Wikipedia pcmwiki https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Pej MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.14 first-letter Media Impotant Tok abaut am Yuza Yuza tok abaut am Wikipedia Wikipedia tok abaut am File File tok abaut am MediaWiki MediaWiki tok abaut am Templet Templet tok abaut am Hep Hep tok abaut am Katigori Katigori tok abaut am TimedText TimedText talk Modul Modul tok abaut am Event Event talk 0 78 36235 34437 2026-08-09T23:59:53Z InternetArchiveBot 52 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 36235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Abuja na di capital city of Nigeria, <ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Abuja-national-capital-Nigeria</ref>e dey for middle of the country well well inside Federal Capital Territory (FCT). As di headquarters of di Federal Government of Nijiria, plenti important national ofis, landmarks, and buildins dey spread across more than 50 districts wey dey insaid di Siti. Dem move di capital from Lagos (wey be di most populated city for Nigeria) come Abuja on 12 December 1991.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja#CITEREFAbba2012</ref> Abuja giografi dey mainly show for Aso Rock, one big rock wey stand about 400 metres, wey water erosion form. Di Presidential Complex, National Assembly, <ref>https://www.nassnig.org/</ref>Supreme Court of Nigeria, and many parts of di city dey south of di rock. Zuma Rock, wey be 725 metres high, dey north of di city for di expressway wey dey go Kaduna.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220627170359/https://www.visitnigerianow.com/tours/zuma-rock/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100323002129/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/citysun/2008/may/28/citysun-28-05-2008-002.htm</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja#cite_note-10</ref> For 2006 census, Abuja get population of 776,298 people and 179,674 households, wey mek am one of di ten most populated sitis for Nijiria (number eight for 2006). Akoding to United Nations, Abuja grow reach 139.7% betwin 2000 and 2010, wey make am di fastest-growing city for di world that time.[13] As of 2015, di city still dey grow at least 35% every year, still holding di position as di fastest-growing city for Africa and one of di fastest for di world.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160204113031/http://www.abujafacts.ng/top-5-cities-to-do-business-in-nigeria-abuja-is-2nd/</ref> Big religious places for di city include Nigerian National Mosque and Nigerian National Christian Centre. Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport dey serve di city. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.travelstart.com.ng/lp/airports/cheap-flights-nnamdi-azikiwe-international-airport |title=Archive copy |access-date=2026-04-12 |archive-date=2023-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004063851/https://www.travelstart.com.ng/lp/airports/cheap-flights-nnamdi-azikiwe-international-airport |url-status=dead }}</ref>People sabi Abuja as one of di few capital cities for Africa wey dem plan and build from scratch, and e still be one of di richest.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6355269.stm</ref> Abuja na di administrative and political capital of Nigeria. E still be very important capital for Africa because of Nigeria geopolitical influence for regional matters. Abuja na also conference centre wey dey host many meetings every year, like di Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2003 and di World Economic Forum on Africa 2014. Abuja join UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities for 2016. == Where Wi See Di Tori == [[Katigori:Naija]] f7iz4ypvrvjygpl51z1aadxrlhwvl7l 0 2340 36225 34028 2026-08-09T18:05:02Z InternetArchiveBot 52 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 36225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Form of colonialism when di seek population replacement with settlers}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}} '''Settler colonialism''' refer to when colonizers invade and occupy territory to permanently replace the existing society with them own society.<ref name=Carey>{{cite journal |last1=Carey |first1=Jane |last2=Silverstein |first2=Ben |title=Thinking with and beyond settler colonial studies: new histories after the postcolonial |journal=Postcolonial Studies |date=2 January 2020 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1080/13688790.2020.1719569 |s2cid=214046615 |quote=The key phrases when Wolfe coin for here bu– that invasion bu a ‘structure no bu an event’; that settler colonial structures get a ‘logic of elimination’ of Indigenous peoples; that ‘settlers come to stay’ and that them di ‘destroy to replace’ – done di taken up as the defining precepts of the field and now di cited by countless scholars across numerous disciplines.|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Cavanagh>{{cite book |last1=Cavanagh |first1=Edward |last2=Veracini |first2=Lorenzo |title=The Routledge Handbook of the History of Settler Colonialism |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-134-82847-0 |page=29 |language=en |chapter=Introduction |quote=[Settler colonialism bu] a system defined by unequal relationships (like colonialism) where outsiders collective aim bu to locally and permanently replace indigenous people (unlike colonialism), settler colonialism no get geographical, cultural or chronological bounds... It fit happen at any time, and everyone bu a settler if them bu part of a collective and sovereign displacement when move to stay, when move to establish permanent homeland by way of displacement.}}</ref><ref name=McKay>{{cite journal |last1=McKay |first1=Dwanna L. |last2=Vinyeta |first2=Kirsten |last3=Norgaard |first3=Kari Marie |title=Theorizing race and settler colonialism within U.S. sociology |journal=Sociology Compass |date=September 2020 |volume=14 |issue=9 |doi=10.1111/soc4.12821 |s2cid=225377069 |url=https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/soc4.12821 |language=en |issn=1751-9020 |quote=Settler-colonialism di describe the logic and operation of power when colonizers arrive and settle on lands when another group done already di reside. Importantly, settler colonialism operates through logic of elimination, with intention to eradicate the original inhabitants through violence and other genocidal acts and to replace the existing spiritual, epistemological, political, social, and ecological systems with those of the settlers}}</ref> Settler colonialism bu a form of outsider domination when an [[imperialism|imperial authority]] organise and support.<ref name=oxfordbiblio>{{cite web|last1= LeFevre|first1= Tate|title= Settler Colonialism|url= http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766567/obo-9780199766567-0125.xml|website= oxfordbibliographies.com|publisher=Tate A. LeFevre|access-date= 19 October 2017 | quote = Though it often di conflated with colonialism more generally, settler colonialism bu a distinct imperial formation. Both colonialism and settler colonialism di premised on exogenous domination, but only settler colonialism '''seek to replace the original population of the colonized territory with a new society of settlers''' (usually from the colonial metropole).}}</ref> Settler colonialism different from [[exploitation colonialism]], when entail an [[economic policy]] of conquering territory to exploit the population as cheap or free labor and the [[exploitation of natural resources|natural resources]] as raw material. In this way, settler colonialism di lasts indefinitely, except for the '''rare''' event of complete evacuation or settlers [[decolonization]].<ref name="Wolfe 2006"/> Settler colonialism been di especially prominent for the [[colonial empire]]s of the European powers between the 16th and 20th centuries. The settling of [[Boers]]<ref name=":5" /> for [[South Africa]], British,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Free |first=Melissa |date=November 2018 |title=Settler Colonialism |journal=Victorian Literature and Culture |language=en |volume=46 |issue=3–4 |pages=876–882 |doi=10.1017/S1060150318001080 |issn=1060-1503|doi-access=free }}</ref> French, Portuguese<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cartwright |first=Mark |title=Portuguese Empire |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Portuguese_Empire/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=World History Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref> and Spanish<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=Lucy |last2=Lublin |first2=Geraldine |date=2021-07-03 |title=Settler colonial studies and Latin America |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2201473X.2021.1999155 |journal=Settler Colonial Studies |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=259–270 |doi=10.1080/2201473X.2021.1999155 |issn=2201-473X}}</ref> expansion in the [[Americas]] as well as the settlement of the [[Canary Islands]] by [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] bu practical examples of settler colonialism.<ref name="Adhikari2017" /><ref name="Adhikari2022" /> ==Origins as a theory== During the 1960s, settlement and colonization been di as separate phenomena from [[colonialism]]. Settlement endeavors bu like wetin di take place for empty areas, downplaying the Indigenous inhabitants. Later on in the 1970s and 1980s, settler colonialism bu like bringing high living standards in contrast to the failed political systems when di associated with classical colonialism. Starting from the mid-1990s, them establish field of settler colonial studies<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Veracini |first1=Lorenzo |title='Settler Colonialism': Career of a Concept |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |date=2013 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=313–333 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2013.768099|s2cid=159666130 }}</ref> distinct but connected to [[Indigenous studies]].<ref>{{cite web |title=A Typology of Colonialism {{!}} Perspectives on History |url=https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/october-2015/a-typology-of-colonialism |website=[[American Historical Association]]|last=Shoemaker |first=Nancy|date=1 October 2015 |access-date=28 April 2022}}</ref> Although often credited with originating the field, Australian historian [[Patrick Wolfe]] been state that "I no invent Settler Colonial Studies. Natives done bu experts for the field for centuries".<ref name=Kauanui/> Additionally, Wolfe's work been di preceded by others when di influential in the field, such as Fayez Sayegh's ''[[Zionist Colonialism in Palestine]]'' and ''[[Settler Capitalism]]'' by [[Donald Denoon]].<ref name=Kauanui>{{cite journal |last1=Kauanui |first1=J. Kēhaulani |title=False dilemmas and settler colonial studies: response to Lorenzo Veracini: 'Settler Colonial Studies Even Di Useful?' |journal=Postcolonial Studies |date=3 April 2021 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=290–296 |doi=10.1080/13688790.2020.1857023 |s2cid=233986432 |language=en |issn=1368-8790}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Veracini |first1=Lorenzo |title='Settler Colonialism': Career of a Concept |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |date=June 2013 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=313–333 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2013.768099|s2cid=159666130 }}</ref> ==Definition and concept== Settler colonialism occur when foreign settlers arrive place where people done already di reside to permanently reside for there and start a new society. Intrinsically connected to this bu the '''displacement or elimination of existing residents and destruction of their society'''.<ref name=Carey/><ref name=Cavanagh/><ref name=McKay/> Some scholars describe the process as inherently [[genocidal]], considering settler colonialism to entail the elimination of existing peoples and cultures,<ref name=Short>{{cite book |last1=Short |first1=Damien |title=Redefining Genocide: Settler Colonialism, Social Death and Ecocide |date=2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-84813-546-8 |page=69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywE1EAAAQBAJ&q=inherently+genocidal&pg=PP1 |language=en}}</ref> and no bu only their displacement (see [[genocide]], "the intentional destruction of a people in whole or in part"). Depending on the definition, it fit di enacted by a variety of means, including mass killing of the previous inhabitants, removal of the previous inhabitants, and/or [[cultural assimilation]].<ref name="Wolfe 2006">{{cite journal|last1=Wolfe|first1=Patrick|author-link=Patrick Wolfe|date=2006|title=Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native|journal=Journal of Genocide Research|volume=8|issue=4|pages=387–409|doi=10.1080/14623520601056240|s2cid=143873621|doi-access=free}}</ref> Settler colonialism di distinct from migration because immigrants aim to join an existing society, no bu to replace am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mamdani |first1=Mahmood |title=[[Neither Settler nor Native]]: The Making and Unmaking of Permanent Minorities |date=2020 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-24997-4 |page=253 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Veracini |first1=Lorenzo |title=The Settler Colonial Present |date=2015 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1-137-37247-5 |pages=32–48 |language=en |chapter=Settlers no bu Migrants}}</ref> == Examples == Settler colonial studies often focus on former British colonies when di North America, Australia and New Zealand, when di close to the complete, prototypical form of settler colonialism.<ref name="Englert">{{cite journal |last1=Englert |first1=Sai |date=2020 |title=Settlers, Workers, and the Logic of Accumulation by Dispossession |journal=Antipode |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=1647–1666 |doi=10.1111/anti.12659 |s2cid=225643194 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1887/3220822}}</ref> However, settler colonialism no di linked to any specific culture and done di practiced by non-Europeans.<ref name=Cavanagh/> The settler colonial paradigm done di applied to wide variety of conflicts around the world, including the [[Andaman Islands]], [[Argentina]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Larson |first=Carolyne R. |title=The Conquest of the Desert: Argentina's Indigenous Peoples and the Battle for History |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/78336 |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |year=2020 |page= |isbn=9780826362087}}</ref> [[Australia]], [[British Kenya]], the [[Canary Islands]],<ref name="Adhikari2017">{{cite journal |last1=Adhikari |first1=Mohamed |date=7 September 2017 |title=Europe's First Settler Colonial Incursion into Africa: The Genocide of Aboriginal Canary Islanders |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17532523.2017.1336863 |journal=African Historical Review |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1080/17532523.2017.1336863 |s2cid=165086773 |access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref> [[Colony of Fiji|Fiji]], [[French Algeria]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barclay |first1=Fiona |last2=Chopin |first2=Charlotte Ann |last3=Evans |first3=Martin |date=12 January 2017 |title=Introduction: settler colonialism and French Algeria |journal=Settler Colonial Studies |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=115–130 |doi=10.1080/2201473X.2016.1273862 |s2cid=151527670 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Generalplan Ost]], [[Hawaii]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Takumi |first=Roy |date=1994 |title=Challenging U.S. Militarism in Hawai'i and Okinawa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41555279 |journal=Race, Poverty & the Environment |volume=4/5 |issue=4/1 |pages=8–9 |jstor=41555279 |issn=1532-2874}}</ref> [[Hokkaido]], [[Plantations of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Zionism as settler colonialism|Israel/Palestine]], [[Italian Libya]] and [[Italian East Africa|East Africa]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ertola |first1=Emanuele |date=15 March 2016 |title='Terra promessa': migration and settler colonialism in Libya, 1911–1970 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2201473X.2016.1153251 |journal=Settler Colonial Studies |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=340–353 |doi=10.1080/2201473X.2016.1153251 |s2cid=164009698 |access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Veracini |first1=Lorenzo |date=Winter 2018 |title=Italian Colonialism through a Settler Colonial Studies Lens |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/712080 |journal=Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History |volume=19 |issue=3 |doi=10.1353/cch.2018.0023 |s2cid=165512037 |access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref> [[Kashmir]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Raman |first=Anita D. |year=2004 |title=Of Rivers and Human Rights: The Northern Areas, Pakistan's forgotten colony in Jammu and Kashmir. |journal=International Journal on Minority and Group Rights |volume=11 |issue=1/2 |pages=187–228 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24675261 |doi=10.1163/157181104323383929|jstor=24675261 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mushtaq |first1=Samreen |last2=Mudasir |first2=Amin |date=16 October 2021 |title='We will memorise our home': exploring settler colonialism as an interpretive framework for Kashmir |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01436597.2021.1984877 |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=42 |issue=12 |pages=3012–3029 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2021.1984877 |s2cid=244607271 |access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref> [[Japanese Korea|Korea]] and [[Manchukuo]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lu |first1=Sidney Xu |date=June 2019 |title=Eastward Ho! Japanese Settler Colonialism for Hokkaido and the Making of Japanese Migration to the American West, 1869–1888 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/eastward-ho-japanese-settler-colonialism-in-hokkaido-and-the-making-of-japanese-migration-to-the-american-west-18691888/540D1FCAC210EBAC61BE93712B01A6AB |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=521–547 |doi=10.1017/S0021911819000147 |s2cid=197847093 |access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Uchida |first=Jun |date=3 March 2014 |title=Brokers of Empire: Japanese Settler Colonialism for Korea, 1876–1945 |volume=337 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1x07x37 |publisher=Harvard University Asia Center |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1x07x37 |jstor=j.ctt1x07x37 |isbn=978-0674492028|s2cid=259606289 }}</ref> [[Latin America]], [[Liberia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan|northern Afghanistan]],<ref name="sciencedirect1">{{cite journal|author=Christian Bleuer |title=State-building, migration and economic development on the frontiers of northern Afghanistan and southern Tajikistan |doi=10.1016/j.euras.2011.10.008 |volume=3 |journal=[[Journal of Eurasian Studies]] |pages=69–79|year=2012 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="afghanistan-analysts1">{{cite web|author=Christian Bleuer|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/from-slavers-to-warlords-descriptions-of-afghanistans-uzbeks-in-western-writing/ |title=From 'Slavers' to 'Warlords': Descriptions of Afghanistan's Uzbeks in Western Writing|publisher=[[Afghanistan Analysts Network]]|date=October 17, 2014}}</ref><ref name="brookings1">{{cite web|last1=Mundt|first1=Alex|last2=Schmeidl|first2=Susanne|last3=Ziai|first3=Shafiqullah|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2009/06/01-afghanistan-mundt |title=Between a Rock and a Hard Place: The Return of Internally Displaced Persons to Northern Afghanistan|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]|date=June 1, 2009}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2002">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/afghan2/afghan0402.pdf|title=Paying for the Taliban's Crimes: Abuses Against Ethnic Pashtuns for Northern Afghanistan|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|date=April 2002}}</ref> [[North America]], [[Germanisation of the Province of Posen|Posen]] and [[Germanisation of Prussia|West Prussia]] and [[German South West Africa]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lerp |first1=Dörte |date=11 October 2013 |title=Farmers to the Frontier: Settler Colonialism for the Eastern Prussian Provinces and German Southwest Africa |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03086534.2013.836361 |journal=Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=567–583 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2013.836361 |s2cid=159707103 |access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref> [[Rhodesia]], [[Sápmi]],<ref name="Adhikari2022">{{cite book |last=Adhikari |first=Mohamed |date=25 July 2022 |title=Destroying to Replace: Settler Genocides of Indigenous Peoples |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ht9dEAAAQBAJ |location=Indianapolis |publisher=Hackett Publishing Company |pages=1–32 |isbn=978-1647920548}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Veracini |first1=Lorenzo |date=25 March 2013 |title='Settler Colonialism': Career of a Concept |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03086534.2013.768099 |journal=Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=313–333 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2013.768099 |s2cid=159666130 |access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Browning |first1=Christopher R. |date=8 February 2022 |title=Yehuda Bauer, the Concepts of Holocaust and Genocide, and the Issue of Settler Colonialism |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25785648.2021.2012985 |journal=The Journal of Holocaust Research |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=30–38 |doi=10.1080/25785648.2021.2012985 |s2cid=246652960 |access-date=30 April 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |title=Globalizing Political Theory|first1=Smita A.|last1=Rahman|first2=Katherine A.|last2=Gordy|first3=Shirin S. |last3=Deylami|publisher=Taylor and Francis|year= 2022|isbn =9781000788884}}</ref> [[South Africa]], [[Nam tiến|South Vietnam]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Oscar | last = Salemink|title=The Ethnography of Vietnam's Central Highlanders: A Historical Contextualization, 1850–1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_zKFyHlBk0C&pg=PA35|year=2003|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2579-9|pages=35–336}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last=Nguyen| first=Duy Lap| title=The unimagined community: Imperialism and culture for South Vietnam| publisher=Manchester University Press| year=2019| isbn=978-1-52614-398-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gis-reseau-asie.org/en/chams-vietnam-great-unknown-civilization|website=French Academic Network of Asian Studies|year=2019|author=Anne-Valérie Schweyer|title=The Chams in Vietnam: a great unknown civilization|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=2 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702153040/http://www.gis-reseau-asie.org/en/chams-vietnam-great-unknown-civilization|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Taiwan]].<ref name=Englert/><ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Re-conceptualizing Taiwan: Settler Colonial Criticism and Cultural Production |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/30h7d8r5 |publisher=UCLA |date=2019 |language=en |first=Lin-chin |last=Tsai}}</ref> === Africa === ==== Canary Islands ==== {{further|Conquest of the Canary Islands}} During the fifteenth century, the [[Kingdom of Castile]] sponsor expeditions by conquistadors to subjugate under Castilian rule the Macaronesian archipelago of the Canary Islands, when di located off the coast of Morocco and bu the residence of the Indigenous Guanche people. Beginning with the start of the conquest of the island of [[Lanzarote]] on 1 May 1402 and ending with the surrender of the last Guanche resistance on [[Tenerife]] on 29 September 1496 to the now-unified Spanish crown, the archipelago di subject to a settler colonial process when involve systematic enslavement, mass murder, and deportation of the Guanches, when Spanish settlers replace, in a process when foreshadow the Iberian colonisation of the Americas when follow shortly after. Also like in the Americas, Spanish colonialists for the Canaries quickly turn to the importation of slaves from mainland Africa as source of labour due to the decimation of the already small Guanche population by a combination of war, disease, and brutal forced labour. Historian [[Mohamed Adhikari]] done label the conquest of the Canary Islands as the first overseas European settler colonial genocide.<ref name="Adhikari2017" /><ref name="Adhikari2022" /> ==== Morocco ==== ==== South Africa ==== For 1652, the arrival of Europeans spark the beginning of settler colonialism for South Africa. Them set up the [[Dutch East India Company]] for the Cape, and import large numbers of slaves from Africa and Asia during the mid-seventeenth century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Settler colonialism and land rights for South Africa: Possession and dispossession on the Orange River|last=Cavanagh|first=E|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2013|isbn=978-1-137-30577-0|location=United Kingdom|pages=10–16}}</ref> The Dutch East India Company establish a refreshment station for ships when di sail between Europe and the east. The initial plan by the Dutch East India Company officer [[Jan van Riebeeck]] bu to maintain a small community around the new fort, but the community continue to spread and settle further than as originally planned.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Fourie|first=J|date=2014|title=Settler Skills and Colonial Development: The Huguenot Wine-Makers in Eighteenth-Century Dutch South Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_economic-history-review_2014-11_67_4/page/932|journal=Economic History Review|volume=67|issue=4|pages=932–963|doi=10.1111/1468-0289.12033|s2cid=152735090}}</ref> Historic struggle to achieve the intended British sovereignty when them achieve for other parts of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] come di. State sovereignty belong to the [[Union of South Africa]] (1910–61), followed by the [[Republic of South Africa]] (1961–1994) and finally the modern day [[South Africa|Republic of South Africa]] (1994–Present day).<ref name=":0" /> In 1948, them introduce the policy of [[Apartheid]] for South Africa in order to segregate the native African population from Boer settlers and ensure the domination of the White populace over non-whites, politically, socially and economically.<ref name="Mayne">{{cite book|last=Mayne|first=Alan|title=From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms|date=1999|page=52|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-275-96151-0}}</ref> ===Americas === [[File:Indian Land for Sale.jpg|thumb|"Indian Land For Sale" by the U.S. Department of the Interior (1911)]] For colonial America, colonial powers create economic dependency and imbalance of trade, incorporate Indigenous nations into spheres of influence and control them indirectly with the use of Christian missionaries and alcohol.<ref name=":1" /> With the emergence of an independent United States, desire for land and the perceived threat of permanent Indigenous political and spatial structures come lead to violent relocation of many Indigenous tribes to the American West, in wetin we come sabi as the [[Trail of tears|Trail of Tears]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Wolfe 2006</ref> Frederick Jackson Turner, the father of the "frontier thesis" of American history, note in 1901: "Our colonial system nor start with Spanish War; the U.S. been get a colonial history from the beginning... when di hidden under the phraseology of 'interstate migration' and territorial organization'".<ref name=":1" /> While the United States government and local state governments directly aid this dispossession through the use of military forces, ultimately this come about through agitation by settler society in order to gain access to Indigenous land. Especially for the US South, them use such land acquisition build plantation society and expand the practice of slavery.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Settler colonialism participate for the formation of US cultures and last for many years past the conquest, removal, or extermination of Indigenous people.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Spady.|first=James O'Neil|url=https://www.academia.edu/37602761|title=Education and the Racial Dynamics of Settler Colonialism for Early America: Georgia and South Carolina, ca. 1700 - ca. 1820|date=2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0367437169}}</ref> The practice of writing the natives out of history perpetrate a forgetting of the full dimensions and significance of colonialism both for the national and local levels.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Dunbar-Ortiz |first1=Roxanne |title=An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States |date=2014 |publisher=Beacon Press |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-8070-0040-3}}</ref> === Eurasia === ==== China ==== Near the end of their rule the Qing try to colonize [[Xinjiang]], [[Tibet]], and other parts of the imperial frontier. To accomplish this goal them begin a policy of settler colonialism by which them resettle [[Han Chinese]] for the frontier.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ju-Han Zoe |last2=Roche |first2=Gerald |date=March 16, 2021 |title=Urbanizing Minority Minzu for the PRC: Insights from the Literature on Settler Colonialism |url= https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/14776011|journal=Modern China (journal) |language=en |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=593–616 |doi=10.1177/0097700421995135 |s2cid=233620981 |issn=0097-7004}}</ref> ==== Palestine, Zionism and Israel ==== {{main article|Zionism as settler colonialism}}[[File:West Bank Access Restrictions.pdf|thumb|200px|Map of [[Israeli settlement]]s (magenta) for the occupied [[West Bank]] in 2020. The Australian historian [[Patrick Wolfe]], when them credit with originating the field, famously define [[Israel]] as the prime example of a settler colonialist state today.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Wolfe |first=Patrick |date=December 2006 |title=Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |language=en |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=387–409 |doi=10.1080/14623520601056240 |issn=1462-3528|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Kauanui" /> However, this notion done also receive significant criticism.<ref name="Troen">{{cite journal |last1=Troen |first1=S. Ilan |year=2007 |title=De-Judaizing the Homeland: Academic Politics in Rewriting the History of Palestine |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=872–884 |doi=10.1080/13537120701445372 |s2cid=216148316}}</ref>]]In 1967, the French historian [[Maxime Rodinson]] write an article when them later translate and published for English as ''Israel: A Colonial Settler-State?''<ref>Rodinson, Maxime. "Israel, fait colonial?" ''Les Temps Moderne'', 1967. Republished in English as ''Israel: A Colonial Settler-State?'', New York, Monad Press, 1973.</ref> [[Lorenzo Veracini]] describe [[Israel]] as a colonial state and write say Jewish settlers fit to expel the British in 1948 only because them get their own colonial relationships inside and outside Israel new borders.<ref>"Israel fit celebrate it anticolonial/anti-British struggle exactly [https://web.archive.org/web/20200330030659/http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol6no2_2007/veracini_settler.htm because it done di able to establish a number of colonial relationships within and without the borders of 1948."] Lorenzo Veracini, Borderlands, vol 6 No 2, 2007.</ref> Veracini believe the possibility of an Israeli disengagement always di latent and this relationship fit di severed, through an accommodation of a Palestinian Israeli autonomy within the institutions of the Israeli state".<ref>Veracini, Lorenzo, "Israel and Settler Society", London: Pluto Press. 2006.</ref> When it write in the 1990s, the Australian historian [[Patrick Wolfe]] di credited with originating the field.<ref name="Kauanui" /> Him theorize settler colonialism as a structure (rather than an event) when di premised on the '''elimination rather than exploitation of the native population''', thus differentiating am from classical colonialism. Wolfe argue say settler colonialism di centered on the control of land, it continue after the closing of the frontier, and continue to exist today, ==== Russia and the Soviet Union ==== {{main|Russian conquest of Siberia|Russian conquest of the Caucasus|Circassian genocide|Russification|Population transfer in the Soviet Union}} Some scholars describe Russia as a settler colonial state, particularly due to the expansion into [[Russian conquest of Siberia|Siberia]] and the [[Russian Far East]], during which it displace and resettled Indigenous peoples, while practicing settler colonialism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sunderland |first=Willard |date=2000 |title=The 'Colonization Question': Visions of Colonization in Late Imperial Russia |journal=Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=210–232 |jstor=41050526}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Forsyth |first=James |url=http://archive.org/details/historyofpeoples00fors |title=A history of the peoples of Siberia |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-521-40311-5 |pages=201–228, 241–346}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lantzeff |first1=George V. |title=Eastward to Empire: Exploration and Conquest on the Russian Open Frontier to 1750 |last2=Pierce |first2=Richard A. |date=1973 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1w0dbpp |jstor=j.ctt1w0dbpp}}</ref> The native people resist the annexation of [[Siberia]] and the Far East to Russia, while the [[Cossacks]] often commit atrocities against them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Nathaniel |date=25 October 2021 |title=Conquering Siberia: The Case for Genocide Recognition |url=https://www.genocidewatchblog.com/post/conquering-siberia-the-case-for-genocide-recognition |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=www.genocidewatchblog.com}}</ref> During the Cold War, them practice new forms of Indigenous repression.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bartels |first1=Dennis |last2=Bartels |first2=Alice L. |date=2006 |title=Indigenous Peoples of the Russian North and Cold War Ideology |journal=Anthropologica |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=265–279 |doi=10.2307/25605315 |jstor=25605315}}</ref> This colonization continue even during the [[Soviet Union]] for the 20th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Veracini |first=Lorenzo |year=2013 |title='Settler Colonialism': Career of a Concept |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=313–333 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2013.768099 |s2cid=159666130 |quote=The domination of Latin America, North America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the Asian part of the Soviet Union by European powers all involve the migration of permanent settlers from the European country to the colonies. Them colonize these places.}}</ref> The Soviet policy also sometimes include the deportation of the native population, as in the case of the Crimean Tatars.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pohl |first1=Otto |date=2015 |title=The Deportation of the Crimean Tatars in the Context of Settler Colonialism |url=http://www.lituanus.org/1998/98_3_02.htm |journal=International Crimes and History |issue=16 |access-date=24 December 2023 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809105743/http://www.lituanus.org/1998/98_3_02.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=October 2023}} ==== Taiwan ==== The ethnic makeup of [[Taiwan]] contemporary population bu largely the result of settler colonialism.<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Tsai |first1=Lin-chin |degree=PhD |title=Re-conceptualizing Taiwan: Settler Colonial Criticism and Cultural Production |date=2019 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/30h7d8r5 |access-date=20 May 2023 |publisher=[[University of California]] |language=en |quote=Taiwan, an island whose indigenous inhabitants bu Austronesian, done bu a de facto settler colony due to large-scale Han migration from China to Taiwan beginning in the seventeenth century.}}</ref> ===Australia{{anchor |au}}=== {{See also|Cultural assimilation|List of massacres of Indigenous Australians|Australian frontier wars}} Europeans explore and settle for Australia by displacing [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples]]. The Indigenous Australian population been di estimated at about 795,000 at the time of the European settlement.<ref>Statistics compiled by Ørsted-Jensen for Frontier History Revisited (Brisbane 2011), page 15.</ref> The population decline steeply for 150 years following the settlement from 1788, due to casualties from [[infectious disease]], the Australian frontier wars and forced re-settlement and cultural disintegration.<ref>Page, A. (2015, September). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160910082243/http://www.apsa2015.org/uploads/4/5/1/9/45190879/alexander_page_-_the_australian_settler_state_indigenous_agency_and_the_indigenous_sector_in_the_twenty_first_century.pdf The Australian Settler State, Indigenous Agency, and the Indigenous Sector in the Twenty First Century. Australian Political Studies Association Conference].</ref><ref>Page, A., & Petray, T. (2015). Agency and Structural Constraints: Indigenous Peoples and the Settler-State in North Queensland. Settler Colonial Studies, 5 (2).</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Further reading == * {{cite web |last1=Cox |first1=Alicia |title=Settler Colonialism |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780190221911/obo-9780190221911-0029.xml |website=Oxford Bibliographies |publisher=OUP |access-date=21 January 2021}} *{{cite book |last1=Dahl |first1=Adam |title=Empire of the People: Settler Colonialism and the Foundations of Modern Democratic Thought |date=2018 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |isbn=978-0-7006-2607-6 |language=en}} * {{cite book|last= Belich|first= James|author-link= James Belich (historian)|title=Replenishing the earth : the settler revolution and the rise of the Anglo-world, 1783–1939|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Rh76bzOX7XAC|year=2009|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= Oxford|isbn= 978-0-19-929727-6|page= 573}} * [[Gerald Horne|Horne, Gerald]]. ''[[The Apocalypse of Settler Colonialism: The Roots of Slavery, White Supremacy, and Capitalism in Seventeenth-Century North America and the Caribbean]]''. Monthly Review Press, 2018. 243p. {{ISBN|9781583676639}} * [[Gerald Horne|Horne, Gerald]]. ''The Dawning of the Apocalypse: The Roots of Slavery, White Supremacy, Settler Colonialism, and Capitalism in the Long Sixteenth Century.'' Monthly Review Press, 2020. {{ISBN|978-1-58367-875-6}}. *{{cite book |last1=Manjapra |first1=Kris |title=Colonialism in Global Perspective |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-42526-1 |pages=43–70 |chapter=Settlement}} * Marx, Christoph (2017). [http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/christoph-marx-settler-colonies?set_language=en&-C= ''Settler Colonies''], [http://www.ieg-ego.eu/ EGO - European History Online], Mainz: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160219021834/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php Institute of European History], retrieved: March 17, 2021 ([https://d-nb.info/1149293284/34 pdf]). * Mikdashi, Maya (2013). ''What is settler colonialism?'' American Indian Culture and Research Journal 37.2: 23–34. *''Settler Colonialism in the Twentieth Century'' (edited by [[Susan Pedersen (historian)|Susan Pedersen]] and [[Caroline Elkins]]), Routledge, 2005. * {{cite book|last=Veracini|first= Lorenzo|title=Settler Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview|year= 2010|publisher= Palgrave MacMillan|location= Hampshire, UK|isbn= 9780230284906|pages= 182}} * Wolfe, Patrick, 'Traces of History: Elementary Structures of Race' (Verso 2016) * Wolfe, Patrick (2006). Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native. ''Journal of Genocide Research'' 8.4 (2006): 387–409. DOI: 10.1080/14623520601056240 == External links == * [https://westernamericanliterature.com/2020/06/07/settler-colonialism/ Articles on Settler Colonialism in ''Western American Literature''] {{Colonialism}} {{Colonization}} {{White people}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Settler Colonialism}} [[Category:Settler colonialism| ]] [[Category:Cultural geography]] [[Category:Settlement schemes|Colonialism]] oizyn8kjak80ba0rciv95reski6varg 0 2346 36230 27255 2026-08-09T18:09:51Z InternetArchiveBot 52 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 36230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Person when done migrate enter area and establish permanent residence for there}} {{redirect2|Settlers|Colonist|other uses|Settler (disambiguation)|and|Colonist (disambiguation)}} [[File:Ingolf by Raadsig.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|A (1850) depiction of the first medieval settlers arriving in [[Iceland]]]] A '''settler''' bu a person when done migrate enter area and establish a permanent residence for there. A settler when migrate enter area where nobody di reside before or area where people sparsely di reside fit di described as a '''pioneer'''. Settlers generally di thought of as people when travel to discover new land. Many times for history, it no di like that. Most of the time for history, settlers bu people when travel to a land when already belong to someone else, force them out, and claim the land as them own. Settlers generally bu from sedentary culture, as opposed to nomadic peoples when fit change settlements seasonally, within traditional territories. Settlement sometimes di rely on dispossession of already established populations within the contested area, and fit bu a very violent process.<ref name=Wolfe2006>{{cite journal |last1=Wolfe |first1=Patrick |title=Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=December 2006 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=387–409 |doi=10.1080/14623520601056240 |s2cid=143873621 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Sometimes settlers di backed by governments or large countries. Settlement fit prevent native people from continuing their work.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Olson|first=Pamela|title=Fast Times in Palestine|publisher=Seal Press|year=2013|isbn=978-1-580-05483-6|location=Berkeley, California|pages=35}}</ref> == Historical usage == [[File:Colonos-del-rio-Baker-Aysen.jpg|right|thumb|Chilean settlers for the Baker River, Patagonia, 1935.]] Person fit witness how settlers most often occupy land when previously bu residences to long-established peoples, when them designate as Indigenous (also called "natives", "Aborigines" or, for the Americas, "Indians"). The process by which Indigenous territories di settled by foreign peoples bu [[settler colonialism]].<ref>LeFevre, ''Tate Etc.''. "Settler Colonialism". www.oxfordbibliographies.com. Tate A. LeFevre. Retrieved 19 October 2017.</ref> It rely upon a process of often violent dispossession.<ref name=Wolfe2006/> In figurative usage, a "person when ga first or do something first" refer to a settler; a person when done migrate enter a less occupied area and establish permanent residence there, often to [[colonize]] the area; as first recorded in English in 1605.<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=pioneer] Online Etymological Dictionary</ref> For this usage, pioneers usually bu among the first to reach an area, whereas settlers fit arrive after the first settlement and join others in the process of [[human settlement]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}} This correlates with the work of military pioneers when di tasked with construction of camps before the main body of troops ga arrive at the designated campsite. [[File:Russian settlers, possibly Molokans, in the Mugan steppe of Azerbaijan. Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii.jpg|thumb|A family of Russian settlers in the [[Caucasus]] region, circa 1910]] For [[Imperial Russia]], the government invite Russians or foreign nationals to settle in for lands when di sparsely populated.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Greenall |first1=Robert |title=Russians when them leave behind for Central Asia |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4420922.stm |work=BBC News |date=23 November 2005 }}</ref> Them been call these settlers "colonists". === Anthropological usage === Anthropologists record tribal displacement of native settlers who drive another tribe from the lands when belong to their ancestors, such as the settlement of lands in the area when them now di call [[Carmel-by-the-Sea]], California where Ohlone peoples settle in areas previously when the [[Esselen]] tribe been di reside(Bainbridge, 1977).<ref>''Prehistoric Sources Technical Study'', when them been prepare for the city of Monterey by Bainbridge Behrens Moore Inc., 23 May 1977{{vs|date=April 2021}}</ref> === Modern usage === [[File:Conner-prairie-log-cabin-interior.jpg|thumb|[[History of North America|Early North American]] settlers from Europe often build crude houses in the form of [[log cabin]]s]] For Canada, the term <i>settler</i> currently di used to describe "the non-Indigenous peoples when di live for Canada who form the European-descended sociopolitical majority," asserting say settler colonialism bu an ongoing phenomenon. The usage di controversial.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Denis |first1=Jeffrey S. |title=Contact Theory in a Small-Town Settler-Colonial Context: The Reproduction of Laissez-Faire Racism for Indigenous-White Canadian Relations |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-sociological-review_2015-02_80_1/page/218 |journal=American Sociological Review |date=February 2015 |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=218–242 |doi=10.1177/0003122414564998 |s2cid=145609890 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Robson |first1=John |title=The 'Settler' Nonsense |url=https://www.dorchesterreview.ca/blogs/news/the-settler-nonsense |journal=The Dorchester Review |date=Spring–Summer 2018 |volume=7 |number=2 |pages=1–2 }}</ref> For the Middle East, it get a number of references to various squatter and specific policies when them refer to as "settler". * Israel – Israelis when move enter areas when them capture during the Six-Day War in 1967 (such as the [[Gaza Strip]] and [[West Bank]]) in the absence of a final peace agreement.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Beauchamp|first=Zack|date=20 November 2018|title=Wetin 3 settlements, and why them bu such a big deal?|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/11/20/18080052/israel-settlements-west-bank|access-date=13 April 2021|website=Vox|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Israeli Settlements|language=en|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/quicktake/israeli-settlements|access-date=13 April 2021}}</ref> * [[Syria]] – In recent times, Arab settlers done also move in large numbers to ethnic minority areas, such as northeast Syria. * [[Cyprus]] – In the aftermath of the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]], the Turkish government start to settle farmers from the mainland in the newly declared [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]]. Today it di estimated that these settlers constitute around half the population of Northern Cyprus.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stefanini |first1=Sara |title=Best chance Cyprus done get for peace |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/cyprus-reunification-peace-nicos-anastasiades-mustafa-akinci/ |work=Politico |date=31 March 2016 }}</ref> == Causes of emigration == The reasons for the emigration of settlers di different, but often they include the following factors and incentives: the desire to start a new and better life for a foreign land, personal financial hardship, social, cultural, ethnic, or religious persecution (e.g., the Pilgrims and Mormons), penal deportation (e.g. of convicted criminals from England to Australia), political oppression, and government incentive policies when di aimed at encouraging foreign settlement.<ref>Olsen, Daniel H., and BRIAN J. Hill. "Pilgrimage and identity along the mormon trail." Religious pilgrimage routes and trails: sustainable development and management. Wallingford UK: CAB International, 2018. 234-246. </ref><ref>Lambright, Bri. "The Ainu, Meiji Era Politics, and It Lasting Impacts: A Historical Analysis of Racialization, Colonization, and the Creation of State and Identity in Relation to Ainu-Japanese History." (2022). </ref><ref>King, Russell. Atlas of Human Migration</ref> == See also == {{Columns-list|colwidth=30em| * [[Chinese settlements in Tibet]] * [[Green March]] * [[High Arctic relocation]]s * [[Indigenous people]] * [[Israeli Settlers]] * [[Lebensraum]] * [[Naturalized TRNC citizens]] * [[Phoenix Islands Settlement Scheme]] * [[Patriot (American Revolution)]] * [[Population transfer]] * [[Settler colonialism]] * [[Sooners]] * [[Squatter]] * [[Sri Lankan state sponsored colonisation schemes]] * [[Transmigration program]] * [[Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus]] * [[Virgin Lands Campaign]] * [[Colonialism]] * [[Gentrification]] * [[Imperialism]] * [[Forced displacement|Displacement]] * [[Oregon Trail]] }} == References == {{Reflist|30em}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Settlers| ]] [[Category:Human migration]] [[Category:Anthropological categories of peoples]] [[Category:Cultural anthropology]] [[Category:Settler colonialism]] a8q5a88z8wmezos6mg9wppn7yhk317k 0 2370 36228 27813 2026-08-09T18:07:11Z InternetArchiveBot 52 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 36228 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Solar System true color.jpg|450x350px|]] Di '''Sola System''' bi di [[Gravity|gravitashionally]] bound system of di [[Sun]] and di objekts wen dé orbit am.<ref name="IAU Office of Astronomy for Edukayshion y607">{{cite web | title=IAU Office of Astronomy for Edukayshion | website=IAU Office of Astronomy for Education | url=https://astro4edu.org/resources/glossary/term/314/ | access-date=December 11, 2023}}</ref> Di lajest of these objekts bi di eight [[Planet|planets]], which in order from di Sun bi di foh [[Terrestrial planet|terrestrial planets]] ([[Mekuri (planet)|Mekuri]], [[Venus]], [[Earth]] and [[Mars]]); tuw [[Gas giant|gas giants]] ([[Jupita]] and [[Saturn]]); and tuw [[Ice giant|ice giants]] ([[Uranus]] and [[Neptun]]). Di Sola System Fom for abaut 4.6 billion years ago wen a dens rejion of a [[molekula klaud]] kollaps, to fom di Sun and a [[protoplanetary disk]]. All foh terrestrial planets belong to di [[inna Sola System]] and get solid surfaisis. Invasly, all foh [[giant planets]] belong to di [[auta Sola System]] and no get a definait surfais, as na mainly [[Gas|gases]] and [[Liquid|liquids]] dem bi. 99.86% of di Sola System's mass dé di Sun and nearly 90% of di remaining mass dé Jupita and Saturn. Strong konsensus dé among astronomas say di Sola System also get nayn [[Dwarf planet|dwarf planets]], which konsist of wan [[Asteroid belt|asteroid-belt]] objekt – Ceres; faiv [[Kuipa belt|Kuipa-belt]] objekts – [[Pluto]], Orkus, Haumea, Quaoar, and Makemake; and three [[Skattad disk|scattad-disk]] objekts – Gonggong, Eris, and Sedna. Vast nomba of smalla objekts dé orbit di Sun, dem dé kol dem [[Small Sola System bodi|small Solar System bodies]]. Dis kategory inklud [[Asteroid|asteroids]], [[Komet|komets]], [[Centaur (mainor planet)|centaurs]], [[Meteoroid|meteoroids]] and [[Interplanetary dust cloud|interplanetary dust klauds]]. Many of these objekts dé di [[asteroid belt]] between di orbits of Mars and Jupita (1.5–4.5 AU), and di [[Kuipa belt]] just autside Neptune's orbit (30–50 AU). === Habitability === Besides sola energy, di primary karaktaristik of di Sola System wey dé enabul di presens of laif bi di heliosfe and planetary magnetik fields (for those planets wen get dem). These magnetik fields parshially dé shield di Sola System from hai-enerjy intastella partikuls wen bi [[kosmik ray]]s. == Farthest rejions == Di point where di Sola System end and intastella space begin no dé presaizly defined bekos di auta boundaries dé shaped by tuw forsis: di sola wind and di Sun gravity. Di limit of di sola wind influens dé rofly foh taims Pluto distans from di Sun; dis ''heliopaus'', di auta boundary of di [[heliosfe]], dé konsidad as di beginning of di [[intastella medium]]. === Detached objekts === [[File:Oort cloud Sedna orbit.svg|thumb|300x300px|Di detached objekt [[90377 Sedna|Sedna]] and e orbit within di Sola System]] (with an averaij orbit of 520 AU from di Sun) bi a larj, reddish objekt with a jaigantik, haighly elliptikal orbit wen dé tek am from abaut 76&nbsp;AU at perihelion to 940&nbsp;AU at afelion and dé take 11,400 years to komplit. [[Michael E. Brown|Mike Brown]], who diskova di objekt for 2003, assat say e no fit bi part of di [[skattad disk]] or di Kuipa belt becos e perihelion dé too distant to dé affekted by Neptun maigrashion. Him and other astronomas konsida am to bi di fes in an entaialy niu populashion, wen dem somtaims term as "distant detached objekts" (DDOs), == Lokaeshon == === Celeg, but for di kays of di Sola System di kollisions kaus their destrukshion and ejekshion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Volk |first1=Kathryn |last2=Gladman |first2=Brett |year=2015 |title=Konsolidatin and krushing Exoplanets: Na hia e happun? |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=806 |page=L26 |arxiv=1502.06558 |bibcode=2015ApJ...806L..26V |doi=10.1088/2041-8205/806/2/L26 |s2cid=118052299 |number=2}}</ref> Di orbits of di Sola System planets dé nearly cirkula. Wen you kompeh am to other systems, dem get smalla [[orbital eccentricity]]. Although attempts dé to explain am partly with a bias for di radial-velocity detetion method and partly with long intarakshions of a quite hai nomba of planets, di exakt kaus remain undetamaiyned.</><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Goldreich |first1=Peter |last2=Lithwick |first2=Yoram |last3=Sari |first3=Re'em |year=2004 |title=Final Stages of Planet Formation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2004-10-10_614_1/page/497 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=614 |issue=1 |pages=497–507 |arxiv=astro-ph/0404240 |bibcode=2004ApJ...614..497G |doi=10.1086/423612 |s2cid=16419857}}</ref> == Humanity's perspektiv == [[File:Apparent_retrograde_motion_of_Mars_in_2003.gif|thumb|Di moshion of 'lights' moving akross di sky bi di basis of di klassikal definishion of planets: wandering stars.]] Wetin humans don sabi koncernin di Sola System dé inkreas over di centuriz. Up to di [[Late Middul Ages]]–[[Renaissance]], astronoas been beliv say di Earth dé stayshionary for di centa of di univas<ref>{{Cite book |last=Orrell |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mNMsa18vTpsC&pg=PA25 |title=Truth Or Beauty: Science and di Quest for Order |date=2012 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0300186611 |pages=25–27 |access-date=13 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730084322/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Truth_Or_Beauty/mNMsa18vTpsC?gbpv=1&pg=PA25 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> For di 20th century, humans begin their spais explorayshion around di Sola System, starting with placing teleskopes for spais.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garner |first=Rob |date=10 December 2018 |title=50th Annivasary of OAO 2: NASA's 1st Successful Stella Obsavatory |url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/nasa-s-first-stellar-observatory-oao-2-turns-50 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229231948/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/nasa-s-first-stellar-observatory-oao-2-turns-50 |archive-date=29 December 2021 |access-date=20 April 2022 |website=NASA}}</ref> Since then, humans don land enta Moon during di [[Apollo program]]; di [[Apollo 13]] misshion mark di furthest any human don dé away from Earth at 400171km.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec00vari/page/13 |title=Guinness World Records 2010 |publisher=[[Bantam Books]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-553-59337-2 |editor-last=Glenday |editor-first=Craig |editor-link=Craig Glenday |location=New York}}</ref> spais probes don reach all di eight planets and tuw dwarf planets. Dis begin with [[Marina 2]]'s flai-bai of Venus for 1962, while [[Mariner 9]] misshion to Mars bi di fes to orbit anoda planet for 1971. [[Paionia 10]] reach Jupita, and [[Paionia 11]] reach Saturn. == Referens == {{Reflist}} {{Sola System}} [[Category:Solar System| ]] [[Category:Planetary science]] [[Category:Space science]] [[Category:Planetary systems with eight confirmed planets]] h954km2330gkzh41zb7ms3bg1n660vc 0 2384 36229 27465 2026-08-09T18:08:36Z InternetArchiveBot 52 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 36229 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''obsavabul univas''' bi a ball-shaped rijion of di [[univas]] komprising all [[mata]] wen we fit obsav from [[Earth]] or it space-bazed teleskops and exploratory probes at di present time; di [[elektromagnetik radiashion]] from dis [[astronomical object|objects]] has had time to reach di [[Sola System]] and Earth since di beginning of di [[metrik expansion of space|cosmological expansion]]. Inishially, it dé estimated say there it fit bi 2 trillion [[galaxy|galaxies]] de di obsavabul univas.<ref name="Conselice">{{cite journal |title=Di Evolushion of Galaxy Number Density at {{nowrap|''z'' < 8}} and It Implikashions |first=Christopher J. |last=Conselice|display-authors=etal|journal=Di Astrofysikal Journal |volume=830 |issue=2 |year=2016 |arxiv=1607.03909v2 |bibcode= 2016ApJ...830...83C |doi=10.3847/0004-637X/830/2/83 |page=83|s2cid=17424588 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20161017">{{cite news |last=Fountain |first=Henry |title=Two Trillion Galaxies, at di Very Least |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/18/science/two-trillion-galaxies-at-the-very-least.html |date=17 October 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=17 October 2016 }}</ref> Di nomba reduce for 2021 to only several hundred billion bazed on data from ''Niu Horizons''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lauer |first1=T. R. |last2=Postman |first2=M. |last3=Spencer |first3=J. R. |last4=Weaver |first4=H. A. |last5=Stern |first5=S. A. |last6=Gladstone |first6=G. R. |last7=Binzel |first7=R. P. |last8=Britt |first8=D. T. |last9=Buie |first9=M. W. |last10=Buratti |first10=B. J. |last11=Cheng |first11=A. F. |last12=Grundy |first12=W. M. |last13=Horányi |first13=M. |last14=Kavelaars |first14=J. J. |last15=Linscott |first15=I. R. |last16=Lisse |first16=C. M. |last17=McKinnon |first17=W. B. |last18=McNutt |first18=R. L. |last19=Moore |first19=J. M. |last20=Núñez |first20=J. I. |last21=Olkin |first21=C. B. |last22=Parker |first22=J. W. |last23=Porter |first23=S. B. |last24=Reuter |first24=D. C. |last25=Robbins |first25=S. J. |last26=Schenk |first26=P. M. |last27=Showalter |first27=M. R. |last28=Singer |first28=K. N. |last29=Verbiscer |first29=A. J. |last30=Young |first30=L. A. |date=2022 |title=Anomalous Flux for di Kosmik Optical Background Detected with New Horizons Obsavashions |journal=Di Astrofysikal Journal Letters |volume=927 |issue=1 |pages=l8 | doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ac573d|arxiv=2202.04273 |bibcode=2022ApJ...927L...8L | doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ann21001">{{cite news |last=Lauer |first=Todd |title= NOIRLab Scientist Find di Univas to dé Brighter than Expected |url= https://noirlab.edu/public/announcements/ann21001/ |date=12 January 2021 |work=[[NOIRLab]] |access-date=12 January 2021 }}</ref><ref name="arxiv:2011.03052">{{cite journal |last1=Lauer |first1=Tod R. |last2=Postman |first2=Marc |last3=Weaver |first3=Harold A. |last4=Spencer |first4=John R. |last5=Stern |first5=S. Alan |last6=Buie |first6=Marc W. |last7=Durda |first7=Daniel D. |last8=Lisse |first8=Carey M. |last9=Poppe |first9=A. R. |last10=Binzel |first10=Richard P. |last11=Britt |first11=Daniel T. |last12=Buratti |first12=Bonnie J. |last13=Cheng |first13=Andrew F. |last14=Grundy |first14=W. M. |last15=Horányi |first15=Mihaly |last16=Kavelaars |first16=J. J. |last17=Linscott |first17=Ivan R. |last18=McKinnon |first18=William B. |last19=Moore |first19=Jeffrey M. |last20=Núñez |first20=J. I. |last21=Olkin |first21=Catherine B. |last22=Parker |first22=Joel W. |last23=Porter |first23=Simon B. |last24=Reuter |first24=Dennis C. |last25=Robbins |first25=Stuart J. |last26=Schenk |first26=Paul |last27=Showalter |first27=Mark R. |last28=Singer |first28=Kelsi N. |last29=Verbiscer |first29=Anne J. |last30=Young |first30=Leslie A. |title=Niu Horizons Obsavashions of di Kosmik Optikal Background |journal=Di Astrofysikal Journal |date=11 January 2021 |volume=906 |issue=2 |pages=77 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/abc881 | arxiv= 2011.03052 |bibcode=2021ApJ...906...77L |hdl=1721.1/133770 |s2cid=226277978 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Assuming di univas dé [[isotropy|isotropik]], Di distans to di edj of di obsavabul univas rofly dé [[equidistant|the same]] in evri dairekshion. Dat is, di obsavabul univas bi a [[sphere|sferikal]] rijion centad on di obsava. Evri lokashion for di univas get it own obsavabul univas, wen fit or no fit ovalap with di one wen Earth bi di centa. [[[[File:Observable Universe with Measurements 01.png|300px]] Di word ''obsavabul'' for dis sense no dé refer to di kapability of modern teknoloji to detet [[laight]] or other informatlshion from any objekt, or whether anything to bi deteted dé. It refer to di fysikal limitwen [[speed of light]] itself kreate. No signal fit travel faster than light. Hence a maximum distans, wen we been dé kol di [[partikul horizon]], beyond which nothing fit dé deteted, as di signals no fit reach us yet. Sometimes astrofysicists distinguish between di obsavabul univas and di ''visibul'' univas. Di former inklude signals since di end of di [[inflationary epoch]], while di latter inkludes only signals emitted since [[Recombination (cosmology)|recombination]].<ref group=note>This is when hydrojen atoms were formed from protons and elektrons and di univas bekom transparent to elektromagnetik radiashion.</ref> Akording to kalkulashions, Di kurrent [[komuvin distans]] to partikuls from which the [[kosmic mikrowave background radiashion]] (KMBR) was emitted, which represents di radius of di visibul univas, be about 14.0 billion [[parsec]]s (about 45.7 billion laight-years). Di komuvin distans to the edj of the observabul univas bi about 14.3 billion parsecs (about 46.6 billion laight-years),<ref name="mapofuniverse">{{cite journal|last = Gott III|first = J. Richard|display-authors=4|author2=Mario Jurić |author3=David Schlegel |author4=Fiona Hoyle |author5=Michael Vogeley |author6=Max Tegmark |author7=Neta Bahcall |author8=Jon Brinkmann |title = A Map of di Univas|url=http://www.astro.princeton.edu/universe/ms.pdf|journal = Di Astrofysikal Journal|volume = 624|issue = 2|pages = 463–484|date = 2005|doi = 10.1086/428890|bibcode=2005ApJ...624..463G| arxiv=astro-ph/0310571|s2cid = 9654355}}</ref> about 2% larjer. Di [[radius]] of di obsavabul univas is therefore estimated to be about 46.5 billion laight-years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions in Kosmoloji |url=https://astro.ucla.edu/~wright/cosmology_faq.html |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=astro.ucla.edu}}</ref><ref name="ly93">{{cite journal |last1=Lineweaver |first1=Charles |last2=Davis |first2=Tamara M. |date=2005 |title=Misconceptions about the Big Bang |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_2005-03_292_3/page/36 |journal=Scientific American |volume=292 |issue=3 |pages=36–45 |bibcode=2005SciAm.292c..36L |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0305-36}}</ref> Using the [[Friedmann equations|critical density]] and di diameta of di obsavabul univas, di total mass of ordinary mata in di univas can bi calculated to bi abaut {{val|1.5|e=53|u=kg}}.<ref>See the "Mass of ordinary matter" for dis sekshion in this article.</ref> In November 2018, astronomers reported that [[extragalactic background light]] (EBL) amounted to {{val|4|e=84}} photons.<ref name="NYT-20181203">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |title=All di Light There Is to See? 4 x 10⁸⁴ Photons |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/03/science/space-stars-photons-light.html |date=3 December 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=4 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20181130">{{cite journal |author=The Fermi-LAT Collaboration |title=A gamma-ray determination of the Universe's star formation history |url=https://archive.org/details/science_2018-11-30_362_6418/page/1031 |date=30 November 2018 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=362 |issue=6418 |pages=1031–1034 |doi=10.1126/science.aat8123 |pmid=30498122 |arxiv=1812.01031 |bibcode=2018Sci...362.1031F }}</ref> As di univas expansion dd accelerate. == Referens == ho8520g8tp58ft9vzxpcqsbayi711zp 0 2426 36227 27620 2026-08-09T18:06:31Z InternetArchiveBot 52 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 36227 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Stöwer Titanic.jpg|300px| Pentin of a sinkin ship, wit pipo wey dey row laifboat for di fograund and oda pipo for di wota. Icebegs dey visibul for di bakgraund]] [[Royal Mail Ship|RMS]] ''[[Taitanik]]'' sink for di eli monin hauas of 15 April 1912 for di Nort Atlantik Ocean, on di foht day of ha maiden voyaij from [[Sauthampton]] to [[Niu Yok Citi]]. As di lajes [[ocean laina]] wey dey in savis at dat taim, ''Taitanik'' been get an estimated 2,224 pipo on bod [[Icebeg wey straik di Taitanik|wen an Icebeg straik am]] for araund 23:40 ([[ship's taim]])[Nout: At di taim of di kolishon, Di kluok-dem for di ''Taitanik'' been dey set to 2 hauas 2 minits ahead of di [[Eastan Taim Zoun]], and 2 hauas 58 minits behaind [[Greenwich Mean Taim]]. Di taim for di ship been dey set to midnait, 13–14 April 1912, and dey bayzd on di expeted posishon of ''Taitanik'' at lokal aparent noon on 14 April, wey in turn dey bayzd on di [[Celestial navigashon|sta saihts]] of di evenin of 13 April, adjusted bai [[dead rekonin]]. Due to di unfoldin disasta, ''Taitanik'' kluok-dem no dey adjusted at midnight of 14–15 April.]] on Sunday, 14 April 1912. Ha sinkin tuw hauas and fohti minits afta at 02:20 ship taim (05:18 [[Greenwich Mean Taim|GMT]]) on Monday, 15 April, risolt for di kpaiyin of moh than 1,500 pipo, mekin am wan of di [[List of maritaim disastas for di 20th centuri#Peacetaim|dedlies peastaim maritaim disastas for histori]]. ''Taitanik'' been riceiv six warnin of sea ice on 14 April but been dey travul for a speed of rofli 22kn|km/h wen ha lukauts saiht di icebeg. Unable to turn quikli enouf, di ship suffa a glancin blow wey bokul ha [[stabod]] side and opun six of ha sixteen [[Kompatment (ship)|kompatments]] to di sea. ''Taitanik'' been dey desaind to stay afloat wit flood for up to foh of ha forwod kompatments, and di kreu yuz distres [[flare]]s and radio ([[waiales telegrafi|waiales]]) mesaij-dem to atrat hep as di pasenja-dem enta [[Laifboat (shipbod)|laifboats]]. In akodans wit existin praktis, di ''Taitanik'' laifboat system dey desaind to feri pasenjas to niabai reskeu vesuls, no bi to hold evribodi wey dey on bod simultaneousli; diafoh, wit di ship sinkin rapidli and hep stil hauas ewei, sayf refeuj no dey for plenti of di pasenjas and kreu wit onli twenti laifboats, inkludin foh kolapsibul laifboats. Poor prepareshon for and manejment of di evakuashon mean say dem launch plenti boats bifoh dem dey fuli komplit. Di ''Taitanik'' sink wit ova a tausand pasenjas and kreu stil on bod. Almos aul of those wey jump or fall enta di sea drawn or kpai widin minits due to di efekt of [[kold chok]] and [[Kold incapacitashon|incapacitashon]]. RMS Kapatia araiv abaut an haua and a haf afta di sinkin and reskeu aul of di 710 sovaivos bai 09:15 on 15 April, som nain and a haf hauas afta di kolishon. Di disasta chok di wold and kaus waidspred autraij ova di lak of enouf laifboats, lax reguleshons, and di unequal treatment of third-klas pasenjas durin di evakueshon. Subsequent inquaiaris rekomend sweepin chenjis to maritaim reguleshons, wey lead to di establishment for 1914 of di [[SOLAS Konvenshon|Intaneshonal Konvenshon for di Saifti of Laif for Sea]] (SOLAS) wey stil dey govan maritaim saifti today. == Background == [[File:RMS Titanic sea trials April 2, 1912 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|''Taitanik'' for [[sea traial]]s, 2 April 1912]] At di taim of ha entri into savis on 2 April 1912, di ''Taitanik'' been bi di sekond of tri, and been bi di lajes ship for di wold. Shi and di elia RMS Olympic been almost bi wan and a haf taims di [[gros rejista tonaij]] of Kunard own RMS Lusitania and RMS Mauretania, di previous rekod holdas, and been niali dey 100ft longa. Di ''Taitanik'' fit kari 3,547 pipo for speed and komfot, and been dey built for an unprecedented skayl. Ha [[reciprokaetin enjin]]s been bi di lajes wey don eva dey biult, standin 40ft hai and wit cylindas 9ft in diameta requaiarin di burnin of 600LT of koul pa day. Di akomodaeshon for pasenjas, espeshali di fes klas seshon, akodin to wetin pipo tok bi "of unraivald extent and magnificens", wey evun di fees wey [[Fes klas facilitis of di RMS Taitanik|fes klas akomodaeshon]] pruv to bi so. Di Paloh Siuits (di mos expensiv and mos luxurious siuits for di ship) wit praivaet [[promenaed dek|promenade]] kost ova $4,350 as at di taim for a singul-wei transatlantik pasaij. [[File:Titanic-and-Newyork.JPG|thumb|SS ''Niu Yok'' for ha nia kolishon wit di ''Taitanik'']] Di ''Taitanik'' meiden voyaij begin shotli afta noon on 10 April 1912 wen shi leav Sauthampton on di fes leg of ha journey to Niu Yok. An acident almos hapun onli a fiu minits afta, as di ''Taitanik'' pas di moord lainas SS Citi of Niu Yok of di [[Amerikan Lain]] and ''Oceanik'' of di White Sta Lain, di last of which for bi ha runin mate for di savis from Sauthampton. Ha hiuj [[Displaesment (ship)|displaesment]] kaus di tuw smola ships to dey lifted by a bulj of wota and then drop into a trough. Di moorins of ''Niu Yok'' kaebuls no fit tek di soden strain and so snap up, wey kom swing ha araund stern-fes towods di ''Taitanik''. A niabai tugboat, ''Vulkan'', kom to di reskeu bai tekin ''Niu Yok'' unda tow, and ''Taitanik'' kaptain orda say mek dem put ha enjins to "ful stern". Di tuw ships avoid kolishon bai a distans. Di incident, as wel as a subsequent stop to offload a fiu straglas bai tug, delay di depacho of di ''Taitanik'' bai at mos tri-quatas of an haua, while efots dey on to bring di driftin ''Niu Yok'' unda kontrol. Bai di taim di ''Taitanik'' depat weswods akros di Atlantik, shi dey kari 892 kreu membas and 1,320 pasenjas. Dis bi onli abaut haf of ha ful pasenja kapaciti of 2,435, as na for durin di low season and shipin from di UK been dey disrupted by a koul miners' straik. Ha pasenjas been bi a kros-seshon of [[Edwodian era|Edwodian]] sosaieti, from milionairas such as [[John Jekob Astor IV|John Jekob Astor]] and [[Benjamin Guggenheim]], to poor emigrants from kontris such as Armenia, Ayriland, Itali, Sweden, Syria and Rossia wey dey seek for a niu laif for di United States. [[File:1912 Titanic itinerary atlantic EN.svg|thumb|Di Atlantik pat of di ''Taitanik'' itinerari, from Fasnet Lait (Ayriland) to Ambros Lait for di viciniti of Niu Yok]] 62-year-old Kaptain [[Edwod Smith (sea kaptain)|Edwod Smith]] bi di kaptain of di ship, di mos senio of di [[White Sta Lain]] kaptains. Him been get foh dekaeds of seafarin experiens and been sav as kaptain of RMS Olympik, from whe dem transfa am to komand di ''Taitanik''. Di vast majoriti of di kreu wey sav am no bi traind sailors, but bi eida enjineers, faiamen, or stokas, wey dey responsibul for lukin afta di enjins; or stewods and galey staf, wey dey responsibul for di pasenjas. Di six wotch oficas and 39&nbsp;abul seamen konstitiut onli araund faiv pa cent of di kreu, wit di majoriti joinin di ship wen e dey Sauthampton, and as a risolt lak di taim to familiaraiz demselvs wit di ship. Di ice kondishons dey atributed to a mild winta wey kaus laj nombas of icebegs to shift off di wes koast of Greenland. Faia been start for wan of di ''Taitanik'' [[koul bin]]s aproximaetli 10 days prior to wen di ship depat, and kontinu to burn for several days into di voyaij, but dey ova on 14 April.<ref>[http://www.titanicology.com/Titanica/FireDownBelow.pdf Fire Down Below] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209234718/http://www.titanicology.com/Titanica/FireDownBelow.pdf |date=9 December 2019 |author=Samuel Halpern}}. Retrieved 7 January 2017.</ref> == 14 April 1912 == === Icebeg warnins === [[File:Titanic iceberg.jpg|thumb|Di icebeg wey plenti pipo don think say na am hit di ''Taitanik'', as fotografd di monin of 15 April 1912 bai di chief stewod of SS Prinz Adalbert. Di icebeg dey repoted to get a streak of red paint from a ship's hull along e wotalain for wan side.|alt=Black and white fotograf of a laj Icebeg wit tri "peaks".]] On 14 April 1912, ''Taitanik'' radio operators receiv six mesaijis from oda ships wey dey warn abaut driftin ice, wey pasenjas for di ''Taitanik'' been don dey notis durin di aftanoon. Di ice kondishons for di Nort Atlantik been bi di wors for eni April for di previous 50&nbsp;years (wey bi di reason whai di lukauts dey unaware say dem don dey steam enta a lain of driftin ice several miles wide and plenti miles long). No bi aul of diz mesaijis dey relayd bai di radio operators. At dat taim, aul waiales operators for ocean lainas bi emploiees of di Makoni's Waiales Telegraf Kompani and no bi membas of kreu of di ship; dia praimari responsibiliti bi send mesaijis for di pasenjas, wit weather repots as a sekondari konsain. Di fes warnin kom bai 09:00 from RMS Karonia wey repot "begs, growlas: &nbsp;"A smol icebeg or ice floe wey dey beli visibul ova di surfais of wota." and field ice". Kaptain Smith aknowlej receipt of di mesaij. For 13:42, RMS Baltik relay a repot from di Greek ship ''Athenia'' say "icebegs and laj quantitis of field ice" shi dey strogul pass since. Smith, wey shou di repot to [[J. Bruce Ismay]], di chiaman of di White Sta Lain, wey also dey travul for di ''Taitanik'' for ha meiden voyaij, also aknowlej receipt of dis mesaij. Smith orda say mek dem chenj kours, to tek di ship fada saut. For 13:45, di Jerman ship SS Amerika, wey dey a short distans to the saut, repot say shi don "pas tuw laj icebegs". Dis mesaij no reach Kaptain Smith or di oda oficas for di ''Taitanik'' [[Bridj (nautikal)|bridj]]. Di reason no dey kle, but e fit bi say bekaus di radio operators dey bizi dey fix faulti equipment, Dem forget to relay di mesaij. SS Kalifonian repot "tri laj begs" for 19:30, and for 21:40, di steama ''Mesaba'' repot: "Si much heavi [[Sea ice|pak ice]] and great nomba laj icebegs. Also field ice." Dis mesaij, too, no komot from di ''Taitanik'' radio room. E fit bi say di radio operator, [[Jak Filips (waiales ofica)|Jak Filips]], feil to grasp e signifikans bekaus him dey preokupaid wit transmitin mesaijis for pasenjas via di relay steshon for [[Kaep Raes]], Niufaundland; di radio set been break dawn di previous day, wey resolt for a baklog of mesaijis wey di tuw operators dey trai to kle. Dem receiv a fainal warnin for 22:30 from operator Cyril Evans of ''Kalifornian'', wey been dey halted during di nait for wan ice field som miles ewei, but Filips kut am off and signal bak: "Shut up! Shut up! I dey wok Kaep Raes." Although di kreu dey aware of ice for di viciniti, dem no redius di speed of di ship, and kontinu to steam at 22 knots, onli 2 knots short of ha maximum speed. ''Taitanik'' hai speed for wotas whe ice don dey repoted dey kritisaizd afta as rekles, but e reflekt standad maritaim praktis at dat taim. Akodin to Fift Ofica [[Harold Lowe]], di kustom bi "to ga ahead and depend upon di lukauts for di [[krou's nest]] and di wotch for di bridj to pik up di ice in taim to avoid hitin am". === "Iceberg, raiht ahead!" === ==== ''Taitanik'' enta Icebeg Aley ==== [[File:1912 Titanic at night EN.png|thumb|Di icebeg and di ''Taitanik'' for nait. Approximaet representashon wit saiz komparison.]] As ''Taitanik'' aproach ha fatal kolishon, mos pasenjas been don alreadi dey dia bed, and komand of di bridj don pas from Sekond Ofica [[Charls Laitola]] to Fes Ofica [[Wiliam McMasta Murdoch|Wiliam Murdoch]]. Lukauts [[Frederik Fleet]] and [[Reginald Lee]] dey di krou's nest, 29m abov di dek. Di air temperecho don fall to nia freezin, and di ocean dey komplitli kalm. Afta, Kolonel [[Archibald Gracie IV|Archibald Gracie]], wan of di sovaivors of di disasta, rait say "di sea bi laik glas, so smooth sotey di stas det reflekt kleli." Wi don sabi nau say such excepshonali kalm wota bi a sign of niabai [[pak ice]]. Although di air dey kle, [[niu moon|moon no dey]], and wit di sea so kalm, notin dry to giv ewei di posishon of di niabai icebegs; if to say di sea dey rofa, waves wey dey break against di icebegs for mek dem dey moh visibul. Bekaus of a mix-up for Sauthampton, di lukauts no get bainokulas; haueva, binokulas repotedli for no fit dey efetiv for di daknes, wey dey total except for stalait and di ship own laits. Nondiles, di lukauts dey wel aware of di ice hazad, as Laitola been orda dem and oda kreu membas to "keep a shap luk-aut for ice, patikulali smol ice and growlas". For 23:30, Fleet and Lee notis a slaiht haze for di horaizon ahead of dem, but no mek enitin of am. Som expats nau biliv say dis haze achuali bi a miraj wey kold wota wey meet warm air kaus{{snd}}simila to wota miraj for desert{{snd}}wen ''Taitanik'' enta [[Atlantik Marin Ekozoun (CEC)|Icebeg Aley]]. Dis ga risolt for a raizd horaizon, blaind di lukauts from spotin enitin wey dey fa ewei.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/10/science/a-new-look-at-natures-role-in-the-titanics-sinking.html |title=A Niu Luk at Necho's Rol in di sinkin of di Taitanik |first=Wiliam J. |last=Brod |date=9 April 2012 |work=Di Niu Yok Taims |access-date=15 April 2018 |archive-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615163335/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/10/science/a-new-look-at-natures-role-in-the-titanics-sinking.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="U.S. Coast Guard Navigation Center">{{cite web |title=Whe Icebeg Aley dey |website=U.S. Koast Guard Navigeshon Centa |url=https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pageName=iipWhereIsIcebergAlley |access-date=15 April 2018 |archive-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615190613/https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pageName=iipWhereIsIcebergAlley |url-status=live }}</ref> ====Kolishon==== [[File:Titanic porting around English.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|''Taitanik'' kours durin ha atempted "port araund"]] [[File:Walker - An Unsinkable Titanic (1912) page 125.jpg|thumb|Drauin of di Icebeg kolishon]] Nain minits afta, for 23:39, Fleet spot an Icebeg for ''Taitanik'' pat. Him ring di lukauts bel tri taims and telefon di bridj to infom Sixt Ofica [[Jems Paul Moodi|Jems Moodi]]. Fleet ask say, "E get eniwan wey dey dia?" Moodi replai tok say, "Yes, wetin you dey si?" Fleet replai tok say, "Icebeg, raiht ahead!" Afta thankin Fleet, Moodi relay di mesaij giv Murdoch, wey kom orda Quatamasta [[Robet Hichens (sailor)|Robet Hichens]] to chenj di ship kours. Murdoch dey jenerali bilivd to giv di orda "hard a-stabod", wey ga risolt for di ship [[tila]] to dey muvd aul di wei to [[stabod]] for an atempt to turn di ship to [[port (nautikal)|port]]. Dis revasal of dairekshons, wen wi trai to kompe am to moden praktis, dey komon for British ships of dat era. Him also ring "ful astern" for di [[Enjin orda telegraf|ship telegrafs]]. Akodin to Foht Ofica [[Joseph Boxhaul]], Murdoch tel Kaptain Smith say him been wan atempt to "hard-a-port araund [di Icebeg]", wey dey sojes say him been dey atemt a "port araund" manoeuva&nbsp;– to fes swing di bow araund di obstakul, then swing di stern so dat both ends of di ship ga avoid a kolishon. Delay dey befoh eida orda enta into efet; di steam-pawad steerin mekanisim tek up to 30&nbsp;sekonds to turn di ship tila, and di komplex task of setin di enjins enta revas ga also don tek som taim to akomplish. Bekaus say di central turbine no fit enta revas, both am and di central propela, wey dey posishon dairetli for front of di ship rudda, dey stopped. Dis redius di efetivnes of di rudda, wey diafoh impe di turnin abiliti of di ship. If to say Murdoch turn di ship while maintainin ha forwod speed, maybe ''Taitanik'' for mis di Icebeg wit feet to spare. Evidens dey say Murdoch simpli signal di enjin room say mek dem stop, no bi revas. Lead Faiaman Frederik Barrett testifai say di stop lait kom on, but say evun dat orda no dey exekuted befoh di kolishon.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-17|title=Dem put Taitanik enjins enta revas befoh di acident? > Tim Maltin|url=https://timmaltin.com/2019/03/17/titanics-engines-reverse/|access-date=2021-08-10|website={{Wikidata entity link|Q119846417}}|language=en-UK}}</ref> For di event, ''Taitanik'' daireshon chenj jos in taim to avoid a head-on kolishon, but di chenj in daireshon kaus di ship to straik di Icebeg wit a glancin blow. An undawota spur of ice skraip along di stabod side of di ship for abaut sevun sekonds; chunks of ice dislodj from uppa pats of di beg and fall enta di forwod deks of di ship. Abaut faiv minits afta di kolishon, aul of ''Taitanik'' enjins don dey stopped, leavin diwey dey fais nort and di ship slouli drift saut for di [[Labrador Korent]]. ==== Efets of di kolishon ==== [[File:Iceberg and titanic (en).svg|thumb|Di icebeg bukul di plaets, pop rivets and damaij a sequens of Kompatments. (Side viu.)|alt=Daiagram wey dey shou hau di Icebeg buckul di hull of di Taitanik, wey kaus di riveted plaets to kom apat.]] Di impat wit di Icebeg dey long thought to prodius a hiuj opunin for di hull of di ''Taitanik'', "wey no dey les than 300ft for lengt, 10ft abov di levul of di keel", as wan raita put am afta. Abov di wotalain, na litul evidens of di kolishon dey at aul. Di stiwods for di fes klas dainin room notis a shudda, wey dem tink say na bekaus didon shed a propela blaid. Plenti of di pasenjas feel a bump or shudda&nbsp;– "jos as though wi went ova abaut a thousand mabuls",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/AmInq12White01.php|title=Testimoni of Mrs J Stuart White for di US Inquaiari|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=24 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024133550/http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/AmInq12White01.php|url-status=live}}</ref> as wan sovaivor put am&nbsp;– but no dey aware of wetin hapun. Those for di lowes deks, wey dey niara di sait of di kolishon, feel am much moh dairetli. Enjin Oila Walta Hurst rimemba say him and odas dey "awakend bai a grindin krash along di stabod side. No wan dey veri much alarmd but wi sabi say wi don straik somtin." [[Faiaman (steam enjin)|Faiaman]] Jeorj Kemish hear wan "heavi thud and grinding tearin saund" from di stabod hull. [[File:Titanic sinking gif.gif|alt=|thumb|''Taitanik'' sink for tuw hauas and 40 minits.]] Kaptain Smith feel di kolishon for him kabin and imediaetli kom di bridj. Wen dem infom am abaut di situashon, him somon [[Thomas Andrius (shipbuilda)|Thomas Andrius]], the biulda of di ''Taitanik'', wey dey among a set of enjineers from Haland and Wolf wey dey obsav di ship fes pasenja voyaij. From di taim of di kolishon to di moment of ha sinkin, at least 35000LT of wota flood enta ''Taitanik'', and kaus ha [[displaesment (ship)|displaesment]] <!-- This term has been established as correct. Please discuss on Talk Page before changing. -->to niali doubul from 48300LT to ova 83000LT. == 15 April 1912 == === Preparin to abandon ship === [[File:EJ Smith2.jpg|thumb|alt=Fotograf of a bearded man wey dey wea a white kaptain unifom wit krosd arms|Kaptain [[Edwod Smith (sea captain)|Edwod Smith]] in 1911]] For 00:05 on 15 April, Kaptain Smith orda say mek di ship's laifboats dey unkovad and di pasenjas mustad. Bai nau, plenti pasenjas dey weik, havin notis say di enjins and dia akompaniyin vaibrashons don sodenli stop. Him also orda say mek di radio operators begin send distres kols, wey wrongli plaes di ship for di the wes side of di ice belt and dairet reskeuas to posishon wey dey inakuraet bai abaut 13.5nmi|mi km. [[File:The Sad Parting - no caption.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''Di Sad Patin'', ilustreshon of 1912|alt=Ilustreshon wuman wey dey krai evun as wan man dey trai to komfot am for di slopin dek of a ship.]] === Last minits of sinkin === [[File:Titanic the sinking.jpg|thumb|Ilustreshon of di sinkin of di ''Taitanik'']] For abaut 02:15, ''Taitanik'' angul for di wota begin inkreas rapidli as wota pour enta previousli unflooded pats of di ship thru dek hatchis. Ha sodenli inkreasin angul kaus wetin wan sovaivor kol a "jaiant wave" to wash along di ship from di forwod end of di boat dek, wey sweep plenti pipo enta di sea. Afta anoda minit, di ship laits flika wans and then pamanentli ga aut, plungin ''Taitanik'' into daknes. Jak Thaya rimemba say him si "grups of di fifteen hundred pipo wey stil dey abod, dey kling for klustas or bunchis, laik swamin bees; onli to fall in masis, peirs or singuli as di great aftapat of di ship, tuw hundred fifti feet of am, raiz enta di sky." ==== ''Taitanik'' fainal moments ==== [[File:Titanic's sinking stern.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Imajind viu of ''Taitanik'' fainal plunj]] ''Taitanik'' dey subjeted to extrim oposin fosis&nbsp;– di flooded bow dey pul ha dawn while di air for di stern keep ha to di surfais&nbsp;– which dey koncentrated for wan of di weakest points for di strukcho. Di ship disapia from viu for 02:20, 2 hauas and 40 minits afta e straik di Icebeg. === Pasenjas and kreu for di wota === [[File:Titanic watch.jpg|thumb|Poket wotch wey dem retriev from di wrek sait, e stop and dey shou a taim of 2:28|alt=Fotograf of a bras poket wotch on a stand, wit a silva chain kurld araund di bayz. Di wotch hand dey read 2:28.]] For di imediaet aftamat of di sinkin, hundreds of pasenjas and kreu dey stranded dey kpai for di icy sea, soraunded bai debris from di ship. ''Taitanik'' disintegreshon durin ha descent to di seabed kaus buoyant chunks of debris&nbsp;– timba beams, wooden doors, furnicho, panelin and chunks of cork from di bulkheads&nbsp;– to roket to di surfais. Diz injo and posibli kil som of di swimas; odas yuz di debris to trai to keep demselvs afloat. Those wey dey saefli for di laifboats dey horifaid to hear di saund of wetin Lawrens Beesley kol "evri posibul emoshon of human fear, despe, agoni, fias resentment and blaind anga mingul&nbsp;– I dey cetain of those&nbsp;– wit nouts of infinit surprise, as though each wan dey tok say, 'Hau kom e dey posibul say dis awful tin dey hapun to ''mi''? Dat I ga dey kauht for dis death trap?{{'"}} [[Jak Thaya]] kompe am to di saund of "lokusts for a summa nait", while Jeorj Rheims, wey jump moments befoh ''Taitanik'' sink, deskraib am as "a dismal moanin saund wey I no ga eva forget; e kom from those poor pipo wey dey float araund, dey kol for hep. E dey horifaiyin, mysterious, supanachoral." Di nois of di pipo for di wota dey skream, yel, and krai bi a tremendous chok to di okupants of di laifboats. As Beesley rait afta, di krais "kom as a thundabolt, unexpeted, inkonsivabul, inkredibul. No wan for eni of di boats wey dey stand off a fiu hundred yards ewei fit eskayp di paralysin chok of di awarenes say so short a distans ewei a trajedi, unbilivabul for e magnitiud, dey hapun, wey wi, heples, no fit avert or diminish in eni wei." Afta abaut twenti minits, di krais begin faed as di swimas laps enta unkonsciousnes and death. [[Luci, Laedi Duff-Gordon]], rimemba say afta di disasta sey "di veri las krai bi dat of wan man wey been dey hala loudli: 'My God! My God!' Him krai monotonousli, for a dull, hoeples wei. For an entaia haua, na awful chorus of shrieks been dey, wey graduali kpai enta a hoeples moan, until dis las krai wey I tok of. Then evriwhe silent." For som sovaivors, di dead sailens wey folo dey wors than evun di krais for hep.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Robbins |first1=William |title=SKREAMS, THEN SEA'S SAILENS, STIL HAUNT 5 SOVAIVORS OF TITANIC |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/18/us/screams-then-sea-s-silence-still-haunt-5-survivors-of-titanic.html |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=[[Di Niu Yok Taims]] |date=April 18, 1982}}</ref> Lowe and him kreu faind foh men been wey stil dey alaiv, wan of them kpai shortli aftawods. Odawaiz, aul dem fit si bi "hundreds of bodis and laifbelts"; di dead "seem as if dem perish wi di kold as dia limbs aul dey krampd up". == Nouts == {{notes}} == Referens == {{Reflist|20em}} == Bibliografi == {{refbegin|30em}} ===Buks=== * {{cite book | last = Aldridge | first = Rebecca | year = 2008 | title = The Sinking of the ''Titanic'' | publisher = Infobase Publishing | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-7910-9643-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Ballard | first = Robert D. | year = 1987 | title = The Discovery of the ''Titanic'' | publisher = Warner Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-446-51385-2 }} * {{cite book | last = Barczewski | first = Stephanie | year = 2006 | title = ''Titanic'': A Night Remembered | publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group | location = London | isbn = 978-1-85285-500-0 | url = https://archive.org/details/titanicnightreme0000barc }} * {{cite book | last = Barratt | first = Nick | year = 2010 | title = Lost Voices From the ''Titanic'': The Definitive Oral History | publisher = Random House | location = London | isbn = 978-1-84809-151-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = W.B. | year = 2011 | title = ''Titanic'': 9 Hours to Hell, the Survivors' Story | publisher = Amberley Publishing | location = Stroud, Gloucestershire | isbn = 978-1-4456-0482-4 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/titanic9hourstoh0000bart }} * {{cite book | last = Beesley | first = Lawrence | year = 1960 | orig-year = 1912 | chapter = The Loss of the SS ''Titanic''; its Story and its Lessons | title = The Story of the Titanic as told by its Survivors | publisher = Dover Publications | location = London | isbn = 978-0-486-20610-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Björkfors | first = Peter | year = 2004 | chapter = The Titanic Disaster and Images of National Identity in Scandinavian Literature | title = The Titanic in myth and memory: representations in visual and literary culture | editor1-last = Bergfelder | editor1-first = Tim | editor2-last = Street | editor2-first = Sarah | publisher = I.B. Tauris | location = London | isbn = 978-1-85043-431-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Brown | first = David G. | year = 2000 | title = The Last Log of the ''Titanic'' | publisher = McGraw-Hill Professional | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-07-136447-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Butler | first = Daniel Allen | year = 1998 | title = Unsinkable: The Full Story of RMS ''Titanic'' | publisher = Stackpole Books | location = Mechanicsburg, PA | isbn = 978-0-8117-1814-1 | url = https://archive.org/details/unsinkablefullst00butl }} * {{cite book | last = Chirnside | first = Mark | year = 2004 | title = The ''Olympic''-class ships : ''Olympic'', ''Titanic'', ''Britannic'' | publisher = Tempus | location = Stroud, Gloucestershire | isbn = 978-0-7524-2868-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Cox | first = Stephen | year = 1999 | title = The ''Titanic'' Story: Hard Choices, Dangerous Decisions | url = https://archive.org/details/titanicstoryhard0000coxs | url-access = registration | publisher = Open Court Publishing | location = Chicago | isbn = 978-0-8126-9396-6 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Eaton | first1 = John P. | last2 = Haas | first2 = Charles A. | year = 1987 | title = ''Titanic'': Destination Disaster: The Legends and the Reality | publisher = Patrick Stephens | location = Wellingborough, Northamptonshire | isbn = 978-0-85059-868-1 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Eaton | first1 = John P. | last2 = Haas | first2 = Charles A. | year = 1994 | title = ''Titanic'': Triumph and Tragedy | publisher = Patrick Stephens | location = Wellingborough, Northamptonshire | isbn = 978-1-85260-493-6 }} * {{cite book | last = Everett | first = Marshall | year = 1912 | title = Wreck and Sinking of the ''Titanic'' | publisher = Homewood Press | location = Chicago | oclc = 558974511 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Fitch | first1 = Tad | last2 = Layton | first2 = J. Kent | last3 =Wormstedt | first3 = Bill | year = 2012 | title = On A Sea of Glass: The Life & Loss of the R.M.S. Titanic | publisher = Amberley Books | isbn = 978-1848689275 }} * {{cite book | last = Foster | first = John Wilson | year = 1997 | title = The ''Titanic'' Complex | publisher = Belcouver Press | location = Vancouver | isbn = 978-0-9699464-1-0 }} * {{cite journal | last = Georgiou | first = Ioannis | date = <!--2 November -->2000 | journal = Atlantic Daily Bulletin | title = The Animals on board the ''Titanic'' | publisher = British Titanic Society | location = Southampton | issn = 0965-6391 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Gittins | first1 = Dave | last2 = Akers-Jordan | first2 = Cathy | last3 = Behe | first3 = George | year = 2011 | chapter = Too Few Boats, Too Many Hindrances | title = Report into the Loss of the SS ''Titanic'': A Centennial Reappraisal | editor-last = Halpern | editor-first = Samuel | publisher = The History Press | location = Stroud, Gloucestershire | isbn = 978-0-7524-6210-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Gleicher | first = David | year = 2006 | title = The Rescue of the Third Class on the ''Titanic'': A Revisionist History | series = Research in Maritime History, No.&nbsp;31 | publisher = International Maritime Economic History Association | location = St. John's, Newfoundland | isbn = 978-0-9738934-1-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Gracie | first = Archibald | year = 1913 | title = The Truth about the ''Titanic'' | publisher = M. Kennerley | location = New York | url = https://archive.org/details/truthabouttitani00grac }} ** Also published as: {{cite book | last = Gracie | first = Archibald | year = 2009 | title = Titanic: A Survivor's Story | publisher = The History Press | isbn = 978-0-7509-4702-2 }} * {{cite book | last = Halpern | first = Samuel | year = 2011 | chapter = Account of the Ship's Journey Across the Atlantic | title = Report into the Loss of the SS ''Titanic'': A Centennial Reappraisal | editor-last = Halpern | editor-first = Samuel | publisher = The History Press | location = Stroud, Gloucestershire | isbn = 978-0-7524-6210-3 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Halpern | first1 = Samuel | last2 = Weeks | first2 = Charles | year = 2011 | chapter = Description of the Damage to the Ship | title = Report into the Loss of the SS ''Titanic'': A Centennial Reappraisal | editor-last = Halpern | editor-first = Samuel | publisher = The History Press | location = Stroud, Gloucestershire | isbn = 978-0-7524-6210-3 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Hoffman | first1 = William | last2 = Grimm | first2 = Jack | year = 1982 | title = Beyond Reach: The Search For The ''Titanic'' | publisher = Beaufort Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-8253-0105-6 | url = https://archive.org/details/beyondreachsearc00hoff }} * {{cite book | last = Howells | first = Richard Parton | title = The Myth of the ''Titanic'' | year = 1999 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-312-22148-5 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Hutchings | first1 = David F. | last2 = de Kerbrech | first2 = Richard P. | year = 2011 | title = RMS ''Titanic'' 1909–12 (''Olympic'' Class): Owners' Workshop Manual | location = Sparkford, Somerset | publisher = Haynes | isbn = 978-1-84425-662-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Kuntz | first = Tom | year = 1998 | title = The ''Titanic'' Disaster Hearings | url = https://archive.org/details/titanicdisasterh00kunt | url-access = registration | publisher = Pocket Book | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-56865-748-6 }} * {{cite book | last = Lord | first = Walter | title = A Night to Remember | year = 1976 | publisher = Penguin Books | location = London | isbn = 978-0-14-004757-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Lord | first = Walter | year = 2005 | orig-year = 1955 | title = A Night to Remember | publisher = St. Martin's Griffin | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-8050-7764-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Lord | first = Walter | year = 1987 | title = The Night Lives On | publisher = Penguin Books | location = London | isbn = 978-0-670-81452-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Lynch | first = Donald | year = 1998 | title = ''Titanic'': An Illustrated History | publisher = Hyperion | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-786-86401-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Marcus | first = Geoffrey | year = 1969 | title = The Maiden Voyage | publisher = Viking Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-670-45099-2 | url = https://archive.org/details/maidenvoyage00marc }} * {{cite book | last = Marshall | first = Logan | year = 1912 | title = Sinking of the ''Titanic'' and Great Sea Disasters | publisher = The John C. Winston Co | location = Philadelphia | oclc = 1328882 }} * {{cite book | last1 = McCarty | first1 = Jennifer Hooper | last2 = Foecke | first2 = Tim | year = 2012 | orig-year = 2008 | title = What Really Sank The Titanic&nbsp;– New Forensic Evidence | publisher = Citadel | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-8065-2895-3 | url = https://archive.org/details/whatreallysankti0000mcca }} * {{cite book | last1 = Mills | first1 = Simon | year = 1993 | title = RMS Olympic&nbsp;– The Old Reliable | publisher = Waterfront Publications | location = Dorset | isbn = 0-946184-79-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Mowbray | first = Jay Henry | title = Sinking of the ''Titanic'' | url = https://archive.org/details/sinkingoftitanic00mowb | year = 1912 | publisher = The Minter Company | location = Harrisburg, PA | oclc = 9176732 }} * {{cite book | last = Parisi | first = Paula | year = 1998 | title = ''Titanic'' and the Making of James Cameron | publisher = Newmarket Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-55704-364-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Regal | first = Brian | year = 2005 | title = Radio: The Life Story of a Technology | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | location = Westport, CT | isbn = 978-0-313-33167-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Richards | first = Jeffrey | year = 2001 | title = Imperialism and Music: Britain, 1876–1953 | publisher = Manchester University Press | location = Manchester | isbn = 978-0-7190-6143-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Turner | first = Steve | year = 2011 | title = The Band that Played On | publisher = Thomas Nelson | location = Nashville, TN | isbn = 978-1-59555-219-8 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/bandthatplayedon0000turn }} * {{cite book | last = Verhoeven | first = John D. | year = 2007 | title = Steel Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist | publisher = ASM International | location = Materials Park, OH | isbn = 978-0-87170-858-8 }} * {{cite book | editor-last = Winocour | editor-first = Jack | year = 1960 | title = The Story of the ''Titanic'' as told by its Survivors | url = https://archive.org/details/truthabouttitan00gracgoog | publisher = Dover Publications | location = London | isbn = 978-0-486-20610-3 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Zumdahl | first1 = Steven S. | last2 = Zumdahl | first2 = Susan A. | year = 2008 | title = Chemistry | publisher = Cengage Learning | location = Belmont, CA | isbn = 978-0-547-12532-9 }} ===Journal articles=== * {{cite journal | title = What really sank the Titanic? | journal = Materials Today | volume = 11 | issue = 10 | pages = 48 | date = 26 September 2008 | publisher = [[Elsevier]] | url = http://www.materialstoday.com/view/1618/what-really-sank-the-titanic/ | access-date = 4 March 2012 | doi = 10.1016/s1369-7021(08)70224-4 | last1 = Foecke | first1 = Tim | doi-access = free | archive-date = 31 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200831010539/https://www.materialstoday.com/metals-alloys/news/what-really-sank-the-titanic// | url-status = live }} * {{cite journal | last = Maltin | first = Tim | date = March 2012 | title = Did the Titanic Sink Because of an Optical Illusion? | journal = [[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | url = http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Did-the-Titanic-Sink-Because-of-an-Optical-Illusion.html | publisher = [[Smithsonian Institution]] | access-date = 15 April 2012 | archive-date = 31 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200831010546/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/did-the-titanic-sink-because-of-an-optical-illusion-102040309// | url-status = live }} * {{cite journal | last = Ryan | first = Paul R. | date = Winter 1985–1986 | title = The ''Titanic'' Tale | journal = Oceanus | volume = 4 | issue = 28 | publisher = Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution | location = Woods Hole, MA | url = https://archive.org/stream/oceanusv2804wood#page/n3/mode/2up | ref = {{sfnRef|Ryan|1985}} }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Uchupi | first1 = Elazar | last2 = Ballard | first2 = Robert D. | last3 = Lange | first3 = William N. | date = Fall 1986 | title = Resting in Pieces: New Evidence About ''Titanic{{'}}s'' Final Moments | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_oceanus_fall-1986_29_3/page/53 | journal = Oceanus | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 53–60 | publisher = Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution | location = Woods Hole, MA }} ===News reports=== * {{cite news | last = Broad | first = William J. | date = 8 April 1997 | title = Toppling Theories, Scientists Find 6 Slits, Not Big Gash, Sank ''Titanic'' | newspaper = The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/08/science/toppling-theories-scientists-find-6-slits-not-big-gash-sank-titanic.html?pagewanted=all | access-date = 5 November 2011 | archive-date = 31 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200831010549/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/08/science/toppling-theories-scientists-find-6-slits-not-big-gash-sank-titanic.html?pagewanted=all%2F | url-status = live }} * {{cite news | last = Broad | first = William J. | date = 15 April 2008 | title = In Weak Rivets, a Possible Key to Titanic's Doom | newspaper = The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/15/science/15titanic.html?pagewanted=all | access-date = 13 March 2012 | archive-date = 31 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200831010558/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/15/science/15titanic.html?pagewanted=all%2F | url-status = live }} * {{cite news | last = Ewers | first = Justin | date = 25 September 2008 | title = The Secret of How the Titanic Sank | newspaper = U.S. News & World Report | url = https://www.usnews.com/news/national/articles/2008/09/25/the-secret-of-how-the-titanic-sunk? | access-date = 11 April 2012 | archive-date = 23 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200423183105/https://www.usnews.com/news/national/articles/2008/09/25/the-secret-of-how-the-titanic-sunk | url-status = live }} ===Investigations=== * {{cite web | title = Passenger List and Survivors of Steamship ''Titanic'' | date = 30 July 1912 | work = United States Senate Inquiry | url = http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/USReport/AmInqRep03.php#a7 | access-date = 5 June 2011 | archive-date = 26 April 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110426031821/http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/USReport/AmInqRep03.php#a7 | url-status = live }} * {{cite book | last = Mersey | first = Lord | author-link = John Bigham, 1st Viscount Mersey | year = 1999 | orig-year = 1912 | title = The Loss of the Titanic, 1912 | publisher = The Stationery Office | isbn = 978-0-11-702403-8 | ref = {{sfnRef|Mersey|1912}} }} * {{cite news | last = Portman | first = Jamie | title = U.K. Titanic exhibit an off-season draw | work = The Toronto Star | date = 12 November 1994 | ref = {{sfnRef|Portman 12 November 1994}} }} * {{cite web |title = Report on the Loss of the "Titanic." (s.s.) |date = 30 July 1912 |work = British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry |url = http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTReport/BOTRep01.php |access-date = 12 February 2012 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140822142553/http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTReport/BOTRep01.php |archive-date = 22 August 2014 }} * {{cite web |title = Report on the Loss of the "Titanic." (s.s.) |date = 30 July 1912 |work = British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry, Final Report (Watertight Compartments) |url = http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTReport/BOTRepWC.php |access-date = 14 April 2012 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140103014858/http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTReport/BOTRepWC.php |archive-date = 3 January 2014 }} * {{cite web |title = Report on the Loss of the "Titanic." (s.s.) |date = 30 July 1912 |work = British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry, Final Report (Description of Damage) |url = http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTReport/BOTRepObserv.php |access-date = 14 April 2012 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140103010506/http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTReport/BOTRepObserv.php |archive-date = 3 January 2014 }} {{refend}} == External links == {{Commons category|Sinking of the RMS Titanic}} {{Wikisource|Portal:RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic''}} * [http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/ Encyclopedia Titanica: facts and research about the ship and her sinking] * [http://www.titanicology.com/FloodingByCompartment.html Flooding by Compartment (Samuel W. Halpern)] * [http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/browser/1912/04/16/ TimesMachine browser] – ''[[The New York Times]]'', Tuesday, 16 April 1912 h3p0vvqem25qzf14y8zhrn361hn6avg 0 2453 36224 34405 2026-08-09T18:03:59Z InternetArchiveBot 52 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 36224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Neptun''' bi di eiht [[planet]] wey fa pas from di [[Sun]]. E bi di [[List of Sola System objets bai saiz|foht-lajes planet]] for di [[Sola System]] bai diameta, di thord-mos-masiv planet, and di densest [[jaiant planet]]. E bi 17&nbsp;taims di [[mass of Earth]], and dey slaihtli moh masiv than felo [[ice jaiant]] [[Uranus]]. Neptun dey densa and fisikali smola than Uranus bekaus e great mass dey kaus moh gravitashonal kompresion of e atmosfe. Wey dey komposd praimarili of gasis and liquids, e no get wel-defaind solid surfais. Di planet dey obit di Sun wons evri 164.8&nbsp;[[julian year (astronomy)|years]] for an [[orbital distans]] of 30.1AU|e9km e9mi. E nem kom from [[Neptun (mitoloji)|di Roman god of di sea]] and get di [[astronomikal simbol]] {{nowrap|[[File:Neptune symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|♆]],}} wey dey represent [[Traident of Poseidon|Neptun traident]]. Neptun no dey visibul to unaided ai and bi di onli planet for di Sola System wey wi faind bai matematikal predishons rada than bai [[empirikal obsavashon]]. Unexpeted chenjis for di obit of Uranus lead [[Alexis Bouvard]] to hypotesaiz say e obit dey subjet to gravitashonal [[Petobashon (astronomi)|petobashon]] bai a planet wey wi neva sabi abaut. Afta Bouvard kpai, di posishon of Neptun kom dey predited from e obsavashons, independentli, bai [[John Kouch Adams]] and [[Urbain Le Verrier]]. Neptun kom dey subsequentli obsavd wit teleskop on 23&nbsp;September 1846 bai [[Johann Gottfried Galle]] widin a [[Degree (angul)|degree]] of di posishon wey Le Verrier predit. E lajes moon, [[Triton (moon)|Triton]], dey diskovad shortli diarafta, though non of di planet [[Moons of Neptun|remainin 13 moons]] dey teleskopikali obsavd until di 20th&nbsp;century. Di planet distans from Earth dey giv am a smol [[aparent saiz]], mekin am dey chalenjin to stodi am wit Earth-bayzd teleskops. ''[[Voyaija 2|Voyaija&nbsp;2]]'' been visit Neptun, wen e [[Planetari flaibai|flai ova]] di planet on 25&nbsp;August 1989; ''Voyaija&nbsp;2'' remain di onli spaiskraft wey don visit am.<ref name="NYT-2>{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=Dak Spots for hau wi tek sabi Neptun |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/19/science/dark-spots-in-our-knowledge-of-neptune.html |date=18 October 2014 |newspaper=Di Niu Yok Taims |access-date=21 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028062618/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/19/science/dark-spots-in-our-knowledge-of-neptune.html |archive-date=28 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/neptune/exploration?page=0&per_page=10&order=launch_date+desc,title+asc&search=&tags=Neptune&category=33|title=Exploraeshon {{!}} Neptun|website=NASA Sola System Exploraeshon|access-date=2020-02-03|quote="In 1989, NASA Voyaija 2 bikom di fes-and onli-spaiskraft to stodi Neptun up klous."|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717140051/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/neptune/exploration/?page=0&per_page=10&order=launch_date+desc,title+asc&search=&tags=Neptune&category=33|url-status=live}}</ref> Di advent of di [[Hobul Spais Teleskop]] and laj graund-bayzd teleskops wit [[adaptiv optiks]] don alau for adishonal detaild obsavashons from afa. Laik di [[gas jaiant]]s ([[Jupita]] and [[Saturn]]), Neptun atmosfe dey komposd praimarili of [[hydrojen]] and [[helium]], along wit traces of [[hydrokarbon]]s and posibli [[naitrojen]], but kontain a haia proporshon of ''[[Volatile (astrojeoloji)|ices]]'' such as wota, [[ammonia]] and [[methaen]]. Simila to Uranus, e interior dey praimarili komposd of ices and rok; both planets nomali dey konsidad as "ice jaiants" to distinguish dem. Along wit [[Rayleih skatarin]], traces of methaen for di autamos rejions mek Neptun to apia faintli blue.<ref name=bluecolour>{{cite web |first=Kirk |last=Munsell |author2=Smith, Harman |author3=Harvey, Samantha |date=13 November 2007 |url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Neptune&Display=OverviewLong |title=Neptun ovaviu |website=Sola System Exploraeshon |publisher=NASA |access-date=20 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303045911/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Neptune&Display=OverviewLong |archive-date=3 March 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=|title=Jemini Nort Teleskop Hep dey Explain Whai Uranus and Neptun bi Diferen Kolours - Obsavashons from Jemini Obsavatori, a Program of NSF's NOIRLab, and oda teleskops reveal say exces hayz for Uranus mek am dey payl pas Neptun |url=https://www.noirlab.edu/public/news/noirlab2211/ |date=May 31, 2022 |website=www.noirlab.edu |language=en |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730153653/https://www.noirlab.edu/public/news/noirlab2211/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In kontras to di strongli seasonal atmosfe of Uranus, wey fit dey feachorles for long periods of taim, Neptun atmosfe get ativ and konsistentli visibul weda patans. As at di taim of di ''Voyaija&nbsp;2'' flaibai for 1989, di planet sautan hemisfe get a [[Great Dak Spot]] wey dey komparabul to di [[Great Red Spot]] for Jupita. For 2018, a niua main dak spot and smola dak spot kom dey identifaid and stodid. Diz weda patans dey driven bai di stronges sustaind winds of eni planet for di Sola System, as hai as 2100km/h|m/s mph.<ref name="Suomi1991">{{cite journal |last=Suomi |first=V.E. |author2=Limaye, S.S. |author3=Johnson, D.R. |date=1991 |title=Hai Winds of Neptun: A posibul mekanisim |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1991-02-22_251_4996/page/929 |journal=[[Saiens (journal)|Saiens]] |volume=251 |issue=4996 |pages=929–32 |doi=10.1126/science.251.4996.929 |pmid=17847386 |bibcode=1991Sci...251..929S|s2cid=46419483 }}</ref> Bekaus of e great distans from di Sun, Neptun auta atmosfe bi wan of di koldes plaesis for di Sola System, wit temperechors for e kloud tops dey aproach 55K|C F. Temperechots for di centa of di planet bi aproximateli 5400K|C F. Neptun get [[Rings of Neptun|a faint and fragmented ring system]] (wey dey labeld as "arks"), wey wi diskova for 1984 and wey ''Voyaija 2'' konfam. == Also si == == Referens == {{Reflist}} {{Sola System}} 4ko1pvgdzrj4qr73qimlosq22ze9x2m 0 2468 36226 27792 2026-08-09T18:05:49Z InternetArchiveBot 52 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 36226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rwanda''' (or di '''Repoblik of Rwanda''') (UK: /ruˈændə/ roo-AN-də, US: /ruˈɑːndə/ roo-AHN-də;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Govment of Rwanda: Welkom to Rwanda |url=https://www.gov.rw/ |access-date=20 February 2023 |archive-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223181954/https://www.gov.rw/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Kinyarwanda: u Rwanda [u.ɾɡwaː.nda]),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Govment of Rwanda: Welkom to Rwanda |url=https://www.gov.rw/ |access-date=20 February 2023 |archive-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223181954/https://www.gov.rw/ |url-status=live}}</ref> bi wan kontri witaut access to sea and dey for di Great Rift Valley of Central Afrika, for whe di Afrikan Great Laeks rejion and Sauteas Afrika konvaj. E dey a feu degrees to di saut of di Equator, Rwanda dey bodad bai [[Uganda]], [[Tanzania]], [[Burundi]], and di [[Demokratik Repoblik of di Kongo]]. E dey f6 hai elevashon, wey kom giv am di soubriquet "land of a tausand hills" (French: pays des mille kollines), e jeografi dey dominated bai mauntains for di wes and savanna ga reach di sauteas, wit numerous laeks thruaut di kontri. Di klaimaet dey from temperaet to subtropikal, wit tuw raini seasons and tuw drai seasons each year. E bi di mos densli populaeted mainland Afrikan kontri; among kontris wit erea wey dey laja than 10,000 km2, e bi di fift mos densli populaeted kontri for di wold. E kapital and lajes citi bi [[Kigali]].<ref name="auto">{{cite journal |last1=Beswik |first1=Danielle |title=Eidin State Biuldin and Sakrifaicin Peas Biuldin? Di Rwanda–UK relaeshonship 1994–2011 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_third-world-quarterly_2011_32_10/page/1911 |journal=Thord Wold Qwotali |date=2011 |volume=32 |issue=10 |pages=1911–1930 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2011.610593|s2cid=153404360 }}</ref><ref name="Univasiti of Chikago Pres">{{cite book |last1=Bowman |first1=Warigia |title=Foh. Imajinin a Moden Rwanda: Socioteknolojikal Imajinaris, Infomeshon Teknoloji, and di Postjenocaid State |date=2015 |publisher=Univasiti of Chikago Pres |isbn=978-0-226-27666-3 |page=87 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7208/9780226276663-004/html?lang=en |language=en |doi=10.7208/9780226276663-004 |doi-broken-date=31 January 2024 }}</ref> == Also si == == Referens == {{Reflist}} {{Afrika}} [[Category:Afrika]] [[Category:Kontri]] [[Category:Rwanda]] pyswth3aqqrjl53twhwjjgb6icqv28s 0 3528 36231 2026-08-09T20:37:13Z Biowikician 24 Created page with "''' Chiamaka Cynthia Nnadozie''' (dey [[bon]] am 8 December 2008) na [[Naija]] gol-kipa wey dey kip for [[Brighton & Hove Albion]] in di Wumen Supa Ligi. Nnadozie stil dey kip for Naija wumen nashonal tim. Na Nnadozie kolet di awod for Afrika Best Fimeli kol- kipa in 2023, 2024, an 2025. Dis one mek Nnadozie di fest pesin for histri to du dis tin. E de nomba four wen dem rilis 2025 Yashin Trophy list. '' Guardian Niuz-pepa tok sey pipul dey si Nnadozie as o2016ne of di b..." 36231 wikitext text/x-wiki ''' Chiamaka Cynthia Nnadozie''' (dey [[bon]] am 8 December 2008) na [[Naija]] gol-kipa wey dey kip for [[Brighton & Hove Albion]] in di Wumen Supa Ligi. Nnadozie stil dey kip for Naija wumen nashonal tim. Na Nnadozie kolet di awod for Afrika Best Fimeli kol- kipa in 2023, 2024, an 2025. Dis one mek Nnadozie di fest pesin for histri to du dis tin. E de nomba four wen dem rilis 2025 Yashin Trophy list. '' Guardian Niuz-pepa tok sey pipul dey si Nnadozie as o2016ne of di best fimeli futbola in di wold ==Hau im tek wok== *''' Rivers Angels FC''' Wen 2016 sisin wan stat, Nnadozie sahin for [[Rivers Angels]], one top Fimeli futbol tim wey de Pot-hakot, [[Rivers State|Rivas Stet]], in Naija. For 2019, Nnadozie rili du wel insaid di ''Rivers Angel'c tim wey win di 2019-2022 NWPL Ligi sisin. *''' Paris FC''' For 22 January 2020, Nnadozie sahin for di French side ''Paris FC''. E sahin sey e go de wit dem for one an alf yies. Na fom Rivers Angels e tek kom Paris FC an wen e rish di niu Klub, e du wel dia. Na im win di ''Arkema Premiha Ligi'' Best Gol-kipa in di 2023-24 Divishon 1 Féminine. Nnadozie komot fom Paris FC afta e don du wel in di '' Coupe de France'' Kup. Bitwin 2022 go rish 2025, Nnadozie plei 16 Yurope marsh for Paris FC. *'''Brighton & Albion''' Niuz kari am on 27 June 2025 sey Nnadozie go komot fom Paris FC go ''The Seagulls '' . Di kontrat go stat fom 1 July 2025 . ==Hau e tek plei for im kontri== Dorin di 2018 FIFA U-20 Wumen Wold Kup, Nnadozie plei ol di four game wey Naija plei for di tornamet. Wen dey plei wit Haiti, Nnadozie win di ''Dare to Shine'' Pleya of di Marsh Awod. Afta di wold kup, Nnadozie de insaid di tim wey go 2018 Afrika Wumen Kup of Neshon bot e no plei eni game insaid di five game-dem wey di kontri plei. Bot for di 2019 Wumen WAFU Kup, Nnadozie kip for di Supa Falkon. Afta di Wold Kup, Nnadozie elp di fakonet to win gold medal at di Afrika Game kompetishon wey hapun in Morocco. For di kompetishon, e sarf three penalti wey Naija plei wit Cameroon. For 16 June 2023, Nnadozie nem enta di 23 pleya wey Naija kari go FIFA Wumen Wold Kup wey hapun in 2023. Na Nnadozie kapten Naija tim wey plei wit Canada. For dat game, Nnadozie sarf three bol wey wan enta net an e evun sarf one penalti wey [[Christine Sinclair]]. Di wey Nnadozie kip for dat game mek dem giv am di Pleya of di Marsh. Nnadozie de di tim wey go 2024 Summer Olympics. Im nem de di tim list wey plei di faina of 2024 Wumen Afrika Kup of Neshon WAFCON 3rmaym3jt3l5cynofl22g1ir9xast6g 36232 36231 2026-08-09T20:55:02Z Biowikician 24 /* Hau e tek plei for im kontri */ 36232 wikitext text/x-wiki ''' Chiamaka Cynthia Nnadozie''' (dey [[bon]] am 8 December 2008) na [[Naija]] gol-kipa wey dey kip for [[Brighton & Hove Albion]] in di Wumen Supa Ligi. Nnadozie stil dey kip for Naija wumen nashonal tim. Na Nnadozie kolet di awod for Afrika Best Fimeli kol- kipa in 2023, 2024, an 2025. Dis one mek Nnadozie di fest pesin for histri to du dis tin. E de nomba four wen dem rilis 2025 Yashin Trophy list. '' Guardian Niuz-pepa tok sey pipul dey si Nnadozie as o2016ne of di best fimeli futbola in di wold ==Hau im tek wok== *''' Rivers Angels FC''' Wen 2016 sisin wan stat, Nnadozie sahin for [[Rivers Angels]], one top Fimeli futbol tim wey de Pot-hakot, [[Rivers State|Rivas Stet]], in Naija. For 2019, Nnadozie rili du wel insaid di ''Rivers Angel'c tim wey win di 2019-2022 NWPL Ligi sisin. *''' Paris FC''' For 22 January 2020, Nnadozie sahin for di French side ''Paris FC''. E sahin sey e go de wit dem for one an alf yies. Na fom Rivers Angels e tek kom Paris FC an wen e rish di niu Klub, e du wel dia. Na im win di ''Arkema Premiha Ligi'' Best Gol-kipa in di 2023-24 Divishon 1 Féminine. Nnadozie komot fom Paris FC afta e don du wel in di '' Coupe de France'' Kup. Bitwin 2022 go rish 2025, Nnadozie plei 16 Yurope marsh for Paris FC. *'''Brighton & Albion''' Niuz kari am on 27 June 2025 sey Nnadozie go komot fom Paris FC go ''The Seagulls '' . Di kontrat go stat fom 1 July 2025 . ==Hau e tek plei for im kontri== Dorin di 2018 FIFA U-20 Wumen Wold Kup, Nnadozie plei ol di four game wey Naija plei for di tornamet. Wen dey plei wit Haiti, Nnadozie win di ''Dare to Shine'' Pleya of di Marsh Awod. Afta di wold kup, Nnadozie de insaid di tim wey go 2018 Afrika Wumen Kup of Neshon bot e no plei eni game insaid di five game-dem wey di kontri plei. Bot for di 2019 Wumen WAFU Kup, Nnadozie kip for di Supa Falkon. Afta di Wold Kup, Nnadozie elp di fakonet to win gold medal at di Afrika Game kompetishon wey hapun in Morocco. For di kompetishon, e sarf three penalti wey Naija plei wit Cameroon. For 16 June 2023, Nnadozie nem enta di 23 pleya wey Naija kari go FIFA Wumen Wold Kup wey hapun in 2023. Na Nnadozie kapten Naija tim wey plei wit Canada. For dat game, Nnadozie sarf three bol wey wan enta net an e evun sarf one penalti wey [[Christine Sinclair]]. Di wey Nnadozie kip for dat game mek dem giv am di Pleya of di Marsh. Nnadozie de di tim wey go 2024 Summer Olympics. Im nem de di tim list wey plei di faina of 2024 Wumen Afrika Kup of Neshon WAFCON ==Awod-dem== *'''Rivers Angels''' *Nigerian Wumen Shampionship: 2016 *Nigerian Wumen Kup: 2016, 2017, 2018 *'''Paris FC''' *Coupe de France Féminine: 2024–25 *'''Naija''' *Wumen's Afrika Kup of Neshon: 2018, 2024 *Afrika Games: 2019 *''' Awod''' *Wumen Afrika Kup of Neshon Best Gol-kipa: 2024[ *Wumen Afrika Kup of Neshon Tim of di Tornamet: 2024 *CAF Gol-Kipa of di Yie (Wumen): 2023, 2024, 2025 *D1 Arkema Gol-Kipa of di Sisin: 2023–24 *IFFHS Africa's Best Wuman Gol-kipa: 2019 *EaglesTracker Gol-kipa of di Sisin: 2022, 2023, 2024 *UNFP Première Lig tim of di yie: 2023–24 *LFFP Première Lig tim of di Sisin: 2023–24[36] *Ranked fourth place in di 2025 wumen Yashin Trophy *The Guardian 100 best fimeli futbola in di wold 2025 *Wumen Supa Ligi Save of di Month: November 2025 *Ofisa of di Orda of di Niger i8fl1xo76tbisgzzby6q9nzu98zg10v 36233 36232 2026-08-09T20:56:59Z Biowikician 24 36233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Chiamaka Cynthia Nnadozie''' (dey [[bon]] am 8 December 2008) na [[Naija]] gol-kipa wey dey kip for [[Brighton & Hove Albion]] in di Wumen Supa Ligi. Nnadozie stil dey kip for Naija wumen nashonal tim. Na Nnadozie kolet di awod for Afrika Best Fimeli kol- kipa in 2023, 2024, an 2025. Dis one mek Nnadozie di fest pesin for histri to du dis tin. E de nomba four wen dem rilis 2025 Yashin Trophy list. '' Guardian Niuz-pepa tok sey pipul dey si Nnadozie as o2016ne of di best fimeli futbola in di wold ==Hau im tek wok== *''' Rivers Angels FC''' Wen 2016 sisin wan stat, Nnadozie sahin for [[Rivers Angels]], one top Fimeli futbol tim wey de Pot-hakot, [[Rivers State|Rivas Stet]], in Naija. For 2019, Nnadozie rili du wel insaid di ''Rivers Angel'c tim wey win di 2019-2022 NWPL Ligi sisin. *''' Paris FC''' For 22 January 2020, Nnadozie sahin for di French side ''Paris FC''. E sahin sey e go de wit dem for one an alf yies. Na fom Rivers Angels e tek kom Paris FC an wen e rish di niu Klub, e du wel dia. Na im win di ''Arkema Premiha Ligi'' Best Gol-kipa in di 2023-24 Divishon 1 Féminine. Nnadozie komot fom Paris FC afta e don du wel in di '' Coupe de France'' Kup. Bitwin 2022 go rish 2025, Nnadozie plei 16 Yurope marsh for Paris FC. *'''Brighton & Albion''' Niuz kari am on 27 June 2025 sey Nnadozie go komot fom Paris FC go ''The Seagulls '' . Di kontrat go stat fom 1 July 2025 . ==Hau e tek plei for im kontri== Dorin di 2018 FIFA U-20 Wumen Wold Kup, Nnadozie plei ol di four game wey Naija plei for di tornamet. Wen dey plei wit Haiti, Nnadozie win di ''Dare to Shine'' Pleya of di Marsh Awod. Afta di wold kup, Nnadozie de insaid di tim wey go 2018 Afrika Wumen Kup of Neshon bot e no plei eni game insaid di five game-dem wey di kontri plei. Bot for di 2019 Wumen WAFU Kup, Nnadozie kip for di Supa Falkon. Afta di Wold Kup, Nnadozie elp di fakonet to win gold medal at di Afrika Game kompetishon wey hapun in Morocco. For di kompetishon, e sarf three penalti wey Naija plei wit Cameroon. For 16 June 2023, Nnadozie nem enta di 23 pleya wey Naija kari go FIFA Wumen Wold Kup wey hapun in 2023. Na Nnadozie kapten Naija tim wey plei wit Canada. For dat game, Nnadozie sarf three bol wey wan enta net an e evun sarf one penalti wey [[Christine Sinclair]]. Di wey Nnadozie kip for dat game mek dem giv am di Pleya of di Marsh. Nnadozie de di tim wey go 2024 Summer Olympics. Im nem de di tim list wey plei di faina of 2024 Wumen Afrika Kup of Neshon WAFCON ==Awod-dem== *'''Rivers Angels''' *Nigerian Wumen Shampionship: 2016 *Nigerian Wumen Kup: 2016, 2017, 2018 *'''Paris FC''' *Coupe de France Féminine: 2024–25 *'''Naija''' *Wumen's Afrika Kup of Neshon: 2018, 2024 *Afrika Games: 2019 *''' Awod''' *Wumen Afrika Kup of Neshon Best Gol-kipa: 2024[ *Wumen Afrika Kup of Neshon Tim of di Tornamet: 2024 *CAF Gol-Kipa of di Yie (Wumen): 2023, 2024, 2025 *D1 Arkema Gol-Kipa of di Sisin: 2023–24 *IFFHS Africa's Best Wuman Gol-kipa: 2019 *EaglesTracker Gol-kipa of di Sisin: 2022, 2023, 2024 *UNFP Première Lig tim of di yie: 2023–24 *LFFP Première Lig tim of di Sisin: 2023–24[36] *Ranked fourth place in di 2025 wumen Yashin Trophy *The Guardian 100 best fimeli futbola in di wold 2025 *Wumen Supa Ligi Save of di Month: November 2025 *Ofisa of di Orda of di Niger nlic8ztovkyu33nosdqirjkglzivwk3 36234 36233 2026-08-09T21:05:00Z Biowikician 24 36234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Chiamaka Cynthia Nnadozie''' (dey [[bon]] am 8 December 2008) na [[Naija]] gol-kipa wey dey kip for [[Brighton & Hove Albion]] in di Wumen Supa Ligi. Nnadozie stil dey kip for Naija wumen nashonal tim. Na Nnadozie kolet di awod for Afrika Best Fimeli kol- kipa in 2023, 2024, an 2025. Dis one mek Nnadozie di fest pesin for histri to du dis tin. E de nomba four wen dem rilis 2025 Yashin Trophy list. '' Guardian'' Niuz-pepa tok sey pipul dey si Nnadozie as one of di best fimeli futbola in di wold ==Hau im tek wok== *''' Rivers Angels FC''' Wen 2016 sisin wan stat, Nnadozie sahin for [[Rivers Angels]], one top Fimeli futbol tim wey de Pot-hakot, [[Rivers State|Rivas Stet]], in Naija. For 2019, Nnadozie rili du wel insaid di ''Rivers Angel'c tim wey win di 2019-2022 NWPL Ligi sisin. *''' Paris FC''' For 22 January 2020, Nnadozie sahin for di French side ''Paris FC''. E sahin sey e go de wit dem for one an alf yies. Na fom Rivers Angels e tek kom Paris FC an wen e rish di niu Klub, e du wel dia. Na im win di ''Arkema Premiha Ligi'' Best Gol-kipa in di 2023-24 Divishon 1 Féminine. Nnadozie komot fom Paris FC afta e don du wel in di '' Coupe de France'' Kup. Bitwin 2022 go rish 2025, Nnadozie plei 16 Yurope marsh for Paris FC. *'''Brighton & Albion''' Niuz kari am on 27 June 2025 sey Nnadozie go komot fom Paris FC go ''The Seagulls '' . Di kontrat go stat fom 1 July 2025 . ==Hau e tek plei for im kontri== Dorin di 2018 FIFA U-20 Wumen Wold Kup, Nnadozie plei ol di four game wey Naija plei for di tornamet. Wen dey plei wit Haiti, Nnadozie win di ''Dare to Shine'' Pleya of di Marsh Awod. Afta di wold kup, Nnadozie de insaid di tim wey go 2018 Afrika Wumen Kup of Neshon bot e no plei eni game insaid di five game-dem wey di kontri plei. Bot for di 2019 Wumen WAFU Kup, Nnadozie kip for di Supa Falkon. Afta di Wold Kup, Nnadozie elp di fakonet to win gold medal at di Afrika Game kompetishon wey hapun in Morocco. For di kompetishon, e sarf three penalti wey Naija plei wit Cameroon. For 16 June 2023, Nnadozie nem enta di 23 pleya wey Naija kari go FIFA Wumen Wold Kup wey hapun in 2023. Na Nnadozie kapten Naija tim wey plei wit Canada. For dat game, Nnadozie sarf three bol wey wan enta net an e evun sarf one penalti wey [[Christine Sinclair]]. Di wey Nnadozie kip for dat game mek dem giv am di Pleya of di Marsh. Nnadozie de di tim wey go 2024 Summer Olympics. Im nem de di tim list wey plei di faina of 2024 Wumen Afrika Kup of Neshon WAFCON ==Awod-dem== *'''Rivers Angels''' *Nigerian Wumen Shampionship: 2016 *Nigerian Wumen Kup: 2016, 2017, 2018 *'''Paris FC''' *Coupe de France Féminine: 2024–25 *'''Naija''' *Wumen's Afrika Kup of Neshon: 2018, 2024 *Afrika Games: 2019 *''' Awod''' *Wumen Afrika Kup of Neshon Best Gol-kipa: 2024[ *Wumen Afrika Kup of Neshon Tim of di Tornamet: 2024 *CAF Gol-Kipa of di Yie (Wumen): 2023, 2024, 2025 *D1 Arkema Gol-Kipa of di Sisin: 2023–24 *IFFHS Africa's Best Wuman Gol-kipa: 2019 *EaglesTracker Gol-kipa of di Sisin: 2022, 2023, 2024 *UNFP Première Lig tim of di yie: 2023–24 *LFFP Première Lig tim of di Sisin: 2023–24[36] *Ranked fourth place in di 2025 wumen Yashin Trophy *The Guardian 100 best fimeli futbola in di wold 2025 *Wumen Supa Ligi Save of di Month: November 2025 *Ofisa of di Orda of di Niger hjsrd8nvqbuutgbjg5naayxy2679naw