Wikipedia omwiki https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuula_Dura MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.13 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 12 2270 45808 45800 2026-08-03T07:48:27Z Font8388608 14280 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/45800|45800]] by [[Special:Contributions/Bukaari|Bukaari]] ([[User talk:Bukaari|talk]]) Revert vandalism 45808 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Accounti Ban=== * Barresu jalqabun durra "acount"ii ofii qabachun barbachisaa dha. Kunis akka nami waan atti barresitte dubissu enyumma kankee bekku danda'u fi akka nama birra "wikipedia" kessatti "account"ii qabu wajjin wali-barresu dandettu sii qarqarra. # Bannuf bakka ''seenu/"account"ii banu'' jedhu birra dhaqii. 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Haa ta'u malle fayyadamte yoo fixxe bodda ''log out'' gochu hin dedhin. * Ergaa banatte bodda waan ''dubii kiyya'', ''fedhi kiyya'', ''my watchlist'', ''keena kiyya'' fi ''log out'' kan jedhutti dhufaa wa'e kana bekkuf fuula ''Qarqarsa'' jedhutti debi'i. 8n6azniyzt3798hnfctd91uu88b60ne 0 2677 45807 44666 2026-08-02T21:59:12Z InternetArchiveBot 8356 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 45807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox saayinsii|maqaa=Ifa|fakkii=Light dispersion conceptual.gif|ibsa_fakkii=Ifni adii yeroo priizimii keessa darbu gara halluuwwan isaa bu'uuraatti addaan faca'a. Adeemsi kun '''Faca'iinsa halluu''' (dispersion) jedhama.|damee_saayinsii=[[Fiiziksii]]|yaad_rimee_ijoo=[[#Garlamummaa Dambal-Suudoo (Wave-Particle Duality)|Garlamummaa Dambal-Suudoo]], [[#Calalii Elektiroomaagneetii|Calalii Elektiroomaagneetii]], [[#Balaqeessa (Reflection)|Balaqeessa]], [[#Dabee Darbuu (Refraction)|Dabee Darbuu]]|ogeessota_gurguddoo=Ibn al-Haytham, Isaac Newton, Christiaan Huygens, James Clerk Maxwell, Albert Einstein}} '''Ifa''' jechuun gosa anniisaa kan bifa '''madana elektiroomaagneetii''' (Electromagnetic Radiation) ta'een tamsa'uudha. Anniisaan kun ija namaatiin mul'achuu kan danda'u yoo ta'u, jireenya lafa kanarratti lubbu qabeeyyiin akka jiraataniif bu'uura. Ifni aduu irraa dhufu biqiltoonni footoosinteesisii akka gaggeessan taasisa, kunis madda nyaataa fi oksijiinii keenyaati. Addunyaa keenya hubachuu fi argachuuf, ifni furtuu dha; yaad-rimeen '''argaa''' (vision) jedhamu guutummaatti ifa irratti hundaa'a. Saayinsii ammayyaa keessatti, ifni amala baayyee addaa fi nama ajaa'ibsiisu qaba. Innis yeroo tokko akka dambaliitti, yeroo kaan immoo akka suuddootti (particle) amala agarsiisa. Amalli wal faallessaa fakkaatu kun '''garlamummaa dambal-suudoo''' (wave-particle duality) jedhama. Dabalataan, ifni saffisa guddaa uumama keessatti argamu kamiyyuu caaluun beekama; saffisni isaa onnee (vacuum) keessatti dhaabbataa yoo ta'u, bu'uura yaad-rimee rilooviitii kan Albert Einstein ti. Dameen fiiziksii kan ifa, amaloota isaa, fi wal-nyaatinsa inni wantoota wajjin godhu qoratu '''xinagartii''' (optics) jedhama. Xinagartiin hubannoo keenya kan ijaa, kaameraa, teeleskooppii, fi teeknooloojiiwwan agartii irratti hundaa'an hundaaf bu'uura. Hubannoon ifaa kun saayinsii fi teeknooloojii jaarraa 21ffaa keessatti iddoo olaanaa qaba. == Seenaa Yaad-rimee Ifaa == Seenaan hubannoo ifaa dheeraa fi kan qorattoota hedduu hirmaachisedha. Yaad-rimeewwan kunniin yeroo gara yerootti gudachaa dhufan. === Yaadiddama Durii (Giriik fi Arabii) === Yaadiddamni ifaa inni jalqabaa Giriikii durii keessatti kan jalqabame yoo ta'u, ogeeyyiin akka Filaatoo (Plato) fi Yuukliid (Euclid) yaadiddama "biifuu" (''emission theory'') jedhu deeggaru turan. Akka yaadiddama kanaatti, ijji namaa xiyya ifaa of keessaa baasuun, yeroo xiyyi kun wantoota rukutu, argaan uumama. Yaadni kun salphaatti fudhatama kan argateef, ijji keenya akka waan hojii hojjechaa jiruutti waan nutti dhaga'amuufi. Haa ta'u malee, gaaffii guddaa tokko deebisuu hin dandeenye: yoo ijji keenya ifa maddisiisa ta'e, maaliif dukkana keessatti arguu hin dandeenyu? Gaaffiin kun yaadiddama kana shakkii keessa galche. Jaarraa 11ffaa keessatti, saayintistiin beekamaan lammii Arabii, Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), kan abbaa xinagartii ammayyaa jedhamuun beekamu, yaadiddama durii kana guutummaatti jijjiire. Kitaaba isaa beekamaa "Kitaaba Xinagartii" (''Book of Optics'') jedhu keessatti, yaadiddama "seensaa" (''intromission theory'') jedhu dhiyeesse. Akka yaada kanaatti, argaan kan uumamu ifni madda biraa (fakkeenyaaf, aduu) irraa ka'ee wantoota irraa balaqeessuun gara ijaatti yeroo seenuudha. Alhazen yaada isaa kana yaalii saayinsawaa, keessattuu tooftaa "kaameraa obskuraa" (''camera obscura'') jedhamu fayyadamuun mirkaneesse. Hojiin isaa kun bu'uura saayinsii xinagartii ammayyaatiif kaa'uun, qorannoo ifaa gara tooftaa saayinsawaa ammayyaatti ceesise. Guddinni yaadiddama kanaa kan itti fufe, hojiin Alhazen gara Laatiinitti hiikamee saayintistoota Awurooppaa kan akka Roger Bacon fi Johannes Kepler bira ga'uuni. Isaanis qorannoo ifaa fi argaa irratti hojii guddaa hojjechuun, yaad-rimeen ifni wantoota irraa gara ijaatti deema jedhu caalaatti akka cimu taasisan. Hojiin isaanii kun bu'uura qorannoo Niiwutan fi saayintistoota isa booda dhufaniif karaa bane. Walumaagalatti, ka'umsi qorannoo ifaa gara saayinsii ammayyaatti kan ce'e yaalii fi ragaa Alhazen dhiyeesseen ture. === Yaadiddama Suudoo fi Yaadiddama Dambalii === Jaarraa 17ffaa keessatti, falmii guddaan waa'ee amala ifaa irratti ka'e. [[Aayizaak Niiwutan]], saayintistii beekamaa yeroo sanaa, yaadiddama suudoo (''corpuscular theory'') jedhu deeggaraa ture. Akka yaada kanaatti, ifni suuddoowwan xixiqqoo, '''hanga''' qaban, kan "corpuscles" jedhaman irraa ijaarama. Niiwutan yaada kana kan deeggareef, ifni akka xiyyaatti kallattii qajeelaan waan deemuuf, akkasumas gaaddidduu qara qabu waan uumuufi. Amalli kun amala suuddoo kan akka billii harkaa wajjin waan walfakkaatuuf, yaadiddamni suudoo fudhatama argate. Haa ta'u malee, yaadiddamni kun taateewwan akka [[#Bittinaa'uu Ifaa (Diffraction)|bittinaa'uu ifaa]] ibsuuf ni rakkata ture. Faallaa Niiwutan, saayintistoonni akka [[Roobert Hooke]] fi [[Kiristaan Haayigans]] ifni amala dambalii (''wave theory'') qaba jedhanii falmaa turan. Akka yaadiddama Haayigansitti, ifni akka dambalii bishaanii kan gidduu-galaa "eeterii" (''luminiferous aether'') jedhamu, kan hawaa guutuu keessa jira jedhamee amanmu, keessa darbuudha. Yaadiddamni dambalii taateewwan akka [[#Dabee Darbuu (Refraction)|dabee darbuu]] fi [[#Walseennaa (Interference)|walseennaa]] salphaatti ibsuu danda'us, sababa ulfina Niiwutan qabuuf, jaarraa 18ffaa keessatti fudhatama guddaa hin arganne. Yaadiddamni dambalii caalaatti kan cime jaarraa 19ffaa keessa. Bara 1801, [[Toomaas Yaang]] yaalii "double-slit" jedhamuun beekamaatti gaggeessee, ifni amala walseennaa agarsiisuu isaa ifatti mirkaneesse. Dabalataan, bara 1850, [[Léon Foucault]] saffisni ifaa bishaan keessatti kan qilleensaa irra gadi aanaa ta'uu isaa yaaliin mirkaneesse. Kunis yaadiddama suudoo Niiwutan kan ifni wanta rukkinna qabu keessatti saffisuu qaba jedhuun faallaa waan ta'eef, yaadiddamni dambalii guutummaatti mo'atee, yaadiddamni suudoo akka kufuu taasise. === Yaadiddama Elektiroomaagneetii === [[File:James Clerk Maxwell big.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Jeems Kilaark Maakisweel]] Jaarraa 19ffaa keessatti, guddinni qorannoo elektiriksii fi maagneetizimii hubannoo ifaatiif ifa haaraa kenne. Bara 1845, [[Maayikil Faaradaay]] taatee ajaa'ibsiisaa tokko argate: dirreen maagneetii cimaan madaalcha (''polarization'') ifaa jijjiiruu ni danda'a. Kun ragaa jalqabaa kan ifni, elektirikiin, fi maagneetizimiin hariiroo qabaachuu isaanii agarsiisedha. Yaada kanarraa ka'uun, Faaradaay ifni gosa jeequmsa elektiroomaagneetii marmaarsa guddaa qabu ta'uu hin oolu jedhee tilmaame. Yaada Faaradaay kana kan fudhatee gara sadarkaa olaanaatti ceesise herregaa fi fiizisistii Iskootilaand, '''[[Jeems Kilaark Maakisweel]]''' ture. Maakisweel seera beekamaa elektiriksii fi maagneetizimii walitti fiduun walqixxaattoo beekamoo isaa afur uume. Bara 1862, walqixxaattoo kana irraa ka'uun, dambaliin elektiroomaagneetii jiraachuu akka danda'u, akkasumas dambaliin kun onnee keessa saffisa dhaabbataadhaan deemuu akka danda'u raage. Saffisa dambalii kanaa yeroo herrege, saffisa ifaa kan duraan safaramee beekamu wajjin walqixa ta'ee argate. Kun tasa kan uumame odoo hin taane, ifni gosa madana elektiroomaagneetii ta'uu isaa kan mirkaneessu ture. Yaadiddama Maakisweel kana kan mirkaneesse saayintistii Jarmanii [[Haayniriik Hertz]] ture. Hertz laabiraatorii isaa keessatti dambalii raadiyoo (kan madana elektiroomaagneetii ta'e) maddisiisuu fi arguun, dambaliin kun amaloota ifaa kan akka balaqeessaa, dabee darbuu, fi kkf akka qabu agarsiise. Argannoon kun yaadiddama Maakisweel mirkaneessuu qofa odoo hin taane, teeknooloojiiwwan akka raadiyoo, raadaarii, fi televijiniitiif bu'uura ta'e. === Yaadiddama Sadhatummaa Addaa (Specific Relativity) === [[File:Albert_Einstein_(Nobel).png|thumb|Albert Einstein, abbaa yaadiddama sadhatummaa]] Yaadiddamni elektiroomaagneetii Maakisweel milkaa'ina guddaa galmeessus, rakkoo guddaa tokko qaba ture. Akka walqixxaattoo Maakisweelitti, saffisni ifaa onnee keessatti dhaabbataa fi kan madda ykn daawwataa irratti hin hundoofne ture. Kun immoo seera sochii Niiwutan fi Gaaliiliiyoo kan saffisni walitti idaa'amuu qaba jedhuun faallaa ture. Rakkoo kana furuuf, saayintistoonni hawaan "eeterii" kan jedhamuun guutame, kan dambaliin ifaa keessa deemu jedhanii tilmaaman. Haa ta'u malee, yaaliin beekamaan kan Maayikalsan-Moorlii jedhamu bara 1887tti geggeeffame, eeteriin jiraachuu akka hin dandeenye mirkaneesse. Rakkoon kun hanga bara 1905tti furmaata malee ture. Bara sana, dargaggeessi '''[[Albert Einstein]]''' '''yaadiddama sadhatummaa addaa''' (''special theory of relativity'') isaa dhiyeesse. Einstein eeterii guutummaatti dhiisuun, yaad-rimee lama qofa fudhate: 1) Seeronni fiiziksii daawwattoota saffisa dhaabbataadhaan deeman hundaaf tokko. 2) Saffisni ifaa onnee keessatti daawwataa kamiyyuuf dhaabbataadha. Yaadni kun kan nama ajaa'ibu yoo ta'u, bu'aan isaa garuu caalaatti dinqisiisaa ture. Saffisni ifaa dhaabbataa akka ta'uuf, hawaa fi yeroon mataan isaanii dhaabbataa odoo hin taane, kan saffisa irratti hundaa'ee dheerachuu fi gabaabbachuu danda'an ta'uu isaanii ibse. Walumaa galatti, yaadiddamni sadhatummaa addaa hubannoo keenya kan hawaa fi yeroo irratti qabnu guutummaatti jijjiire. Dabalataanis, Einstein hariiroo '''[[hanga]]''' (''mass'') (m) fi anniisaa (E) gidduu jiru foormulaa addunyaarratti beekamaa ta'e, <math>E=mc^2</math>, tiin ibse. Foormulaan kun anniisaan ulfaatinatti, '''hanga'''s anniisaatti jijjiiramuu akka danda'u agarsiisa, kunis bu'uura anniisaa nukilarii fi uumama urjileeti. === Yaadiddama Hagoo fi Garlamummaa Dambal-Suudoo === Yeroo yaadiddamni dambalii fi elektiroomaagneetii cimee turetti, taateewwan haaraan yaadiddamoota kanaan ibsamuu hin dandeenye mul'achuu eegalan. Inni guddaan '''taddoo iftinelektirikii''' (''photoelectric effect'') jedhama. Taateen kun yeroo ifni sibiila irra bu'ee elektiroonota irraa buqqisudha. Wanti nama dinqu, anniisaan elektiroonota buqqa'anii marmaarsa (halluu) ifichaa irratti hundaa'a malee, cimina (ifa) isaa irratti miti. Yaadiddamni dambalii kana ibsuu hin dandeenye. Bara 1905, waggaadhuma sadhatummaa ibsetti, Einstein furmaata biraa dhiyeesse. Inni yaadiddama [[Maaks Pilaank]] kan madana qaama gurraachaa (''black-body radiation'') irratti hojjetame fudhachuun, ifni buttaa anniisaa xixiqqoo kan '''hagoo''' (''quanta'') jedhamu irraa ijaarama jedhe. Buttaan kun booda '''suudifa''' (''photon'') jedhame. Suudifni tokko anniisaa murtaa'e kan qabu yoo ta'u, anniisaan kun marmaarsa ifichaa wajjin walqabata (<math>E = hf</math>, iddoo h '''[[Dhaabbataa Pilaankii]]''' ti). Kunis yaadiddama suudoo Niiwutan deebisee fide, garuu bifa haaraa fi ammayyaawaa ta'een. Argannoo kanaafis Einstein bara 1921 Badhaasa Noobelii argate. Dhuma irratti, saayintistoonni ifni amala lamaanuu akka qabu amanan: '''Garlamummaa Dambal-Suudoo'''. Innis yeroo tokko akka dambalii, yeroo kaan immoo akka suuddootti amala agarsiisa. Bara 1924, [[Louis de Broglie]] suuddoon kamiyyuu (akka elektiroonii) amala dambalii qabaachuu danda'a jedhe. Yaanni kunis yaaliidhaan mirkanaa'e. Hubannoon kun gara '''yaadiddama [[Elektiroodaayinamiskii Hagoo]]''' (''Quantum Electrodynamics'' - QED)tti guddate. QED yaadiddama ammayyaa isa ifa, elektiroonota, fi elektiromaagneetizimii sirriitti ibsuudha. == Amaloota Bu'uuraa Ifaa == Ifni amaloota addaa hedduu kan isa ibsan qaba. [[File:Speed_of_light_from_Earth_to_Moon.gif|thumb|center|500px|Fakkii sochii kan xiyya ifaa lafa irraa ka'ee ji'a gahuuf naannoo sekondii 1.29 akka itti fudhatu agarsiisu. Kun saffisni ifaa guddaa ta'us, daangaa akka qabu mul'isa.]] === Saffisa Ifaa === Ifni saffisa guddaa uumama keessatti argamu kamiyyuu caalu qaba. Saffisni isaa onnee (vacuum) keessatti dhaabbataa yoo ta'u, naannoo '''299,792,458 meetira sekondii tokkotti''' (≈3.00 × 10⁸ m/s) dha. Saffisni kun mallattoo '''c'''tiin beekama. Ifni gidduu-galaa (medium) kan akka bishaanii ykn fuullee keessa yoo darbu saffisni isaa ni hir'ata. Hammamiin saffisni ifaa gidduu-galaa keessatti hir'atu kan safaramu '''kasaa dabee darbuutiin''' (index of refraction - n). :<math>n = \frac{c}{v}</math> Iddoo ''c'' saffisa ifaa onnee keessatti, ''v'' immoo saffisa ifaa gidduu-galaa keessatti. === Dhiibbaa Ifaa === Ifni humna xiqqaa ta'us, dhiibbaa uumuu danda'a. Kunis kan dhufu suudifoonni (photons) yeroo dirra wanta tokkoo rukutanidha. Dhiibbaan kun baayyee xiqqaa waan ta'eef jireenya guyyuu keessatti hin hubatamu, garuu teeknooloojii hawaa kan akka 'solar sails' keessatti yaad-rimee barbaachisaadha. '''Garlamummaa Dambal-Suudoo''': Akkuma olitti ibsame, ifni amala dambalii fi suudoo lamaanuu agarsiisa. Yeroo tokko tokko, keessattuu yeroo tamsa'u, akka dambaliitti amala qaba. Yeroo kaan immoo, keessattuu yeroo wantoota wajjin wal-nyaatu, akka buttaa anniisaa (suudifa) tokkootti amala qaba. Yaadrimeen kun bu'uura fiiziksii ammayyaa (quantum mechanics) ti. '''Dheerinadambalii (Wavelength)''': Yoo ifa akka dambaliitti ilaalle, inni '''dheerinadambalii''' (λ) qaba. Kunis fageenya tuqaalee walfakkaataa dambalii lama gidduu jiruudha. Ifa mul'atu keessatti, dheerinadambaliin halluu ifichaa murteessa. Ifni diimaan dheerinadambalii guddaa yoo qabaatu, ifni biyyuun immoo dheerinadambalii gabaabaa qaba. '''Marmaarsa (Frequency)''': Marmaarsi (f) lakkoofsa dambaliin guutuun tuqaa tokko sekondii tokkotti keessa darbuudha. Dheerinadambalii fi marmaarsi faallaa wal-qabatu; dheerinadambaliin yoo guddatus, marmaarsi ni xiqqaata. Anniisaan ifaa kallattiin marmaarsa isaa wajjin walqabata; marmaarsi guddaan anniisaa guddaa jechuudha. '''Suudifa (Photon)''': Yoo ifa akka suudootti fudhanne, inni buttaa anniisaa xixiqqoo kan '''suudifa''' jedhaman irraa ijaarama. Suudifni tokko hamma anniisaa murtaa'e kan '''hagoo''' jedhamu of keessaa qaba. Anniisaan suudifa tokkoo marmaarsa ifichaa irratti hundaa'a. '''Ciminna (Intensity)''': Ciminnii ifaa safartuu anniisaa ifaa kan bal'ina tokko irratti yeroo murtaa'e keessatti rukutuudha. Kunis lakkoofsa suudifaa naannoo sana ga'u irratti hundaa'a. Ifni cimina guddaa qabu suudifoota hedduu qaba jechuudha. == Calalii Elektiroomaagneetii == [[File:Madana Elektrooloobilaa.jpg|thumb|450x450px|'''Calalii Elektiroomaagneetii''' guutuu, ifa mul'atuu fi gosoota biroo kan akka Raadiyoo, Infraaredii, Altiraavaayoleetii, fi xiyya-X agarsiisu.]] Ifni ijaan arginu kutaa xiqqoo qofa kan walitti qabama madana elektiroomaagneetii bal'aa kan '''Calalii Elektiroomaagneetii''' jedhamuuti. Calaliin kun gosa dambalii hundaa kan dheerinadambalii fi marmaarsa adda addaa qaban of keessatti qabata. '''Dambalii Raadiyoo''': Isaan kun dheerinadambalii guddaa fi anniisaa xiqqaa qabu. Tamsaasa raadiyoo, televizhinii, fi wal-qunnamtii bilbilaaf oolu. '''Maayikirooweeyivii''': Raadiyoo caalaa dheerinadambalii gabaabaa qabu. Isaanis nyaata bilcheessuu (oven maayikirooweeyivii), raadaarii, fi wal-qunnamtii saatelaayitiif fayyadu. '''Infraaredii (IR)''': Madana hoo'aa jedhamuunis beekama. Qaamni hoo'aa kamiyyuu madana kana ni baasa. Isaanis fageettoo (remote control) fi kaameraa halkanii keessatti fayyadu. '''Ifa Mul'atu (Visible Light)''': Kutaa calalii isa iji keenya argu danda'uudha. Kunis halluuwwan akka diimaa, burtukaana'aa, keelloo, magariisa, biyyuu, fi cuquliisa of keessatti qabata. '''Altiraavaayoleetii (UV)''': Ifa biyyuu caalaa anniisaa guddaa qaba. Aduu irraa kan dhufu yoo ta'u, gogaa namaa gubuu danda'a. Haa ta'u malee, meeshaalee yaalaa qulqulleessuu fi vitaamin D oomishuuf ni fayyada. '''xiyya-X (X-Rays)''': Anniisaa baayyee guddaa kan qaama namaa keessa seenuu danda'u qabu. Fayyaa keessatti lafee caba ilaaluuf tajaajilu. '''xiyya Gaammaa (Gamma Rays)''': Madana anniisaa guddaa fi balaa qabuudha. Isaanis adeemsa nukilarii keessatti uumamu. == Hariiroo Ifaa Wanta Waliin == Yeroo ifni wanta tokko rukutu, [[Taatee (fiiziksii)|taateewwan]] adda addaa hedduutu raawwatamuu danda’a. Akkaataan ifni itti wanta wajjin wal-rukuteen amaloota uumamaa dinqisiisoo fi teeknooloojiiwwan ammayyaa hedduuf bu’uura. Adeemsawwan kunniin balaqeessa, dabee darbuu, xuuxamuu, faca'uu, bittinaa'uu, fi kkf of keessatti qabatu. ===== Balaqeessa (Reflection) ===== [[File:Fényvisszaverődés.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Balaqeessa sirrii: Kofni battallee (θi) fi kofni balaqeesa'oo (θr) yeroo hunda walqixa.]] '''Balaqeessi''' (''Reflection'') adeemsa ifni dirra wanta tokkoo irraa duubatti deebi'uudha. Agartuun kun bu'uura argaa keenyaati, sababni isaas wantoota ifa hin maddisiifne kan arginu ifa isaan irraa balaqeessan ija keenya seenuuni. Seerri bu'uuraa balaqeessaa akka jedhutti, '''kofni battallee''' (''incident angle'') kan [[Xiyya ifaa|xiyyi]] ifaa ittiin dirra tokko rukutu, yeroo hunda '''kofa balaqeesa'oo''' (''reflection angle'') kan inni ittiin deebi'u wajjin walqixa. Madaalli kofaa kun sarara yaadaa kan dirrichaaf '''ijaajjoo''' (''normal'') ta'e irratti hundaa'a. Amaloonni balaqeessaa kunniin meeshaalee akka [[daawwitii]] irraa kaasee hanga argaa halluuwwan adda addaatti hiika guddaa qabu. Balaqeessi gosa gurguddoo lama qaba: '''Balaqeessa Sirrii''' (''Specular Reflection'') fi '''Balaqeessa Faca'aa''' (''Diffuse Reflection''). Balaqeessi sirriin kan uumamu yeroo ifni dirra laafaa fi calaqqisaa (akka daawwitii, bishaanii, ykn sibiilaa) irraa deebi'uudha. Haala kana keessatti, xiyyoonni ifaa wal tarree seenan, wal tarree deebi'u, kunis [[Fakkii (xinagartii)|fakkii]] ifa ta'e uuma. Faallaa kanaa, balaqeessi faca'aa kan uumamu yeroo ifni dirra rukkataa (akka waraqaa, dallaa, ykn uffataa) rukutudha. Dirri rukkataan ifa gara kallattii hundatti facaasa, kanaaf fakkii keenya hin arginu, garuu wanticha mataa isaa argu dandeenya. Addunyaan teenya irra caalaan isii sababa balaqeessa faca'aatiin mul'atti. Adeemsi balaqeessaa inni addaa '''Balaqeessu'uu Guutummaa Keessoo''' (''Total Internal Reflection'') jedhama. Taateen kun kan uumamu yeroo ifni gidduu-galaa rukkinni agartii isaa guddaa ta’e (akka giraasii) irraa gara gidduu-galaa rukkinni isaa xiqqaa ta’eetti (akka qilleensaa) ce'uuf yaaludha. Yoo kofni battallee "kofa murteessaa (critical angle)" jedhamu caale, ifni gara gidduu-galaa isa lammaffaatti darbuu mannaa, guutummaatti (%100) gara gidduu-galaa isa duraatti deebi'ee balaqeessa. Amalli dinqisiisaan kun teeknooloojii '''[[liilana ifaduu]]''' (''fiber optics'') keessatti odeeffannoo tamsaasuuf, akkasumas '''[[calanqeettii]]''' (''sparkle'') daayimandii uumuuf sababa guddaadha. ===== Dabee Darbuu (Refraction) ===== [[File:Refraction-with-soda-straw.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Dhuyyumni bishaan keessa jiru akka waan cabeetti mul'achuun isaa bu'aa dabee darbuu ifaati.]] '''Dabee darbuun''' (''Refraction'') amala ifni yeroo gidduu-galaa tokko irraa gara isa kaanitti, kan rukkinni agartii (''optical density'') isaa adda ta'e, ce'u itti jallatuudha. Sababni guddaan taatee kanaa jijjiirama saffisa ifaati. Ifni [[Onnee (fiiziksii)|onneetti]] saffisa olaanaa qaba, garuu yeroo gidduu-galoota akka qilleensaa, bishaanii, ykn giraasii keessa seenu saffisni isaa ni hir'ata. Jijjiiramni saffisaa kun immoo akka dambaliin ifaa jallatu taasisa, kunis fakkeenya beekamaa kan fardi bishaan keessa jiru akka waan cabeetti mul’atu uuma. Adeemsi kun uumama keessatti iddoo guddaa qaba; fakkeenyaaf, aduun yeroo lixxu ykn baatu osoo sirriitti hin lixin dura mul'achuun isii sababa dabee darbuu ifaa atmosferii keessatti uumamuuni. Adeemsa dabee darbuu ibsuuf saayintistoonni herregaan fayyadamu. '''Seerri Sneel''' (''Snell's Law'') hariiroo kofa ifni ittiin seenee (kofa battallee) fi kofa inni ittiin dabe (kofa dabee darbuu) gidduu jiru sirriitti ibsa. Foormulaan isaas <math>n_1\sin\theta_1 = n_2\sin\theta_2</math> yoo ta'u, asirratti ''n₁'' fi ''n₂'' '''kasaa dabee darbuu''' (''index of refraction'') gidduu-galoota lamaanii agarsiisu. Kasaan kun hammam akka ifni gidduu-galaa sana keessatti suuta deemu kan ibsuudha. Kasaan guddaan, ifni caalaatti jallata jechuudha. Gidduu-galaan tokkoon tokkoon isaa kasaa adda addaa qaba; fakkeenyaaf, kasaan bishaanii naannoo 1.33 yoo ta'u, kan daayimandii immoo 2.42 dha, kunis sababa daayimandiin ifa caalaatti itti facaasuufi. Yaad-rimeen dabee darbuu kun bu'uura teeknooloojiiwwan xinagartii (optics) hedduuti. Fakkeenyaaf, '''[[Doo'innee|doo'inneen]]''' (''lens'') kan '''[[kishaafa]]''' (''eyeglasses''), maayikirooskooppii, fi teeleskooppii keessatti argamu hojjetamee kan ifa sirriitti dabee walitti fidu ykn facaasuudha. Dabalataan, adeemsi '''[[Faca'iinsa halluu|faca'iinsa halluu]]''' (''dispersion'') jedhamu, kan ifni adiin yeroo priizimii keessa darbu gara halluuwwan '''[[sabbata waaqayyoo]]''' (''rainbow'') adda addaatti faca'u, kan uumamu sababa dheerinadambaliin (''wavelength'') halluuwwan adda addaa walqixa hin dabneefi. ===== Bittinaa'uu Ifaa (Diffraction) fi Walseennaa (Interference) ===== [[File:Diffraction_through_Pinhole.svg|right|thumb|140x140px|'''Ifaan qaawwa xiqqoo keessa yeroo darbu akka bittinaa'uu kan agarsiisu.''']] '''Bittinaa'uu ifaa''' (''Diffraction'') amala dambaliin ifaa yeroo qarqara gufuu tokkoo ykn qaawwa dhiphoo keessa darbu itti jallatu ykn babal'atuudha. Jireenya guyyuu keessatti ifni kallattii qajeelaan deema jennee yaanna, garuu sadarkaa baayyee xiqqaa irratti, ifni ni jallata. Agartuun kun kan mul'atu yeroo ifni qarqara balbladee tokkoo ykn qaawwa xiqqoo keessa seenuudha, kunis gaaddidduun qarqara ifa hin taane akka qabaatu taasisa. Hammam akka ifni jallatu dheerinadambalii isaa fi bal'ina qaawwichaa irratti hundaa'a; dheerinadambaliin yoo dheerate ykn qaawwichi yoo dhiphate, bittinaa'uun caalaatti mul'ata. Amalli kun daangaa ijaarsa meeshaalee agartii kan akka maayikirooskooppii fi teeleskooppii irratti murteessaadha. '''Walseennaan''' (''Interference'') taatee uumamu yoo dambaliin ifaa lama ykn isaa ol bakka tokkotti walitti dhufanii walirra bu'anidha. Yeroo kana, dambaliiwwan sun wal cimsuu (walseennaa ijaaraa) ykn wal balleessuu (walseennaa diigaa) danda'u. Walseennaan ijaaraa yeroo uumamu, ifni caalaatti ni guddata (bright spot). Walseennaan diigaa yeroo uumamu immoo, ifni ni bada (dark spot). Agartuun kun yaalii Toomaas Yaang kan "double-slit" jedhamuun beekamaatti ifatti mul'ata. Uumama keessattis, halluuwwan babbareedoon fuula saamunaa (''soap bubble'') ykn biyyee bishaanii irratti mul'atan bu'aa walseennaa ifaa baqqaana haphii irraa balaqeessuuni. Teeknooloojii keessatti, bittinaa'uu fi walseennaan baayyee barbaachisoodha. Meeshaan "diffraction grating" jedhamu, kan sararoota walitti dhihaatan hedduu qabu, ifa gara halluuwwan isaatti addaan baasuuf fayyada. Kunis meeshaalee ispekitroomeetira keessatti elementoota urjilee keessa jiran adda baasuuf gargaara. Akkasumas, hoologiiraafiin (''holography''), kan fakkii '''[[Gara sadii|gar-sadii]]''' (''3D'') uumu, guutummaatti yaad-rimee walseennaa fi bittinaa'uu irratti hundaa'a. Kanaaf, amaloonni ifaa kunniin addunyaa keenya hubachuu qofaaf odoo hin taane, teeknooloojii uumuufis furtuudha. ===== Daddabarsa (Transmission) fi Faca'uu (Scattering) ===== '''Daddabarsi''' adeemsa ifni wanta tokko keessa darbuudha. Akkaataa ifni itti keessa darbutti, wantoonni bakka sadiitti qoodamu: # '''Dabarsoo Ifaa''' (''Transparent''): Wanta ifni guutummaatti keessa darbee, fakkii ifa ta'e kennuudha. Fkn: fuullee, bishaan qulqulluu. # '''Badhii Darbsoo Ifaa''' (''Translucent''): Wanta ifni muraasni keessa darbu, garuu bittinnaa'ee fakkii ifa hin kenninedha. Fkn: Fuullee abbuuraa'e, waraqaa zayitii qabu. # '''Ifa Dhoowwoo''' (''Opaque''): Wanta ifni keessa darbuu hin dandeenye, kan ifa xuuxu ykn guutummaatti balaqeessudha. Fkn: Muka, sibiila, dallaa. '''Faca'uun''' (''Scattering'') taatee uumamu yeroo ifni suuddoowwan xixiqqoon (akka molekuloota qilleensaa) rukutamee gara kallattii hundatti faca'uudha. Adeemsi kun bittinaa'uu irraa adda, sababni isaas bittinaa'uun naannoo gufuutti kan uumamu yoo ta'u, faca'uun immoo walitti bu'iinsa suuddoowwaniitiin uumama. Fakkeenyi beekamaan samiin guyyaa bifa biyyuu fakkaachuudha. Ifni biyyuun dheerinadambalii gabaabaa waan qabuuf, molekuloota qilleensaa keessa jiraniin caalaatti faca'a. Aduun yeroo lixxuu fi baatu diimachuun isaas sababa ifni biyyuun faca'ee ija keenya hin gahiniin, ifni diimaan kallattiin gara keenya dhufuuni. ===== Waaggeessuu (Polarization) ===== [[File:Animation polariseur 2.gif|thumb|right|250px|Fakkii sochii kan ifa hin waaggeeffamne (gubbaa) fi ifa waaggeeffame (jidduu) agarsiisu, calaltuu keessa erga darbee booda.]] '''Waaggeessuun''' (''Polarization'') amala dambalii ifaa kan kallattii hollannaa isaa ibsuudha. Ifni dambalii walfuulleedha, kana jechuun dirreen elektirikii isaa kallattii deeminsaatiif '''dhaabsirroo''' (''perpendicular'') ta'ee hollata. Ifni uumamaa kan akka aduu irraa dhufu waaggeeffamee miti (''unpolarized''), jechuunis kallattiiwwan hollannaa walqixa ta'an hunda qaba. Waaggeessuun kan uumamu yeroo ifni '''[[calaltuu]]''' (''filter'') addaa kan "polarizer" jedhamu keessa darbuudha. Calaltuun kun ifa kallattii tokko qofaan hollatu dabarseetu, kan hafan hunda ittisa ykn xuuxa. Waaggeessuun karaa adda addaatiin uumamuu danda'a: balaqeessa, faca'uu, fi birefringence dabalatee. Fakkeenyaaf, ifni dirra bishaanii ykn daandii asfaaltii irraa balaqeessu, irra caalaan isaa kallattii lafa wajjin wal tarree kan ta'e, '''sardalaan''' (''horizontally''), madaalama. Amalli kun ifa cimaa "balaqqeettii" (''glare'') jedhamu uuma. '''[[Kishaafa Aduu]]''' (''sunglasses'') kan waaggeeffame, calaltuu sarjaa (''vertical'') fayyadamuun balaqqeettii sardala kana ittisuun ijaaf boqonnaa kenna. Teeknooloojii keessatti, waaggeessuun faayidaa guddaa qaba. Iskiriniin kompiitaraa, bilbilaa, fi TV kan (LCD) jedhaman hojjechuuf ifa waaggeeffame fayyadamu. Filmiiwwan gar-sadii teeknika kana fayyadamuun ija tokkoof fakkii addaa, isa kaaniif immoo fakkii biraa erguun muuxannoo 3D uumu. Saayinsii keessattis, waaggeessuun caasaa molekulootaa qorachuu fi amaloota wantootaa hubachuuf gargaara. == Maddoota Ifaa fi Fayyadama == Ifni madda uumamaa fi kan namaan hojjetame qaba. Maddi uumamaa inni guddaan Aduu keenya. Maddoonni akka ibiddaa fi urjilees ni jiru. Maddoonni namaan hojjetaman kan akka ibsaawwanii fi laayizarii dha. '''Wajiija (Incandescence)''': Kun adeemsa wanti tokko hoo'iyyaa guddaadhaan ho'ifamee hanga ifa baasutti ga'uudha. Ibsaan ampayirii durii tooftaa kanaan hojjeta. '''Ifa Sududaa (Laser)''': Ifni laayizarii gosa ifaa addaa kan ta'ee fi amaloota sadii qabuudha: halluu tokko qofa (monochromatic), dambaliiwwan isaa wal-simanii kan deeman (coherent), fi akkuma '''caama''' (beam) tokkootti fageenya dheeraa kan deemuudha (directional). Laayizariin fayyaa, industirii, wal-qunnamtii, fi qorannoo keessatti tajaajila guddaa qaba. '''Xinagartii (Optics) fi Argaa (Vision)''': Ijji namaa meeshaa agartii uumamaa isa dinqisiisaadha. '''Doo'inneen''' (lens) ija keenya keessa jiru ifa xuuxamee gara reetinaa irratti akka kuufamu taasisa. Reetinaan immoo seelota '''siribduu ifaa''' (photoreceptor) jedhaman qaba. Isaanis ifa gara mallattoo elektirikiitti jijjiiranii sammuutti ergu, achiis sammuun fakkii uuma. '''Liilana Ifaduu (Fiber Optics)''': Teeknooloojii ammayyaa kan odeeffannoo tamsaasuuf ifatti fayyadamuudha. Kunis ifa funyoo giraasii ykn pilaastikii haphii (faayiberii) keessatti hidhee, fageenya dheeraa akka deemu taasisa. Odeeffannoon intarneetii fi bilbilaa har'a irra caalaan isaa tooftaa kanaan darba. == Wabii == '''(Yaadiddama xinagartii waliigalaaf)''' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Hecht |first=Eugene |title=Optics |publisher=Addison-Wesley |year=2002 |edition=4th |isbn=978-0-8053-8566-3}}</ref> '''(Yaadiddama bu'uuraa fiiziksii fi saffisa ifaatiif)''' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Serway |first=Raymond A. |last2=Jewett |first2=John W. |title=Physics for Scientists and Engineers |url=https://archive.org/details/physicssciengv2p00serw |publisher=Brooks/Cole |year=2004 |edition=6th |isbn=0-534-40842-7}}</ref> '''(Seenaa Ibn al-Haytham fi xinagartii duriitiif)''' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabra |first=A. I. |title=The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham, Books I-III: On Direct Vision |publisher=Warburg Institute, University of London |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-85481-072-2}}</ref> '''(Yaadiddama elektiroomaagneetii Maakisweeliif)''' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maxwell |first=James Clerk |title=A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=155 |pages=459–512 |year=1865 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1865.0008}}</ref> '''(Taddoo iftinelektirikii fi yaadiddama suudifaatiif)''' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Einstein |first=Albert |title=Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt (On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light) |journal=Annalen der Physik |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=132–148 |year=1905 |doi=10.1002/andp.19053220607 |bibcode=1905AnP...322..132E}}</ref> '''(Elektiroodaayinamiskii hagoo fi hubannoo ammayyaatiif)''' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Feynman |first=Richard P. |title=QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter |url=https://archive.org/details/qedstrangetheory0000feyn_n4u2 |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-691-08388-9}}</ref>[[Category:Fiiziksii]] [[Category:Xinagartii]] [[Category:Anniisaa]] [[Category:Madana Elektiroomaagneetii]] gar3iv1ktz3zku1po6spd392rpufb9e 3 4051 45803 45801 2026-08-02T14:26:13Z Pathoschild 124 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Revi C.]]) 45803 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__<div class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[File:Revi logo (pink).png|thumb|center|<span style="color:red">PLEASE DO NOT LEAVE MESSAGE HERE!</span>]] '''<span style="color:red"> BEFORE YOU BLOCK MY ACCOUNT: IF MY EDIT SUMMARY INCLUDE PREFIX </span>''(Script)''<span style="color:red">, DON'T BLOCK ME, JUST TELL ME TO SLOW DOWN AT COMMONS' TALK PAGE. IT IS AN AUTOMATED SCRIPT BEING USED ON COMMONS TO MOVE FILES.</span>''' Instead, please leave your message following site: <br /> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|45px|link=d:User talk:Revi C.]] [[d:User talk:Revi C.]] for Wikidata (Interwiki links) stuff <!--(I am {{int:Group-sysop}} there)--> <br /> [[File:Commons-logo.svg|45px|link=commons:User talk:Revi C.]] [[commons:User talk:Revi C.]] for renaming stuff or [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] action (I am {{int:Group-sysop}} there) <br /> [[File:Wikimedia Community Logo optimized.svg|45px|link=m:User talk:Revi C.]] [[meta:User talk:Revi C.]] for other stuff (User right notification, revert message, etc...) Messages left on this page may be reverted or moved without any response.</div> 5b8qtz4dnjnrhc9ts3mku14m3gujbq8 0 4798 45805 37562 2026-08-02T21:57:26Z InternetArchiveBot 8356 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 45805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox disease | name = Dhibee vaayiirasii Iboolaa | image = 7042 lores-Ebola-Zaire-CDC Photo.jpg | caption = 1976 suuraa narsoota lama fuulduura [[MaayiingaaN’Seekaa|Maayiingaa N.]] dhaabatanni, nama Vaayiirasii Iboolaadhaan qabamte; guyyoota muuraasa booda dhiigguu ciimaa qaama kessan duute. | DiseasesDB = 18043 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|98|4|a|90}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|065.8}} | MedlinePlus = 001339 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 626 | MeshID = D019142 }} '''dhibee vaayiirasii Iboolaa''' ('''EVD''') yookiin ''' ho'aa Iboolaa Hemmoorihajjikii''' ('''EHF''') dhibbee ilma namaa [[ Vaayirasii Iboolaa]] dhaan dhufuu dha .<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Mallattoon dhukkibichaa kan mul'aachuu jalqabu guyyaa lama hanga torbaan sadii (3) erga vaayiirasichaan qabamanii booda dha. Mallattoon isaas [[Hoo'a qaamaa]], dhukkuba qoonqoo, [[dhukkuba lafee]], fi [[dhukkuba mataa]] dha.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Irra caalaatti immoo [[dhukkuba garaa]], hooqissa fi [[garaa kaasaa]] dabalataanis, hojji [[tiruu]] fi [[kalee]] hir'isa.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Yeroo kana, nammoonni tokko tokko rakkina [[dhiigguu]] qabbaatu.<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Ebola virus disease Fact sheet N°103|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=12 April 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref> <!-- Cause and Diagnosis--> Vaayiirasiichi kan nama qabattuu wallitti dhuufeenya [[dhiigaa]] yookiin [[dhangalaa'aa qaamaa]] bineensoota Vaayirasiichaan qabaman dha (yeroo baay'ee qamaleewaan yookiin [[simbira halkanni]]tini.<ref name=WHO2014/> Manca'insii qillenssaan umamuu nannoo umammaa kessatti hin galmoofnee.<ref name=WHOAir2014>{{cite web|title=2014 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa|url=http://www.who.int/ith/updates/20140421/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=3 August 2014|date=Apr 21 2014|archive-date=29 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729034008/http://www.who.int/ith/updates/20140421/en/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Siinbiiriii haalkanni otto hindhibamiin vaayiirasichaa baachuufi dabarsu akka danda'aan ni amanama.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Namni dhukkubichaan qabamee, nama birratii darbarsuu danda'aa.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Dhirri dhukubicha irra fayye [[sanyii]] issatin hanga ji'aa lamatti nama biraati dabarsuu danda'aa.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Dhuukubicha adda baasuf,dhukkubooni mallatoo walfakaatuu qabaan kan akka [[Buussaa]], [[kooleraa]] fi kanbirraa [[ho'aa vaayiirasi Hemmoorihajjiki]]n adda bahaaniruu.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Dhuukubicha mirkaneesuuf fakeenyii dhigaa [[qaamoota alagaa]] vaayirasiidhaan dhufan R[[riboo nukilik asidi|iboo Nukilik Asiidii]], yookkin vaayiirassin mattaa isaa ni qooratama.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!-- Prevention --> Of eganoon dadarba dhuukibichaa, qamaleewan fi boyyeewan dhiibaman irra akka ilma namaati hindarbinnee ittisu dabala.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Kuunis kan goodhamuu danda'uu, bineyyi dhiibichaan qabamaan ajeesuufi qaama issani akkataan gatuu dhaanii.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Foon siiritii bisheesuu fi yeroo foon tuqaan uffata oof eeganoo kaawwachuunis nigargaara.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Yemmuu nama dhibamee wajjin jiran, uffata oof eeganoo kaawwachuni fi [[harka dhiqaachuu|harka dhiqaachuun]] barbaachisaa dha.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Fakeenyii dhangala'aa qaamaa fi tishuulee nama dhiibamee oof eganoo gudadhaan qabamuu qabu.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!-- Treatment, Prognosis and Epidemiology--> Dhuukuubichaaf yaaliin kana jedhamuu hinjiru;tattaafin namoota dhibaman gargaaruf godhamaa jirran [[walaansaa dhangala'aa qaamaa deebisuu]] (bishaan dhugaati ashaboo fi suukaara xiinno qabuu)yookkiin [[dhangalaa'aa veenii dhaan keennu]] dha.<ref name=WHO2014/> Dhuukuubichii [[yerro bay'ee nama ajjesa]]: namoota dhibichaan qabamaan keesaa baay'iinaan gidduu 50% fi 90% ni du'uu.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name="Elsevier/Academic Press">{{cite book|author1=C.M. Fauquet|title=Virus taxonomy classification and nomenclature of viruses; 8th report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780080575483|page=648|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=9Wy7Jgy5RWYC&pg=PA648}}</ref> EVD n yerroo duurraa [[Suuddaan]] fi [[Dimookraatikii Repablikki Kongoo]] kessati adda baafame.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Tatamsa'iini dhuukuubbichaa bay'iinaan kan uumamuu naanoole oo'aa [[Biyyoota Afrikkaa Saharaa Gadi]] dha.<ref name=WHO2014/> 1976 irraa jalqabee( Yerroo duura argamee) hamma 2013, nammoota 1,000 gadii qabamaniiruu.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=MMWRJune2014>{{cite web|title=Ebola Viral Disease Outbreak — West Africa, 2014|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6325a4.htm?s_cid=mm6325a4_w|website=CDC|accessdate=26 June 2014|date=June 27, 2014}}</ref> Tatamsa'iinii inni guuddaan yerroo aammaa argamu [[2014 Afrikkaa dhiihaa weerara Iboollaa]], kan huubbaa jirruu [[Giinii]], [[Seerraaliiyoonnii]], [[Laayiibeeriyyaa]] fi [[Naayiijeerriyyaa]] kessatis umamu danda'aa.<ref name=CDC2014>{{cite web|title=CDC urges all US residents to avoid nonessential travel to Liberia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone because of an unprecedented outbreak of Ebola.|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/warning/ebola-liberia|website=CDC|accessdate=2 August 2014|date=July 31, 2014}}</ref><ref name=CDCAug2014N>{{cite web|title=Outbreak of Ebola in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone|url=http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/guinea/index.html|website=CDC|accessdate=5 August 2014|date=August 4, 2014}}</ref> Haagayya 2014 irra jalqabee dhibamtoonii 1600 argamaniirruu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ebola virus disease update - West Africa|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_08_04_ebola/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=6 August 2014|date=Aug 4, 2014|archive-date=23 November 2014|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6UJCrmDvn?url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_08_04_ebola/en/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Yaalliwaan [[talaali]]; argachuuf godhamaa jirran illee; haama ammaati hoomtuu hin argamnnee.<ref name=WHO2014/> ==Waabbii== {{Reflist|colwidth=25em}} ; Daballee {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Klenk |first=Hans-Dieter |title=Marburg and Ebola Viruses (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology) |url=https://archive.org/details/marburgebolaviru0000unse |date=January 1999 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Telos |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-540-64729-4 |ref=CITEREFKlenk1999}} * {{Cite book |first1=Hans-Dieter |last1=Klenk |first2=Heinz |last2=Feldmann |title=Ebola and Marburg viruses: molecular and cellular biology |url=http://books.google.com/?id=EV_mFgnyPoMC |format=Limited preview |year=2004 |publisher=Horizon Bioscience |location=Wymondham, Norfolk, UK |isbn=978-0-9545232-3-7 |ref=CITEREFKlenkFeldmann2004 }} * {{Cite book |last=Kuhn |first=Jens H. |title=Filoviruses: A Compendium of 40 Years of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Laboratory Studies. Archives of Virology Supplement, vol. 20 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=LaOue0F9Ns4C |format=Limited preview |year=2008 |publisher=SpringerWienNewYork |location=Vienna |isbn=978-3-211-20670-6 |ref=CITEREFKuhn2008 }} * {{Cite book |last1=McCormick |first1=Joseph |last2=Fisher-Hoch |first2=Susan |others=Horvitz, Leslie Alan |title=Level 4: Virus Hunters of the CDC |url=http://books.google.com/?id=QEvR3aJX2m0C |format=Limited preview |origyear=1996 |edition=Updated [3rd] |year=1999 |publisher=Barnes & Noble |isbn=978-0-7607-1208-5 |ref=CITEREFMcCormickFisher-Hoch1999 |month=June }} * {{Cite book |last=Pattyn |first=S. R. |title=Ebola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever |year=1978 |url=http://www.itg.be/ebola/ |format=Full free text |edition=1st |publisher=Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press |location=Amsterdam |isbn=0-444-80060-3 |ref=CITEREFPattyn1978 |access-date=2014-09-04 |archive-date=2010-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211083855/http://www.itg.be/ebola/ |dead-url=yes }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Ryabchikova | first1 = Elena I. | last2 = Price | first2 = Barbara B. | title = Ebola and Marburg Viruses: A View of Infection Using Electron Microscopy | year = 2004 | publisher = Battelle Press | location = Columbus, Ohio | isbn = 978-1-57477-131-2 | ref = CITEREFRyabchikovaPrice2004 }} {{Refend}} ==Ooddefanoowan aalaa walqabatan== {{Refbegin}} * [http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/207.html ViralZone: Ebola-like viruses] – Virological repository from the [[Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics]] * [http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/ CDC: Ebola hemorrhagic fever] – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special Pathogens Branch * [http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/en/ WHO: Ebola haemorrhagic fever] – World Health Organization, Global Alert and Response * [http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.do?decorator=filo Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Filoviridae]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140808072117/http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/emdb/searchResults.html/?q=ebola 3D macromolecular structures of the Ebola virus archived in the EM Data Bank (EMDB)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819171607/https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=202977755949863934429.0004c658eb30f9c4fb1c0&ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=27.371767,5.273438&spn=110.017392,184.21875&z=2&source=embed&dg=feature Google Map of Ebola Outbreaks] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140816223245/http://www.who.int/csr/bioriskreduction/filovirus_infection_control/en/ WHO recommended infection control measures] {{Refend}} [[Category:Ibolaa]] 3rk8w2y2s5gscrbosque617a3190j38 0 5257 45806 28405 2026-08-02T21:58:11Z InternetArchiveBot 8356 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 45806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Hepatitis A |image = Jaundice eye.jpg | Caption = A case of jaundice caused by hepatitis A | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|15||b|15}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|070.0}}, {{ICD9|070.1}} | DiseasesDB = 5757 | MedlinePlus = 000278 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 991 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|ped|977}} | MeshID = D006506 }} '''Hepatitis A''' (maqaan inni ittiin beekkamu '''infectious hepatitis''') jedhama [[Acute (medical)|acute]] [[dhukkuba faalaa/infectious disease]] kan [[ltiruu/liver]] ka’uumsi isaa vayirasii hepatitis A (HAV).<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | url = https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3 | edition = 4th | pages = [https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3/page/541 541]–4 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-8385-8529-9 }}</ref> Baay’een isaa keessattuu dargaggoota irratti mallattoo dhukkuba xiqqoo mul’isa yookin mallattoo omatuu hin argisiisu.<ref name=AFP2012/> Yeroon wayita faallamaa fi mallattoon dhukkuba itti mul’atu gidduu jiru, torban lamaa anga torban ja’aa ta’a.<ref name="pmid16271543">{{cite journal| author=Connor BA| title=Hepatitis A vaccine in the last-minute traveler| journal=Am. J. Med.| volume=118 |issue=Suppl 10A| pages=58S–62S| year=2005| pmid=16271543| doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.07.018}}</ref> Wayita mallattoon dhukkubsachuu mul’atu keessattuu dhuma torban saddeetii booda: nyaata jibbisiisu, ol-debisiisu, gadi-teessisu , [[jaundice|gogaan keelloo ta’u/yellow skin]], hoo’ina qaamaa, fi dhukkubbi garaatu irratti mul’ata.<ref name=AFP2012/> Namoonni dhibbantaa 10–15 ta’an jalqaba faallamanii kaasee torban ja’a booda mallattoo dhukkubbii argisiisu.<ref name=AFP2012/> [[tiruun tajaajilaan ala ta’un/Acute liver failure]] tarbee darbee kan mul’atu yoo ta’u kunis harka caaluu namoota dullooman irratti mul’ata.<ref name=AFP2012/> ==Ka’uumsa== Yeroo baay’ee kan tamsa’u bishaan yookin nyaata boobbaa dhukkuba kana qabuun faallame dhuguu fi nyaachudhaani.<ref name=AFP2012>{{cite journal|last=Matheny|first=SC|last2=Kingery |first2=JE|title=Hepatitis A.|journal=Am Fam Physician |date=1 December 2012|volume=86|issue=11|pages= 1027–34; quiz 1010–2|pmid=23198670 |url= http://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1201/p1027.html}}</ref> [[qurxummiin/ Shellfish]] yoo sirriitti bilchaachuu baate aga tokko dhukkuba kana dadabarsuu danda’a.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bellou | first1 = M. | last2 = Kokkinos | first2 = P. | last3 = Vantarakis | first3 = A. | title = Shellfish-borne viral outbreaks: a systematic review. | journal = Food Environ Virol | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 13–23 |date=March 2013 | doi = 10.1007/s12560-012-9097-6 | pmid = 23412719 }}</ref> Nama dhukkuba kanaan qabame waliin walitti dhiyenyaan jirachudhaanis namatti darbuu danda’a.<ref name=AFP2012/> Daa’imman faallaman mallattoo dhukkubbii yoo argisiisu baatan illee dhukkubichi isaan irraa namoota gara biraatti darbuu danda’a.<ref name=AFP2012/> Al tokko namni faallamee fayye sana booda umurii isaa guutuu deebi’ee hin qabamu.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Hepatitis and Other Liver Diseases|year=2006|publisher=Infobase |isbn=9780816069903|page=105|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=HfPU99jIfboC&pg=PA105}}</ref> Sababa mallattoon dhukkubbi dhibeewwan gara biraatin wal fakkaataniif dhukkubicha addaan baasanii baruuf qorannoon dhiigaa barbaachisaadha.<ref name=AFP2012/> Dhukkubni [[hepatitis]] viruses gosoota adda addaa shan: A, [[hepatitis B|B]], [[hepatitis C|C]], [[hepatitis D|D]], and [[hepatitis E|E]]tiin beekkama. == Ittisaa fi yaala == Gosni [[hepatitis A vaccine]] ittisaaf mijataadha.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=Irv2012>{{Cite journal | last1 = Irving | first1 = GJ. | last2 = Holden | first2 = J. | last3 = Yang | first3 = R. | last4 = Pope | first4 = D. | title = Hepatitis A immunisation in persons not previously exposed to hepatitis A. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 7 | issue = | pages = CD009051 | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009051.pub2 | pmid = 22786522 }}</ref> Biyyoonnii tokko tokko daa’immanii fi iddoo sodaa guddaan jirutti warra ijoollumaatti hin talaalamin talaalchisu.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=WHO2013/> Talaallin ummurii guutudhaaf ittisa.<ref name=AFP2012/> Tarkaanfiwwan ittisaa kuun [[harka dhiqachuu/hand washing]] fi nyaata sirriitti bilcheessudha.<ref name=AFP2012/> Yaalin addaa godhamu hin jiru,boqonnaa fudhachuu fi qoricha [[nausea]] yookin [[diarrhea]] fudhachuun akkuma barbaachisaa ta’etti ajajamuu fi danda’a.<ref name=AFP2012/> yeroo baay’ee faalamnii uummame guutumaa guututti dhukkuba tiruu itti fufiinsa qabuu malee ni fayya.<ref name=AFP2012/> Yaalii tiruu tajaajilaan ala t’ee ilaalchisee, wanti akkasii yoo muuddate [[tiruu bakka buusudhaan/liver transplantion]] dhaan yaallama.<ref name=AFP2012/> == Tamsa’ina == Sadarkaa addunyaatti dhukkuba kanan walqabatee gara namoota miiliyooma 1.5 ta’antu dhukkubsata <ref name=AFP2012/> walumaa galatti namoota faallaman miiliyoona 10 ta’an keessaa.<ref name=Was2006>{{cite journal|last=Wasley|first=A|author2=Fiore, A |author3=Bell, BP |title=Hepatitis A in the era of vaccination.|journal=Epidemiol Rev |year=2006|volume=28|pages=101–11|pmid=16775039 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxj012 |url=http://epirev.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/1/101.long}}</ref> Dhukkubichi kutaa addunyaa qulqullina gadi aanaa qabanii fi bishaan qulqulluu ga’uumsaan hin argannetti bali’aan mul’ata.<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Hepatitis A Fact sheet N°328|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs328/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=20 February 2014|date=July 2013}}</ref> Biyyoota guddachaa jiran [[developing world]] keessatti daa’imman dhibbantaa 90 ta’an yeroo umuriin isaanii waggaa 10 waan faallamaniif yeroo guddatan dhukkubichaan hin qabaman.<ref name=WHO2013/> Biyyoota guddatan keessatti ijoollen yeroo daa’imummaa waan hin saaxilamnee fi talaallin yoo kennamuu baate bifa weerraraatin mul’ata.<ref name=WHO2013/> Bara 2010 keessa, dhukkubni “acute hepatitis A” namoota 102,000 ajeese.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> [[Guyyaan Hepatitis Addunyaa/World Hepatitis Day]] adoolessa 28 ubannoo waayee [[viral hepatitis]]uumudhaaf kabajama.<ref name=WHO2013/> == Maddawwan == <references /> f3yjl9510vm5xqjbsey0gplkcdvgx16 0 5289 45804 28338 2026-08-02T21:56:49Z InternetArchiveBot 8356 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 45804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Cysticercosis | image = Neurocysticercosis.gif | Caption = Magnetic resonance image in a person with neurocysticercosis showing many cysts within the brain. | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|69||b|65}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|123.1}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | DiseasesDB = 3341 | MedlinePlus = 000627 | eMedicineSubj = emerg | eMedicineTopic = 119 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|med|494}} {{eMedicine2|ped|537}} | MeshID = D003551 }} '''Cysticercosis''' ita’iinsa qaamaa [[faallama]] karaa [[larva|young form]] (cysticercus) [[pork tapeworm]] jedhamurraa uummamuudha (''Taenia solium'').<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roberts|first1=Larry S.|last2=Janovy, Jr.|first2=John|title=Gerald D. Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts' Foundations of Parasitology|url=https://archive.org/details/geralddschmidtla0008robe|date=2009|publisher=McGraw-Hill Higher Education|location=Boston|isbn=978-0-07-302827-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/geralddschmidtla0008robe/page/348 348]-351|edition=8}}</ref><ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Taeniasis/Cysticercosis Fact sheet N°376|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs376/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=18 March 2014|date=February 2013}}</ref> Namoonni waggadhaaf mallattoo xiqqoo argu yookin mallattoo omaatuu otoo hin argin turun,qaama YKN gogaa isaaniirratti ita’iinsi seentii meetra tokkoo anga lamaa ta’uu fi kan dhukkubbii hin qabne uummama, YKN yoo sammuun tuqame [[neurocysticercosis|neurological symptoms]] qabaatu.<ref name=Garcia03/><ref name=Gar2002>{{cite journal |author=García HH, Evans CA, Nash TE, et al. |title=Current consensus guidelines for treatment of neurocysticercosis |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=747–56 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12364377 |pmc=126865 |doi= 10.1128/CMR.15.4.747-756.2002|url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12364377}}</ref> Ita’iinsii jajjabina qabu kun erga mul’atee kaasee ji’oota yookin waggoota booda gar malee ita’uun/guddachuun dhukkubuu eegala. <!-- <ref name=Garcia03/> --> Biyyoota guddachaa jiran keessatti kun yeroo baay’ee ka’uumsa [[seizure]]tii. <ref name=Garcia03/> == Ka’uumsa isaa fi tooftaa ittiin qoratamu == Yeroo baay’ee kan inni ittin nama qabu nyaata yookin bishaan hanqaaqu raammoo hadhaa/heexoo tiin faallame nyaachu fi dhuguudhaani. <! -- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> kuduraalen hin bilchaatin kanaaf ka’uumsa guddaadha. <ref name=WHO2013/> Hanqaaqun raammoo heexoo/hadhaa [[bobbaa]] nama raammoo kanaan faallamee irraa kan dhufuudha, wanti kunis [[taeniasis]] jedhamee beekkama. <ref name=Garcia03/><ref name=CDC> {{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cysticercosis/ |title=CDC - Cysticercosis}} </ref> “Taeniasis” dhukkuba gara biraa xannacha foon keessatti argamu otoo hin bilchaatin yoo nyaatan kan nama qabuudha. <ref name=WHO2013/> Namoonnii nama hadhaa/heexoo qabu waliin jiraatu carraan inni dhukkuba “cysticercosis”n qabamuu isaa ol¬-aanadha. <ref name=CDC/> Qorannoon dhukkuba kanaa karaa [[fine needle aspiration|aspiration]] xannacha uummame ilaaludhan geggeeffama. <ref name=Garcia03/> Suura sammuu karaa [[computer tomography]] (CT) fudhacuun YKN [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) fayyadamuun dhukkubichii sammuu keessa jiraachuu fi dhiisuu addaan baasuuf baay’ee gargaara. <!-- <ref name=Garcia03/> --> Baay’achuun lakkoofsa [[ceelii dhiiga hadii/white blood cell]], kunis [[eosinophils]] jedhama, dhiignii [[cerebral spinal fluid]] keessatti argamus akka mallattoo tokkootti ni gargaara.<ref name=Garcia03/> == Ittisaa fi too’annaa == Faalamuun kun qulqullina dhuunfaa eeggachuu fi [[sanitation]]dhaan ga’uumsaan ittifamuu ni danda’a.<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> Kunis: Foon sirriitti bilcheessuu, qulqullina bobbaa sirriitti eeggachuu[[toilet]]s fi bishaan qulqulluu fayyadamuu dabalata.<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> Dhukkubicha “taeniasis” dhaan yaalun akka hin tamsaane ittisuuf gargaara.<ref name=WHO2013/> yaaliin qaama “nervous system” hin dabalanne tarii barbaachisaa ta’uu dhiisuu mala.<ref name=Garcia03/> Yaaliin “neurocysticercosis” waliin taasifamu qorichoota [[praziquantel]] YKN [[albendazole]]tin godhama.<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> Isaan kun yeroo dheeraa barbaaduu malu.<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> [[Steroid]]s, yeroo qorichoonni kun fudhataman dhiibbaa fayyaa isaan fidan ittisuuf/anti-inflammation fi [[anti-seizure medications]] ni barbaachisu. <!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> Yeroo tokko tokkoo xannacha basuuf yaliin baqaqsuu ni taasifama.<ref name=WHO2013/> == Tamsa’iina dhukkubichaa == Dhukkubnii raammoo hadhaa/heexoo keessumattu biyyoota Asiyaa, Afrikaa saaraa gadii fi Laatin Ameerikaa keessatti beekkamaadha.<ref name=Garcia03>{{cite journal |author=García HH, Gonzalez AE, Evans CA, Gilman RH |title=''Taenia solium'' cysticercosis |journal=Lancet |volume=362 |issue=9383 |pages=547–56 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12932389 |pmc=3103219 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14117-7 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(03)14117-7}}</ref> beentaan anga 25 ta’an faallamaniiru jedhameet amanama.<ref name=Garcia03/> Biyyoota guddatan keessati garu kun gonkumaa waan barame miti.<ref name=Bob2014/> Sadarkaa addunyaatti bara 1990 itti namoota 700 kan ajjeese dhukkubni kun bara 2010 keessa namoota 1,200 akka ajjeese gabaafameera.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal |author=Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, ''et al.'' |title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |journal=Lancet |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2095–128 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23245604 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> “Cysticercosis”n nama malees booyye fi saawwan kan faalu ta’u illee mallatton yeroo gabaabaadhaaf qofa darbee darbee irratti mul’ata.<ref name=WHO2013/> Dhukkubni kun seenaa dhala namaa keessatti kan mul’achaa tureedha.<ref name=Bob2014>{{cite journal |author=Bobes RJ, Fragoso G, Fleury A, ''et al.'' |title=Evolution, molecular epidemiology and perspectives on the research of taeniid parasites with special emphasis on ''Taenia solium'' |journal=Infect. Genet. Evol. |volume=23 |pages=150–60 |date=April 2014 |pmid=24560729 |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2014.02.005 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1567-1348(14)00053-7}}</ref> Dhukkuboota dagataman keessa isa tokko [[neglected tropical diseases]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Neglected Tropical Diseases|url=http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=28 November 2014|date=June 6, 2011}}</ref> ==Maddawwan== <references /> hewrqa6w6lvqckh830t97hvoc9mw2wt