Wikipedia nywiki https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsamba_Lalikulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.16 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3450 71899 43790 2026-08-23T21:28:56Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260823)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox disease | name = Matenda a Ebola | image = 7042 lores-Ebola-Zaire-CDC Photo.jpg | caption = Chithunzi cha m’chaka cha 1976 chosonyeza madokotala awiri ataimirira kutsogolo kwa [[Mayinga N'Seka|Mayinga N.]], munthu wodwala matenda a Ebola; anamwalira patangotha masiku ochepa chifukwa chakukha magazi m’mimba. | DiseasesDB = 18043 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|98|4|a|90}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|065.8}} | MedlinePlus = 001339 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 626 | MeshID = D019142 }} '''Matenda a Ebola a mavailasi''' ('''EVD''') kapena kuti '''Matenda a Ebola a kukha magazi komanso kutentha thupi''' ('''EHF''') ndi matenda amene amagwira anthu ndipo amayambitsidwa ndi [[tizilombo tochedwa Ebola]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Zizindikiro za matendawa zimayamba kuwonekera pakatha masiku awiri mpaka milungu itatu tizilombo ta matendawa tikalowa m’thupi mwa munthu. Zina mwa zizindikirozo ndi [[kutentha thupi]], zilonda zakukhosi, [[kuphwanya kwa thupi]], ndiponso [[kupweteka kwa mutu]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Kenako munthu amayamba [[kuchita nseru]], kusanza, ndiponso [[kutsegula m’mimba]]. Komanso [[chiwindi]] ndi [[impso]] za munthuyo zimasiya kugwira bwino ntchito.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Zikatere, odwala ena amayamba [[kukha magazi]] m’malo osiyanasiyana.<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Ebola virus disease Fact sheet N°103|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=12 April 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref> <!-- Cause and Diagnosis--> Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa tingalowe m’thupi mwa munthu wina ngati munthuyo atakhudzana ndi [[magazi]] kapena [[madzi a m’thupi]] la munthu kapena zinyama zimene zili ndi matendawa (makamaka anyani ndi [[mileme]]).<ref name=WHO2014/> Padakali pano, palibe umboni wotsimikizidwa ndi akatswiri a zachipatala wosonyeza kuti matendawa angafale kudzera mu mpweya.<ref name=WHOAir2014>{{cite web|title=2014 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa|url=http://www.who.int/ith/updates/20140421/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=3 August 2014|date=Apr 21 2014|archive-date=29 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729034008/http://www.who.int/ith/updates/20140421/en/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Zikuoneka kuti mileme imatha kukhala ndi tizilombo ta matendawa n’kumatifalitsa, koma iyoyo sidwala ndi tizilomboti.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Munthu akangotenga tizilomboti, amatha kufalitsa matendawa kwa anthu enanso.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Munthu wa bambo amene wachira kumatendawa angathenso kufalitsa tizilombo ta matendawa kudzera mu [[umuna]] ngati atagona ndi mkazi pasanathe miyezi iwiri kuchokera pamene wachira.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Azachipatala akamayeza munthu amene akuganiziridwa kuti ali ndi matendawa, amayamba atsimikizira kaye kuti munthuyo sakudwala matenda ena omwe zizindikiro zake n’zofanana ndi za Ebola, monga [[malungo]], [[kolera]] ndi matenda ena oyambitsidwa ndi [[mavailasi amene amachititsa munthu kutentha thupi komanso kukha magazi]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Pofuna kutsimikizira ngati munthu ali ndi matendawa, magazi ena amayezedwa kuti aone ngati [[chitetezo chake cholimbana]] tizilombo chakwera, kapena ngati [[RNA]] yachuluka, kapenanso ngati m’magazimo muli tizilombo ta Ebola.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!-- Prevention --> Munthu angapewe matendawa ngati atapewa kukhudzana ndi anthu kapena anyani ngakhalenso nkhumba zomwe zili tizilombo ta matendawa.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Zimenezi zingatheke ngati nyamazi zitayezedwa kuti aone ngati zili ndi matendawa komanso kuzipha ndi kuzikwirira moyenera zikapezeka kuti zili ndi matendawa.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Chinthu chinanso chimene chingathandize ndi kuphika nyama m’njira yoyenerera komanso kuvala zovala zodzitetezera pamene munthu akugwira kapena kuphika nyama.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Kuvala zovala zodzitetezera ndiponso [[kusamba m’manja]] tikakhala pafupi ndi munthu amene akudwala matendawa n’kuthandizanso kwambiri.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Muyenera kuchita zinthu mosamala kwambiri mukamagwira madzi a m’thupi kapena zinthu zina za m’thupi la munthu amene ali ndi matendawa.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!-- Treatment, Prognosis and Epidemiology--> Padakali pano, matendawa alibe mankhwala; komabe, odwala amapatsidwa [[madzi a mchere ndi shuga]] (omwe amathandiza kubwezeretsa madzi a m’thupi) kapena [[madzi ena]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Matendawa [[amapha kwambiri anthu]]: nthawi zambiri anthu 50 mpaka 90 pa anthu 100 aliwonse amene agwidwa ndi matendawa amamwalira.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name="Elsevier/Academic Press">{{cite book|author1=C.M. Fauquet|title=Virus taxonomy classification and nomenclature of viruses; 8th report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780080575483|page=648|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=9Wy7Jgy5RWYC&pg=PA648}}</ref> Matenda a Ebola anapezeka koyamba m’dziko la [[Sudan]] kenako m’dziko la [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Mliri wa matendawa umakonda kubuka m’mayiko otentha a ku [[kumunsi kwa chipululu cha Sahara ku Africa]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Kuyambira m’chaka cha 1976 (pa nthawi yoyamba imene matendawa anadziwika) mpaka kufika m’chaka cha 2013, anthu omwe ankagwidwa ndi matendawa pachaka sankakwana 1,000.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=MMWRJune2014>{{cite web|title=Ebola Viral Disease Outbreak — West Africa, 2014|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6325a4.htm?s_cid=mm6325a4_w|website=CDC|accessdate=26 June 2014|date=June 27, 2014}}</ref> Mliri woopsa kwambiri wa Ebola ndi womwe ukuchitika panopa, womwe wabuka mu [[2014, ku West Africa]], ndipo wakhudza mayiko a [[Guinea]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Liberia]] ndiponso [[Nigeria]].<ref name=CDC2014>{{cite web|title=CDC urges all US residents to avoid nonessential travel to Liberia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone because of an unprecedented outbreak of Ebola.|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/warning/ebola-liberia|website=CDC|accessdate=2 August 2014|date=July 31, 2014}}</ref><ref name=CDCAug2014N>{{cite web|title=Outbreak of Ebola in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone|url=http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/guinea/index.html|website=CDC|accessdate=5 August 2014|date=August 4, 2014}}</ref> Pofika mu August 2014, anthu oposa 1600 anali atafa ndi mliriwu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ebola virus disease update - West Africa|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_08_04_ebola/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=6 August 2014|date=Aug 4, 2014|archive-date=23 November 2014|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6UJCrmDvn?url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_08_04_ebola/en/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Akatswiri akuyesetsa kuti apange [[katemera]]; komabe, padakali pano palibe katemera amene wapezeka.<ref name=WHO2014/> ==Malifalensi== {{Reflist|colwidth=25em}} ; Ndandanda {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Klenk |first=Hans-Dieter |title=Marburg and Ebola Viruses (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology) |url=https://archive.org/details/marburgebolaviru0000unse |date=January 1999 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Telos |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-540-64729-4 |ref=CITEREFKlenk1999}} * {{Cite book |first1=Hans-Dieter |last1=Klenk |first2=Heinz |last2=Feldmann |title=Ebola and Marburg viruses: molecular and cellular biology |url=http://books.google.com/?id=EV_mFgnyPoMC |format=Limited preview |year=2004 |publisher=Horizon Bioscience |location=Wymondham, Norfolk, UK |isbn=978-0-9545232-3-7 |ref=CITEREFKlenkFeldmann2004 }} * {{Cite book |last=Kuhn |first=Jens H. |title=Filoviruses: A Compendium of 40 Years of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Laboratory Studies. Archives of Virology Supplement, vol. 20 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=LaOue0F9Ns4C |format=Limited preview |year=2008 |publisher=SpringerWienNewYork |location=Vienna |isbn=978-3-211-20670-6 |ref=CITEREFKuhn2008 }} * {{Cite book |last1=McCormick |first1=Joseph |last2=Fisher-Hoch |first2=Susan |others=Horvitz, Leslie Alan |title=Level 4: Virus Hunters of the CDC |url=http://books.google.com/?id=QEvR3aJX2m0C |format=Limited preview |origyear=1996 |edition=Updated [3rd] |year=1999 |publisher=Barnes & Noble |isbn=978-0-7607-1208-5 |ref=CITEREFMcCormickFisher-Hoch1999 |month=June }} * {{Cite book |last=Pattyn |first=S. R. |title=Ebola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever |year=1978 |url=http://www.itg.be/ebola/ |format=Full free text |edition=1st |publisher=Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press |location=Amsterdam |isbn=0-444-80060-3 |ref=CITEREFPattyn1978 |access-date=2014-09-04 |archive-date=2010-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211083855/http://www.itg.be/ebola/ |dead-url=yes }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Ryabchikova | first1 = Elena I. | last2 = Price | first2 = Barbara B. | title = Ebola and Marburg Viruses: A View of Infection Using Electron Microscopy | year = 2004 | publisher = Battelle Press | location = Columbus, Ohio | isbn = 978-1-57477-131-2 | ref = CITEREFRyabchikovaPrice2004 }} {{Refend}} ==Malinki a nkhani zina== {{Refbegin}} * [http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/207.html ViralZone: Ebola-like viruses] – Virological repository from the [[Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics]] * [http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/ CDC: Ebola hemorrhagic fever] – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special Pathogens Branch * [http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/en/ WHO: Ebola haemorrhagic fever] – World Health Organization, Global Alert and Response * [http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.do?decorator=filo Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Filoviridae] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140808072117/http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/emdb/searchResults.html/?q=ebola 3D macromolecular structures of the Ebola virus archived in the EM Data Bank (EMDB)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819171607/https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=202977755949863934429.0004c658eb30f9c4fb1c0&ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=27.371767,5.273438&spn=110.017392,184.21875&z=2&source=embed&dg=feature Google Map of Ebola Outbreaks] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140816223245/http://www.who.int/csr/bioriskreduction/filovirus_infection_control/en/ WHO recommended infection control measures] {{Refend}} 989mjbvgm1aa5a6quiz9ok062qjb6jx 0 3981 71903 17274 2026-08-23T21:31:27Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260823)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Matenda oyamba chifukwa cha uchembere | Image = Streptococcus pyogenes.jpg | Caption = ''[[Streptococcus pyogenes]]'' (zilonda zofiira) zimachititsa kuti amayi ambiri azimva kuphwanya thupi akangobereka. (Chakulitsidwa kuwirikiza ka 900) | DiseasesDB = | ICD10 = {{ICD10|O|85||o|85}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|672}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = article | eMedicineTopic = 796892 | MeshID = D011645 }} <!-- Definition and symptoms --> '''Matenda oyamba chifukwa cha uchembere''', omwenso amadziwika kuti '''matenda oyamba ndi ubereki''', '''kuphwanya thupi chifukwa chobereka''' kapena '''kuphwanya thupi kwa ubereki''', amayamba chifukwa cha [[tizilombo]] ta bakiteriya tomwe talowa [[m'chiberekero]] pa nthawi imene mayi [[amabereka mwana]] kapena pamene [[wapititsa padera]].<!-- <ref name=W2014/> --> Kawirikakwiri zizindikiro zake zimakhala [[kuphwanya thupi]] kutentha thupi, {{convert|38.0|C|F}} kuzizidwa, kumva kumwateka m'mimba, ndipo nthawi zina kutulutsa fungo loipa [[kukha kumaliseche]].<ref name=W2014>{{cite book|title=Williams obstetrics|url=https://archive.org/details/williamsobstetri0024unse|date=2014|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|isbn=9780071798938|pages=Chapter 37|edition=24th|chapter=37}}</ref> Nthawi zambiri zimenezi zimachitika pakangotha maola 24 mayi atabereka kapena kupititsa padera, mpaka kufika pa masiku 10.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Hiralal Konar|title=DC Dutta's Textbook of Obstetrics|date=2014|publisher=JP Medical Ltd|isbn=9789351520672|page=432|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=LU2VAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA432}}</ref> <!-- Causes and diagnosis--> Kawirikawiri tizilombo toyambitsa matendati timalowa [[m'chiberekero]] ndipo timathanso kukhudza mbali zina '''zoyandikna ndi chiberekerocho''' kapena '''zozungulira chiberekerocho'''.<!-- <ref name=W2014/> --> Zinthu zimene zimachititsa kuti mavutowa ayambe mosavuta ndi monga [[kuchitidwa opaleshoni]], bakiteriya wamtundu winawake wotchedwa [[streptococcus wa gulu B]] akalowa kumaliseche, [[khungu la mkati mwa chiberekero likayamba kuchoka nthawi yake isanakwane]], ndiponso [[ngati padutsa nthawi yaitali kwambiri ululu wa pobereka utayamba koma mwana sakutuluka]], ndi zina zotero.<!-- <ref name=W2014/> --> Ndipo kawirikakwiri mavutowa amakhala oti ayambitsidwa ndi bakiteriya wa mitundu ingapo yosiyanasiyana.<!-- <ref name=W2014/> --> Madokotala amatha kudziwa mitundu ya mabakiteriya imene yayambitsa mavutowo ngati [[atenga timadzi kumaliseche n'kutiyeza|ayeza timadzi ta kumaliseche]] kapena magazi.<!-- <ref name=W2014/> --> Amayi omwe sakuchira matendawo ngakhale kuti alandira thandizo amafunika [[kuwayezanso]] bwinobwino.<!-- <ref name=W2014/> --> Zinthu zina zimene zimachititsa kuti amayi azidwala akangobereka kumene ndi izi: [[kuchuluka kwambiri kwa mkaka m'mabere]], [[tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe talowa kumaliseche]], tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe talowa m'mimba [[m'mimba]] ndi [[m'chiberekero]].<ref name=W2014/> <!-- Prevention and treatment --> Chifukwa cha mavuto amene angakhalepo mayi akachitidwa opaleshoni, madokotala amalimbikitsa zoti mayi aliyense azipatsidwa mankhwala othandiza thupi [[kulimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda]] monga a [[ampicillin]] pa nthawi imene akuchitidwa opaleshoni.<!-- <ref name=W2014/> --> Palinso mankhwala othandiza kumatenda odziwika bwino ndipo munthu amatha kupeza bwino pakangopita masiku awiri kapena atatu basi atalandira mankhwalawa.<!-- <ref name=W2014/> --> Kwa amayi amene sakupeza bwino koma matendawo sanafike povuta, mankhwala okumwa othandiza thupi kulimbana ndi tizilombo angathandize, koma ngati vutolo likuoneka kuti ndi lalikulu [[jakisoni wa mankhwalawo]] angakhale wothandiza kwambiri.<!-- <ref name=W2014/> --> Mankhwala omwe amapezeka mosavuta ndi monga [[ampicillin]] ndiponso [[gentamicin]] ndipo amathandiza ngati mayi wabereka m'njira yachibadwa, ndipo mankhwala a [[clindamycin]] ndiponso a gentamicin angathandize ngati mayi wachitidwa opaleshoni pobereka.<!-- <ref name=W2014/> --> Koma kwa amayi omwe sakuchira ngakhale kuti apatsidwa thandizo la mankhwala oyenererera, ndi bwino kuwayeza kuti zidziwike ngati ali ndi [[chotupa chomwe chachita mafinya]] mkati mwawo.<ref name=W2014/> <!-- Epidemiology and history --> M'mayiko olemera, pafupifupi mayi m'modzi kapena awiri pa 100 alionse amadwala matenda oyambitsidwa ndi tizilombo tomwe talowa m'nthupi pa nthawi imene amabereka [[m'njira yachibadwa]].<!-- <ref name=W2014/> --> Chiwerengerochi chimakwera n'kufika 5 mpaka 13 kwa amayi amene anali ndi mavuto ena pobereka mwachibadwa, komanso chimafika pa hafu ya amayi onse amene abereka mochita kupangidwa opaleshoni ndipo sanapatsidwe mankhwala othandiza thupi kulimbana ndi tizilombo.<ref name=W2014/> Zimenezi zinachititsa imfa zokwana 24,000 m'chaka cha 2013, ndipo chiwerengerochi n'chotsika tikayerekezera ndi imfa zokwana 34,000 zomwe zinachitika mu 1990.<ref name=GDB2013>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}</ref> Nthawi yoyamba imene matenda oterewa anayamba kudziwika ndi kale kwambiri, zaka za m'ma 400 BCE, ndipo anatchulidwa m'zinthu zimene [[Hippocrates]] analemba.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Walvekar|first1=Vandana|title=Manual of perinatal infections|date=2005|publisher=Jaypee Bros.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788180614729|page=153|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=DIOmY2ROeVAC&pg=PA152}}</ref> Matenda amene amayamba mayi akangobereka kumene ankapha anthu ambiri kuyambira cha m'ma 1700 mpaka cha m'ma 1930, ndipo zinthu zinasintha pamene azachipatala anapeza mankhwala othandiza thupi kulimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Magner|first1=Lois N.|title=A history of medicine|date=1992|publisher=Dekker|location=New York|isbn=9780824786731|pages=257-258|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=qtUzscI9_VIC&pg=PA258}}</ref> M'chaka cha 1847 m'dziko la Austria, [[Ignaz Semmelweiss]] anayamba kulimbikitsa anthu kuti [[azisamba m'manja]] ndi [[chlorine]] ndipo zimenezi zinathandiza kuti imfa zochitika chifukwa cha matenda zichepe kuchokera pa anthu 20 pa 100 alionse kufika pa anthu awiri okha pa anthu 100 alionse.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Anderson|first1=BL|title=Puerperal group A streptococcal infection: beyond Semmelweis.|journal=Obstetrics and gynecology|date=April 2014|volume=123|issue=4|pages=874-82|pmid=24785617}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ataman|first1=AD|last2=Vatanoglu-Lutz|first2=EE|last3=Yildirim|first3=G|title=Medicine in stamps-Ignaz Semmelweis and Puerperal Fever.|journal=Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association|date=2013|volume=14|issue=1|pages=35-9|pmid=24592068}}</ref> ==Malifalensi== <references /> gpxrzjqdxx4416b3p4ac2dkjgitc3yx 0 4124 71907 17609 2026-08-23T21:33:08Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260823)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71907 wikitext text/x-wiki == Bibliography == [[File:Waleed Al-Husseini interview.webm|thumb|[[Maryam Namazie]] interviews Al-Husseini about ''Blasphémateur'' (2016).]] *''Blasphémateur ! : les prisons d'Allah'', 2015, Grasset ({{ISBN|978-2-246-85461-6}}) **English translation: {{Cite book |last=Al-Husseini |first=Waleed |date=2017 |title=The Blasphemer: The Price I Paid for Rejecting Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/blasphemerpricei0000alhu |location=New York City |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |isbn=9781628726756}} *''Une trahison française : Les collaborationnistes de l'islam radical devoilés'' ("A French Treason: The Collaborators of Radical Islam Unveiled"), 2017, Éditions Ring {{ISBN|979-1091447577}} == Note == {{Commonscat|Waleed Al-Husseini}} [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleed_Al-Husseini Waleed Al-Husseini] 5gqxusj5yxhysfaxm60m6gzkpqgoouw 0 4281 71897 51765 2026-08-23T16:30:23Z 볼라퓍 13152 71897 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-en.svg|thumb|Wikipedia logo]] '''Wikipedia''' ndi ma multilingual, web-based, [[encyclopedia]] yaulere yotengera chitsanzo cha zinthu zowonongeka. Ndilo buku lalikulu kwambiri komanso lodziwika bwino lomwe likuwonekera pa intaneti,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Press_Releases/2012/9/comScore_Media_Metrix_Ranks_Top_50_US_Web_Properties_for_August_201 |title= comScore MMX Ranks Top 50 US Web Properties for August 2012 |website= comScore |date= September 12, 2012 |accessdate= February 6, 2013 }}</ref> ndipo ndi imodzi mwa malo otchuka kwambiri ndi Alexa.Zili ndi mwiniwake komanso wothandizidwa ndi [[Wikimedia Foundation]], bungwe la 501 (c) (3) bungwe / bungwe lopanda phindu lomwe limagwira ntchito ndalama zomwe amalandira kuchokera kwa opereka.<ref>{{cite news |title = Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights – BBC News |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/10104946 |date= May 10, 2010 |accessdate= June 28, 2016 |work= BBC }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= Vogel, Peter S. |title= The Mysterious Workings of Wikis: Who Owns What? |url = http://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/76351.html |date= October 10, 2012 |accessdate= June 28, 2016 |work= Ecommerce Times }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Wikimedia Foundation employee ousted over paid editing |author= Mullin, Joe |url = https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2014/01/wikimedia-foundation-employee-ousted-over-paid-editing/ |date= January 10, 2014 |accessdate= June 28, 2016 |work= Ars Technica }}</ref> ==Zolemba== {{reflist}} == Zogwirizana zakunja== * Hong Myung-bo Get out * {{official website|https://www.wikipedia.org|mobile=https://en.m.wikipedia.org}}&nbsp;– multilingual portal (contains links to all language editions) (wikipedia.com still redirects here) * {{Dmoz|Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/Encyclopedias/Wikipedia}} * {{Guardian topic}} * [http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/wikipedia/index.html Wikipedia] topic page at ''[[The New York Times]]'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091201111459/http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/jimmy_wales_on_the_birth_of_wikipedia.html Video of TED talk by Jimmy Wales on the birth of Wikipedia] [[Category:Wikipedia| ]] [[Category:Wikimedia projects]] [[Category:Wikis]] [[Category:2001 kukhazikitsidwa ku United States]] 596tqto557t9db9y4aljk5gybw2lcjk 0 4348 71906 56250 2026-08-23T21:32:39Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260823)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71906 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Por-Mar (10).jpg|thumb|right|Cristiano Ronaldo pa FIFA ya World Cup 2018.]] '''Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro''' (anabadwa 5 February 1985) ndi mphukira wa [[Chipwitikizi]] amene amachitira patsogolo pa chigwirizano cha [[Italiya]] [[Juventus]] ndi [[timu ya Portugal]]. Kawirikawiri amaganiziridwa ngati wosewera mpira mdziko lonse ndipo ambiri amaona kuti ndi mmodzi mwa osewera kwambiri, Ronaldo ali ndi zolemba zisanu za [[Ballon d'Or]], omwe ndi ochita maseŵera a ku Ulaya, ndipo ndi ochita maseŵera oyamba kuti apambane anayi a ku European Golden Shoes. Iye wapambana masewera 26 mu ntchito yake, kuphatikizapo maudindo asanu a ligi, maudindo asanu a UEFA Champions League ndi [[UEFA European Championship]]. Ronaldo ali ndi zolemba zambiri zomwe amapeza m'mipikisano yambiri ya Ulaya (395), [[UEFA Champions League]] (120), [[UEFA European Championship]] (9), komanso omwe akuthandizira ambiri mu UEFA Champions League (34) ndi UEFA European Championship (6). Iye wapanga zolinga zapamwamba zoposa 670 za klabu ndi dziko. Atabadwira komanso analeredwa ku Madeira pachilumba cha [[Madeira]], Ronaldo anapeza kuti ali ndi mtima wopikisana ali ndi zaka 15. Iye anachitapo opaleshoni kuti athetse vuto lake, ndipo adayamba kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ku Sporting CP, asanayambe kulemba ndi Manchester United ali ndi zaka 18 2003. Atapambana chigamulo chake, FA Cup, pa nyengo yake yoyamba ku England, inathandiza United kupambana mayina atatu a Premier League, dzina la [[Champions League|UEFA Champions League]], ndi FIFA Club World Cup. Ali ndi zaka 22, adalandira mpira wa Ballon d'Or ndi FIFA World Player ya Chaka chomwe adasankhidwa ndipo ali ndi zaka 23, adalandira mpira wake woyamba woyamba wa Ballon d'Or ndi FIFA World Player ya Chaka Chaka. Mchaka cha 2009, Ronaldo ndiye adakwera mtengo wa mpira wautali kwambiri pamene adachoka ku [[Manchester United]] kupita ku Real Madrid pa mtengo wotsika mtengo wa € 94 miliyoni (£ 80 miliyoni). Ku Madrid, Ronaldo anapambana mayina 15, kuphatikizapo maina awiri a La Liga, awiri a Copas del Rey, maudindo anayi a UEFA Champions League, awiri [[UEFA Super Cup]]s, ndi atatu [[FIFA Club World Cup]]s. Ronaldo adalemba mavoti 34 La Liga hat-tricks, kuphatikizapo zolemba zisanu ndi zitatu zokha zomwe zinapangidwa mu 2014-15 ndipo ndi yekhayo amene angakwanitse kukwaniritsa zolinga makumi asanu ndi limodzi mu nyengo zisanu ndi ziwiri za Liga. Ronaldo atapitanso ku Madrid, Ronaldo adathamangitsira mpira wa Ballon d'Or katatu, akutsatira Lionel Messi, yemwe adamukonda kwambiri, asanapambane ndi Ballons d'Or mchaka cha 2013 ndi 2014. Atatha kupambana ndi masewera a 2016 ndi 2017 Ronaldo adatsitsimutsanso Ballons d'Or kumbuyo kwa 2016 ndi 2017. Chotsatira chachitatu cha Champions League chotsatira chinatsatira, kupanga Ronaldo kukhala wochita masewera olimbitsa katatu. Mu 2018, adasainira Juventus ndalama zokwana € 100 miliyoni, ndalama zambiri zomwe adazilipira kwa wosewera mpira wazaka 30, ndipo wapamwamba kwambiri amalipidwa ndi gulu la Italy. Ronaldo wotchedwa Portugal, adatchedwa [[Portugal Football Federation]] nthawi zonse ndi 2015. Iye adapanga dziko la Portugal m'chaka cha 2003 ali ndi zaka 18, ndipo wakhala akukhala ndi zikuluzikulu zoposa 150, kuphatikizapo kuwonekera ndi kukweza masewera asanu ndi atatu masewera, kukhala mchenga wotchuka kwambiri ku Portugal komanso dziko la dziko lonse lapansi. Anakwaniritsa cholinga chake choyamba pa Euro 2004 ndipo adathandiza Portugal kufika pamapeto. Anagonjetsa captaincy mu July 2008, akutsogolera Portugal kuti apambane pa mpikisano waukulu pomaliza mpikisano wa Euro 2016, ndipo adalandira Silver Boot kukhala mpikisano wachiwiri wa masewerawo, asanakhale wopambana kwambiri pa mayiko a ku Ulaya. nthawi ==Moyo wakuubwana== Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro anabadwira ku [[São Pedro]], [[Funchal]], ku [[Portugal]] ndipo anakulira ku parish ya Funchal ya Santo António,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dn.pt/dossiers/desporto/cristiano-ronaldo/perfil/interior/pelos-caminhos-de-ronaldo-1298338.html |publisher=Diário de Notícias |title=Desporto – Pelos caminhos de Ronaldo |date=6 July 2009 |accessdate=22 July 2017 |archive-date=8 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808072949/http://www.dn.pt/dossiers/desporto/cristiano-ronaldo/perfil/interior/pelos-caminhos-de-ronaldo-1298338.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marca.com/en/football/real-madrid/2017/02/05/5896528d22601db9458b4599.html |title=Cristiano amasintha 32|work=Marca|location=Spain |date=5 February 2017 |accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref> monga mwana wamng'ono kwambiri wa Maria Dolores dos Santos Aveiro, wophika, ndi José Dinis Aveiro, woyang'anira minda ya boma ndi gawo -ndipo nthawi yamwamuna. Dzina lake lachiwiri, "Ronaldo", anasankhidwa pambuyo pake-U.S. Pulezidenti Ronald Reagan. Ali ndi mkulu wachikulire, Hugo, ndi alongo awiri aakulu, Elma ndi Liliana Cátia. Agogo ake aakazi, Isabel da Piedade, anali ochokera ku [[São Vicente, Cape Verde]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Cristiano Ronaldo tem 'costela' cabo-verdiana |url=https://expresso.sapo.pt/actualidade/cristiano-ronaldo-tem-costela-cabo-verdiana=f491641 |work=Sapo Expresso |accessdate=23 July 2017 |language=Portuguese |archive-date=13 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713163733/http://expresso.sapo.pt/actualidade/cristiano-ronaldo-tem-costela-cabo-verdiana=f491641 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ronaldo anakulira m'banja lachikatolika ndi laumphaŵi, akugawana chipinda ndi mbale wake ndi alongo ake.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cristiano Ronaldo akutaya zonse kwa 'mnzake wapamtima' Jasmine za akazi, mpira, magalimoto ... ndi ndalama|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/cristiano-ronaldo-spills-all-to-his-close-friend-139054 |date=3 July 2011 |work=Daily Mirror |accessdate=21 August 2013}}</ref> Pokhala mwana, Ronaldo ankasewera gulu la amateur Andorinha kuyambira 1992 mpaka 1995,<ref>{{cite web |title=Bola de Ouro – Ronaldo conquistou primeiro prémio aos oito anos no Andorinha |url=https://www.dn.pt/dossiers/desporto/cristiano-ronaldo/noticias/interior/bola-de-ouro-ronaldo-conquistou-primeiro-premio-aos-oito-anos-no-andorinha-1066979.html |language=Portguese |publisher=Diário de Notícias |date=2 December 2008 |accessdate=23 August 2017 |archive-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823210705/http://www.dn.pt/dossiers/desporto/cristiano-ronaldo/noticias/interior/bola-de-ouro-ronaldo-conquistou-primeiro-premio-aos-oito-anos-no-andorinha-1066979.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> komwe bambo ake anali munthu wamkati, ndipo anakhala zaka ziwiri ndi Nacional. Mu 1997, ali ndi zaka 12, adaweruzidwa masiku atatu ndi Sporting CP, yemwe adamulembera ndalama zokwanira £ 1,500. Pambuyo pake adachoka ku Madeira kupita ku Alcochete, pafupi ndi Lisbon, kuti adze nawo anyamata ena a Sporting ku mpira wa mpira. Ndili ndi zaka 14, Ronaldo ankakhulupirira kuti akhoza kusewera masewera olimbitsa thupi, ndipo adagwirizana ndi amayi ake kuti asiye maphunziro ake kuti aganizire bwino mpira. Ngakhale kuti anali wotchuka ndi ophunzira ena kusukulu, adathamangitsidwa atapereka mpando kwa aphunzitsi ake, omwe anati "amamulemekeza". Komabe, patapita chaka chimodzi, adapezeka kuti ali ndi mtima wothamanga, chomwe chikanamukakamiza kusiya mpira .Ronaldo anachitidwa opaleshoni ya mtima pamene laser idagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsa njira zambiri za mtima, kusinthasintha kwake kwa mtima. Anamasulidwa kuchoka kuchipatala patangopita nthawi yowerengera ndikubwezeretsanso masiku angapo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mphindi wa Manchester United, Cristiano Ronaldo, amafunika kuti opaleshoni ya mtima ipulumutse ntchito|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/players/cristiano-ronaldo/4382937/Manchester-United-winger-Cristiano-Ronaldo-needed-heart-operation-to-save-career.html |work=The Telegraph |date=29 January 2009 |accessdate=22 August 2017}}</ref> ==Ntchito ya Club== ===Sporting CP=== Ali ndi zaka 16, Ronaldo adalimbikitsidwa kuchokera ku timu ya anyamata a Sporting ndi mtsogoleri wa timu yoyamba [[László Bölöni]], yemwe adachita chidwi ndi kuthamanga kwake. Pambuyo pake, anakhala mchenga woyamba kusewera mpirawo, omwe ali ndi zaka zosachepera 16, zaka 17 ndi zocheperapo 18, gulu B, ndi gulu loyamba, onse mu nyengo imodzi.Patapita chaka, pa 7 Oktoba 2002, Ronaldo adayamba ku Primeira Liga, motsutsana ndi Moreirense, ndipo adakwaniritsa zolinga ziwiri pa mphindi zitatu. Pakatikati pa nyengo ya 2002-03, nthumwi zake zinamuuza woyang'anira [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] Gérard Houllier ndi pulezidenti wa [[Barcelona F.C.|Barcelona]] [[Joan Laporta]]. Mtsogoleri wa [[Arsène Wenger]], yemwe ankafuna kulemba winger, adakumana naye kumalo a [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] mu November kuti akambirane za momwe angathere.<ref>{{cite news |last=Conn |first=David |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/david-conn-inside-sport-blog/2011/jan/19/inside-sport-cristiano-ronaldo-agent |title=Nyenyezi yowala kwambiri ku Ulaya ndi £ 1m kwa wodabwitsa wothandizila |work=The Guardian |date=19 January 2011 |accessdate=11 November 2011 |location=London}}</ref> Mtsogoleri wa [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], [[Alex Ferguson]], adafuna kuti Ronaldo azisunthira mwamsanga, Sporting itagonjetsa United 3-1 patsikulo la [[Estádio José Alvalade]] mu August 2003. Poyamba, United anali atangokonza Ronaldo ndikumulipira ngongoleyo Kubwerera ku Zosewera kwa chaka.<ref name=BR2003>{{cite news |title='He Was There to Put on a Show': Ronaldo's Legendary Manchester United Audition |work=[[Bleacher Report]] |date=6 October 2017 |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2735948-he-was-there-to-put-on-a-show-ronaldos-legendary-manchester-united-audition |accessdate=27 May 2018 |last=Pilger |first=Sam}}</ref> Atachita chidwi ndi osewera a Manchester United, adamuuza Ferguson kuti amusinthe. Pambuyo pa masewerawa, Ferguson adavomereza kulipira Sporting £ 12.24 miliyoni pa zomwe ankaona kuti ndi "mmodzi wa osewera osewera kwambiri" omwe adawawonapo.<ref>{{cite news |last=Marshall |first=Adam |url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11667/2273339/united-confirm-ronaldo-capture |title=United confirm Ronaldo capture |date=12 August 2003 |accessdate=27 August 2014 |work=Sky Sports}}</ref> Zaka khumi atachoka ku kampu, mu April 2013, Sporting adamulemekeza Ronaldo pomusankha kuti akhale membala wawo 100,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sporting.pt/English/News/news_eng_clubdecsbruno_300413_110552.asp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517151357/http://www.sporting.pt/English/News/news_eng_clubdecsbruno_300413_110552.asp |archivedate=17 May 2014 |title=Message from the president |publisher=Sporting Clube de Portugal |date=29 April 2013 |accessdate=15 May 2014}}</ref> ===Manchester United=== ====2003-07: Kupititsa patsogolo ndi kupambana==== ====2007-09: Phindu limodzi ndi aliyense==== ===Real Madrid=== ====2009-13: Kutumiza dziko lonse ndi La Liga==== [[File:Cristiano Ronaldo Madrid.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Monga momwe chiwerengero chake chokhalira 7 sichinali kupezeka, Ronaldo ankavala nambala 9 m'nyengo yake yoyamba ku Madrid. Raúl atachoka, Ronaldo anapatsidwa satifiketi 7 patsogolo pake [[2010–11 La Liga|Nyengo ya 2010-11]].]] Pambuyo pa nyengo ya 2009-10, Ronaldo adagwirizanitsa Real Madrid ndi ndalama zokwana £ 80 miliyoni (€ 94 miliyoni). Msonkhano wake, umene unapitilira mpaka 2015, unali wokwanira € 11 miliyoni pachaka ndipo unali ndi chigamulo chogulitsa € 1 biliyoni. Mafilimu okwana 80,000 adapezeka ku Santiago Bernabéu, kupitirira zaka 25 za mafilimu 75,000 omwe adalandira Diego Maradona ku Napoli. Ronaldo adalandira sheti ya nambala 9, yomwe idaperekedwa kwa iye yemwe anali mtsogoleri wa Madrid, Alfredo Di Stéfano. Ronaldo adayamba ku [[La Liga]] pa 29 August 2009, motsutsana ndi [[Deportivo de La Coruña|Deportivo La Coruña]], ndipo adapeza malo otsekedwa ku chipinda cha 3-2 cha Madrid.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ronaldo akugonjetsa Real |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/8229070.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |date=29 August 2009 |accessdate=29 August 2009}}</ref> Iye adalemba muzitsulo zake zonse zoyambilira ndi klabu, mchenga woyamba wa Madrid kuti achite zimenezo.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/players/cristiano-ronaldo/6225577/Cristiano-Ronaldo-makes-Real-Madrid-history.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo amapanga mbiri ya Real Madrid |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=23 September 2009 |accessdate=25 August 2010}}</ref> Zolinga zake zoyamba za Champions League za gululi zinatsatidwa ndi zikhazikitso ziwiri m "gulu loyambalo motsutsana ndi [[FC Zürich|Zürich]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Lachiwiri ndi Champions League |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/8257957.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |date=15 September 2009 |accessdate=15 September 2009}}</ref> Chiyambi chake cholimba cha nyengoyi, komabe, anadodometsedwa pamene adamva kuvulala kwa minofu mu Oktoba pamene anali kuntchito padziko lonse, zomwe zinamupangitsa kuti azikhala kwa milungu isanu ndi iwiri.<ref>{{cite news |last=Glendenning |first=Barry |title=Champions League: Milan v Real Madrid – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2009/nov/03/milan-real-madrid-latest-score |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=3 November 2009 |accessdate=22 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ronaldo forced out of Milan meetings |url=http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=902721.html |publisher=UEFA |date=11 October 2009 |accessdate=22 April 2014}}</ref> Patatha sabata itabwerera, adalandira khadi lake lofiira loyamba lachifiira ku Spain mumsinkhu wolimbana ndi [[UD Almería|Almería]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Cristiano Ronaldo adatumizidwa ndi chigonjetso chenicheni|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/8397610.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |date=5 December 2009 |accessdate=5 December 2009}}</ref> Pakati pa nyengoyi, Ronaldo adaika mzere wachiwiri kwa mpira wa Ballon d'Or ndi mphoto ya FIFA World Player ya Chaka, pambuyo pa [[Lionel Messi]] wa [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]], odana nawo a Madrid. Anatsiriza polojekitiyi ndi zolinga 33 mu mpikisano zonse, kuphatikizapo chikhomo cha 4-1 kupambana ndi [[RCD Mallorca|Mallorca]] pa 5 May 2010, yoyamba ku mpikisano wa ku Spain.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/may/06/cristiano-ronaldo-real-madrid |title=Cristiano Ronaldo amatsitsa Real Madrid pamsana wa Barcelona|date=6 May 2010 |accessdate=30 August 2014 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> His first season at Real Madrid ended trophyless.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cristiano ronaldo-higuain duo amagwira zolemba zenizeni za madrid |url=http://1x2.eu/top-players/cristiano-ronaldo/the-cristiano-ronaldo-higuain-duo-holds-the-real-madrids-scoring-record/ |work=1x2.eu |date=6 May 2010 |accessdate=6 May 2010 |archive-date=7 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107100926/http://1x2.eu/top-players/cristiano-ronaldo/the-cristiano-ronaldo-higuain-duo-holds-the-real-madrids-scoring-record/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Raúl atachoka, Ronaldo anapatsidwa malaya 7 a Real Madrid patsogolo pake [[2010–11 La Liga|Nyengo ya 2010-11]].<ref name="Raul">{{cite news |url=http://www.whoateallthepies.tv/kits/37525/cristiano-ronaldo-takes-rauls-no-7-shirt-at-real-madrid-benzema-moves-to-no-9-xabi-alonso-takes-no-14.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo Amagwiritsa Ntchito Chikwama cha Raul ku Real Madrid, Benzema Moves To No.9, Xabi Alonso Akuchita No.14 |accessdate=3 August 2010 |publisher=whoateallthepies.tv |date=3 August 2010}}</ref> Zotsatira zake zinabwerera ku mawonekedwe ake a Ballon d'Or zinagwidwa pamene, kwa nthawi yoyamba mu ntchito yake, Iye adakwaniritsa zolinga zinayi pamsasa umodzi pa 6-1 kupambana ndi [[Racing de Santander|Racing Santander]] pa 23 Oktoba.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/9121629.stm |title=Cristiano Ronaldo adakali anayi ku Real Madrid |date=23 October 2010 |accessdate=30 August 2014 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Kukweza kwake kunatsiriza masewero asanu ndi atatu otsatizana-atatu ku La Liga, wina ku Champions League, ndipo awiri a Portugal-omwe anali ndi zolinga 11, zomwe adazipeza m'mwezi umodzi. Ronaldo anapezanso zida zotsutsana ndi [[Athletic Bilbao]], [[Levante UD|Levante]], [[Villarreal CF| Villarreal]], ndi [[Málaga CF|Málaga]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SPORT/football/11/20/football.real.madrid.barcelona.messi.ronaldo/ |title=Ronaldo akufanana ndi Messi ndipo Real ndi Barca amapita kukapenga |date=20 November 2010 |accessdate=30 August 2014 |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/10012011/58/la-liga-ronaldo-hat-trick-sees-real-past-villarreal.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112193442/http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/10012011/58/la-liga-ronaldo-hat-trick-sees-real-past-villarreal.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=12 January 2011 |title=Ronaldo amatsutsa Zakale za Villarreal|date=9 January 2011 |accessdate=30 August 2014 |work=Eurosport |df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lowe |first=Sid |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2011/mar/04/manuel-pellegrini-malaga-real-madrid |title=No redemption for Manuel Pellegrini on a grim return to the Bernabéu |date=4 March 2011 |accessdate=30 August 2014 |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> Despite his performance, he failed to make the podium for the inaugural [[FIFA Ballon d'Or]] at the end of 2010.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ian |last=Chadband |title=Messi, Ronaldo and Neymar are Ballon d'Or nominees |agency=Reuters |date=30 November 2015 |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-fifa-ballon-idUKKBN0TJ1LA20151130 |accessdate=29 March 2016 |archive-date=16 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216105201/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-fifa-ballon-idUKKBN0TJ1LA20151130 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pamsonkhano wazaka zinayi za '' Clásicos '' otsutsana ndi Barcelona mu April 2011, Ronaldo adalemba kawiri kuti alingane mbiri yake ya 42 pa mpikisano wonse mu nyengo imodzi. Ngakhale kuti analephera kupeza maukonde pamene Madrid adatha kuthetsa masewera a Champions League, adatsutsana ndi malo omwe adzalandire mpikisanowu ndipo adapeza cholinga chogonjetsa maminiti 103 mu [[2011 Copa del Rey Final|Copa del Rey]]. kuwombera koyamba ku Spain.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110423012003/http://www.skysports.com/football/match_report/0%2C19764%2C11065_3365041%2C00.html Madrid clinch Copa del Rey] ''[[Sky Sports]]'' Retrieved 20 April 2011 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423012003/http://www.skysports.com/football/match_report/0%2C19764%2C11065_3365041%2C00.html|date=23 April 2011}}</ref> Pa milungu iwiri yotsatira, Ronaldo adajambula zojambula zinayi motsutsana ndi [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/football/05/07/spain.la.liga.results/ |title=Ronaldo scores 4 as Madrid thrash Sevilla |date=8 May 2011 |accessdate=30 August 2014 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903070747/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/football/05/07/spain.la.liga.results/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> chipewa chotsutsana ndi [[Getafe CF|Getafe]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/real-madrid-delay-coronation-of-barcelona-as-la-liga-champions-2282286.html |title=Real Madrid delay coronation of Barcelona as La Liga champions |date=11 May 2011 |accessdate=30 August 2014 |work=The Independent}}</ref> ndipo adagonjetsa Villarreal, akutsatira zilembo 38, zomwe zinalembedwa ndi Telmo Zarra ndi Hugo Sánchez.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/competitions/la-liga/8515923/Real-Madrids-Cristiano-Ronaldo-equals-La-Liga-goal-scoring-record-but-hes-not-obsessed-with-scoring-goals.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo wa Real Madrid akufanana ndi cholinga cha La Liga |date=16 May 2011 |accessdate=30 August 2014 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London}}</ref> Zolinga zake ziwiri mu macheza otsiriza a nyengoyi, motsutsana ndi Almería, adamuika kukhala mchenga woyamba ku La Liga kuti apeze masomphenya 40.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/13485792 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo amapanga New Primera Liga kukopera nyimbo |date=21 May 2011 |accessdate=30 August 2014 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> ===Juventus=== ====2018–19==== Pambuyo pa sabata imodzi yowonongeka, pa July 10, 2018, Ronaldo adasainira mgwirizano wa zaka zinayi ndi chigamulo cha Italiya Juventus atamaliza ndalama zokwana € 100 miliyoni, kuphatikizapo ndalama zothandizana ndi magulu a achinyamata a Ronaldo ndi € 12 miliyoni zina.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Cristiano Ronaldo akuimira Juventus!|url=http://www.juventus.com/en/news/news/2018/cristiano-ronaldo-signs-for-juventus.php |website=juventus.com |date=10 July 2018}}</ref> Kusamutsidwa kunali kwapamwamba kwambiri kwa wosewera mpira wazaka zoposa 30,<ref>{{cite news |title=Cristiano Ronaldo ku Juventus: Kodi £ 99m atsegula ndalama zabwino kwa akatswiri a ku Italy?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44785738 |accessdate=10 July 2018 |agency=BBC}}</ref> ndipo wapamwamba kwambiri omwe adalandiridwa ndi chipinda cha Italy. Ronaldo adanena kuti akufunika kuti adziwe ngati akufunika kuchoka pa Real Madrid. Ronaldo adagonjetsa Juventus pamsasa wawo wa Serie A pa 18 August, kupambana kwa Chimwevo 3-2.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.football-italia.net/126430/chievo-thriller-cr7-debut|title=Chievo zokondweretsa pa CR7 poyamba|publisher=Football Italia|date=18 August 2018|access-date=4 September 2018|archive-date=18 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214657/https://www.football-italia.net/126430/chievo-thriller-cr7-debut|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Zolemba== '''Mfundo''' <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type:note; -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"><references group="note" /></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type:nb; -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"><references group="nb" /></div> '''Ndemanga''' <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type:decimal; -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"><references /></div> ==Kuwerenga kwina== *{{Cite book|last=Balagué |first=Guillem |authorlink=Guillem Balagué | title=Cristiano Ronaldo: The Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/cristianoronaldo0000bala |publisher=[[Orion Publishing Group|Orion]] |year=2015|isbn=978-1409155041}} ==Zogwirizana zakunja== {{Sister project links|wikt=no|s=no|v=Football (soccer)/Famous Soccer Players#Cristiano Ronaldo|b=no}} *<span class="official-website"><span class="url">[http://www.cristianoronaldo.com/ Official website]</span></span> *[https://www.realmadrid.com/en/football/squad/cristiano-ronaldo-dos-santos Mbiri ya Real Madrid] *[http://www.laliga.es/en/player/cristiano-ronaldo Cristiano Ronaldo] – [[La Liga]] zolembetsa makina *[https://www.fpf.pt/pt/Jogadores/Cristiano-Ronaldo Cristiano Ronaldo] – [[Portuguese Football Federation|FPF]] zolembetsa makina *[https://sportsgross.com/10-items-ronaldo-owns-that-cost-more-than-your-life/][https://sportsgross.com/10-items-ronaldo-owns-that-cost-more-than-your-life/] rm2jsqwe7rctv00fcs3y3nrvx3gql07 0 4380 71902 52607 2026-08-23T21:31:16Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260823)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71902 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sir Isaac Newton''' PRS FRS (25 December 1642 - 20 March 1726/27) anali katswiri wa masamu, katswiri wa zakuthambo, katswiri wa zaumulungu, wolemba ndi fizikia (yemwe anafotokozedwa mu tsiku lake ngati "filosofi yachilengedwe") yemwe amadziwika kwambiri kuti ndi mmodzi mwa asayansi otchuka kwambiri nthawi zonse, ndi chiwerengero chofunikira pa zasinthidwe. Buku lake lakuti Philosophia Naturalis Principia Mathematica ("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"), loyamba lofalitsidwa mu 1687, linakhazikitsidwa maziko a makina achilengedwe.<ref>[http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/newton "Newton"] entry in ''Collins English Dictionary'', HarperCollins Publishers, 1998.</ref><ref name=TIME>{{cite book|last=Gay|first=Peter|coauthors=Time-Life Books|title=Age of Enlightenment|url=https://archive.org/details/ageofenlightenme0000pete_n4p0|year=1966|publisher=Time|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ageofenlightenme0000pete_n4p0/page/12 12], 18|chapter=The practical philosophers}} </ref> Newton anafotokoza zochitika za chilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito masamu. Iye anafotokoza malamulo a kuyendayenda ndi kugwidwa. Malamulo amenewa ndi masamu omwe amafotokoza momwe zinthu zimasunthira pamene mphamvu imawathandiza. Isaac anasindikiza buku lake lotchuka kwambiri, Principia, mu 1687<ref name=TIME/> pamene anali pulofesa wa masamu ku Trinity College, Cambridge. Mu Principia, Isake anafotokoza malamulo atatu omwe amayendetsa njira zomwe zimayenda. Kenako anafotokoza lingaliro lake, kapena lingaliro, za mphamvu yokoka. Mphamvu yokoka ndi mphamvu imene imayambitsa zinthu. Ngati pensulo idagwa pa desiki, idzagwa pansi, osati padenga. Mu bukhu lake Isaac adagwiritsanso ntchito malamulo ake kusonyeza kuti mapulaneti amayenda kuzungulira dzuŵa m'mitsinje yomwe ili yozungulira, osati yozungulira. Isake anazindikiranso zosiyana. Izi zinamupangitsa kuti alowe m'munda wafizikiki, kumene iye anayenda bwino. ==Moyo wam'mbuyomu ndi ntchito yoyambirira== Isaac Newton anabadwa pa 25 December 1642, m'nyumba ya nyumba ku Lincolnshire, England. Bambo ake anamwalira miyezi itatu asanabadwe. Pamene Isaki anali ndi amayi ake atatu, anakwatiwanso, ndipo Isaki anakhala ndi agogo ake. Iye sankafuna chidwi ndi famu ya banja, choncho anatumizidwa ku yunivesite ya Cambridge kuti akaphunzire. Nthaŵi zina amauzidwa kuti Isaac Newton akuwerenga buku pansi pa mtengo pamene apulo kuchokera pamtengo anagwa pafupi ndi iye. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti aziwerengera mphamvu yokoka. == Zolemba == {{reflist}} {{wikiquote-en}} [[Category:Obadwa mu 1642]] [[Category:Akufa mu 1727]] 38k7c66ticjcbzbab1tgqee7pegyiav 0 4392 71900 52890 2026-08-23T21:30:19Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260823)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71900 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Probably Valentin de Boulogne - Saint Paul Writing His Epistles - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|275px|right|Paulo Kulemba Mapepala Ake, kujambula kwa Valentin de Boulogne, m'zaka za zana la 17]] '''Paulo Mtumwi''' ([[Chilatini]]: Paulus, c 64 kapena 67), amene amadziwika kuti '''Paulo Woyera''' komanso wodziwika ndi dzina lake lachiyuda lakuti '''Saulo wa ku Tariso''' anali mtumwi (ngakhale osati mmodzi wa Atumwi khumi ndi awiri) amene adaphunzitsa uthenga wa Khristu ku dziko la zana loyamba.<ref name="Powell">Powell, Mark A. ''Introducing the New Testament. '' Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic. 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-8010-2868-7}}</ref> ==Mayina== Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti dzina la Saulo linasinthika pamene anakhala wotsatira wa Yesu Khristu, koma si choncho. Dzina lake lachiyuda linali "Saulo" ([[Chiheberi]]: שָׁאוּל, Modern Sha'ûl, Tiberian Šā'ûl, "anapempha kuti, apemphere, adakhokwe"), mwina pambuyo pa Mfumu Sauli, bwenzi la Benjamini ndi mfumu yoyamba ya Israeli. Malingana ndi Bukhu la Machitidwe, iye anali nzika ya [[Roma]]. Monga nzika ya Roma, adatchedwanso dzina lachilatini la "Paulo" -chi Greek: Παῦλος (Paulos), ndi Chilatini: Paulus. Zinali zofanana kuti Ayuda a nthawi imeneyo akhale ndi mayina awiri, Chiheberi chimodzi, Chilatini china kapena Chigiriki. [[Yesu Kristu|Yesu]] anamutcha "Saulo, Saulo" mu "chilankhulo cha Chihebri" m'buku la Machitidwe, pamene anaona masomphenya omwe adatsogolera kutembenuka pa njira yaku Damasiko. Pambuyo pake, m'masomphenya kwa Hananiya wa ku Damasiko, "Ambuye" anamutcha "Saulo wa ku Tariso". Hananiya atabwera kudzabwezeretsa nkhope yake, adamutcha "M'bale Saulo". Mu [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+13%3A9&version=NRSV Machitidwe 13: 9], Saulo amatchedwa "Paulo" kwa nthawi yoyamba pachilumba cha Kupro-patatha nthawi yomwe adatembenuka. Wolemba (Luka) akusonyeza kuti mayinawo anali osinthika: "Saulo, amenenso amatchedwa Paulo." Pambuyo pake amatchula kuti Paulo, mwachionekere Paulo ankakonda kuchokera pamene amatchedwa Paulo m'mabuku ena onse a m'Baibulo kumene adatchulidwa, kuphatikizapo zomwe adalemba. Kulemba dzina lake lachiroma kunali kofanana ndi kachitidwe kaumishonale kwa Paulo. Njira yake inali kuyika anthu omasuka ndi kuwafikira ndi uthenga wake m'chinenero ndi kalembedwe zomwe anganene, monga 1 Akorinto 9: 19-23. ==Nkhani ya m'Baibulo== Dzina la Paulo linali poyamba Saulo (osati kuti asokonezeke ndi [[Saulo|Mfumu Saulo]] kuchokera m'mabuku a Samueli mu Chipangano Chakale). Anakulira kuphunzira malamulo onse achiyuda ndi njira zachi Greek zofotokozera zinthu. Ife tikuyamba kudziwonekera kwa Saulo mu Baibulo pafupi ndi mapeto a Machitidwe 7. Mpingo wachikhristu unayamba ndi kuuka ndi kukwera kwa Yesu. Saulo anali kutsutsana kwambiri ndi izi, ndipo anali wokondwa pamene ankayang'ana Woyera Stefano, wofera chikhulupiriro choyamba wa Yesu, akuphedwa ndi kumuponya miyala atapereka mawu omwe anakwiya ndi khoti lachiyuda. Anagwira ntchito pa Boma lachiroma ndipo anathandiza kutsogolera kumangidwa ndi kuphedwa kwa akhristu ambiri mu Israeli komanso pafupi. Pambuyo pake, Saulo anauzidwa kuti apite ku Damasiko kukapeza ndi kubwezeretsanso Akhristu kumeneko kuti adzalangidwe. Ali panjira, Mulungu adatsika kumwamba ndipo analankhula ndi Saulo. Baibulo limalongosola za zomwe zinachitika monga izi: {{quote|Paulendo wake, Saulo anapita ku Damasiko. Mwadzidzidzi kuwala kochokera Kumwamba kunaunikira kuzungulira iye. Iye adagwa pansi. Iye anamva liwu likuyankhula kwa iye. "Saulo, Saulo!" liwu linati. "Nchifukwa chiyani iwe ukunditsutsa ine?" "Ndiwe yani, Ambuye?" Saulo anafunsa. "Ndine Yesu," adayankha. "Ndine amene ukumutsutsa. + Tsopano nyamuka, upite kumzinda. + Udzauzidwa zimene uyenera kuchita." + Amuna akuyenda ndi Saulo adayima pamenepo. Sankatha kulankhula. Iwo anali atamva phokosolo. Koma iwo sanamuwone aliyense. Saulo adadzuka pansi. Anatsegula maso ake, koma sanathe kuona. Choncho anam'gwira dzanja ku Damasiko. Kwa masiku atatu anali wakhungu. Iye sanadye kapena kumwa kanthu. Machitidwe 9: 3-9, NIRV}} ===Moyo wakuubwana=== Zomwe zikuluzikulu ziwiri zomwe timapeza poyambirira pa ntchito ya Paulo ndi Bukhu la Machitidwe komanso zolemba za Paulo za makalata oyambirira kumidzi ya mpingo. Paulo ayenera kuti anabadwira pakati pa zaka za 5 BC ndi 5 AD. Bukhu la Machitidwe limasonyeza kuti Paulo anali mbadwa ya chi Roma, koma Helmut Koester amatsutsa ndi umboni umene ulipo.<ref>{{cite book|last=Koester|first=Helmut|title=Introduction to the New Testament|year=2000|publisher=de Gruyter|location=New York|isbn=3110149702|page=107|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=thXUHM5udTcC&pg=107#v=onepage&q&f=false|edition=2|accessdate=14 June 2013}}</ref>{{Bibleref2c|Acts|16:37}}{{Bibleref2c|Acts|22:25–29}} Anachokera ku banja lachiyuda lodzipereka mumzinda wa [[Tarsus, Mersin|Tarsus]], limodzi mwa malo akuluakulu amalonda ogombe la Mediterranean. Iyo idakhalapo zaka mazana angapo iye asanabadwe. Iyo inali yotchuka kwa yunivesite yake. Panthawi ya Alexander Wamkulu, yemwe adamwalira mu 323 BC, Tariso ndiwo mzinda wokhala ndi mphamvu kwambiri ku [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]].<ref name="Wright404">Wright, G. Ernest, ''Great People of the Bible and How They Lived'', (Pleasantville, New York: The Reader's Digest Association, Inc., 1974).</ref> Paulo anadzitcha yekha "wochokera kwa Israeli, wa fuko la Benjamini, Mhebri wa Ahebri; ponena za lamulo, [[Mfarisi]]".{{Bibleref2c|Phil.|3:5}} Baibulo silinena zambiri za banja la Paulo. Mwana wa mchimwene wa Paulo, mwana wa mlongo wake, akutchulidwa mu {{bibleref2|Acts|23:16}}. Machitidwe amatsindiranso Paulo ponena za atate ake kuti iye, Paulo, anali "Mfarisi, mwana wa Mfarisi" ({{Bibleref2|Acts|23:6}}). Mu {{Bibleref2|Romans|16:7}} akunena kuti achibale ake, Andronicus ndi Yunia, anali akhristu asanakhalepo ndipo anali otchuka pakati pa atumwi. ===Kutembenuka=== {{main|Kutembenuzidwa kwa Paulo Mtumwi}} Saulo atafika ku Damasiko, adatengedwera kwa Anania, mmodzi wa [[ophunzira]] a Yesu, kumene adamuwona [[ndikubatizidwa]] monga Mkhristu. Iye anakhala zaka zitatu zotsatira ndikuphunzira malemba Achiyuda kachiwiri kuti apeze tsatanetsatane za ziphunzitso zachikristu. Zimene anakumana nazo zinasintha maganizo ake. Anasintha dzina lake kukhala Paulo ndipo adapatulira moyo wake kuti atumikire Yesu Khristu. Anagwiritsa ntchito maphunziro ake oyambirira kufotokozera chikhulupiriro chake chatsopano kwa anthu ena komanso kukambirana ndi anthu omwe anali ndi zikhulupiriro zina. Anayenda kuzungulira Ufumu wa Roma, kuphunzitsa ena za Chikhristu, ndipo analemba makalata mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo ndi mipingo yomwe iye anathandiza kuti ayambe. Makalata ali ndi zigawo zambiri zofunikira za chiphunzitso chachikristu ndipo kuyambira pano akhala mbali ya [[Chipangano Chatsopano]] cha Baibulo, kubwera pakati pa Machitidwe a Atumwi ndi Makalata Akuluakulu. Sitikudziwika ngati Paulo analembadi makalata onsewa, kapena ngati anthu ena akanatha kulemba makalata ake. Chimodzi mwa makalata amenewa amawerengedwa pa Misa ngati yachiwiri mwa mawerengedwe awiri omwe amadza patsogolo pa [[Uthenga]] Wabwino. Ngakhale kuti Baibulo silinena momwe Paulo adafera, zinauzidwa kuti Paulo anaphedwa ndi lamulo la mfumu Nero ku Roma, mu 67 AD. Iye anali ndi ufulu wa nzika ya Roma, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti iye akanakhoza kuphedwa pokhala atadula mutu wake ndi lupanga, osati [[kupachikidwa]]. === Posintha-kutembenuka === {{Quote|Ndipo pomwepo adalengeza Yesu m'masunagoge, nanena, Iye ndiye Mwana wa Mulungu. Ndipo onse amene anamva Iye adazizwa, nati, Si uyu kodi amene adaipitsa dzina la Yerusalemu pa iwo amene adayitana dzina ili? Ndipo sanadze kuno cifukwa ca ici, kuti awabweretse omangidwa kwa ansembe akuru? Koma Saulo adachulukira koposa, napasula Ayuda akukhala ku Damasiko mwakutsimikizira kuti Yesu anali Khristu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+9:20%E2%80%9322&version=NRSV|title=Bible Gateway passage: Acts 9:20-22 - New Revised Standard Version|website=Bible Gateway|access-date=2018-09-06}}</ref>}} M'mavesi otsegulira a [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+1&version=NRSV Aroma 1], Paulo akupereka litanyamuliro wa udindo wake wautumwi wolalikira pakati pa amitundu ndi zikhulupiriro zake zotsatila za Khristu woukitsidwayo. * Paulo adadzifotokozera yekha ** mtumiki wa Yesu Khristu; ** pokhala ndi zochitika zosayembekezereka, mwadzidzidzi, zochititsa mantha, chifukwa cha chisomo chonse&nbsp; - osati chipatso cha malingaliro ake kapena malingaliro; {{Bibleref2c|Gal.|1:12–15|Gal.&nbsp;1:12–15}} {{Bibleref2c|1cor|15:10||1&nbsp;Cor.&nbsp;15:10}} * atawona Khristu monga anachitira atumwi ena pamene Khristu adawonekera kwa iye monga adawonekera kwa Petro,{{Bibleref2c|1cor|15:8||1&nbsp;Cor.&nbsp;15:8}} kwa Yakobo, kwa khumi ndi awiriwo, atauka kwa akufa;{{Bibleref2c|1cor|9:1||1&nbsp;Cor.&nbsp;9:1}} * akudwala matenda olepheretsa kukhala ndi umoyo umene amauza ngati "munga m'thupi";{{Bibleref2c|2cor|12:7||2&nbsp;Cor.&nbsp;12:7}} * wotchedwa mtumwi; * Kulekanitsidwa kwa Uthenga Wabwino wa Mulungu. * Paulo adalongosola kuti Yesu ali ** pokhala analonjezedwa ndi Mulungu kudzera mwa aneneri ake m'Malemba Opatulika; ** kukhala mesiya woona ndi Mwana wa Mulungu; ** kukhala ndi chikhalidwe chochokera kwa Davide ("monga mwa thupi"); ** atatsimikiziridwa kukhala Mwana wa Mulungu mu mphamvu monga mwa Mzimu wa chiyero mwa kuukitsidwa kwake kwa akufa; ** kukhala Yesu Khristu Ambuye wathu;{{Bibleref2c|rom|1:3||Rom.&nbsp;1:3}} ** Amene tinalandira kudzera mwa chisomo ndi ulemelero kuti tibweretse kumvera kwa chikhulupiriro chifukwa cha dzina lake pakati pa amitundu onse, "kuphatikizapo inu omwe mwaitanidwira kukhala a Yesu Khristu". * Yesu ** amakhala kumwamba; ** ndi Mwana wa Mulungu; ** posachedwa abwerere. * Mtanda ** Iye adakhulupirira kuti imfa ya Yesu inali nsembe yaufulu yomwe inagwirizanitsa ochimwa ndi Mulungu.{{Bibleref2c|Rom.|5:6–10}} {{Bibleref2c|Phil.|2:8}} * Chilamulo ** Iye tsopano anakhulupirira kuti lamulo limangowonetsa kukula kwa ukapolo wa anthu ku mphamvu ya uchi &nbsp; - Mphamvu yomwe iyenera kuthyoledwa ndi Khristu.{{Bibleref2c|Rom.|3:20b}} {{Bibleref2c-nb|Rom.|7:7–12}} * Amitundu ** adakhulupirira kuti Amitundu anali kunja kwa pangano limene Mulungu adapanga ndi Israeli; ** Iye tsopano anakhulupirira Amitundu ndi Ayuda anali ogwirizana monga anthu a Mulungu mwa Khristu Yesu.{{Bibleref2c|Gal.|3:28}} * Mdulidwe ** adakhulupirira kuti mdulidwe ndiwo mwambo umene amuna adakhala mbali ya Israeli, malo amodzi mwa anthu osankhidwa a Mulungu;{{Bibleref2c|Phil.|3:3–5}} ** Iye tsopano anakhulupirira kuti kusadulidwa kapena kusadulidwa kumatanthauza chirichonse, koma kuti cholengedwa chatsopano ndicho chofunikira pamaso pa Mulungu,{{Bibleref2c|Gal.|6:15}} ndikuti chilengedwe chatsopano ndi ntchito ya Khristu mu moyo wa okhulupirira, kuwapanga kukhala gawo la mpingo, gulu lophatikizana la Ayuda ndi Amitundu adagwirizanitsidwa ndi Mulungu kudzera mu chikhulupiriro.{{Bibleref2c|Rom.|6:4}} * Kuzunzidwa ** adakhulupirira kuti chizunzo chake chinali chiwonetsero cha changu chake pa chipembedzo chake; ** Iye tsopano adakhulupirira chidani cha Chiyuda kuti tchalitchi chinali chitsutso chotsutsa chomwe chingawathandize mkwiyo wa Mulungu; iye ankakhulupirira kuti iye anaimitsidwa ndi Khristu pamene ukali wake unali pautali wake; Anali kuzunza mpingo, "mwachangu" ndipo adalandira chifundo chifukwa "adachita mosadziwa m'kusakhulupirira". * Masiku Otsiriza ** adakhulupirira kuti Mesiya wa Mulungu adzathetsa ukalamba woipa ndikuyambitsa nyengo yatsopano yolungama; ** Iye adakhulupirira tsopano kuti izi zidzachitika muzigawo zomwe zinayamba ndi chiukitsiro cha Yesu, koma ukalamba udzapitirira kufikira Yesu atabweranso. Paulo ndi wofunikira kwambiri pa zaumulungu komanso zozizwitsa za zokhudzana ndi khalidwe labwino kapena labwino la Ayuda pamene akutsindika molimba mtima lingaliro la malo apadera kwa ana a Israeli.{{Bibleref2c-nb|Rom.|9-11}} Pali mikangano yokhudza ngati Paulo amadzimva yekha ngati atumizidwa kutenga uthenga kwa amitundu panthawi yomwe adatembenuka.<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Horrell | first1 = David G | title = An Introduction to the Study of Paul | url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontost0000horr | year = 2006 | publisher = T&T Clark | location = New York | isbn = 0-567-04083-6 | page = [https://archive.org/details/introductiontost0000horr/page/30 30] }}</ref> ==Imfa== Tsiku la imfa ya Paulo likukhulupiliridwa kuti lachitika pambuyo pa [[Moto Waukulu wa Roma]] mu Julai 64, koma chaka chatha chisanafike ku ulamuliro wa Nero, mu 68.<ref name="Brown1997">[[Raymond E. Brown|Brown, Raymond E.]] (1997) ''An Introduction to the New Testament'', p. 436. Doubleday, [[Anchor Bible Series|Anchor Bible Reference Library]],</ref> Ikulongosola muzinthu zambiri: * I Clement (95-96 AD) akusonyeza kuti onse awiri Paulo ndi Peter anaphedwa.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McDowell|first1=Sean|title=The Fate of the Apostles|pages=67–70|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dIm1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9781317031901|date=2016-03-09}}</ref> * Pali mwambo wakale womwe umapezeka mulemba la Ignati, mwinamwake pozungulira 110 AD, kuti Paulo anaphedwa.<ref>Ignatius of Antioch, [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.v.ii.xii.html ''Letter to the Ephesians'', Chapter XII]</ref> * Dionysius wa ku Korinto, kalata yopita kwa Aroma (166-174 AD), adanena kuti Paulo ndi Peter anaphedwa ku Italy.<ref>{{cite web|last1=of Corinth|first1=Dionysius|title=Fragments from a Letter to the Roman Church Chapter III|url=http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/dionysius.html|publisher=earlychristianwritings.com|accessdate=1 June 2015}} "Therefore you also have by such admonition joined in close union the churches that were planted by Peter and Paul, that of the Romans and that of the Corinthians: for both of them went to our Corinth, and taught us in the same way as they taught you when they went to Italy; and having taught you, they suffered martyrdom at the same time."</ref> Eusebius amatchulanso ndime ya Dionysius.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eusebius of Caesarea |title=Church History Book II Chapter 25:8|url=http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250102.htm|publisher=newadvent.org|accessdate=1 June 2015}}</ref> * Buku la [[Machitidwe a Paulo]], lopatulika lomwe linalembedwa pafupifupi 160, limafotokoza za kuphedwa kwa Paulo. Malinga ndi Machitidwe a Paulo, Nero anadzudzula Paulo kuti afe pakuponyedwa pansi.<ref name=James1924>{{cite book|last=James|first=Montague Rhodes|authorlink=M. R. James|title=The Apocryphal New Testament|chapter=The Acts of Paul|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1924|url=http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/actspaul.html}}</ref> * Tertullian m'Buku Lotsutsa Otsutsa (200 AD) akulemba kuti Paulo anali ndi imfa yofanana ndi ya Yohane Mbatizi, amene adadula mutu.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Quintus Septimius Florens|first1=Tertullian|title=Prescription Against Heretics Chapter XXXVI|url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf03.v.iii.xxxvi.html|publisher=ccel.org|accessdate=1 June 2015}} "Since, moreover, you are close upon Italy, you have Rome, from which there comes even into our own hands the very authority (of apostles themselves). How happy is its church, on which apostles poured forth all their doctrine along with their blood; where Peter endures a passion like his Lord's; where Paul wins his crown in a death like John's[the Baptist]; where the Apostle John was first plunged, unhurt, into boiling oil, and thence remitted to his island-exile."</ref> * Eusebius wa ku Caesarea mu Church History (320 AD) akuchitira umboni kuti Paulo adadula mutu mu Roma ndipo Petro adapachikidwa. Iye analemba kuti manda a atumwi awiriwa, ndi zolemba zawo, analipo mu nthawi yake; ndipo akugwira mawu monga ulamuliro wake munthu woyera dzina lake Caius.<ref>{{cite web|last1=of Caesarea|first1=Eusebius|title=Church History Book II Chapter 25:5–6|url=http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250102.htm|publisher=newadvent.org|accessdate=1 June 2015}}</ref> == Zolemba== {{Reflist|24em}} === Malemba=== {{refbegin|32em}} * [[Gustaf Aulén|Aulén, Gustaf]]. ''Christus Victor'' (SPCK 1931) * Brown, Raymond E. ''An Introduction to the New Testament.'' [[Anchor Bible Series]], 1997. {{ISBN|0-385-24767-2}} * Brown, Raymond E. '' The Church the Apostles left behind'' (Chapman 1984) * Bruce, F.F. "Is the Paul of Acts the Real Paul?" ''Bulletin John Rylands Library'' 58 (1976) 283–305 * [[F.F. Bruce|Bruce, F.F.]], ''Paul: Apostle of the Heart Set Free'' ({{ISBN|0-8028-4778-1}}) * Carson, D.A.;Moo, D.J. ''An Introduction to the New Testament'' {{ISBN|978-1-84474-089-5}} * Conzelmann, Hans, ''The Acts of the Apostles – A Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles'' (Augsburg Fortress 1987) * Davies, W.D. ''Paul and Rabbinic Judaism: Some Rabbinic Elements in Pauline Theology.'' S.P.C.K., 3rd ed., 1970. {{ISBN|0-281-02449-9}} * Davies, W.D. "The Apostolic Age and the Life of Paul" in Matthew Black, ed. Peake's Commentary on the Bible. London: T. Nelson, 1962. {{ISBN|0-8407-5019-6}} * Dunn, James D.G., ''Jesus, Paul, and the Gospels'' (Grand Rapids (MI), Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2011) * Dunn, James D.G., ''Jesus, Paul and the Law'' Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1990. {{ISBN|0-664-25095-5}} * Hanson, Anthony T. ''Studies in Paul's Technique and Theology.'' Eerdmans, 1974. {{ISBN|0-8028-3452-3}} * Holzbach, Mathis Christian, Die textpragmat. Bedeutung d. Kündereinsetzungen d. Simon Petrus u.d. Saulus Paulus im lukan. Doppelwerk, in: Jesus als Bote d. Heils. Stuttgart 2008, 166–72. * Horrell, David G. "An Introduction to the Study of Paul". T&T Clark Approaches to Biblical Studies. 2nd edition. London: T&T Clark, 2006 * [[Irenaeus]], ''[[On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis|Against Heresies]]'' * Kim, Yung Suk. ''A Theological Introduction to Paul's Letters''. Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books, 2011. {{ISBN|978-1-60899-793-0}} * {{cite book |last=Langton |first=Daniel R. |year=2010 |title=The Apostle Paul in the Jewish Imagination |url=https://archive.org/details/apostlepaulinjew0000lang |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-51740-9 |ref=harv}} * Maccoby, Hyam. ''The Mythmaker: Paul and the Invention of Christianity.'' New York: Harper & Row, 1986. {{ISBN|0-06-015582-5}} * MacDonald, Dennis Ronald, 1983. ''The Legend and the Apostle: The Battle for Paul in Story and Canon'' Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1983. {{ISBN|978-0664244644}} * {{cite book |last=McRay |first=John |year=2007 |title=Paul: His Life and Teaching |publisher=Baker Academic |location=Grand Rapids, MI |isbn=978-1441205742 |ref=harv}} * Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome, ''Jesus and Paul: Parallel lives'' (Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 2007) {{ISBN|0-8146-5173-9}} * [[Jerome Murphy-O'Connor|Murphy-O'Connor]], Jerome, ''Paul the Letter-Writer: His World, His Options, His Skills'' (Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 1995) {{ISBN|0-8146-5845-8}} * Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome, ''Paul: A Critical Life'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996) {{ISBN|0-19-826749-5}} * Ogg, George. "Chronology of the New Testament". Matthew Black, ed. ''Peake's Commentary on the Bible.'' Nelson, 1962. {{ISBN|0-8407-5019-6}} * Rashdall, Hastings, ''The Idea of Atonement in Christian Theology'' (1919) * Ruef, John, ''Paul's First letter to Corinth'' (Penguin 1971) * [[E. P. Sanders|Sanders, E. P.]], ''Paul and Palestinian Judaism'' (1977) * Segal, Alan F. ''Paul, the Convert'', (New Haven/London, Yale University Press, 1990) {{ISBN|0-300-04527-1}} * Segal, Alan F., "Paul, the Convert and Apostle" in ''Rebecca's Children: Judaism and Christianity in the Roman World'' (Harvard University Press 1986) {{ISBN|978-0674750760}} * Spong, John Shelby, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20100806022207/http://www.escapefromwatchtower.com/spong7%268.html The Man From Tarsus]", in ''Rescuing the Bible From Fundamentalism,'' reprint ed. (New York: HarperCollins, 1992). * {{cite book |editor1-last=Waardenburg |editor1-first=Jacques |year=1999 |title=Muslim Perceptions of Other Religions: A Historical Survey |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimperception0000unse |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535576-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=White |first=L. Michael |year=2007 |title=From Jesus to Christianity |publisher=HarperCollins |location=San Francisco, CA |isbn=0-06-081610-4 |ref=harv}} {{refend}} ==Zogwirizana zakunja== * [http://jewishhistorylectures.org/2013/10/17/paul-of-tarsus-the-origins-of-christianity-in-jewish-context/ Lecture on Paul of Tarsus] s by [[Henry Abramson|Dr. Henry Abramson]] * [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11952-paul-of-tarsus ''Jewish Encyclopedia'': Saul of Tarsus (known as Paul, the Apostle of the Heathen)] * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11567b.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'': Paul of Tarsus] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071012170617/http://zenit.org/rssenglish-20538 Documentary film on Apostle Paul] * {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Paul, the Apostle |first=James Vernon |last=Bartlet |volume=20 |short=1}} * [http://www.catholic.net/index.php?option=dedestaca&id=703 Novena to Saint Paul Apostle] * [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/first/missions.html Paul's mission and letters] From PBS ''Frontline'' series on the earliest Christians. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033913/http://www.cattoliciromani.com/forum/showthread.php/iconografia_paolo_tarso-18221.html Representations of Saint Paul] * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/447019/Saint-Paul-the-Apostle "Saint Paul, the Apostle".] ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online. 2009. * [http://spindleworks.com/library/rfaber/aratus.htm The Apostle and the Poet: Paul and Aratus] Dr. Riemer Faber * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150217101909/http://www.parsagard.com/shipwreck.htm The Apostle Paul's Shipwreck: An Historical Examination of Acts 27 and 28] * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-64565}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120831023851/http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=37&Issue=1&ArticleID=10 Why Paul Went West: The Differences Between the Jewish Diaspora] ''Biblical Archaeology Review'' * [http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/20400 Santiebeati: Saint Paul] * [http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=91 Catholic Online: Saint Paul] [[Category:Obadwa mu AD5]] [[Category:Anamwalira mu 67]] 5ghahhvdmrw8evt8rmxaxuvtvs7g9j3 0 4417 71909 18243 2026-08-23T21:34:15Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 6 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260823)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71909 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Leonardo da Vinci. Line engraving by F. Bartolozzi, 1795, af Wellcome L0008209.jpg|thumb|Leonardo da Vinci. Mzere wolembedwa ndi F. Bartolozzi, 1795, atatha.]] '''Leonardo da Vinci''' (15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519),anali munthu wa ku [[Italy]] amene anakhalapo nthawi ya Ulemerero. Iye ndi wotchuka chifukwa cha kujambula kwake, komanso adali asayansi, katswiri wa masamu, injiniya, wojambula, anatomist, wosema, wokonza mapulani, wojambula, woimba, ndi wolemba. Leonardo ankafuna kudziwa zonse za chilengedwe. Iye ankafuna kudziwa momwe chirichonse chinagwirira ntchito. Anali wophunzira kwambiri, kupanga ndi kupanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana zosangalatsa.<ref name=HG>{{citation| first = Helen| last = Gardner| title = Art through the Ages| year = 1970| publisher = Harcourt, Brace and World}}</ref> Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti Leonardo anali mmodzi mwa ojambula kwambiri nthawi zonse. Anthu ena amaganiza kuti anali munthu waluso kwambiri kuposa kale lonse. Katswiri wa mbiri yakale, dzina lake Helen Gardner, ananena kuti palibe wina amene wakhala ngati iye chifukwa anali ndi chidwi ndi zinthu zambiri zomwe amawoneka kuti anali ndi malingaliro a chimphona, komabe zomwe anali nazo monga munthu akadali zinsinsi. == Zolemba == {{reflist|2}} == Kuwerenga kwambiri == * {{cite book | author = Daniel Arasse| title = Leonardo da Vinci | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardodavincir0000aras| publisher = Konecky & Konecky | year = 1997 | isbn = 1 56852 1987}} * {{cite book | author = Liana Bortolon| title = The life and times of Leonardo | publisher = Paul Hamlyn, London | year = 1967 | isbn = 075251587X }} * {{cite book | author = Hugh Brigstoke| title = The Oxford Companion to Western Art | url = https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_z2o5| publisher = USA: Oxford University Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198662033}} * {{cite book | author = Angela Ottino della Chiesa| title = The complete paintings of Leonardo da Vinci | url = https://archive.org/details/completepainting0000leon| publisher = Penguin Classics of World Art series | year = 1967 | isbn = 0-14-00-8649-8}} * {{cite book | author = Charles D. O'Malley and J. B. de C. M. Sounders | title = Leonardo on the human body: the anatomical, physiological, and embryological drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. With translations, emendations and a biographical introduction | publisher = Henry Schuman, New York | year = 1952 | id = }} * {{cite book | author =A.E. Popham | title = The drawings of Leonardo da Vinci | publisher = Jonathan Cape | year = 1946 | isbn = 0 224 60462 7}} * {{cite book | author = Paolo Rossi| title = The Birth of Modern Science | url = https://archive.org/details/birthofmodernsci0000ross| publisher = Blackwell Publishing| year = 2001 | isbn = 0631227113}} * {{cite book | author = Bruno Santi | title = Leonardo da Vinci | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardodavinci0000unse_r9r4 | publisher = Scala / Riverside | year = 1990}} * {{cite book | author = Jack Wasserman| title = Leonardo da Vinci | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardo0000leon| publisher = Abrams | year = 1975 | isbn = 0-8109-0262-1}} *Silvia e Luca Guagliumi, "Leonardo e l'architettura", Silvia Editrice, Aprile 2015 {{ISBN|978-88-96036-65-5}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Leonardo da Vinci}} [[Category:anabadwa mu 1452]] [[Category:anamwalira mu 1519]] 73nr4hn8am6b5j5n623n4idye6oxhdu 0 4449 71913 52921 2026-08-23T21:37:47Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260823)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71913 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Veil Nebula - NGC6960.jpg|370px|thumb|ku madzulo ya Veil nebula]] '''Chophimba Chophimba''' ndi mtambo wa mpweya wotentha ndi wa ionized ndi fumbi mu gulu la nyenyezi.<ref name="NasaLoff">{{cite web |title=Veil Nebula Supernova Remnant |date=24 September 2015 |url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/veil-nebula-supernova-remnant |last=Loff |first=Sarah |accessdate=6 September 2018 |website=[[NASA]]}}</ref> Zimapanga mbali zooneka za [[Cygnus Loop]],<ref name="Burnham">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Robert |date=1978 |title=Burnham's Celestial Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/burnhamscelestia0003burn|location=New York |publisher=Dover |page=800–811 |isbn=978-0-486-23568-4 |author-link=Robert Burnham Jr. }}</ref> otsalira a supernova, mbali zambiri zomwe zapeza mayina awo awo ndi zizindikiro zawo. Gwero la supernova linali nyenyezi zochulukitsa kawiri kuposa Dzuwa, lomwe linaphulika zaka pafupifupi 8,000 zapitazo. Zakale zowonjezereka zakhala zikuwonjezeka kuti zikhale ndi dera la madigiri pafupifupi madigiri atatu (pafupifupi 6 kuchuluka kwake, kapena malo okwana 36, ​​a Mwezi wathunthu). Dera la nebula silidziwika bwino, koma deta ya Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) imathandizira mtunda wa pafupifupi 1,470 [[kuwala-zaka]].<ref name="blair-fuse-summary">{{cite web |author = William Blair |title = Piercing the Veil: FUSE Observes a Star Behind the Cygnus Loop Supernova Remnant |website = FUSE Science Summaries |url = http://fuse.pha.jhu.edu/wpb/sci_cyglpstar.html |accessdate = 2010-11-29 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://archive.is/20121211084134/http://fuse.pha.jhu.edu/wpb/sci_cyglpstar.html |archivedate = 2012-12-11 |df = }}</ref> The [[Hubble Space Telescope]] inagwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zambiri za chithunzicho. Kufufuza kwa mpweya wochokera ku nebula kumasonyeza kukhalapo kwa [[mpweya]], [[sulfure]], ndi [[hydrogen]].<ref>{{cite web |website=[[NASA]] |url=https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap150917.html |date=17 September 2015 |title=Astronomy Picture of the Day: Pickering's Triangle in the Veil |accessdate=6 September 2018}}</ref> Mtundu wa Cygnus Loop umatsitsimutsa kwambiri mafunde a radio ndi x-ray. Pa September 24, 2015 zithunzi ndi mavidiyo atsopano a Chophimba Chophimba anatulutsidwa, ndi kufotokoza kwa mafano.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Revisiting the Veil Nebula|url = http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1520/|website = spacetelescope.org|accessdate = 2018-01-20|archive-date = 2019-01-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190122042842/https://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1520/|url-status = dead}}</ref> with an explanation of the images.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://hubblesite.org/pubinfo/pdf/2015/29/pdf.pdf|title = The Cygnus Loop/Veil Nebula Hubble Space Telescope|date = September 2015|accessdate = |website = hubblesite.org|publisher = |last = Blair|first = William|archive-date = 2016-06-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160627123233/http://hubblesite.org/pubinfo/pdf/2015/29/pdf.pdf|url-status = dead}}</ref> ==Kusamala== Nyuzipepalayi inapezedwa pa 1784 September 5 ndi William Herschel. Iye anafotokoza kumapeto kwakumapeto kwa chithunzicho monga "Kuwonjezera; kudutsa thro" 52 Cygni ... pafupi ndi 2 digiri m'litali ", ndipo anafotokoza mapeto a kummawa monga" Branching nebulasity ... Gawo lotsatira likugawa mitsinje yambiri ikugwirizananso kwa kum'mwera. " Mukakonzekera bwino, mbali zina za fanoyo zimawoneka ngati zingwe zamtundu. Mafotokozedwe ofanana ndi akuti mafunde akudyeka kwambiri, osachepera gawo limodzi mu 50,000, kuti chipolopolocho chiwoneke pokhapokha ngati chimawoneka bwino, ndikupangitsa kuti chigoba chiwoneke. Popeza anapatsidwa mtunda wa zaka zapakati pa 1470, izi zimapereka mpata wa mzere wonse wa zaka 38.5 (m'lifupi lonse, zaka zapumulo 77). Pakati pa 1 / 50,000th, kumakhala makulidwe a mtunda wa makilomita 4 biliyoni, kapena kutali ndi Pluto. Kuthamangitsidwa pamwamba pa chipolopolo kumapangitsa mafano ambirimbiri, omwe amawoneka kuti akuphatikizana. Ngakhale kuti nthendayi ili ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa 7, imafalikira pamtunda waukulu kwambiri moti kuwala kwake kumakhala kochepa kwambiri, choncho nthitiyi imadziwika kwambiri pakati pa akatswiri a zakuthambo monga zovuta kuziwona. Komabe, munthu amene amamuona amatha kuona chithunzicho mu telescope pogwiritsa ntchito fyuluta ya OIII (fyuluta yomwe imachokera kutalika kwa kuwala kochokera ku oxygen iwirizedoni), pafupifupi pafupifupi kuwala konse kochokera ku chithunzichi kumachokera pa kutalika kwake. Tulofoni ya masentimita 200 (200 mm) yokhala ndi fyuluta ya OIII ikuwonetseratu zojambulazo zooneka bwino m'zithunzi, ndipo ndi fayilo ya OIII pafupifupi pafupifupi telescope iliyonse ikuoneka kuti ikuwona chithunzichi. Ena amanena kuti izo zimawoneka popanda chithandizo chilichonse chowonekera kupatulapo fyuluta ya OIII yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa diso. Zigawo zowoneka bwino za Nebula zili ndi zilembo za New General Catalog NGC 6960, 6974, 6979, 6992, ndi 6995. Chigawo chophweka chomwe mungapeze ndi 6960, chomwe chimayang'ana kumbuyo kwa nyenyezi yosasamala 52 Cygni. NGC 6992/5 ndi zinthu zosavuta kumbali yakumpoto ya chigawo. NGC 6974 ndi NGC 6979 zikuwoneka ngati zigawo zosiyana siyana m'mphepete mwa nebulosity kumpoto kwa kumpoto. Triangle ya Pickering ndi fainter yambiri, ndipo alibe nambala ya NGC (ngakhale 6979 nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthawuza). Anadziwika ndi photographically mu 1904 ndi [[Williamina Fleming]] (atatha kulembedwa kwa New General Catalog), koma [[Charles Krakering]], yemwe anali mkulu wa katswiri wa zofufuza zapamwamba, ankachita mwambo umenewu. == Zolemba == {{reflist}} {{Sky|20|45|38|+|30|42|30|2000}} [[Category:NGC zinthu]] cl5gw402t6dmtj9b3nun4s4c7sf31t5 0 4496 71912 71555 2026-08-23T21:37:22Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260823)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71912 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Feral Pigeon Columba livia, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.jpg|thumb|Kudyetsa paki]] '''Nkhunda za njiwa''' (''Columba livia domestica''), zomwe zimatchedwanso nkhunda za mzindawo, njiwa za mumzinda, kapena njiwa zapamsewu<ref name="trash"> Nagy, Kelsi, and Johnson, Phillip David. ''Trash animals: how we live with natures filthy, feral, invasive, and unwanted species''. Minneapolis (Minn.), University of Minnesota Press, 2013.</ref><ref name= "flying rats">Blechman, Andrew D. ''Pigeons: The Fascinating Saga of the World’s Most Revered and Reviled Bird'', St Lucia, Qld., University of Queensland Press, 2007.</ref> 'ndi nkhunda zomwe zimachokera ku nkhunda zoweta zomwe zabwerera kumtchire. Nkhunda yamkuntho inayamba kulengedwa kuchokera ku nkhunda zakutchire, zomwe zimakhala kumapiri ndi mapiri. Thanthwe (mwachitsanzo, "zakutchire"), nkhunda zoweta, ndi zowomba ndizo mitundu yofanana ndipo zidzasakanikirana mosavuta. Nkhunda za njiwa zimapeza zitsulo za nyumba kuti zilowe m'malo mwa nyanja, zimasinthidwa kukhala mizinda, ndipo ziri m'matawuni ndi mizinda yambiri padziko lapansi. Chifukwa cha luso lawo lopanga mankhwala ambiri, kuphatikizapo chiwonongeko cha mbewu ndi katundu, njiwa zambiri zimaonedwa kuti ndizovuta komanso zowonongeka, zomwe zimatengedwa m'matauni ambiri kuti zichepetse chiwerengero chawo kapena kuzichotseratu. <ref>{{cite web| title =Why study pigeons? To understand why there are so many colors of feral pigeons.| publisher =Cornell Lab of Ornithology | url =http://www.birds.cornell.edu/programs/urbanbirds/about/ubs_PIWWhyStudyEN.html | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080612135033/http://www.birds.cornell.edu/programs/urbanbirds/about/ubs_PIWWhyStudyEN.html | archivedate =2008-06-12 | format =Web Article| accessdate =2008-01-06 }}</ref> Chifukwa cha luso lawo lopangira mankhwala ambiri, ndi kuwonongeka kwa matenda, kuphatikizapo mbeu ndi katundu, nkhunda zimayesedwa kuti ndizovuta komanso zowonongeka, ndi njira zomwe zimatengedwa m'matauni ambiri kuti zichepetse chiwerengero chawo kapena kuzichotseratu. == Mabuku == * {{cite book |last=Levi |first=Wendell |title= The Pigeon|year= 1977|publisher= Levi Publishing Co, Inc|location= Sumter, S.C.|isbn=0-85390-013-2 }} * {{cite book |title=Feral Pigeons |url=https://archive.org/details/feralpigeons0000john |first1=Richard F. |last1=Johnston |first2=Marián |last2=Janiga |year=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-508409-2 }} ==Zolemba== {{Reflist|2}} [[Category:Mbalame zapakhomo]] [[Category:Mbalame zotengedwa]] pnq9udvuxsmm26ivpr6vuh7d5mdz7g2 0 4563 71898 71867 2026-08-23T21:28:30Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 24 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260823)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71898 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Vincent van Gogh - Self-Portrait - Google Art Project (454045).jpg|thumb|Kudzijambula, 1887, [[Art Institute ya Chicago]]]] '''Vincent Willem van Gogh''' (Dutch: [vɪnsɛnt ʋɪləm vɑŋ ɣɔx] 30 March 1853 - 29 July 1890) anali wojambula wa Dutch Post-Impressionist yemwe ndi mmodzi mwa anthu otchuka kwambiri komanso olemekezeka m'mbiri ya zamakono a West. Pa zaka khumi zokha analenga zithunzi pafupifupi 2,100, kuphatikizapo zithunzi 860 za mafuta, ambiri mwa zaka ziwiri zapitazo. Zimaphatikizapo malo, zamoyo, zithunzi komanso zojambulajambula, ndipo zimadziwika ndi mitundu yolimba komanso zojambula zochititsa chidwi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maziko a zamakono apange. Adzipha pazaka 37 zotsatira za matenda aumphawi ndi umphawi. Atabadwira m'banja lapamwamba, Van Gogh adakali mwana ndipo anali wolimba, wamtendere komanso woganizira. Ali mnyamata adagwira ntchito yogulitsa luso, nthawi zambiri akuyenda, koma adasokonezeka atatumizidwa ku [[London]]. Anatembenukira ku chipembedzo, ndipo anakhala nthawi yaumishonale wa Chiprotestanti kumpoto kwa Belgium. Anayamba kudwala ndi kudzipatula asanayambe kujambula mu 1881, atabwerera kunyumba ndi makolo ake. Mng'ono wake Theo anamuthandiza pa zachuma, ndipo awiriwo adalemba kalata yaitali. Ntchito zake zoyambirira, makamaka zamoyo ndi ziwonetsero za antchito olima, ali ndi zizindikiro zochepa za mtundu woonekera womwe unasiyanitsa ntchito yake yotsatira. Mu 1886, anasamukira ku Paris, kumene anakumana ndi anthu a avant-garde, kuphatikizapo Emile Bernard ndi Paul Gauguin, omwe anali kutsutsana ndi chidwi cha Impressionist. Pamene ntchito yake inakhazikitsidwa adayambitsa njira yatsopano yopititsira patsogolo miyoyo ya anthu komanso mizinda. Zithunzi zake zinakula kwambiri pamene adayamba kalembedwe kake pamene adakhala ku Arles kum'mwera kwa France mu 1888. Pa nthawiyi adakulitsa nkhani yake kuphatikizapo mitengo ya azitona, minda ya tirigu ndi mpendadzuwa. ==Zaka zoyambirira== Vincent Willem van Gogh anabadwa pa 30 March 1853 ndikulowa m'banja la Dutch Reformed ku Groot-Zundert, m'chigawo chachikulu cha Katolika cha North Brabant kum'mwera kwa Netherlands. Iye anali mwana wamkulu kwambiri wa Theodorus van Gogh, mtumiki wa Tchalitchi cha Dutch Reformed, ndi Anna Cornelia Carbentus. Van Gogh anapatsidwa dzina la agogo ake aamuna, ndi a mchimwene wake anabadwa chimodzimodzi chaka chimodzi asanabadwe.Vincent anali dzina lofala m'banja la Van Gogh: agogo ake aamuna, a Vincent (1789-1874), omwe adalandira digiri ya zamulungu pa M'chaka cha 1811, yunivesite ya Leiden, inali ndi ana asanu ndi mmodzi, ndipo atatu mwa iwo anakhala opanga zamalonda. Vincent uyu angakhale atatchulidwa dzina la amalume ake aang'ono, ojambula zithunzi (1729-1802). Amayi a Van Gogh adachokera ku banja lolemera ku The Hague, ndipo bambo ake anali mwana wamng'ono kwambiri wa mtumiki. Onse awiri anakumana pamene mchemwali wake wa Anna, Cornelia, anakwatira mkulu wa Theodorus, Vincent (Cent). Makolo a Van Gogh anakwatira mu May 1851 ndipo anasamukira ku Zundert. Mbale wake Theo anabadwa pa 1 May 1857. Panali m'bale wina, Cor, ndi alongo atatu: Elisabeth, Anna, ndi Willemina (wotchedwa "Wil"). M'moyo wam'tsogolo Van Vangh adangogwirizana ndi Willemina ndi Theo. Amayi a Van Gogh anali amayi okhwima komanso achipembedzo omwe anagogomezera kufunikira kwa banja mpaka kufotokozera anthu omwe ali pafupi naye. Malipiro a Theodorus anali odzichepetsa, koma Tchalitchi chinapatsa banjali nyumba, mdzakazi, ophika awiri, woyang'anira munda, galimoto ndi kavalo, ndipo Anna adalimbikitsa ana kuti azikhala ndi udindo wopititsa patsogolo banja lawo. Van Gogh anali mwana wamkulu komanso woganizira. Anaphunzitsidwa pakhomo ndi amayi ake komanso wophunzira, ndipo mu 1860 anatumizidwa ku sukulu ya kumudzi. Mu 1864 adayikidwa ku sukulu ya abusa ku Zevenbergen, komwe adamva kuti achoka, ndipo adalimbikitsidwa kubwerera kwawo. M'malomwake, mu 1866 makolo ake anamutumiza ku sukulu yapakati ku Tilburg, komwe sanasangalale kwambiri. Chidwi chake chojambula chinayamba ali wamng'ono. Analimbikitsidwa kutengera mwana wake ndi mwana wake, ndipo zojambula zake ndizofotokozera, koma sakuyandikira kwambiri ntchito yake yotsatira.Constant Cornelis Huijsmans, yemwe adali katswiri wojambula ku Paris, adaphunzitsa ophunzira ku Tilburg. Filosofi yake inali kukana njira kuti atenge zojambula za zinthu, makamaka zachilengedwe kapena zinthu zofala. Kusakhutira kwakukulu kwa Van Gogh kumawoneka kuti kwakuphimba maphunziro, omwe analibe zotsatira; mu March 1868 adabwerera kwawo mwamsanga. Pambuyo pake analemba kuti unyamata wake unali "wotentha komanso wozizira, wosabala". Mu Julayi 1869 Bambo ake a uncle a Van Gogh adapeza udindo kwa ogulitsa malonda Goupil & Cie ku The Hague. Atamaliza maphunziro ake mu 1873, adasamutsira ku ofesi ya Goupil ku London ku Southampton Street, ndipo adakhala ku 87 Hackford Road, Stockwell. Iyi inali nthawi yosangalatsa kwa Van Gogh; iye anali wopambana kuntchito, ndipo pa 20 anali kupeza zochuluka kuposa bambo ake. Mkazi wa Theo adanena kuti uwu unali chaka chabwino kwambiri cha moyo wa Vincent. Anakopeka ndi mwana wamkazi wa nyumba yake, Eugénie Loyer, koma anakanidwa atavomereza maganizo ake; iye analumikizidwa mwachinsinsi kwa yemwe kale anali ogona. Iye anakula kwambiri, ndipo anali wolimba mtima mwachipembedzo. Bambo ake ndi amalume ake anakonza zoti apite ku Paris mu 1875, komwe adakwiya kwambiri ndi nkhani monga momwe amachitira zojambulajambula, ndipo adachotsedwa chaka chimodzi. ==Reputation== ===Kwa Zinthu Zakale Za Vincent van Gogh=== Vincent Willem van Gogh (1890-1978), dzina lake Vincent Willem van Gogh (1890-1978), analandira nyumbayo pambuyo pa imfa ya amayi ake mu 1925. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, adakonza zolemba makalata onse omwe analembedwa m'mabuku anayi ndi zinenero zambiri. Kenaka adayamba kukambirana ndi boma la Dutch kuti athandizire maziko oti agule ndikugulitsa zonsezo. Mwana wa Theo anatenga nawo mbali pokonzekera polojekitiyo poganiza kuti ntchitoyi idzawonetsedwa pansi pazifukwa zabwino. Ntchitoyi inayamba mu 1963; Katswiri wina wa zomangamanga dzina lake Gerrit Rietveld anapatsidwa ntchito yoti apange, ndipo atamwalira mu 1964, Kisho Kurokawa anatenga udindo. Ntchito inapita patsogolo m'zaka za m'ma 1960, ndi 1972 monga cholinga cha kutseguka kwake. Nyumba ya Van Gogh inatsegulidwa ku Museum Museum ku Amsterdam m'chaka cha 1973. Idamakhala nyumba yachiwiri yotchuka ku Netherlands, pambuyo pa Rijksmuseum, yomwe imalandira alendo oposa 1.5 miliyoni pa chaka. Mu 2015 anali ndi mbiri 1.9 miliyoni; [293] 85 peresenti ya alendo ochokera kumayiko ena. == Zosowa == {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last= Arnold |first=Wilfred Niels |title=Vincent van Gogh: Chemicals, Crises, and Creativity|url= https://archive.org/details/vincentvangoghch0000arno |publisher=Birkhäuser |date=1992 |isbn=978-3-7643-3616-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal|last=Arnold|first=Wilfred Niels |title=The illness of Vincent van Gogh|journal=[[Journal of the History of the Neurosciences]]|volume=13 | issue= 1|pages=22–43|year=2004|doi=10.1080/09647040490885475 |pmid=15370335 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wilfred_Arnold/publication/8345093_The_Illness_of_Vincent_van_Gogh/links/00b4952869cc0ec876000000.pdf | ref = harv}} <!-- * {{cite book |last= Bailey |first=Martin |title=The Sunflowers are Mine: The Story of Van Gogh's Masterpiece|publisher=Frances Lincoln |date=2013 |isbn=978-0-7112-3298-3 |ref=harv}} --> * {{cite journal |last=Blumer |first=Dietrich |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.159.4.519 |title=The Illness of Vincent van Gogh |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_2002-04_159_4/page/519 |journal=[[American Journal of Psychiatry]] |year=2002 |volume=159 |issue=4 |pages=519–526 |ref=harv |pmid=11925286}}{{open access}} * {{cite book |last=Callow |first=Philip |title=Vincent van Gogh: A Life|url=https://archive.org/details/vincentvangoghli0000call |publisher=Ivan R. Dee |date=1990 |isbn=978-1-56663-134-1|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Channing |first1=Laurence |first2=Barbara J. |last2=Bradley |title=Monet to Dalí: Impressionist and Modern Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art|publisher=Cleveland Museum of Art |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-940717-90-9 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal|last=Cohen|first=Ben |year=2003|title=A Tale of Two Ears|journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]]|volume=96 |issue=6|ref=harv |pmc=539517 |pmid=12782701 |pages=305–6 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.96.6.305}} * {{cite book|last=Davies|first=Christopher|title=Divided by a Common Language: A Guide to British and American English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTSWCwAAQBAJ|year=2007|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-547-35028-8|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Doiteau |first1=Victor |last2=Leroy |first2=Edgard |title=La Folie de Vincent Van Gogh |url=https://archive.org/details/lafoliedevincent00doit |trans-title= |language=fr |publisher=Éditions Aesculape |date=1928 |oclc=458125921 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Dorn |first=Roland |title=Décoration: Vincent van Gogh's Werkreihe für das Gelbe Haus in Arles |trans-title=Décoration: Vincent van Gogh's Series of Works for the Yellow House in Arles |language=de |publisher=Olms Verlag |date=1990 |isbn=978-3-487-09098-6 |ref=harv}} * {{cite contribution |last1=Dorn |first1=Roland |last2=Leeman |first2=Fred |contribution=(exh. cat.) |editor-last=Költzsch |editor-first=Georg-Wilhelm |title=Vincent van Gogh and the Modern Movement, 1890–1914|year=1990 |isbn=978-3-923641-33-8 |ref=harv}} Other editions: {{ISBN|978-3-923641-31-4}} (German); {{ISBN|978-90-6630-247-1}}(Dutch) * {{cite contribution |last1=Dorn |first1=Roland |last2=Keyes |first2=George |contribution=(exh. cat) |title=Van Gogh Face to Face: The Portraits |year=2000 |publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-89558-153-2 |ref=harv}} <!-- (REFCHECK alt) --> * {{cite book |editor1-last=Dorn |editor1-first=Roland |editor2-last=Schröder |editor2-first=Albrecht |editor3-last=Sillevis |editor3-first=John |title= Van Gogh und die Haager Schule|publisher= Bank Austria Kunstforum |publication-date=1996 |isbn=978-88-8118-072-1 |ref=harv }} * {{cite contribution |last1=Druick |first1=Douglas |last2=Zegers |first2=Pieter |contribution=(exh. cat) |title=Van Gogh and Gauguin: The Studio of the South |publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=2001 |isbn=978-0-500-51054-4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Edwards |first=Cliff |title=Van Gogh and God: A Creative Spiritual Quest |url=https://archive.org/details/vangoghgodcreati0000edwa |publisher=Loyola University Press|date=1989 |isbn=978-0-8294-0621-4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Erickson |first=Kathleen Powers |title=At Eternity's Gate: The Spiritual Vision of Vincent van Gogh |url=https://archive.org/details/ateternitysgates0000kath |publisher =Eerdmans|date=1998 |isbn=978-0-8028-4978-6|ref=harv}} *{{ cite book | last=Faille | first=Jacob-Baart de la | year=1928 | title=L'Oeuvre de Vincent van Gogh: Catalogue Raisonnée (4 volumes) | publisher=G. van Oest | language=French | oclc=3312853 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last1=Farr |first1=Dennis |last2=Peppiatt |first2=Michael |author2link=Michael Peppiatt |last3=Yard |first3=Sally |title=Francis Bacon: A Retrospective |url=https://archive.org/details/francisbaconretr0000farr |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |date=1999 |isbn=978-0-8109-2925-8 |ref=harv}} <!-- WorldCat says place of publication not identified --> *{{ cite book | last=Feilchenfeldt | first=Walter | year=2013 | title=Vincent Van Gogh: The Years in France: Complete Paintings 1886–1890 | url=https://archive.org/details/vincentvangoghye0000feil | publisher=Philip Wilson | isbn=978-1-78130-019-0 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Fell |first=Derek |authorlink=Derek Fell |title=The Impressionist Garden|url=https://archive.org/details/impressionistgar0000fell_u4h9 |publisher=Frances Lincoln |date=1997 |isbn=978-0-7112-1148-3 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Fell |first=Derek |title=Van Gogh's Women: His Love Affairs and Journey into Madness |publisher=Pavilion Books |date=2015 |isbn=978-1-910232-42-2 |ref=harv}} <!-- WorldCat only has 2005; Carrol & Graf --> * {{cite book |last=Gayford |first=Martin |title=The Yellow House: Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Nine Turbulent Weeks in Arles |publisher=Penguin |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-670-91497-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Geskó |editor-first=Judit |title=Van Gogh in Budapest|url=https://archive.org/details/vangoghinbudapes0000gogh |publisher=Vince Books |date=2006 |isbn=978-963-7063-34-3 |ref=harv}}; {{ISBN|963-7063-33-1}} (Hungarian) *{{cite book|last=Grant|first=Patrick|title=The Letters of Vincent van Gogh: A Critical Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c2L7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|date=2014|publisher=Athabasca University Press|isbn=978-1-927356-74-6|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Hammacher |first= Abraham M. |title=Vincent van Gogh: Genius and Disaster|url=https://archive.org/details/vincentvangoghge0000hamm |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |date=1985 |isbn=978-0-8109-8067-9 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Hayden |first=Deborah |title=Pox: Genius, Madness and the Mysteries of Syphilis|url=https://archive.org/details/poxgeniusmadness0000hayd_b5i5 |publisher=Basic Books |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-465-02881-8 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal | last =Hemphill| first= R. E. |title=The illness of Vincent van Gogh|journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine]] | year= 1961 |volume = 54| pages =1083–1088|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Robert |authorlink=Robert Hughes (critic) |title=Nothing If Not Critical|url=https://archive.org/details/nothingifnotcrit00robe |publisher=The Harvill Press |date=1990 |isbn=978-0-14-016524-1|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Robert |title=The Portable Van Gogh|url=https://archive.org/details/portablevangogh0000gogh |publisher=Universe |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-7893-0803-0 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Hulsker |first=Jan |authorlink=Jan Hulsker |title=The Complete Van Gogh|publisher=Phaidon |date=1980 |isbn=978-0-7148-2028-6 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Hulsker |first=Jan|title=Vincent and Theo Van Gogh: A Dual Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/vincenttheovango0000huls |publisher=Fuller Publications |date=1990 |isbn=978-0-940537-05-7 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Lubin |first=Albert J. |title=Stranger on the Earth: A Psychological Biography of Vincent van Gogh|url=https://archive.org/details/strangeronearth00lubi |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |date=1972 |isbn=978-0-03-091352-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=McQuillan |first=Melissa |title=Van Gogh |url=https://archive.org/details/vangogh0000mcqu |publisher=Thames and Hudson |date=1989 |isbn=978-0-500-20232-6 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Naifeh |first1=Steven W. |authorlink1=Steven Naifeh |first2=Gregory White |last2=Smith |authorlink2=Gregory White Smith |title=Van Gogh: The Life|url=https://archive.org/details/vangoghlife0000naif |publisher=Random House |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-375-50748-9 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Nemeczek |first=Alfred |title=Van Gogh in Arles|url=https://archive.org/details/vangoghinarles0000neme | publisher=Prestel Verlag |date=1999 |isbn=978-3-7913-2230-8 |ref=harv}} *{{cite journal|last=Perry|first=Isabella H.|title=Vincent van Gogh's illness: a case record|journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine|volume=21|pages=146–172|year=1947| ref = harv}} * {{cite contribution |last=Pickvance |first=Ronald |contribution=(exh. cat) |title=English Influences on Vincent van Gogh |id=University of Nottingham, 1974/75|publisher=Arts Council |year=1974 |ref=harv}} * {{cite contribution |last=Pickvance |first=Ronald |contribution=(exh. cat) |title=Van Gogh in Arles |id=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |publisher=Abrams |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-87099-375-6 |ref=harv}} * {{cite contribution |last=Pickvance |first=Ronald |contribution=(exh. cat) |title=Van Gogh in Saint-Rémy and Auvers |id=Metropolitan Museum of Art |publisher=Abrams |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-87099-477-7 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Pomerans |first=Arnold |authorlink=Arnold Pomerans |title=The Letters of Vincent van Gogh |url=https://archive.org/details/lettersofvincent0000gogh |publisher=Penguin Classics |date=1997 |isbn=978-0-14-044674-6 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Rewald |first=John |authorlink=John Rewald |title=Post-Impressionism: From van Gogh to Gauguin|publisher=Secker & Warburg |date=1978 |isbn=978-0-436-41151-9 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Rewald |first=John |title=Studies in Post-Impressionism |url=https://archive.org/details/studiesinpostimp0000rewa |publisher=Abrams |date=1986 |isbn=978-0-8109-1632-6 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Rosenblum |first=Robert |authorlink=Robert Rosenblum |date=1975 |title=Modern Painting and the Northern Romantic Tradition: Friedrich to Rothko|publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0-06-430057-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Rovers |first=Eva |year=2007 | title='He Is the Key and the Antithesis of so Much': Helene Kröller-Müller's Fascination with Vincent van Gogh|journal=[[Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art]]|volume= 33|issue=4 |pages=258–272 |jstor=25608496 | ref = harv}} * {{cite book|last=Selz|first=Peter Howard|title=German Expressionist Painting|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UimQfCpawyUC&pg=PA82|year=1968|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02515-8| ref = harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Sund |first=Judy |year= 1988|title=The Sower and the Sheaf: Biblical Metaphor in the Art of Vincent van Gogh|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-bulletin_1988-12_70_4/page/660 |journal=[[College Art Association|The Art Bulletin]] |volume= 70|issue=4 |pages=660–676 |jstor=3051107 |ref = harv |doi=10.2307/3051107}} * {{cite book |last=Spurling |first=Hilary |authorlink = Hilary Spurling |date= 1998|title=The Unknown Matisse: A Life of Henri Matisse, Vol. 1, 1869–1908|publisher=Hamish Hamilton|isbn=978-0-679-43428-3 |ref = harv}} * {{cite book |last=Sund |first=Judy |title=Van Gogh|url=https://archive.org/details/vangogh00sund |publisher=Phaidon |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-7148-4084-0 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Sweetman |first=David |authorlink=David Sweetman |title=Van Gogh: His Life and His Art|url=https://archive.org/details/vangoghhislifehi0000swee_o1o6 |publisher=Touchstone |date=1990 |isbn=978-0-671-74338-3|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Tralbaut |first=Marc Edo |title=Vincent van Gogh, le mal aimé |trans-title= |language=fr|publisher=Alpine Fine Arts |origyear=1969 |date=1981 |isbn=0-933516-31-2 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Van der Veen |first1=Wouter |first2=Peter |last2=Knapp |title=Van Gogh in Auvers: His Last Days|publisher=Monacelli Press |date=2010 |isbn=978-1-58093-301-8 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Van der Wolk |first=Johannes |title=De schetsboeken van Vincent van Gogh |trans-title=The Sketchbooks of Vincent van Gogh |language=Dutch |publisher=Meulenhoff/Landshoff|isbn=978-90-290-8154-2 |date=1987 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Van Gogh |first=Vincent |authorlink=Vincent van Gogh |url=http://www.vangoghletters.org/ |title=Vincent van Gogh – The Letters |editor1=Leo Jansen |editor2=Hans Luijten |editor3=Nienke Bakker |publisher=Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING |date=2009 |ref=harv |access-date=2018-10-03 |archive-date=2021-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811194851/https://vangoghletters.org/ |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last=Van Heugten |first=Sjraar |title=Vincent van Gogh: tekeningen 1: Vroege jaren 1880–1883 |trans-title=Vincent van Gogh: Drawings 1: Early years 1880–1883 |language=Dutch|publisher=V+K |date=1996 |isbn=978-90-6611-501-9 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Van Uitert |first=Evert |year= 1981|title=Van Gogh's Concept of His ''Oeuvre''|journal=Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art |volume= 12|issue=4 |pages=223–244 |jstor=3780499 | ref = {{sfnRef|van Uitert|1981}} |doi=10.2307/3780499}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=van Uitert |editor1-first=Evert |editor2-last=van Tilborgh |editor2-first=Louis |editor2-link= |editor3-last=van Heugten |editor3-first=Sjraar |contribution=(exh. cat) |title= Vincent van Gogh|year=1990 |url=https://archive.org/details/vincentvangoghdr0000wolk |publisher= Arnoldo Mondadori Arte de Luca |publication-date=1990 |isbn=88-242-0022-2 |ref=harv}}<!-- ISBN 13 conversion shows a false result --> * {{cite book |last1=Walther |first1=Ingo |last2=Metzger |first2=Rainer |title=Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings|publisher=Taschen |date=1994 |isbn=978-3-8228-0291-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Weikop |first=Christian |year= 2007|title=Exhibition Reviews: Van Gogh and Expressionism. Amsterdam and New York |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_burlington-magazine_2007-03_149_1248/page/208 |journal=The Burlington Magazine|volume= 149|issue=1248 |pages=208–209 |jstor=20074786 | ref = harv}} * {{cite book |last=Wilkie |first=Kenneth |title=The Van Gogh File: The Myth and the Man|url=https://archive.org/details/vangoghfilemythm0000wilk |publisher=Souvenir Press |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-285-63691-0 |ref=harv}} {{refend}} [[Category:1853 kubadwa]] [[Category:1890 akufa]] k1pezqo996aboy30gxv1eiukac3lqx9 0 4580 71910 71402 2026-08-23T21:34:42Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260823)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71910 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:HHH Authority.png|thumb|Triple H mu 2015]] '''Paul Michael Levesque''' (wobadwa pa 27 Julayi 1969) ndi mkulu wa bizinesi wa ku [[United States|America]], wothandizira pantchito wotchuka wrestler, wojambula, komanso [[Kumanga thupi|woyambitsa thupi]]. Iye amadziwika bwino ndi dzina la '''mphete H (triple H)''', kufotokoza kwa dzina lake lakale la [[Hunter Hearst Helmsley]]. Iye tsopano ndi '''COO''' ("Chief Operating Officer") wa [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]]. Asanalowe nawo WWE, Levesque anayamba ntchito yake ndi [[World Championship Wrestling]] (WCW) mu 1993, akulimbana ndi dzina lakuti [[Terra Ryzing]]. Adzakhalanso ndi '''[[Jean-Paul Lévesque]]''', wachiroma wa ku [[France]], asanafike pa [[World Wrestling Federation]] (tsopano WWE) mu 1995. Popeza adalowa mu WWE, wakhala msilikali wazaka 14 (wamakono): [[WWE Champion]] Wose-Time komanso Champion [[World Heavyweight Champion]] Wachisanu. Komanso, adagonjetsa [[1997 King of the Ring|Mfumu ya 1997 ya Royal Ring]], yomwe ili mu [[2002 Royal Rumble]]. wachiwiri [[ Grand Slam Champion.|wamkulu wa Slam Champion]]. Anakwatira [[Stephanie McMahon]] mu 2003, kukhala mpongozi wa WWE, [[Vince McMahon]]. Kunja kwa nkhondo, Levesque wapanga alendo ambiri pafilimu ndi pa TV. Akuyang'ana mu WWE Film ''[[Journey of Death]]''. Patsamba lomaliza la 2008, Triple H adagonjetsa [[WWE Championship]]. Anataya mutu wake pa [[Survivor Series 2008]] mpaka [[Edge (wrestler)|Edge]]. Pa [[No Way Out (2009)|2009 Palibe Way Out]], Triple H adabwezeretsanso WWE Championship mu Msonkhano wa Chigamulo cha Omanama kwa nthawi yachisanu ndi chitatu, akukantha mbiri ya The Rock kasanu ndi kawiri. Atatha kulowa mu [[2016 Royal Rumble match]] in no. 30, adachotsa Ambrose kuti apambane ndi Royal Rumble ndikukhala mtsogoleri wa dziko lapansi 14. Pambuyo pake anataya Championship kuli [[Roman Reigns]] ku [[WrestleMania 32]].<ref name="SmackDownchamber">{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/nowayout/matches/9253224/results/|title=Regaining the throne|last=Passero|first=Mitch|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|accessdate=2009-01-27|archive-date=2009-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304074552/http://www.wwe.com/shows/nowayout/matches/9253224/results/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kuchita == === Mafilimu === *[[Blade: Trinity]] - Jarko Grimwood (2004) *[[Relative Strangers]] - Wrestler (2006) (Uncredited) *[[The Chaperone (movie)|The Chaperone]] - Raymond "Ray Ray" Bradstone (2011) *[[Inside Out (2011 movie)|Inside Out]] - Arlo "AJ" Jayne (2011) *[[Scooby-Doo! WrestleMania Mystery]] - Himself (2014) (voice) == Zolemba == <!-- {{reflist|2}} --> {{reflist}} * {{cite book | author = Mick Foley | title = [[Have A Nice Day: A Tale of Blood and Sweatsocks]] | publisher = HarperCollins | date = 2000 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/mankindhaveniced0000mick/page/544 544] pages | isbn = 0061031011}} * {{cite news | author = PWI Staff | title = Pro Wrestling Illustrated presents: 2007 Wrestling almanac & book of facts | work = "Wrestling’s historical cards" | publisher = Kappa Publishing | date = 2007 | language = English}} * {{cite book | author = Baer, Randy and R. D. Reynolds | title = Wrestlecrap: The Very Worst of Pro Wrestling | url = https://archive.org/details/wrestlecrapveryw00rdre | publisher = ECW Press | date = 2003 | isbn = 1550225847}} [[Category:Zimapanga thupi]] [[Category:Anthu amoyo]] [[Category:WWE wrestlers]] [[Category:Obadwa mu 1969]] j382rtqmza3f3fl9ixjgjo4h0s2bgzg 0 4616 71914 18648 2026-08-23T21:38:21Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260823)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71914 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Yellow-billed shrike (Corvinella corvina corvina).jpg|thumb|Yellow-billed shrike (Corvinella corvina corvina), anyamata, [[Gambia]]]] '''Yellow-billed shrike''' ndi [[mbalame]] yayikulu yomwe imapezeka m'banja la [[shrike]]. Nthaŵi zina amadziwika kuti long-tailed shrike koma izi ziyenera kukhumudwa chifukwa zimayambitsa chisokonezo ndi mzere wautali, Lanius schach, wa kumwera kwa Asia. Mbalame yotchedwa yellow-billed shrike ndi mbalame yomwe imakonda kuswana m'madera otentha ku Africa kuchokera ku Senegal kum'mawa kupita ku Uganda komanso kumadera akumadzulo kwa Kenya. Amapititsa nkhalango ndi malo ena ndi mitengo. ==Zolemba== * {{cite book|first1=Norbert |last1=Lefranc |first2=Tim |last2=Worfolk |title=Shrikes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HclLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA169 |year=2013 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-4081-8756-2|ref=harv}} * ''Birds of The Gambia'' by Barlow, Wacher and Disley, {{ISBN|1-873403-32-1}} * {{cite book |author1=Zimmerman, Dale A. |author2=Turner, Donald A. |author3=Pearson, David J. |last-author-amp=yes | year = 1999 | title = Birds of Kenya and Northern Tanzania, Field Guide Edition |url=https://archive.org/details/birdsofkenyanort00unse | publisher = Princeton University Press | pages = [https://archive.org/details/birdsofkenyanort00unse/page/494 494] | isbn = 0-691-01022-6}} [[Category:Mbalame zafotokozedwa mu 1809|yellow-billed shrike]] syhijwuaktsreyu916jqc6sod76zd5n 0 4829 71911 40883 2026-08-23T21:36:48Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 6 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260823)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|Manic depression}} {{redirect|Bipolar disorders|the medical journal|Bipolar Disorders (journal)}} {{pp-semi|small=yes}} {{short description|matenda a maganizo amene amachititsa munthu kuti nthawi zina azikhumudwa kwambiri ndipo nthawi zina azisangalala mopitirira moyezo}} {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2016}} {{Use American English|date=March 2016}} {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Matenda a muubongo | image = Comedy and tragedy masks without background.svg | alt = | caption = Munthu yemwe ali ndi matenda a maganizo nthawi zina amakhumudwa kwambiri ndipo nthawi zina amasangalala mopitirira malire. | field = [[Kuthandiza anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli]] | synonyms = Matenda a muubongo, matenda a maganizo, kuvutika maganizo, vuto la muubongo, matenda ovutika maganizo,<ref name="Shorter2005"/> kuzunguzika mutu, kupenga,<ref name="Shorter2005">{{cite book|author=Edward Shorter|title=A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M49pEDoEpl0C&pg=PA165|year=2005|place=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517668-1|pages=165–166}}</ref> matenda a maganizo<ref>{{cite book|last1=Coyle|first1=Nessa|last2=Paice|first2=Judith A.|title=Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press, Incorporated|isbn=9780199332342|page=623|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Z34BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA623|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908004555/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Z34BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA623|archivedate=September 8, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> | symptoms = Nthawi zina [[Kukhala wokwiya (wokhumudwa)|kukhumudwa]] nthawi zina kukhala [[wosangalala kwambiri|kukondwa]] <ref name=BMJ2012 /><ref name=DSM5 /> | complications = [[Kudzipha]], [[kudzivulaza]]<ref name=BMJ2012/> | onset = zaka 25<ref name=BMJ2012 /> | duration = | types = [[Matenda a I maganizo]], [[matenda a II maganizo]], ena <ref name=DSM5 /> | causes = [[Zochitika pamoyo wa munthu|Zochitika]] ndiponso [[Zakumtundu|zoyamwira]]<ref name=BMJ2012 /> | risks = Zakumtundu, [[kuchitiridwa nkhanza uli mwana]], kupanikizika maganizo [[kwa nthawi yaitali|kupanikizika]]<ref name=BMJ2012 /> | diagnosis = | differential = [[Matenda a attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]], [[matenda osinthasintha khalidwe]], [[Kuvutika maganizo]], [[kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo]]<ref name=BMJ2012 /> | prevention = | treatment = [[Psychotherapy]], [[mankhwala akuchipatala]]<ref name=BMJ2012 /> | medication = [[Lithium (medication)|Lithium]], [[antipsychotic|antipsychotics]], [[anticonvulsant|anticonvulsants]]<ref name=BMJ2012 /> | prognosis = | frequency = 1-3%<ref name=BMJ2012/><ref name=Schmitt2014>{{cite journal |vauthors=Schmitt A, Malchow B, Hasan A, Falkai P | title = The impact of environmental factors in severe psychiatric disorders | journal = Front Neurosci | volume = 8 | issue = 19 | date = February 2014 | doi = 10.3389/fnins.2014.00019 | pmc = 3920481 | pmid = 24574956}}</ref> | deaths = }} <!-- Definition and symptoms --> '''Matenda a muubongo''', omwe poyamba ankatchedwa '''matenda opanikizika maganizo''', ali m’gulu la [[matenda a maganizo]] omwe amachititsa wodwala kuti nthawi zina [[azikhumudwa kwambiri |azikhumudwa]] ndiponso nthawi zina [[azisangalala mopitirira muyezo]]. <ref name=BMJ2012 /><ref name=DSM5 /><ref name=FDA4>{{cite web|title=DSM IV Criteria for Manic Episode|url=https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/00/slides/3590s1c/tsld002.htm|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731230148/https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/00/slides/3590s1c/tsld002.htm|archivedate=July 31, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Kusangalala mopitirira muyezoko kumatchedwanso kuti [[mania]] kapena [[hypomania]], malinga ndi kukula kwa chisangalalocho, ndipo zingakhale choncho munthuyo akusonyeza zizindikiro zoti [[matendawo]] afika poipa kwambiri kapena ayi.<ref name=BMJ2012 /> Matendawa akayamba kukula, munthuyo amayamba kumva kuti ali ndi [[Mphamvu|zambiri]] kapena amaona kuti [[Akusangalala kwambiri|mphamvu zambiri]] mphamvu zambiri, akusangalala kwambiri kapenanso sakuchedwa kuipidwa ndi zilizonse.<ref name=BMJ2012 /> Pa nthawi imeneyi, kawirikawiri munthu amasankha zinthu mosaganiza bwino asanaganizire n’komwe zotsatirapo zake.<ref name=DSM5 /> Pa nthawi imeneyi kawirikawiri munthuyo sakhala ndi tulo. <ref name=DSM5 /> Ndipo matendawo akafika poti akumuvutitsa kwambiri moti akupanikizika maganizo, munthu amatha kuyamba kulira popanda chifukwa chodziwika, amangodandaula zilizonse, ndipo safuna kuphana maso ndi anthu ena.<ref name=BMJ2012 /> Ndipo anthu amene ali ndi matendawa amakhala pachiopsezo choti akhoza [[kudzipha]] ndipo anthu odzipha awonjezereka ndi 6 peresenti pa zaka 20 zapitazi, pomwe anthu amene [[amadzivulaza]] chiwerengero chawo chawonjezereka ndi 30 mpaka 40 peresenti.<ref name=BMJ2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Anderson IM, Haddad PM, Scott J |title=Bipolar disorder|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=Dec 27, 2012 |volume=345 |page=e8508 |pmid=23271744 |doi=10.1136/bmj.e8508}}</ref> Nthawi zambiri anthu omwe ali ndi matendawa angakhalenso ndi mavuto ena monga [[matenda a nkhawa]] ndiponso angayambe [[kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo]].<ref name=BMJ2012 /> <!-- Cause and diagnosis --> Sizikudziwika bwinobwino kuti n’chiyani chimene chimayambitsa matendawa, koma zikuoneka kuti munthu amadwala matendawa chifukwa cha [[Zochitika pamoyo wake|zochitika pamoyo wake]] komanso ngati wachita [[Kuyamwira|kuyamwira kuchokera kumtundu wake]].<ref name=BMJ2012 /> Zikuoneka kuti munthu angadwale matendawa mosavuta ngati achibale ake ena anadwalapo. <ref name=BMJ2012 /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Goodwin|first1=Guy M.|title=Bipolar disorder |journal=Medicine |volume=40 |issue=11 |pages=596–598 |doi=10.1016/j.mpmed.2012.08.011}}</ref> Zochitika pa moyo wa munthu zikuphatikizapo [[kuchitiridwa nkhanza munthu ali mwana]] komanso kupanikizika [[maganizo kwa nthawi yaitali|kupanikizika maganizo]].<ref name=BMJ2012 /> Ndipo 85 peresenti ya anthu omwe amadwala matendawa amachita [[Kuyamwira|kuyamwira]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Charney|first1=Alexander|last2=Sklar|first2=Pamela|editor1-last=Charney|editor1-first=Dennis|editor2-last=Nestler|editor2-first=Eric|editor3-last=Sklar|editor3-first=Pamela|editor4-last=Buxbaum|editor4-first=Joseph|title=Charney & Nestler's Neurobiology of Mental Illness|date=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|page=162|edition=5th|chapter=Genetics of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=y8M9DwAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&dq=Charney%20%26%20Nestler's%20Neurobiology%20of%20Mental%20Illness&pg=PA162}}</ref> Matendawa amaikidwa m’magulu awiri, ndipo gulu loyamba limatchedwa [[matenda a muubongo ongoyamba kumene]] pamene gulu lachiwiri limatchedwa [[matenda a muubongo aakulu]] ngati matendawo afika poipa kwambiri moti wodwala akupanikizika maganizo ndiponso kusowa mtendere.<ref name=DSM5 /> Koma ngati munthu wakhala akudwala matendawa kwa nthawi yaitali ndithu koma sakumusowetsa mtendere kwambiri, ndiye kuti matendawo angatchedwe ndi dzina lakuti [[Cyclothymia|cyclothymic disorder]].<ref name=DSM5 /> Koma ngati munthu wayamba vutoli chifukwa chakumwa mankhwala enaake akuchipatala kapena mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndiye kuti matendawo angaikidwenso m’gulu lina. <ref name=DSM5>{{cite book|author=American Psychiatry Association|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|date=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing |location=Arlington |isbn=0-89042-555-8 |pages=123–154 |edition=5th}}</ref> Mavuto enanso amene amabwera chifukwa cha matendawa ndi monga [[kukhala ndi mtima wofuna kuchita zinthu zoti ena atione]], [[kusinthasintha khalidwe]], [[kupanikizika maganizo]] ndiponso [[kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo]] komanso mavuto ena.<ref name=BMJ2012 /> [[Munthu yemwe ali ndi vutoli]] sangafunike [[kukayezetsa kuchipatala]] kuti atsimikizire ngati ali ndi matendawa kapena ayi, komabe, akhoza [[kuyezetsa magazi]] kapena [[kuyezetsa zinthu zina m'thupi]] kuti aone ngati matendawo sanayambitsenso mavuto ena.<ref name=NIH2016Test>{{cite web|title=Bipolar Disorder|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtml#part_145405|author=NIMH|publisher=National Institutes of Health|date=April 2016|accessdate=August 13, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727230418/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtml#part_145405|archivedate=July 27, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> <!-- Treatment and prognosis --> Matendawa akhoza kutheratu ngati munthu atapatsidwa thandizo loyenerera monga [[psychotherapy]] komanso mankhwala a [[mood stabilizers]] ndiponso [[antipsychotics]].<ref name=BMJ2012 /> Chitsanzo cha mankhwalawa ndi [[Lithium (medication)|lithium]] ndiponso mankhwala ena otchedwa [[anticonvulsant|anticonvulsants]].<ref name=BMJ2012 /> Ngati matendawa afika poipa kwambiri, munthu akhoza kupatsidwa [[thandizo la mankhwala]] kapena[[kugonekedwa m’chipatala|kugonekedwa m’chipatala]] ngakhale kuti wodwalayo sakugwirizana nazo.<ref name=BMJ2012 /> Matenda a muubongowa akalekereredwa, wodwalayo amasinthasintha kwambiri khalidwe, sachedwa kukwiya, ndiponso amakonda kukangana ndi anthu; munthu wotereyu angathandizidwe pomupatsa mankhwala [[benzodiazepine|benzodiazepines]].<ref name=BMJ2012 /> Ngati matendawa akukula, sibwino kumupatsa munthuyo mankhwala a m’gulu la ma [[antidepressant|antidepressants]].<ref name=BMJ2012 /> Koma ngati mankhwalawa agwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthawi imene munthuyo akusinthasintha khalidwe, wodwalayo angafunike kumupatsanso mankhwala omuthandiza kuti akhuzumuke.<ref name=BMJ2012 /> Njira ya [[Electroconvulsive therapy]] (ECT), ngakhale kuti siyofala kwambiri, ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito kwa odwala ena omwe sakuchira ndi njira zina zochiritsira.<ref name=BMJ2012 /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Versiani|first=Marcio|last2=Cheniaux|first2=Elie|last3=Landeira-Fernandez|first3=J.|title=Efficacy and Safety of Electroconvulsive Therapy in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder|url=http://content.wkhealth.com/linkback/openurl?sid=WKPTLP:landingpage&an=00124509-201106000-00015|journal=The Journal of ECT|volume=27|issue=2|pages=153–164|doi=10.1097/yct.0b013e3181e6332e|pmid=20562714}}</ref> Ndipo ngati pakufunika kuti wodwalayo asapitirize kulandira thandizo linalake, ndi bwino kusiya kumupatsa thandizo lachipatalalo mwa pang’onopang’ono. <ref name=BMJ2012 /> Ndipo anthu amene amadwala matendawa amavutikanso ndi mavuto a zachuma komanso mavuto ena okhudza kukhala bwino ndi anthu ena. <ref name=BMJ2012 /> Ndipo pa avereji, pafupifupi anthu 25 pa 100 aliwonse amene amadwala matendawa amakumana ndi mavuto amenewa. <ref name=BMJ2012 /> Komanso anthu omwe amadwala matenda a muubongo ali pa chiopsezo kuwirikiza kawiri poyerekezera ndi anthu ena choti akhoza [[kumwalira ndi matenda ena]] monga [[matenda a mtima|matenda a mtima]]; izi zili choncho chifukwa cha mavuto ena amene amabwera m’thupi mwawo chifukwa cha kumwa mankhwala olimbana ndi matenda a muubongo.<ref name=BMJ2012 /> <!-- Epidemiology --> Padziko lonse lapansi, munthu m’modzi pa anthu 100 aliwonse ali ndi matenda a muubongo. <ref name="Grande2016">{{cite journal|last1=Grande|first1=I|last2=Berk|first2=M|last3=Birmaher|first3=B|last4=Vieta|first4=E|title=Bipolar disorder|journal=Lancet|date=April 2016|volume=387|issue=10027|pages=1561–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00241-X|pmid=26388529|type=Review}}</ref> Ku United States kokha, pafupifupi anthu atatu pa 100 aliwonse amadwala kapena anadwalapo matendawa pa nthawi inayake pamoyo wawo; ndipo chiwerengero cha odwala pakati pa amuna ndi akazi n’chofanana. <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Diflorio|first1=A|last2=Jones|first2=I|date=2010|title=Is sex important? Gender differences in bipolar disorder|journal=[[International Review of Psychiatry]] (Abingdon, England)|volume=22|issue=5|pages=437–52|doi=10.3109/09540261.2010.514601|pmid=21047158}}</ref><ref name="Schmitt2014" /> Koma anthu ambiri amayamba kudwala matendawa akakwanitsa zaka 25. <ref name=BMJ2012 /> Mu 1991, zikuoneka kuti ndalama zokwana madola 45 biliyoni zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kuwonongeka chifukwa cha matendawa m’dziko la United States lokha. <ref name=Hirs205 /> Gawo lalikulu ndithu ndi ndalamazi zinawonongeka chifukwa anthu ochuluka zedi omwe ankadwala matendawa sankapita kuntchito kwa masiku osachepera 50 munthu aliyense pa chaka. <ref name=Hirs205>{{cite journal |last1=Hirschfeld |first1=RM |last2=Vornik |first2=LA |title=Bipolar disorder–costs and comorbidity.|journal=The American journal of managed care|date=Jun 2005|volume=11|issue=3 Suppl|pages=S85–90|pmid=16097719}}</ref> Kawirikawiri anthu omwe ali ndi matendawa amakumananso ndi mavuto ena chifukwa choti amasalidwa.<ref name=BMJ2012 /> {{TOC limit|3}} ==See also == * [[Cyclothymia]] * ''[[Tristimania|Tristimania: A Diary of Manic Depression]]'' == Notes == {{Reflist}} ;References * {{cite book |last1=Basco |first1=Monica Ramirez |last2=Rush |first2=A. John |year=2005 |title=Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Bipolar Disorder |edition=Second |location=New York |publisher=The Guilford Press |isbn=978-1-59385-168-2 |oclc=300306925 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Malcomb R. |last2=Basso |first2=Michael R.|year=2004 |title=Focus on Bipolar Disorder Research |publisher=[[Nova Science Publishers]] |isbn=978-1-59454-059-2 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Joseph |first=Chris |year=2008 |title=Manicdotes: There's Madness in His Method |url=https://archive.org/details/manicdotestheres0000jose |location=London |publisher=Austin&nbsp;& Macauley |isbn=978-1-905609-07-9 |ref=harv |postscript=. [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Manicdotes-Theres-Madness-His-Method/dp/1905609078/ref=lh_ni_t Amazon review].}} * {{cite book |last1=Goodwin |first1=F. K. |last2=Jamison |first2=K. R. |year=2007 |title=Manic–depressive illness: bipolar disorders and recurrent depression |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-513579-4 |edition=2nd.|ref=harv |url=https://books.google.com/?id=rnr_OxfcqDcC |oclc=70929267 |accessdate=April 2, 2016}} * {{cite book |last=Jamison |first=Kay Redfield |year=1995 |title=An Unquiet Mind: A Memoir of Moods and Madness |url=https://archive.org/details/unquietmind0000jami_o7l5 |location=New York |publisher=Knopf |isbn=978-0-330-34651-1 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Leahy |first1=Robert L. |last2=Johnson |first2=Sheri L. |year=2003 |title=Psychological Treatment of Bipolar Disorder |url=https://archive.org/details/psychologicaltre0000unse_r6c4 |location=New York |publisher=The Guilford Press |isbn=978-1-57230-924-1 |oclc=52714775 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Liddell |first1=Henry George |authorlink1=Henry George Liddell |last2=Scott |first2=Robert |authorlink2= Robert Scott (philologist) |year=1980 |title=[[A Greek-English Lexicon]] |edition=Abridged |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-910207-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Millon |first=Theordore |year=1996 |title=Disorders of Personality: DSM-IV-TM and Beyond |url=https://archive.org/details/disordersofperso0000mill_e4c3 |location=New York |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn=978-0-471-01186-6 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Robinson |first=D. J. |year= 2003 |title=Reel Psychiatry: Movie Portrayals of Psychiatric Conditions |url=https://archive.org/details/reelpsychiatrymo0000robi |location=Port Huron, Michigan |publisher=Rapid Psychler Press |isbn=978-1-894328-07-4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Sadock |first1=Benjamin J. |last2=Kaplan |first2=Harold I. |last3=Sadock |first3=Virginia A. |year=2007 |title=Kaplan&nbsp;& Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u-ohbTtxCeYC&pg=PA1268&lpg=PA1268&dq=bipolar+%2220+times%22&hl=en#v=snippet&q=bipolar%20%2220%20times%22&f=false |edition=Tenth |isbn=978-0-7817-7327-0 |ref=harv |accessdate=April 2, 2016}} == Further reading == {{Library resources box}} * {{cite book|last1=Healy|first1=David|title=Mania: A Short History of Bipolar Disorder|date=2011|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |isbn=978-1-4214-0397-7}} * {{cite book|last1=Mondimore|first1=Francis Mark|title=Bipolar Disorder: A Guide for Patients and Families|url=https://archive.org/details/bipolardisorderg0000mond_c3n1|date=2014|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |isbn=978-1-4214-1206-1|edition=3rd}} * {{cite book |last=Yatham |first=Lakshmi |year=2010 |title=Bipolar Disorder |location=New York |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-470-72198-8}} == External links == {{Sisterlinks|d=Q131755|species=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=bipolar disorder|q=no|s=no|b=Psychiatric Disorders/Mood Disorders/Bipolar Disorder|n=Category:Bipolar disorder}} {{Medical condition classification and resources | DiseasesDB = 7812 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|F|31 || f|30}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|296.0}}, {{ICD9|296.1}}, {{ICD9|296.4}}, {{ICD9|296.5}}, {{ICD9|296.6}}, {{ICD9|296.7}}, {{ICD9|296.8}} | ICDO = | OMIM = 125480 | OMIM_mult = {{OMIM2|309200}} | MedlinePlus = 000926 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 229 | MeshID = D001714 }} * {{dmoz|Health/Mental_Health/Disorders/Mood/Bipolar_Disorder|Bipolar Disorder}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091020225829/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar-disorder/complete-index.shtml Bipolar Disorder overview] from the U.S. [[National Institute of Mental Health]] website * [http://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/CG38 NICE Bipolar Disorder clinical guidelines] from the U.K. [[National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence]] website * [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bdi.12556/epdf International Society for Bipolar Disorders Task Force report on current knowledge in pediatric bipolar disorder and future directions] {{Mental and behavioral disorders|selected = mood}} {{Mood disorders|state=expanded}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Bipolar disorder| ]] [[Category:Mood disorders]] [[Category:Psychiatric diagnosis]] [[Category:Depression (psychology)]] [[Category:RTT]] [[Category:RTTNEURO]] 16md4ixw4igeehm45652xdslz1o6vmb 0 4830 71901 71858 2026-08-23T21:30:49Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260823)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|other types of depression|Mood disorder}} {{Distinguish|Depression (mood)}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}} {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Matenda ovutika kwambiri maganizo | image = Van Gogh - Trauernder alter Mann.jpeg | caption = Chithunzi cha mu 1890[[Vincent van Gogh|Vincent van Gogh's]] 1890 painting<br />''[[At Eternity's Gate|Sorrowing old man ('At Eternity's Gate')]]'' | field = [[Kuthandiza anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la maganizo]], [[maganizo]] | synonyms = Kuvutika maganizo, Kuvutika kwambiri maganizo, Matenda okhudza nkhawa, Matenda okhudzana ndi nkhawa, Kuvutika maganizo kobwerezabwereza | symptoms = [[nkhawa (kukhumudwa)|Kukhumudwa]], kudzikayikira [[kusadzidalira]] , [[kusasangalala|kulephera kusangalala]] pa zochitika zosangalatsa, kufooka, [[kumva kuphweteka]] popanda chifukwa<ref name=NIH2016/> | complications = [[Kudzipha]]<ref name=Rich2014/> | onset = 20s–30s<ref name=DSM5/><ref name=Kes2013/> | duration = > 2 weeks<ref name=NIH2016/> | causes = [[kuyamwira|Zoyamwira]], mmene zinthu zilili pamoyo, ndiponso zokhudza vuto la maganizo<ref name=NIH2016/> | risks = [[Zakumtundu (mankhwala)|Zakumtundu]], kusintha kwa zochitika pamoyo, zinthu monga [[mankhwala enaake]], [[mavuto aakulu okhudza umoyo]], [[mankhwala osokoneza bongo]]<ref name=NIH2016/><ref name=DSM5/> | diagnosis = | differential = [[Kukhumudwa]]<ref name=DSM5/> | prevention = | treatment = [[kuthandiza anthu ovutika maganizo|Uphungu]], [[mankhwala a antidepressant]], [[electroconvulsive therapy]]<ref name=NIH2016/> | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = 216 miliyoni (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 }}</ref> | deaths = }} <!--Definition and symptoms --> '''Matenda a nkhawa''' ('''MDD'''), omwenso amadziwika kuti '''nkhawa''', ndi [[matenda a maganizo]] ndipo wodwala amatha kupanikizika ndi matendawa kwa milungu yosachepera iwiri [[akuvutika maganizo (wokhumudwa)|wosasangalala]] malinga ndi zimene zam'chitikira pa nthawiyo.<ref name=NIH2016/> Munthu akayamba kudwala matendawa, kawirikawiri amayambanso [[kudzikayikira]], [[kusasangalala|kukhala wosasangalala]] pa zochitika zoyenera kusangalala, amafooka, ndiponso [[amamva ululu]] popanda chifukwa chomveka.<ref name=NIH2016/> Anthu omwe ali ndi matendawa nthawi zina amaona [[zilubwelubwe|amakhulupirira zinthu zomwe si zoona]] kapenanso [[amaona zinthu zina m'mutu mwawo|amaona kapena kumva zinthu zimene kulibe]].<ref name=NIH2016/> Anthu ena amavutika kwambiri ndi [[Matenda ovutika kwambiri maganizo|pa nthawi zinazake]] pa nthawi zinazake pachaka, pomwe amavutika ndi matendawa nthawi zonse.<ref name=DSM5/> Matenda a nkhawa angasokoneze kwambiri moyo wa munthu, ntchito yake, maphunziro ake, kumusowetsa tulo ngakhalenso kumulepheretsa kudya ndi kusokonezanso thanzi lake.<ref name=NIH2016/><ref name=DSM5/> Anthu akuluakulu oyambira pa awiri kufika 8 pa Anthu 1000 aliwonse omwe li ndi matenda a nkhawa amafa mochita [[kudzipha]],<ref name=Rich2014>{{cite book|last1=Richards|first1=C. Steven|last2=O'Hara|first2=Michael W. |name-list-format=vanc |title=The Oxford Handbook of Depression and Comorbidity|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199797042|page=254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jpsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA254|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Strakowski|first1=Stephen |last2=Nelson |first2=Erik |title=Major Depressive Disorder |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190264321 |page=PT27 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=nD8FCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT27 |language=en}}</ref> ndipo hafu ya anthu onse omwe amadzipha amakhala kuti anali ndi matenda a nkhawa kapena [[matenda ena a maganizo]].} <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bachmann |first1=S |title=Epidemiology of Suicide and the Psychiatric Perspective |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |date=6 July 2018 |volume=15 |issue=7 |pages=1425 |doi=10.3390/ijerph15071425 |pmid=29986446|pmc=6068947 |quote=Half of all completed suicides are related to depressive and other mood disorders}}</ref> <!-- Cause and diagnosis --> Pali zinthu zingapo zimene zimayambitsa matenda a nkhawa, monga [[kuyamwira]] matendawa komanso chifukwa cha zochitika pamoyo wa munthu.<ref name=NIH2016>{{cite web|title=Depression|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml|website=NIMH|accessdate=31 July 2016|date=May 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805065529/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml|archivedate=5 August 2016}}</ref> Zina mwa zinthu zimene zimayambitsa matendawa ndi [[kuyamwira kuchokera kumtundu|zakumtundu]], kusintha kwambiri kwa zinthu pamoyo, mankhwala ena akuchipatala, [[matenda ena akuluakulu]], ndiponso [[kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo]].<ref name=NIH2016/><ref name=DSM5/> Zikuoneka kuti anthu 40 pa 100 aliwonse amene amadwala matendawa amachita kuyamwira kuchokera ku mtundu wawo.<ref name=DSM5/> Madokotala amatha kudziwa kuti munthu ali ndi matenda a nkhawa malinga ndi zimene munthuyo wakhala akuchita ndiponso [[mmene kaganizidwe ka munthuyo kalili]].<ref name=Pat2015>{{cite book|last1=Patton|first1=Lauren L.|name-list-format=vanc |title=The ADA Practical Guide to Patients with Medical Conditions|date=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118929285|page=339|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTJiCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA339|language=en}}</ref> Palibe njira ya ku labu imene ingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyeza kuti madokotala adziwe ngati munthu ali ndi matenda a nkhawa.<ref name=DSM5/> Komabe, madokotala amatha kumuyeza munthu kuti adziwe ngati ali ndi matenda ena omwe zizindikiro zake n'zofanana ndi matenda a ankhawa.<ref name=Pat2015/> Munthu yemwe akudwala matenda a nkhawa amamva ululu woopsa ndipo izi zimachitika kwa nthawi yaitali kuposa [[kungokhumudwa]], komwe kumachitika pamoyo wa munthu aliyense.<ref name=DSM5/> Bungwe la [[United States Preventive Services Task Force]] (USPSTF) limalimbikitsa kuti anthu amene akwanitsa zaka 12 zakubadwa azikayezetsa kuti adziwe ngati ali ndi matenda a nkhawa,<ref name=US2016>{{cite journal |vauthors=Siu AL, Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Baumann LC, Davidson KW, Ebell M, García FA, Gillman M, Herzstein J, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kurth AE, Owens DK, Phillips WR, Phipps MG, Pignone MP |title=Screening for Depression in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2016-01-26_315_4/page/380 |journal=JAMA |volume=315 |issue=4 |pages=380–7 |date=January 2016 |pmid=26813211 |doi=10.1001/jama.2015.18392 }}</ref><ref name=US2016Peds>{{cite journal |vauthors=Siu AL |title=Screening for Depression in Children and Adolescents: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=164 |issue=5 |pages=360–6 |date=March 2016 |pmid=26858097 |doi=10.7326/M15-2957 }}</ref> pomwe kafukufuku wa[[Cochrane]] amapeza kuti mafunso amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza kuti adziwe ngati munthu ali ndi vutoli sapereka n'komwe njira zimene zingathandize munthuyo.<ref name=Gil2005>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gilbody S, House AO, Sheldon TA |title=Screening and case finding instruments for depression |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=4 |pages=CD002792 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16235301 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002792.pub2 }}</ref> <!--Treatment and course --> Komabe, anthu omwe ali ndi matendawa angathandizidwe ndithu ngati thandizo la [[psychotherapy|uphungu]] ndiponso mankhwala a [[antidepressant]]. <ref name=NIH2016/> Zikuoneka kuti mankhwala akuchipatala amathandiza ndithu, koma makamaka ngati matendawo akula kwambiri.<ref name="Fou2010">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fournier JC, DeRubeis RJ, Hollon SD, Dimidjian S, Amsterdam JD, Shelton RC, Fawcett J |title=Antidepressant drug effects and depression severity: a patient-level meta-analysis |journal=JAMA |volume=303 |issue=1 |pages=47–53 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20051569 |pmc=3712503 |doi=10.1001/jama.2009.1943 }}</ref><ref name="Kir2008">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kirsch I, Deacon BJ, Huedo-Medina TB, Scoboria A, Moore TJ, Johnson BT |title=Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: a meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration |journal=PLoS Medicine |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=e45 |date=February 2008 |pmid=18303940 |pmc=2253608 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050045 }}</ref> Sizikudziwika ngati mankhwala akuchipatala amawonjezeranso chiopsezo choti munthu angathe kudzipha.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Braun C, Bschor T, Franklin J, Baethge C |title=Suicides and Suicide Attempts during Long-Term Treatment with Antidepressants: A Meta-Analysis of 29 Placebo-Controlled Studies Including 6,934 Patients with Major Depressive Disorder |journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=171–9 |date=2016 |pmid=27043848 |doi=10.1159/000442293 }}</ref> Uphungu umene munthu angapatsidwe ungaphatikizepo [[wothandiza munthu kusintha khalidwe]] ndiponso [[wothandiza munthu kuti azichita zinthu ndi anthu ena]].<ref name=NIH2016/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Driessen E, Hollon SD |title=Cognitive behavioral therapy for mood disorders: efficacy, moderators and mediators |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=537–55 |date=September 2010 |pmid=20599132 |pmc=2933381 |doi=10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.005 }}</ref> Ngati njira zimenezi sizikuthandiza, mungayese njira ya [[electroconvulsive therapy]] ndipo imeneyi ingathe kuthandiza.<ref name=NIH2016/> Munthu yemwe akudwala matendawa angathenso kugonekedwa m'chipatala ngati zikuoneka kuti akhoza kudzipha ndipo angagonekedwe m'chipatalamo ngakhale kuti mwiniwakeyo sakugwirizana nazo.<ref>{{cite book |author=American Psychiatric Association |title=American Psychiatric Association Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Compendium 2006|publisher=American Psychiatric Pub|isbn=9780890423851|page=780|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zql0AqtRSrYC&pg=PA780|language=en|year=2006}}</ref> <!-- Epidemiology, history, and society --> M'chaka cha 2015 chokha, anthu pafupifupi 216 miliyoni (atatu pa anthu 100 aliwonse padziko lonse) anadwala matenda a nkhawa.<ref name=GBD2015Pre/> M'dziko la Japan lokha, chiwerengero cha anthu amene amadwala matendawa pa nthawi inayake m'moyo wawo ndi 7 pa 100 aliwonse, pomwe ku France ndi 21 pa 100 aliwonse.<ref name="Kes2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kessler RC, Bromet EJ |title=The epidemiology of depression across cultures |journal=Annual Review of Public Health |volume=34 |pages=119–38 |date=2013 |pmid=23514317 |pmc=4100461 |doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114409 }}</ref> Anthu omwe amavutika matendawa kwa moyo wawo wonse [[m'mayiko olemera]] ndi ochuluka ndi 15 pa 100 aliwonse poyerekezera ndi anthu a [[m'mayiko osiyana]] omwe ndi 11 pa 100 aliwonse.<ref name=Kes2013/> Vutoli ndi lachiwiri pa matenda [[amene anthu amangokhala nawo kwa moyo wawo wonse]], ndipo amatenda omwe ali pamalo oyamba ndi [[matenda a msana]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators |title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 |journal=Lancet |volume=386 |issue=9995 |pages=743–800 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26063472 |pmc=4561509 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4 }}</ref> Anthu ambiri amadwala amatenda a nkhawa akafika zaka za m'ma 20 ndi 30.<ref name=DSM5/><ref name=Kes2013/> Ndipo akazi ndi amene amadwala kwambiri matendawa poyerekezera ndi amuna.<ref name=DSM5>{{citation|author=American Psychiatric Association|year=2013|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|location=Arlington|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|pages=160–168|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|edition=5th|url=https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/dsm-5|accessdate=22 July 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731072609/https://psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/dsm-5|archivedate=31 July 2016}}</ref><ref name=Kes2013/> Bungwe la [[American Psychiatric Association]] linaika "matenda ovutika kwambiri maganizo" pagulu la matenda lotchedwa ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]'' (DSM-III) mu 1980.<ref name=Her2008/> Gulu la matendali linagawidwa n'kupanga gulu lina la[[matenda a muubongo]] kuchoka m'gulu lomwe lija la DSM-II, lomwe mulinso matenda a [[dysthymia]] ndiponso [[matenda a nkhawa omwe amayamba chifukwa chosamukira kudera lina ndiponso kukhumudwa]].<ref name=Her2008>{{cite book|last1=Hersen|first1=Michel|last2=Rosqvist|first2=Johan |name-list-format=vanc |title=Handbook of Psychological Assessment, Case Conceptualization, and Treatment, Volume 1: Adults|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470173565|page=32|date=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zOBdVdjGf4oC&pg=PA32|language=en}}</ref> Anthu omwe akupezeka ndi matendawa panopa komanso omwe anapezeka nawo kale akhoza [[kumasalidwa]]. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Strakowski|first1=Stephen M.|last2=Nelson|first2=Erik | name-list-format=vanc |title=Major Depressive Disorder|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190206185|page=Chapter 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dz8FCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT9|language=en|chapter=Introduction|year=2015}}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ===Cited works=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders |edition=Fourth Edition, Text Revision: DSM-IV-TR |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. |location=Washington, DC |year=2000a|isbn=978-0-89042-025-6|ref=CITEREFAmerican_Psychiatric_Association2000a |author=American Psychiatric Association}} * {{cite book |vauthors=Barlow DH, Durand VM |title=Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach (5th ed.) |publisher=Thomson Wadsworth |location=Belmont, CA, USA |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-534-63356-1|ref=CITEREFBarlow2005}} * {{cite book |vauthors=Beck AT, Rush J, Shaw BF, Emery G |title=Cognitive Therapy of depression |publisher=Guilford Press |location=New York, NY, USA |year=1987|origyear=1979 |isbn=978-0-89862-919-4|ref=CITEREFBeck1987}} * {{cite book |author=Hergenhahn BR|title=An Introduction to the History of Psychology |edition=5th |publisher=Thomson Wadsworth |location=Belmont, CA, USA |year=2005|isbn=978-0-534-55401-9|ref=CITEREFHergenhahn2005}} * {{cite book |vauthors=May R |title=The discovery of being: Writings in existential psychology |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |location=New York, NY, USA |year=1994|isbn=978-0-393-31240-9|ref=CITEREFMay1994}} * {{cite book |last1=Hadzi-Pavlovic |first1=Dusan |last2=Parker |first2=Gordon |name-list-format=vanc |title=Melancholia: a disorder of movement and mood: a phenomenological and neurobiological review |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-47275-3|ref=CITEREFParker1996}} * {{cite book |title=British National Formulary (BNF 56) |author=Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain |year=2008 |publisher=BMJ Group and RPS Publishing |location=UK |isbn=978-0-85369-778-7 |url=http://www.bnf.org/bnf/ |ref=CITEREFRoyal_Pharmaceutical_Society_of_Great_Britain2008 |access-date=12 December 2018 |archive-date=13 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513222626/http://www.bnf.org/bnf/ |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last1=Sadock |first1=Virginia A. |last2=Sadock |first2=Benjamin J. |last3=Kaplan |first3=Harold I. |name-list-format=vanc |title=Kaplan & Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry: behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry |url=https://archive.org/details/kaplansadockssyn09edsado |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Philadelphia |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7817-3183-6|ref=CITEREFSadock2002}} {{refend}} ==External links== {{Medical condition classification and resources |DiseasesDB=3589 |ICD10={{ICD10|F|32||f|30}}, {{ICD10|F|33||f|30}} |ICD9={{ICD9|296.2}}, {{ICD9|296.3}} |ICDO= |OMIM=608516 |MedlinePlus=003213 |eMedicineSubj=med |eMedicineTopic=532 |MeshID=D003865 }} {{Spoken Wikipedia|Mdd2 003.ogg|2014-10-06}} * {{dmoz|Health/Mental_Health/Disorders/Mood/Depression|Depression}} {{Mental and behavioural disorders|selected=mood}} {{Mood disorders}} {{Featured article}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Bipolar spectrum]] [[Category:Mood disorders]] [[Category:Depression (psychology)]] [[Category:Psychiatric diagnosis]] [[Category:RTT]] [[Category:History of mental health]] [[Category:RTTNEURO]] gtqe6o44s6gg3w8xny4rs8gym4mwdh2 0 4831 71905 71872 2026-08-23T21:32:29Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260823)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hatnote|"OCD" redirects here. For other uses, see [[OCD (disambiguation)]]. Not to be confused with [[Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder]].}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}} {{Use American English|date=December 2017}} {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Matenda a muubongo okonda kuchita zinthu mobwerezabwereza (OCD) | image = OCD handwash.jpg | caption = Anthu ena omwe ali ndi OCD amakonda kusamba m'manja mobwerezabwereza | field = [[Vuto la muubongo]] | symptoms = Amaona kuti akufunika kufufuza zinthu mobwerezabwereza, amachita [[zinthu modzidzimukira|amachita zinthu zina mobwerezabwereza]], [[kaganizidwe kobwerezabwereza| kuganiza zinthu mobwerezabwereza]]<ref name=NIH2015 /> | complications = [[vuto lochita zinthu zinazake mobwerezabwereza|Kuchita zinthu mobwerezabwereza]], [[matenda a nkhawa]], [[kudzipha]]<ref name=DSM5 /><ref name=Ang2015 /> | onset = Zaka 35 zisanakwane <ref name=NIH2015 /><ref name=DSM5 /> | duration = | causes = Sizikudziwika<ref name=NIH2015 /> | risks = [[Kuchitira nkhanza ana]], [[kupanikizika maganizo]]<ref name=DSM5 /> | diagnosis = Malinga ndi zizindikiro<ref name=DSM5 /> | differential = Matenda a nkhawa, [[matenda ovutika kwambiri maganizo]], [[vuto lokonda kukhumudwa]], [[matenda ochita zinthu modzidzimukira komanso mobwerezabwereza]]<ref name=DSM5 /> | prevention = | treatment = [[kuthandiza anthu ovutika maganizo|Uphungu]], [[mankhwala a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]], [[mankhwala a tricyclic antidepressant|tricyclic antidepressants]]<ref name=NEJM2014 /><ref name=Ve2014 /> | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = 2.3%<ref name=Good2014 /> | deaths = }} <!-- Definition and symptoms --> '''Matenda a muubongo ochititsa munthu kuchita zinthu mobwerezabwereza [Obsessive–compulsive disorder ''' ('''OCD''')] ali m’gulu la [[matenda a maganizo]] amene amachititsa munthu kuchita zinthu zinazake [[mobwerezabwereza]] (kukhala ndi "khalidwe"), kapena munthuyo amakhala ndi [[maganizo enaake mobwerezabwereza]] ("chizolowezi").<ref name=NIH2015 /> Kwa nthawi yaitali ndithu, anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli amalephera kulamulira maganizo ndiponso zochita zawo. <ref name=NIH2015 /> Ambiri mwa anthu omwe ali ndi matendawa amakonda [[kusamba m’manja]], kuwerenga zinthu, ndiponso kufufuza mobwerezabwereza kuti aone ngati chitseko chakhomedwa ndi loko.<ref name=NIH2015 /> Ena amakhala ndi vuto lotaya zinthu. <ref name=NIH2015 /> Anthu osiyanasiyana amachita zinthuzi pa mlingo wosiyanasiyananso, ndipo moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa anthuwo umasokonezeka. <ref name=NIH2015>{{cite web|title=What is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/index.shtml|website=U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH)|author=The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)|date=January 2016|accessdate=24 July 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723194024/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/index.shtml|archivedate=23 July 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Nthawi yomwe munthu yemwe ali ndi vutoli amawononga akuchita zinthu mobwerezabwereza ingakhale yambiri ndithu mpaka kuposa ola limodzi patsiku. <ref name=DSM5>{{cite book|title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5|date=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|location=Washington|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|pages=237–242|edition=5}}</ref> Anthu akuluakulu ambiri omwe ali ndi matendawa amazindikira ndithu kuti khalidwe lawo lochita zinthu mobwerezabwereza ndi lachilendo. <ref name=NIH2015 /> Anthu amene ali matendawa nthawi zina angakhalenso ndi mavuto ena monga [[kusuntha kapena kunjenjemera mosalamulirika kwa mbali zina za thupi lawo]], [[kuda nkhawa kwambiri]], ndiponso kukhala pachiopsezo chachikulu chofuna [[kudzipha]].<ref name=DSM5 /><ref name=Ang2015>{{cite journal|last1=Angelakis|first1=I|last2=Gooding|first2=P|last3=Tarrier|first3=N|last4=Panagioti|first4=M|title=Suicidality in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD): A systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=Clinical Psychology Review|date=25 March 2015|volume=39|pages=1–15|pmid=25875222|doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2015.03.002}}</ref> <!-- Cause and diagnosis --> Chomwe chimayambitsa matendawa sichikudziwika. <ref name=NIH2015 /> Koma zikuoneka kuti munthu angathe [[kuyamwira]] matendawa kuchokera kumtundu makamaka ngati ali [[mapasa ofanana]] koma mapasa omwe si ofanana sakhala pachiopsezo chachikulu choti angathe kuyamwira matendawa.<ref name=DSM5 /> Zina mwa zochitika pamoyo wa munthu zimene zingayambitse matendawa zingakhale [[kuchitiridwa nkhanza uli mwana]], kapenanso kukumana ndi [[zoopsa]] pamoyo.<ref name=DSM5 /> Zikuonekanso kuti anthu ena amayamba kudwala matenda a OCD pambuyo poti anadwala matenda ena oyambitsidwa ndi [[majeremusi|tizilombo]].<ref name=DSM5 /> Madokotala amatha kudziwa kuti munthu ali ndi matenda a OCD akaona zizindikiro zimene munthuyo akusonyeza zomwe ndi zosiyana ndi zamatenda ena kapena za zotsatirapo za mankhwala amene munthu akumwa. <ref name=DSM5 /> Masikelo oyezera zinthu zosiyanasiyana, monga ya [[Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale]] (Y-BOCS) ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pofuna kudziwa kukula kwa matendawa.<ref name="Fenske_2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fenske JN, Schwenk TL | title = Obsessive compulsive disorder: diagnosis and management | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 80 | issue = 3 | pages = 239–45 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19621834 | doi = | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0801/p239.html | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140512222223/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0801/p239.html | archivedate = 12 May 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Matenda ena amene zizindikiro zake zingafanane ndi za OCD ndi matenda a nkhawa, [[matenda ovutika maganizo]], [[matenda ovutika kudya]], [[matenda ochititsa ziwala zina za thupi kusuntha kapena kunjenjemera mosalamulirika]], ndiponso [[matenda ochititsa munthu kumasinthasintha khalidwe]].<ref name=DSM5 /> <!-- Treatment and prognosis --> Thandizo lomwe lingathandize munthu wodwala OCD ndi monga [[kulandira uphungu|uphungu]], monga [[wothandiza munthu kusintha khalidwe]] (CBT), ndiponso nthawi zina mankhwala a [[antidepressants]] monga [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor|selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]] (SSRI) kapenanso [[clomipramine]].<ref name=NEJM2014 /><ref name=Ve2014 /> Wodwala amapatsidwa uphungu woti aziona kapena kukhala pafupi ndi zinthu zimene zimachititsa kuti OCD iyambe koma asamachite chilichonse. <ref name=NEJM2014>{{cite journal | author = Grant JE | title = Clinical practice: Obsessive-compulsive disorder. | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2014-08-14_371_7/page/646 | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 371 | issue = 7 | pages = 646–53 | date = 14 August 2014 | pmid = 25119610 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMcp1402176}}</ref> Ngakhale kuti zikuoneka kuti mankhwala amathandiza kuti matendawa achepe, zikuonekanso kuti mankhwalawo amayambitsa mavuto ena aakulu, choncho wodwala angapatsidwe mankhwala pokhapokha ngati uphungu sukuthandiza. <ref name=NEJM2014 /> Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala a [[Atypical antipsychotic|Atypical antipsychotics]] angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwonjezera pa mankhwala a SSRI ngati wodwalayo akuoneka kuti akuvutika kwambiri, ngakhale kuti wodwalayo angakumanenso ndi mavuto ena obwera chifukwa cha mankhwalawo. <ref name=Ve2014>{{cite journal |last=Veale |first= D|last2= Miles|first2=S |last3=Smallcombe |first3= N|last4=Ghezai |first4=H |last5=Goldacre |first5=B|last6=Hodsoll |first6=J |date=29 November 2014 |title=Atypical antipsychotic augmentation in SSRI treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. |journal=BMC Psychiatry|publisher= |volume= 14|issue= |pages=317 |doi=10.1186/s12888-014-0317-5 |pmid=25432131 |pmc=4262998}}</ref><ref name=Dec2010>{{cite journal |vauthors=Decloedt EH, Stein DJ | title = Current trends in drug treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder | journal = Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat | volume = 6 | issue = |pages = 233–42 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20520787 | pmc = 2877605 | doi = 10.2147/NDT.S3149}}</ref> Ngati munthu sangalandire thandizo, akhoza kukhala ndi matendawa kwa zaka zambiri. <ref name=DSM5 /> <!-- Epidemiology, Society and Culture --> Padziko lonse, 2.3 peresenti ya anthu amadwala kapena anadwalapo matenda a OCD pa nthawi inayake pa moyo wawo. <ref name=Good2014>{{cite journal|last1=Goodman|first1=WK|last2=Grice|first2=DE|last3=Lapidus|first3=KA|last4=Coffey|first4=BJ|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychiatric-clinics-of-north-america_2014-09_37_3/page/n14|journal=The Psychiatric clinics of North America|date=September 2014|volume=37|issue=3|pages=257–67|pmid=25150561|doi=10.1016/j.psc.2014.06.004}}</ref> Ndipo anthu odwala matendawa chaka chilichonse ndi 1.2 peresenti. <ref name=DSM5 /> Sizichitika kawirikawiri kuti munthu amene wayamba kudwala matendawa atafika zaka 35 azisonyeza zizindikiro zake; hafu ya odwala amayamba kusonyeza zizindikiro asanakwanitse zaka 20. <ref name=NIH2015 /><ref name=DSM5 /> Matendawa amagwira amuna ndi akazi mofanana. <ref name=NIH2015 /> M’zilankhulo zina, nthawi zina mawu akuti ''kuchita zinthu mobwerezabwereza'' angagwiritsidwe ntchito pofotokoza zinthu zina zosakhudzana ndi matenda a OCD; mwina ponena za munthu yemwe amakonda kuchita zinthu zinazake, mosamala kwambiri [[Mosalakwitsa|mosafuna kulakwitsa]], ndi mtima wonse, komanso mosalola kudodometsedwa.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bynum|first1=W.F.|last2=Porter|first2=Roy|last3=Shepherd|first3=Michael|title=The anatomy of madness : essays in the history of psychiatry|date=1985|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-32382-6|pages=166–187|chapter=Obsessional Disorders: A Conceptual History. Terminological and Classificatory Issues.}}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == {{Medical resources | DiseasesDB = 33766 | DiseasesDB_mult = | ICD10 = {{ICD10|F|42||f|40}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|300.3}} | ICDO = | OMIM =164230 | MedlinePlus = 000929 | eMedicineSubj = article | eMedicineTopic = 287681 | eMedicine_mult = | MeshID = D009771 }} {{clear}} {{Commons category}} *{{dmoz|Health/Mental_Health/Disorders/Anxiety/Obsessive-Compulsive/}} *[http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/index.shtml National Institute Of Mental Health] *[https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/ocd/what-is-obsessive-compulsive-disorder American Psychiatric Association] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202423/https://www.div12.org/psychological-treatments/disorders/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/ APA Division 12 treatment page for obsessive-compulsive disorder] *{{cite book |author=Davis, Lennard J. |title=Obsession: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/obsessionhistory00davi_0 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-226-13782-7}} {{Mental and behavioral disorders|selected = neurotic}} {{Obsessive–compulsive disorder}} {{OCD pharmacotherapies}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Obsessive compulsive disorder}} [[Category:Obsessive–compulsive disorder| ]] [[Category:Habit and impulse disorders]] [[Category:Magical thinking]] [[Category:Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders]] [[Category:Ritual]] [[Category:Psychiatric diagnosis]] [[Category:RTT]] [[Category:Anxiety]] [[Category:RTTNEURO]] 41e0nqfmt1tqc4zqydob6i5fltmwyqx 0 4835 71908 71859 2026-08-23T21:33:31Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260823)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71908 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kudzipha''' ndi chinthu chimene munthu amachita pochotsa moyo wake mwadala n'cholinga choti [[afe]].<ref name=Sted2006>{{cite book |title=Stedman's Medical Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/stedmansmedicald0000sted_u1n5 |year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-7817-3390-8 |edition=28th}}</ref> [[Matenda aakulu ovutika maganizo|Kuvutika maganizo]], [[matenda ovutika maganizo]], [[matenda a maganizo]], [[matenda okhudza khalidwe|matenda okhudza makhalidwe]], ndiponso [[kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo]] – kuphatikizapo [[kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa]] ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a[[Benzodiazepine|benzodiazepine]], ndi zina mwa zinthu zimene zimachititsa kuti munthu adziphe.<ref name=WHO2016/><ref name=Hawton2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hawton K, van Heeringen K | title = Suicide | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-18-24-2009_373_9672/page/1372 | journal = Lancet | volume = 373 | issue = 9672 | pages = 1372–81 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19376453 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X }}</ref><ref name=Dod2017>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dodds TJ | title = Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature | journal = The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28257172 | doi = 10.4088/PCC.16r02037 }}</ref> Anthu ena amadzipha ngati [[njra yachidule|njira yachidule]] yothawira mavuto monga [[azachuma]], mavuto obwera chifukwa chosagwirizana [[kusagwirizana ndi anthu ena|maubale]], kapenanso [[kuvutitsidwa ndi anthu ena]].<ref name=WHO2016/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bottino SM, Bottino CM, Regina CG, Correia AV, Ribeiro WS | title = Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review | journal = Cadernos De Saude Publica | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 463–75 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25859714 | doi = 10.1590/0102-311x00036114 }}</ref> Anthu amene achitapo zinthu zosonyeza kuti ankafuna kudzipha ndi amene ali pa chiopsezo chachikulu choti angathe kudzipha nthawi ina m'tsogolomu.<ref name=WHO2016/> Pali njira zambiri zothandiza munthu kuti [[asadziphe]] ndipo zina mwa njirazi ndi kuchita zinthu zoti munthu yemwe angadzipheyo asapeze zinthu monga [[mfuti]], mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndiponso poizoni. Njira zinanso ndi kupereka thandizo la chipatala kwa munthu amene ali ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo; kuthandiza munthuyo kuti amve [[uthenga umene ukufalitsidwa moyenerera|uthenga]] kudziwitsa anthu ena ngati munthu wina akufuna kudzipha, ndiponso kuchita zinthu zothandiza kuti zachuma ziyambe kuyenda bwino pa moyo.<ref name=WHO2016>{{cite web|title=Suicide Fact sheet N°398|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|website=WHO|access-date=3 March 2016|date=April 2016|deadurl=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192347/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|archive-date=4 March 2016|df=}}</ref> Ngakhale kuti pali [[malo oimbira foni ulere]] ambiri, umboni ukusonyeza kuti malowa sakuthandiza kwenikweni.<ref name=Sak2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sakinofsky I | title = The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses | journal = Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie | volume = 52 | issue = 6 Suppl 1 | pages = 7S-20S | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17824349 }}</ref> <!--Method --> Njira zofala kwambiri zimene anthu amagwiritsa ntchito [[podzipha|podziphera]] zimasiyanasiyana m'mayiko osiyanasiyananso.<ref name=Yip2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yip PS, Caine E, Yousuf S, Chang SS, Wu KC, Chen YY | title = Means restriction for suicide prevention | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_june-23-29-2012_379_9834/page/2393 | journal = Lancet | volume = 379 | issue = 9834 | pages = 2393–9 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22726520 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60521-2 }}</ref> Zina mwa njira zodziphera zimene anthu amagwiritsa ntchito kawirikawiri ndi monga [[kudzimangirira]], [[kumwa poizoni]], ndiponso kudziwombera ndi [[mfuti]].<ref name=WHO2016/><ref name=Aj2008>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M, Hepp U, Bopp M, Gutzwiller F, Rössler W | title = Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 86 | issue = 9 | pages = 726–32 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18797649 | pmc = 2649482 | doi = 10.2471/BLT.07.043489 }}</ref> Padziko lonse, m'chaka cha 2015 chokha, anthu 828,000 anadzipha, ndipo chiwerengerochi ndi chokwera kwambiri tikayerekezera ndi anthu 712,000 omwe anadzipha mu 1990.<ref name=GBD2015De/><ref name=GDB2013>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 | journal = Lancet | volume = 385 | issue = 9963 | pages = 117–71 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25530442 | pmc = 4340604 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 }}</ref> Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti pa zinthu zimene [[zikuchititsa imfa kwambiri]] padziko lonse lapansi, kudzipha kuli pa nambala 10.<ref name=Hawton2009/><ref name=Var2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Värnik P | title = Suicide in the world | journal = International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 760–71 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22690161 | pmc = 3367275 | doi = 10.3390/ijerph9030760 }}</ref> <!-- Demographics --> Chaka chilichonse, anthu pafupifupi 0.5-1.4% amadzipha, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti anthu 12 pa 100,000 amadzipha chaka chilichonse.<ref name=Var2012/><ref name=EB2011/> Anthu atatu pa anthu anayi alionse amene amadzipha padziko lonse amakhala a [[m’mayiko amene akukwera kumene pa nkhani ya chuma|kapena ochokera m’mayiko osauka]].<ref name=WHO2016/> Ndipo kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti azibambo ambiri amadzipha poyerekezera ndi azimayi, ndipo chiwerengero cha azibambo odziphawo n’chokwera ndi 1.5 [[m’mayiko osauka]], koma m’mayiko olemera, chiwerengerochi chimafika pa 3.5.<ref name=WHO2014Pre/> M’madera ambiri, anthu omwe apitirira zaka 70 ndi amene amakonda kudzipha. Koma m’madera ena, anthu a zaka zoyambira pa 15 mpaka 30 ndi omwe amadzipha kwambiri.<ref name=WHO2014Pre>{{cite book|title=Preventing suicide: a global imperative|date=2014|publisher=WHO|isbn=9789241564779|pages=7, 20, 40}}</ref> Mwachitsanzo, mu 2015 anthu ochuluka kwambiri amene anadzipha anali a ku Ulaya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|title=Suicide rates per (100 000 population)|website=World Health Organization}}</ref> Ndipo zikuoneka kuti chaka chilichonse, anthu oyambira pa 10 miliyoni mpaka 20 miliyoni [[Amachita zinthu zofuna kudzipha|amachita zinthu zofuna kudzipha]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A | title = Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective | journal = World Psychiatry | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = 181–5 | date = October 2002 | pmid = 16946849 | pmc = 1489848 }}</ref> Anthu omwe anayesera kudzipha koma sanafe nthawi zambiri amavulala ngakhalenso kulumala kumene.<ref name=EB2011/> M’mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi ku America, anthu ochuluka zedi amene amadzipha kapena kuchita zinthu zofuna kudzipha amakhala achinyamata ndiponso akazi.<ref name=EB2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chang B, Gitlin D, Patel R | title = The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies | journal = Emergency Medicine Practice | volume = 13 | issue = 9 | pages = 1–23; quiz 23–4 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 22164363 }}</ref> <!--History, society and culture --> Anthu amadzipha pazifukwa [[zosiyanasiyana]]monga zokhudza chipembedzo, [[kufuna ulemu]], kapenanso [[kukhala ndi moyo wopanda tanthauzo]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tomer|first1=Adrian | name-list-format = vanc |title=Existential and Spiritual Issues in Death Attitudes|date=2013|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9781136676901|page=282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&pg=PA282 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ritzer |first1=edited by George |last2=Stepnisky |first2=Jeffrey | name-list-format = vanc |title=The Wiley-Blackwell companion to major social theorists |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Malden, MA |isbn=9781444396607 |page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&pg=PA65 }}</ref> [[Chipembedzo cha Abulahamu]] chimaona kuti kudzipha ndi [[tchimo|lochimwira Mulungu]], ndipo anthu a m’chipembedzochi amakhulupirira zimenezi chifukwa [[amaona kuti moyo ndi wopatulika]].<ref>{{cite book|title=God, Religion, Science, Nature, Culture, and Morality|date=2014|publisher=Archway Publishing|isbn=9781480811249|page=254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA254 }}</ref> M'nthawi ya [[chisamurai]] ku Japan, mwambo wodzipha wotchedwa [[seppuku]] (''harakiri'') unkaonedwa kuti ndi wovomerezeka chikwa anthu ankakhulupirira kuti ndi njira yokonzera zimene munthu walakwitsa kapenanso kuti njira yochitira zionetsero zosonyeza kusakondwa ndi zinazake.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Colt|first1=George Howe|title=The enigma of suicide|date=1992|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|isbn=9780671760717|page=139|edition=1st Touchstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&pg=PA139 }}</ref> Mwambo winanso wotchedwa [[Sati (mwambo)|Sati]], womwe unathetsedwa ndi a [[British Raj]], unkachitika m’njira yakuti [[Namfedwa#Anamfedwa a ku malinga ndi chikhalidwe chawo|namfedwa wamkazi wa ku Indiya]] ankafunika [[kudziponya pamoto|kudzipha]] podziponya pamoto [[maliro a mwamuna wake|wa maliro a mwamuna wake]]. Mkaziyo ankafunika kuchita zimenezi kaya mwakufuna kwake kapena mochita kukakamizidwa ndi achibale ake ngakhalenso anthu ena.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml |title=Indian woman commits sati suicide |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=2002-08-07 |access-date=2010-08-26 |deadurl=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202101233/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml |archive-date=2011-02-02 |df= }}</ref> M’mbuyomu, mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya ndi ku America anali ndi lamulo loletsa kudzipha komanso kuchita zinthu zofuna kudzipha, koma masiku ano, lamulo limeneli linathetsedwa m’mayikowo.<ref name=White2010>{{cite book|last=White | first = Tony | name-list-format = vanc |title=Working with suicidal individuals : a guide to providing understanding, assessment and support|year=2010|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|location=London|isbn=978-1-84905-115-6|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&pg=PT12 }}</ref> Komabe, mayiko ambiri [[#ali ndi lamulo loletsa kudzipha|ngakhalenso kuchita zinthu zosonyeza kuti munthu akufuna kudzipha]].<ref name=Islam2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lester D | title = Suicide and islam | journal = Archives of Suicide Research | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 77–97 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16287698 | doi = 10.1080/13811110500318489 }}</ref> M’zaka za m’ma 1900 komanso m’ma 2000, anthu ena akhala akudzipha mwa apo ndi apo ngati njira yochitira ziwonetsero zosonyeza kusakondwa ndi zinazake ndipo njira yodzipherayi imatchedwa [[kamikaze]]komanso zigawenga zakhala [[zikudzipha pophulitsa mabomba a timkenawo]] komanso pofuna kupha anthu ena.{{TOC limit|3}} <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Aggarwal N | title = Rethinking suicide bombing | journal = Crisis | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = 94–7 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19525169 | doi = 10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94 }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == {{Library resources box}} * {{cite book |author=Gambotto, Antonella |title=[[The Eclipse: A Memoir of Suicide]] |publisher=Broken Ankle Books |location=Australia |year=2004 |isbn=0-9751075-1-8}} *{{Cite book|title=Suicide in Nazi Germany |first=Christian |last=Goeschel | name-list-format = vanc |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=0-19-953256-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIjccRg7_UYC&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5 |ref=harv}} == External links == {{Medical condition classification and resources| ICD10 = {{ICD10|X60-X84}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|E950}} | DiseasesDB=12641 | MedlinePlus = 001554 | eMedicineSubj = article | eMedicineTopic = 288598 | MeshName = Suicide | MeshNumber = F01.145.126.980.875 }} [[Category:Suicide| ]] [[Category:Causes of death]] [[Category:RTT(full)]] [[Category:RTTNEURO]] q77wzmngfz4v36yxw13xbp0xz0adw23 0 5484 71904 71871 2026-08-23T21:32:01Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260823)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 71904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Hepatitis A | Image = Jaundice eye.jpg | Caption = A case of jaundice caused by hepatitis A | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|15||b|15}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|070.0}}, {{ICD9|070.1}} | DiseasesDB = 5757 | MedlinePlus = 000278 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 991 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|ped|977}} | MeshID = D006506 }} '''Hepataitisi A''' (matenda omwe poyamba ankatchedwa '''matenda opatsirana a hepataitisi''') ndi [[Acute (medical)|matenda opatsirana]] omwe amagwira [[liver|chiwindi]] ndipo amayambitsidwa ndi vailasi yotchedwa hepataitisi A (HAV).<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | url = https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3 | edition = 4th | pages = [https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3/page/541 541]–4 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-8385-8529-9 }}</ref> Ambiri mwa anthu amene ali ndi mavailasi amenewa, makamaka ana, amasonyeza zizindikiro zochepa kapena sasonyeza n'komwe zizindikiro za matendawa.<ref name=AFP2012/> Kwa anthu amene akusonyeza zizindikiro za matendawa, pamatenga milungu iwiri mpaka milungu 6 kuchokera pamene tizilomboti tinalowa m'thupi kuti zizindikiro ziyambe kuonekera.<ref name="pmid16271543">{{cite journal| author=Connor BA| title=Hepatitis A vaccine in the last-minute traveler| journal=Am. J. Med.| volume=118 |issue=Suppl 10A| pages=58S–62S| year=2005| pmid=16271543| doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.07.018}}</ref> Nthawi zambiri zizindikiro za matendawa zimaonekera kwa milungu 8 ndipo zina mwa zizindikirozo ndi: nseru, kusanza, kutsegula m'mimba, [[jaundice|khungu kuchita chikasu]], fkutentha thupi, komanso kumva kupweteka m'mimba.<ref name=AFP2012/> Pafupifupi anthu 10 mpaka 15 pa 100 aliwonse amene asonyeza zizindikiro za matendawa, zizindikirozo zimayambiranso pakatipa miyezi 6 kuchokera pamene tizilombo ta matendawa tinalowa m'thupi.<ref name=AFP2012/> Matendawa amatha [[Acute liver failure|kulepheretsa chiwindi kugwira bwino nthcito yake]] ndipo izi zimachitika makamaka kwa achikulire.<ref name=AFP2012/> <!-- Cause --> Kawirikawiri matendawa amafalikira ngati munthu wadya chakudya kapena kumwa madzi omwe akhudzidwa ndi nyansi za kuchimbudzi zomwe zili ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa.<ref name=AFP2012>{{cite journal|last=Matheny|first=SC|last2=Kingery |first2=JE|title=Hepatitis A.|journal=Am Fam Physician |date=1 December 2012|volume=86|issue=11|pages=1027–34; quiz 1010–2|pmid=23198670 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1201/p1027.html}}</ref> [[Shellfish|Nkhanu]] komanso ndiwo zina za m'gulu la nkhanu zomwe sizinaphikidwe mokwanira zimathanso kufalitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bellou | first1 = M. | last2 = Kokkinos | first2 = P. | last3 = Vantarakis | first3 = A. | title = Shellfish-borne viral outbreaks: a systematic review. | journal = Food Environ Virol | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 13–23 |date=March 2013 | doi = 10.1007/s12560-012-9097-6 | pmid = 23412719 }}</ref> Matendawa amatha kufalanso ngati munthu yemwe ali ndi matendawa akukhudzana kwambiri ndi anthu ena.<ref name=AFP2012/> Ngakhale kuti ana omwe ali ndi tizolombo toyambitsa matendawa sasonyeza zizindikiro zake, komabe anawo amatha kupatsira anthu ena matendawa.<ref name=AFP2012/> Matendawa akalowa m'thupi la munthu koyamba munthuyo n'kuchira, munthuwo sangadwalenso matendawa kwa moyo wake wonse ngakhale tizilombo tochuluka titalowa m'thupi mwake.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Hepatitis and Other Liver Diseases|year=2006|publisher=Infobase |isbn=9780816069903|page=105|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=HfPU99jIfboC&pg=PA105}}</ref> Zizindikiro za hepataitisi A n'zofanana ndi zizindikiro za matenda ena ambiri choncho pamafunika kuyeza magazi kuti madokotala atsimikizire ngati munthu ali ndi matendawa.<ref name=AFP2012/> Matenda a [[hepatitis|hepataitisi]] alipo mitundu yosiyanasiyana yokwanira 5 motengera mtundu wa vailasi umene umawayambitsa, monga: A, [[hepatitis B|B]], [[hepatitis C|C]], [[hepatitis D|D]], ndi [[hepatitis E|E]]. <!-- Prevention and Treatment --> [[hepatitis A vaccine|Katemera wa hepataitisi A]] amathandiza kwambiri kupewa matendawa.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=Irv2012>{{Cite journal | last1 = Irving | first1 = GJ. | last2 = Holden | first2 = J. | last3 = Yang | first3 = R. | last4 = Pope | first4 = D. | title = Hepatitis A immunisation in persons not previously exposed to hepatitis A. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 7 | issue = | pages = CD009051 | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009051.pub2 | pmid = 22786522 }}</ref> Mayiko ena amalimbikitsa kuti ana onse azilandira katemera wa matendawa nthawi ndi nthawi makamaka ngati ali m'madera amene matendawa ndi ofala kwambiri.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=WHO2013/> Zikuoneka kuti munthu akangolandira katemerayu kamodzi, amagwira ntchito m'thupi mwake kwa moyo wake wonse.<ref name=AFP2012/> Matendawa angapewedwe mosavuta potsatira njira zaukhondo monga [[hand washing|kusamba m'manja]] komanso kuphika zakudya m'njira yabwino.<ref name=AFP2012/> Matendawa alibe mankhwala, koma wodwala amapatsidwa mankhwala oti athane ndi zizindikiro za matendawa monga [[nausea|nseru]] kapena [[diarrhea|kutsegula m'mimba]].<ref name="AFP2012" /> Nthawi zambiri munthu yemwe ali ndi tizolombo toyambitsa matendawa amakhala bwinobwino popanda vuto lililonse la chiwindi.<ref name="AFP2012" /> Koma ngati matendawa achititsa kut chiwindi chiwonongeke n'kumalephera kugwira bwino ntchito, pangafunike [[liver transplantion|opaleshoni yochotsa chiwindicho n'kuika china]].<ref name=AFP2012/> <!-- Epidemiology --> Padziko lonse, anthu 1.5 miliyoni amasonyeza zizindikiro za matendawa chaka chilichonse<ref name=AFP2012/> ndipo zikuoneka kuti anthu mamiliyoni ambirimbiri amatenga tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa.<ref name=Was2006>{{cite journal|last=Wasley|first=A|author2=Fiore, A |author3=Bell, BP |title=Hepatitis A in the era of vaccination.|journal=Epidemiol Rev |year=2006|volume=28|pages=101–11|pmid=16775039 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxj012 |url=http://epirev.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/1/101.long}}</ref> Matendawa ndi ofala kwambiri m'madera amene ukhondo ndi wovuta komanso madzi aukhondo ndi osowa.<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Hepatitis A Fact sheet N°328|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs328/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=20 February 2014|date=July 2013}}</ref> [[developing world|M'mayiko amene akukwera kumene]], pafupifupi ana 90 pa 100 aliwonse amakhala atatenga tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa akamafika pokwanitsa zaka 10 zakubadwa, choncho sangadwale matendawa akafika pa msinkhu wauchikulire.<ref name=WHO2013/> M'mayiko amene ndi olemera ndithu, nthawi zambiri matendawa amafika pokhala mliri chifukwa ana m'mayiko oterewa salandira katemera wa matendawa komanso matupi awo amakhala asanazolowere tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa.<ref name=WHO2013/> Mu 2010, matenda a hepataitisi A anapha anthu okwana 102,000 padziko lonse.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |last2=Naghavi | first2=M |last3=Foreman | first3=K |last4=Lim | first4=S |last5=Shibuya | first5=K |last6=Aboyans | first6=V |last7=Abraham | first7=J |last8=Adair | first8=T |last9=Aggarwal | first9=R, |last10=Ahn | first10=SY |display-authors=etal}}</ref> Choncho panakhazikitsidwa [[World Hepatitis Day|Tsiku Lokumbukira Matenda a Hepataitisi Padziko Lonse]] lomwe ndi pa July 28 chaka chilichonse ndipo cholinga chake ndi kuthandiza anthu kuti adziwe za kuopsa kwa [[viral hepatitis|matenda a hepataitisi]].<ref name=WHO2013/> ==Malifalensi== <references /> l55zusjuizjz9l97olhad20ftav1ndk 0 9277 71896 71895 2026-08-23T14:35:41Z Icem4k 5186 71896 wikitext text/x-wiki Zisankho zazikulu zinachitika ku [[Zambia]] pa 13 Ogasiti 2026 kuti asankhe [[Purezidenti wa Zambia|purezidenti]], mamembala a Nyumba Yamalamulo, makhansala ndi apurezidenti a makhansala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-21 |title=Zambia ikuitana EU ngati wowonera zisankho zazikulu za 2026 |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/zambia-invites-eu-as-observer-to-2026-general-elections/3575445 |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=www.aa.com.tr |archive-date=18 Meyi 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260518221837/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/zambia-invites-eu-as-observer-to-2026-general-elections/3575445 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu chisankho cha purezidenti, purezidenti wakale [[Hakainde Hichilema]] wa [[United Party for National Development]] (UPND) anali kufuna nthawi yachiwiri. [[running mate]] wake anali wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wakale [[Mutale Nalumango]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daka |first=Precious |date=2026-04-13 |title=HH wapita popanda wotsutsa ngati purezidenti wa UPND |url=https://diggers.news/local/2026/04/13/hh-goes-unopposed-as-upnd-presidential-candidate/ |access-date=2026-08-14 |website=Zambia: News Diggers! |language=en-GB |archive-date=14 Ogasiti 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260814231304/https://diggers.news/local/2026/04/13/hh-goes-unopposed-as-upnd-presidential-candidate/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Panali oimira ena 13,<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |date=2026-08-10 |title=Kodi ndani omwe akupikisana kwambiri pa chisankho cha purezidenti ku Zambia? |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20260810-who-are-the-main-contenders-in-zambia-s-presidential-vote |access-date=2026-08-14 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> pomwe vuto lalikulu likuchokera kwa [[Brian Mundubile]] wa [[Tonse Alliance]] [[National Reconciliation Party for Unity and Prosperity]] (NRPUP), ndi womuyimira naye [[Makebi Zulu]].<ref name=":03" /> Hichilema adapambana chisankho mu gawo loyamba ndi 60.49% ya mavoti; Mundubile walandira 37.87%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hichilema wa ku Zambia wapambana nthawi yachiwiri monga purezidenti |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/8/18/zambias-hichilema-wins-second-term-as-president |access-date=2026-08-18 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=18 Ogasiti 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260818013952/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/8/18/zambias-hichilema-wins-second-term-as-president |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu Nyumba Yamalamulo, UPND idapambana mavoti ambiri, ndikupeza mipando 160 mwa mipando 278. NRPUP idabwera yachiwiri, ndi mipando 76. Odziyimira pawokha, zipani zazing'ono ndi mamembala osankhidwa mwachindunji adalandira mipando 42 yotsalayo. Mundubile adati [[Tanzania]] sanalowererepo pa chisankho. Adamangidwa mu chiwembu pamene mavoti anali kuwerengedwa, ndipo anakana kuvomereza zotsatira zake. Oyang'anira mayiko ena adanena kuti chisankhocho chinali chaufulu komanso chowonekera bwino, koma sichinali cholungama chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika chuma cha boma komanso zoletsa kampeni zotsutsa. Kuukira komweko komwe kunapangitsa kuti Mundubile amangidwe kunawona kumangidwa kwa anthu ena 10 ndi imfa ya Mutotwe Kafwaya, yemwe kale anali nduna.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Apolisi aku Zambia ayitanitsa mtsogoleri wotsutsa pambuyo pa chisankho chotsutsana |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/zambian-police-summon-opposition-leader-questioning-2026-08-21/ |last=Mfula |first=Chris |date=21 Ogasiti 2026 |access-date=22 Ogasiti 2026 |work=Reuters |lang=en |quote=Nduna yakale Mutotwe Kafwaya adawomberedwa ndi mfuti panthawi ya opaleshoni.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Boma lati khumi ndi mmodzi adagwidwa mu chiwembu cha asilikali aku Lusaka, Mundubile wapezeka pamalo owonetsera |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2026/08/17/government-says-eleven-held-in-lusaka-militia-raid-mundubile-found-at-scene/ |date=17 Ogasiti 2026 |access-date=22 Ogasiti 2026 |work=Lusaka Times |lang=en}}</ref> ==Zolemba== [[Category: Zisankho za 2026 ku Africa|Zambia]] [[Category: 2026 ku Zambia|Chisankho cha Purezidenti]] [[Category: Zisankho za Purezidenti ku Zambia]] em43f8foe5nwzeqzf0gtm6r43b7rlph