Wikipedia pamwiki https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun_Bulung MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.12 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4628 313210 312939 2026-07-29T11:33:23Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 313210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Country | native_name = Jamaica| common_name = Jamaica | image_flag = Flag of Jamaica.svg | image_coat = Jamaica coa.png | image_map = LocationJamaica.png | national_motto = Out of many, one people | national_anthem =''[[Jamaica, Land We Love]]''<br />[[Royal anthem]]: ''[[God Save the King]]'' | official_languages = [[English language|English]] | capital =[[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] | latd=17 |latm=59 |latNS=N |longd=76 |longm=48 |longEW=W | largest_city =[[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] | government_type =[[Dynastie]] | leader_title1 =[[Prinz von Jamaica]] | leader_title2 = [[Governer von Jamaica]] | leader_title3 = [[Lieutnant 1. der jamaicanischen Army]] | leader_name1 =[[Tom Gehle]] | leader_name2 = [[Usain Bolt]] | leader_name3 = [[Snoop Dogg]] | area_rank =166th | area_magnitude =1 E10 | area=10,991 | areami²= 4,244 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | percent_water =1.5 | population_estimate = 2,651,000 | population_estimate_rank = 138th | population_estimate_year = July 2005 | population_census = | population_census_year = | population_density =252 | population_densitymi² = 653 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | population_density_rank = 49th | GDP_PPP = $11.69 billion | GDP_PPP_rank = 131st | GDP_PPP_year= 2005 | GDP_PPP_per_capita =$4,300 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 114th | sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] | established_event1 =From the [[Würdinghausen]] | established_date1 = [[Frebruar 13.]], [[2017] | HDI =0.738 | HDI_rank = 98th | HDI_year = 2003 | HDI_category =<font color="#FFCC00">medium</font> | currency = [[Jamaican dollar|Dollar]] | currency_code = JMD | country_code = | time_zone = | utc_offset = -5 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | cctld = [[.jm]] | calling_code = [[Area code 876|1-876]] | footnotes = }} == Kasusug Kilwal == * [http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page4923.asp Official website of Queen Elizabeth as Queen of Jamaica] * [http://jis.gov.jm/ The Jamaica Information Service (JIS)] * [http://nature.org/wherewework/caribbean/jamaica/ Conservation in Jamaica] {{Wayback|url=http://nature.org/wherewework/caribbean/jamaica/ |date=20061109141728 }}, including ** [http://nature.org/wherewework/caribbean/jamaica/features/ Photos of coral reefs] {{Wayback|url=http://nature.org/wherewework/caribbean/jamaica/features/ |date=20061109085632 }} taken during a rapid ecological assessment * [http://www.liaja.org.jm/ Library and Information Association of Jamaica Website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.liaja.org.jm/ |date=20061209124137 }} * [http://www.cabinet.gov.jm/ Cabinet Official Website] * [http://www.jamaicandiaspora.org The Jamaica Diaspora Organization Website] * [http://fiwi.alteroo.com The Jamaican Wiki]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.jamaicanaffairs.com Jamaican Affairs] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jamaicanaffairs.com/ |date=20061111143025 }} * [http://www.jamaicancaves.org/ The Jamaican Caves Organisation (JCO)] * [http://www.sos-wildlifejamaica.org.jm/ Seven Oaks Sanctuary for Wildlife, Jamaica (SOS-Jamaica)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sos-wildlifejamaica.org.jm/ |date=20070101134118 }} * [http://pem.org/island/ ''Island Thresholds''] {{Wayback|url=http://pem.org/island/ |date=20060624114357 }}, Peabody Essex Museum’s interactive feature, showcases the work of contemporary Caribbean artists and their exploration of identity, culture, and social justice. {{sisterlinks|Jamaica}} {{Spoken Wikipedia-2|2005-08-23|en-Jamaica-Part-1.ogg|en-Jamaica-Part-2.ogg}} * [http://news.google.com/news?hl=en&ned=us&q=jamaica/ Google News about Jamaica] * [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Jamaica Encyclopaedia Britannica - Jamaica Country Page] * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jm.html CIA World Fact Book entry on Jamaica] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jm.html |date=20181224150649 }} * [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=18.033360,-76.804379&spn=1.696014,3.689484&t=k&hl=en|detailed Satellite maps on Google] * [http://www.rentarasta.com/ Controversial Jamaica Rastafari documentary] {{West_Indies}} {{Caricom}} {{Commonwealth Realms}} {{G15}} [[Category:1962 establishments]] [[Category:Caribbean countries]] [[Category:Greater Antilles]] [[Category:CARICOM member states]] [[Category:English-speaking countries]] [[Category:Former British colonies]] [[Category:Island countries]] [[Category:Jamaica| ]] [[Category:Constitutional monarchies]] [[Category:G15 nations]] 5xyzdlm2yhbnl8fmble2yochhrqit70 0 6326 313209 313177 2026-07-29T11:29:54Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 313209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{otheruses2|Jacksonville}} {{Infobox City |official_name = Jacksonville, Florida |motto = Where Florida Begins |image_skyline = JacksonvilleSkyline.jpg |image_flag Flag_of_Jacksonville,_Florida.png |image_seal = JaxSeal.gif |image_map = Duval County Florida.png |map_caption = Location in the state of [[Florida]] |subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]] |subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Florida|County]] |subdivision_name = [[United States]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Florida]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Duval County, Florida|Duval]] |leader_title = [[List of mayors of Jacksonville, Florida|Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Alvin Brown (US politician)|Alvin Brown]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) |area_magnitude = |area_total = 2264.5 |TotalArea_sq_mi = 885 |area_land = 1962.4 |LandArea_sq_mi = 767 |area_water = 302.1 |population_as_of = 2006 |population_metro = 1348381 |population_total = 834,789 |population_density = 441.58 |timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]] |utc_offset = -5 |timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] |utc_offset_DST = -4 |latd = 30 |latm = 19 |lats = 10 |latNS = N |longd = 81 |longm = 39 |longs = 36 |longEW = W |elevation = 6 |website = http://www.coj.net |footnotes = }} == Lawen ya rin == * [[Duval County, Florida]] * [[Orange Park, Florida]] * [[St. Augustine, Florida]] * [[St. Johns County]] == Notes == <!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags--> <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> == Dakal pang pamamasa == * James B. Cooks, ''Jacksonville: The Consolidation Story, from Civil Rights to the Jaguars,'' University Press of Florida, 2004. * Greg Jenkins, ''Florida's Ghostly Legends And Haunted Folklore: North Florida And St. Augustine,'' Pineapple Press, 2005. * Buddy Martin, ''The Boys from Old Florida: Inside Gator Nation,'' Sports Publishing, 2006 * Herman Mason, Jr., ''African-American Life in Jacksonville,'' Arcadia Publishing, 1997. * Joanelle Mulrain, ''Re-Rooting Life's Journeys'' * ''Keeping the Faith: Race, Politics, and Social Development in Jacksonville, Florida, 1940-1970,'' Greenwood Publishing, 2000. * John Oehser, ''Jags to Riches: The Cinderella Season of the Jacksonville Jaguars,'' St. Martins Press, 1997. * Daniel Schaefer, ''From scratch pads and dreams: A ten year history of the University of North Florida,'' University of North Florida, 1982. * Jules Wagman, ''Jacksonville and Florida's First Coast,'' Windsor Publishing, 1989. * Dr. Caroyln Williams, ''Historic Photos of Jacksonville,'' Turner Publishing Company, 2006. == Dalerayan == * Jacksonville is a dirty, dirty place that smells like underwear. * [http://www.jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/082500/met_axhandle.html 40 years ago this weekend, Jacksonville gave itself a national reputation for violence] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/082500/met_axhandle.html |date=20120606184333 }}. ''The Florida Times-Union''. * DeCamp, David (May 3, 2003). [http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/050303/met_glover.shtml Racial graffiti found at Glover's headquarters] {{Wayback|url=http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/050303/met_glover.shtml |date=20070929100128 }}. ''The Florida Times-Union''. * Foley, Bill; Wood, Wayne (2001). ''The great fire of 1901'' (1st ed.). Jacksonville, Florida: The Jacksonville Historical Society. ISBN 0-9710261-0-6 == Suglung Palwal == {{sisterlinks|Jacksonville, Florida}} === Government resources === * [http://www.coj.net City of Jacksonville Official Website] * [http://www.jsca.org/ Jacksonville Sister Cities Association, Inc] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jsca.org/ |date=20150610083536 }} * [http://www.educationcentral.org/ Duval County Public Schools] {{Wayback|url=http://www.educationcentral.org/ |date=20060926201002 }} * [http://www.myjaxchamber.com/ Jacksonville Chamber of Commerce] * [http://jpl.coj.net/ Jacksonville Public Library] === Non-profits and social services === * [http://www.freshministries.org Fresh Ministries] * [http://www.clarawhitemission.org Clara White Mission] * [http://www.dignityuwear.com Dignity U Wear] * [http://www.jcci.org Jacksonville Community Council, Inc.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jcci.org/ |date=20070429120741 }} * [http://www.habijax.com Habijax] {{Wayback|url=http://www.habijax.com/ |date=20070220034423 }} * [http://www.builderscare.org Builders Care] * [http://www.empowermentfirst.org Empowerment First] {{Wayback|url=http://www.empowermentfirst.org/ |date=20070813010059 }} * [http://www.lssjax.org Lutheran Social Services of Jacksonville] === Matas a Pamagaral === * [http://www.ewc.edu Edward Waters College] * [http://www.jacksonville.edu Jacksonville University] * [http://www.unf.edu University of North Florida] * [http://www.fccj.edu Florida Community College at Jacksonville] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fccj.edu/ |date=20100611165003 }} * [http://www.tbc.edu Trinity Baptist College] * [http://www.artinstitutes.edu/jacksonville/ Art Institute of Jacksonville] {{Wayback|url=http://www.artinstitutes.edu/jacksonville/ |date=20070427091518 }} * [http://www.fcsl.edu Florida Coastal School of Law] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fcsl.edu/ |date=20050924183652 }} * [http://www.jones.edu Jones College] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jones.edu/ |date=20051227034246 }} * [http://www.logos.edu Logos Christian College] === Kalinangan === '''Performing Arts''' * [http://alhambradinnertheatre.com Alhambra Dinner Theatre] {{Wayback|url=http://alhambradinnertheatre.com/ |date=20070404173117 }} * [http://www.floridatheatre.com/ The Florida Theatre] * [http://www.jaxevents.com/jacksonvillearena/ Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jaxevents.com/jacksonvillearena/ |date=20070412050747 }} * [http://www.playersbythesea.org Players by the Sea] * [http://www.ritzlavilla.org Ritz Theatre and LaVilla Museum] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ritzlavilla.org/ |date=20080110185035 }} * [http://www.rivercityplayhouse.com River City Playhouse] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rivercityplayhouse.com/ |date=20070217202239 }} * [http://www.theatrejax.com Theatre Jacksonville] * [http://www.tealsound.org "The Teal Sound Drum & Bugle Corps] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tealsound.org/ |date=20070504045545 }} '''Art Museums at Galleries''' * [http://www.cummer.org Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens] * [http://www.karpeles.com Karpeles Manuscript Library Museum] * [http://www.lightnermuseum.org Lightner Museum] * [http://www.mocajacksonville.org/ Museum of Contemporary Art Jacksonville] * [http://www.mosh.org Museum of Science and History] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mosh.org/ |date=20110919054850 }} * [http://www.reddiarts.com Reddi Arts Gallery] {{Wayback|url=http://www.reddiarts.com/ |date=20070216091323 }} * [http://www.stellarsgallery.com Stellars Gallery] {{Wayback|url=http://www.stellarsgallery.com/ |date=20070706074315 }} {{Mapit-US-cityscale|30.319406|-81.659999}} {{Duval County, Florida}} {{Florida}} <br /> {{USLargestCities}} [[Category:1791 establishments]] [[Category:1832 establishments]] [[Category:Cities in Duval County, Florida]] [[Category:Coastal cities in the United States]] [[Category:County seats in Florida]] [[Category:Duval County, Florida| ]] [[Category:Jacksonville, Florida| ]] [[Category:Port cities in the United States]] ayss1hl6yi32ozocl9vlj4dpdms7ffi 0 6713 313208 308453 2026-07-29T09:36:16Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 313208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{sprotect2}} {{Two other uses|the metal|the color|Gold (color)||}} {{Elementbox_header | number=79 | symbol=Au | name=gold | left=[[platinum]] | right=[[mercury (element)|mercury]] | above=[[silver|Ag]] | below=[[roentgenium|Rg]] | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_series | [[transition metal]]s }} {{Elementbox_groupperiodblock | group=11 | period=6 | block=d }} {{Elementbox_appearance_img | Native gold nuggets| metallic yellow }} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [[1 E-25 kg|196.966569]][[List of elements by atomic mass|(4)]] }} {{Elementbox_econfig | &#91;[[xenon|Xe]]&#93; 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s¹ }} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1 }} {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_phase | [[solid]] }} {{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | 19.3 }} {{Elementbox_densityliq_gpcm3mp | 17.31 }} {{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=1337.33 | c=1064.18 | f=1947.52 }} {{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=3129 | c=2856 | f=5173 }} {{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | 12.55 }} {{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol | 324 }} {{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | 25.418 }} {{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | 1646 | 1814 | 2021 | 2281 | 2620 | 3078 | comment= }} {{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_crystalstruct | cubic face centered }} {{Elementbox_oxistates | −1, 1, 2, '''3''', 4, 5, 6, 7<br />([[amphoteric]] oxide) }} {{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 2.54 }} {{Elementbox_ionizationenergies2 | 890.1 | 1980 }} {{Elementbox_atomicradius_pm | [[1 E-10 m|135]] }} {{Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm | [[1 E-10 m|174]] }} {{Elementbox_covalentradius_pm | [[1 E-10 m|144]] }} {{Elementbox_vanderwaalsrad_pm | [[1 E-10 m|166]] }} {{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_magnetic | no data }} {{Elementbox_eresist_ohmmat20 | 22.14 n}} {{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 318 }} {{Elementbox_thermalexpansion_umpmkat25 | 14.2 }} {{Elementbox_speedofsound_rodmpsatrt | (hard-drawn)<br />2030 }} {{Elementbox_youngsmodulus_gpa | 78 }} {{Elementbox_shearmodulus_gpa | 27 }} {{Elementbox_bulkmodulus_gpa | 220 }} {{Elementbox_poissonratio | 0.44 }} {{Elementbox_mohshardness | 2.5 }} {{Elementbox_vickershardness_mpa | 216 }} {{Elementbox_brinellhardness_mpa | ? 2450 }} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 7440-57-5 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=195 | sym=Au | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=186.10 d | dm=[[electron capture|ε]] | de=0.227 | pn=195 | ps=[[platinum|Pt]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=196 | sym=Au | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=6.183 d | dm1=[[electron capture|ε]] | de1=1.506 | pn1=196 | ps1=[[platinum|Pt]] | dm2=[[beta emission|β^-]] | de2=0.686 | pn2=196 | ps2=[[mercury (element)|Hg]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=197 | sym=Au | na=100% | n=118 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=198 | sym=Au | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=2.69517 d | dm=[[beta emission|β^-]] | de=1.372 | pn=198 | ps=[[mercury (element)|Hg]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=199 | sym=Au | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=3.169 d | dm=[[beta emission|β^-]] | de=0.453 | pn=199 | ps=[[mercury (element)|Hg]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} == Lawen ya rin == * [[Carat (purity)]] * [[Colloidal gold]] * [[White gold]] * [[Rose gold]] * [[Black gold (jewelry)|Black gold]] * [[Gold as an investment]] * [[Gold coin]] * [[Precious metal]] * [[Digital gold currency]] * [[Hallmark]] * [[Altay Mountains]] * [[Commodity fetishism]] == Ding suglung palual == {{Commons|Gold}} {{wiktionary|gold}} * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Au/index.html WebElements.com – Gold]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (also used as a reference) * [http://www.lateralscience.co.uk/gold/auriferous.html ''Getting Gold'' 1898 book] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lateralscience.co.uk/gold/auriferous.html |date=20160612192416 }} * [http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/other/mining/techdocs/gold.pdf Technical Document on Extraction and Mining of Gold] * [http://www.earthworksaction.org/ Impacts of Gold Mining: Earthworksaction] {{Jewellery Materials}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gintu}} [[Category:Ding elementung kímiku]] frncumqofj4zoz1kpc07692j3h4uxdf 0 6759 313203 312028 2026-07-29T00:32:05Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 313203 wikitext text/x-wiki :''This article pertains to the chemical element. For other uses, see [[argon (disambiguation)]].'' {{Infobox argon}} == Dalerayan == <references/> ===Aliwang dalerayan=== *[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/18.html Los Alamos National Laboratory &ndash; Argon] {{Wayback|url=http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/18.html |date=20060929010956 }} *[http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/ar_iig.html USGS Periodic Table - Argon] {{Wayback|url=http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/ar_iig.html |date=20060923194910 }} *Emsley, J., Nature’s Building Blocks; Oxford University Press: Oxford, NY, 2001; pp. 35-39. *Brown, T. L.; Bursten, B. E.; LeMay, H. E., In ''Chemistry: The Central Science'', 10th ed.; Challice, J.; Draper, P.; Folchetti, N. et al.; Eds.; Pearson Education, Inc.: Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2006; pp. 276 and 289. * Triple point temperature: 83.8058 K - {{cite journal | first=H. | last=Preston-Thomas | title=The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) | journal=Metrologia | volume=27 | pages=3-10 | date=1990 | url=http://www.bipm.org/en/publications/its-90.html}} * Triple point pressure: 69 kPa - {{cite book | title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | edition=85th edition | publisher=CRC Press | date=2005 | location=Boca Raton, Florida | chapter=Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Melting, boiling, triple, and critical temperatures of the elements}} ==Ding suglung Palual == {{Commons|Argon}} {{wiktionary|argon}} *[http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ar/index.html WebElements.com &ndash; Argon] {{Wayback|url=http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ar/index.html |date=20060819104640 }} *Diving applications: [http://www.decompression.org/maiken/Why_Argon.htm Why Argon?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.decompression.org/maiken/Why_Argon.htm |date=20080701122928 }} *[http://www.uigi.com/argon.html Argon Ar Properties, Uses, Applications] *[http://www.compchemwiki.org/index.php?title=Argon Computational Chemistry Wiki] {{E number infobox 930-949}} [[Category:Ding elementung kímiku]] 9bw3y0r0jhu469e5pq82hwc7jqkgj9e 0 7124 313202 298286 2026-07-29T00:05:52Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 313202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Elementbox |name=aluminium |number=13 |symbol=Al |left=[[magnesium]] |right=[[silicon]] |above=[[boron|B]] |below=[[gallium|Ga]] |series=poor metal |series comment= |group=13 |period=3 |block=p |series color= |phase color= |appearance=silvery |image name=Al,13 |image size= |image name comment= |image name 2= |image name 2 comment= |atomic mass=26.9815386 |atomic mass 2=8 |atomic mass comment= |electron configuration=&#91;[[neon|Ne]]&#93; 3s² 3p¹ |electrons per shell=2, 8, 3 |color= |phase=solid |phase comment= |density gplstp= |density gpcm3nrt=2.70 |density gpcm3nrt 2= |density gpcm3mp=2.375 |melting point K=933.47 |melting point C=660.32 |melting point F=1220.58 |boiling point K=2792 |boiling point C=2519 |boiling point F=4566 |triple point K= |triple point kPa= |critical point K= |critical point MPa= |heat fusion=10.71 |heat fusion 2= |heat vaporization=294.0 |heat capacity=24.200 |vapor pressure 1=1482 |vapor pressure 10=1632 |vapor pressure 100=1817 |vapor pressure 1 k=2054 |vapor pressure 10 k=2364 |vapor pressure 100 k=2790 |vapor pressure comment= |crystal structure=face centered cubic<br />0.4032 nm |oxidation states=3 |oxidation states comment=[[amphoteric]] oxide |electronegativity=1.61 |number of ionization energies=4 |1st ionization energy=577.5 |2nd ionization energy=1816.7 |3rd ionization energy=2744.8 |atomic radius=[[1 E-10 m|125]] |atomic radius calculated=[[1 E-10 m|118]] |covalent radius=[[1 E-10 m|118]] |Van der Waals radius= |magnetic ordering=[[paramagnetism|paramagnetic]] |electrical resistivity= |electrical resistivity at 0= |electrical resistivity at 20=26.50 n |thermal conductivity=237 |thermal conductivity 2= |thermal diffusivity= |thermal expansion= |thermal expansion at 25=23.1 |speed of sound= |speed of sound rod at 20= |speed of sound rod at r.t.=(rolled) 5000 |Young's modulus=70 |Shear modulus=26 |Bulk modulus=76 |Poisson ratio=0.35 |Mohs hardness=2.75 |Vickers hardness=167 |Brinell hardness=245 |CAS number=7429-90-5 |isotopes= {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay3 | mn=26 | sym=Al | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E13 s|7.17×10⁵]][[year|y]] | dm1=[[Positron emission|β⁺]] | de1=1.17 | pn1=26 | ps1=[[magnesium|Mg]] | dm2=[[electron capture|ε]] | de2=- | pn2=26 | ps2=[[magnesium|Mg]] | dm3=[[Gamma radiation|γ]] | de3=1.8086 | pn3= | ps3=- }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=27 | sym=Al | na=100% | n=14 }} |isotopes comment= }} == Dalerayan == {{reflist}} == Lawen ya rin == * [[Aluminium alloy]] * [[Aluminium battery]] * [[Aluminium in Africa]] * [[Beverage can]] * [[:Category:Aluminium compounds]] * [[:Category:Aluminium companies]] * [[Aluminium foil]] ==Ding suglung a palual == {{Commons|Aluminium}} {{wiktionarypar|aluminium}} * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Al/index.html WebElements.com – Aluminium] {{Wayback|url=http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Al/index.html |date=20060110113152 }} * [http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/aluminum/aluminum_table12.html World production of primary aluminum, by country] * [http://www.saanet.org/kashipur/docs/seenalum.htm Social and Environmental Impact of the Aluminium Industry] {{Wayback|url=http://www.saanet.org/kashipur/docs/seenalum.htm |date=20060110020206 }} * [http://www.world-aluminium.org/history/index.html History of Aluminium] {{Wayback|url=http://www.world-aluminium.org/history/index.html |date=20060207163726 }} {{ChemicalSources}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aluminiu}} [[Category:Ding elementung kímiku]] nqgd4rmk7be4gi5w00oa7ztaak9j5ti 0 7460 313204 310717 2026-07-29T00:50:17Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 313204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{dablink|"Heart attack" redirects here. For other uses, see [[Heart attack (disambiguation)]].}} {{Infobox_Disease | Name = Myocardial infarction | Image = AMI scheme.png | Caption = Diagram of a '''myocardial infarction''' (2) of the tip of the [[Sternocostal surface|anterior wall of the heart]] (an ''apical infarct'') after occlusion (1) of a branch of the [[left coronary artery]] (LCA, [[right coronary artery]] = RCA).| DiseasesDB = 8664 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|I|21||i|20}}-{{ICD10|I|22||i|20}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|410}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 000195 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 1567 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|327}} {{eMedicine2|ped|2520}} | MeshID = | }} Ing acute '''myocardial infarction''' ('''AMI''' or '''MI'''), o ausan dang ''ataki keng pusu'' at keng amanung [[English]] '''heart attack''', metung yang sakit a kabilyan nung nu ing [[Blood flow|mamagus a daya]] keng dake ning [[pusu]] mesabat ya. Ing malyari ing [[ischemia]] o [[Hypoxia (medical)|pamagkulang oxygen]] sisiran ne o kaya paten no ring [[tissue]] keng pusu. Metung yang [[medical emergency]], at mumunang sangkan da reng pangamate da reng lalaki at babai keti mabilug a yatu.<ref name="WHO-2002">{{cite book | authorlink=http://www.who.int/en/ | title=The World Health Report 2004 - Changing History | publisher=[[World Health Organization]] | date=2004 | pages=120-4 | format=[[PDF]] | url=http://www.who.int/entity/whr/2004/en/report04_en.pdf | id= ISBN 92-4-156265-X}}</ref> Ing mayalagang [[risk factor]] ilapin deng milabas a kasalesayan ning sakit pangvascular antimo reng [[atherosclerosis|atherosclerotic]] [[coronary heart disease]] at ing o [[angina]], dating ataki keng pusu o [[stroke]], at nanu pang dating meging e pangkaraniwan a pitig ning pusu o [[Fainting|syncope]], matua keng idad&mdash;lalu na kareng 40 patas kareng lalaki at kareng babai naman 50 patas, [[tobacco smoking|pamanyigarilyu]], labislabis a pamaninum alak, pamanggamit kareng bawal a droga, matas a [[triglyceride]] levels, matas keng [[Low density lipoprotein|LDL]] ("Low-density lipoprotein") at mababa keng [[High density lipoprotein|HDL]] ("High density lipoprotein"), [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], [[Hypertension|matas a prisyun]], [[pamanaba]], at pane ing matas a [[stress]] kareng mapilan a tau. [[Image:ACS scheme.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Classification of [[acute coronary syndrome]]s.]] ==Symptomas== [[Image:AMI pain front.png|right|thumb|150px|Rough diagram of pain zones in myocardial infarction]] [[Image:AMI pain back.png|right|thumb|150px|Back view.]] [[Image:ECG 001.jpg|thumb|325px|12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) showing acute inferior ST segment elevation MI (STEMI). Note the ST segment elevation in leads II, III, and aVF along with reciprocal ST segment depression in leads I and aVL.]] ==Angiography== [[Image:Ha1.jpg|thumb|250px|Angiogram of the coronary arteries.]] ===Histopathology=== [[Image:Myocardial infarct emmolition phase histopathology.jpg|thumb|300px|Microscopy image (magn. ca 100x, H&E stain) from autopsy specimen of myocardial infarct (7 days post-infarction).]] [[Image:Intracoronary thrombus.png|right|thumb|350px|[[Thrombus]] material (in a cup, upper left corner) removed from a coronary artery during a [[percutaneous coronary intervention]] to abort a myocardial infarction. Five pieces of thrombus are shown (arrow heads).]] ====Coronary artery bypass surgery==== {{Main|Coronary artery bypass graft surgery}} [[Image:Coronary artery bypass surgery Image 657B-PH.jpg|thumb|right|300px|'''Coronary artery bypass surgery''' during mobilization (freeing) of the [[right coronary artery]] from its surrounding tissue, [[adipose tissue]] (yellow). The tube visible at the bottom is the aortic cannula (returns blood from the [[Heart-lung machine|HLM]]). The tube above it (obscured by the [[cardiac surgeon|surgeon]] on the right) is the venous cannula (receives blood from the body). The patient's [[heart]] is stopped and the [[aorta]] is cross-clamped. The patient's head (not seen) is at the bottom.]] ===Life-threatening arrhythmia=== [[Image:Electrocardiogram of Ventricular Tachycardia.png|right|thumb|300px|A 12 lead [[electrocardiogram]] showing ventricular tachycardia.]] ==Lawen ya rin== * [[Cardiac arrest]] * [[Hibernating myocardium]] * [[Stunned myocardium]] * [[Ventricular remodeling]] ==Dalerayan== <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <references /> </div> ==Suglung Palwal== {{Sisterlinks}} * [http://hp2010.nhlbihin.net/atpiii/calculator.asp?usertype=pub Risk Assessment Tool for Estimating Your 10-year Risk of Having a Heart Attack] {{Wayback|url=http://hp2010.nhlbihin.net/atpiii/calculator.asp?usertype=pub |date=20070509170737 }} - based on information of the [[Framingham Heart Study]], from the United States [[National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute]] * [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartattack.html Heart Attack] - overview of resources from [[MedlinePlus]]. * [http://ww2.heartandstroke.ca/Page.asp?PageID=1975&ArticleID=5288 Heart Attack Warning Signals] {{Wayback|url=http://ww2.heartandstroke.ca/Page.asp?PageID=1975&ArticleID=5288 |date=20070927110642 }} from the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada * [http://www.regionalpci-stemi.org/index.html Regional PCI for STEMI Resource Center] {{Wayback|url=http://www.regionalpci-stemi.org/index.html |date=20070629192643 }} - Evidence based online resource center for the development of regional PCI networks for acute STEMI * [http://www.stemisystems.org/ STEMI Systems] {{Wayback|url=http://www.stemisystems.org/ |date=20070629132519 }} - Articles, profiles, and reviews of the latest publications involved in STEMI care. Quarterly newsletter. * [http://d2b.acc.org/ American College of Cardiology (ACC) Door to Balloon (D2B) Initiative.] {{Wayback|url=http://d2b.acc.org/ |date=20130520210112 }} *[http://www.americanheart.org/heartattack American Heart Association's Heart Attack web site] - Information and resources for preventing, recognizing and treating heart attack. {{Circulatory system pathology}} [[Category:Cardiovascular diseases]] [[Category:Ischemic sakit keng pusu]] [[Category:Medical emergencies]] [[Category:Causes of death]] [[Category:Sangkan ning pangamate]] 7a0l0ftab3gh8li87xqm2cmrnuitym4 0 7870 313201 312988 2026-07-28T21:16:17Z ~2026-42122-13 25126 /* Suglung Palwal */ 313201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{confuse|inulin}} {{Protbox |Name=Insulin |Photo=Insulin_crystals.jpg |Caption=Insulin crystals |Gene = HUGO/[http://www.gene.ucl.ac.uk/nomenclature/data/get_data.php?hgnc_id=HGNC:6081 INS] |Gene_type=[[Protein]] coding |Structure =[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/mmdb/mmdbsrv.cgi?form=6&db=t&Dopt=s&uid=34502 Solution Structure of Human pro-Insulin Polypeptide] |Review = |Type=insulin familia |Functions=[[glucose]] regulation (mamatinyan ne mayumu keng katawan) |Domains=[[INS domain]] |Motifs=[[SP motif]] |Molecular_weight= 5808 |Alternative_products= |Catalytic_activity= |Cofactors= |Enzyme_regulation= |Diseases=[[familial hyperproinsulinemia]], [[Diabetes mellitus]] |Pharmaceuticals= insulin ([[Humulin]] [[Novolin]]), insulin lispro ([[Humalog]]), insulin aspart ([[Novolog]]), insulin detemir ([[Levemir]]), insulin glargine ([[Lantus]]), etc |Taxa = ''[[Homo sapiens]]''; homologs: in [[metazoan]] [[taxa]] from invertebrates to mammals |Cells = [[kundilat]]: beta cells na ning [[Islet of Langerhans|Islets na ning Langerhans]] |Location=[[extracellular]] fluids |Mods=[[glycation]], [[proteolytic cleavage]] |Names='''insulin''' |Pathways=[[Insulin signaling pathway]] ([http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/show_pathway?hsa04910+3630 KEGG]); [[Type II diabetes mellitus]] ([http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/show_pathway?hsa04930+3630 KEGG]); [[Type I diabetes mellitus]] ([http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/show_pathway?hsa04940+3630 KEGG]); [[Maturity onset diabetes of the young]] ([http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/show_pathway?hsa04950+3630 KEGG]); Regulation of [[actin]] [[cytoskeleton]] ([http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/show_pathway?hsa04810+3630 KEGG]) |Interactions= |Pages= |Actions= |Agonists= |Antagonists= [[glucagon]], [[steroid]]s, most stress hormomes |Codes={{EntrezGene|3630}}; {{OMIM|176730}}; {{UniProt|P01308}}; {{RefSeq|NM_000207}} | Chromosome = 11 | Arm = p | Band = 15.5 | LocusSupplementaryData = }} Ing '''Insulin''' (ibat keng [[Latin]] ''insula'', "pulu", nung nu magagawa ya king [[Islets of Langerhans]] keng [[kundilat]]) metung yang [[Anabolism|anabolic]] [[polypeptide]] [[Peptide hormone|hormone]] nung nu mamantinyan ne ing [[metabolismu ning carbohydrate]]. Bukud keng primerang agenti keng [[carbohydrate]] [[homeostasis]], atin yang uyab keng metabolismu ning pangataba at iti alilan ne ing gagawan ning ate keng pamanyimpan at pamipalual ning [[glucose]] o mayumu at king procesu na ning [[lipid]] na ning [[daya]] at aliwa pang tissue kalupa na ning taba at laman ning katawan. Ing dakal ning insulin keng dudurut atin yang uyab keng mabilug a katawan. Ing Insulin magagamit ya keng medicina para uluan la reng sakit a [[diabetes mellitus]]. Deng patienti a atin [[Diabetes mellitus#Type 1|type 1 diabetes mellitus]] manalig la keng insulin manibat kilual (keraklan injectiunan dala keng lalam ning balat) para kumabie la uli ning kakulangan na ning insulin [[hormone]]. Deng patienti atin [[Diabetes mellitus#Type 2|type 2 diabetes mellitus]] atin lang [[insulin resistance]], mababa keng pamangawang insulin, o kaya pareu; deng aliwang type 2 diabetics mangailangan lang insulin ustung deng aliwang panulu magkulang la keng pamagmantini keng mayumu keng daya. Ing Insulin atin yang 51 amino acid residues at atin yang [[molecular weight]] a 5808 [[Dalton (unit)|Da]]. Ing balangkas ning insulin manaliwa yang bagya kareng [[species]] da reng animal. Ing insuling ibat kareng animal manaliwa yang bagya ing pamagmintini na karas keng sikan (itang, keng [[carbohydrate metabolism]]) kareng tau uli daring pamanaliwa. Deng insulin ning [[babi]] malapit ya kareng [[tau]] a uri. == Pangabalu at panga-uri == Inyang 1869 y [[Paul Langerhans]], metung a magaral keng medicina king [[Berlin]], manigaral ya kareng balangkas na ning [[kundilat]] (itang malambutlambut a [[gland]] gulut ning [[dungus]]) lalam ning [[microscope]] inyang abalu no retang dating e mapapansin a tissue bukul-bukul a makakalat king mabilug a kundilat. Ing agagawa da ring "little heaps of cells," kaibat [[eponym|mebalu]] bilang ''[[Islets of Langerhans]]'', era pa balu, dapot y [[Edouard Laguesse]] kaibat ing munikala na mapalyaring papalual lang katas a maglaso keng pengan. Ing anak nang Paul Langerhans', y Archibald, ya mu rin sinaup yang mikaintindi king nanu ing gagawan na ning insulin. Inyang 1889, ing [[Germany|Polish-German]] physician [[Oscar Minkowski]] king pamianiban da keng gawa ri [[Joseph von Mering]] leko re ing [[kundilat]] keng masikan a [[asu]] at lewen de nung nanu ing kayang gagawan keng pamaglaso keng pamangan. Kaibat ning milabas a dakal aldong milako ya ing kundilat ning asu, y Minkowski a talaingat a asu, apagumasdan na deng lango kakanan da ing imi ning asu. Inyang sinuri da ing imi ikit da ing atin mayumu ing imi ning asu, at makanyan dang apagumasdan na atin relasyun o kasapni ing kundilat at ing diabetes. Inyang [[1901]], metung pang maragul a takbang ing apalyari nang [[Eugene Opie]], nung nu mesala na ing ugnayan da ring [[Islets of Langerhans]] at diabetes: ''Diabetes mellitus ... sangkan ning pangasira ning islets of Langerhans at malilyari ustung dake ning katawan masira la, ing mabilug o ditak a dake man. Bayu keng kayang salisik at obra, ing ugnayan da ring kundilat at diabetes masala na, dapot e naman ing tutung pake da ring mgalating pulu (islets)''. [[File:InsulinMonomer.jpg|left|250px|thumb|'''The structure of insulin.''' The left side is a space-filling model of the insulin monomer, believed to be biologically active. [[Carbon]] is green, [[hydrogen]] white, [[oxygen]] red, and [[nitrogen]] blue. On the right side is a cartoon of the insulin hexamer, believed to be the stored form. A monomer unit is highlighted with the A chain in blue and the B chain in cyan. Yellow denotes disulfide bonds, and magenta spheres are zinc ions.]] [[File:InsulinHexamer.jpg|300px|thumb|Computer-generated image of insulin hexamers highlighting the threefold [[symmetry]], the [[zinc]] ions holding it together, and the [[histidine]] residues involved in zinc binding.]] == Suglung Palwal == * [https://advanceddiabetessupply.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/insulin_chart.pdf Comparison chart of insulin types use to treat diabetes.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121202000355/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C07%5C15%5Cstory_15-7-2006_pg3_2 Inspired by Insulin] article by parent of a diabetic child * [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/18 Frederick Sanger, Nobel Prize for sequencing Insulin] Freeview video with John Sanger and John Walker by the Vega Science Trust. * [http://nist.rcsb.org/pdb/molecules/pdb14_1.html Insulin: entry from protein databank] {{Wayback|url=http://nist.rcsb.org/pdb/molecules/pdb14_1.html |date=20050316215351 }} * [http://www.med.uni-giessen.de/itr/history/inshist.html The History of Insulin] {{Wayback|url=http://www.med.uni-giessen.de/itr/history/inshist.html |date=20181101104524 }} * [http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/insulinlispro.htm Insulin Lispro] * [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-75-702/science_technology/diabetes/ CBC Digital Archives - Banting, Best, Macleod, Collip: Chasing a Cure for Diabetes] * [http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/663 ''Cosmos Magazine'': Insulin mystery cracked after 20 years] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/663 |date=20081016024352 }} * [http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/ National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse] {{Wayback|url=http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/ |date=20100221034416 }} * [http://link.library.utoronto.ca/insulin/ Discovery and Early Development of Insulin, 1920-1925] [[Category:Diabetes]] odtb9ua7uuuxbsncqez67ycj89st8j0 313207 313201 2026-07-29T07:47:47Z Font8388608 25057 Iurung ya ing miyalilan [[Special:Diff/313201|313201]] nang [[Special:Contributions/~2026-42122-13|~2026-42122-13]] ([[User talk:~2026-42122-13|Talk]]) Revert spam 313207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{confuse|inulin}} {{Protbox |Name=Insulin |Photo=Insulin_crystals.jpg |Caption=Insulin crystals |Gene = HUGO/[http://www.gene.ucl.ac.uk/nomenclature/data/get_data.php?hgnc_id=HGNC:6081 INS] |Gene_type=[[Protein]] coding |Structure =[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/mmdb/mmdbsrv.cgi?form=6&db=t&Dopt=s&uid=34502 Solution Structure of Human pro-Insulin Polypeptide] |Review = |Type=insulin familia |Functions=[[glucose]] regulation (mamatinyan ne mayumu keng katawan) |Domains=[[INS domain]] |Motifs=[[SP motif]] |Molecular_weight= 5808 |Alternative_products= |Catalytic_activity= |Cofactors= |Enzyme_regulation= |Diseases=[[familial hyperproinsulinemia]], [[Diabetes mellitus]] |Pharmaceuticals= insulin ([[Humulin]] [[Novolin]]), insulin lispro ([[Humalog]]), insulin aspart ([[Novolog]]), insulin detemir ([[Levemir]]), insulin glargine ([[Lantus]]), etc |Taxa = ''[[Homo sapiens]]''; homologs: in [[metazoan]] [[taxa]] from invertebrates to mammals |Cells = [[kundilat]]: beta cells na ning [[Islet of Langerhans|Islets na ning Langerhans]] |Location=[[extracellular]] fluids |Mods=[[glycation]], [[proteolytic cleavage]] |Names='''insulin''' |Pathways=[[Insulin signaling pathway]] ([http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/show_pathway?hsa04910+3630 KEGG]); [[Type II diabetes mellitus]] ([http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/show_pathway?hsa04930+3630 KEGG]); [[Type I diabetes mellitus]] ([http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/show_pathway?hsa04940+3630 KEGG]); [[Maturity onset diabetes of the young]] ([http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/show_pathway?hsa04950+3630 KEGG]); Regulation of [[actin]] [[cytoskeleton]] ([http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/show_pathway?hsa04810+3630 KEGG]) |Interactions= |Pages= |Actions= |Agonists= |Antagonists= [[glucagon]], [[steroid]]s, most stress hormomes |Codes={{EntrezGene|3630}}; {{OMIM|176730}}; {{UniProt|P01308}}; {{RefSeq|NM_000207}} | Chromosome = 11 | Arm = p | Band = 15.5 | LocusSupplementaryData = }} Ing '''Insulin''' (ibat keng [[Latin]] ''insula'', "pulu", nung nu magagawa ya king [[Islets of Langerhans]] keng [[kundilat]]) metung yang [[Anabolism|anabolic]] [[polypeptide]] [[Peptide hormone|hormone]] nung nu mamantinyan ne ing [[metabolismu ning carbohydrate]]. Bukud keng primerang agenti keng [[carbohydrate]] [[homeostasis]], atin yang uyab keng metabolismu ning pangataba at iti alilan ne ing gagawan ning ate keng pamanyimpan at pamipalual ning [[glucose]] o mayumu at king procesu na ning [[lipid]] na ning [[daya]] at aliwa pang tissue kalupa na ning taba at laman ning katawan. Ing dakal ning insulin keng dudurut atin yang uyab keng mabilug a katawan. Ing Insulin magagamit ya keng medicina para uluan la reng sakit a [[diabetes mellitus]]. Deng patienti a atin [[Diabetes mellitus#Type 1|type 1 diabetes mellitus]] manalig la keng insulin manibat kilual (keraklan injectiunan dala keng lalam ning balat) para kumabie la uli ning kakulangan na ning insulin [[hormone]]. Deng patienti atin [[Diabetes mellitus#Type 2|type 2 diabetes mellitus]] atin lang [[insulin resistance]], mababa keng pamangawang insulin, o kaya pareu; deng aliwang type 2 diabetics mangailangan lang insulin ustung deng aliwang panulu magkulang la keng pamagmantini keng mayumu keng daya. Ing Insulin atin yang 51 amino acid residues at atin yang [[molecular weight]] a 5808 [[Dalton (unit)|Da]]. Ing balangkas ning insulin manaliwa yang bagya kareng [[species]] da reng animal. Ing insuling ibat kareng animal manaliwa yang bagya ing pamagmintini na karas keng sikan (itang, keng [[carbohydrate metabolism]]) kareng tau uli daring pamanaliwa. Deng insulin ning [[babi]] malapit ya kareng [[tau]] a uri. == Pangabalu at panga-uri == Inyang 1869 y [[Paul Langerhans]], metung a magaral keng medicina king [[Berlin]], manigaral ya kareng balangkas na ning [[kundilat]] (itang malambutlambut a [[gland]] gulut ning [[dungus]]) lalam ning [[microscope]] inyang abalu no retang dating e mapapansin a tissue bukul-bukul a makakalat king mabilug a kundilat. Ing agagawa da ring "little heaps of cells," kaibat [[eponym|mebalu]] bilang ''[[Islets of Langerhans]]'', era pa balu, dapot y [[Edouard Laguesse]] kaibat ing munikala na mapalyaring papalual lang katas a maglaso keng pengan. Ing anak nang Paul Langerhans', y Archibald, ya mu rin sinaup yang mikaintindi king nanu ing gagawan na ning insulin. Inyang 1889, ing [[Germany|Polish-German]] physician [[Oscar Minkowski]] king pamianiban da keng gawa ri [[Joseph von Mering]] leko re ing [[kundilat]] keng masikan a [[asu]] at lewen de nung nanu ing kayang gagawan keng pamaglaso keng pamangan. Kaibat ning milabas a dakal aldong milako ya ing kundilat ning asu, y Minkowski a talaingat a asu, apagumasdan na deng lango kakanan da ing imi ning asu. Inyang sinuri da ing imi ikit da ing atin mayumu ing imi ning asu, at makanyan dang apagumasdan na atin relasyun o kasapni ing kundilat at ing diabetes. Inyang [[1901]], metung pang maragul a takbang ing apalyari nang [[Eugene Opie]], nung nu mesala na ing ugnayan da ring [[Islets of Langerhans]] at diabetes: ''Diabetes mellitus ... sangkan ning pangasira ning islets of Langerhans at malilyari ustung dake ning katawan masira la, ing mabilug o ditak a dake man. Bayu keng kayang salisik at obra, ing ugnayan da ring kundilat at diabetes masala na, dapot e naman ing tutung pake da ring mgalating pulu (islets)''. [[File:InsulinMonomer.jpg|left|250px|thumb|'''The structure of insulin.''' The left side is a space-filling model of the insulin monomer, believed to be biologically active. [[Carbon]] is green, [[hydrogen]] white, [[oxygen]] red, and [[nitrogen]] blue. On the right side is a cartoon of the insulin hexamer, believed to be the stored form. A monomer unit is highlighted with the A chain in blue and the B chain in cyan. Yellow denotes disulfide bonds, and magenta spheres are zinc ions.]] [[File:InsulinHexamer.jpg|300px|thumb|Computer-generated image of insulin hexamers highlighting the threefold [[symmetry]], the [[zinc]] ions holding it together, and the [[histidine]] residues involved in zinc binding.]] == Suglung Palwal == * [http://www.northcoastmed.com/newsletter/news001.htm Comparison chart of insulin types use to treat diabetes.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.northcoastmed.com/newsletter/news001.htm |date=20090522064846 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121202000355/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C07%5C15%5Cstory_15-7-2006_pg3_2 Inspired by Insulin] article by parent of a diabetic child * [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/18 Frederick Sanger, Nobel Prize for sequencing Insulin] Freeview video with John Sanger and John Walker by the Vega Science Trust. * [http://nist.rcsb.org/pdb/molecules/pdb14_1.html Insulin: entry from protein databank] {{Wayback|url=http://nist.rcsb.org/pdb/molecules/pdb14_1.html |date=20050316215351 }} * [http://www.med.uni-giessen.de/itr/history/inshist.html The History of Insulin] {{Wayback|url=http://www.med.uni-giessen.de/itr/history/inshist.html |date=20181101104524 }} * [http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/insulinlispro.htm Insulin Lispro] * [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-75-702/science_technology/diabetes/ CBC Digital Archives - Banting, Best, Macleod, Collip: Chasing a Cure for Diabetes] * [http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/663 ''Cosmos Magazine'': Insulin mystery cracked after 20 years] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/663 |date=20081016024352 }} * [http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/ National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse] {{Wayback|url=http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/ |date=20100221034416 }} * [http://link.library.utoronto.ca/insulin/ Discovery and Early Development of Insulin, 1920-1925] [[Category:Diabetes]] tcmil4kzl5tfadmvdkhv4z8l8fjmwrw 0 12342 313206 263054 2026-07-29T06:25:56Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 313206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction | native_name=Dindigul| image_map=WikiprojectIndiacities_dindigul.png | latd = 10.35|longd=77.95| state_name=Tamil Nadu | district=[[Dindigul district|Dindigul]] | leader_title| leader_name= Currently Vacant| altitude=268 | population_as_of = 2004 | population_total = 196,619| population_density = | area_magnitude= | area_total= | area_telephone=91-(0)451| postal_code= 624001 | vehicle_code_range= TN 57| footnotes = | }} Ing '''Dindigul''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: திண்டுக்கல்) metung yang lakanbalen o ciudad ampong [[w:municipality|munisipalidad]] king estadu ning [[Tamil Nadu]] king mauling (''southern'') [[India]]. Iti ing pun tanggapan pangkapanibalan (''administrative headquarters'') ning [[Dindigul (distritu)]]. == Dalerayan == <references/> [[File:Dindigul.cvs.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Ing Dindigul manibat king kutang batu (''rock fort'')]] == Suglung palual == * [http://dindigul.nic.in/ Dindigul District official web site] * [http://www.tn.gov.in/ Dindigul area] * [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Dindigul.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Dindigul]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Dindigul 1911 encyclopedia] {{Dindigul Block}} {{Dindigul District}} {{Tamil Nadu}} [[Category:Cities and towns in Tamil Nadu]] [[Category:Madurai railway division]] [[Category:Southern Railway (India) Zone]] 493s6y3e8bc6s5t1hjpi6qi6x652l9w 0 19450 313205 267649 2026-07-29T04:47:38Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 313205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Distinguish|Chengdu}} {{Other uses|Chengde Kondadu}} {{Infobox settlement <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name = {{raise|0.2em|Chengde}} |native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{lang|zh|承德}}}}}} |official_name = {{longitem|style=font-size:110%;|{{nobold|{{lang|zh-cn|承德市}}}}}} |settlement_type = [[Prefecture-level city]] <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = Chengdeview3.JPG |imagesize = 300px |image_caption = Bista ning Banbi mountain resort ampo ning kabalenan |image_map = Location_of_Chengde_Prefecture_within_Hebei_(China).png |mapsize = 300px |map_caption = Lokasyun ning sakup ning Lakanbalen ning Chengde king Hebei |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = <!-- Location ------------------> |pushpin_map = Hebei |pushpin_label_position = |pushpin_mapsize = 225 |pushpin_map_caption = Lokasyun ning sentru ning lakanbalen king Hebei |coordinates_display = inline,title |coordinates_region = CN-13 |subdivision_type = Bangsa |subdivision_name = [[Maldang Republika ning Tsina]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Lalawigan ning Maldang Republika ning Tsina |Lalawigan]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Hebei]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = |established_date2 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 39519 |area_urban_km2 = 709 <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = 2004 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 3610000 |population_density_km2 = 91 |population_urban = 457300 |population_density_urban_km2 = 645 <!-- General information ---------------> |latd= 40 |latm= 58 |latNS=N |longd=117 |longm=56 |longEW=E |elevation_m = 327 <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] (2004) |blank1_info = [[Renminbi|CNY]] 30 billion |website = http://www.chengde.gov.cn |footnotes = <center>'''City tree'''</br>[[Styphnolobium|Pagoda Tree]]</center> <center>'''City flower'''<br/>[[Rosa rugosa|Rugosa Rose]]</center> |blank_name = License Plate Prefix |blank_info = 冀H }} Ing '''Chengde''' ({{zh|c=承德|p=Chéngdé}}), a sadyang mayayaus '''Jehol''' o '''Rehe''' ({{zh|t=熱河 |s=热河 |p=Rèhé}}), metung yang [[lakanbalen a kadaneng prefecture]] (''prefecture-level city'') king lalawigan ning [[Hebei]], a atyu king [[pangulu]] [[aslagan]] ning [[Beijing]]. Pikabalwan yang dili antimong lugal ning [[Chengde Mountain Resort|Mountain Resort]], metung a misna kaleparana a hardin ampong palasyung imperial a ginamit da reng emperador a Qing antimong tuknangan neng kaleldo emperors (''summer residence'').<ref>Hedin (1933), pp. 1, 14.</ref> Maki populasyun yang manga 450,000 ing sentrung urban anyang 2009. ==Dalerayan== ===Footnotes=== {{Reflist}} ===Pikuanan=== *Hedin, Sven (1933). ''Jehol: City of Emperors''. Reprint (2000): Pilgrim's Book House, Varanasi. ISBN 81-7769-009-4. ==Suglung palwal== *[http://www.chengde.gov.cn Chengde Government Online] {{Wayback|url=http://www.chengde.gov.cn/ |date=20151103160749 }} *[http://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/hebei/chengde Chengde Travel Guide] {{Commons|Chengde|Chengde}} {{Hebei topics}} {{Hebei}} [[Category:Cities in Hebei]] [[Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Hebei]] [[Category:Chengde]] [[Category:Populated places established in the 18th century]] thrp0zw213tcci4ordisttziih60mxf