Wikipedia pamwiki https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun_Bulung MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 5806 313859 309401 2026-10-15T04:16:14Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 313859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Department_of_France| department=Hautes-Alpes|number=05| region=[[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]]| prefecture=[[Gap, Hautes-Alpes|Gap]]| subprefectures=[[Briançon]]| population=121,419|pop_date=1999|pop_rank=98th|density=22| area=5549|area_scale=9| arrond=2|cantons=30|communes=177| president=[[Auguste Trupheme]]|pres_party=| img_coa=Blason département fr Hautes-Alpes.svg| }} Ing '''Hautes-Alpes''' metung yang [[departments of France|departamentu]] king maulingaslagan ning [[France]] mipalagyu kaibat keng [[Alps]] a bundukin. == Lawen ya rin == * [[Cantons of the Hautes-Alpes department]] * [[Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department]] * [[Arrondissements of the Hautes-Alpes department]] == Suglung Palwal == * {{fr}} [http://www.hautes-alpes.pref.gouv.fr/ Prefecture website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hautes-alpes.pref.gouv.fr/ |date=20041028075648 }} * {{fr}} [http://www.cg05.fr/ General Council webstite] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cg05.fr/ |date=20150327073051 }} * {{fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20230718000147/http://www.leshautesalpes.com/ Tourist website] {{Departments of France}} [[Category:Hautes-Alpes|*]] 3xd5ox55wgjvh627dj8nf13x7wkjfli 0 5909 313867 308244 2026-10-15T11:12:33Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 313867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unreferenced|date=January 2007}} {{Spanish city | native_name = València| spanish_name = Valencia | nickname = | city_motto = | city_motto_means = | image_flag = Flag_of_the_Land_of_Valencia_%28official%29.svg| image_flag_size = 150 px| image_coat_of_arms = Escut_de_València.svg| image_coat_of_arms_size = 100px| image_city_map = Valencia, Spain - location.png| image_city_map_size = 150px| image_city_map_caption = | lat_long = 39°29′ N 0°22′ W| time_zone = CET (GMT +1)| time_zone_summer = CEST (GMT +2)| image_skyline = | image_skyline_size = | founded = 137 BC | native_language = Valencian| community = Valencia | community_link = Valencia (autonomous community)| province = Valencia| province_link = Valencia (province)| comarca = | comarca_link = | divisions = 16| neighborhoods = 70| mayor = Joan Ribó| political_party = CC| political_party_link = Coalició Compromís| area = 134.65| altitude = 15| population = 807,396| date-population = 2006| population-ranking = 3rd| density = 5.916| date-density = | website = http://www.valencia.es/| postal_code = 46000-46080| area_code = | }} == Galleria == <gallery> Image:Valencia, loggia della seta, interno, sala delle contrattazioni, 01,0.jpg|The Llotja de la Seda Image:Miguelete.jpg|Cathedral Tower : El Micalet Image:Catedral valencia.jpg|The Cathedral of València Image:ValenciaM2Aguas3 22-2-03.JPG|Marqués de Dos Aigües Palace Image:Valencia ES L Hemisferic BIG.jpg|L'Hemisfèric, a 3-D Cinema Image:Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències - L'Umbracle.jpg|Walkway Image:Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències - El Museu.jpg|Museum Image:ValenciaHemisphere2corr.jpg|The City of Arts and Sciences Image:Falla egipcia plorant.jpg|A [[Falles|falla]] Image:Paella_hirviendo.jpg|A [[paella]] cooked in the street Image:Horchata con fartons.jpg|Orxata with fartons </gallery> == Lawen ya rin == *[[Archdiocese of Valencia]] *[[Benimaclet]] *[[El Cid]] *[[Spanish wine]] *[[Valencia Metro]] == Dalerayan == <div class="references-small"> <references /> </div> == Suglung Palwal == {{Commons|Valencia}} *{{Catholic}} *{{SmithDGRG}} *Servicios **[http://www.ayto-valencia.es/ City of Valencia] **[http://www.turisvalencia.es/ Tourism of Valencia: Official Website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.turisvalencia.es/ |date=20160817020358 }} **{{wikivoyage|Valencia (city)|Valencia}} **[http://www.metrovalencia.com/ subway metropolitan area] {{Wayback|url=http://www.metrovalencia.com/ |date=20001109030600 }} **[http://www.emtvalencia.es EMT Metropolitan Bus Service] **[http://www.feriavalencia.com Fair of Valencia] **[http://www.comunitatvalenciana.com/ Valencia tourism site with lots of web cams] **[http://www.valenciatrader.com/ Highly popular portal about Valencia] **[http://www.trobat.com/ Valencia search engine] **[http://www.spainyou.com/store/bookhotel/hotels.php?category_id=5733&lang=en Hotels Valencia]{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} **[http://www.visualvalencia.com VisualValencia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.visualvalencia.com/ |date=20070310091309 }} *Tourist Information **[http://www.zoovalencia.com Zoo Valencia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.zoovalencia.com/ |date=20070314011407 }} **[http://www.fallas.com Web of Las Fallas] **[http://www.americascup.com/ America's Cup] **[http://www.cac.es CAC - City of Art and Science] *Press **[http://www.levante-emv.es Levante EMV] **[http://www.lasprovincias.es Las Provincias] **[http://www.e-valencia.org e-Valencia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.e-valencia.org/ |date=20191005074239 }} **[http://copa-sos.org/wp/ ValenciaWatch] {{Wayback|url=http://copa-sos.org/wp/ |date=20061129164538 }} *Fallas **[http://www.falladelpilar.com Falla Plaza del Pilar] **[https://web.archive.org/web/20070329120629/http://www.najordana.es/ Falla Plaça Na Jordana] **[http://www.ciberfallas.com/ Fallas] *About Valencia ** [http://www.erasmuspc.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=171&Itemid=58 The Effect of the America’s Cup on the City of Valencia] article at ErasmusPC ** [http://www.erasmuspc.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=168&Itemid=83 The CAC and other Urban Projects in Valencia, Spain] article at ErasmusPC ** [http://www.rimontgo.es/en/information/news/americas-cup.php America's Cup: Current investments in Valencia]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Comarques of Land of Valencia}} *Mapping {{Geolinks-cityscale|39.4735|-0.3766}} {{Costas}} [[Category:Valencia| ]] [[Category:Ancient mints]] [[Category:Coastal cities]] [[Category:Comarques of the Land of Valencia]] [[Category:Municipalities in Valencia]] [[Category:Roman sites in Spain]] [[Category:137 BC establishments]] [[Category:Port cities]] [[Category:Mediterranean]] eppbhjvpi3luje49yioyyf83pz19jk3 0 6454 313861 299588 2026-10-15T07:19:10Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 313861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox City |official_name = Lakanbalen ning Mesa, Arizona |image_seal = cityofmesalogo.jpg |seal_size = 200px |image_map =Maricopa_County_Incorporated_and_Planning_areas_Mesa_highlighted.svg |map_caption = Location in [[Maricopa County]] and the state of [[Arizona]] |slogan = Great People, Quality Service |subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Bangsa]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]] |subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Arizona|Counties]] |subdivision_name = [[United States]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Arizona]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa]] |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Keno Hawker]] |area_magnitude = |area_total = 324.2 |area_land = 323.7 |area_water = 0.6 |elevation_ft = 1241 |elevation = 378 |population_as_of = 2005 |population_footnotes =<ref name=popest>{{cite web | year = [[June 21]] [[2006]] | url = http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/files/SUB-EST2005-all.csv | title = Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places over 100,000 | format = [[Comma-separated values|CSV]] | work = 2005 Population Estimates | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division | accessdate = November 14 | accessyear = 2006}}</ref> |population_total = 442780 |population_metro = |population_density = 1365.6 |population_density_mi2 = 3536.6 |timezone = [[Mountain Standard Time Zone|MST]] (no [[daylight saving time]]) |utc_offset = -7 |latd =33 |latm =24 |lats =40 |latNS =N |longd =111 |longm =44 |longs =47 |longEW =W |website = http://www.cityofmesa.org/ |footnotes = }} == Lawen ya rin == * [[List of cities in Arizona]] * [[List of Arizona counties]] == Dalerayan == <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> == Suglung Palwal == * [http://www.ci.mesa.az.us/cityhome/default.asp Mesa city government] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ci.mesa.az.us/cityhome/default.asp |date=20060302212510 }}. * [http://www.mesalibrary.org/default.asp City of Mesa Library on the Web] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mesalibrary.org/default.asp |date=20060827213254 }}. * [http://www.flywga.org/ Williams Gateway Airport]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070519184958/http://mesaartscenter.com/pa_festival.htm Mesa Storytelling Festival] Annual [[storytelling festival]] in October. * {{wikivoyage|Mesa}} {{Mapit-US-cityscale|33.411199|-111.746438}} {{Phoenix Metropolitan Area}} {{Arizona}} {{USLargestCities}} [[Category:Mesa, Arizona| ]] [[Category:Maricopa County, Arizona]] mm94bmdrqdt29zxuq9pulet4mh3j5su 0 7238 313855 258545 2026-10-14T23:58:19Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 313855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox CityIT | img_coa = Aosta-Stemma.png| city = Ville d'Aoste <br /> Comune di Aosta| region = [[Aosta Valley]] | province = none| altitude = 583 | area_cityproper = 21| population_as_of = [[December 31]], [[2004]]| populationdensity = 34,270| populationdensitymetric = 1,616| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]], [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]+1 | coordinates = {{coor dm|45|44|N|7|19|E}}| frazioni =Arpuilles, Cache, Champailler, Entrebin, Excenex, Laravoire, Porossan, Seyssinod, Signayes, Vignole, Cossan| telephone = 0165| postalcode = 11100| gentilic =Aostani (Aostains)| saint = [[St. Gratus]]| day = [[September 7]] | mayor = Guido Grimod | website = [http://www.comune.aosta.it www.comune.aosta.it] | }} [[File:Aosta Cattedrale.JPG|thumb|250px|[[Aosta Cathedral]].]] [[File:Porta_pretoria_Aosta1.jpg|thumb|250px|''Porta Praetoria''.]] == Lawen ya rin == * [[Duke of Aosta]] * [[Franco-Provençal language]] - Valdôtain (Valdoten) dialect. * [[French language]], [[Aostan French]] * [[Italian language]] == Dalerayan == * {{1911}} {{commons|Aosta}} == Suglung Palwal == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120207033525/http://www.vmv.it/mao+aosta+museum_3-1-0-0-0.aspx Mao, virtual museum of Aosta city] <br /> {{Aosta Valley}} {{Regional Capitals of Italy}} [[Category:Lakanbalen at balen king Aosta saug]] [[Category:Romanesque architecture]] [[Category:Gothic architecture]] [[Category:Trri king Italy]] 1xgy3klcuvczrko4z400u062r8l8lyi 0 7795 313856 302159 2026-10-15T00:20:33Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 313856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coor title dms|45|44|49|N|7|26|21|E|type:adm1st(123978)|region:IT}} {{Infobox Region of Italy |name = Valle d'Aosta<br />Vallée d'Aoste |fullname = ''Labuad Autonomia Valle d'Aosta''<br />''Région Autonome Vallée-d'Aoste''<br />Autonomous Region of Aosta Valley |isocode = 007 |capital = [[Aosta]] |official_language = [[Italian]] and [[French]] |governor = [[Luciano Caveri]]<br />(''[[Valdotanian Union]]'') |zone = [[Northwest Italy]] |province = 0 |municipality = 74 |arearank = 20th |area = 3,263 |areapercent = 1.1 |population_as_of = 2006 est. |populationrank = 20th |population = 123,978 |populationpercent = 0.2 |populationdensity = 38 |coatofarms = |map = [[File:Italy Regions Aosta Valley Map.png]] }} == Suglung Palwal == {{commonscat|Valle d'Aosta/Vallée d'Aoste}} * [http://www.regione.vda.it Regione Autonoma Valle d'Aosta / Région Autonome Vallée-d'Aoste] * [http://www.italy-weather-and-maps.com/maps/italy/valledaosta.gif Map of Valle d'Aosta] {{Wayback|url=http://www.italy-weather-and-maps.com/maps/italy/valledaosta.gif |date=20070614080742 }} * [http://www.aostavalley.com/PV/ppeng.htm "Particularism"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aostavalley.com/PV/ppeng.htm |date=20070313112208 }}: autonomy in the Valle d'Aosta * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070820094450/http://www.vmv.it/cow+aosta+valley+photos+images_3-0-1-0-0.aspx VMV Aosta Valley virtual museum] * [http://www.skiresorts-italy.com/lathuile.htm Guide to the La Thuile Ski Resort] {{Wayback|url=http://www.skiresorts-italy.com/lathuile.htm |date=20070928040112 }} <br />{{Regions of Italy}} {{Aosta Valley}} <!--Categories--> [[Category:Aosta Valley| ]] [[Category:NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union]] [[Category:Arpitany]] [[Category:Wine regions of Italy]] [[Category:Valleys of the Alps]] o3hotv2p8x9vtjqcbiso9a8x8cxqg6a 0 10019 313870 309294 2026-10-15T11:46:59Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 313870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Otheruses4|the city|the holding company|Yucaipa Cos.}} {{Infobox Settlement |official_name = Yucaipa, California |settlement_type = [[City]] |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_seal = |image_map = San_Bernardino_County_California_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Yucaipa_Highlighted.svg |mapsize = 250x200px |map_caption = Location in [[San Bernardino County, California|San Bernardino County]] and the state of [[California]] |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]] |subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in California|County]] |subdivision_name = [[United States]] |subdivision_name1 = [[California]] |subdivision_name2 = [[San Bernardino County, California|San Bernardino]] |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 71.9 |area_total_sq_mi = 27.8 |area_land_km2 = 71.9 |area_land_sq_mi = 27.8 |area_water_km2 = 0 |area_water_sq_mi = 0 |elevation_ft = 2618 |elevation_m = 798 |population_as_of = 2000 |population_footnotes = |population_total = 41207 |population_metro = |population_density_km2 = 573.1 |population_density_sq_mi = 1482.3 |timezone = [[Pacific Time Zone|Pacific (PST)]] |utc_offset = -8 |latd = 34 |latm = 1 |lats = 49 |latNS = N |longd = 117 |longm = 2 |longs = 55 |longEW = W |timezone_DST = PDT |utc_offset_DST = -7 |postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]] |postal_code = 92399 |area_code = [[Area code 909|909]] |blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] |blank_info = 06-87042 |blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID |blank1_info = 1652818 |footnotes = |website = }} == Suglung Palwal == <references/> * [http://www.yucaipa.org/ City of Yucaipa] * [http://www.sbcounty.gov/museum/branches/yucadob.htm Yucaipa Adobe] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sbcounty.gov/museum/branches/yucadob.htm |date=20201021221616 }} * [http://www.staterbros.com/ StaterBros.com] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080326193018/http://www.yucaipahistory.org/ Yucaipa Valley Hsitorical Society] {{Mapit-US-cityscale|34.030275|-117.048613}} {{Cities of San Bernardino County, California}} {{stub}} [[Category:Lakanbalen king San Bernardino County]] [[Category:Lakanbalen king California]] 2ti9wt3i8uz7k84y9f7047itmnojago 0 11902 313865 312454 2026-10-15T09:19:20Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 313865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Scientist |box width = 200px |name = Richard Phillips Feynman |caption = Richard Feynman |image = HSrichaf.jpg |imagesize = 180px |birth_date = {{birth date|1918|5|11|mf=y}} |birth_place = [[Far Rockaway]], [[Queens]], [[New York]] |nationality = [[United States]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1988|2|15|1918|5|11}} |death_place = [[Los Angeles, California]] |field = [[Physics]] |work_institutions = [[Manhattan Project]]<br />[[Cornell University]]<br />[[California Institute of Technology]] |alma_mater = [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]<br />[[Princeton University]] |doctoral_advisor = [[John Archibald Wheeler]] |doctoral_students = [[Albert Hibbs|Al Hibbs]]<br />[[George Zweig]] |known_for = [[Quantum electrodynamics]]<br />[[Particle theory]]<br />[[Feynman diagram]]s |prizes = {{nowrap| [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1965) [[File:Nobel medal dsc06171.jpg|20px]]}} <br />[[Oersted Medal]] (1972) |religion = [[Atheism|Atheist]]<ref>{{cite book |title = Perfectly Reasonable Deviations from the Beaten Track: The Letters of ... |author = Richard Phillips Feynman |publisher=Basic Books |year=2005 |isbn=0738206369 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HpgNSVS6fUYC&pg=PA350&dq=feynman+atheist&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=utFxR6zBIIv8sQPetLmeBw&sig=-pBKDYiTw67OtfpSFszeg7vQLrM#PPA350,M1 |quote = I told him I was as strong an atheist as he was likely to find }}</ref> |signature = feyn.jpg |footnotes = }} I '''Richard Phillips Feynman''' ({{IPAEng|ˈfaɪnmən}}; [[May 11]], [[1918]]{{ndash}} [[February 15]], [[1988]]) metung yang [[physicist]] a Americanung mekilala king [[path integral formulation]] ning quantum mechanics, ing teoria ning [[quantum electrodynamics]], ing physics ning [[superfluidity]] ning supercooled a likidung helium, ampo king [[particle theory]]. Uling karing ayambag na king pamanalkus (''development'') ning quantum electrodynamics, megi yang metung kareng tinanggap king [[w:Nobel Prize in Physics|Galal a Nobel king Physics]] aniang 1965, kayabe ya i [[Julian Schwinger]] ampo i [[Shin-Ichiro Tomonaga]]. I Feynman ing ginawa king metung a pamaglarawan kareng mathematical expressions a dakal a gagamit (''widely-used pictorial representation scheme'') para king pamangimut (''behavior'') da reng pirasung subatomic (''subatomic particles''), a kaibat pepelaguan dang [[Feynman diagram]]s. ==Lon la murin deti== <div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> * [[Feynman checkerboard]] * [[Feynman diagram]] * [[Feynman Long Division Puzzles]] * [[Feynman point]] * [[Feynman sprinkler]] * [[Flexagon]] * [[Foresight Nanotech Institute Feynman Prize]] * [[Hellmann–Feynman theorem]] * [[List of physicists]] * [[List of theoretical physicists]] * [[One-electron universe]] * [[Stückelberg–Feynman interpretation]] * [[Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory]] </div> == Notes == {{reflist|2}} == Dalerayan == * ''The Character of Physical Law'', The 1964 Messenger Lectures, MIT Press, 1967, ISBN 0-262-56003-8 <!-- No longer referenced: * {{note|FeySM}} ''Statistical Mechanics: A Set of Lectures'', Addison Wesley, 1981, ISBN 0-8053-2509-3> *''Quantum Electrodynamics'', Addison Wesley, 1985, ISBN 0-8053-2501-8 === Deng librung sinulat nang Feynman === *''Selected Papers of Richard Feynman: With Commentary'' by Richard Feynman and Laurie M. Brown, World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics, 2000. ISBN 978-981-02-4131-5 *''[[The Character of Physical Law]]'', adapted from the 1964 Messenger Lectures Feynman delivered at Cornell and aimed at a popular audience. MIT Press, 1965. *''[[Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!]]'', Richard Feynman, Ralph Leighton (contributor), Edward Hutchings (editor), W W Norton, 1984, ISBN 0-393-01921-7 *''[[QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter]]'', Richard Feynman, [[Princeton University Press]], 1985, ISBN 0-691-08388-6 *''[[What Do You Care What Other People Think?]]'', Richard Feynman, Ralph Leighton (contributor), W W Norton, 1988, ISBN 0-553-17334-0 *''The Meaning of It All: Thoughts of a Citizen Scientist'', Richard Feynman, Perseus Publishing, 1999, ISBN 0-7382-0166-9. *''[[The Pleasure of Finding Things Out|The Pleasure of Finding Things Out: The Best Short Works of Richard P. Feynman]]'', edited by Jeffrey Robbins, Perseus Books, 1999, ISBN 0-7382-0108-1. *"The Principle of Least Action in Quantum Mechanics." (1942) PRINCETON UNIVERSITY. Publication: Dissertation. Published by World Scientific, 2005, under the title ''Feynman's Thesis: a New Approach to Quantum Theory'', edited by Laurie M. Brown. ISBN 978-981-256-380-4 *''Classic Feynman: All the Adventures of a Curious Character'', edited by Ralph Leighton, W. W. Norton, 2005, ISBN 0-393-06132-9. Chronologically reordered omnibus volume of ''[[Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!]]'' and ''[[What Do You Care What Other People Think?]]'', with a bundled CD containing one of Feynman’s signature lectures. * ''Perfectly Reasonable Deviations from the Beaten Track: The Letters of Richard P. Feynman'', edited by Michelle Feynman, foreword by Timothy Ferris, Basic Books, 2005, ISBN 0-7382-0636-9 (Published in the UK under the title: ''Don't You Have Time to Think?'', edited and with additional commentary by Michelle Feynman, Allen Lane, 2005, ISBN 0-7139-9847-4) * ''Feynman Lectures on Computation'', edited by Tony Hey and Robin W. Allen, Perseus Books Group, 2000, ISBN 0-7382-0296-7 === Tungkul kang Feynman === *''Physics Today'', American Institute of Physics magazine, February 1989 Issue. (Vol.42, No.2.) Special Feynman memorial issue containing non-technical articles on Feynman's life and work in physics. *''Most of the Good Stuff: Memories of Richard Feynman'', edited by Laurie M. Brown and John S. Rigden, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1993, ISBN 0-88318-870-8. Commentary by Joan Feynman, John Wheeler, Hans Bethe, Julian Schwinger, Murray Gell-Mann, Daniel Hillis, David Goodstein, Freeman Dyson, Laurie Brown. *''Disturbing the Universe'', [[Freeman Dyson]], Harper and Row, 1979, ISBN 0-06-011108-9. Dyson’s autobiography. The chapters “A Scientific Apprenticeship” and “A Ride to Albuquerque” describe his impressions of Feynman in the period 1947-48 when Dyson was a graduate student at Cornell. *''QED and the Men Who Made It: Dyson, Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga'' (Princeton Series in Physics), Silvan S. Schweber, Princeton University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-691-03685-3. *''Feynman's Rainbow: A Search For Beauty In Physics And In Life'', by Leonard Mlodinow, Warner Books, 2003, ISBN 0-446-69251-4 Published in the United Kingdom as ''Some Time With Feynman.'' *''The Feynman Processor: Quantum Entanglement and the Computing Revolution'', Gerard J. Milburn, Perseus Books, 1998 ISBN 0-7382-0173-1 *''Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman'', James Gleick, Pantheon, 1992, ISBN 0-679-74704-4 *''The Beat of a Different Drum: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman'', Jagdish Mehra, Oxford University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-19-853948-7 *''No Ordinary Genius: The Illustrated Richard Feynman'', edited by Christopher Sykes, W W Norton & Co Inc, 1994, ISBN 0-393-03621-9. *''Richard Feynman: A Life in Science'', John Gribbin and Mary Gribbin, Dutton Adult, 1997, ISBN 0-525-94124-X *''Infinity'', a movie directed by Matthew Broderick and starring Matthew Broderick as Feynman, depicting Feynman's love affair with his first wife and ending with the Trinity test. 1996. *"Clever Dick", Crispin Whittell, Oberon Books, 2006 (play) *"QED", Peter Parnell (play). *"The pleasure of Finding Things out: Autobiography of Richard Feynman" Nobel laureate and theoretical physicist extraordinary. BBC2 Horizon/Nova (50 mins) Christopher Sykes Productions http://www.sykes.easynet.co.uk/ {{Wayback|url=http://www.sykes.easynet.co.uk/ |date=20131101082658 }} === Deng articulu nang Feynman === *"Space-Time Approach to Quantum Electrodynamics," ''[[Physical Review]]'', 1949 *"An Operator Calculus Having Applications in Quantum Electrodynamics," ''[[Physical Review]]'', 1951 *JA Wheeler, RP Feynman, "Interaction with the Absorber as the Mechanism of Radiation," ''[[Reviews of Modern Physics]]'', 1945 *JA Wheeler, RP Feynman, "Classical Electrodynamics in Terms of Direct Interparticle Action," ''[[Reviews of Modern Physics]]'', 1949 *"Relativistic Cut-Off for Quantum Electrodynamics," ''[[Physical Review]]'', 1948 *M Cohen, RP Feynman, "Theory of Inelastic Scattering of Cold Neutrons from Liquid Helium," ''[[Physical Review]]'', 1957 *"The λ-Transition in Liquid Helium," ''[[Physical Review]]'', 1953 - APS *"Plenty of Room at the Bottom," Presentation to American Physical Society, Dec, 1959 *RP Feynman, FL Vernon, RW Hellwarth - J., "Geometric representation of the Schrodinger equation for solving maser equations," Appl. Phys, 1957 *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:9897894 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9897894 |last=Feynman |first= |last2=Kleinert |first2= |publication-date= December 1986 |year=[[1986]] |title=Effective classical partition functions. |volume=34 |issue=6 |periodical=Phys. Rev., A |pages=5080-5084 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:17778830 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17778830 |last=Feynman |first= |publication-date=1974 [[February 15]] |year=[[1974]] |title=Structure of the Proton. |volume=183 |issue=4125 |periodical=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |pages=601-610 |doi = 10.1126/science.183.4125.601 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:17791121 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17791121 |last=Feynman |first= |publication-date=1966 [[August 12]] |year=[[1966]] |title=The Development of the Space-Time View of Quantum Electrodynamics. |volume=153 |issue=3737 |periodical= |pages=699-708 |doi = 10.1126/science.153.3737.699 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:13889186 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13889186 |last=Edgar |first=R S |last2=Feynman |first2=R P |last3=Klein |first3=S |last4=Lielausis |first4=I |publication-date=1962 February |year=[[1962]] |title=Mapping experiments with r mutants of bacteriophage T4D. |volume=47 |issue= |periodical=[[Genetics (journal)|Genetics]] |pages=179-86 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:17774518 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17774518 |last=Feynman |first= |publication-date=1956 [[February 24]] |year=[[1956]] |title=Science and the Open Channel. |volume=123 |issue=3191 |periodical=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |pages=307 |doi = 10.1126/science.123.3191.307 }} === Deng audio recording === *''Safecracker Suite'' (a collection of drum pieces interspersed with Feynman telling anecdotes) *''Los Alamos From Below'' (talk given by Feynman at Santa Barbara on [[February 6]], [[1975]]) *''Six Easy Pieces'' (original lectures upon which the book is based) *''Six Not So Easy Pieces'' (original lectures upon which the book is based) *The Feynman Lectures on Physics: The Complete Audio Collection **Quantum Mechanics, Volume 1 **Advanced Quantum Mechanics, Volume 2 **From Crystal Structure to Magnetism, Volume 3 **Electrical and Magnetic Behavior, Volume 4 **Feynman on Fundamentals: Energy and Motion, Volume 5 **Feynman on Fundamentals: Kinetics and Heat, Volume 6 **Feynman on Science and Vision, Volume 7 **Feynman on Gravity, Relativity and Electromagnetism, Volume 8 **Basic Concepts in Classical Physics, Volume 9 **Basic Concepts in Quantum Physics, Volume 10 **Feynman on Science and Vision, Volume 11 **Feynman on Sound, Volume 12 **Feynman on Fields, Volume 13 **Feynman on Electricity and Magnetism, Part 1, Volume 14 **Feynman on Electricity and Magnetism, Part 2, Volume 15 **Feynman on Electromagnetism, Volume 16 **Feynman on Electrodynamics, Volume 17 **Feynman on Flow, Volume 18 **Masers and Light, Volume 19 **The Very Best Lectures, Volume 20 *Samples of Feynman's drumming, chanting and speech are included in the songs "Tuva Groove (Bolur Daa-Bol, Bolbas Daa-Bol)" and "Kargyraa Rap (Dürgen Chugaa)" on the album ''Back Tuva Future, The Adventure Continues'' by [[Kongar-ool Ondar]]. The [[hidden track]] on this album also includes excerpts from lectures without musical background. === Deng Video recording === *The Messenger Lectures (1964) (See also the book ''[[The Character of Physical Law]]'') **The Law of Gravitation **The Relation of Mathematics to Physics **The Great Conservation Principles **Symmetry in Physical Law **The Distinction of Past and Future **Probability and Uncertainty - The Quantum Mechanical View of Nature **Seeking New Laws *Take the world from another point of view [videorecording] / with Richard Feynman; Films for the Hu (1972) *[http://www.vega.org.uk/video/subseries/8 ''QED in New Zealand''] (1979) *''Elementary Particles and the Laws of Physics'' (1986) *The Last journey of a genius [videorecording] / a BBC TV production in association with WGBH Boston (1989) == Suglung palual == {{commons|Category:Richard Feynman|Richard Feynman}} {{wikiquote|Richard Feynman}} === Manimunang Pikuanan (Primary sources) === *[http://content.cdlib.org The Online Archive of California] *[http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt5n39p6k0&chunk.id=dsc-1.7.7&query=FEYNMAN&brand=oac Guide to the Papers of Richard Phillips Feynman, 1933-1988] {{Wayback|url=http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt5n39p6k0&chunk.id=dsc-1.7.7&query=FEYNMAN&brand=oac |date=20200122080036 }} *[http://archives.caltech.edu/index.cfm The Caltech Institute Archives] *[http://archives.caltech.edu/search_catalog.cfm?search_field=Feynman Feynman at The Caltech Institute Archives] === Karagdagang pikuanan === *[http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/feynman.html Biography and Bibliographic Resources], from the [[Office of Scientific and Technical Information]], [[United States Department of Energy]] *[http://www.feynmanlectures.info/ The Feynman Lectures Website] *[http://www.nobel-winners.com/Physics/richard_phillips_feynman.html About Richard Feynman] *[http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/feynman/feynmanpub.htm Feynman's Scientific Publications] {{Wayback|url=http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/feynman/feynmanpub.htm |date=20050320144227 }} *[http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Feynman.html A Biography of R. P. Feynman as a mathematician] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120112133732/http://www.museumsyndicate.com/artist.php?artist=380 Gallery of Drawings by Richard P. Feynman] *[http://www.instantquotebook.com/item-details.php?item_name=Richard%20Feynman&item_id=20159 Quotes by Richard Feynman] {{Wayback|url=http://www.instantquotebook.com/item-details.php?item_name=Richard%20Feynman&item_id=20159 |date=20080317135037 }} *[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7136440703094429927 The Pleasure of Finding Things Out] {{Wayback|url=http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7136440703094429927 |date=20090325072759 }}: A 49-minute BBC Horizon TV programme from the 1980s in which Feynman reminisces about his life and work. *[http://www.edge.org/video/dsl/gell-mann.html Edge-video: Murray Gell-mann reminisces about Feynman's personal eccentricities] {{Wayback|url=http://www.edge.org/video/dsl/gell-mann.html |date=20100506003645 }} {{Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1951-1975}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Feynman, Richard}} [[Category:1918 births]] [[Category:1988 deaths]] [[Category:American atheists]] [[Category:American physicists]] [[Category:California Institute of Technology faculty]] [[Category:Cellular automatists]] [[Category:Cornell University faculty]] [[Category:Experimental physicists]] [[Category:Far Rockaway High School alumni]] [[Category:Jewish atheists]] [[Category:Jewish American scientists]] [[Category:Jewish inventors]] [[Category:Manhattan Project people]] [[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni]] [[Category:Nanotechnologists]] [[Category:National Medal of Science laureates]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]] [[Category:Particle physicists]] [[Category:People from Queens]] [[Category:People with synesthesia]] [[Category:Physicists]] [[Category:Weapons scientists and engineers]] [[Category:Princeton University alumni]] [[Category:Putnam Fellows]] [[Category:Quantum physicists]] [[Category:Theoretical physicists]] [[Category:Weak Interaction physicists]] dy4oy7vdzb24z39no2f0w58gmzzsjg8 0 12703 313864 300946 2026-10-15T08:51:21Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 313864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction |native_name = Pune |type = Tier 1 city|Metropolitan city |nickname = Queen of the Deccan |skyline= Pune ShaniwarWada DelhiGate.jpg |skyline_caption= Ing [[Shaniwarwada]], ing palasiu ning [[Peshwe]], king sentru o ''downtown'' ning Pune |latd = 18.53 |longd = 73.85 |state_name = Maharashtra |district = [[Pune district|Pune]] |taluk_names = Haveli [[taluka]] |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Rajlakshmi Bhosale |altitude = 560 |population_as_of = 2008 |population_total = 5064700 |population_metro = 5695000 |population_metro_as_of = 2008 |population_metro_rank = 8th |population_density = 7214 |area_magnitude = 8 |area_total = 1359 |area_telephone = 91(20) |postal_code = 411 0xx |vehicle_code_range = MH 12 (Pune),MH 14 (Pimpri-Chinchwad) |website = www.pune.gov.in |footnotes = }} Ing '''Pune''' ({{pronEng|ˈpuːneɪ}}, [[Marathi language|Marathi]]: पुणे) ing kaduang pekamaragul a lakanbalen o ciudad ning [[Estadu ampong teritoriu ning India|estadu]] ning [[Maharashtra]], albugang [[India]], manga 160 kilometru king mauli-aslagan ning tungku (cabecera o capitoliu) ning estadu, ing [[Mumbai]]. Atiu king [[Deccan plateau]] nung nu la misasanib deng ilug ning [[w:Mula river|Mula]] ampong [[Mutha]], at maki 560 metru ya kátas king babo ning dayatmalat<ref name="GeographyOfPuneUrbanArea">{{cite web|last=Nalawade|first=S.B.|url=http://www.ranwa.org/punealive/pageog.htm|title=Geography of Pune Urban Area|publisher=Ranwa|accessdate=2008-04-04|archivedate=2007-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222080029/http://www.ranwa.org/punealive/pageog.htm}}</ref>. Ing Pune ing tungkung pangkapanibalan (''administrative capital'') ning [[Pune (distritu)]], at yang kawalung pekadakal taung ''metropolitan area'' king India<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=80&geo=-104&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&msz=1500&va=&pt=a|title=World Gazetteer|accessdate=2008-05-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229132101/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=80&geo=-104&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&msz=1500&va=&pt=a|archivedate=2008-02-29}}</ref>. == Dalerayan == {{reflist}} == Suglung palual == {{commonscat|Pune}} * [http://www.pune.gov.in/ Government of India website for Pune City and District] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pune.gov.in/ |date=20120509195232 }} * [http://punecorporation.org/ Official website of the Pune Municipal Corporation] {{Wayback|url=http://punecorporation.org/ |date=20161122081231 }} * [http://government.wikia.com/pune Pune City wiki for governance related information]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.puneprime.com/ Pune City's Web Portal] {{Wayback|url=http://www.puneprime.com/ |date=20190112025731 }}- puneprime.com * [http://www.punepages.com/ Pune Yellow Pages - Complete Guide to Pune City] * {{wikivoyage|Pune}} * [http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=18529747&x=73839798&z=11&l=0&m=a&v=2 Pune at Wikimapia] * {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/India/Maharashtra/Localities/Pune/}} * [http://www.punescoop.com Pune's Community Portal - PuneScoop.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.punescoop.com/ |date=20071015062043 }} * [http://puneprime.com/City_Guides/Pune_City.htm Pune City] {{Wayback|url=http://puneprime.com/City_Guides/Pune_City.htm |date=20080614224648 }} * [http://puneprime.com/City_Guides/Pune_District.htm Pune District] {{Wayback|url=http://puneprime.com/City_Guides/Pune_District.htm |date=20080614224653 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070418075358/http://www.pmtpune.org/ {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418075358/http://www.pmtpune.org/ |date=20070418075358 }} PMPML[Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Ltd] * [http://punetech.com/ Pune Directory of Information Technology] * [http://www.helplineforyou.org Helpline For You, Pune] <!--start of Navigation boxes--><br clear=all /> {{Pune topics}} {{Maharashtra}} {{Million-plus cities in India}} <!--end of Navigation boxes--> [[Category:Pune| ]] [[Category:Pune railway division]] [[Category:Lonavala-Daund rail line]] [[Category:Pune-Miraj rail line]] dgip3g6ro0ycvb0plso4dxpk68mosru 0 15126 313858 312499 2026-10-15T01:53:30Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 313858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |name = ''Camelina'' |image = Camelina sativa eF.jpg |image_caption = ''[[Camelina sativa]]'' |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]] |ordo = [[Brassicales]] |familia = [[Brassicaceae]] |genus = ''Camelina'' |subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] |subdivision = ''[[Camelina alyssum]]'' (Mill.) Thell.<br /> ''[[Camelina microcarpa]]'' Andrz. ex DC.<br /> ''[[Camelina rumelica]]'' Velen.<br /> ''[[Camelina sativa]]'' (L.) Crantz |}} Ing '''''Camelina''''' metung yang [[genus]] kilub da reng [[maniampagang tanaman]] a familia [[Brassicaceae]]. Metung a species, iyapin ing ''[[Camelina sativa]]'', metung a maamlat ampong metung a maulagang tanaman a laru. == Biodiesel == Ing US State a [[Montana]] kapilan pamu parakal nong parakal karelang paragulan at sisesen a camelina para agamit da bilang [[biofuel]] ampong bio-lubricant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.montana.edu/biobased/ |accessdate=2009-07-23 |archivedate=2010-05-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528225902/http://www.montana.edu/biobased/ }}</ref> I [[Jack Brown]], metung a scientist kareng tanaman king [[University of Idaho]], panigralan nala dening susulput a [[biodiesel]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.biodiesel.org/news/bulletin/2007/120307.htm |accessdate=2009-07-23 |archivedate=2009-08-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822181346/http://www.biodiesel.org/news/bulletin/2007/120307.htm }}</ref> [http://www.camelinacompany.com Great Plains - The Camelina Company] {{Wayback|url=http://www.camelinacompany.com/ |date=20141219021541 }} began research efforts with camelina over 10 years ago. They are currently contracting with growers throughout the U.S. and Canada to grow camelina for biodiesel production. == Species == * ''[[Camelina alyssum]]'' * ''[[Camelina microcarpa]]'' * ''[[Camelina rumelica]]'' * ''[[Camelina sativa]]'' == Dalerayan == {{Reflist}}<!--added above External links/Sources by script-assisted edit--> == Suglung Palual == * [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?2240,2338 Jepson Manual Treatment] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CAMEL USDA Plants Profile]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.camelinacompany.com Great Plains - The Camelina Company] {{Wayback|url=http://www.camelinacompany.com/ |date=20141219021541 }} {{Brassicales-stub}} [[Category:Brassicaceae]] [[Category:Biodiesel crops]] 5dvybibh80lacvz1un07h84356oojsh 0 15727 313862 305237 2026-10-15T08:15:55Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 313862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|Optical media|transmission media for light|Medium (optics)}} {{Optical disc authoring}} [[File:CD drive lens.jpg|thumb|200px|The optical lens of a [[compact disc]] drive.]] King [[computing]] ampong [[optical recording]], ing '''optical disc (CD{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}})''' o '''optical disk (WORM{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}})''' metung yang patag (''flat''), keraklan mabilug, a disc a maliaring magdalang [[audio]], [[video]] o [[:en:Data (computing)|data]] a maka-encode kareng microscopic (malatiktik a akakit mu king lalam ning ''microscope'') a busbus (''pits'') o bukul (''bumps'') king espesial a sangkap (keraklan [[aluminium]]{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}) king metung kareng dake nang patag. Ing sangkap a magdalang impormasiun, o ''encoding material'', makatumpak ya king mas makapal a sangkap (keraklan [[polycarbonate]]) a bibilug king keraklan king disc at magsilbing ''dust defocusing layer''. Ing paralan ning pamag-encode taglus-taglus yang ''spiral'' a makatakap king mabilug a disc, manibat king pekakilub diling daralanan (''innermost track'') angga ketang pekakilual (''outermost track''). Makasimpan ing data king kapamilatan ning [[laser]] o ''stamping machine'' (makinang panatak), at maliari yang basan nung ing lalabasan ning data suluan ya king [[laser diode]] king [[optical disc drive]] a magpadurut king disc king salusung manga 200 [[revolutions per minute|RPM]] anggang 4000 RPM o maigit pa, dependi king uri ning drive, disc format, ampo ing dayu ning read head king libutad ning disc (mas mabilis lang babasan deng daralan a pangkilub o ''inner tracks''). Didisporman de reng kulkul o bukul ing sulung laser a masasalamin (''reflected laser light'') ania deng keraklan kareng optical disk (liban kareng mangatuling a disc ning orihinal a [[PlayStation]] [[video game console]]) maki itsura lang [[iridescent]] a gewa da reng ''grooves'' o bukul ning tumpak a masasalamin (''reflective layer''). Ing sumangid ning optical disc atin yang maka-imprentang marca o etiqueta, a keraklan gawa king papil, dapot neng kai, makalimbag o makatatak king mismung disc. Atiu kaniting dane ning disc ing mismung data, at keraklan, matatakpan yang sangkap a malino, keraklan [[lacquer]]. E anti king [[floppy disk]], ala lang makayabeng lulanan a protecciun deng keraklan kareng optical disc, ania maralas lang mikakaprublema king pamamasa king data uling kareng gasgas, bakas da reng taliri, ampong aliwang prublemang ibat king paligid. Keraklan, maki lapad (''diameter'') lang 7.6 ampong 30&nbsp;cm (3 anggang 12&nbsp;pulgada) deng optical disc, nung nu ing 12&nbsp;cm (4.75&nbsp;pulgada) ing pekamaralas a dagul. Keraklan, maki kapal yang 1.2&nbsp;mm (0.05&nbsp;pulgada) ing disc, kabang ing track pitch (dayu manibat king libutad ning metung a daralanan o track angga king libutad ning tutuki) keraklan 1.6 [[µm]] (microns) ya. Metung kareng atlung recording type o uri ning pamagsimpan ing susuportan ning optical disk: read-only (alimbawa: [[CD]] ampong [[CD-ROM]]), recordable (write-once, alimbawa [[CD-R]]), o re-recordable (rewritable, e.g. [[CD-RW]]). Deng write-once optical disc keraklan atin lang organic dye recording layer king pilatan ning sangkap a atiu lalam o substrate ampo ing tumpak a masasalamin o reflective layer. Deng rewritable disc keraklan atin lang [[alloy]] recording layer (tumpak a gawa king samut ning metal) a bibilugan ning [[phase change]] material, a keraklan [[AgInSbTe]], a pisamut a [[pilak]], [[indium]], [[antimony]] ampong [[tellurium]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guides/Storage/CD-R/CD-RW - PC Technology Guide |url=http://www.pctechguide.com/33CDR-RW_CD-RW.htm |accessdate=2009-10-27 |archivedate=2009-03-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330222151/http://www.pctechguide.com/33CDR-RW_CD-RW.htm }}</ref> Keraklan, gagamitan la reng optical disc king pamagsimpan king tigtigan o musica (alimbawa bang patigtig king [[CD player]]), video (alimbawa bang patigtig king [[DVD player]]), o data ampong programs para kareng [[personal computer]]. Ing [[Optical Storage Technology Association]] (OSTA) susuportan no reng standardized optical storage format. Lipat ning mas matibe la reng optical disc kesa kareng minunang format a audio-visual ampong data storage (pamagsimpan data), maliari lang masira uling king aldo-aldong pamangamit ampong uling king paligid. Deng aklatan ampong simpanan (''archive'') papaliari lang kaparalanan para king pamagpanatili kareng optical media (''optical media preservation procedures'') bang lumuat lang maliaring basan deti kareng optical disc drive da reng computer o kareng makayagpang a disc player. Para king computer data backup ampong physical data transfer, miyayalilan na la deng optical disc antimo reng CD ampong DVD kareng mas mabilis, mas malati ampong mas ayasahan a gamit a solid state, lalu na deng [[USB flash drive]]. Mapaliaring taglus-taglus a marapat iti, lalu na uling daragul ing laman a daralan da reng USB flash drive, at mimumura la reti. Makanian murin, deng personal portable CD player miyayalilan lang portable solid state [[MP3 player]], at ing [[MP3]] music a mesali king Aptas o Internet mekabawas king bilang da reng audio CD a masasali banua-banua. == Dalerayan == <references/> * {{cite web |title=Inventor of the Week Archive: The Digital Compact Disc |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=December, 1999 |url=http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/russell.html |accessdate=2007-07-13 |archivedate=2003-04-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030417162935/http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/russell.html }} * {{cite web |title=Scientist's invention was let go for a song |publisher=The Seattle Times |date=November 29, 2004 |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2002103322_cdman29.html |accessdate=2007-07-13 |author=Brier Dudley }} * {{cite web |title=David Gregg and the Optical Disk |publisher=About.com |url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blopticaldisk.htm |accessdate=2007-07-13 |archivedate=2020-08-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819105952/https://www.thoughtco.com/david-gregg-and-the-optical-disk-1992209 }} == Karagdagang babasan == * Byers, Fred R. (2003). ''[http://www.itl.nist.gov/iad/894.05/docs/CDandDVDCareandHandlingGuide.pdf Care and Handling of CDs and DVDs — A Guide for Librarians and Archivists]''. [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]. == Suglung palual == {{Commons category|Optical discs}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210506230501/http://www.osta.org/ Optical Storage Technology Association] * [http://www.memorex.com/downloads/whitepapers/Reference%20Guide%20for%20Optical%20Media%209-9.pdf Reference guide for optical media] {{Wayback|url=http://www.memorex.com/downloads/whitepapers/Reference%20Guide%20for%20Optical%20Media%209-9.pdf |date=20090711175011 }} by Terence O'Kelly (Memorex Inc.) {{Optical storage media}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Optical Disc}} <!-- interwiki --> [[Category:Compact disc]] [[Category:DVD]] [[Category:Optical disc authoring]] [[Category:Optoelectronics]] 066nj24u6hajhwui67y7fkqcg0hnlcc 0 16250 313868 313837 2026-10-15T11:20:01Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 313868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]] --> | name victor l hugo marie | image = Victor hugo.jpg | imagesize = | caption = [[Photogravure]] of Victor Hugo, 1883 | birthdate = {{birth-date|26 February 1802}} | deathdate = {{death-date|22 May 1885 }} (aged 83) | occupation = [[poet]], [[playwright]], [[novelist]], [[essay]]ist, visual artist, statesman, human rights campaigner | movement = [[Romanticism]] | influences = [[Francois-Rene de Chateaubriand]], [[Walter Scott]], [[Voltaire]], [[Alphonse de Lamartine]], [[William Shakespeare]] | influenced = [[Louis-Honoré Fréchette]], [[Charles Dickens]], [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]], [[Ayn Rand]], [[Irvine Welsh]], [[Albert Camus]], [[Gérard de Nerval]], [[Paul Verlaine]] [[Oscar Wilde]], [[Jean Cocteau]], [[Gustave Flaubert]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]], [[Charles-Marie-René Leconte de Lisle]] | signature = Victor Hugo Signature.svg | website = | birthplace = [[Besançon]], [[France]] | deathplace = [[Paris]], [[France]] }} I '''Victor-Marie Hugo''' ({{IPA-fr|viktɔʁ maʁi yˈɡo}}) (26 Pebreru 1802 – 22 Mayu 1885) metung yang [[France|French]] [[watas (poet)]], [[playwright]], [[novelista]], [[essay]]ist, [[visual artist]], [[statesman]], [[human rights]] ampong [[activista]] king France. King France, ing pangasikat nang Hugo karas keng malagung panyulat menibat mumuna keng kayang kawatasan at kaibat kareng kayang novela ampo karen kayang ikua keng drama. Ding kayang kawatasan ilapin deng ''[[:fr:Les Contemplations|Les Contemplations]]'' ampong ''[[La Légende des siècles]]'' matas la lawe kaya reng criticu at neng misan i Hugo mabibilang yang pekadakila kareng French a watas Kilual ning France, ding kayang bantug a novela ilapin deng ''[[Les Misérables]]'' ampong [[The Hunchback of Notre Dame|''Notre-Dame de Paris'']] (kebaluan keng English bilang ''The Hunchback of Notre Dame''). == Dalerayan == {{reflist}} * Afran, Charles (1997). [http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/Theatre/Hugo/hugo.shtml “Victor Hugo: French Dramatist”] {{Wayback|url=http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/Theatre/Hugo/hugo.shtml |date=20170329134800 }}. Website: Discover France. (Originally published in ''Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia'', 1997, v.9.0.1.) Retrieved November 2005. * Bates, Alfred (1906). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170329134812/http://www.theatrehistory.com/french/hugo001.html “Victor Hugo”]. Website: Theatre History. (Originally published in ''The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization'', vol. 9. ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp.&nbsp;11–13.) Retrieved November 2005. * Bates, Alfred (1906). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170329135319/http://www.theatrehistory.com/french/hugo006.html “Hernani”]. Website: Theatre History. (Originally published in ''The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization'', vol. 9. ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp.&nbsp;20–23.) Retrieved November 2005. * Bates, Alfred (1906). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170329135820/http://www.theatrehistory.com/french/hugo005.html “Hugo’s Cromwell”]. Website: Theatre History. (Originally published in ''The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization'', vol. 9. ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp.&nbsp;18–19.) Retrieved November 2005. * Bittleston, Misha (uncited date). [http://www.mishabittleston.com/artists/victor_hugo/ "Drawings of Victor Hugo"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mishabittleston.com/artists/victor_hugo/ |date=20100322220758 }}. Website: Misha Bittleston. Retrieved November 2005. * Burnham, I.G. (1896). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170329134930/http://www.theatrehistory.com/french/hugo008.html “Amy Robsart”]. Website: Theatre History. (Originally published in ''Victor Hugo: Dramas''. Philadelphia: The Rittenhouse Press, 1896. pp.&nbsp;203–6, 401-2.) Retrieved November 2005. * Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Edition (2001-05). [http://aol.bartleby.com/65/hu/Hugo-Vic.html “Hugo, Victor Marie, Vicomte”]. Website: Bartleby, Great Books Online. Retrieved November 2005. Retrieved November 2005. * Haine, W. Scott (1997). [http://www.cats.ohiou.edu/~Chastain/dh/hugo.htm “Victor Hugo”] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cats.ohiou.edu/~Chastain/dh/hugo.htm |date=20080411025136 }}. Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions. Website: Ohio University. Retrieved November 2005. * Illi, Peter (2001-2004). [http://www.hugo-online.org/050000.htm “Victor Hugo: Plays”] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hugo-online.org/050000.htm |date=20090415135602 }}. Website: The Victor Hugo Website. Retrieved November 2005. * Karlins, N.F. (1998). [http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/features/karlins/karlins5-5-98.asp "Octopus With the Initials V.H."] Website: ArtNet. Retrieved November 2005. * Liukkonen, Petri (2000). [http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/vhugo.htm “Victor Hugo (1802-1885)”]. Books and Writers. Website: Pegasos: A Literature Related Resource Site. Retrieved November 2005. * Meyer, Ronald Bruce (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060508103328/http://www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com/rants/0226almanac.htm “Victor Hugo”]. Website: Ronald Bruce Meyer. Retrieved November 2005. * Robb, Graham (1997). [http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/r/robb-hugo.html “A Sabre in the Night”]. Website: New York Times (Books). (Excerpt from Graham, Robb (1997). ''Victor Hugo: A Biography''. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.) Retrieved November 2005. * Roche, Isabel (2005). [http://www.barnesandnoble.com/writers/writerdetails.asp?cid=30497 “Victor Hugo: Biography”]. Meet the Writers. Website: [[Barnes & Noble]]. (From the Barnes & Noble Classics edition of ''The Hunchback of Notre Dame'', 2005.) Retrieved November 2005. * Uncited Author. [http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/EUhugo.htm “Victor Hugo”]. Website: Spartacus Educational. Retrieved November 2005. * Uncited Author. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/guernsey/content/articles/2004/09/20/victor_hugo_timeline_feature.shtml “Timeline of Victor Hugo”]. Website: BBC. Retrieved November 2005. * Uncited Author. (2000-2005). [http://www.online-literature.com/victor_hugo/ “Victor Hugo”]. Website: The Literature Network. Retrieved November 2005. * Uncited Author. [http://www.victorhugo.education.fr/ressources/caricature.htm "Hugo Caricature"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.victorhugo.education.fr/ressources/caricature.htm |date=20020128084404 }}. Website: Présence de la Littérature a l’école. Retrieved November 2005. == Dagdag pamamasa == * Barbou, Alfred (1882). ''Victor Hugo and His Times''. University Press of the Pacific: 2001 paper back edition. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=089875478X Book sources] * Barnett, Marva A., ed. (2009). ''Victor Hugo on Things That Matter: A Reader''. New Haven, CT: [[Yale University Press]]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0300122454 Book sources] * Brombert, Victor H. (1984). ''Victor Hugo and the Visionary Novel''. Boston: [[Harvard University Press]]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0674935500 Book sources] * Davidson, A.F. (1912). ''Victor Hugo: His Life and Work''. University Press of the Pacific: 2003 paperback edition. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=1410207781 Book sources] * Dow, Leslie Smith (1993). ''Adele Hugo: La Miserable''. Fredericton: Goose Lane Editions. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0864921683 Book sources] * Falkayn, David (2001). ''Guide to the Life, Times, and Works of Victor Hugo''. University Press of the Pacific. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0898754658 Book sources] * [[Feller, Martin]], ''Der Dichter in der Politik. Victor Hugo und der deutsch-französische Krieg von 1870/71. Untersuchungen zum französischen Deutschlandbild und zu Hugos Rezeption in Deutschland.'' Doctoral Dissertation, Marburg 1988. * Frey, John Andrew (1999). ''A Victor Hugo Encyclopedia''. Greenwood Press. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0313298963 Book sources] * Grant, Elliot (1946). ''The Career of Victor Hugo''. [[Harvard University Press]]. Out of print. * Halsall, A.W. et al. (1998). ''Victor Hugo and the Romantic Drama''. [[University of Toronto Press]].[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0802043224 Book sources] * Hart, Simon Allen (2004). ''Lady in the Shadows: The Life and Times of Julie Drouet, Mistress, Companion and Muse to Victor Hugo.'' Publish American. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=1413711332 Book sources] * Houston, John Porter (1975). ''Victor Hugo''. New York: Twayne Publishers. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0805724435 Book sources] * Hovasse, Jean-Marc (2001), ''Victor Hugo: Avant l'exil''. Paris: Fayard. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=2213610940 Book sources] * Hovasse, Jean-Marc (2008), ''Victor Hugo: Pendant l'exil I''. Paris: Fayard. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=2213620784 Book sources] * Ireson, J.C. (1997). ''Victor Hugo: A Companion to His Poetry''. Clarendon Press. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0198157991 Book sources] * Laster, Arnaud (2002). ''Hugo à l'Opéra''. Paris: L'Avant-Scène Opéra, no. 208. * Maurois, Andre (1956). ''Olympio: The Life of Victor Hugo''. New York: Harper & Brothers. * Maurois, Andre (1966). ''Victor Hugo and His World''. London: Thames and Hudson. Out of print. * Pouchain, Gérard and Robert Sabourin (1992). ''Juliette Drouet, ou, La dépaysée''. Paris: Fayard. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=2213020957 Book sources] * Robb, Graham (1997). ''Victor Hugo: A Biography''. W.W. Norton & Company: 1999 paperback edition. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0393318990 Book sources], ([http://www.wwnorton.com/catalog/spring99/victorhugo.htm description/reviews at wwnorton.com]) * Tonazzi, Pascal (2007) ''Florilège de Notre-Dame de Paris (anthologie)'' Paris, Editions Arléa ISBN 2-86959-795-9 == Suglung Palual == {{wikiquote}} {{wikisource author}} {{Commons category|Victor Hugo}} * [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255 France of Victor Hugo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255 |date=20170329135841 }} * [http://www.victorhugo.gg Guernsey’s Official Victor Hugo Website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.victorhugo.gg/ |date=20080408091638 }} * [http://www.vhfestival.com Guernsey’s Victor Hugo International Music Festival] {{Wayback|url=http://www.vhfestival.com/ |date=20160613054712 }} * [http://www.gavroche.org/vhugo Victor Hugo Central] * [http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT187.HTM Victor Hugo's works]: text, concordances and frequency lists * [http://greatcaricatures.com/articles_galleries/gill/galleries/html/1867_0519_hugo.html 1867 Caricature of Victor Hugo by André Gill] * [http://www.3dsrc.com/victorhugo/ Victor Hugo le dessinateur] {{Wayback|url=http://www.3dsrc.com/victorhugo/ |date=20130710085447 }} * [http://uclue.com/?xq=924 Translation of Victor Hugo note found in "Hunchback of Notre Dame," french edition] {{Wayback|url=http://uclue.com/?xq=924 |date=20170328105055 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110708060809/http://poemsintranslation.blogspot.com/2009/06/victor-hugo-at-dawn-tomorrow-from.html English translation of Hugo's ''At Dawn Tomorrow'' (''Demain, dès l'aube'')] * [http://www.consolatio.com/2005/02/tomorrow_as_soo.html Another English translation of ''Demain, dès l'aube''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.consolatio.com/2005/02/tomorrow_as_soo.html |date=20100115044313 }} * [http://www.consolatio.com/2005/01/at_villequier.html English translation of Hugo's ''A Villequier''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.consolatio.com/2005/01/at_villequier.html |date=20090305031141 }} * [http://www.consolatio.com/2005/04/oh_i_was_like_a.html English translation of Hugo's ''Oh ! je fus comme fou dans le premier moment'' ('Oh! I was like a crazy man in the first moment') on the death of his daughter Léopoldine]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.victorhugo.asso.fr/ Official site of the Société des Amis de Victor Hugo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.victorhugo.asso.fr/ |date=20080411175635 }} * [http://www.festival-victorhugo-egaux.fr/ Official site of the Festival international Victor Hugo et Égaux] {{Wayback|url=http://www.festival-victorhugo-egaux.fr/ |date=20170329134917 }} * {{IBList |type=author|id=117|name=Victor Hugo}} {{start box}}{{succession box| title= [[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 14|Seat 14]]<br />[[Académie française]] | years=1841–1885 | before= [[Népomucène Lemercier]]| after= [[Charles Leconte de Lisle]] }} {{end box}} {{romanticism}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hugo, Victor}} [[Category:1802 kebaitan]] [[Category:1885 kematyan]] [[Category:People from Besançon]] [[Category:Victor Hugo| ]] [[Category:Deists]] [[Category:Cao Dai saints]] [[Category:French poets]] [[Category:French watas]] [[Category:French novelista]] [[Category:French dramatists and playwrights]] [[Category:French fantasy writers]] [[Category:French-language poets]] [[Category:Romantic poets]] [[Category:French Christians]] [[Category:Writers who illustrated their own writing]] [[Category:Members of the Académie française]] [[Category:Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni]] [[Category:Burials at the Panthéon]] [[Category:Légion d'honneur recipients]] [[Category:Jersey writers]] [[Category:Guernsey writers]] [[Category:Western mystics]] [[Category:Spiritualists]] [[Category:Rosicrucians]] [[Category:Philhellenes]] [[Category:French anti-death penalty activists]] 4x14aenrkppyg9zpgxtf34im8vguloq 0 17006 313869 313740 2026-10-15T11:31:31Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 313869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{selfref|Ing WikiLeaks [[Wikipedia:Ing WikiLeaks is not part of Wikipedia|ala yang kaugnayan]] king [[Wikipedia]] o king [[Katatagan Wikimedia (Wikimedia Foundation)]].}} {{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}}{{pp-move-indef}} {{Current related|article|United States diplomatic cables leak|date=December 2010}} {{Infobox website | logo = [[File:Wikileaks logo.svg|80px|Graphic of hourglass, coloured in blue and grey; a circular map of the western hemisphere of the world drips from the top to bottom chamber of the hourglass]] | screenshot = [[File:WikiLeaks 2010-12-08.png|250px|WikiLeaks <http://leaks.viviti.com> screenshot in 2010-12-08]] | collapsible = yes | caption = WikiLeaks homepage on 8 December 2010 | url = [http://wikileaks.ch/ wikileaks.ch]<ref>{{cite news|title=WikiLeaks.org is dead; long live WikiLeaks.ch|url=http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/wikileaks-offline-faces-triple-threat-134238|accessdate=15 December 2010|newspaper=National Business Review|date=4 December 2010|archivedate=6 December 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206082340/http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/wikileaks-offline-faces-triple-threat-134238}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Twitter / WikiLeaks: Cablegate |date=10 December 2010 |url=http://twitter.com/wikileaks/statuses/13275437891321856# |publisher=Twitter |accessdate=15 December 2010}}</ref> <br/> wikileaks.org (originally){{ref label|Note|Note}}<br/> [http://wikileaks.ch/Mirrors.html Official mirrors list] | commercial = No | type = Document archive & disclosure | owner = The Sunshine Press<ref name=aboutwikileaks/> | author=[[Julian Assange]] | revenue = | launch date = {{Start date|2006|10|04|df=yes}}<ref name="whois"/> | registration = | slogan = We [[open government]]s. | current status = Active | alexa = 861 ({{As of|2010|12|alt=December 2010}})<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikileaks.org |title=wikileaks.org – Traffic Details from Alexa |publisher=[[Alexa Internet]], Inc |accessdate=10 December 2010 |archivedate=4 December 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204145837/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikileaks.org }}</ref> }} [[File:Julian Assange (Norway, March 2010).jpg|thumb|right|230px|I [[Julian Assange]], inh manimunang talapagsalita ampong [[pun talapatuntun (editor-in-chief)]] ning WikiLeaks]] Ing '''WikiLeaks''' metung yang internacional a agumang [[bayung media]] a [[e para tubu]], at aguman a mibubulalag kareng mabibieng documentung ibat kareng e pepakilalang [[Journalism sourcing|panibatan ning balita]] ampong [[news leak|leak]]. Palakad ne ning The Sunshine Press ing kayang karinan-Aptas o website, a <ref name=aboutwikileaks/> Kilub ning pabanua ning kayang pamilauk, atin neng database a maigit 1.2&nbsp;miliun documentu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wikileaks.org/wiki/Wikileaks:About#Wikileaks_has_1.2_million_documents.3F |title=Wikileaks has 1.2&nbsp;million documents? |work=WikiLeaks |accessdate=28 February 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216000537/http://www.wikileaks.org/wiki/Wikileaks:About#Wikileaks_has_1.2_million_documents.3F |archivedate=16 February 2008 }}</ref> Lalarawan ing kayang sarili a tetag de kanu deng sasalungat king kapamahalan ning China, kayabe la reng periodista, ampong start-up company technologist ibat king [[Estados Unidos]], [[Taiwan]], [[Europa]], [[Australia]], ampong [[South Africa]].<ref name=aboutwikileaks/> Lalarawan ne ning pahayagang ''[[The Guardian]]'' i [[Julian Assange]], metung [[Australia]]nong [[internet activismactvista king Aptas (|Internet activist)]], antimong director.<ref name="McGreal">McGreal, Chris. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/apr/05/wikileaks-us-army-iraq-attack Wikileaks reveals video showing U.S. air crew shooting down Iraqi civilians] {{Wayback|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/apr/05/wikileaks-us-army-iraq-attack |date=20100407021656 }}, ''The Guardian'', 5 April 2010.</ref> Sinambut neng mapilang galal ing WikiLeaks, kayabe ya ing 2008 [[Economist (magazine)|''Economist'' magazine]] New Media Award.<ref>[http://www.indexoncensorship.org/2008/04/winners-of-index-on-censorship-freedom-of-expression-award-announced/ Winners of Index on Censorship Freedom of Expression Award Announced] 22 April 2008</ref> Aniang Junio 2009, ing WikiLeaks ampo i Julian Assange sinambut lang [[Amnesty International]] UK Media Award (king categoriang "New Media") para king pamibulalag na aniang 2008 ning "Kenya: The Cry of Blood&nbsp;– Extra Judicial Killings and Disappearances",<ref>[http://wikileaks.org/wiki/Kenya:_The_Cry_of_Blood_-_Report_on_Extra-Judicial_Killings_and_Disappearances,_Sep_2008 Kenya: The Cry of Blood&nbsp;– Extra Judicial Killings and Disappearances, Sep 2008] {{Wayback|url=http://wikileaks.org/wiki/Kenya:_The_Cry_of_Blood_-_Report_on_Extra-Judicial_Killings_and_Disappearances,_Sep_2008 |date=20100920092605 }} WikiLeaks.</ref> metung a ulat ning [[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]] tungkul kareng pamakamate ning policia king Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120103173015/http://amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=18227 Amnesty announces Media Awards 2009 winners] Amnesty.org.uk, 2 June 2009</ref> Aniang Mayo 2010, linista ne ning ''[[New York Daily News]]'' ing WikiLeaks a mumuna king pamituki-tuki da reng "websites that could totally change the news".<ref name="5sites">{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/money/2010/05/20/2010-05-20_5_pioneering_web_sites_that_could_totally_change_the_news.html |title=5 pioneering Web sites that could totally change the news |last=Reso |first=Paulina |date=20 May 2010 |work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]] |accessdate=8 June 2010}}</ref> Sinuporta ya ing Russia king WikiLeaks ampo ing kayang talatátag a i [[Julian Assange]] kapamilatan ning pamipahayag a i dapat yang mirinan [[Nobel Peace Prize]] i Assange, king miliari kaibat ning pamikalat da reng [[United States diplomatic cables leak]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Sandeep|last=Dikshit|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2010/dec/09/julian-assange-nobel-peace-prize|title=Julian Assange should be awarded Nobel peace prize, suggests Russia|work=The Guardian |location=UK|accessdate=9 December 2010}}</ref> Aniang Abril 2010, miglual yang video ing WikiLeaks ibat king [[12 July 2007 Baghdad airstrike|incidenti aniang 2007]] nung nu pete dong fuerzang Americanu deng in Iraqi civilians ampong periodista king karinan-Aptas o website a maki lagiung [[Collateral murder|Collateral Murder]]. Aniang Julio ning banua, pepalual ne ning WikiLeaks ing [[Afghan War Diary]], metung a pamitipun da reng maigit 76,900 documentu tungkul king [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Guerra king Afghanistan]] a e sadiang makalual king malda.<ref name="AssociatedPressNews">{{cite news | title=WikiLeaks to publish new documents | agency=Associated Press | date=8 August 2010 | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38606166/ns/us_news-security/ | accessdate=5 December 2010 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017202743/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38606166/ns/us_news-security | archivedate=17 October 2010 }}</ref> Aniang Octubre, miglual la ing grupung alus 400,000 documentung ausan dang [[Iraq War Logs]] kayantabe la reng mangaragul a agumang pang-mediang pang-negocio. Aniang Noviembre 2010, migumpisa yang maglual [[United States diplomatic cables leak|U.S. State department diplomatic cables]] ing WikiLeaks. Aniang mumuna, metung yang user-editable [[wiki]] site ing WikiLeaks, oneng kinimut ya paras king istilong mas tradicional a limbagan, at e ne tatanggap comento o pamagbayu o pamaniusug. Maliari yang akua ing karinan kareng dakal a server ampong miayaliwang [[domain name]] kaibat ning mapilang [[denial-of-service attack]] ampo ing kayang pamikawani kareng miayaliwang [[Domain Name System]] (DNS) provider.<ref>Satter, Raphael G.; Svensson, Peter (3 December 2010) [http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2010/12/02/1882168/the-noose-tightens-around-wikileaks.html "WikiLeaks Fights To Stay Online Amid Attacks"] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''[[Associated Press]]'' (via ''[[The Charlotte Observer]]''). Retrieved 4 December 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/wikileaks-hit-by-new-online-onslaught-2151570.html |title=WikiLeaks hit by new online onslaught |last1=Randall |first1=David|last2=Cooper|first2=Charlie |date=5 December 2010 |work=The Independent |publisher=Independent Print Ltd |accessdate=4 December 2010}}</ref> {{TOClimit|3}} == Dalerayan == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Suglung palual == {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons category|Wikileaks}} * {{Twitter|wikileaks}} * {{Facebook|wikileaks}} * [http://www.fas.org/blog/secrecy/2010/06/wikileaks_review.html "Wikileaks Fails “Due Diligence” Review"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fas.org/blog/secrecy/2010/06/wikileaks_review.html |date=20101217213849 }}, [[Steven Aftergood]], June 2010 * [http://c2047862.cdn.cloudfiles.rackspacecloud.com/Saturday%20Keynote%20-%20Wikileaks.mp3 Wikileaks Keynote Address at The Next Hope (64kbs)] {{Wayback|url=http://c2047862.cdn.cloudfiles.rackspacecloud.com/Saturday%20Keynote%20-%20Wikileaks.mp3 |date=20120426042333 }} * [http://www.havanatimes.org/?p=31387 Wikileaks and Freedom of the Press] by Guillermo Fernandez Ampie, ''Havana Times'', 20 Oct 2010 * [http://fora.tv/2010/04/18/Logan_Symposium_The_New_Initiatives Video] {{Wayback|url=http://fora.tv/2010/04/18/Logan_Symposium_The_New_Initiatives |date=20101217213046 }} of Julian Assange on a panel at the 2010 Logan Symposium in Investigative Reporting at the UC Berkeley (18 April 2010) * ''Wikileaks vs. the World''. Presentation by WikiLeaks representatives Julian Assange and Daniel Schmitt at the 25th [[Chaos Communication Congress]], Berlin, December 2008. [http://chaosradio.ccc.de/25c3_m4v_2916.html online Flash video] and [http://events.ccc.de/congress/2008/wiki/Conference_Recordings#Official_Releases download in higher resolution formats] * [http://www.onthemedia.org/transcripts/2009/03/13/04/ Leak Proof] {{Wayback|url=http://www.onthemedia.org/transcripts/2009/03/13/04/ |date=20101218110643 }} Interview with Julian Assange. 2009/03/13 * [http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/270712/april-12-2010/julian-assange Video Interview with Julian Assange] on [[The Colbert Report]] hosted by [[Stephen Colbert]]. 2010/04/12 * [http://www.r-bloggers.com/animated-heatmap-of-wikileaks-report-intensity-in-afghanistan/ Animated Heatmap of WikiLeaks Report Intensity in Afghanistan] {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2010}} {{WikiLeaks}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wikileaks}} [[Category:WikiLeaks| ]] [[Category:Applications of cryptography]] [[Category:Classified documents]] [[Category:Espionage]] [[Category:Information sensitivity]] [[Category:International organizations]] [[Category:Internet censorship]] [[Category:Internet properties established in 2007]] [[Category:Internet services shut down by a legal challenge]] [[Category:MediaWiki websites]] [[Category:National security]] [[Category:Online archives]] [[Category:Organizations based in Sweden]] [[Category:Web 2.0]] [[Category:Whistleblowing]] [[Category:2007 establishments in Sweden]] e7ikgvk5heb1gkfncnn8vgf5upnus5w 0 18425 313857 312493 2026-10-15T00:55:42Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 313857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |image = Vaginalis.jpg |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |unranked_classis = [[Monocots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]] |ordo = [[Commelinales]] |familia = [[Pontederiaceae]] |genus = ''[[Monochoria]]'' |species = '''''M. vaginalis''''' |binomial = ''Monochoria vaginalis'' |binomial_authority = ([[Nicolaas Laurens Burman|Burm.f.]]) [[Carl Borivoj Presl|C.Presl]] ex [[Carl Sigismund Kunth|Kunth]] |}} Ing '''bagawak''' (''Monochoria vaginalis'') metung yang uri ning tanaman a manyampagang kayabe king familia [[Pontederiaceae]] (''water hyacinth family''). Iti ausan deng ''heartleaf false pickerelweed'' ampong ''oval-leafed pondweed'' king Ingles, ampong ''gabing uwak'' king Tagalug. Katutubu ya king maragul a dake ning Asia ampong kareng dakal a isla ning Pacifico, at balu re kareng dakal a aliwang lugal antimong species a midala karin, at keraklan metung a makaperwisyung dikut. Metung yang tanaman king danum, at maralas, sasakupan no reng asikan ampong aliwang lugal a natural a maki danum. Metung yang yerbang (''herb'') a banwahan (''annual'') o pilmihan (''perennial'') a tutubu king danum manibat king malating [[rhizome]]. Miyayaliwa ya itsura o pamibalangkas. (''morphology'') Miraras lang anggang 12 sentimetru kaba deng makintab nang bulung, a 10 sentimetru lapad, at makabili la kareng alang laman kilub a [[petiole]]. Maki atlu la anggang 25 sampagang alus agnan-agnan mibubukadkad king lalam danum. Ing balang metung atin yang kule ubi-iro/asul a [[tepal]] a maygit metung a sentimetru kaba at maki dakal a butul a mangalati ampong maki pakpak. Ing balang bunga metung yang capsule a metung a sentimetru kaba at maki dakal a mangalating butul a maki pakpak. ==Suglung palwal== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20121011154718/http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?9345,9351,9352 Jepson Manual Treatment] *[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MOVA USDA Plants Profile] {{Wayback|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MOVA |date=20121111094019 }} *[http://www.hear.org/Pier/scientificnames/..%5Cspecies%5Cmonochoria_vaginalis.htm Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hear.org/Pier/scientificnames/..%5Cspecies%5Cmonochoria_vaginalis.htm |date=20160303195245 }} *[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200027397 Flora of North America] *[http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Monochoria+vaginalis Photo gallery] [[Category:Pontederiaceae]] [[Category:Aquatic plants]] [[Category:Invasive plant species]] {{commelinales-stub}} 1c45npul6luka2dnfbspez07wsl1d42 0 18441 313866 312617 2026-10-15T09:30:46Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 313866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox | image = Eleusine indica, closeup.jpg | regnum = [[Plantae]] | unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] | unranked_classis = [[Monocots]] | unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]] | ordo = [[Poales]] | familia = [[Poaceae]] | tribus = Eragrostideae | genus = ''[[Eleusine]]'' | species = '''''E. indica''''' | binomial = ''Eleusine indica'' | binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Gaertn.]] }} Ing '''sabungsabungan''', '''parangis sabungan''' o '''burat asu''' (''Eleusine indica'') (king Ingles, '''Indian goosegrass''', '''wiregrass''' o '''crowfootgrass''') metung yang mapanyakup a species (''invasive species'') king familiang [[Poaceae]]. Metung yang banwahan a dikut a makakalat king mabilug a mas malisangan a dake ning yatu angga king manga 50 degrees latitude. ==Suglung palwal== {{Commons}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20220302114927/https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?8738,8961,8962 Jepson Manual Treatment] *[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ELIN3 USDA Plants Profile: ''Eleusine indica''] {{Wayback|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ELIN3 |date=20130430064741 }} *[http://herbarium.usu.edu/webmanual/info2.asp?name=Eleusine_indica&type=treatment Grass Manual Treatment] *[http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Eleusine+indica Photo gallery] *[http://weedipedia.net/wiki/index.php5?title=Eleusine_indica weedipedia.net]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Category:Invasive plant species]] [[Category:Poaceae]] {{Poaceae-stub}} h7khrsuxvxspy0ck1iwr2b3pc4v6saf 0 18812 313863 312450 2026-10-15T08:41:09Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 313863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |image = Trianthema portulacastrum1.jpg |regnum = [[Plant]]ae |unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Core eudicots]] |ordo = [[Caryophyllales]] |familia = [[Aizoaceae]] |genus = ''[[Trianthema]]'' |species = '''''T. portulacastrum''''' |binomial = ''Trianthema portulacastrum'' |binomial_authority = [[L.]] |}} Ing '''pitsunpitsunan''' o '''kantataba''' (''Trianthema portulacastrum'') metung yang uri ning tanaman a manyampaga king familia [[Aizoaceae]], a awsan dang '''desert horse purslane''' king Ingles. Katutubu ya kareng mapilan a kontinenti, kayabe ya ing Africa ampong Pangulu ampong Mauling America, at metung yang species a midala kareng dakal pang lugal. Tutubu ya kareng miayaliwang uri ning karinan, at malagwa yang misingit kareng gabun a mengadistorbu ampong mitatamnan, antimong [[marok a dikut]] (''weed''). Metung yang yerbang banwahan (''annual herb'') a magpormang dase o kumpul, nung nu la miraras metung a metru deng tangke. Maki kule yang aluntyan o berdi anggang malutu, at ala yang bwak bukud kareng mapilan a gulis a mangalating bwak malapit kareng bulung, at malaman ya. Malati la ampong mabilug o tulungkaba deng bulung a maki kabang anggang 4 sentimeterung makabili kareng mangakuyad a [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]]. Ating magdilidiling sampaga kareng axil da reng bulung. Ala yang talulut ing sampaga, oneng atin yang kulul ubing (''purple'') [[sepal]] a balumu talulut. Ing bunga o prutas metung yang baluktut ampong tabas silindrung (''cylindrical'') kapsulang lulwal king tangke. Maki kaba yang kapitnang sentimetru, at atin yang adwang masyas ampong matilus a pakpak king babo, nung nu ya bubusni ing kapsula. {{Commons|Trianthema portulacastrum}} ==Suglung palwal== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20121016101454/http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?265,288,289 Jepson Manual Treatment] *[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=TRPO2 USDA Plants Profile] {{Wayback|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=TRPO2 |date=20130327064500 }} *[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=220013693 Flora of North America] *[http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Trianthema+portulacastrum Photo gallery] [[Category:Aizoaceae]] [[Category:Invasive plant species]] {{Aizoaceae-stub}} edkowvem05jtkbem6c0lsrswqi8i2fq 0 19559 313860 312990 2026-10-15T05:00:41Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 313860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox South African town |censuscode = 77409 |name = Johannesburg |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = Jo'burg; Jozi; Joni (bersyong Tsonga); Egoli (''Lugal ning Gintu''); [[Gauteng]] (''Lugal ning Gintu''); Maboneng (''Lakanbalen da reng Sulu'' o''City of Lights'') |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = "Unity in development"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/za-gt-jb.html|title=Johannesburg (South Africa)|publisher=Crwflags.com|accessdate=9 December 2010}}</ref> |image_skyline = JohannesburgMontage1.jpg |image_caption = Padurut king wanan: Bista ning Johannesburg CBD manibat Braamfontein, [[FNB Stadium]] (Soccer City), Ing Wits University East Campus, ampo ing Toring Sentech. |imagesize = 250px |image_flag = Flag of Johannesburg, South Africa.svg |flag_size = 44 |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = Coat of Arms of Johannesburg.svg |shield_size = |city_logo = |citylogo_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = South Africa |pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = Johannesburg location within South Africa |pushpin_mapsize = |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{ZAF}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Province]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Gauteng]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title =[[Mayor of Johannesburg|Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Mpho Phalatse]] (DA)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dlg.gpg.gov.za/municipalaties-details.asp?id=1|title=City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality|publisher=Gauteng Department of Local Government|accessdate=29 September 2008|archivedate=21 December 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221170605/http://www.dlg.gpg.gov.za/municipalaties-details.asp?id=1}}</ref> |leader_title1 = <!-- for a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = | established_title = Established | established_date = 1886<ref name=established>{{cite web|title=Chronological order of town establishment in South Africa based on Floyd (1960:20-26)|url=http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07212011-123414/unrestricted/05back.pdf|pages=xlv-lii|accessdate=2013-06-19|archivedate=2013-09-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915121246/http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07212011-123414/unrestricted/05back.pdf}}</ref> |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes =<ref name="S.Afr. MunDemBoard">[http://www.demarcation.org.za/ Municipal Demarcation Board, South Africa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.demarcation.org.za/ |date=20090426025726 }} Retrieved on 2008-03-23.</ref> |area_total_km2 = {{#titleparts: {{Metadata South Africa|M77409 }} | 1 | 4 }} |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = 1644.96 |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2001 <small>city</small>; 2011 <small>metro</small> |population_footnotes = <ref name="census2001">{{Cite web |title=Census 2001 — Statistics for Main Place |url=http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/77409 |accessdate=2013-06-19 |archivedate=2013-09-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919001924/http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/77409 }}</ref> |population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="S.Afr. CS 2007">[http://www.statssa.gov.za/Publications/P03011/P030112007.pdf Statistics South Africa, Community Survey, 2007, Basic Results Municipalities ('''pdf-file''')] {{Wayback|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/Publications/P03011/P030112007.pdf |date=20130825124835 }} Retrieved on 2008-03-23.</ref> |population_note = |population_total = {{#titleparts: {{Metadata South Africa|P77409 }} | 1 | 1 }} |population_density_km2 = auto |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = 4434827 |population_density_metro_km2 = 2696 |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |timezone = [[South Africa Standard Time|SAST]] |utc_offset = +2 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |latd=26 |latm=12 |lats=16 |latNS=S |longd=28 |longm=2 |longs=44 |longEW=E | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_type = region:ZA_type:city(4000000) | coordinates_display = inline,title | coordinates_footnotes = |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use<ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = 1753 |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = 011 |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = {{URL|http://www.joburg.org.za/}} |footnotes = }} <!-- Infobox ends --> Ing '''Johannesburg''' ({{IPAc-en|dʒ|oʊ|ˈ|h|æ|n|ɪ|s|b|ɜr|ɡ}}; {{IPA-nl|jo.ˈɦɐ.nəs.ˌbœrx|langaf}}) a mayayaus mu namang '''Jozi''', '''Jo'burg''', '''Joni''', '''eGoli''' o '''Joeys''', ing pekamaragul a lakanbalen king [[Mauling Aprika]], king populasyun. Ing Johannesburg ing tungkung panglalawigan (''provincial capital'') ning [[Gauteng]], ing pekamabanding lalawigan king Mauling Aprika, a maki maragul diling ekonomiya king Mauling Aprika, ampo ing pekamaragul a ekonomiya king sanumang labuad o rehiyon king [[Sub-Saharan Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.fasken.com/johannesburg/ |accessdate=2013-06-19 |archivedate=2015-04-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426213642/http://www.fasken.com/johannesburg/ }}</ref> Ing lakanbalen ing metung kareng limampulung (50) pekamaragul a [[:en:metropolitan area]] king yatu,<ref>{{cite web|author=© Th. Brinkhoff|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|title=Principal Agglomerations of the World|publisher=Citypopulation.de|date=23 January 2010|accessdate=2 July 2010}}</ref> ampo ing pekamaragul a lakanbalen king yatung e na kalele ning ilug, dayat (''lake'') o bebe dayatmalat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.to/provinces/Gauteng/towns/Johannesburg/Johannesburg.htm|title=Johannesburg|publisher=Southafrica.to|accessdate=2 July 2010}}</ref> Pagmaragul nang ya ing tungku ning kildap king yatu It claims to be the (''lightning capital of the world''), dapot babandian de murin deng aliwang lugal ing titulung iti. ==Notes== {{Reflist|2}} ==Dalerayan== * ''Early Johannesburg, Its Buildings and People''. Hannes Meiring, Human & Rousseau. 1986. 143 pages. ISBN 0-7981-1456-8 * ''Gold! Gold! Gold! The Johannesburg Gold Rush''. Eric Rosenthal, AD. Donker, 1970, ISBN 0-949937-64-9 * ''Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis''. Sarah Nuttall. Duke University Press. 9 January 2005. 210 pages. ISBN 0-8223-6610-X. * ''The Corner House: The Early History of Johannesburg''. Alan Patrick Cartwright. MacDonald. 1965. 293 pages. ==Suglung palwal== {{Sister project links|Johannesburg|voy=Johannesburg}} '''Kapamahalan''' * [http://www.joburg.org.za/ Official website of the City of Johannesburg] * [http://www.gpg.gov.za/ Gauteng Provincial Government] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gpg.gov.za/ |date=20050828151458 }} '''Aliwa''' * [http://www.visitgauteng.net/ Gauteng Tourism Authority] * [http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/twins Johannesburg on Birmingham's Partner City page] {{Wayback|url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/twins |date=20090915223157 }} * [http://www.joburgtourism.com/ Johannesburg Tourism official website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.joburgtourism.com/ |date=20090618134156 }} {{Navboxes |title = Articles related to Johannesburg |list = {{Johannesburg}} {{Gauteng Province}} {{Provincial capitals of South Africa}} {{All-Africa Games Host Cities}} {{World's most populated urban areas}} {{JoburgSkyscrapers}} }} [[Category:Johannesburg| ]] [[Category:Populated places in the City of Johannesburg]] [[Category:Cities in South Africa]] [[Category:Provincial capitals in South Africa]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1886]] 92xpsr8p8jlg608fjd0vq0qf8s0xiu7