804sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71875 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Putin with Vladimir Konstantinov, Sergey Aksyonov and Alexey Chaly 4.jpeg|thumb|442x442px|Kusaina Pangano la kukhazikitsidwa kwa Republic of Crimea ndi Sevastopol ku Russia. Kumanzere kupita kumanja: S. Aksyonov, V. Konstantinov, V. Putin ndi A. Chalyi.]] Mu February ndi March 2014, dziko la Russia linalanda dziko la Crimea ndipo kenako linalanda dziko la Ukraine. Chochitikachi chinachitika pambuyo pa Revolution of Dignity ndipo ndi mbali ya nkhondo ya Russia-Ukraine. Pa 22-23 February 2014, pulezidenti wa Russia Vladimir Putin anaitanitsa msonkhano wa usiku wonse ndi akuluakulu a chitetezo kuti akambirane za kuchotsedwa kwa pulezidenti wochotsedwa ku Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych. Kumapeto kwa msonkhanowo, a Putin adanenanso kuti "tiyenera kuyamba kuyesetsa kubwezeretsa Crimea ku Russia". Pa 23 February, ziwonetsero zochirikiza Russia zidachitika mumzinda wa Crimea wa Sevastopol. Pa 27 February, asilikali obisala a ku Russia opanda zizindikiro adagonjetsa Supreme Council (nyumba ya malamulo) ya Crimea ndipo adalanda malo otetezeka ku Crimea, zomwe zinachititsa kuti boma la pro-Russian Sergey Aksyonov likhazikitsidwe ku Crimea,<ref name="time1">{{cite news|url=https://time.com/19097/putin-crimea-russia-ukraine-aksyonov/|title=Putin's Man in Crimea Is Ukraine's Worst Nightmare|author=Simon Shuster|date=10 March 2014|magazine=Time|access-date=8 March 2015|quote=Before dawn on Feb.&nbsp;27, at least two dozen heavily armed men stormed the Crimean parliament building and the nearby headquarters of the regional government, bringing with them a cache of assault rifles and rocket propelled grenades. A few hours later, Aksyonov walked into the parliament and, after a brief round of talks with the gunmen, began to gather a quorum of the chamber's lawmakers.|archive-date=28 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328085629/https://time.com/19097/putin-crimea-russia-ukraine-aksyonov/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="reuters1">{{cite news|last=De Carbonnel|first=Alissa|date=13 March 2014|title=RPT-INSIGHT-How the separatists delivered Crimea to Moscow|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://reuters.com/article/ukraine-crisis-russia-aksyonov-idINL6N0M93AH20140313|access-date=8 March 2015|quote=Only a week after gunmen planted the Russian flag on the local parliament, Aksyonov and his allies held another vote and declared parliament was appealing to Putin to annex Crimea}}</ref> kuchititsa referendum ya Crimea ndi chilengezo cha ufulu wa Crimea pa 16 March 2014. Dziko la Russia linaphatikiza Crimea ngati mayiko awiri a dziko la Russia, Republic of Crimea ndi mzinda wa Sevastopol wa Sevastopol pa 18 March 2014. kulimbitsa chikhalidwe chatsopano pansi. Ukraine ndi mayiko ena ambiri adatsutsa kuphatikizikako ndikukuwona kuti ndikuphwanya malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi komanso mapangano osainidwa ndi Russia oteteza kukhulupirika kwa dziko la Ukraine, kuphatikiza mapangano a 1991 Belavezha omwe adakhazikitsa Commonwealth of Independent States, 1975 Helsinki Accords, 1994. Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances ndi Pangano la 1997 paubwenzi, mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano pakati pa Russian Federation ndi Ukraine. Izi zidapangitsa kuti mamembala ena a G8 panthawiyo ayimitse dziko la Russia m'gululi ndikuyambitsa gawo loyamba la zilango motsutsana ndi dzikolo. United Nations General Assembly idakananso referendum ndi kuphatikizika, kutengera chigamulo chotsimikizira "kukhulupirika kwa dziko la Ukraine m'malire ake odziwika padziko lonse lapansi". Chigamulo cha UN "chikutsimikiziranso kuti referendum ilibe umboni, singakhale maziko a kusintha kulikonse kwa chikhalidwe cha [Crimea]" ndipo inapempha mayiko onse ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse kuti asazindikire kapena kutanthauza kuvomereza kulandidwa kwa Russia. Mu 2016, bungwe la United Nations General Assembly linatsimikiziranso kusavomereza kuphatikizikako ndikudzudzula "kukhala kwa kanthawi kochepa kwa gawo la Ukraine - Autonomous Republic of Crimea ndi mzinda wa Sevastopol".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/71/205|title=A/RES/71/205 – E – A/RES/71/205|website=undocs.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/ga11879.doc.htm|title=General Assembly Adopts 50 Third Committee Resolutions, as Diverging Views on Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity Animate Voting – Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Boma la Russia limatsutsa chizindikiro cha "annexation", pomwe Putin akuteteza referendum ngati ikutsatira mfundo yodziyimira pawokha.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/crimea-vote-joining-russia-moscow-wields-u-n-024050097--finance.html|title=Crimeans vote over 90 percent to quit Ukraine for Russia|author1=Mike Collett-White|date=16 March 2014|access-date=8 March 2015|agency=Reuters|author2=Ronald Popeski}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|ssrn=2627417|title=The Ukraine Crisis, Cold War II, and International Law|journal=The German Law Journal|date=6 July 2015|author=Boris N. Mamlyuk}}</ref> == Mayina == Mayina a mkangano wa Crimea akhoza kusiyana ndi digiri nthawi zonse. Ku Russia, imadziwika ngati kulowa kwa Crimea ku Russian Federation (Russian: Присоединение Крыма к Российской Федерации, romanized: Prisoyedineniye Kryma k Rossiyskoy Federatsii), kubwereranso kwa Crimea (Russian: Зарыйской земанское, землянское, землянское) , ndi kugwirizananso kwa Crimea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazeta.ru/politics/news/2014/03/25/n_6037281.shtml|title=Минобороны России учредило медаль "За возвращение Крыма"|trans-title=Ministry of Defense of Russia established a medal 'For the Return of Crimea'|language=ru|publisher=Gazeta.ru|date=March 25, 2014|access-date=August 30, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-18|title=Right of Reply to Russia - "Seventh Anniversary of the Reunification of Crimea with Russia"|url=https://osce.usmission.gov/right-of-reply-to-russia-seventh-anniversary-of-the-reunification-of-crimea-with-russia/|access-date=2022-02-27|website=U.S. Mission to the OSCE|language=en-US}}</ref> Ku Ukraine, mayinawa amadziwika kuti Temporary occupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea ndi Sevastopol ndi Russia (Chiyukireniya: Тимчасова окупація Автономної Республіки Крим і Севастополя Pomansosivayu Autonomous Republic of Autonomous Republic of the Romansopulya, Republiki ya Chiyukireniya Crimea, kugwa kwa Crimea, ndi kuwukiridwa kwa Crimea.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/1172021-37533|date=24 March 2021|work=Президента України|access-date=24 March 2021|archive-date=24 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324193718/https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/1172021-37533|title=Указ Президента України «Про рішення Ради національної безпеки і оборони України від 11 березня 2021 року "Про Стратегію деокупації та реінтеграції тимчасово окупованої території Автономної Республіки Крим та міста Севастополя"» № 117/2021|trans-title=Decree of the President of Ukraine "On the decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine of March 11, 2021" On the Strategy of deoccupation and reintegration of the temporarily occupied territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol № 117/2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ua.usembassy.gov/seven-years-of-illegal-occupation-of-the-autonomous-republic-of-crimea/|title=Seven Years of Illegal Occupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea|date=4 March 2021}}</ref><ref>[https://www.army.mil/article/140557/the_fall_of_crimea_one_marines_story The Fall of Crimea: One Marine's Story] Jesse Granger 29 January 2015 ''www.army.mil'', accessed 27 February 2022</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://khpg.org/pda/files/docs/index.php?id=1425046486|title=Bitter Crimean Anniversary – Victims of Russian Annexation}}</ref> == Mbiri == Crimea inakhala mbali ya Ufumu wa Russia mu 1783, pamene Crimea Khanate inalandidwa, kenako inakhala mbali ya Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic mpaka 1954. M'magawo oyambirira a Russian Civil War panali mndandanda wa maboma odziimira okha osakhalitsa ( Crimea People's Republic, Crimea Regional Government, Crimea SSR) koma adatsatiridwa ndi maboma a White Russian (General Command of the Armed Forces of South Russia and later South Russian Government). Mu October 1921, Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Russian SFSR inakhazikitsidwa. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse komanso kuthamangitsidwa kwa nzika zonse zaku Crimea, Crimea ASSR idalandidwa ufulu wake wodzilamulira mu 1946 ndipo idatsitsidwa kukhala chigawo cha Russian SFSR. Mu 1954, Crimea Oblast inasamutsidwa kuchoka ku Russian SFSR kupita ku Ukraine SSR ndi lamulo la Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union kuti likumbukire zaka 300 za mgwirizano wa Ukraine ndi Russia. Chochitikacho chinanenedwa ndi Nikita Khrushchev, yemwe anali Mlembi Woyamba wa Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu. Mu 1989, pansi pa ulamuliro wa Gorbachev wa perestroika, Supreme Soviet inalengeza kuti kuthamangitsidwa kwa Atatars aku Crimea muulamuliro wa Stalin kunali koletsedwa, ndipo mtundu wochuluka wa Asilamu unaloledwa kubwerera ku Crimea. Mu 1990, Soviet of the Crimea Oblast anaganiza zobwezeretsa Crimea ASSR. Derali lidachita referendum mu 1991, yomwe idafunsa ngati Crimea iyenera kukwezedwa kuti isaina New Union Treaty (ndiko kuti, idakhala republic ya Union palokha). Komabe, panthawiyo, kutha kwa Soviet Union kunali kutatsala pang’ono kutha. Crimea ASSR idabwezeretsedwa kwa nthawi yosakwana chaka chimodzi ngati gawo la Soviet Ukraine ufulu wa Ukraine usanachitike. Ukraine yomwe idangodziyimira yokha idasungabe udindo wodzilamulira wa Crimea, pomwe Supreme Council of Crimea idatsimikizira "ulamuliro" wa peninsula ngati gawo la Ukraine. Akuluakulu aku Ukraine adachepetsa ufulu wa Crimea mu 1995. Mu Seputembala 2008, Nduna Yowona Zakunja ku Ukraine Volodymyr Ohryzko adadzudzula dziko la Russia popereka ziphaso zaku Russia kwa anthu okhala ku Crimea ndipo adafotokoza kuti ndi "vuto lenileni" lomwe lidaperekedwa ku Russia kuti achitepo kanthu kuti achitepo kanthu kuti ateteze nzika zaku Russia. Pa Ogasiti 24, 2009, ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi Chiyukireniya zidachitika ku Crimea ndi nzika zaku Russia. Sergei Tsekov (wa Russian Bloc ndiyeno wachiwiri kwa sipikala wa nyumba yamalamulo ku Crimea) adanena kuti akuyembekeza kuti dziko la Russia lidzachitiranso Crimea monga momwe linachitira ku South Ossetia ndi Abkhazia. Crimea ili ndi anthu amitundu yambiri aku Russia komanso ochepa mwa mafuko a ku Ukraine ndi Crimea Tatars, motero amakhala ndi anthu ambiri ku Ukraine omwe amakhala ku Russia. Pofika m'chaka cha 2010, akatswiri ena ankaganiza kale kuti boma la Russia linali ndi mapulani osadziwika bwino. Taras Kuzio adanena kuti "Russia ili ndi nthawi yovuta kwambiri yozindikira ulamuliro wa Ukraine pa Crimea ndi doko la Sevastopol - monga momwe anthu aku Russia amaonera, zomwe andale anena, kuphatikizapo mamembala a chipani cholamulira cha United Russia, akatswiri ndi atolankhani." Mu 2011, William Varettoni analemba kuti "Russia ikufuna kulanda Crimea ndipo ikungoyembekezera mwayi woyenera, makamaka ponamizira kuteteza abale aku Russia kunja."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Crimea's Overlooked Instability|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_washington-quarterly_summer-2011_34_3/page/n90|last=Varettoni|first=William|date=21 June 2011|doi=10.1080/0163660X.2011.588128|journal=The Washington Quarterly|volume=34|issue=3|pages=87–99|s2cid=154003492}}</ref> ==Zolemba== <references /> [[Category:2014 ku Russia]] [[Category:2014 ku Ukraine]] fdfpkhb87lvewt45gps71xfw2b5jikm 0 7200 71873 50999 2026-08-04T18:33:19Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260804sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71873 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Somaliland (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|268x268px]] '''Somaliland''' (Somalia (Somalia: Soomaaliland; Chiarabu: صوماليلاند Ṣūmālīlānd, أرض الصومال Arḍ aṣ-Ṣūmāl), mwalamulo Republic of Somaliland , ndi dziko lodziwika bwino ku Horn of Africa, lomwe limawonedwa padziko lonse lapansi kukhala gawo la Somalia. Somaliland ili ku Horn of Africa, pagombe lakumwera kwa Gulf of Aden. Imakhala m'malire ndi Djibouti kumpoto chakumadzulo, Ethiopia kumwera ndi kumadzulo, ndi gawo losatsutsika la Somalia chakum'mawa. Dera lomwe amati lili ndi malo okwana masikweya kilomita 176,120 (68,000 sq mi),<ref name="KitGhrsM12">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNGfBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT5625|title=Political Handbook of the World 2015|last=Lansford|first=Tom|date=2015-03-24|publisher=CQ Press|isbn=9781483371559|language=en}}</ref> okhala ndi anthu pafupifupi 5.7 miliyoni pofika 2021. Likulu ndi mzinda waukulu kwambiri ndi Hargeisa. Boma la Somaliland limadziona ngati dziko lolowa m'malo ku Britain Somaliland, yomwe, monga boma lodziyimira palokha la Somaliland, linagwirizana mu 1960 ndi Trust Territory of Somaliland (yomwe kale inali Somaliland yaku Italy) kuti ipange dziko la [[Somali Republic]].<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica 2002 p.835">''The New Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2002), p. 835.</ref> Somaliland idakhalako koyamba zaka 10,000 zapitazo munthawi ya Neolithic.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bradley|volume=93|bibcode=1996PNAS...93.5131B|pmc=39419|pmid=8643540|issn=0027-8424|doi=10.1073/pnas.93.10.5131|pages=5131–5135|issue=10|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|first1=D G|title=Mitochondrial diversity and the origins of African and European cattle.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1996-05-14_93_10/page/5131|date=1996-05-14|first4=R T|last4=Loftus|first3=P|last3=Cunningham|first2=D E|last2=MacHugh|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bearak|first=Max|title=Somaliland's quest for recognition passes through its ancient caves|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/02/01/somaliland-independence-laas-geel-rock-paintings/|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en}}</ref> Abusa akale ankaweta ng'ombe ndi ziweto zina ndipo ili ndi zojambula zowoneka bwino za miyala mu Africa. M'zaka zonse za m'ma Middle Ages, anthu othawa kwawo a Arabiya anafika ku Somaliland, kuphatikizapo ma sheikh achisilamu, Ishaaq bin Ahmed, omwe anayambitsa banja la Isaaq, ndi Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti omwe anayambitsa banja la Darod, omwe adachoka ku Arabia kupita ku Somaliland ndikukwatira. banja lakwawo la Dir, lomwe lafotokozedwa ngati nthano zopeka. Komanso m'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, maufumu a ku Somalia ankalamulira malonda a m'madera, kuphatikizapo Sultanate of Ifat ndi Adal Sultanate. M'zaka za zana la 18, Isaaq Sultanate, dziko la Somali lolowa m'malo mwa Adal Sultanate, linakhazikitsidwa ndi Sultan Guled Abdi ku Toon. Ulamuliro wa Sultana unafalikira mbali zina za Horn of Africa ndipo unakhudza madera apakati a Somaliland yamakono. Inali ndi chuma cholimba ndipo malonda anali ofunikira pa doko lake lalikulu la Berbera ndi tawuni yaying'ono ya doko la Bulhar, komanso chakum'mawa kumatawuni a Heis, Karin, ndi El-Darad omwe amatumiza lubani. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, United Kingdom idasaina mapangano ndi mabanja a Habr Awal, Garhajis, Habr Je'lo, Warsangeli, Issa ndi Gadabuursi kuti akhazikitse chitetezo. A Dervishes motsogozedwa ndi Muhammad Abdullah Hassan adatsutsana ndi mapangano achitetezo omwe adasainidwa ndi Britain ndi ma Sultan aku Somalia. Pambuyo pa zaka 20, a Dervishes adagonjetsedwa pa imodzi mwa mabomba oyambirira a ndege ku Africa mu 1920 Somaliland Campaign. Akuluakulu a mafuko, a Dhulbahante, omwe sanasaine pangano lachitetezo ndi a Briteni (chifukwa choti anthu aku Italiya amawona kuti ndi gawo la Dhulbahante monga nzika za Sultan wotetezedwa ku Italy wa fuko la Majeerteen) anali omwe adalimbikitsa kwambiri. za kayendedwe. Pa 26 June 1960, chitetezo chinapeza ufulu wodzilamulira monga State of Somaliland, pasanathe masiku asanu modzifunira kugwirizana ndi Trust Territory of Somaliland, kutsatira ufulu wake wodzilamulira, kupanga Somali Republic. Mgwirizano wovomerezeka unachitika pakati pa madera awiriwa kudzera mwa oimira awo osankhidwa. Pa 27 June 1960, Legislative Assembly of Somaliland inakhazikitsa lamulo la Union ndi Somalia lomwe linanena kuti mabungwe awiriwa azikhala ogwirizana mpaka kalekale. == Zolemba == [[Category:Geography ya Somaliland]] [[Category:Mayiko aku Africa]] [[Category:Kupatukana ku Somalia]] [[Category:Mayiko ndi madera omwe adakhazikitsidwa mu 1991]] aebuvun9gp83mn0faj7g32ilzlrpfp4 3 9241 71870 71813 2026-08-04T18:31:00Z Tumbuka Arch 8304 71870 wikitext text/x-wiki == Join Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi == Hello @[[User:THE ONE PEOPLE|THE ONE PEOPLE]] '''Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi''' welcomes Wikimedia contributors from Malawi, Zambia and contributors interested in Malawi-related knowledge to participate in building a stronger Wikimedia community. We invite contributors from Tumbuka, English and Chewa Wikipedias, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and other Wikimedia projects to become participating members of the community. If you would like to participate: # Visit the [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating|Founding and Participating Members]] page. # Open the '''Participating members''' section directly: [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating#List_of_participants]] # Add your Wikimedia username under the list of participating members. # Sign your entry by adding <nowiki>#~~~~</nowiki> after your username. Your participation will help strengthen Wikimedia projects in Malawi, including Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and Malawian language content. Participants may contribute to community discussions, outreach activities, edit-a-thons, language projects, cultural documentation, and other free knowledge initiatives. Everyone interested in creating, improving, and sharing free knowledge is welcome to participate. Thank you. [[User:Tumbuka Arch|<span style="color:white;background-color:blue" ><b>Tumbuka Arch</b> (𝑻𝒂𝞘𝞳)</span>]] 14:26, 19 Julaye 2026 (UTC) == Other wikis == Hello, ati bwanji? There are some wikis from Zambia such as this wiki (Chewa) and another one found [[:tum:Jani_likulu|here.]] If you don't speak the language, you can still help by using Google Translate or Content Translation Tool to write articles. Zikomo/ Yewo chomene. [[User:Tumbuka Arch|<span style="color:white;background-color:blue" ><b>Tumbuka Arch</b> (𝑻𝒂𝞘𝞳)</span>]] 18:31, 4 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) q7qy1sgt5d2l09fcy204czexooqvmg9 3 9268 71860 2026-08-04T18:22:43Z Tumbuka Arch 8304 welcome 71860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Welcome}}[[User:Tumbuka Arch|<span style="color:white;background-color:blue" ><b>Tumbuka Arch</b> (𝑻𝒂𝞘𝞳)</span>]] fgoser88swaw9xkog4xnugkmq2soxfk 71865 71860 2026-08-04T18:27:38Z Tumbuka Arch 8304 /* Other wikis */ new section 71865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Welcome}}[[User:Tumbuka Arch|<span style="color:white;background-color:blue" ><b>Tumbuka Arch</b> (𝑻𝒂𝞘𝞳)</span>]] == Other wikis == @[[User:ZedKuChalo|ZedKuChalo]] ati bwanji? There are some wikis from Zambia such as this wiki (Chewa) and another one found [[:tum:Jani_likulu|here.]] If you dont speak it, you can use Google Translate or Content Translation Tool to write articles. Zikomo/ Yewo chomene. [[User:Tumbuka Arch|<span style="color:white;background-color:blue" ><b>Tumbuka Arch</b> (𝑻𝒂𝞘𝞳)</span>]] 18:27, 4 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) jhhghxs1aoxzvl86gml5ikjnghkbhsr 71866 71865 2026-08-04T18:28:37Z Tumbuka Arch 8304 /* Other wikis */ 71866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Welcome}}[[User:Tumbuka Arch|<span style="color:white;background-color:blue" ><b>Tumbuka Arch</b> (𝑻𝒂𝞘𝞳)</span>]] == Other wikis == @[[User:ZedKuChalo|ZedKuChalo]] ati bwanji? There are some wikis from Zambia such as this wiki (Chewa) and another one found [[:tum:Jani_likulu|here.]] If you don't speak the language, you can still help by using Google Translate or Content Translation Tool to write articles. Zikomo/ Yewo chomene. [[User:Tumbuka Arch|<span style="color:white;background-color:blue" ><b>Tumbuka Arch</b> (𝑻𝒂𝞘𝞳)</span>]] 18:27, 4 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) bj2oi3ol1btep5ghi7541qe5b9zvt19 3 9269 71874 2026-08-04T18:33:37Z Tumbuka Arch 8304 Created page with "== Other wikis == Hello, ati bwanji? There are some wikis from Zambia such as this wiki (Chewa) and another one found [[:tum:Jani_likulu|here.]] If you don't speak the language, you can still help by using Google Translate or Content Translation Tool to write articles. Zikomo/ Yewo chomene. ~~~~" 71874 wikitext text/x-wiki == Other wikis == Hello, ati bwanji? There are some wikis from Zambia such as this wiki (Chewa) and another one found [[:tum:Jani_likulu|here.]] If you don't speak the language, you can still help by using Google Translate or Content Translation Tool to write articles. Zikomo/ Yewo chomene. [[User:Tumbuka Arch|<span style="color:white;background-color:blue" ><b>Tumbuka Arch</b> (𝑻𝒂𝞘𝞳)</span>]] 18:33, 4 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) nvm61s2gxcm3euvm0ck8px6z2uofpxv