Wikipedia pamwiki https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun_Bulung MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.18 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 7870 313555 313207 2026-09-05T07:43:01Z ~2026-47940-00 25280 add reference 313555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{confuse|inulin}} {{Protbox |Name=Insulin |Photo=Insulin_crystals.jpg |Caption=Insulin crystals |Gene = HUGO/[http://www.gene.ucl.ac.uk/nomenclature/data/get_data.php?hgnc_id=HGNC:6081 INS] |Gene_type=[[Protein]] coding |Structure =[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/mmdb/mmdbsrv.cgi?form=6&db=t&Dopt=s&uid=34502 Solution Structure of Human pro-Insulin Polypeptide] |Review = |Type=insulin familia |Functions=[[glucose]] regulation (mamatinyan ne mayumu keng katawan) |Domains=[[INS domain]] |Motifs=[[SP motif]] |Molecular_weight= 5808 |Alternative_products= |Catalytic_activity= |Cofactors= |Enzyme_regulation= |Diseases=[[familial hyperproinsulinemia]], [[Diabetes mellitus]] |Pharmaceuticals= insulin ([[Humulin]] [[Novolin]]), insulin lispro ([[Humalog]]), insulin aspart ([[Novolog]]), insulin detemir ([[Levemir]]), insulin glargine ([[Lantus]]), etc |Taxa = ''[[Homo sapiens]]''; homologs: in [[metazoan]] [[taxa]] from invertebrates to mammals |Cells = [[kundilat]]: beta cells na ning [[Islet of Langerhans|Islets na ning Langerhans]] |Location=[[extracellular]] fluids |Mods=[[glycation]], [[proteolytic cleavage]] |Names='''insulin''' |Pathways=[[Insulin signaling pathway]] ([http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/show_pathway?hsa04910+3630 KEGG]); [[Type II diabetes mellitus]] ([http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/show_pathway?hsa04930+3630 KEGG]); [[Type I diabetes mellitus]] ([http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/show_pathway?hsa04940+3630 KEGG]); [[Maturity onset diabetes of the young]] ([http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/show_pathway?hsa04950+3630 KEGG]); Regulation of [[actin]] [[cytoskeleton]] ([http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/show_pathway?hsa04810+3630 KEGG]) |Interactions= |Pages= |Actions= |Agonists= |Antagonists= [[glucagon]], [[steroid]]s, most stress hormomes |Codes={{EntrezGene|3630}}; {{OMIM|176730}}; {{UniProt|P01308}}; {{RefSeq|NM_000207}} | Chromosome = 11 | Arm = p | Band = 15.5 | LocusSupplementaryData = }} Ing '''Insulin''' (ibat keng [[Latin]] ''insula'', "pulu", nung nu magagawa ya king [[Islets of Langerhans]] keng [[kundilat]]) metung yang [[Anabolism|anabolic]] [[polypeptide]] [[Peptide hormone|hormone]] nung nu mamantinyan ne ing [[metabolismu ning carbohydrate]]. Bukud keng primerang agenti keng [[carbohydrate]] [[homeostasis]], atin yang uyab keng metabolismu ning pangataba at iti alilan ne ing gagawan ning ate keng pamanyimpan at pamipalual ning [[glucose]] o mayumu at king procesu na ning [[lipid]] na ning [[daya]] at aliwa pang tissue kalupa na ning taba at laman ning katawan. Ing dakal ning insulin keng dudurut atin yang uyab keng mabilug a katawan [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/fcp.13009]. Ing Insulin magagamit ya keng medicina para uluan la reng sakit a [[diabetes mellitus]]. Deng patienti a atin [[Diabetes mellitus#Type 1|type 1 diabetes mellitus]] manalig la keng insulin manibat kilual (keraklan injectiunan dala keng lalam ning balat) para kumabie la uli ning kakulangan na ning insulin [[hormone]]. Deng patienti atin [[Diabetes mellitus#Type 2|type 2 diabetes mellitus]] atin lang [[insulin resistance]], mababa keng pamangawang insulin, o kaya pareu; deng aliwang type 2 diabetics mangailangan lang insulin ustung deng aliwang panulu magkulang la keng pamagmantini keng mayumu keng daya. Ing Insulin atin yang 51 amino acid residues at atin yang [[molecular weight]] a 5808 [[Dalton (unit)|Da]]. Ing balangkas ning insulin manaliwa yang bagya kareng [[species]] da reng animal. Ing insuling ibat kareng animal manaliwa yang bagya ing pamagmintini na karas keng sikan (itang, keng [[carbohydrate metabolism]]) kareng tau uli daring pamanaliwa. Deng insulin ning [[babi]] malapit ya kareng [[tau]] a uri. == Pangabalu at panga-uri == Inyang 1869 y [[Paul Langerhans]], metung a magaral keng medicina king [[Berlin]], manigaral ya kareng balangkas na ning [[kundilat]] (itang malambutlambut a [[gland]] gulut ning [[dungus]]) lalam ning [[microscope]] inyang abalu no retang dating e mapapansin a tissue bukul-bukul a makakalat king mabilug a kundilat. Ing agagawa da ring "little heaps of cells," kaibat [[eponym|mebalu]] bilang ''[[Islets of Langerhans]]'', era pa balu, dapot y [[Edouard Laguesse]] kaibat ing munikala na mapalyaring papalual lang katas a maglaso keng pengan. Ing anak nang Paul Langerhans', y Archibald, ya mu rin sinaup yang mikaintindi king nanu ing gagawan na ning insulin. Inyang 1889, ing [[Germany|Polish-German]] physician [[Oscar Minkowski]] king pamianiban da keng gawa ri [[Joseph von Mering]] leko re ing [[kundilat]] keng masikan a [[asu]] at lewen de nung nanu ing kayang gagawan keng pamaglaso keng pamangan. Kaibat ning milabas a dakal aldong milako ya ing kundilat ning asu, y Minkowski a talaingat a asu, apagumasdan na deng lango kakanan da ing imi ning asu. Inyang sinuri da ing imi ikit da ing atin mayumu ing imi ning asu, at makanyan dang apagumasdan na atin relasyun o kasapni ing kundilat at ing diabetes. Inyang [[1901]], metung pang maragul a takbang ing apalyari nang [[Eugene Opie]], nung nu mesala na ing ugnayan da ring [[Islets of Langerhans]] at diabetes: ''Diabetes mellitus ... sangkan ning pangasira ning islets of Langerhans at malilyari ustung dake ning katawan masira la, ing mabilug o ditak a dake man. Bayu keng kayang salisik at obra, ing ugnayan da ring kundilat at diabetes masala na, dapot e naman ing tutung pake da ring mgalating pulu (islets)''. [[File:InsulinMonomer.jpg|left|250px|thumb|'''The structure of insulin.''' The left side is a space-filling model of the insulin monomer, believed to be biologically active. [[Carbon]] is green, [[hydrogen]] white, [[oxygen]] red, and [[nitrogen]] blue. On the right side is a cartoon of the insulin hexamer, believed to be the stored form. A monomer unit is highlighted with the A chain in blue and the B chain in cyan. Yellow denotes disulfide bonds, and magenta spheres are zinc ions.]] [[File:InsulinHexamer.jpg|300px|thumb|Computer-generated image of insulin hexamers highlighting the threefold [[symmetry]], the [[zinc]] ions holding it together, and the [[histidine]] residues involved in zinc binding.]] == Suglung Palwal == * [http://www.northcoastmed.com/newsletter/news001.htm Comparison chart of insulin types use to treat diabetes.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.northcoastmed.com/newsletter/news001.htm |date=20090522064846 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121202000355/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C07%5C15%5Cstory_15-7-2006_pg3_2 Inspired by Insulin] article by parent of a diabetic child * [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/18 Frederick Sanger, Nobel Prize for sequencing Insulin] Freeview video with John Sanger and John Walker by the Vega Science Trust. * [http://nist.rcsb.org/pdb/molecules/pdb14_1.html Insulin: entry from protein databank] {{Wayback|url=http://nist.rcsb.org/pdb/molecules/pdb14_1.html |date=20050316215351 }} * [http://www.med.uni-giessen.de/itr/history/inshist.html The History of Insulin] {{Wayback|url=http://www.med.uni-giessen.de/itr/history/inshist.html |date=20181101104524 }} * [http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/insulinlispro.htm Insulin Lispro] * [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-75-702/science_technology/diabetes/ CBC Digital Archives - Banting, Best, Macleod, Collip: Chasing a Cure for Diabetes] * [http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/663 ''Cosmos Magazine'': Insulin mystery cracked after 20 years] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/663 |date=20081016024352 }} * [http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/ National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse] {{Wayback|url=http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/ |date=20100221034416 }} * [http://link.library.utoronto.ca/insulin/ Discovery and Early Development of Insulin, 1920-1925] [[Category:Diabetes]] 8l6yozw27qercso2bkaas8vsvisdchg 0 7914 313554 309316 2026-09-05T07:42:20Z ~2026-47940-00 25280 add reference 313554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pp-semi-vandalism|small=yes}} {{DiseaseDisorder infobox |Name = Diabetes mellitus |ICD10 = {{ICD10|E|10||e|10}}–{{ICD10|E|14||e|10}} |ICD9 = {{ICD9|250}} |MedlinePlus = 001214 |eMedicineSubj = med |eMedicineTopic = 546 |eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|134}} |MeshName = Diabetes |MeshNumber = C18.452.394.750 }} {{two other uses||the disease characterized by excretion of large amounts of very dilute urine|diabetes insipidus|diabetes mellitus in pets|diabetes in cats and dogs}} Ing '''Diabetes mellitus''' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA pronunciation]]: [{{IPA|daɪəˈbitiz}}], neng misan{{IPA|[ˌdaɪəˈbitəs]}}) metung yang sakit keng e pamaglaso ning pengan a ausan dang [[hyperglycemia]] o (matas [[mayumu keng daya]]) at aliwa pang pawaga, a aliwa keng metung a sakit o kabilyan. Ing [[World Health Organization]] kikilalanan do ring atlung tinduk a diabetes: ing ''[[diabetes mellitus type 1|type 1]]'', ''[[diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2]]'', at ''[[gestational diabetes]] o [[diabetes inyang manganak]]'',<ref name "WHO1999-DefDiagClass">{{cite web | author=[[World Health Organisation]] Department of Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance | title=Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications | year=1999 | url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/WHO_NCD_NCS_99.2.pdf | format=PDF | accessdate=2007-08-05 | archivedate=2014-08-21 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821000053/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/WHO_NCD_NCS_99.2.pdf }}</ref>[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/fcp.13009] nung nu deng waga kalupa da la at ing uyab na niti, dapot miyayaliwa ing sangkan at pangasalbag keng populasyun. Ing katataulian uli da ring [[beta cell]]s na ning [[kundilat]] (o pancreas) nung nu eya makapalual a ustung dakal a [[insulin]] para aiwasan ing hyperglycemia.<ref name=Rother>{{cite journal |last=Rother |first=KI |year=2007 |title=Diabetes Treatment — Bridging the Divide |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=356 |issue=15 |pages=1499-1501 |id= |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/356/15/1499 |accessdate=2007-08-05 |archivedate=2009-09-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903054037/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/356/15/1499 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> Ing Tinduk (Type) 1 keraklan uli ning [[autoimmune disease|autoimmune]] a pangasira ning [[pancreas|kundilat]] da ring [[beta cell]]s nung nu ila reng gagawa keng [[insulin]]. Ing Tinduk (Type) 2 ing katangian na ding ing tissue-wide [[insulin a resistensiya]] at maragul a pamanaliwa; neng misan kakawalan yang [[beta cell]] a gamit. Ing [[gestational diabetes]] kalupa ne ing type 2 diabetes, na makaugne ya ing insulin resistance; deng [[hormones]] ning mabuktut ilang maging sangkan ning insulin resistance kareng babaing amana da reti kareng karelang pipumpunan a maka-akda lang mika makanyan a kabilyan. Deng Type 1 at 2 malyari lang uluan ing karelang [[chronic disease|chronic a kabilyan]], dapot mayuyulu la kanita manibat ing [[insulin]] meging yang pangmedicina inyang 1921, at ngeni panibalan de kapamilatan ning piyabeng [[Diet (nutrition)|dieta]], [[Anti-diabetic drug|tabletas]] (keng type 2) at, maralas, pamandagdag insulin. Ing gestational diabetes keraklan mawawala ya potang kaibat ning pamanganak. Ing '''Diabetes''' malyari yang muli keng dakal a complicasyun. [[Acute (medical)|Acute]] complicasyun ([[hypoglycemia]], [[ketoacidosis]] o kaya [[nonketotic hyperosmolar coma]]) malyari nung ing sakit e ya meyasikasung masalese. Seriosung pangmaluatan a complicasyun kayabe la deng [[cardiovascular disease]] (doble ing kapalyarian), [[chronic renal failure]] ([[diabetic nephropathy]] iti ing peka sangkan ning [[renal dialysis|dialysis]] kareng mealkus a yatung mangatua), [[diabetic retinopathy|retinal pangasira]] (nung nu maging sangkan ning panga[[bulag]] at ing pekasangkan ning pangabulag ding e masyudaung mangatua kareng menga-alkus a yatu), [[diabetic neuropathy|nerve pangasira]] (dakal a miyayaliwa), at microvascular a pangasira, nung nu ing ari ene[[sisyas]] o (titikdo) at mainang pangayulu, lalu na deng bitis, miras keng ausan dang [[gangrene]] nung nu mangailangan [[pututan ya ing bitis]] — ing mumunang sangkan da reng non-traumatic amputation kareng e masyadung mangatua kareng meyalskus a bangsa. ustung pamanulu ning diabetes, at makanyan mu rin keng ustu pamaningat keng [[prisyun keng daya]] at pamaningat keng bie (kalupa na ning e [[tobacco smoking|pamanigarilyu]] at maustang pamaningat keng [[human weight|timbang ning katawan]]), mapalyaring salese ka laban kareng mengasabing complicasyun. {{Diabetes}} == Lawen ya rin == * [[Tala da reng katayang kayanib keng diabetes]] == Dalerayan == <!-- ---------------------------------------------------------- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a discussion of different citation methods and how to generate footnotes using the <ref>, </ref> and <reference /> tags ----------------------------------------------------------- --> {{reflist|2}} == Suglung Palwal == <!-- BEFORE inserting new links here you should first post it to the talk page, otherwise your edit is likely to be reverted; this section is reserved for official or authoritative resources --> * [[:en:World Diabetes Day|World Diabetes Day]] - [[Nobiembri 14]] * [http://diabeteaseonline.com/ DiabetEase Magazine] {{Wayback|url=http://diabeteaseonline.com/ |date=20171213210350 }} * [http://www.pcdef.org/ Diabetes Center Philippines] * [http://www.diabetes.org/ American Diabetes Association] * [http://www.diabetesnsw.com.au/ Diabetes Australia-NSW] * [http://www.diabetes.ca/ Canadian Diabetes Association] {{Wayback|url=http://www.diabetes.ca/ |date=20210112225159 }} * [http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/dietnutrition_and_chronicdiseases/en/ Diet, Nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases] (including diabetes) by a Joint [[WHO]]/[[FAO]] Expert consultation (2003) - [http://www.greenfacts.org/en/diet-nutrition/l-2/6-diabetes-diet.htm Summary] {{Wayback|url=http://www.greenfacts.org/en/diet-nutrition/l-2/6-diabetes-diet.htm |date=20070827225416 }} by [[GreenFacts]]. * [http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/ Centers for Disease Control Diabetes Section] * [http://www.diabetes.org.uk Diabetes UK] * [http://healthy-ojas.com/diabetes/diabetes-details.html Diabetes] * [http://www.dhealth.org/ Diabetes Health Institute] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dhealth.org/ |date=20070708230900 }} * [http://www.diabetesinstitute.org/ Diabetes Institute for Immunology and Transplantion] * [http://www.joinleenow.org The Iacocca Foundation] {{Wayback|url=http://www.joinleenow.org/ |date=20071111022057 }} * [http://www.idsoc.org/ The Immunology of Diabetes Society] {{Wayback|url=http://www.idsoc.org/ |date=20070119235303 }} * [http://www.idf.org/ International Diabetes Federation] * [http://www.jdrf.org/ Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation] * [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetes.html MedlinePlus Diabetes from the U.S. National Library of Medicine] * [http://ndep.nih.gov/ National Diabetes Education Program] * [http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/ National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse] {{Wayback|url=http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/ |date=20070115100736 }} * [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/ World Health Organization fact sheet on diabetes] * [http://www.who.int/diabetes/en/ World Health Organization—The Diabetes Programme] {{Endocrine pathology}} [[Category:Diabetes| ]] [[Category:Medical conditions related to obesity]] [[Category:Nutrition]] p41m2wrxwjqfrgcvbf5q9fdqwu3gpyg