Wikipedia nywiki https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsamba_Lalikulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Kuchotsa mimba 0 3984 71979 49683 2026-09-25T00:06:39Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 71979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Kuchotsa mimba | Image =Abortion Laws.svg | Width = 350 | Caption =Abortion laws globally<ref name="UN2013info">{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/policy/WorldAbortionPolicies2013/WorldAbortionPolicies2013_WallChart.pdf|title=World Abortion Policies 2013|publisher=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division|accessdate=31 July 2013}}</ref> {{leftlegend|#3465a4|Legal on request}} {{leftlegend|#73d216|Legal with justification}} {{leftlegend|#edd400|Illegal except for maternal life, health, rape, or fetal defects}} {{leftlegend|#c17d11|Illegal except for maternal life, health, or rape}} {{leftlegend|#f57900|Illegal except for maternal life or health}} {{leftlegend|#cc0000|Illegal, no exceptions}} {{leftlegend|#2e3436|Varies}} {{leftlegend|#b9b9b9|No information}} | ICD10 = {{ICD10|O|04||o|00}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|779.6}} | DiseasesDB = 4153 | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 002912 | eMedicineSubj = article | eMedicineTopic = 252560 | MeshID = }} <!-- Terminology --> Mawu akuti '''kuchotsa mimba''' akutanthauza [[kuthetsa |moyo]] wa mwana [[wosabadwa| pochititsa kuti]] mwanayo [[achoke]] kapena[[ achotsedwe m'chiberekero]] nthawi yake [[yobadwa |isanakwane]]. Nthawi zina mimba imatha kuchoka yakha, ndipo zikatere amati mayi [[wapita padera]]. Nthawi zina munthu angasankhe zoti athetse moyo wa mwana wosabadwa ndipo zimenezi zikachitika, ndiye kuti wachotsa mimba. Mawu akuti ''kuchotsa mimba'' amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthawi imene munthu wachita kusankha yekha kuti athese moyo wa mwana wosabadwa. Ngati madokotala achotsa m'mimba mwa mayi mwana yemwe anatsala pang'ono kubadwa ndipo moyo wa mwanayo wathera pomwepo, amati "[[achotsa mimba mochedwa]]."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Grimes|first1=DA |last2=Stuart |first2=G |title=Abortion jabberwocky: the need for better terminology |journal=Contraception |year=2010 |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=93–6 |pmid=20103443 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2009.09.005}}</ref> <!-- Methods and safety --> Chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa ntchito zachipatala, madokotala amatha kuchita opaleshoni kapena kupereka mankhwala kwa mayi woyembekezera kuti mimba ichoke. Mankhwala a mitundu iwiri, omwe ndi [[mifepristone]] ndi [[prostaglandin]] ndi othandiza kwambiri mofanana ndi opaleshoni [[pa ndondomeko yoyamba yochotsera mimba]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kulier|first1=R|last2=Kapp|first2=N|last3=Gülmezoglu|first3=AM|last4=Hofmeyr|first4=GJ|last5=Cheng|first5=L|last6=Campana|first6=A|title=Medical methods for first trimester abortion.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=Nov 9, 2011|issue=11|pages=CD002855|pmid=22071804|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub4}}</ref><ref name=Kapp2013/> Ngakhale kuti kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala kumathandiza [[pa ndondomeko yachiwiri yochotsera mimba]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wildschut|first1=H|last2=Both|first2=MI|last3=Medema|first3=S|last4=Thomee|first4=E|last5=Wildhagen|first5=MF|last6=Kapp|first6=N|title=Medical methods for mid-trimester termination of pregnancy.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=Jan 19, 2011|issue=1|pages=CD005216|pmid=21249669|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005216.pub2}}</ref> opaleshoni ndi yomwe ikuoneka kuti ndi njira yabwino kwambiri.<ref name=Kapp2013/> [[Njira zolera]], kuphatikizapo [[mapilisi akumwa|mapilisi]] ndiponso [[kachipangizo kotchinga m'chiberekero]] zingathe kuyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito munthu akangochotsa mimba.<ref name=Kapp2013>{{cite journal|last1=Kapp|first1=N|last2=Whyte|first2=P|last3=Tang|first3=J|last4=Jackson|first4=E|last5=Brahmi|first5=D|title=A review of evidence for safe abortion care.|journal=Contraception|date=Sep 2013|volume=88|issue=3|pages=350–63|pmid=23261233|doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.10.027}}</ref> Kuchotsa mimba [[m'mayiko otukuka]] kumaonedwa kuti [[#Ndi njira yabwino|kuli m'gulu la njira zabwino kwambiri zachipatala]] ngati malamulo a dzikolo [[amaloleza|kuchotsa mimba]].<ref name="lancet-grimes">{{Cite journal |last1=Grimes |first1=D. A. |last2=Benson |first2=J. |last3=Singh |first3=S. |last4=Romero |first4=M. |last5=Ganatra |first5=B. |last6=Okonofua |first6=F. E. |last7=Shah |first7=I. H. |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69481-6 |title=Unsafe abortion: The preventable pandemic |journal=The Lancet |volume=368 |issue=9550 |pages=1908–1919 |year=2006 |pmid=17126724 |url=http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/general/lancet_4.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name=Ray2014>{{cite journal|last1=Raymond|first1=EG|last2=Grossman|first2=D|last3=Weaver|first3=MA|last4=Toti|first4=S|last5=Winikoff|first5=B|title=Mortality of induced abortion, other outpatient surgical procedures and common activities in the United States.|journal=Contraception|date=Nov 2014|volume=90|issue=5|pages=476–479|pmid=25152259|doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2014.07.012}}</ref> Kuchotsa mimba m'njira yovomerezeka ndi achipatala sikukhala ndi mavuta alionse aakulu okhudza kaganizidwe kapena thanzi la munthu.<ref name=BMJ2014/> [[Bungwe Loona Zaumoyo Padziko Lonse]] likuyesetsa kuti amayi onse padziko lapansili akhale ndi mwayi wotsatira njira zachipatala zosaopsa pochotsa mimba.<ref name=WHOPolicy2012>{{cite book|last1=Organization|first1=World Health|title=Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems|date=2012|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=9789241548434|page=8|edition=2nd ed.|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/70914/1/9789241548434_eng.pdf?ua=1}}</ref> [[Kuchotsa mimba m'njira yosatetezeka]] kumachititsa kuti amayi pafupifupi 47,000 [[azimwalira]] ndiponso<ref name=BMJ2014>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lohr | first1 = P. A. | last2 = Fjerstad | first2 = M. | last3 = Desilva | first3 = U. | last4 = Lyus | first4 = R. | title = Abortion | journal = BMJ | volume = 348 | page = f7553 | year = 2014 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.f7553}}</ref> kuti amayi 5 miliyoni azigonekedwa m'chipatala chaka chilichonse.<ref name=OBGY09>{{Cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=I. |last2=Ahman |first2=E. |title=Unsafe abortion: global and regional incidence, trends, consequences, and challenges |journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=1149–58 |date=December 2009 |pmid=20085681 |url=http://www.sogc.org/jogc/abstracts/full/200912_WomensHealth_1.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2017-05-25 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716212405/http://www.sogc.org/jogc/abstracts/full/200912_WomensHealth_1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <!-- Epidemiology --> Chaka chilichonse, moyo wa ana osabadwa okwana pafupifupi 44 miliyoni umathetsedwa mwa kuchotsa mimba padziko lonse, ndipo theka la anthu amene amachotsa mimbayo amachita zimenezi m'njira yosatetezeka.<ref name="Sedgh 2012">{{Cite journal |last1=Sedgh |first1=G. |last2=Singh |first2=S. |last3=Shah |first3=I. H. |last4=Åhman |first4=E. |last5=Henshaw |first5=S. K. |last6=Bankole |first6=A. |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61786-8 |title=Induced abortion: Incidence and trends worldwide from 1995 to 2008 |journal=The Lancet |volume=379 |issue=9816 |pages=625–632 |year=2012 |pmid=22264435 |url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/Sedgh-Lancet-2012-01.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref> Koma kuyambira mu 2003 mpaka mu 2008, chiwerengero cha kuchotsa mimba chinasintha pang'ono,<ref name="Sedgh 2012" /> pambuyo poti zaka zambiri zadutsa anthu akukanizidwa mwayi wamaphunziro okhudza [[kulalera]] ndiponso [[njira zolererazo]] zomwe zikupezeka mosavuta tsopano.<ref name="worldtrends2007">{{Cite journal |author=Sedgh G, Henshaw SK, Singh S, Bankole A, Drescher J |title=Legal abortion worldwide: incidence and recent trends |journal=Int Fam Plan Perspect |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=106–116 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17938093 |doi=10.1363/ifpp.33.106.07 |url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3310607.html |access-date=2017-05-25 |archive-date=2009-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090819122933/http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3310607.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{as of|2008}} Komanso amayi 40 pa 100 alionse ali ndi mwayi wothetsa moyo wamwana wosabadwa m'njira yovomerezeka ndi lamulo "popanda zoletsa".<ref name=IJGO10/> Komabe, pali zifukwa zina zimene zimachititsa kuti zikhale zosatheka kuthetsa moyo wa ana ena osabadwa.<ref name=IJGO10>{{Cite journal|author=Culwell KR, Vekemans M, de Silva U, Hurwitz M|title=Critical gaps in universal access to reproductive health: Contraception and prevention of unsafe abortion |journal=[[International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics]] |volume=110 |pages=S13–16 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20451196 |doi=10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.04.003}}</ref> <!-- History, society and culture --> Anthu anayamba kale kwambiri kuchotsa [[mimba malinga ndi mbiri|mbiri]]. Anthu akhala akutsatira njira zosiyanasiyana pochotsa mimba, monga kugwiritsa ntchito [[mankhwala ochotsera mimba|mankhwala azitsamba]], kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zakuthwa[[, kuzunza mayi kuti abereke mwana wakufa]], ndiponso [[kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ena azitsamba|njira za m'midzi]] ndipo zimenezi zakhala zikuchitika kuyambira kale kwambiri.<ref name="Management of Abortion, Chp 1">{{cite book|chapter=1. Abortion and medicine: A sociopolitical history|isbn=978-1-4443-1293-5|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.]]|year=2009|location=[[Oxford, United Kingdom]]|title=Management of Unintended and Abnormal Pregnancy|edition=1st|editors=MPaul, ES Lichtenberg, L Borgatta, DA Grimes, PG Stubblefield, MD Creinin|first=Carole|last=Joffe|url=http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/62/14051769/1405176962.pdf|format=PDF|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/62bppK1Iw?url=http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/62/14051769/1405176962.pdf|archivedate=21 October 2011|deadurl=no|access-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> Zinthu zokhudzana ndi [[lamulo lochotsa mimba| malamulo okhudza kuchotsa mimba]], kuchuluka kwa ana osabadwa amene moyo wawo ungathetsedwe, ndponso chikhalidwe ndi chipembedzo zimasiyanasiyana m'madera osiyanasiyananso padzikoli. Zinthu zina zimene zingachititse kuti kuchotsa mimba kukhale kovomerezeka mwalamulo ndi [[kugonana kwa pachibale]], kugwiriridwa, [[ ngati mwana wosabadwayo ali ndi mavuto aakulu|ngati mwana wosabadwa ali ndi mavuto aakulu]], mavuto okhudza chisamaliro ndiponso zachuma kapena moyo wa mayi uli pachiopsezo.<ref name="Dev98-07">{{Cite journal|last1=Boland |first1=R. |last2=Katzive |first2=L. |doi=10.1363/ifpp.34.110.08 |title=Developments in Laws on Induced Abortion: 1998–2007 |journal=International Family Planning Perspectives |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=110–120 |year=2008 |pmid=18957353 |url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3411008.html}}</ref> M'madera ambiri padzikoli anthu [[akutsutsana kwambiri pa nkhani ya kuchotsa mimbayi|kusiyana maganizo]]potengera zinthu monga[[chikhalidwe|chikhalidwe]], ndiponso nkhani zokhudza malamulo. Komanso pali anthu amene [[Apanga magulu odana ndi kuchotsa mimba|sagwirizana ndi kuchotsa mimba]] ndipo amanena kuti mwana wosabadwayo ndi munthu ndipo ali ndi [[ufulu wokhala moyo]] ndipo amanena kuti kuchotsa mimba n'chimodzimodzi ndi [[kupha munthu]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Pastor Mark Driscoll |title=What do 55 million people have in common? |publisher=Fox News |date=18 October 2013 |accessdate=2 July 2014 |url=http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2013/10/18/what-do-55-million-people-have-in-common/ |archive-date=31 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831022138/http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2013/10/18/what-do-55-million-people-have-in-common/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Dale Hansen |title=Abortion: Murder, or Medical Procedure? |publisher=Huffington Post |date=18 March 2014 |accessdate=2 July 2014 |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dale-hansen/abortion-murder-or-medica_b_4986637.html}}</ref> Koma anthu amene amane amagwirizana ndi [[Magulu olimbikitsa kuchotsa mimba|olimbikitsa kuchotsa mimba]] amanena kuti [[ munthu ali ndi ufulu pa nkhani zokhudza kubereka ana|mayi ali ndi ufulu wosankha zochita ndi chilichonse chimene chili m'thupi mwake]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sifris|first1=Ronli Noa|title=Reproductive Freedom, Torture and International Human Rights Challenging the Masculinisation of Torture.|date=2013|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=Hoboken|isbn=9781135115227|page=3|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=9pVWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3}}</ref> ndiponso amalimbikitsa [[ufulu wa anthu]] onse.<ref name=WHOPolicy2012/> ==Malifalensi== <references /> c5i8hlkm8yupdbt8lmxwiw4llghttqb UEFA Euro 2020 0 6465 71981 34417 2026-09-25T00:13:08Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 71981 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UEFA European Soccer Championship 2020''' (yemwenso amadziwika kuti '''UEFA Euro 2020''') inali 16e [[UEFA European Football Championship]]. Zinachitika pakati pa 11 Juni ndi 11 Julayi 2021. Zinachitikira m'mizinda 12 m'maiko 12 osiyanasiyana. Izi zidachitika chifukwa 2020 inali "tsiku lobadwa" la 60 la UEFA European Soccer Championship. Portugal ndiyo idateteza. Komabe, Italy idapambana mutu wawo wachiwiri itagonjetsa England. Masewerawa adayimitsidwa pakati pa 2021 pa 17 Marichi 2020 chifukwa cha mliri wa coronavirus. ==Zochitika== Masewera khumi ndi amodzi adzagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mpikisanowu. Masewera otsegulira adzachitikira ku Stadio Olimpico ku Italy. M'munsimu muli mndandanda wathunthu wamabwalo a masewera: * [[Allianz Arena]] ku Munich, [[Germany]] * Arena Națională ku Bucharest, [[Romania]] * Sitediyamu ya Olimpiki ku Baku, [[Azerbaijan]] * Hampden Park ku Glasgow, [[Scotland]] * Johan Cruyff Arena ku Amsterdam, [[Netherlands]] * Sitediyamu ya Krestovsky ku St. Petersburg, [[Russia]] * La Cartuja ku Seville, [[Spain]] * Bwalo la Parken ku Copenhagen, [[Denmark]] * Puskás Aréna ku Budapest, [[Hungary]] * Stadio Olimpico ku Roma, [[Italy]] * Sitediyamu ya Wembley ku [[London]], [[England]] == Group stage == === Group A === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Position"|Pos !width=210 |Team ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Played"|Pld ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Won"|W ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Drawn"|D ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Lost"|L ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Goals for"|GF ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Goals against"|GA ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Goal difference"|GD ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Points"|Pts |- style="background:#bbf3bb;" |1 |align=left|{{fb|Italy}} |3||3||0||0||7||0||+7||'''9''' |- bgcolor=#bbf3bb |2 |align=left|{{fb|Wales}} |3||1||1||1||3||2||+1||'''4''' |- bgcolor=#bbf3bb |3 |align=left|{{fb|Switzerland}} |3||1||1||1||4||5||–1||'''4''' |- style="background:;" |4 |align=left|{{fb|Turkey}} |3||0||0||3||1||8||–7||'''0''' |} {| style="width:100%;" cellspacing="1" |- !width=25%| !width=10%| ! |- |11 June 2021 |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|Turkey}}'''||align=center|'''0–3'''||'''{{fb|Italy}}''' |- |12 June 2021 |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|Wales}}'''|| style="text-align:center;"|'''1–1'''||'''{{fb|Switzerland}}''' |- |16 June 2021 |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|Turkey}}'''||align=center|'''0–2'''||'''{{fb|Wales}}''' |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|Italy}}'''||align=center|'''3–0'''||'''{{fb|Switzerland}}''' |- |20 June 2021 |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|Switzerland}}'''||align=center|'''3–1'''||'''{{fb|Turkey}}''' |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|Italy}}'''||align=center|'''1–0'''||'''{{fb|Wales}}''' |} === Group B === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Position"|Pos !width=210 |Team ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Played"|Pld ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Won"|W ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Drawn"|D ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Lost"|L ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Goals for"|GF ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Goals against"|GA ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Goal difference"|GD ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Points"|Pts |- bgcolor=#bbf3bb |1 |align=left|{{fb|Belgium}} |3||3||0||0||7||1||+6||'''9''' |- bgcolor=#bbf3bb |2 |align=left|{{fb|Denmark}} |3||1||0||2||5||4||+1||'''3''' |- |3 |align=left|{{fb|Finland}} |3||1||0||2||1||3||–2||'''3''' |- |4 |align=left|{{fb|Russia}} |3||1||0||2||2||7||–5||'''3''' |} {| style="width:100%;" cellspacing="1" |- !width=25%| !width=10%| ! |- |12 June 2021 |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|Denmark}}'''||align=center|'''0–1'''||'''{{fb|Finland}}''' |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|Belgium}}'''|| style="text-align:center;"|'''3–0'''||'''{{fb|Russia}}''' |- |16 June 2021 |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|Finland}}'''||align=center|'''0–1'''||'''{{fb|Russia}}''' |- |17 June 2021 |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|Denmark}}'''||align=center|'''1–2'''||'''{{fb|Belgium}}''' |- |21 June 2021 |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|Russia}}'''||align=center|'''1–4'''||'''{{fb|Denmark}}''' |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|Finland}}'''||align=center|'''0–2'''||'''{{fb|Belgium}}''' |} {{reflist|group=note}} === Group C === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Position"|Pos !width=210 |Team ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Played"|Pld ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Won"|W ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Drawn"|D ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Lost"|L ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Goals for"|GF ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Goals against"|GA ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Goal difference"|GD ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Points"|Pts |- bgcolor=#bbf3bb |1 |align=left|{{fb|Netherlands}} |3||3||0||0||8||2||+6||'''9''' |- bgcolor=#bbf3bb |2 |align=left|{{fb|Austria}} |3||2||0||1||4||3||+1||'''6''' |- bgcolor=#bbf3bb |3 |align=left|{{fb|Ukraine}} |3||1||0||2||4||5||−1||'''3''' |- bgcolor= |4 |align=left|{{fb|North Macedonia}} |3||0||0||3||2||8||−6||'''0''' |} {| style="width:100%;" cellspacing="1" |- !width=25%| !width=10%| ! |- |13 June 2021 |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|Austria}}'''||align=center|'''3–1'''||'''{{fb|North Macedonia}}''' |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|Netherlands}}'''|| style="text-align:center;"|'''3–2'''||'''{{fb|UKR}}''' |- |17 June 2021 |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|Ukraine}}'''||align=center|'''2–1'''||'''{{fb|North Macedonia}}''' |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|Netherlands}}'''||align=center|'''2–0'''||'''{{fb|Austria}}''' |- |21 June 2021 |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|North Macedonia}}'''||align=center|'''0–3'''||'''{{fb|NED}}''' |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|Ukraine}}'''||align=center|'''0–1'''||'''{{fb|Austria}}''' |} === Group D === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Position"|Pos !width=210 |Team ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Played"|Pld ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Won"|W ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Drawn"|D ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Lost"|L ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Goals for"|GF ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Goals against"|GA ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Goal difference"|GD ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Points"|Pts |- style="background:#bbf3bb;" |1 |align=left|{{fb|ENG}} |3||2||1||0||2||0||+2||'''7''' |- bgcolor=#bbf3bb |2 |align=left|{{fb|Croatia}} |3||1||1||1||4||3||+1||'''4''' |- style="background:#bbf3bb;" |3 |align=left|{{fb|Czech Republic}} |3||1||1||1||3||2||+1||'''4''' |- bgcolor= |4 |align=left|{{fb|SCO}} |3||0||1||2||1||5||−4||'''1''' |} {| style="width:100%;" cellspacing="1" |- !width=25%| !width=10%| ! |- |13 June 2021 |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|ENG}}'''||align=center|'''1–0'''||'''{{fb|Croatia}}''' |- |14 June 2021 |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|SCO}}'''|| style="text-align:center;"|'''0–2'''||'''{{fb|Czech Republic}}''' |- |18 June 2021 |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|Croatia}}'''||align=center|'''1–1'''||'''{{fb|Czech Republic}}''' |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|ENG}}'''||align=center|'''0–0'''||'''{{fb|SCO}}''' |- |22 June 2021 |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|Croatia}}'''||align=center|'''3–1'''||'''{{fb|SCO}}''' |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|Czech Republic}}'''||align=center|'''0–1'''||'''{{fb|ENG}}''' |} === Group E === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Position"|Pos !width=210 |Team ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Played"|Pld ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Won"|W ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Drawn"|D ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Lost"|L ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Goals for"|GF ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Goals against"|GA ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Goal difference"|GD ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Points"|Pts |- bgcolor=#bbf3bb |1 |align=left|{{fb|SWE}} |3||2||1||0||4||2||+2||'''7''' |- bgcolor=#bbf3bb |2 |align=left|{{fb|ESP}} |3||1||2||0||6||1||+5||'''5''' |- |3 |align=left|{{fb|Slovakia}} |3||1||0||2||2||7||−5||'''3''' |- bgcolor= |4 |align=left|{{fb|POL}} |3||0||1||2||4||6||−2||'''1''' |} {| style="width:100%;" cellspacing="1" |- !width=25%| !width=10%| ! |- |14 June 2021 |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|POL}}'''||align=center|'''1–2'''||'''{{fb|Slovakia}}''' |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|ESP}}'''|| style="text-align:center;"|'''0–0'''||'''{{fb|SWE}}''' |- |18 June 2021 |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|SWE}}'''||align=center|'''1–0'''||'''{{fb|Slovakia}}''' |- |19 June 2021 |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|ESP}}'''||align=center|'''1–1'''||'''{{fb|POL}}''' |- |23 June 2021 |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|Slovakia}}'''||align=center|'''0–5'''||'''{{fb|ESP}}''' |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|SWE}}'''||align=center|'''3–2'''||'''{{fb|POL}}''' |} === Group F === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Position"|Pos !width=210 |Team ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Played"|Pld ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Won"|W ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Drawn"|D ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Lost"|L ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Goals for"|GF ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Goals against"|GA ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Goal difference"|GD ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Points"|Pts |- style="background:#bbf3bb;" |1 |align=left|{{fb|FRA}} |3||1||2||0||4||3||+1||'''5''' |- bgcolor=#bbf3bb |2 |align=left|{{fb|GER}} |3||1||1||1||6||5||+1||'''4''' |- style="background:#bbf3bb;" |3 |align=left|{{fb|POR}} |3||1||1||1||7||6||+1||'''4''' |- bgcolor= |4 |align=left|{{fb|HUN}} |3||0||2||1||3||6||−3||'''2''' |} {| style="width:100%;" cellspacing="1" |- !width=25%| !width=10%| ! |- |15 June 2021 |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|HUN}}'''||align=center|'''0–3'''||'''{{fb|POR}}''' |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|FRA}}'''|| style="text-align:center;"|'''1–0'''||'''{{fb|GER}}''' |- |19 June 2021 |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|HUN}}'''||align=center|'''1–1'''||'''{{fb|FRA}}''' |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|POR}}'''||align=center|'''2–4'''||'''{{fb|GER}}''' |- |23 June 2021 |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|POR}}'''||align=center|'''2–2'''||'''{{fb|FRA}}''' |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{fb-rt|GER}}'''||align=center|'''2–2'''||'''{{fb|HUN}}''' |} === Ranking of 3rd place teams === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Position"|Pos !width=210 |Team ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Played"|Pld ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Won"|W ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Drawn"|D ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Lost"|L ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Goals for"|GF ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Goals against"|GA ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Goal difference"|GD ! style="width:30px;" abbr="Points"|Pts |- bgcolor=#bbf3bb |1 |align=left|{{fb|Czech Republic}} |3||1||1||1||3||2||+4||'''4''' |- bgcolor=#bbf3bb |2 |align=left|{{fb|Switzerland}} |3||1||1||1||4||5||–1||'''4''' |- style="background:#bbf3bb;" |3 |align=left|{{fb|POR}} |3||1||1||1||7||6||+1||'''4''' |- bgcolor=#bbf3bb |4 |align=left|{{fb|Ukraine}} |3||1||0||2||4||5||−1||'''3''' |- |5 |align=left|{{fb|Finland}} |3||1||0||2||1||3||–2||'''3''' |- |6 |align=left|{{fb|Slovakia}} |3||1||0||2||2||7||−5||'''3''' |} == Knockout stage == {{Round16|3rdplace=no <!-- Date-Place|Team 1|Score 1|Team 2|Score 2 --> <!-- round of 16 --> |27 June – [[Seville]]|'''{{fb|BEL}}'''|'''1'''|{{fb|Portugal}}|0 |26 June – [[London]]|'''{{fb|Italy}}''' ([[Extra time|aet]])|'''2'''|{{fb|AUT}}|1 |28 June – [[Bucharest]]|{{fb|FRA}}|3 (4)|'''{{fb|Switzerland}}''' ([[Penalty shootout|p]])|'''3 (5)''' |28 June – [[Copenhagen]]|{{fb|Croatia}}|3|'''{{fb|ESP}}''' ([[Extra time|aet]])|'''5''' |29 June – [[Glasgow]]|{{fb|SWE}}|1|'''{{fb|UKR}}''' ([[Extra time|aet]])|'''2''' |29 June – [[Wembley Stadium|London]]|'''{{fb|ENG}}'''|'''2'''|{{fb|GER}}|0 |27 June – [[Budapest]]|{{fb|NED}}|0|'''{{fb|Czech Republic}}'''|'''2''' |26 June – [[Amsterdam]]|{{fb|Wales}}|0|'''{{fb|DEN}}'''|'''4''' <!-- quarter-finals --> |2 July – [[Allianz Arena|Munich]]|{{fb|BEL}}|1|'''{{fb|Italy}}'''|'''2''' |2 July – [[Saint Petersburg]]|{{fb|Switzerland}}|1 (1)|'''{{fb|ESP}}''' ([[Penalty shootout|p]])|'''1 (3)''' |3 July – [[Rome]]|{{fb|UKR}}|0|'''{{fb|ENG}}'''|'''4''' |3 July – [[Baku]]|{{fb|Czech Republic}}|1|'''{{fb|DEN}}'''|'''2''' <!-- semi-finals --> |6 July – [[Wembley Stadium|London]]|'''{{fb|Italy}}''' ([[Penalty shootout|p]])|'''1 (4)'''|{{fb|ESP}}|1 (2) |7 July – [[Wembley Stadium|London]]|'''{{fb|ENG}}''' ([[Extra time|aet]])|'''2'''|{{fb|DEN}}|1 <!-- final --> |11 July – [[Wembley Stadium|London]]|'''{{fb|Italy}}''' ([[Penalty shootout|p]])|'''1 (3)'''|{{fb|ENG}}|1 (2) |widescore=yes}} ===Final=== {{Main|UEFA Euro 2020 Final}} {{#lst:UEFA Euro 2020 Final|Final}} == Masamba ena == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190728223121/http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/index.html UEFA Euro 2020] ku UEFA.com [[Category: Mpikisano wa UEFA European]] [[Category: 2021 mu mpira wampikisano]] [[Category: 2021 ku Europe]] [[Category: Zochitika mu June 2021]] [[Category: Zochitika mu Julayi 2021]] rs4os5kr6a34mspea9xrk0ggu07qfvr Hakainde Hichilema 0 6498 71977 71927 2026-09-25T00:03:49Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 71977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]] | name = Hakainde Hichilema | image = Hakainde Hichilema in Japan on February 6, 2025 (cropped).jpg | caption = Hichilema in 2025 | office = 7th [[President of Zambia]] | vicepresident = [[Mutale Nalumango]] | term_start = 24 August 2021 | term_end = | succeeding = | predecessor = [[Edgar Lungu]] | successor = | succeeding2 = | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1962|6|4}} | birth_place = Hachipona, [[Northern Rhodesia]], [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]] (now [[Monze District]], Zambia) | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[United Party for National Development]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Mutinta Hichilema]]|1988}} | children = 3 | education = [[University of Zambia]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[University of Birmingham]] ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]]) }} '''Hakainde Hichilema''' (wobadwa pa 4 June 1962) ndi wochita bizinesi waku Zambia komanso wandale yemwe wakhala Purezidenti wa United Party for National Development, chipani chotsutsa, kuyambira 2006. Ndiwosankhidwa kukhala purezidenti, atapikisana nawo kasanu ndikutaya zonse: mu [[Chisankho chachikulu cha 2006 mu Zambia|2006]], [[Chisankho chachikulu cha 2008 mu Zambia|2008]], [[Chisankho chachikulu cha 2011 mu Zambia|2011]], [[Chisankho chachikulu cha 2015 mu Zambia|2015]] ndi [[Chisankho chachikulu cha 2016 mu Zambia|2016]]. Asanasankhidwe, a Hichilema anali mdani wamkulu wa a Edgar Lungu, Purezidenti wa Zambia kuyambira 2015 mpaka 2021. Pa 11 Epulo 2017, Hichilema adamangidwa ndikuimbidwa mlandu woukira boma, lingaliro lomwe Lungu adamuwona ngati chosaloledwa kuti atseke mlandu wotsutsana ndi ndale. Kumangidwa ndi mlanduwu kudatsutsidwa kwambiri, ndikuchita ziwonetsero ku Zambia komanso kunja, kufuna kuti Hichilema amasulidwe ndikudzudzula ulamuliro wochuluka wa ulamuliro wa Lungu. Hichilema adatulutsidwa m'ndende pa 16 August 2017, ndipo mlandu woukira boma udachotsedwa. == Moyo woyambirira komanso ntchito == Hichilema adabadwira m'mudzi m'boma la Monze ku Zambia lero. Analandira maphunziro oti akaphunzire ku Yunivesite ya Zambia ndipo anamaliza maphunziro awo mu 1986 ndi digiri ya bachelor ku Economics and Business Administration. Pambuyo pake adachita MBA ku Finance ndi Business Strategy ku University of Birmingham ku [[United Kingdom]] .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hh-zambia.com/about/|title=Biography: Hakainde Hichilema|website=www.hh-zambia.com|access-date=23 January 2015|archive-date=23 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123050341/http://hh-zambia.com/about/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Adakhala ngati wamkulu wa Coopers komanso Lybrand Zambia (1994-1998) komanso Grant Thornton Zambia (1998-2006).<ref name="cv">{{cite news|date=19 September 2008|title=HH's curriculum vitae|url=http://www.lusakatimes.com/2008/09/19/hhs-curriculum-vitae/|newspaper=Lusaka Times|access-date=23 January 2015|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216013909/http://www.lusakatimes.com/2008/09/19/hhs-curriculum-vitae/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hichilema ndi membala wachipani chotsutsa cha [[United Party for National Development]], chipani chandale. Kutsatira kumwalira kwa Anderson Mazoka mu 2006, adasankhidwa kukhala Purezidenti watsopano wachipanichi. Adagwiranso ntchito ngati mtsogoleri wa [[United Democratic Alliance]] (UDA), mgwirizano wazipani zitatu zotsutsa. Mu zisankho za 2006, Hichilema adasankhidwa kukhala UDA ndipo adalimbana ndi Purezidenti wamtsogolo [[Levy Mwanawasa]] wa phungu wa [[Movement for Multiparty Democracy]] and [[Patriotic Front]] [[Michael Sata]]. Adalandira kuvomerezedwa ndi Purezidenti wakale [[Kenneth Kaunda]]. Zisankho zidachitika pa 28 Seputembara 2006 ndipo Hichilema adatenga malo achitatu ndi pafupifupi 25% ya mavoti. Hichilema adakhala ngati phungu wa UPND pachisankho cha 2008, chomwe chidayitanidwa atamwalira Purezidenti Levy Mwanawasa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081013184327/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/10/content_9890454.htm "Zambia to hold presidential by-election on Oct.30"], Xinhua, 10 September 2008.</ref> Adabwera wachitatu ndi mavoti 19.7%. Mu Juni 2009, chipani cha Hichilema, UPND, chidapanga mgwirizano ndi a Patriotic Front (PF) a Michael Sata kuti apikisane nawo pachisankho cha 2011. Komabe, kukayikakayika kwa wopikisana nawo, kusakhulupirirana kwakukulu komanso kunenezedwa kuti ndi amitundu yonse kunapangitsa kuti mgwirizanowu uwonongeke mu Marichi 2011 == Kumangidwa ndi kuwukira == Hichilema adamangidwa pa 11 Epulo 2017. Usiku wa pa 11 Epulo 2017, apolisi aku Zambia adalowa m'chipinda cha Hichilema kuti akamange mtsogoleri wotsutsa mdzikolo, atalamulidwa ndi boma la Purezidenti Edgar Lungu <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171114150931/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/04/23/catholic-bishops-condemn-hh-arrest-say-zambia-is-now-a-dictatorship/ Catholic Bishops condemn HH arrest, say Zambia is now a dictatorship] Lusaka Times</ref><ref name="news24.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180815201018/https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/malema-compares-zambia-leader-to-apartheid-rulers-20170730 Malema compares Zambia leader to apartheid rulers] News24</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-40945825 Mr Lungu, meanwhile, faces accusations of growing authoritarianism.] BBC News</ref> ndipo akuimbidwa mlandu woukira boma atamunamizira kuti waika pachiwopsezo moyo wa purezidenti pambuyo poti woyendetsa ndege akuti akukana kupereka njira kwa amene amayendetsa Lungu,<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-40945825 Mr Hichilema was arrested in April, accused of endangering the president's life after his motorcade allegedly refused to give way to the one transporting Mr Lungu.] BBC News. 16 August 2017.</ref>mlandu womwe ambiri amawawona ngati cholakwa chochepa pamsewu<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-40020950|title=Hakainde Hichilema's treason trial puts Zambia at crossroads|date=24 May 2017|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>[https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-zambia-opposition-treason-2017-htmlstory.html The day road rage led to a treason charge in Zambia, as democracy falters in Africa.] LA Times</ref> ndipo palibe amene angakhale chiwembu. Hichilema adatsutsa mwamphamvu mlanduwu, womwe umapereka chiweruzo chachikulu cha chilango cha imfa.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-40945825 He and his aides "strongly" denied the charge, which carries a sentence of at least 15 years. Those found guilty can also be sentenced to death.] BBC News. 16 August 2017.</ref> == Utsogoleri == {{Main|Chisankho chachikulu cha 2021 mu Zambia}}Hichilema adapikisana ndi Purezidenti kachitatu pachisankho chomwe chidachitika pa 12 Ogasiti 2021. Wapampando wa komiti yoyendetsa zisankho [[Esau Chulu]] adalengeza kuti adapambana zisankho koyambirira kwa 16 Ogasiti. == Zolemba za kunja == [[Category:1962 kubadwa]] <references /> [[Category:Hakainde Hichilema]] nn6zoqdilebekujf4ijyw3gbhxzovns Chisankho cha utsogoleri wa 2021 Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) 0 6917 71974 50986 2026-09-25T00:00:00Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 71974 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chisankho cha 2021 Liberal Democratic Party''' chidachitika pa 29 Seputembara 2021 kuti asankhe Purezidenti wotsatira wa [[Liberal Democratic Party yaku Japan]]. Wopambana pachisankho akuyembekezeka kukhala Prime Minister wotsatira waku Japan, ndipo azitsogolera chipanichi pazisankho zikubwera ku 2021 ku [[Japan]].<ref name="DateSetforElection">{{Cite web|date=26 August 2021|title=PM Suga, Kishida to vie for LDP leadership in Sept. 29 election|url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2021/08/c239f76af244-update1-japans-ruling-party-to-hold-leadership-race-on-sept-29.html|website=Kyodo News+|language=en|access-date=29 August 2021}}</ref> Purezidenti wa chipanichi komanso Prime Minister [[Yoshihide Suga]] adalengeza pa 3 Seputembala kuti sadzayimilanso zisankho, ngakhale kuvomerezedwa kocheperako komanso malipoti atolankhani zakusagwirizana mchipanichi. Suga adasankhidwa kukhala Purezidenti wa LDP mu 2020 kuti atumikire ena onse a Prime Minister wakale Shinzo Abe atasiya ntchito mu Ogasiti 2020 chifukwa chazovuta.<ref>{{cite web|date=3 September 2021|title='Suga decides not to run in LDP leadership race|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20210903_17/|work=[[NHK World-Japan]]|access-date=3 September 2021|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903030512/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20210903_17/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nduna yakale ya Zachilendo Fumio Kishida adapambana zisankho pamphindi wachiwiri, kugonjetsa wotsutsana naye Taro Kono, Minister wogwirizira pa Administrative Reform and Regulatory Reform. Kupambana kwa Kishida kudachitika chifukwa chothandizidwa mwamphamvu pakati pa mamembala a LDP Zakudya, pomwe Kono adatsogolera zisankho zisanachitike zisankho ndikupambana mavoti ambiri kuchokera kwa mamembala achipani omwe amalipira. Kishida akuyembekezeredwa kutsimikiziridwa ndi Zakudya ngati Prime Minister wa 100 waku Japan pa 4 Okutobala 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fumio Kishida to become Japan's PM following close LDP leadership race|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2021/09/29/national/politics-diplomacy/kishida-ldp-election-victory/|work=[[The Japan Times]]|date=29 September 2021|first=Satoshi|last=Sugiyama|access-date=29 September 2021}}</ref> == Zolemba == {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Category:Chisankho]] sjj9wlgq64w4zuh2rg9gzv58n98omrd David MacMillan 0 6925 71976 45184 2026-09-25T00:01:48Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 71976 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:David MacMillan.jpg|thumb|David MacMillan]] '''David William Cross MacMillan''' FRS FRSE (wobadwa pa 16 Marichi 1968)<ref name="frs">[http://royalsociety.org/people/david-macmillan/ Professor David MacMillan FRS]</ref> ndi wamankhwala waku Scotland komanso a James S. McDonnell University of Chemistry a University of Princeton, komwe adalinso Mpando wa department of Chemistry kuyambira 2010 mpaka 2015. Adagawana nawo Mphoto ya 2021 Nobel mu Chemistry ndi [[Benjamin List]] "yopanga asymmetric organocatalysis".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Paterson|first=Laura|date=2021-10-06|title=Scottish scientist jointly wins Nobel Prize in chemistry|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/nobel-prize-scottish-german-princeton-university-chemistry-b959099.html|access-date=2021-10-08|website=www.standard.co.uk|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-10-06|title=Chemistry Nobel awarded for mirror-image molecules|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-58814418|access-date=2021-10-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Russell|first=Jennifer|date=2021-10-06|title=Scots scientist wins Nobel Prize for chemistry|url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/scotland-now/scots-scientist-wins-nobel-prize-25151568|access-date=2021-10-08|website=Daily Record|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Scottish scientist jointly wins Nobel Prize in chemistry|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/scottish-scientist-jointly-wins-nobel-120108141.html|access-date=2021-10-08|website=uk.news.yahoo.com|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Princeton's David MacMillan receives Nobel Prize in chemistry|url=https://www.princeton.edu/news/2021/10/06/princetons-david-macmillan-receives-nobel-prize-chemistry|access-date=7 October 2021|website=Princeton University|language=en}}</ref> == Maphunziro ndi moyo woyambirira == MacMillan adabadwira ku Bellshill, Scotland mu 1968. Adalandira digiri yoyamba yaukadaulo ku chemistry ku [[University of Glasgow,]] komwe adagwira ntchito ndi Ernie Colvin.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bellshill man and former Glasgow University student David WC MacMillan wins the Nobel prize for chemistry|url=https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/news/19630090.bellshill-man-former-glasgow-university-student-david-wc-macmillan-wins-nobel-prize-chemistry/|access-date=7 October 2021|work=Glasgow Times}}</ref><ref name="nas">{{cite web|title=David MacMillan|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/20044093.html|publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]]|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=24 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324141208/http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/20044093.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 1990, adachoka ku UK kuti ayambe maphunziro ake a udokotala motsogozedwa ndi Pulofesa Larry Overman ku Yunivesite ya California, Irvine. Munthawi imeneyi, adayang'ana kwambiri pakupanga njira zatsopano zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndikupanga ma bicyclic tetrahydrofurans. Maphunziro omaliza a MacMillan adafika pachimake pakuphatikizira kwa 7 - (-) - deacetoxyalcyonin acetate, eunicellin diterpenoid yotalikirana ndi coral yofewa ya Eunicella stricta. Adapeza Ph.D. mu 1996. Adayamika momwe adaleredwa ku Scottish ngati chifukwa chomupezera Nobel.<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 October 2021|title=David MacMillan: 'Being Scottish helped me win Nobel Prize'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-58828279|access-date=7 October 2021}}</ref> == Ntchito ndi kafukufuku == Atalandira Ph.D., MacMillan adalandira udindo ndi Pulofesa David Evans ku Harvard University. Maphunziro ake omwe adachita pambuyo pake anali okhudza enantioselective catalysis, makamaka, kapangidwe ndi kakulidwe ka Sn (II) -edived bisoxazoline complexes (Sn (II) box). MacMillan adayamba kuchita kafukufuku wodziyimira pawokha ngati membala waukadaulo wa chemistry ku University of California, Berkeley mu Julayi 1998. Adalowa nawo department of chemistry ku Caltech mu June 2000, komwe kafukufuku wamagulu ake anali okhudzana ndi njira zatsopano zopangira katemera wa enantioselective. Mu 2004, adasankhidwa kukhala Earle C. Anthony Pulofesa wa Chemistry. Anakhala Pulofesa Wodziwika pa University of James S. McDonnell ku University of Princeton mu Seputembara 2006. Amadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa organocatalysis. Mu 2000, MacMillan idapanga mamolekyulu ang'onoang'ono omwe amatha kupatsa kapena kuvomereza ma elekitironi motero kuwongolera machitidwe. Iye adapanga ma catalyst omwe amatha kuyendetsa asymmetric catalysis, momwe mayankho amapangira gawo lamanzere lamamolekyu kuposa lamanja, kapena mosemphanitsa. Gulu lofufuzira la MacMillan lapita patsogolo kwambiri pankhani ya asymmetric organocatalysis, ndipo agwiritsa ntchito njirazi zatsopano pakuphatikizika kwa zinthu zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana. Adapanga chiral imidazolidinone othandizira. Ma MacMillan othandizira [de] amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Zitsanzo ndi zomwe Diels-Alder reaction, 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, Friedel-Crafts alkylations kapena Michael zowonjezera. Pakati pa 2010 ndi 2014, MacMillan anali Woyambitsa Mkonzi wa magazini ya Chemical Science, mbiri yotchuka ya chemistry yofalitsidwa ndi Royal Society of Chemistry. == Zolemba == [[Category:1968 kubadwa]] t31edm6vmnvyes8irpa60sz577b03m7 Dambo la Shasta 0 6931 71975 43978 2026-09-25T00:01:43Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 71975 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Water released from Shasta Dam (2017).jpg|thumb|Dambo la Shasta mu 2017|342x342px]] '''Dambo la Shasta''' (lotchedwa '''Kennett Dam''' lisanamangidwe)<ref name="nps.gov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/ReclamationDamsIrrigationProjectsAndPowerplants/Shasta_Dam.html|title=Shasta Dam---Bureau of Reclamation Historic Dams, Irrigation Projects, and Powerplants--Managing Water in the West|website=www.nps.gov|access-date=2016-02-26|archive-date=2015-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303145659/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/ReclamationDamsIrrigationProjectsAndPowerplants/Shasta_Dam.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ndi damu lokoka miyala ya konkriti kuwoloka Mtsinje wa Sacramento kumpoto kwa California ku [[United States]]. Pamtunda wokwana mamita 183, ndi damu lachisanu ndi chitatu lalitali kwambiri ku United States. Ili kumpoto chakumpoto kwa Sacramento Valley, Dambo la Shasta limapanga Nyanja ya Shasta kuti isungire madzi kwa nthawi yayitali, kuwongolera kusefukira kwamadzi, magetsi ndi kuteteza chitetezo chamadzi amchere. Dziwe lalikulu kwambiri m'bomalo, Shasta Lake limatha kukhala ndi ma 5,600 GL.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.watereducation.org/aquapedia/shasta-dam|title=Shasta Dam|publisher=Water Education Foundation|access-date=March 1, 2016}}</ref><ref name="DWR">{{Cite web|url=http://www.water.ca.gov/damsafety/docs/Federal2010.pdf|title=Dams Owned and Operated by Federal Agencies|publisher=California Department of Water Resources, Division of Safety of Dams|access-date=January 2, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005023222/http://www.water.ca.gov/damsafety/docs/Federal2010.pdf|archive-date=October 5, 2012}}</ref> Akuganiziridwa koyambirira kwa 1919 ngati kuyesetsa kusunga, kuwongolera, kusunga, ndi kugawira madzi ku Central Valley, dera lalikulu laulimi ku California, Shasta adavomerezedwa koyamba m'ma 1930 ngati boma. Komabe, zomangira sizinagulitsidwe chifukwa cha kuyambika kwachuma chachikulu ndipo Shasta adasamutsidwa kupita ku feduro Bureau of Reclamation ngati ntchito yaboma. Ntchito yomanga idayamba mwakhama mu 1937 moyang'aniridwa ndi Chief Injiniya a [[Frank Crowe]]. Pakumanga kwake, dziwe limapereka ntchito zikwi zambiri zofunika; adamaliza miyezi makumi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi chimodzi isanakwane mu 1945. Atamalizidwa, dziwe linali lachiwiri kutalika kwambiri ku United States pambuyo pa Hoover ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwamipangidwe yayikulu kwambiri ya uinjiniya. Ngakhale isanaperekedwe, Shasta Dam idagwira gawo lofunikira pa [[Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse|Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse]] yopereka magetsi ku mafakitale aku California, ndipo ikadali ndi gawo lofunikira pakuwongolera magwero amadzi aboma masiku ano. Komabe, zasintha kwambiri zachilengedwe ndi zachilengedwe za Mtsinje wa Sacramento ndikusefukira kwa mafuko opatulika a Amwenye Achimereka. M'zaka zaposachedwa, pakhala kutsutsana pazokweza dziwe kapena ayi kuti alolere kusungitsa madzi ndikupanga magetsi, lingaliro lomwe otsutsana ndi mafuko ndi akatswiri azachilengedwe adakumana nalo chifukwa chakusokonekera kwamadzi kuchokera mumtsinje womwe nsomba zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha kuphatikizapo mitundu ya nsomba. == Malingaliro oyambilira == Chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, Central Valley ndiye malo opitilira anthu ambiri osamukira ku California ochokera kum'mawa kwa United States. Dera lachigwachi ankalilakalaka kulima chifukwa cha dothi lake lachonde, nyengo yabwino, malo ake abwino, ndi madzi ambiri. Mtsinje wa Sacramento umadutsa chakumwera kudutsa gawo lachitatu lakumpoto la chigwa, chotchedwa Sacramento Valley, kwa mtunda wa makilomita 640 usanalowe m'chigwa chachikulu, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, ndipo pamapeto pake Pacific Ocean. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, zigawo zonse za m'chigwa ndi Delta zidalimidwa kwambiri ndi mbewu zosiyanasiyana kuphatikiza tirigu, thonje, mpunga, zipatso za zipatso, ndi mavwende. Malo otsetsereka otsika a Sacramento Valley amawapangitsa kukhala osavuta kusefukira m'nyengo yozizira; Komanso, kuthirira kumafunika nthawi yachilimwe chifukwa chamvula yamvula yambiri. Ngakhale kuti Mtsinje wa Sacramento umatulutsa madzi okwana maekala 22,600 miliyoni chaka chilichonse, madziwo amayenda kwambiri nthawi yamkuntho m'nyengo yozizira komanso nyengo yachisanu yomwe imasungunuka. Momwe ulimi umakulirakulira, mitsinje yotsika idatsika ngakhale kutsika, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti madzi amchere alowe kuchokera ku San Francisco Bay kupita ku Delta. Izi zidadzetsa kusowa kwa madzi m'minda ya Delta, ndipo zidadzetsa teredo (nyongolotsi yamadzi amchere) pakati pa 1919 ndi 1924 yomwe idawononga ma piers ndi zombo ku Suisun Bay. Pofuna kuthana ndi vuto la mchere, nzika zakomweko zidaganizira zomanga mafunde pakamwa pa Suisun Bay, ntchito yomwe sichidachitike. Mu 1919 yankho lina linabwera mwa dongosolo la Marshall Plan, lopangidwa ndi Robert Marshall wa United States Geological Survey. Adakonza dziwe lalikulu kuwoloka Mtsinje wa Sacramento kumunsi kwenikweni kwa malo ake ndi Mtsinje wa Pit pafupi ndi tawuni yamigodi yamkuwa ya Kennett, mamailosi mazana angapo kumpoto kwa Delta. Damu limasungira madzi kuti atuluke m'miyezi youma pomwe Delta inali pachiwopsezo chachikulu kulowa m'madzi amchere, ndikupindulitsanso kuwongolera kusefukira kwamadzi m'nyengo yozizira. Madzi omwe adatengedwa ndi damu adzawonjezera kuchuluka kwa kuthirira, ku Sacramento Valley ndi San Joaquin Valley kumwera chakumwera, komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi ngalande yayikulu komanso malo osungira madzi.<ref>Billington, Jackson and Melosi, p. 305</ref><ref>Hundley, p. 243</ref> == Zolemba == [[Category:Madamu ku California]] c9n1p02ztqu64vjm6oaxbonqwlyt7so Premier League 0 7211 71980 45257 2026-09-25T00:12:04Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 71980 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Premier league text logo.png|thumb|282x282px]] '''Premier League''', yomwe imadziwikanso kuti '''English Premier League''' (dzina lovomerezeka: '''The Football Association Premier League Limited'''), ndiye mulingo wapamwamba kwambiri wamasewera a mpira waku [[England]]. Imatsutsidwa ndi makalabu 20, imagwiritsa ntchito njira yokwezera ndi kutsika ndi [[English Football League|English Soccer League]] (EFL). Nyengo zimayambira mu Ogasiti mpaka Meyi timu iliyonse ikusewera machesi 38 (kusewera matimu ena onse 19 kunyumba ndi kwina). Masewera ambiri amaseweredwa Loweruka ndi Lamlungu masana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why is there a Saturday football blackout in the UK for live streams & TV broadcasts?|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/why-is-there-a-saturday-football-blackout-in-the-uk-for-live/1bs2qnkj73shx1uryui898tax6|access-date=2 May 2022|website=Goal.com}}</ref> Mpikisanowu unakhazikitsidwa ngati FA Premier League pa 20 February 1992 kutsatira lingaliro la makalabu mu Soccer League First Division kuti achoke mu Soccer League, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1888, ndikupezerapo mwayi pakugulitsa kwaufulu wa kanema wawayilesi ku Sky. Kuchokera mu 2019 mpaka 2020, mabizinesi omwe adapeza pawailesi yakanema adapeza ndalama zokwana £3.1 biliyoni pachaka, Sky ndi BT Group zikukhala ndi ufulu wakuwulutsa masewera 128 ndi 32 motsatana.<ref name="AP">{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/sky-and-bt-in-new-4-46bn-premier-league-deal-11249236|title=English Premier League broadcast rights rise to $12 billion|agency=Associated Press|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/sky-and-bt-in-new-4-46bn-premier-league-deal-11249236|title=Sky and BT pay less in new £4.46bn Premier League football deal|work=Sky News|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref> Premier League ndi bungwe lomwe mkulu wamkulu Richard Masters ali ndi udindo woyang'anira, pomwe makalabu omwe ali mamembala amakhala ngati eni ake.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/09/sports/soccer/premier-league-ceo.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209184006/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/09/sports/soccer/premier-league-ceo.html|archive-date=9 February 2020|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=The Long Search to Fill Soccer's Biggest, Toughest Job|work=The New York Times|date=9 February 2020|access-date=19 August 2021|last1=Smith|first1=Rory|last2=Draper|first2=Kevin|last3=Panja|first3=Tariq}}</ref> Makalabu adagawidwa ndalama zokwana £2.4 biliyoni mu 2016–17, ndi ndalama zokwana £343 miliyoni zolipirira mgwirizano ku makalabu a English Football League (EFL). Premier League ndi ligi yowonedwa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, imawulutsidwa m'magawo 212 kunyumba 643 miliyoni komanso anthu 4.7 mabiliyoni akhoza kuonerera. M'nyengo ya 2018-19, opezekapo pamasewera a Premier League anali 38,181, wachiwiri kwa 43,500 wa Bundesliga waku Germany, pomwe opezeka nawo pamasewera onse ndiwokwera kwambiri pamasewera aliwonse ampira wampikisano pa 14,508,981.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://global.espn.com/soccer/stats/_/league/ENG.1/season/2018/view/performance|title=English Premier League Performance Stats - 2018-19|publisher=ESPN|access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref> Masitediyamu ambiri amakhala pafupi ndi kuchuluka kwake. Premier League imakhala yoyamba mu UEFA coefficients of leagues malinga ndi machitidwe a mpikisano wa ku Ulaya m'zaka zisanu zapitazi monga 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/uefarankings/country/#/yr/2021|title=Member associations – Country coefficients – UEFA.com|last=uefa.com|date=6 May 2021|access-date=26 May 2022|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204125228/https://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/uefarankings/country/#/yr/2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kuthamanga kwapamwamba kwa Chingerezi kwatulutsa chiwerengero chachiwiri cha UEFA Champions League / European Cup maudindo, ndi English English. makalabu omwe apambana zikho khumi ndi zinayi zaku Europe zonse.<ref>{{Cite web|last=O|first=Gerard|title=Champions League: What Country Has Been the Most Successful|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1113021-champions-league-what-country-has-been-the-most-successful|access-date=2 May 2022|website=Bleacher Report}}</ref> Makalabu makumi asanu adapikisana kuyambira pomwe Premier League idakhazikitsidwa mu 1992: makalabu makumi anayi ndi asanu ndi atatu achingerezi ndi makalabu awiri aku Wales. Asanu ndi awiri mwa iwo apambana mpikisano: [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] (13), [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] (6), [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] (5), [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] (3), Blackburn Rovers (1), [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]] (1) ndi [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] (1).<ref>{{cite news|title=Liverpool win Premier League: Reds' 30-year wait for top-flight title ends|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53183857|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|date=25 June 2020|access-date=1 August 2020}}</ref> == Zolemba == [[Category:Premier league]] 7zi5dnnwf5huynwvfjtxv2951cgfm8c 1976 UEFA Cup Final 0 7242 71973 45797 2026-09-24T23:58:10Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 71973 wikitext text/x-wiki Fainali ya '''1976 UEFA Cup Final''' inali masewera a [[mpira]] wamasewera omwe adaseweredwa miyendo iwiri pakati pa [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] yaku England ndi Club Brugge yaku Belgium pa 28 Epulo 1976 ku Anfield, Liverpool komanso pa 19 Meyi 1976 ku Olympiastadion, Bruges. Unali komaliza kwa nyengo ya 1975-76 ya mpikisano wa European Cup secondary, UEFA Cup. Liverpool anali kuwonekera mu final yawo yachiwiri; iwo anali atapambana mpikisano mu [[1973 UEFA Cup Final|1973]]. Brugge anali akuwonekera m'mafayilo awo oyambirira a ku Ulaya ndipo anali gulu loyamba la Belgium kufika kumapeto kwa mpikisano wa ku Ulaya. Gulu lililonse limayenera kudutsa maulendo asanu kuti lifike komaliza. Masewero ankapikisana pamiyendo iwiri, imodzi pabwalo lanyumba la timu iliyonse. Maubwenzi a Liverpool amasiyana kuchokera pa kupambana kwabwino mpaka kutseka. Iwo adagonjetsa timu yaku Spain ya Real Sociedad 9-1 pachiwopsezo chachiwiri, pomwe adagonjetsa timu yaku Spain ya Barcelona 2-1 mu semi-finals. Ambiri mwa maubwenzi a Brugge anali pafupi. Chigonjetso chawo chachikulu chinali ndi zigoli ziwiri, zomwe zidachitika mugawo loyamba ndi lachitatu motsutsana ndi Lyon yaku France ndi timu yaku Italy Roma, motsatana. Kuwonedwa ndi gulu la 50,188 ku Anfield, Brugge adatsogolera zigoli ziwiri mu theka loyamba lamasewera oyamba pomwe Raoul Lambert ndi Julien Cools adagoletsa. Liverpool idachira mu theka lachiwiri; zigoli zitatu mumphindi zisanu ndi ziwiri kuchokera kwa Ray Kennedy, Jimmy Case, ndi Kevin Keegan adapeza chigonjetso cha 3-2 mumpikisano woyamba wa Liverpool. Khamu la 29,423 ku Olympiastadion adawona Brugge akutsogolera mphindi ya 11 pamasewera achiwiri. Liverpool idafanana mphindi zinayi pambuyo pake Keegan adagoletsa. Masewerawa adakhala chimodzimodzi mumasewera otsalawo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zitheke 1-1. Chifukwa chake, Liverpool idapambana komaliza 4-3 pakuphatikiza kuti iteteze UEFA Cup yawo yachiwiri. == Njira yoyamba == === Mwachidule === [[File:The_view_from_the_Kop.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_view_from_the_Kop.jpg|right|thumb|Bwalo lanyumba la Liverpool Anfield, komwe kuli masewera oyamba.]] Brugge adayamba masewerowa bwino kwambiri mbali ziwirizo ndipo adatsogolera mphindi yachisanu. Kulowera kumbuyo kwa Phil Neal kulibe wosewera mpira wa Liverpool Ray Clemence kulola osewera wapakati wa Brugge Raoul Lambert kuti azitha kuyang'anira mpirawo ndikuuponya pamwamba pa Clemence ndikulowa ku Liverpool. Patadutsa mphindi zisanu ndi ziwiri Brugge adakulitsa chitsogozo chawo pomwe Julien Cools adagoletsa. A Belgian adapitilizabe kuwukira, koma chitetezo cha Liverpool cha Emlyn Hughes ndi Tommy Smith adatha kuthamangitsa aku Belgian mpaka theka. Manejala wa Liverpool Bob Paisley adaganiza kuti kusintha kwa timu yake kuyenera kupangidwa panthawiyi. Paisley adaganiza zosintha osewera John Toshack ndi osewera wapakati Jimmy Case. Kusinthaku kudasintha pomwe a Case akuthamangira kudzanja lamanja la bwalo adasokoneza aku Belgian. Zotsatira zonse zidabwera mphindi ya 59 pomwe Liverpool idagoletsa; Steve Heighway adadutsa kwa Ray Kennedy yemwe adagoletsa mayadi 20 (18 m). Liverpool idalinganiza mphindi ziwiri pambuyo pake; kuwombera kochokera kwa Kennedy kudakweranso kuchokera pamtengo kupita kwa Case yemwe adagoletsa pafupi. Patadutsa mphindi zitatu Liverpool inali patsogolo; Heighway adakwezedwa m'malo olipira, ndipo Kevin Keegan adagoletsa chilango chotsatira kuti Liverpool itsogolere 3-2. Liverpool anali ndi mwayi wowonjezera kutsogolera kwawo pambuyo pake, koma adalephera kutero; Brugge adalepheranso kugoletsanso. Chigoli chomaliza pamene woyimbira analiza kwanthawi zonse chinali {{Football box|date=28 April 1976|time=19:30 [[British Summer Time|BST]]|team1=[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] {{flagicon|ENG}}|score=3–2|report=[http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/season=1975/matches/round=1078/match=64683/postmatch/lineups/index.html Report]<br /><ref name="rsssf" />|team2={{flagicon|BEL}} [[Club Brugge KV|Club Brugge]]|goals1=[[Ray Kennedy|Kennedy]] {{goal|59}}<br />[[Jimmy Case|Case]] {{goal|61}}<br />[[Kevin Keegan|Keegan]] {{goal|65|pen.}}|goals2=[[Raoul Lambert|Lambert]] {{goal|5}}<br />[[Julien Cools|Cools]] {{goal|15}}|stadium=[[Anfield]], [[Liverpool]]|attendance=50,188<ref name="attendance">{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/EuroExperience/competitions/Publications/01/88/46/53/1884653_DOWNLOAD.pdf |title=UEFA Cup finals |work=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |format=PDF |page=2 |access-date=11 July 2013 |archive-date=16 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216144732/https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/EuroExperience/competitions/Publications/01/88/46/53/1884653_DOWNLOAD.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>|referee=[[Ferdinand Biwersi]] ([[German Football Association|West&nbsp;Germany]])}} {| width="92%" |{{Football kit|pattern_la=_whiteborder|pattern_b=_whitecollarsimple|pattern_ra=_whiteborder|leftarm=DD0000|body=DD0000|rightarm=DD0000|shorts=DD0000|socks=DD0000|title=Liverpool}} |{{Football kit|pattern_la=_shoulder_stripes_blue_stripes|pattern_b=|pattern_ra=_shoulder_stripes_blue_stripes|pattern_so=_3_stripes_blue|pattern_sh=_blue_stripes|leftarm=FFFFFF|body=FFFFFF|rightarm=FFFFFF|shorts=FFFFFF|socks=FFFFFF|title=Club Brugge}} |} {| width="100%" | width="50%" valign="top" | {| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 90%" | colspan="4" | |- ! width="25" | ! width="25" | |- |GK |'''1''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[:en:Ray_Clemence|Ray Clemence]] |- |RB |'''2''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[:en:Phil_Neal|Phil Neal]] |- |LB |'''3''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[:en:Tommy_Smith_(footballer,_born_1945)|Tommy Smith]] |- |CB |'''4''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[:en:Phil_Thompson|Phil Thompson]] |- |LM |'''5''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[:en:Ray_Kennedy|Ray Kennedy]] |- |CB |'''6''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[:en:Emlyn_Hughes|Emlyn Hughes]] [[:en:Captain_(association_football)|(c)]] |- |CF |'''7''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[:en:Kevin_Keegan|Kevin Keegan]] |- |CM |'''8''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[:en:David_Fairclough|David Fairclough]] |- |RM |'''9''' |{{flagicon|Ireland}} [[:en:Steve_Heighway|Steve Heighway]] |- |CF |'''10''' |{{flagicon|Wales}} [[:en:John_Toshack|John Toshack]] | |{{suboff|46}} |- |CM |'''11''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[:en:Ian_Callaghan|Ian Callaghan]] |- | colspan="3" |'''Substitutes:''' |- |MF |'''12''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[:en:Jimmy_Case|Jimmy Case]] | |{{subon|46}} |- |GK |'''13''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[:en:Peter_McDonnell|Peter McDonnell]] |- |DF |'''14''' |{{flagicon|WAL}} [[:en:Joey_Jones|Joey Jones]] |- |MF |'''15''' |{{flagicon|SCO}} [[:en:Brian_Hall_(footballer,_born_1946)|Brian Hall]] |- |MF |'''16''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[:en:Terry_McDermott|Terry McDermott]] |- | colspan="3" |'''Manager:''' |- | colspan="4" |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[:en:Bob_Paisley|Bob Paisley]] |} | width="50%" valign="top" | {| align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:90%" | colspan="4" | |- ! width="25" | ! width="25" | |- |GK |'''1''' |{{flagicon|DNK}} [[:en:Birger_Jensen|Birger Jensen]] |- |RB |'''2''' |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[:en:Fons_Bastijns|Fons Bastijns]] [[:en:Captain_(association_football)|(c)]] |- |CB |'''3''' |{{flagicon|AUT}} [[:en:Eddie_Krieger|Eddie Krieger]] |- |CB |'''4''' |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[:en:Georges_Leekens|Georges Leekens]] |- |LB |'''5''' |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[:en:Jos_Volders|Jos Volders]] |- |MF |'''6''' |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[:en:Julien_Cools|Julien Cools]] |- |MF |'''7''' |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[:en:René_Vandereycken|René Vandereycken]] |- |MF |'''8''' |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[:en:Daniël_De_Cubber|Danny De Cubber]] |- |FW |'''9''' |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[:en:Roger_Van_Gool|Roger Van Gool]] |- |FW |'''10''' |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[:en:Raoul_Lambert|Raoul Lambert]] |- |FW |'''11''' |{{flagicon|DNK}} [[:en:Ulrik_le_Fevre|Ulrik le Fevre]] |- | colspan="3" |'''Substitutes:''' |- |GK |'''12''' |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[:en:Hugo_Pieters|Hugo Pieters]] |- |RB |'''13''' |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[:en:Norbert_De_Naeghel|Norbert De Naeghel]] |- |MF |'''14''' |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[:en:Dirk_Sanders|Dirk Sanders]] |- |FW |'''15''' |{{flagicon|LIE}} [[:en:Konrad_Holenstein|Konrad Holenstein]] |- |FW |'''16''' |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[:en:Dirk_Hinderyckx|Dirk Hinderyckx]] |- | colspan="3" |'''Manager:''' |- | colspan="4" |{{flagicon|AUT}} [[:en:Ernst_Happel|Ernst Happel]] |} |} == Mwendo wachiwiri == === Mwachidule === [[File:Janbreydelstadion.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Janbreydelstadion.jpg|right|thumb|Olympiastadion, malo a mwendo wachiwiri]] Liverpool idalowa mumsewu wachiwiri ndi chigoli chimodzi, ngakhale Brugge adafunikira kugoletsa chigoli chimodzi chokha kuti apambane mpikisanowo motengera lamulo la zigoli zakutali. A Belgian adapeza chigoli chomwe amafunikira mphindi ya 11. Wotchinga kumbuyo wa Liverpool Smith adaweruzidwa kuti adagwira mpira pamalo opangira ma penalty a Liverpool ndipo Brugge adalandira kuwombera. Lambert adatembenuza mwayi wopatsa Brugge chitsogozo cha 1-0 ndikuwongolera chiwongolero cha 3-3. Poyankha kubweza, Liverpool idafanana mphindi zinayi pambuyo pake. Adapatsidwa free-kick kunja kwa ma penalty ya Brugge. Hughes adagubuduza mpira kwa Keegan yemwe kuwombera kwake kumanja kudalowa mu cholinga cha Brugge kuti akwaniritse zigoli 1-1 ndikupangitsa Liverpool kutsogola 4-3. Cholinga chake chinali choyamba Brugge kuvomereza kunyumba mu UEFA Cup nyengo yonseyi. Brugge amayenera kubwezanso kuti chiwongolerocho chikhale chamoyo, ndikukankhira osewera awo kutsogolo kuti apeze wofanana. Izi zidakakamiza Liverpool kukokera osewera awo onse, kupatula Keegan, m'malo oteteza kuti ateteze kutsogola kwawo. Ngakhale izi Liverpool idakhala ndi mwayi wotsogola mphindi ya 34. Volley ya Smith kuchokera pa free-kick ya Kennedy idapita kutali ndi cholinga cha Brugge. Kupanikizika kwa Brugge pafupifupi kunalipira mphindi zisanu mu theka lachiwiri. Ulrik le Fevre ndi Roger Van Gool adaphatikizana ndikugawa chitetezo cha Liverpool, ndikusiya Lambert ndi mpira. Kuwombera kwake kotsatira kudagunda osewera wa Liverpool Clemence koma kugunda pamtengo. Brugge adapitilizabe kuukira kuti apeze cholinga chomwe amafunikira; mwayi wawo wabwino unabwera mphindi zinayi kuchokera kumapeto. Brugge adaphwanya chitetezo cha Liverpool, koma kuwombera kwa Cools kudakanidwa ndikupulumutsa Clemence. Palibenso zigoli zomwe zidagoleredwa; chigoli chomaliza chinali 1-1. Kujambula kwa mwendo wachiwiri kunatanthauza kuti Liverpool idapambana tayi, 4-3 pamagulu onse, kuti apambane UEFA Cup yachiwiri pambuyo pa chigonjetso chawo choyamba mu 1973. Anamalizanso League ndi UEFA Cup kawiri kachiwiri. Manejala wa Liverpool, Bob Paisley, anasangalala kwambiri ndi osewera atachita bwino mumsewu wachiwiri: "Gawo lachiwiri linali lalitali kwambiri mphindi 45 pa moyo wanga. Panali kunyada kwakukulu pamasewerawa chifukwa tinabwera kuimira England. Sitinalole dziko pansi ndipo timanyadira anyamata athu." {{football box|date=19 May 1976|time=21:00 [[Central European Time#Central European Summer Time|CEST]]|team1=[[Club Brugge KV|Club Brugge]] {{flagicon|BEL}}|score=1–1|report=[http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/season=1975/matches/round=1078/match=64685/postmatch/lineups/index.html Report]<br /><ref name="rsssf" />|team2={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]|goals1=[[Raoul Lambert|Lambert]] {{goal|11|pen.}}|goals2=[[Kevin Keegan|Keegan]] {{goal|15}}|stadium=[[Jan Breydel Stadium|Olympiastadion]], [[Brugge]]|attendance=29,423<ref name="attendance"/>|referee=[[Rudi Glöckner]] ([[East Germany national football team|East Germany]])}} {| width="92%" |{{Football kit|pattern_la=_shoulder_stripes_blue_stripes|pattern_b=|pattern_ra=_shoulder_stripes_blue_stripes|pattern_so=_3_stripes_blue|pattern_sh=_blue_stripes|leftarm=FFFFFF|body=FFFFFF|rightarm=FFFFFF|shorts=FFFFFF|socks=FFFFFF|title=Club Bruges}} |{{Football kit|pattern_la=_whiteborder|pattern_b=_whitecollarsimple|pattern_ra=_whiteborder|leftarm=DD0000|body=DD0000|rightarm=DD0000|shorts=DD0000|socks=DD0000|title=Liverpool}} |} {| width="100%" | width="50%" valign="top" | {| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:90%" | colspan="4" | |- ! width="25" | ! width="25" | |- |GK |'''1''' |{{flagicon|DNK}} [[:en:Birger_Jensen|Birger Jensen]] |- |RB |'''2''' |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[:en:Fons_Bastijns|Fons Bastijns]] [[:en:Captain_(association_football)|(c)]] |- |CB |'''3''' |{{flagicon|AUT}} [[:en:Eddie_Krieger|Eddie Krieger]] |- |CB |'''4''' |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[:en:Georges_Leekens|Georges Leekens]] |- |LB |'''5''' |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[:en:Jos_Volders|Jos Volders]] |- |MF |'''6''' |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[:en:Julien_Cools|Julien Cools]] |- |MF |'''7''' |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[:en:René_Vandereycken|René Vandereycken]] |- |MF |'''8''' |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[:en:Daniël_De_Cubber|Danny De Cubber]] | |{{suboff|68}} |- |FW |'''9''' |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[:en:Roger_Van_Gool|Roger Van Gool]] |- |FW |'''10''' |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[:en:Raoul_Lambert|Raoul Lambert]] | |{{suboff|75}} |- |FW |'''11''' |{{flagicon|DNK}} [[:en:Ulrik_le_Fevre|Ulrik le Fevre]] |- | colspan="3" |'''Substitutes:''' |- |GK |'''12''' |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[:en:Hugo_Pieters|Hugo Pieters]] | |- |RB |'''13''' |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[:en:Norbert_De_Naeghel|Norbert De Naeghel]] | |- |FW |'''14''' |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[:en:Dirk_Hinderyckx|Dirk Hinderyckx]] | |{{subon|68}} |- |MF |'''15''' |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[:en:Dirk_Sanders|Dirk Sanders]] | |{{subon|75}} |- | colspan="3" |'''Manager:''' |- | colspan="4" |{{flagicon|AUT}} [[:en:Ernst_Happel|Ernst Happel]] |} | width="50%" valign="top" | {| align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 90%" | colspan="4" | |- ! width="25" | ! width="25" | |- |GK |'''1''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[:en:Ray_Clemence|Ray Clemence]] |- |RB |'''2''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[:en:Phil_Neal|Phil Neal]] |- |LB |'''3''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[:en:Tommy_Smith_(footballer,_born_1945)|Tommy Smith]] |- |CB |'''4''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[:en:Phil_Thompson|Phil Thompson]] |- |LM |'''5''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[:en:Ray_Kennedy|Ray Kennedy]] |- |CB |'''6''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[:en:Emlyn_Hughes|Emlyn Hughes]] [[:en:Captain_(association_football)|(c)]] |- |CF |'''7''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[:en:Kevin_Keegan|Kevin Keegan]] |- |CM |'''8''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[:en:Jimmy_Case|Jimmy Case]] |- |RM |'''9''' |{{flagicon|Ireland}} [[:en:Steve_Heighway|Steve Heighway]] |- |CF |'''10''' |{{flagicon|Wales}} [[:en:John_Toshack|John Toshack]] | |{{suboff|62}} |- |CM |'''11''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[:en:Ian_Callaghan|Ian Callaghan]] |- | colspan="3" |'''Substitutes:''' |- |FW |'''12''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[:en:David_Fairclough|David Fairclough]] | |{{subon|62}} |- |GK |'''13''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[:en:Peter_McDonnell|Peter McDonnell]] |- |DF |'''14''' |{{flagicon|WAL}} [[:en:Joey_Jones|Joey Jones]] |- |MF |'''15''' |{{flagicon|SCO}} [[:en:Brian_Hall_(footballer,_born_1946)|Brian Hall]] |- |MF |'''16''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[:en:Terry_McDermott|Terry McDermott]] |- | colspan="3" |'''Manager:''' |- | colspan="4" |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[:en:Bob_Paisley|Bob Paisley]] |} |} == Zolemba == [[Category:UEFA Cup Finals]] bd1wb3v2i6d6drisygqt04mimydjzjz James A. Garfield 0 8864 71978 71648 2026-09-25T00:04:18Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 71978 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''James Abram Garfield''' (Novembala 19, 1831 - Seputembara 19, 1881) anali Purezidenti wa 20 wa United States, kuyambira Marichi 1881 mpaka imfa yake mu Seputembala chaka chimenecho atawomberedwa miyezi iwiri yapitayo . Mlaliki, loya, komanso wamkulu wa Nkhondo Yachibadwidwe, Garfield adagwira ntchito zisanu ndi zinayi ku United States House of Representatives ndipo ndiye membala yekhayo wanyumbayo kuti asankhidwe kukhala Purezidenti. Asanayenerere kukhala pulezidenti, adasankhidwa kukhala Senate ya US ndi Msonkhano Waukulu wa Ohio — udindo womwe adaukana pamene adasankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti . Garfield anabadwira mu umphawi m'nyumba yamatabGarfield anabadwira mu umphawi m'nyumba yamatabwa ndipo anakulira ku [[northeast Ohio]]. Atamaliza maphunziro ake ku [[Williams College]] mu 1856, anaphunzira zamalamulo ndi kukhala loya. Iye anali mlaliki mu [[Stone-Campbell Movement]] ndi pulezidenti wa [[Western Reserve Eclectic Institute]], yogwirizana ndi [[Christian Church (Ophunzira a Khristu)|Ophunzira]].<ref>{{cite thesis|first=Jerry Bryant|last=Rushford Garrison|title=The Political Reciple Disciple: James Disciple. Christ|type=PhD|publisher=University of California, Santa Barbara|series=''Churchches of Christ Heritage Collection''. Katundu 7|date=August 1977|url=https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/heritage_center/7/|access-date=December 17, 2022}}</ref>{{efn|Magawo mu Stone-Campbell Movement sanazindikiridwe mpaka 20th Century. Mayina akuti Christian Church, Church of Christ, and Disciples of Christ adagwiritsidwa ntchito mosinthana mpaka nthawi imeneyo.{{sfn|McAlister|Tucker|1975|p=252}}}}wa ndipo anakulira kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Ohio . Atamaliza maphunziro ake ku Williams College mu 1856, adaphunzira zamalamulo ndikukhala loya. Anali mlaliki mu Stone-Campbell Movement komanso pulezidenti wa Western Reserve Eclectic Institute, yogwirizana ndi Ophunzira . {{Efn|Divisions in the Stone-Campbell Movement were not recognized until the 20th Century. The names Christian Church, Church of Christ, and Disciples of Christ were used interchangeably until then.{{sfn|McAlister|Tucker|1975|p=252}}}} Pamsonkhano wa Republican National Convention wa 1880, nthumwi zinasankha Garfield, yemwe sanafunefune White House, ngati wosankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti pa chisankho cha 36. Mu zisankho zapurezidenti za 1880, adachita kampeni yotsika kutsogolo ndikupambana mwapang'onopang'ono wosankhidwa ndi Democratic, Winfield Scott Hancock . Zomwe a Garfield adachita ngati purezidenti zidaphatikizanso kunena kwake zaulamuliro wapulezidenti motsutsana ndi ulemu wa senatori pakusankhidwa kwa akuluakulu, kuchotsa katangale mu Post Office, komanso kusankhidwa kwake kukhala woweruza wa Khothi Lalikulu. Adalimbikitsa ukadaulo waulimi, osankhidwa ophunzira, komanso ufulu wa anthu aku Africa America . Anaperekanso maganizo osintha ntchito za boma, zomwe zinaperekedwa ndi Congress mu 1883 monga Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act ndipo adasaina kukhala lamulo ndi wolowa m'malo mwake, Chester A. Arthur . Garfield anali membala wa gulu la intraparty " Half-Breed " yemwe adagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za purezidenti kutsutsa wamphamvu " Stalwart " Senator Roscoe Conkling waku New York. Anachita izi posankha mtsogoleri wa gulu la Blaine William H. Robertson kuti akhale mtsogoleri wopindulitsa wa Port of New York . Nkhondo yandale yotsatirayi inachititsa kuti Robertson atsimikizidwe ndi kusiya ntchito kwa Conkling ndi Thomas C. Platt kuchokera ku Senate. Pa July 2, 1881, [[Charles J. Guiteau]], wokhumudwa ndi wonyenga [[Spoils system|ofunafuna ofesi]], adawombera Garfield pa [[Baltimore ndi Potomac Railroad Station]] ku Washington. Chilondacho sichinaphe nthawi yomweyo, koma [[Iatrogenesis|matenda obwera chifukwa cha njira zosayenera za madokotala]] pochiza chilondacho chomwe chinapha Garfield pa September 19. Chifukwa cha nthawi yake yochepa paudindo, akatswiri a mbiri yakale amakonda ku [[Maudindo a mbiri ya apurezidenti a United States|kusankha Garfield]] monga pulezidenti wotsikirapo kuchokera ku pulezidenti wocheperapo kapena kumusiya, ngakhale kuti adamuyamikira kwambiri chifukwa cha chinyengo. kulimbikitsa ufulu wa anthu. == Zolemba == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Maumboni == {{Reflist|24em}} == Ntchito zotchulidwa ==   == Kuwerenga kwina == *   * Goodyear, C. W. (2023). ''President Garfield: From Radical to Unifier''. New York, New York: Simon & Schuster. * Graff Henry F., ed. ''The Presidents: A Reference History'' (3rd ed. 2002) [https://www.presidentprofiles.com/ online] * {{Cite journal|last3=William A. Hammond|pages=578–610}} * Houdek, John Thomas. "James A. Garfield and Rutherford B. Hayes: A Study in State and National Politics" (PhD dissertation, Michigan State University; Proquest Dissertations Publishing, 1970. 7111871). * Menke, Richard. "Media in America, 1881: Garfield, Guiteau, Bell, Whitman." ''Critical Inquiry'' 31.3 (2005): 638–664. * {{Cite book|author2=Candice Millard}} * North, Ira Lutts. "A rhetorical criticism of the speaking of James Abram Garfield, 1876-1880" (PhD dissertation, Louisiana State University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1953. DP69446). * Rushford, Jerry Bryant. "Political Disciple: The Relationship Between James A. Garfield And The Disciples Of Christ" (PhD dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1977. 7807029). * Skidmore, Max J. "James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur." in ''Maligned Presidents: The Late 19th Century'' (Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2014) pp.&nbsp;63–79. * Sutton, Thomas C. "James A. Garfield." in ''The Presidents and the Constitution'' (Volume One. New York University Press, 2020) pp.&nbsp;266–275. * Uhler, Kevin A. "The demise of patronage: Garfield, the midterm election, and the passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Act" (PhD. Diss. The Florida State University, 2011) [https://fsu.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fsu:183530/datastream/PDF/view online]. * Vermilya, Daniel J. ''James Garfield and the Civil War: For Ohio and the Union'' (Arcadia Publishing, 2015). == Maulalo akunja == * [http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000063 Garfield, James Abram, (1831-1881) Congressional Biography] * [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/garfield/index.html James Garfield: Buku Lothandizira] kuchokera ku Library of Congress * James A. Garfield * [ http://millercenter.org/president/garfield Ndemanga Zachidule za James A. Garfield ndi utsogoleri wake kuchokera ku Miller Center of Public Affairs * [http://www.c-span.org/video/?151093-1/life-portrait-james-garfield "Life Portrait of James Garfield"], kuchokera ku C-SPAN 's ''American Presidents: Life Portraits'', July 26, 1999 * Works by or about James A. Garfield * Works by James A. Garfield * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160930170240/http://www.deltau.org/aboutus/notablealumni Odziwika bwino alumni] a Delta Upsilon fraternity, kuphatikiza Garfield * [http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Presidents/Garfield-James-A James A. Garfield Personal Manuscripts] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210115151147/https://archivesspace.williams.edu/repositories/4/resources/275 James A. Garfield Collection] ku Williams College Chapin Library * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210126183657/https://archivesspace.williams.edu/repositories/2/resources/54 James A. Garfield Collection] ku Williams College Archives ndi Special Collections * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240424194754/https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-2933066R-root Zolemba zovomerezeka zachipatala zokhudzana ndi thanzi la Purezidenti wa US James Garfield] wochokera ku US National Library of Medicine. Lili ndi zidziwitso zachipatala zoperekedwa ndi madokotala omwe amapezekapo D. Hayes Agnes, JK Barnes, DW Bliss, Frank H. Hamilton, Robert Reyburn, ndi JJ Woodward pakati pa July 6 - September 19, 1881. [[Category:Atsogoleri a United States omwe anali Freemasons]] [[Category:Kuphedwa kwa Purezidenti wa United States]] mb6zimlza40tgre6o1vavchae69zy3w