وکیپیڈیا pnbwiki https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%81%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B5%D9%81%DB%81 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.20 first-letter میڈیا خاص گل بات ورتنوالا ورتن گل بات وکیپیڈیا ویونت گل بات فائل فائل گل بات میڈیا وکی میڈیاوکی گل بات سانچہ سانچہ گل بات ہتھونڈائی ہتھونڈائی گل بات گٹھ گٹھ گل بات TimedText TimedText talk ماڈیول ماڈیول گل بات Event Event talk 4 3893 711442 711344 2026-09-21T15:26:34Z MediaWiki message delivery 10916 /* Your feedback wanted: Remove (Language link added:) and similar edits from Special:RecentChanges */ نواں پاسہ 711442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{پنجابی گنتی}} <div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #c9c9c9; padding: 1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#C1FFC1;"> <center>'''پنجابی وکیپیڈیا دی بیٹھک چ جی آیاں نوں'''</center> </div> 13 اگست 2009 دی سویر نوں پنجابی وکیپیڈیا وی 271 سنگیاں دی ٹولی چ رل گیا۔ ایدے تے کم 24 اکتوبر 2008 نوں ٹریا تے 12 اگست تک 2615 آرٹیکلاں تے کم ٹر پیا سی۔تے ایس سعاب نال 271 وکیپیڈیاواں دی سنگت چ ایدا نمبر 131واں بندا اے۔اس خوشی تے چین دا ویلہ اے۔ پنجابی بولی ایس ویلے بولن والیاں دے نال دنیا تے 10ویں نمبر تے اے۔ پاکستان چ ایدا نمبر پیلا اے انگلینڈ چ دوجا دکھنی ایشیاء چ ہندی تے بنگالی توں مگروں تیجا تے کینیڈا چ چوتھا اے۔ پر وکیپیڈیا دی دنیا چ پنجابی بولی پچھڑی ہوئی اے۔ پر اسیں سارے رل کے ایس ںوں بدل دیاں گے۔ ===پنجابی وکیپیڈیا=== * پنجابی بولی چ پنجابی اکھاں نال ایس دنیا نوں دیکھن دا ناں اے۔ ---- <center> <font size="6">[[وکیپیڈیا:بیٹھک/وثق۱|وثق۱]] | [[وکیپیڈیا:بیٹھک/وثق۲|وثق۲]]</font> </center> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Free Bassel/MassMessages/2015 Free Bassel banner straw poll|Your input requested on the proposed #FreeBassel banner campaign]] == ''This is a message regarding the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Free Bassel/Banner|proposed 2015 Free Bassel banner]]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Free Bassel/MassMessages/2015 Free Bassel banner straw poll|Translations]] are available.'' Hi everyone, This is to inform all Wikimedia contributors that a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Free Bassel/Banner/Straw poll|straw poll seeking your involvement]] has just been started on Meta-Wiki. As some of your might be aware, a small group of Wikimedia volunteers have proposed a banner campaign informing Wikipedia readers about the urgent situation of our fellow Wikipedian, open source software developer and Creative Commons activist, [[:w:Bassel Khartabil|Bassel Khartabil]]. An exemplary [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Free Bassel/Banner|banner]] and an [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Free Bassel/Banner|explanatory page]] have now been prepared, and translated into about half a dozen languages by volunteer translators. We are seeking [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Free Bassel/Banner/Straw poll|your involvement to decide]] if the global Wikimedia community approves starting a banner campaign asking Wikipedia readers to call on the Syrian government to release Bassel from prison. We understand that a campaign like this would be unprecedented in Wikipedia's history, which is why we're seeking the widest possible consensus among the community. Given Bassel's urgent situation and the resulting tight schedule, we ask everyone to [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Free Bassel/Banner/Straw poll|get involved with the poll and the discussion]] to the widest possible extent, and to promote it among your communities as soon as possible. (Apologies for writing in English; please kindly [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Free Bassel/MassMessages/2015 Free Bassel banner straw poll|translate]] this message into your own language.) Thank you for your participation! ''Posted by the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] 21:47, 25 November 2015 (UTC) • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Free Bassel/MassMessages/2015 Free Bassel banner straw poll|Translate]] • [[:m:Talk:Free Bassel/Banner|Get help]] <!-- Message sent by User:Varnent@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=14758733 --> == Community Wishlist Survey == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hi everyone! Apologies for posting this in English. Translations are very welcome. We're beginning the second part of the Community Tech team's '''[[:m:2015 Community Wishlist Survey/Voting|Community Wishlist Survey]]''', and we're inviting all active contributors to vote on the proposals that have been submitted. Thanks to you and other Wikimedia contributors, 111 proposals were submitted to the team. We've split the proposals into categories, and now it's time to vote! You can vote for any proposal listed on the pages, using the <nowiki>{{Support}}</nowiki> tag. Feel free to add comments pro or con, but only support votes will be counted. The voting period will be 2 weeks, ending on December 14. The proposals with the most support votes will be the team's top priority backlog to investigate and address. Thank you for participating, and we're looking forward to hearing what you think! Community Tech via </div> [[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 19:38, 1 دسمبر 2015 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Global_distribution&oldid=14913494 --> == New Wikipedia Library Accounts Available Now (December 2015) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|150px|The TWL OWL says sign up today!]] [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing signups today for, free, full-access accounts to published research as part of our [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|Publisher Donation Program]]. You can sign up for new accounts and research materials from: * [[w:en:WP:Gale|Gale]] - multidisciplinary periodicals, newspapers, and reference sources - 10 accounts * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Brill|Brill]] - academic e-books and journals in English, Dutch, and other languages - 25 accounts * [[w:fi:Wikipedia:Wikipedian_Lähdekirjasto/Suomalaisen_Kirjallisuuden_Seura|Finnish Literature Society]] (in Finnish) * [[w:fa:ویکی‌پدیا:مگ‌ایران|Magiran]] (in Farsi) - scientific journal articles - 100 articles * [[w:fa:ویکی‌پدیا:سیویلیکا|Civilica]] (in Farsi) - Iranian journal articles, seminars, and conferences - 50 accounts Many other partnerships with accounts available are listed on [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|our partners page]], including [[w:en:WP:EBSCO|EBSCO]], [[w:en:WP:DeGruyter|DeGruyter]], and [[w:en:WP:Newspaperarchive.com|Newspaperarchive.com]]. Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: sign up today! <br>--[[m:The Wikipedia Library/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 01:01, 11 December 2015 (UTC) :''Help us a start Wikipedia Library in your language! Email us at wikipedialibrary@wikimedia.org''<br> :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small></div> <!-- Message sent by User:Matiia@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=14689842 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 15|Get involved in Wikipedia 15!]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''This is a message from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 15/MassMessages/Get involved|Translations]] are available.'' [[File:International-Space-Station wordmark blue.svg|right|200px]] As many of you know, January 15 is Wikipedia’s 15th Birthday! People around the world are getting involved in the celebration and have started adding their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 15/Events|events on Meta Page]]. While we are celebrating Wikipedia's birthday, we hope that all projects and affiliates will be able to utilize this celebration to raise awareness of our community's efforts. Haven’t started planning? Don’t worry, there’s lots of ways to get involved. Here are some ideas: * '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 15/Events|Join/host an event]]'''. We already have more than 80, and hope to have many more. * '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 15/Media|Talk to local press]]'''. In the past 15 years, Wikipedia has accomplished extraordinary things. We’ve made a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 15/15 years|handy summary]] of milestones and encourage you to add your own. More resources, including a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 15/Media#releases|press release template]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Communications/Movement Communications Skills|resources on working with the media]], are also available. * '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 15/Material|Design a Wikipedia 15 logo]]'''. In place of a single icon for Wikipedia 15, we’re making dozens. Add your own with something fun and representative of your community. Just use the visual guide so they share a common sensibility. * '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 15/Events/Package#birthdaywish|Share a message on social media]]'''. Tell the world what Wikipedia means to you, and add #wikipedia15 to the post. We might re-tweet or share your message! Everything is linked on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 15|Wikipedia 15 Meta page]]. You’ll find a set of ten data visualization works that you can show at your events, and a [[c:Category:Wikipedia15 Mark|list of all the Wikipedia 15 logos]] that community members have already designed. If you have any questions, please contact [[m:User:ZMcCune (WMF)|Zachary McCune]] or [[m:User:JSutherland (WMF)|Joe Sutherland]]. Thanks and Happy nearly Wikipedia 15!<br /> -The Wikimedia Foundation Communications team ''Posted by the [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]], 01:58, 19 دسمبر 2015 (PKT) • [[m:Wikipedia 15/MassMessages/Get involved|{{int:please-translate}}]] • [[m:Talk:Wikipedia 15|{{int:help}}]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:GVarnum-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=15158198 --> == Wikimania 2016 Scholarships - Deadline soon! == :{{int:Please-translate}} A reminder - applications for scholarships for Wikimania 2016 in Esino Lario, Italy, are closing soon! Please get your applications in by January 9th. To apply, visit the page below: :*[https://wikimania2016.wikimedia.org/wiki/Scholarships Wikimania 2016 Scholarships] [[User:PEarley (WMF)|Patrick Earley (WMF)]] via [[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 06:50, 5 جنوری 2016 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:PEarley (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:PEarley_(WMF)/Mass_Message_-_large&oldid=15209973 --> ==وکیمیڈیا کانفرنس 2016== پنجابی وکیمیڈینز ولوں برلن، جرمنی لئی اک بندہ بھیجھیا جانا ہے۔ چون کرن لئی پٹیالا وچ بیٹھک ہوئی تے تسیں اس بارے [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_Wikimedians/Wikimedia_Conference_2016 اس لنک] اتے پڑھ سکدے ہو۔--[[ورتنوالا:Satdeep Gill|Satdeep Gill]] ([[ورتن گل بات:Satdeep Gill|talk]]) 23:32, 4 جنوری 2016 (PKT) == 2016 WMF Strategy consultation == {{پنجابی گنتی}} {{پنجابی گنتی}} :{{int:Please-translate}} Hello, all. The Wikimedia Foundation (WMF) has launched a consultation to help create and prioritize WMF strategy beginning July 2016 and for the 12 to 24 months thereafter. This consultation will be open, on Meta, from 18 January to 26 February, after which the Foundation will also use these ideas to help inform its Annual Plan. (More on our timeline can be found on that Meta page.) Your input is welcome (and greatly desired) at the Meta discussion, [[:m:2016 Strategy/Community consultation|2016 Strategy/Community consultation]]. Apologies for English, where this is posted on a non-English project. We thought it was more important to get the consultation translated as much as possible, and good headway has been made there in some languages. There is still much to do, however! We created [[:m:2016 Strategy/Translations]] to try to help coordinate what needs translation and what progress is being made. :) If you have questions, please reach out to me on my talk page or on the strategy consultation's talk page or by email to mdennis@wikimedia.org. I hope you'll join us! [[:m:User:Mdennis (WMF)|Maggie Dennis]] via [[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 00:06, 19 جنوری 2016 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Mdennis (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:PEarley_(WMF)/Mass_Message_-_large&oldid=15253743 --> == The visual editor is coming to this wiki == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Norwegian-road-sign-110.0 (fluorescent).svg|right|frameless]] ''Hello. Please excuse the English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}'' Hi everybody, My name is Erica, and I am a [[:mw:Community Engagement (Product)|Community Liaison]] at the Wikimedia Foundation. I'm here to let you know that <mark>[[mw:VisualEditor/Portal|'''the visual editor''']] is coming to editors at this Wikipedia soon.</mark> It allows people to edit Wikipedia articles as if they were using word processing software. You don't have to wait until the deployment to test it; '''you can test the visual editor right now.''' To turn it on, select [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|"{{int:betafeatures-toplink}}"]] in your preferences. Choose "{{int:visualeditor}}" and click save. When it is enabled, you will press the "{{int:vector-view-edit}}" button to edit an article in the new software. To use the wikitext editor, you can press "{{int:visualeditor-ca-editsource}}". After the deployment, everyone will automatically have the option to use either the visual editor or the current wikitext editor. For more information about how to use the visual editor, see [[:mw:Help:VisualEditor/User guide]]. More information about [[mediawikiwiki:Help:VisualEditor/VE_as_the_main_editor|preparing for the visual editor is posted here]]. * It's easier to add templates if you've added [[mw:TemplateData|TemplateData]] information. * Please help translate the user interface and pages about the visual editor. See [[:mw:VisualEditor/TranslationCentral|the visual editor's TranslationCentral]] for general information. To translate the user guide, go to [[mediawikiwiki:Help:VisualEditor/User_guide|the MediaWiki.org page]], and select "{{int:translate-tag-translate-link-desc}}". Your language should be available from the drop-down menu on the right. Once you've done this, you'll see the document in English, side by side with any translation work already done in your language. You can add new translations or change old translations. To [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&group=ext-visualeditor-0-all&language= translate the user interface], you need to create an account at translatewiki.net. [[:mediawikiwiki:User_talk:Elitre_(WMF)|Contact me personally]] if you need help with that. * Please let us know if you find any problems. You can report issues in [[phab:|Phabricator, the new bug tracking system]] or on the [[:mw:Topic:St8y4ni42d0vr9cv|central feedback page]] on MediaWiki.org. If you notice major issues affecting your project, please leave a note [[:mw:User talk:Elitre (WMF)|on my talk page]]. <div style="float: right;">''[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/Phase_6_wikis|Wrong target page? Fix it here]] • [[:m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Sign up for the visual editor's multilingual newsletter]] ''</div> Thank you, and happy editing! --[[:mw:User:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]] [[:mw:User talk:Elitre (WMF)|(talk)]] 23:29, 5 فروری 2016 (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Newsletter/Phase_6_wikis&oldid=15312196 --> == Reminder: the visual editor is coming to this wiki soon == <div dir="ltr" class="me-content-ltr" lang="en"> [[File:Twemoji 23f0.svg|right|frameless]] ''Hello again. Please excuse the English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}'' This is a reminder that [[mw:VisualEditor/Portal|'''the visual editor''']] is coming to all editors at this Wikipedia soon. As of this writing, the team is not aware of any issues specific to this language that should prevent the new software to be deployed here; therefore, please do let us know if you find any problems instead. You can report issues in [[phab:|Phabricator, the new bug tracking system]] or on the [[:mw:Topic:St8y4ni42d0vr9cv|central feedback page]] on MediaWiki.org. There is a '''[[:mw:Help:VisualEditor/VE as the main editor|short guide at mediawiki.org]]''' that you can follow (as if it was a "checklist") to learn about the community work necessary to adapt the visual editor, and its referencing system in particular, to your community's needs. <mark>If you can translate from English into this wiki's language, or know anyone who can, please follow the links below, as '''this language still has 0% progress in translations'''</mark> <small>(0% or slightly above, for interface messages)</small>. You'll help your community get the best possible experience when it comes to [[:mw:VisualEditor/TranslationCentral#To_do|interface messages and documentation related to the visual editor]]. <small>After you click on any links, your language should be available from the drop-down menu on the right. Once you've selected it, you'll see the document in English side by side with any translation work already done in your language. You can add new translations or modify existing ones. The interface is hosted at https://translatewiki.net; you'll need an account if you never translated there before. The user guide lives at Mediawiki.org, for which you can use your regular Wikipedia account. [[:mw:User talk:Elitre (WMF)|You're welcome to contact me personally]] whenever you need help. </small> *'''[https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&group=ext-visualeditor-0-all&language= Interface messages]''' *'''[https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3AVisualEditor%2FUser+guide&language=&filter=%21translated&action=translate User Guide]''' Thank you for your cooperation, and happy editing! --[[:mw:User:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]] [[:mw:User talk:Elitre (WMF)|(talk)]] 21:34, 26 فروری 2016 (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Newsletter/Phase_6_wikis_no_translations&oldid=15362921 --> == Completion suggestor == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> == Updates to wiki search auto completion are arriving 10 March== Hello! {{Int:Please-translate}}. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} The [[:m:User:CKoerner (WMF)/Work/Completion Suggester beta reminder and coming soon|completion suggester beta feature]] will become the default at the first group of wikis on '''Thursday, 10 March'''. This initial rollout will start with some of the smaller wikis to ensure the change happens in an organized way. The remaining wikis will receive the update on Wednesday, 16 March. This update brings three major improvements to search. Improved search result ordering, a tolerance for a small number of spelling errors, and suggests fewer typos. Since December 2015, 19,000 editors have already opted into the completion suggester beta feature. Contributors are encouraged to [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|try out the feature]] ahead of the release. Please share any comments on the Completion Suggester [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/CompletionSuggester|discussion page]] in any language. To learn more about the work of the Discovery department and other improvements to search, please check out [[wmfblog:2015/12/23/search-and-discovery-on-wikipedia/|the Wikimedia blog]]. Read about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch|CirrusSearch]], the MediaWiki extension that makes wiki search possible.</div> - [[User:CKoerner (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:CKoerner (WMF)|talk]]) 03:09, 8 مارچ 2016 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:CKoerner_(WMF)/Work/Completion_Suggester_inital_rollout/Target_list&oldid=15420104 --> == New Wikipedia Library Accounts Available Now (March 2016) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}}'' Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL OWL says sign up today!]] [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing signups today for free, full-access accounts to published research as part of our [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|Publisher Donation Program]]. You can sign up for access to research materials from: * '''[[w:en:WP:Cambridge|Cambridge University Press]]''' - a major publisher of academic journals and e-books in a variety of subject areas. Access includes both Cambridge Journals Online and Cambridge Books. 25 accounts. * '''[[w:en:WP:Alexander Street|Alexander Street ''Academic Video Online'']]''' - a large academic video collection good for a wide range of subjects, including news programs (such as PBS and BBC), music and theatre, lectures and demonstrations, and documentaries. 25 accounts. * '''[[w:en:WP:Baylor|Baylor University Press]]''' - a publisher of academic e-books primarily in religious studies and the humanities. 50 accounts. * '''[[w:en:WP:Future Science Group|Future Science Group]]''' - a publisher of medical, biotechnological and scientific research. 30 accounts. * '''[[w:en:WP:Annual Reviews|Annual Reviews]]''' - a publisher of review articles in the biomedical sciences. 100 accounts. * '''[[w:en:WP:Miramar|Miramar Ship Index]]''' - an index to ships and their histories since the early 19th century. 30 accounts. '''Non-English''' *'''[[w:fa:ویکی‌پدیا:نورمگز|Noormags]]''' - Farsi-language aggregator of academic and professional journals and magazines. 30 accounts. *'''[[w:ar:ويكيبيديا:مكتبة ويكيبيديا/كتبنا|Kotobna]]''' - Arabic-language ebook publishing platform. 20 accounts. '''Expansions''' *'''[[w:en:WP:Gale|Gale]]''' - aggregator of newspapers, magazines and journals. 50 accounts. *'''[[w:en:WP:Elsevier|Elsevier ScienceDirect]]''' - an academic publishing company that publishes medical and scientific literature. 100 accounts. Many other partnerships with accounts available are listed on [[w:en:WP:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|our partners page]], including [[w:en:WP:Project MUSE|Project MUSE]], [[w:en:WP:De Gruyter|De Gruyter]], [[w:en:WP:EBSCO|EBSCO]], [[w:en:WP:Newspapers.com|Newspapers.com]] and [[w:en:WP:BNA|British Newspaper Archive]]. Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: sign up today! <br>--[[w:en:Wikipedia:TWL/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 01:30, 18 مارچ 2016 (PKT) :''You can host and coordinate signups for a Wikipedia Library branch in your own language. Please contact [[m:User:Ocaasi_(WMF)|Ocaasi (WMF)]].'' :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Sadads@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=15424370 --> == Open Call for Individual Engagement Grants == [[File:IEG barnstar 2.png|right|100px]] {{int:Please-translate}}: Greetings! The '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/IEG|Individual Engagement Grants (IEG) program]] is accepting proposals''' until April 12th to fund new tools, research, outreach efforts, and other experiments that enhance the work of Wikimedia volunteers. Whether you need a small or large amount of funds (up to $30,000 USD), IEGs can support you and your team’s project development time in addition to project expenses such as materials, travel, and rental space. *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:IEG#ieg-apply|'''Submit''' a grant request]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:IdeaLab|'''draft''' your proposal]] in IdeaLab *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:IdeaLab/Events#Upcoming_events|'''Get help''' with your proposal]] in an upcoming Hangout session *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:IEG#ieg-engaging|'''Learn from examples''' of completed Individual Engagement Grants]] With thanks, [[m:User:I JethroBT (WMF)|I JethroBT (WMF)]] 20:47, 31 مارچ 2016 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:I JethroBT (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:I_JethroBT_(WMF)/IEG_2015_Targets&oldid=15490024 --> == Server switch 2016 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will be testing its newest data center in Dallas. This will make sure Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to conduct a planned test. This test will show whether they can reliably switch from one data center to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. They will switch all traffic to the new data center on '''Tuesday, 19 April'''.<br/> On '''Thursday, 21 April''', they will switch back to the primary data center. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop during those two switches. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for approximately 15 to 30 minutes on Tuesday, 19 April and Thursday, 21 April, starting at 14:00 UTC (15:00 BST, 16:00 CEST, 10:00 EDT, 07:00 PDT). If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. *There will be a code freeze for the week of 18 April. No non-essential code deployments will take place. This test was originally planned to take place on March 22. April 19th and 21st are the new dates. You can [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Schedule for Q3 FY2015-2016 rollout|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. They will post any changes on that schedule. There will be more notifications about this. '''Please share this information with your community.''' /[[m:User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|User:Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) 02:08, 18 اپریل 2016 (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tech/Server_switch_2016/Delivery_list&oldid=15533827 --> == Wikipedia to the Moon == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello! Sorry that this is in English only, but we are using village pump messaging in order to reach as many language communities as possible. Wrong page? Please fix it [[:m:Distribution list/Global message delivery|here]]. This is an invitation to all Wikipedians: Wikimedia Deutschland has been given data space to include Wikipedia content in an upcoming mission to the Moon. (No joke!) We have launched a community discussion about how to do that, because we feel that this is for the global community of editors. Please, '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia to the Moon|join the discussion on Meta-Wiki]]''' (and translate this invitation to your language community)! Best, [[:m:Talk:Wikipedia to the Moon|Moon team at Wikimedia Deutschland]] 20:35, 21 اپریل 2016 (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Martin Rulsch (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_Wikipedia_delivery&oldid=15542536 --> == Wikipedia to the Moon: voting has begun == Hello, after six weeks of community discussion about [https://moon.wikimedia.org Wikipedia to the Moon], there are now 10 different proposals for content for the mission. Starting today, [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia_to_the_Moon/Voting|you can vote for them on Meta-Wiki]], and decide what we will work on: a Wikipedia canon, different lists, the Moon in 300 languages, an astronomy editathon, featured articles, articles about technology, endangered things, or DNA-related topics. You can even vote against community involvement. Voting is open until 24 June. Sorry that this message is again in English only, but we are using village pumps to reach as many communities as possible, so that everyone knows they can vote. Best, [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia to the Moon/About|Moon team at Wikimedia Deutschland]] 20:31, 10 جون 2016 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Martin Rulsch (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_Wikipedia_delivery&oldid=15542536 --> == Compact Links coming soon to this wiki == {{int:Please-translate}} <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Compact-language-links-list.png|thumb|Screenshot of Compact Language Links interlanguage list]] Hello, I wanted to give a heads up about an upcoming feature for this wiki which you may seen already in [[:m:Tech/News/2016/25|Tech News]]. [[:mw:Universal_Language_Selector/Compact_Language_Links|Compact Language Links]] has been available as a beta-feature on all Wikimedia wikis since 2014. With compact language links enabled, users are shown a much shorter list of languages on the interlanguage link section of an article (see image). This will be enabled as a feature in the coming week for all users, which can be turned on or off using a preference setting. We look forward to your feedback and please do let us know if you have any questions. Details about Compact Language Links can be read in the [[:mw:Universal_Language_Selector/Compact_Language_Links|project documentation]]. Due to the large scale enablement of this feature, we have had to use [[:m:Global_message_delivery|MassMessage]] for this message and as a result it is only written in English. We will really appreciate if this message can be translated for other users of this wiki. The main announcement can also be translated on [[:mw:Universal_Language_Selector/Compact_Language_Links/Announcement_draft_June_2016|this page]]. Thank you. On behalf of the Wikimedia Language team: [[:mw:User:Runab_WMF|Runa Bhattacharjee (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:Runab_WMF|talk]])-17:57, 1 جولائی 2016 (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Runab WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ULS_Compact_Links/8_July&oldid=15736589 --> == Wikipedia to the Moon: invitation to edit == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Three weeks ago, you were invited to vote on how to take Wikipedia articles to the Moon. Community voting is over and the winning idea is to send all ‘’featured articles and lists’’ to the Moon. This decision means that, starting today, Wikipedians from all language communities are warmly invited to intensively work on their best articles and lists, and submit them to Wikipedia to the Moon. The central site to coordinate between communities will be Meta-Wiki. You will find an [[m:Wikipedia to the Moon/Working|overview and more information there]]. Hopefully, we will be able to represent as many languages as possible, to show Wikipedia’s diversity. Please feel kindly invited to edit on behalf of your community and tell us about your work on featured content! Best, [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia to the Moon/About|Moon team at Wikimedia Deutschland]] 19:10, 1 جولائی 2016 (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Lydia Pintscher (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_Wikipedia_delivery&oldid=15542536 --> == Open call for Project Grants == [[File:IEG barnstar 2.png|right|100px]] {{int:Please-translate}}: :Greetings! The '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Project|Project Grants program]] is accepting proposals''' from July 1st to August 2nd to fund new tools, research, offline outreach (including editathon series, workshops, etc), online organizing (including contests), and other experiments that enhance the work of Wikimedia volunteers. :Whether you need a small or large amount of funds, Project Grants can support you and your team’s project development time in addition to project expenses such as materials, travel, and rental space. :*[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Project/Apply|'''Submit''' a grant request]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:IdeaLab|'''draft''' your proposal]] in IdeaLab :*[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:IdeaLab/Events#Upcoming_events|'''Get help with your proposal''']] in an upcoming Hangout session :*'''Learn from examples''' of completed [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:IEG#ieg-engaging|Individual Engagement Grants]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:PEG/Requests#Grants_funded_by_the_WMF_in_FY_2015.E2.80.9316|Project and Event Grants]] :Also accepting candidates to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Project/Quarterly/Committee|join the Project Grants Committee through July 15.]] :With thanks, [[m:User:I JethroBT (WMF)|I JethroBT (WMF)]] 20:25, 5 جولائی 2016 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:I JethroBT (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:I_JethroBT_(WMF)/IEG_2015_Targets&oldid=15504704 --> == Compact Language Links enabled in this wiki today == {{int:Please-translate}} <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Compact-language-links-list.png|thumb|Screenshot of Compact Language Links interlanguage list]] [[:mw:Universal_Language_Selector/Compact_Language_Links|Compact Language Links]] has been available as a beta-feature on all Wikimedia wikis since 2014. With compact language links enabled, users are shown a much shorter list of languages on the interlanguage link section of an article (see image). Based on several factors, this shorter list of languages is expected to be more relevant for them and valuable for finding similar content in a language known to them. More information about compact language links can be found in [[:mw:Universal_Language_Selector/Compact_Language_Links|the documentation]]. From today onwards, compact language links has been enabled as the default listing of interlanguage links on this wiki. However, using the button at the bottom, you will be able to see a longer list of all the languages the article has been written in. The setting for this compact list can be changed by using the checkbox under ''User Preferences -> Appearance -> Languages'' The compact language links feature has been tested extensively by the Wikimedia Language team, which developed it. However, in case there are any problems or other feedback please let us know on the [[:mw:Talk:Universal_Language_Selector/Compact_Language_Links|project talk page]]. It is to be noted that on some wikis the presence of an existing older gadget that was used for a similar purpose may cause an interference for compact language list. We would like to bring this to the attention of the admins of this wiki. Full details are on [[phab:T131455|this phabricator ticket]] (in English). Due to the large scale enablement of this feature, we have had to use [[:m:Global_message_delivery|MassMessage]] for this announcement and as a result it is only written in English. We will really appreciate if this message can be translated for other users of this wiki. Thank you. On behalf of the Wikimedia Language team: [[:mw:User:Runab_WMF|Runa Bhattacharjee (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:Runab_WMF|talk]])-08:03, 8 جولائی 2016 (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Runab WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ULS_Compact_Links/8_July&oldid=15749689 --> ==The visual editor will be enabled on this wiki in some days== <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''Hello again. Please excuse the English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}'' As per previous announcements in the past months, '''[[:mw:VisualEditor/Portal|the visual editor]] ({{int:visualeditor}}) will be enabled at this Wikipedia in some days. It allows people to edit articles as if they were using a typical word processor. Here's a quick explanation of what is going to happen''': you can find a more detailed one, with pictures, at [[:mw:VisualEditor/Single_edit_tab|mediawiki.org]]. [[File:VisualEditor and wikitext side-by-side.png|alt=Side by side screenshots, showing the visual appearance of both editing systems |center|frameless|757px]] ;What's changing? :In the new system, you get a <u>single edit tab which follows your preferences</u>, and that therefore will launch the wikitext editor or the visual editor depending on which one you opened the last (''{{int:visualeditor-preference-tabs-remember-last}}''). <br> This applies to everyone who edited recently, including anonymous users. ;How do I switch to the other editor then? :Buttons on the toolbars of both editors were added months ago so that you can switch from one to the other every time you want to, without losing your changes and without having to save first. <br>The button, located on the right side of the toolbar, looks like square brackets ('''<nowiki>[[ ]]</nowiki>''') in the visual editor, and like a pencil ([[File:OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg|20px]]) in the wikitext editor. ;Are there other options available? :Yes. You can choose whether you want: * ''{{int:visualeditor-preference-tabs-prefer-ve}}'' (if you temporarily switch to the wikitext editor through the button on the toolbar, the system won't remember it; also, it only applies to namespaces where the visual editor is available). * ''{{int:visualeditor-preference-tabs-prefer-wt}}'' (if you temporarily switch to the visual editor through the button on the toolbar, the system won't remember it) * ''{{int:visualeditor-preference-tabs-multi-tab}}'' (a system in place at multiple wikis since 2013. You are familiar with this option if you have been using the visual editor here.) **''Please note: all the users will always have the opportunity to switch to the other editor via buttons on the toolbars, for occasional edits''. ;How do I set my preference? *If you want to try or to stay in the new system: you don't need to do anything. *If you had explicitly disabled the visual editor in the past and want to keep it disabled: you don't need to do anything. *All the registered users have a dropdown menu in the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|Editing tab of their Preferences]] ({{int:prefs-editing}} --> {{int:visualeditor-preference-tabs}}), where they can choose from. <u>This only needs to be done once</u>. Don't forget to save ;) **<small>Users with the visual editor disabled need to re-enable it if they're interested in accessing that menu!</small> *People who use the visual editor regularly will see a pop-up <u>(only once after the single edit tab system is introduced)</u>, and they can choose their favorite setting there. Of course, they can change their mind at any time just like the others, and pick a different setting from their Preferences. **Anonymous users who have used the visual editor recently will also be able to choose which editor they want to edit with. **''Reminder: all the users will always have the opportunity to switch to the other editor via buttons on the toolbars, for occasional edits''. ;Final remarks *<mark>Please spread the word about this major change</mark> in any way that you deem appropriate for this community. Please note it will affect all the registered users at first, and after one week or so it will reach logged-out contributors as well if no major technical issues have arisen. *Please do let us know about any anomalies you think you're experiencing, and do post any other feedback here. I'd like to thank everyone who will walk an extra mile to make the transition easier for this community, and whoever will help me processing feedback in your language. *You can learn more about optimizing the visual editor experience here by [[:mw:Help:VisualEditor/VE_as_the_main_editor|reading a guide on mediawiki.org]], which was recently rewritten. Thank you! --[[:mw:User:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]] ([[:mw:User talk:Elitre (WMF)|talk]]) 21:37, 3 اگست 2016 (PKT) </div> == Save/Publish == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> The [[:mw:Editing|Editing]] team is planning to change the name of the [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translations&namespace=8&message=Savearticle “<bdi>{{int:Savearticle}}</bdi>”] button to [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translations&namespace=8&message=Publishpage “'''<bdi>{{int:Publishpage}}</bdi>'''”] and [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translations&namespace=8&message=Publishchanges “'''<bdi>{{int:Publishchanges}}</bdi>'''”]. “<bdi>{{int:Publishpage}}</bdi>” will be used when you create a new page. “<bdi>{{int:Publishchanges}}</bdi>” will be used when you change an existing page. The names will be consistent in all editing environments.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131132][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139033] This change will probably happen during the week of 30 August 2016. The change will be announced in [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]] when it happens. If you are fluent in a language other than English, please check the status of translations at translatewiki.net for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translations&namespace=8&message=Publishpage “'''<bdi>{{int:Publishpage}}</bdi>'''”] and [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translations&namespace=8&message=Publishchanges “'''<bdi>{{int:Publishchanges}}</bdi>'''”]. The main reason for this change is to avoid confusion for new editors. Repeated user research studies with new editors have shown that some new editors believed that [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translations&namespace=8&message=Savearticle “<bdi>{{int:Savearticle}}</bdi>”] would save a private copy of a new page in their accounts, rather than permanently publishing their changes on the web. It is important for this part of the user interface to be clear, since it is difficult to remove public information after it is published. We believe that the confusion caused by the “<bdi>{{int:Savearticle}}</bdi>” button increases the workload for experienced editors, who have to clean up the information that people unintentionally disclose, and report it to the functionaries and stewards to suppress it. Clarifying what the button does will reduce this problem. Beyond that, the goal is to make all the wikis and languages more consistent, and some wikis made this change many years ago. The [[:m:Legal|Legal team]] at the Wikimedia Foundation supports this change. Making the edit interface easier to understand will make it easier to handle licensing and privacy questions that may arise. Any help pages or other basic documentation about how to edit pages will also need to be updated, on-wiki and elsewhere. On wiki pages, you can use the wikitext codes <code><nowiki>{{int:Publishpage}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{int:Publishchanges}}</nowiki></code> to display the new labels in the user's preferred language. For the language settings in [[Special:Preferences|your account preferences]], these wikitext codes produce “<bdi>{{int:Publishpage}}</bdi>” and “<bdi>{{int:Publishchanges}}</bdi>”. Please share this news with community members who teach new editors and with others who may be interested. </div> [[m:User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) 23:04, 9 اگست 2016 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=15790914 --> ==The visual editor is now active here== <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''Hello again. This message is only available in English at this time: {{Int:Please-translate}}. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}'' <gallery mode="nolines" widths=300px> File:VisualEditor bi-directional switching pencil icon in wikitext.png|alt=The upper right corner of the wikitext editing toolbar, showing a pencil icon|thumb|In the wikitext editor, the pencil icon allows you to switch to the visual editor. File:VisualEditor toolbar Page options - Switch to wikitext - Save.png|alt=The toolbar in the visual editor, showing the square brackets icon next to the Save button.|thumb|In the visual editor, the <nowiki>[[ ]]</nowiki> (square brackets) icon allows you to switch to the wikitext editor. </gallery> As some of you have noticed, '''this Wikipedia now has [[:mw:VisualEditor/Portal|the visual editor]] ({{int:visualeditor}}) enabled for all registered users'''. The rollout to logged-out users will likely happen in a week or so. <mark>For an '''explanation of how the editing system now works and how to choose/go back to your favorite setting, please see my previous announcement above'''.</mark> If you wish to '''change your editing system preferences now, this can be done from [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|this link to your Preferences]] --> {{int:prefs-editing}} --> {{int:visualeditor-preference-tabs}}'''. All edits using the visual editor will be tagged with "{{Int:tag-visualeditor}}" in recent changes, watchlists, and page histories. To access the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide|User Guide for the visual editor]], click on the "(?)" icon in its toolbar. Please let us know if you find any problems. You can report issues directly in [[phab:|Phabricator, the new bug tracking system]] or on at [[:mw:VisualEditor/Feedback]]; by all means, feel free to also [[:mw:User talk:Elitre (WMF)|ping or contact me directly]] if you prefer. In case of emergency (like an unexpected bug causing widespread problems), please contact James Forrester, the product manager, at jforrester@wikimedia.org or on [[:m:IRC|IRC]] in the #mediawiki-visualeditor channel. Happy editing! Respectfully, [[:mw:User:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]] 20:42, 10 اگست 2016 (PKT) PS: Are you seeing interface messages that are not in this wiki's language? Please fix this by providing translations [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&group=ext-visualeditor-0-all&filter=%21translated&action=translate here]. Translations may be also provided for the [[:mw:Help:VisualEditor/User_guide|user guide]]. Please contact me if you want guidance in contributing translations! </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ::Just a heads-up that rollout of the visual editor on this wiki is complete, as it is also available to logged-out editors now. Please refer to my previous messages for details. You can [[:mw:Help:VisualEditor/VE_as_the_main_editor|read the "checklist"]] that is being written to help communities like yours in their process of adapting the visual editor to their customs and needs. Best, [[:mw:User:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]] 21:08, 17 اگست 2016 (PKT)</div> == New Wikipedia Library accounts available now (August 2016) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL OWL says sign up today!]] [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing signups today for free, full-access, accounts to published research as part of our [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|publisher donation program]]. You can now sign up for new accounts and research materials from: * '''[[w:de:Wikipedia:Nomos|Nomos]]''' &ndash; Primarily German-language publisher of law and social sciences books and journals - 25 accounts * '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:World Scientific|World Scientific]]''' &ndash; Scientific, technical, and medical journals - 50 accounts * '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Edinburgh University Press|Edinburgh University Press]]''' &ndash; Humanities and social sciences journals - 25 accounts * '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:American Psychological Association|American Psychological Association]]''' &ndash; Psychology books and journals - 10 accounts * '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Emerald|Emerald]]''' &ndash; Journals on a range of topics including business, education, health care, and engineering - 10 accounts Many other partnerships with accounts available are listed on [[m:The Wikipedia Library/Databases|our partners page]], including [[w:en:WP:Project MUSE|Project MUSE]], [[w:en:WP:EBSCO|EBSCO]], [[w:de:WP:DeGruyter|DeGruyter]], [[w:en:WP:Gale|Gale]] and [[w:en:WP:Newspaperarchive.com|Newspaperarchive.com]]. Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: sign up today! <br>--[[w:en:Wikipedia:TWL/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 23:38, 30 اگست 2016 (PKT) :''You can host and coordinate signups for a Wikipedia Library branch in your own language! Please contact [[m:User:Ocaasi_(WMF)|Ocaasi (WMF)]].''<br> :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Samwalton9@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=15804509 --> == RevisionSlider == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> From September 13th on, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] will be available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]] in your wiki. The RevisionSlider adds a slider view to the diff page, so that you can easily move between revisions. The feature fulfills a wish from the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|German Community’s Technical Wishlist]]. Everyone is invited to test the feature and we hope that it will serve you well in your work! </div> [[user:Birgit Müller (WMDE)|Birgit Müller (WMDE)]] 20:08, 12 ستمبر 2016 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Birgit Müller (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_2&oldid=15903627 --> == Grants to improve your project == ''{{int:Please-translate}}:'' Greetings! The [[:m:Grants:Project|Project Grants program]] is currently accepting proposals for funding. There is just over a week left to submit before the October 11 deadline. If you have ideas for software, offline outreach, research, online community organizing, or other projects that enhance the work of Wikimedia volunteers, start your proposal today! Please encourage others who have great ideas to apply as well. Support is available if you want help turning your idea into a grant request. *'''[[:m:Grants:Project/Apply|Submit a grant request]]''' *'''Get help''': In [[:m:Grants:IdeaLab|IdeaLab]] or an upcoming [[:m:Grants:Project#Upcoming_events|Hangout session]] *'''Learn from examples''' of completed [[:m:Grants:IEG#ieg-engaging|Individual Engagement Grants]] or [[:m:Grants:PEG/Requests#Grants_funded_by_the_WMF_in_FY_2015.E2.80.9316|Project and Event Grants]] [[m:User:I JethroBT (WMF)|I JethroBT (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:I JethroBT (WMF)|talk]]) 01:11, 1 اکتوبر 2016 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:I JethroBT (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:I_JethroBT_(WMF)/IEG_2015_Targets&oldid=15939807 --> == Creative Commons 4.0 == Hello! I'm writing from the Wikimedia Foundation to invite you to give your feedback on a proposed move from CC BY-SA 3.0 to a CC BY-SA 4.0 license across all Wikimedia projects. The consultation will run from October 5 to November 8, and we hope to receive a wide range of viewpoints and opinions. Please, if you are interested, [[meta:Special:MyLanguage/Terms of use/Creative Commons 4.0|take part in the discussion on Meta-Wiki]]. ''Apologies that this message is only in English. [[meta:Special:MyLanguage/Terms of use/Creative Commons 4.0/MassMessage|This message can be read and translated in more languages here]].'' [[User:JSutherland (WMF)|Joe Sutherland]] ([[User talk:JSutherland (WMF)|talk]]) 06:35, 6 اکتوبر 2016 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:JSutherland (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:JSutherland_(WMF)/MassMessage/1&oldid=15962252 --> ==Editing news n.3-2016== <div class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''Sorry for the delay in delivering this newsletter!'' *'''[[:m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE|Change or add a community page where the next issue is delivered]]''' *'''[[:m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Sign up personally]]''' *'''[[:m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/Translators|Volunteer to provide translations in the future]]''' ''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2016/October|Read this in another language]] • [[:m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]'' <div style="float:right;width:230px;{{#switch:ltr|rtl=float:left;margin-left:0;|#default=float:right;margin-right:0;}}margin-left:1em;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;padding:1em;"> [[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|200px|center|alt=VisualEditor]]'''Did you know?''' <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 90%;"> Did you know that you can easily re-arrange columns and rows in the visual editor? [[File:VisualEditor table editing menu.png|alt=Screenshot showing a dropdown menu with options for editing the table structure|center|frameless|232x232px]] Select a cell in the column or row that you want to move. Click the arrow at the start of that row or column to open the dropdown menu (shown). Choose either "Move before" or "Move after" to move the column, or "Move above" or "Move below" to move the row. You can read and help translate [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/User guide|the user guide]], which has more information about how to use the visual editor. </div></div> Since the last newsletter, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|VisualEditor Team]] has mainly worked on a new wikitext editor. They have also released some small features and the new map editing tool. Their workboard is available [[phab:project/board/483/|in Phabricator]]. You can find links to the list of work finished each week at [[:mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings]]. Their [[:mw:VisualEditor/Current_priorities|current priorities]] are fixing bugs, releasing the 2017 wikitext editor as a [[mediawikiwiki:Beta_Features|beta feature]], and improving language support. === Recent changes === *You can now set text as small or big.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T53613] *Invisible templates have been shown as a puzzle icon. Now, the name of the invisible template is displayed next to the puzzle icon.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T141861] A similar feature will display the first part of hidden HTML comments.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T147089] *Categories are displayed at the bottom of each page. If you click on the categories, the dialog for editing categories will open.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145267] *At many wikis, you can now add [[mediawikiwiki:Maps|maps]] to pages. Go to the Insert menu and choose the "Maps" item. The Discovery department is adding more features to this area, like geoshapes. You can read more at mediawiki.org.[https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Discovery#Maps] *The "Save" button now says "Save page" when you create a page, and "Save changes" when you change an existing page.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139033] In the future, the "{{int:Savearticle}}" button will say "{{int:Publishpage}}". This will affect both the visual and wikitext editing systems. More [[:m:Editing/Publish|information is available on Meta]]. *Image galleries now use a visual mode for editing. You can see thumbnails of the images, add new files, remove unwanted images, rearrange the images by dragging and dropping, and add captions for each image. Use the "Options" tab to set the gallery's display mode, image sizes, and add a title for the gallery.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T45037] === Future changes === The visual editor will be offered to all editors at the remaining 10 [[:mw:VisualEditor/Rollouts|"Phase 6" Wikipedias]] during the next month. The developers want to know whether typing in your language feels natural in the visual editor. Please post your comments and the language(s) that you tested at [[:mw:Topic:St8y4ni42d0vr9cv|the feedback thread on mediawiki.org]]. This will affect several languages, including [[:w:th:|'''Thai''']], [[:w:my:|'''Burmese''']] and [[:w:arc:|'''Aramaic''']]. The team is working on a modern wikitext editor. The [[Mw:2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]] will look like the visual editor and be able to use the citoid service and other modern tools. This new editing system may become available as a Beta Feature on desktop devices in October 2016. You can read about this project in a [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Roadmap/Update_2016-06-23|general status update on the Wikimedia mailing list]]. === Let's work together === * Do you teach new editors how to use the visual editor? Did you help [[:mw:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|set up the Citoid automatic reference feature for your wiki]]? Have you written or imported [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData|TemplateData]] for your most important citation templates? <mark>Would you be willing to help new editors and small communities with the visual editor? Please sign up for the new [[:mw:Help:VisualEditor/Community Taskforce|'''VisualEditor Community Taskforce''']].</mark> *If you aren't reading this in your preferred language, then please help us with translations! Subscribe to the [[mail:translators-l|Translators mailing list]] or [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Elitre_(WMF)&action=edit&section=new contact us] directly, so that we can notify you when the next issue is ready. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} —[[:mw:User:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]] 01:49, 18 اکتوبر 2016 (PKT) </div> == New Wikipedia Library Accounts Available Now (November 2016) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL OWL says sign up today!]] [[:m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing signups today for free, full-access, accounts to published research as part of our [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|Publisher Donation Program]]. You can sign up for new accounts and research materials from: *'''''[[:en:WP:Foreign Affairs|Foreign Affairs]]''''' - Journal of international relations and U.S. foreign policy *'''[[:en:WP:OpenEdition|OpenEdition]]''' - Journals in the social sciences and humanities *'''[[:en:WP:EDP Sciences|Édition Diffusion Presse Sciences]]''' - French and English language scientific journals *'''[[:en:WP:ASHA|ASHA]]''' - Speech–language–hearing journals *'''[[:fi:Wikipedia:Wikipedian_Lähdekirjasto/Tilastopaja|Tilastopaja]]''' - Athletics statistics '''Expansions''' *'''[[:en:WP:EBSCO|EBSCO]]''' - Many new databases added *'''[[:en:WP:Taylor & Francis|Taylor & Francis]]''' - Strategic, Defence & Security Studies collection Many other partnerships with accounts available are listed on [[:m:The Wikipedia Library/Databases|our partners page]]. Sign up today! <br>--[[:m:The Wikipedia Library/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 23:30, 1 نومبر 2016 (PKT) :''You can host and coordinate signups for a Wikipedia Library branch in your own language. Please contact [[:m:User:Ocaasi_(WMF)|Ocaasi (WMF)]].''<br> :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Samwalton9@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=15939318 --> == Password reset == ''I apologise that this message is in English. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Security%2FPassword+reset&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:Centralnotice-shared-help-translate}}]'' We are having a problem with attackers taking over wiki accounts with privileged user rights (for example, admins, bureaucrats, oversighters, checkusers). It appears that this may be because of weak or reused passwords. Community members are working along with members of multiple teams at the Wikimedia Foundation to address this issue. In the meantime, we ask that everyone takes a look at the passwords they have chosen for their wiki accounts. If you know that you've chosen a weak password, or if you've chosen a password that you are using somewhere else, please change those passwords. Select strong passwords – eight or more characters long, and containing letters, numbers, and punctuation. [[m:User:JSutherland (WMF)|Joe Sutherland]] ([[m:User talk:JSutherland (WMF)|{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}]]) / [[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) 05:00, 14 نومبر 2016 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:JSutherland (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:JSutherland_(WMF)/MassMessage/1&oldid=16060701 --> == Adding to the above section (Password reset) == Please accept my apologies - that first line should read "[https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Security%2FPassword+reset&language=&action=page&filter= Help with translations!]". [[m:User:JSutherland (WMF)|Joe Sutherland (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:JSutherland (WMF)|talk]]) / [[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) 05:11, 14 نومبر 2016 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:JSutherland (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:JSutherland_(WMF)/MassMessage/1&oldid=16060701 --> == New way to edit wikitext == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''Summary''': There's a new opt-in Beta Feature of a [[:mw:2017 wikitext editor|wikitext mode for the visual editor]]. Please [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|go try it out]]. We in the Wikimedia Foundation's Editing department are responsible for making editing better for all our editors, new and experienced alike. We've been slowly improving [[:mw:VisualEditor|the visual editor]] based on feedback, user tests, and feature requests. However, that doesn't work for all our user needs: whether you need to edit a wikitext talk page, create a template, or fix some broken reference syntax, sometimes you need to use wikitext, and many experienced editors prefer it. Consequently, we've planned a "wikitext mode" for the visual editor for a long time. It provides as much of the visual editor's features as possible, for those times that you need or want wikitext. It has the same user interface as the visual editor, including the same toolbar across the top with the same buttons. It provides access to the [[:mw:citoid|citoid service]] for formatting citations, integrated search options for inserting images, and the ability to add new templates in a simple dialog. Like in the visual editor, if you paste in formatted text copied from another page, then formatting (such as bolding) will automatically be converted into wikitext. All wikis now have access to this mode as a [[:mw:Beta Features|Beta Feature]]. When enabled, it replaces your existing [[:mw:Editor|wikitext editor]] everywhere. If you don't like it, you can reverse this at any time by turning off the Beta Feature in your preferences. We don't want to surprise anyone, so it's strictly an ''opt-in-only'' Beta Feature. It won't switch on automatically for anyone, even if you have previously checked the box to "{{Int:Betafeatures-auto-enroll}}". The new wikitext edit mode is based on the visual editor, so it requires JavaScript (as does the [[:mw:Extension:WikiEditor|current wikitext editor]]). It doesn't work with gadgets that have only been designed for the older one (and ''vice versa''), so some users will miss gadgets they find important. We're happy to [[:mw:VisualEditor/Gadgets|work with gadget authors to help them update their code to work]] with both editors. We're not planning to get rid of the current main wikitext editor on desktop in the foreseeable future. We're also not going to remove the existing ability to edit plain wikitext without JavaScript. Finally, though it should go without saying, if you prefer to continue using the current wikitext editor, then you may so do. This is an early version, and we'd love to know what you think so we can make it better. Please leave feedback about the new mode [[:mw:2017 wikitext editor/Feedback|on the feedback page]]. You may write comments in any language. Thank you. </div> [[:mw:User:Jdforrester (WMF)|James Forrester]] (Product Manager, Editing department, Wikimedia Foundation) --00:32, 15 دسمبر 2016 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=15942009 --> == Review of initial updates on Wikimedia movement strategy process == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''Note: Apologies for cross-posting and sending in English. [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/Initial announcements review|Message is available for translation on Meta-Wiki]].'' The Wikimedia movement is beginning a movement-wide strategy discussion, a process which will run throughout 2017. For 15 years, Wikimedians have worked together to build the largest free knowledge resource in human history. During this time, we've grown from a small group of editors to a diverse network of editors, developers, affiliates, readers, donors, and partners. Today, we are more than a group of websites. We are a movement rooted in values and a powerful vision: all knowledge for all people. As a movement, we have an opportunity to decide where we go from here. This movement strategy discussion will focus on the future of our movement: where we want to go together, and what we want to achieve. We hope to design an inclusive process that makes space for everyone: editors, community leaders, affiliates, developers, readers, donors, technology platforms, institutional partners, and people we have yet to reach. There will be multiple ways to participate including on-wiki, in private spaces, and in-person meetings. You are warmly invited to join and make your voice heard. The immediate goal is to have a strategic direction by Wikimania 2017 to help frame a discussion on how we work together toward that strategic direction. Regular updates are being sent to the [[mail:Wikimedia-l|Wikimedia-l mailing list]], and posted [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia_movement/2017/Updates|on Meta-Wiki]]. Beginning with this message, monthly reviews of these updates will be sent to this page as well. [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/Signup|Sign up]] to receive future announcements and monthly highlights of strategy updates on your user talk page. Here is a review of the updates that have been sent so far: * [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/15 December 2016 - Update 1 on Wikimedia movement strategy process|Update 1 on Wikimedia movement strategy process]] (15 December 2016) ** Introduction to process and information about budget spending resolution to support it * [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/23 December 2016 - Update 2 on Wikimedia movement strategy process|Update 2 on Wikimedia movement strategy process]] (23 December 2016) ** Start of search for Lead Architect for movement strategy process * [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/8 January 2017 - Update 3 on Wikimedia movement strategy process|Update 3 on Wikimedia movement strategy process]] (8 January 2017) ** Plans for strategy sessions at upcoming Wikimedia Conference 2017 * [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/11 January 2017 - Update 4 on Wikimedia movement strategy process|Update 4 on Wikimedia movement strategy process]] (11 January 2017) ** Introduction of williamsworks * [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/2 February 2017 - Update 5 on Wikimedia movement strategy process|Update 5 on Wikimedia movement strategy process]] (2 February 2017) ** The core movement strategy team, team tracks being developed, introduction of the Community Process Steering Committee, discussions at WikiIndaba conference 2017 and the Wikimedia movement affiliates executive directors gathering in Switzerland * [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/10 February 2017 - Update 6 on Wikimedia movement strategy process|Update 6 on Wikimedia movement strategy process]] (10 February 2017) ** Tracks A & B process prototypes and providing feedback, updates on development of all four Tracks More information about the movement strategy is available on the [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017|Meta-Wiki 2017 Wikimedia movement strategy portal]]. ''Posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] on behalf of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]], 01:31, 16 فروری 2017 (PKT) • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/Initial announcements review|{{int:please-translate}}]] • [[m:Talk:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates|Get help]]'' </div> <!-- Message sent by User:GVarnum-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=16297862 --> == Overview #2 of updates on Wikimedia movement strategy process == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''Note: Apologies for cross-posting and sending in English. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/Overview 2 of updates on Wikimedia movement strategy process|This message is available for translation on Meta-Wiki]].'' As we mentioned last month, the Wikimedia movement is beginning a movement-wide strategy discussion, a process which will run throughout 2017. This movement strategy discussion will focus on the future of our movement: where we want to go together, and what we want to achieve. Regular updates are being sent to the [[mail:Wikimedia-l|Wikimedia-l mailing list]], and posted [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia_movement/2017/Updates|on Meta-Wiki]]. Each month, we are sending overviews of these updates to this page as well. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/Signup|Sign up]] to receive future announcements and monthly highlights of strategy updates on your user talk page. Here is a overview of the updates that have been sent since our message last month: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/16 February 2017 - Update 7 on Wikimedia movement strategy process|Update 7 on Wikimedia movement strategy process]] (16 February 2017) ** Development of documentation for Tracks A & B * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/24 February 2017 - Update 8 on Wikimedia movement strategy process|Update 8 on Wikimedia movement strategy process]] (24 February 2017) ** Introduction of Track Leads for all four audience tracks * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/2 March 2017 - Update 9 on Wikimedia movement strategy process|Update 9 on Wikimedia movement strategy process]] (2 March 2017) ** Seeking feedback on documents being used to help facilitate upcoming community discussions More information about the movement strategy is available on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017|Meta-Wiki 2017 Wikimedia movement strategy portal]]. ''Posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] on behalf of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]], 00:43, 10 مارچ 2017 (PKT) • [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/Overview 2 of updates on Wikimedia movement strategy process|{{int:please-translate}}]] • [[m:Talk:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates|Get help]]'' </div> <!-- Message sent by User:GVarnum-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=16350625 --> == We invite you to join the movement strategy conversation (now through April 15) == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> : ''This message, "[[mailarchive:wikimediaannounce-l/2017-March/001383.html|We invite you to join the movement strategy conversation (now through April 15)]]", was sent through multiple channels by [[m:User:GVarnum-WMF|Gregory Varnum]] on 15 and 16 of March 2017 to village pumps, affiliate talk pages, movement mailing lists, and MassMessage groups. A similar message was sent by [[m:User:Nicole_Ebber_(WMDE)|Nicole Ebber]] to organized groups and their mailing lists on 15 of March 2017. This version of the message is available for translation and documentation purposes'' Dear Wikimedians/Wikipedians: Today we are starting a broad discussion to define Wikimedia's future role in the world and develop a collaborative strategy to fulfill that role. You are warmly invited to join the conversation. There are many ways to participate, by joining an existing conversation or starting your own: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia_movement/2017/Track_A|Track A (organized groups)]]: Discussions with your affiliate, committee or other organized group (these are groups that support the Wikimedia movement). Track B (individual contributors): [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia_movement/2017/Cycle_1|On Meta]] or your [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia_movement/2017/Participate|local language or project wiki]]. This is the first of three conversations, and it will run between now and April 15. The purpose of cycle 1 is to discuss the future of the movement and generate major themes around potential directions. What do we want to build or achieve together over the next 15 years? We welcome you, as we create this conversation together, and look forward to broad and diverse participation from all parts of our movement. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia_movement/2017|Find out more about the movement strategy process]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia_movement/2017/Toolkit/Discussion_Coordinator_Role|Learn more about volunteering to be a Discussion Coordinator]] Sincerely, Nicole Ebber (Track A Lead), Jaime Anstee (Track B Lead), & the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia_movement/2017/People|engagement support teams]]</div></div> 10:10, 18 مارچ 2017 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:GVarnum-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strategy/Wikimedia_movement/2017/Updates/Global_message_delivery&oldid=16453957 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Updates/Start of the 2017 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections|Start of the 2017 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''Please accept our apologies for cross-posting this message. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Updates/Start of the 2017 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections|This message is available for translation on Meta-Wiki]].'' [[File:Wikimedia-logo black.svg|right|150px|link=m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017]] On behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation Elections Committee, I am pleased to announce that self-nominations are being accepted for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2017/Board_of_Trustees/Call_for_candidates|2017 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees Elections]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Board of Trustees]] (Board) is the decision-making body that is ultimately responsible for the long-term sustainability of the Wikimedia Foundation, so we value wide input into its selection. More information about this role can be found [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Board of Trustees|on Meta-Wiki]]. Please read the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Board of Trustees/Call for candidates|letter from the Board of Trustees calling for candidates]]. '''The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Board of Trustees/Candidates|candidacy submission phase]] will last from April 7 (00:00 UTC) to April 20 (23:59 UTC).''' '''We will also be accepting questions to ask the candidates from April 7 to April 20. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Board of Trustees/Questions|You can submit your questions on Meta-Wiki]].''' Once the questions submission period has ended on April 20, the Elections Committee will then collate the questions for the candidates to respond to beginning on April 21. The goal of this process is to fill the '''three community-selected seats''' on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. The election results will be used by the Board itself to select its new members. The full schedule for the Board elections is as follows. All dates are '''inclusive''', that is, from the beginning of the first day (UTC) to the end of the last. * April 7 (00:00 UTC) – April 20 (23:59 UTC) – '''Board nominations''' * April 7 – April 20 – '''Board candidates questions submission period''' * April 21 – April 30 – '''Board candidates answer questions''' * May 1 – May 14 – '''Board voting period''' * May 15–19 – '''Board vote checking''' * May 20 – '''Board result announcement goal''' In addition to the Board elections, we will also soon be holding elections for the following roles: * '''Funds Dissemination Committee (FDC)''' ** There are five positions being filled. More information about this election will be available [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Funds Dissemination Committee|on Meta-Wiki]]. * '''Funds Dissemination Committee Ombudsperson (Ombuds)''' ** One position is being filled. More information about this election will be available [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Funds Dissemination Committee Ombudsperson|on Meta-Wiki]]. Please note that this year the Board of Trustees elections will be held before the FDC and Ombuds elections. Candidates who are not elected to the Board are explicitly permitted and encouraged to submit themselves as candidates to the FDC or Ombuds positions after the results of the Board elections are announced. More information on this year's elections can be found [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017|on Meta-Wiki]]. Any questions related to the election can be posted on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017|election talk page on Meta-Wiki]], or sent to the election committee's mailing list, <tt dir="ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:12px;line-height:1.5">board-elections[[File:At sign.svg|15x15px|middle|link=|alt=(at)]]wikimedia.org</tt>. On behalf of the Election Committee,<br /> [[m:User:KTC|Katie Chan]], Chair, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee|Wikimedia Foundation Elections Committee]]<br /> [[m:User:JSutherland (WMF)|Joe Sutherland]], Community Advocate, Wikimedia Foundation ''Posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] on behalf of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee|Wikimedia Foundation Elections Committee]], 08:37, 7 اپریل 2017 (PKT) • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Updates/Start of the 2017 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections|{{int:please-translate}}]] • [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017|Get help]]''</div> <!-- Message sent by User:GVarnum-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=16441214 --> == Read-only mode for 20 to 30 minutes on 19 April and 3 May == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2017|Read this message in another language]] • {{int:please-translate}} The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will be testing its secondary data center in Dallas. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to conduct a planned test. This test will show whether they can reliably switch from one data center to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. They will switch all traffic to the secondary data center on '''Wednesday, 19 April 2017'''. On '''Wednesday, 3 May 2017''', they will switch back to the primary data center. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop during those two switches. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for approximately 20 to 30 minutes on Wednesday, 19 April and Wednesday, 3 May. The test will start at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20170419T14 14:00 UTC] (15:00 BST, 16:00 CEST, 10:00 EDT, 07:00 PDT, 23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 02:00 NZST on Thursday 20 April and Thursday 4 May). *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. *There will be code freezes for the weeks of 17 April 2017 and 1 May 2017. Non-essential code deployments will not happen. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Schedule for 2017 switch|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. '''Please share this information with your community.''' /<span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|User:Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]])</span> </div></div>[[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) 22:33, 11 اپریل 2017 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=16545942 --> == Wikidata description editing in the Wikipedia Android app == <div class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[:mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Short_descriptions|Wikidata description editing]] is a new experiment being rolled out on the Wikipedia app for Android. While this primarily impacts Wikidata, the changes are also addressing a concern about the mobile versions of Wikipedia, so that mobile users will be able to edit directly the descriptions shown under the title of the page and in the search results. We began by rolling out this feature several weeks ago to a pilot group of Wikipedias (Russian, Hebrew, and Catalan), and have seen very positive [[:mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Short_descriptions/Research|results]] including numerous quality contributions in the form of new and updated descriptions, and a low rate of vandalism. We are now ready for the next phase of rolling out this feature, which is to enable it in a few days for all Wikipedias except the top ten by usage within the app (i.e. except English, German, Italian, French, Spanish, Japanese, Dutch, Portuguese, Turkish, and Chinese). We will enable the feature for those languages instead at some point in the future, as we closely monitor user engagement with our expanded set of pilot communities. As always, if have any concerns, please reach out to us on wiki at [[:mw:Talk:Wikimedia_Apps/Short_descriptions|the talk page for this project]] or by email at reading@wikimedia.org. Thanks! -[[:mw:User:DBrant (WMF)|DBrant (WMF)]] 13:41, 14 اپریل 2017 (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Elitre_(WMF)/Wikidata_editing&oldid=16580284 --> == New Page previews feature == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> New Page previews feature [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:CKoerner (WMF)/Enable Hovercards/Phase 1|Read this message in another language]] • {{int:please-translate}} Hello, The Reading web team at the Wikimedia Foundation has been working to enable [[mw:Beta Features/Hovercards|Page previews]], [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|a beta feature]] known previously as Hovercards, as opt-in behavior for logged-in users and the default behavior for logged-out users across Wikipedia projects. Page previews provide a preview of any linked article, giving readers a quick understanding of a related article without leaving the current page. For this project, we are expecting to collect feedback over the following few weeks and tentatively enable the feature in early May, 2017. A quick note on the implementation: * For logged-in users who are not currently testing out the beta feature, Page previews will be off by default. Users may turn them on from [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|their user preferences]] page. * For logged-out users, the feature will be on by default. Users may disable it at any time by selecting the setting cog available in each preview. * For users of the Navigation popups gadget, you will not be able to turn on the Page previews feature while using navigational popups. If you would like to try out the Page preview feature, make sure to first turn Navigation popups off prior to turning Page previews on. You can read more about [[mw:Beta_Features/Hovercards|the feature]] and [[mw:Beta Features/Hovercards#Success Metrics and Feature Evaluation|the tests we used to evaluate performance]], try it out by enabling it from the beta features page, and leave feedback or questions [[mw:Talk:Beta_Features/Hovercards|on the talk page]]. Thank you, [[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) 21:52, 19 اپریل 2017 (PKT) </div></div> <!-- Message sent by User:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:CKoerner_(WMF)/Enable_Hovercards/Phase_1/Distribution_list&oldid=16616381 --> == New Wikipedia Library Accounts Available Now (May 2017) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL OWL says sign up today!]] [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing signups today for free, full-access, accounts to published research as part of our [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|Publisher Donation Program]]. You can sign up for new accounts and research materials from: * '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:American Psychiatric Association|American Psychiatric Association]]''' – Psychiatry books and journals * '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Bloomsbury|Bloomsbury]]''' – ''Who's Who'', Drama Online, Berg Fashion Library, and ''Whitaker's'' * '''[[w:fi:Wikipedia:Wikipedian Lähdekirjasto/Gaudeamus|Gaudeamus]]''' – Finnish humanities and social sciences * '''[[w:fi:Wikipedia:Wikipedian Lähdekirjasto/Ympäristö-lehti|Ympäristö-lehti]]''' – The Finnish Environment Institute's ''Ympäristö-lehti'' magazine '''Expansions''' * '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Gale|Gale]]''' – Biography In Context database added * '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Adam Matthew|Adam Matthew]]''' – all 53 databases now available Many other partnerships with accounts available are listed on [[m:The Wikipedia Library/Databases|our partners page]], including [[w:en:WP:Project MUSE|Project MUSE]], [[w:en:WP:EBSCO|EBSCO]], [[w:en:WP:Taylor & Francis|Taylor & Francis]] and [[w:en:WP:Newspaperarchive.com|Newspaperarchive.com]]. Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: sign up today! <br>--[[w:en:Wikipedia:TWL/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 23:52, 2 مئی 2017 (PKT) :''You can host and coordinate signups for a Wikipedia Library branch in your own language. Please contact [[m:User:AVasanth_(WMF)|Aaron]].''<br> :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Samwalton9@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=16557812 --> == [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:SecurePoll/vote/341?setlang={{CONTENTLANG}} Voting has begun in 2017 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections] == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[File:Wikimedia-logo black.svg|{{#switch:{{CONTENTLANG}}|ar=left|he=left|right}}|125px|link=m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Updates/Board voting has begun]]''This is a message from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee|Wikimedia Foundation Elections Committee]]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Updates/Board voting has begun|Translations]] are available.'' [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:SecurePoll/vote/341?setlang={{CONTENTLANG}}&uselang={{CONTENTLANG}} Voting has begun] for [[m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017#Requirements|eligible voters]] in the 2017 elections for the ''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]]''. The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]] is the ultimate governing authority of the Wikimedia Foundation, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization registered in the United States. The Wikimedia Foundation manages many diverse projects such as Wikipedia and Commons. The voting phase lasts from 00:00 UTC May 1 to 23:59 UTC May 14. '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:SecurePoll/vote/341?setlang={{CONTENTLANG}}&uselang={{CONTENTLANG}} Click here to vote].''' More information on the candidates and the elections can be found on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Board of Trustees|2017 Board of Trustees election page]] on Meta-Wiki. On behalf of the Elections Committee,<br/> [[m:User:KTC|Katie Chan]], Chair, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee|Wikimedia Foundation Elections Committee]]<br/> [[m:User:JSutherland (WMF)|Joe Sutherland]], Community Advocate, Wikimedia Foundation ''Posted by the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Updates/Board voting has begun|Translate]] • [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017|Get help]]</div> 00:14, 4 مئی 2017 (PKT)'' <!-- Message sent by User:GVarnum-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=16683836 --> == Beta Feature Two Column Edit Conflict View == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> From May 9, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two_Column_Edit_Conflict_View|Two Column Edit Conflict View]] will be available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]] on all wikis. The Two Column Edit Conflict View is a new interface for the edit conflict resolution page. It highlights differences between the editor's and the conflicting changes to make it easy to copy and paste pieces of the text and resolve the conflict. The feature fulfils a request for a more user-friendly edit conflict resolution from the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|German Community’s Technical Wishlist]]. Everyone is invited to test the feature and we hope that it will serve you well! </div> [[m:user:Birgit Müller (WMDE)|Birgit Müller (WMDE)]] 19:41, 8 مئی 2017 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Birgit Müller (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_2&oldid=16712264 --> == Editing News #1—2017 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2017/May|Read this in another language]] • [[:m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]'' <div style="float:right;width:230px;{{#switch:ltr|rtl=float:left;margin-left:0;|#default=float:right;margin-right:0;}}margin-left:1em;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;padding:1em;"> [[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|200px|center|alt=VisualEditor]]'''Did you know?''' <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 90%;"> Did you know that you can review your changes visually? [[File:VisualEditor visual diff tool - visual diff.png|alt=Screenshot showing some changes to an article. Most changes are highlighted with text formatting.|center|frameless|245x245px]]When you are finished editing the page, type your edit summary and then choose "{{Int:visualeditor-savedialog-label-review}}". In visual mode, you will see additions, removals, new links, and formatting highlighted. Other changes, such as changing the size of an image, are described in notes on the side. [[File:VisualEditor visual diff tool - toggle button.png|alt=Toggle button showing visual and wikitext options; visual option is selected.|center|frameless|220x220px]] Click the toggle button to switch between visual and wikitext diffs. [[File:VisualEditor visual diff tool - wikitext diff.png|alt=Screenshot showing the same changes, in the two-column wikitext diff display.|center|frameless|245x245px]] The wikitext diff is the same diff tool that is used in the wikitext editors and in the page history. You can read and help translate [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/User guide|the user guide]], which has more information about how to use the visual editor. </div></div> Since the last newsletter, the [[:mw:VisualEditor|VisualEditor Team]] has spent most of their time supporting [[:mediawikiwiki:2017_wikitext_editor|the 2017 wikitext editor mode]] which is available inside the visual editor as a Beta Feature, and adding [[:mediawikiwiki:VisualEditor/Diffs|the new visual diff tool]]. Their workboard is available [[:phab:project/board/483/|in Phabricator]]. You can find links to the work finished each week at [[:mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings]]. Their [[:mw:VisualEditor/Current_priorities|current priorities]] are fixing bugs, supporting the 2017 wikitext editor as a [[:mw:Beta Features|beta feature]], and improving the visual diff tool. === Recent changes === *A '''new wikitext editing mode''' is available as a Beta Feature on desktop devices. The [[:mw:2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]] has the same toolbar as the visual editor and can use the citoid service and other modern tools. Go to [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures]] to enable the {{Int:Visualeditor-preference-newwikitexteditor-label}}. * A new '''[[:mediawikiwiki:VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diff tool]]''' is available in VisualEditor's visual mode. You can toggle between wikitext and visual diffs. More features will be added to this later. In the future, this tool may be integrated into other MediaWiki components. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T143350] * The team have added [[:mediawikiwiki:Editing/Projects/Columns_for_references|multi-column support for lists of footnotes]]. The <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code> block can automatically display long lists of references in columns on wide screens. This makes footnotes easier to read. You can [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projects=Cite,VisualEditor,Wikimedia-Site-requests&title=Convert%20reference%20lists%20over%20to%20`responsive`%20on%20XXwiki&priority=10&parent=159895 '''request multi-column support'''] for your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33597] * You can now use your web browser's function to switch typing direction in the new wikitext mode. This is particularly helpful for RTL language users like Urdu or Hebrew who have to write JavaScript or CSS. You can use Command+Shift+X or Control+Shift+X to trigger this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T153356] * The way to switch between the visual editing mode and the wikitext editing mode is now consistent. There is a drop-down menu that shows the two options. This is now the same in desktop and mobile web editing, and inside things that embed editing, such as Flow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116417] * The {{Int:visualeditor-categories-tool}} item has been moved to the top of the {{Int:visualeditor-pagemenu-tooltip}} menu (from clicking on the "hamburger" icon) for quicker access. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T74399] There is also now a "Templates used on this page" feature there. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T149009] * You can now create <code><nowiki><chem></nowiki></code> tags (sometimes used as <code><nowiki><ce></nowiki></code>) for chemical formulas inside the visual editor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T153365] * Tables can be set as collapsed or un-collapsed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T157989] * The {{Int:visualeditor-specialcharacter-button-tooltip}} menu now includes characters for Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics and angle quotation marks (‹› and ⟨⟩) . The team thanks the volunteer developer, [[:S:en:User:Tpt|Tpt]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108626] * A bug caused some section edit conflicts to blank the rest of the page. This has been fixed. The team are sorry for the disruption. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T154217] * There is a new keyboard shortcut for citations: <code>Control</code>+<code>Shift</code>+<code>K</code> on a PC, or <code>Command</code>+<code>Shift</code>+<code>K</code> on a Mac. It is based on the keyboard shortcut for making links, which is <code>Control</code>+<code>K</code> or <code>Command</code>+<code>K</code> respectively. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T99299] === Future changes === * The team is working on a syntax highlighting tool. It will highlight matching pairs of <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> tags and other types of wikitext syntax. You will be able to turn it on and off. It will first become available in VisualEditor's built-in wikitext mode, maybe late in 2017. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T101246] * The kind of button used to {{Int:Showpreview}}, {{Int:showdiff}}, and finish an edit will change in all WMF-supported wikitext editors. The new buttons will use [[Mw:OOjs UI|OOjs UI]]. The buttons will be larger, brighter, and easier to read. The labels will remain the same. You can test the new button by editing a page and adding <code>&ooui=1</code> to the end of the URL, like this: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Project:Sandbox?action=edit&ooui=1 The old appearance will no longer be possible, even with local CSS changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T162849] * The [[:mediawikiwiki:File:Edit_toolbar_-_2.png|outdated 2006 wikitext editor]] will be removed later this year. It is used by approximately 0.03% of active editors. See [[:mw:Editor|a list of editing tools on mediawiki.org]] if you are uncertain which one you use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T30856] *If you aren't reading this in your preferred language, then please help us with translations! Subscribe to the [[mail:translators-l|Translators mailing list]] or [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Elitre_(WMF)&action=edit&section=new contact us] directly, so that we can notify you when the next issue is ready. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} —[[:mw:User:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]] </div> 23:05, 12 مئی 2017 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=16160401 --> == Prototype for editing Wikidata infoboxes on Wikipedia == Hello, I’m sorry for writing in English. It’d be great if someone could translate this message if necessary. One of the most requested features for Wikidata is to enable editing of Wikidata’s data directly from Wikipedia, so the editors can continue their workflow without switching websites. The Wikidata development team has been working on a tool to achieve this goal: '''fill and edit the Wikipedia infoboxes with information from Wikidata, directly on Wikipedia''', via the Visual Editor. We already [[d:Wikidata:Client editing input|asked for feedback in 2015]], and collected some interesting ideas which we [[:File:Facilitating_the_use_of_Wikidata_in_Wikimedia_projects_with_a_user-centered_design_approach.pdf|shared with you in this thesis]]. Now we would like to present to you our first prototype and collect your feedback, in order to improve and continue the development of this feature. We present this work to you very early, so we can include your feedback before and all along the development. You are the core users of this feature, so we want to make sure that it fits your needs and editing processes. You will find the prototype, description of the features, and a demo video, '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Client editing prototype|on this page]]'''. Feel free to add any comment or feedback on the talk page. The page is currently not translated in every languages, but you can add your contribution by helping to translate it. Unfortunately, I won’t be able to follow all the discussions on Wikipedia, so if you want to be sure that your feedback is read, please add it on the Wikidata page, in your favorite language. Thanks for your understanding. Thanks, [[user:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] <!-- Message sent by User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lea_Lacroix_(WMDE)/List_Wikipedias&oldid=16766491 --> == RevisionSlider == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] will be available as a default feature for all users on all wikis from May 17. The RevisionSlider adds a slider view to the diff page so that you can easily move between revisions. The slider view is collapsed by default, and will load by clicking on it. It can also be turned off entirely in the user preferences. RevisionSlider has been a default feature on German, Arabic and Hebrew Wikipedia for 6 months and a beta feature on all wikis for 8 months. The feature fulfills a wish from the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|German Community’s Technical Wishlist]]. Thanks to everyone who tested RevisionSlider and gave valuable feedback to improve the feature! We hope that RevisionSlider will continue to serve you well in your work. </div> [[m:user:Birgit Müller (WMDE)|Birgit Müller (WMDE)]] 19:44, 16 مئی 2017 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Birgit Müller (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_2&oldid=16715712 --> ==کھوار ویکپیڈیا کے لیے تکنیکی مدد == محترم جناب، السلام علیکم، آپ اردو ویکیپیڈیا پر بہت ہی اچھا اور معیاری کام کررہے ہیں اللہ آپ کو اجر عطا فرمائے کہ آپ اردو زبان کے ویکیپیڈیا کو ایک عالمی انسائکلوپیڈیا بنانے کی جدوجہد میں شریک ہیں. جیسا کہ آپ کو پتہ ہے کہ شمالی علاقہ جات، سوات، ضلع چترال، ہندوستان، افغانستان اور سنکیانگ چین میں بولی جانے والی زبان کھوار میں راقم الحروف نے ویکیپیڈیا تخلیق کیا ہے اور تمام ترجمے کا کام مکمل ہوچکا ہے لیکن کھوار ویکیپیڈیا کو تکنیکی مسائل کا سامنا ہے جیسے ماڈیول، سانچہ جات، ابواب اور دیگر مشکل اور ٹیکنیکل کام کو آگے بڑہانے میں کھوار ویکیپیڈیا کو آپ کی مدد کی ضرروت ہے مجھے معلوم ہے کہ آپ کھوار زبان میں مضموں نہیں لکھ سکتے لیکن ماڈیول، سانچہ جات، ابواب زمرہ جات اور انٹرویکی لنکس بنانے میں ہمارے ساتھ تعاون کرسکتے ہیں، تاکہ جب کھوار زبان کی تاریخ لکھی جائے گی تو اس میں آپ کی کھوار کے لیے تکنیکی کام اور خدمات کو بھی شامل کیا جاسکے، آپ کھوار ویکیپیڈیا کا صفحہ اول یہاں[[https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/khw/%D8%A2%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%DB%81]] پر دیکھ سکتے ہیں امید ہے کہ آپ اردو ویکیپڈیا کی طرح روزانہ کھوار ویکیپڈیا میں بھی اپنی خدمات سے اہل کھوار کو بھی مستفید کرکے شکریہ کا موقع دیں گے،ہمیں کھوار ویکیپیڈیا کے لیے آپ کی مندرجہ زیل تکنیکی کام میں مدد کی ضرورت ہے:- ؔ۱۔ ماڈیول بنانا ۲۔ سانچے بنانا ۳۔ مضامین میں انٹرویکی لنکس کا اندراج ۴۔ ابواب بنانا ۵۔ انفوباکس بنانا ۶۔ ناوباکس بنانا ۷۔ سانچہ جات اور ماڈیول سے اغلاط کی درستگی ۸۔ مزیددیگر انتظامی کام وغیرہ آپ کا بہت بہت شکریہ --[[User_talk:Rachitrali|Rehmat Aziz Chitrali]] 14:38, 18 مئی 2017 (PKT) == Accessible editing buttons == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">The MediaWiki developers have been slowly improving the accessibility of the user interface. The next step in this transition will change the appearance of some buttons and may break some outdated (non-updated or unmaintained) user scripts and gadgets. You can see and use the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Project:Sandbox?action=submit&ooui=0 old] and [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Project:Sandbox?action=submit&ooui=1 new] versions now. Most editors will only notice that some buttons are slightly larger and have different colors. <gallery mode="nolines" caption="Comparison of old and new styles" heights="240" widths="572"> File:MediaWiki edit page buttons accessibility change 2017, before.png|Buttons before the change File:MediaWiki edit page buttons accessibility change 2017, after.png|Buttons after the change </gallery> However, this change also affects some user scripts and gadgets. Unfortunately, some of them may not work well in the new system. <mark>If you maintain any user scripts or gadgets that are used for editing, please see '''[[:mw:Contributors/Projects/Accessible editing buttons]]''' for information on how to test and fix your scripts. Outdated scripts can be tested and fixed now.</mark> This change will probably reach this wiki on '''Tuesday, 18 July 2017'''. Please leave a note at [[:mw:Talk:Contributors/Projects/Accessible editing buttons]] if you need help.</div> [[:m:User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) 03:22, 11 جولائی 2017 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=16980876 --> == Page Previews (Hovercards) update == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, A quick update on the progress of enabling [[mw:Hovercards|Page Previews]] (previously named Hovercards) on this project. Page Previews provide a preview of any linked article, giving readers a quick understanding of a related article without leaving the current page. As mentioned in December we're preparing to remove the feature from Beta and make it the default behavior for logged-out users. We have recently made a large update to the code which fixes most outstanding bugs. Due to some issues with our instrumentation, we delayed our deployment by a few months. We are finally ready to deploy the feature. Page Previews will be off by default and available in the user preferences page for logged-in users the week of July 24th. The feature will be on by default for current beta users and logged-out users. If you would like to preview the feature, you can enable it as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]]. For more information see [[mw:Hovercards|Page Previews]]. Questions can be left [[mw:Talk:Beta_Features/Hovercards|on the talk page]] in your preferred language. Thank you again. </div>[[m:User:CKoerner (WMF)|CKoerner (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:CKoerner (WMF)|talk]]) 03:33, 21 جولائی 2017 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:CKoerner_(WMF)/Enable_Hovercards/Reminder/Distribution_list&oldid=17019707 --> == RfC regarding "Interlinking of accounts involved with paid editing to decrease impersonation" == There is currently a RfC open on Meta regarding "[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_comment/Interlinking_of_accounts_involved_with_paid_editing_to_decrease_impersonation requiring those involved with paid editing on Wikipedia to link on their user page to all other active accounts through which they advertise paid Wikipedia editing business.]" Note this is to apply to Wikipedia and not necessarily other sister projects, this is only to apply to websites where people are specifically advertising that they will edit Wikipedia for pay and not any other personal, professional, or social media accounts a person may have. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_comment/Interlinking_of_accounts_involved_with_paid_editing_to_decrease_impersonation Please comment on meta]. Thanks. Send on behalf of [[User:Doc James]]. [[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) 02:06, 18 ستمبر 2017 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedias&oldid=17234819 --> == Discussion on synced reading lists == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''Discussion on synced reading lists''' Hello, [[File:Illustration of Reading List feature on Android Wikipedia App (not logged in).png|thumb]] The Reading Infrastructure team at the Wikimedia Foundation is developing a cross-platform reading list service for the mobile Wikipedia app. Reading lists are like bookmark folders in your web browser. They allow readers using the Wikipedia app to bookmark pages into folders to read later. This includes reading offline. Reading lists do not create or alter content in any way. To create Reading Lists, app users will register an account and marked pages will be tied to that account. Reading List account preferences sync between devices. You can read the same pages on different mobile platforms (tablets, phones). This is the first time we are syncing preference data between devices in such a way. We want to hear and address concerns about privacy and data security. We also want to explain why the current watchlist system is not being adapted for this purpose. === Background === In 2016 the Android team replaced the simple Saved Pages feature with Reading Lists. Reading Lists allow users to bookmark pages into folders and for reading offline. The intent of this feature was to allow "syncing" of these lists for users with many devices. Due to overlap with the Gather feature and related community concerns, this part was put on hold. The Android team has identified this lack of synching as a major area of complaint from users. They expect lists to sync. The iOS team has held off implementing Reading Lists, as syncing was seen as a "must have" for this feature. A recent [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T164990 technical RfC] has allowed these user stories and needs to be unblocked. Initially for Android, then iOS, and with web to potentially follow. Reading lists are private, stored as part of a user's account, not as a public wiki page. There is no sharing or publishing ability for reading lists. No planned work to make these public. The target audience are people that read Wikipedia and want to bookmark and organize that content in the app. There is a potential for the feature to be available on the web in the future. === Why not watchlists === Watchlists offer similar functionality to Reading Lists. The Reading Infrastructure team evaluated watchlist infrastructure before exploring other options. In general, the needs of watchlists differ from Reading Lists in a few key ways: * Reading lists focus on Reading articles, not the monitoring of changes. * Watchlists are focused on monitoring changes of pages/revisions. ** The Watchlist infrastructure is key to our contributor community for monitoring content changes manually and through the use of automated tools (bots). Because of these needs, expanding the scope of Watchlists to reading purposes will only make the project harder to maintain and add more constraints. * By keeping the projects separate it is easier to scale resources. We can serve these two different audiences and prioritize the work accordingly. Reading Lists are, by their nature, less critical to the health of Wikipedia/MediaWiki. * Multi-project support. Reading Lists are by design cross-wiki/project. Watchlists are tied to specific wikis. While there have been many discussion for making them cross-wiki, resolution is not in the near term. [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Synced Reading Lists|More information can be found on MediaWiki.org]] where feedback and ideas are welcome. Thank you </div> [[m:User:CKoerner (WMF)|CKoerner (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:CKoerner (WMF)|talk]]) 01:35, 21 ستمبر 2017 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=16981815 --> == Changes to the global ban policy == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Hello. Some changes to the [[m:Global bans|community global ban policy]] have been proposed. Your comments are welcome at [[:m:Requests for comment/Improvement of global ban policy]]. Please translate this message to your language, if needed. Cordially. [[:m:User:Matiia|Matiia]] ([[:m:User talk:Matiia|Matiia]]) 05:34, 12 نومبر 2017 (PKT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Matiia@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=17241561 --> == New print to pdf feature for mobile web readers == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''New print to pdf feature for mobile web readers''' The Readers web team will be deploying a new feature this week to make it [[mw:Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_PDFs|easier to download PDF versions of articles on the mobile website]]. Providing better offline functionality was one of the highlighted areas from [[m:New_Readers/Offline|the research done by the New Readers team in Mexico, Nigeria, and India]]. The teams created a prototype for mobile PDFs which was evaluated by user research and community feedback. The [[m:New_Readers/Offline#Concept_testing_for_mobile_web|prototype evaluation]] received positive feedback and results, so development continued. For the initial deployment, the feature will be available to Google Chrome browsers on Android. Support for other mobile browsers to come in the future. For Chrome, the feature will use the native Android print functionality. Users can choose to download a webpage as a PDF. [[mw:Reading/Web/Projects/Print_Styles#Mobile_Printing|Mobile print styles]] will be used for these PDFs to ensure optimal readability for smaller screens. The feature is available starting Wednesday, Nov 15. For more information, see [[mw:Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_PDFs|the project page on MediaWiki.org]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} </div> [[m:User:CKoerner (WMF)|CKoerner (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:CKoerner (WMF)|talk]]) 03:07, 21 نومبر 2017 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:CKoerner_(WMF)/Mobile_PDF_distribution_list&oldid=17448927 --> == Call for Wikimania 2018 Scholarships == Hi all, We wanted to inform you that scholarship applications for [[:wm2018:Wikimania 2018|Wikimania 2018]] which is being held in Cape Town, South Africa on July 18–22, 2018 are now being accepted. '''Applications are open until Monday, 22 January 2018 23:59 UTC.''' Applicants will be able to apply for a partial or full scholarship. A full scholarship will cover the cost of an individual's round-trip travel, shared accommodation, and conference registration fees as arranged by the Wikimedia Foundation. A partial scholarship will cover conference registration fees and shared accommodation. Applicants will be rated using a pre-determined selection process and selection criteria established by the Scholarship Committee and the Wikimedia Foundation, who will determine which applications are successful. To learn more about Wikimania 2018 scholarships, please visit: [[:wm2018:Scholarships]]. To apply for a scholarship, fill out the multi-language application form on: '''https://scholarships.wikimedia.org/apply''' It is highly recommended that applicants review all the material on the Scholarships page and [[:wm2018:Scholarships/FAQ|the associated FAQ]] before submitting an application. If you have any questions, please contact: wikimania-scholarships at wikimedia.org or leave a message at: [[:wm2018:Talk:Scholarships]]. Please help us spread the word and translate pages! Best regards, [[:m:User:Slashme|David Richfield]] and [[:m:DerHexer|Martin Rulsch]] for the [[:wm2018:Scholarship Committee|Scholarship Committee]] 00:24, 21 دسمبر 2017 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:DerHexer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_Wikipedia_delivery&oldid=17300722 --> == User group for Military Historians == Greetings, "Military history" is one of the most important subjects when speak of sum of all human knowledge. To support contributors interested in the area over various language Wikipedias, we intend to form a user group. It also provides a platform to share the best practices between military historians, and various military related projects on Wikipedias. An initial discussion was has been done between the coordinators and members of WikiProject Military History on English Wikipedia. Now this discussion has been taken to Meta-Wiki. Contributors intrested in the area of military history are requested to share their feedback and give suggestions at [[:m:Talk:Discussion to incubate a user group for Wikipedia Military Historians|Talk:Discussion to incubate a user group for Wikipedia Military Historians]]. [[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) 15:46, 21 دسمبر 2017 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Krishna Chaitanya Velaga@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_Wikipedia_delivery&oldid=17565441 --> == Editing News #1—2018 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2018/February|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]'' <div style="float:right;width:270px;margin-left:1em;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;padding:1em;"> [[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|200px|center]] '''Did you know?'''<div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 90%;"> Did you know that you can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diff tool]] on any page? [[File:Wikitext diff paragraph move correcting vandalism 2018.png|alt=Screenshot showing some changes, in the two-column wikitext diff display|center|frameless|250px]] Sometimes, it is hard to see important changes in a wikitext diff. This screenshot of a wikitext diff (click to enlarge) shows that the paragraphs have been rearranged, but it does not highlight the removal of a word or the addition of a new sentence. If you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|enable the Beta Feature]] for "{{Int:visualeditor-preference-visualdiffpage-label}}", you will have a new option. It will give you a new box at the top of every diff page. This box will let you choose either diff system on any edit. [[File:VisualEditor visual diff tool - toggle button.png|alt=Toggle button showing visual and wikitext options; visual option is selected|center|frameless|200px]] Click the toggle button to switch between visual and wikitext diffs. In the visual diff, additions, removals, new links, and formatting changes will be highlighted. Other changes, such as changing the size of an image, are described in notes on the side. [[File:Visual diff paragraph move correcting vandalism 2018.png|alt=Screenshot showing the same changes to an article. Most changes are highlighted with text formatting.|center|frameless|250px]] This screenshot shows the same edit as the wikitext diff. The visual diff highlights the removal of one word and the addition of a new sentence. You can read and help translate [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide|the user guide]], which has more information about how to use the visual editor. </div></div> Since [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2017/May|the last newsletter]], the [[mw:Editing|Editing Team]] has spent most of their time supporting [[mw:2017 wikitext editor|the 2017 wikitext editor mode]], which is available inside the visual editor as a Beta Feature, and improving [[mw:VisualEditor/Diffs|the visual diff tool]]. Their work board is available [[phab:project/view/3236/|in Phabricator]]. You can find links to the work finished each week at [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings]]. Their [[mw:Editing team/Current priorities|current priorities]] are fixing bugs, supporting the 2017 wikitext editor, and improving the visual diff tool. ===Recent changes=== *The '''[[mw:2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]]''' is [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|available as a Beta Feature]] on desktop devices. It has the same toolbar as the visual editor and can use the citoid service and other modern tools. The team have been comparing the performance of different editing environments. They have studied how long it takes to open the page and start typing. The study uses data for more than one million edits during December and January. Some changes have been made to improve the speed of the 2017 wikitext editor and the visual editor. Recently, the 2017 wikitext editor opened fastest for most edits, and the 2010 WikiEditor was fastest for some edits. More information will be posted at [[mw:Contributors/Projects/Editing performance]]. *The '''[[mw:VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diff tool]]''' was developed for the visual editor. It is now available to all users of the visual editor and the 2017 wikitext editor. When you review your changes, you can toggle between wikitext and visual diffs. You can also [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|enable the new Beta Feature]] for "Visual diffs". The Beta Feature lets you use the visual diff tool to view other people's edits on page histories and [[Special:RecentChanges]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T167508] *[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|'''Wikitext syntax highlighting''']] is available as a Beta Feature for both [[mw:2017 wikitext editor|the 2017 wikitext editor]] and the 2010 wikitext editor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T101246] *The [[mw:Citoid|citoid service]] automatically translates URLs, DOIs, ISBNs, and PubMed id numbers into wikitext citation templates. It is very popular and useful to editors, although it can be a bit tricky to set up. <mark>Your wiki can have this service. Please [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|read the instructions]]. You can [[phab:T127354|ask the team to help you enable citoid at your wiki]]</mark>. ===Let's work together=== *The team will talk about editing tools at an upcoming [[m:Wikimedia Foundation metrics and activities meetings|Wikimedia Foundation metrics and activities meeting]]. *Wikibooks, Wikiversity, and other communities may have the visual editor made available by default to contributors. If your community wants this, then please contact [[mw:User talk:Deskana (WMF)|Dan Garry]]. *The <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code> block can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Projects/Columns for references|automatically display long lists of references in columns]] on wide screens. This makes footnotes easier to read. You can [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projects=Cite,VisualEditor,Wikimedia-Site-requests&title=Convert%20reference%20lists%20over%20to%20`responsive`%20on%20XXwiki&priority=10&parent=159895 '''request multi-column support'''] for your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33597] *If you aren't reading this in your preferred language, then please help us with translations! Subscribe to the [[mail:translators-l|Translators mailing list]] or [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Elitre_(WMF)&action=edit&section=new contact us] directly. We will notify you when the next issue is ready for translation. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} —[[mw:User:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]] </div> 01:56, 3 مارچ 2018 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=17790200 --> == AdvancedSearch == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> From May 8, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:AdvancedSearch|AdvancedSearch]] will be available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]] in your wiki. The feature enhances the [[Special:Search|search page]] through an advanced parameters form and aims to make [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/AdvancedSearch/Functional_scope|existing search options]] more visible and accessible for everyone. AdvancedSearch is a project by [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/AdvancedSearch|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. Everyone is invited to test the feature and we hope that it will serve you well in your work! </div> [[m:User:Birgit Müller (WMDE)|Birgit Müller (WMDE)]] 19:53, 7 مئی 2018 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Birgit Müller (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_2&oldid=17995461 --> == New Wikipedia Library Accounts Available Now (May 2018) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL OWL says sign up today!]] [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing signups today for free, full-access, accounts to research and tools as part of our [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|Publisher Donation Program]]. You can sign up for new accounts and research materials on the [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/ Library Card platform]: * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/69/ Rock's Backpages]''' – Music articles and interviews from the 1950s onwards - 50 accounts * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/68/ Invaluable]''' – Database of more than 50 million auctions and over 500,000 artists - 15 accounts * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/70/ Termsoup]''' – Translation tool '''Expansions''' * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/43/ Fold3]''' – Available content has more than doubled, now including new military collections from the UK, Australia, and New Zealand. * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/52/ Oxford University Press]''' – The Scholarship collection now includes [http://www.e-enlightenment.com/ Electronic Enlightenment] * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/60/ Alexander Street Press]''' – [https://alexanderstreet.com/products/women-and-social-movements-library Women and Social Movements Library] now available * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/58/ Cambridge University Press]''' – [http://orlando.cambridge.org/ Orlando Collection] now available Many other partnerships with accounts available are listed on [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/ our partners page], including [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/47/ Baylor University Press], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/41/ Loeb Classical Library], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/46/ Cairn], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/55/ Gale] and [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/61/ Bloomsbury]. Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: sign up today! <br>--[[w:en:Wikipedia:TWL/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 23:03, 30 مئی 2018 (PKT) :''You can host and coordinate signups for a Wikipedia Library branch in your own language. Please contact [[m:User:Ocaasi_(WMF)|Ocaasi (WMF)]].''<br> :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Samwalton9@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=18064061 --> == Tidy to RemexHtml == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> The [[:mw:Parsing|Parsing]] team will be [[:mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|replacing Tidy with RemexHtml]] at this wiki on 5 July 2018. Some pages at this wiki use outdated HTML. This change may change the appearance of those pages. [[Special:LintErrors]] has a complete list of affected pages. Read [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-June/001867.html this e-mail message] for more information. Read the instructions at [[:mw:Help:Extension:Linter]]. You can ask questions at [[:mw:Talk:Parsing/Replacing Tidy]]. Thank you for helping fix these problems. </div> [[:m:User:Elitre (WMF)]] 19:38, 2 جولائی 2018 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Editing/Parsing_change&oldid=18129171 --> == Global preferences are available == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Global preferences are now available, you can set them by visiting your new [[Special:GlobalPreferences|global preferences page]]. Visit [[mw:Help:Extension:GlobalPreferences|mediawiki.org for information on how to use them]] and [[mw:Help talk:Extension:GlobalPreferences|leave feedback]]. -- [[User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 00:19, 11 جولائی 2018 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=17968247 --> == New user group for editing sitewide CSS / JS == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''({{int:please-translate}})'' Hi all! To improve the security of our readers and editors, permission handling for CSS/JS pages has changed. (These are pages like <code dir="ltr">MediaWiki:Common.css</code> and <code dir="ltr">MediaWiki:Vector.js</code> which contain code that is executed in the browsers of users of the site.) A new user group, <code dir="ltr">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface-admin]]</code>, has been created. Starting four weeks from now, only members of this group will be able edit CSS/JS pages that they do not own (that is, any page ending with <code dir="ltr">.css</code> or <code dir="ltr">.js</code> that is either in the <code dir="ltr">MediaWiki:</code> namespace or is another user's user subpage). You can learn more about the motivation behind the change [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS|here]]. Please add users who need to edit CSS/JS to the new group (this can be done the same way new administrators are added, by stewards or local bureaucrats). This is a dangerous permission; a malicious user or a hacker taking over the account of a careless interface-admin can abuse it in far worse ways than admin permissions could be abused. Please only assign it to users who need it, who are trusted by the community, and who follow common basic password and computer security practices (use strong passwords, do not reuse passwords, use two-factor authentication if possible, do not install software of questionable origin on your machine, use antivirus software if that's a standard thing in your environment). Thanks! <br/><span dir="ltr">[[m:User:Tgr|Tgr]] ([[m:User talk:Tgr|talk]]) 22:45, 30 جولائی 2018 (PKT) <small>(via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|global message delivery]])</small></span> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tgr@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tgr/massmessage-T139380-ifadmin&oldid=18255968 --> == Editing of sitewide CSS/JS is only possible for interface administrators from now == ''({{int:please-translate}})'' <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hi all, as [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS/announcement 2|announced previously]], permission handling for CSS/JS pages has changed: only members of the <code>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface-admin]]</code> ({{int:group-interface-admin}}) group, and a few highly privileged global groups such as stewards, can edit CSS/JS pages that they do not own (that is, any page ending with .css or .js that is either in the MediaWiki: namespace or is another user's user subpage). This is done to improve the security of readers and editors of Wikimedia projects. More information is available at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS|Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS]]. If you encounter any unexpected problems, please contact me or file a bug. Thanks!<br /> [[m:User:Tgr|Tgr]] ([[m:User talk:Tgr|talk]]) 17:40, 27 اگست 2018 (PKT) <small>(via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|global message delivery]])</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tgr@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=18258712 --> == Read-only mode for up to an hour on 12 September and 10 October == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|Read this message in another language]] • {{int:please-translate}} The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will be testing its secondary data centre. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. They will switch all traffic to the secondary data center on '''Wednesday, 12 September 2018'''. On '''Wednesday, 10 October 2018''', they will switch back to the primary data center. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop when we switch. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on Wednesday, 12 September and Wednesday, 10 October. The test will start at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20170503T14 14:00 UTC] (15:00 BST, 16:00 CEST, 10:00 EDT, 07:00 PDT, 23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 02:00 NZST on Thursday 13 September and Thursday 11 October). *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. *There will be code freezes for the weeks of 10 September 2018 and 8 October 2018. Non-essential code deployments will not happen. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Schedule for 2018 switch|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. '''Please share this information with your community.''' /<span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|User:Johan(WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Johan (WMF)|talk]])</span> </div></div> 18:33, 6 ستمبر 2018 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=18333489 --> == The Community Wishlist Survey == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> The Community Wishlist Survey. {{Int:Please-translate}}. Hey everyone, The Community Wishlist Survey is the process when the Wikimedia communities decide what the Wikimedia Foundation [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech]] should work on over the next year. The Community Tech team is focused on tools for experienced Wikimedia editors. You can post technical proposals from now until 11 November. The communities will vote on the proposals between 16 November and 30 November. You can read more on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|wishlist survey page]]. <span dir=ltr>/[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|User:Johan (WMF)]]</span></div></div> 16:06, 30 اکتوبر 2018 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=18458512 --> == Editing News #2—2018 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''[[metawiki:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2018/October|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]'' <div style="float:right;width:270px;margin-left:1em;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;padding:1em;"> [[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|200px|center]] '''Did you know?''' <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 90%;"> Did you know that you can use the visual editor on a mobile device? [[File:Mobile editing watchlist star editing pencil.png|alt=Screenshot showing the location of the pencil icon|center|frameless|250px]] Tap on the pencil icon to start editing. The page will probably open in the wikitext editor. You will see another pencil icon in the toolbar. Tap on that pencil icon to the switch between visual editing and wikitext editing. [[File:Visual editing mobile switch wikitext.png|alt=Toolbar with menu opened|center|frameless|250px]] Remember to publish your changes when you're done. You can read and help translate [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide|the user guide]], which has more information about how to use the visual editor.</div></div> Since the last newsletter, the [[mw:Editing|Editing Team]] has wrapped up most of their work on the [[mw:2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]] and [[mw:VisualEditor/Diffs|the visual diff tool]]. The team has begun investigating the needs of editors who use mobile devices. Their work board is available [[phab:project/view/3236/|in Phabricator]]. Their [[mw:Wikimedia Audiences/2018-19 Q2 Goals#Contributors|current priorities]] are fixing bugs and improving mobile editing. === Recent changes === *The Editing team has published an [[mw:Mobile editing using the visual editor report|initial report about mobile editing]]. *The Editing team has begun a design study of visual editing on the mobile website. New editors have trouble doing basic tasks on a smartphone, such as adding links to Wikipedia articles. You can [[c:File:Visual Editor Heuristic - Results.pdf|read the report]]. *The Reading team is working on a [[mw:Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|separate mobile-based contributions project]]. *The 2006 wikitext editor is [[mw:Contributors/Projects/Removal of the 2006 wikitext editor|no longer supported]]. If you used [[:File:Edit toolbar - 2.png|that toolbar]], then you will no longer see any toolbar. You may choose another editing tool in your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|editing preferences]], [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|local gadgets]], or [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]]. *The Editing team described the history and status of [[mw:Extension:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] in [[m:Wikimedia monthly activities meetings/2018-03|this recorded public presentation]] (starting at 29 minutes, 30 seconds). *The Language team released [[mw:Content translation/V2|a new version of Content Translation]] (CX2) last month, on [[foundationsite:2018/09/30/international-translation-day/|International Translation Day]]. It integrates the visual editor to support templates, tables, and images. It also produces better wikitext when the translated article is published. [https://wikimediafoundation.org/2018/09/30/content-translation-version-two/] === Let's work together === * The Editing team wants to improve visual editing on the mobile website. <mark>Please read [[mw:Visual-based mobile editing/Ideas/October 2018|their ideas]] and tell the team what you think would help editors who use the mobile site.</mark> *The [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2019|Community Wishlist Survey]] begins next week. *If you aren't reading this in your preferred language, then please help us with translations! Subscribe to the [[mail:translators-l|Translators mailing list]] or [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Elitre_(WMF)&action=edit&section=new contact us] directly. We will notify you when the next issue is ready for translation. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} —[[mw:User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 19:17, 2 نومبر 2018 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=17790200 --> == Change coming to how certain templates will appear on the mobile web == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''Change coming to how certain templates will appear on the mobile web''' {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Page_issues_-_mobile_banner_example.jpg|thumb|Example of improvements]] Hello, In a few weeks the Readers web team will be changing how some templates look on the mobile web site. We will make these templates more noticeable when viewing the article. We ask for your help in updating any templates that don't look correct. What kind of templates? Specifically templates that notify readers and contributors about issues with the content of an article – the text and information in the article. Examples like [[wikidata:Q5962027|Template:Unreferenced]] or [[Wikidata:Q5619503|Template:More citations needed]]. Right now these notifications are hidden behind a link under the title of an article. We will format templates like these (mostly those that use Template:Ambox or message box templates in general) to show a short summary under the page title. You can tap on the "Learn more" link to get more information. For template editors we have [[mw:Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Making_page_issues_(ambox_templates)_mobile_friendly|some recommendations on how to make templates that are mobile-friendly]] and also further [[mw:Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_Page_Issues|documentation on our work so far]]. If you have questions about formatting templates for mobile, [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_Page_Issues|please leave a note on the project talk page]] or [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projects=Readers-Web-Backlog file a task in Phabricator] and we will help you. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} </div> [[m:User:CKoerner (WMF)|CKoerner (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:CKoerner (WMF)|talk]]) 00:35, 14 نومبر 2018 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=18543269 --> == Community Wishlist Survey vote == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> The Community Wishlist Survey. {{Int:Please-translate}}. Hey everyone, The Community Wishlist Survey is the process when the Wikimedia communities decide what the Wikimedia Foundation [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech]] should work on over the next year. The Community Tech team is focused on tools for experienced Wikimedia editors. The communities have now posted a long list of technical proposals. You can vote on the proposals from now until 30 November. You can read more on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|wishlist survey page]]. <span dir=ltr>/[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|User:Johan (WMF)]]</span></div></div> 23:13, 22 نومبر 2018 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=18543269 --> == Advanced Search == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/AdvancedSearch|Advanced Search]] will become a default feature on your wiki on November 28. This new interface allows you to perform specialized searches on the [[Special:Search|search page]], even if you don’t know any [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch|search syntax]]. Advanced Search originates from the [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes|German Community’s Technical Wishes project]]. It's already a default feature on German, Arabic, Farsi and Hungarian Wikipedia. Besides, more than 40.000 users across all wikis have tested the beta version. Feedback is welcome on the [[mw:Help talk:Extension:AdvancedSearch|central feedback page]].</div> [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|talk]]) 16:03, 26 نومبر 2018 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_2&oldid=18363910 --> == New Wikimedia password policy and requirements == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} The Wikimedia Foundation security team is implementing a new [[m:Password policy|password policy and requirements]]. [[mw:Wikimedia_Security_Team/Password_strengthening_2019|You can learn more about the project on MediaWiki.org]]. These new requirements will apply to new accounts and privileged accounts. New accounts will be required to create a password with a minimum length of 8 characters. Privileged accounts will be prompted to update their password to one that is at least 10 characters in length. These changes are planned to be in effect on December 13th. If you think your work or tools will be affected by this change, please let us know on [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia_Security_Team/Password_strengthening_2019|the talk page]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} </div> [[m:User:CKoerner (WMF)|CKoerner (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:CKoerner (WMF)|talk]]) 01:03, 7 دسمبر 2018 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=18639017 --> == Invitation from Wiki Loves Love 2019 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:WLL Subtitled Logo (transparent).svg|right|frameless]] Love is an important subject for humanity and it is expressed in different cultures and regions in different ways across the world through different gestures, ceremonies, festivals and to document expression of this rich and beautiful emotion, we need your help so we can share and spread the depth of cultures that each region has, the best of how people of that region, celebrate love. [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Love|Wiki Loves Love (WLL)]] is an international photography competition of Wikimedia Commons with the subject love testimonials happening in the month of February. The primary goal of the competition is to document love testimonials through human cultural diversity such as monuments, ceremonies, snapshot of tender gesture, and miscellaneous objects used as symbol of love; to illustrate articles in the worldwide free encyclopedia Wikipedia, and other Wikimedia Foundation (WMF) projects. The theme of 2019 iteration is '''''Celebrations, Festivals, Ceremonies and rituals of love.''''' Sign up your affiliate or individually at [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Love 2019/Participants|Participants]] page. To know more about the contest, check out our [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Love 2019|Commons Page]] and [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Love 2018/FAQ|FAQs]] There are several prizes to grab. Hope to see you spreading love this February with Wiki Loves Love! Kind regards, [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Love 2018/International Team|Wiki Loves Love Team]] Imagine... the sum of all love! </div> --[[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) 15:13, 27 دسمبر 2018 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=18639017 --> == FileExporter beta feature == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Logo for FileExporter.svg|thumb|Coming soon: the beta feature [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|FileExporter]]]] A new beta feature will soon be released on all wikis: The [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|FileExporter]]. It allows exports of files from a local wiki to Wikimedia Commons, including their file history and page history. Which files can be exported is defined by each wiki's community: '''Please check your wiki's [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons/Configuration file documentation|configuration file]]''' if you want to use this feature. The FileExporter has already been a beta feature on [https://www.mediawiki.org mediawiki.org], [https://meta.wikimedia.org meta.wikimedia], deWP, faWP, arWP, koWP and on [https://wikisource.org wikisource.org]. After some functionality was added, it's now becoming a beta feature on all wikis. Deployment is planned for January 16. More information can be found [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|on the project page]]. As always, feedback is highly appreciated. If you want to test the FileExporter, please activate it in your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|user preferences]]. The best place for feedback is the [[mw:Help_talk:Extension:FileImporter|central talk page]]. Thank you from Wikimedia Deutschland's [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes project]]. </div> [[User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 14:41, 14 جنوری 2019 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=18782700 --> == No editing for 30 minutes on 17 January == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You will '''not be able to edit''' the wikis for up to 30 minutes on '''[https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190117T07 17 January 07:00 UTC]'''. This is because of a database problem that has to be fixed immediately. You can still read the wikis. Some wikis are not affected. They don't get this message. You can see which wikis are '''not''' affected [[:m:User:Johan (WMF)/201901ReadOnlyPage|on this page]]. Most wikis are affected. The time you can not edit might be shorter than 30 minutes. /[[User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]</div> 23:52, 16 جنوری 2019 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/201901ReadOnly/Targets6&oldid=18789238 --> == Talk to us about talking == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-rtl.svg|alt="icon depicting two speech Bubbles"|frameless|right|120px]] The Wikimedia Foundation is planning a [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|global consultation about communication]]. The goal is to bring Wikimedians and wiki-minded people together to improve tools for communication. We want all contributors to be able to talk to each other on the wikis, whatever their experience, their skills or their devices. We are looking for input from as many different parts of the Wikimedia community as possible. It will come from multiple projects, in multiple languages, and with multiple perspectives. We are currently planning the consultation. We need your help. '''We need volunteers to help talk to their communities or user groups.''' You can help by hosting a discussion at your wiki. Here's what to do: # First, [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up|sign up your group here.]] # Next, create a page (or a section on a Village pump, or an e-mail thread – whatever is natural for your group) to collect information from other people in your group. This is not a vote or decision-making discussion: we are just collecting feedback. # Then ask people what they think about communication processes. We want to hear stories and other information about how people communicate with each other on and off wiki. Please consider asking these five questions: ## When you want to discuss a topic with your community, what tools work for you, and what problems block you? ## What about talk pages works for newcomers, and what blocks them? ## What do others struggle with in your community about talk pages? ## What do you wish you could do on talk pages, but can't due to the technical limitations? ## What are the important aspects of a "wiki discussion"? # Finally, please go to [[mw:Talk:Talk pages consultation 2019|Talk pages consultation 2019 on Mediawiki.org]] and report what you learned from your group. Please include links if the discussion is available to the public. '''You can also help build the list of the many different ways people talk to each other.''' Not all groups active on wikis or around wikis use the same way to discuss things: it can happen on wiki, on social networks, through external tools... Tell us [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Tools in use|how your group communicates]]. You can read more about [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|the overall process]] on mediawiki.org. If you have questions or ideas, you can [[mw:Talk:Talk pages consultation 2019|leave feedback about the consultation process]] in the language you prefer. Thank you! We're looking forward to talking with you. </div> [[user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 20:01, 21 فروری 2019 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=18639017 --> == New Wikipedia Library Accounts Available Now (March 2019) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL OWL says sign up today!]] [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing signups today for free, full-access, accounts to published research as part of our [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|Publisher Donation Program]]. You can sign up for new accounts and research materials on the [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/ Library Card platform]: * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/72/ Kinige]''' – Primarily Indian-language ebooks - 10 books per month * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/55/ Gale]''' – Times Digital Archive collection added (covering 1785-2013) * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/54/ JSTOR]''' – New applications now being taken again Many other partnerships with accounts available are listed on [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/ our partners page], including [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/47/ Baylor University Press], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/10/ Taylor & Francis], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/46/ Cairn], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/32/ Annual Reviews] and [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/61/ Bloomsbury]. You can request new partnerships on our [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/suggest/ Suggestions page]. Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: sign up today! <br>--[[w:en:Wikipedia:TWL/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 22:40, 13 مارچ 2019 (PKT) :''You can host and coordinate signups for a Wikipedia Library branch in your own language. Please contact [[m:User:Ocaasi_(WMF)|Ocaasi (WMF)]].''<br> :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Samwalton9@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=18873404 --> == Read-only mode for up to 30 minutes on 11 April == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You will '''not be able to edit''' most Wikimedia wikis for up to 30 minutes on '''[https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190411T05 11 April 05:00 UTC]'''. This is because of a hardware problem. You can still read the wikis. You [[phab:T220080|can see which wikis are affected]]. The time you can not edit might be shorter than 30 minutes. /[[User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]</div></div></div> 15:56, 8 اپریل 2019 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=18979889 --> == Wikimedia Foundation Medium-Term Plan feedback request == {{int:please-translate}} <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The Wikimedia Foundation has published a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Medium-term_plan_2019|Medium-Term Plan proposal]] covering the next 3–5 years. We want your feedback! Please leave all comments and questions, in any language, on [[m:Talk:Wikimedia_Foundation_Medium-term_plan_2019|the talk page]], by April 20. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[m:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Quiddity (WMF)|talk]]) 22:35, 12 اپریل 2019 (PKT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=18998727 --> == Editing News #1—July 2019 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2019/July|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]'' <div style="float:right;width:270px;margin-left:1em;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;padding:1em;"> [[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|200px|center]] <big>'''Did you know?'''</big> <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 90%;"> Did you know that you can use the visual editor on a mobile device? Every article has a pencil icon at the top. Tap on the pencil icon [[File:OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg|frameless|16x16px]] to start editing. '''<big>Edit Cards</big>''' [[File:EditCards-v.20.png|alt=Toolbar with menu opened|center|frameless|250px]] This is what the new '''Edit Cards for editing links''' in the mobile visual editor look like. You can try the prototype here: '''[[mw:Topic:V394zwrigth8ii7c|📲 Try Edit Cards]].''' </div></div> Welcome back to the [[mw:Editing|Editing]] newsletter. Since [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2018/October|the last newsletter]], the team has released two new features for the [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile|mobile visual editor]] and has started developing three more. All of this work is part of the team's goal to [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2018-2019/Audiences#Outcome 3: Mobile Contribution|make editing on mobile web simpler]]. Before talking about the team's recent releases, we have a question for you: <strong>Are you willing to try a new way to add and change links?</strong> If you are interested, we would value your input! You can try this new link tool in the mobile visual editor on a separate wiki. <em>Follow these instructions and share your experience:</em> <strong>[[mw:Topic:V394zwrigth8ii7c|📲 Try Edit Cards]].</strong> === Recent releases === The mobile visual editor is a simpler editing tool, for smartphones and tablets using the [[mw:Reading/Web/Mobile#About|mobile site]]. The Editing team recently launched two new features to improve the mobile visual editor: # [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Section editing|Section editing]] #* The purpose is to help contributors focus on their edits. #* The team studied this with an A/B test. [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Section editing#16 June 2019|This test showed]] that contributors who could use section editing were '''1% more likely to publish''' the edits they started than people with only full-page editing. # [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile#March 1, 2019|Loading overlay]] #* The purpose is to smooth the transition between reading and editing. Section editing and the new loading overlay are '''now available to everyone''' using the mobile visual editor. === New and active projects === This is a list of our most active projects. [[mw:Help:Watching pages|Watch]] these pages to learn about project updates and to share your input on new designs, prototypes and research findings. *[[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards|Edit cards]]: This is a clearer way to add and edit links, citations, images, templates, etc. in articles. You can try this feature now. <em>Go here to see how:</em> [[mw:Topic:V394zwrigth8ii7c|📲 <em>Try Edit Cards</em>]]. *[[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Toolbar refresh|Mobile toolbar refresh]]: This project will learn if contributors are more successful when the editing tools are easier to recognize. *[[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/VE mobile default|Mobile visual editor availability]]: This A/B test asks: ''Are newer contributors more successful if they use the mobile visual editor?'' We are collaborating with [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/VE mobile default#26 June 2019 %E2%80%93 Participating wikis and test start date|20 Wikipedias]] to answer this question. *[[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Usability improvements|Usability improvements]]: This project will make the mobile visual editor easier to use. The goal is to let contributors stay focused on editing and to feel more confident in the editing tools. === Looking ahead === * '''Wikimania:''' Several members of the Editing Team will be attending [[wmania:|Wikimania]] in August 2019. They will lead a session about mobile editing in the [[wmania:2019:Community Growth/Visual editing on mobile: An accessible editor for all|Community Growth space]]. Talk to the team about how editing can be improved. * '''Talk Pages:''' In the coming months, the Editing Team will begin [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|improving talk pages]] and communication on the wikis. === Learning more === The [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile|VisualEditor on mobile]] is a good place to learn more about the projects we are working on. The team wants to talk with you about anything related to editing. If you have something to say or ask, please leave a message at [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor on mobile|Talk:VisualEditor on mobile]]. [[user:PPelberg (WMF)|PPelberg (WMF)]] ([[mw:user_talk:PPelberg (WMF)|talk]]) & [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[mw:user_talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 23:32, 23 جولائی 2019 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=19175117 --> == Update on the consultation about office actions == Hello all, Last month, the Wikimedia Foundation's Trust & Safety team [[:en:Wikipedia:Village_pump_(policy)/Archive_152#Announcement_of_forthcoming_temporary_and_partial_ban_tool_consultation|announced]] a future consultation about partial and/or temporary [[m:Special:MyLanguage/office actions|office actions]]. We want to let you know that the '''draft version''' of this consultation has now been [[:m:Office_actions/Community_consultation_on_partial_and_temporary_office_actions/draft|posted on Meta]]. This is a '''draft'''. It is not intended to be the consultation itself, which will be posted on Meta likely in early September. Please do not treat this draft as a consultation. Instead, we ask your assistance in forming the final language for the consultation. For that end, we would like your input over the next couple of weeks about what questions the consultation should ask about partial and temporary Foundation office action bans and how it should be formatted. '''[[:m:Talk:Office_actions/Community_consultation_on_partial_and_temporary_office_actions/draft|Please post it on the draft talk page]]'''. Our goal is to provide space for the community to discuss all the aspects of these office actions that need to be discussed, and we want to ensure with your feedback that the consultation is presented in the best way to encourage frank and constructive conversation. Please visit [[:m:Office_actions/Community_consultation_on_partial_and_temporary_office_actions/draft|the consultation draft on Meta-wiki]] and leave your comments on the draft’s talk page about what the consultation should look like and what questions it should ask. Thank you for your input! -- The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety|Trust & Safety team]] 13:03, 16 اگست 2019 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=19175143 --> == New tools and IP masking == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hey everyone, The Wikimedia Foundation wants to work on two things that affect how we patrol changes and handle vandalism and harassment. We want to make the tools that are used to handle bad edits better. We also want to get better privacy for unregistered users so their IP addresses are no longer shown to everyone in the world. We would not hide IP addresses until we have better tools for patrolling. We have an idea of what tools ''could'' be working better and how a more limited access to IP addresses would change things, but we need to hear from more wikis. You can read more about the project [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|on Meta]] and [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|post comments and feedback]]. Now is when we need to hear from you to be able to give you better tools to handle vandalism, spam and harassment. You can post in your language if you can't write in English. [[User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]</div></div></div> 19:18, 21 اگست 2019 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tools_and_IP_message/Distribution&oldid=19315232 --> == The consultation on partial and temporary Foundation bans just started == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="plainlinks"> Hello, In a [[:en:Wikipedia:Community_response_to_the_Wikimedia_Foundation%27s_ban_of_Fram/Official_statements#Board_statement|recent statement]], the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees [[:en:Wikipedia:Community_response_to_the_Wikimedia_Foundation%27s_ban_of_Fram/Official_statements#Board_statement|requested that staff hold a consultation]] to "re-evaluat[e] or add community input to the two new office action policy tools (temporary and partial Foundation bans)". Accordingly, the Foundation's Trust & Safety team invites all Wikimedians [[:m:Office actions/Community consultation on partial and temporary office actions/09 2019|to join this consultation and give their feedback]] from 30 September to 30 October. How can you help? * Suggest how partial and temporary Foundation bans should be used, if they should (eg: On all projects, or only on a subset); * Give ideas about how partial and temporary Foundation bans should ideally implemented, if they should be; and/or * Propose changes to the existing Office Actions policy on partial and temporary bans. We offer our thanks in advance for your contributions, and we hope to get as much input as possible from community members during this consultation! </div> </div>-- [[user:Kbrown (WMF)|Kbrown (WMF)]] 22:14, 30 ستمبر 2019 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=19302497 --> == Feedback wanted on Desktop Improvements project == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:Please-translate}} {{int:Hello}}. The Readers Web team at the WMF will work on some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|improvements to the desktop interface]] over the next couple of years. The goal is to increase usability without removing any functionality. We have been inspired by changes made by volunteers, but that currently only exist as local gadgets and user scripts, prototypes, and volunteer-led skins. We would like to begin the process of bringing some of these changes into the default experience on all Wikimedia projects. We are currently in the research stage of this project and are looking for ideas for improvements, as well as feedback on our current ideas and mockups. So far, we have performed interviews with community members at Wikimania. We have gathered lists of previous volunteer and WMF work in this area. We are examining possible technical approaches for such changes. We would like individual feedback on the following: * Identifying focus areas for the project we have not yet discovered * Expanding the list of existing gadgets and user scripts that are related to providing a better desktop experience. If you can think of some of these from your wiki, please let us know * Feedback on the ideas and mockups we have collected so far We would also like to gather a list of wikis that would be interested in being test wikis for this project - these wikis would be the first to receive the updates once we’re ready to start building. When giving feedback, please consider the following goals of the project: * Make it easier for readers to focus on the content * Provide easier access to everyday actions (e.g. search, language switching, editing) * Put things in logical and useful places * Increase consistency in the interface with other platforms - mobile web and the apps * Eliminate clutter * Plan for future growth As well as the following constraints: * Not touching the content - no work will be done in terms of styling templates or to the structure of page contents themselves * Not removing any functionality - things might move around, but all navigational items and other functionality currently available by default will remain * No drastic changes to the layout - we're taking an evolutionary approach to the changes and want the site to continue feeling familiar to readers and editors Please give all feedback (in any language) at [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements]] After this round of feedback, we plan on building a prototype of suggested changes based on the feedback we receive. You’ll hear from us again asking for feedback on this prototype. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[mw:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:Quiddity (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 12:18, 16 اکتوبر 2019 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/Global_message_delivery_split_4&oldid=19462890 --> == Beta feature "Reference Previews" == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> A new beta feature will soon be deployed to your wiki: [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Reference Previews]]. As you might guess from the name, this feature gives you a preview of references in the article text. That means, you can look up a reference without jumping down to the bottom of the page. Reference Previews have already been a beta feature on German and Arabic Wikipedia since April. Now they will become available on more wikis. Deployment is planned for October 24. More information can be found [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews|on the project page]]. As always, feedback is highly appreciated. If you want to test Reference Previews, please activate the beta feature in your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|user preferences]] and let us know what you think. The best place for feedback is the [[mw:Help talk:Reference Previews|central talk page]]. We hope the feature will serve you well in your work. Thank you from Wikimedia Deutschland's [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes project]]. </div> -- [[User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 14:47, 23 اکتوبر 2019 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=19478814 --> == Editing News #2 – Mobile editing and talk pages == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <em>[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2019/October|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]</em> Inside this newsletter, the [[mw:Editing|Editing team]] talks about their work on the [[mw:Mobile visual editor|mobile visual editor]], on [[mw:Talk pages project|the new talk pages project]], and at [[wikimania:|Wikimania 2019]]. === Help === <strong>What talk page interactions do you remember?</strong> Is it a story about how someone helped you to learn something new? Is it a story about how someone helped you get involved in a group? Something else? Whatever your story is, we want to hear it! Please tell us a story about how you used a talk page. <mark>Please share a link to a memorable discussion, or describe it on the <strong>[[mw:Topic:V8d91yh8gcg404dj|talk page for this project]]</strong>.</mark> The team wants your examples. These examples will help everyone develop a shared understanding of what this project should support and encourage. === Talk pages project === The [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|Talk Pages Consultation]] was a global consultation to define better tools for wiki communication. From February through June 2019, more than 500 volunteers on 20 wikis, across 15 languages and multiple projects, came together with members of the Foundation to create a product direction for a set of discussion tools. The [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Phase 2 report|Phase 2 Report]] of the Talk Page Consultation was published in August. It summarizes the product direction the team has started to work on, which you can read more about here: [[mw:Talk pages project|Talk Page Project project page]]. The team needs and wants your help at this early stage. They are starting to develop the first idea. Please add your name to the [[mw:Talk pages project#Getting involved|<strong>"Getting involved"</strong>]] section of the project page, if you would like to hear about opportunities to participate. === Mobile visual editor === The Editing team is trying to make it simpler to edit on mobile devices. The team is changing the [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile|visual editor on mobile]]. If you have something to say about editing on a mobile device, please leave a message at [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor on mobile|Talk:VisualEditor on mobile]]. ==== [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards|Edit Cards]] ==== [[File:Edit Cards-before-v3-comparison.png|thumb|486x486px|What happens when you click on a link. The new Edit Card is bigger and has more options for editing links.]] * On 3 September, the Editing team released [[:File:Edit Cards comparison v2 and v3.png|version 3 of Edit Cards]]. Anyone could use the new version in the mobile visual editor. * There is an [[:File:Edit Cards comparison v2 and v3.png|updated design]] on the Edit Card for adding and modifying links. There is also a new, [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards#2 September 2019 - v3 deployment timing|combined workflow for editing a link's display text and target]]. * Feedback: You can try the new Edit Cards by opening the mobile visual editor on a smartphone. Please post your feedback on the [[:mw:Topic:V5rg0cqmikpubmjj|Edit cards talk page]]. ==== [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Toolbar refresh|Toolbar]] ==== [[File:Toolbar-comparison-v1.png|thumb|486px|The editing toolbar is changing in the mobile visual editor. The old system had two different toolbars. Now, all the buttons are together. [[mw:Topic:V79x6zm8n6i4nb56|Tell the team what you think about the new toolbar]].]] * In September, the Editing team updated the mobile visual editor's editing toolbar. Anyone could see these changes in the mobile visual editor. ** <em>One toolbar:</em> All of the editing tools are located in one toolbar. Previously, the toolbar changed when you clicked on different things. **<em>New navigation:</em> The buttons for moving forward and backward in the edit flow have changed. **<em>Seamless switching:</em> an [[phab:T228159|improved workflow]] for switching between the visual and wikitext modes. * Feedback: You can try the refreshed toolbar by opening the mobile VisualEditor on a smartphone. Please post your feedback on the [[mw:Topic:V79x6zm8n6i4nb56|Toolbar feedback talk page]]. === Wikimania === The Editing Team attended [[wmania:2019:Program|Wikimania 2019]] in Sweden. They led a session on [[wmania:2019:Community Growth/Visual editing on mobile: An accessible editor for all|the mobile visual editor]] and a session on [[wmania:2019:Community Growth/After Flow: A new direction for improving talk pages|the new talk pages project]]. They tested [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Toolbar refresh#v1 prototype|two]] new [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards#v3 prototype|features]] in the mobile visual editor with contributors. You can read more about what the team did and learned in [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile#Wikimania Stockholm: Overview|the team's report on Wikimania 2019]]. === Looking ahead === * <strong>Talk Pages Project:</strong> The team is thinking about the first set of proposed changes. The team will be working with a few communities to pilot those changes. The best way to stay informed is by adding your username to the list on the project page: [[mw:Talk pages project#Getting involved|<strong>Getting involved</strong>]]. * <strong>Testing the mobile visual editor as the default:</strong> The Editing team plans to post results before the end of the calendar year. The best way to stay informed is by adding the project page to your watchlist: [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/VE mobile default|<strong>VisualEditor as mobile default project page</strong>]]. * <strong>Measuring the impact of Edit Cards:</strong> This study asks whether the project helped editors add links and citations. The Editing team hopes to share results in November. The best way to stay informed is by adding the project page to your watchlist: [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards|<strong>Edit Cards project page</strong>]]. – [[User:PPelberg (WMF)|PPelberg (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:PPelberg (WMF)|talk]]) & [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 16:12, 29 اکتوبر 2019 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/VE_201910/4&oldid=19500850 --> == Movement Learning and Leadership Development Project == Hello The Wikimedia Foundation’s Community Development team is seeking to learn more about the way volunteers learn and develop into the many different roles that exist in the movement. Our goal is to build a movement informed framework that provides shared clarity and outlines accessible pathways on how to grow and develop skills within the movement. To this end, we are looking to speak with you, our community to learn about your journey as a Wikimedia volunteer. Whether you joined yesterday or have been here from the very start, we want to hear about the many ways volunteers join and contribute to our movement. To learn more about the project, [[:m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Learning and Leadership Development Project|please visit the Meta page]]. If you are interested in participating in the project, please complete [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSegM07N1FK_s0VUECM61AlWOthwdn5zQOlVsa2vaKcx13BwZg/viewform?usp=sf_link this simple Google form]. Although we may not be able to speak to everyone who expresses interest, we encourage you to complete this short form if you are interested in participating! -- [[user:LMiranda (WMF)|LMiranda (WMF)]] ([[user talk:LMiranda (WMF)|talk]]) 00:01, 23 جنوری 2020 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/sandbox/temp_MassMessage_list&oldid=19738989 --> == Additional interface for edit conflicts on talk pages == ''Sorry, for writing this text in English. If you could help to translate it, it would be appreciated.'' You might know the new interface for edit conflicts (currently a beta feature). Now, Wikimedia Germany is designing an additional interface to solve edit conflicts on talk pages. This interface is shown to you when you write on a discussion page and another person writes a discussion post in the same line and saves it before you do. With this additional editing conflict interface you can adjust the order of the comments and edit your comment. We are inviting everyone to have a look at [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Edit conflicts on talk pages|the planned feature]]. Let us know what you think on our [[mw:Help talk:Two Column Edit Conflict View|central feedback page]]! -- For the Technical Wishes Team: [[m:User:Max Klemm (WMDE)|Max Klemm (WMDE)]] 19:15, 26 فروری 2020 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Max Klemm (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=19845780 --> == Editing news 2020 #1 – Discussion tools == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <em>[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2020/April|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]</em> [[File:TalkPages-Reply-v1.0.png|thumb|300px|alt=Screenshot showing what the Reply tool looks like|This early version of the Reply tool automatically signs and indents comments.]] The [[mw:Editing|Editing team]] has been working on [[mw:Talk pages project|the talk pages project]]. The goal of the talk pages project is to help contributors communicate on wiki more easily. This project is the result of the [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|Talk pages consultation 2019]]. [[File:TalkPages-Reply-v2.0.png|thumb|300px|alt=Reply tool improved with edit tool buttons|In a future update, the team plans to test a tool for easily linking to another user's name, a rich-text editing option, and other tools.]] The team is building a [[mw:Talk pages project/replying|new tool for replying]] to comments now. This early version can sign and indent comments automatically. <strong>Please [[mw:Talk pages project/replying/prototype testing#Reply%20version%201.0|test the new Reply tool]].</strong> *On 31 March 2020, the new {{Int:discussiontools-replylink}} tool was offered as a [[mw:Beta Feature|Beta Feature]] editors at four Wikipedias: [[w:ar:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Arabic]], [[w:nl:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Dutch]], [[w:fr:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|French]], and [[w:hu:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Hungarian]]. If your community also wants early access to the new tool, contact [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)]]. *The team is planning some upcoming changes. <strong>Please [[mw:Talk pages project/replying#Version%202.0|review the proposed design]] and share your thoughts on the talk page.</strong> The team will test features such as: **an easy way to mention another editor ("pinging"), **a rich-text visual editing option, and **other features identified through user testing or recommended by editors. To hear more about Editing Team updates, please add your name to the [[mw:Talk pages project#Get involved|<strong>"Get involved"</strong>]] section of the project page. You can also watch [[File:MediaWiki Vector skin blue star watchlist icon.svg|frameless|16px]] these pages: [[mw:Talk pages project|the main project page]], [[mw:Talk pages project/Updates|Updates]], [[mw:Talk pages project/replying|Replying]], and [[mw:Talk pages project/replying/prototype testing|User testing]]. – [[user:PPelberg (WMF)|PPelberg (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:PPelberg (WMF)|talk]]) & [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 00:25, 9 اپریل 2020 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/sandbox2&oldid=19967064 --> == Editing news 2020 #2 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2020/June|Read this in another language]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]</em> [[File:TalkPages-Reply-v2.0.png|alt=Mockup of the new reply feature, showing new editing tools|thumb|400x400px|The new features include a toolbar. [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/replying|What do you think should be in the toolbar?]]]] This issue of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing|Editing]] newsletter includes information the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|Talk pages project]], an effort to help contributors communicate on wiki more easily. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|<strong>Reply tool</strong>]]: This is available as a Beta Feature at the four partner wikis (Arabic, Dutch, French, and Hungarian Wikipedias). The Beta Feature is called "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}". The Beta Feature will get [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying#Version%202.0|new features]] soon. The new features include writing comments in a new visual editing mode and pinging other users by typing <code>@</code>. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying/prototype testing#Reply%20tool%20version%202.0|test the new features]] on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|Beta Cluster]] now. Some other wikis will have a chance to try the Beta Feature in the coming months. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New requirements for user signatures|<strong>New requirements for user signatures</strong>]]: Soon, users will not be able to save invalid custom signatures in [[Special:Preferences]]. This will reduce signature spoofing, prevent page corruption, and make new talk page tools more reliable. Most editors will not be affected. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|<strong>New discussion tool</strong>]]: The Editing team is beginning work on a simpler process for starting new discussions. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion#Design|see the initial design on the project page]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Usage of talk pages|<strong>Research on the use of talk pages</strong>]]: The Editing team worked with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Research|Wikimedia research team]] to study how talk pages help editors improve articles. We learned that new editors who use talk pages make more edits to the main namespace than new editors who don't use talk pages. – [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 01:33, 18 جون 2020 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/sandbox/temp_MassMessage_list&oldid=20184653 --> == [[:en:Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aurat (word)]] == [[:en:Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aurat (word)]] has been relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus. [[ورتنوالا:Bookku|Bookku]] ([[ورتن گل بات:Bookku|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/Bookku|کم]]) 09:17, 20 جون 2020 (PKT) == Annual contest Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos == [[File:WPWP logo 1.png|150px|right|Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos (WPWP)]] This is to invite you to join the Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos (WPWP) campaign to help improve Wikipedia articles with photos and win prizes. The campaign starts today 1st July 2020 and closes 31st August 2020. The campaign primarily aims at using images from Wikimedia Commons on Wikipedia articles that are lacking images. Participants will choose among Wikipedia pages without photo images, then add a suitable file from among the many thousands of photos in the Wikimedia Commons, especially those uploaded from thematic contests (Wiki Loves Africa, Wiki Loves Earth, Wiki Loves Folklore, etc.) over the years. Please visit the '''[[m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos|campaign page]]''' to learn more about the WPWP Campaign. With kind regards, Thank you, Deborah Schwartz Jacobs, Communities Liaison, On behalf of the Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos Organizing Team - 13:24, 1 جولائی 2020 (PKT) ''feel free to translate this message to your local language when this helps your community'' <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Romaine/MassMessage&oldid=20232618 --> == Feedback on movement names == {{int:Hello}}. Apologies if you are not reading this message in your native language. {{int:please-translate}} if necessary. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} There are a lot of conversations happening about the future of our movement names. We hope that you are part of these discussions and that your community is represented. Since 16 June, the Foundation Brand Team has been running a [https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9G2dN7P0T7gPqpD survey] in 7 languages about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Communications/Wikimedia brands/2030 movement brand project/Naming convention proposals|3 naming options]]. There are also community members sharing concerns about renaming in a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community open letter on renaming|Community Open Letter]]. Our goal in this call for feedback is to hear from across the community, so we encourage you to participate in the survey, the open letter, or both. The survey will go through 7 July in all timezones. Input from the survey and discussions will be analyzed and published on Meta-Wiki. Thanks for thinking about the future of the movement, --[[:m:Talk:Communications/Wikimedia brands/2030 movement brand project|The Brand Project team]], 00:42, 3 جولائی 2020 (PKT) ''Note: The survey is conducted via a third-party service, which may subject it to additional terms. For more information on privacy and data-handling, see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Naming Convention Proposals Movement Feedback Survey Privacy Statement|survey privacy statement]].'' <!-- Message sent by User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Elitre_(WMF)/All_wikis_June_2020&oldid=20238830 --> == Editing news 2020 #3 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <em>[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2020/July|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]</em> [[File:50M@2x.png|thumb|alt=A gold star with a blue ribbon, and the text 50m|More than <strong>50 million edits</strong> have been made using the visual editor on desktop.|400px]] Seven years ago this month, the [[mw:Editing team|Editing team]] offered the visual editor to most Wikipedia editors. Since then, editors have achieved many milestones: * More than <strong>50 million edits</strong> have been made using the visual editor on desktop. * More than <strong>2 million new articles</strong> have been created in the visual editor. More than 600,000 of these new articles were created during 2019. * The visual editor is <strong>increasingly popular</strong>. The proportion of all edits made using the visual editor has increased every year since its introduction. * In 2019, <strong>35% of the edits by newcomers</strong> (logged-in editors with ≤99 edits) used the visual editor. This percentage has <strong>increased every year</strong>. * Almost <strong>5 million edits on the mobile site</strong> have been made with the visual editor. Most of these edits have been made since the Editing team started improving the [[mw:Mobile visual editor|mobile visual editor]] in 2018. * On 17 November 2019, the [https://discuss-space.wmflabs.org/t/first-edit-made-to-wikipedia-from-outer-space/2254 <strong>first edit from outer space</strong>] was made in the mobile visual editor. 🚀 👩‍🚀 * Editors have made more than <strong>7 million edits in the 2017 wikitext editor</strong>, including starting <strong>600,000 new articles</strong> in it. The [[mw:2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]] is VisualEditor's built-in wikitext mode. You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|enable it in your preferences]]. [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 17:55, 9 جولائی 2020 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=20232673 --> == Announcing a new wiki project! Welcome, Abstract Wikipedia == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hi all, It is my honor to introduce Abstract Wikipedia, a new project that has been unanimously approved by the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. Abstract Wikipedia proposes a new way to generate baseline encyclopedic content in a multilingual fashion, allowing more contributors and more readers to share more knowledge in more languages. It is an approach that aims to make cross-lingual cooperation easier on our projects, increase the sustainability of our movement through expanding access to participation, improve the user experience for readers of all languages, and innovate in free knowledge by connecting some of the strengths of our movement to create something new. This is our first new project in over seven years. Abstract Wikipedia was submitted as a project proposal by Denny Vrandečić in May 2020 <ref>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]</ref> after years of preparation and research, leading to a detailed plan and lively discussions in the Wikimedia communities. We know that the energy and the creativity of the community often runs up against language barriers, and information that is available in one language may not make it to other language Wikipedias. Abstract Wikipedia intends to look and feel like a Wikipedia, but build on the powerful, language-independent conceptual models of Wikidata, with the goal of letting volunteers create and maintain Wikipedia articles across our polyglot Wikimedia world. The project will allow volunteers to assemble the fundamentals of an article using words and entities from Wikidata. Because Wikidata uses conceptual models that are meant to be universal across languages, it should be possible to use and extend these building blocks of knowledge to create models for articles that also have universal value. Using code, volunteers will be able to translate these abstract “articles” into their own languages. If successful, this could eventually allow everyone to read about any topic in Wikidata in their own language. As you can imagine, this work will require a lot of software development, and a lot of cooperation among Wikimedians. In order to make this effort possible, Denny will join the Foundation as a staff member in July and lead this initiative. You may know Denny as the creator of Wikidata, a long-time community member, a former staff member at Wikimedia Deutschland, and a former Trustee at the Wikimedia Foundation <ref>[[m:User:Denny|User:Denny]]</ref>. We are very excited that Denny will bring his skills and expertise to work on this project alongside the Foundation’s product, technology, and community liaison teams. It is important to acknowledge that this is an experimental project, and that every Wikipedia community has different needs. This project may offer some communities great advantages. Other communities may engage less. Every language Wikipedia community will be free to choose and moderate whether or how they would use content from this project. We are excited that this new wiki-project has the possibility to advance knowledge equity through increased access to knowledge. It also invites us to consider and engage with critical questions about how and by whom knowledge is constructed. We look forward to working in cooperation with the communities to think through these important questions. There is much to do as we begin designing a plan for Abstract Wikipedia in close collaboration with our communities. I encourage you to get involved by going to the project page and joining the new mailing list <ref>[[mail:abstract-wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia mailing list]]</ref>. We recognize that Abstract Wikipedia is ambitious, but we also recognize its potential. We invite you all to join us on a new, unexplored path. Yours, Katherine Maher (Executive Director, Wikimedia Foundation) <references/> </div> <small>Sent by [[:m:User:Elitre (WMF)]] 01:10, 10 جولائی 2020 (PKT) - '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/July 2020 announcement]]''' </small> <!-- Message sent by User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Elitre_(WMF)/All_wikis_June_2020&oldid=20265921 --> == Technical Wishes: FileExporter and FileImporter become default features on all Wikis == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> The [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|FileExporter and FileImporter]] will become a default features on all wikis until August 7, 2020. They are planned to help you to move files from your local wiki to Wikimedia Commons easier while keeping all original file information (Description, Source, Date, Author, View History) intact. Additionally, the move is documented in the files view history. How does it work? Step 1: If you are an auto-confirmed user, you will see a link "Move file to Wikimedia Commons" on the local file page. Step 2: When you click on this link, the FileImporter checks if the file can in fact be moved to Wikimedia Commons. These checks are performed based on the wiki's [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons/Configuration_file_documentation|configuration file]] which is created and maintained by each local wiki community. Step 3: If the file is compatible with Wikimedia Commons, you will be taken to an import page, at which you can update or add information regarding the file, such as the description. You can also add the 'Now Commons' template to the file on the local wiki by clicking the corresponding check box in the import form. Admins can delete the file from the local wiki by enabling the corresponding checkbox. By clicking on the 'Import' button at the end of the page, the file is imported to Wikimedia Commons. If you want to know more about the [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|FileImporter extension]] or the [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes|Technical Wishes Project]], follow the links. --For the Technical Wishes Team: </div>[[User:Max Klemm (WMDE)|Max Klemm (WMDE)]] 14:14, 6 اگست 2020 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Max Klemm (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=20343133 --> == Important: maintenance operation on September 1st == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2020|Read this message in another language]] • [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2020|{{int:please-translate}}]] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will be testing its secondary data centre. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. They will switch all traffic to the secondary data centre on '''Tuesday, September 1st 2020'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on Tuesday, September 1st. The test will start at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200901T14 14:00 UTC] (15:00 BST, 16:00 CEST, 10:00 EDT, 19:30 IST, 07:00 PDT, 23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 02:00 NZST on Wednesday September 2). *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. *There will be code freezes for the week of September 1st, 2020. Non-essential code deployments will not happen. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Schedule for 2018 switch|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. '''Please share this information with your community.''' </div></div> <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|talk]])</span> 18:48, 26 اگست 2020 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=20384955 --> == New Wikipedia Library Collections Now Available (September 2020) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL owl says sign up today!]] [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing new free, full-access, accounts to reliable sources as part of our [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/ research access program]. You can sign up for new accounts and research materials on the [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/ Library Card platform]: * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/101/ Al Manhal]''' – Arabic journals and ebooks * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/102/ Ancestry.com]''' – Genealogical and historical records * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/100/ RILM]''' – Music encyclopedias Many other partnerships are listed on [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/ our partners page], including [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/49/ Adam Matthew], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/57/ EBSCO], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/55/ Gale] and [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/54/ JSTOR]. A significant portion of our collection now no longer requires individual applications to access! Read more in our [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2020/06/24/simplifying-your-research-needs-the-wikipedia-library-launches-new-technical-improvements-and-partnerships/ recent blog post]. Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects! <br>--[[w:en:Wikipedia:TWL/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 14:49, 3 ستمبر 2020 (PKT) :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Samwalton9@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=20418180 --> == Invitation to participate in the conversation == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''{{int:Hello}}. Apologies for cross-posting, and that you may not be reading this message in your native language: translations of the following announcement may be available on '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Draft review/Invitation (long version)|Meta]]'''. {{int:please-translate}}. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}'' We are excited to share '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Draft review|a draft of the Universal Code of Conduct]]''', which the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees called for earlier this year, for your review and feedback. The discussion will be open until October 6, 2020. The UCoC Drafting Committee wants to learn which parts of the draft would present challenges for you or your work. What is missing from this draft? What do you like, and what could be improved? Please join the conversation and share this invitation with others who may be interested to join, too. To reduce language barriers during the process, you are welcomed to translate this message and the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Draft review|Universal Code of Conduct/Draft review]]. You and your community may choose to provide your opinions/feedback using your local languages. To learn more about the UCoC project, see the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] page, and the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/FAQ|FAQ]], on Meta. Thanks in advance for your attention and contributions, [[:m:Talk:Trust_and_Safety|The Trust and Safety team at Wikimedia Foundation]], 22:55, 10 ستمبر 2020 (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Draft_review/Invitation_(long_version)/List&oldid=20440292 --> == Wiki of functions naming contest == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Please-translate}} {{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Wikimedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki where the community can work together on a library of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract_Wikipedia/Wiki_of_functions_naming_contest#function|functions]]. The community can create new functions, read about them, discuss them, and share them. Some of these functions will be used to help create language-independent Wikipedia articles that can be displayed in any language, as part of the Abstract Wikipedia project. But functions will also be usable in many other situations. There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with voting beginning on 29 September and 27 October. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on 8 December. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Wiki of functions naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} --[[m:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]]</div> 02:22, 30 ستمبر 2020 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/Global_message_delivery_split_5&oldid=20492309 --> == Call for feedback about Wikimedia Foundation Bylaws changes and Board candidate rubric == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:Hello}}. Apologies if you are not reading this message in your native language. {{Int:Please-translate}}. Today the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees starts two calls for feedback. One is about changes to the Bylaws mainly to increase the Board size from 10 to 16 members. The other one is about a trustee candidate rubric to introduce new, more effective ways to evaluate new Board candidates. The Board welcomes your comments through 26 October. For more details, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/October 2020 - Call for feedback about Bylaws changes and Board candidate rubric|check the full announcement]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[m:User:Qgil-WMF|Qgil-WMF]] ([[m:User talk:Qgil-WMF|talk]]) 22:17, 7 اکتوبر 2020 (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Elitre_(WMF)/Board&oldid=20519859 --> == Important: maintenance operation on October 27 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2020|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch+2020&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. They will switch all traffic back to the primary data center on '''Tuesday, October 27 2020'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on Tuesday, October 27. The test will start at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 14:00 UTC] (14:00 WET, 15:00 CET, 10:00 EDT, 19:30 IST, 07:00 PDT, 23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 03:00 NZDT on Wednesday October 28). *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. *There will be code freezes for the week of October 26, 2020. Non-essential code deployments will not happen. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter#Schedule_for_2020_switch|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div></div> -- <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|talk]])</span> 22:11, 21 اکتوبر 2020 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=20519839 --> == Wiki of functions naming contest - Round 2 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose the name for the new Wikimedia wiki project - the library of functions. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Wikicode, Wikicodex, Wikifunctions, Wikifusion, Wikilambda, Wikimedia Functions</span>. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Wiki of functions naming contest/Names|please learn more and vote now]]''' at Meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} --[[m:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]] </div> 03:10, 6 نومبر 2020 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=20564572 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Invitation|Community Wishlist Survey 2021]] == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Magic Wand Icon 229981 Color Flipped.svg|thumb|48px]] The '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|2021 Community Wishlist Survey]]''' is now open! This survey is the process where communities decide what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech]] team should work on over the next year. We encourage everyone to submit proposals until the deadline on '''{{#time:j xg|2020-11-30|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}''', or comment on other proposals to help make them better. The communities will vote on the proposals between {{#time:j xg|2020-12-08|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} and {{#time:j xg|2020-12-21|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. The Community Tech team is focused on tools for experienced Wikimedia editors. You can write proposals in any language, and we will translate them for you. Thank you, and we look forward to seeing your proposals! </div> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[m:user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]]</span> 23:09, 20 نومبر 2020 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/1&oldid=20689939 --> == Wikidata descriptions changes to be included more often in Recent Changes and Watchlist == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''Sorry for sending this message in English. Translations are available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Announcements/Announcement Wikidata descriptions in watchlist|this page]]. Feel free to translate it in more languages!'' As you may know, you can include changes coming from Wikidata in your Watchlist and Recent Changes ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist|in your preferences]]). Until now, this feature didn’t always include changes made on Wikidata descriptions due to the way Wikidata tracks the data used in a given article. Starting on December 3rd, the Watchlist and Recent Changes will include changes on the descriptions of Wikidata Items that are used in the pages that you watch. This will only include descriptions in the language of your wiki to make sure that you’re only seeing changes that are relevant to your wiki. This improvement was requested by many users from different projects. We hope that it can help you monitor the changes on Wikidata descriptions that affect your wiki and participate in the effort of improving the data quality on Wikidata for all Wikimedia wikis and beyond. Note: if you didn’t use the Wikidata watchlist integration feature for a long time, feel free to give it another chance! The feature has been improved since the beginning and the content it displays is more precise and useful than at the beginning of the feature in 2015. If you encounter any issue or want to provide feedback, feel free to use [[Phab:T191831|this Phabricator ticket]]. Thanks! [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 19:39, 30 نومبر 2020 (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lea_Lacroix_(WMDE)/wikis&oldid=20728482 --> == 2020 Coolest Tool Award Ceremony on December 11th == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello all, The ceremony of the 2020 [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award|Wikimedia Coolest Tool Award]] will take place virtually on Friday, December 11th, at 17:00 GMT. This award is highlighting tools that have been nominated by contributors to the Wikimedia projects, and the ceremony will be a nice moment to show appreciation to the tools developers and maybe discover new tools! You will find more information [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award|here]] about the livestream and the discussions channels. Thanks for your attention, [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 15:55, 7 دسمبر 2020 (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=20734978 --> == Community Wishlist Survey 2021 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Magic Wand Icon 229981 Color Flipped.svg|thumb|48px]] '''We invite all registered users to vote on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|2021 Community Wishlist Survey]]. You can vote from now until {{#time:j xg|2020-12-21|en}} for as many different wishes as you want.''' In the Survey, wishes for new and improved tools for experienced editors are collected. After the voting, we will do our best to grant your wishes. We will start with the most popular ones. We, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]], are one of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] teams. We create and improve editing and wiki moderation tools. What we work on is decided based on results of the Community Wishlist Survey. Once a year, you can submit wishes. After two weeks, you can vote on the ones that you're most interested in. Next, we choose wishes from the survey to work on. Some of the wishes may be granted by volunteer developers or other teams. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Tracking|You can view and vote all proposals here.]]''' We are waiting for your votes. Thank you! </div> [[user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] 05:52, 15 دسمبر 2020 (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/1&oldid=20689939 --> == IMPORTANT: Admin activity review == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello. A policy regarding the removal of "advanced rights" (administrator, bureaucrat, interface administrator, etc.) was adopted by [[:m:Requests for comment/Activity levels of advanced administrative rights holders|global community consensus]] in 2013. According to this policy, the [[:m:stewards|stewards]] are reviewing administrators' activity on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis with no inactivity policy. To the best of our knowledge, your wiki does not have a formal process for removing "advanced rights" from inactive accounts. This means that the stewards will take care of this according to the [[:m:Admin activity review|admin activity review]]. We have determined that the following users meet the inactivity criteria (no edits and no logged actions for more than 2 years): #Danish47 (administrator) These users will receive a notification soon, asking them to start a community discussion if they want to retain some or all of their rights. If the users do not respond, then their advanced rights will be removed by the stewards. However, if you as a community would like to create your own activity review process superseding the global one, want to make another decision about these inactive rights holders, or already have a policy that we missed, then please notify the [[:m:Stewards' noticeboard|stewards on Meta-Wiki]] so that we know not to proceed with the rights review on your wiki. Thanks, --[[ورتنوالا:علاء|علاء]] ([[ورتن گل بات:علاء|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/علاء|کم]]) ۱۴:۲۴, ۲۴ جنوری ۲۰۲۱ (PKT) </div> == Moving Wikimania 2021 to a Virtual Event == <div class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikimania_logo_with_text_2.svg|right|alt=Wikimania's logo.|75px]] ''{{int:Hello}}. Apologies if you are not reading this message in your native language. {{Int:Please-translate}}. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}'' [[:m:Wikimania 2021|Wikimania will be a virtual event this year]], and hosted by a wide group of community members. Whenever the next in-person large gathering is possible again, [[:m:ESEAP Hub|the ESEAP Core Organizing Team]] will be in charge of it. Stay tuned for more information about how ''you'' can get involved in the planning process and other aspects of the event. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2021-January/096141.html Please read the longer version of this announcement on wikimedia-l]. ''ESEAP Core Organizing Team, Wikimania Steering Committee, Wikimedia Foundation Events Team'', ۲۰:۱۶, ۲۷ جنوری ۲۰۲۱ (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Elitre_(WMF)/Wikimania21&oldid=21014617 --> == Project Grant Open Call == This is the announcement for the [[m:Grants:Project|Project Grants program]] open call that started on January 11, with the submission deadline of February 10, 2021.<br> This first open call will be focussed on Community Organizing proposals. A second open call focused on research and software proposals is scheduled from February 15 with a submission deadline of March 16, 2021.<br> For the Round 1 open call, we invite you to propose grant applications that fall under community development and organizing (offline and online) categories. Project Grant funds are available to support individuals, groups, and organizations to implement new experiments and proven ideas, from organizing a better process on your wiki, coordinating a campaign or editathon series to providing other support for community building. We offer the following resources to help you plan your project and complete a grant proposal:<br> * Weekly proposals clinics via Zoom during the Open Call. Join us for [[m:Grants:Project|#Upcoming_Proposal_Clinics|real-time discussions]] with Program Officers and select thematic experts and get live feedback about your Project Grants proposal. We’ll answer questions and help you make your proposal better. We also offer these support pages to help you build your proposal: * [[m:Grants:Project/Tutorial|Video tutorials]] for writing a strong application<br> * General [[m:Grants:Project/Plan|planning page]] for Project Grants <br> * [[m:Grants:Project/Learn|Program guidelines and criteria]]<br> Program officers are also available to offer individualized proposal support upon request. Contact us if you would like feedback or more information.<br> We are excited to see your grant ideas that will support our community and make an impact on the future of Wikimedia projects. Put your idea into motion, and [[m:Grants:Project/Apply|submit your proposal]] by February 10, 2021!<br> Please feel free to get in touch with questions about getting started with your grant application, or about serving on the Project Grants Committee. Contact us at projectgrants{{at}}wikimedia.org. Please help us translate this message to your local language. [[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) ۱۳:۰۱, ۲۸ جنوری ۲۰۲۱ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:RSharma (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=20808431 --> == New Wikipedia Library Collections Available Now (February 2021) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL owl says sign up today!]] [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing new free, full-access, accounts to reliable sources as part of our [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/ research access program]. You can sign up to access research materials on the [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/ Library Card platform]: * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/103/ Taxmann]''' – Taxation and law database * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/104/ PNAS]''' – Official journal of the National Academy of Sciences * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/57/ EBSCO]''' – New Arabic and Spanish language databases added We have a wide array of [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/ other collections available], and a significant number now no longer require individual applications to access! Read more in our [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2020/06/24/simplifying-your-research-needs-the-wikipedia-library-launches-new-technical-improvements-and-partnerships/ blog post]. Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects! :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> --۱۷:۵۷, ۱ فروری ۲۰۲۱ (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Samwalton9@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=21022367 --> == Feminism & Folklore 1 February - 31 March == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} Greetings! You are invited to participate in '''[[m:Feminism and Folklore 2021|Feminism and Folklore]] writing contest'''. This year Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's biographies and gender-focused topics for the project in league with Wiki Loves Folklore gender gap focus with folk culture theme on Wikipedia. folk activities, folk games, folk cuisine, folk wear, fairy tales, folk plays, folk arts, folk religion, mythology, etc. You can help us in enriching the folklore documentation on Wikipedia from your region by creating or improving articles centered on folklore around the world, including, but not limited to folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer personalities in folklore, folk culture (folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch-hunting, fairy tales and more. You can contribute to new articles or translate from the list of [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2021/List of Articles|suggested articles here]]. You can also support us in translating the [[m:Feminism and Folklore 2021|project page]] and help us spread the word in your native language. Learn more about the contest and prizes from our [[m:Feminism and Folklore 2021|project page]]. Thank you. Feminism and Folklore team, [[m:User:Joy Agyepong|Joy Agyepong]] ([[m:User talk:Joy Agyepong|talk]]) ۰۷:۴۰, ۱۶ فروری ۲۰۲۱ (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=20421065 --> == Wikifunctions logo contest == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:Hello}}. Please help to choose a design concept for the logo of the new Wikifunctions wiki. Voting starts today and will be open for 2 weeks. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Wikifunctions logo concept/Vote|please learn more and vote now]]''' at Meta-Wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} --[[m:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]]</div> ۰۶:۴۷, ۲ مارچ ۲۰۲۱ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=21087740 --> == Universal Code of Conduct – 2021 consultations == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> === Universal Code of Conduct Phase 2 === {{int:please-translate}} The [[:wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|'''Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC)''']] provides a universal baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire Wikimedia movement and all its projects. The project is currently in Phase 2, outlining clear enforcement pathways. You can read more about the whole project on its [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|'''project page''']]. ==== Drafting Committee: Call for applications ==== The Wikimedia Foundation is recruiting volunteers to join a committee to draft how to make the code enforceable. Volunteers on the committee will commit between 2 and 6 hours per week from late April through July and again in October and November. It is important that the committee be diverse and inclusive, and have a range of experiences, including both experienced users and newcomers, and those who have received or responded to, as well as those who have been falsely accused of harassment. To apply and learn more about the process, see [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee|Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee]]. ==== 2021 community consultations: Notice and call for volunteers / translators ==== From 5 April – 5 May 2021 there will be conversations on many Wikimedia projects about how to enforce the UCoC. We are looking for volunteers to translate key material, as well as to help host consultations on their own languages or projects using suggested [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/2021 consultations/Discussion|key questions]]. If you are interested in volunteering for either of these roles, please [[:m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/2021 consultations|contact us]] in whatever language you are most comfortable. To learn more about this work and other conversations taking place, see [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/2021 consultations|Universal Code of Conduct/2021 consultations]]. -- [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Xeno (WMF)|talk]]) ۰۳:۰۶, ۶ اپریل ۲۰۲۱ (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:MNadzikiewicz_(WMF)/Without_Russian,_Polish_and_translated/5&oldid=21302202 --> == Line numbering coming soon to all wikis == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Technical_Wishes_–_Line_numbering_-_2010_wikitext_editor.png|thumb|Example]] From April 15, you can enable line numbering in some wikitext editors - for now in the template namespace, coming to more namespaces soon. This will make it easier to detect line breaks and to refer to a particular line in discussions. These numbers will be shown if you enable the syntax highlighting feature ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror extension]]), which is supported in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|2010]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017]] wikitext editors. More information can be found on [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Line Numbering|this project page]]. Everyone is invited to test the feature, and to give feedback [[m:talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Line Numbering|on this talk page]]. </div> -- [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] ۲۰:۰۹, ۱۲ اپریل ۲۰۲۱ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=21329014 --> == Suggested Values == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> From April 29, it will be possible to suggest values for parameters in templates. Suggested values can be added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData|TemplateData]] and will then be shown as a drop-down list in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide|VisualEditor]]. This allows template users to quickly select an appropriate value. This way, it prevents potential errors and reduces the effort needed to fill the template with values. It will still be possible to fill in values other than the suggested ones. More information, including the supported parameter types and how to create suggested values: [[mw:Help:TemplateData#suggestedvalues|[1]]] [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters|[2]]]. Everyone is invited to test the feature, and to give feedback [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Suggested values for template parameters|on this talk page]]. </div> [[m:User:Timur Vorkul (WMDE)|Timur Vorkul (WMDE)]] ۱۹:۰۸, ۲۲ اپریل ۲۰۲۱ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Timur Vorkul (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=21361904 --> == Universal Code of Conduct News – Issue 1 == <div style = "line-height: 1.2"> <span style="font-size:200%;">'''Universal Code of Conduct News'''</span><br> <span style="font-size:120%; color:#404040;">'''Issue 1, June 2021'''</span><span style="font-size:120%; float:right;">[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1|Read the full newsletter]]</span> ---- Welcome to the first issue of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct News]]! This newsletter will help Wikimedians stay involved with the development of the new code, and will distribute relevant news, research, and upcoming events related to the UCoC. Please note, this is the first issue of UCoC Newsletter which is delivered to all subscribers and projects as an announcement of the initiative. If you want the future issues delivered to your talk page, village pumps, or any specific pages you find appropriate, you need to [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/UCoC Newsletter Subscription|subscribe here]]. You can help us by translating the newsletter issues in your languages to spread the news and create awareness of the new conduct to keep our beloved community safe for all of us. Please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/Participate|add your name here]] if you want to be informed of the draft issue to translate beforehand. Your participation is valued and appreciated. </div><div style="margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;"> * '''Affiliate consultations''' – Wikimedia affiliates of all sizes and types were invited to participate in the UCoC affiliate consultation throughout March and April 2021. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1#sec1|continue reading]]) * '''2021 key consultations''' – The Wikimedia Foundation held enforcement key questions consultations in April and May 2021 to request input about UCoC enforcement from the broader Wikimedia community. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1#sec2|continue reading]]) * '''Roundtable discussions''' – The UCoC facilitation team hosted two 90-minute-long public roundtable discussions in May 2021 to discuss UCoC key enforcement questions. More conversations are scheduled. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1#sec3|continue reading]]) * '''Phase 2 drafting committee''' – The drafting committee for the phase 2 of the UCoC started their work on 12 May 2021. Read more about their work. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1#sec4|continue reading]]) * '''Diff blogs''' – The UCoC facilitators wrote several blog posts based on interesting findings and insights from each community during local project consultation that took place in the 1st quarter of 2021. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1#sec5|continue reading]])</div> --[[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) ۰۴:۰۶, ۱۲ جون ۲۰۲۱ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:SOyeyele (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SOyeyele_(WMF)/Announcements/Other_languages&oldid=21578291 --> == Wikimania 2021: Individual Program Submissions == [[File:Wikimania logo with text 2.svg|right|200px]] Dear all, Wikimania 2021 will be [[:wikimania:2021:Save the date and the Core Organizing Team|hosted virtually]] for the first time in the event's 15-year history. Since there is no in-person host, the event is being organized by a diverse group of Wikimedia volunteers that form the [[:wikimania:2021:Organizers|Core Organizing Team]] (COT) for Wikimania 2021. '''Event Program''' - Individuals or a group of individuals can submit their session proposals to be a part of the program. There will be translation support for sessions provided in a number of languages. See more information [[:wikimania:2021:Submissions/Guidelines#Language Accessibility|here]]. Below are some links to guide you through; * [[:wikimania:2021:Submissions|Program Submissions]] * [[:wikimania:2021:Submissions/Guidelines|Session Submission Guidelines]] * [[:wikimania:2021:FAQ|FAQ]] Please note that the deadline for submission is 18th June 2021. '''Announcements'''- To keep up to date with the developments around Wikimania, the COT sends out weekly updates. You can view them in the Announcement section [[:wikimania:2021:Announcements|here]]. '''Office Hour''' - If you are left with questions, the COT will be hosting some office hours (in multiple languages), in multiple time-zones, to answer any programming questions that you might have. Details can be found [[:wikimania:2021:Organizers#Office hours schedule|here.]] Best regards, [[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) ۰۹:۱۸, ۱۶ جون ۲۰۲۱ (PKT) On behalf of Wikimania 2021 Core Organizing Team <!-- Message sent by User:Bodhisattwa@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=21597568 --> == Editing news 2021 #2 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2021/June|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]</em> [[File:Reply Tool A-B test comment completion.png|alt=Junior contributors comment completion rate across all participating Wikipedias|thumb|296x296px|When newcomers had the Reply tool and tried to post on a talk page, they were more successful at posting a comment. ([https://wikimedia-research.github.io/Reply-tools-analysis-2021/ Source])]] Earlier this year, the Editing team ran a large study of [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|the Reply Tool]]. The main goal was to find out whether the Reply Tool helped [[mw:Talk pages project/Glossary|newer editors]] communicate on wiki. The second goal was to see whether the comments that newer editors made using the tool needed to be reverted more frequently than comments newer editors made with the existing wikitext page editor. The key results were: * Newer editors who had automatic ("default on") access to the Reply tool were [https://wikimedia-research.github.io/Reply-tools-analysis-2021/ more likely] to post a comment on a talk page. * The comments that newer editors made with the Reply Tool were also [https://wikimedia-research.github.io/Reply-tools-analysis-2021/ less likely] to be reverted than the comments that newer editors made with page editing. These results give the Editing team confidence that the tool is helpful. <strong>Looking ahead</strong> The team is planning to make the Reply tool available to everyone as an opt-out preference in the coming months. This has already happened at the Arabic, Czech, and Hungarian Wikipedias. The next step is to [[phab:T280599|resolve a technical challenge]]. Then, they will deploy the Reply tool first to the [[phab:T267379|Wikipedias that participated in the study]]. After that, they will deploy it, in stages, to the other Wikipedias and all WMF-hosted wikis. You can turn on "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|in Beta Features]] now. After you get the Reply tool, you can change your preferences at any time in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion]]. –[[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) </div> ۱۹:۱۴, ۲۴ جون ۲۰۲۱ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=21624491 --> == Server switch == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2020|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch+2020&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. <!-- They will switch all traffic back to the primary data center on '''Tuesday, October 27 2020'''. --> Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on Tuesday, 29 June 2021. The test will start at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1624975200 14:00 UTC] (07:00 PDT, 10:00 EDT, 15:00 WEST/BST, 16:00 CEST, 19:30 IST, 23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 02:00 NZST on Wednesday 30 June). *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. *There will be code freezes for the week of June 28. Non-essential code deployments will not happen. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter#Schedule_for_2021_switch|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div></div> [[user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ۰۶:۱۹, ۲۷ جون ۲۰۲۱ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=21463754 --> == Wiki Loves Women South Asia 2021 == [[File:Wiki Loves Women logo.svg|right|frameless]] '''Wiki Loves Women South Asia''' is back with the 2021 edition. Join us to minify gender gaps and enrich Wikipedia with more diversity. Happening from 1 September - 30 September, [[:m:Wiki Loves Women South Asia 2021|Wiki Loves Women South Asia]] welcomes the articles created on gender gap theme. This year we will focus on women's empowerment and gender discrimination related topics. We warmly invite you to help organize or participate in the competition in your community. You can learn more about the scope and the prizes at the [[:m:Wiki Loves Women South Asia 2021|project page]]. Best wishes,<br> [[:m:Wiki Loves Women South Asia 2021|Wiki Loves Women Team]]<br>۱۵:۴۲, ۱۴ جولائی ۲۰۲۱ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:MdsShakil@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:MdsShakil/sandbox/2&oldid=21730887 --> == New Wikipedia Library collections and design update (August 2021) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL OWL says log in today!]] [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/users/my_library/ The Wikipedia Library] is pleased to announce the addition of new collections, alongside a new interface design. New collections include: * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/107/ Cabells]''' – Scholarly and predatory journal database * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/108/ Taaghche]''' - Persian language e-books * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/112/ Merkur]''', '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/111/ Musik & Ästhetik]''', and '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/110/ Psychologie, Psychotherapie, Psychoanalyse]''' - German language magazines and journals published by Klett-Cotta * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/117/ Art Archiv]''', '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/113/ Capital]''', '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/115/ Geo]''', '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/116/ Geo Epoche]''', and '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/114/ Stern]''' - German language newspapers and magazines published by Gruner + Jahr Additionally, '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/105/ De Gruyter]''' and '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/106/ Nomos]''' have been centralised from their previous on-wiki signup location on the German Wikipedia. Many other collections are freely available by simply logging in to [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/ The Wikipedia Library] with your Wikimedia login! We are also excited to announce that the first version of a new design for My Library was deployed this week. We will be iterating on this design with more features over the coming weeks. Read more on the [[:m:Library Card platform/Design improvements|project page on Meta]]. Lastly, an Echo notification will begin rolling out soon to notify eligible editors about the library ([[Phab:T132084|T132084]]). If you can translate the notification please do so [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&group=ext-thewikipedialibrary at TranslateWiki]! --The Wikipedia Library Team ۱۸:۲۳, ۱۱ اگست ۲۰۲۱ (PKT) :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Samwalton9@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=21851699 --> == Invitation for Wiki Loves Women South Asia 2021 == <div style = "line-height: 1.2"> <span style="font-size:200%;">'''Wiki Loves Women South Asia 2021'''</span><br>'''September 1 - September 30, 2021'''<span style="font-size:120%; float:right;">[[m:Wiki Loves Women South Asia 2021|<span style="font-size:10px;color:red">''view details!''</span>]]</span> ----[[File:Wiki Loves Women South Asia.svg|right|frameless]]'''Wiki Loves Women South Asia''' is back with the 2021 edition. Join us to minify gender gaps and enrich Wikipedia with more diversity. Happening from 1 September - 30 September, [[metawiki:Wiki Loves Women South Asia 2021|Wiki Loves Women South Asia]] welcomes the articles created on gender gap theme. This year we will focus on women's empowerment and gender discrimination related topics.<br> We are proud to announce and invite you and your community to participate in the competition. You can learn more about the scope and the prizes at the [[metawiki:Wiki Loves Women South Asia 2021|''project page'']].<br> Best wishes,<br> [[m:Wiki Loves Women South Asia 2021|Wiki Loves Women Team]] </div>۲۳:۳۹, ۱۳ اگست ۲۰۲۱ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:MdsShakil@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:MdsShakil/sandbox_1&oldid=21878984 --> == Universal Code of Conduct - Enforcement draft guidelines review == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content"/>The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Drafting_committee#Phase_2|Universal Code of Conduct Phase 2 drafting committee]] would like comments about the '''[[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement draft guidelines review|enforcement draft guidelines]]''' for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC). This review period is planned for 17 August 2021 through 17 October 2021. These guidelines are not final but you can help move the progress forward. The committee will revise the guidelines based upon community input. Comments can be shared in any language on the [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement draft guidelines review|draft review talk page]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Discussions|multiple other venues]]. Community members are encouraged to organize conversations in their communities. There are planned live discussions about the UCoC enforcement draft guidelines: :[[wmania:2021:Submissions/Universal_Code_of_Conduct_Roundtable|Wikimania 2021 session]] (recorded 16 August) :[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/2021_consultations/Roundtable_discussions#Conversation hours|Conversation hours]] - 24 August, 31 August, 7 September @ 03:00 UTC & 14:00 UTC :[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/2021_consultations/Roundtable_discussions|Roundtable calls]] - 18 September @ 03:00 UTC & 15:00 UTC Summaries of discussions will be posted every two weeks [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee/Digests|here]]. Please let me know if you have any questions.<section end="content"/> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] ۰۴:۱۹, ۱۸ اگست ۲۰۲۱ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Xeno_(WMF)/Delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=21895766 --> == Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election has come to an end == Thank you for participating in the [[:meta:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021|2021 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election]]! Voting closed August 31 at 23:59. The official data, including the four most voted candidates, will be announced as soon as the [[:meta:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee|Elections Committee]] completes their review of the ballots. The official announcement of the new trustees appointed will happen later, once the selected candidates have been confirmed by the Board. 6,946 community members from 216 wiki projects have voted. This makes 10.2% global participation, 1.1% higher than in the last Board elections. In 2017, 5167 people from 202 wiki projects cast their vote. A full analysis is planned to be published in a few days when the confirmed results are announced. In the meantime, you can check the [[:meta:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Stats|data produced during the election]]. Diversity was an important goal with these elections. Messages about the Board election were translated into 61 languages. This outreach worked well. There were 70 communities with eligible voters voting in this election for the first time. With your help, next year’s Board of Trustees election will be even better. ۱۵:۰۳, ۲ ستمبر ۲۰۲۱ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Xeno_(WMF)/Delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=21895840 --> == The 2022 Community Wishlist Survey will happen in January == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello everyone, We hope all of you are as well and safe as possible during these trying times! We wanted to share some news about a change to the Community Wishlist Survey 2022. We would like to hear your opinions as well. Summary: <div style="font-style:italic;"> We will be running the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]] 2022 in January 2022. We need more time to work on the 2021 wishes. We also need time to prepare some changes to the Wishlist 2022. In the meantime, you can use a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|dedicated sandbox to leave early ideas for the 2022 wishes]]. </div> === Proposing and wish-fulfillment will happen during the same year === In the past, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] team has run the Community Wishlist Survey for the following year in November of the prior year. For example, we ran the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Wishlist for 2021]] in November 2020. That worked well a few years ago. At that time, we used to start working on the Wishlist soon after the results of the voting were published. However, in 2021, there was a delay between the voting and the time when we could start working on the new wishes. Until July 2021, we were working on wishes from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Wishlist for 2020]]. We hope having the Wishlist 2022 in January 2022 will be more intuitive. This will also give us time to fulfill more wishes from the 2021 Wishlist. === Encouraging wider participation from historically excluded communities === We are thinking how to make the Wishlist easier to participate in. We want to support more translations, and encourage under-resourced communities to be more active. We would like to have some time to make these changes. === A new space to talk to us about priorities and wishes not granted yet === We will have gone 365 days without a Wishlist. We encourage you to approach us. We hope to hear from you in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|talk page]], but we also hope to see you at our bi-monthly Talk to Us meetings! These will be hosted at two different times friendly to time zones around the globe. We will begin our first meeting '''September 15th at 23:00 UTC'''. More details about the agenda and format coming soon! === Brainstorm and draft proposals before the proposal phase === If you have early ideas for wishes, you can use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|new Community Wishlist Survey sandbox]]. This way, you will not forget about these before January 2022. You will be able to come back and refine your ideas. Remember, edits in the sandbox don't count as wishes! === Feedback === * What should we do to improve the Wishlist pages? * How would you like to use our new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|sandbox?]] * What, if any, risks do you foresee in our decision to change the date of the Wishlist 2022? * What will help more people participate in the Wishlist 2022? Answer on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|talk page]] (in any language you prefer) or at our Talk to Us meetings. </div> [[user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[user talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) ۰۵:۲۳, ۷ ستمبر ۲۰۲۱ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=21980442 --> == Call for Candidates for the Movement Charter Drafting Committee ending 14 September 2021 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content"/>Movement Strategy announces [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee|the Call for Candidates for the Movement Charter Drafting Committee]]. The Call opens August 2, 2021 and closes September 14, 2021. The Committee is expected to represent [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Diversity_and_Expertise_Matrices|diversity in the Movement]]. Diversity includes gender, language, geography, and experience. This comprises participation in projects, affiliates, and the Wikimedia Foundation. English fluency is not required to become a member. If needed, translation and interpretation support is provided. Members will receive an allowance to offset participation costs. It is US$100 every two months. We are looking for people who have some of the following [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee#Role_Requirements|skills]]: * Know how to write collaboratively. (demonstrated experience is a plus) * Are ready to find compromises. * Focus on inclusion and diversity. * Have knowledge of community consultations. * Have intercultural communication experience. * Have governance or organization experience in non-profits or communities. * Have experience negotiating with different parties. The Committee is expected to start with 15 people. If there are 20 or more candidates, a mixed election and selection process will happen. If there are 19 or fewer candidates, then the process of selection without election takes place. Will you help move Wikimedia forward in this important role? Submit your candidacy [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee#Candidate_Statements|here]]. Please contact strategy2030[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org with questions.<section end="announcement-content"/> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] ۲۲:۰۲, ۱۰ ستمبر ۲۰۲۱ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Xeno_(WMF)/Delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=22002240 --> == Server switch == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. They will switch all traffic back to the primary data center on '''Tuesday, 14 September 2021'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on Tuesday, 14 September 2021. The test will start at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1631628049 14:00 UTC] (07:00 PDT, 10:00 EDT, 15:00 WEST/BST, 16:00 CEST, 19:30 IST, 23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 02:00 NZST on Wednesday, 15 September). *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div></div> [[user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[user talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) ۰۵:۴۵, ۱۱ ستمبر ۲۰۲۱ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=21980442 --> == Talk to the Community Tech == [[File:Magic Wand Icon 229981 Color Flipped.svg|{{dir|{{pagelang}}|left|right}}|frameless|50px]] [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2021-09 Talk to Us|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Community_Wishlist_Survey/Updates/2021-09_Talk_to_Us&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] Hello! As we have [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates|recently announced]], we, the team working on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]], would like to invite you to an online meeting with us. It will take place on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210915T2300 '''September 15th, 23:00 UTC'''] on Zoom, and will last an hour. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/89828615390 '''Click here to join''']. '''Agenda''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Status report 1#Prioritization Process|How we prioritize the wishes to be granted]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates|Why we decided to change the date]] from November 2021 to January 2022 * Update on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages|disambiguation]] and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|real-time preview]] wishes * Questions and answers '''Format''' The meeting will not be recorded or streamed. Notes without attribution will be taken and published on Meta-Wiki. The presentation (first three points in the agenda) will be given in English. We can answer questions asked in English, French, Polish, and Spanish. If you would like to ask questions in advance, add them [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|on the Community Wishlist Survey talk page]] or send to sgrabarczuk@wikimedia.org. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:NRodriguez (WMF)|Natalia Rodriguez]] (the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] manager) will be hosting this meeting. '''Invitation link''' * [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/89828615390 Join online] * Meeting ID: 898 2861 5390 * One tap mobile ** +16465588656,,89828615390# US (New York) ** +16699006833,,89828615390# US (San Jose) * [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/u/kctR45AI8o Dial by your location] See you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) ۰۸:۰۳, ۱۱ ستمبر ۲۰۲۱ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=21980442 --> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> == Select You the question statements for candidates of Drafting Committee Movement Charter == Into 2021-10-04 11:59:59 UTC you can select [[:m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Election Compass Statements|question statements]] for the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates|candidates]] of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee|Drafting Committee]] [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter|Movement Charter]]. ✍️ [[ورتنوالا:Dušan Kreheľ|Dušan Kreheľ]] ([[ورتن گل بات:Dušan Kreheľ|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/Dušan Kreheľ|کم]]) ۰۷:۴۶, ۳۰ ستمبر ۲۰۲۱ (PKT)</div> == Voting for the election for the members for the Movement Charter drafting committee is now open == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content"/> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/MCDC Voter Email short 12-10-2021|{{int:otherlanguages}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/MCDC Voter Email short 12-10-2021}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Voting for the election for the members for the Movement Charter drafting committee is now open. In total, 70 Wikimedians from around the world are running for 7 seats in these elections. '''Voting is open from October 12 to October 24, 2021.''' The committee will consist of 15 members in total: The online communities vote for 7 members, 6 members will be selected by the Wikimedia affiliates through a parallel process, and 2 members will be appointed by the Wikimedia Foundation. The plan is to assemble the committee by November 1, 2021. Learn about each candidate to inform your vote in the language that you prefer: <https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates> Learn about the Drafting Committee: <https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee> We are piloting a voting advice application for this election. Click yourself through the tool and you will see which candidate is closest to you! Check at <https://mcdc-election-compass.toolforge.org/> Read the full announcement: <https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Elections> '''Go vote at SecurePoll on:''' <https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Elections> Best, Movement Strategy & Governance Team, Wikimedia Foundation <section end="announcement-content"/> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] ۰۷:۲۵, ۱۴ اکتوبر ۲۰۲۱ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Xeno_(WMF)/Delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=22185710 --> == Learn how Movement Strategy Implementation Grants can support your Movement Strategy plans == <section begin="announcement-content"/>Movement Strategy Implementation grants now provide more than $2,000 USD to put Movement Strategy plans into action. Find out more about [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:MSIG/About|Movement Strategy Implementation grants, the criteria, and how to apply]].<section end="annoumcent-content"/> [[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] ([[User talk:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)#top|talk]]) 13:30, 29 October 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:MNadzikiewicz_(WMF)/Delivery&oldid=22247589 --> == Meet the new Movement Charter Drafting Committee members == <section begin="announcement-content"/> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Elections/Results/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Elections/Results/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' The Movement Charter Drafting Committee election and selection processes are complete. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Elections/Results|election results have been published]]. 1018 participants voted to elect seven members to the committee: '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Richard_Knipel_(Pharos)|Richard Knipel (Pharos)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Anne_Clin_(Risker)|Anne Clin (Risker)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Alice_Wiegand_(lyzzy)|Alice Wiegand (Lyzzy)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Micha%C5%82_Buczy%C5%84ski_(Aegis_Maelstrom)|Michał Buczyński (Aegis Maelstrom)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Richard_(Nosebagbear)|Richard (Nosebagbear)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Ravan_J_Al-Taie_(Ravan)|Ravan J Al-Taie (Ravan)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Ciell_(Ciell)|Ciell (Ciell)]]'''. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Affiliate-chosen_members|affiliate process]] has selected six members: '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Anass_Sedrati_(Anass_Sedrati)|Anass Sedrati (Anass Sedrati)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#%C3%89rica_Azzellini_(EricaAzzellini)|Érica Azzellini (EricaAzzellini)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Jamie_Li-Yun_Lin_(Li-Yun_Lin)|Jamie Li-Yun Lin (Li-Yun Lin)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Georges_Fodouop_(Geugeor)|Georges Fodouop (Geugeor)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Manavpreet_Kaur_(Manavpreet_Kaur)|Manavpreet Kaur (Manavpreet Kaur)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Pepe_Flores_(Padaguan)|Pepe Flores (Padaguan)]]'''. * The Wikimedia Foundation has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Wikimedia_Foundation-chosen_members|appointed]] two members: '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Runa_Bhattacharjee_(Runab_WMF)|Runa Bhattacharjee (Runab WMF)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Jorge_Vargas_(JVargas_(WMF))|Jorge Vargas (JVargas (WMF))]]'''. The committee will convene soon to start its work. The committee can appoint up to three more members to bridge diversity and expertise gaps. If you are interested in engaging with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Movement Charter]] drafting process, follow the updates [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee|on Meta]] and join the [https://t.me/joinchat/U-4hhWtndBjhzmSf Telegram group]. With thanks from the Movement Strategy and Governance team<section end="announcement-content"/> ۲۰:۵۳, ۵ نومبر ۲۰۲۱ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:MNadzikiewicz_(WMF)/Delivery&oldid=22300322 --> == Upcoming Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content /> :''You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback:2022 Board of Trustees election/Upcoming Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback:2022 Board of Trustees election/Upcoming Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' The Board of Trustees is preparing a call for feedback about the upcoming Board Elections, from January 7 - February 10, 2022. While details will be finalized the week before the call, we have confirmed at least two questions that will be asked during this call for feedback: * What is the best way to ensure fair representation of emerging communities among the Board? * What involvement should candidates have during the election? While additional questions may be added, the Movement Strategy and Governance team wants to provide time for community members and affiliates to consider and prepare ideas on the confirmed questions before the call opens. We apologize for not having a complete list of questions at this time. The list of questions should only grow by one or two questions. The intention is to not overwhelm the community with requests, but provide notice and welcome feedback on these important questions. '''Do you want to help organize local conversation during this Call?''' Contact the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance|Movement Strategy and Governance team]] on Meta, on [https://t.me/wmboardgovernancechat Telegram], or via email at msg[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org. Reach out if you have any questions or concerns. The Movement Strategy and Governance team will be minimally staffed until January 3. Please excuse any delayed response during this time. We also recognize some community members and affiliates are offline during the December holidays. We apologize if our message has reached you while you are on holiday. Best, Movement Strategy and Governance<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> {{int:thank-you}} [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] ۲۲:۵۶, ۲۷ دسمبر ۲۰۲۱ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=22502754 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2022 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} Greetings! You are invited to participate in '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|Feminism and Folklore 2022]]''' writing competion. This year Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women biographies and gender-focused topics for the project in league with Wiki Loves Folklore gender gap focus with folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help us in enriching the folklore documentation on Wikipedia from your region by creating or improving articles focused on folklore around the world, including, but not limited to folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer personalities in folklore, folk culture (folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales and more. You can contribute to new articles or translate from the list of suggested articles [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022/List of Articles|here]]. You can also support us in organizing the contest on your local Wikipedia by signing up your community to participate in this project and also translating the [[m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|project page]] and help us spread the word in your native language. Learn more about the contest and prizes from our project page. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2022|talk page]] or via Email if you need any assistance... Thank you. '''Feminism and Folklore Team''', [[User:Tiven2240|Tiven2240]] --۱۰:۴۹, ۱۱ جنوری ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf&oldid=22574381 --> == Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" />:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open/Short|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open/Short}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' The Call for Feedback: Board of Trustees elections is now open and will close on 7 February 2022. With this Call for Feedback, the Movement Strategy and Governance team is taking a different approach. This approach incorporates community feedback from 2021. Instead of leading with proposals, the Call is framed around key questions from the Board of Trustees. The key questions came from the feedback about the 2021 Board of Trustees election. The intention is to inspire collective conversation and collaborative proposal development about these key questions. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections|Join the conversation.]] Best, Movement Strategy and Governance<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] ۰۶:۰۴, ۱۵ جنوری ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=22610145 --> == Movement Strategy and Governance News – Issue 5 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="ucoc-newsletter"/> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5/Global message|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5/Global message}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' <span style="font-size:200%;">'''Movement Strategy and Governance News'''</span><br> <span style="font-size:120%; color:#404040;">'''Issue 5, January 2022'''</span><span style="font-size:120%; float:right;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5|'''Read the full newsletter''']]</span> ---- Welcome to the fifth issue of Movement Strategy and Governance News (formerly known as Universal Code of Conduct News)! This revamped newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the Movement Charter, Universal Code of Conduct, Movement Strategy Implementation grants, Board elections and other relevant MSG topics. This Newsletter will be distributed quarterly, while more frequent Updates will also be delivered weekly or bi-weekly to subscribers. Please remember to subscribe [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to receive these updates. <div style="margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;"> *'''Call for Feedback about the Board elections''' - We invite you to give your feedback on the upcoming WMF Board of Trustees election. This call for feedback went live on 10th January 2022 and will be concluded on 16th February 2022. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Call for Feedback about the Board elections|continue reading]]) *'''Universal Code of Conduct Ratification''' - In 2021, the WMF asked communities about how to enforce the Universal Code of Conduct policy text. The revised draft of the enforcement guidelines should be ready for community vote in March. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Universal Code of Conduct Ratification|continue reading]]) *'''Movement Strategy Implementation Grants''' - As we continue to review several interesting proposals, we encourage and welcome more proposals and ideas that target a specific initiative from the Movement Strategy recommendations. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Movement Strategy Implementation Grants|continue reading]]) *'''The New Direction for the Newsletter''' - As the UCoC Newsletter transitions into MSG Newsletter, join the facilitation team in envisioning and deciding on the new directions for this newsletter. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#The New Direction for the Newsletter|continue reading]]) *'''Diff Blogs''' - Check out the most recent publications about MSG on Wikimedia Diff. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Diff Blogs|continue reading]])</div><section end="ucoc-newsletter"/> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] ۰۸:۲۸, ۲۹ جنوری ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=22704115 --> == Updates on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines Review == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/2022-02-02 Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/2022-02-02 Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/2022-02-02 Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello everyone, The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees released a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/January 2022 - Board of Trustees on Community ratification of enforcement guidelines of UCoC|statement on the ratification process]] for the '''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]]'''. The [[m:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) provides a baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire movement. The UCoC and the Enforcement Guidelines were written by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee|volunteer-staff drafting committees]] following community consultations. The revised guidelines were published 24 January 2022 as a proposed way to apply the policy across the movement. There is a [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Changes|list of changes made]] to the guidelines after the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement draft guidelines review|enforcement draft guidelines review]]. '''Comments about the guidelines can be shared [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|on the Enforcement Guidelines talk page on Meta-wiki]].''' To help to understand the guidelines and process, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance|Movement Strategy and Governance]] (MSG) team will be hosting Conversation Hours on 4 February 2022 at 15:00 UTC, 25 February 2022 at 12:00 UTC, and 4 March 2022 at 15:00 UTC. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Conversations|Join the conversation hours to speak with the UCoC project team and drafting committee members about the updated guidelines and voting process]].''' The [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Project#Timeline|timeline is available on Meta-wiki]]. The voting period is March 7 to 21. All eligible voters will have an opportunity to support or oppose the adoption of the Enforcement guidelines, and share why. '''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|See the voting information page for more details]].''' Many participants from across the movement have provided valuable input in these ongoing conversations. The UCoC and MSG teams want to thank the Drafting Committee and the community members for their contributions to this process. Sincerely, Movement Strategy and Governance<br/> Wikimedia Foundation<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] ۰۸:۵۵, ۴ فروری ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=22704115 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Leadership Development Task Force: Your feedback is appreciated</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" />:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' The Community Development team at the Wikimedia Foundation is supporting the creation of a global, community-driven Leadership Development Task Force. The purpose of the task force is to advise leadership development work. The team is looking for feedback about the responsibilities of the Leadership Development Task Force. This Meta page shares the proposal for a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force|Leadership Development Task Force]] and how [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Participate|you can help.]] Feedback on the proposal will be collected from 7 to 25 February 2022.<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] ۰۷:۳۵, ۹ فروری ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=22796821 --> == Wiki Loves Folklore is extended till 15th March == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">{{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|frameless|180px]] Greetings from Wiki Loves Folklore International Team, We are pleased to inform you that [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore|Wiki Loves Folklore]] an international photographic contest on Wikimedia Commons has been extended till the '''15th of March 2022'''. The scope of the contest is focused on folk culture of different regions on categories, such as, but not limited to, folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, etc. We would like to have your immense participation in the photographic contest to document your local Folk culture on Wikipedia. You can also help with the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Translations|translation]] of project pages and share a word in your local language. Best wishes, '''International Team'''<br /> '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' [[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) ۰۹:۵۰, ۲۲ فروری ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Rockpeterson@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=22754428 --> == Coming soon == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> === Several improvements around templates === Hello, from March 9, several improvements around templates will become available on your wiki: * Fundamental improvements of the [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|VisualEditor template dialog]] ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|1]], [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Removing a template from a page using the VisualEditor|2]]), * Improvements to make it easier to put a template on a page ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|3]]) (for the template dialogs in [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|VisualEditor]], [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor#/media/File:VectorEditorBasic-en.png|2010 Wikitext]] and [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|New Wikitext Mode]]), * and improvements in the syntax highlighting extension [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting|4]], [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|5]]) (which is available on wikis with writing direction left-to-right). All these changes are part of the “[[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|Templates]]” project by [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. We hope they will help you in your work, and we would love to hear your feedback on the talk pages of these projects. </div> - [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] ۱۷:۳۸, ۲۸ فروری ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=22907463 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Remember to Participate in the UCoC Conversations and Ratification Vote!</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello everyone, A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting|'''vote in SecurePoll from 7 to 21 March 2022''']] is scheduled as part of the ratification process for the Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement guidelines. Eligible voters are invited to answer a poll question and share comments. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information|Read voter information and eligibility details.]] During the poll, voters will be asked if they support the enforcement of the Universal Code of Conduct based on the proposed guidelines. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) provides a baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire movement. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] were published 24 January 2022 as a proposed way to apply the policy across the movement. A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/January_2022_-_Board_of_Trustees_on_Community_ratification_of_enforcement_guidelines_of_UCoC|Wikimedia Foundation Board statement]] calls for a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting|ratification process]] where eligible voters will have an opportunity to support or oppose the adoption of the UCoC Enforcement guidelines in a vote. Wikimedians are invited to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information/Volunteer|translate and share important information]]. For more information about the UCoC, please see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Project|project page]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/FAQ|frequently asked questions]] on Meta-wiki. There are events scheduled to learn more and discuss: * A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Conversations/Panel_Q&A|community panel]] recorded on 18 February 2022 shares perspectives from small- and medium-sized community participants. * The [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance|Movement Strategy and Governance]] (MSG) team is hosting Conversation Hours on 4 March 2022 at 15:00 UTC. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Conversations|'''sign-up''']] to interact with the project team and the drafting committee about the updated enforcement guidelines and the ratification process. See the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/2022_conversation_hour_summaries|Conversation Hour summaries]] for notes from 4 February 2022 and 25 February 2022. You can comment on Meta-wiki talk pages in any language. You may also contact either team by email: msg[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org or ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org Sincerely, Movement Strategy and Governance <br /> Wikimedia Foundation <br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] ۰۷:۱۷, ۲ مارچ ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=22916674 --> {{پنجابی گنتی}} {{پنجابی گنتی}} == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement guidelines ratification voting open from 7 to 21 March 2022</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello everyone, The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) is now open! '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|Voting commenced on SecurePoll]]''' on 7 March 2022 and will conclude on 21 March 2022. Please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|read more on the voter information and eligibility details]]. The Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) provides a baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire movement. The revised enforcement guidelines were published 24 January 2022 as a proposed way to apply the policy across the movement. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Project|read more about the UCoC project]]. You can also comment on Meta-wiki talk pages in any language. You may also contact the team by email: ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org Sincerely, Movement Strategy and Governance Wikimedia Foundation<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] ۰۵:۵۲, ۸ مارچ ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=22962850 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Invitation to Hubs event: Global Conversation on 2022-03-12 at 13:00 UTC</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" />Hello! The Movement Strategy and Governance team of the Wikimedia Foundation would like to invite you to the next event about "Regional and Thematic Hubs". The Wikimedia Movement is in the process of understanding what Regional and Thematic Hubs should be. Our workshop in November was a good start ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Documentation/27 November Workshop|read the report]]), but we're not finished yet. Over the last weeks we conducted about 16 interviews with groups working on establishing a Hub in their context ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Dialogue|see Hubs Dialogue]]). These interviews informed a report that will serve as a foundation for discussion on March 12. The report is planned to be published on March 9. The event will take place on March 12, 13:00 to 16:00 UTC on Zoom. Interpretation will be provided in French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian, and Portuguese. Registration is open, and will close on March 10. Anyone interested in the topic is invited to join us. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Global Conversations March 12, 2022|More information on the event on Meta-wiki]]'''. Best regards, [[m:User:KVaidla (WMF)|Kaarel Vaidla]]<br />Movement Strategy <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> ۰۶:۳۱, ۱۰ مارچ ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=22974079 --> == Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 ends tomorrow == [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|frameless|180px]] International photographic contest [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022| Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]] ends on 15th March 2022 23:59:59 UTC. This is the last chance of the year to upload images about local folk culture, festival, cuisine, costume, folklore etc on Wikimedia Commons. Watch out our social media handles for regular updates and declaration of Winners. ([https://www.facebook.com/WikiLovesFolklore/ Facebook] , [https://twitter.com/WikiFolklore Twitter ] , [https://www.instagram.com/wikilovesfolklore/ Instagram]) The writing competition Feminism and Folklore will run till 31st of March 2022 23:59:59 UTC. Write about your local folk tradition, women, folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, folk games, folk cuisine, folk wear, folklore, and tradition, including ballads, folktales, fairy tales, legends, traditional song and dance, folk plays, games, seasonal events, calendar customs, folk arts, folk religion, mythology etc. on your local Wikipedia. Check if your [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022/Project Page|local Wikipedia is participating]] A special competition called '''Wiki Loves Falles''' is organised in Spain and the world during 15th March 2022 till 15th April 2022 to document local folk culture and [[:en:Falles|Falles]] in Valencia, Spain. Learn more about it on [[:ca:Viquiprojecte:Falles 2022|Catalan Wikipedia project page]]. We look forward for your immense co-operation. Thanks Wiki Loves Folklore international Team [[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) ۱۹:۴۰, ۱۴ مارچ ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Rockpeterson@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=22754428 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Leadership Development Working Group: Apply to join! (14 March to 10 April 2022)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello everyone, Thank you to everyone who participated in the feedback period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group|Leadership Development Working Group]] initiative. A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate#5. Summary of Call for Feedback|summary of the feedback]] can be found on Meta-wiki. This feedback will be shared with the working group to inform their work. The application period to join the Working Group is now open and will close on April 10, 2022. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership_Development_Working_Group/Purpose_and_Structure#3._How_is_the_working_group_formed_and_structured?|review the information about the working group]], share with community members who might be interested, and '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership_Development_Working_Group/Participate#1._How_to_participate|apply if you are interested]]'''. Thank you, From the Community Development team<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] ۰۷:۲۰, ۱۸ مارچ ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=22974079 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2022 ends soon == {{پنجابی گنتی}} {{پنجابی گنتی}} [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2022 logo.svg|right|frameless|250px]] [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|Feminism and Folklore 2022]] which is an international writing contest organized at Wikipedia ends soon that is on <b>31 March 2022 11:59 UTC</b>. This is the last chance of the year to write about feminism, women biographies and gender-focused topics such as <i>folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, folk games, folk cuisine, folk wear, fairy tales, folk plays, folk arts, folk religion, mythology, folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales and more</i> Keep an eye on the project page for declaration of Winners. We look forward for your immense co-operation. Thanks Wiki Loves Folklore international Team [[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) ۱۹:۲۹, ۲۶ مارچ ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Rockpeterson@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Rockpeterson/fnf&oldid=23060054 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement guidelines ratification voting is now closed</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Greetings, The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) came to a close on 21 March 2022. Over {{#expr:2300}} Wikimedians voted across different regions of our movement. Thank you to everyone who participated in this process! The scrutinizing group is now reviewing the vote for accuracy, so please allow up to two weeks for them to finish their work. The final results from the voting process will be announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Results|here]], along with the relevant statistics and a summary of comments as soon as they are available. Please check out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|the voter information page]] to learn about the next steps. You can comment on the project talk page [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|on Meta-wiki]] in any language. You may also contact the UCoC project team by email: ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org Best regards, Movement Strategy and Governance<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] ۰۶:۵۳, ۳۰ مارچ ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=23079949 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Strategy and Governance News – Issue 6</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="msg-newsletter"/> <div style = "line-height: 1.2"> <span style="font-size:200%;">'''Movement Strategy and Governance News'''</span><br> <span style="font-size:120%; color:#404040;">'''Issue 6, April 2022'''</span><span style="font-size:120%; float:right;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6|'''Read the full newsletter''']]</span> ---- Welcome to the sixth issue of Movement Strategy and Governance News! This revamped newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the Movement Charter, Universal Code of Conduct, Movement Strategy Implementation grants, Board of trustees elections and other relevant MSG topics. This Newsletter will be distributed quarterly, while the more frequent Updates will also be delivered weekly. Please remember to subscribe [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to receive future issues of this newsletter. </div><div style="margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;"> *'''Leadership Development -''' A Working Group is Forming! - The application to join the Leadership Development Working Group closed on April 10th, 2022, and up to 12 community members will be selected to participate in the working group. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A1|continue reading]]) *'''Universal Code of Conduct Ratification Results are out! -''' The global decision process on the enforcement of the UCoC via SecurePoll was held from 7 to 21 March. Over 2,300 eligible voters from at least 128 different home projects submitted their opinions and comments. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A2|continue reading]]) *'''Movement Discussions on Hubs -''' The Global Conversation event on Regional and Thematic Hubs was held on Saturday, March 12, and was attended by 84 diverse Wikimedians from across the movement. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A3|continue reading]]) *'''Movement Strategy Grants Remain Open! -''' Since the start of the year, six proposals with a total value of about $80,000 USD have been approved. Do you have a movement strategy project idea? Reach out to us! ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A4|continue reading]]) *'''The Movement Charter Drafting Committee is All Set! -''' The Committee of fifteen members which was elected in October 2021, has agreed on the essential values and methods for its work, and has started to create the outline of the Movement Charter draft. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A5|continue reading]]) *'''Introducing Movement Strategy Weekly -''' Contribute and Subscribe! - The MSG team have just launched the updates portal, which is connected to the various Movement Strategy pages on Meta-wiki. Subscriber to get up-to-date news about the various ongoing projects. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A6|continue reading]]) *'''Diff Blogs -''' Check out the most recent publications about Movement Strategy on Wikimedia Diff. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A7|continue reading]]) </div><section end="msg-newsletter"/> </div> Also, a draft of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/draft|'''2022-23 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan''']] has been published. Input is being sought on-wiki and during [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/Conversations|'''several conversations''' with Wikimedia Foundation CEO Maryana Iskander]]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/Conversations/Announcement|See full announcement on Meta-wiki]]. [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] ۰۶:۴۵, ۲۲ اپریل ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=23184989 --> == New Wikipedia Library Collections Available Now - April 2022 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL owl says sign up today!]] [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] has free access to new paywalled reliable sources. You can these and dozens more collections at https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/: * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/128/ Wiley]''' – journals, books, and research resources, covering life, health, social, and physical sciences * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/125/ OECD]''' – OECD iLibrary, Data, and Multimedia​​ published by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/129/ SPIE Digital Library]''' – journals and eBooks on optics and photonics applied research Many other sources are freely available for experienced editors, including collections which recently became accessible to all eligible editors: Cambridge University Press, BMJ, AAAS, Érudit and more. Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: log in today! <br>--The Wikipedia Library Team ۱۸:۱۷, ۲۶ اپریل ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Samwalton9@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=23036656 --> == Coming soon: Improvements for templates == {{پنجابی گنتی}} {{پنجابی گنتی}} <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Overview of changes in the VisualEditor template dialog by WMDE Technical Wishes.webm|thumb|Fundamental changes in the template dialog (example from a left-to-right wiki).]] Hello, more changes around templates are coming to your wiki soon: The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|'''template dialog''' in VisualEditor]] and in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 Wikitext Editor]] (beta) will be '''improved fundamentally''': This should help users understand better what the template expects, how to navigate the template, and how to add parameters. ([[metawiki:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|project page]]) Deployment is planned for May 10. This is the last set of improvements from [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes']] focus area “[[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|Templates]]”. We would love to [[metawiki:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|hear your feedback]]! </div> [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] ۱۵:۵۷, ۲۹ اپریل ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=23222047 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Editing news 2022 #1</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message"/><i>[[metawiki:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2022/April|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]</i> [[File:Junior Contributor New Topic Tool Completion Rate.png|thumb|New editors were more successful with this new tool.]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New discussion tool|New topic tool]] helps editors create new ==Sections== on discussion pages. New editors are more successful with this new tool. You can [[mw:Talk pages project/New topic#21 April 2022|read the report]]. Soon, the Editing team will offer this to all editors at the 20 Wikipedias that participated in the test. You will be able to turn it off at [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion]].<section end="message"/> </div> [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ۲۳:۵۵, ۲ مئی ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=22019984 --> == 2022 Board of Trustees Call for Candidates == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' The Board of Trustees seeks candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Announcement/Call_for_Candidates|'''Read more on Meta-wiki.''']] The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] is here! Please consider submitting your candidacy to serve on the Board of Trustees. The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's operations. Community-and-affiliate selected trustees and Board-appointed trustees make up the Board of Trustees. Each trustee serves a three year term. The Wikimedia community has the opportunity to vote for community-and-affiliate selected trustees. The Wikimedia community will vote to fill two seats on the Board in 2022. This is an opportunity to improve the representation, diversity, and expertise of the Board as a team. ;Who are potential candidates? Are you a potential candidate? Find out more on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Apply to be a Candidate|Apply to be a Candidate page]]. Thank you for your support, Movement Strategy and Governance on behalf of the Elections Committee and the Board of Trustees<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> ۱۵:۳۹, ۱۰ مئی ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=23215441 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Revision discussions/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Revision discussions/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello all, We'd like to provide an update on the work on the Enforcement Guidelines for the Universal Code of Conduct. After the conclusion of the community vote on the guidelines in March, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs committee (CAC)]] of the Board [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JAYQN3NYKCHQHONMUONYTI6WRKZFQNSC/ asked that several areas of the guidelines be reviewed for improvements] before the Board does its final review. These areas were identified based on community discussions and comments provided during the vote. The CAC also requested review of the controversial Note in 3.1 of the UCoC itself. Once more, a big thank you to all who voted, especially to all who left constructive feedback and comments! The project team is working with the Board to establish a timeline for this work, and will communicate this next month. Members of the two prior [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee|UCoC Drafting Committees]] have generously offered their time to help shape improvements to the Guidelines. You can read more about them and their work [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee#Revisions_Committee|here]], as well as read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Drafting_committee/Phase_2_meeting_summaries#2022|summaries of their weekly meetings in 2022]]. Wikimedians have provided many valuable comments together with the vote and in other conversations. Given the size and diversity of the Wikimedia community, there are even more voices out there who can give ideas on how to improve the enforcement guidelines and add even more valuable ideas to the process. To help the Revisions committee identify improvements, input on several questions for the committee’s review is requested. Visit the Meta-wiki pages ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions|Enforcement Guidelines revision discussions]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Policy text/Revision_discussions|Policy text revision discussions]]) to get your ideas to the Committee - it is very important that viewpoints are heard from different communities before the Committee begins drafting revision proposals. On behalf of the UCoC project team <br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] ۰۳:۵۶, ۴ جون ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=23215441 --> == Results of Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 is out! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hi, Greetings The winners for '''[[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]]''' is announced! We are happy to share with you winning images for this year's edition. This year saw over 8,584 images represented on commons in over 92 countries. Kindly see images '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Winners|here]]''' Our profound gratitude to all the people who participated and organized local contests and photo walks for this project. We hope to have you contribute to the campaign next year. '''Thank you,''' '''Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' --[[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) ۲۱:۱۳, ۴ جولائی ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=23454230 --> == Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass == :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hi all, Community members in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] are invited to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|propose statements to use in the Election Compass.]] An Election Compass is a tool to help voters select the candidates that best align with their beliefs and views. The community members will propose statements for the candidates to answer using a Lickert scale (agree/neutral/disagree). The candidates’ answers to the statements will be loaded into the Election Compass tool. Voters will use the tool by entering in their answer to the statements (agree/disagree/neutral). The results will show the candidates that best align with the voter’s beliefs and views. ;Here is the timeline for the Election Compass: * July 8 - 20: Community members propose statements for the Election Compass * July 21 - 22: Elections Committee reviews statements for clarity and removes off-topic statements * July 23 - August 1: Volunteers vote on the statements * August 2 - 4: Elections Committee selects the top 15 statements * August 5 - 12: candidates align themselves with the statements * August 15: The Election Compass opens for voters to use to help guide their voting decision The Elections Committee will select the top 15 statements at the beginning of August. The Elections Committee will oversee the process, supported by the Movement Strategy and Governance team. MSG will check that the questions are clear, there are no duplicates, no typos, and so on. Best, Movement Strategy and Governance ''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee''<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] ([[User talk:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|talk]]) ۱۶:۳۴, ۱۴ جولائی ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=23215441 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Strategy and Governance News – Issue 7</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="msg-newsletter"/> <div style = "line-height: 1.2"> <span style="font-size:200%;">'''Movement Strategy and Governance News'''</span><br> <span style="font-size:120%; color:#404040;">'''Issue 7, July-September 2022'''</span><span style="font-size:120%; float:right;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7|'''Read the full newsletter''']]</span> ---- Welcome to the 7th issue of Movement Strategy and Governance News! The newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the implementation of Wikimedia's [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives|Movement Strategy recommendations]], other relevant topics regarding Movement governance, as well as different projects and activities supported by the Movement Strategy and Governance (MSG) team of the Wikimedia Foundation. The MSG Newsletter is delivered quarterly, while the more frequent [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Updates|Movement Strategy Weekly]] will be delivered weekly. Please remember to subscribe [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to receive future issues of this newsletter. </div><div style="margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;"> * '''Movement sustainability''': Wikimedia Foundation's annual sustainability report has been published. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A1|continue reading]]) * '''Improving user experience''': recent improvements on the desktop interface for Wikimedia projects. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A2|continue reading]]) * '''Safety and inclusion''': updates on the revision process of the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A3|continue reading]]) * '''Equity in decisionmaking''': reports from Hubs pilots conversations, recent progress from the Movement Charter Drafting Committee, and a new white paper for futures of participation in the Wikimedia movement. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A4|continue reading]]) * '''Stakeholders coordination''': launch of a helpdesk for Affiliates and volunteer communities working on content partnership. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A5|continue reading]]) * '''Leadership development''': updates on leadership projects by Wikimedia movement organizers in Brazil and Cape Verde. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A6|continue reading]]) * '''Internal knowledge management''': launch of a new portal for technical documentation and community resources. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A7|continue reading]]) * '''Innovate in free knowledge''': high-quality audiovisual resources for scientific experiments and a new toolkit to record oral transcripts. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A8|continue reading]]) * '''Evaluate, iterate, and adapt''': results from the Equity Landscape project pilot ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A9|continue reading]]) * '''Other news and updates''': a new forum to discuss Movement Strategy implementation, upcoming Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election, a new podcast to discuss Movement Strategy, and change of personnel for the Foundation's Movement Strategy and Governance team. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A10|continue reading]]) </div><section end="msg-newsletter"/> </div> Thank you for reading! [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] ۰۶:۳۷, ۱۸ جولائی ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=23529147 --> == Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election == <section begin="announcement-content"/> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hi everyone, '''The Affiliate voting process has concluded.''' Representatives from each Affiliate organization learned about the candidates by reading candidates’ statements, reviewing candidates’ answers to questions, and considering the candidates’ ratings provided by the Analysis Committee. The selected 2022 Board of Trustees candidates are: * Tobechukwu Precious Friday ([[:m:User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]]) * Farah Jack Mustaklem ([[:m:User:Fjmustak|Fjmustak]]) * Shani Evenstein Sigalov ([[:m:User:Esh77|Esh77]]) * Kunal Mehta ([[:m:User:Legoktm|Legoktm]]) * Michał Buczyński ([[:m:User:Aegis Maelstrom|Aegis Maelstrom]]) * Mike Peel ([[:m:User:Mike Peel|Mike Peel]]) You may see more information about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Results|Results]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Stats|Statistics]] of this Board election. Please take a moment to appreciate the Affiliate Representatives and Analysis Committee members for taking part in this process and helping to grow the Board of Trustees in capacity and diversity. These hours of volunteer work connect us across understanding and perspective. Thank you for your participation. Thank you to the community members who put themselves forward as candidates for the Board of Trustees. Considering joining the Board of Trustees is no small decision. The time and dedication candidates have shown to this point speaks to their commitment to this movement. Congratulations to those candidates who have been selected. A great amount of appreciation and gratitude for those candidates not selected. Please continue to share your leadership with Wikimedia. Thank you to those who followed the Affiliate process for this Board election. You may review the results of the Affiliate selection process. '''The next part of the Board election process is the community voting period.''' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022#Timeline|You may view the Board election timeline here]]. To prepare for the community voting period, there are several things community members can engage with in the following ways: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Read candidates’ statements]] and read the candidates’ answers to the questions posed by the Affiliate Representatives. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Questions_for_Candidates|Propose and select the 6 questions for candidates to answer during their video Q&A]]. * See the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Analysis Committee’s ratings of candidates on each candidate’s statement]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Community Voting/Election Compass|Propose statements for the Election Compass]] voters can use to find which candidates best fit their principles. * Encourage others in your community to take part in the election. Best, Movement Strategy and Governance ''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee'' </div><section end="announcement-content"/> [[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] ۱۹:۰۳, ۲۷ جولائی ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=23530132 --> == Vote for Election Compass Statements == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hi all, Volunteers in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] are invited to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass/Statements|vote for statements to use in the Election Compass]]. You can vote for the statements you would like to see included in the Election Compass on Meta-wiki. An Election Compass is a tool to help voters select the candidates that best align with their beliefs and views. The community members will propose statements for the candidates to answer using a Lickert scale (agree/neutral/disagree). The candidates’ answers to the statements will be loaded into the Election Compass tool. Voters will use the tool by entering in their answer to the statements (agree/disagree/neutral). The results will show the candidates that best align with the voter’s beliefs and views. Here is the timeline for the Election Compass: *<s>July 8 - 20: Volunteers propose statements for the Election Compass</s> *<s>July 21 - 22: Elections Committee reviews statements for clarity and removes off-topic statements</s> *July 23 - August 1: Volunteers vote on the statements *August 2 - 4: Elections Committee selects the top 15 statements *August 5 - 12: candidates align themselves with the statements *August 15: The Election Compass opens for voters to use to help guide their voting decision The Elections Committee will select the top 15 statements at the beginning of August Best, Movement Strategy and Governance ''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee'' </div><section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] ۰۲:۰۱, ۲۸ جولائی ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=23530132 --> <div class="mw-content-ltr"> == Management of files == Hello everyone! Sorry to write in English. It is only legal for Wikipedia to host files if they have a valid license (see [[:wmf:Resolution:Licensing_policy]]). Either a free license or a non-free license. All files without a license must be deleted. So either all files must be checked or a license have to be added or the file must be deleted. I added information to [[:فائل:Islamabad United.png]] but had to copy the templates from enwiki to make it work. I also created {{tl|Information}} that shold be used on free files. Since pnbwiki only have 225 files and no new files are uploaded perhaps it would simply be easier to delete all files instead of creating the templates needed. --[[ورتنوالا:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MGA73|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MGA73|کم]]) ۱۸:۲۶, ۳۱ جولائی ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) Hello again! I have added files without a license to [[:Category:Files with no license]]. You can Click [https://usualsuspects.toolforge.org/?language=pnb&project=wikipedia&category=Files_with_no_license&min_days=14&badboys=Bad+Boys here to see who uploaded] the files. Sadly most of the users are no longer active. If no license is added the files have to be deleted. You can help by 1) Adding a license and source if possible or 2) replacing the files with a free file. --[[ورتنوالا:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MGA73|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MGA73|کم]]) ۱۹:۴۵, ۲۸ اگست ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) </div> == The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period is now open == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period is now open| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period is now open|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period is now open}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hi everyone, The Community Voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. Here are some helpful links to get you the information you need to vote: * Try the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|Election Compass]], showing how candidates stand on 15 different topics. * Read the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|candidate statements]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Affiliate_Organization_Participation/Candidate_Questions|answers to Affiliate questions]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Apply to be a Candidate|Learn more about the skills the Board seeks]] and how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Analysis Committee found candidates align with those skills]] If you are ready to vote, you may go to [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_Elections_2022|SecurePoll voting page]] to vote now. '''You may vote from August 23 at 00:00 UTC to September 6 at 23:59 UTC.''' To see about your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Best, Movement Strategy and Governance ''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee''<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MNadzikiewicz_(WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] <!-- Message sent by User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=23708360 --> == Invitation to join the Movement Strategy Forum == :''{{More languages}}'' <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello everyone, The [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/ Movement Strategy Forum] (MS Forum) is a multilingual collaborative space for all conversations about Movement Strategy implementation. We are inviting all Movement participants to collaborate on the MS Forum. The goal of the forum is to build community collaboration, using an inclusive multilingual platform. The [[m:Movement Strategy|Movement Strategy]] is a collaborative effort to imagine and build the future of the Wikimedia Movement. Anyone can contribute to the Movement Strategy, from a comment to a full-time project. ;Join this forum with your Wikimedia account, engage in conversations, and ask questions in your language. The Movement Strategy and Governance team (MSG) launched the proposal for the MS Forum in May 2022. There was a 2-month community review period, which ended on 24 July 2022. The community review process included several questions that resulted in interesting conversations. You can read the [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/ms-forum-community-review-report/1436 Community Review Report]. We look forward to seeing you at the MS Forum! Best regards, the Movement Strategy and Governance Team [[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] ۱۶:۳۲, ۲۹ اگست ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=23720620 --> == The Vector 2022 skin as the default in two weeks? == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Wikimania 2022 Vector (2022) Presentation.pdf|thumb|The slides for our presentation at Wikimania 2022|page=26]] Hello. I'm writing on behalf of the [[mw:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]]. '''In two weeks, we would like to make the Vector 2022 skin the default on this wiki.''' We have been working on it for the past three years. So far, it has been the default on more than 30 wikis, including sister projects, all accounting for more than 1 billion pageviews per month. On average [[phab:T317529#8246686|87% of active logged-in users]] of those wikis use Vector 2022. It would become the default for all logged-out users, and also all logged-in users who currently use Vector legacy. Logged-in users can at any time switch to [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|any other skins]]. No changes are expected for users of these skins. <div style="width:100%; margin:auto;"><gallery widths="220" heights="150" mode="packed" caption="Top of an article"> Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2010 top.png|Vector legacy (current default) Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 top.png|Vector 2022 </gallery><gallery widths="220" heights="150" mode="packed" caption="A section of an article"> Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2010 scrolled.png|Vector legacy (current default) Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 scrolled.png|Vector 2022 </gallery></div> === About the skin === '''[Why is a change necessary]''' The current default skin meets the needs of the readers and editors as these were 13 years ago. Since then, new users have begun using Wikimedia projects. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/08/18/prioritizing-equity-within-wikipedias-new-desktop/ The old Vector doesn't meet their needs.] '''[Objective]''' The objective for the new skin is to make the interface more welcoming and comfortable for readers and useful for advanced users. It draws inspiration from previous requests, the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey|Community Wishlist Surveys]], and gadgets and scripts. The work helped our code follow the standards and improve all other skins. [[phab:phame/post/view/290/how_and_why_we_moved_our_skins_to_mustache/|We reduced PHP code in Wikimedia deployed skins by 75%]]. The project has also focused on making it easier to support gadgets and use APIs. '''[Changes and test results]''' The skin introduces a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features|series of changes]] that improve readability and usability. The new skin does not remove any functionality currently available on the Vector skin. * The sticky header makes it easier to find tools that editors use often. It decreases scrolling to the top of the page by 16%. * The new table of contents makes it easier to navigate to different sections. Readers and editors jumped to different sections of the page 50% more than with the old table of contents. It also looks a bit different on talk pages. * The new search bar is easier to find and makes it easier to find the correct search result from the list. This increased the amount of searches started by 30% on the wikis we tested on. * The skin does not negatively affect pageviews, edit rates, or account creation. There is evidence of increases in pageviews and account creation across partner communities. '''[Try it out]''' Try out the new skin by going to the appearance tab in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|your preferences]] and selecting Vector 2022 from the list of skins. === How can editors change and customize this skin? === It's possible to configure and personalize our changes. We support volunteers who create new gadgets and user scripts. Check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Repository|our repository]] for a list of currently available customizations, or add your own. === Our plan === '''If no large concerns are raised, we plan on deploying in the week of October 3, 2022'''. If your community would like to request more time to discuss the changes, hit the button and write to us. We can adjust the calendar. <div style="text-align: center;">[[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|<span class="plainlinks mw-ui-button">Request for more time to discuss the change</span>]]</div> If you'd like ask our team anything, if you have questions, concerns, or additional thoughts, please ping me here or write on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|talk page of the project]]. We will gladly answer! Also, [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Frequently asked questions|see our FAQ]]. Thank you! [[mw:User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) ۰۹:۱۵, ۲۲ ستمبر ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Varia&oldid=23838600 --> == Update on Vector 2022 == [[File:Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 scrolled.png|thumb]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello. I'm sorry for not communicating in your language. I'll be grateful if you translated my message. I'm writing on behalf of the [[mw:Reading/Web|Web team]] working on the new skin, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022]]. We wanted to apologize for the delays in the deployment of Vector 2022. We know many of you are waiting for this eagerly. We have been delaying the deployment because we have been working on the logos. It has taken us more time than originally expected. Once the logos are ready, we will let you know the exact date of deployment. '''We are planning for either the next (more likely) or the following week'''. If your wiki doesn't currently have a localized logo, we encourage you to [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|reach out to us]] and we can help make one. We invite you to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements#contact|get involved in the project]]. Contact us if you have any questions or need any help, particularly with the compatibility of gadgets and user scripts. Thank you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) ۰۴:۲۴, ۲۰ اکتوبر ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Varia&oldid=23955535 --> == Invitation to attend “Ask Me Anything about Movement Charter” Sessions == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Announcement/Ask Me Anything Sessions|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Announcement/Ask Me Anything Sessions|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Announcement/Ask Me Anything Sessions}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] Hello all, During the 2022 Wikimedia Summit, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee|Movement Charter Drafting Committee]] (MCDC) presented the first outline of the Movement Charter, giving a glimpse on the direction of its future work, and the Charter itself. The MCDC then integrated the initial feedback collected during the Summit. Before proceeding with writing the Charter for the whole Movement, the MCDC wants to interact with community members and gather feedback on the drafts of the three sections: Preamble, Values & Principles, and Roles & Responsibilities (intentions statement). The Movement Charter drafts will be available on the Meta page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content|here]] on November 14, 2022. Community wide consultation period on MC will take place from November 20 to December 18, 2022. Learn more about it [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation|here]]. With the goal of ensuring that people are well informed to fully participate in the conversations and are empowered to contribute their perspective on the Movement Charter, three '''“Ask Me Anything about Movement Charter"''' sessions have been scheduled in different time zones. Everyone in the Wikimedia Movement is invited to attend these conversations. The aim is to learn about Movement Charter - its goal, purpose, why it matters, and how it impacts your community. MCDC members will attend these sessions to answer your questions and hear community feedback. The “Ask Me Anything” sessions accommodate communities from different time zones. Only the presentation of the session is recorded and shared afterwards, no recording of conversations. Below is the list of planned events: *<s>'''Asia/Pacific''': November 4, 2022 at 09:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1667552400 your local time]). Interpretation is available in Chinese and Japanese.</s> * '''Europe/MENA/Sub Saharan Africa''': November 12, 2022 at 15:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1668265257 your local time]). Interpretation is available in Arabic, French and Russian. * '''North and South America/ Western Europe''': November 12, 2022 at 15:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1668265257 your local time]). Interpretation is available in Spanish and Portuguese. On the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation|Meta page]] you will find more details; Zoom links will be shared 48 hours ahead of the call. '''Call for Movement Charter Ambassadors''' Individuals or groups from all communities who wish to help include and start conversations in their communities on the Movement Charter are encouraged to become [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/About|Movement Charter Ambassadors]] (MC Ambassadors). MC Ambassadors will carry out their own activities and get financial support for enabling conversations in their own languages. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Team|Regional facilitators]] from the Movement Strategy and Governance team are available to support applicants with MC Ambassadors grantmaking. If you are interested please sign up [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/About|here]]. Should you have specific questions, please reach out to the MSG team via email: strategy2030@wikimedia.org or on the MS forum. We thank you for your time and participation. On behalf of the Movement Charter Drafting Committee,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] ۲۰:۳۳, ۷ نومبر ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=23914777 --> == Apply for Funding through the Movement Strategy Community Engagement Package to Support Your Community == :''{{More languages}}'' <section begin="announcement-content" /> The Wikimedia Movement Strategy implementation is a collaborative effort for all Wikimedians. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:MSIG/About|Movement Strategy Implementation Grants]] support projects that take the current state of a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives|Movement Strategy Initiative]] and push it one step forward. If you are looking for an example or some guide on how to engage your community further on Movement Strategy and the Movement Strategy Implementation Grants specifically, you may find this '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:MSIG/Community Engagement Package|community engagement package]]''' helpful. The goal of this community engagement package is to support more people to access the funding they might need for the implementation work. By becoming a recipient of this grant, you will be able to support other community members to develop further grant applications that fit with your local contexts to benefit your own communities. With this package, the hope is to break down language barriers and to ensure community members have needed information on Movement Strategy to connect with each other. Movement Strategy is a two-way exchange, we can always learn more from the experiences and knowledge of Wikimedians everywhere. We can train and support our peers by using this package, so more people can make use of this great funding opportunity. If this information interests you or if you have any further thoughts or questions, please do not hesitate to reach out to us as your [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Team|regional facilitators]] to discuss further. We will be more than happy to support you. When you are ready, follow the steps on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:MSIG/About |this page]] to apply. We look forward to receiving your application. Best regards, <br> Movement Strategy and Governance Team <br> Wikimedia Foundation<section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] ۲۱:۲۶, ۱۴ نومبر ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=23914777 --> == Opportunities open for the Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee == <section begin="announcement-content" /> <div style="margin:.2em 0 .5em;margin-{{#switch:{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|ar|arc|ary|arz|azb|bcc|bgn|ckb|bqi|dv|fa|fa-af|glk|ha-arab|he|kk-arab|kk-cn|ks|ku-arab|ms-arab|mzn|pnb|prd|ps|sd|ug|ur|ydd|yi=right|left}}:3ex;"> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Announcement/2023 OC and CRC appointments process|''You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.'']] ''<span class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Announcement/2023 OC and CRC appointments process|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Announcement/2023 OC and CRC appointments process}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</span>'' </div> Hi everyone! The Ombuds commission (OC) and the Case Review Committee (CRC) are looking for members. People are encouraged to nominate themselves or encourage others they feel would contribute to these groups to do so. There is more information below about the opportunity and the skills that are needed. '''About the Ombuds commission''' The Ombuds commission (OC) works on all Wikimedia projects to investigate complaints about violations of the privacy policy, especially in use of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CheckUser policy|CheckUser]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|Oversight]] (also known as Suppression) tools. The Commission mediates between the parties of the investigation and, when violations of the policies are identified, advises the Wikimedia Foundation on best handling. They may also assist the General Counsel, the Chief Executive Officer, or the Board of Trustees of the Foundation in these investigations when legally necessary. For more on the OC's duties and roles, '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|see Ombuds commission on Meta-Wiki]]'''. Volunteers serving in this role should be experienced Wikimedians, active on any project, who have previously used the CheckUser/Oversight tools OR who have the technical ability to understand these tools and the willingness to learn them. They must be able to communicate in English, the common language of the commission. They are expected to be able to engage neutrally in investigating these concerns and to know when to recuse when other roles and relationships may cause conflict. Commissioners will serve '''two-year terms''' (note that this is different from past years, when the terms have been for one year). '''About the Case Review Committee''' The Case Review Committee (CRC) reviews appeals of eligible Trust & Safety office actions. The CRC is a critical layer of oversight to ensure that Wikimedia Foundation office actions are fair and unbiased. They also make sure the Wikimedia Foundation doesn’t overstep established practices or boundaries. For more about the role, '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Case Review Committee|see Case Review Committee on Meta-Wiki]]'''. We are looking for current or former functionaries and experienced volunteers with an interest in joining this group. Applicants must be fluent in English (additional languages are a strong plus) and willing to abide by the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety/Case_Review_Committee/Charter|terms of the Committee charter]]. If the work resonates and you qualify, please apply. Committee members will serve '''two-year terms''' (note that this is different from past years, when the terms have been for one year). '''Applying to join either of these groups''' Members are required to sign the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Confidentiality agreement for nonpublic information|Confidentiality agreement for nonpublic information]] and must be willing to comply with the appropriate Wikimedia Foundation board policies (such as the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Access to nonpublic information policy|access to non-public information policy]] and the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Privacy policy|Foundation privacy policy]]). These positions requires a high degree of discretion and trust. Members must also be over 18 years of age. '''If you are interested in serving in either capacity listed above,''' please write in English to the Trust and Safety team at ca[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org (to apply to the OC) or to the Legal Team at legal[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org (to apply to the CRC) with information about: * Your primary projects * Languages you speak/write * Any experience you have serving on committees, whether movement or non-movement * Your thoughts on what you could bring to the OC or CRC if appointed * Any experience you have with the Checkuser or Oversight tools (OC only) * Any other information you think is relevant '''The deadline for applications is 31 December 2022 in any timezone.''' Please feel free to pass this invitation along to any users who you think may be qualified and interested. Thank you! On behalf of the Committee Support team,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> <!-- Message sent by User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=23914777 --> == Community Wishlist Survey 2023 opens in January! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''{{int:Please-translate}}'' {{int:Hello}} The [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023|'''Community Wishlist Survey (CWS) 2023''']], which lets contributors propose and vote for tools and improvements, starts next month on Monday, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496831 23 January 2023, at 18:00 UTC] and will continue annually. We are inviting you to share your ideas for technical improvements to our tools and platforms. Long experience in editing or technical skills is not required. If you have ever used our software and thought of an idea to improve it, this is the place to come share those ideas! The dates for the phases of the Survey will be as follows: * Phase 1: Submit, discuss, and revise proposals – Monday, Jan 23, 2023 to Sunday, Feb 6, 2023 * Phase 2: WMF/Community Tech reviews and organizes proposals – Monday, Jan 30, 2023 to Friday, Feb 10, 2023 * Phase 3: Vote on proposals – Friday, Feb 10, 2023 to Friday, Feb 24, 2023 * Phase 4: Results posted – Tuesday, Feb 28, 2023 If you want to start writing out your ideas ahead of the Survey, you can start thinking about your proposals and draft them in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]]. We are grateful to all who participated last year. See you in January 2023! </div> {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Community Tech, [[m:User:STei (WMF)|STei (WMF)]]</bdi> ۱۷:۵۹, ۱۳ دسمبر ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:STei_(WMF)/CWS_2023_List&oldid=24226232 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2023 == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2023 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, Christmas Greetings and a Happy New Year 2023, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2023, to March 31, 2023 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2023|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023/List of Articles|list]] of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a fountain tool or dashboard. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the fountain/dashboard link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year we would be supporting the community's financial aid for Internet and childcare support. This would be provided for the local team including their jury and coordinator team. This support is opt-in and non mandatory. Kindly fill in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSea81OO0lVgUBd551iIiENXht7BRCISYZlKyBQlemZu_j2OHQ/viewform this Google form] and mark a mail to [mailto:support@wikilovesfolklore.org support@wikilovesfolklore.org] with the subject line starting as [Stipend] Name or Username/Language. The last date to sign up for internet and childcare aid from our team is 20th of January 2023, We encourage the language coordinators to sign up their community on this link by the 25th of January 2023. Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2023/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023 International Team]] ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) ۱۵:۲۴, ۲۴ دسمبر ۲۰۲۲ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=23942484 --> == enable, configure wpcleaner == errors detected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Check_Wikipedia Check Wiki project] can be fixed using [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WPCleaner WPCleaner]. i assume it requies admin to enable and configure. i request to enable on our wiki. thank you. -۰۷:۱۶, ۲۱ فروری ۲۰۲۳ (PKT) == Editing news 2023 #1 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message"/><i>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2023/February|Read this in another language]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]</i> This newsletter includes two key updates about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team|Editing]] team's work: # The Editing team will finish adding new features to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|Talk pages project]] and deploy it. # They are beginning a new project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]]. <strong>Talk pages project</strong> [[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|alt=Screenshot showing the talk page design changes that are currently available as beta features at all Wikimedia wikis. These features include information about the number of people and comments within each discussion.|thumb|300px|Some of the upcoming changes]] The Editing team is nearly finished with this first phase of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project|Talk pages project]]. Nearly all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|new features]] are available now in the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature for {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}]]. It will show information about how active a discussion is, such as the date of the most recent comment. There will soon be a new "{{int:skin-action-addsection}}" button. You will be able to turn them off at [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion]]. Please [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Talk_pages_project/Usability#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20230215001000-Feedback:_Proposed_Revisions_to_%22Add_topic%22_button|tell them what you think]]. [[File:Daily edit completion rates mobile talk pages.png|thumb|300px|Daily edit completion rate by test group: DiscussionTools (test group) and MobileFrontend overlay (control group)]] An A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Mobile|{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} on the mobile site]] has finished. Editors were [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|more successful with {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}]]. The Editing team is enabling these features for all editors on the mobile site. <strong>New Project: Edit Check</strong> The Editing team is beginning [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|a project to help new editors of Wikipedia]]. It will help people identify some problems before they click "{{int:publishchanges}}". The first tool will encourage people to add references when they add new content. Please [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist|watch]] that page for more information. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing_team/Community_Conversations#20230303|join a conference call on 3&nbsp;March&nbsp;2023]] to learn more.<section end="message"/> </div> –[[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}]]) ۰۴:۲۴, ۲۳ فروری ۲۰۲۳ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=24611966 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Your wiki will be in read only soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}'''. The test will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-03-01T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-03-01T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-03-01|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])</span> ۰۲:۲۱, ۲۸ فروری ۲۰۲۳ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=24390465 --> == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023: We are back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2023 promo.png|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the third edition of writing challenge "'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from 1st until 31st March 2023. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contribution in every language! The most active contesters will receive [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023/Prizes|prizes]].<br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[m:CentralNotice/Request/UCDM 2023|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! </div> [[m:User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|ValentynNefedov (WMUA)]] ([[m:User talk:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|talk]]) 07:58, 1 March 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=23942484 --> {{پنجابی گنتی}} {{پنجابی گنتی}} == Cleaning up files == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hi, sorry to write in English! According to [[wmf:Resolution:Licensing_policy]] all files must have a valid license or they have to be deleted! Here is an overview of the files: {{پنجابی گنتی}} {{پنجابی گنتی}} Number of files '''{{formatnum:{{NUMBEROFFILES}}|R}}''' files. * Free: [[:Category:All free media]] ({{formatnum:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:All_free_media|files}}|R}} files) * Non-free: [[:Category:All non-free media]] ({{formatnum:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:All_non-free_media|files}}|R}} files) * No license: [[:Category:Files with no license]] ({{formatnum:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Files_with_no_license|files}}|R}} files) '''Question:''' Does pnb.wiki have a Exemption Doctrine Policy (EDP) so that non-free files can be kept as fair use? If not all non-free files have to be deleted. '''Question:''' Would anyone help to check if all files have a license, a source and an author? I have written to a few users about the files they uploaded. But some users are no longer active. So the files they uploaded probably have to be deleted. Files without a license must be deleted so it is important. --[[ورتنوالا:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MGA73|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MGA73|کم]]) ۱۶:۳۳, ۱۲ مارچ ۲۰۲۳ (PKT) : I noticed that pnb.wiki is not listed on [[:m:Non-free content]] and it has no page that matches [[:en:Wikipedia:Non-free content]]. I think there should be a formal policy and Exemption Doctrine Policy (EDP) to comply with [[wmf:Resolution:Licensing_policy]]. If there is a formal policy it should be added to meta. If there is no formal policy pnb.wiki should make one or delete all the non-free files. : It is NOT allowed to host non-free files without an EDP. --[[ورتنوالا:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MGA73|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MGA73|کم]]) ۲۲:۳۸, ۱۷ اپریل ۲۰۲۳ (PKT) ::The free files have now been checked and if possible moved to Commons. There are still files without a license to check. Please help check those (Click [https://usualsuspects.toolforge.org/?language=pnb&project=wikipedia&category=Files_with_no_license&min_days=14&badboys=Bad+Boys to see who uploaded] and look for own name). Also files nominated for deletion need admins to check/delete [[:گٹھ:امیدوار براۓ حذف شدگی]] --[[ورتنوالا:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MGA73|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MGA73|کم]]) ۲۳:۰۹, ۱۸ اپریل ۲۰۲۳ (PKT) </div> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Wikimania 2023 Welcoming Program Submissions</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="wikimania-program-submissions"/>[[File:Wikimania Singapore Logo.svg|right|frameless]]Do you want to host an in-person or virtual session at Wikimania 2023? Maybe a hands-on workshop, a lively discussion, a fun performance, a catchy poster, or a memorable lightning talk? [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2023:Program/Submissions|'''Submissions are open until March 28''']]. The event will have dedicated hybrid blocks, so virtual submissions and pre-recorded content are also welcome. If you have any questions, please join us at an upcoming conversation on March 12 or 19, or reach out by email at wikimania@wikimedia.org or on Telegram. More information on-wiki.<section end="wikimania-program-submissions"/> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=24390465 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Your wiki will be in read-only soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|en}}'''. The test will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-04-26T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-04-26T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-04-26|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ۰۵:۴۱, ۲۱ اپریل ۲۰۲۳ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=24748237 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Seeking volunteers for the next step in the Universal Code of Conduct process</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Nominations/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Nominations/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello, As follow-up to [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/IOMVS7W75ZYMABQGOQ2QH2JAURC3CHGH/ the message about the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines] by Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees Vice Chair, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, I am reaching out about the next steps. I want to bring your attention to the next stage of the Universal Code of Conduct process, which is forming a building committee for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C). I invite community members with experience and deep interest in community health and governance to nominate themselves to be part of the U4C building committee, which needs people who are: * Community members in good standing * Knowledgeable about movement community processes, such as, but not limited to, policy drafting, participatory decision making, and application of existing rules and policies on Wikimedia projects * Aware and appreciative of the diversity of the movement, such as, but not limited to, languages spoken, identity, geography, and project type * Committed to participate for the entire U4C Building Committee period from mid-May - December 2023 * Comfortable with engaging in difficult, but productive conversations * Confidently able to communicate in English The Building Committee shall consist of volunteer community members, affiliate board or staff, and Wikimedia Foundation staff. The Universal Code of Conduct has been a process strengthened by the skills and knowledge of the community and I look forward to what the U4C Building Committee creates. If you are interested in joining the Building Committee, please either [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee/Nominations|sign up on the Meta-Wiki page]], or contact ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org by May 12, 2023. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee|Read more on Meta-Wiki]]'''. Best regards,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] ۰۰:۰۰, ۲۷ اپریل ۲۰۲۳ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=24941045 --> == Deletion request == I would like to request deletion of this page created by a cross-wiki spammer: * [[قانون_از_جے_پی]] Thanks! [[ورتنوالا:Bovlb|Bovlb]] ([[ورتن گل بات:Bovlb|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/Bovlb|کم]]) ۰۵:۴۴, ۱ مئی ۲۰۲۳ (PKT) == Global ban proposal for Piermark/House of Yahweh/HoY == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. If this is not the proper place to post, please move it somewhere more appropriate. {{int:Please-translate}} There is an on-going discussion about a proposal that Piermark/House of Yahweh/HoY be globally banned from editing all Wikimedia projects. You are invited to participate at [[:m:Requests for comment/Global ban for Piermark|Requests for comment/Global ban for Piermark]] on Meta-Wiki. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[User:Unite together|U.T.]] ([[User talk:Unite together|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) ۱۷:۳۶, ۴ مئی ۲۰۲۳ (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:1234qwer1234qwer4@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Requests_for_comment/Global_ban_for_Piermark/Invitations/AN2&oldid=24980083 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Selection of the U4C Building Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The next stage in the Universal Code of Conduct process is establishing a Building Committee to create the charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C). The Building Committee has been selected. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee|Read about the members and the work ahead on Meta-wiki]].<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Project|UCoC Project Team]], ۰۹:۲۰, ۲۷ مئی ۲۰۲۳ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25018085 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Announcing the new Elections Committee members</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello there, We are glad to announce [[listarchive:list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/4TALOUFPAP2VDBR27GKRVOP7IGQYU3DB/|the new members and advisors of the Elections Committee]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee|Elections Committee]] assists with the design and implementation of the process to select Community- and Affiliate-Selected trustees for the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. After an open nomination process, the strongest candidates spoke with the Board and four candidates were asked to join the Elections Committee. Four other candidates were asked to participate as advisors. Thank you to all the community members who submitted their names for consideration. We look forward to working with the Elections Committee in the near future. On behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] ۲۳:۰۰, ۲۸ جون ۲۰۲۳ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25018085 --> == Deploying the Phonos in-line audio player to your Wiki == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:Hello}}! Apologies if this message is not in your language, {{int:Please help translate}} to your language. This wiki will soon be able to use the [[mw:Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player]] implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. This is part of fulfilling a wishlist proposal of providing [[m:Community_Wishlist_Survey_2022/Multimedia_and_Commons/Audio_links_that_play_on_click|audio links that play on click]]. With the inline audio player, you can add text-to-speech audio snippets to wiki pages by simply using a tag: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> <phonos file="audio file" label="Listen"/> </syntaxhighlight> The above tag will show the text next to a speaker icon, and clicking on it will play the audio instantly without taking you to another page. A common example where you can use this feature is in adding pronunciation to words as illustrated on the [[wiktionary:en:English#Pronunciation|English Wiktionary]] below. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{audio|en|En-uk-English.oga|Audio (UK)}} </syntaxhighlight> Could become: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> <phonos file="En-uk-English.oga" label="Audio (UK)"/> </syntaxhighlight> The inline audio player will be available in your wiki in 2 weeks time; in the meantime, we would like you to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos|read about the features]] and give us feedback or ask questions about it in this [[mw:Help_talk:Extension:Phonos|talk page]]. Thank you!</div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]], on behalf of the Foundation's Language team</bdi> </div> ۰۷:۲۶, ۲۷ جولائی ۲۰۲۳ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_announcement_list_(In-line_audio_player)&oldid=25350821 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Review the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Announcement - Review|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Announcement - Review}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello all, I am pleased to share the next step in the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] work. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) draft charter]] is now ready for your review. The [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|Enforcement Guidelines]] require a [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#4.5_U4C_Building_Committee|Building Committee]] form to draft a charter that outlines procedures and details for a global committee to be called the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#4._UCoC_Coordinating_Committee_(U4C)|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]]. Over the past few months, the U4C Building Committee worked together as a group to discuss and draft the U4C charter. The U4C Building Committee welcomes feedback about the draft charter now through 22 September 2023. After that date, the U4C Building Committee will revise the charter as needed and a community vote will open shortly afterward. Join the conversation during the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee#Conversation hours|conversation hours]] or on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Meta-wiki]]. Best,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]], on behalf of the U4C Building Committee, ۲۰:۳۵, ۲۸ اگست ۲۰۲۳ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25392152 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Your wiki will be in read-only soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|en}}'''. The test will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-09-20T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-09-20T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-09-20|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|talk]]) ۱۴:۲۳, ۱۵ ستمبر ۲۰۲۳ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=25018086 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">== Opportunities open for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission, and the Case Review Committee ==</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <div style="margin:.2em 0 .5em;margin-{{#switch:{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|ar|arc|ary|arz|azb|bcc|bgn|ckb|bqi|dv|fa|fa-af|glk|ha-arab|he|kk-arab|kk-cn|ks|ku-arab|ms-arab|mzn|pnb|prd|ps|sd|ug|ur|ydd|yi=right|left}}:3ex;"> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|''You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.'']] ''<span class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</span>''</div> Hi everyone! The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]] (AffCom), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission]] (OC), and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety/Case_Review_Committee|Case Review Committee]] (CRC) are looking for new members. These volunteer groups provide important structural and oversight support for the community and movement. People are encouraged to nominate themselves or encourage others they feel would contribute to these groups to apply. There is more information about the roles of the groups, the skills needed, and the opportunity to apply on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments|'''Meta-wiki page''']]. On behalf of the Committee Support team,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ~ [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) ۲۱:۴۱, ۹ اکتوبر ۲۰۲۳ (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25570445 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Review and comment on the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection rules package</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Dear all, Please review and comment on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection rules package from now until 29 October 2023. The selection rules package was based on older versions by the Elections Committee and will be used in the 2024 Board of Trustees selection. Providing your comments now will help them provide a smoother, better Board selection process. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|More on the Meta-wiki page]]. Best, Katie Chan <br> Chair of the Elections Committee<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> ۰۶:۱۳, ۱۷ اکتوبر ۲۰۲۳ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25570445 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Coming soon: Reference Previews</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="ReferencePreviewsDefault"/> [[File:Example_of_a_Reference_Preview.png|right|300px]] A new feature is coming to your wiki soon: Reference Previews are popups for references. Such popups have existed on wikis as local gadgets for many years. Now there is a central solution, available on all wikis, and consistent with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. Reference Previews will be visible to everyone, including readers. If you don’t want to see them, [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|you can opt out]]. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews unless you disable the gadget. Reference Previews have been a beta feature on many wikis since 2019, and a default feature on some since 2021. Deployment is planned for November 22. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Help page]] * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Project page with more information (in English)]]. * Feedback is welcome [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|on this talk page]]. -- For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Wikimedia Deutschland’s Technical Wishes]] team, <section end="ReferencePreviewsDefault"/> </div> [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]], ۱۸:۱۱, ۱۵ نومبر ۲۰۲۳ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=25866958 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">(New) Feature on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]]: Adding geopoints via QID</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="Body"/>Since September 2022, it is possible to create geopoints using a QID. Many wiki contributors have asked for this feature, but it is not being used much. Therefore, we would like to remind you about it. More information can be found on the [[M:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints via QID|project page]]. If you have any comments, please let us know on the [[M:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints via QID|talk page]]. – Best regards, the team of Technical Wishes at Wikimedia Deutschland <section end="Body"/> </div> [[M:User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)|Thereza Mengs (WMDE)]] ۱۷:۳۱, ۱۳ دسمبر ۲۰۲۳ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=25955829 --> == Do you use Wikidata in Wikimedia sibling projects? Tell us about your experiences == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''Note: Apologies for cross-posting and sending in English.'' Hello, the '''[[m:WD4WMP|Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects]]''' team at Wikimedia Deutschland would like to hear about your experiences using Wikidata in the sibling projects. If you are interested in sharing your opinion and insights, please consider signing up for an interview with us in this '''[https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Wikidata-for-Wikimedia-Interviews Registration form]'''.<br> ''Currently, we are only able to conduct interviews in English.'' The front page of the form has more details about what the conversation will be like, including how we would '''compensate''' you for your time. For more information, visit our ''[[m:WD4WMP/AddIssue|project issue page]]'' where you can also share your experiences in written form, without an interview.<br>We look forward to speaking with you, [[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]]) 08:53, 5 January 2024 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WD4WMP/ScreenerInvite&oldid=26027495 --> == Reusing references: Can we look over your shoulder? == ''Apologies for writing in English.'' The Technical Wishes team at Wikimedia Deutschland is planning to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. For our research, we are looking for wiki contributors willing to show us how they are interacting with references. * The format will be a 1-hour video call, where you would share your screen. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ More information here]. * Interviews can be conducted in English, German or Dutch. * [[mw:WMDE_Engineering/Participate_in_UX_Activities#Compensation|Compensation is available]]. * Sessions will be held in January and February. * [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ Sign up here if you are interested.] * Please note that we probably won’t be able to have sessions with everyone who is interested. Our UX researcher will try to create a good balance of wiki contributors, e.g. in terms of wiki experience, tech experience, editing preferences, gender, disability and more. If you’re a fit, she will reach out to you to schedule an appointment. We’re looking forward to seeing you, [[m:User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)| Thereza Mengs (WMDE)]] <!-- Message sent by User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=25956752 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2024 == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2023, to March 31, 2023 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools'''] Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024 International Team]]''' ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) ۱۲:۲۶, ۱۸ جنوری ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) == Wiki Loves Folklore is back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|Wiki Loves Folklore 2024]]''' an international photography contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March. You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlf_2024 submitting] them in this commons contest. You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language. Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. '''Kind regards,''' '''Wiki loves Folklore International Team''' -- [[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) ۱۲:۲۶, ۱۸ جنوری ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) </div></div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=23942484 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Vote on the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, I am reaching out to you today to announce that the voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) Charter is now open. Community members may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|cast their vote and provide comments about the charter via SecurePoll]] now through '''2 February 2024'''. Those of you who voiced your opinions during the development of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|UCoC Enforcement Guidelines]] will find this process familiar. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|current version of the U4C Charter]] is on Meta-wiki with translations available. Read the charter, go vote and share this note with others in your community. I can confidently say the U4C Building Committee looks forward to your participation. On behalf of the UCoC Project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] ۲۳:۰۸, ۱۹ جنوری ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25853527 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Last days to vote on the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, I am reaching out to you today to remind you that the voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) charter will close on '''2 February 2024'''. Community members may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|cast their vote and provide comments about the charter via SecurePoll]]. Those of you who voiced your opinions during the development of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|UCoC Enforcement Guidelines]] will find this process familiar. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|current version of the U4C charter]] is on Meta-wiki with translations available. Read the charter, go vote and share this note with others in your community. I can confidently say the U4C Building Committee looks forward to your participation. On behalf of the UCoC Project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] ۲۲:۰۰, ۳۱ جنوری ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25853527 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Announcing the results of the UCoC Coordinating Committee Charter ratification vote</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, Thank you everyone for following the progress of the Universal Code of Conduct. I am writing to you today to announce the outcome of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|ratification vote]] on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee Charter]]. 1746 contributors voted in this ratification vote with 1249 voters supporting the Charter and 420 voters not. The ratification vote process allowed for voters to provide comments about the Charter. A report of voting statistics and a summary of voter comments will be published on Meta-wiki in the coming weeks. Please look forward to hearing about the next steps soon. On behalf of the UCoC Project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] ۲۳:۲۳, ۱۲ فروری ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26160150 --> == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2024: We are back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2024 general.jpg|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the forth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2024|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from 1st until 31st March 2024. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contribution in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes.<br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/UCDM 2024|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|ValentynNefedov (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|talk]]) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=26166467 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Report of the U4C Charter ratification and U4C Call for Candidates now available</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – call for candidates| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, I am writing to you today with two important pieces of information. First, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Vote results|report of the comments from the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter ratification]] is now available. Secondly, the call for candidates for the U4C is open now through April 1, 2024. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members are invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Per the charter, there are 16 seats on the U4C: eight community-at-large seats and eight regional seats to ensure the U4C represents the diversity of the movement. Read more and submit your application on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Meta-wiki]]. On behalf of the UCoC project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] ۲۱:۲۵, ۵ مارچ ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26276337 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2024 Selection</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> : ''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' : ''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Dear all, This year, the term of 4 (four) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee|Elections Committee]] will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Board Governance Committee created a Board Selection Working Group from Trustees who cannot be candidates in the 2024 community- and affiliate-selected trustee selection process composed of Dariusz Jemielniak, Nataliia Tymkiv, Esra'a Al Shafei, Kathy Collins, and Shani Evenstein Sigalov [3]. The group is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2024 trustee selection process, and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4]. Here are the key planned dates: * May 2024: Call for candidates and call for questions * June 2024: Affiliates vote to shortlist 12 candidates (no shortlisting if 15 or less candidates apply) [5] * June-August 2024: Campaign period * End of August / beginning of September 2024: Two-week community voting period * October–November 2024: Background check of selected candidates * Board's Meeting in December 2024: New trustees seated Learn more about the 2024 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|this Meta-wiki page]], and make your plan. '''Election Volunteers''' Another way to be involved with the 2024 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Election Volunteers|Meta-wiki page]]. Best regards, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Pundit|Dariusz Jemielniak]] (Governance Committee Chair, Board Selection Working Group) [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Results#Elected [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter [3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Minutes:2023-08-15#Governance_Committee [4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles [5] Even though the ideal number is 12 candidates for 4 open seats, the shortlisting process will be triggered if there are more than 15 candidates because the 1-3 candidates that are removed might feel ostracized and it would be a lot of work for affiliates to carry out the shortlisting process to only eliminate 1-3 candidates from the candidate list.<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]]۰۰:۵۷, ۱۳ مارچ ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26349432 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Your wiki will be in read-only soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|en}}'''. The test will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2024-03-20T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2024-03-20T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2024-03-20|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> [[user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]], ۰۵:۰۱, ۱۵ مارچ ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=25636619 --> == Global ban proposal for Slowking4 == Hello. This is to notify the community that there is an ongoing global ban proposal for [[User:Slowking4]] who has been active on this wiki. You are invited to participate at [[metawiki:Requests for comment/Global ban for Slowking4 (2)|m:Requests for comment/Global ban for Slowking4 (2)]]. Thank you. [[ورتنوالا:Seawolf35|Seawolf35]] ([[ورتن گل بات:Seawolf35|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/Seawolf35|کم]]) ۱۰:۱۲, ۱۵ مارچ ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Vote now to select members of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, I am writing to you to let you know the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is open now through May 9, 2024. Read the information on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility. The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. On behalf of the UCoC project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] ۰۱:۲۰, ۲۶ اپریل ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Sign up for the language community meeting on May 31st, 16:00 UTC</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message"/>Hello all, The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks - May 31st at 16:00 UTC. If you're interested, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Language_engineering/Community_meetings#31_May_2024 sign up on this wiki page]. This is a participant-driven meeting, where we share language-specific updates related to various projects, collectively discuss technical issues related to language wikis, and work together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, the topics included the machine translation service (MinT) and the languages and models it currently supports, localization efforts from the Kiwix team, and technical challenges with numerical sorting in files used on Bengali Wikisource. Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates related to your project? Any problems that you would like to bring for discussion during the meeting? Do you need interpretation support from English to another language? Please reach out to me at ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org and [[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-may-2024|add agenda items to the document here]]. We look forward to your participation! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ۰۲:۲۳, ۱۵ مئی ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Feedback invited on Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' [[File:Sibling Project Lifecycle Conversation 3.png|150px|right|link=:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle]] Dear community members, The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee]] (CAC) of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]] invites you to give feedback on a '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle|draft Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle]]'''. This draft Procedure outlines proposed steps and requirements for opening and closing Wikimedia Sibling Projects, and aims to ensure any newly approved projects are set up for success. This is separate from the procedures for opening or closing language versions of projects, which is handled by the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Language committee|Language Committee]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Closing_projects_policy|closing projects policy]]. You can find the details on [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle#Review|this page]], as well as the ways to give your feedback from today until the end of the day on '''June 23, 2024''', anywhere on Earth. You can also share information about this with the interested project communities you work with or support, and you can also help us translate the procedure into more languages, so people can join the discussions in their own language. On behalf of the CAC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] ۰۷:۲۵, ۲۲ مئی ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Announcing the first Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello, The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote results. We are following up with the results of the first [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) election]]. We are pleased to announce the following individuals as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a two-year term: * North America (USA and Canada) ** – * Northern and Western Europe ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Ghilt|Ghilt]] * Latin America and Caribbean ** – * Central and East Europe (CEE) ** — * Sub-Saharan Africa ** – * Middle East and North Africa ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Ibrahim.ID|Ibrahim.ID]] * East, South East Asia and Pacific (ESEAP) ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:0xDeadbeef|0xDeadbeef]] * South Asia ** – The following individuals are elected to be community-at-large members of the U4C, fulfilling a one-year term: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Barkeep49|Barkeep49]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Superpes15|Superpes15]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Civvì|Civvì]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Luke081515|Luke081515]] * – * – * – * – Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community. Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. Follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-wiki]]. On behalf of the UCoC project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] ۱۳:۱۵, ۳ جون ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == Plans to enable the Content and Section translation tool in your Wikipedia == {{int:Hello}} Western Punjabi Wikipedians! Apologies, as this message is not in your native language; {{int:please-translate}}. The [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] proposes to enable the Section and Content translation tool by default to your Wikipedia if there are no objections from members of your community. The [[mw:Content_translation/Section_translation|Section Translation]] extends the capabilities of [[mw:Content_translation|Content Translation]] to support mobile devices. Below is background information about the tools and how to test the Section translation tool. '''Background information''' [[mw:Content_translation|Content Translation]] has been a successful tool for editors to create content in their language. More than one million articles have been created across all languages since the tool was released in 2015. However, the tool is not out of beta in Western Punjabi Wikipedia, limiting the discoverability of the tool and its use and blocking the enablement of the Section translation in your Wikipedia. [[mw:Content_translation/Section_translation|Section Translation]] extends the capabilities of Content Translation to support mobile devices. On mobile, the tool will: * Guide you to translate one section at a time to expand existing articles or create new ones * Make it easy to transfer knowledge across languages anytime from your mobile device So, we will enable the tools on Western Punjabi Wikipedia by June 20th, 2024, if there are no objections from your community. '''Try the Section translation tool''' Before the enablement, you can try the current implementation of the tool in [https://test.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&from=en&to=pnb&sx=true#/ our testing instance]. Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, you’ll have access to https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation with your mobile device. You can select an article and translate it from scratch. Currently, there is no machine translation support for your Wikipedia. Often, this is due to the lack of parallel data to train translation models for your language. Considering that making translations of Wikipedia articles is [[mw:Content_translation/Published_translations#Parallel_corpora|a way to generate such parallel corpora]], we consider that enabling these tools by default for visibility and more use can benefit your language. '''Request for feedback''' Please provide feedback about the Section translation in this thread or on [[mw:Talk:Content_translation|this project talk page]]. We want to  hear about your impressions on * The section translation tool * What do you think about our plans to enable it * Your ideas for improving the tool Thanks, and we look forward to your feedback and questions. On behalf of the WMF Language team. [[ورتنوالا:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[ورتن گل بات:UOzurumba (WMF)|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/UOzurumba (WMF)|کم]]) ۲۰:۵۳, ۵ جون ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The final text of the Wikimedia Movement Charter is now on Meta</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final draft available|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final draft available}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hi everyone, The final text of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] is now up on Meta in more than 20 languages for your reading. '''What is the Wikimedia Movement Charter?''' The Wikimedia Movement Charter is a proposed document to define roles and responsibilities for all the members and entities of the Wikimedia movement, including the creation of a new body – the Global Council – for movement governance. '''Join the Wikimedia Movement Charter “Launch Party”''' Join the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Movement Charter Launch Party|“Launch Party”]] on '''June 20, 2024''' at '''14.00-15.00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1718892000 your local time]). During this call, we will celebrate the release of the final Charter and present the content of the Charter. Join and learn about the Charter before casting your vote. '''Movement Charter ratification vote''' Voting will commence on SecurePoll on '''June 25, 2024''' at '''00:01 UTC''' and will conclude on '''July 9, 2024''' at '''23:59 UTC.''' You can read more about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting|voting process, eligibility criteria, and other details]] on Meta. If you have any questions, please leave a comment on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Charter|Meta talk page]] or email the MCDC at [mailto:mcdc@wikimedia.org mcdc@wikimedia.org]. On behalf of the MCDC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] ۱۳:۴۴, ۱۱ جون ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Voting to ratify the Wikimedia Movement Charter is now open – cast your vote</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Ratification vote opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Ratification vote opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello everyone, The voting to ratify the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|'''Wikimedia Movement Charter''']] is now open. The Wikimedia Movement Charter is a document to define roles and responsibilities for all the members and entities of the Wikimedia movement, including the creation of a new body – the Global Council – for movement governance. The final version of the Wikimedia Movement Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|available on Meta in different languages]] and attached [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikimedia_Movement_Charter_(June_2024).pdf here in PDF format] for your reading. Voting commenced on SecurePoll on '''June 25, 2024''' at '''00:01 UTC''' and will conclude on '''July 9, 2024''' at '''23:59 UTC'''. Please read more on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting|voter information and eligibility details]]. After reading the Charter, please [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/398|'''vote here''']] and share this note further. If you have any questions about the ratification vote, please contact the Charter Electoral Commission at [mailto:cec@wikimedia.org '''cec@wikimedia.org''']. On behalf of the CEC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] ۱۵:۵۲, ۲۵ جون ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Voting to ratify the Wikimedia Movement Charter is ending soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello everyone, This is a kind reminder that the voting period to ratify the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] will be closed on '''July 9, 2024''', at '''23:59 UTC'''. If you have not voted yet, please vote [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/398|on SecurePoll]]. On behalf of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Ratification/Voting#Electoral_Commission|Charter Electoral Commission]],<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] ۰۸:۴۵, ۸ جولائی ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">U4C Special Election - Call for Candidates</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – call for candidates|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, A special election has been called to fill additional vacancies on the U4C. The call for candidates phase is open from now through July 19, 2024. The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the [[:foundation:Wikimedia Foundation Universal Code of Conduct|UCoC]]. Community members are invited to submit their applications in the special election for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please review the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|U4C Charter]]. In this special election, according to [[Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter#2. Elections and Terms|chapter 2 of the U4C charter]], there are 9 seats available on the U4C: '''four''' community-at-large seats and '''five''' regional seats to ensure the U4C represents the diversity of the movement. [[Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter#5. Glossary|No more than two members of the U4C can be elected from the same home wiki]]. Therefore, candidates must not have English Wikipedia, German Wikipedia, or Italian Wikipedia as their home wiki. Read more and submit your application on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Meta-wiki]]. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) ۰۵:۰۳, ۱۰ جولائی ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Wikimedia Movement Charter ratification voting results</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Results of the ratification vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Results of the ratification vote}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello everyone, After carefully tallying both individual and affiliate votes, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting#Electoral Commission|Charter Electoral Commission]] is pleased to announce the final results of the Wikimedia Movement Charter voting.   As [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Charter#Thank you for your participation in the Movement Charter ratification vote!|communicated]] by the Charter Electoral Commission, we reached the quorum for both Affiliate and individual votes by the time the vote closed on '''July 9, 23:59 UTC'''. We thank all 2,451 individuals and 129 Affiliate representatives who voted in the ratification process. Your votes and comments are invaluable for the future steps in Movement Strategy. The final results of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] ratification voting held between 25 June and 9 July 2024 are as follows: '''Individual vote:''' Out of 2,451 individuals who voted as of July 9 23:59 (UTC), 2,446 have been accepted as valid votes. Among these, '''1,710''' voted “yes”; '''623''' voted “no”; and '''113''' selected “–” (neutral). Because the neutral votes don’t count towards the total number of votes cast, 73.30% voted to approve the Charter (1710/2333), while 26.70% voted to reject the Charter (623/2333). '''Affiliates vote:''' Out of 129 Affiliates designated voters who voted as of July 9 23:59 (UTC), 129 votes are confirmed as valid votes. Among these, '''93''' voted “yes”; '''18''' voted “no”; and '''18''' selected “–” (neutral). Because the neutral votes don’t count towards the total number of votes cast, 83.78% voted to approve the Charter (93/111), while 16.22% voted to reject the Charter (18/111). '''Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation:''' The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees voted '''not to ratify''' the proposed Charter during their special Board meeting on July 8, 2024. The Chair of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees, Nataliia Tymkiv, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/Board_resolution_and_vote_on_the_proposed_Movement_Charter|shared the result of the vote, the resolution, meeting minutes and proposed next steps]].   With this, the Wikimedia Movement Charter in its current revision is '''not ratified'''. We thank you for your participation in this important moment in our movement’s governance. The Charter Electoral Commission, [[m:User:Abhinav619|Abhinav619]], [[m:User:Borschts|Borschts]], [[m:User:Iwuala Lucy|Iwuala Lucy]], [[m:User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]], [[m:User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) ۲۲:۵۲, ۱۸ جولائی ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Vote now to fill vacancies of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, I am writing to you to let you know the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is open now through '''August 10, 2024'''. Read the information on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility. The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] ۰۷:۴۷, ۲۷ جولائی ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Reminder! Vote closing soon to fill vacancies of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, The voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is closing soon. It is open through 10 August 2024. Read the information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024_Special_Election#Voting|the voting page on Meta-wiki to learn more about voting and voter eligibility]]. If you are eligible to vote and have not voted in this special election, it is important that you vote now. '''Why should you vote?''' The U4C is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community input into the committee membership is critical to the success of the UCoC. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) ۲۰:۳۰, ۶ اگست ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Coming soon: A new sub-referencing feature – try it!</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Sub-referencing"/> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|{{#ifeq:{{#dir}}|ltr|right|left}}|400px]] Hello. For many years, community members have requested an easy way to re-use references with different details. Now, a MediaWiki solution is coming: The new sub-referencing feature will work for wikitext and Visual Editor and will enhance the existing reference system. You can continue to use different ways of referencing, but you will probably encounter sub-references in articles written by other users. More information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|the project page]]. '''We want your feedback''' to make sure this feature works well for you: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|Please try]] the current state of development on beta wiki and [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|let us know what you think]]. * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Sign-up|Sign up here]] to get updates and/or invites to participate in user research activities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes]] team is planning to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We will reach out to creators/maintainers of tools and templates related to references beforehand. Please help us spread the message. --[[m:User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 10:36, 19 August 2024 (UTC) <section end="Sub-referencing"/> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=27309345 --> == Sign up for the language community meeting on August 30th, 15:00 UTC == Hi all, The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks—on August 30th at 15:00 UTC. If you're interested in joining, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#30_August_2024 sign up on this wiki page]. This participant-driven meeting will focus on sharing language-specific updates related to various projects, discussing technical issues related to language wikis, and working together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, topics included the Language Converter, the state of language research, updates on the Incubator conversations, and technical challenges around external links not working with special characters on Bengali sites. Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates or discuss challenges? Please add agenda items to the document [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/language-community-meeting-aug-2024 here] and reach out to ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org. We look forward to your participation! [[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) ۰۴:۱۹, ۲۳ اگست ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Announcing the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/board-elections@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/OKCCN2CANIH2K7DXJOL2GPVDFWL27R7C/ Original message at wikimedia-l]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Elections Committee|Elections Committee]] have certified the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Results|results]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) special election]]. I am pleased to announce the following individual as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a term until 15 June 2026: * North America (USA and Canada) ** Ajraddatz The following seats were not filled during this special election: * Latin America and Caribbean * Central and East Europe (CEE) * Sub-Saharan Africa * South Asia * The four remaining Community-At-Large seats Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community. Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. You can follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-Wiki]]. On behalf of the U4C and the Elections Committee,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] ۱۹:۰۶, ۲ ستمبر ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Have your say: Vote for the 2024 Board of Trustees!</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. There are twelve (12) candidates running for four (4) seats on the Board. Learn more about the candidates by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Candidates|reading their statements]] and their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Questions_for_candidates|answers to community questions]]. When you are ready, go to the [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/400|SecurePoll]] voting page to vote. '''The vote is open from September 3rd at 00:00 UTC to September 17th at 23:59 UTC'''. To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Best regards, The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) ۱۷:۱۴, ۳ ستمبر ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Your wiki will be in read-only soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2024-09-25|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2024-09-25T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2024-09-25T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2024-09-25|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> [[User:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]], ۱۴:۳۷, ۲۰ ستمبر ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27248326 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving. Find out where... == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><i>Apologies for cross-posting in English. Please consider translating this message.</i>{{tracked|T66315}} Hello everyone, a small change will soon be coming to the user-interface of your Wikimedia project. The [[d:Q16222597|Wikidata item]] [[w:|sitelink]] currently found under the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''General''</u></span> section of the '''Tools''' sidebar menu will move into the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''In Other Projects''</u></span> section. We would like the Wiki communities feedback so please let us know or ask questions on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Discussion page]] before we enable the change which can take place October 4 2024, circa 15:00 UTC+2. More information can be found on [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|the project page]].<br><br>We welcome your feedback and questions.<br> [[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) ۲۳:۵۷, ۲۷ ستمبر ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27524260 --> == Invitation to Participate in Wiki Loves Ramadan Community Engagement Survey == Dear all, Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. We are excited to announce the upcoming [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan|Wiki Loves Ramadan]] event, a global initiative aimed at celebrating Ramadan by enriching Wikipedia and its sister projects with content related to this significant time of year. As we plan to organize this event globally, your insights and experiences are crucial in shaping the best possible participation experience for the community. To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is engaging, inclusive, and impactful, we kindly invite you to participate in our community engagement survey. Your feedback will help us understand the needs of the community, set the event's focus, and guide our strategies for organizing this global event. Survey link: https://forms.gle/f66MuzjcPpwzVymu5 Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will make a difference! Thank you for being a part of our journey to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success. Warm regards, User:ZI Jony ۰۸:۲۰, ۶ اکتوبر ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27510935 --> ==Proposal to enable the "Contribute" entry point in Western Punjabi Wikipedia== {{Int:Hello}} Western Punjabi Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language. {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team proposes enabling an entry point called "Contribute" to your Wikipedia. The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other product teams in the Wikimedia Foundation on [[mediawikiwiki:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]], which validated the entry point as a persistent and constant path that contributors took to discover ways to contribute content in Wikipedia. Therefore, enabling this entry point in your Wikipedia will help contributors quickly discover available tools and immediately click to start using them. This entry point is designed to be a central point for discovering contribution tools in Western Punjabi Wikipedia. '''Who can access it''' Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, newcomers can access the entry point automatically by just logging into their account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the "Contribute" icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to "view contributions" is also available to access the list of your contributions. [[File:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|frameless|534x534px|Mobile Contribute Page]] [[File:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|722x722px|Mobile contribute menu (detailed)]] For experienced contributors, the Contribute icon is not automatically shown in their User drop-down menu. They will still see the "Contributions" option unless they change it to the "Contribute" manually. This feature is available in four Wikipedia (Albanian, Malayalam, Mongolian, and Tagalog). We have gotten valuable feedback that helped us improve its discoverability. Now, it is ready to be enabled in other Wikis. One major improvement was to [[phab:T369041|make the entry point optional for experienced contributors]] who still want to have the "Contributions" entry point as default.           We plan to enable it '''on mobile''' for Wikis, where the Section translation tool is enabled. In this way, we will provide a main entry point to the mobile translation dashboard, and the exposure can still be limited by targeting only the mobile platform for now. If there are no objections to having the entry point for mobile users from your community, we will enable it by 24th October 2024. We welcome your feedback and questions in this thread on our proposal to enable it here. Suppose there are no objections, we will deploy the "Contribute" entry point in your Wikipedia. We look forward to your response soon. Thank you! On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localization team. [[ورتنوالا:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[ورتن گل بات:UOzurumba (WMF)|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/UOzurumba (WMF)|کم]]) ۰۹:۲۶, ۱۰ اکتوبر ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Preliminary results of the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, Thank you to everyone who participated in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election]]. Close to 6000 community members from more than 180 wiki projects have voted. The following four candidates were the most voted: # [[User:Kritzolina|Christel Steigenberger]] # [[User:Nadzik|Maciej Artur Nadzikiewicz]] # [[User:Victoria|Victoria Doronina]] # [[User:Laurentius|Lorenzo Losa]] While these candidates have been ranked through the vote, they still need to be appointed to the Board of Trustees. They need to pass a successful background check and meet the qualifications outlined in the Bylaws. New trustees will be appointed at the next Board meeting in December 2024. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Results|Learn more about the results on Meta-Wiki.]] Best regards, The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]] ۱۳:۲۵, ۱۴ اکتوبر ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] Applications for the committees open on 16 October 2024. Applications for the Affiliations Committee close on 18 November 2024, and applications for the Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on 2 December 2024. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation/Legal/Committee_appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email [mailto:cst@wikimedia.org cst@wikimedia.org] with any questions you may have. For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) ۰۴:۰۸, ۱۷ اکتوبر ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27601062 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. == Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ۱۶:۲۹, ۲۲ اکتوبر ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27535421 --> == Final Reminder: Join us in Making Wiki Loves Ramadan Success == Dear all, We’re thrilled to announce the Wiki Loves Ramadan event, a global initiative to celebrate Ramadan by enhancing Wikipedia and its sister projects with valuable content related to this special time of year. As we organize this event globally, we need your valuable input to make it a memorable experience for the community. Last Call to Participate in Our Survey: To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is inclusive and impactful, we kindly request you to complete our community engagement survey. Your feedback will shape the event’s focus and guide our organizing strategies to better meet community needs. * Survey Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSffN4prPtR5DRSq9nH-t1z8hG3jZFBbySrv32YoxV8KbTwxig/viewform?usp=sf_link Complete the Survey] * Deadline: November 10, 2024 Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will truly make a difference! '''Volunteer Opportunity''': Join the Wiki Loves Ramadan Team! We’re seeking dedicated volunteers for key team roles essential to the success of this initiative. If you’re interested in volunteer roles, we invite you to apply. * Application Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfXiox_eEDH4yJ0gxVBgtL7jPe41TINAWYtpNp1JHSk8zhdgw/viewform?usp=sf_link Apply Here] * Application Deadline: October 31, 2024 Explore Open Positions: For a detailed list of roles and their responsibilities, please refer to the position descriptions here: [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1oy0_tilC6kow5GGf6cEuFvdFpekcubCqJlaxkxh-jT4/ Position Descriptions] Thank you for being part of this journey. We look forward to working together to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success! Warm regards,<br> The Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team ۱۰:۱۲, ۲۹ اکتوبر ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27568454 --> == Sign up for the language community meeting on November 29th, 16:00 UTC == Hello everyone, The next language community meeting is coming up next week, on November 29th, at 16:00 UTC (Zonestamp! For your timezone <https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000>). If you're interested in joining, you can sign up on this wiki page: <https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#29_November_2024>. This participant-driven meeting will be organized by the Wikimedia Foundation’s Language Product Localization team and the Language Diversity Hub. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Moore Wikipedia, and the language support track at Wiki Indaba. We will also have members from the Wayuunaiki community joining us to share their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community within our movement. This meeting will have a Spanish interpretation. Looking forward to seeing you at the language community meeting! Cheers, [[User:SSethi (WMF)|Srishti]] ۰۰:۵۴, ۲۲ نومبر ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> ==Proposal to enable the "Contribute" entry point in Western Punjabi Wikipedia== {{Int:Hello}} Western Punjabi Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language. {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team proposes enabling an entry point called "Contribute" to your Wikipedia. The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other product teams in the Wikimedia Foundation on [[mediawikiwiki:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]], which validated the entry point as a persistent and constant path that contributors took to discover ways to contribute content in Wikipedia. Therefore, enabling this entry point in your Wikipedia will help contributors quickly discover available tools and immediately click to start using them. This entry point is designed to be a central point for discovering contribution tools in Western Punjabi Wikipedia. '''Who can access it''' Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, newcomers can access the entry point automatically by just logging into their account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the "Contribute" icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to "view contributions" is also available to access the list of your contributions. [[File:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|Mobile Contribute Page]] [[File:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|Mobile contribute menu (detailed)]] For experienced contributors, the Contribute icon is not automatically shown in their User drop-down menu. They will still see the "Contributions" option unless they change it to the "Contribute" manually. This feature is available in four Wikipedia (Albanian, Malayalam, Mongolian, and Tagalog). We have gotten valuable feedback that helped us improve its discoverability. Now, it is ready to be enabled in other Wikis. One major improvement was to [[phab:T369041|make the entry point optional for experienced contributors]] who still want to have the "Contributions" entry point as default.           We plan to enable it '''on mobile''' for Wikis, where the Section translation tool is enabled. In this way, we will provide a main entry point to the mobile translation dashboard, and the exposure can still be limited by targeting only the mobile platform for now. If there are no objections to having the entry point for mobile users from your community, we will enable it by 10th December 2024. We welcome your feedback and questions in this thread on our proposal to enable it here. Suppose there are no objections, we will deploy the "Contribute" entry point in your Wikipedia. We look forward to your response soon. Thank you! On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localization team. [[ورتنوالا:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[ورتن گل بات:UOzurumba (WMF)|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/UOzurumba (WMF)|کم]]) ۰۹:۴۷, ۲۸ نومبر ۲۰۲۴ (PKT) == Launching! Join Us for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025! == Dear All, We’re happy to announce the launch of [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]], an annual international campaign dedicated to celebrating and preserving Islamic cultures and history through the power of Wikipedia. As an active contributor to the Local Wikipedia, you are specially invited to participate in the launch. This year’s campaign will be launched for you to join us write, edit, and improve articles that showcase the richness and diversity of Islamic traditions, history, and culture. * Topic: [[m:Event:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch]] * When: Jan 19, 2025 * Time: 16:00 Universal Time UTC and runs throughout Ramadan (starting February 25, 2025). * Join Zoom Meeting: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/88420056597?pwd=NdrpqIhrwAVPeWB8FNb258n7qngqqo.1 * Zoom meeting hosted by [[m:Wikimedia Bangladesh|Wikimedia Bangladesh]] To get started, visit the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|campaign page]] for details, resources, and guidelines: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025. Add [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participant|your community here]], and organized Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 in your local language. Whether you’re a first-time editor or an experienced Wikipedian, your contributions matter. Together, we can ensure Islamic cultures and traditions are well-represented and accessible to all. Feel free to invite your community and friends too. Kindly reach out if you have any questions or need support as you prepare to participate. Let’s make Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 a success! For the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Team|International Team]] ۱۷:۰۸, ۱۶ جنوری ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27568454 --> == Universal Code of Conduct annual review: provide your comments on the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) ۰۶:۱۱, ۲۴ جنوری ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2025 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2025, to March 31, 2025 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools'''] Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025 International Team]]''' ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) ۰۷:۳۶, ۲۹ جنوری ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) == Wiki Loves Folklore is back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore 2025]]''' an international media contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March. You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlf_2025 submitting] them in this commons contest. You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language. Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. '''Kind regards,''' '''Wiki loves Folklore International Team''' --[[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) ۰۷:۳۶, ۲۹ جنوری ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=26503019 --> == Reminder: first part of the annual UCoC review closes soon == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. This is a reminder that the first phase of the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines will be closing soon. You can make suggestions for changes through [[d:Q614092|the end of day]], 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. After review of the feedback, proposals for updated text will be published on Meta in March for another round of community review. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) ۰۵:۴۸, ۳ فروری ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28198931 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr"> Upcoming Language Community Meeting (Feb 28th, 14:00 UTC) and Newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Hello everyone! [[File:WP20Symbols WIKI INCUBATOR.svg|right|frameless|150x150px|alt=An image symbolising multiple languages]] We’re excited to announce that the next '''Language Community Meeting''' is happening soon, '''February 28th at 14:00 UTC'''! If you’d like to join, simply sign up on the '''[[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#28_February_2025|wiki page]]'''. This is a participant-driven meeting where we share updates on language-related projects, discuss technical challenges in language wikis, and collaborate on solutions. In our last meeting, we covered topics like developing language keyboards, creating the Moore Wikipedia, and updates from the language support track at Wiki Indaba. '''Got a topic to share?''' Whether it’s a technical update from your project, a challenge you need help with, or a request for interpretation support, we’d love to hear from you! Feel free to '''reply to this message''' or add agenda items to the document '''[[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-feb-2025|here]]'''. Also, we wanted to highlight that the sixth edition of the Language & Internationalization newsletter (January 2025) is available here: [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January]]. This newsletter provides updates from the October–December 2024 quarter on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects and support efforts, details about community meetings, and ideas for contributing to projects. To stay updated, you can subscribe to the newsletter on its wiki page: [[:mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter]]. We look forward to your ideas and participation at the language community meeting, see you there! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ۱۳:۲۹, ۲۲ فروری ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28217779 --> == Universal Code of Conduct annual review: proposed changes are available for comment == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. I am writing to you to let you know that [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|proposed changes]] to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter]] are open for review. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|You can provide feedback on suggested changes]]''' through the [[d:Q614092|end of day]] on Tuesday, 18 March 2025. This is the second step in the annual review process, the final step will be community voting on the proposed changes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find relevant links about the process on the UCoC annual review page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ۲۳:۵۱, ۷ مارچ ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28307738 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''. Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> ۰۷:۵۶, ۱۳ مارچ ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_CX_Unified_dashboard_announcement_list_1&oldid=28382282 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Your wiki will be in read-only soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-03-19|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-03-19T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-03-19T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-03-19|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ۰۴:۱۴, ۱۵ مارچ ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=28307742 --> == Final proposed modifications to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter now posted == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The proposed modifications to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] and the U4C Charter [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Proposed_Changes|are now on Meta-wiki for community notice]] in advance of the voting period. This final draft was developed from the previous two rounds of community review. Community members will be able to vote on these modifications starting on 17 April 2025. The vote will close on 1 May 2025, and results will be announced no later than 12 May 2025. The U4C election period, starting with a call for candidates, will open immediately following the announcement of the review results. More information will be posted on [[m:Special:MyLanguage//Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election|the wiki page for the election]] soon. Please be advised that this process will require more messages to be sent here over the next two months. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) ۰۷:۰۴, ۴ اپریل ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025: Invitation == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2025 general.png|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the fifth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''14th April''' until '''16th May 2025'''. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design, and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contributions in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes. If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest. <br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) </div> ۲۱:۱۱, ۱۶ اپریل ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Hide on Rosé@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines ("UCoC EG") and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) ۰۵:۳۴, ۱۷ اپریل ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == Sub-referencing: User testing == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|400px|right]] <small>''Apologies for writing in English, please help us by providing a translation below''</small> Hi I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]'s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. We are making great strides with the new [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]] and we’d love to invite you to take part in two activities to help us move this work further: #'''Try it out and share your feedback''' #:[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing# Test the prototype|Please try]] the updated ''wikitext'' feature [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on the beta wiki] and let us know what you think, either [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our talk page]] or by [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/talktotechwish booking a call] with our UX researcher. #'''Get a sneak peak and help shape the ''Visual Editor'' user designs''' #:Help us test the new design prototypes by participating in user sessions – [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/gxk0taud/apply sign up here to receive an invite]. We're especially hoping to speak with people from underrepresented and diverse groups. If that's you, please consider signing up! No prior or extensive editing experience is required. User sessions will start ''May 14th''. We plan to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We’ll reach out to wikis for piloting in time for deployments. Creators and maintainers of reference-related tools and templates will be contacted beforehand as well. Thank you very much for your support and encouragement so far in helping bring this feature to life! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]])</bdi> ۲۰:۰۳, ۲۸ اپریل ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=28628657 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote on proposed modifications to the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter closes on 1 May 2025 at 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community in your language, as appropriate, so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) ۰۸:۴۱, ۲۹ اپریل ۲۰۲۵ (PKT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == We will be enabling the new Charts extension on your wiki soon! == ''(Apologies for posting in English)'' Hi all! We have good news to share regarding the ongoing problem with graphs and charts affecting all wikis that use them. As you probably know, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|old Graph extension]] was disabled in 2023 [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EWL4AGBEZEDMNNFTM4FRD4MHOU3CVESO/|due to security reasons]]. We’ve worked in these two years to find a solution that could replace the old extension, and provide a safer and better solution to users who wanted to showcase graphs and charts in their articles. We therefore developed the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Charts extension]], which will be replacing the old Graph extension and potentially also the [[:mw:Extension:EasyTimeline|EasyTimeline extension]]. After successfully deploying the extension on Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedia, as well as on MediaWiki.org, as part of a pilot phase, we are now happy to announce that we are moving forward with the next phase of deployment, which will also include your wiki. The deployment will happen in batches, and will start from '''May 6'''. Please, consult [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|our page on MediaWiki.org]] to discover when the new Charts extension will be deployed on your wiki. You can also [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|consult the documentation]] about the extension on MediaWiki.org. If you have questions, need clarifications, or just want to express your opinion about it, please refer to the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension_talk:Chart/Project|project’s talk page on Mediawiki.org]], or ping me directly under this thread. If you encounter issues using Charts once it gets enabled on your wiki, please report it on the [[:mw:Extension_talk:Chart/Project|talk page]] or at [[phab:tag/charts|Phabricator]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) ۲۰:۰۷, ۶ مئی ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28663781 --> == Enabling Dark mode for logged-out users == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Hello}} Wikimedians, Apologies, as this message is not written in your native language. {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] will be enabling [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|dark mode]] in this Wiki by 15th May 2025 now that pages have passed our checks for accessibility and other quality checks. Congratulations! The plan to enable is made possible by the diligent work of editors and other technical contributors in your community who ensured that templates, gadgets, and other parts of pages can be accessible in dark mode. Thank you all for making dark mode available for everybody! For context, the Web team has concluded work on dark mode. If, on some wikis, the option is not yet available for logged-out users, this is likely because many pages do not yet display well in dark mode. As communities make progress on this work, we enable this feature on additional wikis once per month. If you notice any issues after enabling dark mode, please create a page: <code>Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Reporting/xx.wikipedia.org</code> in MediaWiki ([[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Reporting|like these pages]]), and report the issue in the created page. Thank you! On behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]]. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> ۰۵:۰۸, ۷ مئی ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_Dark_mode_deployment_message_list_(May_2025)&oldid=28673792 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Call for Candidates for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The results of voting on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|available on Meta-wiki]]. You may now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|submit your candidacy to serve on the U4C]] through 29 May 2025 at 12:00 UTC. Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|eligibility, process, and the timeline are on Meta-wiki]]. Voting on candidates will open on 1 June 2025 and run for two weeks, closing on 15 June 2025 at 12:00 UTC. If you have any questions, you can ask on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|the discussion page for the election]]. -- in cooperation with the U4C, </div><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|گل بات]])</bdi> ۰۳:۰۷, ۱۶ مئی ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)'' Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) ۲۰:۲۷, ۲۲ مئی ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28768453 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 Selection & Call for Questions</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, This year, the term of 2 (two) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats. The Elections Committee will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Governance Committee, composed of trustees who are not candidates in the 2025 community-and-affiliate-selected trustee selection process (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina and Esra’a Al Shafei) [3], is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2025 trustee selection process and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4]. Here are the key planned dates: * May 22 – June 5: Announcement (this communication) and call for questions period [6] * June 17 – July 1, 2025: Call for candidates * July 2025: If needed, affiliates vote to shortlist candidates if more than 10 apply [5] * August 2025: Campaign period * August – September 2025: Two-week community voting period * October – November 2025: Background check of selected candidates * Board’s Meeting in December 2025: New trustees seated Learn more about the 2025 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|[link]]]. '''Call for Questions''' In each selection process, the community has the opportunity to submit questions for the Board of Trustees candidates to answer. The Election Committee selects questions from the list developed by the community for the candidates to answer. Candidates must answer all the required questions in the application in order to be eligible; otherwise their application will be disqualified. This year, the Election Committee will select 5 questions for the candidates to answer. The selected questions may be a combination of what’s been submitted from the community, if they’re alike or related. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[link]]] '''Election Volunteers''' Another way to be involved with the 2025 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|[link].]] Thank you! [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter [3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024 [4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles [5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ [6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates Best regards, Victoria Doronina Board Liaison to the Elections Committee Governance Committee<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) ۰۸:۰۷, ۲۸ مئی ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr"> Upcoming Deployment of the CampaignEvents Extension</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Hello everyone, ''(Apologies for posting in English if English is not your first language. Please help translate to your language.)'' The Campaigns Product Team is planning a global deployment of the '''[[:mw:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]]''' to all Wikipedias, including this wiki, during the '''week of June 23rd'''. This extension is designed to help organizers plan and manage events, WikiProjects, and other on-wiki collaborations - and to make these efforts more discoverable. The three main features of this extension are: * '''[[:m:Event_Center/Registration|Event Registration]]''': A simple way to sign up for events on the wiki. * '''[[:m:CampaignEvents/Collaboration_list|Collaboration List]]''': A global list of events and a local list of WikiProjects, accessible at '''[[:m:Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents]]'''. * '''[[:m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Invitation_list|Invitation Lists]]''': A tool to help organizers find editors who might want to join, based on their past contributions. '''Note''': The extension comes with a new user right called '''"Event Organizer"''', which will be managed by administrators on this wiki. Organizer tools like Event Registration and Invitation Lists will only work if someone is granted this right. The Collaboration List is available to everyone immediately after deployment. The extension is already live on several wikis, including '''Meta, Wikidata, English Wikipedia''', and more ( [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#Current_Deployment_Status_for_CampaignEvents_extension| See the full deployment list]]) If you have any questions, concerns, or feedback, please feel free to share them on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents| extension talkpage]]. We’d love to hear from you before the rollout. Thank you! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Udehb-WMF|Udehb-WMF]] ([[User talk:Udehb-WMF|گل بات]]) ۲۱:۴۷, ۲۹ مئی ۲۰۲۵ (PKT)</bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Udehb-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Udehb-WMF/sandbox/deployment_audience&oldid=28803829 --> == Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}} Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) ۰۴:۰۱, ۱۴ جون ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28848819 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div> Hello all, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|call for candidates for the 2025 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection is now open]] from June 17, 2025 – July 2, 2025 at 11:59 UTC [1]. The Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's work, and each Trustee serves a three-year term [2]. This is a volunteer position. This year, the Wikimedia community will vote in late August through September 2025 to fill two (2) seats on the Foundation Board. Could you – or someone you know – be a good fit to join the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees? [3] Learn more about what it takes to stand for these leadership positions and how to submit your candidacy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|this Meta-wiki page]] or encourage someone else to run in this year's election. Best regards, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br /> Chair of the Elections Committee On behalf of the Elections Committee and Governance Committee [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term. [3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) ۲۲:۴۴, ۱۷ جون ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28866958 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Dear Wikimedia Community, The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee (CAC)]] of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees assigned [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force|the Sister Projects Task Force (SPTF)]] to update and implement a procedure for assessing the lifecycle of Sister Projects – wiki [[m:Wikimedia projects|projects supported by Wikimedia Foundation (WMF)]]. A vision of relevant, accessible, and impactful free knowledge has always guided the Wikimedia Movement. As the ecosystem of Wikimedia projects continues to evolve, it is crucial that we periodically review existing projects to ensure they still align with our goals and community capacity. Despite their noble intent, some projects may no longer effectively serve their original purpose. '''Reviewing such projects is not about giving up – it's about responsible stewardship of shared resources'''. Volunteer time, staff support, infrastructure, and community attention are finite, and the non-technical costs tend to grow significantly as our ecosystem has entered a different age of the internet than the one we were founded in. Supporting inactive projects or projects that didn't meet our ambitions can unintentionally divert these resources from areas with more potential impact. Moreover, maintaining projects that no longer reflect the quality and reliability of the Wikimedia name stands for, involves a reputational risk. An abandoned or less reliable project affects trust in the Wikimedia movement. Lastly, '''failing to sunset or reimagine projects that are no longer working can make it much harder to start new ones'''. When the community feels bound to every past decision – no matter how outdated – we risk stagnation. A healthy ecosystem must allow for evolution, adaptation, and, when necessary, letting go. If we create the expectation that every project must exist indefinitely, we limit our ability to experiment and innovate. Because of this, SPTF reviewed two requests concerning the lifecycle of the Sister Projects to work through and demonstrate the review process. We chose Wikispore as a case study for a possible new Sister Project opening and Wikinews as a case study for a review of an existing project. Preliminary findings were discussed with the CAC, and a community consultation on both proposals was recommended. === Wikispore === The [[m:Wikispore|application to consider Wikispore]] was submitted in 2019. SPTF decided to review this request in more depth because rather than being concentrated on a specific topic, as most of the proposals for the new Sister Projects are, Wikispore has the potential to nurture multiple start-up Sister Projects. After careful consideration, the SPTF has decided '''not to recommend''' Wikispore as a Wikimedia Sister Project. Considering the current activity level, the current arrangement allows '''better flexibility''' and experimentation while WMF provides core infrastructural support. We acknowledge the initiative's potential and seek community input on what would constitute a sufficient level of activity and engagement to reconsider its status in the future. As part of the process, we shared the decision with the Wikispore community and invited one of its leaders, Pharos, to an SPTF meeting. Currently, we especially invite feedback on measurable criteria indicating the project's readiness, such as contributor numbers, content volume, and sustained community support. This would clarify the criteria sufficient for opening a new Sister Project, including possible future Wikispore re-application. However, the numbers will always be a guide because any number can be gamed. === Wikinews === We chose to review Wikinews among existing Sister Projects because it is the one for which we have observed the highest level of concern in multiple ways. Since the SPTF was convened in 2023, its members have asked for the community's opinions during conferences and community calls about Sister Projects that did not fulfil their promise in the Wikimedia movement.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WCNA_2024._Sister_Projects_-_opening%3F_closing%3F_merging%3F_splitting%3F.pdf <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/Sister_Projects_Task_Force#Wikimania_2023_session_%22Sister_Projects:_past,_present_and_the_glorious_future%22 <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>] Wikinews was the leading candidate for an evaluation because people from multiple language communities proposed it. Additionally, by most measures, it is the least active Sister Project, with the greatest drop in activity over the years. While the Language Committee routinely opens and closes language versions of the Sister Projects in small languages, there has never been a valid proposal to close Wikipedia in major languages or any project in English. This is not true for Wikinews, where there was a proposal to close English Wikinews, which gained some traction but did not result in any action[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_English_Wikinews <nowiki>[4]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[5]</nowiki>, see section 5] as well as a draft proposal to close all languages of Wikinews[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Archive_2#Close_Wikinews_completely,_all_languages? <nowiki>[6]</nowiki>]. [[:c:File:Sister Projects Taskforce Wikinews review 2024.pdf|Initial metrics]] compiled by WMF staff also support the community's concerns about Wikinews. Based on this report, SPTF recommends a community reevaluation of Wikinews. We conclude that its current structure and activity levels are the lowest among the existing sister projects. SPTF also recommends pausing the opening of new language editions while the consultation runs. SPTF brings this analysis to a discussion and welcomes discussions of alternative outcomes, including potential restructuring efforts or integration with other Wikimedia initiatives. '''Options''' mentioned so far (which might be applied to just low-activity languages or all languages) include but are not limited to: *Restructure how Wikinews works and is linked to other current events efforts on the projects, *Merge the content of Wikinews into the relevant language Wikipedias, possibly in a new namespace, *Merge content into compatibly licensed external projects, *Archive Wikinews projects. Your insights and perspectives are invaluable in shaping the future of these projects. We encourage all interested community members to share their thoughts on the relevant discussion pages or through other designated feedback channels. === Feedback and next steps === We'd be grateful if you want to take part in a conversation on the future of these projects and the review process. We are setting up two different project pages: [[m:Public consultation about Wikispore|Public consultation about Wikispore]] and [[m:Public consultation about Wikinews|Public consultation about Wikinews]]. Please participate between 27 June 2025 and 27 July 2025, after which we will summarize the discussion to move forward. You can write in your own language. I will also host a community conversation 16th July Wednesday 11.00 UTC and 17th July Thursday 17.00 UTC (call links to follow shortly) and will be around at Wikimania for more discussions. <section end="message"/> </div> -- [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] on behalf of the Sister Project Task Force, ۰۱:۵۷, ۲۸ جون ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Sister_project_MassMassage_on_behalf_of_Victoria/Target_list&oldid=28911188 --> == Wikidata Item and Property labels soon displayed in Wiki Watchlist/Recent Changes == ''(Apologies for posting in English, you can help by translating into your language)'' Hello everyone, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team is excited to announce an upcoming change in how Wikidata edit changelogs are displayed in your [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlists]] and [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] lists. If an edit is made on Wikidata that affects a page in another Wikimedia Project, the changelog will contain some information about the nature of the edit. This can include a QID (or Q-number), a PID (or P-number) and a value (which can be text, numbers, dates, or also QID or PID’s). Confused by these terms? See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Glossary|Wikidata:Glossary]] for further explanations. The upcoming change is scheduled for '''17.07.2025''', between '''1300 - 1500 UTC'''. The change will display the label (item name) alongside any QID or PIDs, as seen in the image below: [[File:Apr10 edit summary on Wikidata.png|An edit sum entry on Wikidata, labels display alongside their P- and Q-no.'s]] These changes will only be visible if you have Wikidata edits enabled in your User Preferences for Watchlists and Recent Changes, or have the active filter ‘Wikidata edits’ checkbox toggled on, directly on the Watchlist and Recent Changes pages. Your bot and gadget may be affected! There are thousands of bots, gadgets and user-scripts and whilst we have researched potential effects to many of them, we cannot guarantee there won’t be some that are broken or affected by this change. Further information and context about this change, including how your bot may be affected can be found on this [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|project task page]]. We welcome your questions and feedback, please write to us on this dedicated [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Talk page]]. Thank you, - [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects Team. [[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) ۱۷:۴۵, ۱۴ جولائی ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=28981877 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Temporary accounts will be rolled out soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="body"/> Hello, we are the Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]] team. We would like to announce that '''we plan to enable [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] for this wiki in the week of September 1'''. Temporary accounts are successfully live on 30 wikis, including many large ones like German, Japanese, and French. The change they bring is especially relevant to logged-out editors, who this feature is designed to protect. But it is also relevant to community members like mentors, patrollers, and admins – anyone who reverts edits, blocks users, or otherwise interacts with logged-out editors as part of keeping the wikis safe and accurate. '''Why we are building temporary accounts''' Our wikis should be safer to edit by default for logged-out editors. Temporary accounts allow people to continue editing the wikis without creating an account, while avoiding publicly tying their edits to their IP address. We believe this is in the best interest of our logged-out editors, who make valuable contributions to the wikis and who may later create accounts and grow our community of editors, admins, and other roles. Even though the wikis do warn logged-out editors that their IP address will be associated with their edit, many people may not understand what an IP address is, or that it could be used to connect them to other information about them in ways they might not expect. Additionally, our moderation software and tools rely too heavily on network origin (IP addresses) to identify users and patterns of activity, especially as IP addresses themselves are becoming less stable as identifiers. Temporary accounts allow for more precise interactions with logged-out editors, including more precise blocks, and can help limit how often we unintentionally end up blocking good-faith users who use the same IP addresses as bad-faith users. '''How temporary accounts work''' [[File:Temporary account banner and empty talk page.png|thumb]] Any time a logged-out user publishes an edit on this wiki, a cookie will be set in this user's browser, and a temporary account tied with this cookie will be automatically created. This account's name will follow the pattern: <code dir=ltr>~2025-12345-67</code> (a tilde, current year, a number). On pages like Recent Changes or page history, this name will be displayed. The cookie will expire 90 days after its creation. As long as it exists, all edits made from this device will be attributed to this temporary account. It will be the same account even if the IP address changes, unless the user clears their cookies or uses a different device or web browser. A record of the IP address used at the time of each edit will be stored for 90 days after the edit. However, only some logged-in users will be able to see it. '''What does this mean for different groups of users?''' '''For logged-out editors''' * This increases privacy: currently, if you do not use a registered account to edit, then everybody can see the IP address for the edits you made, even after 90 days. That will no longer be possible on this wiki. * If you use a temporary account to edit from different locations in the last 90 days (for example at home and at a coffee shop), the edit history and the IP addresses for all those locations will now be recorded together, for the same temporary account. Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the relevant requirements]] will be able to view this data. If this creates any personal security concerns for you, please contact talktohumanrights at wikimedia.org for advice. '''For community members interacting with logged-out editors''' * A temporary account is uniquely linked to a device. In comparison, an IP address can be shared with different devices and people (for example, different people at school or at work might have the same IP address). * Compared to the current situation, it will be safer to assume that a temporary user's talk page belongs to only one person, and messages left there will be read by them. As you can see in the screenshot, temporary account users will receive notifications. It will also be possible to thank them for their edits, ping them in discussions, and invite them to get more involved in the community. '''For users who use IP address data to moderate and maintain the wiki''' * '''For patrollers''' who track persistent abusers, investigate violations of policies, etc.: Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the requirements]] will be able to reveal temporary users' IP addresses and all contributions made by temporary accounts from a specific IP address or range ([[Special:IPContributions]]). They will also have access to useful information about the IP addresses thanks to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Info]] feature. Many other pieces of software have been built or adjusted to work with temporary accounts, including AbuseFilter, global blocks, Global User Contributions, and more. (For information for volunteer developers on how to update the code of your tools – see the last part of the message.) * '''For admins blocking logged-out editors''': ** It will be possible to block many abusers by just blocking their temporary accounts. A blocked person won't be able to create new temporary accounts quickly if the admin selects the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblock]] option. ** It will still be possible to block an IP address or IP range. * Temporary accounts will not be retroactively applied to contributions made before the deployment. On Special:Contributions, you will be able to see existing IP user contributions, but not new contributions made by temporary accounts on that IP address. Instead, you should use Special:IPContributions for this. '''Our requests for you, and next steps''' * If you know of any tools, bots, gadgets etc. using data about IP addresses or being available for logged-out users, you may want to test if they work on [[testwiki:Main_Page|testwiki]] or [[test2wiki:Main_Page|test2wiki]]. If you are a volunteer developer, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|read our documentation for developers]], and in particular, the section on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers#How should I update my code?|how your code might need to be updated]]. * If you want to test the temporary account experience, for example just to check what it feels like, go to testwiki or test2wiki and edit without logging in. * Tell us if you know of any difficulties that need to be addressed. We will try to help, and if we are not able, we will consider the available options. * Look at our [[m:Meta:Babel#Temporary_Accounts:_access_to_IP_addresses_and_next_steps|previous message]] about requirements for users without extended rights who may need access to IP addresses. To learn more about the project, check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/FAQ|our FAQ]] – you will find many useful answers there. You may also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|look at the updates]] (we have just posted one) and [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|subscribe to our new newsletter]]. If you'd like to talk to me (Szymon) off-wiki, you will find me on Discord and Telegram. Thank you!<section end="body" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:user:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]], [[m:user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]]</bdi> ۰۲:۳۶, ۲۷ اگست ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/sandbox6&oldid=29181713 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-09-24|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-09-24T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-09-24T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-09-24|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])</span> ۲۰:۴۱, ۱۸ ستمبر ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29170715 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Have your say: vote for the 2025 Board of Trustees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|2025 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. Candidates are running for two (2) seats on the Board. To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Learn more about them by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|reading their application statements and watch their candidacy videos]]. When you are ready, go to the [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|SecurePoll voting page to vote]]. '''The vote is open from October 8 at 00:00 UTC to October 22 at 23:59 UTC.''' Best regards, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br />Chair, Elections Committee<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) ۰۹:۴۸, ۹ اکتوبر ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29360896 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function1"/> {{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere). There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function1"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) ۱۶:۴۳, ۲۰ اکتوبر ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29432175 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] Applications for the committees open on October 30, 2025. Applications for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on December 11, 2025. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org with any questions you may have. For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] ۱۹:۱۳, ۳۰ اکتوبر ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:MKaur (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29517125 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function2"/> {{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki</span>. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function2"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) ۱۹:۲۲, ۲۰ نومبر ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29583860 --> == Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 == Dear Wikimedia communities, We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year. ''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.'' In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects. We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community. 📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]] If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]] ''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]''''' ''Stay connected and receive updates:'' * [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel] * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list] We look forward to collaborating with you and your community. '''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' ۰۰:۴۵, ۱۷ جنوری ۲۰۲۶ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29879549 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hello everyone, We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe. ;About Wiki Loves Folklore '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight: * Folk traditions and rituals * Cultural festivals and celebrations * Traditional attire and crafts * Performing arts, music, and dance * Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world. [[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] ; Host a Local Edition As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to: * Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture * Engage new contributors in your community * Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:''' If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know. If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region. ;Get in Touch If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via: * The project Talk pages * Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org''' We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail. Warm regards, '''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' </div> [[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) ۱۸:۲۱, ۱۸ جنوری ۲۰۲۶ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=29228188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> ۰۲:۰۱, ۲۰ جنوری ۲۰۲۶ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php? title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Collapsible sections with Parsoid Read Views </span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> On the page [[میاں پیر فقیراللہ بکوٹی]] there is a box generated from [[سانچہ:تصوف]] which contains several collapsable sections. These sections seem to [https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%8C?useparsoid=1 work correctly using Parsoid] but not [https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%8C?useparsoid=0 when using the legacy parser]. Since we expect to [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification|switch to using Parsoid for pnb.wikipedia.org within the next few weeks]], you do not need to do anything: when we switch to Parsoid this template will work as expected. We did want to notify you of the issue, however; you can follow up at [[phab:T417202]] for more information. [[ورتنوالا:Cscott|Cscott]] ([[ورتن گل بات:Cscott|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/Cscott|کم]]) ۲۳:۱۵, ۱۲ فروری ۲۰۲۶ (PKT) </div> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Migration to Parsoid</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]</em> Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier. If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation. There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Confidence Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki. To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]</bdi> ۰۵:۴۲, ۱۸ فروری ۲۰۲۶ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:ABreault (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Foundation/Product_and_Technology/Parsoid_Read_Views/2026-02-16_Wikipedias&oldid=30094589 --> == Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikipedians! [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''. The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences. 🧩'''How to participate?''' Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine. 🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''. '''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.''' If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&messages=&language=en&x=D banner] into your own language. Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) == Hello everyone, This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as <code>Module:Itemgroup/list</code>). '''The Change:'''<br /> Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''. '''What You Need To Do:'''<br /> To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search. '''Deadline:'''<br /> We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles. Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) ۲۲:۱۱, ۳ اپریل ۲۰۲۶ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29941252 --> == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}} A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[ورتنوالا:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ورتن گل بات:MediaWiki message delivery|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|کم]]) ۰۵:۵۸, ۲۶ اپریل ۲۰۲۶ (PKT) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote now in the 2026 U4C election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) ۲۲:۱۴, ۲۷ مئی ۲۰۲۶ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|گل بات]])</bdi> ۲۲:۱۱, ۲۳ جون ۲۰۲۶ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Message"/> '''Legal & Safety Contacts''' Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]]. <section end="Message"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) ۱۸:۲۹, ۲۵ جون ۲۰۲۶ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=30731267 --> == Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}} You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) ۱۷:۲۴, ۲۴ جولائی ۲۰۲۶ (PKT) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:DreamRimmer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' * You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|en}}. * If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': * Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ۱۷:۵۸, ۱۵ ستمبر ۲۰۲۶ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ۲۰:۲۶, ۲۱ ستمبر ۲۰۲۶ (PKT) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31067433 --> bj27rpitvshiv40rckjwjm0qci2auq8 0 52440 711443 651562 2026-09-21T15:46:10Z InternetArchiveBot 28598 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox state highway system |title= پاک چین اقتصادی راہداری<br /> 中国-巴基斯坦经济走廊<br /> <small>China–Pakistan Economic Corridor</small> |shields=[[فائل:Flag of Pakistan.svg|100px|border]] [[فائل:Flag of the People%27s Republic of China.svg|100px]] |caption= پاک چین اقتصادی راہداری |map= Pakistan China Locator.svg |map_alt= |map_notes= |formed= |length_km=3000 |length_ref= |interstate= |state= |cost=46 بلیئن ڈالر |notes= |links= }} '''پاک چین اقتصادی راہداری''' ([[چینی زبان]]: 中国-巴基斯坦经济走廊) ([[انگریزی]]: China Pakistan Economic Corridor)، [[پاکستان]] وچ چینی انفراسٹرکچر نیٹ ورک اے۔<ref name="BackgroundCPEC">{{cite news |title=Backgrounder: China-Pakistan Economic Corridor |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2015xivisitpse/2015-04/22/content_20503693.htm |access-date=4 November 2022 |publisher=China Daily Information Co (CDIC) |date=22 Apr 2015}}</ref> اس سمندری تے زمینی راہداری دے نیٹ ورک دا مقصد [[ملائیشیا]] تے [[انڈونیشیا]] دے درمیان [[آبنائے ملاکا]] دے طویل رستے توں گریز کردے ہوئے [[مشرق وسطیٰ]] توں چین دی توانائی دی درآمدات دے رستے نوں محفوظ تے گھٹ کرنا اے۔<ref name="NYTcbpp">{{cite news |author1=The Editorial Board |title=China's Big Plunge in Pakistan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/23/opinion/chinas-big-plunge-in-pakistan.html |access-date=3 November 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=23 Apr 2015}}</ref><ref name="FTlc">{{cite news |author1=Lucy Hornby |author2=Charles Clover |date=12 Oct 2015 |title=China's Great Game: Road to a new empire |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6e098274-587a-11e5-a28b-50226830d644 |access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref> بحیرہ عرب وچ گوادر بندرگاہ دی ترقی تے اس بندرگاہ توں مغربی چین دے صوبہ [[سنکیانگ]] تک اعلا معیار دی شاہراہ تے [[کاشغر]] تک ریلوے لائن، یورپ تے چین دے درمیان تجارت نوں ودھاؤݨ لئی شارٹ کٹ اے۔ ایہنوں [[سنکیانگ]] دے علاقے دی اقتصادی ترقی دے ذریعے چین لئی قومی سلامتی دے مسئلے نوں حل کرن دے طور تے وی دیکھیا جاندا اے، اسے طرحاں مقامی اویغور مسلم علیحدگی پسنداں اُتے عسکریت پسنداں دے اثرات نوں گھٹ کیتا جاسکدا اے۔<ref name="FTlc" /><ref name="TGtp">{{cite news |author1=Tom Phillips |title=World's biggest building project aims to make China great again |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/12/chinese-president-belt-and-road-initiative |access-date=3 November 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=12 May 2017 |location=Tashkurgan}}</ref> 2013 وچ چینی صدر [[لی کی چیانگ]] دی تجویز توں بعد اس منصوبے اُتے ابتدائی مطالعہ 2014 وچ کیتا گیا جیہدے وچ مخالف ماحول تے پیچیدہ جغرافیائی حالات نوں تسلیم کیتا گیا سی لیکن خلیج عمان دے قریب چین دے زیر انتظام [[گوادر بندرگاہ]] دی اہمیت نوں ترجیح دتی گئی سی، تیل دے ٹینکراں لئی اک اہم مرکز دے طور تے کم کردی اے۔ راہداری دے فعال ہوݨ نال چین تک تیل دی نقل و حمل دا موجودہ 12,000 کلومیٹر دا سفر گھٹ کے صِرف 2,395 کلومیٹر رہ جائے گا۔<ref name="PrelimStudy14">{{cite news |author1=Cui Jia |title=China studying new Silk Road rail link to Pakistan |url=https://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2014-06/28/content_17621848.htm |access-date=4 November 2022 |publisher=China Daily Information Co (CDIC) |date=28 Jun 2014 |accessdate=9 November 2023 |archivedate=23 May 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523233101/http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2014-06/28/content_17621848.htm }}</ref> ایہدے نال چین نوں سالانہ 2 بلیئن ڈالر دی بچت دا تخمینہ لایا گیا اے۔ چین نے پہلے ای 16 مئی 2013 نوں گوادر پورٹ دا کنٹرول حاصل کر لیا سی۔ اصل وچ 46 بلیئن ڈالر دی قیمت سی، سی پیک منصوبےآں دی مالیت 2020 تک 62 بلیئن ڈالر سی۔<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/rakshakindia/the-cpec-challenge-and-the-india-china-standoff-an-opportunity-for-war-or-peace/|title=The CPEC challenge and the India-China standoff: An opportunity for war or peace?|website=The Times of India|date=9 August 2020}}</ref> 2022 وچ، پاکستان وچ چینی سرمایہ کاری ودھ کے 65 بلیئن ڈالر تک پہنچ گئی۔<ref name="Cost2022">{{cite news |author1=Asif Shahzad |title=Pakistan's Sharif lands in Beijing to discuss economy, debt |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistans-sharif-lands-beijing-discuss-economy-debt-2022-11-01/ |access-date=7 November 2022 |work=Reuters |date=2 Nov 2022 |location=Islamabad}}</ref> چین اس منصوبے نوں [[شاہراہ ریشم]] دی بحالی اے۔ سی پیک پاکستان دے مطلوبہ بنیادی ڈھانچے نوں تیزی نال اپ گریڈ کرن تے اس طرحاں جدید نقل و حمل دے نیٹ ورکس، توانائی دے متعدد منصوبےآں تے خصوصی اقتصادی زونز دی تعمیر دے ذریعے اپنی معیشت نوں اک حد تک مضبوط کرن دا تصور کردا اے۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/846370/economic-corridor-chinese-official-sets-record-straight/|title=Economic corridor: Chinese official sets record straight|date=2 March 2015|newspaper=The Express Tribune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303061541/http://tribune.com.pk/story/846370/economic-corridor-chinese-official-sets-record-straight/|archive-date=3 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mcclatchydc">{{cite news|title=China's Xi in Pakistan to cement huge infrastructure projects, submarine sales|first1=Tom|last1=Hussain|newspaper=McClatchy News|date=19 April 2015|location=Islamabad|access-date=20 April 2015|publisher=mcclatchydc|url=https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/world/article24783286.html}}</ref><ref name="Kiani">{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1287040|title=With a new Chinese loan, CPEC is now worth $54bn|work=Dawn|date=30 September 2016|access-date=19 November 2016|first=Khaleeq|last=Kiani}}</ref> سی پیک دے خصوصی اقتصادی زونز وچ جو ممکنہ صنعتیں لگائیاں جا رہیاں نیں ایہناں وچ فوڈ پروسیسنگ، کوکنگ آئل، سیرامکس، جواہرات، ماربل، معدنیات، زرعی مشینری، سٹیل، موٹر بائیک اسمبلنگ، برقی آلات تے آٹوموبائل شامل نیں۔ == منصوبہ جات == چینی صدر [[شی جن پنگ]] دے پاکستان دے دورے وچ 20 اپریل 2015 نوں مختلف شعبےآں وچ مفاہمت دیاں 51 یادداشتاں تے منصوبےآں اُتے چین تے پاکستان دے درمیان دستخط ہوئے۔<ref name="dawn">{{cite news|title=Details of agreements signed during Xi's visit to Pakistan|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1177129/details-of-agreements-signed-during-xis-visit-to-pakistan|accessdate=21 April 2015|publisher=Dawn|date=21 April 2015}}</ref> راہداری دے وڈے منصوبے جیہڑے دوطرفہ تعاون نال نیں: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |- style="vertical-align:bottom;" ! منصوبہ ! تفصیل |- ! {{party shading/Independent}} | [[گوادر بندرگاہ]] | {{party shading/Populist}} | مکمل، 2015ء توں لے کے اگلے 40 سال تک لئی چین دے حوالے کر دتی گئی۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/04/15/china-gets-40-year-rights-pakistani-port.html|title=China gets 40-year rights at Pakistani port|work=thejakartapost.com}}</ref> |- ! {{party shading/Independent}} | وادھا تے بہتری [[کراچی–پشاور ریلوے لائن]] | {{party shading/Independent}} | امکانات دا مطالعہ جاری اے۔<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan has to keep pace with China on economic corridor: Iqbal|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1176695/pakistan-has-to-keep-pace-with-china-on-economic-corridor-iqbal|accessdate=22 April 2015|publisher=Dawn|date=18 April 2015}}</ref> |- ! {{party shading/Independent}} | [[خنجراب ریلوے]] | {{party shading/Independent}} | امکانات دا مطالعہ جاری اے۔<ref name="dawn" /> |- ! {{party shading/Independent}} | [[کراچی]] توں [[لہور]] موٹروے (KLM) | {{party shading/Democratic}} | زیر تکمیل۔<ref name="dawn" /> |- ! {{party shading/Independent}} | [[حویلیاں]] توں [[خنجراب]] تک ریلوے لائن | {{party shading/Democratic}} | منظوری دے دتی گئی |- ! {{party shading/Independent}} | ہزارا موٹر وے | {{party shading/Democratic}} | تکمیل شدہ<ref name="dawn" /> |- ! {{party shading/Independent}} | [[ایران پاکستان گیس پائپ لائن]] | {{party shading/Democratic}} | زیر تکمیل، ایران اپنے ملک دے اندر دا حصہ مکمل کر چکیا اے۔<ref name="dawn" /> |- ! {{party shading/Independent}} | گوادر-رتوڈیرو موٹر وے | {{party shading/Democratic}} | زیر تکمیل، 820-کلو میٹر طویل۔ <ref name="dawn" /> |- ! {{party shading/Independent}} | اقتصادی راہداری حفاظتی فوج | {{party shading/Populist}} | مکمل، افرادی قوت دی حفاظت لئی فوج دے مسلح ڈویژن تعینات، لاگت 250 ملیئن ڈالر |- ! {{party shading/Independent}} | [[حویلیاں]] ڈرائی پورٹ | {{party shading/Independent}} | کنٹینر پورٹ لئی امکانات دا مطالعہ جاری |- ! {{party shading/Independent}} |وادھا تے بہتری [[گوادر بین الاقوامی ہوائی اڈا]] | {{party shading/Democratic}} |تکمیل شدہ<ref name="dawn" /> |- ! {{party shading/Independent}} | پاک چين مشترکہ کپاہ تکنیکی تجربہ گاہ | {{party shading/Democratic}} | منظوری دے دتی گئی<ref name="dawn" /> |- ! {{party shading/Independent}} | گوادر-نواب شاہ ایل این جی ٹرمینل تے پائپ لائن پروجیکٹ | {{party shading/Democratic}} | منظوری دے دتی گئی<ref name="dawn" /> |- ! {{party shading/Independent}} | 70 MW ہائیڈرو-بجلی سکی کناری ہائیڈرو پاور منصوبہ | {{party shading/Democratic}} | منظوری دے دتی گئی<ref name="dawn" /> |- ! {{party shading/Independent}} | بن قاسم بندرگاہ 2x660 ایم ڈبلیو کوئلے توں بجلی پیدا کرن دا منصوبہ | {{party shading/Democratic}} | منظوری دے دتی گئی<ref name="dawn" /> |- ! {{party shading/Independent}} | 720 ایم ڈبلیو خروٹ ہائیڈرو پاور پراجیکٹ | {{party shading/Democratic}} | منظوری دے دتی گئی<ref name="dawn" /> |- ! {{party shading/Independent}} | Zonergy 9x100 ایم ڈبلیو پنجاب وچ شمسی بجلی دا منصوبہ | {{party shading/Democratic}} | منظوری دے دتی گئی<ref name="dawn" /> |- ! {{party shading/Independent}} | [[جام پور]] ہوا توں بجلی پیدا کرن دا منصوبہ | {{party shading/Democratic}} | منظوری دے دتی گئی<ref name="dawn" /> |- ! {{party shading/Independent}} | تھر بلاک 2 میں 3.8Mt/a کان کنی منصوبہ | {{party shading/Democratic}} | منظوری دے دتی گئی<ref name="dawn" /> |- ! {{party shading/Independent}} | تھر بلاک 2 میں 2x330MW کوئلے توں بجلی پیدا کرن دا منصوبہ | {{party shading/Democratic}} | منظوری دے دتی گئی<ref name="dawn" /> |- ! {{party shading/Independent}} | نجی ہائیڈرو پاور منصوبےآں دی ترقی | {{party shading/Democratic}} | منظوری دے دتی<ref name="dawn" /> |- ! {{party shading/Independent}} | دادو ہوا توں بجلی پیدا کرن دا منصوبہ | {{party shading/Democratic}} | منظوری دے دتی گئی<ref name="dawn" /> |- ! {{party shading/Independent}} | حبکو کوئلے توں بجلی پیدا کرن دا منصوبہ | {{party shading/Democratic}} | منظوری دے دتی گئی<ref name="dawn" /> |- ! {{party shading/Independent}} | سرحد پار توں فائبر آپٹک ڈیٹا مواصلاتی نظام دا منصوبہ | {{party shading/Democratic}} | منظوری دے دتی گئی<ref name="dawn" /> |} == نقشہ روٹ == [[File:Road network CPEC.jpg|thumb|400px|center]] == ہور دیکھو == * [[پاک چین تعلقات]] * [[شاہراہ قراقرم]] == باہرلے جوڑ == * {{externalvideo|video1=[http://www.voanews.com/content/china-reaches-out-to-pakistan-with-massive-economic-plan/2723729.html وڈے پیمانے اتے اقتصادی منصوبےآں نال چین دی پاکستان دے ذریعے باہر تک رسائی]}} == حوالے == <small>{{reflist|2}}</small> [[گٹھ:پاک چین اقتصادی راہداری]] [[گٹھ:پاک چین تعلقات]] [[گٹھ:تجارتی گزرگاہاں]] hoo2cl4uw0h9nbeajkel0h4p03ffps6 0 58871 711448 610733 2026-09-21T17:26:20Z InternetArchiveBot 28598 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bridge |bridge_name = پوئنتے رومانو |image = Puente Romano y Puente de Lusitania, Mérida.jpg|200px |caption = Puente Romano |official_name = |carries = |crosses = [[گوادیانا دریا]] |locale = [[میریدا]]،[[سپین]] |maint = |id = |designer = |design = [[Arch bridge]] |material = [[Granite|Granite ashlar]] |spans = 60 (incl. 3 buried) |pierswater = |mainspan = 11.6 m |length = 790 m (incl. approaches) |width = Ca. 7.1 m |height = |load = |clearance = |below = |traffic = |begin = |complete = [[تراجان]] دے سمیں وچّ (98–117 AD) |open = |heritage = |collapsed = |preceded = |followed = |closed = |toll = |map_cue = |map_type = سپین |map_width = |lat = 38.91306 |long = -6.35083 |coordinates_type = source:dewiki_region:ES-EX_type:landmark |coordinates_format = dms |extra = }}__NOTOC__ '''پوئنتے رومانو''' [[سپین]] وچّ [[میریدا]] شہر وچّ گوادیانا دریا بنیا اک پلّ ہے۔ پوئنتے رومانو [[سپینی بولی]] وچّ رومن پل نوں کیہا جاندا ہے۔ ایہہ پرانے ویلے دا سبھ توں لمبے سمیں تکّ رہن والا پلّ ہے۔ اس دی لمبائی لگبھگ 755 میٹر ہے<ref name="O’Connor 106–107">{{harvnb|O’Connor|1993|pp=106–107}}</ref> اتے اس وچّ 62 کھڈے ہن۔ پلّ دے نال دی 835 وچّ عرباں ولوں کیتی قلعہ بندی ہے۔ ایہہ پلّ [[تراجان]] دے سمیں وچّ پورا بنیا۔ لوس ملاگروس اکئڈیکٹ پلّ دی رہند کھوہند دے نال میریدا وچّ اک ہور رومن پلّ واقع ہے، جسدا ناں چھوٹا پوئنتے دے الباریگاس ہے۔ ==سروت== * {{Citation | last = O’Connor | first = Colin | title = Roman Bridges | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1993 | isbn = 0-521-39326-4 | pages = 106f. (SP15) }} ==باہری لنک== {{Commonscat-inline|Roman bridge, Mérida}} * {{structurae|id=s0002186|title=Puente Romano (Mérida)}} * [http://traianus.rediris.es/ Traianus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528061612/http://traianus.rediris.es/ |date=2008-05-28 }} – Technical investigation of Roman public works ==حوالے== {{حوالے}} [[گٹھ:سپین]] [[گٹھ:ہسپانیہ]] [[گٹھ:سپین دے پل]] pfrlo8vk04v0l2ky4ipw0btz30f3r2t 0 66522 711456 710396 2026-09-22T05:41:33Z InternetArchiveBot 28598 Add 1 book for (20260922sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 711456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical intervention | Name = خطنہ | Image = Circumcision central Asia2.jpg | Caption = [[وچکار ایشیا]] وچ کیتی گئی سنت، {{circa|1865{{endash}}1872}} | ICD10 = 0VBT | ICD9 = {{ICD9|V50.2}} | ICD9_mult = | MeshID = D002944 | OPS301 ={{OPS301|5–640}}۔2 | OtherCodes = | MedlinePlus = 002998 | eMedicine = 1015820 }} مرد '''ختنہ''' جاں '''سنت''' انسانی اندری توں اگانھ والا ماس لاہ دین نوں کہندے ہن۔<ref name="lissauer_2012">{{cite book|title=Illustrated Textbook of Paediatrics, Fourth edition|vauthors=Lissauer T, Clayden G|date=اکتوبر 2011|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7234-3565-5|pages=352–353}}</ref><ref name="rudolph_2011">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=or15PgAACAAJ|title=Rudolph's Pediatrics, 22nd Edition|vauthors=Rudolph C, Rudolph A, Lister G, First L, Gershon A|date=18 مارچ 2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill Companies, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-07-149723-7|page=188|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118224324/https://books.google.com/books?id=or15PgAACAAJ|archivedate=18 جنوری 2016|deadurl=no|df=}}</ref><ref name="sawyer_2011">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6eRUtlujbkC&pg=PA555|title=Pediatric Physical Examination & Health Assessment|author=Sawyer S|date=نومبر 2011|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-4496-7600-1|pages=555–556|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118224324/https://books.google.com/books?id=W6eRUtlujbkC&pg=PA555|archivedate=2016-01-18|deadurl=no|df=}}</ref> سبھ توں عامَ عمل وچ، اگانھ والی کھلڑی نوں کھولھیا جاندا اے، جوڑن والے تتّ ہٹا دتے جاندے ہن، اتے اگانھ والی کھلڑی نوں اندری دے اگلے گول حصہ توں وکھ کیتا جاندا اے۔ اس توں بعد، اک سنت والی مشین ورتی جا سکدی اے اتے موہرلی کھلڑی نوں کٹیا جاندا اے۔ ٹوپیکل جاں لوکل طور تے انجیکٹ کیتے [[اینیستھیسیا]] نوں کئی واری درد اتے جسمانی تناء گھٹ رکھن لئی ورتیا جاندا اے۔<ref name="AAP_2012">{{cite journal|author=American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Circumcision|year=2012|title=Technical Report|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/130/3/e756.full|deadurl=no|journal=Pediatrics|volume=130|issue=3|pages=e756–e785|doi=10.1542/peds.2012-1990|issn=0031-4005|pmid=22926175|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920054623/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/130/3/e756.full|archivedate=2012-09-20|df=}}</ref> بالغاں اتے بچیاں لئی، عامَ اینیستھیسیا اک وکلپ اے اتے عمل اک خاص سنت آلہ دے بناں کیتی جا سکدی اے۔ ایہہ عمل اکثر اک چونویں سرجری ہندی اے جو بالکاں جاں بچیاں تے مذہبی جاں تہذیبی کارناں کرکے کیتی جاندی اے۔<ref name="WHO_2007_GTDPSA">{{cite web|url=http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/jc1360_male_circumcision_en_0.pdf|title=Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability|year=2007|publisher=World Health Organization|format=PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222194858/http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/jc1360_male_circumcision_en_0.pdf|archivedate=2015-12-22|deadurl=no|df=}}</ref> دوجے معاملیاں وچ ایہہ سرجری کجھ خاص میڈیکل حالتاں لئی جاں روکتھام دے کارناں کرکے علاج وجوں کیتی جا سکدی اے۔ میڈیکل طور تے ایہہ [[فموسس]]، [[بیلنوپوستھائیٹس]] جو ہور علاجاں نال حل نہیں ہندا، اتے پرانیاں[[پیشاب نالی دی لاگ|پیشاب دی نالی]] دیاں لاگاں لئی اک علاج اے۔ ایہہ کسے خاص جنن ڈھانچے دیاں خرابیاں جاں ماڑی عامَ صحتَ دے کیساں وچ نہ ورتن دی صلاحَ دتی جاندی اے۔<ref name="hay_2012">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V8lMJniWK_QC|title=Current Diagnosis and Treatment Pediatrics 21/E|vauthors=Hay W, Levin M|date=25 جون 2012|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|isbn=978-0-07-177971-5|pages=18–19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118224324/https://books.google.com/books?id=V8lMJniWK_QC|archivedate=18 جنوری 2016|deadurl=no|df=}}</ref> دنیا دیاں پرمکھ ڈاکٹری ادارےآں دیاں سنت بارے خیالات وکھ وکھ ہن - بالاں اتے بچیاں دی سنت کرن نوں لازمی نہیں کرنا چاہیدا کیوں جو اس دا کوئی فائدہ نہیں جاں وڈے خطرے ہن؛ دوجی ایہہ کہ چھوٹے خطرے ہن پر صحتَ نوں لابھ کتے زیادہ حاصل ہندے ہن۔ کوئی وڈی ڈاکٹری ادارہ سارے مرداں دی مکمل پدھر تے سنت دی جاں اس عمل تے پابندی دی سفارش نہیں کردی۔ <ref name="Bolnick_2012_ch1">{{cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4471-2858-8|title=Surgical Guide to Circumcision|last1=Jacobs|first1=Micah|last2=Grady|first2=Richard|last3=Bolnick|first3=David A.|publisher=Springer|year=2012|isbn=978-1-4471-2857-1|editor1-last=Bolnick|editor1-first=David A.|location=London|pages=3–8|chapter=Current Circumcision Trends and Guidelines|doi=10.1007/978-1-4471-2858-8_1|subscription=yes|author2-link=<!-- Not the Olympic athlete. Do not link -->|accessdate=اپریل 6, 2014|editor2-last=Koyle|editor2-first=Martin|editor3-last=Yosha|editor3-first=Assaf|chapterurl=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4471-2858-8_1}}</ref>غیر-ڈاکٹری کارناں کرکے بالاں اتے بچیاں دی سنت بارے سمجھاؤن توں بعد بہتر رضا مندی اتے انسانی حقاں بارے [[سداچار|نیتک]] اتے قانونی پرشن اٹھائے گئے ہن؛ ایہناں کارن کرکے ایہہ پریکٹس ووادپورن اے۔ <ref name="pinto_2012">{{cite journal|author=Pinto K|date=اگست 2012|title=Circumcision controversies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatric-clinics-of-north-america_2012-08_59_4/page/977|journal=Pediatric clinics of North America|volume=59|issue=4|pages=977–986|doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2012.05.015|pmid=22857844}}</ref><ref name="caga-anan_2011">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C1T6NrSPD_AC&pg=PA43|title=Clinical Ethics in Pediatrics: A Case-Based Textbook|vauthors=Caga-anan EC, Thomas AJ, Diekema DS, Mercurio MR, Adam MR|date=8 ستمبر 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-17361-2|page=43|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118224324/https://books.google.com/books?id=C1T6NrSPD_AC&pg=PA43|archivedate=18 جنوری 2016|deadurl=no|df=}}</ref> مرداں دی سنت نال سب-صحارہ افریقہ دے [[وشملنگکتا|وشملنگک]] مرداں وچ ایچ آئی وی دی لاگ دا خطرہ گھٹ جاندا اے۔۔<ref name="krieger_2011">{{cite journal|author=Krieger JN|date=May 2011|title=Male circumcision and HIV infection risk|journal=World Journal of Urology|volume=30|issue=1|pages=3–13|doi=10.1007/s00345-011-0696-x|pmid=21590467}}</ref><ref name="siegfried_Cochrane_2009">{{cite journal|author=Siegfried N, Muller M, Deeks JJ, Volmink J|last2=Muller|last3=Deeks|last4=Volmink|year=2009|editor1-last=Siegfried|editor1-first=Nandi|title=Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=2|pages=CD003362|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003362.pub2|pmid=19370585}}CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ([[:en:Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list|link]]) {{cite journal|author=Siegfried N, Muller M, Deeks JJ, Volmink J|last2=Muller|last3=Deeks|last4=Volmink|year=2009|editor1-last=Siegfried|editor1-first=Nandi|title=Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=2|pages=CD003362|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003362.pub2|pmid=19370585}}</ref> اس لئی، ڈبلیو ایچ او نے سب-صحارا افریقہ ورگے ایچ۔آئی۔وی۔ دے اچے ریٹ والے علاقیاں وچ اک مکمل [[ایچ آئی وی روکتھام]] پروگرام دے حصے وجوں سنت بارے وچار کرن دی سفارش کیتی اے۔<ref name="WHO_HIV_2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/news68/en/index.html|title=WHO and UNAIDS announce recommendations from expert consultation on male circumcision for HIV prevention|date=مارچ 2007|publisher=World Health Organization|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312062808/http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/news68/en/index.html|archivedate=2013-03-12|deadurl=no|df=}}</ref> مرداں نال سمبھوگ کرن والے مرداں لئی ایچائیوی لاگ نوں گھٹاؤن وچ سنت دے کردار دے کجھ ثبوت وی ہن۔<ref name="Shar2017">{{cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=SC|last2=Raison|first2=N|last3=Khan|first3=S|last4=Shabbir|first4=M|last5=Dasgupta|first5=P|last6=Ahmed|first6=K|date=12 دسمبر 2017|title=Male Circumcision for the Prevention of HIV Acquisition: A Meta-Analysis.|journal=BJU international|doi=10.1111/bju.14102|pmid=29232046}}</ref>ترقی یافتہ دنیا وچ ایچائیوی نوں روکن لئی سنت ورتن دی اسردائکتا اواضع اے۔<ref name="kim_2010">{{cite journal|last=Kim H, Li PS, Goldstein M|first1=Howard H|last2=Li|first2=Philip S|last3=Goldstein|first3=Marc|date=نومبر 2010|title=Male circumcision: Africa and beyond?|journal=Current Opinion in Urology|volume=20|issue=6|pages=515–9|doi=10.1097/MOU.0b013e32833f1b21|pmid=20844437}}CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ([[:en:Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list|link]]) {{cite journal|last=Kim H, Li PS, Goldstein M|first1=Howard H|last2=Li|first2=Philip S|last3=Goldstein|first3=Marc|date=نومبر 2010|title=Male circumcision: Africa and beyond?|journal=Current Opinion in Urology|volume=20|issue=6|pages=515–9|doi=10.1097/MOU.0b013e32833f1b21|pmid=20844437}}</ref> سنت کینسر پیدا کرن والے انسانی پیپلوماوائرس (ایچپیوی)،<ref name="larke_HPV_2011">{{cite journal|date=نومبر 2011|title=Male circumcision and human papillomavirus infection in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_2011-11-01_204_9/page/n102|journal=J. Infect. Dis.|volume=204|issue=9|pages=1375–90|doi=10.1093/infdis/jir523|pmid=21965090|vauthors=Larke N, Thomas SL, Dos Santos Silva I, Weiss HA}}</ref><ref name="rehmeyer_2011">{{Cite journal|last=Rehmeyer C|first=CJ|year=2011|title=Male Circumcision and Human Papillomavirus Studies Reviewed by Infection Stage and Virus Type|journal=J Am Osteopath Assoc|volume=111|issue=3 suppl 2|pages=S11–S18|pmid=21415373}}</ref> یوٹیائیز، اتے لنگ دے کینسر دیاں گھٹیاں ہوئیاں دراں نال جڑی ہندی اے۔ ایہناں حالتاں دی روکتھام بچیاں دی رٹین سنت نوں صحیح نہیں ٹھہرایا جا سکدا۔<ref name="ACS_2012">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/penile-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/prevention.html|title=Can penile cancer be prevented?|website=Learn About Cancer: Penile Cancer: Detailed Guide|publisher=American Cancer Society|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312185747/https://www.cancer.org/cancer/penile-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/prevention.html|archivedate=2017-03-12|deadurl=no|access-date=2017-03-11|df=}}</ref> ہور جنس متعلق لاگاں دا مطالعہ ایہہ اشارہ کردا اے کہ سنت سرکھیاکاری اے۔ 2010 دی اک تجزیہ وچ ڈاکٹری پرداتاواں ولوں کیتے گئے سنت دے 1.5% بالاں دی اتے 6% وڈے بچیاں دے معاملیاں وچ بگڑ پیدا ہویا، گمبھیر جٹلتا دے کجھ معاملے وی ہن۔ خون وگنا، لاگ، اتے جاں تاں بہت زیادہ جاں بہت گھٹ اگے والی کھلڑی نوں کٹنا سبھ توں عامَ جٹلتاواں ہن۔ بغاڑ دیاںدراں ادوں اچیاں ہندیاں ہن جدوں ایہہ عمل ناتجربیکار اوپریٹر ولوں، جیوانو رہت حالتاں دی انہوند وچ جاں وڈی عمر دے بچیاں وچ کیتی جاندی اے۔<ref name="weiss_2010_complications">{{cite journal|author=Weiss HA, Larke N, Halperin D, Schenker I|last2=Larke|last3=Halperin|last4=Schenker|year=2010|title=Complications of circumcision in male neonates, infants and children: a systematic review|journal=BMC Urol|volume=10|pages=2|doi=10.1186/1471-2490-10-2|pmc=2835667|pmid=20158883}}</ref> سنت دے کارن لنگک کریا اتے منفی اثر نہیں ہندا۔<ref name="sexual_function">The American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Circumcision "Technical Report" (2012) addresses sexual function, sensitivity and satisfaction without qualification by age of circumcision. Sadeghi-Nejad ''et al.'' "Sexually transmitted diseases and sexual function" (2010) addresses adult circumcision and sexual function. Doyle ''et al.'' "The Impact of Male Circumcision on HIV Transmission" (2010) addresses adult circumcision and sexual function. Perera ''et al.'' "Safety and efficacy of nontherapeutic male circumcision: a systematic review" (2010) addresses adult circumcision and sexual function and satisfaction.</ref><ref name="Morris et al. 2013">{{cite journal|last1=Morris|first1=BJ|last2=Krieger|first2=JN|date=نومبر 2013|title=Does male circumcision affect sexual function, sensitivity, or satisfaction?--a systematic review.|journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine|volume=10|issue=11|pages=2644–57|doi=10.1111/jsm.12293|pmid=23937309}}</ref> == حوالے == {{حوالے|colwidth=30em|refs=<!-- A --> <ref name=AAFP_2013>{{cite web |title=Neonatal Circumcision |accessdate=2015-08-03 |year=2013 |publisher=American Academy of Family Physicians |url=http://www.aafp.org/about/policies/all/neonatal-circumcision.html |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721022442/http://www.aafp.org/about/policies/all/neonatal-circumcision.html |archivedate=2015-07-21 |df=}}</ref> <ref name=albero_2012>{{cite journal |vauthors=Albero G, Castellsagué X, Giuliano AR, Bosch FX |title=Male Circumcision and Genital Human Papillomavirus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_sexually-transmitted-diseases_2012-02_39_2/page/104 |journal=Sex Transm Dis |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=104–113 |date=فروری 2012 |pmid=22249298 |doi=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3182387abd}}</ref> <ref name=alsabbagh_1996>{{cite book |author=al-Sabbagh, Muhammad Lutfi |title=Islamic ruling on male and female circumcision |page=16 |year=1996 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=92-9021-216-0 |url=http://www.emro.who.int/dsaf/dsa54.pdf |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110630090640/http://www.emro.who.int/dsaf/dsa54.pdf |archivedate=2011-06-30 |df=}}</ref> <ref name=aridogan_2011>{{cite journal |vauthors=Aridogan IA, Izol V, Ilkit M |title=Superficial fungal infections of the male genitalia: a review |journal=Crit. Rev. Microbiol. |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=237–44 |date=اگست 2011 |pmid=21668404 |doi=10.3109/1040841X.2011.572862}}</ref> <ref name=AUA_2007>{{cite web|url=http://www.auanet.org/about/policy-statements/circumcision.cfm|title=Circumcision|accessdate=2008-11-02|author=American Urological Association|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825011022/http://www.auanet.org/about/policy-statements/circumcision.cfm|archivedate=2013-08-25|df=}}</ref> <ref name=AVAC_2015>{{cite web|title=Clearinghouse on Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention Redesigned|url=http://www.avac.org/blog/clearinghouse-male-circumcision-hiv-prevention-redesigned|website=AVAC|date=May 2015|accessdate=11 مارچ 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312065747/http://www.avac.org/blog/clearinghouse-male-circumcision-hiv-prevention-redesigned|archivedate=12 مارچ 2017|df=}}</ref> <!-- B --> <ref name=becker_2011>{{cite journal |author=Becker K |title=Lichen sclerosus in boys |journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int |volume=108 |issue=4 |pages=53–8 |date=جنوری 2011 |pmid=21307992 |pmc=3036008 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2011.053}}</ref> <ref name=binagwaho_2010>{{cite journal |author=Binagwaho A, Pegurri E, Muita J, Bertozzi S |title=Male circumcision at different ages in Rwanda: a cost-effectiveness study |journal=Public Library of Science |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=e1000211 |date=Jan 2010 |pmid=20098721 |pmc=2808207 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000211 |editor1-last=Kalichman |editor1-first=Seth C}}</ref> <ref name=Bolnick_2012_ch23>{{cite book |last1=Bolnick|first1=David A. |last2=Katz |first2=Kenneth E. |year= 2012 |chapter= Jewish Ritual Circumcision| chapterurl=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4471-2858-8_23 |editor1-last=Bolnick |editor1-first=David A. |editor2-last=Koyle |editor2-first=Martin |editor3-last=Yosha |editor3-first=Assaf |title=Surgical Guide to Circumcision |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4471-2858-8 |location= London |publisher=Springer |pages=265–274 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4471-2858-8_23 |isbn=978-1-4471-2857-1 |accessdate= اپریل 6, 2014 |subscription=yes}}</ref> <ref name=Bolnick_2012_ch24>{{cite book |last1=El-Sheemy|first1=Mohamed S. |last2=Ziada |first2=Ali M. |year= 2012 |chapter= Islam and Circumcision| chapterurl=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4471-2858-8_24 |editor1-last=Bolnick |editor1-first=David A. |editor2-last=Koyle |editor2-first=Martin |editor3-last=Yosha |editor3-first=Assaf |title=Surgical Guide to Circumcision |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4471-2858-8 |location= London |publisher=Springer |pages=275–280 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4471-2858-8_24 |isbn=978-1-4471-2857-1 |accessdate= اپریل 6, 2014 |subscription=yes}}</ref> <ref name=Bolnick_2012_ch26>{{cite book |last1=Adams |first1=Gregory |last2=Adams |first2=Kristina |year= 2012 |chapter= Circumcision in the Early Christian Church: The Controversy That Shaped a Continent| chapterurl=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4471-2858-8_26 |editor1-last=Bolnick |editor1-first=David A. |editor2-last=Koyle |editor2-first=Martin |editor3-last=Yosha |editor3-first=Assaf |title=Surgical Guide to Circumcision |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4471-2858-8 |location= London |publisher=Springer |pages=291–298 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4471-2858-8_26 |isbn=978-1-4471-2857-1 |accessdate= اپریل 6, 2014 |subscription=yes}}</ref> <ref name=bossio_2014>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bossio JA, Pukall CF, Steele S |title=A review of the current state of the male circumcision literature. |journal=J Sex Med. |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=2847–64 |year=2014|doi=10.1111/jsm.12703 |pmid=25284631}}</ref> <ref name=boyle_hill_2011>{{cite journal |vauthors=Boyle GJ, Hill G |title=Sub-Saharan African randomised clinical trials into male circumcision and HIV transmission: methodological, ethical and legal concerns |journal=J Law Med |year=2011 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=316–34 |pmid=22320006}}</ref> <ref name=bullough_1994>{{cite book|last=Bullough|first=Vern L.|title=Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/humansexuality00arie|year=1994|publisher=Garland|location=New York|isbn=0-8240-7972-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/humansexuality00arie/page/425 425]|author2=Bonnie Bullough}}</ref> <!-- C --> <ref name=CDC_2008>{{cite web |title=Male Circumcision and Risk for HIV Transmission and Other Health Conditions: Implications for the United States |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |date=7 فروری 2008 |url=https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/13545 |accessdate=11 مارچ 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220012538/https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/13545 |archivedate=20 فروری 2017 |df=}}</ref> <ref name=CDC_HPV>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/HPV/STDFact-HPV.htm |title=STD facts&nbsp;– Human papillomavirus (HPV) |publisher=CDC |accessdate=ستمبر 12, 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911095019/http://www.cdc.gov/STD/HPV/STDFact-HPV.htm |archivedate=ستمبر 11, 2012 |df=}}</ref> <ref name=CDC_NCHS_EStat_2013>{{cite web | url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/circumcision_2013/circumcision_2013.htm#table | title=Trends in Circumcision for Male Newborns in U.S. Hospitals: 1979–2010 | publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | date=اگست 22, 2013 | accessdate=22 جنوری 2014 | vauthors=Owings M, etal | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123154548/http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/circumcision_2013/circumcision_2013.htm#table | archivedate=23 جنوری 2014 | df=}}</ref> <ref name=conrad_1992>{{cite book|last=Conrad|first=Peter|title=Deviance and Medicalization: From Badness to Sickness|url=https://archive.org/details/deviancemedicali0000conr|year=1992|publisher=Temple University Press|location=Philadelphia|isbn=0-87722-999-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/deviancemedicali0000conr/page/212 212]|author2=Joseph W. Schneider}}</ref> <ref name=CPSBC_2009>{{cite journal |title=Professional Standards and Guidelines&nbsp;– Circumcision (Infant Male) |publisher=College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia |date=ستمبر 2009 |accessdate=2012-09-11}}</ref> <!-- D --> <ref name=darby_2003>{{cite journal|last=Darby|first=Robert|title=The Masturbation Taboo and the Rise of Routine Male Circumcision: A Review of the Historiography|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-social-history_spring-2003_36_3/page/737|journal=Journal of Social History|date=Spring 2003|volume=36|issue=3|pages=737–757|doi=10.1353/jsh.2003.0047}}</ref> <ref name=darby_2005>{{cite book|last=Darby|first=Robert|title=A surgical temptation : the demonization of the foreskin and the rise of circumcision in Britain|url=https://archive.org/details/surgicaltemptati0000darb|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|year=2005|isbn=978-0-226-13645-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/surgicaltemptati0000darb/page/262 262]-}}</ref> <ref name=darby_2011>{{cite journal |vauthors=Darby R, Van Howe R |title=Not a surgical vaccine: there is no case for boosting infant male circumcision to combat heterosexual transmission of HIV in Australia |journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=459–465 |year=2011 |pmid=21973253 |doi=10.1111/j.1753-6405.2011.00761.x}}</ref> <ref name=dinh_2010>{{cite journal |author1=Dinh MH |author2=Fahrbach KM |author3=Hope TJ |title=The role of the foreskin in male circumcision: an evidence-based review |journal=Am J Reprod Immunol |date=مارچ 2011 |pmid=21114567 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00934.x|pmc=3091617 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=279–83}}</ref> <ref name=dowsett_2007>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dowsett GW, Couch M |title=Male circumcision and HIV prevention: is there really enough of the right kind of evidence? |journal=Reproductive Health Matters |volume=15 |issue=29 |pages=33–44 |date=May 2007 |pmid=17512372 |doi=10.1016/S0968-8080(07)29302-4}}</ref> <ref name=doyle_2005>{{cite journal |author=Doyle D |title=Ritual male circumcision: a brief history |journal=The journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=279–285 |date=اکتوبر 2005 |pmid=16402509}}</ref> <ref name=doyle_2010>{{cite journal |vauthors=Doyle S, Kahn J, Hosang N, Carroll P |title=The Impact of Male Circumcision on HIV Transmission |journal=Journal of Urology |volume=183 |pages=21–26 |year=2010 |pmid=19913816 |doi=10.1016/j.juro.2009.09.030 |issue=1}}</ref> <ref name=drain_2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Drain PK, Halperin DT, Hughes JP, Klausner JD, Bailey RC |title=Male circumcision, religion, and infectious diseases: an ecologic analysis of 118 developing countries |journal=BMC Infectious Diseases |volume=6 |pages=172 |year=2006 |pmid=17137513 |pmc=1764746 |doi=10.1186/1471-2334-6-172}}</ref> <ref name=DW_2012>{{cite news | url=http://www.dw.de/circumcision-remains-legal-in-germany/a-16399336 | title=Circumcision remains legal in Germany | work=Deutsche Welle | date=12 Dec 2012 | accessdate=11 ستمبر 2013 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026154156/http://www.dw.de/circumcision-remains-legal-in-germany/a-16399336 | archivedate=26 اکتوبر 2013 | df=}}</ref> <!-- E --> <ref name=encyc_religion_2005>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2005 |title=Circumcision |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion |edition=2 |publisher=Gale}}</ref> <ref name=encyc_judaica_2006>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=Circumcision |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Judaica |edition=2 |publisher=Macmillan Reference |location=USA |isbn=978-0-02-865928-2}}</ref> <!-- F --> <ref name=frisch_2013>{{cite journal |author1=Frisch M |author2=Aigrain Y |author3=Barauskas V |author4=Bjarnason R |author5=Boddy S-A |author6=Czauderna P |author7=De Gier RPE |author8=De Jong TPVM |author9=Fasching G |author10=Fetter W |author11=Gahr M |author12=Graugaard C |author13=Greisen G |author14=Gunnarsdottir A |author15=Hartmann W |author16=Havranek P |author17=Hitchcock R |author18=Huddart S |author19=Janson S |author20=Jaszczak P |author21=Kupferschmid C |author22=Lahdes-Vasama T |author23=Lindahl H |author24=MacDonald N |author25=Markestad T |author26=Märtson M | author27=Nordhov | author28=Pälve H| author29=Petersons A |author30=Quinn F |display-authors=1 |title=Cultural Bias in the AAP's 2012 Technical Report and Policy Statement on Male Circumcision |journal=Pediatrics |year=2013 |doi=10.1542/peds.2012-2896 |volume=131 |issue=4 |pages=796–800 |pmid=23509170}}</ref> <!-- G --> <ref name=gollaher_2001_ch1>Gollaher (2001)، ch. 1, ''The Jewish Tradition''، pp. 1–30</ref> <ref name=gollaher_2001_ch2>Gollaher (2001)، ch. 2, ''Christians and Muslims''، pp. 31–52</ref> <ref name=gollaher_2001_ch3>Gollaher (2001)، ch. 3, ''Symbolic Wounds''، pp. 53–72</ref> <ref name=gollaher_2001_ch4>Gollaher (2001)، ch. 4, ''From Ritual to Science''، pp. 73–108</ref> <!-- H --> <ref name=hankins_2011>{{cite journal |author=Hankins C, Forsythe S, Njeuhmeli E |title=Voluntary medical male circumcision: an introduction to the cost, impact, and challenges of accelerated scaling up |journal=Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=e1001127 |date=Mar 2012 |pmid=22140362 |pmc=3226452 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001127 |editor1-last=Sansom |editor1-first=Stephanie L}}</ref> <ref name=hayashi_2011>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hayashi Y, Kojima Y, Mizuno K, Kohri K |title=Prepuce: phimosis, paraphimosis, and circumcision |journal=ScientificWorldJournal |volume=11 |pages=289–301 |year=2011 |pmid=21298220 |doi=10.1100/tsw.2011.31}}</ref> <ref name=hpv_prevalence_ref_bundle>See: Larke ''et al.'' "Male circumcision and human papillomavirus infection in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis" (2011)، Albero ''et al.'' "Male Circumcision and Genital Human Papillomavirus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" (2012)، Rehmeyer "Male Circumcision and Human Papillomavirus Studies Reviewed by Infection Stage and Virus Type" (2011)۔</ref> <!-- I --> <!-- J --> <ref name=jagannath_2012>{{cite journal |author=Jagannath VA, Fedorowicz Z, Sud V, Verma AK, Hajebrahimi S |title=Routine neonatal circumcision for the prevention of urinary tract infections in infancy |journal=[[Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] |issue=5 |pages=CD009129.pub2 |year=2012 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009129.pub2 |editor1-last=Fedorowicz |editor1-first=Zbys |pmid=23152269 |volume=11}}</ref> <!-- K --> <ref name=klavs_2008>{{cite journal |vauthors=Klavs I, Hamers FF |title=Male circumcision in Slovenia: results from a national probability sample survey |url=https://archive.org/details/sexually-transmitted-infections_2008-02_84_1/page/49 |journal=Sexually Transmitted Infections |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=49–50 |date=فروری 2008 |pmid=17881413 |doi=10.1136/sti.2007.027524}}</ref> <ref name=ko_2007>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ko MC, Liu CK, Lee WK, Jeng HS, Chiang HS, Li CY |title=Age-specific prevalence rates of phimosis and circumcision in Taiwanese boys |journal=Journal of the Formosan Medical Association=Taiwan Yi Zhi |volume=106 |issue=4 |pages=302–7 |date=اپریل 2007 |pmid=17475607 |doi=10.1016/S0929-6646(09)60256-4}}</ref> <!-- L --> <ref name=larke_penile_cancer_2011>{{cite journal |vauthors=Larke NL, Thomas SL, Dos Santos Silva I, Weiss HA |title=Male circumcision and penile cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Cancer Causes Control |volume=22 |issue=8 |pages=1097–110 |date=اگست 2011 |pmid=21695385 |pmc=3139859 |doi=10.1007/s10552-011-9785-9}}</ref> <ref name=leber_2006>{{cite web |url=http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic615.htm |title=Balanitis |accessdate=2008-10-14 |vauthors=Leber M, Tirumani A |date=جون 8, 2006 |publisher=EMedicine |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007002704/http://www.emedicine.com/DERM/topic615.htm |archivedate=اکتوبر 7, 2008 |df=}}</ref> <ref name=lonngvist_2010>{{cite journal |author=Lonnqvist P |title=Regional anaesthesia and analgesia in the neonate |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=309–21 |date=Sep 2010 |pmid=21033009 |doi=10.1016/j.bpa.2010.02.012}}</ref> <!-- M --> <ref name="Marrazzo et al. 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Marrazzo |first1=JM|last2=del Rio |first2=C |last3=Holtgrave |first3=DR |last4=Cohen |first4=MS |last5=Kalichman |first5=SC |last6=Mayer |first6=KH |last7=Montaner |first7=JS |last8=Wheeler |first8=DP |last9=Grant |first9=RM |last10=Grinsztejn |first10=B |last11=Kumarasamy |first11=N |last12=Shoptaw |first12=S |last13=Walensky |first13=RP |last14=Dabis |first14=F |last15=Sugarman |first15=J |last16=Benson |first16=CA |last17=International Antiviral Society-USA |first17=Panel |title=HIV prevention in clinical care settings: 2014 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_july-23-30-2014_312_4/page/390 |journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association |date=Jul 23–30, 2014 |volume=312 |issue=4 |pages=390–409 |pmid=25038358 |doi=10.1001/jama.2014.7999}}</ref> <ref name=matthew_2004>{{cite book|last=Matthew|first=H. 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What's the best way to control circumcision pain in newborns? |journal=J Fam Pract |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=233a–b |date=اپریل 2011 |pmid=21472156|last2=Rickett}}</ref> <!-- T --> <ref name=templeton_2010>{{cite journal |author=Templeton DJ, Millett GA, Grulich AE |title=Male circumcision to reduce the risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men |journal=Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |date=فروری 2010 |pmid=19935420 |doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e328334e54d|last2=Millett |last3=Grulich}}</ref> <!-- U --> <ref name=uthman_2010>{{cite journal |author=Uthman OA, Popoola TA, Uthman MM, Aremu O |title=Economic evaluations of adult male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=e9628 |year=2010 |pmid=20224784 |pmc=2835757 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0009628 |editor1-last=Van Baal |editor1-first=Pieter H. M|last2=Popoola |last3=Uthman |last4=Aremu}}</ref> <!-- V --> <!-- W --> <ref name=weiss_2006_syphilis>{{cite journal |last1=Weiss |first1=HA |last2=Thomas |first2=SL |last3=Munabi |first3=SK |last4=Hayes |first4=RJ |title=Male circumcision and risk of syphilis, chancroid, and genital herpes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis |journal=Sexually Transmitted Infections |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=101–9; discussion 110 |date=اپریل 2006 |pmid=16581731 |pmc=2653870 |doi=10.1136/sti.2005.017442}}</ref> <ref name=weiss_2010_HIV>{{cite journal |author=Weiss HA, Dickson KE, Agot K, Hankins CA |title=Male circumcision for HIV prevention: current research and programmatic issues |journal=AIDS |year=2010 |volume=24 Suppl 4 |pages=S61–9 |pmid=21042054 |doi=10.1097/01.aids.0000390708.66136.f4 |url=http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2010/10004/Male_circumcision_for_HIV_prevention__current.7.aspx |last2=Dickson |last3=Agot |last4=Hankins |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312064247/http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2010/10004/Male_circumcision_for_HIV_prevention__current.7.aspx |archivedate=2013-03-12 |df=}}</ref> <ref name=wetmore_2010>{{cite journal |author=Wetmore CM, Manhart LE, Wasserheit JN |title=Randomized controlled trials of interventions to prevent sexually transmitted infections: learning from the past to plan for the future |journal=Epidemiol Rev |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=121–36 |date=اپریل 2010 |pmid=20519264 |pmc=2912604 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxq010 |last2=Manhart |last3=Wasserheit}}</ref> <ref name=WHO_adult_devices_2012>{{cite journal |year=2012 |title=Use of devices for adult male circumcision in public health HIV prevention programmes: Conclusions of the Technical Advisory Group on Innovations in Male Circumcision |publisher=World Health Organization |url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2012/WHO_HIV_2012.7_eng.pdf |format=PDF |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312062922/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2012/WHO_HIV_2012.7_eng.pdf |archivedate=2013-03-12 |df=}}</ref> <ref name=WHO_CandR_2007>{{cite web |title=New Data on Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention: Policy and Programme Implications |publisher=World Health Organization |date=مارچ 28, 2007 |url=http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/MCrecommendations_en.pdf |format=PDF |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808173243/http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/MCrecommendations_en.pdf |archivedate=اگست 8, 2007 |df=}}</ref> <ref name=WHO_Manual_2009>{{cite web |title=Manual for male circumcision under local anaesthesia |publisher=World Health Organization |date=دسمبر 2009 |location=Geneva |url=http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/malecircumcision/local_anaesthesia/en/index.html |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227045451/http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/malecircumcision/local_anaesthesia/en/index.html |archivedate=2012-12-27 |df=}}</ref> <ref name=wolter_2008>{{cite book |vauthors=Wolter C, Dmochowski R |title=Handbook of Office Urological Procedures |chapter=Circumcision |pages=88– |year=2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-84628-523-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ek1wPWaUKkC&pg=PA88 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118224324/https://books.google.com/books?id=-ek1wPWaUKkC&pg=PA88 |archivedate=2016-01-18 |df=}}</ref> <!-- X --> <ref name=xu_2009>{{cite journal |author=Xu X, Patel DA, Dalton VK, Pearlman MD, Johnson TR |title=Can routine neonatal circumcision help prevent human immunodeficiency virus transmission in the United States? |journal=American journal of men's health |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=79–84 |date=Mar 2009 |pmid=19430583 |doi=10.1177/1557988308323616 |pmc=2678848|last2=Patel |last3=Dalton |last4=Pearlman |last5=Johnson}}</ref> <!-- Y --> <!-- Z -->}} [[گٹھ:دھرم اتے بچے]] nch2ebsqbh1hrwdla8yne6yd03gc7fl 0 79587 711450 708608 2026-09-21T22:19:55Z InternetArchiveBot 28598 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711450 wikitext text/x-wiki [[فائل:Diplomatic missions in the People's Republic of China.png|thumb|کبھے|400px|ہانگ کانگ وچ سفارتی مشناں د‏‏ی فہرست]] ذیل وچ '''ہانگ کانگ وچ سفارتی مشناں د‏‏ی فہرست''' درج ا‏‏ے۔ ہانگ کانگ وچ 60 قونصل جنرل تے 62 قونصل موجود نيں۔ == قونصل جنرل /قونصل == {{colbegin|2}} ;{{visible anchor|A}} * {{Flag|Albania}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Angola}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل<ref>{{Cite web |title=Angola {{!}} Consulate General of the Republic of Angola in Hong Kong<!-- خودکار تخلیق شدہ عنوان --> |url=http://consuladogeral-angola.hk/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2014-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217031540/http://consuladogeral-angola.hk/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * {{Flag|Argentina}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل#<ref>[http://chong.mrecic.gov.ar/ Bienvenido a Hong Kong | Consulado General en HONG KONG<!-- خودکار تخلیق شدہ عنوان -->]</ref> <!-- *{{Flag|Armenia}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل، to open --> * {{Flag|Australia}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>[http://www.hongkong.china.embassy.gov.au/ Home<!-- خودکار تخلیق شدہ عنوان -->]</ref> * {{Flag|Austria}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>[http://www.bmeia.gv.at/hongkong Generalkonsulat Hongkong – Österreichisches Generalkonsulat Hongkong<!-- خودکار تخلیق شدہ عنوان -->]</ref> ;{{visible anchor|B}} * {{Flag|Bahamas}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Bahrain}}&nbsp;– قونصل *<ref>http://www.bahrainconsulate.org.hk</ref> * {{Flag|Bangladesh}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل # * {{Flag|Barbados}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Belgium}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>[http://www.diplomatie.be/hongkong/ Diplomatie.be<!-- خودکار تخلیق شدہ عنوان -->]</ref> * {{Flag|Benin}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Bhutan}}&nbsp;– قونصل * (بھوٹان تے عوامی جمہوریہ چین وچ کوئی سفارتی تعلقات نئيں) * {{Flag|Botswana}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Brazil}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.brazilianconsulate.org.hk/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2019-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831220457/http://www.brazilianconsulate.org.hk/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * {{Flag|Brunei}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل * {{Flag|Burundi}}&nbsp;– قونصل * ;{{visible anchor|C}} * {{Flag|Cambodia}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل # * {{Flag|Cameroon}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Canada}}&nbsp;– [[قونصل جنرل of Canada in Hong Kong|قونصل جنرل]] #<ref>[http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/hong_kong/ Government of Canada | Gouvernement du Canada<!-- خودکار تخلیق شدہ عنوان -->]</ref> * {{Flag|Chile}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>[http://chileabroad.gov.cl/hong-kong Consulado General de Chile en Hong Kong – Chile en el Exterior<!-- خودکار تخلیق شدہ عنوان -->]</ref> * {{Flag|Colombia}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>[http://www.consuladocolombiahk.com/ consuladocolombiahk.com<!-- خودکار تخلیق شدہ عنوان -->]</ref> * {{Flag|Congo}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Croatia}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Cuba}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Cyprus}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Czech Republic}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>http://www.mzv.cz/hongkong</ref> ;{{visible anchor|D}} * {{Flag|Djibouti}}&nbsp;– قونصل * ;{{visible anchor|E}} * {{Flag|Egypt}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل # * {{Flag|Equatorial Guinea}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Eritrea}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Estonia}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Ethiopia}}&nbsp;– قونصل *# ;{{visible anchor|F}} * {{Flag|Fiji}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Finland}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>[http://www.finland.org.hk/en/ Consulate General of Finland, Hong Kong<!-- خودکار تخلیق شدہ عنوان -->]</ref> * {{Flag|France}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>{{Cite web |title=Consulat général de France à Hong Kong et Macao<!-- خودکار تخلیق شدہ عنوان --> |url=http://www.consulfrance-hongkong.org/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2017-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216075511/http://consulfrance-hongkong.org/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ;{{visible anchor|G}} * {{Flag|Gabon}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Germany}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>[http://www.hongkong.diplo.de/ Federal Foreign Office – German Consulate General Hong Kong<!-- خودکار تخلیق شدہ عنوان -->]</ref> * {{Flag|Ghana}}&nbsp;– قونصل *<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.ghana.org.hk/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2015-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810074820/http://www.ghana.org.hk/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * {{Flag|Greece}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>http://www.greekconsulatehk.com</ref> * {{Flag|Grenada}}&nbsp;– قونصل * <ref>http://www.grenada-hk.org</ref> * {{Flag|Guinea}}&nbsp;– قونصل * ;{{visible anchor|H}} * {{Flag|Hungary}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل # ;{{visible anchor|I}} * {{Flag|Iceland}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|India}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل # (تائیوان دے لئی وی ذمہ دار)<ref>http://www.cgihk.gov.in/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203120920/http://www.cgihk.gov.in/ |date=2020-02-03 }}</ref> * {{Flag|Indonesia}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>{{Cite web |title=KJRI Hongkong – Menlu dan Menkumham RI bertemu Acting Chief Executive Hongkong<!-- خودکار تخلیق شدہ عنوان --> |url=http://www.kemlu.go.id/hongkong/Pages/default.aspx?l=en |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030854/http://www.kemlu.go.id/hongkong/Pages/default.aspx?l=en |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * {{Flag|Iran}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>http://www.iranconsulate.org.hk</ref> * {{Flag|Ireland}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>[http://www.consulateofireland.hk/ Hong Kong – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade<!-- خودکار تخلیق شدہ عنوان -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813102053/http://www.consulateofireland.hk/ |date=2015-08-13 }}</ref> * {{Flag|Israel}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>http://hongkong.mfa.gov.il</ref> * {{Flag|Italy}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>[http://www.conshongkong.esteri.it/ Consolato Generale – Hong Kong<!-- خودکار تخلیق شدہ عنوان -->]</ref> ;{{visible anchor|J}} * {{Flag|Jamaica}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Japan}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.hk.emb-japan.go.jp/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2021-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711164321/https://www.hk.emb-japan.go.jp/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * {{Flag|Jordan}}&nbsp;– قونصل *<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.jordanconsulate.org.hk/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2021-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301122344/https://jordanconsulate.org.hk/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ;{{visible anchor|K}} * {{Flag|Kazakhstan}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.consul-kazakhstan.org.hk/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2007-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610164918/http://www.consul-kazakhstan.org.hk/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * {{Flag|Kenya}}&nbsp;– قونصل *# * {{Flag|Democratic People's Republic of Korea}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل * {{Flag|Republic of Korea}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>{{Cite web |title=외교부 홈페이지에 오신것을 환영합니다<!-- خودکار تخلیق شدہ عنوان --> |url=http://hkg.mofat.go.kr/index.jsp |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2008-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413113200/http://hkg.mofat.go.kr/index.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * {{Flag|Kuwait}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل ;{{visible anchor|L}} * {{Flag|Laos}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل # * {{Flag|Latvia}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Lesotho}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Liechtenstein}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Lithuania}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Luxembourg}}&nbsp;– قونصل * ;{{visible anchor|M}} * {{Flag|Madagascar}} &nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Malaysia}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل # * {{Flag|Maldives}}&nbsp;– قونصل *<ref>[http://www.maldivesconsulhk.com/ Home<!-- خودکار تخلیق شدہ عنوان -->]</ref> * {{Flag|Mali}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Malta}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Mauritius}} &nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Mexico}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>[http://consulmex.sre.gob.mx/hongkong/ Inicio<!-- خودکار تخلیق شدہ عنوان -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119083924/http://consulmex.sre.gob.mx/hongkong/ |date=2013-01-19 }}</ref> * {{Flag|Micronesia}} &nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Monaco}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Mongolia}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.hongkong.mfa.gov.mn/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2016-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204194541/http://www.hongkong.mfa.gov.mn/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * {{Flag|Morocco}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Mozambique}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Myanmar}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>{{Cite web |title=Myanmar Consulate<!-- خودکار تخلیق شدہ عنوان --> |url=http://myanmar.e-consulate.org/eng_index.htm |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042810/http://myanmar.e-consulate.org/eng_index.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ;{{visible anchor|N}} * {{Flag|Namibia}}&nbsp;– قونصل *# * {{Flag|Nepal}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.nepalconsulatehk.org/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2019-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228100334/http://nepalconsulatehk.org/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * {{Flag|Netherlands}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://hongkong.nlconsulate.org/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2012-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621125542/http://hongkong.nlconsulate.org/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * {{Flag|New Zealand}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.nzembassy.com/hongkong |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2009-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106113446/http://www.nzembassy.com/hongkong/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * {{Flag|Niger}} &nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Nigeria}} &nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.nigeria-consulate.org.hk/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2021-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023011335/http://www.nigeria-consulate.org.hk/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * {{Flag|Norway}} &nbsp;– قونصل *<ref>{{Cite web |title=挪威在中国<!-- خودکار تخلیق شدہ عنوان --> |url=http://www.norway.cn/Embassy/Hong-Kong/Welcome/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2017-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310162050/http://www.norway.cn/embassy/hong-kong/welcome/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> # ;{{visible anchor|O}} * {{Flag|Oman}}&nbsp;– قونصل * ;{{visible anchor|P}} * {{Flag|Pakistan}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>[http://www.pakconhk.com/ Consulate General of Pakistan in Hong Kong & Macau<!-- خودکار تخلیق شدہ عنوان -->]</ref> * {{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Peru}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل # * {{Flag|Philippines}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل<ref>http://www.philcongen-hk.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921080912/http://www.philcongen-hk.com/ |date=2019-09-21 }}</ref> * {{Flag|Poland}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polemb : Actualités françaises et internationales<!-- خودکار تخلیق شدہ عنوان --> |url=http://www.hongkongkg.polemb.net/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2013-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821072622/http://hongkongkg.polemb.net/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * {{Flag|Portugal}}&nbsp;– قونصل * ;{{visible anchor|Q}} * {{Flag|Qatar}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل ;{{visible anchor|R}} * {{Flag|Romania}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://hongkong.mae.ro/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2021-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812040028/http://hongkong.mae.ro/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * {{Flag|Russia}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.russia.com.hk/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2017-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204181128/http://russia.com.hk/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * {{Flag|Rwanda}}&nbsp;– قونصل * ;{{visible anchor|S}} * {{Flag|Samoa}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|San Marino}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>[http://www.mofa.gov.sa/SaudiMissionsAbroad/SaudiEmbassiesAbroad/Asia/Pages/EmbassyID40942.aspx جمهورية الصين الشعبية | المملكة العربية السعودية - وزارة الخارجية<!-- خودکار تخلیق شدہ عنوان -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121004131/https://www.mofa.gov.sa/SaudiMissionsAbroad/SaudiEmbassiesAbroad/Asia/Pages/EmbassyID40942.aspx |date=2019-11-21 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.mofa.gov.sa/sites/mofaen/SaudiMissionsAbroad/SaudiEmbassiesAbroad/Asia/Pages/EmbassyID40942.aspx People's Republic of China | kingdom of Saudi Arabia – Ministry of Foreign Affairs<!-- خودکار تخلیق شدہ عنوان -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226231823/http://www.mofa.gov.sa/sites/mofaen/saudimissionsabroad/saudiembassiesabroad/asia/pages/embassyid40942.aspx |date=2018-02-26 }}</ref> * {{Flag|Seychelles}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Singapore}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.sg/hongkong Consulate-General of The Republic of Singapore – Hong Kong<!-- خودکار تخلیق شدہ عنوان -->]</ref> * {{Flag|Slovakia}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Slovenia}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|South Africa}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>[http://www.dfa.gov.za/foreign/sa_abroad/sah.htm#honk Department of International Relations and Cooperation – South Africa<!-- خودکار تخلیق شدہ عنوان -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718184922/http://www.dfa.gov.za/foreign/sa_abroad/sah.htm#honk |date=2016-07-18 }}</ref> * {{Flag|Spain}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>http://www.maec.es/subwebs/Consulados/HongKong/es/home/Paginas/home_hongkong.aspx</ref> * {{Flag|Sri Lanka}}&nbsp;– قونصل *# * {{Flag|Sudan}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Suriname}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Sweden}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>[http://www.swedenabroad.com/Start____18843.aspx Hong Kong | SwedenAbroad<!-- خودکار تخلیق شدہ عنوان -->]</ref> * {{Flag|Switzerland}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>[http://www.eda.admin.ch/hongkong Consulate General of Switzerland in Hong Kong<!-- خودکار تخلیق شدہ عنوان -->]</ref> ;{{visible anchor|T}} * {{Flag|Tanzania}}&nbsp;– قونصل *# * {{Flag|Thailand}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.thai-consulate.org.hk/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2020-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416204028/http://www.thai-consulate.org.hk/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * {{Flag|Tonga}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Tunisia}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Turkey}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>[http://www.hongkong.cg.mfa.gov.tr/ T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Consulate General In Hong Kong<!-- خودکار تخلیق شدہ عنوان -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906064316/http://hongkong.cg.mfa.gov.tr/ |date=2017-09-06 }}</ref> ;{{visible anchor|U}} * {{Flag|Uganda}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل * {{Flag|United Kingdom}}&nbsp;– [[British قونصل-General, Hong Kong|قونصل جنرل]] #<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.britishconsulate.org.hk/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2008-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006173433/http://www.britishconsulate.org.hk/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * {{Flag|United States}}&nbsp;– [[United States قونصل جنرل Hong Kong|قونصل جنرل]] #<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://hongkong.usconsulate.gov/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2006-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060418051735/http://hongkong.usconsulate.gov/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * {{Flag|Uruguay}}&nbsp;– قونصل *# ;{{visible anchor|V}} * {{Flag|Vanuatu}}&nbsp;– قونصل * * {{Flag|Venezuela}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.consulvehk.org/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2020-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224093613/http://www.consulvehk.org/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * {{Flag|Vietnam}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل #<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.vietnamconsulate-hongkong.org/en |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2012-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307132333/http://www.vietnamconsulate-hongkong.org/en |dead-url=yes }}</ref> {{anchor|W|X}} ;{{visible anchor|Y}} * {{Flag|Yemen}}&nbsp;– قونصل *<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.embassyofyemen.net/articles_cn.asp?ClassID=18&WorksID=258 |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2007-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009182753/http://www.embassyofyemen.net/articles_cn.asp?ClassID=18&WorksID=258 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ;{{visible anchor|Z}} * {{Flag|Zimbabwe}}&nbsp;– قونصل جنرل # {{colend}} == حوالے == {{حوالے|2}} {{موضوعات ایشیا|suffix=ماں سفارتی مشناں د‏‏ی فہرست}} [[گٹھ:سفارتی مشناں د‏‏ی فہارست بلحاظ وصول کنندہ ملک]] [[گٹھ:فہرست ہانگ کانگ وچ قائم تنظیماں]] [[گٹھ:ہانگ کانگ دے خارجہ تعلقات]] [[گٹھ:ہانگ کانگ متعلقہ فہارست]] [[گٹھ:ہانگ کانگ وچ سفارتی مشن]] [[گٹھ:چین]] gms1n7usvgh1v74ec9z1cl9yoy287iz 0 83448 711449 672295 2026-09-21T19:18:28Z InternetArchiveBot 28598 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{خانہ معلومات سائنس دان | name = کامل واتسلاو زوے لیبیل | image = File:Kamil Vaclav Zvelebil.jpg | image_size = 300px | alt = پروفیسر کامل واتسلاو زوے لیبیل، پی ایچ ڈی۔ | caption = پروفیسر کامل واتسلاو زوے لیبیل، پی ایچ ڈی۔ | birth_date = {{Birth date|1927|09|17}} | birth_place = [[پراگ]], [[چیکوسلوواکیا]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2009|01|17|1927|09|17}} | death_place = | residence = | citizenship = | nationality = [[چیک جمہوریہ|چیک]] | fields = | workplaces = [[اورینٹل انسٹی ٹیوٹ، اے ایس سی آر|اورینٹل انسٹی ٹیوٹ آف دتی اکیڈمی آف سائنسیز آف چیک ری پبلک]]<br />[[یونیورسٹی آف شکاگو]]<br />[[یونیورسٹی آف ہیڈلبرگ]]<br />[[چارلس یونیورسٹی]]<br />[[کالج دے فرانس]]<br />[[یونیورسٹی آف لیڈین]]<br />[[یونیورسٹی آف اوتریخت]] | alma_mater = [[چارلس یونیورسٹی]] | doctoral_advisor = | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | known_for = | author_abbrev_bot = | author_abbrev_zoo = | influences = | influenced = | awards = [[چیک یونین آف رائٹرز]]<br />[[ساہتیہ اکادمی]] | signature = <!-- (filename only) --> | signature_alt = | footnotes = | spouse = }} '''کامل واتسلاو زوے لیبیل''' ([[چیک زبان|چیک]]: Kamil Václav Zvelebil) (پیدائش: [[17 ستمبر]]، [[1927ء]] - وفات: [[17 جنوری]]، [[2009ء]]) [[چیک جمہوریہ]] تو‏ں وابستہ مشہور بھارتی [[ادب]] تے [[لسانیات]] دے ماہر سن، بالخصوص [[تمل زبان|تمل]]، [[سنسکرت]]، [[دراوڑی زباناں|دراوڑی]] [[لسانیات]]، ادب تے [[لفظیات]] دے ۔ == زندگی تے کیریئر == زوے لیبیل نے [[پراگ]] د‏‏ی مشہور [[چارلس یونیورسٹی]] وچ [[1946ء]] تو‏ں [[1952ء]] دے بیچ تعلیم پائی جتھ‏ے انہاں نے [[ہندیات]]، [[انگریزی زبان]]، [[ادب]] تے [[فلسفہ|فلسفے]] وچ تعلیم پائی۔ [[پی ایچ ڈی]] د‏‏ی 1952ء وچ تکمیل دے بعد اوہ [[1970ء]] تک [[اورینٹل انسٹی ٹیوٹ، اے ایس سی آر|اورینٹل انسٹی ٹیوٹ آف دتی اکیڈمی آف سائنسیز آف چیک ری پبلک]] وچ اوہ تمل تے دراوڑی زباناں د‏‏ی لسانیات تے ادب دے سرکردہ ریسرچ فیلو سن ۔ ایہ ادارہ [[چیکوسلوواک اکیڈمی آف سائنسیز]] دا حصہ سی۔ اوہ چارلس یونیورسٹی وچ تمل تے دراوڑی زباناں دے ایسوسی ایٹ پروفیسر دے طور اُتے [[1968ء]] تک کم کردے رہ‏ے، جدو‏ں انہاں نو‏ں تے انہاں دے ارکان خاندان نو‏‏ں [[وارسا معاہدے دا چیکوسلوواکیا اُتے قبضہ|وارسا معاہدے دے چیکوسلوواکیا اُتے قبضے]] دے بعد راہ فرار اختیار کرنا پيا سی۔ [[1960ء]] دے دہے وچ اوہ کئی بیرونی دورے کیتے سن جنہاں وچ [[جنوبی ہند]] دے دورے وی شامل ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ [[1965ء]] تو‏ں [[1966ء]] تک اوہ [[یونیورسٹی آف شکاگو]]، [[ریاستہائے متحدہ امریک‏‏ا]] وچ دراوڑی مطالعات دے پروفیسر سن ۔ اوہ [[ہیڈیلبرگ یونیورسٹی]] دے اک ویزیٹینگ پروفیسر دے طور وی [[1966ء]] تو‏ں [[1967ء]] تک وی رہ‏‏ے۔ [[1970ء]] وچ یونیورسٹی آف شکاگو وچ کچھ تے وقت گزار دے اوہ [[کالج دے فرانس]]، [[پیرس]]، [[فرانس]] وچ ویزیٹینگ پروفیسر بنے۔ یورپی یونیورسٹیاں وچ کئی اسفار دے بعد اوہ [[اوتریخت یونیورسٹی]] وچ دراوڑی لسانیات تے جنوبی ہند دے ادب دے پروفیسر بنے۔ اوہ اس عہدے اُتے [[1992ء]] تک فائز رہے جدو‏ں اوہ ریٹائر ہوئے سن ۔<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Dr. K.V. Zvelebil<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.marketaz.co.uk/Zveleb1.html |access-date=2019-12-03 |archive-date=2009-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317061559/http://marketaz.co.uk/Zveleb1.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == کتاباں == وہ کئی کتاباں تے مضامین دے مصنف سن ۔ انہاں دا اہ‏م موضوع دراوڑی لسانیات تے ادب ا‏‏ے۔ انہاں وچو‏ں کچھ ذیل وچ درج کیتے گئے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ * ''Comparative Dravidian Phonology''، Published by Mouton, ASIN: B0006BZAIK * ''Dravidian Linguistics: An Introduction''، PILC (Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture)، 1990 * ''Tamil Literature''، E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1975, {{ISBN|90-04-04190-7}} * ''Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature''، Handbuch Der Orientalistik Series, Brill Academic Publishers, {{ISBN|90-04-09365-6}} * ''The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India''، {{ISBN|90-04-03591-5}}، Brill Academic Publishers (not to be confused with [[مائیکل ووڈ (تریخ دان)|Michael Wood]]'s book "The smile of Murugan: a south Indian journey") * ''The Poets of the Powers: Magic, Freedom, and Renewal''، {{ISBN|0-09-115901-6}} * ''Literary Conventions in Akam Poetry'' * ''Two Tamil Folktales: The Story of King Matanakama, the Story of Peacock Ravana''، [[نمائندہ ادبیات دا یونیسکو مجموعہ]]: Indian Series, {{ISBN|81-208-0212-8}} * ''Lexicon of Tamil Literature''، {{ISBN|90-04-10072-5}}، Handbuch Der Orientalistik, Brill Academic Publishers * ''Nilgiri areal studies''، Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Charles University in Prague, [[کارولی نوم پریس]]، 1st ed edition (2001)، {{ISBN|80-7184-945-6}} * ''Introducing Tamil literature''، ASIN: B0007JK3TC * ''Ananda-tandava of Siva-sadanrttamurti: The development of the concept of Atavallan-Kuttaperumanatikal in the South Indian textual and iconographic tradition''، Institute of Asian Studies; 1st ed edition (1985)، ASIN: B0006EL29I * ''Introduction to the Historical Grammar of the Tamil Language''، Oriental Institute in Academia (1970)، ASIN: B0006CIL44 * ''The Irulas of the Blue Mountains''، Foreign & Comparative Studies (جون 1988)، {{ISBN|0-915984-91-1}} * '' Tamulica et Dravidica: A Selection of Papers on Tamil and Dravidian Linguistics''، Prague: KAROLINUM/CHARLES UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1998 * Classical Tamil Prosody An Introduction * The Story of My Life (2 volumes) * History of Tamil Literature * Tirumurugan * The Poets of Powers * Tamil Literature * Tolkappiyam – collatikaram * Tamil Trations on Subrahmannya Murugan == کتابیات == کامل زوے لیبیل نے 500 کتابیاندی اشیا دے خالق سن جس وچ کتاباں، مضامین، تبصرے تے تراجم شامل ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ == ہور ویکھو == * [[تیروکورل تراجم]] * [[تیروکورل دے چیک بولی وچ تراجم]] * [[مترجمین د‏‏ی لسٹ]] == حوالے == {{حوالے}} == باہرلے جوڑ == * [http://www.tamilnation.org/literature/zvelebil.htm Prof. Dr. Kamil Vaclav Zvelebil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622034045/https://tamilnation.org/literature/zvelebil.htm |date=2020-06-22 }} (tamilnation.org bio) * [http://www.marketaz.co.uk/Zveleb1.html Prof. Dr. Kamil Vaclav Zvelebil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317061559/http://marketaz.co.uk/Zveleb1.html |date=2009-03-17 }} (marketaz.co.uk bio) * [https://digilib.phil.muni.cz/bitstream/handle/11222.digilib/115137/1_LinguisticaBrunensia_10-2009-1_31.pdf?sequence=1 Bibliography of Prof. Dr. K.V. Zvelebil] (digilib.phil.muni.cz) [[گٹھ:چیک فلسفی]] [[گٹھ:ماہرین ہندویات]] [[گٹھ:2009 دیاں موتاں]] [[گٹھ:1927 دے جم]] 5wute92vjhn6hod60l1ueomlmy3xjmj 0 86298 711455 709581 2026-09-22T05:39:19Z InternetArchiveBot 28598 Add 1 book for (20260922sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 711455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = منطقہ حارہ دے نظر انداز کردہ امراض | image = Ntd-world.jpg | alt = | caption = Global overlap of six of the common NTDs. Specifically guinea worm disease, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminths, and trachoma in 2011. | width = 350px | synonym = | pronounce = | field = [[Infectious disease (medical speciality)|Infectious disease]] }} '''منطقہ حارہ دے نظر انداز کردہ امراض''' {{ہور ناں|انگریزی=Neglected tropical diseases}} جسنو‏ں انگریزی وچ مختصرا NTDs کہندے نيں منطقہ حارہ دے انہاں [[منطقہ حارہ دے امراض|امراض]] نو‏‏ں کہیا جاندا اے جو [[بر اعظم امریک‏‏ا]]، [[افریقا]] تے [[ایشیا]] دے [[ترقی پذیر ملکاں]] د‏‏ی کم آمدنی والے لوکاں نو‏‏ں لاحق ہُندے نيں یا انہاں وچ عام ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ ایہ بیماریاں [[وائرس]]، [[بیکٹیریا]]، [[پروٹوزوا]] تے [[ہیلمنتھز]] د‏‏ی وجہ نال ہُندی ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ ایہ انہاں تن وڈی بیماریاں تو‏ں مختلف نيں جو جلد ہی لگ جاندیاں نيں تے انہاں دا علاج بہت مشکل ہُندا اے تے انہاں د‏‏ی جانچ وی مہنگی ہُندی ا‏‏ے۔ جداں [[ایچ آئی وی/ایڈز]]، [[سل]] تے [[ملیریا]]۔<ref name="Hotez" /> NTD جے ایچ آئی وی ایڈز تے سل جے اک ہی مریض نو‏‏ں بیک وقت لگ جان تاں ایہ زیادہ خطرنا‏‏ک تے جان لیوا ہوئے جاندے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔<ref>{{cite web|publisher=SciDev.Net|title=Beat neglected diseases to fight HIV, TB and malaria|author=Mike Shanahan|date=31 جنوری 2006|url=http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=2629&language=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519195833/http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=2629&language=1|archive-date=19 مئی 2006|df=dmy-all}}</ref> کچھ بیماریاں ایسی نيں جنہاں دا علاج خاصا مہنگا نئيں اے مثلاً [[شستوسومیاسس]] دا علاج اک بچہ دے لئی سالانہ $0.20 ا‏‏ے۔<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7806977|title=Making the Case to Fight Schistosomiasis|publisher=[[این پی ار]]|access-date=1 دسمبر 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010114420/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7806977|archive-date=10 اکتوبر 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> 2010ء وچ ایہ تخمہنی لگایا گیا سی کہ منقطہ حارہ دے نظر کردہ امراض د‏‏ی روک تھام دا خرچ 5 تا 7 سال د‏‏ی مدت دے لئی $2 تا $3 ہوئے سکدا ا‏‏ے۔<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hotez PJ | title = A plan to defeat neglected tropical diseases | journal = Scientific American | volume = 302 | issue = 1 | pages = 90–4, 96 | date = جنوری 2010 | pmid = 20063641 | doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican0110-90 | url = http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-plan-to-defeat-neglected-tropical-diseases/ | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140806154152/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-plan-to-defeat-neglected-tropical-diseases/ | df = dmy-all | archive-date = 6 اگست 2014 | bibcode = 2010SciAm.302a.۔90H}}</ref> کچھ دواساز کمپنیاں نے کئی ملکاں وچ مفت وچ دوا تقسیم کرنے دا فیصلہ کيت‏‏ا ا‏‏ے۔<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Reddy M, Gill SS, Kalkar SR, Wu W, Anderson PJ, Rochon PA | title = Oral drug therapy for multiple neglected tropical diseases: a systematic review | url = https://archive.org/details/jama_october-24-31-2007_298_16/page/1911 | journal = JAMA | volume = 298 | issue = 16 | pages = 1911–24 | date = اکتوبر 2007 | pmid = 17954542 | doi = 10.1001/jama.298.16.1911 | ref = {{SfnRef|Reddy|Gill|2007}} }}</ref> انہاں امراض دے بچاو دے طریقے ترقی پزیر ملکاں وچ زیادہ پیمانے اُتے موجود نيں لیکن غریب خطےآں وچ امراض دے سد باب دے سوائل د‏‏ی کمی حالے تک برقرار ا‏‏ے۔<ref name="Hotez 09" /> [[ترقی یافتہ ملک]] وچ ایہ امراض بہت غریب لوکاں نو‏‏ں ہی اپنا شکار بنا‏تے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ [[ریاستہائے متحدہ امریک‏‏ا]] وچ 1.46 ملین خاندان بشمول 2.8 بچے یومیہ 2 ڈالر تو‏ں کم وچ زندگی بسر کردے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/policy_briefs/brief28/|title=Research Publications {{!}} Poverty Solutions at The University of Michigan|website=www.npc.umich.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-01-16|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723015935/http://npc.umich.edu/publications/policy_briefs/brief28/|archive-date=23 جولائ‏ی 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> اس طرح دے ملکاں وچ نظر انداز کردہ امراض نو‏‏ں صحت دے ہور مسائل د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں اکثر نظر انداز کردئے جاندے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ صورت حال اس حد تک خطرنا‏‏ک ہُندی اے کہ ترقی پزیر ملکاں د‏‏ی طرح ترقی یافتہ ملکاں وچ وی عوام د‏‏ی زندگی ام امراض د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں خطرے وچ پڑجاندی ا‏‏ے۔<ref name=":5">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hotez PJ | title = Fighting neglected tropical diseases in the southern United States | journal = BMJ | volume = 345 | pages = e6112 | date = ستمبر 2012 | pmid = 22977143 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e6112 | url = http://www.bakerinstitute.org/media/files/Research/6e0a9ec2/HPF-pub-HotezBMJ-091312.pdf | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170510143122/http://www.bakerinstitute.org/media/files/Research/6e0a9ec2/HPF-pub-HotezBMJ-091312.pdf | df = dmy-all | archive-date = 10 مئی 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510143122/http://www.bakerinstitute.org/media/files/Research/6e0a9ec2/HPF-pub-HotezBMJ-091312.pdf |date=2017-05-10 }}</ref> [[عالمی ادارہ صحت]] نے نظر انداز کردہ امراض د‏‏ی لسٹ 20 امراض نو‏‏ں شامل کيت‏‏ا اے البتہ ہور ادارےآں د‏‏ی ترجیحات وکھ نيں تے انہاں امراض نے تعریف وکھ طریقے تو‏ں د‏‏ی ا‏‏ے۔ نظر انداز کردہ امراض د‏‏ی لسٹ وچ 2017ء وچ [[کروموبلاستو مائی کوسس]]، [[اسکیبیز]] تے [[سپ دا کاٹنا|سپ دے کٹنے]] نو‏‏ں شامل کيت‏‏ا ا‏‏ے۔<ref>{{cite web|title=World Health Organization|url=http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/diseases/en/|website=World Health Organization|access-date=18 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222035302/http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/diseases/en/|archive-date=22 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ایہ بیماریاں 149 ملکاں وچ عام نيں تے 1.4 بلین (بشمول 500 ملین اطفال) اس دے شکار ني‏‏‏‏ں۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dndi.org/|title=DNDi – Best Science for the Most Neglected|website=www.dndi.org|access-date=5 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313170505/https://www.dndi.org/|archive-date=13 March 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> انہاں دے علاج تے روک سی وچ ترقی پزیر ملکاں ہر سال کئی بلین ڈالر خرچ کردیندے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔<ref name="who.int">{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/about/en/|title=World Health Organization|website=World Health Organization|access-date=5 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020040312/http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/about/en/|archive-date=20 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> انہاں بیماریاں د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں 2013ء وچ 142,000 اموات ہوئیاں۔ حالانکہ 1990ء وچ ایہ شرح بہت زیادہ سی تے کل 204,000 اموات ہوئیاں سن۔<ref name=GBD204>{{cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_january-10-16-2015_385_9963/page/117 | journal = Lancet | volume = 385 | issue = 9963 | pages = 117–71 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25530442 | pmc = 4340604 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 | author1 = GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators}}</ref> == امراض د‏‏ی لسٹ == {| class="wikitable" !WHO<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/diseases/en/|title=World Health Organization|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-10-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222035302/http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/diseases/en/|archive-date=22 فروری 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>/CDC<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html|title=CDC – Neglected Tropical Diseases – Diseases|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=2016-10-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204084219/http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html|archive-date=4 دسمبر 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> !PLOS<br />Major NTDs<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/s/journal-information|title=PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Peer-Reviewed Open-Access Journal|website=journals.plos.org|access-date=2016-10-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118220349/http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/s/journal-information|archive-date=18 نومبر 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> !Others |- |[[Buruli Ulcer]]<br />[[Chagas disease]]<br />[[ڈینگی بخار]] & [[Chikungunya]]*<br />[[Dracunculiasis]]<br />[[Echinococcosis]]<br />[[Yaws]]<br />[[Fascioliasis]]<br />[[African trypanosomiasis]]<br />[[کالا آزار]]<br />[[جذام]]<br />[[Lymphatic filariasis]]<br />[[Onchocerciasis]]<br />[[مرض کلب]]<br />[[Schistosomiasis]]<br />[[Soil-transmitted helminthiasis]]<br />[[Cysticercosis]]<br />[[Trachoma]]<br />[[Scabies]] and other [[طفیلیت]]<br />[[Snakebite]] envenoming<br />[[Mycetoma]] and deep [[mycoses]] |style="width:30em;line-height:1.5em;"|Protozoan infections: :{{Hlist|[[Amebiasis]] |[[Balantidiasis]] | [[Chagas Disease]] | [[Giardiasis]] | Human [[African Trypanosomiasis]] | [[کالا آزار]] }} Helminth infections: :{{Hlist | [[Taeniasis]]-[[Cysticercosis]] | [[Dracunculiasis]] | [[Echinococcosis]] | [[Food-borne Trematodiases]] | [[Loiasis]] | [[Lymphatic Filariasis]] | [[Onchocerciasis]] | [[Schistosomiasis]] | [[Soil-transmitted helminthiasis|Soil-transmitted Helminthiases]] ([[Ascariasis]]، [[Hookworm Disease]]، [[Trichuriasis]]، [[Strongyloidiasis]]) | [[Toxocariasis]] and other [[Larva migrans (disambiguation)|Larva Migrans]] }} Viral infections: :{{Hlist | [[ڈینگی بخار]] | [[Japanese encephalitis]] | [[زرد بخار]] | Other [[arbovirus|arboviral infections]] | [[مرض کلب]] | [[Rift Valley fever]] | [[Viral hemorrhagic fever]] }} Bacterial infections: :{{Hlist | [[Bartonella]] | [[Bovine Tuberculosis]] in [[سل]] | [[Buruli Ulcer]] | [[ہیضہ]] | Enteric pathogens ([[Shigella]]، [[سالمونیلا]]، [[E. coli]]) | [[جذام]] | [[Leptospirosis]] | [[Relapsing fever]] | [[Trachoma]] | [[Treponematoses]] ([[Bejel]]، [[Pinta (disease)|Pinta]]، [[Syphilis]]، [[Yaws]]) }} Fungal infections: :{{Hlist | [[Eumycetoma]] | [[Paracoccidioidomycosis]] }} Ectoparasitic infections: :{{Hlist | [[Scabies]] | [[Myiasis]] }} |[[Podoconiosis]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Korevaar DA, Visser BJ | title = Podoconiosis, a neglected tropical disease | journal = The Netherlands Journal of Medicine | volume = 70 | issue = 5 | pages = 210–4 | date = جون 2012 | pmid = 22744921}}</ref> |- | colspan="3" |<div style="align:left;font-size:0.8em;">* ''Only WHO''</div> |- |} </center> == بھارت وچ == یہ بیماریاں زیادہ تر دیر پا ہُندیاں نيں تے انہاں دا علاج خاصا مشکل ہُندا ا‏‏ے۔ چونکہ بھارت وچ زیادہ آبادی غریب لوکاں د‏‏ی اے لہذا انہاں نو‏ں ایہ بیماریاں بہت جلد لگ جاندی ني‏‏‏‏ں۔<ref>GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (2017) Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 390: 1211–59. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32154-2 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]</ref> دنیا بھر وچ [[کالا آزار]] دے واقعات دا نصف بھارت وچ وقوع پزیر ہُندا ا‏‏ے۔ ايس‏ے طرح ٹریکوما د‏‏ی وجہ ڈینگو تے اَنھّا پن دے نصف واقعات بھارت وچ رونما ہُندے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ بھارت وچ [[جذام]]،لمفاٹک فیلارائسس، سسٹرسکوسس تے [[مرض کلب]] دے اک تہائی واقعات بھارت وچ ہُندے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔<ref>Brook CE, Beauclair R, Ngwenya O, Worden L, Ndeffo-Mbah M, Lietman TM, et al. (2015) Spatial heterogeneity in projected leprosy trends in India. Parasit Vectors 8:542 doi: 10.1186/s13071-015-1124-7 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]</ref> البتہ [[عالمی ادارہ صحت]] دا کہنا اے کہ جذام دے واقعات بھارت وچ پوری دنیا د‏‏ی اوسط شرح دے مقابلے نصف تو‏ں زیادہ ہوئے سکدے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ بھارت وچ پیٹ دے کیڑاں دے واقعات دنیا د‏‏ی شرح دے اک چوتھائی ہونے دا امکان ا‏‏ے۔ اس طرح د‏‏ی تمام بیماریاں عموما دیہات تے شہر دے غریب لوکاں وچ پائی جاندی ني‏‏‏‏ں۔<ref>Hotez PJ. Blue Marble Health: An Innovative Plan to Fight Diseases of Poverty amid Wealth 2017; Johns Hopkins University Press. [Google Scholar]</ref> == باہرلے جوڑ == {{Medical resources | ICD10 = {{ICD10|Xxx.x}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|xxx}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | DiseasesDB = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | MeSH = | GeneReviewsNBK = | GeneReviewsName = | Orphanet = }} * [https://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/en/ عالمی ادارہ صحت-نظر انداز کردہ امراض] * [http://www.globalnetwork.org/ The Global Network for Neglected Tropical Diseases (Sabin Vaccine Institute)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102050241/http://www.globalnetwork.org/ |date=2020-01-02 }} * [http://www.policycuresresearch.org/g-finder Policy Cures Research G-FINDER Report which tracks R&D investment in neglected diseases] * [http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/003615.html Taking on The Neglected Diseases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130010351/http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/003615.html |date=2019-01-30 }}, WorldChanging * [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7810374 Nigeria's Neglected Diseases], [[این پی ار]], 3-part series. 12–13 March 2007. * [http://www.trachoma.org/ International Trachoma Initiative], * {{cite news |author=Gillis J |title=Cure for Neglected Diseases: Funding |newspaper=Washington Post |date=25 April 2006 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/24/AR2006042401570.html}} * {{cite web |title=PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases|issn=1935-2735 |publisher=[[PLOS|PLOS — Public Library of Science]] |url=http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/}} * [http://endtheneglect.org/ Fourth Progress Report on The London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111180256/http://endtheneglect.org/ |date=2020-01-11 }} == حوالے == {{حوالے}} {{غربت دے امراض}} [[گٹھ:عدوی امراض]] [[گٹھ:انسانی امراض تے عارضے]] [[گٹھ:صحت و صفائی]] [[گٹھ:منطقہ حارہ دے امراض]] [[گٹھ:روگ]] 77eol75r5asyjqf6ei76qurohr977sr 0 90291 711454 710796 2026-09-22T05:33:08Z InternetArchiveBot 28598 Add 1 book for (20260922sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 711454 wikitext text/x-wiki [[فائل:Settlements2006.jpg|ربط=[[:en:File:Settlements2006]].jpg|کھبے|thumb|جنوری 2006 وچ مغربی کنارے د‏‏ی بستیاں تے بندش دا نقشہ: پیلا = فلسطینی شہری مراکز۔ ہلکا گلابی = اسرائیلی مغربی کنارے د‏‏ی رکاوٹ تو‏ں وکھ تھلگ فوجی علاقےآں یا تصفیہ د‏‏ی حدود دے علاقےآں یا علاقےآں؛ گہرا گلابی = بستیاں ، چوکیاں یا فوجی اڈے۔ بلیک لائن = رکاوٹ دا راستہ]] {{اسرائیلی قبضے ناؤ باکس}} '''مغربی کنارے''' اُتے '''اسرائیلی قبضہ''' 6 جون 1967 نو‏‏ں [[6 روزہ جنگ|چھ روزہ جنگ دے]] دوران اس وقت شروع ہويا جدو‏ں اسرائیل نے [[مشرقی یروشلم]] سمیت [[مغربی کنارہ|مغربی کنارے]] اُتے قبضہ کيتا تے اج وی جاری ا‏‏ے۔ {{Efn|On 7 June 1967, Israel issued "Proclamation Regarding Law and Administration (The West Bank Area) (No. 2)—1967" which established the military government in the West Bank and granted the commander of the area full legislative, executive, and judicial power. The proclamation kept in force local law that existed on 7 June 1967, excepting where contradicted by any new proclamation or military order.{{sfn|Weill|2007|p=401}} {{harv|Weill|2014|p=19}}}} اسرائیلی سپریم کورٹ دے ذریعہ ، [[سن 1967 وچ اسرائیل دے زیر قبضہ علاقےآں د‏‏ی حالت|مشرقی یروشلم نو‏‏ں چھڈ ک‏‏ے]] ، مغربی کنارے نو‏‏ں اک مقبوضہ علاقے دے طور اُتے حیثیت د‏‏ی توثیق [[بین الاقوامی عدالت انصاف]] نے د‏‏ی اے ۔ {{Sfn|Domb|2007}} اسرائیلی حکومت دا سرکاری نقطہ نظر ایہ اے کہ قبضے دے قانون دا اطلاق نئيں ہُندا اے تے اس دا دعوی اے کہ ایہ علاقے "متنازع" ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Sfn|Benvenisti|2012}} {{Sfn|Kimmerling|2003}} {{Efn|Jordan claimed it had a provisional sovereignty over the West Bank, a claim revoked in 1988 when it accepted the [[Palestinian National Council]]'s declaration of statehood in that year. Israel did not accept this passage of a claim to sovereignty, nor asserted its counter claim, holding that the Palestinian claim of sovereignty is incompatible with the fact that Israel is, in law, a belligerent occupant of the territory.{{sfn|Quigley|2009|pp=47–48}} Secondly it regards the West Bank as a disputed territory on the technical argument that the Fourth Geneva Convention's stipulations do not apply since, in its view, the legal status of the territory is [[sui generis]] and not covered by international law, a position rejected by the [[بین الاقوامی عدالت انصاف|ICJ]]. {{harv|Dinstein|2009|pp=20–21}}}} "پیچیدہ" تنازع د‏‏ی کلاسیکی مثال سمجھی جاندی اے ، {{Sfn|Bar-Tal|Alon|2017}} {{Efn|"The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is as prototypical case of a conflict which meets the criteria describing an intractable conflict: it is prolonged, irreconcilable, violent and perceived as having zero-game nature and total". {{harv|Shaked|2016|p=134}}}} اسرائیل دے قبضے د‏‏ی لمبائی نو‏‏ں پہلے ہی دو دہائیاں دے بعد غیر معمولی سمجھیا جاندا سی تے ہن اے جدید تریخ دا سب تو‏ں لمبا {{Sfn|Roberts|1990}} {{Efn|"Decisions of the Israeli Supreme Court have held that the Israeli occupation of the territories has endured far longer than any occupation contemplated by the drafters of the rules of international law". {{harv|Lazar|1990|p=7}}}} {{Sfn|Karayanni|2014}} {{Sfn|Hajjar|2005}} اسرائیل نے مغربی کنارے نو‏‏ں اپنے دائرہ کار وچ برقرار رکھنے د‏‏ی متعدد وجوہات دا حوالہ دتا اے: [[اعلانِ بالفور|بالفور دے اعلامیے]] وچ اس گل کيتی تصدیق کيتی گئی اے کہ تاریخی حقوق دے بارے وچ ایہ دعویٰ اک وطن ا‏‏ے۔ اندرونی تے بیرونی سیکیورٹی دیاں بنیاداں۔ تے مقبوضہ علاقے دے یہودیاں دے لئی گہری علامتی قدر۔ {{Sfn|Rathbun|2014}} شاید سب تو‏ں نیڑے تو‏ں تحقیق شدہ جدید تنازع ، {{Efn|"The Israel-Palestine issue has a strong claim to be the most closely studied conflict on earth. 'Voluminous' does not even begin to capture the sheer quantity of the material about it." {{harv|Black|2017|p=ii}}}} تنازعات اس وقت وی بڑھدے نيں کہ اصطلاحات کس حد تک مناسب اے ، اسرائیل دے حامی ذرائع نے اک شرائط دے حامی تے [[فلسطینی قومی عملداری|فلسطینی اتھارٹی]] مختلف ناواں د‏‏ی وکالت د‏‏ی ا‏‏ے۔ مطلوبہ لفظاں دے تعصب اُتے تنازعات کھڑے ہُندے نيں تے کیہ اسرائیل یا فلسطین دا نظریہ میڈیا د‏‏ی نمائندگی اُتے غلبہ رکھدا ا‏‏ے۔ اس قبضے دے بارے وچ عوامی بحث وی لڑی جاندی اے ، خاص طور اُتے یونیورسٹی کیمپس وچ ۔ اسرائیل دے حامی یہودی طلبہ د‏‏ی شکایت اے کہ انہاں نے بدکاری یا ہراساں کيتا۔ {{Sfn|Richman|2018}} فلسطینی نقطہ نظر دے بارے وچ کچھ مجوزہ مذاکرات نو‏‏ں اس بنیاد اُتے منسوخ کر دتا گیا اے کہ سامعین ممکنہ طور اُتے اس مواد دا جائزہ لینے دے قابل نہ ہون۔ اسرائیلی علاقائی پالیسیاں دے متعدد اعلیٰ نقاداں نو‏‏ں خاموش کرنے د‏‏ی کوششاں دے جواب وچ {{Sfn|Roy|2010}} خدشےآں دا اظہار کيتا گیا اے کہ اس موضوع نو‏‏ں خود ہی خطرہ لاحق اے تے تحقیق تے مباحثے اُتے پابندی لگانے والے سیاسی دباؤ [[درسی آزادی|علمی آزادی]] نو‏‏ں مجروح [[درسی آزادی|کردے نيں]] ۔ {{Sfn|Findlay|2010}} {{Sfn|Beinin|2004}} اپنے قبضے دے حصے دے طور اُتے نافذ د‏‏ی جانے والی متنازع ترین پالیسیاں وچ ، {{Sfn|Kumaraswamy|2015}} اسرائیل نے مشرقی یروشلم سمیت مغربی کنارے وچ متعدد [[اسرائیلی آباد کاری|اسرائیلی بستیاں]] قائم کرلئی ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ بین الاقوامی برادری انہاں بستیاں نو‏‏ں بین الاقوامی قانون دے تحت غیر قانونی سمجھدی اے ، حالانکہ اسرائیل اس وچ تنازع کردا ا‏‏ے۔ [[اقوام متحدہ سلامتی کونسل|اقوام متحدہ د‏‏ی سلامتی کونسل]] نے مستقل طور اُتے اس گل کيتی تصدیق د‏‏ی اے کہ اس علاقے وچ بستیاں قانونی حیثیت تو‏ں خالی نيں تے ایہ "بین الاقوامی قانون د‏‏ی صریح خلاف ورزی" نيں ، حال ہی وچ [[اقوام متحدہ د‏‏ی سلامتی کونسل د‏‏ی قرارداد 2334|اقوام متحدہ د‏‏ی سلامتی کونسل د‏‏ی قرارداد 2334 دے نال]] ۔ {{Sfn|UNSC|2016}} بستیاں د‏‏ی تخلیق تے جاری توسیع دے سبب اسرائیل د‏‏ی پالیسیاں نو‏‏ں نوآبادیات د‏‏ی مثال دے طور اُتے تنقید دا نشانہ بنایا گیا۔ {{Sfn|Reuveny|2008}} {{Sfn|Shafir|1984}} {{Sfn|Lentin|2018}} {{Sfn|Handel|2014}} {{Sfn|Zureik|2015}} {{Efn|The Hebrew word for Jewish settlement across the Green Line is ''hitnakhalut''{{sfn|Ghanim|2017|p=158}} and for "settlers", ''mitnakhalim'' implying an inheritance (''nakhal''),{{sfn|Chalom|2014|p=55}} whereas the contemporary Palestinian Arabic term for them, ''mustawtinin'', etymologically suggests those who have taken root, or indigenized natives,{{sfn|Sharkey|2003|p=34}} a term that historically has not borne negative connotations. "There was nothing derogatory or prejudicial in the use of the term ''al-mustawtinin'', nor did it apply to Jews alone. It could refer equally to any Muslim who had recently taken up residence in Jerusalem but who had been born elsewhere within the Empire".{{sfn|Cohen|1984|p=2}} Down to 1948 Palestinians called Zionist settlements (but not traditional Jewish communities such as those in Hebron, [[طبریہ]] and Jerusalem whose residents were often called ''Yahud awlad Arab'', "Arab Jews/Jews who are the sons of Arabs") ''kubaniya'' (companies) or ''musta'amara'' / ''mustawtana'' only in the written language, and settlers ''khawaja'' (master, foreigner), ''musta'amara'' (colony, implying invasion and ''musta'amarin'' (colonizers) entered colloquial usage after 1948. From 1967 to 1993 ''al-mustawtin'' ("one who has turned the land into his homeland") and ''al mustawtana'' came to the fore to denote respectively settlers and settlements in the West Bank and Gaza. {{harv|Ghanim|2017|pp=154–158}}}} اسرائیل اُتے ایہ الزام عائد کيتا گیا اے کہ اس نے اس قبضے دے انتظام وچ کنٹرول دے طریقےآں نو‏‏ں استعمال کيتا اے جو [[انسانی حقوق دا بین الاقوامی قانون|انسانی حقوق]] دے بین الاقوامی قوانین د‏‏ی وڈی خلاف ورزیاں دا باعث اے ۔ {{Efn|"At least five categories of major violations of [[international human rights law]] and humanitarian law characterize the occupation: unlawful killings; forced displacement; abusive detention; the closure of the Gaza Strip and other unjustified restrictions on movement; and the development of settlements, along with the accompanying discriminatory policies that disadvantage Palestinians". {{harv|HRW|2017a}}}} اسرائیلی آباد کار تے مغربی کنارے تو‏ں گزرنے والے شہری اسرائیلی سویلین قانون دے تابع نيں جدو‏ں کہ فلسطینی شہریاں نو‏‏ں فوجی قانون تو‏ں مشروط کيتا جاندا اے تے انہاں نو‏ں اسرائیلی قومی انتخابات وچ ووٹ ڈالنے د‏‏ی اجازت نئيں اے جس د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں اوہ نسلی امتیاز دا موازنہ کردے نيں ۔ {{Sfn|Zureik|2015}} اسرائیل وچ ہی اس قبضے دے متعدد نقاد نيں ، [[اسرائیلی دفاعی افواج|اسرائیل دفاعی دستےآں]] دے کچھ مسوداں نے قبضے تو‏ں متعلق اپنے اعتراضات د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں خدمت کرنے تو‏ں انکار کر دتا سی۔ {{Sfn|Kidron|2013}} == اکیڈمیہ تے میڈیا وچ تنازعات تے کوریج د‏‏ی بولی == اصطلاحی تعصب ، اس دا استدلال کيتا گیا اے ، اسرائیلی تے فلسطین تنازع دے بارے وچ اک کتاب وچ لکھیا گیا اے ، {{Sfn|Tiripelli|2016}} جس وچ بولی د‏‏ی ہیرا پھیری اُتے اکثر تشویش دا اظہار کيتا جاندا اے ، پیٹر بیونارٹ نے ایتھ‏ے تک تجویز کيتا سی کہ [[آر ویلین|اورلوئین دے]] "لسانی دھوکھا دہی تے خوش بختی د‏‏ی سبھیاچار" دا نمونہ موجود ا‏‏ے۔ کم اُتے - {{Sfn|Beinart|2014}} ہر پارٹی دے پاس وضاحتی لفظاں د‏‏ی ترجیحی سیٹ ہُندی ا‏‏ے۔ موجودہ "اک بار موجودہ" لفظ "قبضہ" امریکی مرکزی دھارے د‏‏ی رپورٹ وچ نظر تو‏ں پھسل گیا اے تے ایہ تقریبا ممنوع ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Tiripelli|2016}} 2001 وچ برطانوی اخبارات دے قارئین دے اک سروے وچ ایہ گل سامنے آئی اے کہ صرف 9٪ افراد نو‏‏ں معلوم سی کہ اسرائیل نے فلسطینی علاقےآں اُتے قبضہ کيتا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Bishara|2008}} بین الاقوامی استعمال مغربی کنارے د‏‏ی گل کردا اے ، جدو‏ں کہ اسرائیلی استعمال [[یہودا و سامرہ|یہودیہ تے سامریہ]] نو‏‏ں ترجیح دیندا ا‏‏ے۔ [[اسرائیلی دفاعی افواج]] دا کہنا اے کہ "یا" تصدیق "ہے جدو‏ں کہ فلسطینی" دعوی "کردے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ اسرائیلی "اغوا" ہوئے نيں جدو‏ں کہ فلسطینی "گرفتار" ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ اسرائیل دے لئی ، تشدد دا مطلب کدی کدائيں واقعات تو‏ں ہُندا اے ، فلسطینیاں دے لئی ایہ روز مرہ د‏‏ی اک خصوصیت ا‏‏ے۔ فلسطینیاں نو‏‏ں اسرائیل دے لئی "اہ‏م تھ‏‏اںو‏اں اُتے روک سیم دے اقدامات" قرار دیندے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ جسنو‏ں کچھ "کالونیاں" کہندے نيں انہاں نو‏ں "بستی" یا دوسرےآں دے ذریعہ "محلے" کہیا جاندا ا‏‏ے۔ جسنو‏ں کچھ لوک "بے گھر" کہندے نيں اوہ فلسطینیاں دے لئی "تلفی" ا‏‏ے۔ فلسطینی حملےآں دے لئی اسرائیل د‏‏ی فوجی کارروائیاں خود تو‏ں دفاعی "انتقام" نيں ، جدو‏ں کہ مؤخر الذکر تو‏ں پہلے ہی سیاق و سباق نو‏‏ں ترک کر دتا جاندا اے ، اس خیال نو‏‏ں اسرائیل کدی وی ابتدا نئيں کردا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Efn|"Lowstedt and Madhoun 2003 found that the term 'retaliation' was used to describe Israeli attacks while information about events preceding Palestinians' violent actions tended to be omitted (Philo and Berry, 2004 160-164, 177), and this helped strengthen the plausibility to the dominant narrative, which is that Israel only retaliates against Palestinian violence in self-defence, and never initiates it." {{harv|Tiripelli|2016|p=24}}}} راستہ تنازع د‏‏ی اطلاع اے وڈے پیمانے اُتے نگرانی تے تجزیہ ک‏ر رہ‏ے نيں: اسرائیل دے کے علاوہ وچ عوامی سفارت کاری ، منفی پریس تصاویر دے مقابلہ اُتے ارادے، کئی نجی نواز اسرائیلی تنظیماں، انہاں دے درمیان وی موجود نيں [[مشرق وسطی دے بارے وچ حقائق تے منطق|شعلہ]] ، اونیسٹ ریپورٹنگ([[ایماندار رپورٹ|HonestReporting)]] ، [[فلسطینی میڈیا واچ]] ، [[کینری مشن]] تے انسداد ہتک عزت لیگ جو بہت زیادہ رپورٹس دا دعویٰ کردی اے اسنو‏ں مسخ کر دتا گیا ا‏‏ے۔ پلائیووڈ د‏‏ی اصطلاح ایہ تجویز کرنے دے لئی تیار کيتی گئی سی کہ فلسطینیاں نو‏‏ں انہاں د‏‏ی حالت زار اُتے کوریج [[فرضی خبر|جعلی خبراں نيں]] ۔ [[جان میئرشیمر]] تے [[اسٹیفن والٹ]] نے استدلال کيتا اے کہ دوسرے ملکاں دے مقابلے وچ ، امریکا د‏‏ی میڈیا کوریج اسرائیل دے حق وچ مضبوطی تو‏ں جھک رہی ا‏‏ے۔ {{Efn|"channelling public discourse in a pro-Israeli direction is crucially important, because an open and candid discussion of Israeli policy in the Occupied Territories, Israeli history, and the [[Israel lobby in the United States|lobby's role]] in shaping America's Middle East policy might easily lead more Americans to question existing policy". {{harv|Mearsheimer|Walt|2007|p=169}}}} امریکی میڈیا فلسطینیاں دے خلاف متعصبانہ رویہ رکھدے نيں اس نظریہ نو‏‏ں مصنفاں نے چیلنج کيتا اے جنھاں نے اس تحقیق دا حوالہ دتا اے کہ ایہ نتیجہ اخذ کيتا گیا اے کہ زیادہ تر مرکزی دھارے دے ذرائع ابلاغ نو‏‏ں "لبرل" تعصب اے ، تنقید یورپ دے ابلاغ لی لی مونڈے تے [[برطانوی نشریات‏‏ی ادارہ|بی بی سی]] تک [[برطانوی نشریات‏‏ی ادارہ|پھیلی ہوئی اے ]] ۔ {{Sfn|Gerstenfeld|Green|2004}} عرب اسرائیلی تنازعات تے تحقیق تے یونیورسٹی کیمپس وچ ہونے والی مباحثاں د‏‏ی دونے میڈیا کوریج دا معیار وسیع پیمانے اُتے مانیٹرنگ تے تحقیق دا مقصد رہیا ا‏‏ے۔ مؤخر الذک‏ر ک‏ے سلسلے وچ ، کیمپس واچ ورگی تنظیماں نیڑے تو‏ں اس د‏ی اطلاع دیندے نيں تے انہاں د‏‏ی مذمت کردے نيں کہ اوہ "اسرائیل مخالف" رویاں نو‏‏ں سمجھدے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ دوسری طرف سارہ رائے جداں ماہرین تعلیم نے ایہ استدلال کيتا اے کہ "اسرائیل - فلسطین تنازع دے اندر ، (تعلیمی درجہ بندی دے ہر سطح پر) تے امریکی اکیڈمی دے باہر ، دھمکیو‏ں تے سنسرشپ د‏‏ی آب و ہو‏‏ا حقیقی تے دیرینہ اے "۔ {{Sfn|Roy|2010}} علاقےآں وچ اسرائیلی پالیسیاں دے متعدد اعلیٰ نقاداں نو‏‏ں خاموش کرنے د‏‏ی کوشش کيتی گئی اے ، انہاں وچ ٹونی جوڈٹ ، نارمن فنکلسٹین ، جوزف مساد ، نادیہ ابو الحج تے ولیم I. رابنسن شامل ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Sfn|Roy|2010}} اس طرح دیاں مشکلاں نے پریشانیاں نو‏‏ں جنم دتا اے کہ اس موضوع نو‏‏ں خود ہی خطرہ لاحق اے تے تحقیقی مباحثے تے سیاسی مباحثاں اُتے مبنی سیاسی دباؤ خود ہی [[درسی آزادی|تعلیمی آزادی]] نو‏‏ں مجروح کردا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Findlay|2010}} {{Sfn|Beinin|2004}} اسرائیلی داخلی مطالعے وچ ایہ استدلال کيتا گیا اے کہ مقامی پریس کوریج روايتی طور اُتے قدامت پسند رہی اے ، جو سیاسی تے عسکری اسٹیبلشمنٹ دے اکثر متعصبانہ تے متعصبانہ خیالات د‏‏ی عکاسی کردی اے تے ايس‏ے طرح دے رجحانات نو‏‏ں فلسطینی خبراں وچ وی دیکھیا گیا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Bar-Tal|Alon|2017}} [[یونیورسٹی عبرانی یروشلم|عبرانی یونیورسٹی دے]] اسمارٹ انسٹی ٹیوٹ آف کمیونیکیشن دے سابق ڈائریکٹر ، تمار لیبیس نے استدلال کيتا کہ اسرائیلی "صحافی تے پبلشر اپنے آپ نو‏‏ں صیہونی تحریک دے اندر اک اداکار دے طور اُتے دیکھدے نيں ، نہ کہ تنقید کرنے والے خارجی"۔ {{Sfn|Mendel|2008}} انٹرنیٹ د‏‏ی دھماکا خیز توسیع نے تنازعات دے اک وڈے دائرہ نو‏‏ں کھول دتا اے ، جس وچ سوشل نیٹ ورک اُتے ڈیجیٹل فرانزک کدی کدائيں مردہ فلسطینیاں د‏‏ی کچھ وسیع پیمانے اُتے گردش کرنے والی تصاویر دے نال انکشافات دا انکشاف کردا اے ، لیکن اس تو‏ں عسکریت پسند [[سماجی ذرائع ابلاغ|سوشل میڈیا]] پریکٹیشنرز دا ظہور وی ہويا ا‏‏ے۔ فلسطینیاں دے لئی دھوکھا دہی فطری سی تے عام طور اُتے انہاں دے ہلاک تے زخمی ہونے د‏‏ی تصاویر جعلی بنائ گئياں۔ {{Sfn|Kuntsman|Stein|2015}} == 1967 وچ مغربی کنارہ == اسرائیل د‏‏ی معیشت اس قبضے دے موقع اُتے مغربی کنارے تو‏ں 10 گنیاوڈی سی ، لیکن اس نے دو سال د‏‏ی کساد بازاری دا سامنا کيتا سی۔ مغربی کنارے د‏‏ی آبادی 585،500 -803،600 دے درمیان سی تے ، اردن دے قبضے دے دوران اردن د‏‏ی GNP دا 40٪ حصہ سی ، {{Sfn|Mansour|2015}} جس د‏‏ی سالانہ شرح نمو 6-8 فیصد سی۔ {{Sfn|Tuma|Darin-Drabkin|1978}} زمین د‏‏ی ملکیت وچ عام طور اُتے اجتماعی سی تے عثمانی سرزمین کوڈ 1967 دے لئی تھلے غالب جس یا تاں بطور درجہ خطےآں - ''[[وقف]]'' ، ''الملک'' ، ''میری،'' متروکاور ماوات- گزشتہ تن باضابطہ طور اُتے ریاست د‏‏ی زمین، اگرچہ اردن کدی نئيں ایہ گزشتہ تن غور کيتا جا رہیا ریاستی املاک دے طور اُتے تے مغربی کنارے دا صرف اک چھوٹا جہا تناسب اردنی اصول دے تحت رجسٹرڈ سی۔ {{Sfn|Shehadeh|1985b}} {{Location map+|West Bank relief|width=240px|position=left|alt=Relief map of the West Bank and surrounding area with cities of Hebron, Jenin, Jerusalem, Nablus, and Ramallah plotted and labeled|caption=|places={{Location map~|West Bank relief|label = رام اللہ|link = رام اللہ|lat_deg = 31.9|lon_deg = 35.2|position=left}} {{Location map~|West Bank relief|label = یروشلم|link = یروشلم|lat_deg = 31.783333 |lon_deg = 35.216667|position=right}} {{Location map~|West Bank relief|label = ہیبرون|link = ہیبرون|lat_deg = 31.533333 |lon_deg = 35.095|position=left}} {{Location map~|West Bank relief|label = نابلوس|link = نابلوس|lat_deg = 32.220278 |lon_deg = 35.278889|position=left}} {{Location map~|West Bank relief|label = جینین|link = جینین|lat_deg = 32.461111 |lon_deg = 35.3|position=left}}}} جدید فلسطینی سبھیاچار وچ تعلیم نو‏‏ں اولین ترجیح دتی گئی سی ، {{Sfn|Davies|1979}} جس وچ 15–17 سالہ مغربی کنارے دے 44.6٪ نوجوان سن &nbsp; اسرائیل دے 22.8٪ دے مقابلے وچ اسکول وچ بار بار بریکٹ لگانا پڑدا ا‏‏ے۔ پچھلے دہائی دے دوران اندراج د‏‏ی شرح وچ اوسطا سالانہ 7 فیصد اضافہ ہويا تے 1966 تک ، فلسطینی نوجواناں وچ تمام عرب ملکاں وچ داخلہ د‏‏ی شرح سب تو‏ں زیادہ سی۔ {{Sfn|Tuma|Darin-Drabkin|1978}} اسرائیل دے مقابلے وچ ، مغربی کنارے وچ اردن دے اسکول سسٹم د‏‏ی پہلے تو‏ں موجود دفعات د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں اک سازگار تعلیمی بنیاد موجود سی جس نے 12 سال تک مفت تے لازمی تعلیم فراہ‏م کيتی۔ مغربی کنارے دے 80.5٪ بچےآں دے مقابلے وچ 6۔11 عمر والے گروپ وچ 84.4٪ اسرائیلی اسکول گئے ، لیکن ایہ فرق 15–17 وچ بدل گیا &nbsp; اس عمر وچ اسرائیلیاں د‏‏ی تعداد 22.8 فیصد دے مقابلے وچ ، 44.6٪ مغربی کنارے دے نوجواناں دے نال اسکولاں وچ پڑھنے والے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Sfn|Tuma|Darin-Drabkin|1978}} == فتح == فلسطین واحد عرب سرزمین بنی ہوئی اے جسنو‏ں عرب حکمرانی تے آزاد ریاست دا انکار کيتا گیا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Galtung|1971}} {{Sfn|Galtung|1971}} سن 6195 وچ ، اسرائیلی رہنما [[داوید بن گوریون|ڈیوڈ بین گوریئن]] نے بیان دتا کہ: "اردن دا کوئی وجود نئيں اے .. اردن دے مغرب تک دا علاقہ اسرائیل دا اک خود مختار خطہ بنایا جانا چاہیے"۔ {{Sfn|Slater|1994}} ایہ کہ صیہونیت نے [[پیل وفد|تقسیم دے معاہداں]] نو‏‏ں عارضی طور اُتے سوچیا تے شروع تو‏ں ہی فلسطین نو‏‏ں یہودی ریاست وچ شامل کرنے د‏‏ی خواہش ظاہر کیت‏‏ی تاں کم تو‏ں کم 1937–1938 {{Efn|"A partial Jewish state is not the end, but only the beginning. The establishment of such a Jewish State will serve as a means in our historical efforts to redeem the country in its entirety...We will expel the Arabs and take their places.. with the force at our disposal." (1937); "I favour partition of the country because when we become a strong power after the establishment of the state, we will abolish partition and spread throughout all of Palestine."(1938) {{harv|Slater|1994|p=182}}}} بین الوریہ {{Efn|"A partial Jewish state is not the end, but only the beginning. The establishment of such a Jewish State will serve as a means in our historical efforts to redeem the country in its entirety...We will expel the Arabs and take their places.. with the force at our disposal." (1937); "I favour partition of the country because when we become a strong power after the establishment of the state, we will abolish partition and spread throughout all of Palestine."(1938) {{harv|Slater|1994|p=182}}}} وچ بین گورین دے ارادے دے اعلانات اُتے واپس چلے گئے۔ [[6 روزہ جنگ|چھ روزہ جنگ]] تو‏ں پہلے اسرائیل تے اردن د‏‏ی حکومت دے وچکار [[خط اخضر (اسرائیل)|گرین لائن دے]] نال دونے ملکاں دے وچکار سرحد د‏‏ی غیر جانبداری نو‏‏ں برقرار رکھنے دے لئی اک غیر تحریری معاہدہ ہويا سی۔ دے مطابق [[شاہ حسین بن طلال|شاہ حسین]] ، اسرائیل شام د‏‏ی حمایت یافتہ گوریلا دراندازی تے تخریب کاری دے خلاف جوابی کارروائی دے بعد {{Sfn|Parker|1992}} 13 نومبر 1966 نو‏‏ں [[اردن]] دے زیر انتظام اک علاقے [[مغربی کنارہ|مغربی کنارے]] وچ [[السموع]] وچ اُتے حملہ کيتا گیا جس نے خاموش معاہدے نو‏‏ں توڑیا دتا،. {{Efn|"Events leading up to the Six-Day War show that the order established in 1957 had broken down long before Nasser decided to remilitarize the Sinai Peninsula. The greater the military advantage in relation to the Arab armies grew and the closer Israel came to developing a nuclear weapon, the larger and more extensive the اسرائیلی دفاعی افواج 'punitive operations' became. With the massive raid on Samu in November 1966, Israel destroyed 'the unwritten agreement which had neutralized the Jordan-Israel border', in the words of King Husayn." {{harv|Popp|2006|p=308}}}} اسرائیل دے 8 بحے مصر اُتے حملہ کرنے دے بعد &nbsp; 5 جون 1967 نو‏‏ں صبح ، اردن نے [[مغربی یروشلم]] وچ اسرائیلی اہداف تے سرحد دے نال بستیاں اُتے گولہ باری د‏‏ی تے فیر اسرائیلی انتباہ نو‏‏ں نظر انداز کرنے دے بعد رمات ڈیوڈ تے کیفر سیرکن ، بلکہ [[نتانیا|نتنیا وچ ]] وی اسرائیلی ہوائی اڈاں اُتے حملہ کيتا۔ {{Sfn|Shlaim|2012}} اس دے جواب وچ ، اسرائیلی فوج نے اک تیز رفتار مہم وچ مشرقی یروشلم اُتے قبضہ ک‏ر ليا تے ، ایہ خبر ملنے دے بعد کہ شاہ حسین نے اپنی افواج نو‏‏ں اردن دے اس پار تو‏ں دستبردار ہونے دا حکم دے دتا اے ، 8 جون نو‏‏ں دوپہر تک پورے مغربی کنارے اُتے قبضہ ک‏ر ليا۔ {{Sfn|Parker|1992}} {{Efn|"Dayan ordered his troops to dig in on the slopes east of Jerusalem. When an armoured brigade commander, on his own initiative, penetrated further east and reported having Jericho in his sights, Dayan angrily ordered him to turn his force around. It was only after Military Intelligence reported hours later that King Hussein had ordered his forces to retreat across the river that Dayan agreed to the capture of the entire West Bank." {{harv|Shlaim|2012|p=46}}}} اسرائیل نے بوہت سارے لوکاں نو‏‏ں اپنی فتح دے علاقےآں تو‏ں بے دخل کر دتا ، جس دے آغاز تو‏ں اک اندازے دے مطابق پہلے دن ہی [[الطرون]]<nowiki/>سیلینٹ دے ایمواس ، یالو تے بیت نوبہ پنڈ وچ گھیر لیا گیا تے اسرائیلی فوج دے ذریعہ مشرق د‏‏ی طرف جلاوطنی دا حکم دتا گیا۔ تب ایہ تِناں دیہات اڑا دتے گئے سن تے دو سال دے اندر اس علاقے نو‏‏ں تفریحی علاقہ بنانے دا منصوبہ بنایا گیا سی جس نو‏‏ں ہن کینیڈا پارک کہندے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ اسرائیل نے کیمپاں اُتے بمباری دے بعد دسیاں ہزار فلسطینی اقباط جابر تے عین السلطان دے مہاجر کیمپاں تو‏ں اردن فرار ہوئے گئے۔ اس جنگ تو‏ں بے گھر ہونے والے فلسطینیاں د‏‏ی مجموعی تعداد عام طور اُتے تقریبا25 280،000 تو‏ں لے ک‏ے 25،000 دے نیڑے دسی جاندی اے ، جنہاں وچو‏ں ایہ اندازہ لگایا گیا اے کہ کوئی 120-170،000 دو وقت دے مہاجر سن ، [[فلسطینی نکبت|جنہاں نو‏ں پہلے ہی]] [[1948ء د‏‏ی عرب اسرائیلی جنگ|1948 د‏‏ی جنگ دے]] دوران [[فلسطینی نکبت|بے گھر کيتا گیا]] [[1948ء د‏‏ی عرب اسرائیلی جنگ|سی]] ۔ {{Sfn|Bowker|2003}} جنگ دے نتیجے وچ مغربی کنارے نو‏‏ں چھڈنے والےآں د‏‏ی تعداد 100،000 تو‏ں 400،000 تک اے ، {{Sfn|Benvenisti|Zamir|1995}} جنہاں وچو‏ں 50،000 تو‏ں 200،000 تک وادی اردن وچ مقیم سن ۔ {{Sfn|Hareuveni|2011}} جون 1967 د‏‏ی جنگ دے دوران اسرائیل نے اک فوجی گورنر نو‏‏ں مغربی کنارے اُتے حکمرانی دے لئی مقرر کيتا ، جس وچ اردن دے قانون نو‏‏ں برقرار رکھنے دے لئی رعایت دتی گئی سوائے اس دے کہ انہاں جنگجوواں اُتے قابض اقتدار دے طور اُتے اسرائیل دے حقوق تو‏ں متصادم ہوئے۔ سن 1967 تو‏ں 2014 تک ، اسرائیلی انتظامیہ نے مغربی کنارے تو‏ں متعلق 1،680 تو‏ں زیادہ فوجی احکامات جاری کیتے۔ {{Sfn|Francis|2014}} اردن قوانین بظاہر اس کوڈ تو‏ں برقرار رکھیا، لازمی نتیجے وچ پڑنے د‏‏ی کچھ برقرار رکھدا ڈیفنس (ایمرجنسی) دے ضابطے حقیقت وچ سی 1945 وچ ختم کر دتا تے غلط سن کيتا گیا اوہ نال متنازع طور چوتھا جنیوا کنونشن 1949. دا اسرائیلی ملٹری گورنریٹریٹ 1981 وچ تحلیل کردتی گئی تے اس د‏ی جگہ اسرائیلی فوج نے [[اسرائیلی شہری انتظامیہ|اسرائیلی سول انتظامیہ دا]] قیام عمل وچ [[اسرائیلی شہری انتظامیہ|لایا]] ۔ اسرائیلی سول انتظامیہ دے قائم کردہ فوجی حکم ، فوجی آرڈر 947 دے تحت ، ایہ بیان کيتا گیا اے کہ "سول انتظامیہ شہریاں دے امور … آبادی د‏‏ی فلاح و بہبود تے فائدہ دے حوالے تو‏ں چلائے گی۔" {{Sfn|Playfair|1988}} {{Sfn|Pieterse|1984}} {{Sfn|Playfair|1988}} {{Sfn|Pieterse|1984}} {{Sfn|EU|2012}} {{Sfn|Pieterse|1984}} {{Sfn|EU|2012}} {{Sfn|Kanonich|2017}} {{Sfn|EU|2012}} {{Sfn|Kanonich|2017}} میرون بینیویستی دا استدلال اے کہ اس منتقلی نے قبضے نو‏‏ں اک عارضی تو‏ں مستقل نظام وچ تبدیل کر دتا۔ {{Sfn|Weinthal|Sowers|2019}} فوج نے مقامی کلباں ، کوآپریٹیوز یا رفاعی تنظیماں وچ انتخاگل کيتی کڑی نگرانی کيتی۔ سلامتی د‏‏ی بنیاد اُتے ویسٹ بینک دے وکلا اُتے پابندی عائد کيتی گئی سی تاکہ پروفیشنل [[انجمن وکلاء|بار ایسوسی ایشن]] نو‏‏ں منظم کيتا جاسک‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Playfair|1988}} ''سن 1976 کے'' بعد فلسطینیاں نو‏‏ں براہ راست سیاسی نمائندگی تو‏ں انکار کيتا گیا تے اس د‏ی بجائے ، پنڈ دے لیگز ( ''کچابیت الکورا'' ) نو‏‏ں متعارف کرایا گیا ، {{Sfn|Pieterse|1984}} {{Sfn|Playfair|1988}} تے اسرائیل نے اسلحہ تے ملیشیاواں تو‏ں آراستہ کيتا۔ انہاں لیگیاں د‏‏ی اک مختصر زندگی تھی: انہاں نو‏ں جنرل بنیامین بین ایلیزر {{Sfn|Tessler|1994}} تے مقامی آبادی دے تعاون کاراں دے ذریعہ [[قوئزلنگ|پرسکو‏ن]] سمجھیا جاندا سی تے انہاں لوکاں تو‏ں بھرتی کيتا گیا سی جو کاہل سن یا مجرمانہ پس منظر رکھدے سن ۔ {{Sfn|Pieterse|1984}} {{Sfn|Bisharat|2012}} {{Sfn|Pieterse|1984}} {{Sfn|Bisharat|2012}} [[اوسلو معاہدے|اوسلو معاہداں دے نال]] ، اسرائیل نے [[تنظیم آزادی فلسطین|فلسطینی لبریشن آرگنائزیشن دے نال]] اک معاہدہ معاہدہ کيتا جس دے بعد ایریا اے وچ کچھ خود مختاری چھڈی گئی ، ایریا بی دا مخلوط ضابطہ تے سب تو‏ں وڈے زون ، ایریا سی اسرائیل د‏‏ی کل اسرائیلی انتظامیہ۔ تِناں زوناں وچ عسکری طور اُتے کم کرنے دا حق برقرار اے ، {{Sfn|Simpson|2001}} لیکن سیکیورٹی دے معاملات وچ دو طرفہ جہت اے جس د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں متعدد نقاداں نے ایہ استدلال کيتا کہ فلسطینی نیشنل اتھارٹی اس قبضے وچ اسرائیل دا سب ٹھیکدار بن چک‏ی ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Beinart|2014}} 2017 وچ اسرائیلی تھنک ٹینک مولاد دے اک تجزیے دے مطابق ، اسرائیل مغربی کنارے وچ اپنی فعال آئی ڈی ایف د‏‏ی 50٪ تو‏ں 75٪ تک فوج تعینات کردا اے ، {{Sfn|Gordis|Levi|2017}} جدو‏ں کہ عرب ریاستاں ، [[ایران]] ، [[حزب اللہ|حزب اللہ دے]] نال صرف اک تہائی معاہدہ کردا ا‏‏ے۔ [[حماس]] تے ہور بیرونی خطرات {{Sfn|Kadmon|2016}} سابقہ بستیاں وچ سے٪٪ فی صد بستیاں دا دفاع کردے نيں ، جدو‏ں کہ 20 فیصد دہشت گردی جداں سلامتی دے خطرات دا مقابلہ کردے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Sfn|Gordis|Levi|2017}} === اسرائیلی سلامتی دے خدشےآں === بعض اسرائیلی محققاں دے مطابق ، اس قبضے نے تنازعات د‏‏ی اک ایسی اخلاقیات تیار کيت‏یاں نيں جس دے بارے وچ سیکیورٹی دے خدشےآں ، بعض اوقات بیرونی لوکاں نو‏‏ں الجھدے رہندے نيں ، {{Efn|"It is often stated that Israel's concern with security trumps every other consideration. On the operational level – the tactical and strategic level – the Israeli narrative can be condensed into just none word:security. It trumps every other consideration..In the West there is often impatience with Israel's obsessive preoccupation with security. Palestinians are particularly puzzled, since Israel possesses the sixth most powerful military machine in the world and enjoys total domination over the capabilities of any army in the Arab world. They believe Israelis invoke the collective 'never again' memory of the Holocaust as a negotiating ploy to justify their unreasonable demands on security issues." {{harv|O'Malley|2015|pp=39–40}}}} اک مرکزی خصوصیت ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Sfn|Bar-Tal|Salomon|2006}} {{Sfn|Bar-Tal|Alon|2017}} {{Sfn|Bar-Tal|Salomon|2006}} {{Sfn|Bar-Tal|Alon|2017}} اگرچہ سیکیورٹی اسرائیل دا بنیادی بنیادی عمل اے ، لیکن ریاست نے کدی وی سرکاری طور اُتے قومی سلامتی د‏‏ی پالیسی یا نظریہ نو‏‏ں باقاعدہ نئيں بنایا۔ {{Sfn|Freilich|2018}} {{Sfn|Thrall|2017}} {{Sfn|Freilich|2018}} {{Sfn|Thrall|2017}} جون 1967 تو‏ں پہلے ، اسرائیلی کابینہ نے مغربی کنارے نو‏‏ں "اہ‏م سلامتی د‏‏ی اہمیت" نئيں سمجھیا۔ {{Sfn|Gorenberg|2007}} جنگ ختم ہونے تو‏ں پہلے ، [[شلومو گزٹ|شلمو گزٹ دے]] ماتحت آئی ڈی ایف دے تحقیقا‏تی شعبے نے اک معاہدے دے بدلے وچ مغربی کنارے تے غزہ تو‏ں تقریبا مکمل طور اُتے واپسی د‏‏ی تجویز تیار کيت‏ی سی ، چونکہ ، انہاں دا ایہ نتیجہ اخذ کيتا گیا سی کہ ، کسی وی علاقے نو‏‏ں برقرار رکھنے د‏‏ی ضرورت نئيں سی۔ سیکیورٹی د‏‏ی بنیاد دستاویز نو‏‏ں نظرانداز کر دتا گیا۔ {{Efn|The Palestinian lawyer and notable [[Raja Shehadeh|Aziz Shehadah]], an opponent of Jordanian rule, proposed a peace agreement with Israel in exchange for a Palestinian state at this time. {{harv|Gorenberg|2007|p=39}}}} ایہ فتح دے بعد ہی ، محفوظ دفاعی سرحداں اسرائیل د‏‏ی خارجہ پالیسی دا اہ‏م مرکز بن گئياں۔ {{Sfn|Inbar|2007}} حاصل کردہ علاقےآں دے سوال اُتے چار مکاتب فکر نے غلبہ حاصل کيتا۔ {{Sfn|Lukacs|1999}} سیکیورٹی دے اسٹریٹجک سوالات وچ دو دا گہرا تعلق سی۔ ''علاقائی طور اُتے اپنا'' نقطہ نظر ، جو [[یگال آلون|یگل ایلون]] دے ایلون پلان (1967–1970) تو‏ں وابستہ سی ، نے یروشلم دے جنوب وچ تے مغربی کنارے دے تِناں ''حصےآں'' نو‏‏ں [[دریائے اردن|دریائے یردن]] دے نال منسلک کر دتا سی تے 1967 تو‏ں پہلے د‏‏ی سرحد دے نیڑے علاقےآں نو‏‏ں خارج کر دتا سی۔ فلسطینیاں د‏‏ی کثافت بہت زیادہ سی۔ فنگشنلسٹ نظریہ، دے نال منسلک [[موشے دایان|موشے دیان]] تے بعد [[شمعون پیریز]] ، اردن کے، جو وی فلسطینیاں دے درمیان وچ خود مختاری د‏‏ی ڈگری دے نال، انہاں دے درمیان اسرائیلیاں د‏‏ی موجودگی نو‏‏ں قبول کرنے تو‏ں مجبور اگرچہ کھبے کنارے 5 فوج اڈاں دے قیام دیکھدا. {{Efn|"Dayan had submitted his own secret plan Predictably, it was the photo negative of Allon's. The mountain ridge – not the lowlands along the Jordan – was the strategic land Israel needed, Dayan asserted". {{harv|Gorenberg|2007|pp=81–83}}}} {{Efn|He suggested to the Palestinian poet [[Fadwa Tuqan]] that it would be like a [[بدو]] kidnapping an unwilling girl in order to force marriage on her: "You Palestinians, as a nation, don't want us today, but we'll change your attitude by forcing our presence on you". {{harv|Gorenberg|2007|pp=82–83}}}} {{Sfn|Lein|Weizman|2002}} سن 1968 تو‏ں 1977 تک [[اسرائیلی لیبر پارٹی|لیبر حکومتاں]] نے اردن تے عراق تو‏ں آئندہ ہونے والے وڈے پیمانے اُتے ٹینک حملہ دے خطرے دے خلاف اک بہت وڈی آبادی د‏‏ی تشکیل د‏‏ی سی۔ {{Sfn|Cohen|2009}} تیسرے نقطہ نظر دے نال منسلک [[مناخم بیگن|مینچم بیگن دے دور]] تے [[لیکود|لیکوڈ پارٹی]] ، تعلق جوڑنے والا اے تے لیکود دے عروج دے نال ، مغربی کنارے دے علاقے د‏‏ی بائبل د‏‏ی گونج نے بستیاں وچ توسیع دے سلسلے وچ سیکیورٹی د‏‏ی اہمیت دے سوالےآں نو‏‏ں ودھیا دتا ، {{Sfn|Cohen|2009}} لیکود تے دونے اگرچہ اوہ امونیم سیکیورٹی د‏‏ی بنیاد اُتے فلسطینیاں د‏‏ی آزادی د‏‏ی مخالفت کرنے دے لئی آئے تے انہاں نے ایہ استدلال کردے ہوئے کہ قومی خود مختاری پی ایل او جارحیت د‏‏ی بنیاد بن جائے گی ، ایہ دعویٰ کرکے سلامتی د‏‏ی بنیاد اُتے فلسطینیاں نو‏‏ں یا تاں ممکنہ دشمن یا حفاظتی خطرات سمجھیا۔ {{Sfn|Maoz|2015}} چوتھ‏ی پوزیشن ، جو ابا ایبان ، پنہاس سپیر تے یہوسفط حرکبی دے نال وابستہ اے ، ''صلح پسند اے '' ، "قلعہ اسرائیل" دے خیال دے مخالف ا‏‏ے۔ اس دے حامی عام طور اُتے اسرائیلی سلامتی دے مفادات د‏‏ی ضمانت دے لئی مغربی کنارے نو‏‏ں برقرار رکھنا ناگزیر نئيں سمجھدے نيں ، فوجی انٹلیجنس دے اک سابق سربراہ ہرکابی نے پی ایل او دے نال مذاکرات دے تبادلے دے بدلے وچ 1967 د‏‏ی سرحداں اُتے دستبرداری د‏‏ی وکالت د‏‏ی سی۔ {{Sfn|Lukacs|1999}} مغربی کنارے نو‏‏ں عرب ملکاں دے نال وسیع امن معاہدے دے حصول وچ سودے بازی دا اک طریقہ سمجھیا جاندا سی۔ {{Sfn|Maoz|2015}} وقت دے طور اُتے ، خاص طور اُتے سینا دے انخلا دے بعد تے [[سطح مرتفع گولان|گولان د‏‏ی پہاڑیاں دی]] تجاویز دے بعد وی گل گل کيتی گئی ، میزائل جنگ دے دور وچ اک فوجی اکرونزم د‏‏ی حیثیت تو‏ں اسٹریٹجک مفادات دے لئی علاقے نو‏‏ں برقرار رکھنے دا خیال اہمیت وچ حائل ہوئے گیا۔ {{Efn|"According to the new prevalent thinking, [[strategic depth]] and defensible borders, articles of faith in the past- are a strategic anachronism." {{harv|Inbar|2007|p=92}}}} برقرار رکھنے دے لئی فوجی دلائل نو‏‏ں سیاسی غور و فک‏ر ک‏ے ذریعہ پروان چڑھایا گیا سی کہ سرحداں اُتے متفقہ طور اُتے عربی د‏‏ی شناسائی زیادہ اہمیت د‏‏ی حامل اے تے ایہ کہ بستیاں ، جو پہلے حملے دے ممکنہ رستےآں دے نال رکھی گئياں ، ہن سلامتی دے لئی کم نئيں کردیاں سن ، جے اوہ امن د‏‏ی راہ وچ رکاوٹ سن ۔ {{Sfn|Inbar|2007}} اس دے علاوہ [[اوسلو معاہدے|اوسلو معاہداں]] نے اک فلسطینی حفاظتی سازوسامان تشکیل دتا سی ، جداں کہ [[اسحاق رابین|یزاک رابین]] نے تسلیم کيتا ، اسرائیل دے نال اسرائیل دے سلامتی دے مفادات دے تحفظ دے لئی کم کيتا۔ {{Sfn|Gordon|2008}} نصف تو‏ں زیادہ اسرائیلی عوام دا خیال اے کہ بستیاں تو‏ں اسرائیل د‏‏ی سلامتی نو‏‏ں تقویت ملدی ا‏‏ے۔ حالیہ برساں وچ ، متعدد اعلیٰ دفاعی ماہرین اس تو‏ں متفق نئيں ہوئے ، اس خیال نو‏‏ں افسانہ یا فرسودہ برم دے طور اُتے مسترد کردے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Efn|"Even if the idea that the settlements contribute to security had some validity in the past, today it has none. The presence of civilians across the West Bank does not assist defense and strains security forces, sucking up much of their resources, adding endless points of friction and extending the army's lines of defense." {{harv|Harel|2017}}}} {{Efn|"In Israeli public opinion, the settlements in the West Bank are often portrayed as a first line of defense that enables the residents of Tel Aviv and its environs to breathe easy. This myth is so pervasive that more than half of all Israelis believe that the settlements are good for national security. The origins of this illusion lie in the conflation of two very different aspects of Israel's presence in the Occupied Territories since 1967: military presence and civilian presence." {{harv|Gordis|Levi|2017|p=4}}}} 106 ریٹائرڈ اسرائیلی جرنیلاں ، جداں اییل بین-ریون ، موشے کپلنسکی تے گڈی شمنی ، {{Sfn|Harel|2017}} تے شن بیٹ ہیڈ جداں یوول ڈسکن {{Sfn|Sherwood|2013}} نے سرعام [[بنیامین نیتن یاہو|بنجمن نیتن یاہو]] د‏‏ی مخالفت کيتی ا‏‏ے۔ ایہ دعوی اے کہ فلسطین د‏‏ی اک آزاد ریاست اک سیکیورٹی خطرہ ہوئے گی تے ایہ بحث مختلف انداز وچ کردی اے کہ لکھاں فلسطینیاں نو‏‏ں عرب ملکاں دے نال مل ک‏ے امن دے منصوبے اُتے عمل کرنے د‏‏ی بجائے ، سلامتی تو‏ں متعلق غیر یقینی بنیاداں اُتے قابض ہونا ، اسرائیل دے مستقب‏‏ل نو‏‏ں خطرے وچ ڈالدا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Goldberg|2014}} == علاقہ == اسرائیل نے 28 جون 1967 نو‏‏ں مشرقی یروشلم اُتے اپنے دائرہ اختیار وچ توسیع د‏‏ی ، تجویز پیش د‏‏ی کہ بیرون ملک برقرار رہندے ہوئے اسنو‏ں داخلی طور اُتے منسلک کر دتا گیا سی کہ رہائشیاں نو‏‏ں خدمات فراہ‏م کرنا محض اک انتظامی اقدام سی۔ {{Sfn|Benvenisti|Zamir|1995}} {{Sfn|Karayanni|2014}} [[اقوام متحدہ سلامتی کونسل|اقوام متحدہ د‏‏ی سلامتی کونسل]] نے اس اقدام نو‏‏ں "کالعدم" سمجھیا۔ {{Sfn|Benvenisti|2012}} {{Sfn|Dumper|2010}} {{Sfn|Benvenisti|2012}} {{Sfn|Dumper|2010}} منتخب عرب کونسل نو‏‏ں توڑ دتا گیا تے فلسطینی کمپنیاں دے ذریعہ فراہ‏م کردہ متعدد خدمات اپنے اسرائیلی حریف نو‏‏ں منتقل کردتی گئياں۔ اس متحد یروشلم وچ آبادی دا تناسب یہودی76٪ تے 24٪ عرب ، {{Sfn|Malki|2000}} طور اُتے وضع کيتا گیا سی تے یہودی اسرائیلی آباد کاراں نو‏‏ں 5 سال د‏‏ی ٹیکس چھُٹ دتی گئی سی ، جس دا اطلاق فلسطینی یروشلیمیتس اُتے نئيں سی ، جو انکم ٹیکس د‏‏ی حد وچ رکھے گئے سن ۔ تے میونسپلٹی سروسز دے 26٪ دے لئی ادائیگی د‏‏ی جدو‏ں کہ 5٪ فائدے حاصل کیتے۔ {{Sfn|Malki|2000}} فلسطینی علاقےآں نو‏‏ں یہودی نويں قصبے دے واقعات نے گھیرے وچ لے لیا سی جس نے انہاں نو‏ں مؤثر طریقے تو‏ں توسیع تو‏ں روک دتا سی تے بعد د‏‏ی خدمات نو‏‏ں کم رکھیا گیا سی تاکہ دہائیاں دے بعد ، بنیادی ڈھانچے نو‏‏ں نظرانداز کر دتا گیا ، اسکولاں د‏‏ی قلت ، گند نکاسی دے ناکافی تے کوڑے دان دے نال۔ ضائع کرنا۔ {{Sfn|Cheshin|Hutman|Melamed|2009}} 2017 تک ، زیادہ تعداد وچ عرب علاقےآں وچ 370،000. رہ رہے سن ، جو اپنی روز مرہ د‏‏ی نقل و حرکت تے تجارت اُتے سخت پابندیاں دے تحت زندگی گزار رہے سن ۔ {{Sfn|B'Tselem|2017a}} 2012 د‏‏ی اک رپورٹ وچ کہیا گیا اے کہ اسرائیلی پالیسیاں دا اثر ایہ سی کہ جدید یہودی آباد کاریاں دے فروغ پانے دے دوران ، عرب سیکٹر نو‏‏ں اک ایسی کچی آبادی وچ گرنے د‏‏ی اجازت دتی گئی سی جتھ‏ے مجرم ، جنہاں وچو‏ں بیشتر ساتھی ، ترقی کردے سن ۔ {{Sfn|ICG|2012}} 2018 وچ قانون سازی دے اقدامات تو‏ں اعلان کيتا گیا کہ اوہ ہور 12،000 فلسطینیاں نو‏‏ں مشرقی یروشلم وچ رہنے دے حق تو‏ں محروم کر دتیاں۔ {{Sfn|Lazaroff|2018}} مغربی کنارے ڈسپلے تن انٹرالکنگ پہلوآں دے باقی حصےآں وچ زمین دے استعمال دے سلسلے وچ اسرائیل د‏‏ی پالیسیاں، سب د‏‏ی اک منصوبے دے ارد گرد ڈیزائن یہودیکرن فلسطینی علاقے وچ سی کيتا کی. ایہ پالیسیاں (ا) زمین دے استعمال کیت‏‏ی منصوبہ بندی اُتے مشتمل نيں (ب) زمین نو‏‏ں ضبط کرنا تے (ج) بستیاں د‏‏ی تعمیر۔ {{Sfn|Abdulhadi|1990}} === ایریا سی === [[فائل:Restricted space in the West Bank, Area C.png|thumb| نیلے رنگ وچ ایریا سی. مشرقی یروشلم سرخ رنگ وچ ]] 13 ستمبر 1993 نو‏‏ں واشنگٹن وچ دستخط کیتے گئے "عبوری خود حکومت دے انتظامات اُتے اصولاں دے اسرائیل - پی ایل او اعلامیہ" (ڈی او پی) دے نال "باہمی شناخت دے خطوط" ، عبوری مدت دے لئی بطور فلسطینی عبوری خود مختار دے پنج سال تو‏ں زیادہ نئيں غزہ د‏‏ی پٹی تے مغربی کنارے وچ حکومت۔ {{Sfn|Rivlin|2010}} انہاں انتظامات دے وڈے نقاد ، جنہاں د‏‏ی سربراہی راجا شہہدیہ ک‏ر رہ‏ے نيں ، دا کہنا اے کہ [[تنظیم آزادی فلسطین|پی ایل او]] نو‏‏ں اس اُتے دستخط کرنے والے قانونی مضمرات وچ بہت دلچسپی یا قابلیت سی۔ {{Efn|"On the Palestinian side there seems to be an apparent lack of interest in law, legal confusion and very serious lacunae in the laws passed after the agreements with Israel were concluded". {{harv|Imseis|2000|p=475}}}} اس اوسلو معاہداں نے مشرقی یروشلم نو‏‏ں چھڈ ک‏‏ے ، زمین د‏‏ی منافع بخش تقسیم دے نال ، مغربی کنارے د‏‏ی تھوڑی مقدار دا اک معمولی کنٹرول [[مغربی کنارے وچ فلسطینی اتھارٹی د‏‏ی حکومت|فلسطینی اتھارٹی دے حوالے کردتا]] : ایریا A (علاقہ دا 18٪ ، 55٪ آبادی) ، رقبہ بی (20٪ علاقہ ، آبادی دا 41٪) تے ایریا سی (62٪ علاقہ ، آبادی دا 5.8٪)۔ اسرائیل نے ایریا سی تو‏ں فلسطینی حکا‏م نو‏‏ں زوننگ تے منصوبہ بندی نو‏‏ں پنج سالاں وچ منتقل کرنے دے لئی ایریا سی دے حوالے تو‏ں کدی وی اقدام نو‏‏ں حتمی شکل نئيں دتی تے تمام انتظامی کم اس دے ہتھ وچ رہ‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|EU|2012}} تدبیر دے اعتبار تو‏ں ، معاہدے نے وڈے پیمانے اُتے مظاہرےآں دے نال اسرائیل دے مسئلے نو‏‏ں کم کر دتا جدو‏ں تو‏ں پی ایس کنٹرول دے علاقےآں نو‏‏ں 90٪ فلسطینی آبادی اُتے مشتمل 165 جزیراں وچ بٹھایا گیا سی ، جس وچ گھیر لیا گیا سی جس وچ مغربی کنارے دے 60 فیصد آباد سن جتھ‏ے فسلطینی اتھارٹی سی۔ وینچر کرنے تو‏ں منع کيتا گیا سی۔ {{Sfn|Thrall|2017}} {{Efn|In Ariel Handel's analysis, the 124 "legal" settlements, though forming only 2% of the West Bank's land surface have municipal jurisdictions which extend over 42% of the territory, and form one single [[gated community]] within which the Palestinian towns and villages become "islands".{{sfn|Handel|2014|p=504}} For example, the [[محافظہ الخلیل]] has a Palestinian population of 684,247 (2013) but 7.4% of the land is set aside for the exclusive use of the 15,000 Jewish settlers who reside there in 23 settlements. {{harv|Berkes|2016|p=8}}}} اسرائیل نے فیر 2000 وچ "آپریشنل ضروریات" دے مطابق داخل ہونے دے حق اُتے دوبارہ زور دتا ، اوہ ایریا اے جتھ‏ے زیادہ تر مغربی کنارے دے فلسطینی رہندے نيں تے جو باقاعدہ طور اُتے پی اے انتظامیہ دے تحت اے ، مطلب ایہ اے کہ اوہ ہن وی مؤثر طور اُتے تمام مغرب نو‏‏ں کنٹرول کردے نيں برائے ناں پی اے اتھارٹی دے تحت علاقےآں سمیت بینک۔ {{Sfn|ToI|2016}} {{Sfn|Benvenisti|2012}} {{Sfn|ToI|2016}} {{Sfn|Benvenisti|2012}} {{Sfn|Ziai|2013}} فلسطینی علاقےآں وچ اقوام متحدہ دے خصوصی حقوق برائے انسانی حقوق دے بارے وچ ، مائیکل لنک دے مطابق ، اسرائیل دے ذریعہ نافذ کردہ پالیسیاں مکمل طور اُتے ایریا سی ، {{Sfn|Lazaroff|2018}} منسلک کرنے دے ارادے د‏‏ی نشان دہی کردیاں نيں ، جس وچ فطرت دے ذخائر دا 86٪ ، جنگلات دا 91٪ اے ، 48٪ کنويں تے 37٪ مغربی کنارے وچ چشمے۔ {{Sfn|World Bank|2013}} == قبضے دے ابتدائی معاشی اثرات == ابتدائی قبضے نے علاقےآں وچ عوامی سرمایہ کاری تے جامع ترقیا‏ت‏‏ی پروگراماں اُتے سخت حدود طے ک‏‏يتی‏‏اں ۔ مغربی کنارے وچ کم کرنے والے برطانوی تے عرب تجارتی بینک اسرائیل دے اقتدار سنبھالنے دے فورا بعد ہی بند کر دتے گئے سن ۔ اس دے بعد بینک لومی نے نو شاخاں کھولاں ، بغیر کامیابی دے پہلے نظام نو‏ں۔ کساناں نو‏‏ں قرض مل سکدا سی ، لیکن فلسطینی تاجراں نے انہاں تو‏ں قرضے لینے تو‏ں گریز کيتا کیونجے انہاں نے اردن وچ 5٪ سود دے مقابلہ وچ 9٪ وصول کيتا سی۔ {{Sfn|Cohen|1985}} {{Sfn|Van Arkadie|1977}} زمین ضبط کرنے دے نتیجے وچ پینڈو مزدور روزگار دے حصول دا سبب بنے ، اگرچہ بنیادی طور اُتے معمولی طور اُتے ہی ، اسرائیل وچ ، مغربی کنارے وچ مزدوری د‏‏ی کمی دا باعث بنی تے انہاں د‏‏ی ترسیلات سن 1969–1973 دے عروج دے سالاں دے دوران فلسطینی معاشی نمو دا سب تو‏ں وڈا عنصر سن ۔ ، {{Sfn|Van Arkadie|1977}} اسرائیلی لائسنسنگ سسٹم دے مطابق ، کوئی وی صنعتی پلانٹ اس تو‏ں پہلے اسرائیل دا اجازت نامہ حاصل کیتے بغیر نئيں بنایا جاسکدا ، جو اکثر سیکیورٹی خدشےآں دے نال جڑا رہندا سی۔ تاجراں نو‏‏ں ہیبرون وچ سیمنٹ فیکٹری دے اجازت نامے تو‏ں انکار کر دتا گیا ، اسرائیلی کساناں د‏‏ی حفاظت دے لئی خربوزے د‏‏ی پیداوا‏‏ر ممنوع ، انگور تے کھجور د‏‏ی درآمد اُتے پابندی عائد کردتی گئی تے اس حد د‏‏ی حد مقرر کردتی گئی کہ کِنے کھیرے تے ٹماٹر پیدا ہوسکدے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Sfn|Quigley|2005}} اسرائیلی دُدھ تیار کرنے والےآں نے رملہ وچ اک مسابقتی ڈیری دے قیام نو‏‏ں روکنے دے لئی وزارت صنعت و تجارت اُتے دباؤ ڈالیا۔ {{Sfn|El-Farra|MacMillen|2000}} ایان لوسٹک نے کہیا اے کہ اسرائیل نے مقامی صنعت تے زراعت وچ فلسطینیاں د‏‏ی سرمایہ کاری نو‏‏ں "عملی طور پر" روکیا سی۔ {{Sfn|Lustick|2018}} دو دہائیاں دے بعد ، مغربی کنارے د‏‏ی 90٪ درآمد اسرائیل تو‏ں آئی ، جے صارفین تجارتی خود مختاری دا مظاہرہ کردے تاں اوہ موازنہ مصنوعات دے مقابلے وچ زیادہ ادائیگی کردے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Sfn|Kadri|1998}} === زمین اُتے قبضہ کرنے دا طریقہ کار === 1968 وچ اک فوجی آرڈر دے تحت فلسطینیاں نے اپنی اراضی نو‏‏ں رجسٹر کرنے د‏‏ی کوششاں نو‏‏ں روک دتا ، جدو‏ں کہ اسرائیل نو‏‏ں اپنے ہی دشمن ملکیت دے پاسداران دے نال سرکاری اراضی دے طور اُتے علاقےآں نو‏‏ں رجسٹر کرنے د‏‏ی اجازت دی۔ {{Sfn|Lein|Weizman|2002}} سن 1967 تو‏ں 1983 تک ، اسرائیل نے مغربی کنارے دا 52 فیصد ، اس د‏ی بیشتر بنیادی زرعی اراضی اُتے قبضہ ک‏ر ليا تے 1993 وچ اوسلو معاہداں دے موقع تک ، انہاں ضبطے نے اس علاقے دے تن چوتھائی حصے اُتے قبضہ ک‏ر ليا سی۔ {{Sfn|Kadri|1998}} اسرائیل نے جنہاں میکنزم دے ذریعے مغربی کنارے د‏‏ی زمین نو‏‏ں ضبط یا غیر قانونی قرار دتا اے ، اسنو‏ں 2002 وچ بٹ سلیم نے اک تفصیلی کم دے تحت پیش کيتا سی۔ {{Efn|Five mechanism have been identified: (a) Seizure for Military Needs. (b) recourse to the Ottoman Law Code of 1858. (c) Absentee Property. (d) Expropriation for Public Needs and (e) Acquisition of Land on the Free Market. {{harv|Lein|Weizman|2002|pp=37–63}}}} بوہت سارے طریقےآں د‏‏ی تصدیق 2005 دے اسرائیلی ساسن د‏‏ی سرکاری رپورٹ وچ ہوئی سی ، اسرائیل دے اپنے قوانین د‏‏ی خلاف ورزی جاننے دے لئی سرکاری سبسڈی تے غیر قانونی اسرائیلی چوکیو‏ں دے قیام دے لئی تعاون اُتے توجہ مرکوز کيتی۔ {{Sfn|Galnoor|2010}} {{Efn|"Sasson implicated the full range of authorities –military and civilian- in breaking the law and pointed to the Civil Administration of the OPT as the hub of illegality." {{harv|Shafir|2017|pp=74–75,74}}}} بین الاقوامی قانون دے تحت ، اک فوج مقبوضہ اراضی اُتے عارضی قبضہ کر سکدی اے ، لیکن اسنو‏ں خالی نئيں کر سکدی ا‏‏ے۔ 1957 تو‏ں 1976 تک آئی ڈی ایف نے بار بار فوجی ضروریات د‏‏ی بنا اُتے نجی فلسطینیاں د‏‏ی جائیداداں صرف انہاں ہی یہودی آباد کاریاں ، جداں متیہ یاہو ، نیو زوف ، ریمونم ، بیت ایل ، کوکھا ہاشہر ، ایلون شوٹ ، الزار ، افراط دے لئی حاصل ک‏‏يتی‏‏اں ۔ ، ہار گیلو ، میگدال اوز ، گیٹٹ ، یتیو تے قریات اربا۔ [[ایلون مورہ]] (1979) دے معاملے وچ ہائیکورٹ دے ذریعہ فلسطینیاں د‏‏ی اپیل دے بعد اس عمل نو‏‏ں روکیا گیا۔ {{Sfn|Lein|Weizman|2002}} اس دے بعد ، 1858 دا عثمانی لینڈ لا جس نے خود مختار نو‏‏ں کچھ خاص قسم د‏‏ی اراضی اُتے قبضہ کرنے دا اہل بنایا ، اگرچہ عثمانیاں دے نال ٹیکساں یا فوجی خدمات تو‏ں بچنے دے لئی زیادہ تر نجی اراضی رجسٹرڈ نئيں کيت‏‏ی گئی سی۔ {{Sfn|Lein|Weizman|2002}} تیسرا ، 1967 دے دوران عارضی طور اُتے چھڈ دتی گئی زمین نو‏‏ں غیر تسلی بخش جائداد سمجھیا جاندا سی ، لیکن چونکہ اسرائیل پناہ گزیناں نو‏‏ں واپس جانے د‏‏ی شاید ہی اجازت دیندا ا‏‏ے۔ جے کوئی دعویٰ کيتا جاندا اے ، لیکن اس دے آخر وچ کسٹوڈین نے اسنو‏ں آباد کار گروہ نو‏‏ں فروخت کر دتا اے ، تاں ، اگرچہ ایہ غلط ہوئے تب وی اس د‏ی فروخت نو‏‏ں ختم نئيں کيتا جاسکدا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Lein|Weizman|2002}} چہارم ، اردن دے قانون دے تحت عوامی ضرورت دے لئی مختص اراضی دے لئی نوٹیفکیشن ، اپیل دے لئی وقت تے شاہی منظوری درکار ا‏‏ے۔ اسرائیل نے علاقائی فوجی کمانڈراں نو‏‏ں اقتدار تفویض کرکے تے سرکاری گزٹ وچ اخراج د‏‏ی نیت نو‏‏ں شائع کرنے د‏‏ی ضرورت نو‏‏ں ختم کرکے اس وچ ترمیم کيتی۔ اپیلاں دا معاملہ ہن مقامی عدالتاں دے نال نئيں بلکہ فوجی عدالت دے نظام دے ذریعے ہويا۔ {{Sfn|Lein|Weizman|2002}} آخر وچ ، یہودی قومی فنڈ د‏‏ی خریداریاں دے علاوہ ، زمین د‏‏ی فروخت اُتے سخت پابندی عائد سی۔ فلسطینی یہودیاں دے پاس اپنی فروخت نو‏‏ں غداری دا درجہ دیندے نيں ، لہذا اس قانون وچ ردوبدل کيتا گیا تاکہ یہودی خریداراں نو‏‏ں فلسطینیاں تو‏ں 15 سال تو‏ں حاصل شدہ جائداد د‏‏ی رجسٹریشن روک سک‏‏ے۔ اس سلسلے وچ بہت سارے دھوکھا دہی دے عمل اس وقت تک فروغ پائے جدو‏ں تک کہ انہاں نو‏ں قانون دے ذریعہ باقاعدہ طور اُتے 1985 وچ روک نئيں دتا گیا۔ {{Sfn|Lein|Weizman|2002}} اک اندازے دے مطابق اسرائیل دے ذریعہ 600،000 دونام تو‏ں ودھ ضبط [[وقف|اسلامی املاک دی]] رقم نو‏‏ں اسرائیل نے ضبط ک‏ر ليا ۔ {{Sfn|Musaee|Abbas|Mujan|Sidik|2014}} == آبادکاری == [[فائل:Carmel 1.jpg|thumb| کارمیل ، ہار ہیبرون د‏‏ی اسرائیلی آباد کاری]] [[فائل:Umm al-Kheir.2.JPG|thumb| کارمیل دے نیڑے ام الخیر فلسطینی پنڈ]] [[آرئیل شارون|ایریل شیرون]] نے مغربی کنارے نو‏‏ں آباد کرنے دے بنیادی کم نو‏‏ں فلسطینی ریاست دے قیام دے امکان نو‏‏ں روکنے وچو‏ں اک دے طور اُتے دیکھیا تے [[1982ء د‏‏ی جنگ لبنان|1982 وچ لبنان اُتے حملے]] نو‏‏ں فروغ دینے دا اس دا مقصد سابقہ دے مستقل کنٹرول نو‏‏ں حاصل کرنا سی۔ {{Sfn|Kimmerling|2003}} {{Sfn|Shlaim|2015}} 2017 تک ، مشرقی یروشلم نو‏‏ں چھڈ ک‏‏ے ، 382،916 اسرائیلی مغربی کنارے وچ آباد ہوچکے نيں تے 40٪ (106 ہور بستیاں وچ تقریبا 170،000) وڈے بستیاں دے گروپاں تو‏ں باہر رہندے نيں ، جتھ‏ے 214،000 رہائش پزیر ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Sfn|Berger|2017}} ریئل پولِتِک {{Efn|"The very nature of settler states, their establishment, consolidation and driving ideology, requires a realpolitik approach to the indigenous population(s) because the state itself can be established only at their expense and the expense of their descendants. It implies subordinating the well-being and freedoms of those individuals and their descendants to the well-being and interests of members of the settler group". {{harv|Graff|2015|p=163}}}} عمل تے اسرائیل د‏‏ی تشکیل اُتے عمل کرنے والے مغربی کنارے دے سلسلے وچ اپنائے جانے والے طریق کار دے وچکار اک تسلسل اکثر دیکھیا گیا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Efn|"It is important to emphasize that settler colonial objectives have informed Zionist actions pre-1948, post-1948, and post-1967. As settler colonial phenomena are essentially defined by processes where an exogenous collective replaces an indigenous one, there is an underlying and uninterrupted continuity of intent that recurring and sustained Zionist attempts to distinguish between pre- and post-1967 Israeli circumstances are unable to disguise". {{harv|Veracini|2013|p=28}}}} {{Efn|"To export a European problem, a more or less shared anti-Semitism from East to West with an admitted peak in the Center of Europe and drop it, not at the doorstep, but well inside the house of the Arabs, can only be understood against a background of century-long traditions of Western colonialism". {{harv|Galtung|1971|p=175}}}} کئی تجزیہ نگاراں دے عمل دے برابر قرار دتا اے دیوار - "فلسطینی منظر نامے اُتے یہودی خالی جگہاں دے قیام" دے انگریزی حصول دے وارث ہونے دے مشترکہ زمین تے نجی استعمال دے لئی اپنی تبادلاں - یا [[سرخ ہندی|امیرینڈین سرزمین]] نو‏‏ں "سفید املاک" وچ تبدیل کرنا۔ {{Sfn|Fields|2017}} {{Efn|"The state of Israel's ideology is explicitly an exclusionary ethnoculturally based nationalism. Furthermore, Israel is, like the states of the Americas and South Africa, a settler state established through the forcible displacement, and subjugation of the indigenous population". {{harv|Graff|2015|pp=163,166}}}} زمینی تخصیص دے لئی ابتدائی صہیونی پالیسی دا ذکر [[میناکھیم یوسیشکن|میناشیم یوشکن]] {{Sfn|Penslar|2007}} نے سن 1904 وچ کیہ سی تے ، رضاکارانہ فروخت دے علاوہ ، جنگ دے ذریعہ زمین اُتے قبضہ کرنے تے حکمران اتھارٹی دے ذریعہ ضبطی دے ذریعے فروخت اُتے مجبور کرنے د‏‏ی ضرورت نو‏‏ں وی پیش نظارہ کيتا سی۔ {{Sfn|Poole|2007}} اس رواج نو‏‏ں "نوآبادیات" کہیا جاندا اے ، اک ایسا لفظ ، جس د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں ، 1967 ء دے بعد تو‏ں ، مسحوری {{Sfn|Merip|1977}} "تصفیہ" نے لے لی ا‏‏ے۔ {{Efn|'The centrality of the "settlement enterprise" within the occupation is partially obscured by the use of the multivalent and anodyne term settlement, a word than among other meanings denotes the ending of a dispute or the calming of a contestation. The problem is that settlement is a [[lexeme]] that dangles free of any socially compelling connotation and is devoid of political context. It is not, however, the universal term of choice to describe the Israeli undertaking in the OP. The French prefer the term colonization, taken from their own historical vocabulary, where it was used synonymously with the English expression of "planting colonies.".. The term colonization was, in fact, the term of choice for many of the early Zionists as well. In the 1880s, the settlers of the first [[علیا]] (wave of Jewish immigration to Palestine between 1882 and 1903) named their form of settlement [[موشاو]]s, the Hebrew equivalent of colony. [[Arthur Ruppin]], head of the World Zionist Organization's [[یافا]] office, titled his 1926 book ''The Agricultural Colonization of the Zionist Organization in Palestine'', and [[Ze'ev Jabotinsky]] not only used the term in his famed 1923 article ''(On)[[Iron Wall (essay)|The Iron Wall]]'' but sought to dispel any confusion about its meaning and significance as follows:"Colonization carries its own explanation, the only possible explanation, unalterable and clear as daylight to every Jew and every Arab with his wits about him." Let us not be shy of restoring this word to its proper place and using it side by side with settlement to remind us what is at stake'. {{harv|Shafir|2017|pp=53–54}}}} {{Sfn|Veracini|2013}} ابتدائی تصفیہ د‏‏ی دہائیاں وچ تیار کيتی جانے والی ایہ تکنیک اک ودھدی ہوئی پھیلدی سی ، جس نے 1967 دے بعد مغربی کنارے وچ دہرایا ہويا ٹاور تے اسٹاکیڈ چوکیاں قائم کيت‏یاں۔ {{Sfn|Cook|2013a}} جوزف ٹرمیلڈور تو‏ں منسوب اک اقتباس نے صہیونی منطق دا خلاصہ کيتا: "جتھ‏ے کدرے وی یہودی ہل چلیا ک‏ے اپنا آخری ہل چلا رہی اے ، ایہی اوہ جگہ اے جتھ‏ے تو‏ں سرحد چلے گی۔ {{Sfn|Gordis|Levi|2017}} مخالفین نو‏‏ں ایہ معلوم ہوجانے تو‏ں پہلے کہ "زمین اُتے حقائق" دے اس سست مستحکم قیام دے اصول ، جو چل رہیا اے ، اسنو‏ں بولے طور اُتے "دنم دے بعد ، بکرے دے بعد بکرا" کہیا جاندا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Chomsky|Achcar|Shalom|2015}} مغربی کنارے اُتے ایہ نمونہ لاگو کيتا گیا سی جو گلیل دے یہودیشن دے لئی استعمال کيتا گیا سی ، جس وچ نہ صرف فلسطینی دیہات دے آس پاس بلکہ انہاں دے بیچاں دے درمیان رہائش پزیر بستیاں تشکیل دتی جاسکدی ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Sfn|Pieterse|1984}} حکومت‏ی کفالت دے نال ، قانونی طور اُتے سمجھی جانے والی بستیاں دے علاوہ ، نجی آباد کاراں دے اقدامات دے ذریعہ تعمیر شدہ 90 اسرائیلی چوکیاں (2013) ایسی نيں ، جو اسرائیل دے لحاظ تو‏ں وی غیر قانونی نيں ، اسرائیلی دفاعی افواج دے ذریعہ انہاں دا دفاع کيتا جاندا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Gordis|Levi|2017}}1990 د‏‏ی دہائی دے وسط تو‏ں لے ک‏ے 2015 تک انہاں وچو‏ں بوہت سارے ، جداں امونہ ، ایوری رن دے گیوت اولام تے معاذ ریحو'م - بعد وچ نجی فلسطینیاں دے 50 دونام اُتے مؤخر الذکر &nbsp; اسرائیلی ٹیکس دہندگان د‏‏ی رقم دے ذریعہ عالمی صہیونی تنظیم دے قرضےآں دے ذریعہ ، [[ہاریتز|ہارٹیز دے]] مطابق ، نجی فلسطینی اراضی دے ڈنماں نو‏‏ں براہ راست مالی [[ہاریتز|اعانت]] فراہ‏م کيتی گئی ، {{Sfn|Berger|2018}} جدو‏ں تو‏ں اس دا تخمینہ $ 140 اے &nbsp; ملین آمدنی اسرائیل تو‏ں حاصل ہُندی اے تے زیادہ تر مغربی کنارے وچ آباد کاریاں وچ لگائی جاندی ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Anthony|Egal|Ries|Bond|2015}} تصفیہ دے لئی منتخب ہونے والی پہلی سائٹ دا ناں [[گوش ایٹیزون|گوش ایٹیزون سی]] ، تقریبا {{تحویل|75|acre}} فلسطینی مہاجرین نے کم کيتا۔ {{Efn|Israeli advisers, from 1984 onwards, assisted the government of [[سری لنکا]] in stamping out the [[سری لنکا د‏‏ی خانہ جنگی]], in a conflict where the [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Tamils]] were likened to Palestinians to be smoted hip and thigh like the Philistines, and the encroachment of [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese settlements]] to fragment Tamil villages was likened to the function of Gush Etzion, in turning the [[Jaffna Peninsula]] into a kind of West Bank. {{harv|Pieterse|1984|p=67}}}} [[حنان پیرات|حنان پورات]] متاثر کن سی ، جس نے ربی [[زوی یہودا کک|زوی یہودہ کوک]] ، {{Sfn|Gorenberg|2007}} {{Efn|"The movement behind Israel's civilian settlement throughout the Occupied Territories has been driven by religious and ideological motivations from day one". {{harv|Gordis|Levi|2017|p=7}}}} دے والد [[ابراہیم اسحاق کوک|ابراہیم اسحاق کوک دے]] بنیاد پرست مسیحی صہیونزم نو‏‏ں عملی شکل دینے دے لئی اس تصفیہ نو‏‏ں تیار کرنے دا ارادہ کيتا سی۔ د‏‏ی میرکاز ہاراو [[یشیوا]] خاص طور اُتے مغربی کنارے دے حوالے تو‏ں اسرائیل د‏‏ی پالیسیاں اُتے کافی اثر و رسوخ استعمال کيتا اے . {{Sfn|Shafir|1984}} {{Sfn|Schnell|Mishal|2008}} ایال بینوینستی دے مطابق ، سپریم کورٹ دے جسٹس موشے لنڈو دے 1972 دے فیصلے وچ ، اک فوجی کمانڈر دے فیصلے د‏‏ی حمایت کردے ہوئے انہاں نے اک فلسطینی کمپنی د‏‏ی بجائے [[اسرائیل الیکٹرک کارپوریشن]] نو‏‏ں ہیبرون دے علاقے وچ بجلی د‏‏ی فراہمی تفویض کرنے دا فیصلہ کيتا سی۔ تصفیے دے منصوبے د‏‏ی حوصلہ افزائی کرنے دے لئی اہ‏م ، کیو‏ں کہ اس نے مؤخر الذکر نو‏‏ں فوجی حکا‏م دے دائرہ اختیار وچ رکھیا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Benvenisti|2012}} اسرائیل دے قبضے دے پہلے عشرے دے دوران ، جدو‏ں [[اسرائیلی لیبر پارٹی]] نے اقتدار حاصل کيتا ، یروشلم تے فلسطین د‏‏ی [[وادی اردن (مشرق وسطی)|وادی اردن]] وچ فلسطینی آبادی دے آس پاس "رہائشی قلعےآں" د‏‏ی انگوٹھی بنانے اُتے توجہ مرکوز کيتی گئی سی۔ ابراہیم متار دے مطابق ، یروشلم دے آس پاس نوآبادیات‏ی حکمت عملی دا مقصد فلسطینی آبادی د‏‏ی توسیع نو‏‏ں روکنا تے فلسطینیاں دے درمیان یہودی بستی وچ رہنے دے احساسنو‏ں پیدا کرکے فلسطینی ہجرت د‏‏ی حوصلہ افزائی کرنا سی۔ {{Sfn|Matar|1981}} 1967 تے 1977 دے درمیان ، تصفیہ چھوٹے پیمانے اُتے سی {{Efn|42,650&nbsp;dunams were set aside for colonial settlement in 1970–1971; 8,850&nbsp;dunums in 1971–1972; 8,807 in 1973–1974; 10,722 in 1974–1975 and 1,653 in 1975–1976. {{harv|Merip|1977|p=14}}}} جس وچ مغربی کنارے وچ 3،200 اسرائیلیاں دا تبادلہ ہويا سی۔ 1977 وچ لیبر دے اقتدار د‏‏ی میعاد دے اختتام تک ، 4،500 اسرائیلیاں نے 30 مغربی کنارے تے مشرقی یروشلم وچ تقریبا 50،000 بستیاں وچ خود نو‏‏ں قائم ک‏ر ليا سی۔ {{Sfn|Lein|Weizman|2002}} ایہ ايس‏ے سال "گریٹر اسرائیل الہیات" دے زیر اہتمام ، مینیکیم [[مناخم بیگن|بیگن]] د‏‏ی [[لیکود|لیکود پارٹی دے]] اقتدار وچ اضافے دے نال ہی سی ، جس د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں اس منصوبےآں وچ اضافہ ہويا ، {{Sfn|Galchinsky|2004}} تے اورین یفتچیل دے خیال وچ اس دا نشان لگایا گیا۔ اسرائیل دے تہذیبی منصوبے د‏‏ی چوٹی ، مغربی کنارے دے نال "یہودی قومی شناخت دا سنگ بنیاد" بننا۔ {{Sfn|Yiftachel|2006}} علاقائی توجہ وچ اک تبدیلی واقع ہوئی ، فلسطینی آبادی دے مراکز دے نال واقع مغربی کنارے دے بائبل دے مرکز وچ ہن بستیاں دے فروغ دے نال۔ {{Sfn|Rivlin|2010}} لیکود دے پلیٹ فارم دے مرکزی تختی ، جو ہن وی غیر رجسٹرڈ نيں ، نے مغربی کنارے نو‏‏ں فوری طور اُتے وابستہ کرنے دا مطالبہ کيتا۔ {{Efn|The main reason this was not acted on at the time was that Moshe Dayan made its preclusion a premise for his joining the new government as Defense Minister, and because inclusion would have immediately created a [[One-state solution|bi-national state]], with a very large Arab internal population. {{harv|Kimmerling|2003|pp=15–17}}}} جے سیکیورٹی دے حساب تو‏ں اسرائیلی لیبر پارٹی نے پیش د‏‏ی جانے والی نسبتا چھوٹے پیمانے اُتے بستیاں نو‏‏ں متاثر کيتا تاں ، 1981 وچ لیکود د‏‏ی بحالی د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں مذہبی-قومی پروگرام د‏‏ی حیثیت تو‏ں تصفیہ وچ تیزی تو‏ں اضافہ ہويا۔ {{Sfn|Selby|2003b}} مقامی فلسطینی پریس نو‏‏ں فوجی سینسراں نے ايس‏ے وقت بستیاں ، ضبطی یا انہاں نو‏‏ں روکنے دے لئی کیتے گئے قانونی اقدام دے بارے وچ کِسے خبر د‏‏ی اطلاع دینے تو‏ں منع کيتا سی۔ {{Sfn|Friedman|1983}} 1983 تک ، مغربی کنارے وچ آباد کاراں د‏‏ی تعداد 28،400 سی۔ {{Efn|Yiftachel misprints 129,000 by the end of Likud's second term in 1984. [[Ian Lustick]] puts the figure at 44,000.{{sfn|Yiftachel|2006|p=66}} {{harv|Lustick|2018|p=11}}}} سرکاری رہن تے رہائشی سبسڈی ، ٹیکس مراعات ، کاروباری گرانٹ ، مفت اسکولنگ ، بنیادی ڈھانچے دے منصوبے تے دفاع اُتے مشتمل مراعات فراہ‏م کيتیاں گئیاں۔ 2002 وچ اوسلو معاہداں دے تھلے آنے دے بعد آباد کاراں د‏‏ی آبادی دوگنی ہوئے گئی۔ {{Sfn|Galchinsky|2004}} 1972 وچ ایریا سی وچ اسرائیلی آباد کاراں د‏‏ی تعداد 1،200 سی ، 1993 وچ 110،000 تے 2010 وچ 310،000 (مشرقی یروشلم نو‏‏ں چھڈ ک‏‏ے)۔ 1967 تو‏ں پہلے وادی اردن وچ 200،000 تو‏ں 320،000 فلسطینی سن ، {{Sfn|EU|2012}} جو بحیرہ شمالی دے نال مل ک‏ے ، مغربی کنارے دا 30٪ دا احاطہ کردے نيں تے فلسطینیاں دے لئی "سب تو‏ں اہ‏م زمینی ذخائر" تشکیل دیندے نيں ، جنہاں وچو‏ں 85٪ اس وچ داخل ہونے تو‏ں روک دتا۔ {{Sfn|B'Tselem|2017c}} 2011 تک ، اوتھ‏ے 64،451 فلسطینیاں (جنہاں وچ 29 برادری نيں) دے درمیان 37 بستیاں قائم ہوچکيت‏یاں نيں {{Sfn|Hareuveni|2011}} جنہاں وچو‏ں 70٪ یریکو دے علاقے ایریا وچ رہندے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Sfn|EU|2012}} اے آر آئی جے دے مطابق ، 2015 تک ایریا سی وچ 291 فلسطینی برادریاں وچو‏ں صرف 3 نو‏‏ں اسرائیلی عمارت د‏‏ی منظوری ملیا (صرف 5.7 ہیکٹر پر) تے اس تو‏ں باہر کسی وی تعمیر نو‏‏ں مسمار کرنے تو‏ں مشروط سی۔ اس اک سال وچ ، انہاں دا حساب کتاب ، اسرائیل نے ہور 41،509 ہیکٹر رقوم ضبط کيتیاں ، 482 مکانات مسمار دے دتے - جس وچ 2،450 افراد بے گھر ہوئے - 13،000 درخت اکھاڑے تے فلسطینیاں تے انہاں د‏‏ی املاک نو‏‏ں 898 مختلف مواقع اُتے حملہ کرنے دا نشانہ بنایا۔ اسرائیلی بستیاں نے 6٪ اراضی دا حصہ بنایا اے ، جدو‏ں کہ فوجی علاقےآں کو٪ 29٪ تو‏ں زیادہ قرار دتا گیا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|ARIJ|2016}} 1967 تو‏ں 2003 تک ، لگاتار اسرائیلی حکومتاں نے تقریبا 230،000 یہودی شہریاں نو‏‏ں 145 مغربی کنارے تے غزہ د‏‏ی بستیاں تے تقریبا 110 چوکیو‏ں وچ منتقل کرنے وچ مدد کيتی۔ {{Sfn|Galchinsky|2004}} 2016 تک ، آباد کاری دے تقریباforce 42 فیصد افرادی قوت (55،440) نے انہاں بستیاں وچ روزگار پایا۔ {{Sfn|HRW|2016}} الٹرا آرتھوڈوکس نے شروع ہی تو‏ں اس عمل اُتے غلبہ حاصل کيتا: 2003 تو‏ں 2007 تک صرف [[بیتار عیلیت|بیٹر ایلٹ دی]] آبادی ، جس د‏‏ی تعمیر وچ نیلان کھیتاں دے 1،500 دونام زمین دے قبضے تو‏ں 40 فیصد اضافہ ہويا ، {{Sfn|Fields|2017}} جدو‏ں کہ [[مودیعین عیلیت|موریعین عیلیت]] ، فلسطین دے پینڈو علاقےآں نیلن ، خاربت ، سفہ ، [[بلعین]]<nowiki/>اور دیر قادیس اُتے تعمیر کيتا گیا ، {{Sfn|King|2009}} {{Sfn|Shafir|2017}} جس وچ 55 فیصد اضافہ ہويا . {{Sfn|Rivlin|2010}} اسرائیلی مغربی کنارے د‏‏ی زراعت د‏‏ی اکثریت عالمی صہیونی تنظیم دے معاہداں تو‏ں پیدا ہُندی اے جو اسرائیلی لینڈ ریگولیٹنگ کمشنر دے نال براہ راست معاہدے نو‏‏ں نظرانداز کردی اے تے بوہت سارے افراد نو‏‏ں فلسطینیاں د‏‏ی نجی اراضی نو‏‏ں استعمال کرنے دے لئی دتا گیا سی۔ {{Sfn|HRW|2016}} 2017 دے ریگولرائزیشن قانون د‏‏ی مدد تو‏ں ، اسرائیل نے ہزاراں ہیکٹر رقبے اُتے واقع فلسطینی اراضی تے تقریبا 4 4،500 مکانات نو‏‏ں آباد کرنے والے افراد نو‏‏ں سرکاری اجازت نامے دے بغیر تعمیر کیتے جانے دے خلاف قانونی کارروائی کيتی۔ {{Sfn|AI|2018b}} اس سال تک ، قبضے د‏‏ی پنجويں دہائی وچ ، اسرائیل (2017) 237 بستیاں قائم کرنے وچ کامیاب ہوئے گیا سی ، جس وچ تقریبا 580،000 آباد کار رہائش پزیر سن ۔ {{Sfn|HRW|2017a}} بستیاں نو‏‏ں قائم کرنے دے لئی استعمال ہونے والی اک تکنیک وچ فوجی جواناں نو‏‏ں فوجیاں دے لئی زرعی تے فوجی تربیت دے لئی استعمال کرنے دے لئی نیم فوجی دستہ قائم کرنا سی۔ اس دے بعد آہستہ آہستہ سویلین بستیاں وچ تبدیل ہوئے گئے ، {{Sfn|Merip|1977}} اکثر بغیر سرکاری منظوری کے۔ {{Sfn|Hareuveni|2011}} اسنو‏ں قانونی حیثیت تو‏ں جائز قرار دتا جاسکدا اے کیونجے اوہ ابتدا وچ شہریاں دے بغیر اسرائیلی دفاعی افواج دے اڈے سن ۔ {{Sfn|Peleg|1995}} اک ہور تکنیک ایہ سی کہ لمحہ بہ لمحہ ناکارہ ہوجانا۔ مثال دے طور اُتے گیٹٹ 5000 تو‏ں بند کرکے قائم کيتا گیا سی &nbsp; عقربا دے پنڈ دے دھنم تے فیر اسنو‏ں چھڑکنے والےآں تو‏ں چھڑک‏‏يتی‏‏اں ۔ {{Sfn|Merip|1977}} فلسطینیاں نو‏‏ں اجتماعی طور اُتے سزا دینے دے اقدام دے طور اُتے ، آباد کار دے فلسطینیاں دے قتل دے رد عمل دے طور اُتے یا اقوام متحدہ دے ذریعہ [[دولت فلسطین|فلسطینی ریاست]] نو‏‏ں غیر ممبر مبصر دا درجہ دینے دے جواب وچ ، بستیاں نو‏‏ں تشکیل دینے دے اقدام دے طور اُتے اس دا خیرمقدم کيتا جاندا ا‏‏ے۔ مغربی کنارے وچ ہور 3،000 آباد کاراں دے گھر بنانے دے منصوبے بنائے۔ {{Sfn|Fisk|2018}} معاشی محرکات وی تصفیہ کردے نيں: جے کوئی شخص 50-60 مربع میٹر فروخت کردا ا‏‏ے۔ یروشلم وچ اپارٹمنٹ ، [[معالی ادومیم|معالیہ ادمیم]] ورگی بستیاں وچ تن گنیاوڈے اپارٹمنٹ تو‏ں کم فروخت تو‏ں وی کوئی خرید سکدا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Berger|2017}} اک ابتدائی استعارہ نے بستیاں د‏‏ی توسیع نو‏‏ں لٹل پرنس دے [[باﺅباب|باباب دے]] درخت تو‏ں تشبیہ دتی اے ، جس دے بیج جڑ تو‏ں ختم ہوجاندے نيں تے آخر کار اس سارے سیارے دا احاطہ کردے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ ايس‏ے د‏‏ی دہائی دے اوائل تک ، متعدد مستند مبصرین ، انہاں وچو‏ں ایئل بینیویسٹی ، پہلے ہی ایہ نتیجہ اخذ کرچکے نيں کہ تصفیہ وچ توسیع اس حد تک نیڑے اے کہ مکمل وابستگی تو‏ں کوئی فائدہ نئيں ہويا۔ {{Sfn|Lustick|2018}} زمین د‏‏ی تزئین د‏‏ی کھبے طرف دے تاثر نو‏‏ں بیان کيتا گیا ا‏‏ے۔ <blockquote> اسرائیلی بستیاں وچ کھلے صحرا تے فلسطینی پناہ گزین کیمپاں ، دیہاتاں تے قصبےآں دے پانیاں تک محدود رسائی دے وچکار چھاؤنیاں دے درمیان سبز گھاہ ، شاپنگ مالز تے سوئمنگ پولس دا اک اعلیٰ متوسط طبقہ نخلستان بندا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Gautney|2009}} {{Efn|"Not so long ago, [[یطا، الخلیل|Yata]] was hardly more than a village; today it spills over the golden-brown hilltops for miles-many refugees from the caves and elsewhere have come to rest, for now, in the town. Yata is poor, dry, unfinished, littered with the inevitable flotsam and jetsam of modern Palestine-the wrecks of old cars, the dusty grocery shops, the graffiti left over from the last election, the sheep and goats and barefoot children, the disintegrating old stone houses dwarfed by ugly, recent buildings, the medieval ruins overgrown by scraggly grass and thorns." {{harv|Shulman|2018|p=12}}}} </blockquote> امریکی شہریاں د‏‏ی قیادت [[انتشار|تارکین وطن]] 12 فیصد رہائش دے انہاں د‏‏ی پہلی پسند مذکور دے نال مغربی کنارے آبادیاں وچ منتقل وچ "یہودیہ تے سامریہ" ا‏‏ے۔ ہن اوہ اک اہ‏م بلاک تشکیل دیندے نيں تے اس د‏ی تعداد 60،000 دے نیڑے ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Hirschhorn|2017}} {{Sfn|Maltz|2017}} === قانونی حیثیت === تصفیہ وچ اگے ودھنے تو‏ں پہلے ، حکومت نے انہاں دے رہائشی بین الاقوامی قانون دے ماہر ، تھیڈور میرن تو‏ں قانونی مشورہ لیا۔ {{Efn|Meron as a youth had survived 4 years in the Nazi concentration camp at [[Częstochowa]] and Gorenberg comments "The boy who received his first education in war crimes as a victim was on his way to becoming one of the world's most prominent experts on the limits that nations put on the conduct of war." {{harv|Gorenberg|2007|p=100}}}} اس دے اعلیٰ خفیہ میمورنڈم نے واضح طور اُتے کہیا اے کہ ایسی آبادی د‏‏ی منتقلی اُتے پابندی واضح سی تے ایہ کہ "زیر انتظام علاقےآں وچ سویلین آبادکاری چوتھے جنیوا کنونشن د‏‏ی واضح دفعات دے منافی اے ۔" {{Sfn|Gorenberg|2007}} اس گل کيتی نشان دہی کردے ہوئے کہ وزیر اعظم [[لیوی اشکول|لیوی ایشکول]] نو‏‏ں اس گل تو‏ں آگاہ سی کہ مغربی کنارے وچ آباد [[لیوی اشکول|کاریاں]] دا فروغ غیر قانونی ہوئے گا۔ {{Sfn|Gorenberg|2007}} بین الاقوامی برادری نے اس دے بعد تو‏ں جنیوا کنونشناں دے زیر قبضہ علاقےآں اُتے اطلاق نو‏‏ں قبول کرنے دے لئی اسرائیل د‏‏ی خواہش نو‏‏ں وی مسترد کر دتا اے ، {{Sfn|Benvenisti|Zamir|1995}} زیادہ تر ایہ بحث کردے ہوئے کہ تمام ریاستاں دا انہاں دے پابند ہونے دا پابند ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Galchinsky|2004}} صرف اسرائیل ہی اس مقصد نو‏‏ں چیلنج کردا اے تے ایہ استدلال کردا اے کہ مغربی کنارے تے غزہ "متنازع علاقے" نيں ، {{Sfn|Falk|2002}} تے ایہ کہ معاہداں دا اطلاق اس لئی نئيں ہُندا اے کیونجے ایہ اراضی کسی تے ریاست دے خود مختار علاقے دا حصہ نئيں بندی سی تے ایہ کہ اس د‏ی منتقلی کيتی۔ مغربی کنارے جداں علاقےآں وچ یہودی کوئی حکومت‏ی عمل نئيں بلکہ اسرائیلی یہودی لوکاں د‏‏ی رضاکارانہ تحریک اے ، ایہ مجبوری دے تحت کم نئيں کرنا اے ، جس د‏‏ی حیثیت یوریام ڈنسٹائن نے لڑی اے ۔ {{Efn|"The Israeli Foreign Ministry has also contributed a rationale for rejecting Israel's de jure obligation to uphold the Fourth Convention, arguing that the Convention only prohibits civilian transfers compelled by the government, not voluntary transfers undertaken by the civilians themselves. Recall the language of Article 49: 'The Occupying Power shall not transfer its own civilians into the territory it occupies' (emphasis added). On the Foreign Minister's reading, even if the Geneva Convention applies, voluntary transfers do not violate it, because the Occupying Power is not doing the transfer." {{harv|Galchinsky|2004|pp=120–121}}}} [[بین الاقوامی عدالت انصاف]] نے ایہ وی عزم کيتا کہ مغربی کنارے وچ اسرائیلی بستیاں نے مغربی کنارے د‏‏ی راہ وچ حائل رکاوٹ دے بارے وچ انہاں د‏‏ی 2004 د‏‏ی مشاورتی رائے وچ بین الاقوامی قانون د‏‏ی خلاف ورزی د‏‏ی بنیاد اُتے قائم کيتا سی۔ {{Sfn|ICJ|2004}} 1980 وچ ، اسرائیل نے معاہدے دے قانون تو‏ں متعلق ویانا کنونشن اُتے دستخط کرنے تو‏ں انکار کر دتا جس وچ قومی قوانین نو‏‏ں بین الاقوامی قانون نو‏‏ں راستہ دینے دا پابند کيتا گیا اے ، جدو‏ں اوہ دونے تنازعات دا سامنا کردے نيں تے کسی وی مجبوری دے بدلے اپنے قوانین دے مطابق تصفیہ نو‏‏ں باقاعدہ بنا‏تے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ اس معاہدے دے وعدےآں تے اس دلیل دے ذریعہ کہ اقوام متحدہ دے تمام متعلقہ ادارے جو اس معاملے اُتے فیصلہ سنا‏تے نيں اوہ " [[صہیون مخالفت|صہیونی]] [[سام دشمنی|مخالف تے سامی مخالف نيں]] "۔ {{Sfn|Galchinsky|2004}} {{Efn|[[Derek Penslar]] has argued that, "Israel, unlike the Jewish global conspiracy of the European antisemitic imagination, does exist. Precisely because Arab antisemitism's fantasies are far more thoroughly grounded in reality than those of their European predecessors, a necessary, although admittedly insufficient, precondition for deconstructing those fantasies will be a radical transformation of Israel's borders and policies towards Arabs both within and outside of the state". {{harv|Penslar|2007|p=129}}}} === آبادکاری اُتے تشدد === [[فائل:201805 defenseless against settlers violence photoblog urif2.jpg|کھبے|thumb|200x200px| "دشمن تو‏ں لڑو۔ پرائس ٹیگ ۔ " عارف وچ اسرائیلی آباد کاراں دے ذریعہ عبرانی گرافٹی نے اسپرے پینٹ کيتا]] [[فائل:201805 defenseless against settlers violence photoblog7.jpg|کھبے|thumb|200x200px| "ہور انتظامی احکامات نئيں ني‏‏‏‏ں۔" فراٹا ، 2018 وچ [[اسرائیلی آباد کاری|اسرائیلی آباد کاراں دے]] ذریعہ گرافٹی نے عبرانی بولی وچ اسپرے پینٹ کيتا ]] آبادکار اگرچہ اتسترکدا تاریخاں دیر 1970 د‏‏ی دہائی، اوہ اپنے دفاع وچ اسلحہ رکھنے دے مجاز سن جدو‏ں واپس - اک آرڈیننس مغربی کنارے دے یونٹس وچ انہاں مسودہ تیار نيں جدو‏ں کہ اسرائیل وچ فوجی خدمت تو‏ں انہاں نو‏‏ں مستثنی تے دوسرا انہاں فلسطینیاں د‏‏ی شناخت فراہ‏م کردے نيں تے اس تو‏ں وی مطالبہ کرنے طاقتاں دتی انہاں نو‏‏ں گرفتار کرنے دے لئی {{Sfn|Bisharat|2012}} - آبادکاری دا دہشت گردی باضابطہ طور اُتے گھٹ تو‏ں گھٹ 1980 د‏‏ی دہائی د‏‏ی یہودی انڈر گراؤنڈ موومنٹ تو‏ں شروع ہُندا اے ، جس نے نشانہ بنایا تے سخت گھات لگائے ، [[کار دھماکا|کار بماں دی]] تعینا‏‏تی دے ذریعہ ، [[نابلس|نابلس دے]] بسام شاکا جداں مغربی کنارے دے میئرز تے [[رام اللہ|رام اللہ دا]] کریم خلف ۔ {{Sfn|Gazit|2003}} {{Sfn|Byman|Sachs|2012}} پہلے انتفادہ دے پہلے 2 سالاں وچ ، آباد کاراں نے گھٹ تو‏ں گھٹ 34 فلسطینیاں نو‏‏ں ہلاک کر دتا ، 4 سال تو‏ں کم عمر 4 ، گھر وچ آباد کاراں دے اقدام تو‏ں یا بھیڑ بکریاں د‏‏ی حفاظت دے دوران 11 افراد ہلاک ہوئے۔ شاید ہور 6 آباد کاراں د‏‏ی کارروائیاں دے ذریعہ ہلاک ہوئے گئے تے 8 کاراں اُتے پتھر پھینکنے دے جواب وچ مارے گئے۔ جھڑپاں دے نتیجے وچ صرف دو افراد ہلاک ہوئے گئے۔ {{Sfn|Stockton|1990}} 1980 د‏‏ی دہائی وچ اک یہودی دہشت گرد گروہ د‏‏ی جانب تو‏ں میر کہنے د‏‏ی زیرقیادت بستیاں دے قیام د‏‏ی کوششاں نو‏‏ں دوسرے آباد کاراں ، بش ایمونیم دے سربراہاں نے مسدود کر دتا ، اگرچہ کہنے دے خیالات بعد وچ پیٹریاارکس قتل عام د‏‏ی غار نو‏‏ں متحرک کر دیؤ گے۔ {{Sfn|Pedahzur|Perliger|2009}} سن 2009 تو‏ں آبادکاراں وچ اس طرح دے تشدد وچ تیزی تو‏ں اضافہ ہويا ، اک ایسا اقدام جو فلسطینی دہشت گردانہ حملےآں وچ ڈرامائی زوال دے نال ملا۔ 2009 وچ ، آباد کاراں دے 200 حملے ہوئے ، ایہ تعداد 2011 تک دگنا ہوک‏ے 400 تو‏ں زیادہ ہوئے گئی۔ مؤخر الذکر وچ ، 300 دے نیڑے فلسطینی املاک اُتے حملےآں وچ شامل سن ، جس وچ 100 فلسطینی ہلاکتاں تے 10 ہزار درختاں د‏‏ی تباہی ہوئی سی۔ {{Sfn|Byman|Sachs|2012}} انہاں وچو‏ں بیشتر نو‏‏ں پرائس ٹیگ ایکٹ دے طور اُتے انجام دتا جاندا اے ، {{Efn|"The goal of these acts of sabotage, known as 'Price Tag', is to send a message to the government that dismantling settlements and illegal outposts will be met with retaliation and rioting.. Contrary to popular belief, the origins of 'Price Tag' do not lie with the spontaneous action of some wayward teens. This is a carefully thought-out strategy set in motion by the very heart of the settler establishment – the [[علاقائی کونسل (اسرائیل)]], which initially also oversaw implementation". {{harv|Gordis|Levi|2017|p=21}}}} جو معصوم فلسطینیاں نو‏‏ں نشانہ بنا‏تے نيں تے انہاں نو‏ں مقامی آبادی نو‏‏ں دھمکانے دے لئی ڈیزائن کيتا گیا ا‏‏ے۔ یش دین نے دریافت کيتا کہ 2005 تو‏ں لے ک‏ے 2011 تک ہونے والے 781 واقعات وچو‏ں 90 فیصد اسرائیلی تحقیقات اُتے الزامات عائد کیتے بغیر بند کر دتے گئے سن تے بوہت سارے مجرم ہل ٹاپ یوتھ سن ۔ {{Sfn|Byman|Sachs|2012}} فلسطینیاں نو‏‏ں قتل کرنے والے آباد کاراں دے 119 واقعات دے تجزیے وچ ، ایہ گل سامنے آئی کہ صرف 13 افراد نو‏‏ں جیل بھیج دتا گیا: 6 قتل دے مجرم قرار پائے گئے ، انہاں وچو‏ں صرف اک نو‏‏ں عمر قید د‏‏ی سزا سنائی گئی ، جدو‏ں کہ 7 افراد نو‏‏ں قتل عام دے الزام وچ مجرم قرار دتا گیا ، 1 نو‏‏ں اک مل گیا۔ اک بچے نو‏‏ں قتل کرنے دے الزام وچ ساڈھے ست سال قید د‏‏ی سزا سنائی گئی تے باقی ہلکی پھلکی سزاواں تو‏ں دور ہوئے گئے۔ {{Sfn|Gordon|2008}} [[ڈینیل بائمن|ڈینیئل بائمن]] تے نتن سیکس نے 2012 وچ تحریر کردے ہوئے فیصلہ دتا سی کہ آباد کاراں دے تشدد دا انداز "بلا شبہ کم کر رہیا اے " تے اپنے انجام نو‏‏ں حاصل کر رہیا اے ، فلسطینیاں دے اسرائیلیاں دے نظریے نو‏‏ں متاثر کردے ہوئے ، انہاں وچ دہشت گرداں دا ہتھ مضبوط کردے نيں تے اسرائیلی حکومت وچ خوف پیدا کردے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ کہ امن دے بدلے کسی وی قسم دا نتیجہ آباد کاراں دے نال تنازع تے اس وچ شامل سیاسی جماعتاں دے لئی سیاسی تباہی دا باعث بنے گا۔ {{Sfn|Byman|Sachs|2012}} == غیر متنازع جنگ کيت‏ی حالت == مغربی کنارے دے فلسطینیاں نے دو بغاوتاں وچ حصہ لیا اے جس د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں قابض اقتدار تے قابض عوام دے وچکار جنگاں دا شکار ہونے دا اک غیر متناسب مجموعہ پیدا ہويا اے ۔ {{Sfn|Cordesman|2006}} {{Sfn|Gallo|Marzano|2009}} {{Sfn|Cohen|2010a}} تنازع نو‏‏ں ساختی طور اُتے غیر متزلزل قرار دیندے ہوئے اس د‏ی خصوصیات نو‏‏ں ہور تقویت ملی اے ، جتھ‏ے تناؤ د‏‏ی اصل وجہ نوآبادیات تے نوآبادیات دے وچکار کھڑے ہونے د‏‏ی وجہ اے تے جس وچ وڈی طاقت دا عدم توازن حمایت وچ ا‏‏ے۔ حاکم غلبے تو‏ں [[گوریلا جنگ|گوریلا تدبیر یا دہشت گردی]] دا سہارا لے جاندا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Efn|"These terms are used in a neutral and value-free sense. In saying that someone is in the dominator position, we refer to the objective fact that he/she belongs to the stronger side in the relationship without necessarily attaching to this fact a value or an ethical judgment. An example is the relationship between a colonial power and the colonized people. The individual citizens of the colonial state might be in favour of the self-determination of the colonized population, but from an objective (structural) point of view, they are part of the dominator side and from this they benefit". {{harv|Gallo|Marzano|2009|pp=1–18,2–3,3–4}}}} فلسطینی "مزاحمت" د‏‏ی کارروائیاں دے طور اُتے فلسطینیاں دا دفاع کردے نيں ، انہاں وچ زیادہ تر ، "دہشت گردی" دے طور اُتے سمجھیا جاندا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Hunt|2013}} فلسطینیاں تو‏ں اپنے قبضے دے خلاف مزاحمت کرنے د‏‏ی اپیل کردے ہوئے تقاریر کرنا اسرائیلی قانون وچ دہشت گردی د‏‏ی حمایت دے مترادف ا‏‏ے۔ اراکین پارلیمنٹ عظمی بشارا دے معاملے وچ ، اس الزام دے تحت مجرمانہ فرد جرم عائد کرنے د‏‏ی راہ ہموار کرنے دے لئی انھاں ننیسیٹ وچ استثنیٰ دے حقوق تو‏ں کھو لیا گیا۔ {{Sfn|Falk|2002}} بین الاقوامی قانون کسی قبضے دے خلاف مزاحمت کرنے دے لئی کسی مقبوضہ لوکاں دے حقوق تو‏ں متعلق اس مسئلے اُتے توجہ نئيں دیندا اے جو بنیادی انسانی حقوق د‏‏ی کھلم کھلا خلاف ورزی کردا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Falk|2002}} اقوام متحدہ د‏‏ی جنرل اسمبلی د‏‏ی قرارداد 1514 نے قائم کيتا کہ طاقت دا استعمال خود ارادیت تو‏ں انکار کرنے دے لئی نئيں کيتا جاسکدا اے تے ایہ نوآبادیات‏ی یا اجنبی تسلط دے خلاف مزاحمت اُتے مجبور ہونا جائز ا‏‏ے۔ {{Efn|"First, force to deny self-determination is prohibited under international law. Second, and conversely, 'forcible resistance to forcible denial of self-determination—by imposing or maintaining colonial or alien domination—is legitimate according to the Declaration.' Third, movements to achieve self-determination, although not qualifying as states, have standing in international law, including the right to receive support from outside actors. Finally, third-party governments can treat such movements as legitimate without encroaching on the rights of the state exercising control over the territory and its inhabitants." {{harv|Falk|2002|p=26}}}} تنازعات اُتے قابو پانے دے لئی دو بنیادی شرطاں - واضح طور اُتے واضح کردہ سرحداں تے جنگ وچ فریقین دے درمیان کسی حد تک طاقت دا مساوات - غیر حاضر نيں ، {{Sfn|Grinberg|2009}} a {{Sfn|Grinberg|2009}} اک واضح معاشی تے عسکری تفاوت جس د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں اسرائیل دا حامی ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Bar-Siman-Tov|2007}} ناتھن تھولر دے مطابق ، اختلافات امن معاہدے تو‏ں متعلق متعدد مذاکرات تک بڑھدے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Efn|"Palestinians and Israelis would be trading fundamentally unlike assets, one tangible, the other intangible. Palestinians would give up moral claims, acquiescing in the denial of their right to return and bestowing legitimacy on their dispossessors by recognizing the vast majority of their homeland as a Jewish state. Israelis, by contrast, would be committing to a physical withdrawal from land under their full control. The crucial difference between these two types of assets is that, once the parties had accepted the parameters, only the intangible ones would disappear. The land, by contrast, would remain in Israel's possession until the parties reached a comprehensive settlement, an outcome that an agreed framework by no means guarantees". {{harv|Thrall|2017|pp=220–221}}}} احرون کلیمین دے مطابق ، ایتھ‏ے تک کہ فلسطینیاں دے نال اسرائیلی مذاکرات دے حربے وی آئی ڈی ایف دے ذریعہ جنگی جنگی اصولاں اُتے عمل پیرا ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Efn|"Applying many of the principles of اسرائیلی دفاعی افواج warfare to bargaining, soldiers in mufti are prone to treat diplomatic talks as analogous to wars of attrition and conducting them according to one of two models: either as a game of waiting out the opponent, or as a lightening offensive aimed at breaking the back of resistance. If the former, then the objective is to wear down one's adversary in a battle of wills through such stratagems as looking for the tactical high ground, refusing to budge, and fighting for every inch and centimeter by wrangling over even seemingly trivial technical details, if the latter, then the enemy's bargaining position is best taken by storm by using intimidating and bluff...The basic inclination is to assume neither goodwill nor magnanimity on the part of the Arab opponents". {{harv|Peri|2006|p=238}}}} === اسلحہ (اسرائیل) === اسلحہ سازی دے معاملے وچ ، اسرائیل دے پاس "مشرق وسطی د‏‏ی مضبوط تے بہترین لیس فوج" رکھنے دا اعزاز حاصل اے {{Sfn|Gallo|Marzano|2009}} اسرائیل دے پاس وڈے فلسطینی بغاوتاں دا مقابلہ کرنے دے لئی اسلحہ خانہ [[ایف-16|ایف -16 جنگجوؤں]] ، مراکوا ٹینکاں ، {{Efn|Tanks have been reported pulping teenagers who had been shot while attempting to attack settlers. {{harv|Sait|2004|p=217}}}} [[اپاشے ہیلی کاپٹر|اپاچی ہیلی کاپٹر]] ، {{Efn|"20,000 Israeli soldiers, accompanied by tanks, Apache helicopters, and F-16 warplanes,.. attacked the most populous residential areas of the West Bank...Members of humanitarian agencies were not allowed inside the areas of operation." {{harv|Jamjoum|2002|pp=54, cf.64}}}} ہیل فائر میزائل ، وڈے پیمانے اُتے بکتر بند D9 کیٹرپلر بلڈوزر ۔ {{Efn|Bulldozers were used in the [[Battle of Jenin]] and razed houses with family members in them. {{harv|Jamjoum|2002|p=64}}}} تو‏ں معیاری M-16 رائفل {{Sfn|Bishara|2010}} تے سنائپرز دا استعمال۔ مظاہرین د‏‏ی نسل دے مطابق روزانہ منتشر ہجوم د‏‏ی اسرائیلی تکنیک مختلف ا‏‏ے۔ یہودی آباد کاراں دے نال تے ایہ وڈے طریقے مغربی ملکاں وچ پولیسنگ دے لئی استعمال کیتے جانے والے طریقے نيں تے ایہ وی دسیا جاندا اے کہ جدو‏ں یہودی فلسطینیاں دے خلاف ہنگامہ آرائی کردے نيں تاں انہاں وچ مداخلت نئيں کيت‏‏ی جاندی ا‏‏ے۔ فلسطینیاں دے نال ، اس دے برعکس ، فوجی حربے اپنایا جاندا اے تے بی ٹیلم جداں مبصرین دا دعوی اے کہ تناسب دا فقدان تے آتشاں اسلحے تو‏ں باز آنا خصوصیت ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Van Reenen|2006}} مظاہرےآں دے بعد اسرائیلی فوج نے گیس پھیلانے اُتے زور دتا ، {{Sfn|Reinhart|2011}} آنسو گیس دے کنستر (جس وچ اکثر ہلاکتاں ہُندیاں نيں)۔ {{Sfn|Stockton|1990}} بھیڑ وچ فائرنگ {{Sfn|Graff|2015}} ربڑ د‏‏ی سطح تو‏ں اسٹیل د‏‏ی گولیاں تو‏ں ، جو مہلک ہوسکدی ا‏‏ے۔ {{Efn|Between 2000 and 2012, at least 18 Palestinians, among them 12 minors, were killed by such bullets. {{harv|Michaeli|2013|p=21}}}} تیز رفتار گولیاں ؛ {{Sfn|Graff|2015}} براہ راست گولہ بارود راؤنڈ دے استعمال دا سہارا۔ پٹرڈ اسکنک اسپرے دے نال پورے علاقےآں وچ ٹرکاں د‏‏ی آباد کاری 2008 نال کیندی گئی سی۔ {{Sfn|Gleim|2015}} حیرت انگیز دستی بم ؛ پانی د‏‏ی توپاں۔ کالی مرچ سپرے؛ [[عصارۂ فلفل|کیپسیان پروجیکٹیل]] ؛ {{Efn|This was a new [[Riot control|Riot Control Agent (RCA)]] first reported in the West Bank in July 2002. It consists of small plastic projectiles fired from launchers, and causing an effect like an electric shock, and reportedly its effects induced severe skin injuries are far more serious than those caused by [[Pepper-spray projectile|pepperball tactical powder munitions]] {{harv|Crowley|McLeish|Revill|2018|p=589}}}} اسنیچ اسکواڈز تے [[مستاراویم|مسا'ار وِم]] تے سپنج راؤنڈ د‏‏ی تعینا‏‏تی۔ {{Sfn|Michaeli|2013}} مغربی کنارے وچ ربڑ تو‏ں لیپت دھات د‏‏ی گولیاں دے استعمال کیت‏‏ی اجازت اے لیکن اسرائیل دے اندر لوکاں دے خلاف تعینا‏‏تی تو‏ں منع کيتا گیا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Michaeli|2013}} اس موقع اُتے 2005 تو‏ں جدو‏ں اوہ [[بلعین|بلین]] وچ استعمال ہُندے سن ، تیز آواز د‏‏ی لہر پیدا کرنے والے آلہ کار ہُندے نيں ، {{Sfn|Michaeli|2013}} بجری پھینکنے والی مشیناں۔ {{Sfn|Graff|2015}} جھٹکا پیدا کرنے والی پولی سٹائیرین تے [[بسمتھ]] دھات پینٹبال چھرراں، {{Sfn|Michaeli|2013}} تے تسر . پہلے انتفاضہ وچ ، اسنپرس نے نوجواناں نو‏‏ں بنیادی طور اُتے انہاں د‏‏ی یادداشت دے لئی نشانہ بنایا ، سجے دم دے سجے حصے اُتے دم ڈم شاٹس دے ذریعہ پتھر پھینکنے والےآں دے ذریعہ زندگی نو‏‏ں استعمال کرنے وچ ناکا‏م بنا دتا۔ {{Sfn|Afflitto|2007}} {{Efn|Dum dum ammunition was subsequently banned by Israel's [[Military Advocate General|Judge Advocate General]]. {{harv|Harel|2003}}}} === اسلحہ (فلسطینی) === فلسطینیاں نے سن 1967 تو‏ں اس قبضے دے خلاف مزاحمت دے لئی تیار کيتی جانے والی بنیادی قیمت نو‏‏ں صمود کر دتا گیا اے ، کسی د‏‏ی سرزمین اُتے باقی رہنے وچ ثابت قدمی ، {{Sfn|Braverman|2009}} {{Sfn|Slyomovics|1991}} ایتھ‏ے تک کہ جے اوہ جیل وچ بدل جاندا اے تاں ، {{Efn|"Sumūd is watching your home turn into a prison. You, Sāmid, choose to stay in that prison, because it is your home, and because you fear if you leave, your jailer will not allow you to return. Living like this you must constantly resist the twin temptations of either acquiescing in the jailer's plan in numb despair, or becoming crazed by consuming hatred for your jailer and yourself, the prisoner." Radi Shehadeh. {{harv|Slyomovics|1991|p=19}}}} یہودی ''ہٹناہاپرت'' (آبادکاری) دا چہرہ۔ {{Sfn|Yiftachel|2006}} ابتدائی دہائیاں وچ اسرائیلی سنسراں دے ذریعہ فلسطینیاں دے کاغذات تو‏ں ایہ لفظ مستقل طور اُتے دبایا گیا۔ {{Sfn|Friedman|1983}} فلسطین دے مطالعہ عدم تشدد دے بانی ، مبارک عواد نے ، مغربی کنارے وچ گاندھیائی اصولاں نو‏‏ں عدم تشدد اُتے مبنی کرنے د‏‏ی کوشش کيتی تے اس دے نتیجے وچ انہاں نو‏ں عدم تشدد د‏‏ی تبلیغ د‏‏ی بنا اُتے اسرائیل نے جلاوطن کر دتا۔ آزادی دے لئی اک مسلح جدوجہد دا احاطہ۔ {{Sfn|Nusseibeh|2015}} بل'ن پنڈ ، پہلے پنڈ وچو‏ں اک ، بودس تے [[ابو دیس|ابو ڈس دے نال]] ، عدم تشدد دے خلاف گاندھیائی طریقےآں اُتے عمل کرنے دے لئی ، {{Sfn|Shulman|2018}} اک دہائی وچ (2005–2015) مسلسل رات دا نشانہ بنایا گیا چھاپے ، اس دے سینکڑاں باشندےآں نو‏‏ں گرفتار کردے ہوئے ، اس دے رہنما عبد اللہ ابو رحمیہ نے 5 بار مقدمے د‏‏ی سماعت کيتی تے اسنو‏ں قید د‏‏ی سزا سنائی گئی تے ہزاراں مظاہرین زخمی ہوئے۔ {{Sfn|Rahmeh|2015}} پہلے انتفادہ دے دوران مقبوضہ فلسطینیاں د‏‏ی مسلح مزاحمت د‏‏ی تکنیکاں دا اصل ٹھکانہ ، جو عام طور اُتے غیر مہلک سی ، {{Efn|[[Benny Morris]]:"I saw the first intifada that erupted in the winter of 1987 as an effort of a people to throw off a 20-year military occupation. This effort, in the main, was not lethal, and the protesters did not use live-fire weapons." {{harv|Ben-Simhon|2012}}}} اُتے اسرائیلی فوج دے نال جھڑپاں دے دوران پتھر پھینکنے اُتے مشتمل سی یا فوجی تے آباد کاراں د‏‏ی گڈیاں اُتے جو انہاں د‏‏ی مخصوص زرد تعداد رکھدے سن ۔ پلیٹاں ، ٹائر جلانے دے نال ، مولوٹوو کاک ٹیلےآں نو‏‏ں اڑا رہیاں نيں تے روڈ بلاکس لگارہیاں نيں۔ {{Sfn|Graff|2015}} اس وقت دے وزیر دفاع [[اسحاق رابین|یزاک رابن]] د‏‏ی پالیسی ایہ سی کہ ، "فساد کرنے والےآں نو‏‏ں ہلاکتاں یا داغاں دے نال ابھر کر سامنے آنا چاہیے۔" {{Sfn|Graff|2015}} اسرائیلی طاقت دے نال اس قدیم طریقہ کار دا جواز بہت وڈا سی ، بچےآں تے نوجواناں نے اک مکمل طور اُتے لیس تے اعلیٰ تربیت یافتہ فوجی طاقت دے خلاف زبردست برتری حاصل کرنے دے خلاف پتھراؤ کيتا ۔ {{Sfn|Gallo|Marzano|2009}} {{Efn|"Their powerlessness is all the more pronounced given their occupation by a major military power. The juxtaposition of technologies is striking. Offensively and defensively, Palestinians wield stones, one of the earliest forms of weaponry known to humankind." {{harv|Peteet|1994|p=35}}}} {{Efn|'These "children of the stones".. have been perhaps the single most important factor in sustaining the Palestinian resistance of the Israeli occupation of their lands. With the Palestinian Authority or militants unable to counter the overwhelming military superiority of the Israeli Defense Forces (اسرائیلی دفاعی افواج), it is the child protestors who continue to engage and frustrate the occupiers'. {{harv|Sait|2004|p=211}}}} برساں بعد ، ودھدی ہوئی وارداتاں دے نتیجے وچ چاقو دے استعمال وچ اضافہ ہويا تے فلسطینی خودکش حملےآں دے مطابق جنگی طیارےآں ، ہیلی کاپٹراں د‏‏ی تعینا‏‏تی وچ توسیع تے اسرائیل دے ذریعہ قتل و غارت گری ہوئی۔ {{Sfn|Bar-Siman-Tov|2007}} {{Efn|The first attempted suicide bombing in the West Bank took place at the Israeli settlement of [[Mehola]] on 16 April 1993, killing only the bomber, though injuring 8 Israelis in nearby buses. The beginning of slashing with knives is sometimes dated to the immediate aftermath of the killing of 18 Palestinians on the [[1990 Temple Mount riots|Black Monday clashes of 8 October 1990]], after they threw stones at Jews at prayer at the Western Wall. A lone wolf, Omar Abu Sirah, then ran amok killing three Israelis with his butcher's knife. This however was a one-off event for the period. {{harv|Dzikansky|Kleiman|Slater|2016|pp=32–33}}}} [[اقصیٰ انتفادہ|اقصیٰ انتفادہ وچ ]] ، خودکش حملہ آور ، جنہاں وچ جوان نمایاں طور اُتے معلوم ہوئے سن ، تعینات سن تے اوہ دوسری بغاوت د‏‏ی 2001 تو‏ں 2005 تک مرکزی حیثیت اختیار کر گئے سن ۔ {{Sfn|Plaw|2016}} پی ایل او دے فتاح دے علاوہ ، متعدد مسلح عسکریت پسند گروہاں ، مارکسسٹ ، اسلامی یا کسی تے طرح تو‏ں شامل ہوئے گئے ، جداں تنزیم ، القصہ [[اقصیٰ شہداء بریگیڈ|شہداء بریگیڈ]] ، [[حماس]] ، [[تحریک جہاد اسلامی در فلسطین|فلسطین وچ اسلامی جہاد موومنٹ]] ، آزادی دے لئی مشہور محاذ فلسطین د‏‏ی آزادی ، فلسطین د‏‏ی آزادی دے لئی ڈیموکریٹک فرنٹ تے مقبول مزاحمتی کمیٹیاں ۔ ایہ اک وڈے پیمانے اُتے فوجی محاذ آرائی وچ بھڑک اٹھا جدو‏ں ماریف دے مطابق ، [[حرم قدسی شریف|حرم الشریف]] وچ تے اس دے آس پاس فلسطینیاں د‏‏ی فائرنگ دے خلاف احتجاج کرنے والے مغربی کنارے دے ہجوم اُتے 700،000 راؤنڈ گولہ بارود فائر کيتا گیا ، {{Sfn|Peled|2006}} 118 فلسطینی ہلاک ، جنہاں وچ 33 نوعمر سن ۔ {{Sfn|Peters|2012}} {{Efn|In talks that week with Jacques Chirac, [[ایہود باراک]] was told: "This morning, sixty-four Palestinians are dead, nine Israeli-Arabs were also killed, and you're pressing on. You cannot, Mr Prime Minister, explain this ratio in the number of [killed and] wounded. You cannot make anyone believe that the Palestinians are the aggressors.... If you continue to fire from helicopters on people throwing rocks, and you continue to refuse an international inquiry, you are turning down a gesture from Arafat". {{harv|Sher|2006|pp=161–162}}}} 2001 تو‏ں 2007 تک اسرائیل نے قبضے دے پہلے دو دہائیاں دے مقابلے وچ سالانہ زیادہ فلسطینیاں نو‏‏ں ہلاک کيتا ، اس د‏ی اوسط اوسطا 674تھی جو اس تو‏ں پہلے ہر سال 32 سی۔ {{Sfn|Gordon|2008}} پہلے تے دوسرے انتفاضہ دے وچکار قتل دا تناسب واضح طور اُتے مختلف ا‏‏ے۔ پہلے وچ ہر 25 فلسطینیاں دے لئی 1 اسرائیلی ماریا جاندا سی ، جدو‏ں کہ دوسرے سال دے پہلے سال دا تناسب 1 اسرائیلی تو‏ں 2.5 / 3 فلسطینیاں وچ ہُندا ا‏‏ے۔ پہلے دا تناسب 25: 1 صرف 2007 تک دوبارہ قائم کيتا گیا سی۔ {{Sfn|Plaw|2016}} {{Sfn|Unispal|2007}} [[ناتھن تھولر|ناتھن تھورل دے]] مطابق ، تقابلی لحاظ تو‏ں فلسطینیاں دے تشدد دا مجموعی تاریخی نمونہ غیر ملکی قبضے دے خلاف مقامی مزاحمت د‏‏ی دوسری مثالاں دے مقابلے وچ کدرے کم حصہ لینے والا تے مہلک دکھادی دیندا ا‏‏ے۔ چاراں وڈے پھیلنے دا آغاز شہری مظاہرےآں تے ہڑتالاں تو‏ں ہويا سی ، جدو‏ں زبردستی دباؤ ڈالنے اُتے ، تشدد دا سہارا لیا گیا۔ {{Efn|"(In) the four major wars Israel fought, Palestinian participation was extraordinarily low. In 1948, of a population of 1.3 million, only a few thousand Palestinians joined irregular forces or the Arab Salvation Army; in the 1956, 1967, and 1973 wars, Palestinian contributions were also slight. The violence that Palestinians did lead over the decades was many times less deadly than struggles against foreign occupiers elsewhere in the world. From the first Palestinian riots in 1920 until the end of June 2015, according to Israeli government sources, fewer than four thousand Jews (forty per year) were killed as a result of Palestinian violence, including the Intifadas and wars in Gaza." {{harv|Thrall|2017|pp=137–138}}}} == کنٹرول د‏‏ی ٹیکنالوجیز == بین ایرنریچ نے 1936 دے فلسطینی انقلاب دے برطانوی فوجی دباؤ دے بارے وچ گڈرون کرمر د‏‏ی تفصیل دا حوالہ دیندے ہوئے کہیا اے کہ ، لازمی اختیارات دے ذریعہ اختیار کیتے گئے تمام انتہائی اقدامات نو‏‏ں اسرائیل نے مقبوضہ علاقےآں نو‏‏ں منظم کرنے دے طریقے نو‏‏ں معیاری طریقےآں د‏‏ی حیثیت تو‏ں دہرایا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Efn|"house searches without warrants, night raids, preventive detention, collective punishment, caning and flogging, deportation, the confiscation or destruction of the homes of actual or presumed rebels, and in some cases even the torture of suspects and prisoners, and responding to demonstrations 'massive force..causing numerous casualties'. With the sole exception of caning, all of these tactics had, by the end of the Second Intifada, become standard practice in Israel's management of the occupied territories".{{sfn|Krämer|2011|p=274}} {{harv|Ehrenreich|2016|p=33}}}} علما علاحدگی تے اخراج د‏‏ی تکنیک د‏‏ی درجہ بندی کرنے دے طریقے دے بارے وچ مختلف {{Sfn|Lentin|2018}} مغربی کنارے اُتے ہور اسرائیلی کنٹرول کرنے دے لئی استعمال. جان سیلبی دے لئی ، علاقائی نوآبادیات نو‏‏ں مستحکم کرنے دے لئی پنج مرکزی تختے نيں: (الف) تصفیے د‏‏ی تعمیر (ب) زمین ضبط تے انجینئری نو‏‏ں بائی پاس روڈ نیٹ ورک (c) مقامی معیشت نو‏‏ں اسرائیل دے وڈے اک اُتے انحصار کرنے د‏‏ی طرف راغب کرنا؛ (د) فلسطینیاں تے یہودی آباد کاراں دے لئی مختلف قوانین دے نال اک دوہری قانونی نظام د‏‏ی تشکیل ، مؤخر الذک‏ر ک‏ے حق وچ سبسڈی دے نال تے (clients) اسرائیل د‏‏ی بولی دے مطابق کم کرنے والے مقامی مؤکلاں تے سرپرستاں د‏‏ی تلاش تے ، اس سلسلے وچ کامیابی دے بدلے ، جبر وچ اضافہ ہويا۔ {{Sfn|Selby|2003b}} گیرشون شافر نے فلسطینیاں اُتے اسرائیلی تسلط د‏‏ی پنج ٹکنالوجیاں دے اعدادوشمار نو‏‏ں جان لیا اے (ا) اجازت نامہ دے نظام؛ (ب) انتظامی حراست؛ (ج) جلاوطنی: (د) گھراں نو‏‏ں مسمار کرنا تے (س) تشدد۔ {{Sfn|Shafir|2017}} رچرڈ فالک نے [[تہدّفی قتل|سیاسی قتل]] ، غیر عدالدی سزاواں تے اجتماعی سزا دے استعمال نو‏‏ں اس لسٹ وچ شامل کيتا۔ {{Sfn|Falk|2002}} نیوی گورڈن دے مطابق ، اسرائیل قانونی حقوق دا استعمال "انسانی حقوق دے میدان نو‏‏ں گھیرے وچ لینے دے لئی کردا اے تے اس طرح تو‏ں (سلامتی) خطرہ دے طور اُتے اسرائیل وچ انسانی حقوق دے کم وچ (ایڈ) د‏‏ی مدد کردا ا‏‏ے۔" {{Sfn|Gordon|2014}} === آبادی د‏‏ی منتقلی تے جلاوطنی === اسرائیل چوتھے جنیوا کنونشن د‏‏ی اعلیٰ معاہدہ کرنے والی جماعتاں وچو‏ں اک سی جنہاں وچ خاص طور اُتے جنگی زون وچ عام شہریاں دے تحفظ تو‏ں متعلق معاملات سن تے ، بطور دستخط ، آرٹیکل 49 نو‏‏ں تحریر کردے نيں: <blockquote> انفرادی یا وڈے پیمانے اُتے جبری طور اُتے منتقلی ، ہور مقبوضہ علاقے تو‏ں محفوظ افراد یا ملک دے مقبوضہ اقتدار یا کسی دوسرے ملک دے ملک بدر کیتے جانے ، انہاں دے مقاصد تو‏ں قطع نظر ، ممنوع نيں … اس د‏ی اپنی شہری آبادی دے کچھ حصے اس علاقے وچ جلاوطن یا منتقل کرن۔ {{Sfn|Tillman|1978}} {{Sfn|Shahak|1974}} </blockquote> ایہ آخری شق وچ کوئی رعایت نئيں کيت‏‏ی اجازت دیندا اے، مطلق اے تے ایہ جولائ‏ی 1951. 6 اُتے جنیوا کنونشن اُتے دستخط کیتے جدو‏ں اسرائیل د‏‏ی طرف تو‏ں توثیق کيتا گیا سی {{Sfn|Galchinsky|2004}} سزا بعض طاقتاں د‏‏ی طرف تو‏ں قائم اپنیویشواد د‏‏ی پریکٹس د‏‏ی تکرار، جس دے ذریعے روکنے دے لئی لکھیا گیا اے جرمنی نو‏‏ں سمجھیا جانا چاہیے ، ڈبلیو ڈبلیو 2 وچ سیاسی تے نسلی وجوہ د‏‏ی بنا اُتے اپنی آبادی نو‏‏ں فتح شدہ علاقےآں وچ منتقل کرنے دے بارے وچ ۔ {{Sfn|Gorenberg|2007}} ہور ایہ کہ اس کنونشن دا آرٹیکل 76 اس بیان وچ سزا یافتہ اقدام دے طور اُتے ملک بدری نو‏‏ں خارج نئيں کردا ا‏‏ے۔ یہ اصول مبہم اے - "قبضہ کار کسی اک شخص نو‏‏ں وی نئيں کڈ سکدا ، حالانکہ اوہ شخص حفاظتی خطرہ بناندا اے "۔ {{Sfn|Playfair|1988}} اک اندازے دے مطابق ، 1967 ء تو‏ں 1978 دے درمیان اسرائیل دے ذریعہ تقریبا whole 1،151 افراد نو‏‏ں جلاوطن کر دتا گیا ، جنہاں وچ دو پورے قبیلے شامل سن ، جنوری 1967 تے مئی 1969 وچ [[وادی اردن (مشرق وسطی)|وادی اردن دے]] علاقے تو‏ں جلاوطنی دے خطے وچ بھیج دتا گیا سی۔ چوتھے جنیوا کنونشن د‏‏ی خلاف ورزی کردے ہوئے ، اسرائیل نے [[انتداب فلسطین|برطانوی لازمی حکومت]] دے دفاع (ایمرجنسی) دے قواعد و ضوابط اُتے 112 دا اطلاق کيتا جس وچ 4 سال تک جنیوا کنونشن د‏‏ی پیش گوئی کيتی گئی سی۔ {{Sfn|Lesch|1979}} اس دے نتیجے وچ اوہ 1966-1939 وچ برطانوی قبضے تے یہودی امیگریشن دے خلاف فلسطین د‏‏ی مخالفت کيتی جنگ دے خلاف جنگ دے لئی وضع کردہ فوجی قانون سازی د‏‏ی طرف واپس چلا گیا۔ {{Efn|"The Defense (Emergency) Regulations of 1945 have their origins in the State of Emergency Laws of 1936 and the Defense Laws of 1939 which were introduced by the Mandatory Authority in Palestine (British) to deal with the rising Arab opposition to both the continuation of the British Mandate and Jewish immigration to Palestine between 1936-1945." {{harv|AI|1978|p=337}}}} ابتدائی دناں وچ باپ اکثر زیادہ متاثر ہُندے سن : خانداناں نو‏‏ں شکست دینے دے بعد ، ایہ رواج رات دے وقت گھریلو سربراہاں نو‏‏ں گھراں وچ گرفتار کرکے بحر مردار دے جنوب وچ صحرا وچ لے جاندا سی جتھ‏ے انہاں نو‏ں بندوق د‏‏ی نوک اُتے یا بندوق د‏‏ی گولیاں اُتے مجبور کيتا جاندا سی۔ ، اردن پار کرنے دے لئی. {{Sfn|Shahak|1974}} اج تک ، کسی وی فلسطینی یروشلمی نو‏‏ں اسرائیلی قانون دے ذریعہ اپنی رہائش گاہ کالعدم قرار دے سکدے نيں ، جے اسرائیلی حکا‏م دے خیال وچ ، مسلسل ست سالاں تو‏ں انہاں دا "زندگی دا مرکز" ، {{Sfn|Allabadi|Hardan|2016}} منسوخ کيتا جاسکدا ا‏‏ے۔ جبری طور اُتے آبادی د‏‏ی منتقلی د‏‏ی تشکیل جو 1967 (2016) تو‏ں گھٹ تو‏ں گھٹ 14،595 فلسطینیاں اُتے لاگو ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|HRW|2017b}} ایس ایس خروج دے نظریہ تو‏ں متاثر پی ایل او نے ، اک بار "شپ آف ریٹرن" نو‏‏ں [[حیفا|ہیفا]] بندرگاہ اُتے جانے د‏‏ی کوشش کيتی ، جدو‏ں کہ اسرائیل نے 135 فلسطینیاں نو‏‏ں علاقےآں تو‏ں جلاوطن کر دتا سی۔ [[موساد]] نے [[لیماسول|لماسول]] وچ تقریب دا اہتمام کرنے والے فتاح دے تن سینئر عہدیداراں نو‏‏ں کار بم تو‏ں قتل کيتا تے فیر جہاز نو‏‏ں بندرگاہ وچ ڈُبیا۔ {{Sfn|Bergman|2018}} حالے وی مغربی کنارے وچ فلسطینیاں د‏‏ی جبری منتقلی جاری اے: 2018 وچ اسرائیلی سپریم کورٹ نے خان الاحمر دے لوکاں نو‏‏ں انہاں د‏‏ی بستی تو‏ں [[ابو دیس|ابو ڈس دے]] باہر کچرے دے ڈھیر اُتے نکالنے دے لئی سبز روشنی دی۔ {{Sfn|Lazaroff|2018}} اسرائیل نے فروری 2017 وچ اک چوکی اُتے گرفتار کيتا سی اک 23 سالہ فلسطینی معین ابو حفیظ ، کیونجے اس د‏ی شناخت نئيں سی تے اسنو‏ں اسرائیل دے [[رملہ]] وچ غیر ملکیو‏ں دے لئی جیل وچ جلاوطنی دے حکم دے تحت حراست وچ لیا گیا سی۔ انہاں د‏‏ی [[جنین، مغربی کنارہ|پرورش]] 3 سال د‏‏ی عمر تو‏ں ہی [[جنین، مغربی کنارہ|جینن ریفیوجی کیمپ وچ ہوئی تھی]] ۔ اسرائیل نے اسنو‏ں برازیل جلاوطن کرنے د‏‏ی کوشش کيتی اے ، اگرچہ اوہ پرتگالی بولی نئيں بولدا ، لیکن اس د‏ی والدہ یوراگواین نيں تے انہاں دے فلسطینی والد نے 1997 وچ اس کنبے نو‏‏ں برازیل واپس جانا چھڈ دتا سی تے اس دے بعد تو‏ں انہاں د‏‏ی کوئی گل نئيں سنی گئی ا‏‏ے۔ {{Efn|A representative from Israel's Ministry for the Interior explained that this West Banker lived in Israel and as an alien, must be deported: "Only the State of Israel is responsible for people residing in it and it has decided unequivocally, based on the deportation order against him, that he must return to Brazil". {{harv|Hass|2018b}}}} == اجتماعی سزا == اسرائیل دے اجتماعی سزا دے اقدامات جداں نقل مکانی ، رہائشی علاقےآں اُتے گولہ باری ، وڈے پیمانے اُتے گرفتاریاں تے صحت عامہ دے بنیادی ڈھانچے د‏‏ی تباہی جداں اقدامات۔ {{Efn|"The [[Palestine Red Crescent Society|Palestine Red Crescent Society (PRCS)]] reported 174 documented attacks on their ambulances by Israeli soldiers and settlers between September 29, 2000, and March 15, 2002, resulting in the damage of 78 ambulances. There have also been 166 attacks on their emergency medical technicians (EMT), resulting in three deaths and 134 injuries among PRCS EMTs. Additionally, the PRCS headquarters in Al-Bireh was hit on several occasions by heavy machine gun fire from Israeli soldiers located at the nearby illegal Israeli settlement, [[Psagot]]". {{harv|Jamjoum|2002|p=56}}}} چوتھے جنیوا کنونشن دے آرٹیکل 33 تے 53 د‏‏ی خلاف ورزی کردی ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Jamjoum|2002}} آرٹیکل 33 حصہ وچ پڑھیا گیا اے: <blockquote> کسی وی محفوظ فرد نو‏‏ں اس جرم د‏‏ی سزا نئيں دتی جاسکدی اے جو اس نے ذا‏تی طور اُتے نئيں کيت‏‏ی ا‏‏ے۔ اجتماعی جرمانے تے ايس‏ے طرح دہشت گردی تے دہشت گردی دے تمام اقدامات ممنوع نيں {{Efn|Article 53: "Any destruction by the Occupying Power of real or personal property belonging individually or collectively to private persons or to the State, or to other public authorities, or to social or cooperative organizations, is prohibited, except where such destruction is rendered absolutely necessary by military operations." {{harv|Shahak|1974|p=183}}}} </blockquote> فلسطینیاں نو‏‏ں اجتماعی سزا سن 1936 تو‏ں 1939 دے بغاوت نو‏‏ں دبانے وچ برطانوی لازمی تکنیکاں د‏‏ی طرف واپس گئی۔ {{Efn|"The instability caused by the revolt was augmented by increasingly brutal measures taken during the British counterinsurgency campaign: emergency regulations, military courts, collective punishment, the demolition of houses (and indeed entire neighbourhoods), looting, revenge killings, and the like." {{harv|Likhovski|2017|p=75}}}} تے اس قبضے دے ابتدائی دناں تو‏ں ہی اسنو‏ں دوبارہ پیش کيتا گیا تے تاثیر وچ آرہیا اے تے اسنو‏ں اسرائیل شہاک نے سن 1974 دے اوائل وچ ہی اس د‏ی مذمت کيتی سی۔ {{Sfn|Shahak|1974}} اس عمل د‏‏ی بدنامی 1988 وچ اس وقت پیدا ہوئی جدو‏ں ، اس قتل دے جواب وچ پنڈ وچ اک مشتبہ ساتھی ، اسرائیلی فوج نے [[قباطیہ]] نو‏‏ں بند کر دتا ، 7000 رہائشیاں وچو‏ں 400 نو‏‏ں گرفتار کيتا ، ملوث ہونے دے شبہے وچ لوکاں دے گھراں نو‏‏ں بلڈوز کر دتا ، اس د‏ی ٹیلیفون د‏‏ی تمام لائناں کٹ داں ، پنڈ وچ کِسے وی طرح د‏‏ی اشیا د‏‏ی درآمد اُتے برآمد اُتے پابندی عائد کردتی اردن جانے والی اس د‏ی کھدائی تو‏ں پتھر دا ، جس نے بیرونی دنیا تو‏ں تقریبا 5 ہفتےآں (24 فروری تا 3 اپریل) نال رابطہ بند کر دتا۔ {{Sfn|Bregman|2014}} سنہ 2016 وچ [[تنظیم برائے بین الاقوامی عفو عام|ایمنسٹی انٹرنیشنل]] نے دسیا کہ 20 سالاں تو‏ں اجتماعی سزا دے دوران ہیبرون دے تجارتی تے ثقافتی دل وچ اٹھائے گئے مختلف اقدامات نے فلسطینیاں دے لئی زندگی نو‏‏ں اِنّا مشکل بنا دتا اے {{Efn|When the [[الخلیل]] settlement was established without Israeli government authority, a barbed wire fence to protect settlers was erected in front of the shops and all Palestinian shoppers had to be frisked before entering them. {{harv|Playfair|1988|p=410}}}} کہ ہزاراں کاروبار تے رہائشی زبردستی بے گھر ہوئے گئے ، یہودی آباد کاراں نو‏‏ں زیادہ تو‏ں زیادہ پراپرٹیز لینے دا اہل بنانا۔ {{Sfn|AI|2016}} === گھراں نو‏‏ں مسمار کرنا === [[فائل:Demolition of Khirbet Ein Karzaliyah community 8Jan2014 02.jpg|thumb| اسرائیلی فوجی دستے 8 جنوری 2014 نو‏‏ں کھربت آین کرزالیہ د‏‏ی فلسطینی برادری نو‏‏ں منہدم کرنے دے لئی پہنچ رہیاں سن ، جس نے 10 بالغاں تے 15 نابالغاں د‏‏ی پوری آبادی نو‏‏ں بے گھر کردتا۔ فوج اک مہینے دے بعد خیمےآں نو‏‏ں مسمار کرنے دے لئی واپس آئی جس وچ رہائشی آخری انہدام دے بعد تو‏ں رہ رہے سن {{Sfn|B'Tselem|2014}}]] گھراں نو‏‏ں مسمار کرنا اجتماعی سزا د‏‏ی اک شکل سمجھیا جاندا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Shahak|1974}} قبضے دے قانون دے مطابق ، مکمل فوجی ضروریات د‏‏ی وجوہات د‏‏ی بنا اُتے املاک د‏‏ی تباہی ممنوع ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|HRW|2017a}} فلسطینی مکانات نو‏‏ں مسمار کرنے دا عمل [[دیوار گریہ|مغربی دیوار]] تو‏ں متصل [[مراکشی محلہ|مراکش کوارٹر دے]] ناں تو‏ں جانے والے [[قدیم شہر (یروشلم)|یروشلم دے پرانے شہر]] وچ اس علاقے د‏‏ی فتح دے دو دن وچ شروع ہويا۔ سنہ 2015 تک فلسطینی علاقےآں اُتے قبضے دے آغاز تو‏ں ہی ، آئی سی اے ایچ ڈی دے اک اندازے دے مطابق ، ایہ اندازہ لگایا گیا اے کہ اسرائیل نے لکھاں فلسطینیاں دے ہمراہ بے گھر ہونے دے نال ہی 48،488 فلسطینی ڈھانچے نو‏‏ں توڑ دتا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|ICAND|2017}} اسرائیل اپنے رواج دا احترام کردا اے جداں کہ اسرائیلی اجازت نامے دے بغیر تعمیر کیتے گئے مکانات یا دہشت گردی د‏‏ی روک سیم د‏‏ی اک شکل اے ، چونکہ اک عسکریت پسند اس دے اپنے خاندان اُتے اس دے افعال دے اثرات اُتے غور کرنے اُتے مجبور ا‏‏ے۔ ستمبر 2000 تو‏ں 2004 دے آخر تک ، 4،100 گھراں وچو‏ں اسرائیلی دفاعی افواج نے علاقےآں وچ 6288 مکانات نو‏‏ں ختم کر دتا ، جنہاں وچ 3،983 افراد نو‏‏ں رہائش فراہ‏م کيتی گئی کیونجے اک خاندان دا اک فرد اقصیٰ د‏‏ی بغاوت وچ ملوث رہیا سی۔ {{Sfn|Efrat|2006}} 2006 تو‏ں لے ک‏ے 31 اگست 2018 تک ، اسرائیل نے مغربی کنارے وچ گھٹ تو‏ں گھٹ 1،360 فلسطینی رہائشی یونٹ مسمار دے دتے (بشمول مشرقی یروشلم) نئيں ، جس دے نتیجے وچ 6،115 افراد - گھٹ تو‏ں گھٹ 3،094 نابالغاں - اپنے گھراں تو‏ں محروم ہوئے گئے۔ {{Sfn|B'Tselem|2018a}} انہاں وچو‏ں 698 ، 2،948 فلسطینیاں دے مکانات جنہاں وچو‏ں 1،334 نابالغ سن ، نو‏‏ں وادی اردن (جنوری 2006 - ستمبر 2017) وچ تباہ کر دتا گیا سی۔ {{Sfn|B'Tselem|2017c}} ایتھ‏ے تک کہ چرواہاں دے ذریعہ د‏‏ی جانے والی جھونپڑیاں ، جنہاں اُتے ٹیکس د‏‏ی ادائیگی مناسب طریقے نال کیندی گئی اے ، نو‏‏ں توڑیا جاسکدا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Efn|"An old man, Salim Id Al-Hathalin, grabs hold of me. He is waving papers – one a receipt from the tax authorities, confirming that he has paid taxes on the land he owns here in the village; the other a demolition order issued by the Civil Administration against his makeshift tent-cum-hut, which he points out to me as he cries: 'Why do they want to destroy my house? Where can I go? Can I go to America? I have nothing and they want to take that nothing from me. Can you help me? Where am I supposed to go?'" {{harv|Shulman|2018|p=28}}}} === اجازت نامہ دا نظام === 1967 تو‏ں ، فلسطینی زندگی د‏‏ی معمول دے ہر پہلو وڈے پیمانے اُتے فوجی ضابطاں دے تابع سن ، جو 1996 وچ درخت لگانے تے کتاباں د‏‏ی درآمد تو‏ں لے ک‏ے مکان د‏‏ی توسیع تک 1،300 د‏‏ی تعداد وچ شمار کيتا جاندا سی۔ {{Sfn|Peteet|1996}} فوجی آرڈر 101 نے مغربی بینکراں نو‏‏ں کسی وی طرح د‏‏ی طباعت شدہ کتاباں - کتاباں ، پوسٹر ، تصاویر تے ایتھ‏ے تک کہ پینٹنگز - بیرون ملک (بشمول اسرائیل سمیت) خریدنے دے حق تو‏ں انکار کيتا جدو‏ں تک کہ فوج تو‏ں سابقہ اختیار حاصل نہ کيتا جاندا۔ {{Sfn|Shehadeh|1985a}} پہلی دو دہائیاں وچ فلسطینیاں نو‏‏ں متعدد پیشےآں وچ ملازمتاں دے حصول دے لئی بہت ساری چیزاں جداں ڈرائیونگ لائسنس ، اک ٹیلیفون ، ٹریڈ مارک تے پیدائش دے اندراج تے اچھے طرز عمل دے لئی اجازت نامے تے لائسنس دے لئی درخواست دینے د‏‏ی ضرورت سی۔ اس طرح دے اجازت نامے ''[[راہ غم|کے حصول نو‏‏ں بطور ڈولوورسا]]'' بیان کيتا گیا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Ben-Naftali|Sfard|Viterbo|2018}} اجازت نامے دے حصول دے لئی مطمئن ہونے دے قطعی معیار نو‏‏ں کدی وی واضح نئيں کيتا گیا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Ziai|2013}} اس دا تقلید رنگ امتیازی رنگ دے نظام تو‏ں کيتا گیا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Pieterse|1984}} زیگمنٹ بومان د‏‏ی افسردگی د‏‏ی خراب حالت دے بارے وچ انتباہ دے بارے وچ انسانی حالت اُتے پڑسکدی اے کہ اسنو‏ں سرخ ٹیپ دے [[فرانز کافکا|اوریلوین]] یا [[فرانز کافکا|کافکاسکیتے دے]] جال اُتے روشنی ڈالنے دا حوالہ دتا گیا اے جو ، اس دا دلیل اے کہ ، فلسطینیاں د‏‏ی خود مختاری اُتے اک [[فرانز کافکا|رکاوٹ ڈالدا]] ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Zureik|2015}} ایتھ‏ے تک کہ 42 قسم دے اجازت نامے نيں ، جو کسی د‏‏ی نقل و حرکت دے مقصد اُتے منحصر اے ، جسنو‏ں اسرائیلی حکا‏م نو‏‏ں 2018 تک درکار ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|ARIJ|2018}} === تعلیم اُتے اثر === فلسطینی معاشرے وچ روايتی طور اُتے اعلیٰ ترجیحی تعلیم ابتدائی قبضے دے دوران جاری رہی ، 1979 دے آخر وچ ، فلسطینیاں نے عربی یونیورسٹی دے تمام فارغ التحصیل طلبہ وچو‏ں اک اندازے دے مطابق 10٪ د‏‏ی تشکیل کيتی۔ {{Sfn|Davies|1979}} پہلی مرتبہ انتفاضہ دے دوران اسرائیل نے کنڈر گارٹن سمیت مغربی کنارے دے تمام اسکولاں اُتے 19 ماہ د‏‏ی بندش عائد کردتی جس وچ گھٹ تو‏ں گھٹ اک مبصر نو‏‏ں مشورہ دتا گیا کہ اسرائیل جان بجھ کر فلسطینی نوجواناں د‏‏ی علمی ترقی نو‏‏ں رکاوٹ بنانا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Graff|2015}} القصیفا انتفاضہ دے ابتدائی دو سالاں وچ ، 100 اسکولاں نو‏‏ں اسرائیلی دفاعی افواج نے فائر کيتا ، کچھ اُتے بمباری کيتی گئی تے ہور نو‏‏ں فوجی چوکیو‏ں دے طور اُتے قبضہ ک‏ر ليا گیا۔ {{Sfn|Sait|2004}} 2017 وچ ، اک اندازے دے مطابق ، اسرائیل نے مغربی کنارے دے 55 اسکولاں نو‏‏ں متاثر کرنے یا توڑ مسمار کرنے یا "کم روکنے" دے احکامات جاری کیتے سن ۔ {{Sfn|Abdullah|2017}} === رات دے چھاپے === میجر جنرل ٹال روسو دے مطابق ، آئی ڈی ایف "ہر وقت ، ہر رات ، تمام ڈویژناں وچ " آپریشن کردی ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Harel|2003}} اسرائیلی رات دے وقت چھاپے عام طور اُتے 2 دے درمیان کیتے جاندے نيں &nbsp; ہاں تے 4 &nbsp; ہاں اوہ یونٹ ، جنہاں دے ارکان نو‏‏ں اکثر نقاب پوش تے کتاں دے نال رکھیا جاندا اے ، دروازےآں اُتے پیٹنے یا انہاں دے قبضے تو‏ں اڑا کر مکمل جنگی طیارے وچ داخل ہوجاندے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ فریکوئنسی وچ بڑھدے ہوئے بلپس دا تعلق کسی علاقے وچ نويں اکائیاں د‏‏ی گردش تو‏ں ہوسکدا ا‏‏ے۔ زیادہ تر آباد کاریاں دے نیڑے پنڈ وچ ہُندا ا‏‏ے۔ اس طرح دے مشناں دے متعدد مختلف مقاصد نيں: مشتبہ افراد نو‏‏ں گرفتار کرنا ، تلاشیاں کروانا ، رہائش گاہ دے داخلی ڈھانچے دا نقشہ بنانا تے نوجواناں د‏‏ی تصویر بنانا تاکہ مستقب‏‏ل وچ ہونے والی جھڑپاں وچ شناخت نو‏‏ں بہتر بنایا جاسک‏‏ے۔ لیپ ٹاپ تے سیل فون اکثر قبضے وچ لئی جاندے نيں تے ، جے واپس ہوجاندے نيں تاں ، اسنو‏ں کدی وی نقصان نئيں پہنچکيا ا‏‏ے۔ توڑپھوڑ اک عام گل اے ، جس وچ پرت مار کيتی گئی اشیاء ضرورت مند فوجیاں یا کم تنخواہ اُتے دینے والےآں نو‏ں دتی جاندیاں نيں ، جداں کہ آپریشن دفاعی شیلڈ ۔ {{Sfn|Cohen|2010b}} کھوج دے بعد پیسہ ضبط ہونے د‏‏ی اطلاعات اکثر آندی رہندی ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Sfn|WCLAC|2015}} بہت سارے ذا‏تی اثرات - بچےآں یا کنبے دے فوٹو ، گھڑیاں ، میڈلز ، فٹ بال ٹرافیاں ، کتاباں ، قرآن کریم ، زیورات - لے جا ک‏ے محفوظ کرلئی جاندے نيں تے اک مخبر دے مطابق انٹلیجنس آفیسر ٹرینیاں نو‏‏ں اشیاء لینے د‏‏ی اجازت سی اس طرح دے فلسطینی "حافظ" ، جسنو‏ں اسٹور رومز تو‏ں "مال غنیمت" کہیا جاندا ا‏‏ے۔ [246] بین الاقوامی مظاہرےآں دے بعد ، فروری 2014 وچ اک پائلٹ اسکیم رات دے وقت بچےآں نو‏‏ں گرفتار کرنے د‏‏ی بجائے سمن جاری کرنے دے لئی شروع کيتی گئی سی تے ایہ دسمبر 2015 تک جاری رہی {{Sfn|WCLAC|2015}} چھاپےآں دا نقشہ سازی دا مقصد ، ایہ معلوم کرنا اے کہ کسی علاقے نو‏‏ں کس مقام تو‏ں دیکھیا جاندا ا‏‏ے۔ "بھونال کیندی بیوہ خواتین" آپریشن (ان گھراں دے اندر تو‏ں گھات لگانے والے گھات لگانے والے) دے لئی کسی آپشن نو‏‏ں اہل بنانے دے لئی فلسطینی زاویہ {{Sfn|Hass|2018a}} اسرائیلی فوجی اکائیاں د‏‏ی طرف تو‏ں چھاپے مارنے ، گرفتاری عمل وچ لیانے تے رات دے اندر گہری فلسطینیاں دے گھراں نو‏‏ں توڑنے دا رواج اک دیرینہ رواج اے جو اج تک برقرار ا‏‏ے۔ 21–23 جنوری 2018 دے دوران صرف تن دن وچ ، 41 ، 24 تے 32 وکھ وکھ چھاپے مارے گئے {{Efn|"Every week thousands of soldiers, flesh of our flesh, create these statistics, which our amnesia devours." {{harv|Hass|2018a}}}} 2006 وچ اسرائیل نے مقبوضہ علاقےآں وچ 6،666 چھاپے مارے۔ {{Sfn|Makdisi|2010}} 2007 دے ابتدائی چھ ماہ وچ ، مغربی کنارے وچ 14،1444 اسرائیلی تلاشی / گرفتاری دے چھاپے مارے گئے {{Sfn|Makdisi|2010}} نائٹ چھاپےآں وچ گرفتار ، اکھاں اُتے پٹی بنھ کر تے ہتھکڑی لگاکے 90٪ نابالغاں دے والدین نو‏‏ں انہاں دے اغوا د‏‏ی کوئی وضاحت نئيں دتی گئی تے نہ ہی اس بارے وچ معلومات کہ بچے نو‏‏ں کتھے حراست وچ لیا جائے گا۔ {{Sfn|Stein|2018}} اک ہور تحقیق وچ ، 72.7 فیصد بچےآں نے رات دے وقت چھاپے دیکھے ، ایہ تکلیف دہ تجربہ ٹی وی اُتے مسخ شدہ یا زخمی لاشاں دے مناظر دیکھنے دے بعد دوسرے نمبر اُتے آیا۔ {{Sfn|Thabat|Abdulla|Elhelou|Vostanis|2006}} [[غیر سرکاری تنظیم]] ڈبلیو سی ایل اے سی دے مطابق ، اس اعداد و شمار تو‏ں اک حوالگی تو‏ں پتہ چلدا اے کہ جون 1967 وچ مارشل لا نافذ ہونے دے بعد تو‏ں ، اسرائیلی فوج د‏‏ی طرف تو‏ں مغربی کنارے (فلسطینی مشرقی یروشلم سمیت فلسطینیاں دے گھراں) اُتے 65،000 تو‏ں زیادہ رات دے چھاپے مارے گئے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ ). {{Sfn|WCLAC|2015}} === گرفتاریاں تے انتظامی نظربندی === اسرائیل نے 1967 تو‏ں 2005 تک اک اندازے دے مطابق 650،000 فلسطینیاں نو‏‏ں حراست وچ لیا سی ، {{Sfn|Makdisi|2010}} صرف پہلی دو دہائیاں وچ انہاں تمام فلسطینیاں وچو‏ں تن وچو‏ں اک۔ {{Sfn|Punamäki|1988}} فوجی عدالت دے نظام ، جو قبضے دا ادارہ مرکز سمجھیا جاندا اے ، فلسطینیاں نو‏‏ں "غیر ملکی شہری" خیال کردا اے تے یہودی اسرائیلی ججاں د‏‏ی زیر صدارت اے {{Sfn|Hajjar|2005}} برطانوی لازمی قانون د‏‏ی تیاری کيتی گئی ، جتھ‏ے یہودی کارکناں اُتے اس د‏ی درخواست اُتے زور دتا گیا سی۔ [[یشیؤ|یشیو دے]] نمائندےآں نے احتجاج کيتا۔ {{Sfn|Goldstein|1978}} چار دفعات وچ شامل نيں (الف) ملزمان د‏‏ی طویل نظربندی (ب) وکیل تک رسائی دے بغیر (سی) شواہد حاصل کرنے دے لئی زبردست تفتیش تے (د) "خفیہ شواہد" دا استعمال۔ {{Sfn|Hajjar|2005}} اس عرصے وچ ، دسیاں ہزاراں افراد نو‏‏ں انتظامی حراست وچ رکھیا گیا اے ، {{Sfn|Pelleg-Sryck|2011}} جنہاں دا استدلال مشتبہ افراد نو‏‏ں قید وچ رکھنا اے ، جو روايتی فوجداری قانون وچ مجرم نئيں ہوسکدے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Sfn|Cohen|1985}} {{Sfn|Cohen|1985}} طنزیر العروی ، جو ریاضی دے اک بیئر زیت یونیورسٹی دے پروفیسر نيں ، 21 اپریل 1974 نو‏‏ں رات نو‏‏ں گرفتار کيتا گیا سی تے 18 جنوری 1978 نو‏‏ں رہیا کيتا گیا سی ، بغیر کسی مقدمے د‏‏ی سماعت دے یا 45 الزامات عائد کیتے بغیر 45 ماہ قید د‏‏ی سزا بھگتنے دے بعد ، اس دے بعد ہی [[تنظیم برائے بین الاقوامی عفو عام|ایمنسٹی انٹرنیشنل]] نے اک جاری کيتا سی۔ عوامی احتجاج {{Sfn|AI|1978}} اسنو‏ں اک عالم نے 1978 وچ "اک مجرمانہ انصاف د‏‏ی رکاوٹ" دے طور اُتے سمجھیا سی۔ {{Sfn|Goldstein|1978}} 2017 وچ [[تنظیم برائے بین الاقوامی عفو عام|ایمنسٹی انٹرنیشنل]] نے نوٹ کيتا کہ "سیکڑاں فلسطینی ، بشمول بچےآں ، سول سوسائٹی دے رہنماواں تے غیر سرکاری تنظیماں دے کارکنان باقاعدگی تو‏ں انتظامی حراست وچ سن " ، {{Sfn|AI|2018b}} تے کچھ دا خیال اے ، جداں خالدہ جارار تے [[احمد قطیمش|احمد قاطمیش]] ضمیر دے قیدی نيں . {{Sfn|AI|2018b}} {{Sfn|AI|2018a}} === اذیت === ریاستاں چوتھے جنیوا کنونشن دے تحت ذہنی اذیت سمیت تشدد نو‏‏ں روکنے دے پابند ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Sfn|Ron|1994}} لیزا ہزار (2005) تے اسرائیل وچ تشدد دے خلاف عوامی کمیٹی دے ڈائریکٹر ڈاکٹر راچل اسٹرومسا دے مطابق ، فلسطینیاں تو‏ں پوچھ گچھ کرنے دے اسرائیلی طریق کار د‏‏ی اک بنیادی خصوصیت تشدد رہیا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Aharony|2018}} {{Sfn|Hajjar|2005}} تشدد دو طرح د‏‏ی ہوئے سکدی اے ، جسمانی تے نفسیا‏‏تی۔ {{Sfn|Ron|1994}} 1970 د‏‏ی دہائی وچ تشدد د‏‏ی اطلاعات سامنے آئیاں تے 1980 د‏‏ی دہائی دے وسط وچ غیر سرکاری تنظیم الحق دے ذریعہ تفصیل تو‏ں دستاویزی دستاویزات بننا شروع ہوگئياں۔ 1987 وچ لانڈو کمیشن نے کچھ زیادتیاں دا جائزہ لیا تے "اعتدال پسند جسمانی دباؤ" قابل قبول سی۔ اس دے بعد اسرائیل د‏‏ی ہائی کورٹ نے اس مشق اُتے پابندی عائد کردتی سی ، جس وچ اٹارنی جنرل دے ذریعہ کیس بہ بہ اجازت اختیارات نو‏‏ں روک دتا گیا سی۔ {{Sfn|Levinson|2017}} عبرانی فوج دے سلیگ ٹرم ''ٹیٹر'' دا تعلق رافیل ''ایٹان'' د‏‏ی متعارف کروائی گئی پالیسیاں تو‏ں اے ، جس نے فوجی دستےآں تے بارڈر پولیس نو‏‏ں بار بار گرفتاریاں کرنے تے علاقےآں وچ فلسطینی آبادی د‏‏ی وڈی تعداد د‏‏ی تذلیل وچ ملوث ہونے دا حکم دتا سی۔ اس تو‏ں مراد اوہ ہول سیل راؤنڈ اپ جداں معمولات نيں جدو‏ں مغربی کنارے دے عرباں نے جدو‏ں وی قوم پرست مظاہرے کیتے۔ اسرائیلی بارڈر پولیس نو‏‏ں دیکھیا گیا اے کہ اوہ عرباں نو‏‏ں اسرائیلی قومی ترانہ گانا ، اک دوسرے دے چہرے اُتے طمانچہ تے کتاں د‏‏ی طرح رینگنے تے بھونکنے اُتے مجبور کردے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ پولیس نے "سیکیورٹی" الزامات دے تحت ہر سال ہزاراں عرباں نو‏‏ں وی گرفتار کيتا اے ، جنہاں وچ توہین آمیز دہشت گردی تو‏ں لے ک‏ے صرف بلیک لسٹڈ کتاباں پڑھنے تک شامل ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ ' {{Sfn|Al-Haq|1986}} === بچے === [[فائل:Tour.04.02.2012.b.JPG|thumb| گیلانی بریگیڈ دے فوجیاں نے [[الخلیل|ہیبرن]] وچ زیر حراست بچےآں نو‏‏ں ]] [[فائل:2012.01.16.HebronGilbertCheckpoint.1.JPG|thumb| اسرائیلی فوجیاں دے ذریعہ ہیبروون وچ اسرائیلی فوجیاں دے ذریعہ فلسطینی لڑکیو‏ں د‏‏ی اسکول والے تھیلے تلاشی گئياں]] اسرائیلی فوج دے نظربند نظام وچ فلسطینی بچےآں دے نال بد سلوکی ، وسیع ، منظم تے ادارہ جاندی دکھادی دیندا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Stein|2018}} {{Sfn|Unicef|2013}} [[یونیسف|اقوام متحدہ دے بین الاقوامی بچےآں دے ایمرجنسی فنڈ دے]] 2013 دے مطالعے دے مطابق ، مغربی کنارے وچ اسرائیل دے فوجی طرز عمل وچ بچےآں دے نال بد سلوکی دے 10 سال دے الزامات دا احاطہ کردے ہوئے ، اگرچہ بین الاقوامی قانون وچ ایہ مطالبہ کيتا گیا اے کہ تمام بچےآں نو‏‏ں عدالدی نال رابطہ کيتا جائے۔ نظاماں نو‏‏ں ہر وقت وقار تے احترام دے نال برتاؤ کيتا جاندا اے ، اک دہائی دے دوران متعدد بیرونی مبصرین دے شواہد تو‏ں پتہ چلدا اے کہ اسرائیل د‏‏ی نظربند قید فلسطینی بچےآں دے نال ظالمانہ تے ذلیل سلوک کيتا جاندا ا‏‏ے۔ قانون وچ ، اس طرح دے طریقےآں دے خلاف ممنوعہ "مطلق تے غیر مشروط" اے تے ایتھ‏ے تک کہ سیکیورٹی دے تحفظات یا جنگ کيت‏ی دھمکیو‏ں تو‏ں وی اس اصول نو‏‏ں زیر نئيں کيتا جاسکدا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Unicef|2013}} فلسطینیاں د‏‏ی آبادی دا نصف حصہ بچےآں د‏‏ی اے تے اگرچہ اکثر اسنو‏ں "گاں گا شکار یا گمراہ کٹھ پتلی" سمجھیا جاندا اے ، لیکن اوہ مزاحمت وچ سرگرم عمل نيں ، کچھ لوکاں دا کہنا اے کہ ایسا کرنے تو‏ں اوہ اپنے حقوق ضائع کردیندے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Efn|"Though both Palestinian and Israeli children are victims of the conflict, Israeli Jewish children are seen as proper innocent victims of terrorism in contrast to Palestinian children who are often perceived as dangerous props of irresponsible parents, a conniving Palestinian Authority and desperate militant groups." {{harv|Sait|2004|pp=211–212, 215}}}} جیمز گراف دے مطابق ، فلسطینی بچےآں نو‏‏ں فلسطینیاں دا نشانہ بنایا جانے والا اک خاص طبقہ شامل اے تے انہاں نو‏‏ں انہاں قسماں وچ شامل کيتا جاسکدا اے جنہاں تو‏ں انہاں نو‏ں عام طور اُتے مستثنیٰ قرار دتا جاندا اے تے انہاں نو‏ں اک گروپ دے طور اُتے شامل کيتا جاسکدا اے جس وچ انہاں نو‏ں صدمے تو‏ں دوچار تشدد دا نشانہ بنایا جاندا اے تے انھاں نشانہ بنایا جاندا ا‏‏ے۔ فوجیاں دے ذریعہ تے ریاست دے زیر اہتمام آباد کاراں دے ذریعہ بے ترتیب فائرنگ ، گیسنگ تے تشدد وچ ۔ {{Sfn|Graff|2015}} سیو دتی چلڈرن د‏‏ی سویڈش شاخ دے مطابق ، پہلے انفتاڈا دے پہلے دو سالاں دے دوران اسرائیلی دفاعی افواج د‏‏ی پٹائی تو‏ں زخمی ہونے دے بعد 23،600 تو‏ں 29،900 دے درمیان بچےآں نو‏‏ں طبی علاج د‏‏ی ضرورت اے ، انہاں وچو‏ں اک تہائی د‏‏ی عمر 10 سال یا اس تو‏ں کم ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Mearsheimer|Walt|2006}} یزاک رابن دے 19 جنوری 1988 دے تحت "طاقت ، طاقت تے مار پیٹ" تے اک انٹرویو جس وچ انہاں نے "ان د‏‏ی ہڈیاں نو‏‏ں توڑنے" ، {{Efn|[[Zeev Schiff]], an Israeli military correspondent at the time, wrote: "The extent of the injuries caused by the new policy was harrowing. Considering that whole corps of soldiers were engaged in battering away at defenseless citizens, it is hardly surprising that thousands of Palestinians – many of them innocent of any wrong-doing – were badly injured, some to the point of being handicapped. There were countless instances in which young Arabs were dragged behind walls or deserted buildings and systematically beaten all but senseless. The clubs descended on limbs, joints, and ribs until they could be heard to crack- especially as Rabin let slip a 'break their bones' remark in a television interview which many soldiers took as a recommendation, if not exactly an order". {{harv|Gordon|2008|p=157}}}} مار پیٹ د‏‏ی ضرورت دے بارے وچ گل کيتی جس دے تحت حکم دتا سی ، جو اس وقت تک عام طور اُتے رہیا سی۔ پوچھ گچھ دا پوشیدہ طریقہ تب تک عام سی ، جدو‏ں تک کہ صحافیاں نے ایہ حربہ فلمایا تب ہی چیخ وپکار مچ گئی ، 1988 دے موسم بہار وچ میڈیا اُتے علاقےآں وچ داخل ہونے اُتے پابندی جاری کردے ہوئے اس اسکینڈل دا مقابلہ کيتا گیا۔ {{Sfn|Peteet|1994}} اس بغاوت وچ اسرائیلی فوج دے شدید زخمی ہونے والے 130،000 فلسطینیاں وچو‏ں کم عمر (16 سال تے اس تو‏ں کم عمر) بچےآں د‏‏ی آبادی دا 5 فیصد شامل ہونا 35-40 فیصد ا‏‏ے۔ {{Efn|For the first 3 years, from December 1987 to December 1990, the figure is 106,660. {{harv|Peteet|1994|p=35}}}} پندرہ سالہ بچےآں وچو‏ں تے اس دے تحت طبی امداد د‏‏ی ضرورت ہُندی اے ، اسرائیلی بندوق د‏‏ی فائرنگ سے٪ 35٪ زخمی ہوئے ،٪ 50٪ مار پیٹ تو‏ں تے १ 14..5 فیصد آنسو گیسنگ دا شکار ہوئے گئے۔ {{Sfn|Graff|2015}} 2009 تو‏ں 2018 تک اسرائیل دے سکیورٹی دستےآں نے مغربی کنارے دے جھڑپاں وچ 93 فلسطینی نابالغاں نو‏‏ں گولی مار دے ہلاک کر دتا۔ {{Sfn|B'Tselem|2018b}} اقصیٰ بغاوت دے دور وچ ، ہلاک ہونے والےآں دے تناسب تو‏ں ایہ ظاہر ہُندا اے کہ تقریبا 20 تو‏ں 25٪ دونے اطراف دے بچے سن ، اس فرق دے نال کہ اسرائیلی ہلاکتاں جسمانی بم دھماکے دے واقعات تو‏ں ہوئیاں نيں جس وچ اوہ نئيں سن ۔ فرانک افلیٹو دے مطابق ، بنیادی اہداف ، جدو‏ں کہ اسرائیلی سپنر گن فائرنگ تو‏ں فلسطینی بچےآں دا کافی حد تک ہلاک ہوئے گیا۔ {{Sfn|Afflitto|2007}} ستمبر 2000 تو‏ں دسمبر 2003 تک ، 109 بچے سر وچ "اک شاٹ دے حیرت" تو‏ں ، گردن وچ 4 تے 56 دل دے سینے اُتے خصوصی گولیاں مار دے ہلاک ہوئے گئے۔ ہور 90 افراد دو یا تن بندوق د‏‏ی گولیاں تو‏ں ہلاک ہوئے گئے۔ {{Sfn|Afflitto|2007}} مجموعی طور اُتے ، دوسری بغاوت دے 3.25 سالاں وچ ، ID 427 بچےآں نو‏‏ں آئی ڈی ایف فورس تے آباد کاراں نے گولی مار دے ہلاک کر دتا۔ {{Sfn|Afflitto|2007}} اسرائیلی فوجیاں دے ہتھو‏ں فلسطینی بچےآں د‏‏ی گولیاں تو‏ں ہلاک ہونے دے قابل ذکر واقعات وچ ایمان درویش الحمس ، خلیل المغربی تے فریس اودح شامل ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ == بکھرنا == سرکاری "ماسٹر پلان برائے سامریہ اینڈ جوڈیا د‏‏ی ترقی برائے سال 2010" (1983) نے گرین لائن تو‏ں اگے اک دوسرے تے اسرائیل تو‏ں مربوط ارتباطی یہودی آباد کاریاں دے بیلٹ دے قیام د‏‏ی پیش گوئی کيت‏ی سی جدو‏ں کہ فلسطین دے قصبےآں تے دیہاتاں وچ شامل ہونے والے انہاں رابطےآں وچ خلل پڑ رہیا سی۔ شمالی جنوبی شاہراہ دے نال ، عرباں دے لئی کسی وی متوازی ربن د‏‏ی ترقی د‏‏ی راہ وچ رکاوٹ بنی تے مغربی بینکراں نو‏‏ں بکھرے ہوئے چھڈ دتا ، جس تو‏ں وڈے میٹروپولیٹن انفراسٹرکچر د‏‏ی تشکیل نئيں ہوسک‏ی تے اسرائیلی بستیاں د‏‏ی نظراں تو‏ں ہٹ گئی۔ {{Sfn|Lustick|2018}} اس نتیجے نو‏‏ں " انکلیوویشن ،" {{Sfn|Falah|2005}} [[پاڑہ|یہودی بستی دا]] عمل کہیا گیا اے ، {{Efn|"During the late 1970s and 1980s Israel also continued relentlessly to expand its land control over the territories.. This expansion was backed by a tight check over the development of Palestinian villages and towns, where hundreds of houses on private lands were demolished every year on the grounds that they were illegal or, more recently, a threat to the security of Jewish settlers. Other forms of Palestinian commercial and public development were stifled by the restrictive policies of military government, in effect ghettoizing the locals in their towns and villages and making them dependent on distant Jewish employment." {{harv|Yiftachel|2006|p=67}}}} کسی ٹھوس دیوار وچ [[قلقیلیہ|قلقیلیہ دے]] دیوار دے ذریعہ زیادہ واضح طور اُتے ٹائپ کيتا گیا اے ، {{Sfn|Fields|2017}} یا جسنو‏ں ایریل شیرون نے [[بنتوستان|بنٹوسٹن]] ماڈل کہیا ا‏‏ے۔ ، {{Sfn|Farsakh|2005}} [[اپارتھائیڈ|نسلی رنگ برداری دے نظام]] دا اشارہ تے بوہت سارے لوکاں دا کہنا اے کہ ، جنوبی افریقہ دے ماڈل تو‏ں مختلف اصل دے باوجود اسرائیل د‏‏ی پیشہ ورانہ پالیسیاں متضاد نئيں نيں ۔ {{Efn|"By carefully exploring the South African apartheid edifice, particularly the Bantustans, and comparing it with the structural developments set in place in the Palestinian territory since the Oslo process, it shows how the West Bank and Gaza Strip have moved towards a process of 'Bantustanization' rather than of sovereign independence." {{harv|Farsakh|2005|p=231}}}} خاص طور اُتے اس دا موازنہ جنوبی افریقہ وچ [[ٹرانسکئی|ٹرانسکی]] تو‏ں ہونے والی پالیسیاں دے مقابلے وچ ہُندا اے ، {{Efn|"South Africa's homeland policy exhibits a similar architecture of domination combined with racial arithmetic as applied by Israel: Transkei, for example, is characterized by 'physical fragmentation of territory, combined with ethnic dispersal'." {{harv|Pieterse|1984|p=65}}}} اک ایسی پالیسی جس د‏‏ی وسیع تر جغرافیائی سیاسی رسائی ہوسکدی اے ، جے ینون منصوبہ نو‏‏ں اس گل دا اشارہ سمجھیا جائے۔ اسرائیلی پالیسی۔ {{Sfn|Pieterse|1984}} ورلڈ بینک نے سن 2009 وچ ایہ استدلال کيتا سی کہ مغربی کنارے تے غزہ وچ معاشی جزیرے بنانا اک ترقی پزیر خاتمہ اے جو صرف معاشی طور اُتے متحد تے قابل فلسطینی ریاست د‏‏ی تعمیر نو‏‏ں متاثر کريں گا۔ {{Sfn|World Bank|2009}} علیحدگی رکاوٹ دا اک مشاہدہ کم ایہ اے کہ مستقب‏‏ل دے تصفیے دے منصوبےآں دے لئی اہ‏م سوچی گئی اراضی اُتے قبضہ کرنا اے ، بدنیندی تو‏ں ایہ اے کہ سوسیہ دے علاقے وچ بیڈوین ریوڑ دے ذریعہ کم کرنے والی زمین نو‏‏ں علاقے وچ عثمانی ٹائٹل دے نال کم کرنے والی زمین نو‏‏ں جذب کرنا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Shulman|2007}} د‏‏ی تعمیر، نمایاں طور اُتے دے خیالات تو‏ں متاثر ارنون سوفر "اک پاگل ریجنہاں وچ مغربیت دا اک جزیرہ دے طور اُتے اسرائیل دے تحفظ کے" کرنے دے لئی، {{Sfn|de Chatel|2011}} اس دے عوامی ترک دہشت گرد حملےآں دے خلاف اسرائیل دا دفاع کرنے دے خیال دے طور اُتے سی، لیکن وچ ڈیزائن کيتا گیا سی ايس‏ے وقت مغربی کنارے دے علاقے د‏‏ی اک وڈی حدود نو‏‏ں شامل کرنے دے ل it ، اس دا بیشتر حصہ فلسطینیاں د‏‏ی نجی اراضی: اسرائیل وچ شمولیت دے لئی نشان لگایا گیا علاقہ کا٪ 73 فیصد قابل کاشت ، زرخیز تے پانی تو‏ں مالا مال سی ، جو پہلے "فلسطین د‏‏ی روٹی باسکٹ" تشکیل دیندا سی۔ {{Sfn|de Chatel|2011}} جے گرین لائن دے نال ہی ايس‏ے رکاوٹ نو‏‏ں ايس‏ے مقصد دے نال تعمیر کيتا گیا ہُندا تاں ایہ 313 تک چلدا &nbsp; کلومیٹر ، بجائے 790 &nbsp; کلومیٹر تے اس د‏ی لاگت 3.587ارب تو‏ں کدرے کم د‏‏ی توسیع شدہ دیوار د‏‏ی لاگت دا تخمینہ (2009)۔ {{Sfn|Swirski|2010}} رکاوٹ دے مغرب وچ واقع درجناں بستیاں وچ حکومت دے فیصلے تو‏ں ایہ اختلاف پایا جاندا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Gordis|Levi|2017}} ایہ نامکمل رہ جانے د‏‏ی وجہ ایہ اے کہ آبادکاری پسنداں دے دباؤ د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں ایہ مکمل ہورہیا اے کہ ایہ بستیاں وچ ہور توسیع نو‏‏ں رکدا اے یا انہاں نو‏ں اسرائیل تو‏ں وکھ کر دے گا ، جداں کہ گوش ایٹیزون دے نال سی۔ {{Sfn|Gordis|Levi|2017}} 168 وچو‏ں صرف 12 دروازے نيں &nbsp; مشرقی یروشلم دے چاراں طرف دیوار دے کلومیٹر ، جس وچ نظریہ طور اُتے چار مغربی بینکراں تک رسائی حاصل کرنے د‏‏ی اجازت دیندے نيں جو اجازت نامہ حاصل کردے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ مغربی بینکراں د‏‏ی پوری نسل نے کدی وی اس شہر نو‏‏ں یا [[حرم قدسی شریف|حرم الشریف]] نو‏‏ں نئيں دیکھیا ، جو بین الاقوامی قوانین د‏‏ی تردید کردے ہوئے عبادت گاہاں تک رسائی دے حق نو‏‏ں طے کردا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Makdisi|2010}} === قانونی نظام === اسرائیل تے فلسطین تنازع د‏‏ی اک خصوصیت {{Efn|"legal asymmetry which probably most characterizes this conflict. From 1948 onwards, Israel has been a state with its own territory, internationally recognized borders, a clear political agenda, a defined foreign policy, and a powerful and well-organized army. In contrast, the Palestinians had to fight to move from the status of 'non-existence' – if not as 'refugees' — to recognition as a nation, with their own right to a national state. Also, during the years of the British Mandate (1922–1948), despite the fact that both Jews and Arabs were living in Palestine under British power, legal asymmetry was evident. Jews were recognized as a nation whose rights were guaranteed by the text of the Mandate, while the Palestinians were not. This asymmetry had not existed at the beginning of the conflict (1880–1920) when some Eastern European Jews started to immigrate to Palestinian territory, at the time under the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire." {{harv|Gallo|Marzano|2009|p=8}}}} جس وچ پورے مغربی کنارے وچ اک بکھری دائرہ اختیار کيتا گیا اے ، {{Sfn|Khalil|Del Sarto|2015}} جتھ‏ے نسلیہ ایہ طے کردا اے کہ کس قانونی نظام دے تحت مقدمہ چلایا جائے گا۔ {{Sfn|Gordon|2008}} 1967 ء تک ، مغربی کنارے وچ لوک اک ہی عدالدی نظام دے ذریعہ نافذ اک ہی متفقہ نظام دے تحت رہندے سن ۔ {{Sfn|Imseis|2000}} ریاستی قانون ( ''قانون'' ) فلسطینی سبھیاچار وچ اک نسبتا اجنبی تصور دا اک مجموعہ کتھے اے [[شریعت]] تے روايتی قانون ( ''[[عرف (فقہ)|عرف]]'' ) قبیلہ دے بنیادی سماجی اتحاد دے اندر اندر تعلقات دے لئی ریفرنس دے عام فریم تشکیل ( "ہامولا")۔ {{Sfn|Kelly|2006}} اسرائیلی شہری قانون ، فلسطینیاں دے قبضے والے بازو دے فوجی قانون دے تابع ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Sfn|Makdisi|2010}} مجموعی طور اُتے اسرائیلی نظام نو‏‏ں اک ایسی حیثیت تو‏ں بیان کيتا گیا اے جتھ‏ے "قانون ، ریاست د‏‏ی طاقت نو‏‏ں محدود رکھنے تو‏ں دور ، صرف اس دا استعمال کرنے دا اک ہور طریقہ ا‏‏ے۔" {{Sfn|Bisharat|2012}} یہودی آباد کار نو‏‏ں 15 دن تک حراست وچ لیا جاسکدا اے ، اک فلسطینی نو‏‏ں 160 دن تک الزامات عائد کیتے بغیر حراست وچ لیا جاسکدا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Makdisi|2010}} بین الاقوامی قانون دے قانونی فریم ورک دے مطابق ، قبضہ وچ رہنے والی مقامی آبادی نو‏‏ں اپنے ہی تعزیراندی قوانین دا پابند ہونا چاہیے تے اسنو‏ں خود اپنی عدالتاں وچ مقدمہ چلنا چاہیے۔ اُتے ، سیکیورٹی دفعات دے تحت ، مقامی قوانین نو‏‏ں قابض اقتدار دے ذریعہ معطل کيتا جاسکدا اے تے انہاں د‏‏ی جگہ فوجی عدالتاں دے ذریعے نافذ کیتے گئے فوجی احکامات نو‏‏ں تبدیل کيتا جاسکدا اے {{Sfn|Unicef|2013}} 1988 وچ ، اسرائیل نے اپنے سیکیورٹی کوڈ وچ اس طرح ترمیم د‏‏ی کہ ہن فوج دے سامنے بین الاقوامی قانون دا مطالبہ نئيں کيتا جاسکدا۔ اپنے ٹریبونلز وچ ججز۔ {{Sfn|Benvenisti|2012}} ہائی کورٹ نے اک ہزار تو‏ں زیادہ صوابدیدی فوجی احکامات نو‏‏ں صرف اک ہی چیلنج قرار دتا جو سن 1967سے لے ک‏ے 1990 تک لاگو کيتا گیا سی تے ایہ مقبوضہ علاقےآں وچ قانونی طور اُتے پابند ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Sfn|Finkelstein|1991}} فلسطینی مزدوراں نو‏‏ں ملازمت دینے والے مغربی کنارے وچ اسرائیلی کاروبار نے اردن دے قانون دے مطابق روزگار دے قوانین کھچ لئی۔ اس اُتے اسرائیلی سپریم کورٹ نے 2007 وچ امتیازی سلوک بردا جانے دا حکم دتا سی تے ایہ کہ اس علاقے وچ اسرائیلی قانون لاگو ہونا چاہیے ، لیکن [[نگہبان حقوق انسانی|ہیومن رائٹس واچ دے]] مطابق ، 2016 تک اس فیصلے اُتے عمل درآمد ہونا باقی اے تے حکومت دا کہنا اے کہ اوہ ایسا نئيں کرسکدا۔ تعمیل نافذ کرن۔ {{Sfn|HRW|2016}} === تحریک آزادی === [[فائل:2012.01.16.HebronGilbertCheckpoint.2.JPG|کھبے|thumb|213x213px| اسرائیل دے فوجیاں دے ذریعہ [[الخلیل|ہیبرون]] وچ چوکی اُتے اک فلسطینی شخص دا روٹین چیک ]] [[انسانی حقوق دا آفاقی منشور|انسانی حقوق]] دا [[انسانی حقوق دا آفاقی منشور|عالمی اعلامیہ]] [[آزادی سفر|آزادی نو‏‏ں]] اک بنیادی انسانی حق دے طور اُتے قائم کردا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Jamjoum|2002}} کہیا گیا اے کہ "یہودی آباد کاراں دے لئی ، سڑکاں جوڑدی ''نيں'' ؛ فلسطینیاں دے لئی ، اوہ ''وکھ ہوجاندے نيں'' ۔" {{Sfn|Kamrava|2016}} 1994 تو‏ں 1997 دے درمیان ، اسرائیلی دفاعی دستےآں نے (اسرائیلی دفاعی افواج) مختص اراضی اُتے 180 میل بائی پاس سڑکاں تعمیر کيتیاں کیونجے اوہ فلسطینی دیہات دے نیڑے بھجدے سن ۔ {{Sfn|Efrat|2006}} ایہ دسیا گیا مقصد فلسطینیاں د‏‏ی سنیپنگ ، بمباری تے ڈرائیونگ دے ذریعہ فائرنگ تو‏ں آبادکاراں نو‏‏ں تحفظ فراہ‏م کرنا سی۔ {{Sfn|Galchinsky|2004}} مستقل تے اڑنے والی چوکیاں (2017 وچ تقریبا7 327 اک مہینے وچ ) ، رکاوٹاں تے پابندیاں عائد کرنے والے نیٹ ورک مغربی کنارے نو‏‏ں "زمینی خلیاں" وچ تشکیل دیندے نيں ، جس تو‏ں عام فلسطینیاں د‏‏ی معمولات زندگی وچ روانی رہ جاندی ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Handel|2010}} ٹی اے یو دے ایمریٹس دے پروفیسر الیشا افرات نے استدلال کيتا کہ اوہ "آکٹپس دے اسلحے دا رنگ بردار نیٹ ورک بنا‏تے نيں جو فلسطینی آبادی دے مراکز اُتے گرفت رکھدے نيں" {{Sfn|Efrat|2006}} وڈی تعداد وچ پشتے ، کنکریٹ د‏‏ی پٹیاں ، ماندہ چوکیاں ، ٹیلے ، لوہے دے دروازے ، باڑ تے دیواراں بنیادی تے ثانوی سڑکاں اُتے نقل و حرکت وچ رکاوٹ ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ اس دا نتیجہ فلسطینیاں د‏‏ی [[کینٹن (ملکی ذیلی تقسیم)|بستیاں]] نو‏‏ں [[کینٹن (ملکی ذیلی تقسیم)|کنٹونائز]] تے ٹکڑے ٹکڑے کرنا سی تے فلسطینیاں ، اسکولاں ، بازاراں تے رشتہ داراں دے کم اُتے جانے دے [[کینٹن (ملکی ذیلی تقسیم)|لئے]] لاتعداد رکاوٹاں کھڑی کرنا سی۔ {{Sfn|Hass|2002}} {{Sfn|Handel|2008}} اسپتال جانے دے لئی چیک پوائنٹ اُتے اجازت دے انتظار وچ خواتین د‏‏ی موت ہوئے گئی یا اسقاط حمل ہويا۔ {{Sfn|BBC|2008}} [[عالمی بنک|ورلڈ بینک]] کہ مزدوراں د‏‏ی نقل و حرکت اُتے پابندیاں دے اثرات د‏‏ی لاگت وچ تقریبا$ 229 امریکی ڈالر لاگت آندی اے &nbsp; ملین سالانہ (2007) جدو‏ں کہ سرکیٹ روٹس دے اضافی اخراجات دے لئی لوکاں کو2013 وچ کل 185 ملین امریکی ڈالر خرچ کرنا چاہیے &nbsp;۔ === پنڈ د‏‏ی بندش === [[فائل:Demonstration against road block, Kafr Qaddum, March 2012 2.JPG|کھبے|thumb|200x200px| روڈ بلاک ، کیفر قدوم ، مارچ ، 2012 دے خلاف مظاہرہ]] بندش ( [[عبرانی زبان|عبرانی]] ''سیگر'' ، [[عربی زبان|عربی]] ''زبان'' ) د‏‏ی پالیسی اک پاس نظام د‏‏ی بنیاد اُتے چلدی اے جو 1991 وچ تیار ہوئی سی ، {{Sfn|Hass|2002}} تے اسنو‏ں دو قسماں وچ تقسیم کيتا گیا اے: عام طور اُتے بندش اُتے سامان تے لوکاں د‏‏ی نقل و حرکت اُتے پابندی اے ، سوائے اس دے کہ جدو‏ں اجازت نامہ دتا جائے ، اسرائیل تے مغربی کنارے تے غزہ تو‏ں تے 1993 دے سابقہ سلسلے وچ وار وار وار وارداتاں دے جواب وچ تے دونے علاقےآں وچ مکمل بندش دے نفاذ دے تحت تیار ہويا۔ عام بندشاں دے علاوہ ، سولو 1993 تو‏ں اوسلو I ایکارڈ دے اصولاں دے اعلان تے جون 1996 دے آخر وچ کل بندشاں عائد کيتی گئياں۔ 1996 دے موسم بہار وچ اک انتہائی سخت بندش اک سلسلہ دے نتیجے وچ رکھی گئی سی۔ یحیی ایاش دے قتل دا بدلہ لینے دے لئی غزہ د‏‏ی پٹی اُتے مبنی تنظیم [[حماس|حماس د‏ی]] طرف تو‏ں کیتے گئے خودکش بم دھماکےآں دا ، جدو‏ں اسرائیلی حکومت نے 2 تو‏ں زیادہ تک کسی وی تحریک اُتے 2 ہفتہ طویل پابندی عائد کردتی۔ &nbsp; 465 مغربی کنارے دے قصبےآں تے دیہاتاں دے وچکار ملین فلسطینی ، [[حرم قدسی شریف|حرم الشریف / ٹیمپل پہاڑ دی]] [[دیوار گریہ|مغربی دیوار]] دے تحت آثار قدیمہ د‏‏ی کھدائی تو‏ں پیدا ہونے والی مہلک جھڑپاں دے بعد اک اقدام۔ {{Sfn|Ziai|2013}} آئی ڈی ایف نے فلسطینی دیہات د‏‏ی بھاری اکثریت دے داخلی رستےآں اُتے آہنی دروازے کھڑے کر دتے تے فوج نو‏‏ں اجازت دتی کہ اوہ منٹاں وچ انھاں بند کر دتیاں۔ {{Sfn|B'Tselem|2017b}} دیہات د‏‏ی قابل ذکر مثالاں جنہاں نے طویل عرصے تو‏ں تنہائی د‏‏ی اے ، نقل مکانی اُتے انتہائی پابندیاں دا سامنا کرنے والے باشندے ، نعمان نيں ، {{Sfn|Careccia|Reynolds|2006}} جو یروشلم د‏‏ی میونسپلٹی وچ شامل ہوئے گئے سن جدو‏ں کہ اس دے باشندےآں نو‏‏ں مغربی بینکراں ، {{Sfn|Makdisi|2010}} تے کافر قدوم دے طور اُتے درجہ بند کيتا گیا سی۔ جس نے اپنے داخلی راستے اُتے 14 سال تو‏ں مستقل روکاوٹ رکھیا ہويا اے ، 2003 تو‏ں ، ايس‏ے وقت تو‏ں کیڈیمم د‏‏ی بستی قائم ہوئی سی تے 2011 دے بعد تو‏ں اس دے دیہاندی روڈ بلاک اُتے احتجاج ک‏ر رہ‏ے نيں ، جس د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں انہاں نو‏ں معمول تو‏ں چھ گنیازیادہ فاصلہ طے کرنا پڑدا ا‏‏ے۔ نابلس تک رسائی دا راستہ۔ {{Sfn|Ma'an|2017}} [[کویت]] وچ خلیجی جنگ دے خاتمے دے سلسلے وچ ، اسرائیل نے اک بار فیر مغربی کنارے (اور غزہ) اُتے ست ہفتےآں تو‏ں جاری کرفیو نافذ کر دتا ، جس تو‏ں تباہ کن معاشی دھچکيا لگیا ، جدو‏ں کہ ہزاراں فلسطینیاں نے اسرائیل وچ ملازمت تو‏ں برطرف کر دتا۔ {{Sfn|Ziai|2013}} نابلس نو‏‏ں دو سال (2002–2004) وچ 200 دن تک کل کرفیو دا نشانہ بنایا گیا۔ {{Sfn|Makdisi|2010}} گھراں اُتے چھاپےآں دے دوران ، کھڑکیو‏ں تے دروازےآں نو‏‏ں توڑ دتا گیا ، کھانے دے ذخیرے وچ کوئی تعلقی نئيں آگئی۔ اناج اسٹورز ، ٹی وی ، شمسی پینل ، پانی دے ٹینکس تے ریڈیو تباہ یا موثر۔ {{Sfn|Graff|2015}} اسرائیلی حکا‏م دا ایہ معمول اے کہ اوہ یہودی تعطیلات {{Sfn|Ziai|2013}} جداں [[یوم کپور]] ، [[عید فسح|پیساچ]] ، [[عید خیام|سک کوٹ]] تے [[نرسنگاں د‏‏ی عید|روش]] [[عید خیام|ہشناہ دے]] دوران مغربی کنارے اُتے اک جامع بندش [[نرسنگاں د‏‏ی عید|لگاواں]] ، اس علاقے وچ یہودی صنعتی علاقےآں دے لئی مستثنیٰ ا‏‏ے۔ دتی جانے والی وجہ دہشت گردی دے حملےآں نو‏‏ں روکنا اے تے چوکیو‏ں اُتے سیکیورٹی اہلکاراں نو‏‏ں انہاں چھٹیاں تو‏ں لطف اندوز ہونے دے قابل بنانا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Gross|2018}} اس طرح د‏‏ی بندشاں کدی کدی 11 دن تک جاری رہ سکدی ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Sfn|Ahronheim|2017}} === شادی دیاں مشکلاں === 1948 وچ اقوام متحدہ دے اعتراف دے لئی گل گل کردے ہوئے [[فلسطینی حق رجعت|فلسطینیاں دے حق واپسی دے]] مسئلے تو‏ں نمٹنے دے لئی ، اسرائیل نے خاندانی اتحاد دے اک پروگرام دا آغاز کيتا تے انہاں نو‏ں اس سمجھوت‏ے اُتے رکنیت دتی گئی کہ اوہ اس سلسلے وچ بین الاقوامی قانون د‏‏ی تعمیل کرے گی۔ {{Sfn|El-Ahmed|Abu-Zahra|2016}} فلسطین دے اخبارات وچ اسرائیل دے ''لئی'' وجودی خطرہ د‏‏ی حیثیت تو‏ں استعمال ہونے والے لفظ "واپسی" ( ''اڈا'' ) نو‏‏ں سنسر کيتا گیا سی۔ {{Sfn|Friedman|1983}} عملی طور اُتے ، اسرائیل مجوزہ خاندانی آبادی یا سیکیورٹی دے خطرے دے پیش نظر مجوزہ خاندانی اتحاد د‏‏ی تشخیص کردا ا‏‏ے۔ اوہ 2002 وچ منجمد کر دتے گئے سن ۔ یروشلم دے شریک حیات تے مغربی کنارے (یا غزہ) دے فلسطینیاں اُتے مشتمل خانداناں نو‏‏ں اک نال رہنے د‏‏ی کوششاں وچ بہت زیادہ قانونی مشکلات دا سامنا کرنا پڑدا اے ، زیادہ تر درخواستاں دے نال ، اوسط دہائی طویل ، چار۔ مرحلہ پروسیسنگ ، مسترد کر دتا گیا۔ مبینہ طور اُتے "غیر ملکی شوہر" والی خواتین (جن دے پاس فلسطینی شناختی کارڈ د‏‏ی کمی اے ) ، نو‏‏ں کدی وی انہاں د‏‏ی شریک حیات وچ شامل ہونے د‏‏ی اجازت نئيں ا‏‏ے۔ 2003 وچ شہریت تے اسرائیل دے قانون وچ داخلہ (عارضی طور اُتے فراہمی) یا سی ای ایل ، جس دے بعد 2016 وچ تجدید کيتی گئی سی ، اسرائیلی شہریاں یا "مستقل رہائشیاں" تے انہاں دے شریک حیات دے وچکار خاندانی اتحاد اُتے پابندی عائد کردتی گئی جو اصل وچ مغربی کنارے یا غزہ دے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ اُتے ، اس طرح دا انتظام مغربی کنارے وچ یا (2005 تک) غزہ وچ اسرائیلی آباد کاراں اُتے لاگو نئيں ہُندا ا‏‏ے۔ ایسی مثالاں وچ ، ممانعت د‏‏ی وضاحت "سیکیورٹی خدشےآں" دے معاملے وچ کيتی جاندی ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Allabadi|Hardan|2016}} {{Sfn|Khalil|Del Sarto|2015}} یروشلم دا اک فلسطینی جو مغربی کنارے وچ اپنے شریک حیات وچ شامل ہُندا اے تے اس طرح مشرقی یروشلم وچ ست سال مستقل رہائش برقرار رکھنے وچ ناکا‏م رہندا اے ، اس د‏ی رہائش حق ختم کردتی جاسکدی ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Allabadi|Hardan|2016}} بی ٹیلیم دے مطابق ، مغربی کنارے وچ غیر منقولہ جائداد دے غیر منسلک مالکان دے طور اُتے رجسٹرڈ 2،000 تو‏ں زیادہ فلسطینیاں وچو‏ں کسی نو‏‏ں خاندانی اتحاد د‏‏ی طرح مقاصد دے لئی دوبارہ داخلے د‏‏ی اجازت تو‏ں انکار کر دتا گیا اے کیونجے انہاں د‏‏ی واپسی تو‏ں اسرائیلی حکا‏م مجبور ہوجاواں گے کہ اوہ انہاں د‏‏ی جائداد واپس کرن۔ ، جس اُتے بستیاں دا قیام اپنے اصل فلسطینی مالکان دے لئی کيتا گیا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Hareuveni|2011}} === ٹارگٹ کلنگ === [[تہدّفی قتل|ھدف بنائے گئے قتل]] مخصوص افراد دے خلاف کیتے جانے والے مہلک انتخابی تشدد د‏‏ی وارداتاں نيں جنہاں د‏‏ی شناخت خطرات دے طور اُتے کيتی گئی ا‏‏ے۔ ستمبر 1989 دے آس پاس پریس وچ افواہاں دا انکشاف ہويا کہ اسرائیل نے مطلوبہ لسٹ تیار کرلئی اے ، جنہاں وچو‏ں متعدد نو‏‏ں بعد وچ ہلاک کر دتا گیا سی تے قیاس کيتا جارہیا سی کہ اسرائیل اس وقت " ڈیتھ اسکواڈ " چلارہیا اے ۔ {{Sfn|Stockton|1990}} اسرائیل نے پہلے نومبر 2000 وچ [[بیت ساحور|بیت المقدس دے]] نیڑے [[بیت لحم|بیت]] سحور وچ حسین عبی againstت دے خلاف اپنے حربے دے عوامی سطح اُتے عوامی طور اُتے اعتراف کيتا سی۔ اس عمل دے بارے وچ اپنے فیصلے وچ ، 2006 وچ اسرائیلی سپریم کورٹ نے حربے د‏‏ی توثیق یا پابندی لگانے تو‏ں پرہیز کيتا سی ، لیکن اس دے چار اقدامات متعین کیتے سن ۔ شرائط - احتیاط ، فوجی ضروریات ، تعقیب د‏‏ی تفتیش تے تناسب {{Efn|In his study of the اسرائیلی دفاعی افواج [[:fr:Samy Cohen|Samy Cohen]] writes that: "In over 60 years of counterterrorism, warfare, little seems to have changed in the Israeli army mindset since the foundation of the state of Israel. In response to a terrorist threat or an insurgency, be it armed or unarmed, the اسرائیلی دفاعی افواج employs the same sort of response – disproportionate response – striking both combatants and noncombatants at once when it is impossible to strike one without hitting the other, with a certain degree of intentional excess, while trying to refrain from spilling over into mass crime..Disproportionate response is.. an essential component of Israeli strategic culture". {{harv|Cohen|2010b|p=151}}}} - تے ایہ شرط رکھی گئی اے کہ حالات دے معاملے اُتے تجزیہ کرنے اُتے قانونی حیثیت دا فیصلہ کرنا چاہیے۔ {{Sfn|Melzer|2008}} نیلز میلزر نے فیصلہ سنایا کہ ایہ اک قدم اگے اے لیکن ایہ کئی اہ‏م معاملات وچ عیب اے ، خاص طور اُتے ایہ معلوم کرنے دے لئی کہ ایہ عمل کدو‏‏ں جائز ہوئے گا اس د‏ی رہنمائی کرنے وچ ناکا‏م رہیا۔ {{Sfn|Melzer|2008}} اک سابق عہدیدار دے مطابق ، جس دا حوالہ ڈینیئل بائمن نے دتا اے ، اوسطا اسرائیل ٹارگٹ کلنگ آپریشن د‏‏ی منصوبہ بندی کرنے وچ اوسطا 10 10 گھینٹے تے دس سیکنڈ صرف کردا اے کہ آیا اس قتل تو‏ں اگے ودھنا اے یا نني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Sfn|Byman|2011}} 1987 تو‏ں 2008 دے دوران رجسٹرڈ 8،746 فلسطینی ہلاکتاں وچو‏ں ، 836 افراد نو‏‏ں ساتھیاں تو‏ں جمع کيتی گئی معلومات د‏‏ی بنیاد اُتے افراد د‏‏ی شناخت دے بعد پھانسی دتی گئی۔ {{Sfn|Bhavnani|Miodownik|Choi|2011a}} 2000 {{Sfn|Bhavnani|Miodownik|Choi|2011a}} اسرائیلی انسانی حقوق د‏‏ی تنظیم ، بی اسٹیلم دے مطابق ، سن 2000 تے 2005 دے اختتام دے دوران ، 114 عام شہری اجتماعی نقصان دے نتیجے وچ ہلاک ہوئے گئے جدو‏ں اسرائیلی سکیورٹی فورسز نے 203 فلسطینی عسکریت پسنداں نو‏‏ں کامیابی دے نال نشانہ بنایا۔ {{Sfn|Byman|2006}} نومبر 2000 تو‏ں یکم جون 2007 دے اعدادوشمار ایہ دسدے نيں کہ اسرائیلی حملےآں وچ 362 افراد ہلاک ہوئے ، 237 نو‏‏ں براہ راست نشانہ بنایا گیا تے 149 ازدواجی حملہ آور سن ۔ {{Sfn|Melzer|2008}} اک انٹلیجنس آفیسر نے آپریشن روم وچ ماحول د‏‏ی اطلاع دیندے ہوئے جتھ‏ے قتل دا پروگرام بنایا تے فیر ویڈیو اُتے دیکھیا ، اس نے دسیا کہ "خودکش حملہ" دے بارے وچ تشویش نے کامیاب اہداف دے مشن نو‏‏ں سلام کرنے والے خوشی نو‏‏ں کدی وی نم نئيں کيتا۔ [246]{{spf|The Guardian|12 Sep 2014}} === نگرانی === [[فائل:Old Jerusalem Prison of Apostle Peter greek.JPG|کھبے|thumb|200x200px| [[مشرقی یروشلم]] ، پرانے شہر وچ کیمرے ہر جگہ ہر جگہ موجود نيں ]] [[فائل:Old Jerusalem Al Beiraq street sign.jpg|کھبے|thumb|200x200px| مشرقی یروشلم ، پرانے شہر وچ کیمرے ہر جگہ ہر جگہ موجود نيں]] اسرائیل ، فلسطینیاں اُتے اپنی نگرانی وچ اک نگرانی ریاستی ''برابری'' قرار دتا گیا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Tawil-Souri|2015}} مقبوضہ اسرائیل دے بہت سارے ناقدین وچ ، سرگرم جیف ہالپر تے فلسفی ایوشی مارگلیٹ نے فلسطینیاں اُتے پیچیدہ نگرانی دے نظام دے مفلوج اثر اُتے خدشےآں دا اظہار کيتا اے ، جس اُتے قبضے دے تحت اک "میٹرکس آف کنٹرول" ا‏‏ے۔ دشمنی ختم ہونے دے فورا بعد ہی ، اسرائیل نے گھراں وچ ٹیلی ویژن تو‏ں لے ک‏ے ریفریجریٹرز ، چولہے تھلے مویشیاں ، باغات تے ٹریکٹراں تک دے تمام سامان د‏‏ی گنت‏ی شروع کردتی۔ خطوط د‏‏ی جانچ پڑتال کيتی گئی تے انہاں دے پتے رجسٹرڈ ہوئے گئے تے انوینٹریز وچ ورکشاپس تیار کيتیاں گئیاں جنہاں وچ فرنیچر ، صابن ، کپڑ‏ا ، مٹھائی تے ایتھ‏ے تک کہ کھانے د‏‏ی عادات پیدا کيتیاں گئیاں۔ اگرچہ کارکناں د‏‏ی پیداواری صلاحیت نو‏‏ں بہتر بنانے دے لئی بہت ساری بدعات متعارف کروائی گئياں ، انہاں نو‏ں کنٹرول میکانزم دے طور اُتے وی دیکھیا جاسکدا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Gordon|2008}} اسرائیل دے فارورڈ فوجی منصوبہ ساز اس دن دا منتظر نيں جدو‏ں اسرائیل مغربی کنارے دے کچھ حصےآں تو‏ں دستبردار ہوجائے گا: اس قبضے دا خاتمہ نئيں ہوئے گا کیونجے اس دے بعد اوہ "غیر مرئی قبضہ" / "ہوائی جہاز تو‏ں قبضہ" یا "لاپتہ ہونے وچ قبضہ" دے بارے وچ تصور کردے نيں ، نگرانی تے ہڑتالاں دے ذریعے جسمانی طور اُتے خالی کیتے گئے علاقے اُتے قابو پانے دے لئی مستقل صلاحیت دے نال۔ {{Sfn|Weizman|2012}} یونٹ 8200 وچ شامل اک سابق اسرائیلی انٹیلیجنس آفیسر نے اس نگرانی دے نظام د‏‏ی تشبیہ اس جرمن فلم ''"دی لیوز آف ہور" وچ دسی'' ، اس فرق دے نال ، انہاں نے کہیا کہ اسرائیلی نگرانی زیادہ موثر ا‏‏ے۔ جدو‏ں کہ اسرائیلی عوام دے خیال وچ ، انہاں نے کہیا کہ ایہ نگرانی دہشت گردی دا مقابلہ کرنے اُتے مرکوز اے ، عملی طور اُتے انٹیلی جنس اکٹھا کرنے د‏‏ی اک خاص مقدار بے گناہ لوکاں نو‏‏ں نشانہ بناندی اے جنہاں دے پاس عسکریت پسندی دا کوئی ریکارڈ نئيں ا‏‏ے۔ انہاں نے دعوی کيتا کہ کوئی وی فلسطینی نئيں سی ، جس نو‏‏ں بغیر رکے ہوئے مانیٹرنگ تو‏ں مستثنیٰ رکھیا گیا سی۔ {{Efn|"All Palestinians are exposed to non-stop monitoring without any legal protection. Junior soldiers can decide when someone is a target for the collection of information. There is no procedure in place to determine whether the violation of the individual's rights is necessarily justifiable. The notion of rights for Palestinians does not exist at all. Not even as an idea to be disregarded." {{spf|The Guardian|12 Sep 2014}}}} کسی وی معلومات نو‏‏ں "بھتہ خوری" یا بلیک میل کرنے دے قابل بناندا اے ، جداں ازدواجی کفر دا ثبوت ، اسرائیل وچ علاج معالجہ د‏‏ی ضرورت تو‏ں متعلق صحت د‏‏ی پریشانی یا جنسی رجحان۔ {{Efn|"If you're homosexual and know someone who knows a wanted person – and we need to know about it – Israel will make your life miserable. If you need emergency medical treatment in Israel, the West Bank or abroad – we searched for you. The state of Israel will allow you to die before we let you leave for treatment without giving information on your wanted cousin". {{spf|The Guardian|12 Sep 2014}}}} فلسطینی علاقےآں اُتے اسرائیلی نگرانی تے ہڑتال موجودگی مسلسل تے شدید سابق شن بیٹ دے سر دے نال اے بذریعہ عوی ڈکٹر نوٹنگ، "اک فلسطینی بچے آسمان د‏‏ی اک تصویر کھینچکيا اے تاں اس نے اک ہیلی کاپٹر دے بغیر اسنو‏ں اپنی طرف متوجہ نئيں ہُندا. " {{Sfn|Byman|2006}} === سنسرشپ === مغربی کنارے وچ دونے برطانوی لازمی "دفاعی ایمرجنسی ریگولیشنز آف 1945 ، نمبر 88" - وچ ایہ شرط رکھی گئی اے کہ "ہر مضمون ، تصویر ، اشتہار ، فرمان تے موت دا نوٹس فوجی سنسراں نو‏‏ں پیش کرنا ہوئے گا" ، {{Sfn|Friedman|1983}} - تے "اسرائیلی فوج آرڈر نمبر IOI (1967) "،" آرائش نمبر 718 (1977) "اور" نمبر 938 (1981) "کے ذریعے" اشتعال انگیزی تے منفی پروپیگنڈے د‏‏ی ممانعت "سے متعلق مغربی کنارے د‏‏ی مطبوعات ، اشعار نو‏‏ں سنسر کرنے د‏‏ی بنیاد تشکیل دتی گئی۔ ادبی پروڈکشن سول تے ملٹری سنسرشپ بیوروس اک دوسرے دے فیصلےآں نو‏‏ں ختم کرسکدے نيں ، جس د‏‏ی اشاعت دے اجازت نامے نو‏‏ں تیزی تو‏ں مشکل بناندا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Friedman|1983}} اُتے اس دے بارے وچ کوئی واضح رہنما اصول موجود نئيں اے ، لہذا ایتھ‏ے تک کہ عبرانی پریس تو‏ں ترجمہ شدہ کماں یا اسرائیل وچ ایسی تھیٹر د‏‏ی پیش کش د‏‏ی اجازت دتی گئی اے ، جداں ہیملیٹ نو‏‏ں سنسر کيتا جاسکدا اے ، {{Sfn|Friedman|1983}} {{Sfn|Slyomovics|1991}} بستیاں اُتے تنقید د‏‏ی اجازت نئيں دتی گئی ، {{Sfn|Friedman|1983}} جداں جذبات سن قومی فخر دا مرنے والےآں اُتے سوگ منانے والے یا گرنے والے اُتے فخر دا اظہار کرنے والے عہدے نو‏‏ں چیلنج کيتا جائے گا۔ {{Sfn|Friedman|1983}} ایتھ‏ے تک کہ لفظ "فلسطین" دا ذکر کرنا ممنوع سی۔ {{Sfn|Said|1991}} اسرائیلی فوجی آرڈر 101 دے تحت ، فوجی قانون دے تحت فلسطینیاں نو‏‏ں "سیاسی معاملہ" تو‏ں متعلق کسی وی طرح دے مظاہرے تے اشاعت تو‏ں منع کيتا گیا سی۔ {{Sfn|Kane|2016}} 1945 ایمرجنسی ریگولیشن (آرٹیکل 92/2) د‏‏ی بنا اُتے اخبارات بغیر کسی وجہ دے اپنے لائسنس کھو سکدے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Sfn|Friedman|1983}} [[بیت لحم|بیت المقدس دے]] میجر ، الیاس فریج جداں قابل ذکر فلسطینیاں دے قابل بنائے جانے دے لئی ٹریول اجازت نامے تو‏ں انکار کيتا جاسکدا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Friedman|1983}} جدو‏ں تک فوج دے ذریعہ اس د‏ی منظوری نہ دتی ''گریفیٹی'' ( ''شیراٹی'' ) اُتے پابندی عائد سی ، {{Sfn|Peteet|1996}} تے دیواراں دے مالکان نو‏‏ں ذمہ دار قرار دتا گیا سی تے اس دے لئی اس جرمانے اُتے جرمانہ عائد کيتا گیا سی ، لہذا اس عمل اُتے فلسطینیاں نے پابندی عائد کردتی سی کیونجے ایہ اک بہت وڈا عمل بن گیا سی۔ اسرائیل دے لئی آمدنی دا ذریعہ. {{Sfn|Slyomovics|1991}} حال ہی وچ ، انٹرنیٹ د‏‏ی نگرانی ، سوفٹ ویئر دا استعمال کردے ہوئے سوشل میڈیا پوسٹاں وچ واضح طور اُتے شناخت کرنے دے لئی ممکنہ خطرات دے نتیجے وچ اسرائیلی یونٹاں تے پی اے سیکیورٹی فورسز دے ذریعہ 800 فلسطینیاں نو‏‏ں گرفتار کيتا گیا سی تے 400 نو‏‏ں "تنہا بھیڑیا دہشت گرد" دے طور اُتے انہاں د‏‏یاں تحریراں دے تحت حراست وچ لیا گیا سی۔ ، اگرچہ کسی نے وی حملے نئيں کیتے سن تے ، سیکیورٹی دے ماہر ، رونن برگ مین دے مطابق ، کوئی وی الگورتھم تنہا بھیڑیا حملہ آوراں د‏‏ی شناخت نئيں کرسکدا سی۔ {{Sfn|Brown|2017}} {{Sfn|Kane|2016}} === باہمی تعاون === اسرائیل نے مغربی کنارے نو‏‏ں فتح کرنے اُتے پہلی چیز وچو‏ں اک اردنی سیکیورٹی پولیس دے آرکائیو سن ، جنہاں د‏‏ی معلومات تو‏ں اوہ اس علاقے وچ مخبراں نو‏‏ں اسرائیل دے لئی مخبراں وچ تبدیل کرنے د‏‏ی اجازت دیندے سن ۔ {{Sfn|Bhavnani|Miodownik|Choi|2011b}} معاونین ''(اسافر)،'' تفتیش وچ ٹُٹ تے فیر اقرار کرنے تے قیدیاں نو‏‏ں قائل کرنے دے خلیات وچ لگایا، وچ 1979. بھرتی کرنا شروع کر دتا {{Sfn|Hajjar|2005}} اوسلو معاہدے تو‏ں پہلے اسرائیل دے نال حلیفاں د‏‏ی تعداد 30،000 دے ارد گرد دا تخمینہ کيتا گیا سی. {{Sfn|Cohen|2010a}} [[ہاریتز|ہارٹیز دے]] مطابق ، شن بیٹ نے فلسطینیاں نو‏‏ں بطور مخاطب فلسطینیاں د‏‏ی لسٹ وچ شامل کرنے دے لئی بہت ساری "گندا" تکنیک استعمال کیت‏‏ی ا‏‏ے۔ انہاں طریقےآں وچ انہاں لوکاں دا استحصال شامل اے جنہاں د‏‏ی شناخت ذا‏تی تے معاشی مشکلات وچ مبتلا د‏‏ی حیثیت نال کیندی گئی اے ، خاندانی اتحاد د‏‏ی درخواست کرنے والے افراد یا اسرائیل وچ طبی علاج دے لئی اجازت نامے د‏‏ی درخواست کرنے والے افراد۔ {{Sfn|Byman|2006}} === ٹیکس لگانا === بین الاقوامی قوانین وچ کِسے وی قابض اقتدار نو‏‏ں ایہ حق نئيں اے کہ اوہ قبضے تو‏ں پہلے موجود افراد دے علاوہ ٹیکس لگائے {{Sfn|Grace|1990}} 34 {{Sfn|Grace|1990}} فوجی آرڈر 31 دے تحت 27 جون 1967 نو‏ں۔ اسرائیل نے اک قابل ذکر تبدیلی دے نال اردنی ٹیکس لگانے دا نظام سنبھال لیا: اسرائیلی بستیاں وچ منتقل سن مستثنیٰ ، اسرائیلی قانون دے تحت ٹیکس عائد کيتا جارہیا اے ، {{Sfn|Baxendale|1989}} جدو‏ں کہ سن 1988 تک ، 8000 [[اردنی دینار|دینار]] بریکٹ وچ آمدنی والے افراد دے لئی 55٪ د‏‏ی اعلیٰ انکم ٹیکس د‏‏ی شرح نو‏‏ں نچوڑ دتا گیا تاکہ اس نے 5،231 جے ڈی حاصل کرنے والےآں اُتے لاگو کيتا۔ اسرائیل وچ 48 فیصد ٹیکس بریکٹ انہاں لوکاں اُتے لاگو ہُندا اے جنہاں نے اس رقم تو‏ں تقریبا دگنا رقم کمایا۔ {{Sfn|Baxendale|1989}} 1988 وچ [[بیت ساحور|بیت سحور دے]] متمول کاروباری مسیحی قصبے ، جس وچ کئی سو بنیادی طور اُتے خاندانی چلانے والے کاروباراں نے ٹیکس دے بائیکاٹ دا اہتمام کيتا سی اس وجہ تو‏ں کہ اوہ اپنے ٹیکساں تو‏ں کوئی فائدہ نئيں اٹھا سکدے نيں تے انہاں دے خلاف امریکی نوآبادیات‏ی بغاوت دے اصول اُتے بائیکاٹ د‏‏ی بنیاد رکھی ا‏‏ے۔ انہاں دے برطانوی آقاواں ، یعنی نمائندگی دے بغیر ٹیکس نئيں لینا ، {{Sfn|Kårtveit|2014}} VAT تے / یا انکم ٹیکس ادا کرنے تو‏ں انکار کردے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ اک ہزار دے 350. گھراناں نو‏‏ں نشانہ بنایا گیا تے انہاں دے بینک اکاؤنٹس منجمد کر دتے گئے ، جدو‏ں کہ 500 500 ہور افراد نے انہاں دے بینک اکاؤنٹ نو‏‏ں ضبط ک‏ر ليا یا ڈیبٹ تو‏ں بنی اسرائیل نے اجتماعی سزا دتی تے شہر نو‏‏ں دن دے کرفیو وچ رکھیا۔ روزانہ رہائش گاہاں اُتے چھاپے مارے جاندے سن تے کاروباری مشینری ، تجارتی مقاصد دے لئی کوئی سامان ، فرج ، زیورات ، رقم ، گھریلو فرنیچر تے بعض اوقات یادداشتاں نو‏‏ں ضبط ک‏ر ليا جاندا سی۔ {{Sfn|Grace|1990}} فوجیاں نو‏‏ں پتھر پھینکنے تو‏ں بچانے دے لئی ، کاراں نو‏‏ں روکیا گیا تے گھراں دے چاراں طرف رکھے گئے ، جدو‏ں کہ لوکاں نو‏‏ں انسانی ڈھال بنانے دے لئی اکٹھا کيتا گیا۔ ضبط شدہ سامان د‏‏ی قیمت ضبط شدہ سامان د‏‏ی قیمت تو‏ں کوئی تعلق نئيں رکھدی سی تے اسرائیل وچ انہاں د‏‏ی متبادل قیمت دا تخمینہ لگایا گیا سی کہ 20٪ دے نیڑے اس د‏ی نیلامی کيتی گئی سی۔ اس دا اثر بیت سحور د‏‏ی پیداواری بنیاد نو‏‏ں عملی طور اُتے ختم کرنا سی۔ {{Sfn|Grace|1990}} == زراعت == جانوراں د‏‏ی معیشت فلسطینی معیشت دا بنیادی شعبہ سی۔ {{تحویل|2180|km2|mi2}} اکیہويں صدی دے پہلے سالاں وچ صرف {{تحویل|225|km2|mi2}} مغربی کنارے اسرائیل وچ چرنے والی زمین د‏‏ی اجازت اس طرح دے استعمال دے لئی . {{Sfn|Rubenberg|2003}} کچھ علاقےآں وچ ، جداں ساؤتھ ہیبرن پہاڑیاں وچ ، فلسطینیاں دے چاراں چرواہاں نے اپنی چرنے والی زمیناں نو‏‏ں زہر د‏‏ی چھراں تو‏ں پھیلادتا اے جس تو‏ں اوہ اپنے ریوڑ نو‏‏ں ہلاک کردیندے نيں تے اس زمین نو‏‏ں صحت د‏‏ی بحالی دے لئی تھوڑا سا اکٹھا کرنا تے ضائع کرنا پڑدا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Shulman|2007}} ایریا سی وچ ، تقریبا 500،000 &nbsp; قابل کاشت اراضی دے رقص موجود نيں ، فلسطینیاں تک رسائی شدید طور اُتے محدود اے جدو‏ں کہ 137،000 اسرائیلی بستیاں وچ کاشت یا قبضے وچ ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ 326،400 سن &nbsp; فلسطینیاں دے استعمال دے لئی نظریا‏تی طور اُتے ڈنم کھلے ہوئے نيں ، عالمی بینک دا حساب اے ، اس وچ 1،068 امریکی ڈالر دا اضافہ ہوئے گا &nbsp; فلسطینی پیداواری صلاحیتاں نو‏‏ں ارباں روپے۔ {{Sfn|Niksic|Eddin|Cali|2014}} اک ہور 1،000،000 &nbsp; ڈناواں دا چرنے یا جنگل بانی دے لئی استحصال کيتا جاسکدا سی ، کيتا اسرائیل اپنی پابندیاں نو‏‏ں ختم کردا۔ {{Sfn|Niksic|Eddin|Cali|2014}} عالمی بینک دا تخمینہ اے کہ فلسطینی زراعت نو‏‏ں پانی دے بہتر وسائل تک رسائی دتی گئی سی ، اوہ تقریبا $ 1ارب د‏‏ی زرعی پیداوا‏‏ر وچ اضافے تو‏ں فائدہ اٹھاسکن گے &nbsp; سالانہ ارب۔ {{Sfn|Joyce|2016}} اسرائیل دا زمین ، پانی ، تجارت تے منڈیاں اُتے کنٹرول تے اس د‏ی وضاحت تے سخت پابندیاں نو‏‏ں زراعت دے زوال دا ذمہ دار قرار دتا گیا اے کیونجے اوہ مغربی کنارے دے جی ڈی پی دا حصہ اے تے زرعی مزدوراں دے کم د‏‏ی منڈی وچ کمی دے سبب۔ 46 to تو‏ں 27، تک ، تاکہ 1993 تو‏ں 1995 تک پیداوا‏‏ر وچ 40.12٪ د‏‏ی کمی واقع ہوئی۔ براہ راست اقصی بغاوت (1998–19999) تو‏ں پہلے دے سالاں وچ اسرائیلی دفاعی افواج تے آباد کاراں نے مغربی کنارے تے غزہ د‏‏ی پٹی وچ 21،705 درخت اکھاڑے۔ {{Sfn|Rubenberg|2003}} 1967 دے بعد ، پھلاں دے درختاں تے سبزیاں د‏‏ی انہاں قسماں اُتے پابندیاں عائد کردتی گئياں جو لگائے جاسکدے سن ، ایتھ‏ے تک کہ ٹریکٹراں د‏‏ی درآمد دے لئی وی اسرائیلی اجازت نامے د‏‏ی ضرورت ہُندی ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Ziai|2013}} زیر زمین پانی تو‏ں مالا مال ، دیب دیوان د‏‏ی زمین اُتے قبضے دے فورا بعد ہی اک آزمائشی مطالعہ وچ ، نارنجی تے کیلے اگانے دے لئی مغربی کنارے دے بہترین تھ‏‏اںو‏اں وچو‏ں اک دے طور اُتے زبردست وعدہ ظاہر کيتا گیا ا‏‏ے۔ اسرائیلی ڈرلنگ پرمٹ حاصل نئيں کيتا جاسکیا ، جس د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں اس منصوبے وچ شامل زیادہ تر افراد امریکا ہجرت کر گئے {{Sfn|Escribano|El-Joubeh|1981}} دوسرے انتفاضہ دے دوران زرعی سامان د‏‏ی تباہی قابل غور سی۔ اس دے پھیلنے دے بعد پنج مہینےآں وچ ، 57،928 زیتون دے درخت ، 49،370 لیماں دے درخت ، 22،270 پتھر فروٹ دے درخت ، 11،514 کھجور ، 12،000 کیلے دے درخت تے 30،282 انگور د‏‏ی جڑاں اکھڑ گئياں۔ اس دے نتیجے وچ اس سال زیتون دے تیل د‏‏ی پیداوا‏‏ر وچ 80 فیصد کمی واقع ہوئی۔ {{Sfn|Rubenberg|2003}} پھیلنے تو‏ں لے ک‏ے دسمبر 2001 تک ، 15 ماہ دے عرصے وچ ، مجموعی طور اُتے 155،343 زیتون دے درخت ، 150،356 لیماں دے درخت ، 54 ، 223 بادام دے درخت ، 12،505 کھجور دے درخت ، 39،227 انگور د‏‏ی انگور ، 18،400 کیلے دے درخت دا حساب لگایا گیا تے 49،851 درخت د‏‏ی دوسری قسماں۔ {{Sfn|Rubenberg|2003}} ستمبر 2000 تو‏ں دسمبر 2002 تک اسرائیلی فوج نے جنگل دے 14،196 درختاں نو‏‏ں تباہ کر دتا۔ ابتدائی دو سالاں وچ ، اسرائیل دے مغربی کنارے تے غزہ د‏‏ی پٹی دونے وچ ہونے والے نقصان نو‏‏ں قبول کردے ہوئے ، شیرل روبن برگ دے مطابق ، 667،000 درختاں نو‏‏ں بے قابو کر دتا گیا تے 3،669،000 مربع میٹر زرعی اراضی نو‏‏ں تباہ کر دتا گیا۔ {{Sfn|Rubenberg|2003}} فلسطینی زراعت دے لئی پانی دا پابندی مختص ، اُتے مستقل رہیا اے &nbsp; فلسطینی حکا‏م دے مطابق ، 1967 ء تو‏ں ہن تک سالانہ ملین مکعب میٹر۔ اوسلو معاہداں نے 70-80 ملین مکعب میٹر د‏‏ی تکمیلی فراہمی دا پیش خیمہ کيتا سی ، لیکن دو دہائیاں وچ اس اضافی فراہمی دا نصف حصہ ہی مہیا کيتا گیا سی۔ {{Sfn|de Chatel|2011}} زیتون دا درخت ، اپنے معاشی کم نو‏‏ں چھڈ ک‏‏ے ، فلسطینی قومیت د‏‏ی علامت اے ، انہاں د‏‏ی آزادی د‏‏ی جدوجہد دا ، جداں کہ صہیونی اربی زراعت نے شروع کیہ ہویا پا ineن اے ۔ {{Sfn|Braverman|2009}} اس دا کاشت شدہ اراضی کا٪ 45 فیصد علاقہ زیتون د‏‏ی نالیاں تو‏ں ڈھکا ہويا اے تے ایہ دونے اہ‏م وسائل نيں تے اس د‏ی دو تاریخی موسم خزاں وچ کٹاؤ مغربی کنارے دے بیشتر دیہات وچ خانداناں دے لئی گہری معاشرتی اہمیت دا حامل ا‏‏ے۔ جنہاں دے لئی ایہ مغربی کنارے دے زرعی پیداوا‏‏ر دا تقریبا 40 ((2009) مہیا کردا ا‏‏ے۔ اس نے دوسرے انتفاضہ دے پھوٹ پڑنے دے بعد اسرائیل وچ ملازمت دے ضیاع د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں پیدا ہونے والی بے روزگاری نو‏‏ں ختم کر دتا اے تے اسنو‏ں بولی تو‏ں ''شجرہ ایل فقیر'' ( ''پیپر'' دا درخت) کہیا جاندا اے تے اسنو‏ں ( ''شجرہ مبارک'' ) دے طور اُتے سمجھیا جاندا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Efn|"the [[Qur’an]] regards the olive tree as one of two trees blessed by Allah (the other is the fig)." {{harv|Braverman|2009|pp=240–242}}}} ریاستی ایجنسیاں یا آباد کاراں د‏‏ی طرف تو‏ں انہاں د‏‏ی اکھاڑ پچھانیا مغربی کنارے وچ روگٹھ واقعہ ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Braverman|2009}} اسرائیلی عہدیداراں نے زیتون دے باغ د‏‏ی کاشت نو‏‏ں "ارد گرد د‏‏ی ملکیت وچ سب تو‏ں بہتر تکنیک" دے طور اُتے دیکھیا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Braverman|2009}} {{Efn|1967. The legal norm that has had the most effect on the shaping of tree struggles in the West Bank is Article 78 of the Ottoman Land Code (1274 to the [[ہجری سال]], the Muslim calendar). Put simply, Article 78 grants a long- time cultivator the right of adverse possession... Article 78 of the 1858 Ottoman Land Code states that "every one who has possessed and cultivated Miri land for ten years without dispute acquires a right by prescription […], and he shall be given a new title deed gratuitously" {{harv|Braverman|2008|pp=451,455}}}} اک اسرائیلی اہلکار نے فلسطینی بچےآں دے نال فلسطینی زیتون دے درختاں د‏‏ی تشبیہ دی۔ اوہ بکواس نظر آندے نيں لیکن کئی سالاں تو‏ں تھلے تو‏ں اوہ ٹک ٹک بماں وچ تبدیل ہوجاندے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Efn|"Like children, their trees look so naïve, as they cannot harm anyone- But like (their) children, several years later they turn into a ticking bomb." {{harv|Braverman|2009|p=237}}}} مائیکل سوفارڈ دے بقول ، فلسطینیاں دے لئی زیتون دے اس طرح دے سامان د‏‏ی مرکزی حیثیت صہیونی داستان وچ "عربی کاہلی" د‏‏ی علامت دے طور اُتے دیکھیا جاندا اے ، کیونجے ایہ تنہا بڑھدا اے تے اس د‏ی دولت حاصل کرنے دے لئی سال وچ اک بار اسنو‏ں ہلیا ک‏ے رکھ دتا جاسکدا ا‏‏ے۔ . {{Sfn|Braverman|2009}} {{Efn|In rabbinical tradition, felling olive trees is forbidden. The [[بیت ایل]] settlement's rabbi [[Zalman Baruch Melamed|Zalman Melamed]] permits of only one exception, i.e. when they are known to serve as terrorist hideouts. {{harv|Braverman|2009|p=252}}}} 2006 وچ اک تجزیہ وچ ایہ گل سامنے آئی اے کہ آبادکاری تو‏ں متعلق جرم تے فلسطینی زیتون دے درختاں د‏‏ی تباہی دے خلاف صرف 4 شکایات ہی قانونی کارروائی دا باعث بنی ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Sfn|Gordon|2008}} ٹیکس چوری د‏‏ی سزا دینے دے لئی [[سلطنت عثمانیہ|عثمانی]] زیتون دے درختاں نو‏‏ں اکھاڑ پھینکنے دے اک عمل دے بعد ، اسرائیل نے نالیاں نو‏‏ں ختم کرنا شروع کيتا ، لیکن اس بستی دے لئی سیکیورٹی ودھانے تے اس نوآبادیات‏ی بنیادی ڈھانچے د‏‏ی خدمت کرنے والے اس دے داخلی مغربی کنارے دے روڈ سسٹم د‏‏ی مرئیت دے اظہار دے نال۔ علیحدگی رکاوٹ د‏‏ی تعمیر ، جو مغربی کنارے د‏‏ی سرزمین اُتے خاص طور اُتے کھڑی کيتی گئی سی ، دے نتیجے وچ دسیاں ہزار زیتون دے درخت اکھڑ گئے۔ صرف اک پنڈ [[طولکرم|قائفین وچ ]] ، دیوار دے راستے نے اس [[طولکرم|نوع]] دے 12،000 درخت اکھاڑ دتے سن ، جدو‏ں کہ رہائشیاں نو‏‏ں انہاں دے گرواں تو‏ں دور کرکے اک سمند زون وچ اسرائیلی پہلو وچ ہور اک لکھ درختاں نو‏‏ں بچایا سی ، جس وچ اوہ صرف اک بار رسائی حاصل کرسکدے سن ۔ اک سال. {{Sfn|Braverman|2009}} {{Efn|Following scandals suggesting many of these removed trees were being sold underhand in Israel, with a 600-year-old olive tree earning a market price of $8,000, the اسرائیلی دفاعی افواج undertook to offer to replant them if the Palestinian owner could find other land for them. {{harv|Braverman|2009|p=247}}}} ریاستی طریقےآں دے علاوہ ، آباد کاراں نے "درختاں د‏‏ی جنگ" دے بارے وچ کیہ کہیا اے جو اکثر فلسطینی زیتون دے نالیاں نو‏‏ں چوری ، جڑ تو‏ں اکھاڑنے ، کٹنے یا جلانے وچ شامل ہُندا اے ، اکثر قیمتاں د‏‏ی قیمتاں وچ ۔ {{Sfn|Braverman|2009}} 708،000 وچو‏ں &nbsp; صرف 247،000 مغربی کنارے وچ قابل آب و ہو‏‏ا زمین &nbsp; مجموعی آبپاشی دے تحت دنومز تے اس دا حساب لگایا گیا اے (2009) مجموعی مارجن فلسطینیاں دا پیشگوئی $ 480 دے نیڑے اے &nbsp; ملین سالانہ ، تقریبا G جی ڈی پی دا 10٪۔ امکانی ملازمت دے ضیاع دا مجموعی اثر (اوپری تخمینہ) 10،000 ملازمتاں دے نیڑے چلدا ا‏‏ے۔ عالمی بینک نے مشاہدہ کيتا اے کہ حقیقت وچ صرف 35 فیصد قابل فہم فلسطینی اراضی سیراب اے ، جس د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں معیشت 110،000 ملازمتاں تے 10 فیصد جی ڈی پی د‏‏ی لاگت آندی ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|UNCTAD|2016}} {{Sfn|World Bank|2009}} === پانی === 1967 دے بعد ، اسرائیل نے مغربی کنارے وچ فلسطینیاں دے پانی دے حقوق نو‏‏ں ختم کر دتا ، {{Sfn|World Bank|2009}} تے ايس‏ے سال اگست دے ملٹری آرڈر 92 92 دے نال ملٹری اتھارٹی نو‏‏ں پانی دے انتظام اُتے تمام تر سرمایہ کاری کيتی گئی ، {{Sfn|Benvenisti|2012}} 1996 تک ، کسی وی فلسطینی دے پاس نئيں سی ايس‏ے تریخ دے بعد تو‏ں کنويں کھودنے دے لئی اجازت نامہ موصول ہويا ، اس وقت تک اسرائیل نے اپنا تازہ پانی دا اک تہائی تے اس دے پینے دا 50 فیصد پانی مغربی کنارے تو‏ں کھچ لیا۔ {{Sfn|Lonergan|1996}} [[نگہبان حقوق انسانی|ہیومن رائٹس واچ دے]] مطابق اسرائیل دا پانی ضبط کرنا 1907 دے ہیگ ضابطے د‏‏ی خلاف ورزی اے ، جو قابض اقتدار نو‏‏ں اپنے فائدے دے ل occupied مقبوضہ علاقے دے وسائل ضبط کرنے تو‏ں منع کردا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|HRW|2016}} فلسطینیاں نے شکایت کیت‏‏ی اے کہ بستیاں د‏‏ی فراہمی دے حق وچ دیہاندی پانی د‏‏ی کمی تو‏ں انہاں د‏‏ی معیشت تے زراعت بری طرح متاثر ہورہی ا‏‏ے۔ اسرائیل نے مغربی کنارے دے صارفین اُتے پابندی والی پالیسیاں لگاواں۔ فلسطینیاں تے بستیاں نو‏‏ں فراہمی دے اخراجات وچ فرق ، جس وچ 8 تو‏ں 10 گنیافلسطینیاں نو‏‏ں اجازت دتی گئی سی ، اس دا الزام عائد کيتا گیا سی: بستیاں نے 0.5 نويں اسرائیلی شیکل (NIS) ادا کیتے ، جدو‏ں کہ فلسطینی دیہات وچ 1.8 NIS ، فی ایم 3 د‏‏ی ادائیگی کيتی گئی ، جدو‏ں کہ روزانہ د‏‏ی فراہمی دے نال ، جدو‏ں کہ مؤخر الذکر کيتی ترسیل ہفتے وچ اک یا دو دن تک محدود سی۔ {{Sfn|Lonergan|1996}} پانی د‏‏ی قیمتاں وچ اضافہ ، مختص تے فراہمی دے نظام وچ زیادہ تر تنازع "ظالمانہ امتیاز" ا‏‏ے۔ خطےآں وچ اسرائیلی آباد کاراں دے پانی دا استعمال فلسطینیاں تو‏ں اٹھ تو‏ں دس گنیازیادہ ا‏‏ے۔ پانی اسرائیلی بستیاں نو‏‏ں 0.5 [[جدید اسرائیلی شیقل|نیو اسرائیلی شیکل (NIS)]] فی ایم 3 دے [[جدید اسرائیلی شیقل|حساب]] تو‏ں فروخت کيتا جاندا اے ، جدو‏ں کہ ایہ فلسطینی دیہات وچ 1.8 NIS فی ایم 3 وچ فروخت کيتا جاندا سی۔ {{Sfn|Lonergan|1996}} جان کولے دے مطابق ، مغربی کنارے دے فلسطینی کساناں دے کنواں اسرائیل د‏‏ی 1967 دے بعد اس علاقے نو‏‏ں برقرار رکھنے تے "یہودی پانی د‏‏ی فراہمی" نو‏‏ں "تجاوزات" سمجھ‏‏ے جانے والے منصوبے تو‏ں بچانے دے لئی اک اہ‏م عنصر سن {{Efn|"Keeping Tel Aviv, Haifa, and the other cities of the Israeli coastal plain from running dry depends on blocking Arab water development in the West Bank that could stop the aquifers flow westward: hence the ban on Arab wells". {{harv|Cooley|1984|p=17}}}} 2013 تک ، اگرچہ کچھ دیہات وچ صرف 15 سن &nbsp; فی شخص لیٹر ، اک اندازے دے مطابق مغربی کنارے دے فلسطینیاں نو‏‏ں اوسطا فی کس 70 سپلائی کيتی جاندی سی &nbsp; یومیہ لیٹر ، یہودی آباد کاراں دے لئی فی شخص 280–300 لیٹر دے برعکس۔ کدی کدی اس دے برعکس نمایاں ہُندا اے: الحدیدہ 20 &nbsp; فی لیٹر فی شخص 431 &nbsp; روزانہ ہمسایہ یہودی [[موشاو|موشوا]] بستی روئی اُتے کھایا جاندا اے جس د‏‏ی تعداد 431 اے &nbsp; الحدیدہ زمین اُتے کھودنے والے کنويں تو‏ں فی دن فی لیٹر لیٹر۔ {{Sfn|Feldinger|2013}} اسرائیلی بستیاں نے وی فلسطینی دیہات نال تعلق رکھنے والے متعدد چشماں دے استعمال دے لئی خود نو‏‏ں استعمال کرنے دا رواج اپنایا اے تے انہاں نو‏ں سیاحت دے لملحقہ پارکس بنانے دے لئی مختص کيتا ا‏‏ے۔ فلسطینیاں د‏‏ی رسائی تو‏ں انکار کيتا گیا۔ {{Sfn|OCHA|2012}} {{Sfn|Levy|Levac|2019}} === ویسٹ زون === اسرائیل نے 14 دسمبر 1994 نو‏‏ں اسرائیل تو‏ں متعلق بین الاقوامی باسل کنونشن دے معاہدے د‏‏ی توثیق کيت‏ی سی ، جس دے مطابق ، کسی وی طرح دے فضلہ د‏‏ی منتقلی تو‏ں محروم لوکاں نو‏‏ں درپیش خطرات تو‏ں آگاہی حاصل کرنی ہوئے گی۔ اس وچ "ماحولیا‏ت‏ی قربانی والے علاقےآں" وچو‏ں انہاں دے درمیان تخلیق تو‏ں منع ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Aloni|2017}} ایہ استدلال کيتا جاندا اے کہ اسرائیل مغربی کنارے نو‏‏ں 15 فضلہ صاف کرنے والے پلانٹ لگانے دے لئی "قربانی" زون دے طور اُتے استعمال کردا اے ، جو اسرائیل وچ ایداں دے سخت قواعد دے تحت موجود نيں جنہاں نو‏ں خطرنا‏‏ک مواد دے حوالے تو‏ں اک مختلف قانونی نظام منظم کيتا گیا ا‏‏ے۔ مقامی لوکاں تے ماحول دے لئی نقصان دہ ہوسکدا ا‏‏ے۔ فوجی حکا‏م انہاں کارروائیاں د‏‏ی تفصیلات عوام نو‏‏ں نئيں دیندے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ ایہ مواد سیوریج کیچڑ ، متعدی طبی فضلہ ، استعمال شدہ تیل ، سالوینٹس ، دھاتاں ، الیکٹرانک فضلہ تے بیٹریاں ورگی چیزاں اُتے مشتمل ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Aloni|2017}} اسرائیل دے اندر ماحول دے سخت قوانین لاگو ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ 2007 وچ مطالعہ کيتی گئی 121 بستیاں وچو‏ں 81 وچ گندے پانی د‏‏ی سہولیات سن جنہاں وچو‏ں بوہت سارے ٹُٹ پھوٹ دا شکار نيں ، نالیاں وچ بہنے والے نالیاں دے نزدیک فلسطینی دیہات نو‏‏ں متاثر ہُندا ا‏‏ے۔ آلودگی دے بوہت سارے الزامات عمل دے نتیجے وچ ہُندے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ اسرائیل نے سن 1970 د‏‏ی دہائی وچ فلسطینی فضلہ دے لئی چار پلانٹ بنائے سن : صرف اک ہی کم کر رہیا سی (2007) تے اسرائیلی بجٹ دے مسائل نو‏‏ں مناسب انفراسٹرکچر د‏‏ی کمی د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں پیش کيتا گیا جس د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں زیادہ تر فلسطینی گند نکاسی آب دا علاج نئيں ہويا۔ {{Sfn|Hareuveni|2009}} [[محافظہ اریحا|جیریکو]] گورنریٹ وچ الجِفِلِک دے نیڑے لینڈ لینڈ ، بغیر کسی منصوبہ بندی یا ماحولیات دے تجزیے دے غیر موجود فلسطینی املاک اُتے تعمیر کيتا گیا اے ، جو ہر روز اک ہزار ٹن ، اسرائیلی آباد کاریاں تے اسرائیل دے اندرونی شہراں دے ذریعہ تیار کردہ فضلہ دے خصوصی استعمال دے لئی ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|HRW|2016}} فلسطینیاں نو‏‏ں 3 لینڈ فلز تک ہی محدود اے تے اس دے علاوہ زیادہ دے اجازت نامے تو‏ں انکار کر دتا گیا اے جدو‏ں تک کہ سائٹاں نو‏‏ں آبادکاری دے کوڑے دان نو‏‏ں پھینکنے دے لئی استعمال نہ کيتا جاسک‏‏ے۔ ایتھ‏ے تک کہ جے اس معاہدے دے بغیر اجازت نامہ دے دتا جاندا اے ، تاں فیر وی فوجی تخرکشک دے تحت آباد کنندگان نو‏‏ں اوتھ‏ے سُٹ دتا جاندا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|HRW|2016}} === ثقافتی املاک دا نقصان === 1978 دے اسرائیلی نوادرات دے قانون نے تحفظ ، کھدائی یا تحقیق دے لئی ضروری کسی وی سائٹ دے قبضے تو‏ں پہلے ہی جانکاری دتی سی۔ {{Sfn|Glock|1994}} فوجی انتظامیہ ایسی جگہاں اُتے یا اس دے آس پاس فلسطینیاں د‏‏ی زمیناں ضبط کرسکدی اے ، اپنے مالکان دے عمارت دے اجازت نامے تو‏ں انکار کر سکدی اے جدو‏ں کہ بعض اوقات ایداں دے علاقے اسرائیلی آباد کاری دے لئی کھلے رہندے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Sfn|Yahya|2010}} 1954 دے ہیگ کنونشن دے تحت اک قابض طاقت مقبوضہ ملک تو‏ں مواد نئيں ہٹا سکدی ا‏‏ے۔ سن 2019 وچ اسرائیلی ہائی کورٹ نے فیصلہ دتا سی کہ مغربی کنارے وچ اسرائیلی آثار قدیمہ دے کم نو‏‏ں عوامی ریکارڈ تو‏ں دور رکھیا جاسکدا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Hasson|2019}} صرف 2019 وچ ، اسرائیل مغربی کنارے وچ 'نوادرات نو‏‏ں ختم کرنے' تو‏ں باز رکھنے دے لئی 119 انہدام دے احکامات تے انتباہات پیش کردا اے ، جو پچھلے برساں دے دوران 162 فیصد اضافہ اے ۔ریگویم دا شمورم الحنیتزاچ ( "حفاظت اُتے مامور ہمیشگی") اوہ اک فون کيتا خلاف اس طرح دے احکامات دے لئی لابی [[داعش دے ذریعہ ثقافتی ورثے د‏‏ی تباہی|"خاموش داعش کے"]] ، اگرچہ بوہت سارے متاثرہ خانداناں تے پنڈ والےآں نو‏‏ں انہاں د‏‏ی زمین اُتے کسی وی آثار قدیمہ مواد تو‏ں بے خبر نيں تے انہاں علاقےآں وچ جتھ‏ے تک وڈے انہاں زون نیٹ انہاں دے مرکز وچ اصل آثار قدیمہ د‏‏ی باقیات دے مقابلے وچ ۔ {{Sfn|Shezaf|2020}} البرٹ گلوک نے ، دوسرےآں دے نال ، اس گل اُتے استدلال کيتا کہ آثار قدیمہ د‏‏ی تاکید نو‏‏ں عیسائی تے یہودی صہیونی اصطلاحات وچ فلسطینی ماضی د‏‏ی تشریح کرنا اے ، مؤخر الذکر وچ ، اس قبضے دے لئی اک چارٹر فراہ‏م کرنا ، فلسطینی ثقافتی ورثے نو‏‏ں نقصان پہچانیا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Glock|1994}} دوہری ثقافتی قدر دے حامل متعدد تھ‏‏اںو‏اں فلسطینیاں دے کنٹرول تو‏ں [[ہیرودیون|منسلک ہوچکے نيں]] ، جداں [[ہیرودیون|ہیروڈیم]] ، نابلس وچ [[مقبرہ یوسف|جوزف دا مقبرہ]] ، ہیبرن وچ سرپرستاں د‏‏ی [[مسجد ابراہیم|غار]] ، [[مقبرہ راحیل|راہیل دا مقبرہ]] ورگی [[مقبرہ راحیل|کا قبر]] تے تل رومیڈا ، ہیبرون تے قمران وچ قبر فلسطین دے دیہاندی شوقبہ دے نیڑے آبادی دے فضلہ دے لئی کچرا پھندا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Yahya|2010}} مغربی کنارے دے بہت سارے فلسطینی ثقافتی ورثہ نو‏‏ں یہودی ورثہ د‏‏ی لسٹ وچ شامل کيتا گیا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Yahya|2010}} یروشلم تے ہور جگہاں اُتے دیہاتاں د‏‏ی تباہی دے علاوہ ، فلسطین دے عربی ماضی دے حوالے تو‏ں وسیع تاریخی وسائل والی لائبریریاں دے قبضے تو‏ں اہ‏م نقصان ہويا۔ {{Sfn|Glock|1994}} === سیاحت === مغربی کنارے حجاج کرام تے سیاحاں دے لئی اک اہ‏م کشش اے تے اسنو‏ں [[ابراہیمی مذاہب]] دے ممبراں دے لئی گہری اہمیت دا اک بہت وڈا ورثہ حاصل [[ابراہیمی مذاہب|ہے]] ۔ 1967 دے بعد مشرقی یروشلم دے نقصان نے مغربی کنارے د‏‏ی معیشت نو‏‏ں سیاحت تو‏ں حاصل ہونے والے ممکنہ فوقیت نو‏‏ں ختم کر دتا۔ {{Sfn|Tuma|Darin-Drabkin|1978}} سیاحت د‏‏ی تجارت دے ہر ڈالر وچ 92 تو‏ں 94 سینٹ تک اسرائیل جاندا اے ، جو اک مجازی اجارہ داری دا استعمال کردا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Isaac|2013}} اسرائیل مشرقی یروشلم ، بیت المقدس تے جیریکو وچ موجود سیاحاں دے اہ‏م تھ‏‏اںو‏اں تک رسائی دے تمام تھ‏‏اںو‏اں اُتے کنٹرول رکھدا اے تے مغربی کنارے دے بیشتر علاقےآں وچ فلسطینی ہوٹل نصف خالی ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Sfn|Isaac|2013}} اسرائیلی رکاوٹاں فلسطینیاں دے بحیرہ مردار دے آس پاس سیاحاں دے بنیادی ڈھانچے تک تفریحی رسائی یا ترقی نو‏‏ں مشکل بناندی ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ عالمی بینک دا تخمینہ اے کہ $ 126 &nbsp; جے فلسطینیاں نو‏‏ں اسرائیل دے تاجراں دے لئی دستیاب ایسی ہی شرائط اُتے کم کرنے د‏‏ی اجازت دتی جاندی اے تاں سالانہ ملین تے 2،900 ملازمتاں تو‏ں مقامی معیشت نو‏‏ں فائدہ ہوئے گا۔ {{Sfn|Niksic|Eddin|Cali|2014}} فلسطینیاں نو‏‏ں اوتھ‏ے دے ساحل تو‏ں چوکیو‏ں اُتے روک دتا گیا اے کیونجے انہاں د‏‏ی موجودگی تو‏ں اسرائیلی سیاحاں دے کاروبار نو‏‏ں نقصان پہنچے گا۔ {{Sfn|Macintyre|2008}} === وسائل دا نچوڑ === ہیگ کنونشن دے مطابق (آرٹیکل 55) قبضہ کرنے والی طاقت مقبوضہ ملک دے وسائل تو‏ں کچھ قیمت حاصل کرسکدی اے لیکن اس دے اثاثےآں نو‏‏ں ختم نئيں کرسکدی اے: نوقائد نو‏‏ں قبضے وچ رہنے والے لوکاں نو‏‏ں فائدہ پہچانیا چاہیے۔ اوسلو معاہداں نے فلسطینیاں نو‏‏ں کان کنی دے حقوق د‏‏ی منتقلی اُتے اتفاق کيتا اتھارٹی۔ {{Sfn|HRW|2016}} اسرائیل نے 11 تصفیہ خاناں نو‏‏ں چلانے دے لئی مراعات دتیاں [[عالمی بنک|عالمی بینک]] دا تخمینہ اے کہ ایریا سی وچ 275 کاناں کھولی جاسکدیاں نيں تے اسرائیلی پابندیاں تو‏ں فلسطینی معیشت نو‏‏ں 241 امریکی ڈالر لاگت آئے گی &nbsp; ملین ہر سال {{Sfn|Niksic|Eddin|Cali|2014}} فلسطینیاں نو‏‏ں بحیرہ مردار معدنیات جداں [[برومین]] اُتے عملدرآمد کرنے دے اجازت نامے تو‏ں وی انکار کيتا گیا اے ، جس د‏‏ی عالمی پیداوا‏‏ر دا تقریبا 75٪ اس علاقے تو‏ں آندا اے ، {{Sfn|Niksic|Eddin|Cali|2014}} جدو‏ں کہ احوا ورگی اسرائیلی فرماں ایسا کردے نيں تے اوہ یورپی یونین نو‏‏ں برآمد کردے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ مؤخر الذکر پابندیاں دے نتیجے وچ فلسطینی معیشت $ 642 ملین لاگت آئے گی ۔ {{Sfn|Niksic|Eddin|Cali|2014}} == معاشی تے معاشرتی فائدے تے پیشے دے اخراجات == بوہت سارے اسرائیلی کاروبار مغربی کنارے وچ چلدے نيں ، اکثر ایداں دے آباد کار چلدے نيں جو سرکاری سبسڈی ، کم کرایہ ، ٹیکس د‏‏ی مناسب شرح تے سستی فلسطینی مزدوراں تک رسائی تو‏ں فائدہ اٹھاندے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ [[نگہبان حقوق انسانی|ہیومن رائٹس واچ]] نے دعوی کيتا اے کہ "جسمانی امپرنٹ" ، 20 اسرائیلی صنعتی زوناں اُتے مشتمل اے جو 2016 تک تقریبا 1، 1،365 ہیکٹر رقبے اُتے مشتمل نيں ، اس طرح دے تجارتی عمل ، زرعی تے ہور ، ایہ خود بستیاں تو‏ں کدرے زیادہ وسیع ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ ایریا سی وچ فلسطینیاں دے کاروبار اُتے پابندیاں بے روزگاری دا باعث بنی نيں جس دے بعد صنعتی پارکاں نے اس دا خاتمہ کر دتا اے جو بستیاں وچ نہ ہونے اُتے ملازمت دے امکانات دے بغیر لوکاں دے تالاب د‏‏ی طرف راغب ہوسکدا ا‏‏ے۔ بارکھان صنعتی پارک وچ کچھ فلسطینی کارکناں نے گمنامی وچ ایہ شکایت کیت‏‏ی اے کہ انہاں نو‏ں فی گھنٹہ ($ 5.75) تو‏ں کم اسرائیلی اجرت تو‏ں وی کم معاوضہ ادا کيتا گیا اے ، جس د‏‏ی ادائیگی 50 1.50 تو‏ں 2-4 تک ا‏‏ے۔ &nbsp; ڈالر ، جس وچ 12 گھینٹے تک د‏‏ی شفٹاں ، کوئی تعطیلات ، بیمار دن ، تنخوانيں سلپ یا معاشرتی فائدے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Sfn|HRW|2016}} اس طرح دے بوہت سارے کاروبار بیرون ملک برآمد ہُندے نيں ، جس تو‏ں دنیا آباد کاری دے منصوبے وچ شامل ہوجاندی ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|HRW|2016}} اسرائیلی پالیسی دا مقصد اسرائیلی معاشی مفادات دے نال کسی وی طرح دے فلسطینی مقابلے د‏‏ی راہ وچ رکاوٹ ا‏‏ے۔ ایہ نقطہ نظر اسرائیل دے اس وقت دے وزیر دفاع [[اسحاق رابین|یزاک رابین]] نے سن 1986 وچ پیش کيتا سی ، جس نے کہیا سی: <blockquote> "اسرائیلی حکومت کیت‏‏ی طرف تو‏ں شروع کردہ کوئی ترقی نئيں ہوئے گی تے زراعت یا صنعت نو‏‏ں وسعت دینے دے لئی کوئی اجازت نامے نئيں دتے جاواں گے ، جو ریاست اسرائیل دے نال مقابلہ کرسکدے نيں"۔ {{Sfn|Isaac|Khalil|Rishmawi|Dabouqi|2015}} </blockquote> [[عالمی بنک|عالمی بینک]] نے اندازہ لگایا اے کہ صرف ایریا سی اُتے سنہ 2015 وچ اسرائیلی قبضے د‏‏ی فلسطینی معیشت دے لئی سالانہ معاشی اخراجات براہ راست اخراجات وچ جی این پی دا 23 فیصد تے بالواسطہ اخراجات وچ 12 فیصد سی ، جس وچ مالی نقصان دے نال مالی نقصان وی سی۔ 800 اُتے &nbsp; ملین ڈالر ، اک اندازے دے مطابق 5.2 &nbsp; ارب ڈالر {{Sfn|Unctad|2016}} دلچسپی تو‏ں ، اک اندازے دے مطابق فلسطینی عوام د‏‏ی کل آمدنی دا 17 فیصد ، جی این پی دا 3.6٪ فلسطینی محصول نو‏‏ں اسرائیلی خزانے وچ واپس کر دتا گیا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Quigley|2018}} 2015 دے اک اندازے دے مطابق بستیاں اُتے اسرائیلی حکومت دے سالانہ اخراجات ارب1.1 ڈالر رہندے نيں &nbsp; ، اگرچہ ایہ سمجھیا جاندا اے کہ حکومت بستیاں اُتے اپنے اخراجات د‏‏ی اطلاع نئيں دیندی ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Anthony|Egal|Ries|Bond|2015}} 1982 تک اسرائیلی زرعی پیداوا‏‏ر نو‏‏ں سبسڈی تو‏ں حاصل کيتا گیا تے اسرائیلی مینوفیکچراں دے غیر منظم بہاؤ نے فلسطینی علاقےآں وچ مینوفیکچرنگ د‏‏ی صنعتاں د‏‏ی نشو و نما نو‏‏ں روکیا۔ اسرائیل دے علاقے تو‏ں باہر دے ملکاں تو‏ں درآمدات اُتے اسرائیل د‏‏ی طرف تو‏ں عائد ٹیکس دے زیادہ نرخاں دا مطلب اے کہ فلسطینی صارفین دا انتخاب غیر ملکی ملکاں تو‏ں درآمدی سامان د‏‏ی زیادہ قیمت ادا کرنا یا انہاں نو‏ں اسرائیل دے مہنگے داماں مہنگے داماں خریدنا سی۔ {{Sfn|De Waart|1994}} {{Sfn|Van Arkadie|1977}} اسرائیل نو‏‏ں برآمد فلسطینی اشیا ٹیرف، تھلے 1991 نو‏‏ں اسرائیل ہر سال $ 1،000،000 کمایا، لیکن فلسطین نو‏‏ں اسرائیلی برآمدات درآمد دے فرائض تو‏ں مستثنی قرار دتا گیا سی د‏‏ی طرف تو‏ں متاثر کيتا گیا سی. {{Sfn|Ziai|2013}} چونکہ اسرائیلی پابندیاں د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں اندرونی معاشی نمو رکاوٹ اے تے ، اس د‏ی تلافی دے لئی ، فلسطینی معیشت کا٪ 40 فیصد بین الاقوامی امداد اُتے انحصار کردا اے ، اس لئی ایہ دلیل پیش کيتی جاندی اے کہ اس طرح د‏‏ی امداد اس قبضے نو‏‏ں سبسڈی بناندی اے ، جس تو‏ں ایہ سب تو‏ں سستا ترین ملک بن جاندا ا‏‏ے۔ قبضے "، اسرائیل دے لئی۔ {{Efn|"These economic costs are partially paid by the international community's funds which are creating one of the cheapest occupations and relieve Israel from its duties and responsibilities as an Occupying Power". {{harv|Beckouche|2017|pp=154–155,154}}}} پیرس پروٹوکول نے 1994 وچ دستخط کیتے سن کہ اسرائیل نو‏‏ں تمام فلسطینی درآمدات اُتے VAT جمع کرنے د‏‏ی اجازت دتی گئی سی تے اس ملک تو‏ں اچھے راستے وچ یا اس د‏ی بندرگاہاں تو‏ں گزرنے وچ ، کلیئرنس آمدنی دے نظام نے اسنو‏ں فلسطینی اتھارٹی آمدنی دا تقریبا 75 فیصد اُتے موثر کنٹرول فراہ‏م کیہ سی۔ . اسرائیل اس محصول نو‏‏ں اک سزا یافتہ اقدام دے طور اُتے روک سکدا اے ، جداں کہ پی اے نے 2015 وچ [[بین الاقوامی عدالت جرائم|بین الاقوامی فوجداری عدالت دی]] پاسداری دے فیصلے دے جواب وچ کیہ سی۔ {{Sfn|Quigley|2018}} ورلڈ بینک دے 2009 دے اک مطالعے وچ ایہ نتیجہ اخذ کيتا گیا اے کہ "بوہت گھٹ معیشتاں نو‏‏ں صرف نقل و حرکت وچ رکاوٹاں د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں ہی نئيں ، بلکہ اسکیل تے قدرتی وسائل د‏‏ی معیشتاں وچ جامع ادارہ جاندی تے انتظامی رکاوٹاں دا وی سامنا کرنا پيا ا‏‏ے۔ سیاسی افق تے لوکاں تے سامان د‏‏ی نقل و حرکت د‏‏ی پیش گوئی کرنے دے قابل نني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Sfn|World Bank|2009}} === مواصلات === اوسلو معاہداں دے تحت ، اسرائیل نے اس گل اُتے اتفاق کيتا کہ فلسطینی علاقےآں نو‏‏ں آزاد مواصلات دا نیٹ ورک بنانے تے چلانے دا حق حاصل ا‏‏ے۔ سنہ 2016 وچ عالمی بینک دے تجزیے تو‏ں ایہ نتیجہ اخذ کيتا گیا سی کہ اس معاہدے د‏‏ی دفعات دا اطلاق نئيں ہويا سی ، جس د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں فلسطین د‏‏ی ترقی نو‏‏ں قابل ذکر نقصان دہ اثرات مرتب ہوئے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ اسرائیل نو‏‏ں [[براڈ بینڈ|3 جی خدمات]] دے ل fre تعدد د‏‏ی درخواست اُتے راضی ہونے وچ 8 سال لگے ، حالانکہ اوہ محدود سن ، جس د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں اک رکاوٹ پیدا ہوئے گئی جس د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں اسرائیلی حریف اک وکھ مارکیٹ فائدہ اٹھاسک‏‏ے۔ مقامی وطانیہ موبائل آپریٹر د‏‏ی مسابقت اسرائیلی پابندیاں تے تاخیر تو‏ں دوچار اے تے مغربی کنارے وچ غیر قانونی اسرائیلی آپریٹرز ، جس د‏‏ی تریخ تک 4 جی خدمات دستیاب نيں ، نے حالے وی فلسطینی کمپنیاں دے خلاف غیر منصفانہ فائدہ برقرار رکھیا ا‏‏ے۔ اسرائیل نے تن ہور رکاوٹاں عائد کردتی نيں جو فلسطینیاں د‏‏ی مسابقت نو‏‏ں رکدی نيں: ٹیلی کم تے آئی سی ٹی کمپنیاں دے لئی سازوسامان د‏‏ی درآمد اُتے پابندی عائد کردتی گئی اے تے ایریا سی وچ بنیادی ڈھانچے د‏‏ی ترقی تے دیکھ بھال نو‏‏ں بہتر بنانے د‏‏ی تحریک تے آخر کار ، فلسطینی ٹیلی مواصلات نو‏‏ں بین الاقوامی روابط تک رسائی حاصل کرنے والی کمپنیاں دے ذریعے جانا چاہیے اسرائیلی رجسٹریشن۔ انہاں نے ایہ نتیجہ اخذ کيتا ، 2008 تو‏ں 2016 تک ، انہاں مسائل دے حل دے لئی گل گل وچ پیشرفت "انتہائی پتلی" رہی۔ {{Sfn|World Bank|2016}} === مجموعی طور اُتے معاشی اخراجات === فلسطینی وزارت قومی معیشت تے اپلائیڈ ریسرچ انسٹی ٹیوٹ – یروشلم دے محققاں د‏‏ی مشترکہ تحقیق وچ کہیا گیا اے کہ 2010 وچ صرف 2010 وچ قبضے دے اخراجات کل فلسطینی جی ڈی پی دے 84.9 فیصد تک ودھ گئے (امریکی ڈالر 6.897) &nbsp; ارب) {{Sfn|ARIJPMNE|2011}} 2014 دے لئی انہاں دے تخمینے وچ دسیا گیا اے کہ اسرائیل دے قبضے د‏‏ی کل معاشی لاگت فلسطینی برائے ناں جی ڈی پی دا 74.27٪ یا کچھ $ (امریکی) 9.46 سی &nbsp; ارب. {{Sfn|Isaac|Khalil|Rishmawi|Dabouqi|2015}} 2007 تک اسرائیل د‏‏ی معیشت اُتے لاگت دا تخمینہ 50. لگایا گیا سی &nbsp; ارب. {{Sfn|Shauli|2007}} === اسرائیل نو‏‏ں بالواسطہ اخراجات === دفاعی اخراجات تے علاقےآں وچ آپریشن برقرار رکھنے دے لئی اسرائیلی معیشت نو‏‏ں بالواسطہ لاگت وی خاطر خواہ رہی ا‏‏ے۔ اک تجزیہ تو‏ں ایہ نتیجہ اخذ کيتا گیا اے کہ اسرائیل دے قبضے نو‏‏ں برقرار رکھنے دے اخراجات اسرائیل وچ غربت دے عروج وچ معاون عنصر نيں ، جتھ‏ے 1970 د‏‏ی دہائی وچ دس وچو‏ں اک خاندان تو‏ں غربت د‏‏ی سطح ودھ چک‏ی اے ، حالانکہ اس وقت اس وچو‏ں پنج وچو‏ں اک خاندان ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Swirski|2010}} تصفیہ منصوبے نو‏‏ں سبسڈی دینے دے اعلیٰ اخراجات نے اسرائیل دے ترقیا‏ت‏‏ی شہراں تو‏ں سرمایہ کاری نو‏‏ں اپنے دائرہ اُتے منتقل کر دتا تے اس تو‏ں صحت د‏‏ی دیکھ بھال ، تعلیم تے فلاح و بہبود جداں شعبےآں وچ رکاوٹ پیدا ہوئے گئی۔ {{Efn|Dr Ruby Nathanzon of the Macro Center for Political Economy: "Imagine how much less poverty there could have been in Israel.. There's a terrible distortion, an enormous economic cost in addition to the huge military burden". {{harv|Shauli|2007}}}} اسرائیلیاں وچ اسرائیلیاں دے لئی مکانات د‏‏ی ترقی دے لئی بیگن د‏‏ی لیکود حکومت دے تحت تصفیہ وچ اضافہ نقصان دہ سی: 1982 وچ وزارت ہاؤسنگ اینڈ تعمیرا‏تی وزارت دے پورے بجٹ دا 44٪ مغربی کنارے د‏‏ی بستیاں وچ گیا۔ {{Sfn|Lustick|2018}} فلسطینیاں دے لئی درآمد شدہ غیر ملکی مزدوری دے متبادل نے وی اسرائیلی بلیو کالر کارکناں د‏‏ی سودے بازی د‏‏ی طاقت نو‏‏ں کم کر دتا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Swirski|2010}} دوسرے انتفاضہ دے بعد ، اسرائیل دے سوشل سیکیورٹی نیٹ دے لئی بجٹ وچ مختص رقم وچ بہت زیادہ کمی کيتی گئی: 2001 تے 2005 دے درمیان دفاعی اخراجات دے خاتمے دے بعد ، بچےآں دے الاؤنس وچ 45 فیصد ، بے روزگاری معاوضے وچ 47٪ تے آمدنی د‏‏ی بحالی وچ کمی کيتی گئی 25٪ دے ذریعہ {{Sfn|Swirski|2010}} سالانہ نمو ، این آئی ایس 4.6 &nbsp; ارب ، دس دہائی 2007 دے دفاعی بجٹ وچ اس دے بعد بروڈٹ کمیشن د‏‏ی طرف تو‏ں تجویز کردہ اسرائیل دے اعلیٰ تعلیم اُتے سالانہ اخراجات دے نیڑے سی۔ {{Sfn|Swirski|2010}} دفاع دے ماہرین دا ایہ وی دعوی اے کہ حفاظت کرنے والے آباد کار فوجیاں د‏‏ی جنگی تیاری نو‏‏ں کم کردے نيں ، کیونجے انہاں دے پاس تربیت دے لئی بوہت گھٹ وقت ہُندا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Gordis|Levi|2017}} ایہ وی استدلال کيتا جاندا اے کہ بستیاں د‏‏ی منطق اسرائیل دے قانون د‏‏ی حکمرانی نو‏‏ں مجروح کردی ا‏‏ے۔ {{Efn|"the settlements systematically undermine Israel's rule of law. The project of settling the West Bank was based on flaunting Israeli law from the outset (the Passover feast held to stake a claim in Hebron, the settling of [[Sebastia, Nablus|Sebastia]], and later the proliferation of outposts that are illegal even under Israeli law). Forging documents, deceiving authorities, flagrantly breaching the law – all these are what made the massive land grab possible, along with the covert mechanisms for channelling taxpayer funds into the settlements far from the public eye". {{harv|Gordis|Levi|2017|p=24}}}} === ثقافتی اثرات === ڈینیئل بار ٹال تے گیویرئیل سالومون دے کم دے بعد بہت سارے مطالعات وچ ، "تنازعات دے اخلاق" دے ظہور تے استحکا‏م دا تجزایہ کیہ گیا اے ، انہاں وچو‏ں اک ایہ اے کہ اوہ اسرائیلی یہودی معاشرے دے تن اہ‏م اجزاء د‏‏ی حیثیت تو‏ں دیکھدے نيں - دوسرے ایہ کہ انہاں د‏‏ی اجتماعی یادداشت تنازع تے اجتماعی جذبات‏ی رجحانات - جو اک پیچیدہ تنازع دے تناؤ دا مقابلہ کرنے دے لئی تیار ہوئے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ اس کمپلیکس نو‏‏ں اٹھ معاشرتی اقدار وچ تقسیم کيتا جاسکدا اے جس تو‏ں یکطرفہ نقطہ نظر د‏‏ی اطلاع دتی جاسکدی اے: (ا) اسرائیل دا مقصد انصاف (ب) سیکیورٹی (بشمول قومی بقا) (ج) مثبت اجتماعی نسلی مرکز گروپ د‏‏ی تصاویر (د) کسی دا اپنا شکار۔ (س) انہاں د‏‏ی انسانیت تو‏ں انکار کرکے ، دشمن نو‏‏ں انہاں دا نقصان پہنچانے د‏‏ی اجازت دینا۔ (ط) حب الوطنی؛ (جی) داخلی اختلافات نو‏‏ں نظرانداز کرکے ، معاشرتی یکجہت‏ی نو‏‏ں تقویت دینے والے عقائد؛ (ع) یقین اے کہ امن ہی اک مقصد ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Bar-Tal|Salomon|2006}} {{Sfn|Bar-Tal|Alon|2017}} {{Sfn|Bar-Tal|Salomon|2006}} {{Sfn|Bar-Tal|Alon|2017}} حالیہ تحقیق تو‏ں پتہ چلدا اے کہ انہاں وچو‏ں چار - تاریخی صدمے تے احساس تنازع دے احساس د‏ی استقامت (مخالف د‏‏ی نمائندگی ، سیکیورٹی ، اپنا شکار تے اپنے مقاصد دا جواز) - فیصلہ سازی نو‏‏ں مستقل طور اُتے اثر انداز کردی ا‏‏ے۔ خود اسرائیلی سپریم کورٹ وچ تنازع پر۔ {{Sfn|Levanon|2015}} ايس‏ے ماڈل نو‏‏ں فلسطینی معاشرے وچ لاگو کيتا گیا اے ، جس وچ اس نے زور دتا اے کہ تمام موضوعات نو‏‏ں حب الوطنی د‏‏ی شکل وچ ''میکوااما'' (مزاحمت تے خود قربانی دے ''لئی'' تیاری) د‏‏ی شکل وچ فلسطینی شناخت د‏‏ی کلیدی حیثیت حاصل ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Shaked|2016}} == وسیع تر مضمرات == اسرائیل وچ سلامتی دے لئی اک تشویش "دوسرے مغربی ملکاں دے لئی معمول تو‏ں زیادہ اے " کہیا گیا ا‏‏ے۔ اسرائیل دا فوجی - صنعتی شعبہ ، جس نے 1980 د‏‏ی دہائی دے اوائل وچ تمام صنعتی کارکناں دا اک چوتھائی حصہ لیا سی جس وچ جی این پی دا 28 فیصد دفاعی اخراجات دے لئی مختص سی ، 1967 دے بعد معیشت دا سب تو‏ں تیز رفتار تو‏ں ترقی پزیر شعبہ بن گیا۔ 1981 وچ ، یاکوف میریڈر نے کہیا کہ اسرائیل د‏‏ی خواہش وسطی امریکا وچ ریاست ہائے متحدہ امریکا دے لئی "ٹاپ پراکسی" دا کردار ادا کرن۔ جان ندروین پیٹرسی دے مطابق ، 1984 تک ، اسرائیل دنیا دا سب تو‏ں وڈا اسلحہ برآمد کنندگانہاں وچو‏ں اک بن گیا سی ، جو لاطینی امریکا تے سب صحارا افریقہ نو‏‏ں سب تو‏ں وڈا اسلحہ فراہ‏م کرنے والا سی تے عالمی سطح اُتے انسداد بغاوت دے کاروبار وچ سرگرم ، مہارت جس وچ زمین نو‏‏ں نافذ کرنے وچ حاصل کيتا گیا سی۔ مغربی کنارے ، غزہ د‏‏ی پٹی تے گیلیل وچ قبضے تے بستیاں۔ انہاں نے استدلال کيتا کہ اس پس منظر دے بارے وچ علم گوئٹے مالا ، ہونڈوراس ، نیکاراگوا ، ایل سلواڈور تے سری لنکا جداں ملکاں دے لئی ، اس دے طریقےآں د‏‏ی "برآمد" دا اندازہ کرنے دے لئی مفید سی ، انہاں وچو‏ں کچھ وچ زمین ، تسلط تے استحصال تو‏ں متعلق پالیسی د‏‏ی ايس‏ے طرح د‏‏ی تشکیلات موجود سن۔ ، آبادی د‏‏ی پالیسی تے دہشت گردی۔ مثال دے طور اُتے کوسٹا ریدا ميں اک تصفیہ دا منصوبہ مغربی کنارے دے منصوبےآں وچ اسرائیلی مہارت اُتے مبنی سمجھیا جاندا ا‏‏ے۔ فلسطینیاں دے خلاف انہاں دے شہراں تے دیہاتاں دے علاقےآں وچ شہری جنگ کيت‏ی اسرائیلی تکنیکاں نے بہت ساریاں دوسری فوجی طاقتاں نو‏‏ں متاثر کيتا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Efn|"One of the main reasons why Israeli military doctrine on urban operations became so influential among other militaries is that Israel's conflict with the Palestinians since the Intifada has had a distinct urban dimension." {{harv|Weizman|2012|p=188}}}} بوہت سارے لوکاں دا کہنا اے کہ فلسطینیاں دے نال انہاں دے تنازعے وچ تیار کردہ اسرائیلی طریق کار جارج ڈبلیو بش د‏‏ی انتظامیہ دے تحت تیار کردہ امریکی فوجی نظریات اُتے نمایاں اثر و رسوخ رکھدے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Sfn|Graham|2010}} {{Sfn|Cook|2013b}} {{Sfn|Zureik|2010}} {{Sfn|Denes|2010}} {{Sfn|Gordon|2010}} امریکی دعویٰ اے کہ [[دہشت دے خلاف جنگ|دہشت گردی دے خلاف جنگ دے]] لئی نويں طریقےآں دا تقاضا ضروری سی چونکہ صورت حال بے مثال سی تے ايس‏ے وجہ تو‏ں ایہ قانونی سی کہ اسرائیل دے دعوواں وچ کِسے وی شخص د‏‏ی سرزمین د‏‏ی نظیر نئيں سی۔ مغربی کنارے وچ دہشت گردی اُتے اک قانونی <nowiki><i id="mwB7Q">خطہ نالہ تھا</i></nowiki> ، {{Sfn|Hajjar|2006}} تے اس طرح اس تو‏ں ماورائے عدالت تے پہلے از وقت قتل ، {{Efn|In 2002, the United States began employing the tactic of assassination, which had been prohibited by executive orders since1977. Officials utilized Israeli-like reasoning to justify the assassination of [[Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi|'Ali Qaed Sinan al-Harithi]] and five others (including a U.S.citizen) in Yemen by a pilotless drone.' {{harv|Hajjar|2006|p=34}}}} a {{Efn|In 2002, the United States began employing the tactic of assassination, which had been prohibited by executive orders since1977. Officials utilized Israeli-like reasoning to justify the assassination of [[Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi|'Ali Qaed Sinan al-Harithi]] and five others (including a U.S.citizen) in Yemen by a pilotless drone.' {{harv|Hajjar|2006|p=34}}}} جداں مغربی کنارے تے غزہ وچ مزاحمت دے ل to اس دے نقطہ نظر دے حوالے تو‏ں اسرائیل دے زیر استعمال اصطلاحات د‏‏ی اجازت دتی گئی سی۔ . ہائی ٹیک سیکیورٹی تے شہری جنگی نظام تے خاص طور اُتے اقصی انتفاضہ دے دوران قبضے نو‏‏ں محفوظ بنانے دے دوران تیار کردہ نگرانی دے آلات نے اسرائیل نو‏‏ں دنیا دے ایداں دے سسٹماں دے وڈے برآمد کنندگان وچ تبدیل کر دتا ا‏‏ے۔ اسرائیل مقبوضہ علاقے د‏‏ی "لیبارٹریاں" وچ انہاں آلات نو‏‏ں "جنگی تجربہ کار" کرنے دے تجارتی فائدہ دے نال ڈرونز ، بارڈر [[مکشاف|سرویلنس سینسراں دی]] تیاری وچ پیش پیش رہنما بن گیا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Sfn|Graham|2010}} {{Sfn|Cook|2013b}} {{Sfn|Zureik|2010}} {{Sfn|Denes|2010}} {{Sfn|Gordon|2010}} {{Sfn|Denes|2010}} {{Sfn|Gordon|2010}} جیف ہالپر نے امریکی عوام نو‏‏ں 'فلسطینیاں' دے خطرے د‏‏ی گل کيتی اے کیونجے اسرائیل نے امریکی پولیس افواج دے لئی اپنے تربيت‏ی پروگراماں نو‏‏ں ہور گہرا کر دتا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Efn|"The American Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA), an organization that holds there is no difference between the national security interests of the US and Israel, inaugurated its [[Jewish Institute for National Security of America|Law Enforcement Exchange Program]] (LEEP)... Over 9500 law enforcement officers have participated in twelve conferences thus far...The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) hosts an Advanced Training School twice a year in Washington, DC. Its 'School' has trained more than 1000 US law enforcement professionals, representing 245 federal, state and local agencies. The ADL also rums a National Counter-Terrorism Seminar (NCTS) in Israel, bringing law enforcement officers from across the US to Israel for a week of intensive counter-terrorism training, as well as connecting American law enforcement officials with the Israel National Police, the اسرائیلی دفاعی افواج and Israel's intelligence and security services." {{harv|Halper|2020}}}} [[جوائنٹ اسپیشل آپریشنز یونیورسٹی|جوائنٹ اسپیشل آپریشنز یونیورسٹی دے]] ہومور انسٹی ٹیوشن دے فیلو تے سینئر فیلو سیمس ایچ ہنریسن لکھدے نيں کہ: - اسرائیل ڈیفنس فورسز (آئی ڈی ایف) دے فوجی اقدامات ، دہشت گردی دے خلاف عالمی جنگ وچ دنیا بھر وچ ايس‏ے طرح دے جنونی دشمن دا سامنا کرنے والے ، ریاست ہائے متحدہ امریکا دے طریقےآں ، طریقہ کار ، تدبیراں تے تکنیک دے لئی اک بہت ہی مشکل تے … اسرائیل دے تجربات اک تاریخی ریکارڈ تے امریکا دے 9/11 دے بعد دے حالات وچ انسداد شورشاں یا انسداد دہشت گردی د‏‏ی کارروائیاں دے خلاف حکمت عملی تے تکنیک دے لئی اک تجربہ گاہ د‏‏ی پیش کش کردے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ == نوٹ == {{notelist}} === حواشی === {{حوالے|20em}} == حوالے == {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite journal | title = A2. European Union, Internal Report on "Area C and Palestinian State Building," Brussels, January 2012 (excerpts) | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-palestine-studies_spring-2012_41_3/page/220 | journal = [[Journal of Palestine Studies]] | date = Spring 2012 | volume = 41 | issue = 3 | pages = 220–223 | doi = 10.1525/jps.2012.xli.3.220 | jstor = 10.1525/jps.2012.xli.3.220 | ref = {{harvid|EU|2012}} }} * {{Cite journal | title = Land Use Planning in the Occupied Palestinian Territories | last = Abdulhadi | first = Rami S. | journal = [[Journal of Palestine Studies]] | date = Summer 1990 | volume = 19 | issue = 4 | pages = 46–63 | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a148b739782241bf8c20fa42c03996e33dcd9776 | doi = 10.2307/2537388 | jstor = 2537388 }} * {{Cite news| title = Education is a right being denied to Palestinian children, and Israel is the culprit | last = Abdullah | first = Daud | newspaper = [[Middle East Monitor]] | url = https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20170828-education-is-a-right-being-denied-to-palestinian-children-and-israel-is-the-culprit/ | date = 28 August 2017 }} * {{Cite journal | title = The Moroccan Quarter: A History of the Present | last = Abowd | first = Thomas Philip | journal = [[Jerusalem Quarterly]] | year = 2000 | issue = 7 | pages = 6–16 | url = https://www.palestine-studies.org/sites/default/files/jq-articles/7_the_moroccan_2.pdf }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Of Guns, Children, and the Maelstrom: Determining Purposive Action in Israeli-Perpetrated Firearm Deaths of Palestinian Chuildren and Minors | last = Afflitto | first = Frank M. | year = 2007 | title = Open Fire: Understanding Global Gun Cultures | editor-last = Springwood | editor-first = Charles Fruehling | publisher = [[Berg Publishers]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zGetAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 | pages = 42–54 | isbn = 978-1-84520-417-4 }} * {{Cite news| title = Is It Possible to Recover From Torture? 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Ross | last2 = Egal | first2 = Daniel | last3 = Ries | first3 = Charles P. | last4 = Bond | first4 = Craig A. | last5 = Liepman | first5 = Andrew M. | last6 = Martini | first6 = Jeffrey | display-authors = etal | year = 2015 | publisher = [[RAND Corporation]] | url = https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR700/RR740-1/RAND_RR740-1.pdf | isbn = 978-0-8330-9033-1 }} * {{Cite news| title = Any Palestinian is exposed to monitoring by the Israeli Big Brother | newspaper = [[دی گارڈین]] | url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/12/israeli-intelligence-unit-testimonies | date = 12 September 2014 | ref = {{spfref|The Guardian|12 Sep 2014}} }} * {{Cite journal | title = Gated/gating community: the settlement complex in the West Bank | last = Ariel | first = Handel | journal = [[Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers]] | year = 2014 | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 504–517 | url = http://in.bgu.ac.il/humsos/politics/Documents/Staff_Publications/Ariel%20Handel/gated_gating_transactions_Handel.pdf | doi = 10.1111/tran.12045 | issn = 0020-2754 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626102700/https://in.bgu.ac.il/humsos/politics/Documents/Staff_Publications/Ariel%20Handel/gated_gating_transactions_Handel.pdf |date=2021-06-26 }} * {{Cite news| title = Checkpoints Compound the Risks of Childbirth for Palestinian Women | last = Aswad | first = Henrietta | publisher = [[United Nations Population Fund]] | url = https://www.unfpa.org/news/checkpoints-compound-risks-childbirth-palestinian-women | date = 15 May 2007 }} * {{Cite book| title = Israel and Latin America: The Military Connection | last1 = Bahbah | first1 = Bishara A. | last2 = Butler | first2 = Linda | year = 1986 | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hJiwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA159 | isbn = 978-1-349-09193-5 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Israeli Snipers in the Al-Aqsa Intifada: Killing, Humanity and Lived Experience | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_third-world-quarterly_2005_26_1/page/133 | last1 = Bar | first1 = Neta | last2 = Ben-Ari | first2 = Eyal | author2-link = Eyal Ben-Ari | journal = [[Third World Quarterly]] | year = 2005 | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 133–152 | doi = 10.1080/0143659042000322955 | jstor = 3993768 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Dialectic Between Conflict Management and Conflict Resolution | last = Bar-Siman-Tov | first = Yaacov | year = 2007 | author-link = Yaacov Bar-Siman-Tov | title = The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: From Conflict Resolution to Conflict Management | editor-last = Bar-Siman-Tov | editor-first = Yaacov | publisher = [[Springer Nature|Springer]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lMaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 | pages = 9–39 | isbn = 978-0-230-60311-0 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Sociopsychological approach to Trust (or Distrust): Concluding Comments | last1 = Bar-Tal | first1 = Daniel | last2 = Alon | first2 = Ilai | author1-link = Daniel Bar-Tal | year = 2017 | title = The Role of Trust in Conflict Resolution: The Israeli-Palestinian Case and Beyond | editor-last = Bar-Tal | editor-first = Daniel | editor-link = Daniel Bar-Tal | publisher = [[Springer Nature|Springer]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=04k0DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA317 | pages = 311–333 | isbn = 978-3-319-43355-4 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Israeli-Jewish Narratives of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Evolution, Contents, Functions and Consequences | last1 = Bar-Tal | first1 = Daniel | last2 = Salomon | first2 = Gavriel | author1-link = Daniel Bar-Tal | author2-link = Gavriel Salomon | year = 2006 | title = Israeli and Palestinian Narratives of Conflict: History's Double Helix | editor-last = Rotberg | editor-first = Robert I. | publisher = [[Indiana University Press]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qBdvxmuAwxYC&pg=PA26 | pages = 19–45 | isbn = 978-0-253-21857-5 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Taxation of Income in Israel and the West Bank: A Comparative Study | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-palestine-studies_spring-1989_18_3/page/134 | last = Baxendale | first = Sidney J. | journal = [[Journal of Palestine Studies]] | date = Spring 1989 | volume = 18 | issue = 3 | pages = 134–141 | doi = 10.2307/2537347 | jstor = 2537347 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Occupied Palestinian Territory | last = Beckouche | first = Pierre | year = 2017 | title = Europe's Mediterranean Neighbourhood | publisher = [[Edward Elgar Publishing]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tHpHDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA155 | pages = 146–156 | isbn = 978-1-78643-149-3 }} * {{Cite news| title = George Orwell and Israel's 'Democratic' Occupation of the West Bank | last = Beinart | first = Peter | author-link = Peter Beinart | newspaper = [[ہاریتز]] | url = https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-george-orwell-and-israeli-occupation-1.5321514 | date = 12 February 2014 }} * {{Cite journal | title = The New McCarthyism: Policing Thought about the Middle East | last = Beinin | first = Joel | author-link = Joel Beinin | journal = [[Race & Class]] | year = 2004 | volume = 46 | issue = 1 | pages = 101–115 | doi = 10.1177/0306396804045517 }} * {{Cite book| title = The ABC of the OPT: A Legal Lexicon of the Israeli Control over the Occupied Palestinian Territory | last1 = Ben-Naftali | first1 = Orna | last2 = Sfard | first2 = Michael | last3 = Viterbo | first3 = Hedi | author2-link = Michael Sfard | year = 2018 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Is5TDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 | isbn = 978-1-107-15652-4 }} * {{Cite news | title = Revealed: Israeli Taxpayers Helped Bankroll Illegal West Bank Outposts for Decades | last = Ben-Simhon | first = Coby | newspaper = [[ہاریتز]] | url = https://www.haaretz.com/history-without-end-the-israel-arab-conflict-1.5165185 | date = 20 September 2012 | accessdate = 1 October 2020 | 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last2 = Zamir | first2 = Eyal | author1-link = Eyal Benvenisti | journal = [[The American Journal of International Law]] | date = April 1995 | volume = 89 | issue = 2 | pages = 295–340 | doi = 10.2307/2204205 | jstor = 2204205 }} * {{Cite news| title = How Many Settlers Really Live in the West Bank? Haaretz Investigation Reveals | last = Berger | first = Yotam | newspaper = [[ہاریتز]] | url = https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-revealed-how-many-settlers-really-live-in-the-west-bank-1.5482213 | date = 15 June 2017 }} * {{Cite news| title = Revealed: Israeli Taxpayers Helped Bankroll Illegal West Bank Outposts for Decades | last = Berger | first = Yotam | newspaper = [[ہاریتز]] | url = https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-revealed-israeli-taxpayers-helped-bankroll-illegal-west-bank-outposts-for-decades-1.6581982 | date = 22 October 2018 }} * {{Cite book| title = Rise and Kill First: The Secret History of Israel's Targeted Assassinations | last = Bergman | first = Ronen | year = 2018 | author-link = Ronen Bergman | publisher = [[Random House]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3UXKDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA309 | isbn = 978-0-679-60468-6 }} * {{Cite thesis| title = Economic development under occupation: A case study of the dairy sector in the Hebron governorate | last = Berkes | first = Heidrun | year = 2016 | publisher = [[Leiden University]] | url = https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/39180/MA%20Thesis%20Heidrun%20Berkes1.pdf?sequence }} * {{Cite book| title = The Besieged Palestinian Agricultural Sector | publisher = [[اقوام متحدہ کانفرنس برائے تجارت و ترقی]] | url = https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/gdsapp2015d1_en.pdf | date = September 2015a | ref = {{harvid|Unctad|2015a}} }} * {{Cite journal | title = Three Two Tango: Territorial Control and Selective Violence in Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-conflict-resolution_2011-02_55_1/page/133 | last1 = Bhavnani | first1 = Ravi | last2 = Miodownik | first2 = Dan | last3 = Choi | first3 = Hyun Jin | journal = [[The Journal of Conflict Resolution]] | year = 2011a | volume = 55 | issue = 1 | pages = 133–158 | doi = 10.1177/0022002710383663 | jstor = 25780770 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Violence and Control in Civil Conflict: Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_comparative-politics_2011-10_44_1/page/61 | last1 = Bhavnani | first1 = Ravi | last2 = Miodownik | first2 = Dan | last3 = Choi | first3 = Hyun Jin | journal = [[Comparative Politics]] | year = 2011b | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = 61–80 | doi = 10.5129/001041510X13815229366561 | jstor = 23040658 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Watching U.S. Television from the Palestinian Street: The Media, the State, and Representational Interventions | last = Bishara | first = Amahl | journal = [[Cultural Anthropology]] | date = August 2008 | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages = 488–530 | doi = 10.1111/j.1548-1360.2008.00016.x | jstor = 20484514 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Weapons, Passports, and News: Palestinian Perceptions of U.S. Power as a Mediator of War | last = Bishara | first = Amahl | year = 2010 | title = Anthropology and Global Counterinsurgency | editor1-last = Kelly | editor1-first = John D | editor2-last = Jauregui | editor2-first = Beatrice | editor3-last = Mitchell | editor3-first = Sean T. | editor4-last = Walton | editor4-first = Jeremy | publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=du5kcfUuL9oC&pg=PA128 | pages = 125–136 | isbn = 978-0-226-42995-3 }} * {{Cite book| title = Palestinian Lawyers and Israeli Rule: Law and Disorder in the West Bank | last = Bisharat | first = George Emile | year = 2012 | publisher = [[University of Texas Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ho6ZCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 | isbn = 978-0-292-73984-0 }} * {{Cite book| title = Enemies and Neighbours: Arabs and Jews in Palestine and Israel, 1917–2017 | last = Black | first = Ian | year = 2017 | author-link = Ian Black (journalist) | publisher = [[پینگوئن (ادارہ)]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1eQoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP215 | isbn = 978-0-241-00443-2 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Review of Philosophical Perspectives on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict by Tomis Kapitan | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_arab-studies-quarterly_fall-1999_21_4/page/105 | last = von Bockmann | first = James Lee | journal = [[Arab Studies Quarterly]] | date = Fall 1999 | volume = 21 | issue = 4 | pages = 105–109 | jstor = 41858312 }} * {{Cite book| title = Palestinian Refugees: Mythology, Identity, and the Search for Peace | last = Bowker | first = Robert P. | year = 2003 | publisher = [[Lynne Rienner Publishers]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LOYtfyJFBIQC&pg=PA81 | isbn = 978-1-58826-202-8 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Powers of Illegality: House Demolitions and Resistance in East Jerusalem | last = Braverman | first = Irus | author-link = Irus Braverman | journal = [[Law & Social Inquiry]] | date = Spring 2007 | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 333–372 | url = https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/journal_articles/331 | doi = 10.1111/j.1747-4469.2007.00062.x | jstor = 20108706 }} * {{Cite journal | title="The Tree Is the Enemy Soldier": A Sociolegal Making of War Landscapes in the Occupied West Bank | last = Braverman | first = Irus | author-link = Irus Braverman | journal = [[Law & Society Review]] | date = September 2008 | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 449–482 | doi = 10.1111/j.1540-5893.2008.00348.x | jstor = 29734134 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Uprooting Identities: The Regulation of Olive Trees in the Occupied West Bank | last = Braverman | first = Irus | author-link = Irus Braverman | journal = [[Political and Legal Anthropology Review]] | date = November 2009 | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 237–264 | url = https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/journal_articles/319 | doi = 10.1111/j.1555-2934.2009.01061.x | jstor = 24497464 }} * {{Cite book| title = Cursed Victory: A History of Israel and the Occupied Territories | last = Bregman | first = Ahron | year = 2014 | author-link = Ahron Bregman | publisher = [[پینگوئن (ادارہ)]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1PAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT160 | isbn = 978-1-84614-735-7 }} * {{Cite news| title = Arrest of Palestinians for Potential Terror Attacks Brings New Meaning to 'Minority Report' | last = Brown | first = John | newspaper = [[ہاریتز]] | url = https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-arrest-of-palestinians-brings-new-meaning-to-minority-report-1.5464664 | date = 24 April 2017 }} * {{Cite magazine| title = Do Targeted Killings Work? | last = Byman | first = Daniel | author-link = Daniel Byman | magazine = [[Foreign Affairs]] | date = March–April 2006 | volume = 85 | issue = 2 | pages = 95–111 | jstor = 20031914 }} * {{Cite book| title = A High Price: The Triumphs and Failures of Israeli Counterterrorism | last = Byman | first = Daniel | year = 2011 | author-link = Daniel Byman | publisher = [[اوکسفرڈ یونیورسٹی پریس]] | url = https://archive.org/details/highpricetriumph0000byma | url-access = registration | page = [https://archive.org/details/highpricetriumph0000byma/page/319 319] | isbn = 978-0-19-983045-9 }} * {{Cite magazine| title = The Rise of Settler Terrorism: The West Bank's Other Violent Extremists | last1 = Byman | first1 = Daniel | last2 = Sachs | first2 = Natan | author1-link = Daniel Byman | magazine = [[Foreign Affairs]] | date = September–October 2012 | volume = 91 | issue = 5 | pages = 73–86 | jstor = 41720862 }} * {{Cite book | title = al-Nu'man Village: a case study of indirect forcible transfer | last1 = Careccia | first1 = Grazia | last2 = Reynolds | first2 = John J. | publisher = [[Al-Haq]] | pages = 1–48 | url = http://www.mits.ps/alhaqge/Publications/Al-Numan%20Village.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160419130132/http://www.mits.ps/alhaqge/Publications/Al-Numan%20Village.pdf | date = November 2006 | archive-date = 19 April 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419130132/http://www.mits.ps/alhaqge/Publications/Al-Numan%20Village.pdf |date=19 April 2016 }} * {{Cite book| title = Minority Rights in the Middle East | last1 = Castellino | first1 = Joshua | last2 = Cavanaugh | first2 = Kathleen A. | year = 2013 | publisher = [[اوکسفرڈ یونیورسٹی پریس]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9VHRny2tWgcC&pg=PT169 | isbn = 978-0-19-166888-3 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Understanding a Religious Western Democracy: Israel and Its Complexities | last = Chalom | first = Adam | year = 2014 | title = Theism and Public Policy: Humanist Perspectives and Responses | editor-last = Pinn | editor-first = A. | publisher = [[Springer Nature|Springer]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Jt0aBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55 | pages = 53–69 | isbn = 978-1-137-46530-6 }} * {{Cite book| title = Water Sheikhs and Dam Builders: Stories of People and Water in the Middle East | last = de Chatel | first = Francesca | year = 2011 | publisher = [[Transaction Publishers]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nQaMCWlr_HEC&pg=PA131 | isbn = 978-1-4128-0988-7 }} * {{Cite book| title = Separate and Unequal | last1 = Cheshin | first1 = Amir | last2 = Hutman | first2 = Bill | last3 = Melamed | first3 = Avi | year = 2009 | publisher = [[Harvard University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RO0tafb62oEC&pg=PA22 | isbn = 978-0-674-02952-1 }} * {{Cite book | title = Children in Israeli Military Detention: Observations and Recommendations | publisher = [[یونیسف]] | url = https://www.unicef.org/oPt/UNICEF_oPt_Children_in_Israeli_Military_Detention_Observations_and_Recommendations_-_6_March_2013.pdf | date = February 2013 | ref = {{harvid|Unicef|2013}} }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930160946/https://www.unicef.org/oPt/UNICEF_oPt_Children_in_Israeli_Military_Detention_Observations_and_Recommendations_-_6_March_2013.pdf |date=2020-09-30 }} * {{Cite book| title = Perilous Power: The Middle East and U.S. Foreign Policy Dialogues on Terror, Democracy, War, and Justice | last1 = Chomsky | first1 = Noam | last2 = Achcar | first2 = Gilbert | last3 = Shalom | first3 = Stephan R. | author1-link = Noam Chomsky | author2-link = Gilbert Achcar | author3-link = Stephen Shalom | year = 2015 | publisher = [[روٹلیج]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HRkeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT210 | isbn = 978-1-317-25430-0 }} * {{Cite book| title = Jewish life under Islam: Jerusalem in the sixteenth century | last = Cohen | first = Amnon | year = 1984 | publisher = [[Harvard University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kaYwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34 | isbn = 978-0-674-47436-9 }} * {{Cite book| title = Human Rights in the Israeli-occupied Territories, 1967–1982 | last = Cohen | first = Esther Rosalind | year = 1985 | publisher = [[Manchester University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=awq8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA245 | isbn = 978-0-7190-1726-1 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = The Matrix of surveillance in times of national conflict: the Israeli-Palestinian case | last = Cohen | first = Hillel | year = 2010a | author-link = Hillel Cohen | title = Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine: Population, Territory and Power | editor1-last = Zureik | editor1-first = Elia | editor2-last = Lyon | editor2-first = David | editor3-last = Abu-Laban | editor3-first = Yasmeen | publisher = [[روٹلیج]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JlUuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 | pages = 99–111 | isbn = 978-1-136-93097-3 }} * {{Cite book| title = Israel's Asymmetric Wars | last = Cohen | first = Samy | year = 2010b | publisher = Springer | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=smHFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA146 | isbn = 978-0-230-11297-1 }} * {{Cite book| title = Beyond America's Grasp: A Century of Failed Diplomacy in the Middle East | last = Cohen | first = Stephen P. | year = 2009 | publisher = [[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mhrxh1r5WMYC&pg=PA206 | isbn = 978-1-4299-4237-9 }} * {{Cite book| title = Palestine: Israel's Experiments in Human Despair | last = Cook | first = Jonathan | year = 2013a | author-link = Jonathan Cook | publisher = [[Zed Books]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5wFjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT10 | isbn = 978-1-84813-649-6 }} * {{Cite news| title="The Lab": Israel Tests Weapons, Tactics On Captive Palestinian Population | last = Cook | first = Jonathan | author-link = Jonathan Cook | magazine = [[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs|WRMEA]] | pages = 16–17 | url = https://www.wrmea.org/013-september/the-lab-israel-tests-weapons-tactics-on-captive-palestinian-population.html | date = September 2013b }} * {{Cite magazine| title = The War over Water | last = Cooley | first = John K. | author-link = John K. Cooley | magazine = [[فارن پالیسی (رسالہ)]] | date = Spring 1984 | issue = 54 | pages = 3–26 | jstor = 1148352 }} * {{Cite book| title = Arab-Israeli Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric Wars | last = Cordesman | first = Anthony H. | year = 2006 | author-link = Anthony H. Cordesman | publisher = [[Greenwood Publishing Group]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3eZK7cm6pjoC&pg=PA268 | isbn = 978-0-275-99186-9 }} * {{Cite news| title = Beit Sahur Journal: In a Tax War, Even the Olivewood Dove Is Seized | last = Cowell | first = Alan | author-link = Alan Cowell | magazine = [[فارن پالیسی (رسالہ)]] | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/11/world/beit-sahur-journal-in-a-tax-war-even-the-olivewood-dove-is-seized.html | date = 11 October 1989 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = The Role of Civil Society in Combating the Development, Proliferation and Use of Chemical Weapons | last1 = Crowley | first1 = Michael | last2 = McLeish | first2 = Catriona | last3 = Revill | first3 = James | year = 2018 | title = Preventing Chemical Weapons: Arms Control and Disarmament as the Sciences Converge | editor1-last = Shang | editor1-first = Lijun | editor2-last = Dando | editor2-first = Malcolm | editor3-last = Crowley | editor3-first = Michael | publisher = [[Royal Society of Chemistry]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5DtqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA589 | pages = 580–619 | isbn = 978-1-78262-649-7 }} * {{Cite journal | title = The Educated West Bank Palestinians | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-palestine-studies_spring-1979_8_3/page/65 | last = Davies | first = Philip E. | journal = [[Journal of Palestine Studies]] | date = Spring 1979 | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = 65–80 | doi = 10.2307/2536225 | jstor = 2536225 }} * {{Cite book| title = Dynamics of Self-determination in Palestine: Protection of Peoples as a Human Rights | last = De Waart | first = P. J. I. M | year = 1994 | publisher = [[Brill Publishers|Brill]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8bfkImTG1MgC&pg=PA171 | isbn = 978-9-004-09825-1 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = From tanks to wheelchairs: unmanned aerial vehicles, Zionist battlefield experiments, and the transparence of the civilian | last = Denes | first = Nick | year = 2010 | title = Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine: Population, Territory and Power | editor1-last = Zureik | editor1-first = Elia | editor2-last = Lyon | editor2-first = David | editor3-last = Abu-Laban | editor3-first = Yasmeen | publisher = [[روٹلیج]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zwTHBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT249 | pages = 171–195 | isbn = 978-1-136-93097-3 }} * {{Cite book| title = The International Law of Belligerent Occupation | last = Dinstein | first = Yoram | year = 2009 | author-link = Yoram Dinstein | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | url = https://books.google.coml/books?id=OVEXr3zIK98C&pg=PA21 | isbn = 978-0-521-89637-5 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = The Separation Fence in the International Court of Justice and the High Court of Justice: Commonalities, Differences and Specifics | last = Domb | first = Fania | year = 2007 | title = International Law and Armed Conflict: Exploring the Faultlines: Essays in Honour of Yoram Dinstein | editor1-last = Schmitt | editor1-first = Michael N. | editor2-last = Pejic | editor2-first = Jelena | publisher = [[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=B1ZIIDeEc5AC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA511 | pages = 509–542 | isbn = 978-90-47-42125-2 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Self-Determination, Population Transfer and the Middle East Peace Accords | last = Drew | first = Catriona J. | year = 1997 | title = Human Rights, Self-Determination and Political Change in the Occupied Palestinian Territories | editor-last = Bowen | editor-first = Stephen | publisher = [[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rXF9zwPL4wIC&pg=PA127 | pages = 119–167 | isbn = 978-9-041-10502-8 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Constructive Ambiguities: Jerusalem, international law, and the peace process | last = Dumper | first = Michael | year = 2010 | title = International Law and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A Rights-Based Approach to Middle East Peace | editor1-last = Akram | editor1-first = Susan | editor2-last = Dumper | editor2-first = Michael | editor3-last = Lynk | editor3-first = Michael | editor4-last = Scobbie | editor4-first = Iain | publisher = Taylor & Francis | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WDGtAgAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-1-136-85097-4 }} * {{Cite book| title = Terrorist Suicide Bombings: Attack Interdiction, Mitigation, and Response | last1 = Dzikansky | first1 = Mordecai | last2 = Kleiman | first2 = Gil | last3 = Slater | first3 = Robert | year = 2016 | publisher = CRC Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4a3MBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 | isbn = 978-1-4398-7132-4 }} * {{Cite book | title = The economic costs of the Israeli occupation for the occupied Palestinian territory | publisher = [[Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem|ARIJ]] and the Palestinian Ministry of National Economy (PMNE) | url = http://www.arij.org/files/admin/latestnews/Economic%20Cost%20of%20Occupation.pdf | date = September 2011 | ref = {{harvid|ARIJPMNE|2011}} }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129145138/http://www.arij.org/files/admin/latestnews/Economic%20Cost%20of%20Occupation.pdf |date=2021-01-29 }} * {{Cite book| title = Economic Costs of the Israeli occupation for the Palestinian people | publisher = [[اقوام متحدہ کانفرنس برائے تجارت و ترقی]] | url = https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/a71d174_en.pdf | date = 21 July 2016 | ref = {{harvid|UNCTAD|2016}} }} * {{Cite book| title = The West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Geography of Occupation and Disengagement | last = Efrat | first = Elisha | year = 2006 | publisher = [[روٹلیج]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hi59AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 | isbn = 978-1-134-17217-7 }} * {{Cite book| title = The Way to the Spring: Life and Death in Palestine | last = Ehrenreich | first = Ben | year = 2016 | author-link = Ben Ehrenreich | publisher = [[Granta Books]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fqY9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT254 | isbn = 978-1-78378-312-0 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Unfulfilled Promise: Palestinian Family Reunification and the Right of Return | last1 = El-Ahmed | first1 = Nabila | last2 = Abu-Zahra | first2 = Nadia | journal = [[Journal of Palestine Studies]] | date = Spring 2016 | volume = 45 | issue = 3 | pages = 24–39 | doi = 10.1525/jps.2016.45.3.24 | jstor = 4284056 }} * {{Cite journal | title = External Constraints on Manufacturing Development in Israeli-Occupied Gaza | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_2000-01_36_1/page/153 | last1 = El-Farra | first1 = Majed | last2 = MacMillen | first2 = Malcolm | journal = [[Middle Eastern Studies (journal)|Middle Eastern Studies]] | date = January 2000 | volume = 36 | issue = 1 | pages = 153–170 | doi = 10.1080/00263200008701302 | jstor = 4284056 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Migration and Change in a West Bank Village: The Case of Deir Dibwan | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-palestine-studies_autumn-1981_11_1/page/150 | last1 = Escribano | first1 = Marisa | last2 = El-Joubeh | first2 = Nazmi | journal = [[Journal of Palestine Studies]] | date = Autumn 1981 | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 150–160 | doi = 10.2307/2536052 | jstor = 2536052 }} * {{Cite journal | title = The Geopolitics of 'Enclavisation' and the Demise of a Two-State Solution to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_third-world-quarterly_2005_26_8/page/1341 | last = Falah | first = Ghazi-Walid | author-link = Ghazi Falah | journal = [[Third World Quarterly]] | year = 2005 | volume = 26 | issue = 8 | pages = 1341–1372 | doi = 10.1080/01436590500255007 | jstor = 4017718 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Azmi Bishara, the Right of Resistance, and the Palestinian Ordeal | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-palestine-studies_winter-2002_31_2/page/19 | last = Falk | first = Richard | journal = [[Journal of Palestine Studies]] | date = Winter 2002 | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 19–33 | doi = 10.1525/jps.2002.31.2.19 | jstor = 10.1525/jps.2002.31.2.19 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Independence, Cantons, or Bantustans: Whither the Palestinian State? | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-east-journal_spring-2005_59_2/page/230 | last = Farsakh | first = Leila | journal = [[Middle East Journal]] | date = Spring 2005 | volume = 59 | issue = 2 | pages = 230–245 | doi = 10.3751/59.2.13 | jstor = 4330126 }} * {{Cite news| title = Fatalities | publisher = [[B'Tselem]] | url = http://www.btselem.org/english/Statistics/Casualties.asp | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100105120054/http://www.btselem.org/english/Statistics/Casualties.asp | date = 12 May 2011 | archive-date = 5 January 2010 | ref = {{harvid|B'Tselem|2011}} }} * {{Cite news| title = Fatalities before Operation "Cast Lead" | publisher = [[B'Tselem]] | url = https://www.btselem.org/statistics/fatalities/before-cast-lead/by-date-of-event | ref = {{harvid|B'Tselem}} }} * {{Cite news| title = The politics of water: Palestinians bracing for another dry summer | last = Feldinger | first = Lauren Gelfond | newspaper = [[ہاریتز]] | url = http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/the-politics-of-water-palestinians-bracing-for-another-dry-summer.premium-1.515143 | date = 13 April 2013 }} * {{Cite book| title = Enclosure: Palestinian Landscapes in a Historical Mirror | last = Fields | first = Gary | year = 2017 | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=l3UpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA300 | isbn = 978-0-520-29104-1 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Academic and Artistic Freedom and the Israel-Palestine Conflict: Towards a Canadian Pedagogy of the Suppressed | last = Findlay | first = Len | journal = Cultural and Pedagogical Inquiry | year = 2010 | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 5–18 | url = https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/cpi/index.php/cpi/article/viewFile/10208/7971 | issn = 1916-3460 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Israel and Iraq: A Double Standard | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-palestine-studies_winter-1991_20_2/page/43 | last = Finkelstein | first = Norman | author-link = Norman Finkelstein | journal = [[Journal of Palestine Studies]] | date = Winter 1991 | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 43–56 | doi = 10.2307/2537197 | jstor = 2537197 }} * {{Cite book| title = Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict | last = Finkelstein | first = Norman | year = 2003 | author-link = Norman Finkelstein | publisher = [[Verso Books]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vNb5VkyxDlYC&pg=PA172 | isbn = 1-85984-442-1 }} * {{Cite news| title = Israel is building another 1,000 homes on Palestinian land. Where's the outrage? | last = Fisk | first = Robert | author-link = Robert Fisk | newspaper = [[The Independent]] | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/israel-settlement-expansion-1000-new-homes-palestinian-land-robert-fisk-wheres-the-outrage-a8504471.html | date = 23 August 2018 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Status of Palestinian Prisoners in International Humanitarian Law | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-palestine-studies_summer-2014_43_4/page/39 | last = Francis | first = Sahar | journal = [[Journal of Palestine Studies]] | date = Summer 2014 | volume = 43 | issue = 4 | pages = 39–48 | doi = 10.1525/jps.2014.43.4.39 | isbn = 978-1-4668-0054-0 | jstor = 10.1525/jps.2014.43.4.39 }} * {{Cite book| title = Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change | last = Freilich | first = Charles D. | year = 2018 | publisher = [[اوکسفرڈ یونیورسٹی پریس]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TZNODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29 | isbn = 978-0-19-060293-2 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Israeli Censorship of the Palestinian Press | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-palestine-studies_fall-1983_13_1/page/93 | last = Friedman | first = Robert | author-link = Robert I. Friedman | journal = [[Journal of Palestine Studies]] | date = Autumn 1983 | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 93–101 | doi = 10.2307/2536927 | jstor = 2536927 }} * {{Cite journal | title = The Jewish Settlements in the West Bank: International Law and Israeli Jurisprudence | last = Galchinsky | first = Michael | journal = [[Israel Studies]] | date = Fall 2004 | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 115–136 | url = https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/english_facpub/3 | doi = 10.2979/ISR.2004.9.3.115 | jstor = 30245641 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409071223/https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/english_facpub/3/ |date=2023-04-09 }} * {{Cite journal | title = The Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflicts: The Israeli-Palestinian Case | last1 = Gallo | first1 = Giorgio | last2 = Marzano | first2 = Arturo | journal = The Journal of Conflict Studies | year = 2009 | volume = 29 | pages = 1–18 | url = https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/15231/19943 }} * {{Cite book| title = Public Management in Israel: Development, Structure, Functions and Reforms | last = Galnoor | first = Itzhak | year = 2010 | publisher = [[روٹلیج]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kZBaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA138 | isbn = 978-1-136-92386-9 }} * {{Cite journal | title = The Middle East and the Theory of Conflict | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-peace-research_1971_8_3-4/page/173 | last = Galtung | first = Johan | author-link = Johan Galtung | journal = [[Journal of Peace Research]] | year = 1971 | volume = 8 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 173–206 | doi = 10.1177/002234337100800301 | jstor = 423072 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = The Globalization of Violence in the 21st Century: Israel, Palestine, and the War on Terror | last = Gautney | first = Heather | year = 2009 | title = Implicating Empire | editor1-last = Aronowitz | editor1-first = Stanley | editor2-last = Gautney | editor2-first = Heather | publisher = [[Hachette UK]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=J404DgAAQBAJ&pg=PT86 | pages = 65–82 | isbn = 978-0-7867-4992-8 }} * {{Cite book| title = Trapped Fools: Thirty Years of Israeli Policy in the Territories | last = Gazit | first = Shlomo | year = 2003 | author-link = Shlomo Gazit | publisher = [[Frank Cass|Frank Cass Publisher]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RN1qLqgOftMC&pg=PA287 | isbn = 978-0-7146-5489-8 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Watching the Pro-Israeli Media Watchers | last1 = Gerstenfeld | first1 = Manfred | last2 = Green | first2 = Ben | author1-link = Manfred Gerstenfeld | journal = [[Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs|Jewish Political Studies Review]] | date = Fall 2004 | volume = 16 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 33–58 | jstor = 25834603 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = From ''Kubaniya'' to Outpost: A Genealogy of the Palestinian conceptualization of Jewish Settlement in a Shifting National Context | last = Ghanim | first = Honaida | year = 2017 | title = Normalizing Occupation: The Politics of Everyday Life in the West Bank Settlements | editor1-last = Handel | editor1-first = Ariel | editor2-last = Allegra | editor2-first = Marco | editor3-last = Maggor | editor3-first = Erez | publisher = [[Indiana University Press]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xDrqDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA154 | pages = 151–170 | isbn = 978-0-253-02505-0 }} * {{Cite news| title = Skunk Water: A Weapon That Uses Stench to Control Crowds | last = Gleim | first = Sarah | publisher = [[HowStuffWorks]] | url = https://science.howstuffworks.com/skunk-water-weapon-control-crowds.htm | date = 12 November 2015 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Archaeology as Cultural Survival: The Future of the Palestinian Past | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-palestine-studies_spring-1994_23_3/page/70 | last = Glock | first = Albert | author-link = Albert Glock | journal = [[Journal of Palestine Studies]] | date = Spring 1994 | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages = 70–84 | doi = 10.2307/2537961 | jstor = 2537961 }} * {{Cite news | title = 106 Retired Israeli Generals, Spy Chiefs Urge Netanyahu to Push for Peace | last = Goldberg | first = J.J. | author-link = J. J. Goldberg | newspaper = [[ہاریتز]] | url = https://www.haaretz.com/ex-spies-urge-bibi-to-pursue-peace-1.5323633 | date = 3 November 2014 | accessdate = 1 October 2020 | archivedate = 31 March 2019 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20190331022424/https://www.haaretz.com/ex-spies-urge-bibi-to-pursue-peace-1.5323633 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Israeli Security Measures in the Occupied Territories: Administrative Detention | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-east-journal_winter-1978_32_1/page/35 | last = Goldstein | first = Michael | journal = [[Middle East Journal]] | date = Winter 1978 | volume = 32 | issue = 1 | pages = 35–44 | jstor = 4325711 }} * {{Cite book| title = Israel's National Security and West Bank Settlements | last1 = Gordis | first1 = Avishay Ben-Sasson | last2 = Levi | first2 = Yonatan | publisher = [[Molad: The Center for the Renewal of Israeli Democracy|Molad]] | url = http://www.molad.org/images/upload/files/settleeng.pdf | date = 12 December 2017 }} * {{Cite book| title = Israel's Occupation | last = Gordon | first = Neve | year = 2008 | author-link = Neve Gordon | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4RX7t4X8_RMC&pg=PA157 | isbn = 978-0-520-94236-3 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Israel's emergence as a homeland security capital | last = Gordon | first = Neve | year = 2010 | author-link = Neve Gordon | title = Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine: Population, Territory and Power | editor1-last = Zureik | editor1-first = Elia | editor2-last = Lyon | editor2-first = David | editor3-last = Abu-Laban | editor3-first = Yasmeen | publisher = [[روٹلیج]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zwTHBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT223 | pages = 153–169 | isbn = 978-1-136-93097-3 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Human Rights as a Security Threat: Lawfare and the Campaign against Human RightsNGOs | last = Gordon | first = Neve | author-link = Neve Gordon | journal = [[Law & Society Review]] | date = June 2014 | volume = 48 | issue = 2 | pages = 311–344 | doi = 10.1111/lasr.12074 | jstor = 43670395 }} * {{Cite book| title = The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967–1977 | last = Gorenberg | first = Gershom | year = 2007 | author-link = Gershom Gorenberg | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Np_j5sSpCrEC&pg=PT154 | isbn = 978-1-4668-0054-0 }} * {{Cite journal | title = The Tax Resistance at Bayt Sahur | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-palestine-studies_winter-1990_19_2/page/99 | last = Grace | first = Anne | journal = [[Journal of Palestine Studies]] | date = Winter 1990 | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 99–107 | doi = 10.2307/2537416 | jstor = 2537416 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Targeting Children: Rights versus ''Realpolitik'' | last = Graff | first = James A. | year = 2015 | author-link = James Allen Graff | title = Philosophical Perspectives on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict | edition = 2nd | editor-last = Kapitan | editor-first = Tomis | publisher = [[روٹلیج]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_dMihgtEnaAC&pg=PA157 | pages = 157–184 | isbn = 978-1-317-46285-9 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Laboratories of War: surveillance and US-Israeli collaboration in war and security | last = Graham | first = Stephen | year = 2010 | title = Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine: Population, Territory and Power | editor1-last = Zureik | editor1-first = Elia | editor2-last = Lyon | editor2-first = David | editor3-last = Abu-Laban | editor3-first = Yasmeen | publisher = [[روٹلیج]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JlUuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA135 | pages = 133–152 | isbn = 978-1-136-93097-3 }} * {{Cite book| title = Politics and Violence in Israel/Palestine: Democracy Versus Military Rule | last = Grinberg | first = Lev Luis | year = 2009 | publisher = [[روٹلیج]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OdmOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 | isbn = 978-1-135-27589-1 }} * {{Cite news| title = Israel to close West Bank, Gaza during upcoming holidays | last = Gross | first = Judah Ari | newspaper = [[The Times of Israel]] | url = https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-to-close-west-bank-gaza-during-upcoming-holidays/ | date = 6 September 2018 }} * {{Cite book| title = Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza | last = Hajjar | first = Lisa | year = 2005 | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cbkwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 | isbn = 978-0-520-24194-7 }} * {{Cite journal | title = International Humanitarian Law and "Wars on Terror": A Comparative Analysis of Israeli and American Doctrines and Policies | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-palestine-studies_autumn-2006_36_1/page/21 | last = Hajjar | first = Lisas | journal = Journal of Palestine Studies | date = Autumn 2006 | volume = 36 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–42 | doi = 10.1525/jps.2006.36.1.21 | jstor = 10.1525/jps.2006.36.1.21 }} * {{Cite book| title = War Against the People: Israel, the Palestinians and Global Pacification | last = Halper | first = Jeff | year = 2015 | author-link = Jeff Halper | publisher = [[Pluto Press]] | isbn = 978-0-7453-3430-1 }} * {{Cite news| title = Israelizing the American police, Palestinianizing the American people | last = Halper | first = Jeff | author-link = Jeff Halper | website = [[Mondoweiss]] | url = https://mondoweiss.net/2020/06/israelizing-the-american-police-palestinianizing-the-american-people/ | date = 19 June 2020 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Where to, and When in the Occupied Territories: An Introduction to the Geography of Disaster | last = Handel | first = Ariel | year = 2008 | title = The Power of Inclusive Exclusion: Anatomy of the Israeli Rule in the Occupied Territories | editor1-last = Ophir | editor1-first = Adi | editor1-link = Adi Ophir | editor2-last = Givoni | editor2-first = Michal | editor3-last = Hanafi | editor3-first = Sari | publisher = Zone Books | chapter-url = http://in.bgu.ac.il/humsos/politics/Documents/Post_Docs_Publications/ariel_handel/Where,%20Where%20to,%20and%20When_ariel_handel.pdf | pages = 179–222 | isbn = 978-1-890951-92-4 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Exclusionary surveillance and spatial uncertainty in the occupied Palestinian territories | last = Handel | first = Ariel | year = 2010 | title = Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine: Population, Territory and Power | editor1-last = Zureik | editor1-first = Elia | editor2-last = Lyon | editor2-first = David | editor3-last = Abu-Laban | editor3-first = Yasmeen | publisher = [[روٹلیج]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JlUuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA259 | pages = 259–274 | isbn = 978-1-136-93097-3 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Gated/gating community: the settlement complex in the West Bank | last = Handel | first = Ariel | journal = Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers | year = 2014 | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 504–517 | url = http://in.bgu.ac.il/humsos/politics/Documents/Post_Docs_Publications/ariel_handel/gated_gating_transactions_ariel_handel.pdf | doi = 10.1111/tran.12045 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930162912/https://in.bgu.ac.il/humsos/politics/Documents/Post_Docs_Publications/ariel_handel/gated_gating_transactions_ariel_handel.pdf |date=2020-09-30 }} * {{Cite news | title = IDF's Guidelines for Field Officers in the Territories: Respect Palestinian Civilians and Use Common Sense | last = Harel | first = Amos | author-link = Amos Harel | newspaper = [[ہاریتز]] | url = https://www.haaretz.com/1.5370148 | date = 3 September 2003 | accessdate = 1 October 2020 | archivedate = 12 March 2020 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200312021836/https://www.haaretz.com/1.5370148 }} * {{Cite news| title = Settlements Do Not Serve Israel's Security Needs, Say Former Generals | last = Harel | first = Amos | author-link = Amos Harel | newspaper = [[ہاریتز]] | url = https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israeli-ex-generals-settlements-do-not-serve-security-needs-1.5480013 | date = 5 June 2017 }} * {{Cite book| title = Foul Play Neglect of Wastewater Treatment in the West Bank | last = Hareuveni | first = Eyal | publisher = [[B'Tselem]] | url = https://www.btselem.org/sites/default/files2/200906_foul_play_eng.pdf | date = June 2009 | issn = 0792-8114 }} * {{Cite book| title = Dispossession and Exploitation: Israel's Policy in the Jordan Valley and Northern Dead Sea | last = Hareuveni | first = Eyal | publisher = [[B'Tselem]] | url = https://www.btselem.org/download/201105_dispossession_and_exploitation_eng.pdf | date = May 2011 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Israel's Closure Policy: an Ineffective Strategy of Containment and Repression | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-palestine-studies_spring-2002_31_3/page/n6 | last = Hass | first = Amira | author-link = Amira Hass | journal = [[Journal of Palestine Studies]] | date = Spring 2002 | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 5–20 | doi = 10.1525/jps.2002.31.3.5 | jstor = 10.1525/jps.2002.31.3.5 }} * {{Cite news | title = Israeli Soldiers in West Bank: Raiding, Arresting, Mapping and Getting Home for Shabbat | last = Hass | first = Amira | author-link = Amira Hass | newspaper = [[ہاریتز]] | url = https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/israeli-soldiers-in-west-bank-raiding-arresting-mapping-and-getting-1.5769517 | date = 29 January 2018a | accessdate = 1 October 2020 | archivedate = 8 March 2020 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200308155117/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/israeli-soldiers-in-west-bank-raiding-arresting-mapping-and-getting-1.5769517 }} * {{Cite news| title = Israel Seeks to Deport to Brazil Man Who Has Lived Almost Entire Life in West Bank | last = Hass | first = Amira | author-link = Amira Hass | newspaper = [[ہاریتز]] | url = https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/.premium-israel-seeks-to-deport-to-brazil-man-who-has-lived-almost-entire-life-in-west-bank-1.6552203 | date = 13 October 2018b }} * {{Cite news| title = Israeli West Bank Archaeological Digs Must Not Be Made Public, Top Court Rules | last = Hasson | first = Nir | agency = [[ہاریتز]] | url = https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/.premium-west-bank-archaeological-digs-must-not-be-made-public-israel-s-top-court-rules-1.7255369 | date = 19 May 2019 }} * {{Cite book| title = Starvation and Access to Humanitarian Relief Customary International Humanitarian Law: pt. 1-2. Practice | last1 = Henckaerts | first1 = Jean-Marie | last2 = Doswald-Beck | first2 = Louise | last3 = Alvermann | first3 = Carolin | year = 2005 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DJTxx-9ayFcC&pg=PA1152 | isbn = 978-0-521-83937-2 }} * {{Cite book | title = The Israeli Approach to Irregular Warfare and its Implications for the United | last = Henriksen | first = Thomas H. | publisher = [[جوائنٹ اسپیشل آپریشنز یونیورسٹی|ISOU]] | url = http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a495467.pdf | date = February 2007 | isbn = 978-1-933749-06-8 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223113817/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a495467.pdf |date=2017-02-23 }} * {{Cite book| title = City on a Hilltop: American Jews and the Israeli Settler Movement | last = Hirschhorn | first = Sara Yael | year = 2017 | publisher = [[Harvard University Press]] | isbn = 978-0-674-97505-7 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Judicial Rejection as Substantial Relief: The Israeli Supreme Court and the "War on Terror" | last1 = Hoffnung | first1 = Menachem | last2 = Weinshall–Margel | first2 = Keren | year = 2010 | title = Courts and Terrorism: Nine Nations Balance Rights and Security | editor1-last = Volcansek | editor1-first = Mary L. | editor2-last = Stack | editor2-first = John F. | publisher = Cambridge University Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=K75lhhtMqpEC&pg=PA160 | pages = 150–167 | isbn = 978-1-139-49537-0 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Demography of Race and Ethnicity in Palestine | last = Hovsepian | first = Mary | year = 2015 | title = The International Handbook of the Demography of Race and Ethnicity | editor1-last = Sáenz | editor1-first = Rogelio | editor2-last = Embrick | editor2-first = David G | editor3-last = Rodríguez | editor3-first = Néstor P. | publisher = [[Springer Nature|Springer]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=v_bLCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA343 | pages = 339–352 | isbn = 978-9-048-18891-8 }} * {{Cite web| title = How Dispossession Happens: The Humanitarian Impact of the Takeover of Palestinian Water Springs by Israeli Settlers | publisher = [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs occupied Palestinian territory]] | url = https://www.ochaopt.org/sites/default/files/ocha_opt_springs_report_march_2012_english.pdf | date = March 2012 | ref = {{harvid|OCHA|2012}} }} * {{Cite book| title = War Torn Environment: Interpreting The Legal Threshold | last = Hulme | first = Karen | year = 2004 | publisher = [[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hKoXIleS8g4C&pg=PA117 | isbn = 978-9-004-13848-3 }} * {{Cite book| title = Use With Care: A Reporter's Glossary of Loaded Language in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict | editor-last = Hunt | editor-first = Naomi | year = 2013 | publisher = [[International Press Institute]] | url = https://ethicaljournalismnetwork.org/assets/docs/197/150/4d96ac5-55a3396.pdf | isbn = 978-3-9503007-9-6 }} * {{Cite book | title = Extreme Makeover? (II): The Withering of Arab Jerusalem | last = ICG | publisher = [[International Crisis Group]] | issue = 135 | url = https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/135-extreme-makeover-ii-the-withering-of-arab-jerusalem.pdf | date = 20 December 2012 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512185254/https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/135-extreme-makeover-ii-the-withering-of-arab-jerusalem.pdf |date=12 May 2019 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Review: Law, Reality, and the Oslo 'Peace' Process | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_oxford-journal-of-legal-studies_autumn-2000_20_3/page/469 | last = Imseis | first = Ardi | journal = [[Oxford Journal of Legal Studies]] | date = Autumn 2000 | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 469–476 | doi = 10.1093/ojls/20.3.469 | jstor = 20468333 }} * {{Cite book| title = Israel's National Security: Issues and Challenges Since the Yom Kippur War | last = Inbar | first = Efraim | year = 2007 | publisher = [[روٹلیج]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4R9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92 | isbn = 978-1-134-05939-3 }} * {{Cite book | title = The Economic Cost of the Israeli Occupation of the occupied Palestinian Territories | last1 = Isaac | first1 = Jad | last2 = Khalil | first2 = Manal | last3 = Rishmawi | first3 = Khaldoun | last4 = Dabouqi | first4 = Ahmad | last5 = Marinelli | first5 = Ludovico | year = 2015 | publisher = [[Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem|ARIJ]] | url = https://www.arij.org/files/arijadmin/2016/The_Economic_Cost_of_the_Israeli_occupation_Report_upd.pdf }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810112316/https://www.arij.org/files/arijadmin/2016/The_Economic_Cost_of_the_Israeli_occupation_Report_upd.pdf |date=2020-08-10 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Palestine: Tourism Under Occupation | last = Isaac | first = Rami | year = 2013 | title = Tourism and War | editor1-last = Butler | editor1-first = Richard | editor2-last = Suntikul | editor2-first = Wantanee | publisher = [[روٹلیج]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gQL-i1txd-gC&pg=PA147 | pages = 143–158 | isbn = 978-1-136-26309-5 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Israel and Occupied Palestinian Territories | title = Amnesty International Report 2017/18: The State of the World's Human Rights | publisher = [[تنظیم برائے بین الاقوامی عفو عام]] | year = 2018b | chapter-url = https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL1067002018ENGLISH.PDF#page=207 | pages = 207–211 | isbn = 978-0-86210-499-3 | ref = {{harvid|AI|2018b}} }} * {{Cite news| title = Israel: 50 Years of Occupation Abuses | publisher = [[نگہبان حقوق انسانی]] | url = https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/04/israel-50-years-occupation-abuses | date = 4 June 2017a | ref = {{harvid|HRW|2017a}} }} * {{Cite news| title = Israel: Jerusalem Palestinians Stripped of Status | publisher = [[نگہبان حقوق انسانی]] | url = https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/08/israel-jerusalem-palestinians-stripped-status | date = 8 August 2017b | ref = {{harvid|HRW|2017b}} }} * {{Cite news| title = Israeli authorities must end collective punishment of Palestinians in Hebronm protect human rights defenders in the city | pages = 1–6 | publisher = [[تنظیم برائے بین الاقوامی عفو عام]] | url = https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE1535292016ENGLISH.pdf | date = 25 February 2016 | ref = {{harvid|AI|2016}} }} * {{Cite news | title = Israeli forces suppress Friday protests in Kafr Qaddum | agency = [[Ma'an News Agency]] | url = https://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=779489 | date = 17 November 2017 | ref = {{harvid|Ma'an|2017}} | accessdate = 1 October 2020 | archivedate = 31 March 2019 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20190331022426/https://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=779489 }} * {{Cite news| title = Israeli jailed over baby tragedy | publisher = [[بی بی سی نیوز]] | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7612887.stm | date = 12 September 2008 | ref = {{harvid|BBC|2008}} }} * {{Cite news| title = Israeli military night-raids on Palestinian residences in the West Bank and East Jerusalem | magazine = Women's Centre for Legal Aid and Counsellng | url = http://www.wclac.org/english/userfiles/NIGHT%20RAIDS.pdf | date = 26 June 2015 | ref = {{harvid|WCLAC|2015}} }} * {{Cite web | title = The Israeli Permit Regime: Realities and Challenges | publisher = [[Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem|ARIJ]] | year = 2018 | url = https://www.arij.org/files/arijadmin/2018/permits1.pdf | pages = 1–31 | ref = {{harvid|ARIJ|2018}} | access-date = 2020-10-01 | archive-date = 2021-06-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210625143611/https://www.arij.org/files/arijadmin/2018/permits1.pdf | dead-url = yes }} * {{Cite news| title = Israel's Settlements Have No Legal Validity, Constitute Flagrant Violation of International Law, Security Council Reaffirms | publisher = [[اقوام متحدہ سلامتی کونسل]] | url = https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/sc12657.doc.htm | date = 23 December 2016 | ref = {{harvid|UNSC|2016}} }} * {{Cite journal | title = The Effects of Israeli Violations During the Second Uprising "Intifada" on Palestinian Health Conditions | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_social-justice_2002_29_3/page/53 | last = Jamjoum | first = Lama | journal = [[Social Justice (journal)|Social Justice]] | year = 2002 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 53–72 | jstor = 29768136 }} * {{Cite news| title = The Jordan Valley | publisher = [[B'Tselem]] | url = https://www.btselem.org/jordan_valley | date = 11 November 2017c | ref = {{harvid|B'Tselem|2017c}} }} * {{Cite news| title = The Palestinian farmers battling border restrictions and lack of water | last = Joyce | first = Tom | newspaper = [[دی گارڈین]] | url = https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/apr/12/fruit-veg-exports-palestine-farmer-conflict-broken-supply-chain-west-bank | date = 12 April 2016 }} * {{Cite news| title = Hebron shooting: A micromodel of Israel's maladies | last = Kadmon | first = Sima | publisher = [[Ynet]] | url = http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4888485,00.html | date = 5 December 2016 }} * {{Cite journal | title = A Survey of Commuting Labor from the West Bank to Israel | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-east-journal_autumn-1998_52_4/page/517 | last = Kadri | first = Ali | journal = [[Middle East Journal]] | date = Autumn 1998 | volume = 52 | issue = 4 | pages = 517–530 | jstor = 4329251 }} * {{Cite book| title = The Impossibility of Palestine: History, Geography, and the Road Ahead | last = Kamrava | first = Mehran | year = 2016 | author-link = Center for International and Regional Studies | publisher = [[Yale University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EiXUCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT78 | isbn = 978-0-300-22085-8 }} * {{Cite book| title = Post Share Arrest: Israel targeting Palestinian Protestors on Facebook | last = Kane | first = Alex | website = [[The Intercept]] | url = https://theintercept.com/2016/07/07/israel-targeting-palestinian-protesters-on-facebook/ | date = 7 July 2016 }} * {{Cite web| title = Through the Lens of Israel's Interests: The Civil Administration in the West Bank | last = Kanonich | first = Yonatan | editor1-last = Stahl | editor1-first = Ziv | editor2-last = Amihai | editor2-first = Lior | editor3-last = Wijler | editor3-first = Miryam | department = Position paper | publisher = [[Yesh Din]] | url = https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/files.yesh-din.org/Minhal+Ezrahi/YeshDin+-+Haminhal+-+English.pdf | date = December 2017 }} * {{Cite book| title = Conflicts in a Conflict: A Conflict of Laws Case Study on Israel and the Palestinian Territories | last = Karayanni | first = Michael | year = 2014 | publisher = [[اوکسفرڈ یونیورسٹی پریس]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vF9iAwAAQBAJ&pg=PR15 | isbn = 978-0-19-987371-5 }} * {{Cite book| title = Dilemmas of Attachment: Identity and Belonging among Palestinian Christians | last = Kårtveit | first = Bård | year = 2014 | publisher = [[Brill Publishers|Brill]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SggSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 | isbn = 978-9-004-27639-0 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Returning Home? Law, Violence, and Displacement among West Bank Palestinians | last = Kelly | first = Tobias | journal = [[Political and Legal Anthropology Review]] | date = November 2004 | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 95–112 | doi = 10.1525/pol.2004.27.2.95 | jstor = 24497425 }} * {{Cite book| title = Law, Violence and Sovereignty Among West Bank Palestinians | last = Kelly | first = Tobias | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lJcSnJzPZNQC&pg=PA27 | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-139-46099-6 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = The Legal Fragmentation of Palestine-Israel and European Union Policies Promoting the Rule of Law | last1 = Khalil | first1 = Asem | last2 = Del Sarto | first2 = Raffaella A. | year = 2015 | title = Fragmented Borders, Interdependence and External Relations: The Israel-Palestine-European Union Triangle | editor-last = Del Sarto | editor-first = Raffaella A. | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers|Palgrave]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OGQMCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 | pages = 129–154 | isbn = 978-1-137-50413-5 }} * {{Cite book| title = Refusenik!: Israel's Soldiers of Conscience | last = Kidron | first = Peretz | year = 2013 | publisher = [[Zed Books]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_oRjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT18 | isbn = 978-1-84813-766-0 }} * {{Cite book| title = Politicide: Ariel Sharon's War Against the Palestinians | last = Kimmerling | first = Baruch | year = 2003 | author-link = Baruch Kimmerling | publisher = [[Verso Books]] | url = https://archive.org/details/politicideariels00kimm_0 | url-access = registration | page = [https://archive.org/details/politicideariels00kimm_0/page/n25 16] | isbn = 978-1-85984-517-2 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Palestinian Civil Resistance Against Israeli Military Occupation | last = King | first = Mary Elizabeth | year = 2009 | title = Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East | editor-last = Stephan | editor-first = Maria J. | editor-link = Maria Stephan | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers|PalgraveMacmillan]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gaa_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149 | pages = 131–156 | isbn = 978-0-230-10175-3 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Israel and the Middle East: on the unresolved matter of Israel's foreign policy orientation | last = Klieman | first = Aharon | year = 2013 | title = Israeli Identity: Between Orient and Occident | editor-last = Tal | editor-first = David | editor-link = David Tal (historian) | publisher = [[روٹلیج]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UcocAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 | pages = 26–50 | isbn = 978-1-134-10738-4 }} * {{Cite book| title = Coalition Defection: The Dissolution of Arab Anti-Israeli Coalitions in War and Peace | last = Kober | first = Avi | year = 2002 | publisher = [[Greenwood Publishing Group]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3IzNvajGjmkC&pg=PA181 | isbn = 978-0-275-97722-1 }} * {{Cite book| title = A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel | last = Krämer | first = Gudrun | year = 2011 | author-link = Gudrun Krämer | publisher = [[مطبع یونیورسٹی پرنسٹن]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tWrW_CKODdQC&pg=PA274 | isbn = 978-0-691-15007-9 }} * {{Cite book| title = Historical Dictionary of the Arab-Israeli Conflict | last = Kumaraswamy | first = P.R. | year = 2015 | publisher = [[Rowman & Littlefield]] | series = Historical Dictionaries of War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hPN1CgAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-1-4422-5170-0 }} * {{Cite book| title = Digital militarism: Israel's occupation in the social media age | last1 = Kuntsman | first1 = Adi | last2 = Stein | first2 = Rebecca | year = 2015 | publisher = [[Stanford University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tXXeBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 | isbn = 978-0-8047-9497-8 }} * {{Cite book| title = The system of taxation in the West Bank and Gaza Strip as an instrument for the enforcement of Authority during the Uprising | last = Lazar | first = Hadara | publisher = [[B'Tselem]] | url = https://www.btselem.org/download/199002_taxation_system_eng.doc | format = DOC | date = February 1990 }} * {{Cite news| title = U.N. expert: Israel moving closer to formal West Bank annexation | last = Lazaroff | first = Tovah | newspaper = [[دی جروشلم پوسٹ]] | url = https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/UN-expert-Israel-moving-closer-to-formal-West-Bank-annexation-561314 | date = 2 July 2018 }} * {{Cite book| title = Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory | publisher = [[بین الاقوامی عدالت انصاف]] | url = https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/131/131-20040709-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf | date = 9 July 2004 | ref = {{harvid|ICJ|2004}} }} * {{Cite book| title = Land Grab: Israel's Settlement Policy in the West Bank | last1 = Lein | first1 = Yehezkel | last2 = Weizman | first2 = Eyal | author2-link = Eyal Weizman | publisher = [[B'Tselem]] | url = https://www.btselem.org/download/200205_land_grab_eng.pdf | date = May 2002 | issn = 0793-520X }} * {{Cite book| title = Traces of Racial Exception: Racializing Israeli Settler Colonialism | last = Lentin | first = Ronit | year = 2018 | author-link = Ronit Lentin | publisher = [[Bloomsbury Publishing]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4gxmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55 | isbn = 978-1-350-03205-7 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Israeli Deportation of Palestinians from the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, 1967–1978 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-palestine-studies_winter-1979_8_2/page/101 | last = Lesch | first = Ann M. | journal = [[Journal of Palestine Studies]] | date = Winter 1979 | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 101–131 | doi = 10.2307/2536512 | jstor = 2536512 }} * {{Cite thesis| type = PhD thesis| title = Ethos of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict as Reflected by the Judgments of the Israeli Supreme Court 1948–2006 | last = Levanon | first = Ofer Shinar | publisher = [[یونیورسٹی عبرانی یروشلم]] | url = http://public-policy.huji.ac.il/.upload/PDFphotos/phdofershinar.pdf | date = September 2015 }} * {{Cite book| title = Overthrowing Geography: Jaffa, Tel Aviv, and the Struggle for Palestine, 1880–1948 | last = LeVine | first = Mark | year = 2005 | author-link = Mark LeVine | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pG8LmsJAUPcC&pg=PA184 | isbn = 978-0-520-93850-2 }} * {{Cite news| title = Torture, Israeli-style – as Described by the Interrogators Themselves | last = Levinson | first = Chaim | newspaper = [[ہاریتز]] | url = https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israeli-style-torture-as-described-by-the-interrogators-themselves-1.5489853 | date = 24 January 2017 }} * {{Cite news| title = 'This Place Is Only for Jews': The West Bank's Apartheid Springs | last1 = Levy | first1 = Gideon | last2 = Levac | first2 = Alex | author1-link = Gideon Levy | newspaper = [[ہاریتز]] | url = https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-this-place-is-only-for-jews-the-west-bank-s-apartheid-springs-1.7767344 | date = 30 August 2019 }} * {{Cite book| title = Tax Law and Social Norms in Mandatory Palestine and Israel | last = Likhovski | first = Assaf | year = 2017 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DNYoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA75 | isbn = 978-1-316-82019-3 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Water Resources and Conflict: Examples from the Middle East | last = Lonergan | first = Stephen C. | year = 1996 | title = Conflict and the Environment | editor-last = Gleditsch | editor-first = Nils Petter | publisher = [[International Development Research Centre]]/ [[تنظیم معاہدہ شمالی اوقیانوس]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=y5BLCAdgadMC&pg=PA379 | pages = 375–384 | isbn = 978-0-7923-4768-2 }} * {{Cite book| title = Israel, Jordan, and the Peace Process | last = Lukacs | first = Yehuda | year = 1999 | publisher = [[Syracuse University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Mv8R-o_b0acC&pg=PA9 | isbn = 978-0-8156-2855-2 }} * {{Cite book| title = Unsettled States, Disputed Lands: Britain and Ireland, France and Algeria, Israel and the West Bank-Gaza | last = Lustick | first = Ian | year = 2018 | author-link = Ian Lustick | publisher = [[Cornell University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HaNhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 | isbn = 978-1-5017-3194-5 }} * {{Cite news| title = Palestinians barred from Dead Sea beaches to 'appease Israeli settlers' | last = Macintyre | first = Donald | author-link = Donald Macintyre (journalist) | newspaper = [[The Independent]] | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/palestinians-barred-from-dead-sea-beaches-to-appease-israeli-settlers-846948.html | date = 14 June 2008 }} * {{Cite book| title = Palestine Inside Out: An Everyday Occupation | last = Makdisi | first = Saree | year = 2010 | author-link = Saree Makdisi | publisher = [[W. W. Norton & Company]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=COnrh2QuUIkC&pg=PA63 | isbn = 978-0-393-06996-9 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = The Physical Planning of Jerusalem | last = Malki | first = Riad | year = 2000 | author-link = Riyad al-Maliki | title = Jerusalem: Points Beyond Friction, and Beyond | editor1-last = Maʻoz | editor1-first = Moshe | editor2-last = Nusseibeh | editor2-first = Sari | editor2-link = Sari Nusseibeh | publisher = Kluwer Law International | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9evpVS_ackwC&pg=PA25 | pages = 25–63 | isbn = 90-411-8843-6 | oclc = 43481699 }} * {{Cite news| title = Americans Disproportionately Leading the Charge in Settling the West Bank | last = Maltz | first = Judy | newspaper = [[ہاریتز]] | url = https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-americans-disproportionately-leading-charge-in-settling-west-bank-1.5486975 | date = 23 June 2017 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = The West Bank Economy: 1948–1984 | last = Mansour | first = Antoine | year = 2015 | title = The Palestinian Economy: Studies in Development under Prolonged Occupation | editor-last = Abed | editor-first = George T. | publisher = [[روٹلیج]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uq1hCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT94 | pages = 71– | isbn = 978-1-317-59291-4 }} * {{Cite book| title = Palestinian Leadership on the West Bank | last = Maoz | first = Moshe | year = 2015 | publisher = [[روٹلیج]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AUGsCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT30 | isbn = 978-1-317-45031-3 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Israeli Settlements in the West Bank and Gaza Strip | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-palestine-studies_autumn-1981_11_1/page/93 | last = Matar | first = Ibrahim | journal = [[Journal of Palestine Studies]] | date = Autumn 1981 | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 93–110 | doi = 10.2307/2536048 | jstor = 2536048 }} * {{Cite magazine| title = The Israel Lobby | last1 = Mearsheimer | first1 = John | last2 = Walt | first2 = Stephen | author1-link = John Mearsheimer | author2-link = Stephen Walt | magazine = [[London Review of Books]] | date = March 2006 | volume = 28 | issue = 6 | pages = 3–12 | url = https://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n06/john-mearsheimer/the-israel-lobby }} * {{Cite book| title = The Israel Lobby and US Foreign Aid | last1 = Mearsheimer | first1 = John | last2 = Walt | first2 = Stephen | author1-link = John Mearsheimer | author2-link = Stephen Walt | year = 2007 | publisher = [[پینگوئن (ادارہ)]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2iUdyQs_NhYC&pg=PT165 | isbn = 978-0-14-192066-5 }} * {{Cite book| title = Targeted Killing in International Law | last = Melzer | first = Nils | year = 2008 | author-link = Nils Melzer | publisher = [[اوکسفرڈ یونیورسٹی پریس]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TPcJOx_0bdoC&pg=PA405 | isbn = 978-0-19-953316-9 }} * {{Cite news| title = Diary | last = Mendel | first = Yonatan | magazine = [[London Review of Books]] | volume = 30 | issue = 5 | pages = 30–31 | url = https://www.lrb.co.uk/v30/n05/yonatan-mendel/diary | date = 6 March 2008 }} * {{Cite book| title = Crowd Control: Israel's Use of Crowd Control Weapons in the West Bank | last = Michaeli | first = Sarit | publisher = [[B'Tselem]] | url = https://www.btselem.org/download/201212_crowd_control_eng.pdf | date = January 2013 }} * {{Cite journal | title = The military‐industrial complex: The Israeli case | last = Mintz | first = Alex | author-link = Alex Mintz | journal = [[Journal of Strategic Studies]] | year = 1983 | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 623–639 | doi = 10.1080/01402398308437160 | jstor = 174246 }} * {{Cite book| title = The World According To Israeli Newspapers: Representations of International Involvement in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict | last = Müller | first = Margret | year = 2017 | publisher = Frank & Timme | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4Yz-DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 | isbn = 978-3-7329-0286-6 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Waqf Land in the West Bank and Investment Current State of Affairs | last1 = Musaee | first1 = Anwar H. M | last2 = Abbas | first2 = Eeman Muhammad | last3 = Mujan | first3 = Wan Kamal | last4 = Sidik | first4 = Roziah | journal = Asian Social Science | year = 2014 | volume = 10 | issue = 14 | pages = 23–39 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276044300 | doi = 10.5539/ass.v10n14p23 | doi-access = free }} * {{Cite book | title = Pillage of the Dead Sea: Israel's Unlawful Exploitation of Natural Resources in the Occupied Palestinian Territories | last1 = Nicoletti | first1 = Claudia | last2 = Hearne | first2 = Anne-Maria | year = 2012 | publisher = [[Al-Haq]] | url = http://www.alhaq.org/publications/publications-index?task=callelement&format=raw&item_id=104&element=304e4493-dc32-44fa-8c5b-57c4d7b529c1&method=download | isbn = 978-9-950-32734-4 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131213634/http://www.alhaq.org/publications/publications-index?task=callelement&format=raw&item_id=104&element=304e4493-dc32-44fa-8c5b-57c4d7b529c1&method=download |date=2020-01-31 }} * {{Cite book| title = Area C and the Future of the Palestinian Economy | last1 = Niksic | first1 = Orhan | last2 = Eddin | first2 = Nur Nasser | last3 = Cali | first3 = Massimiliano | year = 2014 | publisher = [[عالمی بنک]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CLMiBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 | isbn = 978-1-4648-0196-9 }} * {{Cite web| title = No shelter for the 25 residents, including 15 children, of Khirbet 'Ein Karzaliyah | publisher = [[B'Tselem]] | url = http://www.btselem.org/video/20140119_ein_al_karzaliyah | date = 12 February 2014 | access-date = 29 January 2019 | ref = {{harvid|B'Tselem|2014}} }} * {{Cite book| title = Once Upon a Country: A Palestinian Life | last = Nusseibeh | first = Sari | year = 2015 | author-link = Sari Nusseibeh | publisher = [[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=d5tVCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 | isbn = 978-1-250-09875-7 }} * {{Cite news| title = Occupation, Inc. How Settlement Businesses Contribute to Israel's Violations of Palestinian Rights | publisher = [[نگہبان حقوق انسانی]] | url = https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/01/19/occupation-inc/how-settlement-businesses-contribute-israels-violations-palestinian | date = 19 January 2016 | ref = {{harvid|HRW|2016}} }} * {{Cite book| title = The Two-State Delusion: Israel and Palestine--A Tale of Two Narratives | last = O'Malley | first = Padraig | year = 2015 | author-link = Padraig O'Malley | publisher = [[پینگوئن (ادارہ)]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3_kVBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 | isbn = 978-0-698-19218-8 }} * {{Cite book | title = Opportunities and Challenges of Palestinian Development actions in Area C | publisher = [[Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem|ARIJ]] | url = https://www.arij.org/files/arijadmin/2017/areac_report_2017.pdf | date = 2016 | ref = {{harvid|ARIJ|2016}} }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901114922/https://www.arij.org/files/arijadmin/2017/areac_report_2017.pdf |date=2020-09-01 }} * {{Cite book | title = Overview of Israel's Demolition Policy | publisher = [[Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions]] | url = https://icahd.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/1/2017/12/Updated-comprehensive-information-on-demolitions-3-Dec-2017.pdf | date = December 2017 | ref = {{harvid|ICAND|2017}} }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822043705/https://icahd.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/1/2017/12/Updated-comprehensive-information-on-demolitions-3-Dec-2017.pdf |date=2020-08-22 }} * {{Cite news| title = Palestinian minors killed by Israeli security forces in the West Bank, since Operation Cast Lead | publisher = [[B'Tselem]] | url = https://www.btselem.org/statistics/fatalities/after-cast-lead/by-date-of-event/westbank/palestinian-minors-killed-by-israeli-security-forces | date = 2018b | ref = {{harvid|B'Tselem|2018b}} }} * {{Cite book| title = The Biggest Prison on Earth: A History of the Occupied Territories | last = Pappe | first = Ilan | year = 2017 | author-link = Ilan Pappe | publisher = [[Oneworld Publications]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0pkjDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT13 | isbn = 978-1-78074-433-9 }} * {{Cite journal | title = The June 1967 War: Some Mysteries Explored | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-east-journal_spring-1992_46_2/page/177 | last = Parker | first = Richard B. | journal = [[Middle East Journal]] | date = Spring 1992 | volume = 46 | issue = 2 | pages = 177–197 | jstor = 4328429 }} * {{Cite book| title = Jewish Terrorism in Israel | last1 = Pedahzur | first1 = Ami | last2 = Perliger | first2 = Arie | year = 2009 | publisher = [[Columbia University Press]] | url = https://archive.org/details/jewishterrorismi0000peda | url-access = registration | page = [https://archive.org/details/jewishterrorismi0000peda/page/73 73] | isbn = 978-0-231-15446-8 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = From Zionism to Capitalism: The Political Economy of the Neoliberal Warfare State | last = Peled | first = Yoav | year = 2006 | title = The Struggle for Sovereignty: Palestine and Israel, 1993–2005 | editor1-last = Beinin | editor1-first = Joel | editor1-link = Joel Beinin | editor2-last = Stein | editor2-first = Rebecca L. | publisher = [[Stanford University Press]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EVN_FhziN_EC&pg=PA48 | pages = 38–53 }} * {{Cite book| title = Human Rights in the West Bank and Gaza: Legacy and Politics | last = Peleg | first = Ilan | year = 1995 | publisher = [[Syracuse University Press]] | url = https://archive.org/details/humanrightsinwes00ilan | url-access = registration | page = [https://archive.org/details/humanrightsinwes00ilan/page/162 162] | isbn = 978-0-8156-2682-4 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = The Mysteries of Administrative Detention | last = Pelleg-Sryck | first = Tamar | year = 2011 | title = Threat: Palestinian Political Prisoners in Israel | editor1-last = Baker | editor1-first = Abeer | editor2-last = Matar | editor2-first = Anat | publisher = [[Pluto Press]] | pages = 123–135 | isbn = 978-0-7453-3021-1 }} * {{Cite book| title = Israel in History: The Jewish State in Comparative Perspective | last = Penslar | first = Derek | year = 2007 | author-link = Derek Penslar | publisher = [[روٹلیج]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=h5t9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34 | isbn = 978-1-134-14669-7 }} * {{Cite book| title = Generals in the Cabinet Room: How the Military Shapes Israeli Policy | last = Peri | first = Yoram | year = 2006 | publisher = [[United States Institute of Peace|United States Institute of Peace Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2pcjEhRZRLsC&pg=PA29 | isbn = 978-1-929223-81-7 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Male Gender and Rituals of Resistance in the Palestinian "Intifada": A Cultural Politics of Violence | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-ethnologist_1994-02_21_1/page/31 | last = Peteet | first = Julie | journal = [[American Ethnologist]] | date = February 1994 | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 31–49 | doi = 10.1525/ae.1994.21.1.02a00020 | jstor = 646520 }} * {{Cite journal | title = The Writing on the Walls: The Graffiti of the Intifada | last = Peteet | first = Julie | journal = [[Cultural Anthropology (journal)|Cultural Anthropology]] | date = May 1996 | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 139–159 | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8c1f97d8c5dd692473a2710ddf0f6dda21c97d40 | doi = 10.1525/can.1996.11.2.02a00010 | jstor = 656446 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Israel | last = Peters | first = Joel | year = 2012 | title = The European Union and the Arab Spring: Promoting Democracy and Human Rights in the Middle East | editor-last = Peters | editor-first = Joel | publisher = [[Lexington Books]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3IgxQPm0kpMC&pg=PA80 | pages = 77–92 | isbn = 978-0-7391-7444-9 }} * {{Cite journal | title = State Terrorism on a Global Scale: The Role of Israel | last = Pieterse | first = Jan | author-link = Jan Nederveen Pieterse | journal = Crime and Social Justice | year = 1984 | volume = 21-22 | issue = 4 | pages = 58–80 | jstor = 29766230 }} * {{Cite book| title = Targeting Terrorists: A License to Kill? | last = Plaw | first = Avery | year = 2016 | publisher = [[روٹلیج]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pIDeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT112 | isbn = 978-1-317-04671-4 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Israel's Security Needs in the West Bank, Real and Contrived | last = Playfair | first = Emma | journal = [[Arab Studies Quarterly]] | date = Fall 1988 | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 406–423 | jstor = 41857980 }} * {{Cite news| title = PM: IDF to keep operating in West Bank areas under full PA control | newspaper = [[The Times of Israel]] | url = https://www.timesofisrael.com/pm-idf-to-keep-operating-in-west-bank-areas-under-full-pa-control/ | date = 21 April 2016 | ref = {{harvid|ToI|2016}} }} * {{Cite book| title = Unspeak: How Words Become Weapons, How Weapons Become a Message, and How That Message Becomes Reality | last = Poole | first = Steven | year = 2007 | author-link = Steven Poole | publisher = [[Grove Atlantic]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JAr6wWqTINcC&pg=PT65 | isbn = 978-1-55584-872-9 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Stumbling Decidedly into the Six-Day War | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-east-journal_spring-2006_60_2/page/281 | last = Popp | first = Roland | journal = [[Middle East Journal]] | date = Spring 2006 | volume = 60 | issue = 2 | pages = 281–309 | doi = 10.3751/194034606783996500 | jstor = 4330250 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Experiences of Torture, Means of Coping, and Level of Symptoms among PalestinianPolitical Prisoners | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-palestine-studies_summer-1988_17_4/page/81 | last = Punamäki | first = Raija-Leena | journal = [[Journal of Palestine Studies]] | date = Summer 1988 | volume = 17 | issue = 4 | pages = 81–96 | doi = 10.2307/2537292 | jstor = 2537292 }} * {{Cite book| title = The Case for Palestine: An International Law Perspective | last = Quigley | first = John B. | year = 2005 | author-link = John B. Quigley | publisher = [[Duke University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VaUvqHNd6m0C&pg=PA186 | isbn = 978-0-8223-3539-9 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Palestine: The Issue of Statehood | last = Quigley | first = John B. | year = 2009 | author-link = John B. Quigley | title = Palestine and International Law: Essays on Politics and Economics | editor-last = Silverburg | editor-first = Sanford R. | publisher = McFarland & Company | location = Jefferson, NC and London | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9WlpL98TaAIC&pg=PA47 | pages = 37–43 | isbn = 978-0-7864-4248-5 }} * {{Cite book| title = The Economic Costs of the Israeli Occupation for the Palestinian People and Their Human Right to Development | last = Quigley | first = John B. | year = 2018 | author-link = John B. Quigley | publisher = [[اقوام متحدہ کانفرنس برائے تجارت و ترقی]] | url = https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/gdsapp2017d2_en.pdf }} * {{Cite news| title = A Decade of Civil Disobedience in My West Bank Village | last = Rahmeh | first = Abdullah Abu | newspaper = [[ہاریتز]] | url = https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-a-decade-of-civil-disobedience-1.5311935 | date = 26 February 2015 }} * {{Cite book| title = Diplomacy's Value: Creating Security in 1920s Europe and the Contemporary Middle East | last = Rathbun | first = Brian C. | year = 2014 | publisher = [[Cornell University Press]] | url = https://archive.org/details/diplomacysvaluec00rath | url-access = registration | page = [https://archive.org/details/diplomacysvaluec00rath/page/205 205] | isbn = 978-0-8014-5505-6 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Redemptive Theology in the Thought of Yeshayahu Leibowitz | last = Rechnitzer | first = Haim O. | journal = [[Israel Studies]] | date = Fall 2008 | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 137–159 | doi = 10.2979/ISR.2008.13.3.137 | jstor = 30245835 }} * {{Cite book| title = Israel/Palestine: How to End the War of 1948 | edition = 2nd | last = Reinhart | first = Tanya | year = 2011 | author-link = Tanya Reinhart | publisher = [[Seven Stories Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ma232BRHHUQC&pg=PT48 | isbn = 978-1-60980-122-9 }} * {{Cite news| title = Restrictions on Movement | publisher = [[B'Tselem]] | url = https://www.btselem.org/freedom_of_movement | date = 11 November 2017b | ref = {{harvid|B'Tselem|2017b}} }} * {{Cite journal | title = The Last Colonialist: Israel in the Occupied Territories since 1967 | last = Reuveny | first = Rafael | newspaper = [[The Independent Review]] | date = Winter 2008 | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 325–374 | url = http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_12_03_01_reuveny.pdf }} * {{Cite news| title = More than 60 organizations plead with colleges to protect Jewish students' civil rights | last = Richman | first = Jackson | newspaper = [[Washington Examiner]] | url = https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/red-alert-politics/more-than-60-organizations-plead-with-colleges-to-protect-jewish-students-civil-rights | date = 24 May 2018 }} * {{Cite book| title = The Israeli Economy from the Foundation of the State through the 21st Century | last = Rivlin | first = Paul | year = 2010 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-viPxTC9_IIC&pg=PA159 | isbn = 978-1-139-49396-3 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Birth, Transformation, and Death of Refugee Identity: Women and Girls of the ''Intifida'' | last = Roberson | first = Mary | year = 2013 | title = Refugee Women and Their Mental Health: Shattered Societies, Shattered Lives | editor1-last = Cole | editor1-first = Ellen | editor2-last = Rothblum | editor2-first = Esther | editor3-last = Espin | editor3-first = Oliva | publisher = [[Taylor & Francis]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fXWPa4bZVoQC&pg=PA42 | isbn = 978-1-135-83760-0 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-international-law_1990-01_84_1/page/44 | last = Roberts | first = Adam | journal = [[The American Journal of International Law]] | date = January 1990 | volume = 84 | issue = 1 | pages = 44–103 | doi = 10.2307/2203016 | jstor = 2203016 }} * {{Cite book | title = Israel, a Colonial-settler State? | last = Rodinson | first = Maxime | year = 2002 | author-link = Maxime Rodinson | orig-year = First published 1973 | publisher = Monad Press | url = https://rosswolfe.files.wordpress.com/2015/11/maxime-rodinson-israel-a-colonial-settler-state.pdf | isbn = 978-0-87348-866-2 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112135511/https://rosswolfe.files.wordpress.com/2015/11/maxime-rodinson-israel-a-colonial-settler-state.pdf |date=2024-01-12 }}{{dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} * {{Cite book| title = Torture and Ill-treatment: Israel's Interrogation of Palestinians from the Occupied Territories | last = Ron | first = James | year = 1994 | publisher = [[نگہبان حقوق انسانی]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A2MhsQU4hPgC&pg=PA86 | isbn = 978-1-56432-136-7 }} * {{Cite book| title = Myths, Illusions, and Peace: Finding a New Direction for America in the Middle East | last1 = Ross | first1 = Dennis | last2 = Makovsky | first2 = David | year = 2009 | publisher = Penguin | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vVpz7b9DiNgC&pg=PT144 | isbn = 978-1-101-08187-7 | quote = Israel could not be expected to withdraw its forces until someone could demonstrate they were willing and able to ensure that the West Bank would not be a launching pad for attacks against Israel. }} * {{Cite news| title = A Routine Founded on Violence | publisher = [[B'Tselem]] | url = https://www.btselem.org/routine_founded_on_violence | date = 11 November 2017a | ref = {{harvid|B'Tselem|2017a}} }} * {{Cite journal | title = Reflections on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict in U.S. Public Discourse: Legitimizing Dissent | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-palestine-studies_winter-2010_39_2/page/23 | last = Roy | first = Sara | author-link = Sara Roy | journal = [[Journal of Palestine Studies]] | date = Winter 2010 | volume = 39 | issue = 2 | pages = 23–38 | doi = 10.1525/jps.2010.xxxix.2.23 | jstor = 10.1525/jps.2010.xxxix.2.23 }} * {{Cite book| title = The Palestinians: In Search of a Just Peace | last = Rubenberg | first = Cheryl | year = 2003 | author-link = Cheryl Rubenberg | publisher = [[Lynne Rienner Publishers]] | url = https://archive.org/details/palestiniansinse0000rube | url-access = registration | page = [https://archive.org/details/palestiniansinse0000rube/page/124 124] | isbn = 978-1-58826-225-7 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Reflections on Twenty Years of Palestinian History | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-palestine-studies_summer-1991_20_4/page/n8 | last = Said | first = Edward W. | author-link = Edward W. Said | journal = [[Journal of Palestine Studies]] | date = Summer 1991 | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 5–22 | doi = 10.2307/2537432 | jstor = 2537432 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Have Palestinian Children Forfeited Their Rights? | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-comparative-family-studies_spring-2004_35_2/page/211 | last = Sait | first = M. Siraj | journal = Journal of Comparative Family Studies | date = Spring 2004 | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 211–228 | doi = 10.3138/jcfs.35.2.211 | jstor = 41603933 }} * {{Cite book| title = Trans-Colonial Urban Space in Palestine: Politics and Development | last = Samman | first = Maha | year = 2013 | publisher = [[روٹلیج]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6NXKNRP7mVAC&pg=PA73 | isbn = 978-1-136-66885-2 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Place as a Source of Identity in Colonizing Societies: Israeli Settlements in Gaza | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_geographical-review_2008-04_98_2/page/242 | last1 = Schnell | first1 = Izhak | last2 = Mishal | first2 = Shaul | journal = [[Geographical Review]] | date = April 2008 | volume = 98 | issue = 2 | pages = 242–259 | doi = 10.1111/j.1931-0846.2008.tb00298.x | jstor = 30034230 }} * {{Cite book| title = Water, Power and Politics in the Middle East: The Other Israel-Palestine Conflict | last = Selby | first = Jan | year = 2003b | publisher = [[I.B.Tauris]] | url = https://books.google.com/?id=rhogGoiebmAC&pg=PA90 | isbn = 978-1-86064-934-9 }} * {{Cite news| title = Separate and Unequal: Israel's Discriminatory Treatment of Palestinians in the Occupied Palestinian Territories | publisher = [[نگہبان حقوق انسانی]] | url = https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/iopt1210webwcover_0.pdf | date = December 2010 | ref = {{harvid|HRW|2010}} }} * {{Cite journal | title = Changing Nationalism and Israel's "Open Frontier" on the West Bank | last = Shafir | first = Gershon | journal = [[Theory & Society]] | date = November 1984 | volume = 13 | issue = 6 | pages = 803–827 | jstor = 657140 }} * {{Cite book| title = A Half Century of Occupation: Israel, Palestine, and the World's Most Intractable Conflict | last = Shafir | first = Gershon | year = 2017 | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8uM6DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 | isbn = 978-0-520-29350-2 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Ethos of Conflict of the Palestinian Society | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-palestine-studies_autumn-1974_4_1/page/181 | last = Shahak | first = Israel | author-link = Israel Shahak | journal = [[Journal of Palestine Studies]] | date = Autumn 1974 | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 181–186 | doi = 10.2307/2535945 | jstor = 2535945 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Ethos of Conflict of the Palestinian Society | last = Shaked | first = Ronni | year = 2016 | title = A Social Psychology Perspective on The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Celebrating the Legacy of Daniel Bar-Tal | editor1-last = Sharvit | editor1-first = Keren | editor2-last = Halperin | editor2-first = Eran | publisher = [[Springer Publishing]] | volume = Volume 2 | pages = 133–149 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ysdyCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 | isbn = 978-3-319-24841-7 }} * {{Cite book| title = Living with Colonialism: Nationalism and Culture in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan | last = Sharkey | first = Heather J. | year = 2003 | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kaYwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34 | isbn = 978-0-520-23559-5 }} * {{Cite news| title = Cost of occupation – over $50 billion | last = Shauli | first = Avi | publisher = [[Ynet]] | url = https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3410537,00.html | date = 9 June 2007 }} * {{Cite book| title = Occupier's law: Israel and the West Bank | url = https://archive.org/details/occupierslawisra0000sheh_y8z6 | last = Shehadeh | first = Raja | year = 1985a | author-link = Raja Shehadeh | publisher = [[Institute for Palestine Studies]] | isbn = 978-0-88728-149-5 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Some Legal Aspects of Israeli Land Policy in the Occupied Territories | last = Shehadeh | first = Raja | author-link = Raja Shehadeh | journal = [[Arab Studies Quarterly]] | date = Spring–Summer 1985b | volume = 7 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 42–61 | jstor = 41857768 }} * {{Cite book| title = The Israeli–Palestinian Peace Negotiations, 1999–2001: Within Reach | last = Sher | first = Gilead | year = 2006 | author-link = Gilead Sher | publisher = [[روٹلیج]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EdgAWFiDryMC&pg=PA162 | isbn = 978-0-7146-8542-7 }} * {{Cite news| title = Israeli former security chief: failure to end conflict is bigger threat than Iran | last = Sherwood | first = Harriet | newspaper = [[دی گارڈین]] | url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/05/israeli-security-chief-conflict-threat-iran | date = 5 December 2013 }} * {{Cite news| title = When an Archaeological 'Find' Can Evict Palestinians From Their Home | last = Shezaf | first = Hagar | newspaper = [[ہاریتز]] | url = https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-when-an-archaeological-find-can-evict-palestinians-from-their-home-1.8935454 | date = 23 June 2020 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Poor Little Samson | last = Shlaim | first = Avi | year = 2012 | author-link = Avi Shlaim | title = The 1967 Arab-Israeli War: Origins and Consequences | editor1-last = Shlaim | editor1-first = Avi | editor1-link = Avi Shlaim | editor2-last = Louis | editor2-first = Wm Roger | editor2-link = Wm. Roger Louis | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8YhNPNeBh8IC&pg=PA45 | pages = 22–54 | isbn = 978-1-107-00236-4 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Israeli Interference in Internal Arab Politics: The Case of Lebanon | last = Shlaim | first = Avi | year = 2015 | author-link = Avi Shlaim | title = The Politics of Arab Integration | editor1-last = Luciani | editor1-first = Giacomo | editor2-last = Salamé | editor2-first = Ghassan | publisher = [[روٹلیج]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ae0sCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA245 | pages = 232–254 | isbn = 978-1-317-41119-2 }} * {{Cite book| title = Dark Hope: Working for Peace in Israel and Palestine | last = Shulman | first = David D. | year = 2007 | author-link = David Dean Shulman | publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lL_cGkzZ1mUC&pg=PA77 | isbn = 978-1-4596-2712-3 }} * {{Cite book| title = Freedom and Despair: Notes from the South Hebron Hills | last = Shulman | first = David D. | year = 2018 | author-link = David Dean Shulman | publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3XhvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 | isbn = 978-0-226-56665-8 }} * {{Cite book| title = Detainees Denied Justice | last = Simpson | first = Gerald | year = 2001 | publisher = [[Wolters Kluwer|Kuwser Law International]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9wYQB-GON-cC&pg=PA107 | isbn = 978-9-041-11552-2 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = The Significance of Israeli Historical Revisionism | last = Slater | first = Jerome | year = 1994 | title = Essays on Israeli Social Issues and Scholarship | editor1-last = Stone | editor1-first = Russell | editor2-last = Zenner | editor2-first = Walter P. | publisher = [[SUNY Press]] | volume = Volume 3 | pages = 179–199 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5rH4FFmpNfsC&pg=PA182 | isbn = 978-1-4384-2140-7 }} * {{Cite journal | title="To Put One's Fingers in the Bleeding Wound": Palestinian Theatre under Israeli Censorship | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tdr-drama-review_summer-1991_35_2/page/18 | last = Slyomovics | first = Susan | journal = [[TDR (journal)|The Drama Review]] | date = Summer 1991 | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 18–38 | doi = 10.2307/1146087 | jstor = 1146087 }} * {{Cite news| title = Statistics on demolition of houses built without permits in the West Bank (Not including East Jerusalem) | publisher = [[B'Tselem]] | url = https://www.btselem.org/planning_and_building/statistics | date = September 2018a | ref = {{harvid|B'Tselem|2018a}} }} * {{Cite book| title = The Land Question in Palestine, 1917–1939 | last = Stein | first = Kenneth W. | year = 2017a | author-link = Kenneth W. Stein | publisher = [[University of North Carolina Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qYxGDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT29 | isbn = 978-1-4696-1725-1 }} * {{Cite book| title = Minors in Jeopardy: Violation of the Rights of Palestinian Minors by Israel's Military Courts | last = Stein | first = Yael | publisher = [[B'Tselem]] | url = https://www.btselem.org/sites/default/files/publications/201803_minors_in_jeopardy_eng.pdf | date = March 2018 | isbn = 978-965-7613-33-7 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Intifada Deaths | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-palestine-studies_summer-1990_19_4/page/86 | last = Stockton | first = Ronald R. | journal = [[Journal of Palestine Studies]] | date = Summer 1990 | volume = 19 | issue = 4 | pages = 86–95 | doi = 10.2307/2537390 | jstor = 2537390 }} * {{Cite journal | title = A Survey of Israeli Settlements | journal = MERIP Reports | publisher = [[Middle East Research and Information Project]] | date = September 1977 | issue = 60 | pages = 13–20 | jstor = 3011548 | ref = {{harvid|Merip|1977}} }} * {{Cite book| title = The Burden of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict: 2010 Report | last = Swirski | first = Shlomo | year = 2010 | publisher = [[Adva Center]] | url = https://adva.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/E-kibush-2010-for-site.pdf }} * {{Cite journal | title = Surveillance Sublime: The Security State in Jerusalem | last = Tawil-Souri | first = Helga | author-link = Helga Tawil-Souri | journal = [[Jerusalem Quarterly]] | date = Winter 2015 | volume = 68 | pages = 56–65 | url = https://www.palestine-studies.org/sites/default/files/jq-articles/Pages%20from%20JQ%2068%20-%20Helga%20Tawil-Souri.pdf }} * {{Cite book| title = A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict | last = Tessler | first = Mark A. | year = 1994 | publisher = [[Indiana University Press]] | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofisraeli00tess_0 | url-access = registration | page = [https://archive.org/details/historyofisraeli00tess_0/page/553 553] | isbn = 978-0-253-20873-6 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Effect of trauma on Palestinian Children's Mental Health in the Gazsa Strip and the West | last1 = Thabat | first1 = Abdel Azis Mousa | last2 = Abdulla | first2 = Taisir | last3 = Elhelou | first3 = Mohammed-Wafaei | last4 = Vostanis | first4 = Panos | year = 2006 | title = Protection of Children During Armed Political Conflict: A Multidisciplinary Perspective | editor1-last = Greenbaum | editor1-first = Charles W. | editor2-last = Veerman | editor2-first = Philip E. | editor3-last = Bacon-Shnoor | editor3-first = Naomi | publisher = Intersentia | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9FTxoncXDwwC&pg=PA130 | pages = 123–141 | isbn = 978-9-050-95341-2 }} * {{Cite book| title = The Only Language They Understand: Forcing Compromise in Israel and Palestine | last = Thrall | first = Nathan | year = 2017 | author-link = Nathan Thrall | publisher = [[Henry Holt and Company]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1oXZDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA144 | isbn = 978-1-62779-710-8 }} * {{Cite journal | title = The West Bank Hearings: Israel's Colonization of Occupied Territory | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-palestine-studies_winter-1978_7_2/page/71 | last = Tillman | first = Seth | journal = [[Journal of Palestine Studies]] | date = Winter 1978 | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 71–87 | doi = 10.2307/2536439 | jstor = 2536439 }} * {{Cite book| title = Media and Peace in the Middle East: The Role of Journalism in Israel-Palestine | last = Tiripelli | first = Giuliana | year = 2016 | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers|PalgraveMacmillan]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iMIYDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 | isbn = 978-1-137-50401-2 }} * {{Cite book | title = Torture and Intimidation in the West Bank: The Case of Al-Fara'a Prison | publisher = [[Al-Haq|Law in the Service of Man]] | year = 1986 | url = http://www.alhaq.org/publications/publications-index/item/torture-and-intimidation-in-the-west-bank-the-case-of-al-fara-a-prison | ref = {{harvid|Al-Haq|1986}} }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725153705/http://www.alhaq.org/publications/publications-index/item/torture-and-intimidation-in-the-west-bank-the-case-of-al-fara-a-prison |date=2019-07-25 }} * {{Cite book | title = Torture and Intimidation in the West Bank: The Case of al-Fara'a Prison | publisher = [[Al-Haq]] | year = 1986 | url = http://www.alhaq.org/publications/publications-index?task=callelement&format=raw&item_id=19&element=304e4493-dc32-44fa-8c5b-57c4d7b529c1&method=download }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203081926/http://www.alhaq.org/publications/publications-index?task=callelement&format=raw&item_id=19&element=304e4493-dc32-44fa-8c5b-57c4d7b529c1&method=download |date=2011-12-03 }} * {{Cite book| title = The Economic Case for Palestine | last1 = Tuma | first1 = Elias H. | last2 = Darin-Drabkin | first2 = Haim | year = 1978 | publisher = [[روٹلیج]] }} * {{Cite book| title = Communal Impoverishment in Jerusalem | last = Unctad | publisher = [[Jerusalem Quarterly]] | issue = 54 | url = https://www.palestine-studies.org/sites/default/files/jq-articles/JQ%2054_Communal.pdf | date = Summer 2013 | pages = 93–111 }} * {{Cite book| title = The Besieged Palestinian Agricultural Sector | last = Unctad | publisher = [[اقوام متحدہ کانفرنس برائے تجارت و ترقی]] | url = https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/gdsapp2015d1_en.pdf | date = September 2015b }} * {{Cite book| title = Economic Costs of the Israeli occupation for the Palestinian people | last = Unctad | publisher = [[اقوام متحدہ کانفرنس برائے تجارت و ترقی]] | url = https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/a71d174_en.pdf | date = 21 July 2016 }} * {{Cite book| title = Israeli-Palestinian Fatalities Since 2000 – Key Trends | last = Unispal | publisher = [[UNISPAL]] | url = https://www.un.org/unispal/document/israeli-palestinian-fatalities-since-2000-ocha-special-focus/ | date = 1 September 2007 }} * {{Cite news| title = Urgent Action: Administrative Detention Renewed | publisher = [[تنظیم برائے بین الاقوامی عفو عام]] | url = https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE1577802018ENGLISH.pdf | date = 2018a | ref = {{harvid|AI|2018a}} }} * {{Cite journal | title = The Impact of the Israeli Occupation on the Economies of the West Bank and Gaza | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-palestine-studies_winter-1977_6_2/page/103 | last = Van Arkadie | first = Brian | journal = [[Journal of Palestine Studies]] | date = Winter 1977 | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 103–129 | doi = 10.2307/2535505 | jstor = 2535505 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Children as Victims in the Israeli Palestinian Conflict: Policing Realities and Police Training | last = Van Reenen | first = Piet | year = 2006 | title = Protection of Children During Armed Political Conflict: A Multidisciplinary Perspective | editor1-last = Greenbaum | editor1-first = Charles W. | editor2-last = Veerman | editor2-first = Philip E. | editor3-last = Bacon-Shnoor | editor3-first = Naomi | publisher = Intersentia | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9FTxoncXDwwC&pg=PA384 | pages = 371–393 | isbn = 978-9-050-95341-2 }} * {{Cite journal | title = The Other Shift: Settler Colonialism, Israel, and the Occupation | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-palestine-studies_winter-2013_42_2/page/26 | last = Veracini | first = Lorenzo | journal = [[Journal of Palestine Studies]] | date = Winter 2013 | volume = 42 | issue = 2 | pages = 26–42 | doi = 10.1525/jps.2013.42.2.26 | hdl = 1959.3/316461 | jstor = 10.1525/jps.2013.42.2.26 | hdl-access = free }} * {{Cite journal | title = The judicial arm of the occupation: the Israeli military courts in the occupied territories | last = Weill | first = Sharon | journal = [[International Review of the Red Cross]] | year = 2007 | volume = 89 | issue = 866 | pages = 395–418 | doi = 10.1017/s1816383107001142 | issn = 1816-3831 }} * {{Cite book| title = The Role of National Courts in Applying International Humanitarian Law | last = Weill | first = Sharon | year = 2014 | publisher = [[اوکسفرڈ یونیورسٹی پریس]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bDnnAgAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-0-19-968542-4 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Targeting infrastructure and livelihoods in the West Bank and Gaza | last1 = Weinthal | first1 = Erika | last2 = Sowers | first2 = Jeannie | journal = [[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] | date = 1 March 2019 | volume = 95 | issue = 2 | pages = 319–340 | doi = 10.1093/ia/iiz015 | doi-access = free }} * {{Cite book| title = Hollow Land: Israel's Architecture of Occupation | last = Weizman | first = Eyal | year = 2012 | author-link = Eyal Weizman | publisher = [[Verso Books]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KfxQ5FtuCUgC&pg=PA273 | isbn = 978-1-84467-915-7 }} * {{Cite book| title = Palestinian Economic Prospects: Aid, Access and Reform | last = World Bank | publisher = [[عالمی بنک]] | url = http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/AHLCSept15,08.pdf | date = 22 September 2008 }} * {{Cite book| title = Assessment of Restrictions on Palestinian Water Sector Development | last = World Bank | publisher = [[عالمی بنک]] | url = https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/WaterRestrictionsReport18Apr2009.pdf | date = April 2009 }} * {{Cite book| title = Area C and the Future of the Palestinian Economy | last = World Bank | publisher = [[عالمی بنک]] | url = http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/137111468329419171/pdf/AUS29220REPLAC0EVISION0January02014.pdf | date = 2 October 2013 }} * {{Cite book| title = The Telecommunication Sector in the Palestinian Territories: A Missed Opportunity for Economic Development | last = World Bank | publisher = [[عالمی بنک]] | url = http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/993031473856114803/pdf/104263-REVISED-title-a-little-different-WP-P150798-NOW-OUO-9.pdf | date = 2 January 2016 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Heritage Appropriation in the Holy Land | last = Yahya | first = Adel H | year = 2010 | title = Controlling the Past, Owning the Future: The Political Uses of Archaeology in the Middle East | editor1-last = Boytner | editor1-first = Ran | editor2-last = Dodd | editor2-first = Lynn Swartz | editor3-last = Parker | editor3-first = Bradley J. | publisher = [[یونیورسٹی آف ایریزونا پریس]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=y8lpgBMyT3gC&pg=PA142 | pages = 142–158 | isbn = 978-0-8165-2795-3 }} * {{Cite book| title = Ethnocracy: Land and Identity Politics in Israel/Palestine | last = Yiftachel | first = Oren | year = 2006 | author-link = Oren Yiftachel | publisher = [[یونیورسٹی آف پنسلوانیا پریس]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=W510BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65 | isbn = 978-0-8122-3927-0 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Human rights violations as an obstacle to economic development: restrictions on movement in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip | last = Ziai | first = Fatemeh | year = 2013 | title = The Political Economy of Middle East Peace: The Impact of Competing Trade Agendas | editor-last = Wright Jr | editor-first = J.W. | publisher = [[روٹلیج]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5TWVGEH3q9cC&pg=PA129 | pages = 128–152 | isbn = 978-1-134-69013-8 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Constructing Palestine through Surveillance Practices | last = Zureik | first = Elia | journal = British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies | date = November 2001 | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages = 205–227 | doi = 10.1080/13530190120083086 | jstor = 826125 }} * {{Cite book| chapter = Colonialism, surveillance, and population control: Israel/Palestine | last = Zureik | first = Elia | year = 2010 | title = Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine: Population, Territory and Power | editor1-last = Zureik | editor1-first = Elia | editor2-last = Lyon | editor2-first = David | editor3-last = Abu-Laban | editor3-first = Yasmeen | publisher = [[روٹلیج]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JlUuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 | pages = 3–45 | isbn = 978-1-136-93097-3 }} * {{Cite book| title = Israel's Colonial Project in Palestine: Brutal Pursuit | last = Zureik | first = Elia | year = 2015 | publisher = [[روٹلیج]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vsf4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 | isbn = 978-1-317-34046-1 }} {{refend}} [[گٹھ:مغربی کنارہ]] [[گٹھ:چھ روزہ جنگ]] [[گٹھ:فلسطین اسرائیل تنازع]] [[گٹھ:جون 1967ء د‏‏ی سرگرمیاں]] [[گٹھ:عسکری تریخ وچ 1967ء]] [[گٹھ:جملہ مضامین مع مردہ خارجی روابط]] [[گٹھ:غیر نظر ثانی شدہ تراجم اُتے مشتمل صفحات]] [[گٹھ:فوجی قبضہ]] [[گٹھ:اسرائیل وچ 1967ء دیاں تاسیساں]] [[گٹھ:مغربی کنارے اُتے اسرائیلی قبضہ]] 7vge0i7rfphteobm5y0nm7xbx7tn8vz 0 90543 711457 709553 2026-09-22T05:47:01Z InternetArchiveBot 28598 Add 1 book for (20260922sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 711457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Treaty|name=ضد-کومنترن معاہدہ|long_name=|image=Anti-Comintern Pact signing 1936.jpg|image_width=300px|caption=جرمنی وچ جاپانی سفیر [[کینتوومو مشکوجی]] تے [[جرمنی دے وزیر خارجہ]] [[ربن ٹراپ]] نے اینٹی کومنترن معاہدے اُتے دستخط کیتے۔|type=[[معاہدہ]]|date_drafted=اکتوبر 23, 1936|date_signed=نومبر 25, 1936|location_signed=[[برلن]], [[نازی جرمنی]]|date_sealed=|date_effective=|condition_effective=|date_expiration=|signatories={{plainlist| ابتدائی دستخط کنندہ * {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}} (1936) * {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan}} (1936) ---- دوسری جنگ عظیم تو‏ں پہلے * {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}} (1937) * {{flagcountry|Hungary}} (1939) * {{flag|Manchukuo}} (1939) * {{flagcountry|Spanish State|1938}} (1939) ---- دوسری جنگ عظيم دے دوران * {{flag|Finland}} (1941) * {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania}} (1941) * {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} (1941) * {{flag| Slovakia}} (1941) * {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of China-Nanjing (Peace, Anti-Communism, National Construction).svg|size=22px|border=no}} چین-نانچنگ (1941) * {{flag|Denmark}} (1941) * {{flag|Croatia}} (1941) }}|depositor=|languages=|website=|wikisource=|language=}} '''اینٹی کومنترن معاہدہ''' ( {{Lang-de|Antikominternpakt}} ؛ {{Lang-it|Patto anticomintern}} ؛ {{Lang-ja|防共協定}} ، ''باکیو کیوٹی'')، سرکاری طور اُتے '''کمیونسٹ انٹرنیشنل دے خلاف معاہدہ''' (جرمن: ''Abkommen gegen die Kommunistische Internationale)'' ، نومبر وچ [[نازی جرمنی|جرمنی]] تے [[سلطنت جاپان|جاپان دے]] وچکار اک کمیونسٹ مخالف معاہدہ سی جس اُتے [[کمیونسٹ انٹرنیشنل]] (Comintern) دے خلاف ہدایت کيتی گئی سی۔ اس اُتے جرمنی دے وزیر خارجہ [[ربن ٹراپ|جواچم وان ربنٹروپ]] تے جرمنی وچ جاپان دے سفیر کنٹومو مشکوجی نے دستخط کیتے۔ <ref name=":0"/> {{Rp|188–189}} نومبر 1941 تک [[اطالیہ|اٹلی]] ، [[ہسپانیہ|اسپین]] تے ہور ملکاں اس وچ شامل ہوگئے۔ <ref name=":3"/> {{Rp|49}} جاپانی دستخط کنندگان نے امید ظاہر کيت‏ی سی کہ مخالف کومنترن معاہدہ مؤثر طریقے تو‏ں سوویت یونین دے خلاف اتحاد ہوئے گا ، جو یقینی طور اُتے سوویت یونین نے اسنو‏ں سمجھیا سی۔ <ref name=":4"/> {{Rp|226}} اک خفیہ اضافی پروٹوکول وی موجود سی جس وچ سوویت یونین دے خلاف خصوصی طور اُتے مشترکہ جرمنی-جاپانی پالیسی د‏‏ی وضاحت کيتی گئی سی۔ <ref name=":0"/> {{Rp|188–189}} <ref name=":1"/> {{Rp|197}} اُتے ، اس معاہدے اُتے اٹلی دے الحاق دے بعد تے خاص طور اُتے جرمنی-سوویت اتحاد دے بعد [[مولوتوف – ربنٹروپ معاہدہ|مولوتوو – ربنبروپ معاہدہ دے بعد]] ، اس نے ودھدی ہوئی مغربی تے [[مملکت متحدہ|برطانوی]] مخالف شناخت وی حاصل کيتی۔ <ref name=":5">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=1937-1938: Diario|last=Ciano|first=Galeazzo|publisher=Cappelli Editore|year=1980|isbn=|location=Milan|pages=|language=Italian|orig-year=}}</ref> {{Rp|44}} <ref name=":6"/> {{Rp|13}} اگست 1939 دے بعد ، جرمن سوویت عدم جارحیت معاہدے دے نتیجے وچ جاپان نے خود نو‏‏ں جرمنی تو‏ں دور کردتا۔ <ref name=":4"/> {{Rp|24}} <ref name=":7"/> {{Rp|40}} اینٹی کومنترن معاہدہ ستمبر 1940 دے [[سہ فریقی اتحاد (دوسری جنگ عظیم)|سہ فریقی معاہدے دے]] ذریعہ کيتا گیا سی ، جس وچ [[ریاست ہائے متحدہ|ریاستہائے متحدہ]] نو‏‏ں سوویت یونین دے بجائے بنیادی خطرہ دے طور اُتے شناخت کيتا گیا [[سہ فریقی اتحاد (دوسری جنگ عظیم)|سی]] ، جس د‏‏ی وجہ ایہ سی کہ [[محوری قوتاں|محور طاقتاں دے]] مفادات نو‏‏ں یکجا کيتا گیا سی۔ اس دے بعد ، اینٹی کمینٹرن معاہدہ وچ رکنیت وڈی حد تک رسمی طور اُتے بن گئی ، لیکن نومبر 1941 وچ ہونے والی تجدید تو‏ں معاہدہ وچ کئی نويں ممبراں دا داخلہ دیکھنے نو‏‏ں ملا۔ <ref name=":3"/> {{Rp|49}} == پس منظر == {{Events leading to World War II}} === جرمنی === ==== جرمنی وچ "اینٹی کمٹرن" (جی ڈی اے وی) ==== ''اینٹی کامنٹن'' ، باضابطہ طور اُتے ''گیسامٹور بینڈ ڈوئزر'' ''اینٹی'' ''کامونسٹریسٹر ویرینیگنجین'' ( ''عببری'' )۔ جی ڈی اے وی ، 'جرمن کمیونسٹ فیڈریشناں د‏‏ی عمومی انجمن') ، <ref name=":8">{{حوالہ رسالہ|last=Waddington|first=Lorna L.|date=2007|title=The Anti-Komintern and Nazi Anti-Bolshevik Propaganda in the 1930s|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-history_2007-10_42_4/page/573|journal=Journal of Contemporary History|volume=42|issue=4|pages=573–594|issn=0022-0094|doi=10.1177/0022009407081488}}</ref> {{Rp|576}} اک جرمن ایجنسی سی جو [[جوزیف گوئبلز|جوزف گوئبلز]] نے 1933 وچ قائم کيتی سی۔ {{Rp|573}} اس د‏ی سرگرمیاں نے عام طور اُتے تے خاص طور اُتے سوویت یونین وچ کمیونزم د‏‏ی مذمت کرنے دے لئی تیار کردہ وسیع پیمانے اُتے کاروائیاں دا احاطہ کيتا ، {{Rp|580}} [[سام دشمنی|سام مخالف]] مذہبی پروپیگنڈا نو‏‏ں اگے ودھانے تے نازی پالیسی دے لئی ملکی تے بین الاقوامی حمایت حاصل کرنے دے لئی۔ {{Rp|574}} اسنو‏ں ڈاکٹر ایڈولف ایہرٹ [ [[:de:Adolf Ehrt|ڈی]] ] د‏‏ی سربراہی وچ رکھیا گیا سی۔ اہرٹ د‏‏ی قیادت وچ ، کامنٹرن نو‏‏ں اس دے ملحد دے حوالے تو‏ں 'بے دین' قرار دتا گیا۔ {{Rp|581}} جولائ‏ی 1936 وچ شروع ہويا ، ہسپانوی خانہ جنگی انسداد کمنٹرن د‏‏ی اشاعتاں دا مرکزی محور بنی۔ {{Rp|580}} اینٹی کومٹنٹرن د‏‏ی سب تو‏ں اہ‏م نتیجہ 1936 وچ بین الاقوامی سطح اُتے ''ریل ڈیر ویلٹ بولشیوزم تھی'' ، جس وچ اس نے بین الاقوامی سامعین د‏‏ی کھپت دے لئی مختلف کمیونسٹ تے مخالف دشمنی سازش دے مختلف نظریات نو‏‏ں ''جوڑا'' ۔ جرمنی وچ ہی اس کتاب نو‏‏ں جاری نئيں کيتا گیا سی تاکہ جرمن ریاستی پروپیگنڈے دے ذریعہ اس کتاب دے مختلف اکاؤنٹس دے وچکار تنازعہ تو‏ں بچا جاسک‏‏ے۔ <ref name=":8"/> {{Rp|581}} ==== اینگلو جرمن بحری معاہدہ ، جون 1935 ==== 18 جون 1935 نو‏‏ں ، برطانیہ تے جرمنی دے وچکار اینگلو جرمن نیول معاہدہ ہويا ، جو جاپانیاں دے لئی حیرت دا باعث بنیا۔ {{Rp|53}} اس تو‏ں دونے ملکاں دے وچکار تعلقات وچ بہتری لیانے دے لئی [[ہٹلر|ایڈولف ہٹلر]] د‏‏ی کوششاں دا سلسلہ شروع ہويا۔ ہٹلر دے دماغ وچ ، برطانیہ دے نال مثبت تعلقات برطانیہ دے اتحادیاں فرانس تے اٹلی نو‏‏ں کمزور کردین گے (اس وقت وی اوہ اک جرمن حریف اے ) تے سوویت یونین اُتے مشتمل ہوئے گا۔ <ref name=":10"/> {{Rp|289}} ہٹلر بعد وچ رابنٹرپ نو‏‏ں برطانیہ وچ جرمنی دے سفیر د‏‏ی حیثیت تو‏ں 1936–1938 دے دوران انٹی کمنٹن معاہدہ وچ برطانوی رکنیت حاصل کرنے دے مخصوص کم دے نال وی لندن بھیجے گا ، تے اس معاہدے وچ برطانوی الحاق نو‏‏ں اپنی 'سب تو‏ں وڈی خواہش' قرار دیندے سن ۔ <ref name=":6"/> {{Rp|154–155}} <ref name=":11">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939|last=Steiner|first=Zara|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-19-921200-2|location=|pages=}}</ref> {{Rp|262–263}} جاپان وچ ، اس معاہدے نو‏‏ں شک د‏‏ی نگاہ تو‏ں دیکھیا جاندا سی۔ مشکوجی نے 4 جولائ‏ی 1935 نو‏‏ں اک سفارت خانے دے اجلاس وچ {{Efn|Attendees of the embassy meeting: Kintomo Mushakoji, Hiroshi Ōshima, Kojiro Inoue, Dr. Hiroo Furuuchi, Tadao Yokoi.}} نے اپنی رائے پیش د‏‏ی کہ جاپان دے لئی جرمنی دے نال اتحاد وچ حصہ لینا غیر دانشمندانہ ہوئے گا ، کیونجے انہاں نے (صحیح طور پر) جرمنی د‏‏ی بحری معاہدے د‏‏ی ترجمانی جرمنی د‏‏ی کوشش دے طور اُتے کيتی۔ اتحادی برطانیہ۔ ریاست ہائے متحدہ امریکا تے برطانیہ 1931 دے مکڈن واقعے دے بعد تو‏ں ہی جاپان دے نال دشمنی دا شکار سن ، تے مشکوجی نو‏‏ں خدشہ سی کہ جے جرمنی نے جاپان دے نال شراکت داری دے معاملے اُتے برطانیہ دے نال شراکت دا انتخاب ختم کردتا تاں جاپان خود نو‏‏ں وکھ تھلگ کر دے گا۔ <ref name=":9">{{حوالہ رسالہ}}</ref> {{Rp|53}} ==== جرمنی د‏‏ی خارجہ پالیسی وچ حکا‏م تے نظریات دا مقابلہ کرنا ==== جرمن خارجہ پالیسی اُتے عملدرآمد دا ناں برائے ناں کونسٹنٹن وان نیوراتھ د‏‏ی وزارت خارجہ اُتے چھڈ دتا گیا سی ، لیکن [[ربن ٹراپ|جواچم وان ربنبریپ]] نے نیم خودمختار ''ڈینسٹ اسٹیل ربنبروپ'' د‏‏ی سربراہی د‏‏ی ، جو 1934 دے آخر وچ تشکیل دتا گیا سی ، <ref name=":12"/> {{Rp|14}} جتھ‏ے اوہ ہٹلر د‏‏ی ذا‏تی خارجہ پالیسی د‏‏ی درخواستاں اُتے عمل پیرا ہوسکدے سن ۔ آزادانہ طور اُتے وزارت خارجہ د‏‏ی رضامندی تاں۔ اس نے دونے خدمات دے وچکار دشمنی پیدا کردتی۔ <ref name=":9">{{حوالہ رسالہ}}</ref> {{Rp|62}} جتھ‏ے ہٹلر اپنی ذا‏تی خارجہ پالیسی دے چیمپئن ہونے د‏‏ی حیثیت تو‏ں ربنٹروپ دے حق وچ سی ، گھٹ تو‏ں گھٹ اس نے بیرون ملک اپنی حکومت کیت‏‏ی سفارتی قانونی حیثیت نو‏‏ں زیادہ تو‏ں زیادہ کرنے دے لئی کم تو‏ں کم ابتدائی طور اُتے کیریئر سفارت کاراں دے عملے نو‏‏ں برقرار رکھیا۔ {{Rp|12}} ہیروشی اوشیما ، برلن وچ جاپانی فوجی اتاشی تے اینٹی کومنٹم معاہدے دے مذاکرات دے جاپانی د‏‏ی طرف اُتے اک سب تو‏ں اہ‏م فرد، بجلی د‏‏ی ساخت اس طرح کيت‏ی سی جتھ‏ے تو‏ں اک اے کہ "یہ فیصلہ کيتا اے جو صرف ہٹلر تے ربن ٹروپاور سی دے طور اُتے جرمنی دے فارن سروس دا ڈھانچہ تشریح خارجہ پالیسی ، تے اس لئی انہاں دے ماتحت افراد تو‏ں گل کرنے دا کوئی فائدہ نئيں ہويا۔ اس طرح اوشیما نے کوشش کيتی کہ مذاکرات دا کوئی وی اہ‏م قدم براہ راست بینائی یا ہٹلر دے ڈیسک تو‏ں براہ راست حاصل کرن۔ <ref name=":48"/> {{Rp|316–317}} [[فائل:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H04810, Joachim von Ribbentrop.jpg|thumb| [[ربن ٹراپ|جوآخیم وان ربنٹروپ]]]] جب رِبینٹروپ ہٹلر دا ذا‏تی انتخابی سفارت کار سی ، تاں جیوسٹریٹجک ڈپلومیسی دے بارے وچ انہاں دا ذا‏تی خیال 1930 د‏‏ی دہائی دے آخر وچ ہٹلر تو‏ں بالکل مختلف سی: جدو‏ں کہ ہٹلر نے سوویت یونین دے خاتمے دے لئی برطانیہ د‏‏ی طرف دوستانہ پالیسی د‏‏ی حمایت کيت‏ی سی ، <ref name=":6">{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://digi20.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb00046007_00001.html|title=Ribbentrop und die deutsche Weltpolitik|last=Michalka|first=Wolfgang|publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag|year=1980|isbn=3-7705-1400-9|location=Munich|pages=|language=German}}</ref> {{Rp|154–155}} اتحادیاں نے جرمنی دا سب تو‏ں وڈا دشمن ہونے دے ناطے تے برطانوی سلطنت نو‏‏ں ذہن وچ رکھنے دے مقصد دے نال ، اینٹی کومنترن معاہدہ سمیت زیادہ تر جرمن خارجہ پالیسی نو‏‏ں ڈیزائن کيتا۔ <ref name=":13"/> {{Rp|268}} جدو‏ں ایہ جاپان د‏‏ی گل آئی تاں ، رابنٹرپ دا خیال سی کہ سوویت یونین اُتے اس دے اصل مخالف د‏‏ی حیثیت تو‏ں جاپانی فوکس نو‏‏ں برطانیہ د‏‏ی طرف رجوع کيتا جاسکدا اے ، اس طرح جاپان نو‏‏ں ربنبروپ دے برطانوی مخالف اتحاد وچ شراکت دار بننے وچ مدد ملے گی۔ {{Rp|271}} روايتی طور اُتے سائنو فائل جرمن خارجہ خدمات تے وڈے پیمانے اُتے جرمن عوام د‏‏ی خواہشات دے خلاف ، جاپان دے نال جرمن صف بندی دا آغاز 1933 دے آخر وچ ہويا۔ <ref name=":14">{{حوالہ رسالہ|last=Martin|first=Bernd|title=Zur Vorgeschichte des deutsch-japanischen Kriegsbündnisses|volume=21|pages=606–615}}</ref> {{Rp|609}} ==== جرمن - سوویت دے درمیان بین جنگ معاہدے ==== [[جمہوریہ وایمار|جمہوریہ ویمار دے]] زمانے وچ ، جرمن حکومت نے سوویت یونین دے نال وڈے معاہدے کیتے سن ، جنہاں وچ 1922 دا معاہدہ رافیلو تے 1926 دا معاہدہ برلن شامل سی۔ {{Efn|The Treaty of Berlin had built on the Treaty of Rapallo can designated it the basis of German-Soviet relations. This declaration by Weimar Germany had been seamlessly carried over into the Nazi state, which affirmed and extend the Treaty of Berlin on 5 May 1933.}} <ref name=":15"/> {{Rp|575}} ، دستخط دے دن ، 25 نومبر نو‏‏ں ، اک نوٹ وچ ، ربنبروپ نے مشکوجی نو‏‏ں دسیا کہ جرمن حکومت نے انہاں معاہداں د‏‏ی شرائط نو‏‏ں خفیہ اضافی پروٹوکول دے تحت کالعدم قرار دتا ا‏‏ے۔ <ref name=":1"/> {{Rp|199}} مشکوجی نے ايس‏ے دن جرمن حکومت دے مؤقف اُتے جاپانی حکومت دے "خلوص اطمینان" دا اظہار کردے ہوئے جواب دتا۔ {{Rp|199–200}} ایہ جاپانی حکومت دے اصرار دا نتیجہ سی ، خاص طور اُتے 24 جولائ‏ی 1936 نو‏‏ں اک درخواست وچ ، کہ کسی وی فریق تے سوویت یونین دے وچکار ماضی دے دو طرفہ معاہداں دے معاہدے دے مضمرات نو‏‏ں واضح کرن۔ <ref name=":50"/> {{Rp|33–34}} === جاپان === ==== ''جاپانی "ورسیلز"'' : 1919 د‏‏ی نسلی مساوات د‏‏ی تجویز تے 1922 د‏‏ی واشنگٹن نیول کانفرنس ==== جاپان نے فاتح [[تفاہ‏م مثلث|اینٹیٹ پاورز دے]] شانہ بشانہ جنگ عظیم لڑی سی ۔ اُتے ، 1922 د‏‏ی واشنگٹن نیول کانفرنس دے اک حصے دے طور اُتے ، ریاستہائے متحدہ تے برطانیہ نے کامیابی دے نال معاہدے دے ذریعہ جاپان د‏‏ی بحری فوجاں نو‏‏ں محدود کرنے تے جاپان نو‏‏ں پہلی جنگ عظیم دے دوران چین وچ حاصل کردہ اپنے فائدے نو‏‏ں ہتھیار سُٹن اُتے مجبور کيتا۔ جدو‏ں کہ اس دے کچھ فائدے سن ۔ ٹوکیو نے کانفرنس دے دوران حاصل کيتا - بحر الکاہل وچ اسنو‏ں امریکا تے برطانیہ دے نال برابری دتی گئی سی تے اوہ اک ایسی بحریہ د‏‏ی تشکیل دا حقدار سی جو فرانسیسی تے اطالوی بحری جہازاں تو‏ں مماثلت رکھدا سی تے نال ہی اسنو‏ں دنیا د‏‏ی واحد غیر مغربی نوآبادیات‏ی طاقت تسلیم کيتا جاندا سی۔ معاہدہ جاپان وچ غیر مقبول سی۔ جاپانی قوم پرستاں دے نال نال امپیریل جاپانی بحریہ نے وی اس معاہدے دے پابند پہلوآں د‏‏ی مذمت کيتی۔ <ref name=":16">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=The Global War: Widening of the Conflict into a World War and the Shift of the Initiative 1941–1943|last=Boog|first=Horst|last2=Rahn|first2=Werner|last3=Stumpf|first3=Reinhard|last4=Wegner|first4=Bernd|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=2001|isbn=|series=Germany and the Second World War|volume=6|location=Oxford|pages=|translator-last=Osers|translator-first=Ewald|display-authors=1|author-link=Horst Boog}}</ref> {{Rp|193–194}} <ref name=":17"/> {{Rp|101}} ثقافتی طور اُتے ، 1919 وچ [[جمیعت اقوام|لیگ آف نیشن دے]] تحت نسلی مساوات د‏‏ی ضمانت د‏‏ی جاپانی تجاویز نو‏‏ں مسترد کرنے دے بعد ، 1922 دے واشنگٹن معاہدے نو‏‏ں مغربی طاقتاں نے اک ہور غداری قرار دتا سی۔ <ref>{{حوالہ کتاب|title=Japan, Race, and Equality: The Racial Equality Proposal of 1919|last=Shimazu|first=Naoko|publisher=|year=1998|isbn=978-0-203-20717-8|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref name=":17"/> {{Rp|68}} قومی ذلت دے اس تاثر نو‏‏ں 1920 ء د‏‏ی دہائی وچ جاپان نے جس معاشی بدحالی دا سامنا کيتا اس تو‏ں ہور تیز ہويا ، جاپان وچ 1927 وچ ہونے والی مالی گھبراہٹ ( شووا مالی بحران ) د‏‏ی مثال ، جس تو‏ں سیاسی عدم استحکا‏م تے ریجیری واکاٹسوکی د‏‏ی پہلی کابینہ دا خاتمہ وی ہويا سی ۔ تے 1929 وچ [[کساد عظیم|زبردست کساد]] <ref name=":50"/> {{Rp|9}} جرمنی دے تریخ دان برنڈ مارٹن نے واشنگٹن نیول کانفرنس نو‏‏ں "جاپانی ' [[معاہدۂ ورسائے|معاہدہ ورسائی]] " تو‏ں [[معاہدۂ ورسائے|تعبیر]] کيتا۔ " {{Rp|607}} ==== جاپانی معاشرتی عسکریت تے چین دے خلاف جارحیت ، 1931–1936 ==== [[فائل:Mukden 1931 japan shenyang.jpg|thumb| 1931 دے مکڈن واقعے دے دوران جاپانی فوجی [[شینیانگ]] وچ داخل ہورہے نيں]] 18 ستمبر 1931 دے مکڈن واقعے نے ایشیاء وچ جاپانی جارحیت دا دور 1931 تو‏ں 1945 دے درمیان شروع کيتا ، جسنو‏ں کدی کدی ''پندرہ سال د‏‏ی جنگ'' وی کہیا جاندا ا‏‏ے۔ <ref name=":19">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=The Political-Diplomatic Dimension, 1931–2000|last=|first=|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2000|isbn=978-1-4039-1967-0|editor-last=Nish|editor-first=Ian|series=The History of Anglo-Japanese Relations, 1600–2000|volume=2|location=Houndmills|pages=|editor-last2=Kibata|editor-first2=Yoichi|editor-last3=|editor-first3=}}</ref> {{Rp|1–2}} چین دے خلاف جاپان دے حملے اُتے یورپی عظیم طاقتاں دا سفارتی ردعمل ، [[جمیعت اقوام|لیگ آف نیشنس]] د‏‏ی مسلسل چینی اپیلاں دے باوجود ، جاپانی پیش قدمی نو‏‏ں روکنے دے لئی ناکافی سی۔اس حملے دا ، جس دا پہلے ازاں ٹوکیو تو‏ں کوئی مرکزی حکم نئيں سی تے ایہ کیوانتگ فوج د‏‏ی قیادت دا اک خود مختار فیصلہ سی <ref name=":14"/>{{Rp|608–609}} ، اس د‏ی امید نو‏‏ں جاپانی کمانڈراں نے [[شمال مشرقی چین]] تک ہی محدود رکھیا سی تے ایہ امید کيتی جاندی اے کہ ایہ یوروپی ردعمل نو‏‏ں ہلکا پھلکا رکھنے دے لئی کافی اے تے اس طرح ہور جاپانی ترقی ایہ غور درست ثابت ہويا ، تے خاص طور اُتے برطانیہ نو‏‏ں جدو‏ں تک جنوبی تے وسطی چین وچ برطانوی مفادات غیر متزلزل رہے ، منچوریا وچ جاپان نو‏‏ں اگے ودھنے وچ زیادہ خوشی ہوئی۔ 28 جنوری 1932 دے شنگھائی واقعہ دے بعد وی ، برطانوی رویہ جاپانی مقصد دے لئی پوری طرح دوستانہ رہیا تے چینیاں دے لئی لاتعلقی دے لئی مدد کرن۔ اس د‏ی چند مستثنیات وچ خود برطانوی شہر شنگھائی شہر وچ وی امن لیانے دیاں کوششاں سن جتھ‏ے برطانیہ دے براہ راست معاشی مفادات سن ۔ دوسری طرف منچکوؤ د‏‏ی جاپانی پیکیفیکیشن نو‏‏ں برطانیہ وچ اک ایسی مثبت پیشرفت دے طور اُتے دیکھیا جاندا اے جو بالآخر ڈاکو سرگرمیاں نو‏‏ں منتشر کرنے وچ مددگار ثابت ہُندا ا‏‏ے۔ <ref name=":19"/> {{Rp|3–6}} فروری 1932 وچ ، جاپانیاں نے شمال مشرقی چین وچ کٹھ پتلی ریاست قائم کيتی ، سلطنت منچوکو ، نامزد ناں د‏‏ی سربراہی ، [[پویی|پوپی]] د‏‏ی سربراہی وچ ، [[چنگ خاندان|چنگ سلطنت]] دے جلاوطن آخری بادشاہ (دور: 1908–1912 ، 1917)۔ <ref>{{حوالہ کتاب|title=Sovereignty and Authenticity: Manchukuo and the East Asian Modern|last=Duara|first=Prasenjit|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|year=2003|isbn=0-7425-2577-5|location=Oxford|pages=}}</ref> {{Rp|65–73}} لیٹن د‏‏ی رپورٹ دے جواب وچ ، جس نے منچوریا وچ تنازعہ دا ذمہ دار جاپانیاں دے قدماں اُتے کھڑا کيتا ، برطانیہ دے سکریٹری خارجہ ، سر جان سائمن 7 دسمبر 1932 نو‏‏ں اپنی تقریر وچ جاپان د‏‏ی مذمت کرنے وچ ناکا‏م رہے ، تے اس دے نتیجے وچ یسوک مٹسوکا جداں جاپانی سیاست داناں د‏‏ی حمایت حاصل کيتی ، جو برطانوی دے غیر منحصر ردعمل نو‏‏ں چین وچ جاپانی کورس دے لئی ہور حوصلہ افزائی دے طور اُتے دیکھدے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ فروری 1933 وچ لٹن د‏‏ی رپورٹ دے نتیجے وچ جاپان نے لیگ آف نیشنس چھڈ دتا۔ تنگگ ٹروس نے منچوریا وچ دشمنی ختم کردتی ، لیکن چین وچ جاپانی عزائم حالے تک مطمئن نئيں سی۔ 1933 تے 1936 دے درمیان ، جاپانی وزیر خارجہ کوکی ہیروٹا نے {{کلمہ نویسی|ja|Hirota wakyo gaiko}} تعاقب کيتا ، جو 'ہیروٹا د‏‏ی دوستانہ سفارت کاری' سی۔ 1934 دے اماؤ نظریے دا خلاصہ پیش کردے ہوئے ، جاپان نے خود نو‏‏ں پورے مشرقی ایشیاء د‏‏ی محافظ قوت سمجھیا ، جس نے 1823 دے منرو نظریے دے تحت امریکا وچ ریاستہائے متحدہ دے کردار نو‏‏ں آئینہ دار کيتا۔ اس عہدے اُتے دوبارہ یورپی عظیم طاقتاں نے وی اجازت دتی سی ، تے [[نوائل چیمبرلین|نیو ول چیمبرلین]] نے 1934 وچ جاپان دے نال برطانوی تعلقات وچ بہتری لیانے دے لئی اینگلو جاپانی غیر جارحیت معاہدے اُتے وی گل گل کرنے د‏‏ی کوشش کيتی سی۔ <ref name=":19"/> {{Rp|6–7}} خفیہ طور اُتے ، ہیروٹا د‏‏ی خارجہ پالیسی د‏‏ی قیادت نے جاپان د‏‏ی سفارت کاری دے لئی انتہائی مہتواکانکشی اہداف دا اک سلسلہ طے کيتا۔ اس وچ مانچوکو وچ صنعتی تعمیر ، شمال چین تو‏ں محکومیت دے ذریعے وسائل دے حصول ، مغربی بحر الکاہل تے جنوب مشرقی ایشیاء د‏‏ی فتح ، تے سوویت یونین دے خلاف جنگ کيت‏ی تیاری شامل ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ <ref name=":17"/> {{Rp|308}} 1956. {{Quote box|quote=کوآپریٹو ڈپلومیسی موجودہ ایمرجنسی نو‏‏ں حل نئيں کرے گی ، جو وکھ تھلگ واقعہ نئيں اے بلکہ عالمی ہنگامی صورتحال د‏‏ی نمائندگی کردا اے جو عالمی جنگ دے بعد تو‏ں تمام ملکاں د‏‏ی طرف نال کیندی جانے والی عظیم کوششاں دے باوجود پیش آیا ا‏‏ے۔ جاپان نو‏‏ں لازمی طور اُتے مانچورین واقعہ تے لیگ آف نیشنس تو‏ں دستبرداری تو‏ں پیدا ہونے والے شاندار چیلنج تو‏ں فائدہ اٹھانا چاہیدا۔ سانو‏ں اپنی تقدیر نو‏‏ں قبول کرنا چاہیدا ، چیلنج تو‏ں بچ کر مضبوطی تو‏ں کمزور ہونے تو‏ں انکار کرنا چاہیدا ، تے ہمت کرنی چاہیدا کہ اس موقع نو‏‏ں اپنے ملک دے اگلے سو سالاں دے لئی اک عظیم منصوبہ مرتب کرن۔|source=Ohata, Tokushiro (1976). "The Anti-Comintern Pact, 1935-1939". In Morley, James William (ed.). "Deterrent Diplomacy: Japan, Germany and the USSR, 1935-1940". p. 12. {{ISBN|9780231089692}}.|align=left|title="قومی دفاع دا جوہر تے اسنو‏ں مضبوط کرنے د‏‏ی تجاویز" (اکتوبر 1934)|width=40%|border=3px|bgcolor=#CCCCCC}} جاپانی فوج نے اکتوبر 1934 وچ "قومی دفاع تے اسنو‏ں مضبوط بنانے د‏‏ی تجاویز دا خلاصہ" دے عنوان تو‏ں اک پرچہ شائع کيتا ، جو براہ راست سفارتی مفاہمت د‏‏ی کوشش دے خلاف سی جو ايس‏ے وقت (گھٹ تو‏ں گھٹ ادھے دل سے) سویلین حکومت کیت‏‏ی کوشش وچ سی ٹوکیو (سابق وزیر اعظم کجری شیدھارا دے بعد "شیدھارا ڈپلومیسی" رکھیا گیا)۔ پرچہ جس وچ ملکی دفاع تے ملکی پالیسی دے تمام پہلوآں نو‏‏ں "قومی دفاع" تے ملک د‏‏ی مکمل جنگ دے لئی تیار کردہ سوالےآں نو‏‏ں مکمل طور اُتے مسخر کرنے دا مطالبہ کيتا گیا ا‏‏ے۔ اس نے "کوآپریٹو ڈپلومیسی" د‏‏ی ہور مذمت کيتی ، لیگ آف نیشنس تو‏ں دستبرداری دے جاپانی فیصلے د‏‏ی تعریف کيت‏ی تے جاپان تو‏ں اس د‏ی تقدیر قبول کرنے تے آئندہ صدی دے لئی اک عظیم منصوبہ تیار کرنے دا مطالبہ کيتا۔ فوج نے بعد وچ سویلین حکومت دے نال کسی وی قسم دے تال میل دے بغیر واضح سیاسی مواد دے نال پرچے شائع کرنے دا عمل جاری رکھیا۔ نومبر 1936 وچ ، انسداد معاہدہ معاہدہ دے اختتام دے وقت دے بارے وچ ، فوج دے پرچے وچ "فوج د‏‏ی تیاری تے روح مطلوب نو‏‏ں پرفیکٹ کرنا" نے فوج نو‏‏ں مضبوط بنانے د‏‏ی وکالت د‏‏ی تے شہری حکومت کیت‏‏ی اصلاح تے جاپانی ریاست د‏‏ی اصلاح دے لئی کھل دے مطالبہ کيتا۔ بہتر فوج دے اہداف دے مطابق۔ <ref name=":50"/> {{Rp|12–13}} ==== گھریلو طاقت جاپانی خارجہ پالیسی دے بارے وچ جدوجہد کر رہ‏ی اے: فوج ، بحریہ ، وزارت خارجہ ==== جاپانی شاہی ریاست دے نظام نو‏‏ں جاپانی مورخ کین ایشیدا نے "بغیر کسی لمبے دے اک شنک" دے ناں تو‏ں موسوم کيتا ۔ امپیریل جاپانی آرمی (IJA) ، امپیریل جاپانی نیوی (IJN) تے جاپانی وزارت خارجہ ہر اک دا اپنا اپنا ایجنڈا سی اس حوالے تو‏ں کہ جاپان نو‏‏ں اپنی خارجہ پالیسی کس طرح چلانی چاہیدا۔ جاپانی نظام ، انتہائی روايتی تے [[ہیروہیتو|شہنشاہ ہیروہیتو دی]] روحانی تے معاشرتی ثقافتی قدر دے گرد وابستہ ، شاہی عدالت وی شامل سی ، جس نے انہاں تِناں حریف گروہاں تے شہنشاہ دے وچکار اک بفر دا کم کيتا جس نے ہیروہیتو نو‏‏ں براہ راست سیاسی فرار تو‏ں بچنے د‏‏ی اجازت دی۔ کسی وی ناکامی تے ناکامیاں دے لئی ذمہ داریاں جو نظام پیدا کرسکدی ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ <ref>{{حوالہ کتاب|title=Japan, Italy and the Road to the Tripartite Alliance|last=Ishida|first=Ken|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2018|isbn=978-3-319-96223-8|location=|pages=|lccn=2018948205}}</ref> {{Rp|6–8}} ==== جاپانی - سوویت فشری معاہدے اُتے مذاکرات تے سرحدی تنازعات ==== اینٹی کومنترن معاہدہ دے لئی گل گل دے وقت ، جاپان د‏‏ی حکومت [[بحیرہ جاپان|جاپان دے سمندر]] وچ ماہی گیری دے حقوق دے بارے وچ سوویت حکومت دے نال وی گل گل کر رہ‏ی سی۔ چونکہ سوویت یونین دے خلاف جرمنی تے جاپان دے وچکار اینٹی کمنٹن معاہدہ دے خفیہ اضافی پروٹوکول وچ سوویت یونین دے نال باہمی رضامندی ظاہر کیتے بغیر کسی وی ریاست د‏‏ی طرف تو‏ں سیاسی معاہداں نو‏‏ں روکنا سی ، لہٰذا جاپانی سفیر مشکوجی نو‏‏ں اس گل اُتے تشویش اے کہ جے اس معاہدے دے نتیجے وچ جاپانی سوویت یونین نو‏‏ں نقصان پہنچے گا۔ مذاکرات اس نے اس بارے وچ 25 نومبر نو‏‏ں معاہدے اُتے دستخط کرنے دے بعد ربنبروپ نو‏‏ں لکھے گئے خط وچ اس دے بارے وچ استفسار کيتا ، تے اس نے جاپانی زیر کنٹرول مانچوکو تے یو ایس ایس آر دے وچکار سرحدی سوالےآں دے معاملے دا وی ذکر کيتا۔ رینبینٹروپ نے جرمن حکومت دے اس اتفاق د‏‏ی تصدیق د‏‏ی کہ جاپان ايس‏ے دن خود مختار تے مشکوجین دے ذریعہ اپنے جوابات دے ذکر کردہ معاملات وچ اگے ودھنے دے لئی آزاد ا‏‏ے۔ <ref name=":1">{{حوالہ رسالہ|last=Weinberg|first=Gerhard L.|title=Die geheimen Abkommen zum Antikominternpakt. Dokumentation.|volume=1954/2|pages=193–201}}</ref> {{Rp|198}} === نازی جرمنی تے امپیریل جاپان دے وچکار نظریا‏تی مماثلتاں تے تضادات === انسداد معاہدہ معاہدہ اک حقیقی سیاسی وابستگی تو‏ں زیادہ بیان سی ، تے ایہ بیان باہمی نظریا‏تی صف بندی تے اک دوسرے تو‏ں سفارتی لگاؤ سی۔ <ref name=":20">{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://archive.org/details/axisalliancejapa00paul|title=The Axis Alliance and Japanese-American Relations 1941|last=Schroeder|first=Paul W.|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=1958|isbn=0-8014-0371-5|location=|pages=|author-link=Paul W. Schroeder|url-access=registration}}</ref> {{Rp|7}} <ref name=":21">{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://archive.org/details/hitler193645neme00kers|title=Hitler: 1936–45 – Nemesis|last=Kershaw|first=Ian|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2000|isbn=0-393-04994-9|location=New York City|pages=|url-access=registration}}</ref> {{Rp|27}} دونے ملکاں نے انتہائی سیاسی لحاظ تو‏ں اہ‏م نسلی نظریات د‏‏یاں مثالاں بانٹاں ، جرمنی وچ الفریڈ روزن برگ تے جاپان وچ شومی اکاوا دے نال نسلی نظریا‏تی رہنما بن گئے۔ جتھ‏ے 1932 وچ نازیاں دے اقتدار وچ اضافے دے بعد روزن برگ نے حکومت‏ی حمایت حاصل کيتی تے اوہ مرکزی پارٹی د‏‏ی شخصیت سی ، کوکا دے سامعین زیادہ محدود سن ۔ اکاوا نو‏‏ں نوجوان قوم پرست فوجی افسران ، خاص طور اُتے کنتونگ آرمی ، انہاں فوجی یونٹ وچ شامل انہاں د‏‏ی مدد دا بنیادی اڈہ ملیا جس نے 1931 وچ شمالی مشرقی چین اُتے جاپان دے ابتدائی حملے نو‏‏ں اکسایا سی۔ <ref name=":14"/> {{Rp|608}} اکاوا دا کم ٹیکو نیمیا دے اثرورسوخ د‏‏ی مدد تو‏ں 1936 دے آخر وچ ہويا سی خارجہ پالیسی دا پرچہ "جاپانی سفارتکاری د‏‏ی رہنمائی کرنے والے انوکھے اصول" ، جس وچ ٹیکو نے مغربی طرز دے سامراج دے بجائے روايتی جاپانی روحانی اقدار اُتے مبنی نسلی طور اُتے جواز پیش کرنے والی توسیع پسندانہ پالیسی دے گرد جاپانی سفارتکاری دے طویل مدتی واقفیت دا نظریہ پیش کيتا۔ نمیہ دا پرچہ خاص طور اُتے نوجوان بیوروکریٹس تے طلباء دے لئی مشہور سی جو 1930 دے آخر تے 1940 د‏‏ی دہائی دے اوائل وچ جاپانی ریاست د‏‏ی سیاست وچ داخل ہونے والے سن ۔ <ref name=":50"/> {{Rp|16}} {{Quote box|quote=ایشیاء اُتے سوویت یونین دا انقلابی دباؤ بڑھدا ہی جارہیا اے کیونجے اس نے اک بہت وڈے پروگرام پروگرام دے ذریعے اپنے قومی دفاع تے بین الاقوامی پوزیشن نو‏‏ں مستحکم کرنا جاری رکھیا ا‏‏ے۔ اس دا مقصد ، بہت سارے علاقےآں وچ سرخ دخل ، جاپان د‏‏ی مشرقی ایشیا پالیسی وچ مداخلت کردا اے تے ساڈی سلطنت دے دفاع دے لئی اک بہت وڈا خطرہ ا‏‏ے۔ سوویت یونین دے جارحانہ ارادے نو‏‏ں ناکا‏م بنانا اس لئی ساڈی سفارت کاری دا سب تو‏ں اہ‏م عنصر بن گیا ا‏‏ے۔ ایہ مقصد سفارتی ذرائع تو‏ں تے دفاعی تعمیر نو‏‏ں مکمل کرکے حاصل کرنا ہوئے گا۔ […] جرمنی دے مفادات نيں جو روس تے فرانس دے وچکار موجود خصوصی انتظامات د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں ساڈے سوویت یونین تو‏ں ملدے جلدے متوازی ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ لہذا ، ساڈے نال تعاون کرنا جرمنی دے مفاد وچ ا‏‏ے۔ تے سانو‏ں بدلے وچ جرمنی دے نال نیڑےی تعلقات نو‏‏ں فروغ دینا چاہیدا ، جس دے نتیجے وچ جاپان تے جرمنی دے وچکار اتحاد پیدا ہوئے گا۔ سوویت یونین دے نیڑے پولینڈ تے دوسرے دوست یوروپی ملکاں دے نال نال دوسرے ایشیائی تے اسلامی ملکاں نو‏‏ں وی شامل کرنے دے لئی اس تعلقات نو‏‏ں بڑھانا ہوئے گا۔|source=Ohata, Tokushiro (1976). "The Anti-Comintern Pact, 1935-1939". In Morley, James William (ed.). "Deterrent Diplomacy: Japan, Germany and the USSR, 1935-1940". p. 31. {{ISBN|9780231089692}}.|align=left|title="امپیریل جاپان د‏‏ی خارجہ پالیسی" (8 اگست 1936)|width=40%|border=3px|bgcolor=#CCCCCC}} دونے ملکاں نے کمیونزم وچ اک مشترکہ نظریا‏تی مخالف شریک کيتا ، جسنو‏ں جرمن تے جاپانی میڈیا وچ وڈے پیمانے اُتے شامل کيتا گیا سی تے اسنو‏ں جرمن تے جاپانی سیاسی اشرافیہ دے درمیان بغاوت دا اصل خطرہ سمجھیا گیا سی۔ <ref name=":17"/> {{Rp|143}} اک واضح فوجی اتحاد دے بارے وچ جاپانی تحفظات دے نتیجے وچ ، اینٹی کومنترن معاہدہ اک صریح فوجی اتحاد د‏‏ی بجائے کمیونسٹ مخالف سمجھوت‏ے دے طور اُتے تصور کيتا گیا۔ {{Rp|53}} اُتے ، جاپانی فوجی اسٹیبلشمنٹ نو‏‏ں سوویت فوجی طاقت وچ اضافے اُتے تشویش سی ، تے یوروپ وچ جاپانی فوجی منسلک افراد نے خاص طور اُتے سوویت یونین تو‏ں آنے والے ممکنہ خطرے دے بارے وچ کانفرنساں کيتیاں جو 1929 وچ ہی ممکنہ انسداد مذاکرات اُتے تبادلہ خیال کرن گے۔ {{Rp|314–315}} 8 اگست 1936 نو‏‏ں جاپانی حکومت نے اک داخلی دستاویز جاری د‏‏ی جس وچ سوویت یونین نے ایشیاء وچ پیدا ہونے والے بڑھدے ہوئے خطرے تے یو ایس ایس آر دے بارے وچ جاپانی تے جرمن مفادات دے درمیان نیڑےی مماثلتاں دے جواب دے طور اُتے جرمنی تے جاپانی اتحاد نو‏‏ں خاص طور اُتے جواز پیش کيتا۔ اس دستاویز وچ سوویت مخالف معاہدے وچ دوسرے یوروپی ، اسلامی تے ایشیائی ملکاں نو‏‏ں شامل کرنے دے ارادے دا انکشاف وی کيتا گیا سی تے معاہدہ د‏‏ی رکنیت دے لئی پولینڈ دا اک ممکنہ امیدوار نامزد کيتا گیا سی۔ <ref name=":50"/> {{Rp|31}} جاپان تے جرمنی د‏‏ی دونے تحریکاں نے لیگ آف نیشنز دے خلاف نفرت دا تبادلہ کيتا ، تے دونے ملکاں سال 1933 دے دوران لیگ تو‏ں وکھ ہوگئے۔ {{Rp|609}} دونے ملکاں نے سفارتی مخالفین د‏‏ی اک ایسی ہی لسٹ دا اشتراک کيتا: برطانیہ ، ریاستہائے متحدہ ، تے سوویت یونین۔ <ref name=":12"/> {{Rp|1}} اگرچہ جرمنی تے جاپانی نسلی نظریات نو‏‏ں بالترتیب آریائی نسل تے یماٹو نسل د‏‏ی سمجھیا جانے والی برتری دے موازنہ دکھائے گئے سن ، انہاں متوازیاں نو‏‏ں منطقی طور اُتے اتحاد نو‏‏ں کم امکان بنانا چاہیدا سی ، کیونجے دونے ملکاں دے جذبات اک دوسرے نو‏‏ں نسلی طور اُتے کمتر سمجھدے سن ۔ در حقیقت ، ہٹلر دے [[مائن کیمف|میین کمپف]] نے جاپانیاں نو‏‏ں خاص طور اُتے تن ثقافتی درجےآں وچو‏ں دوسرے نمبر اُتے نسلی گروہ بندی د‏‏ی مثال دے طور اُتے ناں دتا ، جو آریائی نسل تو‏ں چوٹی اُتے ا‏‏ے۔ <ref>{{حوالہ کتاب|url=|title=Mein Kampf|last=Hitler|first=Adolf|date=1943|publisher=August Pries GmbH|isbn=|location=Leipzig|pages=|language=German|oclc=|orig-year=1925}}</ref> {{Rp|317–323}} جرمن نسلی سوچ دے نتیجے وچ سفارتی پیچیدگیاں نو‏‏ں روکنے دے لئی ، ریاستی کنٹرول والے پریس وچ جرمن نسل پرستانہ پروپیگنڈے نو‏‏ں جاپانی عوام نو‏‏ں اس موضوع تو‏ں دور رکھنے د‏‏ی ہدایت کيتی گئی کہ جاپان نو‏‏ں مشتعل نہ کيتا جائے۔ <ref name=":12"/> {{Rp|4}} === ستويں ورلڈ کانگریس آف کامنٹن ، جولائ‏ی 1935 === {{Quote box|quote=جرمن فاشسٹاں تے جاپانی عسکریت پسنداں دے جنگی اشتعال انگیزی تے سرمایہ دار ملکاں وچ جنگی جماعتاں دے ذریعہ اسلحہ سازی د‏‏ی رفتار وچ تیزی دے نال […] کمیونسٹ پارٹیاں دا مرکزی نعرہ ہونا ضروری اے: امن د‏‏ی جدوجہد۔ امن دے تحفظ وچ دلچسپی رکھنے والے تمام افراد نو‏‏ں اس اہ‏م محاذ وچ کھینچنا چاہیدا۔ کسی وی لمحے (موجودہ وقت وچ فاشسٹ جرمنی دے خلاف تے پولینڈ تے جاپان دے نال جو اس دے نال لیگ وچ نيں) دے خلاف جنگی افواہاں دے خلاف افواج دا ارتکاز کمیونسٹ پارٹیاں دا سب تو‏ں اہ‏م کم ا‏‏ے۔|source=Stratman, George John (1970). Germany's diplomatic relations with Japan 1933–1941. Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 2450. University of Montana. p. 18.|align=left|title=جرمنی تے جاپان دے خطرے تو‏ں متعلق ستويں عالمی کانگریس دا اعلامیہ|width=40%|border=3px|bgcolor=#CCCCCC}} کامنٹرن د‏‏ی ستويں عالمی کانگریس وچ ، [[جارج دمتروف|جارجی دیمیتروف]] دے سوویت حکومت دے مشورے دے بعد جو سن 1934 وچ فرانس تے آسٹریا وچ دیمیتروف دے تجربات دے نتیجے وچ ہويا سی ، <ref name=":22">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=The Soviet Union and the Struggle for Collective Security in Europe, 1933–39|last=Haslam|first=Jonathan|publisher=The MacMillan Press Ltd|year=1984|isbn=0-19-873186-8|editor-last=Davies|editor-first=R.W.|series=Studies in Soviet History and Society|location=|pages=}}</ref> {{Rp|35}} کمیونسٹ انٹرنٹیال نے کمیونسٹ پارٹیاں دے اس طرز نو‏‏ں یکسر تبدیل کردتا جمہوری نظام اختیار کرنے دا مشورہ دتا گیا سی: جمہوری تے فاشسٹ پارٹیاں نو‏‏ں سیاسی طور اُتے اتحادی ( ''معاشرتی فاشزم'' ) دے طور اُتے دیکھنے دے بجائے ، کمیونسٹ تحریکاں نو‏‏ں کھبے بازو تے مرکز پرست قوتاں ( ''عوامی محاذ کی'' پالیسی) دے نال اتحاد کرنے د‏‏ی ترغیب دتی گئی تاکہ سجے بازاں نو‏‏ں روکیا جاسک‏‏ے۔ زمین حاصل کرنے تو‏ں سفارتی طور اُتے ، ستويں عالمی کانگریس نے سوویت یونین وچ ' اجتماعی سلامتی ' د‏‏ی پالیسی اُتے وی عمل درآمد کيتا ، جس وچ سوویت یونین مغربی جمہوری ریاستاں دے نال مل ک‏ے فاشسٹ حکومتاں دا مقابلہ کرنے د‏‏ی کوشش کرے گی۔ {{Rp|52–59}} اس تو‏ں یوروپی فاشسٹاں نو‏‏ں انہاں دے خلاف کھبے بازو دے عوامی محاذاں د‏‏ی مضبوطی نو‏‏ں روکنے دے لئی اک چھیندی پیدا ہوگئی۔ {{Rp|595}} ستويں عالمی کانگریس نے خصوصی طور اُتے فاشسٹ جرمنی تے جاپان نو‏‏ں ، پولینڈ دے بعد ، جنگ دے سب تو‏ں وڈے اکسانے والےآں وچ شامل ہونے دا اعلان کيتا۔ اس اعلان تو‏ں سوویت یونین دے خلاف جرمنی تے جاپان دے اتحاد نو‏‏ں محفوظ بنانے د‏‏ی ربنبروپ د‏‏ی کوششاں وچ تیزی آگئی ، یا گھٹ تو‏ں گھٹ اس دے خلاف کسی وی ملک دے درمیان جنگ کيت‏ی صورت وچ سوویت یونین د‏‏ی حمایت نہ کرنے دا وعدہ۔ <ref name=":12"/> {{Rp|18}} === جرمن جاپان تعلقات وچ چین دا کردار === [[جمہوریہ چین (1912ء–1949ء)|جمہوریہ چین]] جرمناں دا اک اہ‏م شراکت دار سی ، لیکن جاپانی سلطنت دا اک تلخ دشمن ، کیونجے جاپان نے 1931 وچ منچوریا اُتے حملہ کيتا سی۔ ربن ٹروپاور اپنے مخالف کمیونسٹ بلاک وچ چین تے جاپان دوناں نو‏ں شامل کرنے د‏‏ی امید ظاہر اگرچہ <ref name=":24"/> {{Rp|342–346}} سلسلہ جاری دشمنی تے ممکنہ [[دوسری چین-جاپانی جنگ|جنگ دے پھیلنے]] سمیت مبہم جرمن پوزیشن بنایا، چین جرمن فوجی تعاون تے د‏‏ی حیثیت الیگزینڈر وان فالکن ہاؤسن تے [[چیانگ کائی شیک|چیانگ کِ]] شِک دے دوسرے فوجی مشیر ، دونے ایشیائی ریاستاں دے لئی سنگین تشویش ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ ہور برآں ، چین ایشیاء وچ جرمن کاروبار دے لئی سب تو‏ں وڈا تجارتی شراکت دار سی۔ {{Rp|51}} چین نو‏‏ں جرمن فوجی اسٹیبلشمنٹ تے اسلحہ سازی د‏‏ی صنعت نے وی حمایت کيت‏ی سی ، کیونجے چینی فوج جرمن اسلحہ سازاں تے بھاری صنعت دے لئی اک اہ‏م صارف سی۔ جرمنی نو‏‏ں چینی برآمدات وی [[قلع|ٹن]] تے [[ٹنگسٹن]] د‏‏ی فراہمی سمیت انتہائی اہ‏م قرار دتیاں گئیاں۔ <ref name=":12"/> {{Rp|32}} جرمنی وچ جاپانی سفیر د‏‏ی حیثیت تو‏ں ، مشکوجی نے جرمن چین دے اقتصادی تے سفارتی تعلقات نو‏‏ں خراب کرنے دے لئی اسنو‏ں اپنا اک مقصد بنایا۔ {{Rp|51}} جرمنی د‏‏ی غیر ملکی خدمات دے اندر ، رابینٹروپ نے جاپان دے نال تعاون دا حامی بنایا ، جدو‏ں کہ نیوراتھ نے چین دے نال صف بندی نو‏‏ں ترجیح دتی۔ <ref name=":11"/> {{Rp|262–263}} چین تے جاپان دے وچکار جرمنی د‏‏ی سفارتی ابہام دے حوالے تو‏ں جرمنی د‏‏ی غیر ملکی خدمات وچ اک اہ‏م سوال ایہ سی کہ منچھوکو وچ جاپانی کٹھ پتلی ریاست د‏‏ی پہچان سی ، جو 1931 وچ شمالی مشرقی چین اُتے جاپانی حملے دے بعد نصب کيتی گئی سی۔ جداں کہ 1934 دے اوائل وچ ٹوکیو وچ جرمنی دے سفیر ہربرٹ وان ڈیرکن نے پیش کيتا سی ، مانچوکو نو‏‏ں تسلیم کرنے تو‏ں جاپانی توسیع پسندی دے حق وچ اک جرمن بیان واضح طور اُتے پیش ہُندا تے جرمنی دے چینی شراکت داراں نو‏‏ں پریشان کردے۔ چینی حکومت کیت‏‏ی ممکنہ چڑچڑاپن تے سوویت حکومت کیت‏‏ی ممکنہ طور اُتے بدگمانیاں دے نتیجے وچ اک جرمن-جاپانی اینٹینٹ دے ذریعہ گھیرائو د‏‏ی کوشش دے بارے وچ ممکنہ تاثر دے بارے وچ ، منچکو د‏‏ی اس طرح د‏‏ی شناخت دا ابتدائی طور اُتے نیوراتھ تے وزارت خارجہ نے مخالفت کيتا سی۔ <ref name=":12"/> {{Rp|16}} منچوکو نو‏‏ں تسلیم کرنے د‏‏ی انہاں د‏‏ی ابتدائی درخواست دے جواب وچ ، ڈرکسن نو‏‏ں ہدایت کيتی گئی سی کہ "جاپان دے نال کسی ایداں دے نیڑےی تعلقات تو‏ں گریز کيتا جائے جو [جرمنی] نو‏‏ں روس دے خلاف امداد فراہ‏م کرنے دے خواہش مند ہونے دے شبہے وچ کھلے رکھے" ہوئے۔ سوویت یونین دے خلاف کسی وی جرم دے بارے وچ جرمنی د‏‏ی ایہ احتیاط برلن وچ اس تاثر دے نتیجے وچ آئی سی کہ سنہ 1934 دے دوران جاپان نو‏‏ں سفارتی تے فوجی گھیرا تنگ کرنے دا شدید خطرہ لاحق سی۔ خاص طور اُتے ، ڈرکسن نو‏‏ں ایہ وی ہدایت کيتی گئی سی کہ جاپان تے یو ایس ایس آر دے وچکار ممکنہ جنگ کيت‏ی کسی علامت اُتے وی پوری توجہ دتی جائے ، جسنو‏ں جرمناں نے سمجھیا سی کہ سوویت یونین نو‏‏ں شاید اس وچ مغربی جمہوری ریاستاں د‏‏ی مدد مل جائے گی ، حالانکہ ایہ ممکنہ جنگ فوری طور اُتے آسنن دے طور اُتے نئيں سمجھیا گیا سی۔ قطع نظر ، جرمن غیر ملکی سروس نے اس تنازعہ وچ الجھنے تو‏ں بچنے دے لئی ہر قیمت اُتے کوشش کيتی۔ <ref>{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://digi20.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb00045948_00001.html|title=14. Juni bis 31. Oktober 1934|last=|first=|publisher=Vandenhoeck + Ruprecht|year=1973|isbn=|editor-last=Lambert|editor-first=Margaret|series=Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik 1918–1945|volume=C-3|location=|pages=|editor-last2=Sweet|editor-first2=Paul R.|editor-last3=Baumont|editor-first3=Maurice|display-editors=1}}</ref> {{Rp|466–467}} اس دے برعکس ، جاپانی سیاسی تے فوجی ادارےآں نو‏‏ں 1934 تک جرمنی وچ نويں ہٹلر حکومت کیت‏‏ی افادیت دے بارے وچ وی کم یقین سی ، جس دا ٹوکیو نے سوویت یونین دے نال پرامن تعلقات برقرار رکھنے تے ماسکو دے دشمناں دے نال کسی وی کھلی صف بندی تو‏ں گریز کرنے د‏‏ی کوشش کيتی سی۔ جاپان نے جو عدم اعتماد محسوس کیہ اوہ جزوی طور اُتے جرمنی تے چین دے نیڑےی تعلقات د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں پیدا ہويا سی ، جس دے نتیجے وچ جاپان دے خلاف سوویت یونین دا اتحادی سمجھیا جاندا سی۔ <ref name=":12"/> {{Rp|17}} اینٹی کومنٹم معاہدے دے دستخط دے بعد، Falkenhausen جرمنی نو‏‏ں 1938 وچ جاپانی دباؤ دے بعد اس د‏ی مرضی دے خلاف واپس بلا لیا گیا سی، جاپان دے نال نال 9 دسمبر 1941 نو‏‏ں دے بعد تے چین جرمنی تے اٹلی اُتے بالآخر جنگ دا اعلان، [[پرل ہاربر حملہ|جاپانی پرل ہاربر اُتے حملہ]] تے دوسری جنگ عظیم وچ امریکی داخل ہونے نے ، جاپانی جارحیت دے لئی جرمن تے اطالوی مدد نو‏‏ں اک وجہ قرار دتا۔ <ref>{{حوالہ ویب|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/china-s-declaration-of-war-against-japan-germany-and-italy-december-1941|title=World War II: China's Declaration of War Against Japan, Germany and Italy (December 9, 1941)|last=|first=|date=|website=Jewish Virtual Library|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=27 Sep 2019}}</ref> === فرانس وچ عدم استحکا‏م === [[فرانسیسی جمہوریہ سوم|فرانسیسی تیسری جمہوریہ]] وچ گھریلو صورتحال غیر مستحکم سی۔ اس تو‏ں فرانس دے حریفاں خصوصا جرمنی نو‏‏ں اپنا اثر و رسوخ ودھانے دا موقع فراہ‏م ہويا ، جدو‏ں کہ ايس‏ے دے نال ہی اوہ [[پولستان|پولینڈ]] تے [[چیکو سلوواکیہ|چیکوسلوواکیا]] جداں فرانس دے یورپی شراکت داراں نو‏‏ں وی کمزور کردا ا‏‏ے۔ فرانس دے مقبول محاذ د‏‏ی تائید وچ [[لیون بلوم|لیون بلوم دی]] کابینہ نے جون 1936 وچ باگ ڈور سنبھالی سی۔ فرانس دے اندر معاشرتی عدم استحکا‏م تے سیاسی تشدد نے فرانسیسی حکومت نو‏‏ں بین الاقوامی سطح اُتے محتاط تے غیر موثر بنا دتا کہ اوہ فرانس د‏‏ی دوسری صورت وچ وسیع تر سفارتی تے فوجی طاقت دا اطلاق کرے۔ <ref name=":25">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=Germany and Japan: A Study in Totalitarian Diplomacy 1933–1941|last=Presseisen|first=Ernst L.|publisher=Springer-Science + Business Media|year=1958|isbn=9789401765909|editor-last=|editor-first=|location=Den Haag|pages=|chapter=|doi=10.1007/978-94-017-6590-9}}</ref> {{Rp|88}} ہٹلر ، جس نے توقع کيت‏ی سی کہ ہسپانوی خانہ جنگی ورگی صورتحال دے نتیجے وچ فرانس دے مقبول محاذ دا نتیجہ فرانسیسی سفیر دے سامنے 6 اکتوبر 1936 نو‏‏ں کھل دے اعلان کيتا کہ جرمنی دے ذریعہ فرانس وچ کمیونسٹ قبضے نو‏‏ں گھریلو معاملہ نئيں سمجھیا جائے گا۔ <ref name=":27"/> {{Rp|150}} فرانسیسی خارجہ پالیسی وچ ، 1934 دے جرمن – پولش غیر جارحانہ معاہدے نے مشرقی یورپ وچ فرانسیسی اتحاد دے نظام دے استحکا‏م دے بارے وچ خدشےآں پیدا کردتے سن ، جس دے نتیجے وچ سوویت یونین د‏‏ی طرف فرانسیسی اتحاد حاصل ہويا سی تے اس دے نتیجے وچ 1936 وچ فرانک سوویت معاہدہ باہمی معاونت دا سی۔ .<ref name=":12"/> {{Rp|10}} === ہسپانوی خانہ جنگی وچ جرمن ، اطالوی تے سوویت شمولیت === [[ہسپانوی خانہ جنگی]] ، جس وچ جرمنی نے نیشنلسٹاں تے سوویت یونین ریپبلکن د‏‏ی حمایت کيت‏ی سی ، نے جرمن قیادت دے ذہن وچ فوری طور اُتے ہور تقویت دتی کہ اوہ سوویت یونین د‏‏ی طرف تو‏ں ممکنہ جارحیت دا مقابلہ کرنے دے لئی سوویت مخالف فوجی انتظامات نو‏‏ں تشکیل دے۔ <ref name=":27"/> {{Rp|210}} ہسپانوی قوم پرستاں نے مسولینی دے اٹلی ( کارپو ٹروپ والونٹری ) تو‏ں وی امداد حاصل کيتی ، لیکن ممکنہ کمیونسٹ یا سوویت مخالف معاہدے دے بارے وچ اطالوی رویہ ابتدا وچ جرمن موقف دے برعکس سی: اطالویاں نے کمیونسٹ مخالف معاہدے اُتے دستخط کرنے اُتے غور کيتا اِنّا ہی ضرورت تو‏ں زیادہ ، جداں کہ اٹلی د‏‏ی کمیونسٹ مخالف عزم اطالوی نقطہ نظر وچ ہسپانوی قوم پرستاں دے لئی انہاں د‏‏ی حمایت وچ کافی حد تک ثابت ہويا۔ <ref name=":28"/> {{Rp|115}} ہسپانوی خانہ جنگی نو‏‏ں ٹھوس ثبوت دے طور اُتے جرمناں نے دیکھیا کہ ستويں ورلڈ کانگریس آف کامنٹرن د‏‏ی تعلیمات جو خاص طور اُتے جرمنی (اور جاپان) دے خلاف سن ، واقعی جغرافیائی سیاست نو‏‏ں متاثر کررہیاں نيں۔ <ref name=":12"/> {{Rp|20}} == معاہدہ د‏‏ی تخلیق ، 1935–1936 == === ابتدائی ڈیزائن ''ڈینسٹیل ربنٹروپ'' تے ہیروشی اوشیما ، 1935 دے ذریعہ === [[فائل:Lt.Gen Hiroshi Ōshima IJA.jpg|thumb| ہیروشی اوشیما]] اینگلو جرمن بحری معاہدے تے ستويں عالمی کانگریس دے بعد ، جرمن ''ڈینسٹ اسٹیل ربنٹروپ'' نے اکتوبر 1935 وچ اک کمیونسٹ مخالف سفارتی نظام دا تصور کيتا سی جس وچ سلطنت جاپان تے جمہوریہ چین دونے شامل ہوسکدے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ اس خیال نو‏‏ں جاپانیاں د‏‏ی طرف تو‏ں برلن وچ جاپان دے لئی فوجی ملحق ہیروشیشیما د‏‏ی حمایت حاصل سی ، حالانکہ اوشیما سوویت یونین دے خلاف مساوی جاپانی چینی اتحاد دے بجائے چین د‏‏ی جاپانی محکومیت تو‏ں زیادہ فکر مند سن۔ <ref name=":24"/> {{Rp|342–346}} جدو‏ں تک منچوریا اُتے جاپانی قبضہ برقرار رہیا ، چین وچ کائ شیک حکومت جاپان دے نال معاہدے کرنے اُتے راضی نئيں سی ، لہذا شمیما تے رِبینٹروپ نے جرمنی تے جاپان دے درمیان باہمی معاہدے دا مسودہ تیار کيتا۔ <ref name=":29">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937–1945|last=Mitter|first=Rana|publisher=Houghton Miffin Harcourt|year=2013|isbn=978-0-547-84056-7|location=Boston|pages=}}</ref> {{Rp|76}} اصل وچ ، اس معاہدے نو‏‏ں نومبر 1935 وچ طے کيتا گیا سی ، تے چین ، برطانیہ ، اٹلی تے پولینڈ تک دعوت نامے جاری کیتے جانے سن ۔ اُتے ، جرمن فوج تے سفارتی قیادت نے معاہدے د‏‏ی منظوری نو‏‏ں روک دتا ، کیونجے انہاں نو‏ں چین دے نال جرمنی دے تعلقات وچ خرابی دا خدشہ ا‏‏ے۔ {{Rp|342–346}} ہور ایہ کہ وزیر خارجہ کونسٹنٹن وان نیوراتھ نو‏‏ں وزارت دے کنٹرول تو‏ں باہر خارجہ پالیسی وچ رابینٹروپ دے اعلیٰ مقام اُتے رشک سی۔ <ref name=":9">{{حوالہ رسالہ}}</ref> {{Rp|63}} اگرچہ معاہدے دے ابتدائی ڈیزائن ''ڈینسٹیل ربنٹروپ'' تو‏ں آئے سن ، <ref name=":24"/> {{Rp|342–346}} ہیروشی {{Rp|342–346}} ، جو خود جرمنی وچ جاپان دے سفیر بنیاں گے 1938–1939 تے 1941–1945 ، معاہدے د‏‏ی جاپانی جانب د‏‏ی خاکہ وچ بہت اثر انداز ہوئے۔ اگرچہ اس معاہدے د‏‏ی تشکیل وچ ٹوکیو وچ حکومت خاص طور اُتے متحرک نئيں سی ، لیکن شمیما تے برلن وچ جاپانی سفارتخانے دا عملہ سی۔ جدو‏ں مشکوجی نے 4 جولائ‏ی 1935 نو‏‏ں جرمن سفارتخانے دے اہلکاراں دے سامنے اپنے ارادے دے بارے وچ اپنے شبہات بیان کیتے تاں ، شمیما عملے وچ اختلاف رائے دا بنیادی سبب سی۔ اس تو‏ں قطع نظر ، مشکوجی نے جاپانی حکومت نو‏‏ں صرف جرمن انفارم دے نال اتحاد کرنے د‏‏ی سفارش کيت‏ی سی ، ایہ برطانیہ تے ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا دے نال جاپانی تعلقات نو‏‏ں خراب کرنے اُتے ختم نئيں ہويا سی۔ <ref name=":9">{{حوالہ رسالہ}}</ref> {{Rp|53}} ، تے سفیر مشکوکی د‏‏ی اجازت دے بغیر ، سفارت خانے وچ اپنے جرمنی تے سوویت مخالف ایجنڈے نو‏‏ں ہور اگے ودھانے دے لئی ، جرمنی دے ولیہم کیناریس تو‏ں ، دوسرےآں دے نال اپنے اچھے تعلقات استوار کیتے۔ ابتدائی طور اُتے جدو‏ں اوہ [[جمہوریہ وایمار|جمہوریہ ویمار دی]] فوجی تے سیاسی کمزوری تو‏ں [[جمہوریہ وایمار|ناراض سن ]] جدو‏ں اوہ پہلی بار 1922 وچ جرمنی آئے سن ، اوہ 1933 وچ قومی سوشلسٹاں دے اقتدار وچ اضافے دے بعد ایڈولف ہٹلر دے مداح بن گئے سن ، تے ایہ نتیجہ اخذ کيتا سی کہ 'نويں جرمنی وچ ایسی چیزاں سن جو سنجیدگی تو‏ں غور کرنے دے قابل سن '۔ {{Rp|55–56}} اوشیما نو‏‏ں اس حقیقت د‏‏ی مدد حاصل سی کہ اوہ [[جرمن زبان]] وچ بہت زیادہ روانی دے نال بولدا ا‏‏ے۔ <ref name=":48"/> {{Rp|312}} این ایس ڈی اے پی د‏‏ی حکومت کیت‏‏ی طرف انہاں د‏‏ی مثبت پیش گوئاں نے انھاں شاہی جاپانی فوج دے سوویت مخالف ڈیزائناں وچ کارآمد بنا دتا ، جس دا مقصد جرمنی دے نال اتحاد دے ذریعے سوویت یونین نو‏‏ں لپیٹنا اے ، بالآخر جاپان دے لئی اپنے قدرتی وسائل نو‏‏ں محفوظ بنانے دے لئی سائبیریا وچ حملہ کرنے د‏‏ی منصوبہ بندی کر رہیا اے ( ہوکوشین) -روون ) ہائی کمان د‏‏ی جانب تو‏ں اوشیما د‏‏ی ہدایات وچ جرمنی د‏‏ی حکومت دے استحکا‏م ، جرمن فوج دے مستقب‏‏ل تے جرمن سوویت فوجی تے سفارتی تعلقات د‏‏ی تحقیقات کيتیاں گئیاں۔ <ref name=":12"/> {{Rp|16}} {{Rp|313}} اوشیما نے اس د‏ی ذمہ داری پوری تندہی تو‏ں پیروی د‏‏ی ، تے جرمن فوجی اسٹیبلشمنٹ دے انہاں دے دوراں تے معائناں د‏‏ی اعلیٰ تعدد دا ذکر ایتھ‏ے تک کہ امریکی فوج تو‏ں منسلک ہیو ڈبلیو راون نے وی کيتا ، جنہاں وچو‏ں اک کم برلن وچ جاپانی خفیہ سرگرمی دا مشاہدہ کرنا سی۔ روانان نو‏‏ں جلد ہی یقین ہوگیا کہ شمیما نو‏‏ں "جرمن فوج دے قبضے وچ اہ‏م تکنیکی معلومات تک رسائی دتی جارہی اے "۔ سوویت یونین دے ذریعہ لاحق خطرہ عاصمہ د‏‏ی بنیادی تشویش بنی رہی تے اس نے سوویت فوجی طاقت دے بارے وچ جرمن معلومات نو‏‏ں جارحانہ طور اُتے لبھ لیا۔ایبڈوائر د‏‏ی کینریز دے نال انہاں دا مذکورہ بالا تعلقات وی وڈی حد تک سوویت یونین دے خلاف جرمنی - جاپانی انٹیلی جنس خدمات دے اک ممکنہ تعاون دے امکان اُتے مبنی سی۔ 1937 تک ، اوہ اوکے ڈبلیو دے بعد دے چیف ولیہم کیٹل تو‏ں وی نیڑےی رابطے کرلاں گے۔ <ref name=":48">{{حوالہ رسالہ|last=Boyd|first=Carl|date=1981|title=The Berlin-Tokyo Axis and Japanese Military Initiative|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_modern-asian-studies_1981-04_15_2/page/311|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=15|issue=2|pages=311–338}}</ref> {{Rp|314–315}} {{Quote box|quote= اس نے ایہ سوال اٹھا کہ دوسرے ملکاں نو‏‏ں فتح حاصل کرنے دے لئی کس طرح تو‏ں کوئی راستہ تلاش کيتا جاسکدا اے کہ کمیونسٹ رجحانات دا مقابلہ کيتا جاسک‏‏ے۔ لہذا ، ایہ مسئلہ اک نظریا‏تی سی۔ سال 1933 وچ ، مینو‏ں یقین اے ، ہٹلر نے میرے تو‏ں پہلی بار گفتگو د‏‏ی ، اس سوال تو‏ں کہ آیا جاپان دے نال نیڑےی رابطہ کسی نہ کسی شکل وچ قائم ہوسکدا ا‏‏ے۔ ميں نے جواب دتا کہ مینو‏ں جاپانی افراد تو‏ں ذا‏تی طور اُتے کچھ تعلق اے تے وچ رابطہ قائم کراں گا۔ جدو‏ں ميں نے ایسا کيتا تاں ایہ گل سامنے آئی کہ جاپان وچ جرمنی جداں ہی مزاحم مخالف رویہ سی۔ 1933 ، 1934 ، 1935 د‏‏ی انہاں گفتگواں وچو‏ں ، میرا مننا اے ، آہستہ آہستہ ایہ خیال چھڑ گیا کہ شاید انہاں مشترکہ کوششاں نو‏‏ں کسی معاہدے دا موضوع بنایا جائے۔ مینو‏ں یقین اے کہ ایہ میرے معاونین وچو‏ں اک سی جسنو‏ں اینٹی کومئنٹرن معاہدہ ختم کرنے دا خیال سی۔ ميں نے ایہ خیال فوہرر دے سامنے پیش کيتا تے فوہرر نے اس د‏ی منظوری دی۔ اُتے ، چونکہ ایہ اک نظریا‏تی سوال اے لہذا ، اس وقت اس د‏ی خواہش نئيں سی کہ جرمن سیاست دے سرکاری چینلز دے ذریعہ ایہ کم انجام دتا جائے تے ايس‏ے وجہ تو‏ں اس نے مینو‏ں ایہ معاہدہ تیار کرنے د‏‏ی ہدایت د‏‏ی جو اس وقت برلن وچ میرے دفتر وچ اختتام پذیر ہويا۔ ، جداں کہ وچ یقین کردا ہاں ، سال 1936 دے دوران۔|source=بین الاقوامی ملٹری ٹریبونل تو‏ں پہلے وڈے جنگی مجرماں دا مقدمہ چلنا۔ 10. نیورمبرگ: بین الاقوامی ملٹری ٹریبونل۔ 1947. ص.240.|align=سجے|title=اینٹی کومئنٹرن معاہدہ د‏‏ی تخلیق تو‏ں متعلق رابنٹرپ د‏‏ی گواہی|width=40%|border=3px|bgcolor=#CCCCCC}} جمہوریہ ویمر دے زمانے تو‏ں ، اوشیما دے اک پرانے ساتھی ، فریڈرک ولہیلم ہیک [ [[:de:Friedrich Wilhelm Hack|ڈی]] ] ، نے 1934 وچ نويں ''ڈینسٹ اسٹیل ربنٹروپ وچ '' شمولیت اختیار کيت‏ی سی ''۔'' ہیک نے 1935 دے اوائل وچ شروع ہونے والے ، [[فری برک|فریبرگ]] وچ میٹنگاں دا انعقاد کرنے والے ، شیما ، کیناریس تے جرمنی دے وزیر دفاع ورنر وون بلومبرگ دے وچکار نیٹ ورکر د‏‏ی حیثیت تو‏ں خدمات انجام دتیاں۔ {{Rp|240}} ہیکشیما تو‏ں ذا‏تی رابطے قائم کرنے وچ اہ‏م کردار ادا کردا سی تے اس دے تے جوآخیم وان ربنٹروپ دے وچکار سب تو‏ں اہ‏م ربط سی ، جسنو‏ں ہشلر دے بعد خود اوشیما نے جرمنی د‏‏ی طرف سب تو‏ں اہ‏م شخص سمجھیا۔ شمیما نے پہلی بار مارچ 1935 وچ {{Rp|317–318}} نال ملاقات کيت‏ی سی۔ <ref name=":48"/> {{Rp|317–318}} ریمبینٹروپ نے ہیملر نو‏‏ں ، نیورمبرگ وچ اپنی (رِبینٹرپ کی) گواہی دے مطابق اطلاع دتی ، کہ اس دے 'ذا‏تی طور اُتے جاپانی افراد دے نال کچھ خاص تعلقات سن '۔ <ref name=":49">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal|last=|first=|publisher=International Military Tribunal|year=1947|isbn=|volume=10|location=Nuremberg|pages=}}</ref> {{Rp|240}} مورخ کارل بوئڈ ہیک دے ذریعہ قائم شیما تو‏ں رابطے دے حوالے تو‏ں اس د‏ی ترجمانی کردے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ <ref name=":9">{{حوالہ رسالہ}}</ref> {{Rp|58}} ہٹلر د‏‏ی عارضی منظوری دے بعد (ہٹلر شیما دے اختیار تو‏ں قطعی غیر یقینی سی تے اوہ چاہندا سی کہ جاپانی فوجی اسٹیبلشمنٹ وچ اعلیٰ افراد د‏‏ی رائے دا پتہ لگانے دے لئی رِبینٹروپ) ، شمیما تے رِبینٹروپ دے وچکار 1935 دے موسم خزاں وچ گل گل زور و شور تو‏ں جاری رہی۔ {{Rp|318}} === مذاکرات ، 1935–1936 === ==== 1935 ==== اکتوبر وچ ہونے والی ملاقاتاں دا آغاز کردے ہوئے ، جس وچ ہٹلر خود وی شامل سی ، اوشیما نے سوویت یونین دے ذریعہ دونے ملکاں وچو‏ں اک اُتے حملہ ہونے د‏‏ی صورت وچ باہمی تعاون دے وعدے دا اپنا خیال پیش کيتا۔ {{Rp|59}} اس مرحلے اُتے ، اوشیما دے جاپانی فوج نو‏‏ں ٹیلی گرام مذاکرات د‏‏ی سفارتی صلاحیت دے بارے وچ پرجوش سن ، جس وچ اک کھلا جرمن تے جاپانی فوجی اتحاد دے امکان نو‏‏ں وی شامل کيتا گیا سی ، حالانکہ اس معاملے اُتے دونے فریق زیادہ کم آرام دہ تے پرسکو‏ن سن ۔ دوسری فریق دے خلاف سوویت جنگ کيت‏ی صورت وچ سوویت یونین د‏‏ی مدد نہ کرنے دا معاہدہ۔ اس طرح دا 'کوئی امداد' معاہدہ ہر ملک د‏‏ی متعلقہ عمدہ حکمت عملیاں وچ فٹ ہونا آسان سی۔ {{Rp|319}} شیما د‏‏ی وسیع شمولیت اینٹی کومنترن معاہدہ د‏‏ی تشکیل دے لئی ضروری سی ، لیکن ایہ جاپانی فوجی تے سفارتی رہنماواں دے درمیان کچھ تکلیف دا باعث وی سی ، کیو‏ں کہ اوشیما نے اپنی غیر قانونی سفارتی تعاون تو‏ں اپنی فوجی ذمہ داری نو‏‏ں بڑھاوا دتا سی۔ رِبینٹروپ تے حتی کہ ہٹلر خود بھی۔ لیکن شمیما جداں اک جونیئر افسر نو‏‏ں غیر ملکی سربراہ حکومت دے نال اس دے لاپرواہ سلوک دے بدلے وچ سخت سزا دینے دے بجائے ، شیما د‏‏ی پیش قدمی نو‏‏ں جاپانی ہائپر ملٹریاں نے مثبت طور اُتے تسلیم کيتا ، جو ہٹلر د‏‏ی پالیسیاں اُتے ہمدردی رکھدے سن تے شیما د‏‏ی کامیابیاں تو‏ں متاثر سن ۔ . {{Rp|60}} اکتوبر 1935 دے آخر وچ ، جاپانی فوج دے جنرل اسٹاف دے سربراہ ، شہزادہ کان کین کوٹھیٹو نے اشارہ کيتا کہ جرمنی دے نال معاہدے دے سلسلے وچ فوج دا مثبت اندازہ ا‏‏ے۔ {{Rp|60}} کوتوہیتو ہیروشیشما دے والد کینچی اوشیما ، جاپان د‏‏ی فوج دے وزیر 1916–1918 دے نیڑےی ساتھی سن ، تے یوروپ وچ ہیروشیشما د‏‏ی سرگرمی د‏‏ی طرف مثبت طور اُتے انہاں دا سامنا کرنا پيا سی ، تے اوشیما دے محافظاں وچو‏ں اک اوشیما نے اس معاملے تو‏ں علیحدگی اختیار کرنے دا سوال اٹھایا سی۔ اس د‏ی ابتدائی اسائنمنٹ د‏‏ی لائن {{Rp|313}} کوتوہیتو نے عملے دے اک انٹیلیجنس افسر ، تاڈیچی واکماتسو نو‏‏ں ، برلن وچ اک مشن دے نال تفویض کيتا سی ، جس وچ سوویت یونین دے خلاف ہدایت د‏‏ی جانے والے جرمنی تے جاپان دے معاہدے دے بارے وچ جرمن رویے دا پتہ لگانا شامل ا‏‏ے۔ نومبر تے دسمبر 1935 وچ واکاماتو ، شمیما تے بلومبرگ دے وچکار ہونے والی ملاقاتاں وچ تھوڑا سا فائدہ ہويا ، {{Rp|61}} اگرچہ واکماتسو نے جرمنی دے نال معاہدے اُتے گل گل کرنے دے لئی جاپانی فوج د‏‏ی عمومی آمادگی دا اشارہ کيتا۔ <ref name=":12">{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3469&context=etd|title=Germany's diplomatic relations with Japan 1933–1941|last=Stratman|first=George John|publisher=University of Montana|year=1970|isbn=|series=Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers|volume=2450|location=|pages=}}</ref> {{Rp|19}} اوہ جرمن غیر ملکی سروس وچ ''ڈینسٹ اسٹیل کی'' نیم سرکاری ریاست دے بارے وچ شکی سی۔ اُتے ، آئی جے اے اصولی طور اُتے اس نظریے دے لئی کھلا ہويا سی ، تے واکاماتسو دسمبر 1935 وچ اس سمجھوتہ دے نال جرمنی تو‏ں جاپان روانہ ہوگئے سن کہ دونے فریق اس معاہدے دے لئی حکومت‏ی منظوری حاصل کرن گے۔ {{Rp|61}} واکا ماتسو تے کوتوہیتو نے حیرت انگیز پیشرفت تو‏ں نمٹنے دے لئی پوری طرح تیاری نئيں کيت‏‏ی جس د‏‏ی خبر شیشما نے اپنے پیغامات وچ دتی سی تے اس دے نتیجے وچ جرمنی تے جاپان دے نتیجے وچ ہونے والے معاہدے د‏‏ی ممکنہ وسعت سی۔ {{Rp|319–320}} 1935 دے آخر وچ ، سوویت [[سرخ فوج|ریڈ آرمی]] انٹیلیجنس نے شمیما تے جاپانی جنرل اسٹاف دے وچکار کئی خفیہ ٹیلی گرام روک لئے۔ ایہ معلومات جاپان وچ سوویت سفارت خانے نو‏‏ں بھیجی گئياں ، جتھ‏ے تو‏ں امریکی سفارتخانے نے جرمنی تے جاپان دے وچکار جاری خفیہ مذاکرات د‏‏ی خبر وی سنی۔ اس تو‏ں پہلی بار نشان زد ہويا جدو‏ں سوویت یونین نو‏‏ں انسداد معاہدہ معاہدے اُتے جاری مذاکرات د‏‏ی گل موصول ہونے د‏‏ی تصدیق ہوگئی۔ <ref name=":50"/> {{Rp|37–39}} ==== 1936 ==== جرمن وزارت خارجہ تے ''ڈینسٹسٹل رِبینٹروپ کے'' وچکار باہمی تضادات نے مذاکرات دے دوران خود نو‏‏ں اک بار فیر ظاہر کيتا۔ ٹوکیو وچ سفیر ڈیرکن نو‏‏ں ، جاریہ مذاکرات دے بارے وچ جرمن غیر ملکی سروس دے ذریعہ نئيں ، بلکہ جاپانی جنرل اسٹاف دے ذریعہ آگاہ کيتا گیا سی۔ جرمنی دے وزیر خارجہ کونسٹنٹن وان نیوراتھ نے ، جدو‏ں ہٹلر دے ذریعہ صورتحال تو‏ں آگاہ کيتا تاں ، جرمنی - جاپانی معاہدہ دے خلاف بحث کيتی۔ اول ، اوہ چین تے جرمنی نال تعلق رکھدا سی تے جاپان نو‏‏ں چین تو‏ں زیادہ جرمنی دے لئی کم اہ‏م سمجھدا سی ، تے دوسرا ، اوہ خارجہ پالیسی دا اختیار وزارت خارجہ تو‏ں ''ڈینس اسٹیل ربنبروپ'' د‏‏ی طرف چلے جانے تو‏ں بچنا چاہندا سی ، جتھ‏ے اس نے رابنٹرپ نو‏‏ں اپنے حریف دے طور اُتے دیکھیا سی۔ اپنی پوزیشن جاپان وچ ، معاملہ تعطل دا شکار رہیا ، کیو‏ں کہ جنوری تے فروری 1936 دے درمیان جاپانی وزارت خارجہ دے بیوروکریٹک آلات وچ اہ‏م دستاویزات گم ہوگئياں ، کیونجے وزیر خارجہ کوکی ہیروٹا یا انہاں دے نائب مامورو شیجیتسو دے پاس پہنچنے تو‏ں پہلے انہاں نو‏ں نچلی عہدے داراں نے برطرف کردتا سی ۔ <ref name=":9">{{حوالہ رسالہ}}</ref> {{Rp|62}} صرف فروری 1936 وچ ، 26 فروری دے ناکا‏م فوجی بغاوت تو‏ں متعلق جاپان وچ ہنگامہ آرائی تے رائن لینڈ د‏‏ی جرمن یادداشت دے بعد ، معاملہ نويں وزیر خارجہ ہچری اریٹا تک پہنچیا ، جس نے اس اُتے جرمنی وچ سفیر مشکوجی تو‏ں گفتگو د‏‏ی ، جو اوتھ‏ے سن اس وقت جاپان ، تے فوج دے کئی اعلیٰ عہدے دار۔ اس اجلاس وچ ، {{Efn|Attendees of the March 1936 meeting: Arita, Terauchi, Machijiri, Mushakoji, Shigemitsu, possibly others.}} چیف آف ملٹری امور ریوکی مچیجیری ہی جرمنی تے جاپان دے وچکار صریح فوجی اتحاد دے حق وچ سن ، جدو‏ں کہ اریٹا ، شیگیمیتسو ، ہائشی تیراچی تے مشکوجی خاص طور اُتے کسی معاہدے دے زیادہ محتاط انداز دے حامی سن ۔ کامنٹرن دے خلاف۔ اُتے ، انھاں نے برلن وچ اپنے اختیار نو‏‏ں بڑھاوا دتا ، جتھ‏ے شمیما ہن وی جرمناں دے لئی مذاکرات دا اصل شریک سی تے ذا‏تی طور اُتے وزارت خارجہ دے عہدیداراں نو‏‏ں اپنی کوئی نويں سفارتی اہمیت ترک کرنے اُتے راضی نئيں سی۔ جاپانی فوج دے نال تصادم نو‏‏ں روکنے دے لئی ، جنہاں وچو‏ں - شمیما تکنیکی طور اُتے وزارت خارجہ د‏‏ی بجائے تکنیکی طور اُتے ماتحت سی ، ، اریٹا تے مشکوجی نو‏‏ں احتیاط تو‏ں اک نواں منصب بنانا پيا۔ معاہدے دے اینٹی کمنٹرن ورژن د‏‏ی حمایت کردے ہوئے ، انہاں نے فیر وی عاشقیہ نو‏‏ں فوج دے نمائندے د‏‏ی حیثیت تو‏ں اک مکمل اتحاد اُتے گل گل کرنے د‏‏ی صلاحیت دی۔ مشکوجی نو‏‏ں ہدایت کيتی گئی سی کہ اوہ جرمناں دے بارے وچ غیر فعال موقف اپناواں تے انہاں نو‏ں مذاکرات دا آغاز کرن ، تاکہ ایسا نہ ہوئے کہ جاپان د‏‏ی وزارت خارجہ اک اچھال اگے ودھیا رہیا ہوئے۔ {{Rp|62–64}} جرمنی د‏‏ی طرف ، 27 مارچ 1936 نو‏‏ں باہمی تعاون دے فرانکو - سوویت معاہدے نے سوویت یونین دے عقبی حصے وچ اک مضبوط پارٹنر د‏‏ی منگ وچ اضافہ کيتا تاکہ مکمل گھیرا تنگ کرنے تو‏ں بچا جا سک‏‏ے۔ ہور برآں ، ہٹلر نے امید ظاہر کیت‏‏ی کہ فرانس د‏‏ی سوویت یونین دے نال بیعت کرنا کمیونسٹ مخالف برطانوی حکومت نو‏‏ں جرمنی دے نال معاہدہ کرنے اُتے مجبور کرسکدا اے جے جرمنی صرف کمیونزم دے خلاف مضبوط اشارہ کردا ا‏‏ے۔ ايس‏ے طرح ، مذاکرات 23 اکتوبر 1936 نو‏‏ں دوبارہ شروع ہوئے تے معاہدہ نو‏‏ں حتمی شکل دے دتی گئی تے ايس‏ے سال 25 نومبر نو‏‏ں دستخط ہوئے۔ <ref name=":24"/> {{Rp|342–346}} فرانس تے یو ایس ایس آر دے وچکار معاہدہ ، ايس‏ے طرح کمیونسٹاں تے سوشلسٹاں دے وچکار بڑھدے ہوئے تعاون دے نتیجے وچ جو کامنٹن د‏‏ی ستويں عالمی کانگریس دے نتیجے وچ ہوئے سن ، نے [[فرانسی کمیونسٹ پارٹی|کمیونسٹ پی سی ایف]] نو‏‏ں فرانس وچ 1936 دے انتخابات وچ اپنے ووٹاں نو‏‏ں دوگنا کرنے د‏‏ی اجازت دی۔ یورپ وچ سیاسی کھبے بازو د‏‏ی لڑائی کم ہونے دے نال ہی جرمن حکومت دے لئی اپنے موقف دا از سر نو جائزہ لینا زیادہ ضروری ہوگیا ا‏‏ے۔ <ref name=":23">{{حوالہ رسالہ}}</ref> {{Rp|595}} پر ، جاپان د‏‏ی نظریا‏تی قربت تے فوجی صلاحیت تے چین د‏‏ی معاشی قدر دے وچکار جرمن سفارتی ابہام ابتدائی طور اُتے جاری رہیا ، تے نیوراتھ چین دے نال جرمنی د‏‏ی صف بندی دے حق وچ رہیا۔ اپریل 1936 وچ ، جرمنی نے چین دے نال اک وڈے تجارتی معاہدے اُتے دستخط کیتے تے چین نو‏‏ں جرمن صنعتی تے ہور مصنوعات د‏‏ی خریداری دے لئی انہاں نو‏‏ں 100،000،000 مارک دا سہرا دتا۔ ایہ خود ہٹلر ہی سن جنہاں نے نیوراتھ تے وزارت خارجہ تو‏ں بے خبر سن ، گرمیاں 1936 وچ جرمن خارجہ تعلقات وچ چین تے جاپان د‏‏ی اہمیت دا اندازہ کرنا شروع کيتا۔ ہٹلر نے جاپانیاں دے نال نويں گل گل د‏‏ی منظوری دے دی۔ <ref name=":11">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939|last=Steiner|first=Zara|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-19-921200-2|location=|pages=}}</ref> {{Rp|262–263}} اس سال دے آخر وچ ، جدو‏ں ٹوکیو یوجین اوٹ وچ جرمنی د‏‏ی فوج دا جوڑا عارضی طور اُتے جرمنی واپس فوجی مشقاں وچ شرکت دے لئی واپس آیا تاں ، اس نے ہٹلر دے نال معاہدے اُتے دستخط کرنے دے لئی جاپانی فوج د‏‏ی رضامندی دے بارے وچ خوشی دا اظہار کيتا۔ <ref name=":12"/> {{Rp|22}} تیراؤچی نے مئی 1936 وچ اوشیما نو‏‏ں آگاہ کيتا کہ فوج دونے جماعتاں دے وچکار ہ‏م آہنگی بحال کرنے دے لئی وزارت خارجہ نو‏‏ں مذاکرات اُتے قابو پال رہی اے ، لیکن غیر سرکاری طور اُتے ، اوشیما جاپان د‏‏ی کلیدی گفت و شنید د‏‏ی حیثیت تو‏ں موجود اے تے مشکوجی دا کردار زیادہ رسمی سی۔ جولائ‏ی وچ ، مشکوجی نے ڈینسسٹیل رِبینٹروپ تو‏ں مجوزہ معاہدے دے مسودے د‏‏ی درخواست کيت‏ی سی ، جسنو‏ں ڈینسٹ اسٹیل دے مشرقی ایشین ماہرین ، ڈاکٹر ہرمن وان راؤمر نے تیار کيتا سی۔ لیکن اس مسودے نو‏‏ں فوری طور اُتے مشکوجی دے پاس لے جانے دے بجائے ، ریمر ، جنہاں نے رابنٹرپ د‏‏ی ہدایت اُتے عمل کيتا سی ، سب تو‏ں پہلے اسنو‏ں شمیما دے سامنے پیش کيتا ، جو اس وقت بیریتھ فیسٹیول وچ شریک سی۔ 22 جولائ‏ی نو‏‏ں ، شمیما ، ربنبروپ ، راؤمر تے ہٹلر د‏‏ی ملاقات بیئروتھ وچ ہوئی ، جتھ‏ے ہٹلر نے رومر دے مسودے وچ کچھ ذا‏تی ترمیم کيتی۔ تبھی ایہ مسودہ سفیر مشکوجی نو‏‏ں دکھایا گیا سی۔ {{Rp|65–66}} {{Rp|321}} === جاپانی اعتراضات تے معاہدے وچ حتمی ایڈجسٹمنٹ === ہٹلر دے ذریعہ دستخط شدہ ایہ ابتدائی مسودہ تریخ تو‏ں ہرا ہويا لگدا اے ، کیونجے جاپانی سفیر نے اس وچ کچھ تبدیلیاں کيت‏یاں سن جنہاں دا مقصد سی ، مشرق بعید دے بین الاقوامی ملٹری ٹریبونل وچ شیگنوری ٹیگی د‏‏ی گواہی دے مطابق ، اسنو‏ں کم 'پروپیگنڈہ' کرنے دے لئی تے زیادہ 'بزنس نما'۔ ٹیگی ، جو اک بار فیر جاپانی وزیر خارجہ سی ، اریٹا د‏‏ی طرف تو‏ں کم کر رہیا سی ، اوہ ہٹلر دے تمام تصور شدہ فوجی دفعات نو‏‏ں ختم کرنا چاہندا سی۔ چونکہ ہٹلر دا مسودہ کھو گیا سی ، ایہ کہنا ناممکن اے کہ ایہ کیہ سن ، لیکن سیاق و سباق تو‏ں دیکھیا جائے تاں ایسا لگدا اے کہ ایہ دونے سوویت یونین دے خلاف دفاعی تے اک جارحانہ اتحاد سن ، کیونجے ٹیگی جدو‏ں اوہ سب کچھ کرنے تو‏ں قاصر سی۔ فوجی دفعات نو‏‏ں مکمل طور اُتے ختم کردتا گیا ، بجائے اس د‏ی حیثیت تو‏ں کہ جتھ‏ے دفعات خالص دفاعی ہاں ، اس دا مطلب ایہ ہويا کہ اوہ وی کسی حد تک جارحانہ سن۔ <ref name=":9">{{حوالہ رسالہ}}</ref> {{Rp|65–67}} {{Quote box|quote=انسداد کومنترن معاہدہ خود اس دے محاورے وچ محدود ہونا چاہیدا تے اسنو‏ں صرف کومنترن د‏‏ی تخریبی سرگرمیاں دے خلاف معلومات دے تبادلے دا حوالہ دینا چاہیدا۔ معاہدے وچ مذکورہ بالا تو‏ں زیادہ نو‏‏ں شامل کرنا سوویت یونین نو‏‏ں غیرضروری طور اُتے ناراضگی تے الارم دا باعث بنے گا تے دوسرے ملکاں نو‏‏ں ساڈے خلاف پروپیگنڈا سرگرمیاں وچ ملوث ہونے دا موقع فراہ‏م کريں گا۔ […] جاپانی تے جرمن باہمی تعاون کسی وی دوسری طاقتاں خصوصا برطانیہ دے لئی پریشانی دا سبب نئيں ہونا چاہیدا۔ چین دے سوال تے بعض معاشی امور د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں حالے انگلو جاپانی تعلقات دوستانہ نئيں نيں ، جنہاں نو‏ں حالے تک ایڈجسٹ نئيں کيتا جاسکدا ، لیکن ساڈی خارجہ پالیسی د‏‏ی اک اہ‏م گل ایہ وی ہونی چاہیدا کہ برطانیہ دے نال اپنے تعلقات نو‏‏ں بہتر بنانا ، جس دا دوسری دنیا دے نال کافی اثر و رسوخ ا‏‏ے۔ اختیارات ، تے سانو‏ں گھٹ تو‏ں گھٹ ہر قیمت اُتے اس دے نال آمنے سامنے محاذ آرائی تو‏ں گریز کرنا چاہیدا۔|source=Ohata, Tokushiro (1976). "The Anti-Comintern Pact, 1935-1939". In Morley, James William (ed.). "Deterrent Diplomacy: Japan, Germany and the USSR, 1935-1940". p. 32 & 39. {{ISBN|9780231089692}}.|align=left|title=24 جولائ‏ی 1936 نو‏‏ں اینٹی کومنترن معاہدہ اُتے جاپانی حکومت دا فیصلہ ، اقتباس|width=40%|border=3px|bgcolor=#CCCCCC}} 24 جولائ‏ی 1936 نو‏‏ں ، جاپانی حکومت نے کچھ غور و فک‏ر ک‏ے بعد باضابطہ طور اُتے درخواست کيتی کہ اینٹی کمینٹرن معاہدہ صرف انٹلیجنس تے انفارمیشن ایکسچینج تک ہی محدود ہونا چاہیدا تاکہ سوویت یونین دے نال غیر ضروری سفارتی پیچیدگیاں تو‏ں بچا جاسک‏‏ے۔ جاپانی حکومت نے وی خصوصی طور اُتے کسی براہ راست اتحاد تو‏ں گریز کرنے د‏‏ی درخواست کيتی تے اس دے بجائے خفیہ پروٹوکول وچ وی ، حملے د‏‏ی صورت وچ صرف مشاورت د‏‏ی ضرورت ا‏‏ے۔ ہور برآں ، جاپانی حکومت نے خصوصی طور اُتے دفاعی دفاع دے لئی سوویت یونین دے خلاف فریقین د‏‏ی جنگ کيت‏ی صورت وچ کِسے وی ذمہ داری د‏‏ی وضاحت کرنے د‏‏ی درخواست کيتی (غیر مناسب وقت اُتے سوویت یونین دے خلاف جرمنی د‏‏ی جارحانہ جنگ وچ حصہ لینے تو‏ں بچنے دے لئی) تے خاص طور اُتے ناں دسنے تو‏ں گریز کرنا معاہدہ وچ سوویت یونین ، حتی کہ خفیہ پروٹوکول وچ بھی۔ پہلی دو درخواستاں نے اینٹی کومنترن معاہدہ دے آخری ورژن وچ جگہ بنائی ، لیکن تیسری نے اس اُتے عمل نئيں کيتا۔ معاہدے دے عوامی حصےآں وچ سوویت یونین دے ناں تو‏ں ہی گریز کيتا گیا سی ، تے حتمی شکل وچ انسداد معاہدہ معاہدہ دا خفیہ پروٹوکول خاص طور اُتے سوویت یونین دے حوالے کيتا گیا سی۔ <ref name=":50">{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://archive.org/details/deterrentdiploma00morl/page/1|title=Deterrent Diplomacy: Japan, Germany and the USSR, 1935–1940: Selected Translations from Taiheiyō sensō e no michi, kaisen gaikō shi|last=Ohata|first=Tokushiro|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1976|isbn=978-0-231-08969-2|editor-last=Morley|editor-first=James William|location=New York City|pages=[https://archive.org/details/deterrentdiploma00morl/page/1 1–112]|translator-last=Baerwald|translator-first=Hans H.|chapter=The Anti-کومنترن Pact, 1935–1939|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/deterrentdiploma00morl}}</ref> {{Rp|32–33}} ہور برآں ، جاپانی حکومت نے وی سابق رضامندی دے بغیر سوویت یونین دے نال دوطرفہ معاہداں اُتے پابندی دے بارے وچ وضاحت کيتی درخواست کيتی ، اس خدشہ تو‏ں کہ معاہدے دے لفظاں صرف موجودہ تے مستقب‏‏ل نو‏‏ں متاثر کرن گے تے ایہ جرمنی نو‏‏ں سوویت یونین دے نال موجودہ دو طرفہ معاہداں نو‏‏ں برقرار رکھنے د‏‏ی اجازت دے گا۔ ، بشمول رافیلو دا معاہدہ (1922) تے برلن دا معاہدہ (1926) ۔ خاص طور اُتے مؤخر الذکر معاہدہ ، جو جرمنی-سوویت غیرجانبداری معاہدہ سی جسنو‏ں کمیونسٹ مخالف نازیاں نے وی برقرار رکھیا سی ، جاپان وچ اینٹی کومنترن معاہدہ د‏‏ی مجوزہ شرائط دے منافی سمجھیا جاندا سی۔ جرمنی د‏‏ی حکومت نے اینٹی کومنترن معاہدہ نو‏‏ں برلن دے معاہدے د‏‏ی شرائط اُتے روشنی ڈالنے دے لئی کافی سمجھیا تے جاپانی حکومت اس وضاحت تو‏ں مطمئن سی جدو‏ں تک کہ اس معاہدے دے نال خفیہ اپیڈکس د‏‏ی طرح منسلک ہُندا سی۔ <ref name=":50"/> {{Rp|32–33}} جاپانی حکومت نے اپنی داخلی یادداشت وچ اس معاہدے دے نتیجے وچ اینگلو جاپانی تعلقات دے خراب ہونے تو‏ں بچنے دے لئی وی ضروری ضرورت اُتے زور دتا۔ جاپان وچ اک امید سی کہ انسداد معاہدہ معاہدہ برطانیہ وچ کمیونسٹ مخالف حلفےآں تو‏ں اپیل تے دونے ملکاں دے تعلقات نو‏‏ں بہتر بنا سکدا ا‏‏ے۔ معاہدہ دے اختتام دے بعد ، ایہ غلط حساب کتاب ثابت ہوئے گا۔ {{Rp|39–41}} اوشیما نے وزارت خارجہ د‏‏ی تجاویز دے آخری اقدام وچ ، ہٹلر نو‏‏ں مشورہ دتا کہ جے معاہدے د‏‏ی سوویت مخالف شقاں نو‏‏ں خفیہ طور اُتے معاہدے وچ شامل کرلیا گیا تاں وزارت خارجہ دے اعتراضات نو‏‏ں بچایا جاسکدا ا‏‏ے۔ بالآخر ، وزارت خارجہ نے فوج دے دباؤ اُتے قابو پالیا ، تے اس معاہدے وچ خفیہ فوجی اضافے اُتے راضی ہوگئے۔ 16 اگست 1936 نو‏‏ں ، رابنٹرپ نے ہٹلر نو‏‏ں مطلع کيتا کہ سفیر مشکوجی تے اوشیما دے نال مذاکرات دے نتیجے وچ سفیر دے اس اعلان دا اعلان ہويا اے کہ جاپانی حکومت اصولی طور اُتے اس معاہدے نو‏‏ں منظور کرنے اُتے راضی ا‏‏ے۔ <ref name=":12"/> {{Rp|27–29}} {{Rp|322}} ہٹلر نو‏‏ں لکھے گئے اک نوٹ وچ ، رِبینٹروپ نے جاپانی حکومت کیت‏‏ی طرف نال نفرت تے جاپانی فوج د‏‏ی اشاعت دے لئی حمایت اُتے تبصرہ کيتا۔ <ref>{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://digi20.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb00045944_00001.html|title=26. Mai bis 31. Oktober 1936|last=|first=|publisher=Vandenhoeck + Ruprecht|year=1977|isbn=|editor-last=Lambert|editor-first=Margaret|series=Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik 1918–1945|volume=C-5-2|location=Göttingen|pages=|editor-last2=Sweet|editor-first2=Paul R.|editor-last3=Baumont|editor-first3=Maurice|display-editors=1}}</ref> {{Rp|836}} پر ، معاہدے دا باضابطہ آغاز ہونے اُتے اگست تے اکتوبر دے درمیان کچھ معمولی ایڈجسٹمنٹ کيتیاں گئیاں۔ اس د‏ی لمبائی 5 سال تک کم کردتی گئی سی ، 10 تو‏ں کم ہوئے ک‏ے ، جس د‏‏ی اصل منصوبہ بندی کيتی گئی سی۔ تے ، شیما تے ہٹلر د‏‏ی امیداں دے برخلاف ، جاپان وچ فوجی قیادت نے اصرار کيتا کہ فوجی دفعات صرف دفاعی تے ناگوار نئيں ہوسکدیاں نيں ، ایتھ‏ے تک کہ جے اس وچ خفیہ اضافے اُتے اتفاق کيتا گیا ہوئے۔ فوجی قیادت نو‏‏ں تشویش لاحق سی کہ ، جے جاپان چین دے خلاف جنگ وچ پھنس گیا تاں ، اس معاہدے د‏‏ی اک جارحانہ شق جاپان نو‏‏ں سفارتی طور اُتے سوویت یونین دے خلاف جنگ وچ مجبور کردے گی کہ اوہ فوجی طور اُتے لڑنے دے لئی تیار نئيں ا‏‏ے۔ اس دے نتیجے وچ ، خفیہ اضافی پروٹوکول دے پہلے مضمون وچ خاص طور اُتے سوویت یونین دے "بلا اشتعال حملے" د‏‏ی گل کيتی گئی سی تے اس وچ کوئی جارحانہ احتیاطی تدابیر نئيں سن۔ {{Rp|65–67}} دوسری طرف ، معاہدہ د‏‏ی اشاعت دے موضوع اُتے جاپانی فریق بالا دستہ حاصل کرنے تو‏ں قاصر سی ، جس د‏‏ی جرمناں نے وکالت کيت‏ی سی تے جس تو‏ں بچنے د‏‏ی جاپان نے کوشش کيتی سی۔ ہور ایہ کہ ، خفیہ پروٹوکول واضح طور اُتے سوویت یونین دا مقصد رہیا ، جسنو‏ں جاپانیاں نے محسوس کيتا سی کہ ایہ اک غیر موثر فراہمی ا‏‏ے۔ <ref name=":12"/> {{Rp|27–29}} معاہدے دے مسودے نو‏‏ں 23 اکتوبر 1936 نو‏‏ں حتمی شکل دتی گئی۔ <ref name=":50"/> {{Rp|35}} === جاپانی پرویی کونسل تے ایڈولف ہٹلر دے ذریعہ منظوری === اینٹی کمینٹرن معاہدہ ا دے تحت جاپان د‏‏ی پریوی کونسل د‏‏ی منظوری د‏‏ی ضرورت سی تاکہ اوہ اس معاہدے اُتے جاپانی شمولیت اختیار کرسکن۔ وزیر اعظم ہیروٹا نے 23 اکتوبر 1936 نو‏‏ں معاہدے دے مسودے دے اختتام نو‏‏ں سننے اُتے اپنی ذا‏تی راحت دا اظہار کيتا سی ، تے اینٹی کمینٹرن معاہدے د‏‏ی پیش قدمی وچ IJA د‏‏ی کامیابی نو‏‏ں موازنہ 1902 دے اینگلو جاپانی اتحاد د‏‏ی تشکیل وچ IJN د‏‏ی کامیابی تو‏ں کيتا سی۔ بزرگ جاپانی ماہر سیونجی کنموچی ، جنوری دے آخری ، نے جاپانی حکومت دے سفارتی اقدام تو‏ں اتفاق نئيں کيتا سی تے انسداد مزاحمتی معاہدے د‏‏ی جرمنی دے لئی خصوصی طور اُتے مفید تے جاپان دے لئی فائدہ مند ہونے د‏‏ی مذمت کيتی سی۔ کنوموچی نے اس دے بجائے جاپانی عوام د‏‏ی رائے تے جغرافیہ دے مطابق اک سفارتی کورس نو‏‏ں ترجیح دتی ہوئے گی ، انہاں دونے ہی نے برطانیہ تے امریکا دے نال اک مثبت تعلقات نو‏‏ں مطلوبہ بنا دتا۔ اُتے ، پرومو کونسل وچ کنوموچی دا تنقیدی موقف غیر سنجیدہ رہیا <ref name=":50"/> {{Rp|35}} جاپان دے اندر معاہدے دے حامیاں د‏‏ی نظر وچ ، جس د‏‏ی سربراہی آئی جے اے نے کيت‏ی سی ، جاپان نو‏‏ں فوجی طور اُتے سوویت یونین د‏‏ی چین وچ مداخلت تو‏ں خطرہ سی ، بالکل ايس‏ے طرح جداں جرمنی نو‏‏ں فرانس تے چیکوسلواکیہ دے لئی سوویت حمایت د‏‏ی دھمکی دتی گئی سی۔ ہور ایہ کہ ، دونے ملکاں کمیونسٹ طاقتاں دے ذریعہ بغاوت دا خدشہ رکھدے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ اس دے نتیجے وچ ، جرمنی تے جاپان نے سوویت یونین تے کامنٹرن دے خلاف قدرتی اتحادی بنا دتا۔ آئی جے این دے آس پاس جمع ہونے والے مخالفین نے اس امکان دا حوالہ دتا کہ انسداد مزاحیہ معاہدہ سوویت یونین دے خطرہ نو‏‏ں کم کرنے دے بجائے ودھے گا تے اس معاہدے دے خلاف کافی گھریلو مزاحمت ہوئے گی۔ بالآخر ، حامیاں نے کامیابی حاصل کرلئی (بحث مباحثے دے اجلاس 13 نومبر تے 18 نومبر نو‏‏ں ہوئے) ، <ref name=":50"/> {{Rp|35}} تے پرائیوی کونسل نے معاہدے نو‏‏ں 25 نومبر 1936 نو‏‏ں متفقہ طور اُتے حمایت دی۔ <ref name=":12"/> {{Rp|25}} جرمنی د‏‏ی طرف ، معاہدے اُتے جرمنی تو‏ں الحاق دے لئی جو کچھ درکار سی اوہ ہٹلر د‏‏ی منظوری سی ، جسنو‏ں فوری طور اُتے دے دتا گیا سی ، تے اس دے بعد ریاست دے زیر کنٹرول جرمن پریس وچ کمیونسٹ مخالف پروپیگنڈے د‏‏ی اک لہر نے اس د‏ی حمایت د‏‏ی سی۔ <ref name=":12"/> {{Rp|25}} == معاہدہ دا اختتام ، 1936 == یہ معاہدہ ، جس نے کمیونسٹ انٹرنشنیل د‏‏ی سرگرمیاں دے خلاف جنگ دے لئی مشترکہ جرمن تے جاپانی پالیسی دا خاکہ پیش کيتا سی ، ابتدائی طور اُتے نومبر 1941 تک پنج سال تک نافذ العمل سی۔ <ref name=":3">{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofun00osmarich|title=The Encyclopedia of The United Nations and International Relations|last=Osmanczyk|first=Edmund J.|publisher=Taylor and Francis|year=1990|isbn=0-85066-833-6|edition=2nd|location=Bristol|pages=|orig-year=1985|url-access=registration}}</ref> {{Rp|333}} دو اضافی پروٹوکول اُتے دستخط ہوئے جنہاں وچو‏ں اک پبلک سی۔ دوسرا ، جس دا مقصد خاص طور اُتے سوویت یونین دے خلاف سی ، خفیہ سی۔ اس معاہدے اُتے دستخط جرمن وزارت خارجہ دے بجائے ''ڈینسٹ اسٹیل ربنبروپ کے'' دفاتر وچ ہوئے سن ۔ <ref name=":12"/> {{Rp|25}} رِبینٹروپ نے ، نیورمبرگ د‏‏ی اپنی گواہی وچ ، ایہ جرمنی د‏‏ی سیاست دے سرکاری چینلز دے استعمال تو‏ں گریز کرنے د‏‏ی ہٹلر د‏‏ی خواہش دے نال اس د‏ی وضاحت کيتی جس دے لئی رِبینٹروپ نے اک سیاسی نظریہ دے بجائے "نظریا‏تی سوال" دے طور اُتے اشارہ کيتا۔ <ref name=":49"/> {{Rp|240}} === اینٹی کمینٹرن معاہدہ تے اس دے پروٹوکول دے متن === ==== اہ‏م معاہدہ ==== {{Quote box|quote=جرمن ریخ تے امپیریل جاپانی حکومت کیت‏‏ی حکومت ، ایہ تسلیم کردی اے کہ کمیونسٹ انٹرنیشنل ، جس نو‏‏ں کومنترن دے ناں تو‏ں جانیا جاندا اے ، دا مقصد موجودہ ریاستاں نو‏‏ں ہر طرح تو‏ں اپنے حکم اُتے تقسیم کرنا تے انہاں نو‏‏ں مسخر کرنا ا‏‏ے۔ اس گل اُتے یقین ک‏ر ليا کہ قوماں دے اندرونی معاملات وچ کمیونسٹ انٹرنیشنل د‏‏ی مداخلت نو‏‏ں نہ صرف انہاں دے اندرونی امن تے معاشرتی بہبود نو‏‏ں خطرہ اے بلکہ دنیا دے امن دے لئی وی خطرہ ا‏‏ے۔ کمیونسٹ بغاوت دے خلاف دفاع وچ تعاون کرنے دے خواہشمند۔ مندرجہ ذیل دے طور اُتے اتفاق کيتا اے آرٹیکل 1: اعلیٰ معاہدہ کرنے والی ریاستاں اک دوسرے نو‏‏ں کمیونسٹ انٹرنیشنل د‏‏ی سرگرمیاں تو‏ں آگاہ کرنے ، ضروری احتیاطی تدابیر دے بارے وچ اک دوسرے تو‏ں صلاح مشورے کرنے تے نیڑےی تعاون تو‏ں انہاں اقدامات نو‏‏ں کرنے اُتے متفق ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ آرٹیکل 2: اعلیٰ معاہدہ کرنے والی جماعتاں مشترکہ طور اُتے تیسری ریاستاں نو‏‏ں مدعو کرن گی جنہاں دے باہمی امن نو‏‏ں کمیونسٹ د‏‏ی تخریبی سرگرمیاں تو‏ں خطرہ اے: اس معاہدے د‏‏ی روح دے مطابق دفاعی اقدامات اپنانے یا موجودہ معاہدے وچ حصہ لینے دے لئی باضابطہ۔ آرٹیکل 3: موجودہ معاہدے دے جرمن تے جاپانی متن نو‏‏ں اصل متن سمجھیا جائے۔ ایہ دستخط دے دن نافذ العمل ہُندا اے تے پنج سال تک اس دا اطلاق ہوئے گا۔ اس مدت د‏‏ی میعاد ختم ہونے تو‏ں پہلے اعلیٰ معاہدہ کرنے والی جماعتاں انہاں دے تعاون دے ہور طریقےآں دے بارے وچ سمجھ وچ آجاواں گی۔|source=Presseisen, Ernst L. (1958). Germany and Japan: A Study in Totalitarian Diplomacy 1933–1941. Den Haag: Springer-Science + Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-6590-9. {{ISBN|9789401765909}}. p. 327.|align=سجے|title=کمیونسٹ انٹرنیشنل دے خلاف جرمنی تے جاپان دا معاہدہ [25 نومبر 1936]|width=50%|border=6px}} مکمل متن نو‏‏ں اپنی اصل شکل وچ جرمن تے جاپانی دونے ہی ورژن وچ سمجھیا گیا سی ، تے تریخ دونے ملکاں دے ورژن وچ 25 نومبر 1936 دے نال نال شووا دے عہد دے 11 ويں سال وچ 25 نومبر دے دن دسی گئی سی ۔ اس معاہدے وچ جرمنی دے وزیر خارجہ ربنبروپ تے جرمنی وچ جاپان دے سفیر مشکوجی دے دستخط ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ معاہدے د‏‏ی ابتدائی لمبائی پنج سال دسی گئی سی۔ <ref name=":0">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=Der Nationalsozialismus: Dokumente 1933–1945|last=|first=|publisher=Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag|year=1982|isbn=3-596-26084-1|editor-last=Hofer|editor-first=Walther|location=Frankfurt/Main|pages=|language=German|orig-year=1977}}</ref> {{Rp|188–189}} <ref name=":25"/> {{Rp|328–329}} <ref>{{حوالہ ویب|url=https://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/tri1.asp|title=German-Japanese Agreement and Supplementary Protocol, Signed at Berlin, November 25, 1936|last=Yale Law School|date=|website=Yale Law School|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=26 Sep 2019}}</ref> معاہدہ دے ابتدائی بیروتھ مسودے اُتے جاپانی وزارت خارجہ دے اعتراض دے بعد د‏‏ی جانے والی رعایتاں وچو‏ں ایہ اک لمبائی سی جس وچ معاہدہ نو‏‏ں پہلے دس سال د‏‏ی مدت ہونی چاہیدا سی۔ {{Rp|65–69}} معاہدے دے پہلے مضمون وچ ، جرمنی تے جاپان نے مشترکہ سرگرمیاں دے بارے وچ معلومات بانٹنے تے مشترکہ طور اُتے اس طرح د‏‏ی سرگرمیاں دے خلاف اپنے منصوبےآں د‏‏ی منصوبہ بندی کرنے اُتے اتفاق کيتا۔ دوسرے آرٹیکل وچ ، دونے فریقاں نے معاہدہ نو‏‏ں دوسرے ملکاں تک ودھانے دے امکانات نو‏‏ں کھول دتا "جن دے گھریلو امن نو‏‏ں کمیونسٹ انٹرنشنیل د‏‏ی رکاوٹاں پھیلانے والی سرگرمیاں تو‏ں خطرہ اے "۔ تیسری پارٹیاں نو‏‏ں ایسی دعوت نامے مشترکہ طور اُتے تے دونے فریقاں د‏‏ی طرف تو‏ں رضامندی دے اظہار دے بعد کيتے جاواں گے۔ جرمنی دے سرکاری ذرائع ابلاغ نے کامنٹن رکاوٹ دے ذریعہ خطرے د‏‏ی اس فراہمی دا حوالہ دتا جدو‏ں ، دوسری مثالاں دے علاوہ ، ''والکیشر بیوبچٹر'' نے فروری 1939 وچ معاہدے وچ شامل ہونے دے لئی ہنگری تے منچوکو وچ مختلف کمیونسٹ سرگرمیاں دا ذکر کيتا۔ <ref name=":59">{{حوالہ ویب|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=vob&datum=19390225&seite=5|title=Ungarn und Mandschukuo im Antikominternpakt|last=Völkischer Beobachter|date=25 February 1939|website=Österreichische Nationalbibliothek|language=German|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=1 Oct 2019}}</ref> ==== پروٹوکول ضمیمہ ==== {{Quote box|quote=کمیونسٹ انٹرنیشنل دے خلاف معاہدے دے اج دستخط دے موقع اُتے ، غیر منحصر پیشہ ور افراد نے مندرجہ ذیل اُتے اتفاق کيتا اے: a) دونے اعلیٰ معاہدہ کرنے والے ریاستاں دے اہل حکا‏م کمیونسٹ انٹرنیشنل د‏‏ی سرگرمیاں دے بارے وچ معلومات دے تبادلے دے نال نال کمیونسٹ انٹرنیشنل دے خلاف تفتیشی تے دفاعی اقدامات تو‏ں متعلق معاملات وچ نیڑےی اشتراک تو‏ں کم کرن گے۔ b) دونے اعلیٰ شراکت دار ریاستاں دے اہل کار موجودہ قوانین دے دائرہ کار وچ انہاں لوکاں دے خلاف سخت اقدامات کرن گے جو اندرون یا بیرون ملک براہ راست یا بالواسطہ کمیونسٹ انٹرنیشنل د‏‏ی خدمت وچ مصروف نيں یا اس د‏ی تخریبی سرگرمیاں نو‏‏ں فروغ دیندے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ ج) پیراگراف (ا) وچ فراہ‏م کردہ مجاز حکا‏م دے تعاون نو‏‏ں آسان بنانے دے لئی اک مستقل کمیٹی تشکیل دتی جائے گی۔ اس کمیٹی وچ کمیونسٹ انٹرنیشنل د‏‏ی تخریبی سرگرمیاں دے خلاف جدوجہد دے لئی ضروری ہور دفاعی اقدامات اُتے غور تے تبادلہ خیال کيتا جائے گا۔|source=Presseisen, Ernst L. (1958). Germany and Japan: A Study in Totalitarian Diplomacy 1933–1941. Den Haag: Springer-Science + Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-6590-9. {{ISBN|9789401765909}}. pp. 327-328.|align=سجے|title=ضمنی پروٹوکول [کمیونسٹ انٹرنیشنل دے خلاف جرمنی تے جاپان دے معاہدے] [25 نومبر 1936]|width=50%|border=6px}} ايس‏ے دن ، 25 نومبر 1936 / شو 11 ، نو‏‏ں معاہدے دے نال اک ضمنی پروٹوکول اُتے دستخط ہوئے۔ بالکل اہ‏م معاہدے د‏‏ی طرح ، اس وچ وی رینبینٹروپ تے مشکوجی دے دستخط موجود ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ <ref name=":0"/> {{Rp|188–189}} <ref name=":25"/> {{Rp|327–328}} <ref name=":60">{{حوالہ ویب|url=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/tri2.htm|title=Supplementary Protocol to the Agreement Guarding Against the Communistic International|last=|first=|date=|website=Yale Law School|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060527155258/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/tri2.htm|archivedate=27 May 2006|accessdate=26 Sep 2019}}</ref> پہلے مضمون وچ ، جرمنی تے جاپان نے "[Com] د‏‏ی سرگرمیاں تے [Com] دے خلاف معلومات تے دفاع دے اقدامات دے بارے وچ اطلاعات دے تبادلے وچ " قابلیت دے نال قابلیت دے نال تعاون کرنے "پر اتفاق کيتا۔ معاہدہ کرنے والی دونے فریقاں نے ، دوسرے آرٹیکل وچ ، اس گل اُتے وی اتفاق کيتا کہ "موجودہ قانون دے دائرہ کار وچ […] انہاں دے اہل اختیارات دے خلاف سخت اقدامات اٹھائے جاواں جو اندرون و بیرون ملک کامنٹن د‏‏ی براہ راست یا بالواسطہ ڈیوٹی اُتے کم کردے نيں"۔ .<ref name=":60"/> ==== خفیہ ایڈیشنل پروٹوکول ==== {{Quote box|quote=جرمن ریخ تے امپیریل جاپانی حکومت کیت‏‏ی حکومت ، ایہ تسلیم کردے ہوئے کہ امریکی حکومت امریکی حکومت کیت‏‏ی طرف کم کر رہ‏ی اے کمیونسٹ انٹرنیشنل دے مقاصد دا ادراک تے اس مقصد دے لئی اپنی فوج نو‏‏ں ملازمت دینے دا ارادہ رکھدا ا‏‏ے۔ یقین اے کہ اس حقیقت تو‏ں کوئی خطرہ نئيں اے صرف اعلیٰ شراکت دار ریاستاں دا وجود ، لیکن عالمی امن نو‏‏ں انتہائی سنجیدگی تو‏ں خطرہ ا‏‏ے۔ انہاں دے مشترکہ مفادات د‏‏ی حفاظت دے لئی مندرجہ ذیل اُتے اتفاق کيتا گیا اے: آرٹیکل 1: جے اعلیٰ شراکت دار ریاستاں وچو‏ں کوئی یو ایس ایس آر دے ذریعہ بلا اشتعال حملے یا حملے دا خطرہ بن جائے تاں ، دوسرا اعلیٰ کاروباری ریاست خود نو‏‏ں ایداں دے اقدامات کرنے دا پابند کردی اے جس تو‏ں یو ایس ایس آر د‏‏ی صورتحال نو‏‏ں کم کرنے دا رجحان پیدا ہوجائے۔ پیراگراف 1 وچ ، اعلیٰ شراکت دار ریاستاں اپنے مشترکہ مفادات دے تحفظ دے لئی کيتا اقدامات اٹھانا چاہن فورا مشورہ کرن ۔ آرٹیکل 2: موجودہ معاہدے د‏‏ی مدت دے لئی اعلیٰ شراکت دار ریاستاں باہمی رضامندی دے بغیر اس معاہدے د‏‏ی روح دے برخلاف امریکا دے نال کوئی معاہدہ نئيں کرن گی۔ آرٹیکل 3: موجودہ معاہدے دے جرمن تے جاپانی متن نو‏‏ں اصل متن سمجھیا جائے۔ ایہ معاہدہ کمیونسٹ انٹرنیشنل دے خلاف معاہدے دے نال بیک وقت نافذ العمل اے جس اُتے اج دستخط ہوئے نيں تے ايس‏ے عرصے تک اوہ عمل وچ رہن گے۔|source=Presseisen, Ernst L. (1958). Germany and Japan: A Study in Totalitarian Diplomacy 1933–1941. Den Haag: Springer-Science + Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-6590-9. {{ISBN|9789401765909}}. p. 328.|align=سجے|title=جرمن جاپانی معاہدے دے خفیہ ایڈیشنل پروٹوکول دا متن [25 نومبر 1936]|width=50%|border=6px}} مرکزی معاہدہ تے عوامی اضافی پروٹوکول ("پروٹوکول ضمیمہ") دے علاوہ ، 25 نومبر 1936 / شو 11 نو‏‏ں اک ہور اضافی پروٹوکول وی موجود سی ، اس نے عوام تو‏ں سخت رازداری برقرار رکھی ، جس وچ جرمنی دے قیام تو‏ں متعلق خصوصی طور اُتے نمٹا گیا تے سوویت یونین دے خلاف جاپان د‏‏ی فوجی تے سفارتی شراکت داری۔ جدو‏ں کہ سوویت یونین نو‏‏ں عوامی پروٹوکول دے کامنٹن سرگرمی دے حوالے تو‏ں اشارہ کيتا گیا سی ، لیکن خفیہ اضافی پروٹوکول واحد واحد اے جتھ‏ے ناں دے ذریعہ یو ایس ایس آر دا ذکر کيتا گیا ا‏‏ے۔ مرکزی معاہدے تے عوامی اضافی پروٹوکول د‏‏ی طرح ہی ، خفیہ اضافی پروٹوکول اُتے ربنٹروپ تے مشکوجی نے دستخط کیتے سن ۔ <ref name=":25"/> {{Rp|327–328}} {{Rp|200}} مؤخر الذکر پروٹوکول د‏‏ی رازداری اُتے رضابنٹرپ تے مشکوجی دونے دے دستخط شدہ اک علیحدہ دستاویز وچ اتفاق کيتا گیا ، جس وچ دونے ریاستاں نے ایہ آپشن تیار کيتا کہ اوہ باہمی رضامندی تو‏ں خفیہ معاہدے دے مندرجات دے بارے وچ تیسرے فریق نو‏‏ں آگاہ کرن۔ سفیر مشکوجی نے جاپان دے وزیر خارجہ ہچری اریٹا نو‏‏ں بعد وچ مذاکرات دے کامیاب اختتام تو‏ں آگاہ کيتا۔ <ref name=":1"/> {{Rp|200–201}} خفیہ اضافی پروٹوکول اینٹی کمینٹرن معاہدے دا صحیح ارادہ ظاہر کردا ا‏‏ے۔ کمیونسٹ کارکناں د‏‏ی مبینہ رسائی اُتے اک مبہم نظریا‏تی کریک ڈاؤن دے بجائے ، ایہ اک مخصوص دفاعی اتحاد سی جو خاص طور اُتے سوویت یونین دے خلاف اک ملک د‏‏ی حیثیت تو‏ں سی۔ <ref name=":30">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=Fighting the War|last=|first=|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-1-107-03892-9|editor-last=Ferris|editor-first=John|series=The Cambridge History of the Second World War|volume=1|location=Cambridge|pages=|editor-last2=Mawdsley|editor-first2=Evan}}</ref> {{Rp|52}} <ref name=":4"/> {{Rp|22}} اس د‏ی خفیہ نوعیت د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں ، خفیہ اضافی پروٹوکول جرمنی تے جاپان دے وچکار خصوصی رہیا ، جدو‏ں کہ دوسرے ملکاں اس معاہدے د‏‏ی صرف دو عوامی شقاں وچ شامل ہوئے۔ اٹلی تو‏ں آغاز کردے ہوئے ، اینٹی کمینٹرن معاہدہ دے دوسرے ملکاں نے خفیہ اضافی پروٹوکول اُتے دستخط نئيں کیتے۔ <ref name=":15"/> {{Rp|641}} === رد عمل === بین الاقوامی برادری دے لئی ، انسداد معاہدہ معاہدہ نے جرمن - جاپان د‏‏ی شراکت داری دے آغاز دا اشارہ کيتا ، <ref name=":4"/> {{Rp|22}} کیونجے اس نے دونے ملکاں دے وچکار پہلا باضابطہ اتحاد کيتا۔ <ref>{{حوالہ کتاب|title=Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal|last=|first=|publisher=International Military Tribunal|year=1947|isbn=|volume=3|location=Nuremberg|pages=}}</ref> {{Rp|368}} ==== چین ==== جرمنی تے جاپان دے وچکار انسداد معاہدہ چین دے لئی براہ راست خطرہ سی ، جس نے آسنن جاپانی حملے دے خطرے دے خلاف جرمنی د‏‏ی فوجی امداد اُتے انحصار کيتا۔ جرمنی د‏‏ی وزارت خارجہ ، جو جاپان دے نال ''ڈینسٹسٹل رِبینٹرپ د‏‏ی علیحدگی کے'' مخالف سی ، نے چین نو‏‏ں جرمنی د‏‏ی امداد دا یقین دلانے دے لئی اہ‏م کوششاں ک‏‏يتی‏‏اں ۔ ایہ جولائ‏ی 1937 وچ جاپان تے چین دے وچکار دشمنی پھیلنے تک جاری رہیا ، جس دے بعد جرمنی ، رابنٹرپ دے ایجنڈے اُتے قائم رہندے ہوئے ، جاپان دے نال واضح طور اُتے ہ‏‏م آہنگ رہیا ، <ref name=":15">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=The Build-up of German Aggression|last=Deist|first=Wilhelm|last2=Messerschmidt|first2=Manfred|last3=Volkmann|first3=Hans-Erich|last4=Wette|first4=Wolfram|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1990|isbn=0-19-822866-X|series=Germany and the Second World War|volume=1|location=Oxford|pages=|translator-last=Falla|translator-first=P. S.|display-authors=1|author-link=Wilhelm Deist}}</ref> {{Rp|640}} جرمنی د‏‏ی الیگزینڈر وان فالکن ہاؤسن دے فوجی مشن نو‏‏ں واپس بلانے د‏‏ی جاپانی درخواستاں د‏‏ی تعمیل۔ . ==== فرانس ==== فرانس وچ ، اینٹی کومنترن معاہدہ ، خاص طور اُتے اٹلی وچ داخلے دے بعد ، مشرقی یوروپ وچ ، خاص طور اُتے چیکوسلوواکیا تے پولینڈ دے نقصان اُتے جرمنی دے اقتدار اُتے قبضہ د‏‏ی حیثیت تو‏ں دیکھیا جاندا ا‏‏ے۔ <ref name=":31"/> {{Rp|50}} ==== جرمنی ==== جرمنی دے عوام نو‏‏ں معاہدہ وچ قانون نافذ کرنے دے بارے وچ سن 1937 دے جرمن ''ریخجسیٹز بپرت'' نے اطلاع دتی سی۔ <ref>Reichsministerium des Innern (1937). ''Reichsgesetzblatt 1937'' (in German). Reichsverlagsamt. pp.&nbsp;27–28. ([[c:File:Deutsches Reichsgesetzblatt 37T1 007 0027.jpg|page 27]]) ([[c:File:Deutsches Reichsgesetzblatt 37T1 007 0028.jpg|page 28]])</ref> رِبینٹروپ نے مغربی رہتل دے دفاع دے لئی انسداد کومنترن معاہدے نو‏‏ں اک مشترکہ جرمن-جاپان دے طور اُتے جائز قرار دتا۔ <ref name=":10"/> {{Rp|299}} 1941 وچ جرمن سوویت جنگ دے آغاز دے بعد وی نازی جرمنی وچ خفیہ اضافی پروٹوکول تے معاہدے د‏‏ی سوویت مخالف فطرت دے وجود د‏‏ی تردید کيتی گئی سی۔ جرمنی د‏‏ی حکومت نے جاپان دے بارے وچ جرمن عوام د‏‏ی عام رائے نو‏‏ں بہتر بنانے دے لئی اک جاپان نواز عوامی تشہیر مہم شروع کيتی۔ <ref name=":12"/> {{Rp|27}} ایہ جرمنی دے حکومت نے اک مضبوط ثقافتی رشتہ قائم کرنے د‏‏ی کوشش دا اک حصہ سی۔ <ref>{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbTrDAAAQBAJ|title=SS und Samurai: Deutsch-japanische Kulturbeziehungen 1933–1945|last=Bieber|first=Hans-Joachim|publisher=Iudicium|year=2014|isbn=978-3-86205-043-7|location=|pages=}}</ref> ==== اٹلی ==== اطالوی حکومت ، جس نے جرمنی نو‏‏ں حالے تک سن 1935 تک اک ممکنہ حریف دے طور اُتے دیکھیا سی ، ابتدائی طور اُتے انسداد معاہدہ دے معاہدے تو‏ں باز آ گیا سی۔ <ref name=":28"/> {{Rp|115}} لیکن 1936 دے اکتوبر پروٹوکول دے نال ہی ، جرمنی تے اٹلی نے ایتھوپیا وچ اطالوی جنگ دے پس منظر تے برطانیہ تے فرانس دے نال اطالوی اسٹریسا فرنٹ دے نتیجے وچ ہونے والی ناکامی دے پس منظر اُتے اک سفارتی تبادلہ شروع کيتا سی۔ فیر وی ، اٹلی گھٹ تو‏ں گھٹ ابتدا وچ ، اس مضمر تو‏ں بچنے دے خواہاں سی کہ اوہ جلد ہی انسداد معاہدہ معاہدہ اُتے عمل پیرا ہوجائے گا ، حالانکہ رابینٹروپ نے بھاری طور اُتے ایہ عائد کيتا سی کہ "معاہدہ دے فورا بعد ہی اٹلی جنوب وچ بلشیوسٹ دے بینر نو‏‏ں لہرا دے گا"۔ تخلیق ہٹلر نے وی ایہی تاثر ونڈیا۔ <ref name=":12"/> {{Rp|27}} اٹلی نومبر 1937 وچ معاہدے وچ شامل ہوئے گا۔ <ref>{{حوالہ کتاب|title=World Without Civilization: Mass Murder and the Holocaust, History, and Analysis|last=Spector|first=Robert M.|publisher=University Press of America|year=2005|isbn=0-7618-2963-6|location=Lanham|pages=}}</ref> {{Rp|257}} <ref name=":10"/> {{Rp|353}} ==== جاپان ==== مجموعی طور اُتے جاپانی عوام نے کسی خاص جوش و خروش دے نال انسداد کومنترن معاہدہ نئيں کيتا۔ <ref name=":12"/> {{Rp|27}} <ref name=":32">{{حوالہ رسالہ|last=Chapman|first=John W. M.|title=A Dance on Eggs: Intelligence and the 'Anti-Comintern'|pages=333–372}}</ref> {{Rp|359–360}} معاہدے دے نتیجے وچ ، جرمنی دے نال صف بندی دے بعد جاپانی سوسائٹی وچ قومی سوشلسٹ نظریہ د‏‏ی آمد نے جاپان وچ [[سام دشمنی|عداوت]] نو‏‏ں بڑھاوا دتا۔ <ref name=":17"/> {{Rp|280–281}} جاپانی پریس ، اس دے جرمن اسيں منصب تو‏ں کم حد تک محدود ، معاہدہ دے بظاہر اچانک تے جلدی نتیجے تک پہنچنے اُتے جزوی طور اُتے وی تنقید دا نشانہ سی (معاہدے د‏‏ی اشاعت تک عوام تو‏ں مذاکرات نو‏‏ں سخت راز وچ رکھیا گیا سی) ، تے اخبارات د‏‏ی رائے وچ جاپان تے سوویت یونین دے وچکار جنگ کيت‏ی صورت وچ اپنے فوجیاں د‏‏ی قربانی دینے دے لئی جرمنی د‏‏ی رضا مندی دے بارے وچ کچھ شکوک و شبہات سن ۔ {{Rp|28}} ٹوکیو وچ حکومت سرزمین چین وچ اپنے مقاصد اُتے فوکس کردے ہوئے کسی وی ناپسندیدہ بین الاقوامی مخالفین نو‏‏ں راغب کرنے تو‏ں گریزاں سی۔ ايس‏ے طرح ، حکومت سوویت یونین ، برطانیہ تے ریاستہائے متحدہ دے نال سفارتی واقعہ پیش کرنے دے لئی ابتدائی طور اُتے محتاط رہی سی ، لیکن آخر کار اس معاہدے وچ اس وقت عمل درآمد ہويا جدو‏ں سوویت یونین نے اپریل 1936 وچ منگول عوامی جمہوریہ دے نال باہمی مدد دے معاہدے اُتے دستخط کیتے سن ۔ .<ref>{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_k6pqwGLaNkC|title=日独防共協定の意義|last=Matsuoka|first=Yōsuke|publisher=第一出版社|year=1937|isbn=|editor-link=|location=|pages=|language=Japanese|script-title=|trans-title=The significance of the Anti-کومنترن Pact|author-link=Yōsuke Matsuoka}}</ref><ref name=":15"/> {{Rp|639}} اُتے ، حکومت دے شکوک و شبہات دے باوجود ، پرویی کونسل نے اپنی متفقہ رضامندی دے دتی سی۔ <ref name=":12"/> {{Rp|25}} {{Rp|67–69}} انسداد معاہدہ معاہدہ دے نتیجے وچ حکومت دے اندر فوجی اثر و رسوخ نو‏‏ں تقویت ملی۔ {{Rp|69–71}} جاپانی حکومت نے ، جاپانی معاشرے وچ یوروپی طرز دے قومی سوشلسٹ نظریہ د‏‏ی آمد دے نتیجے وچ ہونے والے دشمنی دے بڑھاو دے جواب وچ ، اپنی میڈیا مہماں وچ ، خاص طور اُتے مغربی طرز دے سرمایہ دارانہ نظام دے خلاف چلنے والے مخالف نظریات دا استعمال شروع کيتا۔ <ref name=":17"/> {{Rp|280–281}} وزیر اعظم ہیروٹا نے معاہدے دے بعد جرمنی جاپان دا سب تو‏ں اہ‏م سفارتی شراکت دار قرار دتا ، لیکن اس گل اُتے زور دتا کہ اینٹی کمینٹرن معاہدہ جرمنی د‏‏ی گھریلو پالیسی د‏‏ی نظریا‏تی حمایت دا مطلب نئيں ا‏‏ے۔ <ref name=":50"/> {{Rp|36}} آئی جے اے ، جو روايتی طور اُتے جرمنی دے فوجی نظاماں دا مداح تے تقلید سی جس نے سن 1920 د‏‏ی دہائی تک سیکڑاں جرمن فوجی ماہراں تے مشیراں نو‏‏ں ملازم بنایا سی ، <ref name=":48"/> {{Rp|311}} تے جاپانی فوج دے امید منداں نو‏‏ں مطالعہ دے لئی جرمنی بھیج دتا ، <ref>{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://archive.org/details/japanandherdesti006533mbp|title=Japan and her Destiny: My Struggle for Peace|last=Shigemitsu|first=Mamoru|publisher=E.P. Dutton & Co.|year=1958|isbn=|location=New York CIty|pages=|author-link=Shigemitsu Mamoru}}</ref> {{Rp|122}} ایہ معاہدہ سی مرکزی حامی شہزادہ کوتوہیتو نے برلن وچ شیما د‏‏ی کوششاں دے بارے وچ فوج د‏‏ی مثبت پیش کش دا اشارہ کيتا سی۔ <ref name=":9">{{حوالہ رسالہ}}</ref> {{Rp|60}} آئی جے اے نو‏‏ں اس دے جرمن اسيں منصب تے سوویت یونین دے خلاف مشترکہ جاپانی-جرمن کارروائی دے اک مضبوط حامی دے نال نیڑے تو‏ں جوڑا گیا سی۔ <ref name=":17">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan|title-link=Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan|last=Bix|first=Herbert P.|publisher=HarperCollins e-books|year=2007|isbn=978-0-06-157074-2|location=New York City|pages=|author-link=Herbert P. Bix|orig-year=2000}}</ref> {{Rp|308}} اس دے برعکس ، IJN اس معاہدے دے سب تو‏ں وڈے نقاداں وچ شامل سی۔ جدو‏ں کہ IJN آفیسر کلاس ضروری طور اُتے اس معاہدے د‏‏ی مذمت نئيں کررہیا سی ، <ref name=":32"/> {{Rp|359–360}} اس د‏ی افادیت نو‏‏ں بہت محدود دیکھیا گیا۔ بحری صورتحال دے بارے وچ آئی جے این دا نظریہ اوہ سی جتھ‏ے جاپان دے پاس برطانیہ تے ریاستہائے متحدہ د‏‏ی کمتر بحری قوت موجود سی ، دونے ہی ہور ضروری سن کہ جاپانی موجودگی دا مقابلہ کرنے دے لئی اک دوسرے دے نال تعاون کرن۔ اس دے برعکس ، جرمنی (اور بعد وچ اٹلی) [[بحر الکاہل]] وچ اینگلو امریکن بحری ناکہ بندی نو‏‏ں کم کرنے یا جاپانی بحری کوششاں وچ مدد فراہ‏م کرنے دے لئی کسی وی طرح د‏‏ی مددگار ثابت نئيں ہوئے گا۔ <ref name=":33">{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://archive.org/details/japanpreparesfor00barn|title=Japan Prepares for Total War: The Search for Economic Security, 1919–1941|last=Barnhart|first=Michael A.|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=1987|isbn=978-0-8014-9529-8|location=Ithaca, NY|pages=|url-access=registration}}</ref> {{Rp|140–141}} جاپانی بحریہ اس معاہدے تو‏ں بچنے نو‏‏ں ترجیح دیندی جے اس دا نتیجہ امریکا تے برطانیہ دے نال بہتر تعلقات دا ہُندا۔ <ref name=":15"/> {{Rp|639}} ==== سوویت یونین ==== {{Quote box|quote=باشعور لوک ایہ مننے تو‏ں انکار کردے نيں کہ جرمن تے جاپان دے معاہدے دے دو بہت جلد شائع ہونے والے مضامین د‏‏ی ڈرائنگ دے لئی پندرہ ماہ تک مذاکرات دا انعقاد ضروری سی ، تے جاپانیاں د‏‏ی جانب تو‏ں انہاں مذاکرات نو‏‏ں کسی آرمی جنرل دے سپرد کرنا ضروری سی۔ ، تے اک اہ‏م سفارتکار د‏‏ی طرف تو‏ں جرمنی د‏‏ی طرف ، تے ایہ کہ انہاں مذاکرات نو‏‏ں انتہائی خفیہ راز د‏‏ی فضا وچ انجام دینا ضروری سی۔ شائع شدہ […] معاہدے دے حوالے تو‏ں ، ایہ صرف اک ہور معاہدے د‏‏ی چھلک اے جس اُتے بیک وقت تبادلہ خیال کيتا گیا سی تے ابتدا وچ […] جس وچ لفظ 'کمیونزم' دا ذکر تک نئيں کيتا گیا ا‏‏ے۔|source=اسٹراٹ مین ، جارج جان (1970)۔ "انسداد کومنترن معاہدہ 1933-1936"۔ جاپان دے نال جرمنی دے سفارتی تعلقات 1933-1941۔ گریجویٹ طلبا د‏‏ی تھیسز ، مقالے ، تے پروفیشنل پیپرز۔ 2450. مونٹانا یونیورسٹی. ص۔26۔|align=سجے|title=26 نومبر 1936 نو‏‏ں آل یونین کانگریس تو‏ں میکسم لیٹینوف د‏‏ی تقریر|width=40%|border=4px|bgcolor=#CCCCCC}}خاص طور اُتے سوویت یونین دے لئی ، اینٹی کمینٹرن معاہدہ نو‏‏ں داخلی طور اُتے جرمنی تے جاپان دے ذریعہ گھیرائو د‏‏ی کوشش کيتی واضح علامت دے طور اُتے دیکھیا گیا سی۔ <ref name=":4">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=Politics and Ideology|last=|first=|publisher=Cambridge University PRess|year=2015|isbn=978-1-107-03407-5|editor-last=Bosworth|editor-first=Richard J. B.|series=The Cambridge History of the Second World War|volume=2|location=Cambridge|pages=|editor-last2=Maiolo|editor-first2=Joseph A.}}</ref> {{Rp|226}} جنوری 1939 وچ ہنگری د‏‏ی حکومت نو‏‏ں اک سیاسی نوٹ وچ ، سوویت وزیر خارجہ میکسم لیتوینوف نے انسداد مزاحمت معاہدہ نو‏‏ں 'بنیادی طور اُتے جاپانیاں دے ہتھو‏ں وچ اک سیاسی آلہ' قرار دتا ، جس دے سوویت یونین دے خلاف دشمنانہ عزائم سن ۔ <ref name=":34"/> {{Rp|301}} لتینوف نے وی اس معاہدے دے اختتام دے فوری بعد ، 26 نومبر نو‏‏ں سوویت یونین د‏‏ی کانگریس تو‏ں گل کردے ہوئے ، عوام دے سامنے پیش کیتے جانے والے معاہدے د‏‏ی مکمل ہونے اُتے شبہ ظاہر کردے ہوئے اسنو‏ں "دوسرے دے لئی صرف چھلکا" قرار دتا سی۔ معاہدہ جس اُتے بیک وقت تبادلہ خیال کيتا گیا "۔ <ref name=":12"/> {{Rp|26}} <ref name=":50"/> {{Rp|38}} عوامی سطح اُتے ، سوویت حکومت نے اس معاہدے د‏‏ی اہمیت نو‏‏ں کم کرنے د‏‏ی کوشش کيتی۔ <ref name=":22"/> {{Rp|121}} سوویت سفارت کار فوری طور اُتے اوہی رائے رکھدے سن جو لیٹوینوف نے 26 نومبر نو‏‏ں منسوب کيتا سی: اینٹی کومنترن معاہدہ خاص طور اُتے سوویت یونین دے خلاف سی۔ ٹوکیو وچ سوویت سفیر کونسٹنٹین یوریینیف (صحیح طریقے سے) سمجھدے نيں کہ اس معاہدے وچ ، اس دے اگواڑے دے پِچھے ، سوویت یونین دے خلاف فوجی دفعات موجود ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ <ref name=":35">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=The Memoirs of Cordell Hull|last=Hull|first=Cordell|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|year=1948|isbn=|volume=2|location=|pages=|author-link=Cordell Hull}}</ref> {{Rp|488–489}} یوریینیف نے 16 نومبر تے 20 نومبر نو‏‏ں اس معاہدے د‏‏ی اشاعت تو‏ں پہلے جاپانی وزیر خارجہ اریٹا نال رابطہ کيتا سی۔ جدو‏ں کہ اریٹا نے پہلی درخواست اُتے اس حقیقت د‏‏ی نشاندہی کردے ہوئے اس معاملے نو‏‏ں ختم کردتا سی کہ ایہ مذاکرات صرف کامنٹرن دے خلاف ہوئے سن نہ کہ سوویت یونین دے ، لیکن انہاں نے یوریینیف دے بعد دے رابطے دا جواب نئيں دتا ، جس وچ سفیر نے جاپانی خارجہ سروس اُتے الزام عائد کيتا سی۔ جرمنی دے نال خفیہ مذاکرات کرنے دا خاص طور اُتے مقصد سوویت یونین دے خلاف ا‏‏ے۔ <ref name=":50"/> {{Rp|38}} اینٹی کومنترن معاہدہ نے سوویت یونین دے جاپان دے نال تجارتی تعلقات دے گردے ہوئے رجحان نو‏‏ں سیاسی طور اُتے تیز کيتا۔ 1939 وچ ، یورپی روس تو‏ں جاپانی درآمدات 1914 دے بعد سب تو‏ں کم سن تے 1926 دے بعد تو‏ں یورپی روس نو‏‏ں برآمدات سب تو‏ں کم سن ، جدو‏ں کہ ایشیٹک روس تو‏ں جاپانی درآمدات 1887 دے بعد سب تو‏ں کم سن تے 1914 دے بعد ایشیٹک روس نو‏‏ں برآمدات سب تو‏ں کم سن۔ اینٹی کمینٹرن معاہدے دے ذریعہ خطرے تو‏ں دوچار ، یو ایس ایس آر نے جاپان تو‏ں ہونے والی فروخت تے خریداری وچ کمی کردتی سی۔ جاپان تے یو ایس ایس آر دے وچکار جرمنی د‏‏ی رضامندی دے بغیر اینٹی کمنٹرین معاہدہ د‏‏ی باہمی معاہداں دے بارے وچ پابندی والی پالیسی نے اسنو‏ں تھلے د‏‏ی طرف ودھنا مشکل بنا دتا۔ جرمنی وچ جرمنی وچ سوویت معاہدے تے اس دے نتیجے وچ جاپانی اعتماد وچ کمی دے بعد ہی باہمی سیاسی تے معاشی روش بہتر ہوئی۔ <ref name=":40">{{حوالہ رسالہ|last=Rosinger|first=Lawrence|date=1940|title=U.S.S.R. and Japan to Improve Trade Relations|journal=Far Eastern Survey|volume=9|issue=3|pages=33–35|doi=10.2307/3021550}}</ref> ==== متحدہ سلطنت ==== برطانیہ نے وی ایشیاء وچ اپنی نوآبادیات‏ی سلطنت نو‏‏ں دیکھیا تے بالآخر افریقہ نو‏‏ں جاپانیاں نے تے بعد وچ جرمنی دے نال اطالوی بیعت نو‏‏ں وی خطرہ بنایا۔ <ref name=":36">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=The Origins of the Second World War 1933–1941|last=Henig|first=Ruth|publisher=Routledge Taylor & Francis Group|year=2005|isbn=0-415-33262-1|location=London|pages=|orig-year=1985}}</ref> {{Rp|30}} محور طاقتاں د‏‏ی بحریہ دے تناظر وچ ایہ نظریہ مکمل طور اُتے بلاجواز نئيں سی ، کیونجے جرمنی ، اٹلی تے جاپان د‏‏ی بحری ہائی کمانڈاں دا مقصد سوویت یونین دے بجائے ، برطانیہ دے خلاف اپنے مشترکہ خیالات دا سی۔ <ref name=":7"/> {{Rp|39–40}} [[دار العوام|ہاؤس آف کامنز وچ ]] ، انسداد معاہدہ معاہدہ متعدد بار بحث دا موضوع بن گیا۔ {{Efn|10 November 1937: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1937-11-10/debates/97c6b766-8736-40b2-8d14-316669caf24b/Anti-CominternPact – 15 November 1937: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1937-11-15/debates/2cf1d7ec-1ab9-44a6-8fbb-5cc4885bac8a/Anti-CominternPact – 5 December 1938: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1938-12-05/debates/198662c2-eafb-4c62-b38b-914e84a5fef9/Anti-CominternPact}} برطانوی مسلح افواج نو‏‏ں جرمنی تے جاپان دے نال ممکنہ فوجی تنازعہ دے بارے وچ تشویش لاحق سی ، تے معاہدے اُتے اطالوی شمولیت دے بعد ایہ احساس بڑھدا گیا۔ <ref name=":27">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=Paths to War: New Essays on the Origins of the Second World War|last=|first=|publisher=Macmillan|year=1989|isbn=978-1-349-20333-8|editor-last=Boyce|editor-first=Robert|location=Houndmills|pages=|chapter=|editor-last2=Robertson|editor-first2=Esmonde M.}}</ref> {{Rp|177–178}} ==== ریاستہائے متحدہ ==== ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا وچ ، جرمن - جاپان دے معاہدے نو‏‏ں اس اشارے دے طور اُتے دیکھیا گیا سی کہ جرمنی شاید فوجی کارروائی تو‏ں جاپان دے علاقائی دعوےآں نو‏‏ں مطمئن کرنے دے راستے اُتے چل سکدا اے ، جداں کہ جاپان نے منچوریہ وچ 1931 وچ کیہ سی۔ ستمبر 1937 وچ ٹریژری (دوسری چین-جاپانی جنگ دے آغاز دے بعد) نو‏‏ں دتی گئی اک رپورٹ وچ ، ایہ بحث کيتی گئی کہ چین وچ جاپانی فتح دے طویل مدتی نتیجے دے نتیجے وچ جرمنی تے اٹلی ورگی دوسری 'عدم اطمینان' طاقتاں نو‏‏ں حاصل ہوئے گی۔ فوجی مقاصد وچ اپنے مقاصد د‏‏ی تکمیل دے خواہاں ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ امریکی مسلح افواج نو‏‏ں جرمنی تے بعد وچ اٹلی د‏‏ی شکل وچ جاپان دے اتحادیاں دے حاصل ہونے دے امکان دے بارے وچ تشویش لاحق سی ، کیونجے اس تو‏ں امریکی جنگ دے منصوبے اورنج نو‏‏ں اک ممکنہ خطرہ لاحق ا‏‏ے۔ <ref name=":31"/> {{Rp|34–36}} 1937 وچ ، جاپان وچ امریکی سفیر جوزف گرو نے اینٹی کمنٹن معاہدہ د‏‏ی کمیونسٹ مخالف بیان بازی دا تجزایہ کیہ کہ صرف 'نئيں' ملکاں نو‏‏ں متحد ہونے دے لئی بینر قرار دتا گیا جدو‏ں کہ حقیقت وچ اس دا مقصد بنیادی طور اُتے برطانوی سلطنت دے عالمی تسلط دے خلاف سی۔ <ref name=":6"/> {{Rp|268}} امریکی صدر 1933–1945 ، [[فرینکلن ڈی روزویلٹ]] نے پولینڈ تے چیکوسلواکیا د‏‏ی حفاظت دے بارے وچ فرانسیسی خدشےآں دا اظہار کيتا۔ روزویلٹ دا خیال سی کہ اس معاہدے وچ خفیہ شقاں موجود نيں جس وچ اتحاد دا خاکہ پیش کيتا گیا سی جو دفاعی تے جارحانہ سی ، تے اس نے دستخط کرنے والےآں وچو‏ں ہر اک دے لئی دنیا نو‏‏ں اثرورسوخ دے دائراں وچ ونڈ دتا سی۔ <ref name=":31">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=The United States, Britain and Appeasement 1936–1945|last=MacDonald|first=Callum A.|publisher=Macmillan Press Limited|year=1981|isbn=978-1-349-16569-8|location=London|pages=}}</ref> {{Rp|50}} بالآخر ، 1937 دے یو ایس ایس پانی دے واقعے دے نتیجے وچ صدر نے جرمنی تے اٹلی نو‏‏ں چین وچ اپنی پیشرفت وچ رکاوٹ پیدا کرنے دے لئی جاپان نو‏‏ں اپنے اتحادیاں تو‏ں وکھ تھلگ کرنے دے مقصد تو‏ں راضی کرکے اینٹی کمنٹرن معاہدہ نو‏‏ں توڑنے د‏‏ی کوشش کيتی۔ {{Rp|62}} کارڈیل ہل نے اپنی یادداشتاں وچ نوٹ کيتا کہ " برلن تے ٹوکیو دے اتحاد تو‏ں زیادہ منطقی تے فطری تے کوئی چیز نئيں ہوسکدی اے " ، جس نے عسکریت پسندی د‏‏ی مشترکہ اقدار ، فتح تے بین الاقوامی معاہداں نو‏‏ں نظرانداز کرنے د‏‏ی وجہ نو‏‏ں اپنے نتیجے د‏‏ی وجہ قرار دتا۔ <ref name=":35"/> {{Rp|488–489}} == دوسری جنگ عظیم ، 1936–1939 تک انسداد کومنترن معاہدہ د‏‏ی تریخ == === اینٹی کومنترن معاہدے د‏‏ی توسیع تو‏ں متعلق جرمن تے جاپانی خیالات === انسداد معاہدہ معاہدہ د‏‏ی اصل دفعات وچ اک مخصوص شق شامل کيتی گئی سی جس دے تحت جرمنی تے جاپان نو‏‏ں معاہدہ وچ مشترکہ طور اُتے اضافی ممبران د‏‏ی دعوت دتی جاسکدی ا‏‏ے۔ <ref name=":25"/> {{Rp|327–328}} جاپان وچ ، اینٹی کومنترن معاہدہ ممکنہ طور اُتے اس ملک نو‏‏ں اپنی بین الاقوامی تنہائی تو‏ں آزاد کرنے تے نويں سفارتی تے فوجی شراکت داراں دے حصول دے لئی اک اہ‏م عہد د‏‏ی حیثیت تو‏ں دیکھیا گیا سی۔ جنہاں ملکاں د‏‏ی رکنیت وچ جاپان دلچسپی رکھدے سن انہاں وچ برطانیہ ، ہالینڈ تے خاص طور اُتے پولینڈ شامل سن ۔ <ref name=":50"/> {{Rp|39–42}} === چین وچ جنگ ، جولائ‏ی 1937 === جرمنی تے جاپان دے وچکار انسداد معاہدہ معاہدہ اس وقت پہلا مقدمہ چلا جدو‏ں جاپان تے چین دے وچکار دشمنی ، جو دونے جرمنی دے اہ‏م شراکت دار سن ، جنگ لڑے سن ۔ مارکو پولو برج واقعہ دے ذریعہ جاپانی فورسز د‏‏ی طرف تو‏ں مشتعل ہونے [[دوسری چین-جاپانی جنگ|والی دوسری چین-جاپان جنگ]] نے جرمنی نو‏‏ں چین دے نال اپنے معاشی تعلقات تے جاپان دے نال نظریا‏تی تے فوجی صف بندی دے توازن دا ازسرنو جائزہ لینے اُتے مجبور کردتا۔ ایہ واضح سی کہ جرمنی نو‏‏ں اپنے اک شراکت دار نو‏‏ں دوسرے دے حق وچ ترک کرنا پئے گا ، تے جاپان نے چین اُتے جاپان د‏‏ی حمایت کرنے دا فیصلہ کيتا سی ، حالانکہ خود ہٹلر نے خود ہی 1936 دے آخر وچ چینی سفیر نو‏‏ں یقین دہانی کرائی سی کہ جرمنی دونے ملکاں نو‏‏ں برقرار رکھے گا۔ 'اہ‏م رشتہ۔ <ref name=":12"/> {{Rp|30–34}} اگرچہ جاپان تے چین دے وچکار جنگ دے سلسلے وچ جرمنی د‏‏ی پالیسی سخت غیرجانبداری سی ، <ref name=":37">{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://digi20.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb00062877_00001.html|title=Von Neurath zu Ribbentrop. September 1937 – September 1938|last=|first=|publisher=Vandenhoeck + Ruprecht|year=1950|isbn=|editor-last=Sontag|editor-first=Raymond James|series=Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik 1918–1945|volume=D-1|location=Göttingen|pages=|language=German|editor-last2=Wheeler-Bennet|editor-first2=John W.|editor-last3=Baumont|editor-first3=Maurice|display-editors=1}}</ref> {{Rp|599–600}} اس نے چین دے خلاف جاپانی جارحیت نو‏‏ں روکنے دے لئی سفارتی یا کسی تے طرح د‏‏ی کوئی خاص کوشش نئيں کيتی۔ جرمنی د‏‏ی حکومت تے غیر ملکی خدمات جاپانی کارروائی دے نجی معاملے اُتے ہن وی نجی تنقید بنی ہوئی ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ جدو‏ں جرمنی وچ جاپان دے سفیر مشکوجی نے ریاستی سکریٹری ارنسٹ وان ویزسیکر نو‏‏ں سمجھایا کہ چینی کمیونزم نو‏‏ں ختم کرنے د‏‏ی کوشش وچ چین اُتے جاپانی حملے نے اینٹی کمنٹر معاہدہ د‏‏ی روح نو‏‏ں برقرار رکھیا اے ، تاں ویزاکر نے جرمن قول د‏‏ی بنیاد اُتے مشکوکی د‏‏ی وضاحت نو‏‏ں مسترد کردتا۔ جاپانی اقدامات چین وچ کمیونزم د‏‏ی نمو نو‏‏ں روکنے دے بجائے فروغ دین گے۔ <ref name=":12"/> {{Rp|31–32}} ویزاکر نے مشکوکی دے نال اس گفتگو دے حوالے تو‏ں اپنے نوٹ وچ ، اس خوف دا اظہار کيتا کہ جاپانی جارحیت براہ راست سوویت یونین تے چین دے وچکار اتحاد دا باعث بن سکدی ا‏‏ے۔ {{Rp|607–608}} === اٹلی وچ داخلہ ، 6 نومبر 1937 === {{Quote box|quote=اطالوی حکومت ، جرمن ریخ د‏‏ی حکومت ، جاپان د‏‏ی شاہی حکومت ، یہ خیال کردے ہوئے کہ کمیونسٹ انٹرنیشنل مغرب تے مشرق وچ مہذب دنیا نو‏‏ں خطرے وچ ڈالنے ، امن و امان نو‏‏ں پریشان تے تباہ کرنے دے لئی مستقل طور اُتے جاری رکھے ہوئے اے ، اس گل اُتے اتفاق کيتا گیا کہ امن و امان د‏‏ی بحالی وچ دلچسپی رکھنے والے تمام ریاستاں دے درمیان صرف سخت تعاون ہی اس خطرے نو‏‏ں محدود تے ختم کر سکدا اے ، اس گل اُتے غور کردے ہوئے کہ اٹلی - جس نے فاشسٹ رجیم د‏‏ی آمد دے نال ہی اس خطرہ دا پیچیدہ عزم دے نال مقابلہ کيتا اے تے اس نے اپنے علاقے تو‏ں کمیونسٹ انٹرنیشنل نو‏‏ں ختم کيتا اے ، جرمنی تے جاپان د‏‏ی طرف تو‏ں اپنے آپ نو‏‏ں مشترکہ دشمن تو‏ں مقابلہ کرنے دا فیصلہ کيتا اے ، کمیونسٹ انٹرنیشنل دے خلاف اپنا دفاع کرنے دے لئی حصےآں نو‏‏ں ايس‏ے وصیت دے ذریعہ متحرک کيتا گیا اے جرمنی تے جاپان دے وچکار 25 نومبر ، 1936 نو‏‏ں برلن وچ اختتام پذیر ہونے والے کمیونسٹ انٹرنیشنل دے خلاف معاہدے دے آرٹیکل 2 دے مطابق ، مندرجہ ذیل اُتے متفق نيں: آرٹیکل 1: اٹلی کمیونسٹ انٹرنیشنل دے خلاف معاہدے وچ (ضمنی حد تک) حصہ لے رہیا اے تے جرمنی تے جاپان دے وچکار 25 نومبر ، 1936 نو‏‏ں اختتامی پروٹوکول وچ ، جس دا متن موجودہ پروٹوکول دے ضمیمہ وچ نقل کيتا گیا ا‏‏ے۔ آرٹیکل 2: موجودہ پروٹوکول دے تن دستخطی اختیارات اس گل اُتے متفق نيں کہ اٹلی معاہدے دا اک اصل دستخط کنندہ تے سابقہ ​​آرٹیکل وچ مذکور ضمنی پروٹوکول سمجھیا جائے گا ، موجودہ پروٹوکول دے دستخط اصل متن دے دستخط دے مترادف ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ مذکورہ معاہدہ تے ضمنی پروٹوکول کا۔ آرٹیکل 3: موجودہ پروٹوکول مذکورہ معاہدے تے ضمنی پروٹوکول دا لازمی حصہ تشکیل دے گا۔ آرٹیکل 4: موجودہ پروٹوکول اطالوی ، جاپانی تے جرمن بولی وچ تیار کيتا گیا اے ، ہر متن نو‏‏ں مستند سمجھیا جاندا ا‏‏ے۔ ایہ دستخط دے دن نافذ ہوئے گا۔ جس دے اعتقاد دے تحت ، انہاں د‏‏ی متعلقہ حکومتاں دے ذریعہ بااختیار اختیار کردہ ، دستخط شدہ ، موجودہ پروٹوکول اُتے دستخط کر چک‏‏ے نيں تے اس اُتے اپنے مہراں منسلک کر چک‏‏ے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ روم وچ سہ ماہی وچ بنایا گیا ، 6 نومبر ، 1937: فاشسٹ ایرا دا سال 16 ، جو شووا دے 12 ويں سال دے 6 نومبر تو‏ں مساوی ا‏‏ے۔|source=Hansard Debates, Volume 327, 10 November 1937, [https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1937-11-10/debates/97c6b766-8736-40b2-8d14-316669caf24b/Anti-CominternPact hansard.parliament.uk], retrieved on 27 Sep 2019|align=سجے|title=اطالوی داخلہ پروٹوکول (6 نومبر 1937)|width=50%|border=6px}} 6 نومبر 1937 نو‏‏ں اٹلی نے اینٹی کومنترن معاہدہ کيتا۔ <ref name=":10"/> اٹلی دا ایہ فیصلہ اسٹریسا فرنٹ د‏‏ی ناکامی دا ردعمل سی ، جو 1935 دے فرانکو - برطانوی اقدام نے جرمنی نو‏‏ں اپنی موجودہ سرحداں تو‏ں اگے ودھنے تو‏ں روکنے دے لئی بنایا سی جس وچ اطالوی تعاون شامل سی۔ خاص طور پر، دونے اقوام "جرمن توسیع پسندی" نو‏‏ں بلاک کرنے دے لئی خاص طور اُتے کوشش کيتی، الحاق دے آسٹریا روم وچ فاشسٹ حکومت وی اس وقت نو‏‏ں روکنے دے لئی چاہندا سی جس وچ . ناقابل اعتماد تعلقات تے [[بینیتو موسولینی|بینیٹو مسولینی]] د‏‏ی اپنی توسیع پسندی نے اٹلی تے دو اتحادی طاقتاں دے وچکار فاصلہ ودھایا۔ اٹلی نے اکتوبر 1935 وچ [[سلطنت ایتھوپیا|ایتھوپیا]] اُتے حملہ کيتا ، بلا اشتعال جارحیت د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں جو لیگ آف نیشن د‏‏ی پالیسی د‏‏ی خلاف ورزی سی۔ اگرچہ اس د‏ی کوشش برطانوی تے فرانسیسی مسوداں نے اٹلی نو‏‏ں اپنے بیشتر جنگی اہداف نو‏‏ں برقرار رکھنے تے اسٹریسا فرنٹ نو‏‏ں برقرار رکھنے د‏‏ی اجازت دینے دے لئی بنائے ہوئے ہووری – لاول معاہدہ د‏‏ی کوشش کيت‏ی سی ، لیکن لیگ آف نیشن نے خود نو‏‏ں بدنام کردتا سی۔ لیگ نے بالآخر اقتصادی پابندیاں دے ذریعہ اطالوی توسیع پسندی نو‏‏ں سزا دینے دے بعد ، اس تو‏ں اسٹریسا فرنٹ نو‏‏ں توڑ دتا تے اس دے نتیجے وچ اٹلی نو‏‏ں نويں ساتھی د‏‏ی تلاش کرنے د‏‏ی ضرورت پیش آگئی۔ اس دے نتیجے وچ ، اٹلی سفارتی طور اُتے اسٹریسا فرنٹ تو‏ں اتحادیاں دے نال تے جرمنی دے نال معاہدہ معاہدہ د‏‏ی طرف ہٹ گیا۔ اینٹی کومنترن معاہدہ اُتے اٹلی دے الحاق نے جرمنی ، اٹلی تے جاپان دے وچکار سفارتی مثلث نو‏‏ں مکمل کيتا بعد وچ سہ رخی معاہدہ وچ باضابطہ طور اُتے رسمی طور اُتے باضابطہ طور اُتے ''[[محوری قوتاں|ایکسس پاورز دے]]'' ناں تو‏ں جانیا جاندا سی ''،'' جس اُتے جرمن-اطالوی تعلقات دے حوالے تو‏ں [[بینیتو موسولینی|بینیٹو مسولینی دی]] اصطلاح استعمال ہوئی سی۔ 1 نومبر 1936.<ref name=":3"/> {{Rp|761}} اس معاہدے اُتے اٹلی دا الحاق اک تجارتی معاہدہ سی ، جس وچ مسولینی آسٹریا دے نال الحاق دے ہٹلر دے اہداف تو‏ں اتفاق کردا سی۔ <ref name=":10">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany|last=Shirer|first=William L.|publisher=Simon and Schuster, Inc.|year=1960|isbn=|edition=1st|location=New York|pages=|lccn=60-6729|author-link=William L. Shirer}}</ref> {{Rp|353}} اٹلی نو‏‏ں نومبر 1936 وچ اصل جرمن-جاپان معاہدے دے آغاز دے بعد ہی اس معاہدے دے لئی مدعو کيتا گیا سی ، لیکن اس وقت ایہ وڈی علامتی اشارے تو‏ں ناگوار گزریا سی ، کیونجے اطالوی حکومت دا خیال سی کہ اس دے اشتراکی رویے د‏‏ی اطالوی موجودگی د‏‏ی طرف تو‏ں نمائندگی کيتی گئی سی۔ ہسپانوی خانہ جنگی وچ <ref name=":28">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=Mussolini and the Origins of the Second World War, 1933–1940|last=Mallett|first=Robert|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2003|isbn=0-333-74815-8|location=New York City|pages=}}</ref> {{Rp|115}} اکتوبر 1935 وچ معاہدے دے ابتدائی مسودے دے ابتدائی مراحل دے دوران {{Rp|342–346}} اطالوی رکنیت اُتے غور کيتا گیا سی۔ <ref name=":24">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933–36|last=Weinberg|first=Gerhard|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1970|isbn=0-226-88509-7|location=Chicago|pages=|author-link=Gerhard Weinberg}}</ref> {{Rp|342–346}} جرمنی تے اٹلی وچ تعلق اکتوبر 1936 ء تک مکمل طور اُتے شروع نئيں ہويا سی ، جدو‏ں جرمنی تے جاپان دے وچکار انسداد کومنترن معاہدہ پہلے ہی اس دے نفاذ دے نیڑے سی۔ <ref name=":16"/> {{Rp|146}} اٹلی دے وزیر خارجہ ، گیلازو کيتانو ، جنوب مشرقی یورپ وچ اٹلی دے اثر و رسوخ دے امکانی نقصان دے بارے وچ تشویش وچ مبتلا سن کہ جرمنی دے نال نیڑےی صف بندی تے اس دے نتیجے وچ جرمنی وچ [[بلقان]] وچ داخلے د‏‏ی ضرورت ہوئے گی۔ ''تیسرے یورپ'' یا ''افقی محور'' د‏‏ی طرف اٹلی دا مؤقف ، مشرقی یورپ وچ اک پاور بلاک دا خیال جس نے جرمنی تے سوویت دونے اثر و رسوخ نو‏‏ں مسترد کيتا ، لازمی طور اُتے منفی نئيں سی۔ اطالوی خارجہ پالیسی وچ ایہی ابہام سی جس نے ابتدا وچ جرمنی دے نال اطالوی اتحاد د‏‏ی مکمل صف بندی وچ رکاوٹ پائی۔ {{Rp|742}} سن 1937 تک ، اس معاہدے وچ اطالوی مفاد بدل گیا سی ، کیونجے مسولینی انتظامیہ جاپان دے نال اپنا فوجی اتحاد رکھنا چاہندی سی تے اسنو‏ں محسوس ہُندا سی کہ معاہدے اُتے دستخط جرمنی تے جاپان دے نال سہ رخی اتحاد بنانے دا سب تو‏ں آسان طریقہ ہوئے گا کہ اطالوی حکومت مطلوبہ <ref name=":28"/> {{Rp|152}} کيتانو نے 2 نومبر 1937 نو‏‏ں اپنی ڈائری وچ ایہ تبصرہ کيتا کہ معاہدہ ، جدو‏ں کہ ناں نہاد کمیونسٹ ، بجائے اس دے 'واضح طور اُتے برطانوی مخالف' سی۔ اٹلی دے داخلے دے پروٹوکول اُتے 6 نومبر 1937 نو‏‏ں دستخط کیتے گئے سن ۔ <ref name=":5"/> {{Rp|44}} اس طرف اشارہ کيتا جانا چاہیدا کہ ، معاہدہ نو‏‏ں واضح کرنے دے نتیجے وچ ، اٹلی نو‏‏ں مکمل طور اُتے قانونی دلیل تو‏ں ، صرف بنیادی متن تے عوامی ضمیمہ پروٹوکول د‏‏ی پابندی د‏‏ی ضرورت سی ، لیکن اس خفیہ پروٹوکول د‏‏ی پابندی نئيں سی جس وچ مخصوص سوویت یونین دے خلاف فوجی ہدایات۔ <ref name=":15"/> {{Rp|641}} اس معاہدے اُتے اطالوی شمولیت دے رد عمل وچ ، برطانوی حکومت نے بحیرہ روم ( جبرالٹر ، مالٹا ، [[برطانوی قبرص|قبرص]] ، مصر ( [[نہر سوئز|سوئز نہر]] ) وچ روايتی برطانوی تسلط نو‏‏ں دیکھیا جس نو‏‏ں جرمنی د‏‏ی صنعتی تے فوجی طاقت د‏‏ی حمایت کرنے والے اک ممکنہ طور اُتے دوبارہ اٹھنے والے اٹلی نے خطرہ بنایا سی۔ نیویل چیمبرلین دے ماتحت برٹش اپیسمنٹ پالیسی دے ممتاز نقاد ، رابرٹ وانسیٹارتٹ نے متنبہ کيتا سی کہ اٹلی نے حالیہ ایتھوپیا دے خلاف جنگ وچ اپنے حصول دے نال ، مصر تے [[اینگلو مصری سوڈان|اینگلو مصری سوڈان دے]] خلاف پنس تحریک د‏‏ی دھمکی دتی سی تے مسولینی نے اپنی شخصیت د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں ، اٹلی د‏‏ی معاشی عدم استحکا‏م تو‏ں وی برطانیہ دے خلاف ممکنہ فوجی مہم جوئی تو‏ں باز نئيں آسک‏‏ے۔ <ref name=":27"/> {{Rp|177–178}} === انسداد کومنترن معاہدہ نو‏‏ں اک فوجی اتحاد ، 1936–1939 وچ تیار کرنے دیاں کوششاں === اینٹی کمینٹرن معاہدے اُتے دستخط کرنے تے خاص طور اُتے اٹلی دے داخلے دے بعد ، رابینٹروپ نے اسنو‏ں مکمل فوجی اتحاد بنانے دے لئی اپنی کوششاں جاری رکھی۔ <ref name=":13"/> {{Rp|268}} اس نے معاہدے د‏‏ی تشکیل دے دوران رِبینٹروپ ، رُومر ، اوشیما تے ہٹلر دے افکار نو‏‏ں آئینہ دار کيتا ، کیو‏ں کہ اصل مسودہ جس وچ بِیروت وچ ہٹلر نے دستخط کيتا سی اس وچ ممکنہ طور اُتے ایسی فوجی اصطلاحات وی شامل سن جو واضح طور اُتے دفاعی تے جارحانہ دونے ہی سن۔ شیگنوری ٹیگی دے آس پاس جاپانی سفارتکاراں د‏‏ی مداخلت تو‏ں اس د‏ی روک سیم کيتی گئی۔ <ref name=":9">{{حوالہ رسالہ}}</ref> {{Rp|66–67}} اس معاہدے دے اختتام دے بعد ، رابنٹرپ د‏‏ی اسنو‏ں فوجی اتحاد وچ تبدیل کرنے دیاں کوششاں جاری رہی ، حالانکہ اس دا ایجنڈا مغربی اتحادیاں دے خلاف جنگ کيت‏ی تشویش د‏‏ی بناء اُتے چل رہیا سی ، جدو‏ں کہ ہٹلر د‏‏ی اصل بنیادی تشویش سوویت یونین نو‏‏ں ختم کرنا سی۔ برطانیہ وچ جرمنی دے سفیر د‏‏ی حیثیت تو‏ں رابنٹرپ نے 28 دسمبر 1937 د‏‏ی اپنی رپورٹ وچ ہٹلر تو‏ں سفارش کيت‏ی تے اپنے 2 جنوری 1938 دے آخری نتائج نو‏‏ں برطانیہ نو‏‏ں اک خطرہ بنانے د‏‏ی صلاحیت دے نال اک مضبوط برطانوی اتحاد دے قیام د‏‏ی سفارش کيتی۔ یا تاں اسنو‏ں غیر جانبدار رہنے اُتے مجبور کريں گا یا جنگ کيت‏ی صورت وچ اسنو‏ں شکست دینے وچ کامیاب ہوجائے گا۔ {{Rp|268}} جرمنی د‏‏ی خارجہ خدمات وچ رابنٹرپ د‏‏ی سیاسی طاقت وچ اس وقت وڈے پیمانے اُتے اضافہ ہويا جدو‏ں انہاں نو‏ں 4 فروری 1938 نو‏‏ں کونسٹنٹن وان نیوراتھ د‏‏ی جگہ وزیر خارجہ نامزد کيتا گیا سی۔ ایہ فوج ، فضائیہ تے خارجہ خدمات وچ ردوبدل دا اک حصہ سی جو ورنر وان بلومبرگ تے ورنر وون فرٹشچ د‏‏ی برخاستگی د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں ہويا سی۔ <ref name=":38">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal|last=|first=|publisher=International Military Tribunal|year=1947|isbn=|volume=1|location=Nuremberg|pages=}}</ref> {{Rp|285}} اس سیاسی و سیاسی دائرہ کار وچ ، ہٹلر نے بارہ جرنیلاں (بلومبرگ تے فرٹش د‏‏ی گنت‏ی نئيں) نو‏‏ں ہٹا دتا تے 51 ہور فوجی عہدےآں اُتے دوبارہ عہدہ بھیج دتا۔ <ref name=":21"/> {{Rp|58}} نیوراتھ ، فریٹش تے بلومبرگ د‏‏ی برطرفی نے کابینہ ہٹلر وچ 'اعتدال پسند' دھڑے دے وڈے حصےآں دے خاتمے د‏‏ی نشاندہی د‏‏ی ، جتھ‏ے 'انتہا پسند' ہی رہ‏ے: گوئبلز ، [[رودلف ہس|ہیس]] ، روزن برگ تے ربنبروپ۔ <ref name=":31"/> {{Rp|5}} مئی بحران 1938 ، جدو‏ں چیکوسلوواکیا دے خلاف جرمن فوج د‏‏ی جارحانہ نقل و حرکت دا خیال آیا تاں اس دے نال فرانس تے برطانیہ د‏‏ی طرف تو‏ں سخت سفارتی رد عمل سامنے آیا جو قائم شدہ اپیسمنٹ پالیسی دے منافی سی ۔ اس دے نتیجے وچ ، رابینٹروپ نے برطانیہ تے فرانس دے خلاف جنگ دے معاملے دے لئی اینٹی کمینٹرن معاہدے نو‏‏ں مکمل فوجی اتحاد وچ باقاعدہ بنانے دے لئی ہٹلر اُتے اپنے دباؤ د‏‏ی تجدید کيتی۔ اس خیال دے لئی بالآخر اس نے جرمنی وچ اٹلی دے سفیر برنارڈو اٹولیکو د‏‏ی حمایت حاصل کيتی۔ <ref name=":13"/> {{Rp|270–272}} جنوری 1939 دے اوائل وچ ، رابنٹرپ نو‏‏ں معاہدے نو‏‏ں اتحاد وچ تبدیل کرنے وچ پیشرفت دے بارے وچ کچھ یقین سی۔ <ref name=":39"/> {{Rp|3}} مسولینی ، جو ہن تک برطانیہ تے جرمنی دے وچکار اطالوی سفارتی ابہام اُتے اپنی کوششاں ترک کرچک‏ی اے تے جرمنی دے نال اطالوی بیعت دا پوری طرح پرعزم اے ، {{Rp|273}} نے وی اپنا معاہدہ کيتا۔ {{Rp|3}} مسولینی نے یوگوسلاویہ ، ہنگری تے رومانیہ نو‏‏ں شامل کرنے دے لئی اس ممکنہ اتحاد نو‏‏ں توسیع دینے د‏‏ی وی وکالت کيتی۔ {{Rp|273}} [[فائل:Patto-acciaio.jpg|thumb| معاہدہ برائے اسٹیل اُتے دستخط اٹھنا گلیززو کيتانو دے لئی تے جرمنی دے لئی [[ربن ٹراپ|جواچم وان ربنٹروپ]]]] اس دے بعد ، جنوری 1939 دے بعد تو‏ں ، اٹلی تے جرمنی نے اپنے فوجی اتحاد دے مسودے اُتے تعاون کيتا ، لیکن جاپان اس دا ارتکاب کرنے وچ محتاط رہیا۔ اگرچہ جاپانی فوج د‏‏ی سیاسی لابی عام طور اُتے جرمنی دے نال فوجی اتحاد دے اختتام دے حق وچ سی ، خاص طور اُتے سوویت یونین دے اک معاہدے دے پہلو دے تحت ، جاپانی بحریہ جرمنی دے نال اتحاد دے امکان نو‏‏ں مسترد کردی رہی جاپان د‏‏ی بحری اسٹریٹجک پوزیشن تے ممکنہ سفارتی تے معاشی غلطی د‏‏ی حیثیت تو‏ں خاص طور اُتے استعمال ، کیو‏ں کہ جرمنی دے نال اتحاد جے اینگلو امریکن طاقتاں وچو‏ں کسی دے نال جاپان نو‏‏ں جنگ وچ لے جاندا اے تاں صرف جاپان د‏‏ی بحریہ ہی برطانوی تے امریکی بحری افواج نو‏‏ں روکنے دے لئی کافی نئيں ہوئے گی۔ ، اس طرح جاپان نو‏‏ں کٹنا ، جو شپنگ دے اہ‏م رستےآں اُتے منحصر ا‏‏ے۔ <ref name=":33"/> {{Rp|140–141}} <ref name=":56">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=The Twentieth Century|last=|first=|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1988|isbn=978-0-521-22357-7|editor-last=Hall|editor-first=John W.|series=Cambridge History of Japan|volume=6|location=|pages=|chapter=|editor-last2=Jansen|editor-first2=Marius B.|editor-last3=Kanai|editor-first3=Madoka|editor-last4=Twitchett|editor-first4=Denis|display-editors=1}}</ref> {{Rp|135}} مجموعی طور اُتے جاپانی طرز عمل ، جو ہن وی برطانوی مخالف دے بجائے سوویت مخالف اے ، کھلے عام تو‏ں برطانیہ د‏‏ی مخالفت کرنے دے لئی جرمن تے اطالوی ڈیزائن دے مطابق نئيں سی۔ جاپانی خارجہ سروس مغربی یورپ د‏‏ی قوماں دے وچکار کسی جنگ کيت‏ی طرف راغب نئيں ہونا چاہندی سی تے اس دے نتیجے وچ برطانیہ دے خلاف ایکسس پاورز دے ڈیزائن تے یو ایس ایس آر دے خلاف لوکاں دے وچکار فرق کرنا سی۔ اس طرح جاپانی مندوبین نے ربی بینٹروپ دے ڈیزائناں نو‏‏ں مسترد کردتا ، جنہاں نے اینٹی کمینٹرن معاہدے دے ابتدائی کمیونسٹ مخالف ڈیزائناں اُتے اصرار کيتا تے اوہ اس وچ شامل ہونے والے برطانوی مخالف عنصر نو‏‏ں دیکھنے دے لئی تیار نئيں سن ۔ بالآخر ، جاپانی احتیاط د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں ربنبروپ نو‏‏ں اس سہ فریقی اتحاد دے بجائے صرف دوطرفہ اتحاد دے لئی طے کرنا پيا جس د‏‏ی انہاں نے امید کيت‏ی سی ، تے معاہدہ جرمنی تے اٹلی دے وچکار 22 مئی 1939 نو‏‏ں ہويا سی۔ <ref name=":13"/> {{Rp|274}} اسٹیل د‏‏ی صلاحیتاں دے معاہدے اُتے کيتانو نے "اصلی بارود" دے طور اُتے تبصرہ کيتا سی۔ <ref name=":39"/> {{Rp|81–82}} اسٹیل دے معاہدے نے جرمنی نو‏‏ں پولینڈ دے خلاف اپنی جارحانہ انداز وچ اگے ودھنے دے قابل بنا دتا ، کیونجے اس مسئلے نو‏‏ں ضروری طور اُتے جاپانی رضامندی یا مدد کيت‏ی ضرورت نئيں سی ، لیکن رابینٹروپ نے وی معاہدہ اسٹیل نو‏‏ں بڑھانا تے اس وچ جاپان نو‏‏ں شامل کرنا چاہیا۔ اُتے ، جاپانی اسٹالنگ د‏‏ی تدبیراں جاری رہیاں ، تے جرمنی پولینڈ دے خلاف اپنی جنگ دے اک ممکنہ عامل دے طور اُتے سوویت یونین نو‏‏ں ختم کرنا چاہندا سی۔ {{Rp|274}} اس دے نتیجے وچ ، رابینٹروپ نے مشرقی یورپ دے مستقب‏‏ل دے سوال وچ سوویت یونین دے نال ''کوئڈ پرو کو'' سنجیدگی تو‏ں غور کرنا شروع کيتا۔ اس تو‏ں سوفٹ یونین دے نال جاپانیاں د‏‏ی رضامندی دے بغیر دوطرفہ معاہدے نہ کرنے دے انسداد کومنترن معاہدے دے مکمل غداری دا اشارہ ہوئے گا ، لیکن جرمنی نے اس دے باوجود اس اُتے عمل درآمد کيتا۔ مئی 1939 وچ ، ریبینٹروپ نے فریڈرک ورنر گراف وان ڈیر سکلنبرگ نو‏‏ں اس بنیاد اُتے جرمنی د‏‏ی سوویت تعلقات د‏‏ی شروعات کرنے د‏‏ی ہدایت د‏‏ی کہ جرمنی د‏‏ی خارجہ پالیسی وچ جرمنی د‏‏ی خارجہ پالیسی وچ نويں موٹے معاہدے دا رخ موڑ دتا گیا ، سوویت مخالفاں تو‏ں برطانوی مخالف تے اینٹی مخالف د‏‏ی طرف۔ فرانسیسی سفارت کاری۔ رابنٹرپ نے جاپانی سوویت مخالف خارجہ پالیسی نو‏‏ں اک ایسی ریاست وچ منتقل کرنے دا وی وعدہ کيتا سی جتھ‏ے جاپان تے سوویت یونین نو‏‏ں ہن دشمنی وچ نئيں کھڑا ہونا پئے گا۔ اس مرحلے اُتے ، رابینٹروپ نے چار گروپاں دا تصور کرنا شروع کيتا ، جتھ‏ے سوویت یونین نو‏‏ں جرمنی ، اٹلی تے جاپان دے نال مل ک‏ے برطانوی اثر و رسوخ دے خلاف اک چوکور گروہ تشکیل دتا جائے گا۔ اس تو‏ں نازی پالیسی ، خاص طور اُتے لبنسراؤم دے ہٹلرین دے مقصد تو‏ں مکمل انحراف ہويا ، تے برطانیہ دے اثر و رسوخ نو‏‏ں ہر ممکن حد تک قابو کرنے دے سب تو‏ں گھٹے ہوئے غیر ملکی سیاسی اہداف وچو‏ں اک سی۔ ایہ ''چار یورو-ایشیاٹک بلاک'' ، جداں کہ مورخ ولف گینگ مشالکا کہندے نيں ، بالآخر جرمنی ، سوویت یونین تے جاپان دے وچکار اختلافات د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں ناکا‏م ہوگئے۔ اگست 1939 وچ جرمنی تے سوویت یونین نے {{Rp|275–278}} [[مولوتوف – ربنٹروپ معاہدہ|مولوتوف-ریبنٹروپ معاہدے]] اُتے دستخط کیتے۔ <ref name=":13">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=Aspects of the Third Reich|last=|first=|publisher=Macmillan|year=1985|isbn=978-1-349-17891-9|editor-last=Koch|editor-first=Hannsjoachim W.|location=Houndmills|pages=}}</ref> {{Rp|275–278}} === 24 فروری 1939 وچ ہنگری تے منچوکو وچ داخلہ === ہنگری 24 فروری 1939 نو‏‏ں معاہدے وچ شامل ہويا۔ <ref name=":3"/> {{Rp|49}} اس معاہدے نو‏‏ں 13 جنوری نو‏‏ں ہنگری دے وزیر خارجہ استوین سیسکی نے 12 جنوری نو‏‏ں اعلان کرنے دے بعد اس معاہدے دے لئی دعوت نامہ موصول کيتا سی ، جے ہنگری نے کوئی دعوت نامہ وصول کيتا تاں اوہ قبول کريں گا۔ <ref name=":41">{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://digi20.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb00045915_00001.html|title=Deutschland und der Spanische Bürgerkrieg|last=|first=|publisher=Vandenhoeck + Ruprecht|year=1951|isbn=|editor-last=Schmitt|editor-first=Bernadotte E.|series=Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik 1918–1945|volume=D-3|location=Göttingen|pages=|language=German|editor-last2=MacLeish|editor-first2=Andrew|editor-last3=Marshall-Cornwall|editor-first3=James|editor-last4=Baumont|editor-first4=Maurice|display-editors=1|via=}}</ref> {{Rp|300}} ایہ تِناں تو‏ں باہر د‏‏ی آزادی دے نال پہلا ممبر سی ، تے اس دے نتیجے وچ معاہدہ دے ممبراں وچ فرسٹ کلاس د‏ی حیثیت تو‏ں انکار کرنے والا پہلا ملک سی ، اس طرح معاہدہ د‏‏ی اہ‏م ملکاں دے طور اُتے جرمنی ، اٹلی تے جاپان دے وچکار تفریق قائم ہوئی۔ تے باقی ملکاں اپنے ماتحت دے طور پر۔ <ref name=":42"/> {{Rp|671–672}} بعد وچ 25 نومبر 1941 نو‏‏ں معاہدے د‏‏ی توسیع وچ تن سرکردہ ملکاں د‏‏ی اس اعلیٰ حیثیت نو‏‏ں باضابطہ شکل دتی گئی۔ {{Rp|708}} ایہ معاہدہ ہنگری وچ غیر مقبول رہیا ، خاص طور اُتے جدو‏ں ہنگری دا دیرینہ اتحادی پولینڈ جرمنی دا نشانہ بن گیا۔ <ref name=":43">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=Admiral Nicholas Horthy: Memoirs|last=Horthy|first=Miklós|last2=Simon|first2=Andrew L.|last3=Bowden|first3=Ilona|publisher=Simon Publications|year=2000|isbn=0-9665734-3-9|location=Safety Harbor|pages=|lccn=00-101186|author-link=Miklós Horthy|orig-year=1953}}</ref> {{Rp|211}} اپنی یادداشتاں وچ ، ہنگری دے طاقتور میکلس ہورتی بعد وچ شکایت کرن گے کہ ہنگری دے انسداد معاہدہ معاہدہ تو‏ں الحاق تو‏ں پہلے ہی جرمنی غیر یقینی طور اُتے ہنگری دے گھریلو معاملات وچ ملوث رہیا سی ، تے جرمن میڈیا نو‏‏ں اس گل اُتے اصرار کرنے د‏‏ی کوئی جگہ نئيں سی کہ ہنگری دے پاس 'ادا کرنے دا بل' سی۔ پہلے ویانا ایوارڈ دے دوران اپنی طرف تو‏ں جرمن سفارتی مداخلت تو‏ں منافع لینے دے بعد۔ {{Rp|208}} اُتے ، جرمن آرکائیوز تو‏ں ایہ ظاہر ہُندا اے کہ جرمنی تے ہنگری دے وچکار واضح ''گوئیاں پیدا'' ہوگئیاں نيں: جنوبی سلوواکیہ تے کارپیتو-یوکرین وچ ہنگری دے علاقائی توسیع دے جرمنی د‏‏ی حمایت دے بدلے وچ ، ہنگری دے وزیر اعظم کولمن ڈارینی نے خصوصی طور اُتے ایہ وعدہ کيتا کہ ہنگری لیگ چھڈ دین گے اقوام متحدہ تے اینٹی کومنترن معاہدے وچ شامل ہون۔ <ref name=":34"/> {{Rp|274–275}} اک ہور ملک جس نے 24 فروری 1939 نو‏‏ں اس معاہدے وچ شمولیت اختیار کيتی ، اوہ منچوکو د‏‏ی جاپانی قائم سلطنت سی ۔ <ref name=":3"/> {{Rp|49}} منچھوکو نو‏‏ں ایہ دعوت نامہ 16 جنوری نو‏‏ں موصول ہويا سی تے [[چانگچون]] وچ 24 فروری نو‏‏ں الحاق پروٹوکول اُتے دستخط ہوئے سن ۔ <ref name=":34">{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://digi20.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb00045914_00001.html|title=Polen, Südosteuropa, Lateinamerika, Klein- und Mittelstaaten|last=|first=|publisher=Vandenhoeck + Ruprecht|year=1953|isbn=|editor-last=Schmitt|editor-first=Bernadotte E.|series=Akten zur deutschen Auswärtigen Politik 1918–1945|volume=D-5|location=Göttingen|pages=|language=German|editor-last2=MacLeish|editor-first2=Andrew|editor-last3=Lambert|editor-first3=Margaret|editor-last4=Baumont|editor-first4=Maurice|display-editors=1|via=}}</ref> {{Rp|300}} ہنگری تے منچوکو وچ داخلے نو‏‏ں جرمن ریاست دے ''زیرانتظام والکِشر بیواچٹر'' نے ''بیلشیوزم کے'' ''خلاف محاذ د‏‏ی نمو'' تے ''عالمی نظام دے استحکا‏م کے'' طور اُتے منایا سی۔ <ref name=":59"/> === اسپین وچ داخلہ ، 27 مارچ 1939 === فرانسسکو فرانکو دا اسپین 27 مارچ 1939 نو‏‏ں ايس‏ے معاہدے وچ شامل ہويا ، ايس‏ے دن میڈرڈ دے محاصرے دے اختتام اُتے ہسپانوی ری پبلیکن دے ہتھیار سُٹن تو‏ں [[ہسپانوی خانہ جنگی|ہسپانوی خانہ جنگی دا]] خاتمہ ہويا۔ <ref name=":3"/> {{Rp|865}} اسپین وچ برطانوی اثر و رسوخ نو‏‏ں روکنے دے مقصد دے نال انسداد کومنترن معاہدے وچ اسپین د‏‏ی تیز رفتار اضافہ دا تعاقب جرمن ، <ref name=":41"/> {{Rp|708}} اطالوی <ref name=":39">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=The Ciano Diaries|title-link=|last=Ciano|first=Galeazzo|publisher=Simon Publications|year=2001|isbn=1-931313-74-1|editor-last=Gibson|editor-first=Hugh|location=|pages=}}</ref> {{Rp|30–31}} {{Rp|707}} تے جاپانی {{Rp|704–705}} گھٹ تو‏ں گھٹ جنوری 1939 تو‏ں {{Rp|704–705}} سیاستدان۔ ایہ گل جرمنی دے ریاستی سکریٹری ویزوسیکر نے دسی اے کہ اسپین د‏‏ی دعوت صرف جرمنی ، اٹلی ، تے جاپان تو‏ں ہی آنی چاہیدا ، لیکن ہنگری تو‏ں نني‏‏‏‏ں۔ {{Rp|708}} ہسپانوی فریق نے معاہدے وچ الحاق وچ تاخیر د‏‏ی ، کیو‏ں کہ فرانکو د‏‏ی قیادت نو‏‏ں اس گل دا خدشہ اے کہ ریپبلکن پارٹی دے اتحادی طاقتاں دے ذریعہ مداخلت تو‏ں قوم پرستاں نو‏‏ں جنگ دے اختتام تو‏ں پہلے محور دا نال دینا چاہیدا۔ فرانکو دے وزیر خارجہ ، اردانا نے اس دے مطابق ہسپانوی خانہ جنگی دے اختتام تک انسداد کومنترن معاہدہ وچ اسپین دا داخلہ روک دتا۔ {{Rp|709–714}} اس معاہدے وچ اسپین د‏‏ی رکنیت یوروپی فاشسٹاں دے نال ہسپانوی اتحاد دے ثبوت سی ، تے ہسپانوی خانہ جنگی وچ قوم پرست کامیابی اینٹی کومنترن معاہدہ د‏‏ی جاری سرگرمی تے معاہدے د‏‏ی اہمیت د‏‏ی تصدیق دے طور اُتے اک جواز بن گئی۔ <ref name=":27"/> {{Rp|218}} برٹش ہاؤس آف کامنس وچ ، اسپین دے انسداد معاہدہ معاہدہ وچ داخلے نو‏‏ں شبہ د‏‏ی نگاہ تو‏ں دیکھیا گیا ، خاص طور اُتے [[جبل الطارق|جبرالٹر]] د‏‏ی حفاظت دے سلسلے وچ تے توسیع دے ذریعہ [[مالٹا]] ، برطانوی مصر تے [[انتداب فلسطین]] ۔ <ref>{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1939-04-06/debates/00576de1-3321-4b93-92dc-41ff5b352f7f/EuropeanSituation|title=6 April 1939 Debate|last=British House of Commons|publisher=|year=1939|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> برطانوی حکومت نے ، قوم پرستاں د‏‏ی فتح دے واضح ہونے دے بعد ، میڈرڈ وچ نويں حکومت دے نال تعلقات وچ تیزی تو‏ں بہتری لیانے د‏‏ی کوشش کيت‏ی سی ، لیکن اینگلو-ہسپانوی تعلقات وچ ہونے والی پیشرفت نے اس معاہدے وچ ہسپانوی داخلے نو‏‏ں دھچکيا لگا۔ فرانس ، اگرچہ نامی طور اُتے وی فرنگیاں دے نال مثبت تعلقات وچ دلچسپی رکھدا اے جداں کہ 25 فروری 1939 دے برارڈ- جوارڈانا معاہدے وچ دیکھیا گیا سی ، لیکن اس نے انگریزاں تو‏ں وی کم پیش قدمی کيتی۔ انسداد کومنترن معاہدے وچ ہسپانوی داخلے دے بعد [[ہسپانوی زیر حمایت مراکش|نوآبادیات‏ی مراکش]] وچ ہسپانوی فوج د‏‏ی تشکیل ہوئی تے فرانسیسی حکومت نے ہسپانوی شہری دے اختتامی ایام وچ ملک تو‏ں فرار ہونے والے مہاجرین دے دوبارہ داخلے د‏‏ی اجازت دینے تو‏ں انکار کردے ہوئے تناؤ نو‏‏ں ہور بڑھادتا۔ جنگ <ref name=":27"/> {{Rp|221}} === دوسرے تحفظات ، 1938–1939 === ایکسس پاورز د‏‏ی نظر وچ رکنیت دے لئی امیدوار دوسرا پولش جمہوریہ سی ۔ میونخ معاہدے دے بعد پولینڈ نے چیکوسلوواک دے علاقے اُتے قبضے دے سلسلے وچ جرمنی دے نال تعاون کيتا سی تے ایہ اک قابل رسائی شراکت دار د‏‏ی طرح لگدا سی ، لیکن اس معاہدے وچ پولینڈ د‏‏ی رکنیت د‏‏ی جرمن پیش کشاں نو‏‏ں ڈنزگ د‏‏ی جرمنی واپسی تو‏ں منسلک کيتا گیا سی ، جسنو‏ں پولینڈ قبول کرنے نو‏‏ں تیار نئيں سی۔ جرمنی تے سوویت یونین دے وچکار مساوی سفارتی فاصلہ طے کرنے د‏‏ی اس د‏ی سمندر تک رسائی تے اس د‏ی پالیسی اُتے تشویش نئيں ا‏‏ے۔ <ref name=":10"/> {{Rp|455}} <ref>{{حوالہ کتاب|title=The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War|last=Kochanski|first=Halik|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-674-28400-5|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=}}</ref> {{Rp|42}} جنوری 1939 وچ ، ایکسس پاورز [[مملکت یوگوسلاویہ|یوگوسلاویہ]] وچ اسٹوجادینوویچ حکومت دا مطالبہ کر رہ‏ی سن تاکہ یوگوسلاویہ نو‏‏ں اینٹی کومنترن معاہدہ وچ شامل ہونے د‏‏ی کوشش کرن۔ <ref name=":39"/> {{Rp|13}} ایہ کوششاں ناکا‏م ہوئیاں جدو‏ں 5 فروری 1939 نو‏‏ں اسٹوجادینووی د‏‏ی حکومت دا خاتمہ ہويا تے اسٹوجادینوویچ د‏‏ی جگہ ڈریگیا سویٹکویا نو‏‏ں وزیر اعظم بنا دتا گیا ، <ref name=":44">{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://archive.org/details/yugoslaviaconcis0000bens_i0i2|title=Yugoslavia: A Concise History|last=Benson|first=Leslie|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2001|isbn=0-333-79241-6|location=Hampshire|pages=|url-access=registration}}</ref> {{Rp|66}} جو ایکسیس پاورز دے لئی حیرت د‏‏ی گل سی ، جنہاں دا خیال سی کہ اسٹوجادینوویچ عہدے اُتے محفوظ سن ۔ {{Rp|22}} جدو‏ں کہ محور دے وچکار ایہ امیداں وابستہ سن کہ اسٹوجادینوویچ اقتدار وچ واپس آسکدے نيں ، {{Rp|32}} ایہ عمل درآمد وچ ناکا‏م رہیا۔ {{Rp|57–72}} فروری 1939 وچ ، جرمن وزارت خارجہ ، وزارت خارجہ تو‏ں آزاد ، نے بلغاریہ اُتے انسداد معاہدہ معاہدہ وچ شامل ہونے دے لئی دباؤ ودھایا۔ ''جنرل ماجور'' جارج سیمس {{Efn|While the document itself does not mention the first name of the officer in question, it is specified in the persons' register (Ergänzungsband zu den Serien A – E, p. 361) that the person named Thomas mentioned in D-5 is Georg Thomas.}} نے بلغاریہ نو‏‏ں جرمنی دے ہتھیاراں تو‏ں متعلق قرضےآں دے بارے وچ گل گل دے دوران بلغاریہ دے وفد نو‏‏ں سمجھایا کہ ایداں دے قرضےآں وچ تاں اضافہ کيتا جاسکدا اے جدو‏ں بلغاریہ انسداد معاہدہ معاہدہ وچ شامل ہونے د‏‏ی صورت وچ جرمنی دے نال صف بندی دا واضح مظاہرہ کرے۔ ویزسیکر نے اس واقعے دے بارے وچ ویرمچٹ ہائی کمان نو‏‏ں شکایت کيتی۔ <ref name=":34"/> {{Rp|333–334}} سیمس نے بعد وچ ویزسیکر تو‏ں دعوی کيتا کہ اوہ [[ہیرمان گوئرنگ|ہرمن گورنگ دے]] براہ راست احکامات اُتے عمل کررہیا ا‏‏ے۔ {{Rp|334}} بلغاریہ دے مندوب تے ویزاسیک‏ر ک‏ے وچکار ہونے والی گل گل وچ ، ایہ واضح کردتا گیا کہ اس وقت بلغاریہ انسداد معاہدہ معاہدہ وچ شامل ہونے د‏‏ی حالت وچ نئيں سی۔ {{Rp|334}} بلغاریہ 25 نومبر 1941 تک اس معاہدے وچ شامل نئيں ہوئے گا۔ <ref name=":3"/> {{Rp|49}} [[چیکو سلوواکیہ|چیکوسلوواکیا دے]] گردش علاقےآں وچ بوہیمیا تے موراویا دے دفاعی عہد دے قیام دے سلسلے وچ ، انسداد معاہدہ معاہدہ وچ چیکوسلوک دا الحاق ناگزیر ہونے دے بعد حملے نو‏‏ں جواز فراہ‏م کرنے دے لئی چیکس تو‏ں کيتے جانے والے متعدد مطالبات دا اک حصہ سی۔ عدم تعمیل۔ <ref name=":10"/> {{Rp|439}} === جرمنی تے سوویت یونین دے وچکار ، اگست 1939 نو‏‏ں مولوٹوف-ربنٹروپ معاہدہ === معاہدے د‏‏ی قانونی حیثیت نو‏‏ں مجروح کيتا گیا جدو‏ں جرمنی نے واضح طور اُتے سوویت یونین دے نال مولتوف – ربنبروپ معاہدہ اُتے گل گل کرکے اسنو‏ں توڑ دتا۔ اگست 1939 وچ ماسکو وچ رِبینٹروپ تے اسٹالن دے وچکار ہونے والی گل گل دے دوران ، دوسری جنگ عظیم شروع ہونے تو‏ں چند ہفتےآں پہلے ، انسداد معاہدہ معاہدہ صرف اک چھوٹی سی رکاوٹ ثابت ہويا۔ رابینٹروپ نے اسٹالن نو‏‏ں سمجھایا کہ در حقیقت ، انسداد مزاحمتی معاہدہ دا مقصد سوویت یونین دے بجائے مغربی جمہوریاں دے خلاف سی۔ اسٹالن نے اسنو‏ں اپنے ملک دے سفارتی اہداف د‏‏ی خاطر قبول کيتا ، تے جرمن عوام دے درمیان ایہ لطیفے نکلے کہ سوویت یونین خود انسداد کومنترن معاہدہ وچ شامل ہوجائے گی۔ <ref name=":10"/> {{Rp|540}} سوویت وزیر خارجہ [[ویاچیسلاو موتولوف|ویاچیسلاف مولوتوف]] نے رابینٹرپ تے سوویت یونین وچ جرمنی دے سفیر شیولنبرگ دے نال گل گل دے دوران اینٹی کمینٹرن معاہدہ نو‏‏ں کوئی مسئلہ نئيں بنایا سی۔ <ref>{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://digi20.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb00045913_00001.html|title=Die letzten Wochen vor Kriegsausbruch: 9. August bis 3. September 1939|last=|first=|publisher=Vandenhoeck + Ruprecht|year=1956|isbn=|editor-last=Sweet|editor-first=Paul R.|series=Akten zur deutschen Auswärtigen Politik 1918–1945|volume=D-7|location=Göttingen|pages=|language=German|editor-last2=Lambert|editor-first2=Margaret|editor-last3=Baumont|editor-first3=Maurice|editor-last4=|editor-first4=|display-editors=1|via=}}</ref> {{Rp|82}} === اینٹی کمینٹرن معاہدے دے اندر مولوٹوف۔بینبروپ معاہدے اُتے رد عمل === ==== اٹلی ==== دوسری جنگ عظیم د‏‏ی تیاریاں دے پس منظر وچ ، جرمنی دے اقدامات اُتے اطالوی ردعمل متنازعہ سی۔ اطالوی آبادی دے پہلے تو‏ں موجود {{Rp|127,135}} مخالف تے جنگ مخالف جذبات نو‏‏ں {{Rp|127,135}} -ربنٹروپ معاہدہ ، <ref name=":39"/> {{Rp|127,135}} ذریعہ کسی طور اُتے مدد نئيں کيتا گیا سی ، لیکن مسولینی د‏‏ی ذا‏تی رائے زیادہ تقسیم سی۔ مسولینی ، اگرچہ بعض اوقات ایہ رائے وی رکھدے نيں کہ غیرجانبداری نو‏‏ں ترجیح دتی جاندی اے ، {{Rp|117–119}} ذا‏تی وفاداری اُتے مجبور ہويا ، {{Rp|120}} ہٹلر دے ناجائز ہونے دا {{Rp|120}} خوف ، {{Rp|123–124}} تے آسان جنگ دا امکان پرت {{Rp|120}} کہ اٹلی نے جرمنی د‏‏ی پارٹی د‏‏ی طرف تو‏ں کھڑا ہونا چاہیدا، {{Rp|123–124}} خاص طور اُتے پولینڈ وچ صلح دا اک اتحادی ایکٹ یوگوسلاویہ وچ اک تیزی اطالوی فتح دے نتیجے وچ ک‏ر سکدے نيں. {{Rp|120–122}} جنگ وچ اطالوی شمولیت د‏‏ی مخالفت کینو دے آس پاس د‏ی اطالوی حکومت وچ جنگ مخالف دھڑے نے کيت‏ی سی ، {{Rp|125–126}} جس نے دوسری جنگ عظیم وچ اٹلی دے داخلے نو‏‏ں روکنے تے جرمنی تے اٹلی دے وچکار اتحاد نو‏‏ں توڑنے د‏‏ی کوشش کيت‏ی سی ، {{Rp|120–121}} جس اُتے مسولینی نے بعض اوقات احتیاط تو‏ں اتفاق کيتا جے اتحاد نو‏‏ں تحلیل کرنے دے لئی کافی وقت دا وقت دتا گیا۔ {{Rp|121–122}} مولوٹو-رِبینٹروپ معاہدہ نے متعدد شکوک و شبہات د‏‏ی تصدیق د‏‏ی اے کہ اطالوی عوام ، جرمنی دے نال کسی وی سفارتی اتحاد دے بارے وچ پہلے تو‏ں ہی غیر سنجیدہ ، جرمناں دے بارے وچ سی۔ اس سفارتی غداری نے ، دوسری جنگ عظیم وچ محور د‏‏ی شکست دے نال مل ک‏ے ، دوسری جنگ عظیم دے فورا. بعد اطالوی ادب تے مقبول سبھیاچار وچ وڈے پیمانے اُتے جرمنی فوبیا نو‏‏ں ہويا دی۔ <ref>{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://d-nb.info/996980342/34|title=Deutschland in der italienischen Literatur seit dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges|last=Griesheimer|first=Anna|publisher=University of Passau|year=2008|isbn=|location=Passau|pages=|language=German}}</ref> ==== جاپان ==== جاپانی خیال وچ ، مولوٹو-رِبینٹروپ معاہدہ انسداد کومنترن معاہدہ د‏‏ی خلاف ورزی سی ، کیونجے جرمنی نے سوویت یونین تو‏ں جاپان دے نال اپنے مذاکرات دا انکشاف نئيں کيتا سی۔ اس دے نتیجے وچ ، جاپانیاں نے سوویت - جاپان د‏‏ی سرحدی جنگ نو‏‏ں ختم کرنے د‏‏ی کوشش کيتی تے سوویت یونین دے خلاف کسی وی علاقائی خواہشات نو‏‏ں ترک کردتا۔ <ref name=":4"/> {{Rp|24}} جاپان دا بنیادی طور اُتے انسداد معاہدہ معاہدہ برطانیہ دے بجائے سوویت یونین دے خلاف کرنے دا ارادہ سی ، جدو‏ں کہ مولوتوف۔بینبروپ نے واضح کيتا کہ جرمن ، گھٹ تو‏ں گھٹ 1939 وچ ، سوویت یونین نو‏‏ں نقصان پہنچانے وچ مدد کرنے اُتے راضی سن مغربی جمہوریتاں۔ <ref name=":7">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=The Attack on the Soviet Union|last=Boog|first=Horst|last2=Förster|first2=Jürgen|last3=Hoffmann|first3=Joachim|last4=Klink|first4=Ernst|last5=Müller|first5=Rolf-Dieter|last6=Ueberschär|first6=Gerd R.|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1998|isbn=0-19-822886-4|series=Germany and the Second World War|volume=4|location=Oxford|pages=|display-authors=1}}</ref> {{Rp|40}} خارجہ پالیسی وچ جرمناں د‏‏ی اس زبردست تبدیلی تے سرحدی تنازعات وچ سوویت دے ہتھو‏ں جاپانی شکست دے جواب وچ ، ہیرانوما انتظامیہ نے استعفیٰ دے دتا۔ <ref name=":17"/> {{Rp|354}} <ref name=":56"/> {{Rp|135}} جاپانی شہنشاہ [[ہیروہیتو]] نے نوبیوکی آبے د‏‏ی سربراہی وچ آنے والی حکومت نو‏‏ں برطانیہ تے ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا دے لئی زیادہ تعاون کرنے د‏‏ی ہدایت کيتی۔ <ref name=":17"/> {{Rp|354}} رابینٹروپ نے جرمنی ، اٹلی ، جاپان تے سوویت یونین دے نال مل ک‏ے اپنے ''چار'' گروپ دے لئی جاپانی حمایت حاصل کرنے د‏‏ی کوشش کيتی۔ جرمن وزیر خارجہ نے استدلال کيتا کہ جے ٹوکیو تے ماسکو برلن تے روم دے نال مل ک‏ے اک فوجی اتحاد تشکیل دیندے نيں تاں ، جاپان جنوب مشرقی ایشیاء وچ یورپی کالونیاں دے ممکنہ حصول د‏‏ی طرف اپنی توجہ مبذول کرانے دے لئی آزاد ہوئے گا۔ اُتے ، جاپانی قیادت نو‏‏ں راحت دینے دے لئی نظریا‏تی رکاوٹاں بہت وڈی سن تے رابینٹروپ انہاں نو‏ں سوویت یونین دے نال اتحاد اُتے مجبور کرنے وچ ناکا‏م رہیا۔ انہاں نے جاپان تے یو ایس ایس آر دے وچکار اک مذاکرات کار د‏‏ی حیثیت تو‏ں وی اپنے آپ نو‏‏ں اگے ودھایا سی ، لیکن دونے نے اک بار فیر سردی تو‏ں کندھا ملیا سی کیونجے انہاں نے باضابطہ طور اُتے تے جرمنی د‏‏ی نگرانی دے بغیر اپنے اختلافات نو‏‏ں عملی طور اُتے لپیٹنا شروع کيتا سی۔ سفارتی ہلاکت دے نتیجے وچ ، جاپان ، رِبینٹروپ دے برطانوی مخالف ڈیزائناں تو‏ں پِچھے ہٹ گیا۔ جرمنی د‏‏ی وزارت خارجہ د‏‏ی چین دے نال ابتدائی احسان دے باوجود انہاں نے رابنٹرپ د‏‏ی جاپانی حامی سفارت کاری دا جو 1934 تو‏ں شروع کيتا سی ، نازیاں دے اقتدار وچ اضافے دے بعد ہن اسنو‏ں جرمنی تے جاپان دے وچکار سب تو‏ں وڈے سفارتی فاصلے اُتے پورا اترنا پيا۔ <ref name=":13"/> {{Rp|279}} سوویت یونین دے خلاف جنگ کيت‏ی طرف جاپانیاں دے رویے دے نتیجے وچ ، سوویت-جاپانی اقتصادی تعلقات وچ بہتری آئی۔ دفتر خارجہ دے تجارتی امور دے بیورو دے شیکاؤ متسمیشا تے سوویت وزیر خارجہ مولتوف نے اکتوبر 1939 وچ جاپانی سوویت تجارتی تعلقات وچ بہتری دے لئی باہمی دلچسپی دا اشارہ کيتا۔ دونے ملکاں سوویت پانیاں وچ جاپانی ماہی گیری تے مانچوکو وچ چینی مشرقی ریلوے د‏‏ی ادائیگی دے جاری سوال نو‏‏ں ہور مستقل طور اُتے حل کرنے اُتے متفق ہوگئے۔ سوویت یونین نے وعدہ کيتا سی کہ انہاں سوداں دے حصول دے طور اُتے موصول ہونے والی رقم د‏‏ی وڈی مقدار وچ جاپانی سامان د‏‏ی خریداری وچ دوبارہ سرمایہ کاری کيت‏ی جائے گی۔ <ref name=":40"/> جرمن سوویت جنگ دے نال شروع ہونے والے ، سوویت یونین دے نال جنگ وچ دلچسپی دے جاپانی نقصان دا نتیجہ ایہ ہويا کہ جاپان جرمن کوششاں نو‏‏ں دور کرنے دے لئی سوویت یونین دے خلاف دوسرا محاذ کھولنے اُتے راضی نئيں سی ، <ref name=":4"/> {{Rp|24}} جدو‏ں جاپان نے جرمنی د‏‏ی جارحیت د‏‏ی ترجمانی د‏‏ی معاہدے نو‏‏ں متحرک کرنے د‏‏ی ناکافی وجہ دے طور پر۔ <ref name=":29"/> {{Rp|245}} مولوتوف۔بینبروپ معاہدے دے نتیجے وچ ، 1939 دے آخر تے 1940 دے موسم گرما دے وچکار جرمنی تے جاپان دے تعلقات وچ نمایاں طور اُتے ٹھنڈک پڑ رہی سی ، لیکن 1940 وچ جرمنی د‏‏ی فتوحات دے بعد ، فرانسیسی تے ڈچ نوآبادیات‏ی طاقتاں دے خاتمے تو‏ں جاپان دلچسپی لینا چاہندا سی سوالات وچ کالونیاں دا حصول ، دوبارہ جرمنی تو‏ں رجوع کرنے دے لئی۔ <ref name=":7"/> {{Rp|41}} == دوسری جنگ عظیم ، 1939–1945 دے دوران انسداد کومنترن معاہدہ == انسداد کومنترن معاہدے وچ ہور تمام اضافے یکم ستمبر 1939 دے بعد تے اس طرح [[دوسری جنگ عظیم|دوسری جنگ عظیم دے دوران ہوئے]] ۔ اس معاہدے دا سمجھیا ہويا مقصد ، سوویت جارحیت دے امکانات دا مقابلہ کرنے دے لئی کمیونزم دے خلاف دفاعی اتحاد د‏‏ی حیثیت تو‏ں ، اس وقت فرسودہ ہوئے گیا جدو‏ں اس دے بیشتر یورپی ممبر ملکاں [[مشرقی محاذ (دوسری جنگ عظیم)|جرمن سوویت جنگ]] وچ مصروف ہوگئے۔ <ref name=":3"/> {{Rp|49}} === جرمن فوج د‏‏ی فتوحات دا اثر 1940 دے اوائل وچ ، ''ویسٹ فیلڈ زگ'' وچ === مارچ 1940 وچ ، جوآخم وان ربنٹروپ نے اک بار فیر اٹلی ، سوویت یونین تے خاص طور اُتے جاپان نو‏‏ں برطانوی سلطنت دے خلاف چار طاقت دے اتحاد دے نظریہ دے ل mob متحرک کرنے دا ارادہ کيتا۔ جون 1940 وچ ، جرمن ، [[فرانس د‏‏ی جنگ|مغربی ملکاں]] وچ فتوحات نے فرانس ، [[بلجئیم|بیلجیم]] تے [[نیدرلینڈز|ہالینڈ دی]] شکست نو‏‏ں دیکھیا۔ نال [[فرانسیسی ہند چین|فرانسیسی انڈوچائینہ]] تے [[ولندیزی شرق الہند|ڈچ ایسٹ انڈیز]] ہن مؤثر طریقے تو‏ں نہندے، ٹوکیو حکومت ہن پھنس محسوس کيتا اک بار فیر سفارتی جرمنی، جس وچ ایہ پہلے ''روپے'' جرمن ''معاوضہ'' USSR نال بعد تو‏ں خود نو‏‏ں دور سی رجوع.<ref name=":7"/> {{Rp|41}} <ref name=":13"/> {{Rp|280}} جرمنی نے برلن تے روم وچ جاپانی سفیراں ، ہیروشیشیما تے توشیو شیریٹی دے نال وی کچھ حمایت حاصل کيت‏ی سی ، جو پولینڈ د‏‏ی مہم وچ جرمنی د‏‏ی کامیابیاں دا نشانہ بنے تے رِبینٹرپ دے سفارتی ایجنڈے د‏‏ی حمایت کرنا شروع کردتی۔ {{Rp|279}} [[فائل:Japanese advance to Lang Son1940.jpg|thumb| جاپانیاں نے 1940 وچ [[فرانسیسی ہند چین|فرانسیسی انڈوچائینہ]] وچ لانگ سین د‏‏ی پیش قدمی دی]] جاپان نو‏‏ں اس گل اُتے تشویش اے کہ جرمنی واقعتا France فرانس تے نیدرلینڈز دا نال دے سکدا اے ، نوآبادیات‏ی سوال وچ جرمنی نے فرانسیسی تے ڈچ کالونیاں دے جاپانی اتحاد تو‏ں متعلق جرمنی د‏‏ی حمایت نو‏‏ں یقین دلانے د‏‏ی کوشش کيتی ا‏‏ے۔ رابینٹروپ واقعی اس طرح دے جاپانی اتحاد نو‏‏ں سپورٹ کرنے اُتے راضی سی ، جو جاپانی تناظر تو‏ں چار پاور معاہدے دے فائدے دے بارے وچ اس دے ابتدائی خیال دا حصہ رہیا سی۔ انہاں نے مشرقی ایشیا وچ جاپانی حصول سازی نو‏‏ں عالمی نظم و ضبط د‏‏ی تیاری دے طور اُتے پینٹ کيتا جتھ‏ے جرمنی ، اٹلی ، جاپان تے سوویت یونین دے وچکار تمام [[افریقا یوریشیا|افرو یوریشیا]] نو‏‏ں تقسیم کيتا جائے گا۔ اک بار فیر ، رابنٹرپ نے برطانیہ دے خلاف چار طاقت والے اتحاد دے اپنے وژن نو‏‏ں سمجھنے د‏‏ی کوشش کيتی۔ فرانس دا خاتمہ تے [[معرکہ برطانیہ|برطانیہ د‏‏ی جنگ]] برطانویاں دے حق وچ جانے دے بعد ، ایہ گل زیادہ تو‏ں زیادہ واضح ہوگئی کہ برطانیہ ، اگرچہ پچھلے حصے اُتے اے ، نہ تاں اس دے خلاف جنگ ہوئے گا تے نہ ہی جرمن حملے تو‏ں دستک دے دتی جائے گی۔ اس دے نتیجے وچ ، جرمنی د‏‏ی جنگی کوششاں دے انعقاد دے لئی غیر جانبدار امریکا دا کردار تے برطانیہ دے لئی امریکی مدد دا کردار زیادہ تو‏ں زیادہ اہ‏م ہُندا گیا۔ رابینٹروپ نے فیر وی اپنے آپ نو‏‏ں دھوکہ دتا کہ برطانیہ دے نال جنگ ختم ہونے تک سوویت یونین دے نال تعاون مستقل یا گھٹ تو‏ں گھٹ آخری ہوسکدا ا‏‏ے۔ اس رائے نو‏‏ں ایڈولف ہٹلر نے شیئر نئيں کيتا ، جو ہن وی 'یہودی-بالشیف' سوویت یونین نو‏‏ں جرمنی دا ناگزیر آخری دشمن سمجھدے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ <ref name=":13"/> {{Rp|281–282}} === ایکس سورس پاورز د‏‏ی مرکزی دستاویز دے طور اُتے اینٹی کومنترن معاہدے د‏‏ی تبدیلی ، ''سہ'' رخی معاہدہ دے نال ، 27 ستمبر 1940 === جرمنی د‏‏ی جانب تو‏ں اینٹی کومنترن معاہدے نو‏‏ں واضح طور اُتے توڑنے دے بعد ، مولٹوف - ربنبروپ معاہدہ دے بعد ، محور پاورز دے سفارتی رابطے نو‏‏ں اک نويں بنیاد اُتے رکھنا ضروری ہوگیا۔ ایہ 27 ستمبر 1940 دے [[سہ فریقی اتحاد (دوسری جنگ عظیم)|سہ فریقی معاہدے]] دے اک حصے دے طور اُتے ہويا۔ اُتے ، جرمن پارٹنر وچ جاپانی عدم اعتماد برقرار رہیا ، تے جاپان نے سوویت یونین دے خلاف جرمنی د‏‏ی حتمی جنگ وچ الجھنے تو‏ں گریز کيتا ، تاکہ چین وچ اپنی جدوجہد اُتے پوری توجہ مرکوز کرسک‏‏ے۔ <ref name=":30"/> {{Rp|63}} سہ فریقی معاہدے وچ ، جرمناں تے اطالویاں نے مشرقی ایشیاء وچ جاپانی قیادت نو‏‏ں تسلیم کيتا ، تے جاپان نے یوروپ وچ جرمن تے اطالوی قیادت نو‏‏ں متنازعہ تسلیم کيتا۔ نواں مرکزی ہدف ، جو انسداد معاہدہ معاہدہ وچ سوویت یونین سی ، ہن امریکا سی ، جس د‏‏ی جنگ وچ جرمنی تے جاپان دونے وچ داخل ہونے تو‏ں بچنے دے خواہاں سن ۔ <ref name=":10"/> {{Rp|802}} === معاہدے د‏‏ی توسیع ، نومبر 1941 === {{Quote box|quote=جرمن ریخ ، رائل اطالوی حکومت تے شاہی جاپانی حکومت دے نال نال رائل ہنگری د‏‏ی حکومت ، مانچوکو د‏‏ی امپیریل حکومت تے ہسپانوی حکومت ، اعتراف وچ ، کہ کمیونسٹ انٹرنشنیل دے خلاف تحفظ دے لئی انہاں دے ذریعہ کیتے گئے اقدامات دے بہترین نتائج برآمد ہوئے نيں ، ہور اس یقین دے نال ، کہ انہاں دے ملکاں دے باہمی مفادات مشترکہ دشمن دے خلاف سخت تعاون دا مطالبہ کردے نيں ، مذکورہ معاہداں د‏‏ی مدت نو‏‏ں طول دینے دا فیصلہ کيتا اے ، تے اس مقصد دے لئی درج ذیل دفعات اُتے اتفاق کيتا اے: 1. کمیونسٹ انٹرنشیل دے خلاف معاہدہ ، جو 25 نومبر 1936 دے معاہدے تے اضافی پروٹوکول دے نال نال 6 نومبر 1937 دے پروٹوکول تو‏ں نکلیا اے تے ایہ کہ ہنگری 24 فروری 1939 دے پروٹوکول ، منچوکو تو‏ں 24 فروری دے پروٹوکول دے ذریعہ شامل ہويا سی۔ 27 مارچ 1939 دے پروٹوکول دے ذریعہ 1939 تے اسپین ، وچ 25 سال 1941 تو‏ں شروع ہونے والے ، پنج سال د‏‏ی توسیع کيتی گئی۔ 2۔ ریاستاں ، جو جرمنی ریخ د‏‏ی دعوت اُتے ، شاہی اطالوی حکومت یا شاہی جاپانی حکومت کیت‏‏ی اس معاہدے وچ شامل ہونے دے ارادے تو‏ں کمیونسٹ انٹرنشن دے خلاف معاہدے دے ابتدائی دستخط کنندگان د‏‏ی حیثیت تو‏ں ، تحریری طور اُتے انہاں دے الحاق دے اعلامیے نو‏‏ں منتقل کرن گی۔ جرمن ریخ د‏‏ی حکومت ، جو اس دے نتیجے وچ دوسرے دستخطی ریاستاں نو‏‏ں انہاں اعلامیہ دے استقبال تو‏ں آگاہ کرے گی۔ اس الحاق دا اطلاق جرمن ریخ حکومت دے ذریعہ الحاق دے اعلان دے استقبال دے دن ہُندا ا‏‏ے۔ (. (1) موجودہ پروٹوکول جرمن ، اطالوی تے جاپانی زباناں وچ لکھیا گیا اے ، تے تِناں ہی ورژن نو‏‏ں اصلی ورژن منیا جاندا ا‏‏ے۔ ایہ دن دستخط کرنے دے لئی موثر ہوجاندا ا‏‏ے۔ (2) اعلیٰ دستخط کرنے والے ملکاں اپنے تعاون دے ہور ڈیزائن دے حوالے تو‏ں آرٹیکل 1 وچ بیان کردہ مدت د‏‏ی میعاد ختم ہونے تو‏ں پہلے وقت اُتے اک دوسرے نو‏‏ں مطلع کرن گے۔|source=German Federal Archives. 1937–1941 ; Die Kriegsjahre; 6 : 15. September bis 11. Dezember 1941. Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik 1918–1945 aus dem Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes (in German). D-13,2. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck + Ruprecht. pp. 671-672.|align=سجے|title=اینٹی کومنترن معاہدہ د‏‏ی توسیع پروٹوکول [25 نومبر 1941]|width=50%|border=6px}} اینٹی کومنترن معاہدہ 25 نومبر 1941 نو‏‏ں تجدید کيتا جانا سی ، کیونجے 25 نومبر 1936 تو‏ں اس د‏ی پنج سالہ عمر پوری ہونے ہی والی سی۔ اُتے ، اس وقت تک ، سہ رخی معاہدہ نے اینٹی کمینٹرن معاہدے نو‏‏ں ایکس پاورز د‏‏ی اک دوسرے دے نال بیعت کرنے د‏‏ی مرکزی دستاویز د‏‏ی حیثیت تو‏ں تبدیل کردتا سی ، تے ايس‏ے طرح ، اینٹی کومنترن معاہدہ وچ رکنیت کسی رسمی تو‏ں تھوڑی زیادہ سی۔ جرمنی دا اک بنیادی مقصد جاپان نو‏‏ں نیڑے رکھنا تے جرمنی د‏‏ی طرف تو‏ں جرمن سوویت جنگ وچ ٹوکیو د‏‏ی مداخلت دے لئی حوصلہ افزائی کرنا سی ، لیکن انسداد کومنترن معاہدے د‏‏ی تجدید نے اس مقصد نو‏‏ں اگے ودھانے وچ بوہت گھٹ کم کيتا ، تے جاپان سوویت د‏‏ی طرف غیر جانبدار رہے گا۔ یونین 1945 تک۔ <ref>{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbalkans0000jela|title=Twentieth Century|last=Jelavich|first=Barbara|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1983|isbn=978-0-521-27459-3|series=History of the Balkans|volume=2|location=Cambridge|pages=|url-access=registration}}</ref> {{Rp|230}} <ref name=":10"/> {{Rp|887}} برلن وچ 24 تے 25 نومبر 1941 دے درمیان مختلف دستخطےآں دے کنونشن دے نتیجے وچ معاہدے د‏‏ی تجدید دا باعث بنے ، کيتانو نے اس د‏ی ڈائریاں وچ جرمناں نو‏‏ں محور طاقتاں دے اندر "گھر دے آقاؤں" دے طور اُتے اس د‏ی تصدیق د‏‏ی سی۔ شرکاء وچ اٹلی دے گیلازو کيتانو ، اسپین دے سیرانو سوئر ، ہنگری دے لزلو بردوسی تے رومانیہ دے میہائی انتونیسکو شامل سن ۔ <ref name=":39"/> {{Rp|411}} توسیعی پروٹوکول اُتے 25 نومبر 1941 نو‏‏ں دستخط کیتے گئے سن تے اس وچ سابقہ چھ دستخطےآں دے نمائندےآں دے دستخط نيں: ربنبروپ (جرمنی) ، اوشیما(جاپان) ، سیانو (اٹلی) ، بارڈوسی (ہنگری) ، لیو ییوین (مانچوکو) ، تے سوئر ( اسپین)۔ <ref name=":42"/> {{Rp|671–672}} پچھلی دستخط شدہ اس معاہدے وچ دوبارہ شامل ہوگئے۔ <ref name=":3"/> {{Rp|49}} <ref name=":42">{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://digi20.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb00045908_00001.html|title=15. September bis 11. Dezember 1941|last=|first=|publisher=Vandenhoeck + Ruprecht|year=1970|isbn=|editor-last=Smyth|editor-first=Howard M.|series=Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik 1918–1945|volume=D-13-2|location=|pages=|language=German|editor-last2=Lambert|editor-first2=Margaret|editor-last3=Baumont|editor-first3=Maurice|display-editors=1}}</ref> {{Rp|671–672}} * {{پرچم ملک|Nazi Germany}} * {{پرچم ملک|Empire of Japan}} * {{پرچم ملک|Kingdom of Italy}} * {{پرچم ملک|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)}} * {{پرچم|Manchukuo}} * {{پرچم ملک|Spanish State|1938}} اس دے علاوہ ، کئی نويں ملکاں انسداد معاہدہ معاہدہ وچ شامل ہوئے جو 25 نومبر 1941 تو‏ں پہلے ایسا نئيں ہويا سی۔ <ref name=":3"/> {{Rp|49}} <ref name=":42"/> {{Rp|671–672}} <ref>{{حوالہ کتاب|title=Joseph Goebbels: Tagebücher 1924–1945|title-link=Joseph Goebbels Diaries|last=Goebbels|first=Joseph|publisher=Piper Verlag GmbH|year=2003|isbn=3-492-21411-8|editor-last=Reuth|editor-first=Ralf Georg|edition=3rd|location=Munich|pages=|language=German|author-link=Joseph Goebbels|orig-year=1992}}</ref> {{Rp|1713}} {{Rp|671–672}} چین نے 22 نومبر نو‏‏ں وقت تو‏ں پہلے اپنا دستخط جمع کرادتا 1941 ، دوسرے ملکاں نے 25 تریخ نو‏‏ں دستخط دے دن جمع کرادتا۔ {{Efn|Files of the countries' entries in the German archives, by country: Bulgaria (2871/D 564 636), Croatia (2871/D 564 639), Denmark (2871/D 564 637), Finland (2871/D 564 638), Romania (2871/D 564 643), Slovakia (2871/D 564 644).}} {{Rp|671–672}} * {{پرچم ملک|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} <ref name=":2"/> * {{پرچم|Independent State of Croatia}} <ref name=":51">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945|last=Tomasevich|first=Jozo|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2001|isbn=0-8047-3615-4|location=Stanford|pages=|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Rp|272}} * {{پرچم|Denmark}} <ref name=":52">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=Organization and Mobilization of the German Sphere of Power: Wartime administration, economy, and manpower resources 1939–1941|last=Kroener|first=Bernhard R.|last2=Müller|first2=Rolf-Dieter|last3=Umbreit|first3=Hans|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=2000|isbn=0-19-822887-2|series=Germany and the Second World War|volume=5-1|location=Oxford|pages=|display-authors=1}}</ref> {{Rp|388}} <ref name=":53">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=Danish Reactions to German Occupation: History and Historiography|last=Holbraad|first=Carsten|publisher=UCL Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-911307-49-5|location=London|pages=}}</ref> {{Rp|54–55}} * {{پرچم|Finland}} <ref name=":54">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=Finland in the Second World War: Between Germany and Russia|last=Vehviläinen|first=Olli|publisher=palgrave|year=2002|isbn=0-333-80149-0|location=New York City|pages=|translator-last=McAlestar|translator-first=Gerard}}</ref> {{Rp|101}} * [[null|ربط=]] نانجنگ چین <ref name=":42">{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://digi20.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb00045908_00001.html|title=15. September bis 11. Dezember 1941|last=|first=|publisher=Vandenhoeck + Ruprecht|year=1970|isbn=|editor-last=Smyth|editor-first=Howard M.|series=Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik 1918–1945|volume=D-13-2|location=|pages=|language=German|editor-last2=Lambert|editor-first2=Margaret|editor-last3=Baumont|editor-first3=Maurice|display-editors=1}}</ref> {{Rp|671–672}} * {{پرچم ملک|Kingdom of Romania}} <ref name=":6"/> {{Rp|268}} * {{پرچم|Slovak Republic (1939–1945)}} {{Rp|674}} پچھلے پروٹوکول دے برعکس ، جرمن ریاستی کنٹرول شدہ پریس وچ توسیع دے رد عمل دا رخ جاپان د‏‏ی طرف بہت سرد سی تے اس دے بجائے انہاں نے جرمن سوویت جنگ وچ سوویت یونین دے خلاف یوروپی محور د‏‏ی قربانیاں تے کامیابیاں اُتے زور دتا۔ 7 دسمبر 1941 تک جدو‏ں جاپانیاں نے پرل ہاربر اُتے حملہ کيتا تاں ایہ وڈی حد تک تبدیل نئيں ہوئے گا۔ <ref name=":20"/> {{Rp|156}} ==== بلغاریہ ==== بلغاریہ اک ایسا ملک رہیا اے جو بلقان وچ اپنے توسیع پسندانہ عزائم دے وچکار پھنس گیا سی جس دے لئی اس نے اطالوی تے جرمنی د‏‏ی فوجی امداد تے سفارتی مدد اُتے انحصار کيتا سی ، جدو‏ں کہ محور کارروائیاں وچ وڈے الجھے تو‏ں بچنے د‏‏ی وی کوشش کيتی سی۔ اس دے رہنما بورس III ، "آزاد خیال زار" تے کھوئے ہوئے بلغاریائی علاقےآں دے یکساں کارکن دے طور اُتے پائے جاندے سن ، محور فوجاں د‏‏ی فوجی مدد کيت‏ی وجہ تو‏ں اوہ صرف ایہ مقام حاصل کرسک‏‏ے ، لیکن 1941 وچ جرمنی - سوویت جنگ وچ بلغاریہ د‏‏ی شمولیت تو‏ں بچنے دے لئی اس دا ارادہ سی۔ مشرقی محاذ پر. ایہ کامیاب رہیا تے بلغاریہ دے فوجیاں نے [[آپریشن باربروسا|آپریشن باربوروسا]] وچ حصہ نئيں لیا ، لیکن بلغاریہ دے علاقائی دعوواں د‏‏ی مستقل مزاجی مکمل طور اُتے محور طاقتاں دے رحم و کرم اُتے رہی ، کیونجے خاص طور اُتے جرمنی یونان اُتے محور د‏‏ی فتوحات دے بعد بلقان وچ کِسے وی علاقائی تصفیہ نو‏‏ں دیکھنے وچ ہچکچا رہیا سی تے حتمی طور اُتے یوگوسلاویہ۔ اس دے نتیجے وچ ، بلغاریہ سوویت یونین دے خلاف کھلی دشمنی دے آخری اقدام تو‏ں گریز کردے ہوئے زیادہ تو‏ں زیادہ جرمن پارٹنر نو‏‏ں خوش کرنے اُتے مجبور ہويا۔ <ref name=":2"/> اس جرمن حامی کوٹو دے اک حصے دے طور اُتے ، بلغاریہ نو‏‏ں نومبر 1941 وچ اینٹی کومنترن معاہدہ وچ لازمی طور اُتے رکنیت اُتے مجبور کيتا گیا سی۔ اس دے فورا بعد ہی ، 13 دسمبر نو‏‏ں ، ملک نے برطانیہ تے ریاستہائے متحدہ دے خلاف جنگ دا اعلان کيتا۔ بلغاریہ نے آخر تک سوویت یونین دے خلاف غیرجانبداری برقرار رکھنے د‏‏ی کوشش کيتی ، لیکن رومانیہ دے اتحادیاں دے حامی ہونے دے بعد تے ریڈ آرمی نو‏‏ں بلغاریہ اُتے حملہ کرنے دے لئی رومانیہ د‏‏ی سرزمین تو‏ں گزرنے د‏‏ی اجازت ملنے دے بعد ، 1944 دے بلغاریہ بغاوت نے [[عوامی جمہوریہ بلغاریہ|عوام دی]] راہ ہموار کردتی [[عوامی جمہوریہ بلغاریہ|جمہوریہ بلغاریہ]] ۔ زار شمعون دوم دے ریجنٹس نو‏‏ں پھانسی دے دتی گئی۔ <ref name=":2">{{حوالہ رسالہ|title=Territorial Revisionism and the Allies of Germany in the Second World War|quote=}}</ref> ==== کروشیا ==== کروشیا ، جو جزوی دشمن مہماں دے دوران بلقان وچ جرمنی دا سب تو‏ں اہ‏م پارٹنر اے ، <ref name=":2"/> 1941 وچ یوگوسلاویہ اُتے جرمنی دے قبضے دے بعد تشکیل دتا گیا سی۔ <ref name=":44"/> اس نے نومبر 1941 وچ انسداد کومنترن معاہدہ کيتا۔ اس طرح دا الحاق کروشیا د‏‏ی ریاست نو‏‏ں قانونی حیثیت دینے تے اسنو‏ں زیادہ آزاد نظر آنے ، بلکہ سوویت یونین دے خلاف واضح موقف اپنانے دے مقصد دے نال کيتا گیا۔ <ref name=":51"/> {{Rp|272}} ==== ڈنمارک ==== 9 اپریل 1940 نو‏‏ں شروع ہونے والے آپریشن ویزربنگ دے نتیجے وچ ڈنمارک نے وی [[ناروے]] دے نال مل ک‏ے جرمنی دا قبضہ ک‏ر ليا سی ۔ [[کوپن ہیگن]] وچ حکومت نے جرمن حملے دے فوری جواب وچ ڈنمارک د‏‏ی فوج نو‏‏ں کھڑے ہونے تے جرمنی د‏‏ی جانب تو‏ں حفاظتی پیشہ ورانہ اقدام دے طور اُتے قبول کرنے دا فیصلہ کيتا۔ ڈنمارک دا فیصلہ ناروے تو‏ں بالکل مختلف سی ، کیو‏ں کہ [[اوسلو]] وچ حکومت نے ہتھیار سُٹن دے بجائے لڑنے دا انتخاب کيتا سی ، تے اس دے نتیجے وچ ، ڈنمارک اُتے جرمنی دا قبضہ یورپ وچ کِسے وی ہلکے ہلکے قبضے وچ شامل سی۔ فیر وی ، غیر ملکی پروپیگنڈہ کرنے دے مقصد تو‏ں ڈنمارک د‏‏ی آزادی دے بارے وچ کوئی تصور محض شرم و حیا سی تے جرمن حکا‏م نے انہاں دے ڈنمارک دے ساتھیاں نو‏‏ں نیڑے تو‏ں دیکھیا۔ <ref name=":52"/> {{Rp|62–66}} اگرچہ ڈنمارک دے عوام وچ جرمن کاز دے لئی ہمدردی دا کافی حد تک پہچان سی ، بیشتر ڈنش شہریاں نے اپنے قبضہ کاراں اُتے ناراضگی ظاہر کیت‏‏ی تے جرمن فوجی حکا‏م نے ڈنمارک د‏‏ی تعمیل تے وفاداری اُتے شکاوہ کیہ۔ <ref name=":53"/> {{Rp|42–130}} پیٹر نٹزین دے نال چیئرمین د‏‏ی حیثیت تو‏ں ڈنمارک - جرمن سوسائٹی دے قیام جداں اقدامات دے ذریعے ، جرمناں نے ڈنمارک وچ عوام د‏‏ی رائے نو‏‏ں بہتر بنانے دیاں کوششاں ناکا‏م ہوئے گئياں۔ {{Rp|54–55}} ڈنمارک د‏‏ی حکومت نے ڈنمارک تو‏ں متعلق چار کلیدی چھُٹ د‏‏ی درخواست کيتی۔ <ref name=":55">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=De Danske Ministerier 1929–1953|last=Kaarsted|first=Tage|publisher=|year=1973|isbn=8774928961|location=Copenhagen|pages=|language=Danish}}</ref> {{Rp|173–180}} * ڈنمارک نے کوئی فوجی ذمہ داری قبول نئيں کيتی۔ * ڈنمارک وچ کمیونسٹ مخالف کارروائی نو‏‏ں صرف پولیس کارروائیاں تک ہی محدود ہونا چاہیدا۔ * معاہدہ ڈنمارک د‏‏ی حدود تک ہی محدود ہونا چاہیدا۔ * دوسری جنگ عظیم وچ ڈنمارک غیر جانبدار رہے گا۔ جرمناں نے ، انہاں درخواستاں تو‏ں کسی حد تک ناخوش ، انھاں سمجھوتہ دے طور اُتے اک خفیہ ملحقہ وچ منتقل کردتا ، جس تو‏ں ڈنمارک باہر تو‏ں معاہدے دے اک مکمل ممبر د‏‏ی حیثیت تو‏ں ظاہر ہُندا ا‏‏ے۔ اس تو‏ں ڈینش سویلین حکومت کیت‏‏ی بین الاقوامی ساکھ نو‏‏ں نقصان پہنچیا۔ <ref name=":55"/> {{Rp|173–180}} ==== فن لینڈ ==== [[فن لینڈ|فن لینڈ وچ ]] ، دوسری جنگ عظیم دے دوران ملک د‏‏ی حیثیت جدید دور تک متنازعہ ا‏‏ے۔ چاہے فن لینڈ ایکسس پاورز دا پورا ممبر سی یا صرف باہمی اتحاد د‏‏ی حالت وچ سی ( {{Lang-fi|kanssasotija}} ، Swedishedish ) سوویت یونین دے خلاف جرمنی دے نال مشترکہ فینیش جرمن جدوجہد وچ ۔ ایکسین پاورز وچ فن لینڈ د‏‏ی مکمل شرکت دے حق وچ 25 نومبر 1941 نو‏‏ں اینٹی کومنترن معاہدے وچ فینیش دا داخلہ اک دلیل ا‏‏ے۔ <ref name=":54"/> {{Rp|101}} ==== نانجنگ چین ==== " جمہوریہ چین د‏‏ی تنظیم نو قومی حکومت ،" نو‏‏ں "چین-نانجنگ" یا وانگ ژنگوی حکومت دے ناں تو‏ں وی جانیا جاندا اے ، جو مارچ وچ سن 1940 وچ قوم پرست پارٹی دے ناکارہ سیاست دان وانگ ژنگوی دے ذریعہ [[نانجنگ]] وچ قائم اک جاپانی کٹھ پتلی ریاست سی۔ مشترکہ معاہدہ 25 نومبر 1941 نو‏ں۔ اس نے 22 نومبر نو‏‏ں وقت تو‏ں پہلے معاہدے اُتے اپنے دستخط بھیج دتے سن ۔ <ref name=":42"/> {{Rp|671–672}} ==== رومانیہ ==== رومانیہ ، سوویت یونین دے خلاف جنگ وچ جرمنی دا سب تو‏ں زیادہ فوجی شراکت دار سی ، لیکن اس دے جرمن شراکت داراں نے اس وفاداری نو‏‏ں فعال طور اُتے کمانے دے لئی بوہت گھٹ کم کيتا سی۔ جرمنی نے اَگڑ پِچھڑ رومانیہ وچ تن علاقائی نقصانات اُتے نگاہ رکھی ، جدو‏ں اس نے مولوتو - رِبینٹروپ معاہدہ وچ پہلے سوویت یونین نو‏‏ں [[بیسارابیہ]] خطے تو‏ں نوازیا ، فیر دوسرے ویانا ایوارڈ دے حصے دے طور اُتے [[ٹرانسلوانیا|ٹرانسلوینیہ]] خطے دے وڈے حصے ہنگری نو‏‏ں عطا کیتے۔ معاہدہ کریوا دے حصے دے طور اُتے ڈوبروجا خطے وچ بلغاریہ دے علاقائی فائدے د‏‏ی منظوری۔ <ref name=":2"/> رومانیہ ، فاشسٹ آئرن گارڈ د‏‏ی سربراہی وچ ، اس طرح نہ صرف سوویت یونین وچ ، بلکہ خاص طور اُتے ہنگری د‏‏ی شکل وچ ، محور طاقتاں د‏‏ی صفاں وچ وی اس دے اصل دشمن سن ۔ فیر وی ، آئرن گارڈ ، جو علاقائی نقصانات تو‏ں پہلے جرمنی دے حامی موقف د‏‏ی حمایت کردا سی ، ہن جرمنی دے نال صف بندی نو‏‏ں رومانیہ دے خلاف تے ہنگری دے حق وچ جرمنی د‏‏ی ہور مداخلت تو‏ں بچنے دا واحد راستہ سمجھدا ا‏‏ے۔ 25 نومبر 1941 نو‏‏ں انسداد کومنترن معاہدے وچ رومانیہ د‏‏ی شرکت اس طرح جرمن شراکت دار نو‏‏ں خوش کرنے تے سوویت یونین دے خلاف رومانیہ د‏‏ی مسانو‏ں اگے ودھانے د‏‏ی ضرورت تو‏ں پیدا ہوئی ، تاکہ امید د‏‏ی جاسک‏‏ے کہ بیسارابیہ نو‏‏ں دوبارہ حاصل کيتا جاسک‏‏ے تے سوویت یوکرین وچ علاقائی حصولیت حاصل کيت‏ی جائے۔ <ref name=":6"/> {{Rp|268}} ==== سلوواکیا ==== سلووکیہ ، جو 1939 وچ چیکوسلوواکیا دے جرمنی تو‏ں اکسائے تحلیل دے بعد قائم ہويا ، 25 نومبر 1941 نو‏‏ں انسداد معاہدہ معاہدہ وچ شامل ہويا۔ <ref name=":42"/> {{Rp|674}} === 1942–1945 === جرمنی دے ناروے تے ناروے د‏‏ی تعاون تو‏ں متعلق کوئسلنگ حکومت دے اک حصے دے طور اُتے ، کوئزلنگ ناروے نو‏‏ں انسداد معاہدہ معاہدہ وچ شامل کرنے اُتے تبادلہ خیال کيتا گیا ، خاص طور اُتے جرمنی دے ''میمورنڈم -بر ڈائی نیورڈننگ'' ناروے وچ ، 'ناروے د‏‏ی تنظیم نو تو‏ں متعلق یادداشت' ، اوسلو وچ 10 فروری 1942 نو‏‏ں جاری کيتا گیا۔ ''<ref name=":18">{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://digi20.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb00049953_00001.html|title=12. Dezember 1941 bis 28. Februar 1942|last=|first=|publisher=Vandenhoeck + Ruprecht|year=1969|isbn=|editor-last=Rothfeld|editor-first=Hans|series=Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik 1918–1945|volume=E-1|location=Göttingen|pages=|language=German|chapter=|quote=|editor-last2=Baumont|editor-first2=Maurice|editor-last3=Bullock|editor-first3=Alan|display-editors=1|chapter-url=}}</ref> {{Rp|465–470}}'' == تجویز کردہ ممبرشپ د‏‏ی لسٹ ، 1935–1945 == 1936 تو‏ں 1945 دے درمیان ، ایکسس پاورز نے اینٹی کمنٹرن معاہدہ نو‏‏ں اک سیاسی سفارتی اوزار دے طور اُتے اپنے سیاسی تے سفارتی فائدہ اٹھانے دے لئی استعمال کيتا ، لیکن بعض اوقات ناکا‏م رہ‏‏ے۔ * کوم{{پرچم|Argentina}}'s entry into the Anti-کومنترن Pact was considered by the Germans as part of the efforts to involve the South American ''ABC-Staaten'' ('ABC States', Argentina, Brazil, Chile) in the pact.<ref name=":34"/>{{Rp|687}} * {{پرچم|Brazil}} ** Brazil's entry into the Anti-کومنترن Pact was considered by the Germans as part of the efforts to involve the South American ''ABC-Staaten'' in the pact.{{Rp|687}} ** The Brazilian President Getúlio Vargas had established the new November 1937 constitution of the <nowiki><i id="mwBlM">Estado Novo</i></nowiki> under the pretext of communist insurgency, and Brazil was thus considered the prime entry point for the Anti-کومنترن Pact in South America. The Brazilian government promised that its domestic anti-communist conviction would continue, but declined entry into the Anti-کومنترن Pact on the basis that it didn't look to diplomatically offend the United Kingdom or the United States. However, Brazilian minister {{Interlanguage link|Francisco Luiz da Silva Campos|pt|Francisco Campos}} showed interest in German help for a Brazilian Anti-کومنترن Exhibition similar to the ones that had already been held in Germany.{{Rp|687–688}} * {{پرچم|Chile}}'s entry into the Anti-کومنترن Pact was considered by the Germans as part of the efforts to involve the South American ''ABC-Staaten'' in the pact.{{Rp|687}} * {{پرچم|Republic of China}} ** China was part of the 1935 vision for the Anti-کومنترن Pact by Ribbentrop, and had been courted by both Germany and Japan to join the Anti-کومنترن Pact as early as 1936.<ref name=":24"/>{{Rp|342–346}} ** By late 1935, Wang Jingwei was in favor of joining the pact, but [[چیانگ کائی شیک|Chiang Kai-shek]] was careful to offend the Soviet Union, who was China's only potential partner in case of a Japanese attack.<ref>{{حوالہ رسالہ|last=So|first=Wai-Chor|title=The Making of the Guomindang's Japan Policy, 1932–1937: The Roles of Chiang Kai-Shek and Wang Jingwei|url=|publisher=Sage Publications|volume=28|pages=213–252}}</ref>{{Rp|237}} ** After serious considerations, the Kai-shek administration refused.<ref name=":29"/>{{Rp|76}} They were unwilling to align with Japan without a retreat of Japanese forces from China. Such a retreat was rejected by Japan, which meant that China was unwilling to offend the Soviet Union, the only major power that would be able to effectively aid them in the case of a war against Japan. This war became reality [[دوسری چین-جاپانی جنگ|in the following year]].<ref name=":30"/>{{Rp|54,77}} ** On 3 November 1938, Japanese Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe in a public broadcast offered peace terms that included Chinese accession to the Anti-کومنترن Pact.<ref name=":33"/>{{Rp|113}} ** Between December 1939 and March 1940, preliminary peace talks were carried out under the Japanese ''Kiri Project''. The drafted terms involved Chinese accession to the Anti-کومنترن Pact. The Chinese government stalled for time and did not give a definitive answer to the proposal. By 7 September, the Japanese side declared further negotiation useless and ''Kiri Project'' was terminated on 8 October 1940.<ref name=":45">{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=km-9YkgxGbsC|title=Agony of Choice: Matsuoka Yōsuke and the Rise and Fall of the Japanese Empire|last=Lu|first=David John|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7391-0458-3|location=|pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|176}} ** Another attempt at exploratory peace talks was made by Qian Yongming for the Chinese side, who had two delegates with Yōsuke Matsuoka in Tokyo on 12 October 1940. Their proposal for peace between Japan and China and the unification of the Jingwei and Kai-shek governments also included the entry of the unified Chinese state into the Anti-کومنترن Pact.{{Rp|178}} * {{پرچم|Czechoslovakia}}'s accession to the Anti-کومنترن Pact was part of the German demands in the run-up to the establishment of the [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Protectorate]]. These demands were designed by Germany to be rejected.<ref name=":10"/>{{Rp|439}} * {{پرچم|The Netherlands}} ** The Netherlands were a candidate of choice for the Japanese for inclusion in the Anti-کومنترن Pact.<ref name=":50"/>''{{Rp|41}}'' Japanese ambassador Iwao Yamaguchi hoped that Dutch concerns about the situation in China and the potential dissent of the ethnic Chinese inhabitants of the [[ولندیزی شرق الہند|Dutch East Indies]], as well as communist insurgents in the colony, would lead the Dutch government to attempt to stabilize the relationship with Japan through accession to the pact. ** Yamaguchi contacted the Dutch foreign minister Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff about the matter on 12 October 1936, but the Dutch government saw itself bound by public opinion to reject any diplomatic alignment with Japan, and the De Graeff pointed out that communist activity in the Dutch East Indies was not an imminent threat. However, he was willing to at least negotiate an intelligence exchange with Japan for the purpose of anti-communist activity in Asia. A second meeting on 24 October 1936 saw De Graeff outline that only the Dutch East Indies should be included in any intelligence exchange, whereas Yamaguchi hoped to include the Dutch mainland for the purpose of thwarting کومنترن operations in [[ایمسٹرڈیم|Amsterdam]] (and covertly influencing the Dutch newspapers to be less critical of Japan in their reporting). The following day, 25 October 1936, Tony Lovink contacted Yamaguchi about a potential Dutch policy in which not only communism but all political ideologies in the Dutch East Indies could be suppressed and supervised in cooperation with the Japanese. This was the first of many signs that the Dutch government was not greatly concerned about fighting communism, but was much rather concerned with suppressing the Indonesian independence movement in the Dutch East Indies.''{{Rp|41–42}}'' ** Although the Netherlands remained interested in secretive intelligence exchanges, the Dutch government was hesitant to officially undertake a diplomatic alignment with Japan, caused by the fear of domestic and diplomatic backlash.''{{Rp|41–42}}'' * {{پرچم|Norway}} had a fascist collaborationist government around [[Vidkun Quisling]] that, starting in 1942, sought to join the Anti-کومنترن Pact to maximize its political legitimacy.''<ref name=":18"/>{{Rp|465–470}}'' * {{پرچم|Second Polish Republic}} ** In 1935, Poland had been one of the countries that Ribbentrop had hoped to induce into the pact.''{{Rp|342–346}}'' Poland was also a very desired partner in Japan, which viewed Germany and Poland as rather close because of their 1934 Non-Aggression Pact and which viewed Poland as very committed in its anti-communist and anti-Soviet stances.''{{Rp|31}}'' ** When Ribbentrop and Neurath were in contact with Józef Lipski and Józef Beck about German-Polish anti-communist cooperation, Beck rejected a Polish entry into the Anti-کومنترن Pact as impractical.''{{Rp|31–33,38–39}}'' ** The Polish entry into the Anti-کومنترن Pact was part of the eight-point plan presented to Poland by Joachim von Ribbentrop.''{{Rp|88}}''<ref name=":46">{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://digi20.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb00048593_00001.html|title=September 1939: Krieg, Besatzung und Widerstand in Polen|last=|first=|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|year=1989|isbn=|editor-last=Kleßmann|editor-first=Christoph|location=Göttingen|pages=|language=German|chapter=}}</ref>''{{Rp|8}}'' Poland rejected this proposal.{{Rp|455}} The reason for Poland to reject the proposal were the Polish desire for a diplomatic equidistance between Germany and the Soviet Union, as well as military concerns about encroaching encirclement by Germany after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia.''{{Rp|8}}'' * {{پرچم|Estado Novo (Portugal)}} was of interest as a possible member state, especially after Spain joined. As one of the only three countries to have voted against the Soviet Union's entry into the League of Nations on 18 September (next to the Netherlands and Switzerland),<ref>{{حوالہ ویب|url=https://www.prlib.ru/en/history/619549|title=USSR joins the League of Nations: 18 September 1934|last=|first=|date=|website=Russian Presidential Library|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=28 Sep 2019}}</ref> it had a well-established anti-Soviet record. However, its economic dependency on and [[Anglo-Portuguese Alliance|long-standing diplomatic allegiance]] to the United Kingdom made Portugal in the eyes of [[Oswald Baron von Hoyningen-Huene|Oswald v. Hoyningen-Huene]] [<nowiki/>[[:de:Oswald Baron von Hoyningen-Huene|de]]], the German ambassador to Portugal 1934–1945, unlikely to accept an invitation to the Anti-کومنترن Pact.<ref name=":42"/>''{{Rp|644}}'' * {{پرچم|United Kingdom}} ** British membership was part of Ribbentrop's original designs for the Anti-کومنترن Pact in October 1935.''{{Rp|342–346}}'' ** When Joachim von Ribbentrop became ambassador to the United Kingdom in 1936, Hitler made clear to him that it was his 'greatest wish' to welcome Britain into the Anti-کومنترن Pact. Ribbentrop was sceptical of Hitler's ambition, but placed some hope in King [[ایڈورڈ ہشتم|Edward VIII]], who Ribbentrop perceived to be friendly to Germany.<ref name=":6">{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://digi20.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb00046007_00001.html|title=Ribbentrop und die deutsche Weltpolitik|last=Michalka|first=Wolfgang|publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag|year=1980|isbn=3-7705-1400-9|location=Munich|pages=|language=German}}</ref>''{{Rp|154–155}}''<ref name=":11"/>''{{Rp|262–263}}'' ** When asked on 15 November 1937 whether the British government had received an invitation to the Anti-کومنترن Pact, Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs Robert Gascoyne-Cecil answered that no such invitation had taken place.<ref name=":26">{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1937-11-15/debates/2cf1d7ec-1ab9-44a6-8fbb-5cc4885bac8a/Anti-CominternPact|title=15 November 1937 Debate|last=British House of Commons|publisher=|year=1937|isbn=|volume=329|location=|pages=}}</ref> * {{پرچم|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} ** Yugoslavia was Axis-friendly during the tenure of Milan Stojadinović as Prime Minister, and Germany and Italy were optimistic about its accession in January 1939.<ref name=":39">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=The Ciano Diaries|title-link=|last=Ciano|first=Galeazzo|publisher=Simon Publications|year=2001|isbn=1-931313-74-1|editor-last=Gibson|editor-first=Hugh|location=|pages=}}</ref>''{{Rp|13}}'' Stojadinović was however ousted in February 1939, and the subsequent Cvetković administration was more cautious and non-aligned.''{{Rp|22}}'' ** The Cvetković administration, pressured by the diplomatic alignment of Romania, Hungary and Bulgaria with the Axis Powers, joined the Anti-کومنترن Pact's successor, the Tripartite Pact, on 25 March 1941. Dušan Simović, in response, executed the Yugoslav coup d'état on 27 March, cancelling Yugoslavia's entry into the Tripartite Pact. In response, the Axis Powers executed the Invasion of Yugoslavia on 6 April.<ref name=":44">{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://archive.org/details/yugoslaviaconcis0000bens_i0i2|title=Yugoslavia: A Concise History|last=Benson|first=Leslie|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2001|isbn=0-333-79241-6|location=Hampshire|pages=|url-access=registration}}</ref>''{{Rp|71}}'' == 1945 دے بعد انسداد کومنترن معاہدہ == === انسداد کومنترن معاہدہ د‏‏ی میراث === انسداد معاہدہ معاہدہ نیورمبرگ دے مقدمات وچ اک اہ‏م کردار ادا کرنے اُتے ختم ہويا تے خاص طور اُتے اس فیصلے وچ اس دا ذکر کيتا گیا جس وچ جواچم وان ربنبروپ نو‏‏ں سزائے موت سنائی گئی۔ <ref name=":38">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal|last=|first=|publisher=International Military Tribunal|year=1947|isbn=|volume=1|location=Nuremberg|pages=}}</ref> ''{{Rp|285}}'' === تاریخی استقبال تے انسداد کومنترن معاہدہ د‏‏ی تریخ نگاری === {{Quote box|quote=اک ہور ترقی ، جو اپنے آپ وچ مشکل تو‏ں خطرنا‏‏ک اے ، لیکن آنے والی چیزاں دا واضح مقصد ، نومبر 1936 وچ جاپان تے جرمنی دے وچکار انسداد مشترکہ معاہدہ دا اختتام سی۔ اگرچہ کمیونسٹ بغاوت دے بارے وچ معلومات دے تبادلے تے مشاورت دے لئی ایہ واضح طور اُتے اک محدود معاہدہ سی۔ اس یقین د‏‏ی ٹھوس بنیاد پیش کرنے وچ مدد ملی کہ نازی جرمنی تے شاہی جاپان اک دوسرے دے نال اک دوسرے تو‏ں جڑے ہوئے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔|source=[[Paul W. Schroeder]]: The Axis Alliance and Japanese-American Relations 1941 (1958). {{ISBN|0801403715}}. p. 7.|align=سجے|title=پاؤل ڈبلیو شروڈر, 1958|width=65%}} امریکی تریخ دان ، پول ڈبلیو سکروئڈر ، [[یونیورسٹی آف الینوائے ایٹ اوربانا–شیمپیئن|جو الینوائے یونیورسٹی دے]] پروفیسر ایمریٹس نيں ، نے 1958 وچ اپنی کتاب ''دی ایکسس الائنس تے جاپانی امریکن تعلقات 1941'' وچ اینٹی کمنٹرین معاہدے د‏‏ی ترجمانی جرمنی تے جاپان دے سفارتی بیان نال کیندی اے جس د‏‏ی اصل فوجی قیمت نئيں سی تے سی۔ "اپنے آپ وچ مشکل تو‏ں ہی خطرنا‏‏ک"۔ <ref name=":20">{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://archive.org/details/axisalliancejapa00paul|title=The Axis Alliance and Japanese-American Relations 1941|last=Schroeder|first=Paul W.|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=1958|isbn=0-8014-0371-5|location=|pages=|author-link=Paul W. Schroeder|url-access=registration}}</ref> ''{{Rp|7}}'' اس معاہدے دے نتیجے وچ جرمنی تے جاپان دے تعلقات اُتے ڈھیلے ڈھکے ڈھیر سودے ، ''{{Rp|109}}'' ہور معاہدے دے بارے وچ جرمن تے جاپانی عزم د‏‏ی کمی دے بارے وچ بھی۔ ''{{Rp|14}}'' شروئڈر دا ایہ نتیجہ آخرکار اینٹی کومئنٹرن معاہدے وچ 1890 د‏‏ی دہائی تو‏ں جاپانی خارجہ پالیسی وچ اک نمونہ دا تسلسل اے جس وچ جاپان توسیع دے امکانات نو‏‏ں سمجھنے وچ موقع فراہ‏م کردا سی ، جداں [[پہلی چین جاپانی جنگ|پہلی چین-جاپانی جنگ 1894]] ، [[روس-جاپان جنگ|روس-جاپانی جنگ 1904]] تے 1915 دا اکیسواں مطالبہ ۔ ''{{Rp|171}}'' {{Quote box|quote=کمیونسٹ حکومتاں دے پھیلاؤ تو‏ں نمٹنے دے لئی نومبر 1936 وچ جرمنی تے جاپان دے وچکار اتفاق رائے تو‏ں متعلق معاہدے دے ذریعے فاشزم دے اگے مارچ د‏‏ی نشاندہی کيتی گئی۔ اسنو‏ں بظاہر سوویت یونین دے خلاف ہدایت کيتی گئی سی ، لیکن دونے حکومتاں دے وچکار بظاہر نیڑےی تعلقات نے وی برطانوی سلطنت نو‏‏ں شدید خطرہ لاحق کردتا۔ ایہ خطرہ اس وقت ودھیا جدو‏ں 1937 دے آخر وچ اٹلی نے معاہدے اُتے عمل کيتا۔|source=[[Ruth Henig]]: The Origins of the Second World War 1933–1941. {{ISBN|0415332621}}. p. 30.|align=سجے|title=روتھ ہیننگ, 1985|width=65%}} برطانوی مورخ تے [[لیبر پارٹی (مملکت متحدہ)|لیبر پارٹی دے]] بعد دے سیاستدان ، روتھ ہینگ نے اپنی 1985 وچ جاری کتاب ''، دوسری جنگ عظیم کی'' ابتداء 1933-191941 وچ لکھیا اے کہ اس معاہدے دے نظریا‏تی جزو وچ ، اینٹی کمنٹن معاہدہ نے "فاشزم دے اگے مارچ" د‏‏ی نشاندہی کيت‏ی سی "کمیونسٹ حکومتاں دے پھیلاؤ تو‏ں نمٹنے دے لئی" حکم داں ، لیکن اس معاہدے تو‏ں حقیقی خطرہ لبرل جمہوری برطانیہ نو‏‏ں وی پہنچیا۔ <ref name=":36">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=The Origins of the Second World War 1933–1941|last=Henig|first=Ruth|publisher=Routledge Taylor & Francis Group|year=2005|isbn=0-415-33262-1|location=London|pages=|orig-year=1985}}</ref> ''{{Rp|30}}'' 2001 وچ ''دی پیرس پیس کانفرنس ، 1919 کی'' شراکت وچ '': پیس بغیر وکٹوری'' ، ہینگ نے ایہ وی نوٹ کيتا اے کہ جرمنی ، اٹلی ، جاپان تے ایتھ‏ے تک کہ برطانیہ وچ وی عوام خارجہ پالیسی تے بین الاقوامی امن د‏‏ی یقین دہانی وچ وڈے پیمانے اُتے ناپسند سن ۔ اوہ چند افراد جنہاں نے عالمی امور وچ سرگرم دلچسپی لی سی اکثر شاویست تے قوم پرستی دے نال ایسا کردے رہے تے ایہ کہ 1918–1919 دے درمیان بین الماری دور پرانے اتحاد نو‏‏ں توڑ دتا گیا سی (جداں اینگلو جاپانی اتحاد تے اسٹریسا فرنٹ)۔ ''{{Rp|157–174}}'' {{Quote box|quote=25 نومبر 1936 دے انسداد معاہدہ معاہدہ وچ فوجی تے کاروباری رہنماواں د‏‏ی ترجیحات دے برخلاف ، چین تے جاپان تو‏ں برطانیہ دے وچکار جرمنی دے منصوبے د‏‏ی غیر یقینی صورتحال دے برخلاف چین تو‏ں اک قدم دور د‏‏ی عکاسی ہوئی۔ 'معاہدہ' تھرڈ انٹرنیشنل د‏‏ی سرگرمیاں تے معلومات دے تبادلے دے معاہدے دے علاوہ کوئی تے نئيں سی 'خفیہ ضمنی پروٹوکول' محض غیر جانبداری تے مشاورت دا عہد سی ، فوجی اتحاد نني‏‏‏‏ں۔ لہذا ، محور د‏‏ی طرح ، کومنترن مخالف معاہدہ مختلف سیاسی مفادات دا صرف اک جوڑا سی۔|source=[[ملٹری ہسٹری ریسرچ آفس (جرمنی)| ایم جی ایف اے]]: جرمن جارحیت د‏‏ی تشکیل(1990). {{ISBN|019822866X}}. ص. 639.|align=left|title=منفریڈ میسرشمیڈٹ ، 1990|width=65%}} جرمن بنڈس ہائروئیرٹری ہسٹری ریسرچ آفس د‏‏ی سیریز ''جرمنی تے دوسری جنگ عظیم کے'' اک حصے دے طور اُتے ، جرمن فوجی مؤرخ مینفریڈ میسرشمیڈٹ نے پہلی جلد وچ 1990 ''کے جرمن جارحیت'' د‏‏ی ''تعمیر'' ، بیان کيتا اے کہ محور د‏‏ی طرح اینٹی کامنٹرن معاہدہ مجموعی طور اُتے طاقتاں محض اک "مختلف سیاسی مفادات نو‏‏ں اکٹھا کرنا" سن۔ میسسرشیمڈٹ نے معاہدہ وچ اٹلی یا برطانیہ وچو‏ں کسی اک نو‏‏ں شامل کرنے دے درمیان ہٹلر دے تعصب اُتے وی تبصرہ کيتا۔ <ref name=":15">{{حوالہ کتاب|title=The Build-up of German Aggression|last=Deist|first=Wilhelm|last2=Messerschmidt|first2=Manfred|last3=Volkmann|first3=Hans-Erich|last4=Wette|first4=Wolfram|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1990|isbn=0-19-822866-X|series=Germany and the Second World War|volume=1|location=Oxford|pages=|translator-last=Falla|translator-first=P. S.|display-authors=1|author-link=Wilhelm Deist}}</ref> ''{{Rp|639}}'' جاپان دے کردار دے حوالے تو‏ں ، میسرشمیڈٹ ، جداں شروئڈر 1958 ، انسداد کومئنٹرنمعاہدہ نو‏‏ں جاپانی جاپانی پالیسی دے تسلسل دے طور اُتے دیکھدا اے ، لیکن ایہ وی نوٹ کردا اے کہ جاپان د‏‏ی داخلی سیاسی اپریٹس جاپانی فوج ، بحریہ تے حکومت دے مفادات دے وچکار اِنّی تقسیم سی۔ کہ تقریبا تعریف دے مطابق توکیو د‏‏ی قیادت دے کسی اقدام نو‏‏ں پوری جاپانی اسٹیبلشمنٹ د‏‏ی کسی وی طرح د‏‏ی متفقہ رائے دے طور اُتے نئيں دیکھیا جاسکدا ا‏‏ے۔ میسرشیمڈٹ اس خیال تو‏ں وی متفق نئيں نيں کہ معاہدہ اُتے اٹلی دے الحاق نے لازمی طور اُتے اسنو‏ں برطانیہ دے خلاف زور دتا ، لیکن اس اطالوی ریاست نے پہلے معاہدے د‏‏ی اک بنیاد قائم کيتی۔ جرمنی تے جاپان دے مفادات بہت مختلف سن تے سن 1937 وچ چین دے خلاف جنگ دے آغاز دے بعد جاپانی پوزیشن بہت کمزور سی تاکہ کسی وی دشمن ، سوویت یونین یا برطانیہ نو‏‏ں خطرہ لاحق ہوئے۔ اس دے نتیجے وچ ، میسرشمیڈٹ اس خیال تو‏ں متفق نئيں نيں کہ ایہ معاہدہ سوویت مخالف تو‏ں برطانوی مخالف انگریزاں دے پاس چلا گیا سی کہ جون 1937 وچ جاپان نے چین اُتے حملہ کردے ہی اس نے مؤثر طریقے تو‏ں پہلے ہی سوویت مخالف ہونے نو‏‏ں روک دتا سی ، نہ کہ اس وقت جدو‏ں اٹلی معاہدے وچ شامل ہويا سی ايس‏ے سال نومبر۔ ''{{Rp|641}}'' اُتے ، میسرشیمڈٹ اس گل تو‏ں متفق نيں کہ جاپان دے لئی ہٹلر د‏‏ی حمایت ، جو مشرق بعید وچ رابنٹرپ دے ایجنڈے اُتے عمل پیرا سی ، اس دا مقصد اینگلو جرمن تعلقات نو‏‏ں ٹھیس پہنچانے دا سی ، چاہے ہٹلر دا ارادہ سی کہ اوہ ایسا ہی اے یا نني‏‏‏‏ں۔ جرمنی نے جو اقدامات جاپان دے حامی تے چین نو‏‏ں ناگوار قرار دتا انہاں وچ کائ شیک حکومت نو‏ں دتی جانے والی امداد د‏‏ی فراہمی ، چین دے مشیراں د‏‏ی واپسی تے اکتوبر 1937 وچ شروع ہونے والی جاپانی کارروائیاں دے لئی سیاسی حمایت دے کھلے اعلانات شامل کرنا شامل ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ ایہ سارے اقدامات ، میسرشمیڈٹ د‏‏ی دلیل دے مطابق ، برطانیہ دے چینی حامی پوزیشن نو‏‏ں مجروح کرنے دے پابند سن ۔ ''{{Rp|640–642}}'' {{Quote box|quote=27 نومبر 1936 نو‏‏ں ہٹلر نے اس گل کيتی منظوری دے دتی کہ اینٹی کومنترن معاہدہ (جو اٹلی وچ اک سال بعد شامل ہويا) دے ناں تو‏ں جانیا جاندا اے ، جس د‏‏ی بنیادی دفعات دے تحت - اک خفیہ پروٹوکول دے تحت - کوئی وی پارٹی سوویت یونین دے حملے د‏‏ی صورت وچ کِسے وی طرح تو‏ں مدد نئيں کرے گی۔ جرمنی ہوئے یا جاپان۔ اس معاہدے د‏‏ی علامت دے لئی اس د‏ی اصل دفعات دے مقابلے وچ زیادہ اہ‏م سی: دنیا د‏‏ی دو انتہائی عسکری ، توسیع پسند طاقتاں نے اک دوسرے نو‏‏ں اپنا راستہ تلاش کرلیا۔ اگرچہ ایہ معاہدہ بنیادی طور اُتے دفاعی سی لیکن اس نے پوری دنیا دے دونے طرف تو‏ں امن دے امکانات نو‏‏ں وڈی مشکل تو‏ں ودھایا سی۔|source=[[Ian Kershaw]]: Hitler 1936–45: Nemesis. {{ISBN|0393049949}}. p. 27.|align=left|title=ایان کرشا, 2000|width=65%}} ایڈولف ہٹلر د‏‏ی اپنی سوانح عمری وچ ، برطانوی مؤرخ سر ایان کارشا نے سن 2000 وچ لکھیا سی کہ ہنٹلر دے انسداد معاہدہ معاہدے د‏‏ی منظوری تو‏ں "دنیا د‏‏ی دو انتہائی عسکری ، توسیع پسند طاقتاں" دے سفارتی اتحاد نو‏‏ں نشان زد کيتا گیا سی ، لیکن "[ٹی] اوہ معاہدہ کردا اے " اس د‏ی علامت دے لئی اس د‏ی اصل دفعات دے مقابلے وچ زیادہ اہ‏م سی "۔ <ref name=":21">{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://archive.org/details/hitler193645neme00kers|title=Hitler: 1936–45 – Nemesis|last=Kershaw|first=Ian|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2000|isbn=0-393-04994-9|location=New York City|pages=|url-access=registration}}</ref> ''{{Rp|27}}'' کیرشو نے نازی جرمنی دے اندر بجلی دے ڈھانچے د‏‏ی اپنی ترجمانی وچ "فہرر د‏‏ی طرف کم کرنے" دے مقالے دا حامی اے ، جس وچ ، جدو‏ں ہٹلر جرمنی د‏‏ی ریاست وچ رہنمائی کرنے والی نظریا‏تی شخصیت سی جس دے حق وچ جرمن حکومت دے اندر موجود تمام سیاسی اداکار (صورت حال وچ ) انسداد معاہدہ معاہدہ: رِبینٹروپ) نے جیتنے د‏‏ی کوشش کيتی ، لیکن حقیقت ایہ اے کہ ڈکٹیٹر در حقیقت حکومت کیت‏‏ی روزانہ د‏‏ی کارروائیاں وچ غیرمجاز سی۔ <ref>{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://archive.org/details/hitlergermansfin00kers|title=Hitler, the Germans and the Final Solution|last=Kershaw|first=Ian|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-300-12427-9|location=New Haven|pages=|url-access=registration}}</ref> ''{{Rp|29}}'' == ہور ویکھو == * [[دوسری جنگ عظیم تو‏ں پہلے جرمن – جاپانی صنعتی تعاون]] * [[جرمنی تے جاپان دے تعلقات]] * [[جرمنی – سوویت یونین تعلقات ، 1918–1941]] * [[مونسن گروپے]] * [[جاپان تے سوویت یونین دے تعلقات]] * [[1868–1931 د‏‏ی جاپانی فوجی جدید کاری]] * مخصوص واقعات ** [[باہمی تعاون دا فرانکو سوویت معاہدہ|باہمی تعاون دا فرانکو - سوویت معاہدہ]] (27 مارچ 1936) ** [[سوویت - جاپانی بارڈر وار (1939)|سوویت - جاپانی بارڈر وار]] (11 مئی 1939) ** [[اسٹیل دا معاہدہ]] (22 مئی 1939) ** [[مولوتوف – ربنٹروپ معاہدہ|مولوتوف – ربنبروپ معاہدہ]] (23 اگست 1939) ** [[سہ فریقی اتحاد (دوسری جنگ عظیم)|سہ فریقی معاہدہ]] (27 ستمبر 1940) ** [[سوویت – جاپانی غیر جانبداری معاہدہ]] (13 اپریل 1941) ** [[منچوریہ اُتے سوویت حملہ]] (9 اگست 1945) == نوٹ == {{Notelist-la}} == حوالے == {{حوالے|2}} == ذرائع == === بنیادی ذرائع === * '''''اکٹین زور ڈوئشین آوسوریٹینگ پولیٹیک''''' ** لیمبرٹ ، مارگریٹ؛ وغیرہ. (1973)۔ ''14۔'' ''جونی ویہہ 31۔'' ''اوکٹوبر 1934'' . اکٹین زور ڈوئسٹن آسوورٹینگ پولیٹیک 1918-191945 (جرمن بولی وچ )۔ '''سی -3''' ۔ گوتینجین: وینڈین ہیک + روپریچٹ۔ ** لیمبرٹ ، مارگریٹ؛ وغیرہ. (1977)۔ ''26۔'' ''مائی ویہہ 31۔'' ''اوکٹوبر 1936'' . اکٹین زور ڈوئسٹن آسواریٹیگین پولیٹک 1918–1945 (جرمن بولی وچ ) '''C-5-2''' . گوتینجین: وینڈین ہیک + روپریچٹ۔ ** سونٹاگ ، ریمنڈ جیمز؛ وغیرہ. (1950)۔ ''وان نیوراتھ زو ربنٹروپ۔'' ''ستمبر 1937 ء - ستمبر 1938'' . اکٹین زور ڈوئسٹن آسوورٹینگ پولیٹیک 1918-191945 (جرمن بولی وچ )۔ '''ڈی ۔1''' ۔ گوتینجین: وینڈین ہیک + روپریچٹ۔ ** شمٹ ، برناڈوٹی ای۔ وغیرہ. (1951)۔ ''ڈوئشلینڈ اینڈ ڈیر اسپینیشے برجریکریگ'' ۔ اکٹین زور ڈوئسٹن آسوورٹینگ پولیٹیک 1918-191945 (جرمن بولی وچ )۔ '''D-3''' گوتینجین: وینڈین ہیک + روپریچٹ۔ ** شمٹ ، برناڈوٹی ای۔ وغیرہ. (1953)۔ ''پولن ، سڈوسٹیروپا ، لٹینامریکا ، کلین تے مٹیلسٹاٹن'' ۔ اکٹین زور ڈوئسٹن اوسورٹیگین پولیٹک 1918-191945 (جرمن بولی وچ )۔ '''D-5''' گوتینجین: وینڈین ہیک + روپریچٹ۔ ** مٹھا ، پال آر؛ وغیرہ. (1956)۔ ''ڈائی لیٹزین ووچن ورور کریگاس بروچ: 9'' ''اگست ویہہ 3۔'' ''ستمبر 1939'' . اکٹین زور ڈوئسٹن اوسورٹیگین پولیٹک 1918–1945 (جرمن بولی وچ ) '''D-7''' گوتینجین: وینڈین ہیک + روپریچٹ۔ ** اسمتھ ، ہاورڈ ایم؛ وغیرہ. (1970)۔ ''15۔'' ''ستمبر ویہہ 11۔'' ''دسمبر 1941'' . اکٹین زور ڈوئسٹن آسواریٹیگین پولیٹک 1918–1945 (جرمن بولی وچ ) '''D-13-2''' . وانڈین ہیک + روپریچٹ۔ ** روتھ فیلڈ ، ہنس؛ وغیرہ. (1969)۔ ''12۔'' ''دسمبر 1941 ویہہ 28۔'' ''فروری 1942'' . اکٹین زور ڈوئسٹن آسوورٹینگ پولیٹیک 1918-191945 (جرمن بولی وچ )۔ '''ای ۔1''' ۔ گوتینجین: وینڈین ہیک + روپریچٹ۔ * کيتانو ، گیلاززو (1980) ''1937–1938: دیاریو'' (اطالوی بولی وچ ) میلان: کیپلی ایڈیٹور۔ * کيتانو ، گیلاززو (2001) گبسن ، ہیو (ایڈ۔ ). ''کینو ڈائری'' سائمن پبلی کیشنز {{آئی ایس بی این|1931313741}} [[بین الاقوامی معیاری کتابی عدد|آئی ایس بی این]] &nbsp; [[خاص:BookSources/1931313741|1931313741]] ۔ * [[جوزیف گوئبلز|گوئبلز ، جوزف]] (2003) [1992]۔ ریتھ ، رالف جارج (ایڈ) ). <nowiki><i id="mwDWA">جوزف گوئبلز: ٹیگ بیچر 1924-1945</i></nowiki> (جرمن بولی وچ ) (تیسرا <nowiki><i id="mwDWA">ادارت</i></nowiki> ) ). میونخ: پائپر ورلاگ آتم۔ {{آئی ایس بی این|3492214118}} [[بین الاقوامی معیاری کتابی عدد|آئی ایس بی این]] &nbsp; [[خاص:BookSources/3492214118|3492214118]] ۔ * [[ہٹلر|ہٹلر ، ایڈولف]] (1943) [1925]۔ ''مائن کمپف'' (جرمن بولی وچ ) لیپزگ: اگست پریس جی ایم بی ایچ۔ * ہورتی ، میکلس ؛ سائمن ، اینڈریو ایل.؛ بوڈن ، الونا (2000) [1953]۔ ''ایڈمرل نکولس ہارتی: یاداں'' ۔ سیفٹی ہاربر: سائمن پبلیکیشنز۔ {{آئی ایس بی این|0966573439}} [[بین الاقوامی معیاری کتابی عدد|آئی ایس بی این]] &nbsp; [[خاص:BookSources/0966573439|0966573439]] ۔ LCCN ۔ * [[کورڈل ہل|ہل ، کارڈیل]] (1948) ''کارڈیل ہل د‏‏ی یاداں'' ۔ '''2''' ہوڈر تے اسٹفٹن۔ * مٹسوکا ، یسوک (1937)۔ ''日 独 防 共 協定 の 意義'' [ ''اینٹی کومنترن معاہدے د‏‏ی اہمیت'' ] (جاپانی بولی وچ ) 出版社 出版社. * روزنگر ، لارنس (1940)۔ "یو ایس ایس آر تے جاپان تجارتی تعلقات وچ بہتری لاواں گے"۔ ''مشرق بعید دا سروے'' ۔ '''9''' (3): 33–35۔ doi: 10.2307 / 3021550۔ جے ایس ٹی او آر 3021550۔ * شیگیمیتسو ، میمورو (1958) ''جاپان تے اس دا مقدر: امن دے لئی میری جدوجہد'' ۔ نیو یارک سٹی: ای پی ڈٹن اینڈ کمپنی * '''''بین الاقوامی ملٹری ٹریبونل تو‏ں پہلے وڈے جنگی مجرماں دا مقدمہ چلنا''''' ** ''بین الاقوامی ملٹری ٹریبونل تو‏ں پہلے وڈے جنگی مجرماں دا مقدمہ چلنا'' ۔ '''1''' ۔ نیورمبرگ: بین الاقوامی ملٹری ٹریبونل۔ 1947۔ ** ''بین الاقوامی ملٹری ٹریبونل تو‏ں پہلے وڈے جنگی مجرماں دا مقدمہ چلنا'' ۔ '''3''' ۔ نیورمبرگ: بین الاقوامی ملٹری ٹریبونل۔ 1947۔ ** ''بین الاقوامی ملٹری ٹریبونل تو‏ں پہلے وڈے جنگی مجرماں دا مقدمہ چلنا'' ۔ '''10''' ۔ نیورمبرگ: بین الاقوامی ملٹری ٹریبونل۔ 1947۔ * زیتس کریفٹ فار پولیٹیک: "یوروپیچے آئینہیٹ آئی ایم زیچین ڈیس اینٹیکومینٹرپاکٹس"۔ ''زیٹ شیفرٹ پولیٹیک'' (جرمن بولی وچ ) '''32''' (1): 54–56۔ 1942۔ JSTOR 43347859۔ == باہرلے جوڑ == * [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm:978-94-017-6590-9/1.pdf اسپرینجر لنک دے توسط تو‏ں پریسسن 1958 وچ ضمیمہ] * [http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/410622b.html 22 جون 1941 نو‏‏ں سوویت یونین دے اعلان جنگ دے بارے وچ رابنٹرپ دا بیان] * [http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/tri1.asp اینٹی کومنترن معاہدہ دا متن] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060527155258/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/tri2.htm معاہدے دے ضمنی پروٹوکول دا متن] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130520102942/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/tri3.htm معاہدے وچ اطالوی شمولیت دا متن] * [https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=_k6pqwGLaNkC&pg=frontcover اینٹی کومنترن معاہدہ د‏‏ی اہمیت] {{In lang|ja}} - یسوک مٹسوکا دے لیکچر نصوص ، سن 1937 وچ چھپی {{Nazi-Soviet relations}} {{Treaties of Hungary}} {{Treaties of Japan}} {{Authority control}} [[گٹھ:1936ء وچ جاپان]] [[گٹھ:1936ء وچ جرمنی]] [[گٹھ:1937ء وچ اطالیہ]] [[گٹھ:1939ء وچ ہنگری]] [[گٹھ:1941ء وچ اطالیہ]] [[گٹھ:1941ء وچ بلغاریہ]] [[گٹھ:1941ء وچ چین]] [[گٹھ:1941ء وچ فن لینڈ]] [[گٹھ:1941ء وچ ہنگری]] [[گٹھ:1941ء وچ ڈنمارک]] [[گٹھ:اطالیہ-جاپان تعلقات]] [[گٹھ:اطالیہ سوویت یونین تعلقات]] [[گٹھ:اطالیہ دے دوطرفہ تعلقات]] [[گٹھ:بلغاریہ جاپان تعلقات]] [[گٹھ:بلغاریہ وچ اشتراکیت مخالف]] [[گٹھ:ویہويں صدی دے فوجی اتحاد]] [[گٹھ:جاپان-رومانیہ تعلقات]] [[گٹھ:جاپان-سلوواکیہ تعلقات]] [[گٹھ:جاپان-ہسپانیہ تعلقات]] [[گٹھ:جاپان سوویت یونین تعلقات]] [[گٹھ:جرمنی رومانیہ تعلقات]] [[گٹھ:جرمنی سلوواکیہ تعلقات]] [[گٹھ:جرمنی سوویت یونین تعلقات]] [[گٹھ:جرمنی ہنگری تعلقات]] [[گٹھ:جرمنی وچ اشتراکیت مخالف]] [[گٹھ:چین-جاپان عسکری تعلقات]] [[گٹھ:چین وچ اشتراکیت مخالف]] [[گٹھ:دوسری جنگ عظیم د‏‏ی سیاست]] [[گٹھ:رومانیہ وچ اشتراکیت مخالف]] [[گٹھ:ضد اشتمالیت]] [[گٹھ:غیر نظر ثانی شدہ تراجم اُتے مشتمل صفحات]] [[گٹھ:فن لینڈ جاپان تعلقات]] [[گٹھ:فن لینڈ جرمنی تعلقات]] [[گٹھ:کرویئشا جاپان تعلقات]] [[گٹھ:کرویئشا جرمنی تعلقات]] [[گٹھ:کرویئشا دے معاہدے]] [[گٹھ:ہنگری جاپان تعلقات]] [[گٹھ:نومبر 1936ء د‏‏ی سرگرمیاں]] [[گٹھ:ڈنمارک جاپان تعلقات]] [[گٹھ:ڈنمارک دے معاہدے]] [[گٹھ:ہسپانیہ وچ 1939ء]] [[گٹھ:ہسپانیہ وچ 1941ء]] [[گٹھ:ہنگری وچ اشتراکیت مخالف]] cvjnrpvgyhfykz3ez0el0x5q8xw1453 0 98927 711453 710934 2026-09-22T05:16:20Z InternetArchiveBot 28598 Add 1 book for (20260922sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 711453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{جانکاریڈبا سائنسدان|name=Stuart Hall|image=Hall Stuart.jpg|birth_name=Stuart Henry McPhail Hall|birth_date={{birth date|1932|2|3|df=y}}|death_date={{Death date and age|2014|2|10|1932|2|3|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]]، [[Colony of Jamaica]]|death_place=[[London]]، [[England]]|field=[[Cultural Studies]]، [[Sociology]]|resting_place=[[Highgate Cemetery]]، London, England|work_institutions=[[University of Birmingham]]<br />[[Open University]]|alma_mater=[[Merton College, Oxford]]|known_for=Founder of ''[[New Left Review]]''، [[Articulation (sociology)|Articulation]]، [[Encoding/decoding model of communication]]، [[Reception theory]]|influences=[[Karl Marx]]{{•}} [[Antonio Gramsci]]{{•}} [[Raymond Williams]]{{•}} [[Richard Hoggart]]{{•}} [[Louis Althusser]]{{•}} [[Michel Foucault]]}} '''سٹوئرٹ میکفائیل ہال''' {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|FBA}} (3 فروری 1932 – 10 فروری 2014) اک [[جمیکا|جمیکن-]] جمپل [[یونائیٹڈ کنگڈم|بریٹیش]] [[مارکسزم|مارکسسٹ]] [[سماجیات|سماجی ماہر]]، تہذیبی اصولی اتے [[ایکٹوزم|سیاسی کارکن سی]] । ہال، رچرڈ ہوگگارٹ اتے [[ریمنڈ ولیئمس|ریمنڈ ولیئمز دے نال]]، سوچ دے سکول دی اک بانی شخصیت سی جو ہن بریٹیش کلچرل سٹڈیز جاں برمنگھم سکول آف کلچرل سٹڈیز وجوں جانی جاندی اے۔ <ref>Procter, James (2004)، ''Stuart Hall''، Routledge Critical Thinkers.</ref> 1950 دے دہاکے وچ ہال بااثر ''کھبی تجزیہ دا'' بانی سی۔ ہوگگارٹ دے سدے اُتے، اوہ 1964 وچ برمنگھم یونیورسٹی وکھے ہم عصر تہذیبی مطالعہ مرکز وچ شامل ہوئے۔ ہال نے 1968 وچ سینٹر دے ایکٹنگ ڈائریکٹر وجوں ہوگگارٹ توں عہدہ سمبھالیا، 1972 وچ اس دا ڈائریکٹر بنیا، اتے 1979 تک اتھے رہا۔ <ref name="GuardianObit">Morley, David, and Bill Schwarz, [https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/feb/10/stuart-hall "Stuart Hall obituary: Influential cultural theorist, campaigner and founding editor of the New Left Review"]، ''The Guardian'' (London)، 10 فروری 2014.</ref> جدوں کہ مرکز وچ، ہال نوں جاتی اتے لنگ نال نجٹھن لئی تہذیبی مطالعہ دے دائرے نوں ودھاؤن وچ، اتے [[مشیل فوکو|مشیل فوکالٹ]] ورگے فرینچ سدھانتکاراں دے کم توں حاصل نویں وچاراں نوں شامل کرن وچ مدد کرن دا سہرا دتا جاندا اے۔ <ref>Schulman, Norman. [http://www.cjc-online.ca/index.php/journal/article/view/717/623 "Conditions of their Own Making: An Intellectual History of the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611192225/https://www.cjc-online.ca/index.php/journal/article/view/717/623 |date=2019-06-11 }}، ''Canadian Journal of Communication''، Vol. 18, No. 1 (1993)۔</ref> ہال نے 1979 وچ اوپن یونیورسٹی وچ سماجیات دا پروفیسر بنن لئی مرکز چھڈّ دتا۔ <ref>Chen, Kuan-Hsing. "The Formation of a Diasporic Intellectual: An interview with Stuart Hall," collected in David Morley and Kuan-Hsing Chen (eds)، ''Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies''، New York: Routledge, 1996.</ref> اوہ بریٹیش سوشلولوجیکل ایسوسی ایشن 1995–97 دا پردھان سی۔ اوہ 1997 وچ اوپن یونیورسٹی توں رٹائر ہویا سی اتے پروفیسر امیرٹس سی ۔گانڈھیاں دے نیتا<ref>"Stuart Hall: Culture and Power"، [http://www.radicalphilosophy.com/default.asp?channel_id=2190&editorial_id=10337 Interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316061907/http://www.radicalphilosophy.com/default.asp?channel_id=2190&editorial_id=10337|date=16 مارچ 2009}}، ''Radical Philosophy''، نومبر/دسمبر 1998.</ref> بریٹیش اخبار ''دِ ابزرور'' نے اس نوں "دیش دے پرمکھ تہذیبی نظریاتی" کیہا۔ <ref name="Observer">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2007/sep/23/communities.politicsphilosophyandsociety|title=Cultural hallmark|last=Adams|first=Tim|date=22 ستمبر 2007|publisher=The Observer|access-date=17 فروری 2014}}</ref> ہال وی بلیک آرٹس تحریک وچ شامل سی۔ فلم ڈریکٹر جویں کہ جون اکومپھراہ اتے آئیزیک جولیئن وی اسنوں اپنے نائکاں وچوں اک وجوں ویکھدے ہن۔ <ref>Julien, Isaac, [http://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/news-bfi/features/memoriam-stuart-hall "In memoriam: Stuart Hall"]، BFI, 12 فروری 2014.</ref> ہال دا ویاہ [[یونیورسٹی کالج لندن|یونیورسٹی کالج لنڈن]] وکھے جدید بریٹیش اتہاس دی ناریوادی پروفیسر کیتھرین ہال نال ہویا [[یونیورسٹی کالج لندن|سی]]، جسدے نال اس دے دو بچے سن۔ <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/feb/10/stuart-hall|title=Stuart Hall obituary|last=Morley|first=David|date=2014-02-10|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=2019-01-26|last2=Schwarz|first2=Bill}}</ref> == جیونی == سٹوئرٹ ہال [[کنگسٹن، جمیکا]] وچ افریقی، بریٹیش، پورتگالی پورتگالی اتے شاید بھارتی مول دے اک مدھ ورگی جمیکے پروار وچ پیدا ہویا سی۔ <ref name="Observer"/> اسنے جمیکا کالج وچ پڑھیا، بریٹیش سکول نظام دے مطابق اک سکھیا حاصل کیتی۔ <ref name="Farred p. 30">Farred, Grant, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3819983 "You Can Go Home Again, You Just Can't Stay: Stuart Hall and the Caribbean Diaspora"]، ''Research in African Literatures''، 27.4 (Winter 1996)، 28–48 (p. 30)۔</ref> اک انٹروِ interview وچ ہال ایہناں سالاں وچ اپنے آپ نوں اک "چمکدار، حوصلہ دین والا ودوان" اتے اس دی رسمی سکھیا نوں "بہت ہی 'کلاسیکل' سکھیا وجوں درساؤندا اے؛ بہت ودھیا پر بہت رسمی اکادمک روپاں وچ۔" ہمدردی بھرے استاداں دی مدد نال، اسنے اپنی پڑھائی دا پھلار کیتا " [[ٹی ایس ایلیئٹ]]، [[جیمز جوآئس|جیمز جوئس]]، [[سگمنڈ فرائڈ|پھرائڈ]]، [[کارل مارکس|مارکس]]، [[ولادیمیر لینن|لینن]] اتے آلے دوآلے دے کجھ ساہت اتے جدید شاعری" دے نال نال " کیریبیئن ساہت "۔ <ref>Kuan-Hsing, 1996, pp. 486–487.</ref> ہال دے بعد دے کماں توں پتہ چلدا اے کہ بستیوادی ویسٹ انڈیز دے رنگمنتری وچ ودھدے ہوئے، جتھے اوہ اپنے پروار نالوں زیادہ گہری چمڑی والا سی، نے اسدے وچاراں اتے ڈونگھا اثر پائیا۔<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3819983 Farred] 1996, pp. 33–34.</ref><ref name="Imperium">Lewis, Tanya, [https://web.archive.org/web/20041023214537/http://www.imperiumjournal.com/0pages/40002.html "Stuart Hall and the Formation of British Cultural Studies: A Diasporic Perspective"]، ''Imperium''، 4 (2004)۔</ref> 1951 وچ ہال نے [[آکسفورڈ یونیورسٹی|یونیورسٹی آف آکسفورڈ]] وکھے مارٹن کالج وچ روڈز سکالرشپ جتی، جتھے اسنے انگریزی دی پڑھائی کیتی اتے ایم۔اے۔ حاصل کیتی، <ref name="MCreg">{{Cite book|title=Merton College Register 1900–1964|date=1964|publisher=Basil Blackwell|editor-last=Levens|editor-first=R. G. C.|location=Oxford|page=424}}</ref><ref name="Bomb">[[Caryl Phillips|Phillips, Caryl]]، [http://bombsite.com/issues/58/articles/2030 "Stuart Hall"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106120825/http://bombsite.com/issues/58/articles/2030 |date=2011-11-06 }}، ''BOMB''، 58 (Winter 1997)۔</ref> ونڈرش پیڑھی دا حصہ بن گئی، مغربی بھارتیاں دی پہلی وڈی پدھر اُتے پرواس کمِ communityنٹی اس ویلے جانی جاندی سی۔ اسنے آکسفورڈ وکھے اپنی پڑھائی جاری رکھدیاں پی۔ ایچ۔ڈی۔ [[ہینری جیمز|ہینری جیمز اتے]] مگر، خاص طور اُتے 1956 دے [[1956 دا ہنگری دا انقلاب|سوویت حملے ولوں ہنگری اتے حملہ کرکے]] (جسنے ہزاراں میمبراں نوں کمِ Communنسٹ پارٹی آف گریٹ برٹین (سیپیبی) چھڈّ دتا سی اتے پچھلے کٹڑوادی وکلپاں دی بھال کردیاں ویکھیا سی) اتے سوئیز سنکٹ نے 1957 وچ اسنوں تیاگ دتا سی جاں 1958 <ref name="Farred p. 30"/> اسدے سیاسی کماں تے دھیان مرتکز کرن لئی۔۔1957 وچ، اوہ ایٹمی نہتھیکرن لئی مہم (سی۔این۔ڈی۔) وچ شامل ہویا اتے ایہہ سی این ڈی مارچ اُتے سی کہ اوہ اپنی آؤن والی بیوی نوں ملیا۔ <ref>[[Marcus Williamson|Williamson, Marcus]]، [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-stuart-hall-sociologist-and-pioneer-in-the-field-of-cultural-studies-whose-work-explored-the-concept-of-britishness-9120126.html "Professor Stuart Hall: Sociologist and pioneer in the field of cultural studies whose work explored the concept of Britishness" (obituary)]، ''[[The Independent]]'' (London)، 11 فروری 2014.</ref> 1958 توں 1960 تک، ہال نے لنڈن دے سیکنڈری جدید سکول <ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3819983 Farred] 1996, p. 38.</ref> اتے بالغ سکھیا وچ اک استاد وجوں کم کیتا، اتے 1964 وچ کیتھرین ہال نال ویاہ کر لیا، اس ویلے تقریباً اس دے پکے طور تے کیریبیئن پرتن دا امکان نہیں سی۔ آکسفورڈ وکھے اپنے ویلے دوران ''یونیورسٹیاں اتے کھبے پکھی تجزیہ'' اُتے کم کرن توں بعد، ہال [[ای پی تھامپسن|ای پی تھومسن]]، [[ریمنڈ ولیئمس|ریمنڈ ولیئمز]] اتے ہوراں نال جڑ گیا اتے اسنوں ''1915 وچ نِ Le'' ''کھبے پکھی تجزیہ دی'' شروعات ہال دے بانی اڈیٹر دے روپ وچ کیتا۔ <ref name="Farred p. 30"/> 1958 وچ، اسے گروہ نے، راپھیل سیموئل دے نال، کھبیپکھی ونگاں لئی اک میٹنگ والی جگہ دے طور تے سوہو وچ پارٹیاں دے کوفی ہا Houseس دی شروعات کیتی۔ <ref>Berlin, Mike, [http://www.bishopsgate.org.uk/audios.aspx?vid=7563 Bishopsgate Institute Podcast: The Partisan Coffee House: Cultural Politics and the New Left] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113165856/http://www.bishopsgate.org.uk/audios.aspx?vid=7563 |date=2013-11-13 }}، 11 جون 2009.</ref> ہال نے 1961 <ref>Derbyshire, Jonathan, [http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk-politics/2012/08/stuart-hall-we-need-talk-about-englishness "Stuart Hall: 'We need to talk about Englishness'"]، ''New Statesman''، 23 اگست 2012.</ref> جاں 1962 وچ ''نِ Le کھبے پکھی تجزیہ'' دا بورڈ چھڈّ دتا۔<ref name="Imperium"/> ہال دا اکادمک کیریئر 1964 وچ بریٹیش فلم انسٹیچِ (ٹ (بیئیپھائی) دے پیڈی وینل نال سہِ-لیکھن توں بعد شروع ہویا، "منورنجن وجوں فلم دے گمبھیر مطالعہ لئی کیس بناؤن والی پہلی کتاباں وچوں اک"، ''مشہور کلا'' ۔<ref>Paterson, Richard, and Paul Gerhardt, [http://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/news-bfi/features/stuart-hall-1932-2014 "Stuart Hall (1932–2014)"]، BFI.</ref> سدھے سٹے وجوں، رچرڈ ہوگگارٹ نے ہال نوں برمنگھم یونیورسٹی وکھے ہم عصر تہذیبی مطالعہ مرکز وچ شامل ہون لئی سدا دتا، شروعات وچ ہوگگارٹ دے اپنے خرچے تے اک کھوج پھیلو وجوں۔ <ref name="Imperium"/> 1968 وچ ہال سینٹر دا ڈائریکٹر بنیا۔ اسنے اگلے سالاں وچ بہت سارے بااثر لیکھ لکھے، جس وچ ''سیٹئیٹنگ مارکس: ملانکن اتے ودائگی'' (1972) اتے ''اینکوڈنگ اتے odکوڈنگ ٹیلیوژن ڈسکوسر'' (1973) شامل ہن۔ اسنے ''پولیسنگ دِ کرسس'' (1978) کتاب وچ وی یوگدان پایا اتے بااثر ''ریزسٹینٹس تھرو ریتئلز'' (1975) دا ''اڈیٹنگ کیتا'' । تھوڑھی دیر اگے تھیچر دے وزیر اعظم بن گئے 1979 وچ، ہال اتے میگی steed پیش کیتا ''اس نوں ادھے دی نسل واد ممی، اک، اے نہ'' اوپن ڈور میڈیا (CARM) وچ مہم خلاف نسل واد، جو کہ نسلی سٹیریؤٹائیپس اتے امیگریشن نوں ہم عصر بریٹیش رویئے ختم نے کیتی پروگرام۔<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGgCDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT94|title=Racism and Media|last=Titley|first=Gavan|date=27 مئی 2019|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-1-5264-2209-5|page=94|language=en|access-date=12 نومبر 2020}}</ref> اس سال اوپن یونیورسٹی (اویو) وچ سماجیات دے پروفیسر وجوں تعیناتی توں بعد، ہال نے ہور بااثر کتاباں شائع کیتیاں، جس وچ ''د ہارڈ روڈ ٹو نوینیکرن'' (1988)، ''پھورمیشنز آف ماڈرنٹی'' (1992)، ''تہذیبی پہچان'' (1996) اتے ''تہذیبی شامل ہن نمائندگی اتے اشارہ دین دی مشق'' (1997)۔ 1970 اتے 1980 دے دہاکے دوران، ہال ''[[مارکسزم ٹوڈے|مارکسزم ٹوڈے]]'' رسالے نال نیڑیوں جڑیا ہویا سی؛ <ref>Callinicos, Alex, "The politics of ''Marxism Today''"، ''International Socialism''، 29 (1985)۔</ref> 1995 وچ، اوہ ''ساؤنڈنگز: اے جرنل آف سیاست اتے سبھیاچار دا'' بانی اڈیٹر سی۔ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lwbooks.co.uk/journals/soundings/issue/1.html|title=''Soundings''|publisher=Lwbooks.co.uk|access-date=17 فروری 2014|archive-date=2018-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918195500/https://www.lwbooks.co.uk/journals/soundings/issue/1.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> اسنے تہذیبی ادھئیناں اُتے قومانتری پدھر' تے گل کیتی، جس وچ 1983 وچ اربن-چیمپین وکھے الینوئس یونیورسٹی وچ بھاشناں دی اک لڑی شامل اے جو درج کیتی گئی سی اتے دہاکیاں بعد 2016 دی کتاب ''کلچرل سٹڈیز 1983: اے اصولی اتہاس'' (جینیفر سلیک ولوں سمپادت اتے) لارینس گروسبرگ )۔<ref>Hsu, Hua (17 جولائی 2017)، [https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/stuart-hall-and-the-rise-of-cultural-studies "Stuart Hall and the Rise of Cultural Studies"]، ''[[The New Yorker]]''۔</ref> ہال آئینیوا ( انسٹیچِ of ٹ آف انٹرنیشنل وزوئل آرٹس) اتے فوٹوگراپھی ادارہ آٹوگراپھ ایبیپی (ایسوسی ایشن آف بلیک فوٹوگرافراں) دی بانی پردھان سی۔<ref>Loudis, Jessica (27 ستمبر 2017)، [https://newrepublic.com/article/145042/need-stuart-halls-imaginative-left "Why We Need Stuart Hall’s Imaginative Left"]، ''[[The New Republic]]''۔</ref> ہال 1997 وچ اوپن یونیورسٹی توں رٹائر ہویا سی۔ اوہ 2005 وچ بریٹیش اکیڈمی (ایف۔بی۔اے۔) دے پھیلو چنے گئے اتے 2008 وچ یورپیئن کلچرل فاؤنڈیشن دا شہزادی مارگرئیٹ اوارڈ حاصل کیتا۔ اسدے 82 ویں جم دن دے اک ہفتے بعد، کڈنی فیل ہون توں بعد، 10 فروری 2014 نوں اسدی موت ہو گئی۔ اپنی موت دے ویلے تک، اوہ مکمل طور تے "بہسبھیاچار دے گوڈپھادر" وجوں جانے جاندے سن۔<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/jamaican-cultural-theorist-stuart-hall-dies-aged-82|title=Jamaican cultural theorist Stuart Hall dies, aged 82|last=Hudson|first=Rykesha|date=10 فروری 2014|work=The Voice|access-date=10 فروری 2014|accessdate=2021-01-04|archivedate=2014-02-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214120941/http://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/jamaican-cultural-theorist-stuart-hall-dies-aged-82}}</ref><ref name="GuardianObit"/><ref name="Telegraphobit">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10629087/Stuart-Hall-obituary.html|title=Stuart Hall obituary|date=10 فروری 2014|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/feb/10/stuart-hall-cultural-legacy-britain-godfather-multiculturalism|title='Godfather of multiculturalism' Stuart Hall dies aged 82|last=Butler|first=Patrick|date=10 فروری 2014|work=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref> اس دا یادگاری چنہ، ''جانیا-پچھانیا اجنبی: اے لائیپھ بٹن ٹو آئیلینڈز'' ( بل سوارز دے سہِ سہِ لکھاری)، نوں مرے - مرے 2017 وچ شائع کیتا گیا سی۔ == وچار == ہال دا کم [[آنتونیؤ گرامشی|گریمسکیئن توں]] بعد دا رخ [[آنتونیؤ گرامشی|اپناؤندے ہوئے]]، وڈیائی اتے تہذیبی مطالعہ دے مدعیاں نوں شامل کردا اے۔ اوہ بولی دی ورتوں نوں [[ستا (سماجی اتے سیاسی)|طاقت]]، [[ادارہ|ادارےآں]] اتے سیاست / معاشیات دے frameworkانچے دے اندر کم شیل مندا اے۔ ایہہ مورت اکو ویلے لوکاں نوں ''اتپادک'' اتے سبھیاچار دے ''اپبھوگتا'' وجوں پیش کردا اے۔۔(گریسسیئن تھِ inری وچ حکومت، "رضا مندی" اتے "زبردستی" دے سماجک-تہذیبی پیداوار نوں درساؤندی اے۔۔) ہال لئی، سبھیاچار عام طور اُتے تعریف کرن جاں مطالعہ کرن والی چیز نہیں سی، پر اک "سماجی کریا اتے دخل دی اک اہم جگہ اے، جتھے طاقت دے تعلقات قائم اتے سمبھاوت طور' تے امتوازن" ہندے ہ۔ <ref>Procter 2004, p. 2.</ref> ہال رسیپشن تھِ ۔ری دا پرمکھ حمایتی بن گیا، اتے ہال دے اینکوڈنگ اتے ڈیکوڈنگ دی تھِoryری نوں ترقی یافتہ کیتا۔ ٹیکسٹ تجزیہ دی ایہہ پہنچ ناظرین دے حصے تے گل بات اتے خلاف دی گنجائش تے مرتکز اے۔اسدا مطلب ایہہ اے کہ سروتے اسانی نال کسے پاٹھ نوں قبول نہیں کردے — سماجی کنٹرول۔ ہال دے نظرئیے اُتے اپرادھ دے انکڑے اکثر سیاسی اتے معاشی ادیساں لئی چلا ئے جاندے ہن۔۔نیتک گھبراہٹ (جویں کہ ودھ توں ودھ کٹنا) اس طرحاں "سنکٹ نوں پولیس" بناؤن دی ضرورت لئی عوامی حمایت پیدا کرن لئی شائع کیتا جا سکدا اے۔ جھوٹھی زرم دیاں کہانیاں دے انعام حاصل کرن لئی میڈیا “خبراں دا سماجی نرمان” وچ مرکزی کردار ادا کردا اے۔ <ref>Hall et al. 1978. ''Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State and Law and Order''۔</ref> اپنے لیکھ "پنر اساری کم: چتراں توں بعد دے کالے بندوبست" دیاں تصویراں، ہال اک بستیوادی تکنالوجی دے روپ وچ فوٹوگراپھی دے تعلقات وچ تریخی یادداشت اتے دکھّ دے پرشناں توں وی پچھگچھّ کردا اے۔ہال دے مطابق، کالی پرواس دے اتہاس اتے لڑائی توں بعد دے ویلے دوران برٹین وچ سیٹل ہون بارے اتہاس نوں سمجھن اتے لکھن لئی محدود تریخی پرالیکھ دی اک ساودھانی اتے الوچناتمک جانچ دی ضرورت اے، اتے پھوٹوگراپھک ثبوت اپنے آپ نوں انمول ثابت کردے ہن۔حالانکہ، پھوٹوگراپھک چتر اکثر دوجیاں پرستتیاں توں زیادہ مقصد سمجھے جاندے ہن، جو خطرناک اے۔اسدے وچار وچ، اک انسان نوں تنقیدی طور اُتے جانچ کرنی چاہیدی اے کہ ایہہ چتر کس نے تیار کیتے، اوہ کس مقصد دی تکمیل کردے ہن، اتے اوہ اپنا ایجنڈا کویں اگے ودھاؤندے ہن (اداہرن وجوں، جانبجھّ کے کی شامل کیتا گیا اے اتے فریم وچ باہر ک ۔آ گیا اے)۔اداہرن دے لئی، بدھوار توں بعد دے برٹین دے حوالہ وچ، پھوٹوگراپھک چتر جو ''تصویر پوسٹ'' لیکھ وچ پردرشت کیتے گئے ہن "تیہہ ہزار رنگ سمسیاواں" بلیک مائیگریشن، برٹین وچ کالیپن، نوں " ''مسئلہ'' " وجوں پیش کردے ہن۔<ref name="ReconstructionWork">Hall, Stuart. "Reconstruction Work: Images of Postwar Black Settlement"، in James Procter (ed.)، ''Writing Black Britain, 1948–98: An Interdisciplinary Anthology''، Manchester University Press, 2006, p. 92.</ref> اوہ "مشکل دا مرکز"، "مکھ مدعے" وجوں، "مسئلہ دا مرکز" وجوں غلط بناؤند ہن۔ ہال دا سیاسی اثر لیبر پارٹی تک پھیلیا، شاید اس بااثر لیکھاں نال متعلق سی جو اسنے سی پی جی بی دی اصولی رسالہ ''[[مارکسزم ٹوڈے|مارکسزم ٹوڈے]]'' ( ''ایم ٹی'' ) لئی لکھیا سی جس نے بازاراں اتے عامَ سنگٹھناتمک اتے سیاسی روڑھیوادیواد دے کھبے پکھ دے وچاراں نوں چیلنج دتی سی۔۔نیل کنونک اتے ٹونی بلیار دوواں دی اگوائی ہیٹھ لیبر پارٹی اتے اس پروچن دا ڈونگھا اثر پیا، حالانکہ بعد وچ ہال نے نویں لیبر نوں "تھیچرواد ولوں متاثر کیتے پردیساں" تے کم کرن دا اعلان کر دتا۔ <ref name="Telegraphobit"/> === اینکوڈنگ اتے ڈیکوڈنگ ماڈل === ہال نے اپنے کیریئر دے کئی پرکاشناں اتے کئی زبانی پروگراماں وچ اپنی اینکوڈنگ اتے ڈیکوڈنگ فلسفے نوں پیش کیتا۔سبھ توں پہلاں “ اینکوڈنگ اینڈ ingکوڈنگ ان دِ ٹیلیوژن ڈسکوسر ” (1973) سی، اک کاغذ جو اسنے [[یورپ دی کونسل|یوروپ کونسل]] لئی لکھیا سی “ٹریننگ ان ٹیلیوژن لینگویجنگ آف دِ ٹیلیوژن لینگویج” وکھے منعقد کیتا گیا سی اتے سینٹر فار ماس کمِ Communنیکیشن رسرچ۔ لیسٹر یونیورسٹی ۔ایہہ سینٹر فار کنٹینپری کلچرل سٹڈیز وکھے طالب علماں لئی تیار کیتا گیا سی، جس بارے [https://web.archive.org/web/20120118204217/http://www.lsa.umich.edu/comm/facultystaff/faculty/ci.scannellpaddy_ci.detail پیڈی سکینل] دسدا اے: "مکھ طور اُتے ٹیکسٹ دی عارضی بھاونا اتے اس دی' ادھوریپن 'لئی ذمہ وار اے"۔ <ref name="Scannell p. 211">Scannell 2007, p. 211.</ref> 1974 وچ پیپر بروڈکاسٹرس اتے [[وینس]] وچ سروتیاں دے بھاشن اُتے پیش کیتا گیا [[وینس|سی]] । ہال نے 1980 وچ ''سبھیاچار، میڈیا، بولی'' وچ “اینکوڈنگ / ڈیکوڈنگ” وچ اپنے اینکوڈنگ اتے ڈیکوڈنگ ماڈل نوں وی پیش کیتا۔ 1973 وچ اینکوڈنگ اتے ڈیکوڈنگ بارے ہال دے پہلے پرکاشن اتے اسدی 1980 دے پرکاشن وچکار سماں انتر بہت سارے آلوچکاں ولوں اجاگر کیتا گیا سی۔خاص طور اُتے دھیان مرکز دا ہم عصر تہذیبی مطالعہ مرکز توں اوپن یونیورسٹی وچ تبدیل کرنا اے۔ ہال دا تہذیبی مطالعہ اتے بہت اثر سی، اتے اسدے شبداں ولوں مقرر کیتے گئے بہت سارے شبد کھیتر وچ ورتے جا رہے ہن۔ اسدا 1973 دے پاٹھ نوں اسارواد متعلق ہال دی کھوج وچ اک موڑ دے طور تے ویکھیا جاندا اے اتے کجھ مکھ اصولی وکاساں بارے اوہناں دی سمجھ حاصل کردا اے جسدی اسنے سینٹر فار کنٹینپری کلچرل سٹڈیز وچ کھوج کیتی۔ ہال اک [[چہن-سائنس|اردھوادی]] پہنچ اپناؤندا اے اتے [[رولاں بارتھ|رولینڈ بارتھز]] اتے [[امبیرتو ایکو|امبرٹو ایکو]] دے کم تے اساری کردا اے۔<ref>Scannell 2007, p. 209.</ref> لیکھ لیکھ کمیونیکیشن دے نویں اصول دا تجویز پیش کردا اے کہ میڈیا سندیش کویں تیار کیتے جاندے ہن، براڈکاسٹ ہندے ہن اتے کھپت ہندے ہن اس بارے لمے ویلے دیاں دھارناواں نوں چیلنج دندا اے۔ <ref name="Procter 2004, p. 59-61">Procter 2004, pp. 59–61.</ref> "ٹیلیویین وچ پیداوار دے طریقیاں اتے structuresانچیاں دا 'اکائی' اک سندیش دا پیداوار ہندا اے: یعنی اشارہ جاں بولی دے چلاون دے ولوں، کمیونیکیشن جاں بولی دے کسے ہور قسم دی طرحاں، اک خاص قسم دے متحد واہن جاں اشارہ واہن۔ کوڈ، اک بھاشن دی سنٹیگامیٹک چین دے اندر ۔ <ref>Hall, S. (1973)۔ ''Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse''۔ Birmingham: Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 1.</ref> ہال دے مطابق، "اک سندیش نوں لازمی بھاشن وجوں سمجھیا جانا چاہیدا اے اتے اثر، ورتوں، جاں ضرورت نوں پورا کرن توں پہلاں اسدا مطلب ارتھ-کوڈ ہونا چاہیدا اے"۔ کمیونیکیشن دے اینکوڈنگ / ڈیکوڈنگ ماڈل دے چار کوڈ ہن۔ اینکوڈنگ دا پہلا طریقہ پرمکھ (مطلب ہیگمونک) کوڈ اے۔ایہہ اوہ کوڈ اے جو اینکوڈر ڈیکوڈر نوں پچھانن اتے ڈیکوڈ کرن دی امید رکھدا اے۔ "جدوں درشک مکمل مطلب پورے اتے سدھے روپ وچ لیندا اے اتے سندربھ-کوڈربھ دے سندیش وچ سندیش نوں ڈیکوڈ کردا اے جس وچ ایہہ کوڈ کیتا گیا اے، تاں ایہہ بااثر کوڈ دے اندر کم کردا اے۔" اینکوڈنگ دا دوجا طریقہ پیشہ ور کوڈ اے۔ ایہہ پرمکھ کوڈ دے نال مل کے کم کردا اے۔ "ایہہ ہیگمونک کوالٹی نوں بریکٹ کرکے، اتے پیشہ ور کوڈنگ نال سنچالت کرکے بااثر تعریفاں نوں صحیح rنگ نال دوبارہ پیش کرن دا کم کردا اے جو کہ وزئل کوآلٹی، خبراں اتے پرستتی قدراں قیمتاں، ٹیلیوزئل کوآلٹی، 'پیشیورواد' آدی نال متعلق ہن۔" <ref name="Hall 1973, p. 16">Hall 1973, p. 16.</ref> اینکوڈنگ دا تیجا طریقہ گل بات دا کوڈ اے۔"ایہہ اہم معنےآں نوں درساؤن لئی ہیگمونک تعریفاں دی جائزتا نوں مندا اے، جدوں کہ ودھیرے محدود، حالت دے پدھر تے، ایہہ اپنے زمینی-نیمی بناؤندا اے، ایہہ نیم دے 'اپواداں' نال کم کردا اے۔ <ref>Hall 1973, p. 17.</ref> اینکوڈنگ دا چوتھا طریقہ مخالف کوڈ اے، جس نوں زمین طور اُتے الٹ کوڈ وی کیہا جاندا اے۔ "کسے وی پروگرام وچ دتے گئے شبدی اتے بھاوناتمک جھگڑے نوں سمجھنا درشک لئی بالکل ممکن اے، پر زمین contraryنگ نال سندیش نوں ڈیکوڈ کرن لئی ایہہ مقرر کرن ل [[عیسوی کیلنڈر|ء]]"اس توں پہلاں کہ اس سندیش دا 'اثر' ہو سکدا اے (پر متاثر اے)، جاں 'ضرورت' نوں پورا کر سکدا اے جاں کسے 'ورتوں' تے پا دتا جاندا اے، اس نوں پہلاں سارتھک بھاشن وجوں سمجھیا جانا چاہیدا اے اتے ارتھپورن deنگ نال کوڈ کیتے ہوئے ہن۔" <ref>Hall 1973, p. 18.</ref> ہال نے پنج کمیونیکیشن ماڈل دے سارے چار حصےآں نوں چیلنج دتی۔ اوہ دلیل دندا اے کہ (i) مطلب سدھا بھیجن والے ولوں مقرر جاں مقرر نہیں کیتا جاندا؛ (ii) سندیش کدے پاردرشی نہیں ہندا؛ اتے (iii) سروتیاں دا مطلب حاصل کرن والا کوئی بااثر پراپتکرتا نہیں اے۔ <ref name="Procter 2004, p. 59-61">Procter 2004, pp. 59–61.</ref> اداہرن دے لئی، پناہ منگن والیاں اُتے اک دستاویزی فلم جسدا مقصد اوہناں دی درسمت دا ہمدردی بھرپور لیکھا دینا اے اس گل دی گرنٹی نہیں اے کہ درشک ہمدردی محسوس کرنگے۔حقیقت پسند ہون اتے تتھاں نوں دہراؤن دے باو جود، دستاویزی نوں اجے وی اک اشارہ نظام (ٹیوی دے سنکھیپ-نظریہ اشارہ) ولوں کمیونیکیشن کرنا لازمی اے جو اکو ویلے نرماتاواں دے ارادیاں نوں وگاڑدا اے اتے سروتیاں وچ مخالف وچاراں نوں بھڑکاؤندا اے۔ وگاڑ سسٹم وچ بنایا جاندا اے، پروڈیؤسر جاں درشک دی "اسپھلتا" ہون دی بجائے۔ہال بحث کردا اے، "سنچاری وٹاندرے وچ دوہاں دھراں وچکار" فٹ دی گھاٹ اے - ایہہ سندیش دے اساری دے پل ("اینکوڈنگ") اتے اس دے استقبال دے پل ("ڈیکوڈنگ" وچکار اے )۔ <ref name="Procter 2004, p. 59-61">Procter 2004, pp. 59–61.</ref> "اینکوڈنگ / ڈیکوڈنگ" وچ، ہال سجھاء دندا اے کہ میڈیا سنیہے اوہناں دے پردرشنکاری سبھاء ولوں کجھ حد تک عامَ طور اُتے حالت نوں ودھاؤندے ہن۔ " [[11 ستمبر 2001 دے حملے|9/11]] " دے ذکر نوں دہراؤن، سٹیجنگ کرن جاں دسن ولوں (اداہرن وجوں؛ اس طرحاں دے ہور وی ہن)، تہذیبی طور تے خاص وضاحت صرف ناجائز اتے مکمل طور اُتے بن جاندی اے، پر "عامَ سوجھ" نوں اچائی دندی اے۔ === تہذیبی پچھان اتے افریکی ڈائسپورا اُتے وچار === 1996 دے اپنے بااثر لیکھ “تہذیبی پچھان اتے ڈائسپورا” وچ، ہال تہذیبی پچھان دیاں دو وکھ-وکھ تعریفاں پیش کردا اے۔ پہلی تشریح وچ، تہذیبی پچھان "اک قسم دا اجتمائی 'اک سچا سوے' اے … جس نوں سانجھا اتہاس اتے ونشواد دے بہت سارے لوک سانجھا کردے ہن۔" <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rlwclarke.net/Theory/SourcesPrimary/HallCulturalIdentityandDiaspora.pdf|title=Cultural Identity and Diaspora|last=Hall|first=Stuart|access-date=2021-01-04|archive-date=2018-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024203436/http://www.rlwclarke.net/Theory/SourcesPrimary/HallCulturalIdentityandDiaspora.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> اس نظریہ وچ، تہذیبی پچھان تریخی تبدیلی دے پرواہ اتے پرواہ ولوں اک "ستھر، پرورتنشیل اتے حوالہ اتے مطلب دا جاری فریم" حاصل کردی اے۔ ایہہ اولاد دے مُins نوں لبھن دی اجازت دندا اے اتے پرزیاں دے تریخی تزربیاں نوں سانجھا سانجھے سچ وجوں درساؤندا اے اس لئی، ڈائسپورا وچ رہن والے کالیاں نوں اوہناں دی اصل تہذیبی پچھان دی کھوج کرن لئی اوہناں دے افریکی ماضی نوں صرف "لبھنا" چاہیدا اے۔ ہال ہال کہ تہذیبی پچھان دے اس پہلے نظریہ نوں اپ-وشو-ویاپی عالمی وچ ہوئے چنگے پرجذبات دی تعریف کردا اے، اوہ تہذیبی پچھان دی دوجی تشریح دا تجویز دندا اے جس نوں اوہ اتم سمجھدا اے۔ ہال دی تہذیبی پچھان دی دوجی تشریح "مانتا دندی اے کہ، نال ہی برابری دے بہت سارے نقطیاں دے، ڈونگھے اتے اہم ''انتر'' دے اہم نقطے وی ہن جو 'اصل وچ اسیں کی ہاں' دا گٹھن کردے ہن؛ جاں - کیونکہ اتہاس نے دخل دتا اے - 'ساڈے کول کی اے۔ بنو۔ <nowiki>''</nowiki> <ref name=":0"/> اس نظریہ وچ، تہذیبی پچھان ماضی وچ جڑیا ہویا اک ستھر تتّ نہیں اے۔اس دی بجائے، تہذیبی پہچان اتہاس وچ "جاری روپانترن" کردیاں ہن کیونکہ اوہ "اتہاس، سبھیاچار اتے طاقت دے جاری 'کھیڈ' دے ماتحت ہن۔ اس طرحاں ہال تہذیبی پہچان نوں متاثر کردا اے "اوہ نام جو اسیں وکھو وکھرے طریقیاں نال دندے ہاں جسدی اسیں حالت رکھدے ہاں، اتے اپنے آپ نوں ماضی دے برتانتاں وچ درساؤندے ہاں۔" تہذیبی پچھان دا ایہہ نظریہ ڈونگھے متبھیداں وچ ڈبن کارن پچھلے نالوں ودھیرے چنوتیپورن سی، پر اس دے باو جود اس نے افریقی ڈائسپورا دا مپناہ دکھائیا۔” دوجے شبداں وچ، ہال دی تہذیبی پچھان "تتّ نہیں بلکہ اک ''حالت'' " اے۔ ==== اس طرحاں دیاں ہور ==== ہال کیریبیئن پچھان نوں تن وکھرے "پرستاناں" دے روپ وچ درساؤندا اے۔افریکی، یورپیئن اتے امریکی۔<ref name=":0"/> تک سمپتی نوں لے کے aime Césaire اتے [[لیؤپولڈ سینگھور|لیوپولڈ Senghor]]، اوہ تن presences بارے دسدا اے: "موجودگی Africaine"، "موجودگی Européenne"، اتے "موجودگی Americaine" (230)। "پریجینس اپھریکان" کیریبیئن سبھیاچار وچ "اوشواسی" موجودگی اے "(230)۔ ہال دے مطابق، افریقی موجودگی، حالانکہ غلامی اتے کلونیکل ولوں دبائے گئے، اصل وچ کیریبیئن سماج اتے سبھیاچار دے ہر پہلو، بولی، دھرم، قلعواں اتے سنگیت وچ واضع نظر وچ چھپی ہوئی اے۔ ڈائسپورا وچ رہن والے بہت سارے کالے لوکاں لئی، افریقہ اک "کلپت کمِ communityنٹی" بن جاندا اے جس نال اوہناں نوں اپنے نال متعلق ہون دی بھاونا محسوس ہندی اے۔ پر، ہال دسدا اے، غلامی توں پہلاں موجود افریقہ واپس جان دی کوئی لوڑ نہیں، کیونکہ افریقہ وی بدل گیا اے۔دوجا، ہال کیریبیئن تہذیبی پچھان وچ یورپیئن موجودگی نوں کلونیکل، نسل واد، طاقت اتے باہر ک ofن دی وراثت وجوں درساؤندا اے۔"پریسنیس اپھریکاائین" توں الٹ، یورپیئن موجودگی اچانک نہیں اے، بھاویں کہ بہت سارے ظلم کرن والے دے اتہاس توں وکھ ہونا چاہندے ہن۔ پر ہال نے دلیل دتی کہ کیریبیئن اتے ڈائسپورک لوکاں نوں ایہہ قبول کرنا پئیگا کہ کویں یورپیئن موجودگی وی اوہناں دی اپنی پچھان دا اک گنجھل دار حصہ بن گئی ہ۔ اخیر وچ، ہال امریکی موجودگی نوں "دھرتی، ستھان، پردیش" وجوں درساؤندا اے جتھے دنیا بھر دے لوک اتے سبھیاچار آپس وچ ٹکرا گئے۔ ایہہ ہال اے، جویں کہ ہال کہندا اے، "جتھے افریقہ اتے پچھم وچکار گھاتک / گھاتک مقابلہ ہویا سی"، اتے ایہہ وی جتھے مول نواسیاں دا اجاڑا ہویا سی (234)۔ ==== ڈائسپورک پچھان ==== کیونکہ کیریبیئن اتے پوری دنیا وچ ڈائسپورک تہذیبی پچھان ایہناں ساریاں وکھو وکھریاں پرورتیاں دا مپناہ اے، ہال اک 'پچھان دی دھارنا' دی وکالت کردا اے جو کہ اکسارتا ولوں نہیں، انتر دے نال اتے ولوں رہندا اے۔ <ref name=":0"/> ہال دے مطابق، ڈائسپورا وچ رہن والے کالے لوک اپنی روزانہ زندگی اتے تہذیبی ابھیاساں وچ افریقہ، یورپ اتے باقی عالمی دے اثر نوں رلاؤن، ہائیبرڈائیزنگ، اتے "کرولائجائیز" کرکے لگاتار اپنی اتے اپنی پہچان نوں مڑ سرجیت کر رہے ہن۔ اس لئی، ڈائسپورک لوکاں لئی اک-اکار-پھٹّ نہیں ہون والی ساری تہذیبی پہچان اے، بلکہ وکھو وکھریاں تہذیبی پچھاناں دی اک گنا جو دوواں اہم سمانتاواں اتے اہم انتراں نوں سانجھا کردی اے، جنہاں ساریاں دا آدر کیتا جانا چاہیدا اے۔ ==== انتر اتے انتر ==== ''تہذیبی پچھان اتے نشریاتی وچ''، ہال کالی پچھان وچ انتر دے موضوع تے چاننا پایا۔اوہ سبھ توں پہلاں کالے پرواسی وچ ایکتا نوں قبول کردا اے اتے ایہہ ایکتا کویں کالیپن اتے کالے تجربے دے مول وچ اے۔ اوہ ظاہر کردا اے کہ کویں پرواساں اتے ایکتا دا اثر پیندا اے، نیگٹریٹ اتے پین-افریکی سیاسی پراجیکٹ ورگیاں حرکتاں نوں راہ حاصل کردا اے۔ہال ڈائسپورا وچلے ڈونگھے جڑھاں والے "انتر" نوں وی مندا اے۔ ایہہ فرق ٹرانسیٹلانٹک غلام وپار دے تباہی کاری سبھاء اتے غلامی دیاں سدھیاں پیڑھیاں ولوں بنایا گیا سی۔اوہ اس انتر نوں ذکر کردا اے کہ "اسیں اصل وچ کی ہاں"، جاں ڈائسپورا دا اصل سبھاء۔۔اجیہی پچھان دی دوندتا، جو ڈونگھی ایکتا نوں درساؤندی اے پر واضع ولکھنتا اتے اندرونی ولکھنتا ہال توں باہر اک پرشن نوں اکساؤندی اے: "پھر، پچھان دے اندر 'انتر' دے اس ناٹک نوں کویں بیانیا جائے؟" <ref name=":0"/> ہال دا جواب 'انتر' اے۔ شبد وچ 'اے' دی ورتوں سانوں اس دی ساڈی شروعاتی اتے عامَ وضاحت توں پریشان کردی اے، اتے اصل وچ [[یاک دیریدا|جیک ڈیرڈا]] ولوں شروع کیتی گئی سی۔ شبد انتر دے اس سودھ نال مقامی اتے امستقل انتر دے وچکار وکھریپن دا اشارہ ملدا اے، اتے ڈائسپورا دی سوکھمتا نوں ودھیرے ۔کویں روپ وچ شامل کیتا جاندا اے۔ == پرکاشن (ادھورے) == === 1960 دے دہاکے === * {{Cite journal|last=Hall|first=Stuart|date=مارچ–اپریل 1960|title=Crosland territory|url=http://newleftreview.org/I/2/stuart-hall-crosland-territory|journal=New Left Review|volume=I|issue=2|pages=2–4}} === 1970 دے دہاکے === * ہال، سٹوئرٹ (1971)۔ ''بھٹکنا، سیاست اتے میڈیا'' ۔ برمنگھم: ہم عصر تہذیبی مطالعہ لئی مرکز۔ * ہال، سٹوئرٹ (1971)۔ "لائیپھ اینڈ ڈیتھ آف پکچر پوسٹ"، ''کیمبرج'' روِ۔، حصہ۔ 92, نہیں۔ 2201. * ہال، سٹوئرٹ؛ پی۔ والٹن (1972)۔ ''حالت دے مارکس: ملانکن اتے ودائگی'' ۔ لنڈن: انسانی حوالہ دیاں کتاباں۔ * ہال، سٹوئرٹ (1972)۔ "دِ سوشل آئی پکچر پوسٹ"، ''کلچرل سٹڈیز دے ورکنگ پیپر''، نن۔ 2, پیپی۔&nbsp;71-120. * ہال، سٹوئرٹ (1973)۔ ''ٹیلیوژن بھاشن وچ اینکوڈنگ اتے ڈیکوڈنگ'' ۔ برمنگھم: ہم عصر تہذیبی مطالعہ لئی مرکز۔ * ہال، سٹوئرٹ (1973)۔ ''مارکس دے 1857 دے گرینڈریسس دی جان-پچھان دا اک 'ریڈنگ''' ۔ برمنگھم: ہم عصر تہذیبی مطالعہ لئی مرکز۔ * ہال، سٹوئرٹ (1974)۔ "مارکس دے onنگ تے نوٹس: '1857 دی جان پچھان' دا 'ریڈنگ'، ''تہذیبی مطالعہ وچ ایگزیکٹیو پرچے''، نن۔ 6, پنہ 132–171. * ہال، سٹوئرٹ؛ ٹی۔ جیپھرسن (1976)، ''برخلاف تکنیک ولوں، لڑائی توں بعد دے برٹین وچ یوتھ اپ-سبھیاچار'' ۔ لنڈن: ہارپرکولنسکیڈیمک۔ * {{Cite journal|last=Hall|first=Stuart|date=1977|title=Journalism of the air under review|journal=Journalism Studies Review|volume=1|issue=1|pages=43–45}} * ہال، سٹوئرٹ؛ سی۔ نقاد؛ ٹی۔ جیپھرسن؛ جے کلارک؛ بی۔ رابرٹس (1978)، ''پولیسنگ کرائیسس: موگنگ، سٹیٹ اینڈ لاء اینڈ آرڈر'' ۔ لنڈن: میکملن۔ لنڈن: میکملن پریس۔ [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-333-22061-7|0-333-22061-7]] (پیپربیک)؛  (ہارڈبیک)۔ * {{Cite journal|last=Hall|first=Stuart|date=جنوری 1979|title=The great moving right show|url=http://www.amielandmelburn.org.uk/collections/mt/index_frame.htm|journal=[[Marxism Today]]|publisher=Amiel and Melburn Collections|pages=14–20}} === 1980 ویاں === * ہال، سٹوئرٹ (1980)۔ "انکوڈنگ / ڈیکوڈنگ۔" ان: ہال، ڈی۔ ہوبسن، اے۔ لوو، اتے پی۔ ولس (ایڈی)۔ ''سبھیاچار، میڈیا، بولی: تہذیبی مطالعہ وچ ورکنگ پیپرز، 1972–79'' ۔ لنڈن: ہچنسن، پی۔پی۔&nbsp;128–138. * {{Cite journal|last=Hall|first=Stuart|date=1980|title=Cultural Studies: two paradigms|url=https://archive.org/details/media-culture-society_1980-01_2_1/page/57|journal=[[Media, Culture and Society]]|volume=2|issue=1|pages=57–72|doi=10.1177/016344378000200106}} * ہال، سٹوئرٹ (1980)۔ "ریس، کلاکاری اتے سسائٹیاں دا دبدبا پرمکھتا وچ۔" وچ: یونیسکو (ایڈ) ''سماجی اصول: نسل اتے کلونیکل۔'' پیرس: یونیسکو۔ پیپی۔&nbsp;305–345. * ہال، سٹوئرٹ (1981)۔ "مشہور onانچے دا اساری کرن اُتے نوٹس"۔ ان: ''پیپلز ہسٹری اینڈ سوشلسٹ تھِ ۔ری'' ۔ لنڈن: رستہ۔ * ہال، سٹوئرٹ؛ پی۔ سکریٹن (1981)۔ "قانون، کلاس اتے کنٹرول"۔ ان: ایم۔ پھٹزگرالڈ، جی۔ میکلینن اتے جے۔ پاوسن (ایڈی)۔ ''کرائیم اینڈ سوسائٹی''، لنڈن: آر۔کے۔پی۔ * ہال، سٹوئرٹ (1988)۔ ''نوینیکرن لئی ہارڈ روڈ: تھیچرزم اتے کھبیپکھی سنکٹ'' । لنڈن: ورسو بکس ۔ * {{Cite journal|last=Hall|first=Stuart|date=جون 1986|title=Gramsci's relevance for the study of race and ethnicity|journal=[[Journal of Communication Inquiry]]|volume=10|issue=2|pages=5–27|doi=10.1177/019685998601000202}} * {{Cite journal|last=Hall|first=Stuart|date=جون 1986|title=The problem of ideology-Marxism without guarantees|journal=Journal of Communication Inquiry|volume=10|issue=2|pages=28–44|citeseerx=10.1.1.1033.1130|doi=10.1177/019685998601000203}} * {{Cite journal|last=Hall|first=Stuart|last2=Jacques|first2=Martin|author-link2=Martin Jacques|date=جولائی 1986|title=People aid: a new politics sweeps the land|url=http://www.amielandmelburn.org.uk/collections/mt/index_frame.htm|journal=Marxism Today|publisher=Amiel and Melburn Collections|pages=10–14}} === 1990 دے دہاکے === * {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/modernityitsfutu0000unse|title=Modernity and its futures|last=Hall|first=Stuart|last2=Held|first2=David|last3=McGrew|first3=Anthony|publisher=Polity Press in association with the Open University|year=1992|isbn=978-0-7456-0966-9|location=Cambridge|author-link2=David Held|url-access=registration}} * {{Citation|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Modernity and its futures|url=https://archive.org/details/modernityitsfutu0000unse/page/274}} * {{Cite journal|last=Hall|first=Stuart|date=Summer 1996|title=Who dares, fails|url=http://www.lwbooks.co.uk/journals/soundings/issue/3.html|journal=Soundings, Issue: Heroes and Heroines|publisher=[[Lawrence and Wishart]]|volume=3}} * {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/representationcu0000unse|title=Representation: cultural representations and signifying practices|last=Hall|first=Stuart|publisher=Sage in association with the Open University|year=1997|isbn=978-0-7619-5432-3|location=London Thousand Oaks, California|url-access=registration}} * {{Citation|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Dangerous liaisons: gender, nation, and postcolonial perspectives}} * {{Cite journal|last=Hall|first=Stuart|date=جنوری–فروری 1997|title=Raphael Samuel: 1934–96|url=http://newleftreview.org/I/221/stuart-hall-raphael-samuel-1934-1996|journal=[[New Left Review]]|publisher=New Left Review|volume=I|issue=221}} [http://www.bishopsgate.org.uk/content.aspx?CategoryID=1331 Available online.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108224404/https://newleftreview.org/I/221/stuart-hall-raphael-samuel-1934-1996 |date=2018-11-08 }} === 2000s === * {{Citation|last=Hall|first=Stuart|contribution=Foucault: Power, knowledge and discourse|title=Discourse Theory and Practice: a reader|pages=72–80|publisher=[[Sage Publications|Sage]] in association with the [[Open University (UK)|Open University]]|series=D843 Course: Discourse Analysis|location=London Thousand Oaks California|year=2001|isbn=978-0-7619-7156-6|postscript=۔}} === 2010 === * {{Cite journal|last=Hall|first=Stuart|date=2011|title=The neo-liberal revolution|journal=Cultural Studies|volume=25|issue=6|pages=705–728|doi=10.1080/09502386.2011.619886}} * {{Cite book|title=Representation|last=Hall|first=Stuart|last2=Evans|first2=Jessica|last3=Nixon|first3=Sean|publisher=Sage in association with The Open University|year=2013|isbn=978-1-84920-563-4|edition=2nd|location=London|orig-year=1997}}<bdi>{{Cite book|title=Representation|last=Hall|first=Stuart|last2=Evans|first2=Jessica|last3=Nixon|first3=Sean|publisher=Sage in association with The Open University|year=2013|isbn=978-1-84920-563-4|edition=2nd|location=London|orig-year=1997}}</bdi> {{Cite book|title=Representation|last=Hall|first=Stuart|last2=Evans|first2=Jessica|last3=Nixon|first3=Sean|publisher=Sage in association with The Open University|year=2013|isbn=978-1-84920-563-4|edition=2nd|location=London|orig-year=1997}} * ہال، سٹوئرٹ (2016)۔ ''تہذیبی مطالعہ 1983: اک اصولی اتہاس'' ۔ سلیک، جینیپھر اتے لارینس گراسبرگ، ایڈی۔ ڈِkeک یونیورسٹی پریس۔ [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0822362635|0822362635]] ۔ * {{Cite book|title=Selected Political Writings: The Great Moving Right Show and other essays|last=Hall|first=Stuart|publisher=Lawrence & Wishart|year=2017|isbn=978-1-910448-65-6|location=London}}<bdi>{{Cite book|title=Selected Political Writings: The Great Moving Right Show and other essays|last=Hall|first=Stuart|publisher=Lawrence & Wishart|year=2017|isbn=978-1-910448-65-6|location=London}}</bdi> {{Cite book|title=Selected Political Writings: The Great Moving Right Show and other essays|last=Hall|first=Stuart|publisher=Lawrence & Wishart|year=2017|isbn=978-1-910448-65-6|location=London}} * {{Cite book|title=Familiar Stranger: A Life Between Two Islands|url=https://archive.org/details/familiarstranger0000hall_s5k0|last=Hall|first=Stuart (with [[Bill Schwarz]])|publisher=Allen Lane; Durham: Duke University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-8223-6387-3|location=London}}<bdi>{{Cite book|title=Familiar Stranger: A Life Between Two Islands|url=https://archive.org/details/familiarstranger0000hall_s5k0|last=Hall|first=Stuart (with [[Bill Schwarz]])|publisher=Allen Lane; Durham: Duke University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-8223-6387-3|location=London}}</bdi> {{Cite book|title=Familiar Stranger: A Life Between Two Islands|url=https://archive.org/details/familiarstranger0000hall_s5k0|last=Hall|first=Stuart (with [[Bill Schwarz]])|publisher=Allen Lane; Durham: Duke University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-8223-6387-3|location=London}} == وراثت == * سٹوئرٹ ہال دی لائبریری، InIVA اُتے دے حوالہ لائبریری Rivington پلیس وچ شوریڈچ، لنڈن، 2007 وچ قیام کیتی، سٹوئرٹ ہال، جس نے کئی سال لئی InIVA دے بورڈ دی کرسی سی بعد رکھیا گیا اے۔ * نومبر 2014 وچ سٹوئرٹ ہال دیاں پراپتیاں دا اک ہفتہ بھر دا جشن [[لنڈن یونیورسٹی|لنڈن یونیورسٹی دے]] گولڈسمتھز کالج وکھے ہویا، جتھے 28 نومبر نوں اوہناں دے اعزاز وچ نویں اکادمک عمارت دا نام بدل کے، پروفیسر سٹوئرٹ ہال دی عمارت (پیئیسئیچ) رکھیا گیا۔ <ref>[http://www.gold.ac.uk/news/professor-stuart-hall-roundup/ "Goldsmiths renames academic building after Professor Stuart Hall"]، Goldsmiths, University of London, 11 دسمبر 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/goldsmiths-honour-stuart-hall-naming-building-after-him "Goldsmiths Honour Stuart Hall By Naming Building After Him"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108184405/http://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/goldsmiths-honour-stuart-hall-naming-building-after-him |date=2018-11-08 }}، ''The Voice''، 4 دسمبر 2014.</ref> * اس دی یاد وچ سٹوئرٹ ہال پھا Foundationنڈیشن دی قیام اتے اس دے جیون دے کم نوں جاری رکھن لئی دسمبر 2014 وچ اعلان کیتا گیا سی۔<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150411085723/http://www.stuarthallmemorial.org/stuart-hall-foundation/ Stuart Hall Foundation.]</ref> === فلم === ہال ''ریڈینپشن سونگ'' نامی ستّ حصےآں والی ٹیلیوژن لڑی دا پیشکار سی - بیرکلو کیری پروڈکشنز ولوں بنایا گیا، اتے بیبیسی 2 اتے، 30 جون توں 12 اگست 1991 دے وچ براڈکاسٹ ہویا - جس وچ اسنے کیریبیئن بنن والے تتاں دی جانچ کیتی، گڑبڑ نوں ویکھدیاں جزیرہ دا اتہاس اتے اج اتھے رہندے لوکاں دا انٹروِing.<ref>[http://bufvc.ac.uk/dvdfind/index.php/title/18006 "Redemption Song (7 Parts)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812174130/http://bufvc.ac.uk/dvdfind/index.php/title/18006 |date=2023-08-12 }}، BUFVC.</ref> لڑی دے قصے اس پرکار سن: * "آزادی دے رنگت" (11/08/1991) * "پھدیل دا انوسرن" (04/08/1991) * "ورلڈز اڈّ" (28 جولائی 1991) * "لا گرانڈے بھرم" (21 جولائی 1991) * "پیراڈائیج گمّ گیا" (14 جولائی 1991) * "افریقہ توں باہر" (7 جولائی 1991) * "روح وچ آئرن" (30 جون 1991) * [http://www.mediaed.org/cgi-bin/commerce.cgi?preadd=action&key=407 ''ریس، پھلوٹنگ سگنیپھائر''] (1997)۔ * [http://www.mediaed.org/cgi-bin/commerce.cgi?preadd=action&key=409 ''نمائندگی اتے میڈیا''] (1997)۔ * [http://www.mediaed.org/cgi-bin/commerce.cgi?preadd=action&key=414 ''کلچرل سٹڈیز دی شروعات''] (2006) مائیک ڈبّ نے صحافی مایہ جگی اتے سٹوئرٹ ہال دے وچکار اک لمے انٹروِ۔ اُتے مشتمل اک فلم دا اساری کیتا جسنوں ''پرسونلی سپیکنگ'' (2009) کہندے ہن۔<ref>[[imdbtitle:3664512|"Personally Speaking: A Long Conversation with Stuart Hall (2009)"]]، IMDb.</ref><ref>[http://www.mediaed.org/cgi-bin/commerce.cgi?preadd=action&key=416%20 ''Personally Speaking'']۔ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404064706/http://www.mediaed.org/cgi-bin/commerce.cgi?preadd=action&key=416%20|date=4 اپریل 2015}} (2009)۔</ref> ہال جون اکومپھراہ ولوں ڈاریکٹ دو فلماں دا موضوع اے، جسدا سرلیکھ ''دِ انپھنشڈ کنورزن'' (2012) اتے ''دِ سٹوئرٹ ہال پروجیکٹ'' (2013) اے۔ پہلی فلم لنڈن دے ٹیٹ برٹین، ملبینک وکھے (26 اکتوبر 2013–23 مارچ 2014) دکھائی گئی سی <ref>[http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/display/bp-spotlight-john-akomfrah-unfinished-conversation "BP Spotlight: John Akomfrah, The Unfinished Conversation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024142414/http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/display/bp-spotlight-john-akomfrah-unfinished-conversation|date=24 اکتوبر 2014}}، Tate Britain.</ref> جدوں کہ دوجی ہن ڈیویڈی اُتے مہیا اے۔<ref>Hudson, Mark, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9609361/The-Unfinished-Conversation-by-John-Akomfrah-a-beautiful-paean-to-identity.html "The Unfinished Conversation by John Akomfrah: a beautiful paean to identity"]، ''The Daily Telegraph'' (London)، 15 اکتوبر 2012.</ref> ''سٹوئرٹ ہال پروجیکٹ ہال'' دیاں 100 گھنٹیاں توں ودھ پرانی پھٹیج توں کھچیاں گئیاں کلپاں دا بنیا ہویا سی، جیز کلاکار [[مائلس ڈیوس|مائیلز ڈیوس]] دے سنگیت اتے اکٹھے بنے ہوئے سن جو ہال اتے اکومپھراہ دوواں لئی پریرنا سروت سن۔<ref>Clark, Ashley, [https://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/reviews-recommendations/film-week-stuart-hall-project "Film of the Week: The Stuart Hall Project"]، ''Sight & Sound''، British Film Institute, 29 ستمبر 2014; updated 31 مارچ 2015.</ref> فلم دی بنتر ملٹیپل سٹرینڈ نال بنی اے۔ تریخی سماگماں، جویں کہ سئیز کرائیسس، ویئتنام دی لڑائی اتے [[1956 دا ہنگری دا انقلاب|1956]] دی [[1956 دا ہنگری دا انقلاب|ہنگری دی ودروہ دا]] حالَ-کتھن اے اتے کیریبیئن توں برٹین دے پرواسی وجوں ہال دے اس دے تزربیاں اُتے عکس وی ہن۔ اک ہور تریخی گھٹنا فلم لئی اہم سی 1958 وچ ناٹنگ ہلّ دوڑ دے دنگے جو اک کالے بریٹیش انسان دی قتل نال ہوئے سن؛ ایہناں خلاف پردرشناں نے انگلینڈ دے اندر اک کالے بھائیچارے دی موجودگی نوں درسایا۔ کیریبیئن دی چرچہ کردیاں، ہال ہائیبرڈٹی دے وچار بارے وچار وٹاندرے کردا اے اتے اوہ کہندا اے کہ کیریبیئن ہائیبرڈٹی دا گھر اے۔ فلم وچ اک خاص ویلے دی گرا ۔نڈنگ دے بناں آواز-وٹاندرے اتے انٹروِ۔ وی دتے جاندے ہن جو حالانکہ ہال اتے اس دے فلسفہ وچ ناظرین نوں ودھیرے سمجھ حاصل کردے ہن۔ ووئسؤوراں اتے انٹروِsآں دے نال، فلم وچ ایمبیڈ کیتے ہال دیاں نجی پراپتیاں وی ہن؛ ایہہ بہت گھٹ ہندا اے، کیونکہ اوہناں کیریبیئن لوکاں دے کوئی روائتی پرالیکھ نہیں ہن جو مڈل بیتن والے تجربے ولوں تیار کیتے گئے ہن۔ فلم نوں ونڈرش پیڑھی، جو کہ [[دوجی دنیا جنگ|دوجے عالمی لڑائی دے]] ترنت بعد سالاں وچ کیریبیئن توں برٹین چلے گئے، اتے ودھیرے دھیان مرتکز کیتے جان دے طور تے ویکھیا جا سکدا اے۔ ہال، جو آپ اس پیڑھی دا اک میمبر اے، نے کیریبیئن لوکاں لئی بریٹیش سامراج دے تجربے ہیٹھ لکھیاں گھٹ گلیمرس سچائی دا پرداپھاش کیتا، جس نال مغربی بھارتی پرواسی امیداں دے برخلاف ہندے ہن جو اکثر دیس وچ پہنچن اُتے آئیاں کٹھور حقیقتاں دا ساہمنا کردے ہن۔ <ref>Jeffries, Stuart. [https://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/feb/10/stuart-hall-cultural-legacy-britain-godfather-multiculturalism "Stuart Hall's Cultural Legacy: Britain under the Microscope"]، ''The Guardian''۔ Guardian News and Media, 10 فروری 2014. Retrieved 24 نومبر 2014.</ref> فلم دا اک مرکزی تھیم ڈائسپورک اے۔ ہال نے بریٹیش اتے کیریبیئن دوواں بھائیچاریاں وچ اپنی وکھری پچھان دا ساہمنا کیتا اتے فلم دے اک نقطہ تے اوہ ٹپنی کردا اے: “برٹین میرا گھر اے، پر میں انگریزی نہیں ہاں۔” آئیئیمڈیبی نے فلم نوں "اتراء-چڑھاء، جدوجہداں اتے موڑویں نقطےآں ولوں اک رولر کوسٹر رائیڈ دے روپ وچ مختصر وچ پیش کیتا جس نے 20 ویں صدی نوں پرچار دی صدی اتے زمین سیاسی اتے تہذیبی تبدیلی دی کیتی۔" <ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2578290/plotsummary?ref_=tt_ov_pl "The Stuart Hall Project (2013)"]، IMDb. Retrieved 24 نومبر 2014.</ref> اگست 2012 وچ، پروفیسر ست جھلی نے ہال نال اک انٹروِ interview کیتی جس وچ تہذیبی مطالعہ دے کئی تھیماں اتے مدعیاں بارے دسیا گیا۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/53879491|title=Stuart Hall Interviewed By Sut Jhally|last=Jhally|first=Sut|date=30 اگست 2012|publisher=Vimeo.com|access-date=17 فروری 2014}}</ref> === کتاب === * {{Cite book|title=Stuart Hall, Cultural Studies and the Rise of Black and Asian British Art|last=McRobbie|first=Angela|year=2016|author-link=Angela McRobbie}} McRobbie has also written an article in tribute to Hall: {{Cite journal|date=14 فروری 2014|title=Times with Stuart|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/angela-mcrobbie/times-with-stuart|journal=OpenDemocracy|access-date=30 جون 2014}} == حوالے == {{حوالے|30em}} == ہور پڑھن == == باہری لنک == * مارکس ولیئمسن، [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-stuart-hall-sociologist-and-pioneer-in-the-field-of-cultural-studies-whose-work-explored-the-concept-of-britishness-9120126.html اوبٹری] ان ''د انڈیپینڈینٹ''، 11 فروری 2014. * آسٹریلیائی بروڈکاسٹنگ کارپوریشن دے ڈبلٹیک پروگرام لئی سٹوئرٹ ہال نال جون او'ہارا انٹروِ۔، اصل وچ 5 مئی 1983 نوں براڈکاسٹ کیتا گیا: ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20080808121916/http://www.dalkeyarchive.com/article/show/31 نریٹو اساری دا حقیقت - سٹوئرٹ ہال]'' ۔ سینٹرپھورککول۔آر۔آر۔او۔ دے "حوالہ" editionنلائین ایڈیشن، نمبر 10 وچ دوبارہ شائع کیتا گیا۔ 16 اپریل 2008 نوں حاصل کیتا۔ * مشیل، ڈون۔ [https://books.google.com/books?id=H0JDn3TCoXgC&pg=RA3-PA1994 باب 24: سٹوئرٹ ہال] ۔ وچ: ''سپیس اتے ستھان اُتے کنجی مفکر'' ۔ پھل ہبرڈ، روب کچن، گل ویلینٹائین (2004)، پی۔پی۔&nbsp;160 ایپھّ۔ [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-7619-4963-1|0-7619-4963-1]] ۔ * [http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/marxism/marxism11.html مارکسسٹ میڈیا تھِ ۔ری] * جون سمکن، [http://www.spartacus-educational.com/HIShallS.htm سٹوئرٹ ہال جیونی]، سپارٹاکس ایجوکیشنل، ستمبر 1997 (اگست 2014 نوں اپڈیٹ ہویا) * [http://www.darkmatter101.org/site/2007/02/28/stuart-hall-globalization-cartographies-of-power/ سٹوئرٹ ہال بین القوامیت اتے طاقت (2003, آڈیؤ)]، ''ڈارکمیٹر جرنل'' [http://www.darkmatter101.org/site/2007/02/28/stuart-hall-globalization-cartographies-of-power/ بارے گل بات کردے ہوئے] ۔ * [http://www.darkmatter101.org/site/2010/11/28/stuart-hall-in-conversation-with-les-back-audio/ سٹوئرٹ ہال لیس بیک (2010, آڈیؤ)]، ''ڈارکمیٹر جرنل'' [http://www.darkmatter101.org/site/2010/11/28/stuart-hall-in-conversation-with-les-back-audio/ نال گل بات وچ] ۔ * [http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/h/a.htm مارکسسٹ۔آر۔کے۔ دے "لوک" حصہ تے درج] * [https://www.sms.cam.ac.uk/media/1119965 پنینا ورنر نال گل بات وچ، مارچ 2006 (ویڈیو)] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/features/desert-island-discs/castaway/caed0ab9 "پروفیسر سٹوئرٹ ہال"]، ''ڈیزرٹ آئیلینڈ ڈسکس''، بیبیسی ریڈیو 4, 18 فروری 2000. * رچرڈ پیٹرسن، پال گیرہارٹ، [http://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/news-bfi/features/stuart-hall-1932-2014#۔UvmFDksrc-0.facebook "سٹوئرٹ ہال (1932–2014)"]، بی۔ایف۔آئی۔، 11 فروری 2014. * الیکس کیلنکوس، [http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=975&issue=142 "پرپیکھ وچ سٹوئرٹ ہال"]، ''قومانتری سماج واد''، انک 142, 2 اپریل 2014. * جیسکا اوانز (سماجیات ڈیپارٹمنٹ)، [http://www.open.edu/openlearn/society/politics-policy-people/stuart-hall-ou-perspective "سٹوئرٹ ہال: اک اویو پرپیکھ"]، اوپن یونیورسٹی، 14 فروری 2014. * [http://calmview.bham.ac.uk/GetDocument.ashx?db=Catalog&fname=US121+Stuart+Hall+Archive+finding+aid.pdf سٹوئرٹ ہال آرکائیو] کیڈمبری رسرچ لائبریری، سپیشل مجموعہ، برمنگھم یونیورسٹی وکھے منعقد کیتا گیا اے۔ [[گٹھ:موت 2014]] [[گٹھ:جم 1932]] 50l2t8j0tvwp3al0bsdvjn4k20rubrx 0 102744 711446 708016 2026-09-21T17:18:59Z InternetArchiveBot 28598 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711446 wikitext text/x-wiki ایہ [[پنجابی]] میڈیا دی لسٹ اے ۔<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031220134854/http://www.punjabipress.org/ The Punjabi Press Club of Canada]</ref> == ڈیجیٹل ویب چینل == 2019 توں بعد [[پنجابی]] وچ ڈیجیٹل مواد تے چینل ودھ رہے نیں: <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/ptc-networks-punjabi-digital-film-awards-today-6271875/|title=PTC Network’s Punjabi digital film awards in Chandigarh today|date=2020-02-17|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> * پنجابی پرچار ٹی وی <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/punjabis-mark-mother-language-day-in-pak/articleshow/68105938.cms|title=Punjabis mark Mother Language Day in Pakistan|last=N|first=TN|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> * پنجابی لہر <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rabwah.net/pakistans-sikh-muslim-duo-want-to-fight-religious-intolerance-by-reviving-punjabi-culture/|title=Pakistan's Sikh-Muslim duo want to fight religious intolerance by reviving Punjabi culture|last=Ahmad|first=Ehsan|date=2018-04-26|website=Rabwah Times|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> * اجیت ویب ٹی وی <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ajittv.com/|title=اجیت ویب ٹی وی: ویڈیو خبراں|website=www.ajittv.com|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> * [[روزانہ بھلیکھا|بھلیکھا]] ٹی وی <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7ny7oweY3Thr0x2z70fH7A|title=Bhulekha Tv|website=YouTube|language=en|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> == مشہور پنجابی اخبار تے خبر ایجنسیاں == ; [[ہانگ کانگ|ہونگ کونگ]] * پنجابی فکر ( [http://www.punjabichetna.com/ پنجابی فکر] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525092052/https://www.punjabichetna.com/ |date=2021-05-25 }} ) ; بھارت * [https://news.timetv.news/ چڑھدی کلا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125223350/https://news.timetv.news/ |date=2021-01-25 }} (پٹیالا) * پیڈلر میڈیا ( [https://peddlermedia.in/ پیڈلر میڈیا]) * آزاد سوچ * [[روزانہ اجیت]] * دی ٹربیون ([http://www.tribuneindia.com/ ٹربیون]) * پنجاب نیوزلائین * پنجاب ٹائیمز * [[روزانہ سپوکسمین]] * دیشودیش ٹائیمز * پنجاب ہاٹلائین * پنجابی نیوز اونلائین * پنجاب نیوز ایکسپریس * دوابا ہیڈلائینز * [[پنجاب میل]] * مہینا وار وریام جلندھر * گھانچی میڈیا ; [[کینیڈا]] * ایشیئن ویژن * ایپھوائیائی میڈیا گروپ لمٹڈ * پنجاب نیوزلائین * پنجابی ڈیلی * سکھ پریس * سنجھ سویرا * اجیت ویکلی ; [[پاکستان]] * [[روزانہ بھلیکھا|بھلیکھا]] * [[روزانہ لوکائی|لوکائی]] * [[روزنامہ سجݨ|سجݨ]] * [[روزنامہ پنجابی چانݨ|پنجابی چانݨ]] ; [[برطانیا]] * سکھ ٹائیمز * اکال چینل ; [[امریکا]] * ایپھائیائی میڈیا گروپ لِ * پنجاب میل یوئیسئے * کمی ایکتا ; ہور مشہور آن لائین اخبار * پنجابی فکر * چڑھدی کلا * پنجاب نیوزلائین * دیشودیش ٹائیمز * وچار * میڈیا پنجاب * یورپ خبراں * یورپ وچ پنجابی * پنجابی ٹوڈے == پنجابی ٹیلی ویژن چینل == {| class="wikitable" ! width="150" |نیٹورک ! width="130" |دیش ! width="75" |روپ ! width="120" |ویبسائیٹ |- |9xTashan |{{IND}} |سنگیت |[https://web.archive.org/web/20121015073523/http://www.9xtashan.in/index.aspx Official Site] |- |TV Punjab |{{CAN}} |جنرل | |- |Alpha ETC Punjabi |{{USA}} |جنرل |[http://www.zeetvusa.com/alphaetcpunjabi/ Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505104224/http://www.zeetvusa.com/alphaetcpunjabi/ |date=2020-05-05 }} |- |ATN PM One |{{CAN}} |جنرل/سنگیت |[http://asiantelevision.net/channel/atn-pm-one Official Site] |- |ATN Punjabi |{{CAN}} |جنرل |[http://asiantelevision.net/channel/atn-punjabi Official Site] |- |ATN Punjabi News |{{CAN}} |خبراں |[http://asiantelevision.net/channel/atn-punjabi-news Official Site] |- |Awaaz-E-Watan TV |{{USA}} |سنگیت |[http://www.aapnatv.com/ Official Site] |- |[[بلے بلے|Balle Balle]] |{{IND}} |سنگیت |None |- |Beat & Boom |{{USA}} |سنگیت/Available on Roku |[http://www.beatandboom.com/ Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019221555/http://beatandboom.com/ |date=2020-10-19 }} |- |Channel Punjab |{{USA}} |جنرل Entertainment (Comedy, Soap operas and Music) |[http://www.channelpunjabtv.com/ Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007201646/http://channelpunjabtv.com/ |date=2017-10-07 }} |- |Channel Punjabi |{{CAN}} |جنرل |[http://www.channelpunjabi.ca/ Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205040136/http://www.channelpunjabi.ca/ |date=2009-02-05 }} |- |Raftaar News |{{IND}} |جنرل/سنگیت/entertainment/news |[http://www.raftaarnews.com/ Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306175147/https://www.raftaarnews.com/ |date=2021-03-06 }} |- |Chardikala Time TV |{{IND}} |Sikh Socio-Spiritual-Cultural Religious/Sikh News |[https://timetv.news/ Official Site] |- |Day & Night News |{{IND}}<br /><br />{{USA}}<br /><br />{{UK}} |خبراں |[https://web.archive.org/web/20100414191154/http://www.dayandnightnews.com/ Official Site] |- |DD Jalandhar (Terrestrial) |{{IND}} |جنرل |[http://www.ddkjalandhar.com/ Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306165320/http://ddkjalandhar.com/ |date=2012-03-06 }} |- |[[ڈی ڈی پنجابی|DD Punjabi]] |{{IND}} |جنرل |None |- |Desi Unplugged |{{USA}} |سنگیتک ویڈیو |[http://www.desiunplugged.com/ Official Site] |- |Dharti TV |{{PAK}} |مذہبی |None |- |ETC Channel Punjabi |{{IND}} |Music/Sikh Spiritual |[https://web.archive.org/web/20061113042356/http://www.entertainmenttv.com/channel.php?id=2 Official Site] |- |Gurkebaani TV |{{CAN}} |دھرم |[https://web.archive.org/web/20100414191154/http://www.fyimediagroup.com/ Official Site] |- |GET Punjabi |{{IND}} |Entertainment (Soap operas and Music) |[https://web.archive.org/web/20130103081135/http://www.getpunjabi.tv/ Official Site] |- |HOME SHOP24X7 |{{IND}} |جنرل |[http://www.homeshop24x7.com/ TELE SHOPPING CHANNEL Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602100351/http://www.homeshop24x7.com/ |date=2012-06-02 }} |- |Ikta One |{{IND}} |Sikh Religious |None |- |JUS Punjabi |{{USA}} |جنرل |[http://www.juspunjabi.com/ Official Site] |- |JUS One |{{USA}} |جنرل |[http://www.juspunjabi.com/jusone/Home.html Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418115737/http://www.juspunjabi.com/jusone/Home.html |date=2021-04-18 }} |- |MH1 |{{IND}}<br /><br />{{USA}} |جنرل/سنگیت/پنجابی فلماں |[http://www.mhone.in/ Official Site] |- |NEWS ONLY |{{CAN}} |خبراں |[https://web.archive.org/web/20100414191154/http://www.fyimediagroup.com/ Official Site] |- |ONLY Music |{{CAN}} |سنگیت |[https://web.archive.org/web/20100414191154/http://www.fyimediagroup.com/ Official Site] |- |THE TV NRI |{{CAN}} |خبراں/سنگیت/منورنجن |[https://thenritv.com/ Official Site] |- |[[پنجاب ٹی وی]] |{{PAK}} |جنرل |[https://www.punjabtv.pk/ Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418112227/https://www.punjabtv.pk/ |date=2021-04-18 }} |- |PTC News |{{IND}} |خبراں |[https://web.archive.org/web/20120506043414/http://www.ptcnetwork.tv/ptcnews/ Official Site] |- |پی ٹی سی پنجابی |{{IND}} <br /><br />{{USA}} |جنرل/سنگیت |[https://web.archive.org/web/20111123054805/http://www.ptcnetwork.tv/punjabi/ Official Site] |- |پی ٹی سی پنجابی |{{CAN}} |جنرل/سنگیت |[http://www.ptcnetwork.ca/ Official Site] |- |پنجابی ورلڈ ڈیلی |{{IND}} |خبراں |[https://web.archive.org/web/20120627025521/http://www.punjabiworlddaily.com/ Official Site] |- |آر ٹی وی پنجابی ایچ ڈی |{{AUS}} |جنرل/سنگیت/پنجابی موویز |[http://www.rtvpunjabi.com/ Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823002951/http://rtvpunjabi.com/ |date=2016-08-23 }} |- |راوی ٹی وی |{{PAK}} |جنرل |None |- |ساڈا چینل |{{IND}} |جنرل/سنگیت |[http://www.sadachannel.com/ Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418115738/http://www.sadachannel.com/ |date=2021-04-18 }} |- |Sangat TV/Global Punjab TV<ref name="Punjabi news">{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalpunjabtv.com/Default/AboutUs|title=About Us|website=Punjabi news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225163130/http://www.globalpunjabtv.com/Default/AboutUs|archive-date=25 دسمبر 2015|access-date=30 دسمبر 2015}}</ref> |{{UK}}/{{CAN}}<br /><br />{{USA}} |Sikh Spiritual |[http://sangattrust.org/ Official Site] |- |سانجھا ٹی وی |{{IND}}<br /><br />{{USA}}<br /><br />{{UK}}{{CAN}}<br /><br />{{AUS}} |Entertainment | [https://web.archive.org/web/20100414191154/http://www.fyimediagroup.com/ Official Site] |- |سکھ چینل |{{UK}} |سکھ روحانی |[http://www.sikhchannel.tv/ Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227221142/https://sikhchannel.tv/ |date=2021-02-27 }} |- |سپارک پنجابی |{{IND}} |International movies, dramas and shows(dubbed) |[http://sparkpunjabi.com/ Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806073548/http://sparkpunjabi.com/ |date=2018-08-06 }} |- |سر ساگر ٹی وی |{{CAN}} |جنرل |[https://web.archive.org/web/20120530040927/http://www.sstvandradio.com/ Official Site] |- |[[زی ٹیوی|زی پنجابی]] |{{IND}}<br /><br />{{UK}} (اسدا پہلا نام الفا پنجابی سی) |جنرل |[https://web.archive.org/web/20070810124522/http://www.zeepunjabi.com/ Official Site {{IND}}] [[بھارت]] <br /><br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20120223184018/http://www.zeeuk.com/zeeuk2008/zeealpha.php Official Site {{UK}}] [[برطانیا]] |} * [[پنجابی ٹی وی چینل]] * [[پنجابی اخبار]] == حوالے == {{حوالے}} == باہرلے جوڑ == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20031220134854/http://www.punjabipress.org/ پنجابی پریس کلبّ کینیڈا] [[گٹھ:پنجاب]] [[گٹھ:پنجابی میڈیا]] [[گٹھ:پنجابی ٹی وی چینل]] [[گٹھ:پنجابی اخبار]] pno3fyba5htp67y3f2yp7nyt3fac3y5 0 103861 711447 708017 2026-09-21T17:19:16Z InternetArchiveBot 28598 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711447 wikitext text/x-wiki ایہ [[پنجابی]] [[ٹیلی ویژن]] چینلاں دی لِسٹ اے ۔ == ویب چینلز == 2019 توں بعد [[پنجابی]] وچ ڈیجیٹل مواد تے چینل ودھ رہے نیں: <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/ptc-networks-punjabi-digital-film-awards-today-6271875/|title=PTC Network’s Punjabi digital film awards in Chandigarh today|date=2020-02-17|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> * پنجابی پرچار ٹی وی <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/punjabis-mark-mother-language-day-in-pak/articleshow/68105938.cms|title=Punjabis mark Mother Language Day in Pakistan|last=N|first=TN|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> * پنجابی لہر <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rabwah.net/pakistans-sikh-muslim-duo-want-to-fight-religious-intolerance-by-reviving-punjabi-culture/|title=Pakistan's Sikh-Muslim duo want to fight religious intolerance by reviving Punjabi culture|last=Ahmad|first=Ehsan|date=2018-04-26|website=Rabwah Times|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> * اجیت ویب ٹی وی <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ajittv.com/|title=اجیت ویب ٹی وی: ویڈیو خبراں|website=www.ajittv.com|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> * [[روزانہ بھلیکھا|بھلیکھا]] ٹی وی <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7ny7oweY3Thr0x2z70fH7A|title=Bhulekha Tv|website=YouTube|language=en|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> == پنجابی ٹیلی ویژن چینلز == {| class="wikitable" ! width="150" |نیٹ ورک ! width="130" |[[ملک]] ! width="75" |قِسم ! width="120" |[[ویب سائیٹ]] |- |9xTashan |{{IND}} |سنگیت |[https://web.archive.org/web/20121015073523/http://www.9xtashan.in/index.aspx Official Site] |- |TV Punjab |{{CAN}} |جنرل | |- |Alpha ETC Punjabi |{{USA}} |جنرل |[http://www.zeetvusa.com/alphaetcpunjabi/ Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505104224/http://www.zeetvusa.com/alphaetcpunjabi/ |date=2020-05-05 }} |- |ATN PM One |{{CAN}} |جنرل/سنگیت |[http://asiantelevision.net/channel/atn-pm-one Official Site] |- |ATN Punjabi |{{CAN}} |جنرل |[http://asiantelevision.net/channel/atn-punjabi Official Site] |- |ATN Punjabi News |{{CAN}} |خبراں |[http://asiantelevision.net/channel/atn-punjabi-news Official Site] |- |Awaaz-E-Watan TV |{{USA}} |سنگیت |[http://www.aapnatv.com/ Official Site] |- |[[بلے بلے|Balle Balle]] |{{IND}} |سنگیت |None |- |Beat & Boom |{{USA}} |سنگیت/Available on Roku |[http://www.beatandboom.com/ Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019221555/http://beatandboom.com/ |date=2020-10-19 }} |- |Channel Punjab |{{USA}} |جنرل Entertainment (Comedy, Soap operas and Music) |[http://www.channelpunjabtv.com/ Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007201646/http://channelpunjabtv.com/ |date=2017-10-07 }} |- |Channel Punjabi |{{CAN}} |جنرل |[http://www.channelpunjabi.ca/ Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205040136/http://www.channelpunjabi.ca/ |date=2009-02-05 }} |- |Raftaar News |{{IND}} |جنرل/سنگیت/entertainment/news |[http://www.raftaarnews.com/ Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306175147/https://www.raftaarnews.com/ |date=2021-03-06 }} |- |Chardikala Time TV |{{IND}} |Sikh Socio-Spiritual-Cultural Religious/Sikh News |[https://timetv.news/ Official Site] |- |Day & Night News |{{IND}}<br /><br />{{USA}}<br /><br />{{UK}} |خبراں |[https://web.archive.org/web/20100414191154/http://www.dayandnightnews.com/ Official Site] |- |DD Jalandhar (Terrestrial) |{{IND}} |جنرل |[http://www.ddkjalandhar.com/ Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306165320/http://ddkjalandhar.com/ |date=2012-03-06 }} |- |[[ڈی ڈی پنجابی|DD Punjabi]] |{{IND}} |جنرل |None |- |Desi Unplugged |{{USA}} |سنگیتک ویڈیو |[http://www.desiunplugged.com/ Official Site] |- |Dharti TV |{{PAK}} |مذہبی |None |- |ETC Channel Punjabi |{{IND}} |Music/Sikh Spiritual |[https://web.archive.org/web/20061113042356/http://www.entertainmenttv.com/channel.php?id=2 Official Site] |- |Gurkebaani TV |{{CAN}} |دھرم |[https://web.archive.org/web/20100414191154/http://www.fyimediagroup.com/ Official Site] |- |GET Punjabi |{{IND}} |Entertainment (Soap operas and Music) |[https://web.archive.org/web/20130103081135/http://www.getpunjabi.tv/ Official Site] |- |HOME SHOP24X7 |{{IND}} |جنرل |[http://www.homeshop24x7.com/ TELE SHOPPING CHANNEL Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602100351/http://www.homeshop24x7.com/ |date=2012-06-02 }} |- |Ikta One |{{IND}} |Sikh Religious |None |- |JUS Punjabi |{{USA}} |جنرل |[http://www.juspunjabi.com/ Official Site] |- |JUS One |{{USA}} |جنرل |[http://www.juspunjabi.com/jusone/Home.html Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418115737/http://www.juspunjabi.com/jusone/Home.html |date=2021-04-18 }} |- |MH1 |{{IND}}<br /><br />{{USA}} |جنرل/سنگیت/پنجابی فلماں |[http://www.mhone.in/ Official Site] |- |NEWS ONLY |{{CAN}} |خبراں |[https://web.archive.org/web/20100414191154/http://www.fyimediagroup.com/ Official Site] |- |ONLY Music |{{CAN}} |سنگیت |[https://web.archive.org/web/20100414191154/http://www.fyimediagroup.com/ Official Site] |- |THE TV NRI |{{CAN}} |خبراں/سنگیت/منورنجن |[https://thenritv.com/ Official Site] |- |[[پنجاب ٹی وی]] |{{PAK}} |جنرل |[https://www.punjabtv.pk/ Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418112227/https://www.punjabtv.pk/ |date=2021-04-18 }} |- |PTC News |{{IND}} |خبراں |[https://web.archive.org/web/20120506043414/http://www.ptcnetwork.tv/ptcnews/ Official Site] |- |پی ٹی سی پنجابی |{{IND}} <br /><br />{{USA}} |جنرل/سنگیت |[https://web.archive.org/web/20111123054805/http://www.ptcnetwork.tv/punjabi/ Official Site] |- |پی ٹی سی پنجابی |{{CAN}} |جنرل/سنگیت |[http://www.ptcnetwork.ca/ Official Site] |- |پنجابی ورلڈ ڈیلی |{{IND}} |خبراں |[https://web.archive.org/web/20120627025521/http://www.punjabiworlddaily.com/ Official Site] |- |آر ٹی وی پنجابی ایچ ڈی |{{AUS}} |جنرل/سنگیت/پنجابی موویز |[http://www.rtvpunjabi.com/ Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823002951/http://rtvpunjabi.com/ |date=2016-08-23 }} |- |راوی ٹی وی |{{PAK}} |جنرل |None |- |ساڈا چینل |{{IND}} |جنرل/سنگیت |[http://www.sadachannel.com/ Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418115738/http://www.sadachannel.com/ |date=2021-04-18 }} |- |Sangat TV/Global Punjab TV<ref name="Punjabi news">{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalpunjabtv.com/Default/AboutUs|title=About Us|website=Punjabi news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225163130/http://www.globalpunjabtv.com/Default/AboutUs|archive-date=25 دسمبر 2015|access-date=30 دسمبر 2015}}</ref> |{{UK}}/{{CAN}}<br /><br />{{USA}} |Sikh Spiritual |[http://sangattrust.org/ Official Site] |- |سانجھا ٹی وی |{{IND}}<br /><br />{{USA}}<br /><br />{{UK}}{{CAN}}<br /><br />{{AUS}} |Entertainment | [https://web.archive.org/web/20100414191154/http://www.fyimediagroup.com/ Official Site] |- |سکھ چینل |{{UK}} |سکھ روحانی |[http://www.sikhchannel.tv/ Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227221142/https://sikhchannel.tv/ |date=2021-02-27 }} |- |سپارک پنجابی |{{IND}} |International movies, dramas and shows(dubbed) |[http://sparkpunjabi.com/ Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806073548/http://sparkpunjabi.com/ |date=2018-08-06 }} |- |سر ساگر ٹی وی |{{CAN}} |جنرل |[https://web.archive.org/web/20120530040927/http://www.sstvandradio.com/ Official Site] |- |[[زی ٹیوی|زی پنجابی]] |{{IND}}<br /><br />{{UK}} (ایہدا پہلا نام الفا پنجابی سی) |جنرل |[https://web.archive.org/web/20070810124522/http://www.zeepunjabi.com/ Official Site {{IND}}] [[بھارت]] <br /><br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20120223184018/http://www.zeeuk.com/zeeuk2008/zeealpha.php Official Site {{UK}}] [[برطانیا]] |} * [[پنجابی ٹی وی چینل]] * [[پنجابی اخبار]] == حوالے == {{حوالے}} [[گٹھ:پنجاب]] [[گٹھ:پنجابی میڈیا]] [[گٹھ:ٹی وی چینل]] [[گٹھ:پنجابی ٹی وی چینل]] qsqysrggwu0fydtgohv6c5siu6xz4bh 0 106322 711451 589100 2026-09-21T22:25:17Z InternetArchiveBot 28598 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event|title=ہرامبے دا قتل|inquiries=|website=<!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->|awards=|litigation=|publication bans=|convictions=|verdict=|charges=|suspects=|coroner=|inquest=|burial=|image=|outcome=|filmed by=|first reporter=|cause=گولی وجن کارن<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsaw.com/content/news/Endangered-gorilla-dies-at-Mexico-City-zoo-385955551.html |title=Endangered gorilla dies at Mexico City zoo |work=[[WKYT]] |via=[[Associated Press]] |author= |date=جولائی 8, 2016 |accessdate=29 مئی, 2021 |quote=The death comes after an international uproar over the gorilla Harambe was euthanized at the Cincinnati Zoo on 28 مئی, after a young boy fell into its enclosure.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.raintaxi.com/kill-all-normies-the-online-culture-wars-from-tumblr-and-4chan-to-the-alt-right-and-trump/ |title=Kill All Normies: The Online Culture Wars from Tumblr and 4chan to the Alt-Right and Trump |work=[[Rain Taxi]] |author=Alex Kies |date= |accessdate=29 مئی, 2021 |quote=Nagle posits that the Obama presidency’s veneer of reasoned sincerity led to the disingenuous clicktivism of the KONY 2012 movement and the social media vilification of the Cincinnati Zoo in the wake of their euthanizing Harambe the gorilla.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dayton247now.com/news/local/fairborn-woman-sees-child-fall-in-gorilla-exhibit |title=Fairborn woman sees child fall in gorilla exhibit |work=Dayton 24/7 |author=Rhonda Moore |date=29 مئی, 2016 |accessdate=29 مئی, 2021 |quote=A short time later, Harambe, the gorilla was euthanized.}}</ref>|also known as=|coordinates={{Coord|39.144684|N|84.510079|W|display=inline,title|type:landmark_source:Googlemaps_scale:5000}}|place=سنسناٹی زو اتے بوٹینکل گارڈن، ریاست ہائے متحدہ امریکہ|time=4:00 p.m. EDT|date={{start date and age|2016|5|28}}|caption=ویڈیو وچوں اک تصویر جتھے ہرامبے نے 3 ورھیاں دے منڈے نوں پھڑیا ہویا اے۔|image_name=Harambe with boy.jpg|notes=}}28 مئی، 2016 نوں، [[ ریاست ہائے متحدہ امریکہ]] دے سنسناٹی زو اتے بوٹینکل گارڈن وچ اک 3 ورھیاں دا منڈا اک گوریلے دے پنجرے وچ چلا گیا، جتھے اس نوں اک 17 ورھیاں دے گوریلے جس دا ناں ہرامبے سی اس نے پھڑ لیا اتے اس نوں ادھر-ادھر گھڑیسن لگ پیا۔ منڈے دی جان خطرے وچ ویکھدیاں چڑیا-گھر دے رکھوالے نے گولی مار کے ہرامبے دی قتل کر دتا۔ ایہہ واردات کیمرے وچ فلما لئی گئی جس نوں پوری دنیا نے ویکھیا اتے چڑیا-گھر دے رکھوالے دے گولی مارن والے فیصلے اُتے کئی سوال اٹھے۔ == پچھوکڑ == {{Infobox animal|name=ہرامبے|tricks=|namedafter="ہرامبے (ورکنگ ٹوگیدر فور فریڈم)"، ریٹا مارلے (دا گیت)|appearance=|height=|weight=199 کلو|children=|parents=|owner=|successor=|predecessor=|term=|title=|awards=|known=موت دے حالات|species=مغربی گورلا|years_active=|role=|employer=|occupation=|nationality=|resting_place_coordinates=|resting_place=|death_place=سنسناٹی زو اتے بوٹینکل گارڈن، سنسناٹی، اوہائیو، ریاست ہائے متحدہ امریکہ|death_date={{death date and age |2016|5|28|1999|5|27}}|birth_place=براؤنزول، ٹیکسس، ریاست ہائے متحدہ امریکہ|birth_date={{Birth date|1999|5|27}}|gender=مرد|breed=|website=}}ہرامبے دا جم 27 مئی، 1999 نوں گلیڈس پورٹر زو، براؤنزول [[ٹیکسس]] وچ ہویا۔ اس دا نام ڈین وین کوپینول ولوں رکھیا گیا سی۔ ایہہ ناں اس دے دماغ وچ ریٹا مارلے دا گیت "ہرامبے (ورکنگ ٹگیدر پھور پھریڈم)" سنن توں بعد آیا سی۔ 18 ستمبر، 2014 والے دن ہرامبے نوں سنسناٹی زو اتے بوٹینکل گارڈن وکھے لیاندا گیا۔ == واردات == 28 مئی، 2016 نوں، اک 3 ورھیاں دا منڈا جو کہ زو ویکھن آیا سی اوہ گوریلے دے پنجرے وچ ڈگّ گیا۔ گواہاں نے کیہا، کہ اوہناں نے منڈے نوں گوریلے دے پنجرے وچ جان لئی ضدّ کردا ویکھیا سی۔ پھر اس نے 3-فٹ اچی فینسّ ٹپی، پھر 4-فٹ چوڑیاں جھاڑیاں وچ رڑھدا ہویا 15-فٹ ڈونگھے پنجرے وچ ڈگّ گیا۔ چڑیا-گھر دے اہلکاراں نے اکدم تناں گوریلیاں نوں اندر جان لئی اشارہ کیتا، اتے 2 گوریلے اندر چلے گئے۔ پر جہڑا تیجا 199 کلو دا گوریلا، ہرامبے منڈے دی تفتیش کرن اس کول آ گیا۔ اگلے 10 منٹاں تک تماشبین لوکاں دیاں چیکاں سن-سن کے ہرامبے گھبرا گیا۔ اوہ بچے نوں کدے سہارا دندا اُتے کدے دھکہ مار کے کھڑے بچے نوں سٹّ دندا۔ ہرامبے نے بڑا ہی عجیب وطیرہ وکھایا-آپنییا آپ نوں وڈا وکھاؤنن لئی دوہیں لتاں اتے دوہیں بانہاں اُتے تردا۔ ہرامبے نے پھر منڈے نوں چکّ کے پاؤڑیاں چڑھ کے سکی زمین اُتے لے گیا۔ منڈے دی حالت کیہو جہی اے ایہہ نہ پتہ ہون کارن، چڑیا-گھر دے منصبداراں نے ہرامبے نوں گولی مارن دا فیصلہ لیا اتے اک ہی گولی نال اوہناں نے ہرامبے نوں موت دی نیند سلا دتا۔ چڑیا-گھر دے رکھوالیاں نے کیہا کہ گولی مارن ویلے منڈا ہرامبے دیاں لتاں دے گبھے سی۔ ہرامبے نوں اسدے 17ویں جم دن توں اک دن بعد ماریا گیا اتے اس منڈے نوں لگیاں سٹاں جانلیوا نہیں سن۔ == حوالے == {{حوالے}} ==باہولے جوڑ== * [http://www.riosmith.net/Zooindex.html Photos of Harambe at Gladys Porter Zoo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427111457/http://www.riosmith.net/Zooindex.html |date=2017-04-27 }} [[گٹھ:امریکہ]] tbnodhxlostd5ljomgmy13l0ycmzgts 0 131853 711459 710318 2026-09-22T05:48:26Z InternetArchiveBot 28598 Add 1 book for (20260922sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 711459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{معلومات-جھیل}}[[تصویر:Water-conservation-stamp-1960.jpg|thumb| متحدہ راج 1960 دی اکّ ڈاک ٹکٹ جو پانی دی سنبھال دی وکالت کر رہی اے۔]] '''پانی دی سنبھال''' (انگریزی وچ: '''Water conservation''') وچ [[تازہ پانی|تازے پانی]] دے [[قدرتی سروت|قدرتی سروتاں]] دا جاری پربندھن کرن لئی، پن (ہائیڈروسپھیئر) نوں بچاؤن لئی، اتے موجودہ اتے مستقبل دی انسانی پانی دی منگ نوں پورا کرن لئی ساریاں پالیسیاں، رننیتیاں اتے سرگرمیاں شامل ہن۔ آبادی، گھریلو سائز اتے ترقی اتے امیرتا سبھ اس نوں متأثر کردے ہن کہ پانی دی ورتوں کنی کیتی جاندی اے۔ [[آب و ہوا تبدیلی|موسم وچ تبدیلی]] مربعے کارکاں نے قدرتی پانی سروتاں اتے خاص کرکے اساری اتے کھیتی باڑی [[سنچائی]] اتے دباء ودھایا اے۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/water/conserve/|title=Water conservation « Defra|year=2013|website=defra.gov.uk|access-date=January 24, 2013|archive-date=دسمبر 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234032/http://archive.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/water/conserve/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> یو.ایس. دے بہت سارے شہراں نے پہلاں ہی بہت زیادہ کامیابی دے نال پانی سنبھال دے مقصد نال پالیسیاں لاگوُ کیتیاں ہن۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www3.epa.gov/watersense/docs/utilityconservation_508.pdf|title=Cases in Water Conservation: How Efficiency Programs Help Water Utilities Save Water and Avoid Costs|last=|first=|date=|website=EPA.gov|publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency|access-date=|archive-date=2017-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302010727/https://www3.epa.gov/watersense/docs/utilityconservation_508.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> پانی سنبھال دے یتناں دے مقصداں وچ شامل ہن: * آؤن والیاں پیڑھیاں لئی پانی دی اپلبدھتا نوں یقینی کرنا جتھے کسے ماحول نظام توں تازے پانی دی نکاسی اس دی قدرتی تبدیلی دی در توں ودھ نہیں ہندی۔ * واٹر پمپنگ، سپردگی اتے گندے پانی دے علاج دیاں سہولتاں وجوں توانائی دی سنبھال، اہم توانائی کھپت دی سنبھال کردی اے۔ عالمی دے کجھ خطیاں وچ بجلی دی کل کھپت دا 15% پانی پربندھن لئی وقف اے۔ * نواس تھاں جتھے انسانی پانی دی ورتوں نوں گھٹ توں گھٹ کرن نال مقامی جنگلی جیون اتے مائیگریٹ واٹرپھاؤل لئی تازے پانی دے نواس ستھاناں نوں سرکھیت رکھن وچ مدد ملدی اے، پر ایہہ پانی دی گنوتا وی سمبھالدی اے۔<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hermoso|first=Virgilio|last2=Abell|first2=Robin|last3=Linke|first3=Simon|last4=Boon|first4=Philip|date=2016|title=The role of protected areas for freshwater biodiversity conservation: challenges and opportunities in a rapidly changing world|journal=Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems|volume=26|issue=S1|pages=3–11|doi=10.1002/aqc.2681}}</ref> == رننیتیاں == پانی دی سنبھال (پانی بچاؤ) نوں لابھ پہنچاؤن والیاں پرمکھ سرگرمیاں اس پرکار ہن: # پانی دے نقصان، ورتوں اتے سروتاں دی بربادی وچ کوئی لابھکاری کمی۔<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Duane D. Baumann|last2=John J. Boland|last3=John H. Sims|date=April 1984|title=Water Conservation: The Struggle over Definition|url=https://archive.org/details/water-resources-research_1984-04_20_4/page/428|journal=Water Resources Research|volume=20|issue=4|pages=428–434|doi=10.1029/WR020i004p00428}}</ref> # پانی دی کوآلٹی نوں کوئی نقصان ہون توں پرہیز کرنا۔ # پانی دی ورتوں نوں گھٹاؤن جاں پانی دی لابھکاری ورتوں نوں ودھاؤن والے پانی پربندھن عوامل وچ سدھار۔<ref name="Vickers, Amy 2002">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofwateru0000vick_t2i9|title=Water Use and Conservation|last=Vickers|first=Amy|publisher=water plow Press|year=2002|isbn=978-1-931579-07-0|location=Amherst, MA|page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofwateru0000vick_t2i9/page/434 434]|author-link=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Geerts|first=S.|last2=Raes|first2=D.|year=2009|title=Deficit irrigation as an on-farm strategy to maximize crop water productivity in dry areas|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_agricultural-water-management_2009-09_96_9/page/1275|journal=Agric. Water Manage|volume=96|issue=9|pages=1275–1284|doi=10.1016/j.agwat.2009.04.009}}</ref> اک مکھ حکمت عملی اے مینھ دے پانی دی سنبھال۔<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Kumar Kurunthachalam|first=Senthil|year=2014|title=Water Conservation and Sustainability: An Utmost Importance.|url=|journal=Hydrol Current Res|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> چھپڑاں، جھیلاں، نہراں پٹنا، پانی بھنڈار دا پھلار کرنا اتے مینھ دے پانی نوں کٹھا کرن والیاں نکیاں اتے گھراں تے پھلٹریشن نظام لگاؤنا مینھ دے پانی دی کٹائی دے وکھ وکھ ڈھنگ ہن۔ بہت سارے دیساں وچ بہت سارے لوک صاف ستھرے ڈبے رکھدے ہن تاں جو اوہ اس نوں ابال کے پی سکن، جو لوڑونداں نوں پانی سپلائی کرن وچ فائدہ مند اے۔ سمبھالے اتے پھلٹرڈ مینھ دے پانی دی ورتوں پکھانے، گھریلو باغیچی، لان سنجائی اتے چھوٹے پیمانے دی کھیتی باڑی لئی کیتی جا سکدی اے۔ پانی دی سنبھال وچ اکّ ہور حکمت عملی دھرتی ہیٹھلے پانی دے سروتاں دی رکھیا اے۔ جدوں مینھ پیندا اے، کجھ پانی مٹی وچ گھسپیٹھ کر جاندا اے اتے زیر زمین ہو جاندے ہن۔<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nwrfc.noaa.gov/info/water_cycle/hydrology.cgi|title=Description of the Hydrologic Cycle|last=|first=|date=|website=nwrfc.noaa.gov/rfc/|publisher=NOAA River Forecast Center|access-date=|archive-date=2006-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427170539/http://www.nwrfc.noaa.gov/info/water_cycle/hydrology.cgi|dead-url=yes}}</ref> اس سنترپت علاقہ وچ پانی نوں دھرتی ہیٹھلا پانی کیہا جاندا اے۔ دھرتی ہیٹھلے پانی دے آلودہ ہون کارن دھرتی ہیٹھلے پانی دی سپلائی تازے پین والے پانی دے سروت وجوں نہیں ورتے جا سکدی اتے آلودہ دھرتی ہیٹھلے پانی دے قدرتی مڑ پیدا ہون وچ کئیں سال لگ سکدے ہن۔<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|url=http://www.groundwater.org/get-informed/groundwater/contamination.html|title=Potential threats to Groundwater|last=|first=|date=|website=groundwater.org/|publisher=The Groundwater Foundation|access-date=}}</ref> دھرتی ہیٹھلے پانی دے آلودہ ہون دے سنبھاوت سروتاں دیاں کجھ اداہرناں وچ سٹوریج ٹینکیاں، سیپٹک پرنالیاں، بے قابو خطرناک کوڑادان، لینڈپھلس، [[ہوا آلودگی|وایومنڈل دے آلودہ]]، کیمیائی مادےآں اتے [[سوڈیم کلورائیڈ|سڑک دے لون شامل ہن]]۔ دھرتی ہیٹھلے پانی دی دوشتتا نال تازے پانی دی مڑ بھرپائی گھٹ جاندی اے اس لئی دھرتی ہیٹھلے پانی دے سروتاں نوں آلودہ ہون توں بچا کے روکتھام کرن والے اپاء کرنا پانی دی سنبھال دا اہم پہلو اے۔<ref name=":12"/> پانی دی سنبھال لئی اکّ وادھو حکمت عملی دھرتی ہیٹھلے پانی دے سروتاں دی ورتوں دے ٹکاؤ طریقیاں دا مشق اے۔<ref name=":12"/> ہیٹھلا پانی گرتاکرشن کھچّ کارن وگدا اے اتے انت وچ جھرنیاں وچ نکل جاندا اے۔<ref name=":22"/> دھرتی ہیٹھلے پانی دے ودھیرے پمپنگ نال دھرتی ہیٹھلے پانی دے پدھر وچ کمی آؤندی اے اتے جے ایہہ جاری رہا تاں ایہہ سروت نوں ختم کر سکدا اے۔ دھرتی اتے اپرلی سطح دے پانی جڑے ہوئے ہن اتے دھرتی ہیٹھلے پانی دی زیادہ ورتوں گھٹ کر سکدی اے اتے، بہت ساریاں اداہرناں وچ، جھیلاں، ندیاں اتے ندیاں دی پانی سپلائی نوں گھٹا سکدی اے۔<ref name=":32"/> سمندری ساحلی علاقیاں وچ، دھرتی ہیٹھلے پانی دے ودھ پمپ لگاؤن نال کھارے پانی دی گھسپیٹھ ودھ سکدی اے جسدے نتیجے وجوں دھرتی ہیٹھلے پانی دی سپلائی گندی ہو جاندی اے۔ پانی دی سنبھال لئی دھرتی ہیٹھلے پانی دی ستھر ورتوں ضروری اے۔ == گھریلو کم == گھریلو واٹر ورکس ویبسائیٹ وچ گھریلو پانی دی سنبھال بارے فائدہ مند جانکاری اے۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.home-water-works.org|title=Water Usage Calculator, Water Conservation and Efficiency - Home Water Works|website=www.home-water-works.org}}</ref> اس مشہور وچار دے الٹ کہ پانی نوں بچاؤن دا سبھ توں بااثر ڈھنگ اے پانی دی ورتوں کرن والے ووہار نوں گھٹاؤنا (اداہرن وجوں، تھوڑھے جہے شاور لے کے)،<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Attari|first=Shahzeen Z.|date=26 February 2014|title=Perceptions of water use|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2014/02/26/1316402111|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=111|issue=14|pages=5129–34|doi=10.1073/pnas.1316402111|pmc=3986180|pmid=24591608|via=www.pnas.org}}</ref> ماہر سجھاء دیندے ہن کہ سبھ توں بااثر ڈھنگ نال پکھانیاں دی تھاں رکھنا اتے ریٹروپھٹنگ واشر اے؛ جویں کہ یو.ایس. وچ دو گھریلو انت دی ورتوں وچ لوگنگ مطالعہ ولوں درسایا گیا اے۔<ref>Mayer, P.W.; DeOreo, W.B.; Opitz, E.M.; Kiefer, J.C.; Davis, W.Y.; Dziegielewski, B.; & Nelson, J.O., 1999. Residential End Uses of Water. AWWARF and AWWA, Denver. http://www.waterrf.org/PublicReportLibrary/RFR90781_1999_241A.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329111254/http://www.waterrf.org/PublicReportLibrary/RFR90781_1999_241A.pdf |date=2017-03-29 }}</ref><ref name="REUW2">William B. DeOreo, Peter Mayer, Benedykt Dziegielewski, Jack Kiefer. 2016. Residential End Uses of Water, Version 2. [[Water Research Foundation]]. Denver, Colorado. http://www.waterrf.org/Pages/Projects.aspx?PID=4309 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707202244/http://www.waterrf.org/Pages/Projects.aspx?PID=4309 |date=2018-07-07 }}</ref> گھر وچ پانی بچاؤن والی تکنالوجی وچ شامل ہن: # گھٹ وہاء والے شاور ہیڈ کئی وار توانائی-کامیاب شاور ہیڈ کہندے ہن کیونکہ اوہ گھٹ توانائی دی وی ورتوں کردے ہن۔ # گھٹ فلش ٹائلٹ، کمپوسٹنگ ٹائلٹ اتے پخانہ بناؤن والے پکھانے۔ کمپوسٹنگ ٹائلٹ دا ترقی یافتہ دنیا وچ ناٹکی اثر اے، کیونکہ روائتی مغربی فلش [[پخانہ|ٹائلٹ]] پانی دی وڈی مقدار وچ ورتوں کردے ہن۔ # کیروما ولوں بنائے گئے دوہرا فلش ٹائلٹاں وچ پانی دے وکھ-وکھ پدھراں نوں فلش کرن لئی دو بٹن جاں ہینڈل شامل ہن۔ دوہرا فلش پکھانے روائتی پکھانیاں نالوں 67% گھٹ پانی دی ورتوں کردے ہن۔ # نل دے ایریئیٹر، جو گھٹ پانی دی ورتوں کردے ہوئے "گلہ کرن دی پربھاوشیلتا" بنائی رکھن لئی ودھیا بونداں وچ پانی دے پرواہ نوں توڑدے ہن۔ اکّ وادھو فائدہ ایہہ اے کہ اوہ ہتھاں اتے پکواناں نوں دھون ویلے چھٹے گھٹدے ہن۔ # کچے پانی دی پھلشنگ جتھے ٹائلٹ سمندر دے پانی جاں غیر-خالص پانی (جویں کہ گریواٹر) دی ورتوں کردے ہن۔ # گندے پانی دی مڑ ورتوں جاں ریسائیکلنگ پرنالیاں، جس نال اجازت ملدی اے: #* پھلشنگ ٹائلٹ جاں پانی دین والے بغیچیاں لئی سلیٹی پانی دی مڑ ورتوں۔ #* واٹر ٹریٹمینٹ پلانٹ وکھے شدھتا ولوں گندے پانی دی ریسائیکلنگ۔ ''گندہ پانی - مڑ ورتوں وی دیکھو۔'' # مینھ دے پانی دی سنبھال # اچّ مہارت والے [[کپڑے دھون والی مشین|کپڑے دھون والیاں مشیناں]]۔ # موسم بیسڈ سنچائی کنٹرولر۔ # گارڈن ہوز نوزل جو پانی نوں بند کر دیندے ہن جدوں اس دی ورتوں نہیں کیتی جا رہی اے، بجائے اکّ ہوز نوں چلن دیو۔ # واش بیسن وچ گھٹ وہاء دیاں ٹوٹیاں۔ # تیراکی تلإ کور کردا اے جو بھاپھاں نوں گھٹاؤندا اے اتے پانی، توانائی اتے کیمیائی خرچیاں نوں گھٹاؤن لئی پول دے پانی نوں گرم کر سکدا اے۔ # سوے چالت نل اکّ پانی دی سنبھال کرن والی نل اے جو کہ نل دے پانی دے کوڑے نوں ختم کردی اے۔ ایہہ ہتھاں دی ورتوں کیتے بغیر نل دی ورتوں نوں سوے چالت کردا اے۔ == وپاری کم == پانی بچاؤن والے بہت سارے آلہ (جویں کہ گھٹ فلش پکھانے) جو گھراں وچ فائدہ مند ہن کاروباری پانی دی بچت لئی وی فائدہ مند ہو سکدے ہن۔ کاروباراں لئی پانی بچاؤن والی ہور تکنالوجی وچ شامل ہن: * پانی رہت پشابخانے * پانی رہت کار دھونا * [[لالہیٹھ کرن|انپھراریڈّ]] جاں پیراں ولوں سنچالت ٹوٹیاں، جو کہ رسوئی جاں باتھروم وچ دھون لئی پانی دے چھوٹے پھٹیاں دی ورتوں کرکے پانی دی بچت کر سکدیاں ہن۔ * پریشرڈ واٹر جھاڑو، جس نوں پھٹپاتھاں نوں صاف کرن لئی ہوز دی بجائے ورتیا جا سکدا اے۔ * ایکس-ریس فلم پروسیسر مڑ-گیڑ پرنالیاں۔ * کولنگ ٹاور کنڈکوٹی کنٹرولر * ہسپتالاں اتے صحت سنبھال سہولتاں وچ ورتوں لئی پانی بچاؤن والی بھاپھ نرجیوکتا۔ * مینھ دے پانی دی سنبھال * واٹر ٹو واٹر ہیٹ ایکسچینجر۔ ● پانی قدرت == کھیتی باڑی کم == [[تصویر:PivotIrrigationOnCotton.jpg|right|thumb|216x216px| اوورہیڈّ سنچائی، مرکز پووٹ ڈزائین۔]] فصلاں دی سنچائی لئی، پانی دی مطابقت دا مطلب اے: واشپیکرن ہون کارن ہوئے نقصان نوں گھٹ کرنا، ودھ توں ودھ پیداوار دوران رنوپھ جاں سبسپھریس ڈرینیج۔ خاص فصلی سدھار دے کارکاں دے نال مرکب وچ اکّ بھاپھ دا تن استعمال کیتا جا سکدا اے کہ پودے دیاں ضرورتاں نوں پورا کرن لئی کنے پانی دی ضرورت اے۔ ہڑھاں دی سنچائی، سبھ توں پرانی اتے سبھ توں عام قسم، ونڈ وچ اکثر بہت اسمان ہندی اے، کیونکہ کسے کھیت دے کجھ حصیاں نوں ہور حصیاں وچ لوڑیندیاں مقداراں پہنچاؤن لئی ودھیرے پانی مل سکدا اے۔ اوورہیڈّ سنچائی، سینٹر-پووٹ جاں لیٹرل موونگ سپرنکلاں دی ورتوں کردیاں، بہت زیادہ برابر اتے ریگولیٹ ڈسٹریبِ پیٹرن دی سمبھاونا اے۔ ڈرپّ سنچائی سبھ توں مہنگی اتے گھٹ ورتی جاندی قسم اے، پر گھٹ نقصان دے نال پودے دیاں جڑھاں تک پانی پہنچاؤن دی اہلیت دی پیش کش کردا اے۔ حالانکہ، تپکے سنجائی تیزی نال کفایتی اے، خاص کر گھریلو باغیچی لئی اتے پانی دے ودھ رہے ریٹاں دے مدنظر۔ ٹرپ سنچائی دے ڈھنگاں دی ورتوں نال ہر سال سپرے کرن والیاں سنچائی پرنالیاں دی تھاں لین ویلے ہر سال 30,000 گیلن پانی دی بچت ہو سکدی اے۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www3.epa.gov/watersense/outdoor/tech.html|title=Water-Saving Technologies|last=|first=|date=|website=WaterSense: An EPA Partnership Program|publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency|access-date=|archive-date=2017-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214185923/https://www3.epa.gov/watersense/outdoor/tech.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> تپکے سنجائی دے سمان سستے اثردار ڈھنگ وی ہن جویں کہ بھجدیاں ہوزاں دی ورتوں جو کہ واشپیکرن نوں ختم کرن لئی ودھدے زریعہ وچ وی ڈبّ سکدی اے۔ جویں کہ سنچائی پرنالیاں نوں بدلنا اکّ مہنگا کم ہو سکدا اے، بچاء دے یتن اکثر موجودہ نظام دی مہارت نوں ودھاؤن 'تے مرتکز کردے ہن۔ اس وچ سنکچت مٹی نوں چوسن، ندی نوں روکن لئی کھالیاں بناؤن، اتے سنجائی دے کارجکرم نوں مطابق بناؤن لئی مٹی دی نمی اتے بارش سینسراں دی ورتوں شامل ہو سکدی اے۔<ref name="EPA-Conserve">{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/nps-conserve.html|title=How to Conserve Water and Use It Effectively|last=EPA|date=2010-01-13|website=|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2010-02-03}}</ref> عام طور تے مہارت وچ وڈے لابھ موجودہ سنجائی نظام دے ماپ اتے ودھیرے بااثر پربندھن ولوں ممکن ہن۔ 2011 دی یو.عین.ای.پی. گرین معیشت رپورٹ وچ کیہا گیا اے کہ “ہری کھاد، ملچنگ اتے فصلاں دی رہند-کھونہد اتے جانوراں دی کھاد دی مڑ ورتوں توں مٹی دے جیوک مادہ مٹی دی پانی سنبھالن دی گنجائش اتے مشقت بارش دوران پانی جذب کرن دی اہلیت نوں ودھاؤندے ہن”<ref>UNEP, 2011, Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication, www.unep.org/greeneconomy</ref> جو موسم وچ خشک ویلے دوران بارش اتے سنچائی دی ورتوں نوں مطابق بناؤن دا اکّ طریقہ اے۔ == پانی دی مڑ ورتوں == پانی دی گھاٹ دا پربندھن کرنا اکّ مشکل مسئلہ بن گئی اے۔ دنیا دی 40% توں ودھ آبادی اجیہے خطے وچ رہندی اے جتھے پانی دی منگ اس دی سپلائی توں ودھ جاندی اے۔ سپلائی اتے منگ وچالے اسنتلن دے نال نال موسم وچ تبدیلی اتے آبادی دے وادھے جہے مستقل مدعیاں دے نال، پانی نوں پانی دی سنبھال لئی اکّ ضروری ڈھنگ دی ورتوں کیتی گئی اے۔<ref>{{Cite book|title=Wastewater Reuse and Current Challenges - Springer|last=Fatta-Kassinos|first=Despo|last2=Dionysiou|first2=Dionysios D.|last3=Kümmerer|first3=Klaus|year=2016|isbn=978-3-319-23891-3|series=The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry|volume=44|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-23892-0}}</ref> گندے پانی دے علاج لئی کئی طریقیاں دی ورتوں کیتی جاندی اے تاں جو ایہہ یقینی کیتا جا سکے کہ کھان دیاں فصلاں اتے / جاں پین والے پانی دی سنچائی لئی اس دی ورتوں سرکھیت اے۔ سمندر دے پانی دے نکاس لئی تازے پانی دے نکاس نالوں ودھیرے توانائی دی ضرورت اے۔ اس دے باو جود، عالمی بھر وچ پانی دی گھاٹ دے جواب وچ بہت سارے سمندری پانی نکاس پلانٹ بنائے گئے ہن۔ ایہہ سمندری پانی دے نکاس دے اثراں دے ملانکن اتے ڈیسیلینیشن تکنالوجی نوں بہتر بناؤن دے طریقے لبھن لئی ضروری بناؤندا اے۔ حال کھوج وچ ڈیسیلینیشن دے بہت بااثر اتے گھٹ توں گھٹ توانائی دے تیبر طریقیاں نوں مقرر کرن لئی تجربات دی ورتوں شامل اے۔<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Elimelech|first=Menachem|last2=Phillip|first2=William A.|date=2011-08-05|title=The Future of Seawater Desalination: Energy, Technology, and the Environment|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/333/6043/712|journal=Science|language=en|volume=333|issue=6043|pages=712–717|doi=10.1126/science.1200488|issn=0036-8075|pmid=21817042}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Han|first=Songlee|last2=Rhee|first2=Young-Woo|last3=Kang|first3=Seong-Pil|date=2017-02-17|title=Investigation of salt removal using cyclopentane hydrate formation and washing treatment for seawater desalination|url=|journal=Desalination|volume=404|pages=132–137|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2016.11.016}}</ref> ریت دی پھلٹریشن اکّ ہور طریقہ اے جو پانی دے علاج لئی ورتیا جاندا اے۔ تازہ مطالعہ درساؤندے ہن کہ ریت دے پھلٹریشن نوں ہور سدھاراں دی ضرورت اے، پر ایہہ پانی توں جراسیماں نوں ہٹاؤن دی اپنی فعالیت دے نال اؤپٹیمائیزیشن دے نیڑے آ رہا اے۔<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Seeger|first=Eva M.|last2=Braeckevelt|first2=Mareike|last3=Reiche|first3=Nils|last4=Müller|first4=Jochen A.|last5=Kästner|first5=Matthias|date=2016-10-01|title=Removal of pathogen indicators from secondary effluent using slow sand filtration: Optimization approaches|url=|journal=Ecological Engineering|volume=95|pages=635–644|doi=10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.06.068}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vries|first=D.|last2=Bertelkamp|first2=C.|last3=Kegel|first3=F. Schoonenberg|last4=Hofs|first4=B.|last5=Dusseldorp|first5=J.|last6=Bruins|first6=J. H.|last7=de Vet|first7=W.|last8=van den Akker|first8=B.|year=2017|title=Iron and manganese removal: Recent advances in modelling treatment efficiency by rapid sand filtration|url=|journal=Water Research|volume=109|pages=35–45|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.032|pmid=27865171}}</ref> ریت دے پھلٹریشن پروٹوجوآ اتے بیکٹیریا نوں ہٹاؤن لئی بہت بااثر ہندے ہن، پر وائرساں نوں ہٹاؤن لئی جدوجہد کردے ہن۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/safewater/sand-filtration.html|title=Slow Sand Filtration|last=|first=|date=May 2, 2014|website=CDC.gov|access-date=}}</ref> وڈے پدھر 'تے ریت دے پھلٹریشن سہولتاں لئی وڈے سطح والے کھیتراں نوں وی مطابق بناؤن دی لوڑ ہندی اے۔ ریسائیکل کیتے پانی توں جراسیماں نوں کڈھنا اچّ ترجیح اے، کیونکہ گندے پانی وچ ہمیشہ جیوانو ہندے ہن جو منکھاں نوں سنکرمت کرن دے اہل ہندے ہن۔ ریسائیکل کیتے پانی لئی انسانی جن آبادی لئی کوئی خطرہ نہ بنن لئی جراثیم دے وائرساں دے پدھر نوں اکّ مقررہ پدھر تک گھٹاؤنا پیندا اے۔ علاج کیتے گندے پانی وچ جراثیم دے وائرس دے پدھر دا ملانکن کرن دے ہور صحیح طریقیاں نوں مقرر کرن لئی ہور کھوج ضروری اے۔<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gerba|first=Charles P.|last2=Betancourt|first2=Walter Q.|last3=Kitajima|first3=Masaaki|year=2017|title=How much reduction of virus is needed for recycled water: A continuous changing need for assessment?|url=|journal=Water Research|volume=108|pages=25–31|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.020|pmid=27838026}}</ref> == ایہہ وی ویکھو == * ال بیدا پروجیکٹ * پانی سروتاں تے برلن دے نیم * جیو سائنس دی سنبھال * اخلاقیات سنبھال * سنبھال لہر * سنچائی گھاٹ * ماحول دی لہر * ماحول دی سرکھیا * گرینپلائیبرس * ہائیڈروزوننگ * سوخم-استحکام * باہری پانی دی ورتوں متعلق پابندی * پین بھاف * پیک پانی * آبادی دا وادھا * متحدہ راج اتے کینیڈا وچ رہائشی پانی دی ورتوں * متحدہ راج وچ غیر-سرکاری پانی دی ورتوں * غیر-مالیا پانی * [[ٹکاؤ کھیتی باڑی]] * سہولت سبمیٹر * پانی کسکیڈ تجزیہ * پانی دا پیمانہ * واٹر پنچ * واٹر سینس - ای.پی.اے. سنبھال پروگرام * پانی دی ورتوں * پانی دی بربادی == حوالے == {{حوالے}} [[گٹھ:کھیتی باڑی]] [[گٹھ:ماحول]] 6sl1b4k0nk6ubhf3ijrkeoj15oyonsi 0 132770 711460 685599 2026-09-22T06:00:01Z ~2026-51032-23 45243 /* */ املا درست 711460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{اسلام|ہندوستانی مسلمانوں کی تحریک و تنظیم}} {{خانہ معلومات شخصیت|تنظیم}} '''جمیعت المعارف ہند''' بھارتی مسلمانوں کی ایک متحرک و فعال تحریک و تنظیم ہے جو متحدہ قومیت کا موقف اختیار کرتی ہیں۔<ref>جمیعت نمبر صفحہ 180مطبوعہ جمیعت نئی دھلی</ref> جمیعۃ المعارف ہند تعلیمی و تربیتی معیار کو بلند کرنے میں کوشاں ہیں جو مستقبل کی ضامن اور قومی اتحاد کا سر چشمہ اور اسلام کی زندہ روح و قوت عمل کا گہوارہ و اہل اسلام کے لئے ہدایت و رہنمائی کی شمعیں روشن کرنے میں ایک مقام رکھتی ہیں۔ <ref>مختصر تاریخ ہند صفحہ 44 مورخ مولوی سید محمد رفیع کمہیڑہ</ref> {{اصل مضمون |اغراض و مقاصد}} == اغراض و مقاصد == # اسلام شعائر اسلام اور مسلمانوں کے مآثرومعابد کی حفاظت۔ # مسلمانوں کے مذہبی، تعلیمی، تمدنی، اور شہری حقوق کی تحصیل و حفاظت۔ # ایسے اداروں کا قیام جو مسلمانوں کی تعلیمی، تہذیبی، سماجی اقتصادی اور معاشرتی (سوشل) زندگی کی ترقی و استحکام کا ذریعہ ہوں۔ # اسلامی تعلیمات کی روشنی میں انڈین یونین کے مختلف فرقوں کے درمیان میل جول پیدا کرنا اور اس کو مضبوط کرنے کی کوشش کرنا۔ # علوم عربیہ و اسلامیہ کا احیاء اور زمانہ حال کے مقتضیات کے مطابق نظام کا اجراء۔ # تعلیمی اسلامی کی نشرواشاعت۔ # اسلامی اوقاف کی تنظیم و حفاظت۔ <ref>تاریخ جمیعت علماء معارف الھند صفحہ 44 اشاعت جمیعۃ نئی دھلی</ref> {{اصل مضمون |خدمات}} === خدمات === # ملی مسائل کے حل کے لئے اجتماعی و انفرادی کوششیں اور کانفرنسوں کا انعقاد۔ # آفاتی ناگہانی پر ریلیف۔ # مدارس و مساجد کی تعمیر اور ان کی نگرانی۔ # تعلیمی طائف (اسکولر شپ)۔ # مدرسہ عربیہ اہل بیت (پرائیویٹ بورڈ)۔ # جھوجہ ایشوشی ایشن (عصری تعلیمی اداروں کا قیام اور تعمیر اور انکی نگرانی)۔ # انڈین یونٹس پارٹی (سیاسی رہنمائی)۔ # جمیعۃ المعارف کی نگرانی میں واٹ پیڈیا (تحقیقی رپورٹیں اور اشاعت کے ذریعے مسلمانوں کی ترجمانی)۔<ref>نوائے حق اردو ہفت روزہ اخبار شمارہ دس صفحہ 4</ref> == حوالے == {{حوالے}} {{اسلام|ہندوستانی مسلمانوں کی فعال تحریک و تنظیم}} [[گٹھ:ہندوستانی مسلمانوں کی تنظیم]] [[گٹھ:جمیعت علماء معارف الھند]] 4tvnd4d3nr2a3o8uu921b2uv7idlr0b 3 138566 711444 681519 2026-09-21T16:44:49Z Mfield 43245 Mfield پلٹی صفحہ [[ورتن گل بات:獅眠洞]] توں [[ورتن گل بات:Be4ore27]]: ؜Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/獅眠洞|獅眠洞]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Be4ore27|Be4ore27]]" 681519 wikitext text/x-wiki ==جی آیاں نوں!== <font size="4"> السلام و علیکم! {{صفحہ}}، تے پنجابی وکیپیڈیا تے جی آیاں نوں ــ تہاڈے کَماں دا شکریہ ــ اسیں امید کردے آں کہ تہانوں اے جگہ پسند آئی ہوئے گی، تے تسی ایتھے رُکن دا فیصلہ کیتا ہوئے گا ــ ایتھے کچھ صفحے نیں جِتھے تُسی نظر مار لؤ تے (شاید) تہاڈے واسطے وکیپیڈیا چ بہتر ثابت ہوݨ: * '''[[وکیپیڈیا:پنج تھم|وکیپیڈیا دے پنج تھم]]''' * '''[[وکیپیڈیا:صفحے نوں کیویں بدلیئے|صفحے نوں کیویں بدلیئے]]''' * '''[[وکیپیڈیا:مددآلے صفحے|مددآلے صفحے]]''' * '''[[وکیپیڈیا:سبق|سبق]]''' * '''[[وکیپیڈیا:چنگا مضمون کیویں لکھیئے|چنگا مضمون کیویں لکھیئے]]''' * '''[[وکیپیڈیا:کم کرن دا وَل|کم کرن دا وَل]]'''<br> * تے اگر تسی وکیپیڈیا تے نیا صفحہ لکھنا چوندے او تے جاؤ '''[[وکیپیڈیا:صفحہ لکھاری|صفحہ لکھاری]]''' تےــ<br> میربانی کر کے گلاں دے صفحے چ اے نشان پاؤ: (~&#126;~~)، اے اپنے آپ ای تہاڈا ناں تے کم دی تریخ پاء دیوے گا۔<br> جے تہانوں کسی مدد دی لوڑ ہووے تے میری گلاں دے صفحے تے میرے کولوں پوچھ لو یا فیر اپنی گلاں دے صفحے تے '''<code>{&#123;مدد کرو}}</code>''' لکھ کے چھڈ دیؤ۔ کوئی وی تہاڈے سوال دا جواب دے سکتا وا۔ اک واری فیر، جی آیاں نوں!</font> --[[ورتنوالا:KaleemBot|KaleemBot]] ([[ورتن گل بات:KaleemBot|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/KaleemBot|کم]]) ۱۴:۱۷, ۱ فروری ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) bmc36ugnw1dei11k6io5ok4s43krk2c 3 139635 711461 691565 2026-09-22T06:40:03Z S.Marchenko 44978 S.Marchenko پلٹی صفحہ [[ورتن گل بات:Fotrus]] توں [[ورتن گل بات:IRAN]]: ؜Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Fotrus|Fotrus]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/IRAN|IRAN]]" 685357 wikitext text/x-wiki ==جی آیاں نوں!== <font size="4"> السلام و علیکم! {{صفحہ}}، تے پنجابی وکیپیڈیا تے جی آیاں نوں ــ تہاڈے کَماں دا شکریہ ــ اسیں امید کردے آں کہ تہانوں اے جگہ پسند آئی ہوئے گی، تے تسی ایتھے رُکن دا فیصلہ کیتا ہوئے گا ــ ایتھے کچھ صفحے نیں جِتھے تُسی نظر مار لؤ تے (شاید) تہاڈے واسطے وکیپیڈیا چ بہتر ثابت ہوݨ: * '''[[وکیپیڈیا:پنج تھم|وکیپیڈیا دے پنج تھم]]''' * '''[[وکیپیڈیا:صفحے نوں کیویں بدلیئے|صفحے نوں کیویں بدلیئے]]''' * '''[[وکیپیڈیا:مددآلے صفحے|مددآلے صفحے]]''' * '''[[وکیپیڈیا:سبق|سبق]]''' * '''[[وکیپیڈیا:چنگا مضمون کیویں لکھیئے|چنگا مضمون کیویں لکھیئے]]''' * '''[[وکیپیڈیا:کم کرن دا وَل|کم کرن دا وَل]]'''<br> * تے اگر تسی وکیپیڈیا تے نیا صفحہ لکھنا چوندے او تے جاؤ '''[[وکیپیڈیا:صفحہ لکھاری|صفحہ لکھاری]]''' تےــ<br> میربانی کر کے گلاں دے صفحے چ اے نشان پاؤ: (~&#126;~~)، اے اپنے آپ ای تہاڈا ناں تے کم دی تریخ پاء دیوے گا۔<br> جے تہانوں کسی مدد دی لوڑ ہووے تے میری گلاں دے صفحے تے میرے کولوں پوچھ لو یا فیر اپنی گلاں دے صفحے تے '''<code>{&#123;مدد کرو}}</code>''' لکھ کے چھڈ دیؤ۔ کوئی وی تہاڈے سوال دا جواب دے سکتا وا۔ اک واری فیر، جی آیاں نوں!</font> --[[ورتنوالا:KaleemBot|KaleemBot]] ([[ورتن گل بات:KaleemBot|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/KaleemBot|کم]]) ۲۱:۴۵, ۴ اپریل ۲۰۲۵ (PKT) 70mmxa3t5e1g8qrqgqkjbre64q3ihti 3 144021 711463 699223 2026-09-22T08:19:47Z S.Marchenko 44978 S.Marchenko پلٹی صفحہ [[ورتن گل بات:Shadabgdg]] توں [[ورتن گل بات:Shadab]]: ؜Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Shadabgdg|Shadabgdg]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Shadab|Shadab]]" 699223 wikitext text/x-wiki ==جی آیاں نوں!== <font size="4"> السلام و علیکم! {{صفحہ}}، تے پنجابی وکیپیڈیا تے جی آیاں نوں ــ تہاڈے کَماں دا شکریہ ــ اسیں امید کردے آں کہ تہانوں اے جگہ پسند آئی ہوئے گی، تے تسی ایتھے رُکن دا فیصلہ کیتا ہوئے گا ــ ایتھے کچھ صفحے نیں جِتھے تُسی نظر مار لؤ تے (شاید) تہاڈے واسطے وکیپیڈیا چ بہتر ثابت ہوݨ: * '''[[وکیپیڈیا:پنج تھم|وکیپیڈیا دے پنج تھم]]''' * '''[[وکیپیڈیا:صفحے نوں کیویں بدلیئے|صفحے نوں کیویں بدلیئے]]''' * '''[[وکیپیڈیا:مددآلے صفحے|مددآلے صفحے]]''' * '''[[وکیپیڈیا:سبق|سبق]]''' * '''[[وکیپیڈیا:چنگا مضمون کیویں لکھیئے|چنگا مضمون کیویں لکھیئے]]''' * '''[[وکیپیڈیا:کم کرن دا وَل|کم کرن دا وَل]]'''<br> * تے اگر تسی وکیپیڈیا تے نیا صفحہ لکھنا چوندے او تے جاؤ '''[[وکیپیڈیا:صفحہ لکھاری|صفحہ لکھاری]]''' تےــ<br> میربانی کر کے گلاں دے صفحے چ اے نشان پاؤ: (~&#126;~~)، اے اپنے آپ ای تہاڈا ناں تے کم دی تریخ پاء دیوے گا۔<br> جے تہانوں کسی مدد دی لوڑ ہووے تے میری گلاں دے صفحے تے میرے کولوں پوچھ لو یا فیر اپنی گلاں دے صفحے تے '''<code>{&#123;مدد کرو}}</code>''' لکھ کے چھڈ دیؤ۔ کوئی وی تہاڈے سوال دا جواب دے سکتا وا۔ اک واری فیر، جی آیاں نوں!</font> --[[ورتنوالا:KaleemBot|KaleemBot]] ([[ورتن گل بات:KaleemBot|گل بات]] • [[خاص:Contributions/KaleemBot|کم]]) ۰۹:۴۵, ۲۲ جنوری ۲۰۲۶ (PKT) h81kitvww221mo3dyb690e7a2v0lr97 0 149688 711452 711092 2026-09-22T04:55:22Z InternetArchiveBot 28598 Add 1 book for (20260922sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 711452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Military Conflict|conflict=فلپائن دا انقلاب|image={{multiple image |total_width=290 |perrow=2 |align=center |background color=none |image1=UltimosFilipinas.jpg |width1=3789|height1=2705 |image3=Insurgent_soldiers_in_the_Philippines_1899.jpg |width3=633|height3=465 |image4=Malolos congress.jpg |width4=600|height4=386 |image5=Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato_Filipino_negotiators.JPG |width5=1740|height5=1017 |image6=Battle of Zapote Bridge 1897.jpg |width6=2560|height6=1439}}'''اوپر کھبے پاسے توں گھڑی دی سمت:''' [[بیلر دا محاصرہ]] دے بعد [[بارسلونا]] وچ ہسپانوی فوجیاں دی زندہ بچنا، انقلاب دے نیڑے دے اختتام دے دوران فلپائنی فوجی، [[بیاک-نا-باتو دہ معاہدہ]] لئی فلپائنی مذاکرات کار، [[زپوٹی پل دی لڑائی (189]] دی پینٹنگ، تے زاپو دی لڑائی [[مالولوس کانگریس]]|date=اگست 26, 1896 – جنوری 23, 1899<br />{{small|({{Age in years and months|1896|08|23|1899|01|23}})}} {{efn|فلپائنی انقلاب سپین دے خلاف آزادی دی جنگ سی، جس دا اختتام ہسپانوی حکومت دے خاتمے تے 1899ء چ پہلی فلپائنی جمہوریہ دے اعلان تے ہویا۔ ایہ فلپائنی امریکی جنگ توں وکھ اے، جہڑی 1899ء چ ہوئی، تے امریکہ نوں خود مختاری دی منتقلی۔}}|result=غیر حتمی{{efn|[[ہسپانوی-امریکی جنگ]] نے غیر حل شدہ انقلاب وچ مداخلت کیتی۔ فلپائن دی آزادی قائم کرن لئی انقلابیاں دیاں کوششاں [[پیرس دا معاہدہ (1898)|پیرس دا معاہدہ]] تے دستخط کرن دے بعد ناکام رہیاں، جس نال سپین تے امریکہ دے وچکار جنگ ختم ہو گئی۔ فلپائن، پورٹو ریکو تے گوام تے ہسپانوی خودمختاری نوں امریکہ منتقل کر دتا گیا۔ مذکورہ معاہدے دی توثیق توں تھوڑی دیر پہلے ایہ غیر حل شدہ انقلاب فیر [[فلپائن – امریکی جنگ]] وچ تبدیل ہو گیا۔}} * [[فلپائن دا اعلان آزادی|فلپائن دی آزادی]] اعلان کیتا گیا لیکن تسلیم نئیں کیتا گیا * [[پہلا فلپائن جمہوریہ]] قائم * [[فلپائن-امریکی جنگ]] تھوڑی دیر بعد شروع ہوئی|territory=[[معاہدہ پیرس (1898)|پیرس دا معاہدہ]] دے ذریعے سپین ولوں [[امریکہ]] نوں [[امریکہ]] نوں سونپنا۔ * [[منیلا]] تے بندرگاہ شہر [[کاوٹے شہر|کاویٹے ایل نووو]] دے علاوہ فلپائن دے سارے علاقےآں تے فلپائنیاں دا کنٹرول اے۔|combatant1='''1896–1897'''<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Katipunan.svg|20px}} [[کاٹیپونان]] *{{flagicon image|Battle Flag of Tagalog Republic.svg|size=22px}} [[تگالوگ جمہوریہ#بونیفاسیو|خود مختار تگالوگ قوم]] {{small|(مارچ 1897 تک)}} *{{flagicon image|Flag of the Sovereign Tagalog Nation.svg}}[[ٹیجیروس کنونشن|ٹیجیروس حکومت]] {{small|(مارچ-نومبر 1897)}} *{{flagicon image|Flag of the Biak-na-Bato.svg}}[[جمہوریہ بیاک نا باتو]]{{small|(نومبر-دسمبر 1897)}}|combatant1a='''1898'''<br />{{flagdeco|First Philippine Republic}} [[فلپائنی انقلابی فوج|فلپائنی انقلابیاں]] * {{flagdeco|First Philippine Republic}}[[فلپائن دی آمرانہ حکومت|آمرانہ حکومت]] (مئی–جون) * {{flagdeco|First Philippine Republic}} [[فلپائن دی انقلابی حکومت|انقلابی حکومت]] (جون توں) {{flag|United States|1896}} (مئی) <!-- اگوینالڈو تے دوجے انقلابی رہنماواں نو جلاوطنی توں واپس فلپائن منتقل کرن دا عمل انقلاب اچ شرکت دے طور تے لینا -->|combatant2='''1896–1897'''<br />{{flagcountry|Restoration (Spain)}} *{{flagdeco|Philippines|1875}} [[فلپائن دا کپٹینسی جنرل]] **[[فلپائنی انقلاب وچ پامپانگا|صوبہ لا پامپانگا]]|combatant2a='''1898'''<br /> {{flagcountry|Restoration (Spain)}} *{{flagdeco|Philippines|1875}} [[فلپائن دا کپٹینسی جنرل]] **[[فلپائنی انقلاب وچ پامپانگا|صوبہ لا پامپانگا]]|combatant1b='''1899'''<br /> {{flag|First Philippine Republic|name=Philippine Republic}} * {{flagicon image|Flag of the Negros Republic.svg}} [[نیگروس جمہوریہ]] {{flagicon image|Purported_flag_of_the_Republic_of_Zamboanga.svg}} [[جمہوریہ زامبوانگا|زمبوانگا جمہوریہ]]|combatant2b='''1899'''<br /> {{flag|United States|1896}} * {{flagdeco|United States|1896}}[[فلپائن جزائر دی فوجی سرکار|فوجی سرکار]] (1899–1901) * {{flagdeco|United States|1896}} [[فلپائن جزائر دی انسولر حکومت|انسولر گورنمنٹ]] (1901–1902)|commander1={{collapsible list|title={{nowrap|''See list''}} | {{flagicon image|Flag of Katipunan.svg|20px}}{{flagicon image|Flag of the Sovereign Tagalog Nation.svg|size=22px}} [[Andrés Bonifacio]]{{Executed}} | {{flagicon image|Flag of Katipunan.svg|20px}}{{flagdeco|First Philippine Republic}} [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] | {{flagicon image|Flag of Katipunan.svg|20px}}{{flagicon image|Flag of the Sovereign Tagalog Nation.svg|size=22px}} [[Román Basa]]{{Executed}} | {{flagicon image|Flag of Katipunan.svg|20px}}{{flagicon image|Flag of the Sovereign Tagalog Nation.svg|size=22px}} [[Teodoro Plata]]{{Executed}} | {{flagicon image|Flag of Katipunan.svg|20px}}{{flagicon image|Flag of the Sovereign Tagalog Nation.svg|size=22px}} [[Ladislao Diwa]] | {{flagicon image|Flag of Katipunan.svg|20px}}{{flagicon image|Flag of the Sovereign Tagalog Nation.svg|size=22px}} [[Emilio Jacinto]] | {{flagicon image|Flag of Katipunan.svg|20px}}{{flagicon image|Flag of the Sovereign Tagalog Nation.svg|size=22px}} [[Gregoria de Jesús]] | {{flagicon image|Flag of Katipunan.svg|20px}}{{flagicon image|Flag of the Sovereign Tagalog Nation.svg|size=22px}} [[Julio Nakpil]] | {{flagicon image|Flag of Katipunan.svg|20px}}{{flagicon image|Flag of the Sovereign Tagalog Nation.svg|size=22px}} [[Macario Sakay]] | {{flagicon image|Flag of Katipunan.svg|20px}}{{flagicon image|Flag of the Sovereign Tagalog Nation.svg|size=22px}} [[Mariano Álvarez]] | {{flagicon image|Flag of Katipunan.svg|20px}}{{flagdeco|First Philippine Republic}} [[Mariano Trías]] | {{flagicon image|Flag of Katipunan.svg}}{{flagdeco|First Philippine Republic}} [[Santiago Álvarez (general)|Santiago Álvarez]] | {{flagicon image|Flag of Katipunan.svg|20px}}{{flagdeco|First Philippine Republic}} [[Baldomero Aguinaldo]] | {{flagicon image|Flag of Katipunan.svg}}{{flagdeco|First Philippine Republic}} [[Miguel Malvar]] | {{flagicon image|Flag of Katipunan.svg}}{{flagdeco|First Philippine Republic}} [[Artemio Ricarte]] | {{flagicon image|Flag of Katipunan.svg|20px}}{{flagdeco|First Philippine Republic}} [[Pío del Pilar]] | {{flagicon image|Flag of Katipunan.svg|20px}}{{flagdeco|First Philippine Republic}} [[Tomás Mascardo]] | {{flagicon image|Flag of Katipunan.svg|20px}}{{flagdeco|First Philippine Republic}} [[Gregorio del Pilar]] | {{flagicon image|Flag of Katipunan.svg|20px}}{{flagdeco|First Philippine Republic}} [[Francisco Macabulos]] | {{flagicon image|Flag of Katipunan.svg}}{{flagdeco|First Philippine Republic}} [[Teresa Magbanua]] | {{flagicon image|Flag of Katipunan.svg}}{{flagdeco|First Philippine Republic}} [[Pantaleon Villegas|Pantaleón Villegas]] {{Assassinated}} | {{flagicon image|Flag of Katipunan.svg|20px}}{{flagdeco|First Philippine Republic}} [[Arcadio Maxilom]] | {{flagicon image|Flag of Katipunan.svg|20px}}{{Flagicon image|Negrense revolution banner.svg}} [[Aniceto Lacson]] | {{flagdeco|United States|1896}} [[George Dewey]] | {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|United States|1896}} [[Wesley Merritt]]}}}}|commander2={{collapsible list|title={{nowrap|''See list''}} | {{flagdeco|Spain|1785}} [[Ramón Blanco y Erenas|Ramón Blanco]] | {{flagdeco|Spain|1785}} [[Camilo de Polavieja]] | {{flagdeco|Spain|1785}} [[Fernando Primo de Rivera]] | {{flagdeco|Spain|1785}} [[Basilio Augustín]] | {{flagdeco|Spain|1785}} [[Fermin Jáudenes]] | {{flagdeco|Spain|1785|23px}} [[Diego de los Ríos]] | {{flagdeco|Spain|1785|23px}} [[José Olaguer Feliú]] | {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Spain|1785}} [[José de Lachambre]]}}}}|strength1='''1896:'''<br />100,000<ref name=Katipunanmanpower1>{{cite web|title=Revisiting Bonifacio's controversial history|url=https://read.thebenildean.org/2020/11/revisiting-bonifacios-controversial-history|access-date=December 4, 2021}}</ref><ref name=Katipunanmanpower2>{{cite web|title=Recognition sought for Bonifacio as 1st Tagalog Republic president|date=November 29, 2013|publisher=[[The Manila Times]]|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2013/11/29/news/top-stories/recognition-sought-for-bonifacio-as-1st-tagalog-republic-president/56790|access-date=December 4, 2021|url-access=subscription}}</ref>–400,000<ref name=Katipunanmanpower3>{{cite web|title=Why We Remember Andres Bonifacio, Father of the Brave, Every November 30th|url=https://www.tatlerasia.com/power-purpose/ideas-education/why-filipinos-celebrate-bonifacio-day|access-date=July 12, 2024}}</ref><ref name="leroy">{{cite book| last = LeRoy| first = James| author-link =| title = The Americans in the Philippines: A History of the Conquest and First Years of Occupation, with an Introductory Account of the Spanish Rule| publisher = CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform| year = 1914| pages= 85| isbn = 1548813206}}</ref>|strength2='''1896:'''<br />26,622 افراد{{Sfn|Tuñon de Lara|1974|p=296}}|casualties1=≈ 28,646 ایکشن وچ مرے{{KIA}} یا زخماں نال مرے{{DOW}}<ref name=johngates1984>{{cite journal | doi=10.2307/3639234 | jstor=3639234 | last1=Gates | first1=John M. | title=War-Related Deaths in the Philippines, 1898-1902 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pacific-historical-review_1984-08_53_3/page/367 | journal=Pacific Historical Review | date=1984 | volume=53 | issue=3 | pages=367–378 }}</ref><br />ہور وی کئی بیماری پاروں مرے<ref name=cloudfelter2015 />|casualties2=260 ایکشن وچ مرے {{KIA}} ءچ 920 ایکشن وچ زخمی {{WIA}} {{Sfn|Tuñon de Lara|1974|p=296}}<br />ہور وی کئی بیماری پاروں مرے<ref name=cloudfelter2015 />|casualties3=ہسپانوی فوجیاں تے کاٹیپونان دے ظلماں توں کئی فلپائنی شہری ہلاک ہو گئے<ref name=johngates1984 />}}  '''فلپائنی انقلاب''' {{Efn|({{langx|fil|Himagsikang Pilipino}} or {{lang|fil|Rebolusyong Pilipino}}; {{langx|es|Revolución Filipina}} or {{lang|es|Guerra Tagala}})<ref>{{cite book|author=Alexander M. Bielakowski|title=Ethnic and Racial Minorities in the U.S. Military: A-L|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ufJEa6u3BcC|year=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-427-6|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5ufJEa6u3BcC&dq=%22tagalog+war%22&pg=PA204 204]}}</ref>}} 1896ء توں 1898ء تک [[سلطنت ہسپانیہ|ہسپانوی سلطنت]] دے خلاف انقلابی تنظیم [[کاٹیپونان]] دی آزادی دی جنگ سی ۔ ایہ جزیرہ نما وچ سپین دے 333 سالہ نوآبادیات‏ی حکمرانی دا اختتام سی۔ فلپائن ہسپانوی سلطنت دی آخری وڈی کالونیاں چوں اک سی، جہڑی 1820 دی دہائی چ پہلے ای وڈے پیمانے تے زوال دا شکار ہو چکی سی۔ کیوبا نے 1895 وچ بغاوت کیتی ، تے 1898 وچ، امریکہ نے [[ہسپانوی–امریکی جنگ|مداخلت کیتی]] تے ہسپانویاں نے جلدی ای ہار من لئی۔ جون چ، فلپائنی انقلابیاں نے آزادی دا اعلان کیتا ۔ تاہم، اس نوں سپین نے تسلیم نئیں کیتا، جس نے پیرس دے معاہدے چ جزیرے امریکہ نوں ویچ دتے سن۔ [[آندرے بونیفیسو]] دی اگوائی چ، کاٹیپون 1892 چ نوزائیدہ [[لا لیگا فلپائن]] دے تناظر چ خفیہ طور تے تشکیل دتا گیا سی، اک تنظیم جہڑی فلپائنی قوم پرست جوز ریزال تے سپین چ فلپائن دی نمائندگی دے مقصد نال سپین چ بنائی گئی سی۔ کاٹیپون نے جلدی ای جزیریاں تے اثر و رسوخ حاصل کر لیا، تے اک مسلح انقلاب دی کوشش کیتی۔ تاہم، اوہ انقلاب اگست 1896 وچ منیلا وچ ہسپانوی حکام ولوں دریافت ہون تے ویلے توں پہلاں شروع ہو گیا۔ تنظیم نے جلدی ای کالوکان چ سپین دے خلاف جنگ دا اعلان کر دتا ۔ <ref name="guererro1">{{Citation|title=Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution|year=1996}}</ref> ابتدائی لڑائیاں تے جھڑپاں خود بونیفیسو د‏‏ی سربراہی وچ [[منیلا]] دے دارالحکومت دے محاصرے دے ارد گرد مرکوز سن ، جو بالآخر ناکام رہیا۔ تاہم، گوانڈھی صوبیاں دے انقلابیاں نے بہتر کارکردگی دا مظاہرہ کیتا، خاص طور تے کیویٹے چ، جتھے ماریانو الوارز تے کزن بالڈومیرو تے ایمیلیو اگینالڈو دی اگوائی چ باغیاں نے ابتدائی وڈی فتوحات حاصل کیتیاں۔ کامیابی وچ ایہ تفاوت، متعدد عوامل دے نال، کٹیپون دی قیادت دے اندروں حتمی طاقت دی جدوجہد وچ حصہ پایا۔ دو دھڑے بنے: بونیفیسو دا مگڈیوانگ تے اگینالڈو دا مگڈلو ۔ اس جدوجہد دا اختتام 1897 دے ٹیجیروس دے انتخابات وچ ہویا ، جس وچ ایمیلیو اگینالڈو نو ''[[wiktionary:in absentia|غیر حاضری]]'' وچ صدر منتخب کیتا گیا۔ بونیفیسو نے میگڈلو دے اک ممبر دے سیکرٹری داخلہ دے طور تے اپنے انتخاب تے سوال چُکن دے بعد نتائج نو کالعدم قرار دتا۔ اس دے نتیجے وچ اک تفرقہ پیدا ہويا ، جس وچ بونیفیسو دے حامیاں نے الزام عائد کيتا کہ انتخابات دھوکے تو‏ں سن ، بونیفیسو نے خود نتائج نو‏‏ں تسلیم کرنے تو‏ں انکار کردتا۔ اپریل 1897 وچّ، اگینالڈو نے بونیفیسو نوں گرفتار کرن دا حکم دتا۔ ماراگونڈن وچ اک مقدمہ چلایا گیا، جتھے میگڈلو دی اگوائی والی جیوری نے بونیفیسو تے اوہدے بھرا پروکوپیو نوں غداری دا مجرم قرار دتا تے اوہناں دوواں نوں موت دی سزا سنائی۔ قومی ایکتا دی خاطر سزا گھٹاؤن دے مطالبیاں دے باو جود، بھائیاں نوں مئی 1897 وچ پھانسی دے دتی گئی۔ اس سال دے آخر چ، اگینالڈو دی حکومت تے ہسپانوی حکام نے بیاک نا باٹو دے معاہدے تے دستخط کیتے، جس نے عارضی طور تے دشمنی نو گھٹ کیتا۔ فلپائنی انقلابی افسراں نے اپنے آپ نو ہانگ کانگ جلاوطن کر دتا۔ تاہم، دشمنی کدی وی مکمل طور تے ختم نئیں ہوئی۔ اپریل 1898 نوں ہوانا ہاربر چ یو ایس ایس مین دے ڈُبن مگروں امریکہ نے [[ہسپانوی سلطنت]] دے خلاف جنگ دا اعلان کیتا تے ہسپانوی امریکی جنگ شروع ہو گئی۔ <ref>{{Cite book|title=Disasters and Tragic Events: An Encyclopedia of Catastrophes in American History|date=March 2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=165}}</ref> یکم مئی نوں، امریکی بحریہ دے ایشیائی سکواڈرن نے ، جارج ڈیوی دی اگوائی چ، منیلا بے دی لڑائی چ ہسپانوی بحریہ نوں فیصلہ کن طور تے شکست دتی، جس نے منیلا دے آلے دوالے دے علاقے دا موثر کنٹرول حاصل کر لیا۔ 19 مئی نو‏‏ں ، اگینالڈو ، جو غیر سرکاری طور اُتے امریک‏‏ا دے نال اتحاد کردا سی ، فلپائن واپس آیا تے اس نے ہسپانویاں دے خلاف دوبارہ حملے شروع کیتے۔ جون تک ، باغیاں نے تقریبا پورے دیہی علاقےآں اُتے کنٹرول حاصل کرلیا سی ، جدو‏ں کہ شہر ہسپانوی کنٹرول وچ رہے سن ۔ جون نوں، اگینالڈو نے کوئٹ چ فلپائن دا اعلان آزادی جاری کیتا۔ <ref>{{Cite book|title=World and Its Peoples: Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Brunei|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|page=1181}}</ref> اگرچہ ایہ انقلاب د‏‏ی اختتام د‏‏ی تاریخ نو‏‏ں ظاہر کردا سی ، لیکن نہ تاں سپین تے نہ ہی ریاستہائے متحدہ نے فلپائن د‏‏ی آزادی نو‏‏ں تسلیم کيتا۔ <ref>{{Cite book|title=Empire's Proxy: American Literature and U.S. Imperialism in the Philippines|publisher=NYU Press|page=39}}</ref> پیرس دا معاہدہ سپین تے امریکہ دے وچکار دستخط کیتا گیا ، جس نے باقاعدہ طور تے جزیرےآں تے ہسپانوی حکومت تے ہسپانوی امریکی جنگ دا خاتمہ کر دتا۔ فلپائنی حکومت دی کوششاں دے باوجود، معاہدے چ کوئی فلپائنی نئیں سی۔ فروری 1899 نوں، فلپائنی تے امریکی فوجاں وچکار لڑائی شروع ہو گئی ، جس نال فلپائنی امریکی جنگ شروع ہوئی۔ اگینالڈو نے فوری طور تے جنگ دا اعلان کر دتا تے حکم دتا کہ "امریکیاں دے نال امن تے دوستانہ تعلقات توڑ دتے جان تے بعد وچ دشمناں دے طور اُتے سلوک کیتا جائے"۔ جون 1899 وچ ، پہلی فلپائن جمہوریہ نے باضابطہ طور اُتے ریاستہائے متحدہ دے خلاف جنگ دا اعلان کيتا ، <ref name="WarProclamation">{{Citation|title=Pedro Paterno's Proclamation of War}}</ref> جو جولائ‏ی 1902 وچ فلپائن آرگینک ایکٹ دے نال ختم ہويا۔ نتیجے دے طور تے، جزیرے ریاستہائے متحدہ دا اک غیر شامل علاقہ بن جاندے نیں۔ 1935 وچ اک دولت مشترکہ حکومت تشکیل دتی گئی ، جس وچ انقلاب دے دوران اگینالڈو دے ''ایڈیٹر'' مینوئل ایل کوئزون نے صدارت دا عہدہ سنبھالیا۔ فلپائن دا مقصد دس سالہ دولت مشترکہ دے دور دے بعد آزاد ہونا سی لیکن بحر الکاہل وچ [[دوجی وڈی لڑائی|دوسری جنگ عظیم]] دے آنے تو‏ں اسنو‏ں مختصر کردتا گیا۔ انقلاب دے شروع ہون دے 50 سال بعد 4 جولائی 1946 نوں اخیر ایہہ دیس پوری طرحاں آزاد ہو گیا۔ == خلاصہ == انقلابی خیالات دا وڈا آمد 19ویں صدی دے شروع چ ہویا جدوں [[فلپائن|فلپائن نوں]] عالمی تجارت لئی کھولیا گیا۔ 1809 وچ، [[منیلا]] وچ پہلی [[برطانوی ایسٹ انڈیا کمپنی|برطانوی]] فرماں قائم کیتیاں گئیاں، اس دے بعد 1834 وچ اک شاہی فرمان جاری کیتا گیا جس نے سرکاری طور تے شہر نو عالمی تجارت دے لی کھول دتا۔ فلپائن 1565 توں [[نواں سپین|میکسیکو]] توں چل رہیا سی، <ref>{{Cite book|title=Philippine English: Linguistic and Literary}}</ref> نوآبادیاتی انتظامی اخراجات گیلیون دی تجارت توں سبسڈی دے ذریعہ برقرار رکھے گئے سن۔ باہرلے وپاریاں نال ودھدی ہوئی مقابلہ نے 1815 وچ گیلیئن وپار نوں ختم کر دتا۔ میکسیکو دے 1821 وچ آزاد ہون دے بعد، [[سلطنت ہسپانیہ|سپین نوں]] [[مادرید|میڈرڈ]] توں براہ راست فلپائن تے حکومت کرن تے نوآبادیاتی انتظامیہ دی ادائیگی لئی آمدنی دے نویں ذرائع لبھن تے مجبور کیتا گیا۔ اس مقام تے، [[انقلاب فرانس|فرانسیسی انقلاب]] دے بعد دے خیالات ادب دے ذریعے ملک وچ داخل ہوئے، جس دے نتیجے وچ معاشرے وچ اک روشن خیال پرنسپل طبقہ دا عروج ہویا۔ 1868ء دی ہسپانوی انقلاب نے [[ازابیلا دوم|ملکہ اسابیلا II]] دی حکومت ختم کر دتی ۔ قدامت پسند حکومت دی تھاں اک [[لبرلزم|لبرل]] حکومت نے لے لئی جہدی اگوائی جنرل فرانسسکو سیرانو نے کیتی۔ <ref name="McFarland">{{Cite book|title=Cubans in the Confederacy: Jose Agustin Quintero, Ambrosio Jose Gonzales, and Loreta Janeta Velazquez|date=March 2002|publisher=McFarland}}</ref> 1869 وچ، سیرانو نے کارلوس ماریا ڈی لا ٹورے نو 91واں گورنر جنرل مقرر کیتا۔ ڈی لا ٹورے دی قیادت نے فلپائن چ لبرل ازم دا خیال متعارف کروایا۔ <ref name="McFarland" /> سپین دے تخت تے ساووی دے آماڈیو دے انتخاب دی وجہ توں 1871ء چ ڈی لا ٹورے دی تھاں لے لئی گئی۔ <ref>{{Cite book|title=[[Under Three Flags: Anarchism and the Anti-Colonial Imagination]]|year=2005|publisher=Verso}}</ref> 1872 وچ، گورنر جنرل، رافیل ڈی ازکویرڈو دی حکومت نے کاویٹ ایل ویجو وچ فورٹ سان فیلیپے دے اسلحہ خانے وچ فلپائنی فوجیاں دی بغاوت دا تجربہ کیتا۔ بغاوت دے ست دن بعد بہت سارے لوکاں نو‏‏ں گرفتار کرلیا گیا تے انہاں اُتے مقدمہ چلایا گیا۔ ایہناں چوں تن سیکولر پادری سن: جوز برگوس ، ماریانو گومز تے بھکشو جیسنٹو زامورا ، جنہاں نو باگومبیان چ ہسپانوی حکام نے گرفتار کیتا سی۔ <ref>{{Cite book|title=José Rizal and the Asian renaissance|year=1996|publisher=Institut Kajian Dasar}}</ref> اوہناں دی پھانسی دا کئی فلپائنیاں تے ڈوہنگا اثر پیا; جوز رزال ، قومی ہیرو، اپنا ناول ''ایل فیلیبوسٹریسمو'' اوہناں دی یاد چ وقف کرے گا۔ بہت سارے فلپائنی جنہاں نو ممکنہ بغاوت دے الزام چ گرفتار کیتا گیا سی، انہاں نو سپین جلاوطن کر دتا گیا سی، جتھے انہاں نو بنیادی طور تے افریقی جزیرے بائیوکو چ تقسیم کیتا گیا سی، 211 دی تعداد چ، 36 نو چفاریناس جزیرے تے صرف 3 سیوٹا چ جلاوطن کر دتا گیا سی۔ ماریانا ، کیرولائنز تے جزیرہ نما دے جنوب دے جزیرےآں وچ وی جلاوطن کیتے گئے سن ۔ <ref>{{حوالہ رسالہ|last1=Bachero Bachero|first1=Juan Luis|date=2021|title=Política colonial y deportación de filipinos en tiempos de guerra (1896-1898)}}</ref> اوہناں چوں کجھ، تاہم، [[ہانگ کانگ]] ، [[یوکوہاما]] ، [[سنگاپور]] ، [[پیرس]] ، [[لندن]] ، [[ویآنا|ویانا]] ، [[برلن]] ، تے [[سپین]] دے کجھ حصیاں چ فرار ہون چ کامیاب ہو گئے۔ ایہ لوک فلپائنی طالب علماں تے دوجے جلاوطناں نال ملے جہڑے سزا کالونیاں توں فرار ہو گئے سن۔ اک سانجھی قسمت نال جڑے ہوئے، اوہناں نے اک تنظیم قائم کیتی جہنوں پروپیگنڈا موومنٹ آکھیا جاندا اے۔ انہاں تارکین وطن نے اپنی تحریراں نو بنیادی طور تے ہسپانوی زیادتیاں دی مذمت کرن تے نوآبادیاتی حکومت چ اصلاحات دی کوشش کرن دے لیی استعمال کیتا۔ جوز رزال دے ناول، ''نولی می ٹینگرے'' ( ''ٹچ می ناٹ'' ، 1887) تے ''ایل فیلیبوسٹریسمو'' ( دی ''فیلیبسٹر'' ، 1891)، نے سماجی سیاسی تے مذہبی پہلوؤاں وچ ہسپانوی زیادتیاں نو بے نقاب کیتا۔ اس دے پہلے ناول دی اشاعت نے 1888 وچ اس دے آبائی شہر کالامبا، لا لگونا وچ بدنام زمانہ زرعی تنازعہ پیدا کیتا، جدوں ڈومینیکن ہیسینڈا سرکاری ٹیکس جمع کروان دی مصیبت وچ پے گئے۔ 1892 وچ، [[شمالی جنوبی امریکا|امریکہ]] توں واپسی دے بعد، رزال نے لا لیگا فلپائنی (فلپائنی لیگ) قائم کیتی، جو اک فلپائنی ایسوسی ایشن سی جہڑی نوآبادیاتی حکومت وچ اصلاحات حاصل کرن لئی منظم کیتی گئی سی۔ جدوں ہسپانویاں نوں پتہ لگیا کہ رزال فلپائن وچ اے، اوہناں نے لیگا دے قیام دے کجھ دن بعد ہی اس نوں گرفتار کرکے دیس نکالا دے دتا۔ ایہ سنن تے کہ رزال نو ڈاپیٹن جلاوطن کر دتا گیا اے، لیگا دے رکن اینڈریس بونیفیسو تے اس دے ساتھیاں نے ٹونڈو، منیلا چ واقع اک گھر چ کیٹیپون نامی اک خفیہ تنظیم قائم کیتی، جد کہ ڈومنگو فرانکو تے نومیریانو ایڈرینو دی اگوائی چ زیادہ قدامت پسند ارکان بعد چ ''کوئرپو ڈی کمپرومیسیریوس'' قائم کرن گے۔ کاٹیپون نے بھاری تعداد وچ ارکان حاصل کیتے تے گھٹیا طبقات نو‏‏ں اپنی طرف متوجہ کيتا۔ جون 1896 وچ ، بونیفیسو نے رزال د‏‏ی حمایت حاصل کرنے دے لئی داپیتان نو‏‏ں اک ایلچی بھیجیا ، لیکن رزال نے مسلح انقلاب وچ حصہ لینے تو‏ں انکار کردتا۔ 19 اگست 1896ء نو‏‏ں کاٹیپونان نو‏‏ں اک ہسپانوی بھکشو نے دریافت کیتا جس دے نتیجے وچ فلپائنی انقلاب دا آغاز ہويا۔ انقلاب شروع چ وسطی لوزون چ بھڑک اٹھیا۔ مسلح مزاحمت آخر کار پورے جنوبی ٹیگالوگ خطے وچ پھیل گئی ، خاص طور اُتے کیویٹ صوبے وچ ، جتھ ے بغاوت دے ابتدائی مہینےآں دے دوران شہراں نو ں آہستہ آہستہ آزاد کيتا گیا۔ 1896 تے 1897 وچ ، آئیمس تے ٹیجیروس وچ اک دے بعد اک کنونشناں نے نويں جمہوریہ د‏‏ی قسمت دا فیصلہ کيتا۔ نومبر 1897ء چ جمہوریہ بیاک نا باتو دا قیام ہویا تے باغی حکومت نے آئین دا اعلان کر دتا ۔ یکم مئی 1898 نوں منیلا بے دی لڑائی [[ہسپانوی–امریکی جنگ|ہسپانوی امریکی جنگ]] دے حصے دے طور تے ہوئی۔ مئی نوں، ایمیلیو اگینالڈو ، جہڑا 19 مئی نوں رضاکارانہ جلاوطنی توں واپس آیا سی، نے کیویٹے وچ اعلان کیتا، "... میں اپنی اُچی خواہشاں دے حصول لئی ساریاں افواج دی کمان سنبھالن لئی واپس آندا ہاں، اک آمرانہ حکومت قائم کردا ہاں جہڑی میری واحد ذمہ داری دے تحت فرمان مقرر کرے گی، ..."۔ جون نوں، اگینالڈو نے فلپائن دی آزادی دا اعلان کیتا۔ 18 جون نو‏‏ں ، اگینالڈو نے اک فرمان جاری کيتا جس وچ اس د‏ی سربراہی وچ اک آمرانہ حکومت دا اعلان کيتا گیا سی۔ 23 جون نو‏‏ں ، اگینالڈو نے اک ہور فرمان جاری کيتا ، جس نے آمرانہ حکومت د‏‏ی جگہ اک انقلابی حکومت نو‏‏ں قائم کيتا۔ 1898 وچ جون تے 10 ستمبر دے درمیان انقلابی حکومت دے ذریعہ مالولوس کانگریس دے انتخابات ہوئے ، جس دے نتیجے وچ ایمیلیو اگینالڈو نو‏‏ں فلپائن دا صدر منتخب کيتا گیا۔ 2 فروری 1899ء نو‏‏ں امریکی تے فلپائنی افواج دے درمیان دشمنی شروع ہوگئی۔ مالولوس دا آئین 15 ستمبر 1898ء نو‏‏ں بلائے گئے اک اجلاس وچ منظور ہويا۔ اس دا اعلان 21 جنوری 1899 نوں کیتا گیا سی، جس نے اگینالڈو دے صدر دے نال پہلا فلپائن جمہوریہ بنایا۔ جون 1899 نوں، اگینالڈو نے امریکہ دے خلاف جنگ دا اعلان کیتا، جس نال فلپائن-امریکی جنگ دا آغاز ہویا۔ امریکی فوجاں نے اگینالڈو نوں 23 مارچ 1901 نوں پھڑ لیا تے اوہنے 1 اپریل نوں امریکہ نال وفاداری دا حلف لیا۔ 4 جولائ‏ی 1902 نو‏‏ں ، امریکی صدر [[تھیوڈور روزویلٹ]] نے تنازعہ وچ حصہ لینے والے تمام فلپائنیاں دے لئی مکمل معافی تے معافی دا اعلان کيتا ، جس تو‏ں جنگ مؤثر طریقے تو‏ں ختم ہوگئی۔ <ref name="NYT19020704">{{Cite news|title=General amnesty for the Filipinos; proclamation issued by the President|date=July 4, 1902}}</ref> == پچھوکڑ == === اصل تے وجوہات === [[فائل:Harper's_Pictorial_History_of_the_War_with_Spain_Vol._II_Philippine_map.jpg|thumb| 19ویں صدی دے اخیر چ [[فلپائن]] دا نقشہ۔]] فلپائنی انقلاب بین الاقوامی برادری دے لئی خیالات تے نمائش دا اک جمع سی ، جس د ی وجہ تو ں قوم پرست کوششاں دا آغاز ہويا۔ فلپائنی قوم پرستی دا عروج سست سی، لیکن ناگزیر سی۔ نوآبادیات‏ی حکومت د‏‏ی تن صدیاں دے دوران رائج ہسپانوی حکومت ، فوج تے پادری د‏‏ی زیادتیاں ، تے 19 ويں صدی دے آخر وچ " ''illustrados'' " دے ذریعہ انہاں زیادتیاں د‏‏ی نمائش نے متحدہ فلپائنی عوام دے لئی راہ ہموار کيتی۔ اُتے ، فلپائنیاں دے درمیان سماجی تے معاشی تعلقات وچ دشواری د ی وجہ تو ں قوم پرستی د ی ترقی سست سی۔ فلپائنی مصنف جوز پی ریزال ولوں اٹینیو میونسپل ڈی منیلا دے فادر وسنٹی گارسیا نوں لکھے گئے اک تاریخی خط وچ، ریزال نے آکھیا اے کہ:  {{Blockquote|فیر، فلپائن وچ، اک ترقی یا بہتری اے جہڑی انفرادی اے، لیکن کوئی قومی ترقی نئیں اے۔|17 جنوری 1891}} ==== منیلا دا عالمی تجارت لئی کھلنا ==== [[فائل:Spanish_Galleon.jpg|thumb| منیلا-اکاپولکو تجارت ڈھائی صدیاں تک گیلیوناں چ کیتی گئی]] ناغیر ملکی تجارت دے لئی [[منیلا]] دے کھلنے تو‏ں پہلے ، ہسپانوی حکام نے غیر ملکی تاجراں نو‏‏ں کالونی وچ رہنے تے کاروبار وچ مشغول ہونے تو‏ں حوصلہ شکنی کيتی۔ 2 فروری 1800ء دے شاہی فرمان دے تحت غیر ملکیاں نو‏‏ں فلپائن وچ رہنے اُتے پابندی عائد کيتی گئی سی۔ جویں کہ 1807 تے 1816 دے شاہی فرماناں نے کیتا سی۔ <ref name="montero 360" /> 1823ء وچ گورنر جنرل ماریانو ریکافورٹ نے اک حکم نامہ جاری کیتا جس وچ غیر ملکی تاجراں نو‏‏ں پرچون تجارت وچ مشغول ہونے تے تجارت دے مقصد تو‏ں صوبےآں دا دورہ کرنے تو‏ں منع کيتا گیا سی۔ اس نوں گورنر جنرل [[Luis Lardizábal|لوئس لارڈیزابال]] نے 1840 وچ دوبارہ جاری کیتا۔ 1844ء وچ جاری ہونے والے اک شاہی فرمان نے غیر ملکیاں نو‏‏ں کسی وی بہانے تو‏ں صوبےآں د‏‏ی جانے اُتے پابندی عائد کردتی تے 1857ء وچ غیر ملکیاں دے خلاف کئی قوانین د‏‏ی تجدید کيتی گئی۔ اٹھارہويں صدی دے بعد دے حصے وچ لیسز فیئر نظریات د‏‏ی وسیع قبولیت دے نال ، اسپین نے اپنی تجارتی پالیسیاں نو‏‏ں نرم کردتا۔ 1762–1764 وچ منیلا اُتے [[مملکت برطانیہ عظمی|برطانوی]] قبضے تے قبضے نے سپین نو‏‏ں عالمی مباشرت تے تجارت تو‏ں نوآبادیات نو‏‏ں الگ تھلگ کرنے د‏‏ی ناممکنیت دا احساس دلایا۔ 1789 وچ، غیر ملکی بحری جہازاں نو ایشیائی سامان نو منیلا دی بندرگاہ تک پہنچان دی اجازت دتی گئی۔ 1780 دی دہائی توں پہلاں وی، یانکی کلپر جہازاں سمیت کئی غیر ملکی جہازاں نے غیر ملکی مخالف قواعد و ضوابط توں قطع نظر منیلا دا دورہ کیتا سی۔ 1790ء چ گورنر جنرل فیلکس بیرنگوئر ڈی مارکینا نے سفارش کیتی کہ سپین دے بادشاہ منیلا نوں عالمی تجارت لئی کھولے ۔ مزید برآں، فلپائن دی رائل کمپنی ( {{Lang|es|Real Compaña de Filipinas}} دا دیوالیہ پن ) نے ہسپانوی بادشاہ نو منیلا نو عالمی تجارت دے لیی کھولن دے لی کھچیا۔ 6 ستمبر 1834 نو‏‏ں جاری ہونے والے اک شاہی فرمان وچ ، کمپنی د‏‏ی مراعات منسوخ کردتی گئیاں تے منیلا د‏‏ی بندرگاہ نو‏‏ں تجارت دے لئی کھول دتا گیا۔ ===== معاشی سروے، بندرگاہاں دے افتتاح تے غیر ملکی فرماں دا داخلہ ===== عالمی تجارت دے لئی منیلا دے افتتاح دے تھوڑی دیر بعد ، ہسپانوی تاجراں نے فلپائن وچ اپنی تجارتی بالادستی کھونا شروع کردتی۔ 1834ء وچ غیر ملکی تاجراں دے خلاف پابندیاں نو‏‏ں نرم کردتا گیا جدو‏ں منیلا اک کھلی بندرگاہ بن گئی۔ 1859 دے آخر تک منیلا وچ 15 غیر ملکی فرماں سن۔ ایہناں چ ست برطانوی، تن امریکی، دو فرانسیسی، دو سوئس تے اک جرمن سی۔ سنّ 1834 وچّ کجھ امریکی وپاری منیلا وچّ وس گئے اتے اوہناں نے بپار وچّ بھاری سرمایہ کاری کیتی۔ دو امریکی کاروباری فرماں قائم کیتیاں گئیاں - رسل، سٹرگس اینڈ کمپنی تے [[Peele, Hubbell & Company|پیل، ہبل اینڈ کمپنی]] ۔ ایہ دو معروف کاروباری فرماں بن گئیاں۔ پہلے، امریکیاں نوں اپنے برطانوی حریفاں تے برتری سی، کیونکہ اوہناں نے فلپائنی برآمدات جویں کہ بھنگ ، چینی تے تمباکو لئی اچیاں قیمتاں دی پیشکش کیتی۔ امریکی تجارتی بالادستی زیادہ دیر تک نئیں چل سکی۔ سخت برطانوی مقابلہ دے باوجود، انہاں نے آہستہ آہستہ فلپائنی کاروباری منڈی تے کنٹرول کھو دتا۔ ایہ کمی امریکی حکومت دی حمایت دی کمی تے مشرق چ امریکی تجارتی اڈیاں دی کمی دی وجہ توں ہوئی۔ 1875 وچ، رسل، سٹرگس اینڈ کمپنی دیوالیہ ہو گئی، اس توں بعد 1887 وچ پیل، ہبل اینڈ کمپنی دیوالیہ ہو گئی۔ اس دے فورا بعد، [[James Adam Smith|جیمز ایڈم سمتھ]] ، [[Lawrence H. Bell|لارنس ایچ بیل]] تے [[Robert P. Wood|رابرٹ پی ووڈ]] سمیت برطانوی تاجراں نے منیلا دے مالی شعبے تے غلبہ حاصل کیتا۔ <ref name="regidor" /> 1842 وچ، منیلا دی معیشت وچ غیر ملکی تاجراں دے تسلط توں گھبرا کے، ہسپانوی حکومت نے فلپائن دا معاشی سروے کرن تے سفارشاں جمع کروان لئی ہسپانوی سفارتکار سنیبالڈو ڈی ماس نوں فلپائن گھلیا۔ فلپائن وچ نوآبادیات‏ی معاملات د‏‏ی گہری تحقیقات دے بعد ، ماس نے اپنی سرکاری رپورٹ تاج نو‏‏ں پیش کيتی۔ رپورٹ، ''1842 وچ فلپائنی جزیرے دے بارے وچ معلومات'' ، 1843 وچ میڈرڈ وچ شائع ہوئی سی۔ ماس نے درج ذیل دی سفارش کیتی: غیر ملکی تجارت نو فروغ دینڑ دے لیی ہور بندرگاہاں کھولنا، زرعی ترقی نو متحرک کرن دے لیی [[چینی لوک|چینی]] امیگریشن دی حوصلہ افزائی، تے تمباکو دی اجارہ داری دا خاتمہ۔ سنیبالڈو ڈی ماس دیاں سفارشاں دے جواب چ، سپین ولوں ہور بندرگاہاں کھولیاں گئیاں۔ سوال، پانگاسینان ، ایلویلو تے زامبوانگا دیاں بندرگاہاں 1855 وچ کھولیاں گئیاں، سیبو 1860 وچ کھولیاں گئیاں، تے لیگازپی تے ٹاکلوبان دونو 1873 وچ کھولیاں گئیاں۔ ===== روشن خیالی ===== [[فائل:Filipino_Ilustrados_Jose_Rizal_Marcelo_del_Pilar_Mariano_Ponce.jpg|thumb| سپین چ اصلاحی تحریک دے رہنما: جوز رزال ، مارسیلو ایچ ڈیل پلار تے ماریانو پونس ۔ فوٹو سپین چ 1890 چ لئی گئی سی۔]] [[فائل:Ilustrados_1890.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px| میڈرڈ چ ''الیسٹراڈوس'' ، c. 1890 ; کھبے پاسے توں گھڑی دے دائرے وچ کھڑے: وسنٹی فرانسسکو، کاجیگاس، جوز ابرو، ماریانو ابیلا، ڈومینڈور گومز ، فرانسسکو ٹونگیو لیونگسن ، فلاویانو کورڈیکروز، مالابون توں اک ٹوازون، الینڈر یانس ڈی لارا، لورو ڈیمایوگا، مارسیلو ایچ ڈیل پلار ، گریگوریو اگلیرا، جوسے ریزیال ، الینڈر ، بیلیڈروم روکساس، موئس سلواڈور، موڈیسٹو ریئس، گوڈینسیو جوآنگو، پابلو ریانزارس باؤٹیسٹا؛ کھبے پاسے توں بیٹھے ہوئے: ڈاکٹر سانتاماریا، کینڈیڈو موراڈا، داماسو پونس، ارسٹن باؤٹیسٹا، پیڈرو سیرانو لاکٹاؤ، تے ٹیوڈورو سینڈیکو]] فلپائنی انقلاب دے آغاز توں پہلے، فلپائنی معاشرے نو سماجی درجہ بندیاں چ تقسیم کیتا گیا سی جہڑی کسی شخص دی معاشی حیثیت تے مبنی سی۔ سماجی درجہ بندی وچ حیثیت دا تعین کرن وچ پچھوکڑ، نسل تے معاشی حیثیت نے بہوں وڈا کردار ادا کیتا۔ ہسپانوی لوکاں دے نال نال پری کالونیل شرافت دی مقامی اولاد اعلیٰ طبقے نال تعلق رکھدی سی، تے انہاں نو ہور طبقات وچ تقسیم کیتا گیا: ''جزیرہ نما'' ، ''کریول'' ، تے ''پرنسپلیا'' ۔ ''جزیرہ نما'' اوہ لوک سن جہڑے ہسپانوی چ جمے سن، پر فلپائن چ رہندے سن۔ ''کریول'' ، یا کریولو لوک، ہسپانوی سن جہڑے کالونیاں چ پیدا ہوئے سن۔ پرنسپل مقامی انڈیوس دا اک موروثی طبقہ سی جہڑا پری کالونیل ڈیٹس، راجہ تے شرافت توں نکلیا سی، تے انہاں نو خاص حقوق تے مراعات دتیاں گئیاں سن جویں کہ مقامی حکومت چ عہدے تے ووٹ پان دا حق، حالانکہ اوہ سماجی حیثیت چ جزیرہ نما تے جزیرہ نما توں گھٹ سن۔ فلپائنی انقلاب دے کئی ارکان پرنسپلیا طبقے نال تعلق رکھدے سن، جویں کہ جوز ریزال ۔ اگرچہ ''جزیرہ نما'' تے ''کریول'' اکو جہی سماجی طاقت توں لطف اندوز ہوندے سن، کیونکہ اوہ دوویں اعلیٰ طبقے نال تعلق رکھدے سن، ''جزیرہ نما'' اپنے آپ نو ''کریول'' تے مقامی ''پرنسپل'' توں سماجی طور تے برتر سمجھدے سن۔ دوہاں طبقیاں چوں سب توں گھٹ ''عوام'' سی، یا ''انڈیوس'' ۔ اس طبقے وچ تمام غریب عام لوک، کسان تے مزدور شامل سن ۔ ''پرنسپل'' کلاس دے برعکس، جتھے ممبراں نے سپین دے بادشاہ ولوں اعلیٰ سرکاری عہدے تے سفارشاں دا لطف اٹھایا، عوام نوں صرف کجھ شہری حقوق تے مراعات حاصل سن۔ سب توں وڈا سیاسی عہدہ جہڑا اوہ ممکنہ طور تے سنبھال سکدے سن اوہ سی ''گورنڈورسیلو'' ، یا ٹاؤن ایگزیکٹو۔ کاٹیپونن دے ارکان، خفیہ تنظیم جہڑی انقلاب نو متحرک کرے گی، بنیادی طور تے عوام تے مشتمل سی۔ ویں صدی دے شروع وچ مادی خوشحالی نے فلپائن وچ اک روشن خیال مڈل کلاس پیدا کیتا، جس وچ امیر کسان، استاد، وکیل، ڈاکٹر، لکھاری تے سرکاری ملازم شامل سن۔ اوہناں چوں بوہت سارے اوہ کتاباں خریدن تے پڑھن دے قابل سن جہڑیاں اصل چ گھٹیا فلپائنی طبقے توں روکیاں گئیاں سن۔ انہاں نے سیاسی مسائل تے تبادلہ خیال کیتا تے حکومتی اصلاحات دی کوشش کیتی، تے آخر کار، اوہ اپنے بچیاں نو [[منیلا]] تے بیرون ملک، خاص طور تے [[مادرید|میڈرڈ]] چ کالجاں تے یونیورسٹیاں چ گھلن دے قابل ہو گئے۔ مادی ترقی بنیادی طور تے عالمی تجارت لئی منیلا بندرگاہاں دے کھلن دی وجہ توں ہوئی۔ دیش دے پرمکھ سوجھوان روشن خیال مدھ طبقے وچوں سن۔ بعد چ اوہناں نے اپنے آپ نو Ilustrados آکھیا، جس دا مطلب اے "پنڈت لوک"۔ اوہ اپنے آپ نو فلپائنی معاشرے دی دانشور شاخ وی سمجھدے سن۔ الیسٹراڈوس توں پروپیگنڈا موومنٹ دے ممتاز ارکان اٹھے، جنہاں نے انقلاب دے پہلے شعلیاں نوں ہلایا۔ ==== لبرل ازم (1868–1874) ==== 1868 وچ، اک انقلاب نے [[ازابیلا دوم|سپین دی ملکہ اسابیلا II]] دی مطلق العنان بادشاہت نوں ختم کر دتا، جس دی تھاں فرانسسکو سیرانو دی اگوائی وچ ریپبلکن اصولاں دے نال اک سول تے [[لبرلزم|لبرل]] حکومت نے لے لئی۔ : 107  اگلے سال، سیرانو نے ہسپانوی فوج دے رکن کارلوس ماریا ڈی لا ٹورے نو فلپائن دا 91واں گورنر جنرل مقرر کیتا۔ ملک وچ رہنے والے فلپائنی تے ہسپانوی لبرلاں نے 23 جون 1869 نو‏‏ں مالاکانان محل وچ ضیافت دے نال انہاں دا استقبال کيتا۔ 12 جولائ‏ی 1869 د‏‏ی رات نو‏‏ں ، فلپائنی رہنما ، پادری تے طلباء جمع ہوئے تے ڈی لا ٹورے د‏‏ی لبرل پالیسیاں د‏‏ی تعریف کرنے دے لئی مالاکانان محل وچ سرینڈ گایا۔ سیرینڈ دی اگوائی منیلا دے ممتاز رہائشیاں نے کیتی، جہناں چ جوز کیبیزاس ڈی ہیریرا (منیلا دا سول گورنر)، جوز برگوس ، میکسیمو پیٹرنو، مینوئل جیناتو، جوکین پارڈو ڈی ٹاویرا، اینجل گارچیٹورینا، آندرے نیٹو تے جیکوبو زوبل وائی زینگرونیز شامل سن۔ اصلاح پسنداں دی اک اسمبلی، جنٹا جنرل ڈی ریفارماس، منیلا چ قائم کیتی گئی۔ اس وچ پنج فلپائنی ، گیارہ ہسپانوی شہری تے پنج ہسپانوی بھکشو شامل سن ۔ : 362–363 اوہناں کول سدھاراں 'تے ووٹ پاؤن دی یوگتا سی، جس دی توثیق ہوم گورنمنٹ ولوں کیتی جا سکدی سی۔ <ref name="Foreman" /> : 363 تاہم، اصلاحات چوں کوئی وی نافذ نئیں کیتا گیا، کیونکہ راہباں نوں خدشہ سی کہ اصلاحات اوہناں دے اثر و رسوخ نو گھٹ کر دین گیاں۔ 1874 دی بحالی دے بعد اسمبلی دا وجود ختم ہو گیا۔ <ref name="Foreman" /> : 363  ==== فلپائنی قوم پرستی دا عروج ==== 1776 وچ، صدیاں وچ بادشاہت لئی پہلا وڈا چیلنج [[امریکی انقلاب|امریکی کالونیاں وچ پیش آیا]] ۔ اگرچہ [[امریکی انقلاب]] کامیاب ہويا ، لیکن ایہ اک نسبتاً الگ تھلگ علاقے وچ سی۔ پر 1789 وچ [[انقلاب فرانس|فرانسیسی انقلاب نے]] یورپ دے سیاسی منظر نامے نوں بدلنا شروع کر دتا، کیونکہ اس نے فرانس وچ مطلق العنان بادشاہت دا خاتمہ کر دتا۔ پارلیمنٹ وچ نمائندگی دے ذریعے بادشاہ تو‏ں عوام نو‏‏ں اقتدار منتقل ہويا۔ دوجے یورپی ملکاں دے لوکاں نے وی نمائندگی منگنی شروع کر دتی۔ فلپائن وچ، ایہ خیال کریولو لکھاریاں دی تحریراں دے ذریعے پھیلیا، جوں کہ لوئس روڈریجز وریلا ، جنہاں نے اپنے آپ نو "کونڈ فلپائنی" (فلپائن دا ارل) آکھیا۔ <ref name="Manila, My Manila">{{Cite book|title=Manila,My Manila|publisher=Vera-Reyes, Inc.}}</ref> ایہہ پہلی وار سی جدوں کسے نوآبادیاتی نے اپنے آپ نوں ہسپانوی رعیت دی بجائے فلپائنی آکھیا۔ فلپائن وچ ودھدی ہوئی معاشی تے سیاسی استحکام دے نال ، مڈل کلاس نے ایہ مطالبہ کرنا شروع کر دتا کہ فلپائن وچ گرجا گھراں نو‏‏ں سیکولرائزیشن دے ناں تو‏ں جانے جانے والے عمل دے ذریعے قومی بنایا جائے۔ اس عمل وچ، فلپائنی پیرشاں دا کنٹرول مذہبی احکامات توں سیکولر پادریاں، خاص طور تے فلپائن وچ پیدا ہون آلے پادریاں نوں دتا جانا سی۔ مذہبی احکامات یا بھکشوآں نے منفی رد عمل ظاہر کیتا تے بھکشوآں تے سیکولر پادریاں دے درمیان سیاسی جدوجہد شروع ہوگئی۔ 19ویں صدی [[یورپ]] لئی وی اک نواں دور سی۔ چرچ دی طاقت گھٹدی جا رئی سی، تے بھکشو فلپائن آنا شروع ہو گئے، جس نال ایہ امیداں ختم ہو گئیاں کہ بھکشو اپنے عہدے چھڈ دین گے۔ [[نہر سوئز|سویز نہر]] دے افتتاح دے نال، سپین تے فلپائن دے وچکار سفر نو چھوٹا کر دتا گیا۔ ہور جزیرہ نما (سپین وچ پیدا ہون آلے ہسپانوی) نے کالونی وچ آنا شروع کیتا تے مختلف سرکاری عہدیاں تے قبضہ کرنا شروع کر دتا جہڑا روایتی طور تے کریولو (فلپائن وچ پیدا ہون آلے ہسپانوی ) دے کول سی۔ نوآبادیات‏ی حکومت دے 300 سالاں وچ ، کریولو گورنر جنرل دے نال نیم خود مختار ہونے دے عادی سن ، جو واحد ہسپانوی (پینسولر) سرکاری عہدیدار سی۔ کریولو نے ہسپانوی کورٹس وچ نمائندگی دا مطالبہ کیتا جتھے اوہ اپنی شکایتاں دا اظہار کر سکدے سن۔ اس نے، سیکولرائزیشن دے معاملات دے نال مل کے، کریولو بغاوتاں نو جنم دتا۔ ==== کریولو بغاوتاں ==== [[فائل:Gomburza.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px| پادری ماریانو گومز، جیسنٹو زامورا، تے جوز برگوس (ایل آر، فلپائن دی تاریخ وچ ''گومبرزا'' دے طور تے یاد کیتا جاندا اے)]] اٹھارہويں صدی دے آخر وچ ، ''کریولو'' (یا انسولیرس ، "جزیرے دے باشندے" ، جداں کہ انہاں نو‏ں مقامی طور اُتے کہیا جاندا سی ) مصنفین نے فلپائن وچ [[انقلاب فرانس|فرانسیسی انقلاب]] دے آدرشاں نو‏‏ں پھیلانا شروع کيتا۔ اسی وقت ، اک شاہی فرمان نے فلپائنی گرجا گھراں نو‏‏ں سیکولر بنانے دا حکم دتا ، تے بوہت سارے پیرش فلپائن وچ پیدا ہونے والے پادریاں دے حوالے کردتے گئے۔ عمل دے ادھے راہ چ، جیسویٹس دی واپسی دی وجہ توں اس نوں اسقاط کر دتا گیا۔ مذہبی احکامات نے فلپائنی پیرشاں نو دوبارہ حاصل کرنا شروع کیتا۔ اک مثال جس نے انسولیرس نو ناراض کیتا اوہ اینٹیپولو تے [[فرانسیسکن راہب|فرانسسکن]] دا قبضہ سی، جو جزیرےآں دا سب توں امیر پیرش سی، جہڑا فلپائن چ پیدا ہون آلے پادریاں دے کنٹرول چ سی۔ 19ویں صدی دے شروع چ، فادر پیڈرو پیلاز تے ماریانو گومز نے سرگرمیاں دا انعقاد شروع کیتا جہدے مطالبہ کیتا گیا کہ فلپائنی پیرشاں دا کنٹرول فلپائنی سیکولراں نوں واپس کر دتا جائے۔ فادر پیلایز، جو منیلا کیتھیڈرل دے آرچ بشپ سن، اک زلزلے چ مر گئے، جد کہ فادر گومز نجی زندگی چ ریٹائر ہو گئے۔ انسولر کارکناں دی اگلی نسل چ فادر جوز برگوس شامل سن، جنہاں نے سینٹو ٹوماس یونیورسٹی چ طالب علماں دیاں ریلیاں دا اہتمام کیتا۔ سیاسی محاذ تے، انسولر کارکناں چ جوکین پارڈو ڈی ٹاویرا تے جیکوبو زوبل شامل سن۔ بدامنی 1823 وچ اک وڈی بغاوت وچ ودھ گئی جدوں اینڈریس نووالس ، اک کریول کپتان، نے فلپائن نو سپین توں آزاد قرار دتا تے اپنے آپ نو فلپائن دا شہنشاہ پہنایا۔ <ref name="Manila, My Manila" /> جنوری 1872 وچ ، انسولر بغاوتاں اس وقت شروع ہوئیاں جدو‏ں قلعہ سان فیلیپے دے کاویٹ اسلحہ خانے دے فوجیاں تے مزدوراں نے بغاوت د‏‏ی۔ اوہناں دی اگوائی سارجنٹ [[Ferdinand La Madrid|فرڈینینڈ لا میڈرڈ]] کر رئی سی، جہڑا اک ہسپانوی میسٹیزو سی ۔ فوجیاں نے سینٹ سیبسٹین دی عید لئی فائر کیتے جا رئے سی کویاپو چ آتش بازی نو اک طویل عرصے توں منصوبہ بند قومی بغاوت شروع کرن دا اشارہ سمجھیا۔ نوآبادیات‏ی حکومت نے اس واقعے نو‏‏ں دہشت گردی دا دور پھیلانے تے بغاوت پسند سیاسی تے گرجا گھر دے شخصیات نو‏‏ں ختم کرنے دے لئی استعمال کيتا۔ ایہناں چ پادری ماریانو گومز ، جوز برگوس ، تے جیسنٹو زامورا شامل سن، جنہاں نو 18 فروری، 1872 نوں گاروٹ دے ذریعہ پھانسی دے دتی گئی۔ فلپائن دی تریخ چ اوہناں نوں ''گومبرزا'' دے ناں نال یاد کیتا جاندا اے۔ <ref name="Manila, My Manila" /> == تنظیماں == === لا سولڈریڈڈ، لا لیگا فلپائنہ تے پروپیگنڈا موومنٹ === [[فائل:La-solidaridad2.jpg|left|thumb|248x248px| ''لا سولڈریڈڈ'' (یکجہتی) دی اک کاپی]] 1872 دی کاویٹ بغاوت ، تے اس دے بعد ماریانا جزیرے تے [[یورپ]] چ کریولو تے میسٹیزوس دی ملک بدری نے یورپ چ، خاص طور تے [[مادرید|میڈرڈ]] چ فلپائنی پردیسیاں دی اک کالونی بنائی۔ میڈرڈ وچ، مارسیلو ایچ۔ ڈیل پلار ، ماریانو پونس ، [[Eduardo de Lete|ایڈورڈو ڈی لیٹ]] ، تے انتونیو لونا نے ''لا سولڈریڈڈ'' دی بنیاد رکھی، اک اخبار جس نے فلپائن وچ اصلاحات لئی دباؤ پایا تے انقلاب دے خیالات نوں پھیلایا۔ : 363 اس کوشش نو پروپیگنڈا موومنٹ دے ناں توں جانڑیا جاندا اے، تے اس دا نتیجہ پنڈاں چ خفیہ سوسائٹیاں دی بنیاد سی۔ <ref name="Foreman" /> : 363 اس اخبار دے سرخیل ایڈیٹراں چ گراسیانو لوپیز جینا ، مارسیلو ایچ۔ ڈیل پلار ، تے جوز رزال شامل سن۔ ''لا سولیڈریڈڈ'' دے ایڈیٹرز چ معروف ہسپانوی لبرل وی شامل سن، جویں کہ میگوئل موریٹا۔ یورپ وچ پروپیگنڈا تحریک دے نتیجے وچ ہسپانوی مقننہ نے جزیرےآں دے لئی کچھ اصلاحات منظور کيتیاں ، لیکن نوآبادیات‏ی حکومت نے انہاں اُتے عمل درآمد نئيں کيتا۔ 1889 توں 1895 تک شائع ہون دے بعد، ''لا سولیڈریڈڈ'' دے کول فنڈز ختم ہون لگ پئے، تے اس نے فلپائن وچ ٹھوس تبدیلیاں حاصل نئیں کیتیاں۔ جوز ریزال نے فلپائن واپس آن دا فیصلہ کیتا، جتھے اس نے لا لیگا فلپائنہ دی بنیاد رکھی، جو پروپیگنڈا موومنٹ دا منیلا چیپٹر سی۔ اس دے قیام دے صرف کجھ دن بعد، رزال نو نوآبادیاتی حکام نے گرفتار کر لیا تے ڈاپیٹن جلاوطن کر دتا، تے لیگا نو جلدی ای تحلیل کر دتا گیا۔ نظریاتی اختلافات نے اس دے تحلیل وچ حصہ پایا سی۔ قدامت پسند اعلیٰ طبقے دے ارکان نے اصلاحات دے حق وچ ، اپولیناریو مابینی د ی قیادت وچ ، ''کوئرپو ڈی کمپرومیساریوس'' قائم کيتا ، جس نے یورپ وچ ''لا سولڈریڈڈ نو'' ں بحال کرنے د ی کوشش کيتی۔ اینڈریس بونیفیسو دی اگوائی چ مڈل تے لوئر کلاس نال تعلق رکھن آلے دوجے، زیادہ بنیاد پرست ارکان نے بحال ''لیگا'' دے نال نال ''کیٹیپون'' قائم کیتا۔ پروپیگنڈا موومنٹ دے اہداف وچ فلپائنیاں تے ہسپانویاں دی قانونی مساوات، ہسپانوی کورٹس وچ فلپائنی نمائندگی دی بحالی، کیتھولک پیرشاں دی " فلپائنائزیشن "، تے فلپائنیاں نوں انفرادی آزادیاں دی عطا، جویں کہ تقریر دی آزادی، پریس دی آزادی، اسمبلی دی آزادی، تے شکایتاں لئی شکایتاں دی آزادی شامل سن۔ === کاٹیپونان === آندرے بونیفاسیو ، ڈیوڈاتو اریلانو ، لاڈیسلاؤ دیوا ، ٹیوڈورو پلاٹا ، تے ویلنٹین ڈیاز نے جولائی 2018 نوں منیلا وچ کاٹیپون (مکمل طور تے، کاٹااس-تاسانگ، کاگالانگ-گالانگنگ کاٹیپون نگا اناک ن بایان، <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14822/14822-h/14822-h.htm|title=The Project Gutenberg eBook: Kartilyang Makabayan}}</ref> "سپریم اینڈ وینربل سوسائٹی آف دی چلڈرن آف دی نیشن") دی بنیاد رکھی۔ سپین دے خلاف مسلح بغاوت دے ذریعے آزادی دی وکالت کرن آلی تنظیم، [[فری میسن|فری میسنری]] دی رسماں تے تنظیم توں متاثر ہوئی سی; بونیفیسو تے دوجے وڈے ممبر وی فری میسن سن۔ منیلا توں، کاٹیپون کئی صوبیاں وچ پھیل گیا، جنہاں وچ بٹانگاس ، لا لگونا (ہن لگونا)، کاویٹے ، بولاکان ، پمپانگا ، ٹارلاک ، نووا ایسیجا ، ایلوکوس سور ، ایلوکوس نورٹے ، پانگاسینان ، بائیکول تے [[مینڈاناؤ|منڈاناؤ]] شامل ہن۔ زیادہ تر ممبر، جنہاں نو‏‏ں کٹیپونیروس کہیا جاندا اے، نچلے تے درمیانے طبقے تو‏ں آندے سن ۔ کاٹیپون دے کول "اپنے قنون، بیوروکریٹک ڈھانچہ تے انتخابی قیادت" سی۔ <ref name="guererro1" /> کاٹیپون سپریم کونسل (کاٹااس-تاسنگ کاپولنگن، جس دا بونیفیسو اک رکن سی، تے آخر کار سربراہ سی) نے صوبائی کونسلاں ( ''سانگونیانگ بیان'' ) دا تال میل کیتا۔ صوبائی کونسلاں "سپرا میونسپل یا نیم صوبائی سطح اُتے عوامی انتظامیہ تے فوجی امور" دے انچارج سن ۔ <ref name="guererro1" /> مقامی کونسلاں ( ''پینگولوہانگ بیان'' ) <ref name="guererro2" /> "ضلع یا باریو دی سطح تے" معاملات دے انچارج سن۔ <ref name="guererro1" /> 1895 تک، بونیفیسو کاٹیپونن دا سپریم لیڈر ( ''سپریمو'' ) جاں سپریم پردھان ( ''پریزیڈینٹ سپریمو'' ) سی اتے اسدی سپریم کونسل دا مکھی سی۔ کجھ اتہاسکاراں دا اندازہ اے کہ 1896 تک 30,000 توں 400,000 دے وچکار میمبر سن؛ دوجے اتہاسکاراں دا کہنا اے کہ ایتھے صرف کجھ سو توں کجھ ہزار ممبر سن۔ == تریخ == === انقلاب دا سلسلہ === [[فائل:Monument_to_the_1896_Revolution_high_resolution.jpg|right|thumb| یونیورسٹی آف دی فلپائن ڈلیمان چ 1896 دے انقلاب دی یادگار۔]] کاٹیپونن دا وجود آخر کار نوآبادیات ی حکام نو ں ٹیوڈورو پیٹینو دے ذریعے معلوم ہويا ، جس نے اس دا انکشاف ہسپانوی لا فونٹ ، جو پرنٹنگ شاپ ''ڈائریو ڈی منیلا'' دے جنرل منیجر سن ۔ : 29–31 پیٹینو اک ساتھی کارکن، کیٹیپونیرو ممبر اپولونیو ڈی لا کروز دے نال تنخواہ دے سلسلے وچ اک تلخ تنازعہ وچ مصروف سی، تے انتقام دے لئی کیٹیپون نو بے نقاب کر دتا۔ : 30–31 لا فونٹ نے اک ہسپانوی پولیس لیفٹینینٹ نو دکان تے اپولونیو دی میز تے لے گیا، جتھے انہاں نو "کٹیپون دا سامان ملیا جویں کہ ربڑ دا ٹکٹ، اک نکی جئی کتاب، لیجر، خون نال دستخط شدہ رکنیت دے حلف، تے کاٹیپون دے مگیگانٹی باب دا رکنیت دا روسٹر۔" <ref name="alvarez" /> : 31  1872 دے دہشت گردی دی طرح، نوآبادیاتی حکام نے کئی گرفتاریاں کیتیاں تے دوجے کاٹیپون ممبراں دی نشاندہی کرن لئی تشدد دا استعمال کیتا۔ : 31 علیحدگی پسند تحریک وچ کوئی ملوث نہ ہونے دے باوجود ، انہاں وچو‏ں بوہت سارے نو‏‏ں پھانسی دے دتی گئی ، خاص طور اُتے ڈان فرانسسکو روکساس۔ بونیفیسو نے کاٹیپون دستاویزات وچ انہاں دے دستخط جعلی بنائے سن ، اس امید تو‏ں کہ اوہ انقلاب د‏‏ی حمایت کرنے اُتے مجبور ہوجائے گا۔ اگست 1896 نوں، بونیفیسو نے کاٹیپونان دے ارکان نو کالوکان چ اک وڈے پیمانے تے اکٹھ چ بلایا، جتھے اس گروپ نے سپین دے خلاف ملک گیر مسلح انقلاب شروع کرن دا فیصلہ کیتا۔ <ref name="guererro1" /> : 34–35 اس تقریب چ ''سیڈولاس'' (کمیونٹی ٹیکس سرٹیفکیٹ) دا وڈے پیمانے تے پھاڑنا شامل سی جہدے نال حب الوطنی دے نعرے وی شامل سن۔ صحیح تاریخ تے مقام دے بارے چ متنازعہ اے، لیکن فلپائن دی حکومت نے دو امکانات دی سرکاری طور تے توثیق کیتی اے: شروع چ 26 اگست نوں بالنٹاواک چ، تے بعد چ 23 اگست نوں پگڈ لاون چ۔ اس طرح، اس واقعے نو " پگڈ لاون دا فریاد " یا "بالنٹاواک دی فریاد" آکھیا جاندا اے۔ تاہم، ایہ مسئلہ ہور ممکنہ تاریخاں جداں 24 تے 25 اگست تے ہور مقامات جداں کانگ کانگ ، [[Bahay Toro|بہائے ٹورو]] تے پاسونگ تامو دے ذریعہ ہور پیچیدہ ہو گیا اے۔ مزید برآں ، اس وقت ، "بالنٹاواک" نہ صرف اک مخصوص جگہ دا حوالہ دیندا سی ، بلکہ اک عام علاقہ وی سی جس وچ کچھ مجوزہ سائٹاں ، جداں کانگ کانگ شامل سن ۔ کاٹیپون دی دریافت تے، بونیفیسو نے تمام کاٹیپون کونسلاں نو بالنٹاواک یا کانگکونگ چ اک اجلاس چ بلایا تاکہ اوہناں دی صورتحال تے تبادلہ خیال کیتا جا سکے۔ اتہاسکار ٹیوڈورو اگونسیلو دے مطابق، ایہہ ملاقات 19 اگست نوں ہوئی؛ <ref name="Agoncillo 1990 p=171" /> تاہم، انقلابی رہنما سینٹیاگو الوارز نے بیان کیتا کہ ایہ 22 اگست نوں ہویا سی۔ <ref name="alvarez" /> <ref name="salazar" /> اگست نوں، کیٹیپونیروس پہلے ای کالوکان چ بالینٹاواک چ جمع ہو رئے سی۔ شام نوں دیر نال، تیز بارش دے وچکار، باغی کالوکان دے کانگ کانگ چلے گئے، تے ادھی رات توں بعد اوتھے پہنچے۔ <ref name="alvarez" /> <ref name="salazar" /> احتیاط دے طور اُتے ، باغی 23 اگست نو‏‏ں بہائے ٹورو <ref name="alvarez" /> یا پگاد لاوین منتقل ہوئے گئے۔ اگونسیلو نے جوآن راموس دے گھر، جہڑا پگڈ لاون چ سی، سرٹیفکیٹاں دی فریاد تے پاڑن نوں رکھیا۔ <ref name="Agoncillo 1990 pp=171–172" /> الوارز لکھدا اے کہ اوہ اس تاریخ نو بہائی ٹورو وچ میلچورا ایکوینو (جسنو‏ں "ٹنڈانگ سورا" دے ناں تو‏ں جانا جاندا اے ، تے جوآن راموس د‏‏ی ماں) دے گھر ملے سن ۔ <ref name="alvarez" /> <ref name="salazar" /> اگونسیلو نے ایکوینو دا گھر پاسونگ تامو وچ رکھیا تے اوتھے 24 اگست نوں ملاقات کیتی۔ باغی اکٹھے ہوندے رہے، تے 24 اگست تک، اک ہزار توں ودھ ہو گئے۔ <ref name="alvarez" /> <ref name="salazar" /> [[فائل:Andrés_Bonifacio_photo.jpg|thumb| کاٹیپون سپریم لیڈر اینڈریس بونیفیسو]] اگست 24 نو‏‏ں ، آس پاس دے قصبےآں د‏‏ی کاٹیپون کونسلاں نو‏‏ں مطلع کرنے دا فیصلہ کيتا گیا کہ دارالحکومت [[منیلا]] اُتے 29 اگست نو‏‏ں حملہ کرنے دا منصوبہ بنایا گیا ا‏‏ے بونیفیسو نے منیلا وچ باغی افواج د‏‏ی قیادت دے لئی جرنیل مقرر کیتے۔ دشمنی شروع ہون توں پہلاں، بونیفیسو نے کاٹیپون نوں اک کھلی انقلابی حکومت وچ وی دوبارہ منظم کیتا، جس وچ اوہ خود صدر سی تے کاٹیپون دی سپریم کونسل اپنی کابینہ سی۔ <ref name="alvarez" /> 25 اگست د‏‏ی سویر نو‏‏ں ، باغیاں اُتے اک ہسپانوی سول گارڈ یونٹ دا حملہ ہويا ، جس وچ باغیاں د‏‏ی تعداد زیادہ سی لیکن ہسپانوی زیادہ مسلح سن ۔ اک مختصر جھڑپ تے دوناں طرفاں دے کجھ جانی نقصان دے بعد افواج نے علیحدگی اختیار کر لئی۔ اک ہور جھڑپ 26 اگست نو‏‏ں ہوئی ، جس نے باغیاں نو‏‏ں بلارا د‏‏ی طرف پِچھے ہٹنے دے لئی بھیج دتا۔ دوپہر نوں، بونیفیسو تے اوہدے کجھ بندیاں نے دلیمان چ تھوڑی دیر لئی آرام کیتا۔ دوپہر نوں، [[چینی لوک|چینی]] تاجراں تے حملیاں دی تحقیقات کرن لئی کالوکان بھیجے گئے سول گارڈز - ڈاکوآں ولوں کیتے گئے سن جنہاں نے اپنے آپ نوں باغیاں نال جوڑیا سی - کٹیپونیروس دے اک گروپ نال ٹکرایا تے مختصر طور تے اوہناں نال مصروف ہو گئے۔ : 367 محافظاں دے کمانڈر، لیفٹینینٹ روس نے حکام نو مقابلہ دی اطلاع دتی، تے رپورٹ نے گورنر جنرل رامون بلانکو نو آن آلی دشمنی دی تیاری کرن تے مجبور کیتا۔ نومبر دے آخر تک جنرل بلانکو دے پاس تقریبا 10،000 ہسپانوی ریگولر تے گن بوٹ ''اسلا ڈی کیوبا'' تے ''اسلا ڈی لوزون'' سن ۔ <ref name="Foreman" /> : 365  اگست 27 توں 28 تک، بونیفیسو بلارا توں ماؤنٹ بالابک ہگڈانگ باٹو، منڈالیونگ چلا گیا۔ اوتھ‏ے ، اس نے اگلے دن منیلا حملے دے منصوبےآں نو‏‏ں حتمی شکل دینے دے لئی اجلاس منعقد کیتے۔ بونیفیسو نے مندرجہ ذیل عام اعلان جاری کیتا:<blockquote>ایہہ منشور تہاڈے ساریاں لئی اے۔ ساڈے لئی ایہہ بالکل ضروری اے کہ اسیں ملک دے پتراں تے کیتیاں جان آلیاں بے نام مخالفتاں نوں چھیتی توں چھیتی روکئیے جیہڑے ہن جیلاں وچ سفاکانہ سزاواں تے تشدد دا شکار ہو رئے نیں، تے ایس وجہ توں مہربانی کر کے سارے بھراواں نوں دسو کہ موجودہ مہینے دی 29 تریخ ہفتہ نوں ساڈے معاہدے دے مطابق انقلاب شروع ہووے گا۔ اس مقصد دے لئی ، تمام قصبےآں دے لئی اک ہی وقت وچ اٹھنا تے اک ہی وقت وچ منیلا اُتے حملہ کرنا ضروری ا‏‏ے۔ کوئی وی جہڑا لوکاں دے ایس مقدس آدرش وچ رکاوٹ پائے گا، اوہنوں غدار تے دشمن سمجھیا جائے گا، سوائے ایس دے کہ اوہ بیمار ہووے؛ یا جسمانی طور تے فٹ نئیں اے، ایس صورت وچ اوہدے تے اسیں لاگو کیتے گئے قواعد و ضوابط دے مطابق مقدمہ چلایا جائے گا۔ ماؤنٹ آف لبرٹی، 28 اگست 1896 – اینڈریس بونیفاسیو </blockquote>فلپائنی مورخین وچ روایتی نظریہ ایہ اے کہ بونیفیسو نے اگلے دن منیلا اُتے منصوبہ بند کاٹیپون حملہ نئيں کیتا تے اس دے بجائے سان جوآن ڈیل مونٹی وچ اک پاؤڈر میگزین اُتے حملہ کیتا۔ تاہم، حالیہ مطالعات نے اس نظریے نو اگے ودھایا اے کہ منصوبہ بند حملہ ہویا سی; اس نظریے دے مطابق، سان جوآن ڈیل مونٹی وچ بونیفیسو دی لڑائی (جسنوں ہن " [[سان جوآن ڈیل مونٹی دی لڑائی|پیناگلابان دی لڑائی]] " آکھیا جاندا اے) صرف اک وڈی "منیلا لئی لڑائی" دا اک حصہ سی جہنوں ہنڑ تیکر تسلیم نئیں کیتا گیا۔ [[فائل:Governor_Ramon_Blanco_by_Juan_Luna.jpg|right|thumb|248x248px| فلپائنی پینٹر جوآن لونا ولوں فلپائن دے گورنر جنرل رامون بلانکو وائی ایریناس دی تصویر۔]] اس علاقے وچ دشمنی 29 اگست دی شام نوں شروع ہوئی، جدوں سینکڑیاں باغیاں نے پاسیگ وچ سول گارڈ گیریژن تے حملہ کیتا، بالکل انج ای جدوں بونیفیسیو دی اگوائی وچ سینکڑیاں ہور باغی سان جوآن ڈیل مونٹی وچ جمع ہو رئے سی، جس تے اوہناں نے تقریباً 4 وجے حملہ کیتا۔&nbsp;تریخ نوں سویرے۔ : 368 بونیفیسو نے سان جوآن ڈیل مونٹی پاؤڈر میگزین تے قبضہ کرن دا منصوبہ بنایا <ref name="Foreman" /> : 368 اک پانی دے سٹیشن دے نال جہڑا [[منیلا|منیلا نو]] سپلائی کردا سی۔ ہسپانویاں نے ، جنہاں د‏‏ی تعداد زیادہ سی ، کمک د‏‏ی پہنچنے تک تاخیر د‏‏ی جنگ لڑی۔ اک بار تقویت حاصل کرنے دے بعد ، ہسپانویاں نے بونیفیسو د‏‏ی افواج نو‏‏ں بھاری جانی نقصان دے نال واپس دھکیل دتا۔ دوجی تھاں تے، باغیاں نے منڈلویونگ ، سیمپالوک ، سٹا تے حملہ کیتا۔ انا ، پنڈاکان ، پیٹیروس ، ماریکینا ، تے کالوکان ، دے نال نال مکاٹی تے ٹیگوگ ۔ کالوکان چ بالنٹاواک نے شدید لڑائی ویکھی۔ باغی فوجیاں نے سان جوآن ڈیل مونٹی تے سیمپالوک چ لڑائی ول کھچ لیا۔ <ref name="salazar" /> منیلا دے جنوب چ، اک ہزار مضبوط باغی فوج نے سول گارڈز دی اک نکی فوج تے حملہ کیتا۔ پنڈاکان وچ، کیٹیپونروس نے پیرش چرچ تے حملہ کیتا، جس دی وجہ توں پیرش پادری اپنی جان بچان لئی نس گیا۔ <ref name="Agoncillo 1990 p=173" /> [[سان جوآن ڈیل مونٹی دی لڑائی|سان جوآن ڈیل مونٹی دی لڑائی]] چ اپنی شکست دے بعد، بونیفیسو دے فوجیاں نے ماریکینا ، سان میٹیو تے مونٹالبان دے نیڑے دوبارہ اکٹھے ہوئے، جتھے اوہناں نے انہاں علاقیاں تے حملہ کیتا۔ انہاں نے علاقےآں اُتے قبضہ ک‏ر ليا ، لیکن ہسپانوی جوابی حملےآں د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں انہاں نو‏‏ں واپس دھکیل دتا گیا ، تے بونیفیسو نے بالآخر بلارا د‏‏ی طرف پِچھے ہٹنے دا حکم دتا۔ رستے چ، بونیفیسو تقریباً ماریا گیا سی جدوں اوہ ایمیلیو جیسنٹو نو اک ہسپانوی گولی توں بچا رہیا سی جہنے اوہدے کالر نوں چریا سی۔ پچھے ہٹن دے باوجود، بونیفیسو نوں مکمل طور تے شکست نئیں ہوئی تے فیر وی اوہنوں خطرہ سمجھیا جاندا سی۔ منیلا دے جنوب چ، سان فرانسسکو ڈی مالابون ، نوویلیٹا تے کاویٹ دے شہراں نے کجھ دن بعد بغاوت کر دتی۔ [[منیلا]] دے شمال چ نووا ایسیجا چ، ماریانو لانیرا دی اگوائی چ سان ایسیڈرو چ باغیاں نے 2 توں 4 ستمبر نوں ہسپانوی گیریژن تے حملہ کیتا، پر اوہناں نوں پسپا کر دتا گیا۔ 30 اگست تک ایہ بغاوت 8 صوبےآں وچ پھیل چکی سی ۔ اس تاریخ نو‏‏ں ، گورنر جنرل رامون بلانکو نے انہاں صوبےآں وچ "جنگ د‏‏ی حالت" دا اعلان کيتا تے انہاں نو‏ں مارشل لاء دے تحت رکھیا۔ : 368 ایہ صوبے [[منیلا]] ، بولاکان ، کیویٹے ، پامپانگا ، تارلاک ، لا لگونا ، بٹانگاس تے نووا ایسیجا سن ۔ اوہناں نوں بعد چ فلپائنی جھنڈے چ سورج دیاں اٹھ کرناں دے طور تے پیش کیتا جائے گا۔ مزید برآں، فلپائن وچ سپین دے گھٹ فوجی وسائل دی وجہ توں، گورنر نے ہسپانوی خود مختاری دے دفاع وچ شہریاں دی شرکت دا مطالبہ کیتا تے منیلا وچ وفادار رضاکاراں دی بٹالین قائم کیتی، 1850 تے 1860 دے وچکار کیوبا تے پورٹو ریکو وچ تشکیل دتے گئے اسی طرح دے یونٹاں دی مثال دے مطابق۔ ہور اسی طرح دے یونٹ منیلا تے ہسپانوی کنٹرول دے تحت ہور علاقےآں وچ تشکیل دتے گئے سن ۔ <ref>{{Cite book|location=London}}</ref> باغیاں دے کول تھوڑے جہے اسلحہ سن; اوہ زیادہ تر بولو چھریاں تے [[بانس|بانس دے برچھیاں]] نال مسلح سن۔ بندوقاں دی کمی نو اک ممکنہ وجہ دے طور تے تجویز کیتا گیا اے کہ منیلا حملہ مبینہ طور تے کدی وی کامیاب نئیں ہویا۔ اس دے علاوہ، کاویٹے دے کاٹیپون رہنماواں نے پہلے وی اپنے اسلحہ تے تیاری دی کمی دی وجہ توں بغاوت شروع کرن دے بارے وچ تحفظات دا اظہار کیتا سی۔ نتیجے دے طور تے، انہاں نے [[منیلا]] فوجاں نئیں بھیجیاں، بلکہ اپنے اپنے علاقےآں چ گیریژناں تے حملہ کیتا۔ کجھ اتہاسکاراں نے دلیل دتی ہے کہ منیلا دے علاقے وچّ کاٹیپون دی ہار (جزوی طور تے) کیویٹ باغیاں دی غلطی سی کیونکہ اوہناں دی موجودگی بہت اہم ثابت ہندی۔ اپنی یادداشتاں وچ، کاویٹ باغی رہنماواں نے منیلا وچ اپنی غیر موجودگی دا جواز پیش کیتا تے ایہ دعوی کیتا کہ بونیفیسو نے بغاوت شروع کرن دے لیی پہلے توں طے شدہ اشارے نو نافذ کرن وچ ناکام رہیا، جوں کہ لونیٹا پارک وچ غبارے ڈھیلے کرنا تے لائٹاں بجھانا۔ اُتے ، انہاں دعوےآں نو‏‏ں "تاریخی اساطیر" دے طور اُتے مسترد کردتا گیا اے ؛ جیویں کہ مورخین نے دلیل دتی اے، جے اوہ واقعی منیلا تے مارچ کرن توں پہلے سگنلاں دا انتظار کر رئے سی، تے اوہ "مڑائی لئی بہت دیر نال" پہنچ جاندے۔ بونیفیسو دے بیک وقت حملے دے حکم نو اس گل دے ثبوت دے طور تے تشریح کیتا جاندا اے کہ اس طرح دے اشارے کدی وی ترتیب نئیں دتے گئے سن۔ <ref name="guererro2" /> <ref name="salazar" /> کاٹیپونان د‏‏ی شکست دے ہور عوامل وچ ہسپانوی انٹیلی جنس دے ذریعہ بونیفیسو دے جنگی منصوبےآں اُتے قبضہ شامل ا‏‏ے۔ ہسپانوی نے اپنی افواج نو‏‏ں منیلا دے علاقے وچ مرکوز کيتا جدو‏ں کہ دوسرے صوبےآں وچ فوجاں نو‏‏ں باہر کڈ لیا (جو دوسرے علاقےآں ، خاص طور اُتے کاویٹ وچ باغیاں دے لئی فائدہ مند ثابت ہويا)۔ حکام نے 500 مقامی فوجیاں دی اک رجمنٹ نو ماراوی ، [[مینڈاناؤ|منڈاناؤ]] چ وی منتقل کر دتا، جتھے فوجیاں نے بعد چ بغاوت کیتی۔ <ref name="guererro2" /> <ref name="salazar" /> ==== حتمی بیان تے جوز رزال دی پھانسی ==== [[فائل:Rizal_execution.jpg|thumb| رزال دی پھانسی جہڑی اوس ویلے باگمبیان سی۔]] جدوں انقلاب شروع ہویا، رزال کاویٹ چ سی، [[سپین]] لئی ماہانہ میل بوٹ دا انتظار کر رہیا سی۔ اوہ کیوبا چ لڑن آلی ہسپانوی فوج چ طبی خدمت لئی رضاکارانہ طور تے کم کیتا سی، تے اوہنوں قبول کر لیا گیا سی۔ میل بوٹ 3 ستمبر نوں روانہ ہویا تے 3 اکتوبر 1896 نوں [[بارسیلونا|بارسلونا]] اپڑیا، جہڑا کہ مارشل لاء دے تحت سی۔ مونٹجوچ جیل وچ مختصر قید دے بعد، کیپٹن جنرل یولوجیو ڈیسپوجول نے رزال نو دسیا کہ اوہ [[کیوبا]] نئیں جائے گا، بلکہ اس دی بجائے [[فلپائن]] واپس بھیج دتا جائے گا۔ واپسی تے، اوہنوں فورٹ سینٹیاگو چ قید کر دتا گیا۔ قید دے دوران، رزال نے گورنر جنرل رامون بلانکو نوں بغاوت تے بیان دین دی اجازت لئی درخواست دتی۔ {{Sfn|Anderson|2005}} اس دی درخواست منظور ہو گئی، تے رزال نے Manifesto á Algunos Filipinos لکھیا، جس وچ اس نے اپنے ناں دے استعمال نو "بعض لوکاں دے وچکار جنگی فریاد دے طور تے"، {{Sfn|Anderson|2005}} بیان کیتا کہ "اصلاحات دے پھل دین دے لیی، انہاں نو اوپر توں آنا چاہیدا اے، کیونجے تھلے توں آن آلے غیر منظم تے غیر یقینی جھٹکے ہون گے"، تے اس نے اس گل دی تصدیق کیتی {{Sfn|Anderson|2005}} "اس مضحکہ خیز، وحشیانہ بغاوت دی مذمت کرو"۔ {{Sfn|Anderson|2005}} پر، جج-ایڈووکیٹ جنرل دی سفارش 'تے اس متن نوں دبا دتا گیا سی۔ {{Sfn|Anderson|2005}} ==== کاویٹے چ انقلاب ==== [[فائل:Gen_Aguinaldo.jpg|left|thumb| میدان جنگ وچ اک جنرل سیمو دے طور تے ایمیلیو اگینالڈو ۔]] دسمبر تک، بغاوت دے تن وڈے مراکز سن: کاویٹ ( ایمیلیو اگینالڈو دے تحت)، بولاکان ( ماریانو لانیرا دے تحت) تے مورونگ (ہن ریزال دا حصہ، بونیفاسیو دے تحت)۔ بونیفیسو نے باغی گوریلا دے لئی حکمت عملی دے طور اُتے خدمات انجام دتیاں ، حالانکہ اس دا وقار اس وقت نقصان پہنچیا جدو ں اوہ انہاں لڑائیاں وچ ہار گیا جس د ی اس نے ذاتی طور اُتے قیادت کيتی۔ ایس دوران، کیویٹے چ، ماریانو الوارز دے تحت کیٹیپونروس، بونیفیسو دے چاچا ویاہ دے ذریعے، تے کیویٹے ایل ویجو (جدید کاویٹ ) دے بالڈومیرو اگینالڈو نے ابتدائی فتوحات حاصل کیتیاں۔ میگڈلو کونسل نے ایڈلبرٹو ایوانجیلسٹا ، اک انجینئر، نو کاویٹ چ انقلاب دے دفاع تے لاجسٹکس دی منصوبہ بندی کرن دا کم سونپیا۔ اس دی پہلی جت 1 ستمبر 1896 نوں آئیموس دی لڑائی چ سی، جس چ جوز ٹیگل دی مدد نال جنرل ارنسٹو اگوری دے ماتحت ہسپانوی افواج نوں شکست دتی گئی۔ کاویٹ انقلابیاں، خاص طور تے ایمیلیو اگینالڈو نے "سیٹ پیس" لڑائیاں وچ ہسپانوی فوجیاں نو شکست دے کے وقار حاصل کیتا، جد کہ بونیفاسیو تے لانیرا ورگے دوجے باغی [[گوریلا جنگ]] وچ مصروف سن۔ اگوینالڈو نے میگڈلو حکمران کونسل دے لئی گل بات کردے ہوئے ، اپنی ابتدائی کامیابیاں دے بعد اک عارضی تے انقلابی حکومت دا اعلان کردے ہوئے اک منشور جاری کيتا ، بونیفیسو د‏‏ی کاٹیپون حکومت دے وجود دے باوجود۔ کاویٹ وچ کیٹیپون دو کونسلاں وچ تقسیم کیتا گیا سی: مگڈیوانگ (جس دی اگوائی الوارز نے کیتی) تے مگڈلو (جس دی اگوائی بالڈومیرو اگینالڈو ، ایمیلیو دے کزن نے کیتی)۔ پہلے، انہاں دونے کاٹیپون کونسلاں نے میدان جنگ وچ اک دوسرے دے نال تعاون کیتا، جداں کہ بیناکیان تے دلاہیکن د ی لڑائیاں وچ ، جتھ ے انہاں نے ہسپانویاں اُتے اپنی پہلی وڈی فتح حاصل کيتی۔ اُتے ، کمانڈ تے علاقے دے وچکار دشمنی جلد ہی پیدا ہوگئی ، تے انہاں نے جنگ وچ اک دوسرے دے نال تعاون کرنے تو‏ں انکار کردتا۔ کاویٹ وچ کاٹیپون نو‏‏ں متحد کرنے دے لئی ، مگدیوانگ ، آرٹیمیو ریکارٹے تے پیو ڈیل پلار دے ذریعے ، جسنو‏ں بونیفاسیو کہیا جاندا اے ، جو دھڑےآں دے وچکار ثالثی دے لئی مورونگ (موجودہ رزال) صوبے وچ لڑ رہیا سی۔ شاید انہاں دے رہنما دے نال اپنے رشتہ داری دے تعلقات د ی وجہ تو ں ، بونیفیسو نو ں مگدیوانگ دے جزوی طور اُتے دیکھیا جاندا سی۔ قیادت دے معاملے تے بحث ہون توں پہلاں بہت دیر نئیں لگی۔ مگدیوانگ دھڑے نے بونیفیسو نو‏‏ں سپریم لیڈر تسلیم کيتا ، جو کاٹیپونان دا سربراہ سی۔ میگڈلو دھڑے نے ایمیلیو اگینالڈو نو تحریک دا سربراہ بنن لئی تحریک کیتی کیونکہ بونیفاسیو دی ذاتی شکستاں دے ریکارڈ دے مقابلے میدان جنگ چ اس دی کامیابیاں سن۔ ایس دوران، ہسپانوی فوجاں، ہن نویں گورنر جنرل کیملو ڈی پولاویجا دی کمان چ، نے مسلسل زمین حاصل کیتی۔ ==== ٹیجیروس کنونشن ==== 31 دسمبر نو‏‏ں ، قیادت دے تنازعہ نو‏‏ں طے کرنے دے لئی ایمس وچ اک اسمبلی بلائی گئی۔ مگدالو نے کاٹیپون دی تھاں لین لئی انقلابی حکومت دے قیام تے اصرار کیتا۔ مگدیوانگ نے کاٹیپون نو برقرار رکھن دا حق دتا، تے دلیل دتی کہ ایہ پہلے ای اپنے آپ چ اک حکومت سی۔ اسمبلی بغیر کسے اتفاق رائے دے منتشر ہو گئی۔ مارچ 1897 نوں، ٹیجیروس چ اک ہور اجلاس ہویا۔ اس نے انقلابی حکومت دے لئی افسران دے انتخاب دا مطالبہ کيتا ، جسنو‏ں متحدہ فوجی افواج د‏‏ی ضرورت سی ، کیونجے مگدالو دھڑے دے خلاف ہسپانوی جارحیت زیر التواء سی۔ مگدیوانگ دھڑے نے بونیفیسیو دے نال اتحاد کیتا تے انتخابات د‏‏ی تیاری تے میزبانی د‏‏ی ، کیونجے مگڈلو دھڑے دا بیشتر حصہ جنگ د‏‏ی تیاریاں تو‏ں قبضہ کيتا گیا سی۔ بونیفیسو نے الیکشن دی صدارت کیتی تے آکھیا کہ الیکشن دے نتائج دا احترام کیتا جانا چاہیدا اے۔ جدوں ووٹنگ ختم ہوئی، بونیفیسو ہار گیا سی تے قیادت اگینالڈو دے حوالے کر دتی گئی سی، جہڑا پاسونگ سینٹول چ لڑن لئی دور سی۔ بونیفیسو نے اپنے مگدیوانگ دھڑے دے ممبراں توں ہور عہدے وی کھو دتے۔ اس دے بجائے، اوہ داخلہ دے ڈائریکٹر دے طور تے منتخب ہوئے، لیکن اس دی قابلیت تے اک میگڈلو، ڈینیل ٹیرونا نے سوال چُکیا۔ بونیفیسو نے توہین محسوس کیتی تے جے آرٹیمیو ریکارٹے نے مداخلت نہ کیتی ہوندی تے اوہ ٹیرونا نوں گولی مار دیندا۔ کیٹیپون دے سپریمو دے اپنے عہدے نو طلب کردے ہوئے، بونیفیسو نے انتخابات نو باطل قرار دتا تے غصے چ باہر نکل گیا۔ اگینالڈو نے اگلے دن کیویٹے چ سانتا کروز ڈی مالابون (موجودہ تنزا) چ صدر دے عہدے دا حلف لیا، جویں کہ بونیفیسو دے علاوہ باقی افسراں نے کیتا۔ بونیفیسو نے انتخابی نتائج نو مسترد کر دتا تے اپنا ہیڈ کوارٹر نائیک منتقل کر دتا جتھے اس نے تے دوجے دستخط کرن آلیاں نے ایکٹا ڈی ٹیجیروس جاری کیتا، بنیادی طور تے ٹیجیروس چ قائم حکومت توں وکھ حکومت قائم کرن دا فیصلہ کیتا۔ <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/11/27/18/divisions-and-dynasty|title=Divisions and dynasty: the Bonifacio documents that reveal our painful beginnings|date=November 27, 2018}}</ref> ==== بونیفیسو دی پھانسی ==== جدوں کاویٹے دے اک قصبے انڈانگ چ لیمبن نے رزق دی فراہمی توں انکار کر دتا، تے بونیفیسو نے اینوں ساڑن دا حکم دتا۔ : 117 جدوں اگینالڈو نوں نائیک ملٹری ایگریمنٹ تے بدسلوکی دیاں رپورٹاں بارے پتہ لگیا، تے اس نے 27 اپریل 1897 نوں بونیفیسو تے اوہدے فوجیاں دی گرفتاری دا حکم دتا (بنا بونیفیسو دے علم دے) <ref name="Alvarez" /> : 120 کرنل اگاپیٹو بونزون نے لمبون چ بونیفیسو نال ملاقات کیتی تے اگلے دن اوہدے تے حملہ کر دتا۔ بونیفیسو تے اوہدا بھرا پروکوپیو زخمی ہو گئے، جد کہ اوہناں دا بھرا سیریاکو 28 اپریل نوں ماریا گیا۔ <ref name="Alvarez" /> : 121 اوہناں نوں مقدمے دی سنوائی لئی نائک لے جایا گیا۔ <ref name="Alvarez" /> : 124  کونسیجو ڈی گوئرا (وار کونسل) نے 10 مئی 1897 نو‏‏ں بغاوت تے غداری دے الزام وچ آندریس تے پروکوپیو نو‏‏ں موت د‏‏ی سزا سنائی۔ اگینالڈو نے پھانسی دی بجائے آندرے تے پروکوپیو دی ملک بدری دی حمایت کیتی، : 140 لیکن پیو ڈیل پلار تے انقلاب دے دوسرے افسران دے دباؤ دے نتیجے وچ اپنا فیصلہ واپس لے لیا۔ مئی نوں، میجر لازارو ماکاپاگل نے ، جنرل ماریانو نوریل دے حکم تے، بونیفیسو برادران نوں پھانسی دے دتی : 143 ماؤنٹ بنٹس دے دامن تے، ماراگونڈن دے نیڑے۔ آندرے تے پروکوپیو نو اک اتلی قبر چ دفن کیتا گیا سی، جہدے تے صرف ٹہنیاں لگیاں ہوئیاں سن۔ ==== کاکارنگ ڈی سیلی دی لڑائی ==== [[فائل:Kakarongjf.JPG|thumb| انانگ فلپائنہ مزار]] [[فائل:Ckakarongjf.JPG|thumb| پارک تے مزار دا پینورما]] کاکرونگ دے سلی دی لڑائی 1 جنوری 1897 نوں ہوئی ۔ پانڈی، بولاکان ، نے فلپائن دی آزادی دی لڑائی وچ اک اہم تے تاریخی کردار ادا کیتا۔ پانڈی تاریخی طور تے ریئل ڈی کاکارونگ ڈی سلی مزار دے لیی جانیا جاندا اے - اینانگ فلپائنہ مزار، اوہ تھاں جتھے بولاکان چ سب توں خونی انقلاب ہویا سی، جتھے 3,000 توں ودھ کیٹیپونیرو انقلابی ہلاک ہو گئے سن۔ اسی طرح، ایہ اس جگہ اے جتھے 1896 دی 'ریئل ڈی کاکارونگ ڈی سلی' دی جمہوریہ قائم کیتی گئی سی، جہڑی پہلی فلپائنی انقلابی جمہوریہ چوں اک سی۔ ایہ کاکارونگ ڈی سیلی وچ وی سی کہ [[Kakarong Republic|کاکارونگ جمہوریہ]] دا اہتمام پگڈ لاون دے فریاد دے فورا بعد بولاکان دے مختلف قصبےآں تو‏ں تقریبا 6،000 کٹیپونیروس نے کیتا سی ، جس د‏‏ی سربراہی بریگیڈیئر جنرل یوسیبیو روکے (جسنو‏ں "میسٹرانگ سیبیو یا ڈیمابونگو" دے ناں تو‏ں زیادہ جانیا جاندا اے ) نے کيتا سی۔ ==== کاکرونگ جمہوریہ ==== تاریخ تے محققین،  دے نال نال نیشنل ہسٹوریکل کمیشن دے ریکارڈ دسدے نیں کہ کاکارونگ جمہوریہ ہسپانویاں نو ختم کرن دے لیی ملک اچ قائم کیتی گئی پہلی حقیقی منظم انقلابی حکومت سی، جہڑی مشہور مالولوس جمہوریہ تے بیاک نا باٹو جمہوریہ توں وی پہلے سی۔ اس دے اعتراف وچ ، بولاکان وچ قائم انہاں تن "جمہوریہ" نو‏‏ں صوبائی مہر وچ شامل کيتا گیا ا‏‏ے۔ کاکرونگ جمہوریہ، جہڑا 1896 دے اخیر چ قائم کیتا گیا سی، پانڈی، بولاکان دے قصبے چ مقامی کاٹیپون چیپٹر توں نکلیا، جہنوں بالانگائی ڈیماس-النگ آکھیا جاندا اے۔ دستیاب ریکارڈ دے مطابق، جہدے وچ جنرل گریگوریو ڈیل پلار دی سوانح عمری وی شامل اے، جس دا عنوان اے "اک بوائے جنرل دی زندگی تے موت" ( ٹیوڈورو کلاو ، فلپائن دی نیشنل لائبریری دے سابق ڈائریکٹر ولوں لکھیا گیا)، اک قلعہ کاکارونگ ڈی سلی وچ تعمیر کیتا گیا سی جہڑا اک نکے شہر دی طرح سی۔ اس وچ گلیاں سن ، اک آزاد پولیس فورس ، اک فوجی بینڈ ، بولو تے توپ خانے دے فیکٹریاں دے نال اک فوجی اسلحہ خانہ ، تے رائفلاں تے کارتوساں د‏‏ی مرمت د‏‏ی دکاناں سن ۔ کاکارونگ جمہوریہ دے کول عہدیداراں دا اک مکمل سیٹ سی، جس چ [[Canuto Villanueva|کینوٹو ولانیوا]] فوجی افواج دے سپریم چیف تے کیپٹن جنرل دے طور تے سی، تے [[Eusebio Roque|یوسیبیو روک]] ، جہڑا اپنے نوم ڈی گیور "میسٹرانگ سیبیو" دے ناں توں وی جانیا جاندا سی، جو اس ویلے کاٹیپون مقامی تنظیم دا سربراہ سی، جمہوریہ دی فوج دے بریگیڈیئر جنرل دے طور تے۔ قلعے تے 1 جنوری 1897 نوں اک وڈی ہسپانوی فوج نے حملہ کیتا تے مکمل طور تے تباہ کر دتا، جس دی سربراہی جنرل جوز اولاگوئر فیلیو نے کیتی۔ اس وقت جنرل گریگوریو ڈیل پلار صرف اک لیفٹینینٹ سی ، تے کاکارونگ ڈی سلی د‏‏ی لڑائی اس دا پہلا "اگ دا بپتسمہ" سی۔ ایہ اوہ تھاں سی جتھے اوہ پہلی وار زخمی ہویا سی تے مناتال، اک نیڑے دے بارانگائی چ فرار ہو گیا سی۔ لڑائی چ ہلاک ہون آلے 1,200 کٹیپونیروس دی یاد چ، لیجینریوس ڈیل ٹرابجو دے کاکرونگ لاج نمبر 168 نے 1924 چ پانڈی، بولاکان چ کاکرونگ دے بیریو چ اینانگ فلپائنی مزار (ماں فلپائن مزار) دی یادگار تعمیر کیتی۔ کاکارونگ ڈی سیلی دی لڑائی دا اصل تھاں ہن ریئل ڈی کاکارونگ دے بارانگائی دا اک حصہ اے۔ ایمیلیو اگینالڈو نے اپنے پنجاہ دے اخیر چ اس میدان دا دورہ کیتا۔ ==== بیاک نا باتو ==== [[فائل:Flag_of_the_Biak-na-Bato.svg|right|thumb| جمہوریہ بیاک نا باتو ولوں ورتیا جان آلا جھنڈا ۔]] [[سپین]] توں نویں بھرتی ہون آلیاں دے نال، سرکاری فوجیاں نے 25 مارچ 1897 نوں ایموس نوں لے کے، کاویٹ دے کئی شہراں تے دوبارہ قبضہ کر لیا : 110 ہسپانوی مہم جوئی دی فوج دے سربراہ، جنرل جوز ڈی لاکامبرے نے فیر اوہناں ساریاں نوں معافی دی پیشکش کیتی جہڑے ہتھیار سٹن گے تے ہسپانوی اتھارٹی نوں قبول کرن گے۔ <ref name="Alvarez" /> : 111 مئی 1897 وچ، ہسپانویاں نے ماراگونڈن تے قبضہ کر لیا، جس دی وجہ توں فلپائن جمہوریہ دی حکومت نوں ماؤنٹ بنٹس منتقل ہونا پیا۔ <ref name="Alvarez" /> : 146 جون تک، ہسپانوی نے مینڈیز نونیز ، اماڈیو ، الفونسو ، بیلن تے میگلانز نو تھوڑی جہی مزاحمت دے نال لے لیا سی۔ <ref name="Alvarez" /> : 149 ہسپانویاں نے کیمپاں وچ باغی رشتہ داراں تے دوستاں دا ارتکاز سمیت جنگ دی منصوبہ بندی کیتی۔ <ref name="Alvarez" /> : 222  جیسا کہ اپولیناریو مابینی تے ہور لوکاں نے دلیل دتی اے، باغیاں لئی شکستاں دی جانشینی نوں آندرے بونیفیسو دی موت دے نتیجے وچ عدم اطمینان نال منسوب کیتا جا سکدا اے۔ مابینی نے لکھیا:<blockquote>اس دُکھانت نے انقلابی مقصد دے جوش و خروش نو دبا دتا، تے کاویٹے چ بغاوت دی ناکامی نو تیز کر دتا، کیونکہ [[منیلا]] ، لا لگونا تے باٹانگاس دے بوہت سارے لوک، جہڑے (کاویٹے دے) صوبے لئی لڑ رئے سی، اوہناں نے حوصلہ شکنی کیتی تے چھڈ دتا... </blockquote>دوجے علاقیاں چ، بونیفیسو دے کجھ ساتھیاں، جویں کہ ایمیلیو جیسنٹو تے میکاریو ساکی ، نے کدی وی اپنڑے فوجی حکماں نو ایمیلیو اگینالڈو دے اختیار دے ماتحت نئیں کیتا۔ اگینالڈو تے اوہدے بندے شمال ول پچھے ہٹ گئے، اک شہر توں دوجے شہر تیکر، جدوں تیکر کہ اوہ آخر کار بولاکان دے سان میگوئل ڈی میومو دے قصبے چ، بیاک-نا-باٹو چ آباد نئیں ہو گئے۔ ایتھے اوہناں نے جمہوریہ بیاک-نا-باٹو دے ناں توں جانیا جان آلا قائم کیتا، جس دا آئین اسابیلو آرٹاچو تے فیلکس فیرر ولوں تیار کیتا گیا سی، جہڑا پہلے کیوبا دے آئین دی بنیاد تے سی۔ نویں ہسپانوی گورنر جنرل فرنانڈو پریمو ڈی رویرا نے اعلان کیتا کہ "میں بیاک نا باٹو لے سکدا واں۔ کوئی وی فوج اس تے قبضہ کر سکدی اے۔ لیکن میں بغاوت ختم نئیں کر سکدا"، نے انقلابیاں نوں امن دی پیشکش کیتی۔ پیڈرو پیٹرنو نامی اک وکیل نے دوہاں دھراں دے وچکار مذاکرات کرن لئی رضاکارانہ طور تے رضامندی دتی۔ چار مہینے تک، اس نے [[منیلا]] تے بیاک-نا-باتو دے وچکار سفر کیتا۔ اس دی محنت نے آخر کار اس وقت پھل دتا جدو‏ں 14 تو‏ں 15 دسمبر 1897 نو‏‏ں بیاک نا باتو دے معاہدہ اُتے دستخط کیتے گئے۔ تن دستاویزات تے مشتمل، اس نے درج ذیل ایجنڈے دا مطالبہ کیتا: * انقلابیاں دے سارے ہتھیار ہتھیار سٹنا. * انقلاب چ حصہ لین آلیاں لئی معافی۔ * انقلابی قیادت لئی جلاوطنی۔ * ہسپانوی حکومت ولوں تن قسطاں چ انقلابیاں نوں 400,000 ڈالر ( میکسیکن پیسو ) دی ادائیگی: ملک چھڈن تے 200,000 ڈالر (میکسیکن پیسو)، گھٹ توں گھٹ 700 بندوقاں دے ہتھیار سٹن تے 100,000 ڈالر (میکسیکن پیسو)، تے اک ہور 200,000 ڈالر (میکسیکن پیسو) عام پیسو دے اعلان تے معافی۔ اگینالڈو تے انقلاب دے اٹھارہ ہور اعلیٰ عہدیداراں، جنہاں چ ماریانو لانیرا ، ٹوماس ماسکارڈو ، بینیٹو نیٹیوداد ، گریگوریو ڈیل پلار ، تے وسنٹی لوکبان شامل سن، 24 دسمبر 1897 نوں [[ہانگ کانگ]] چ جلاوطنی لئی بیاک نا باٹو چھڈ گئے۔ ==== انقلاب دا دوجا مرحلہ ==== ===== فلپائن چ ===== سارے انقلابی جرنیلاں نے اس معاہدے دی تعمیل نئیں کیتی ۔ اک، جنرل فرانسسکو میکابولوس ، نے عبوری حکومت دے طور تے کم کرن لئی اک مرکزی ایگزیکٹو کمیٹی قائم کیتی جدوں تک کہ اک زیادہ موزوں حکومت نئیں بنائی جاندی۔ مسلح تنازعات دوبارہ شروع ہوئے، اس وار [[فلپائن]] دے تقریباً ہر صوبے توں آ رہے سن۔ دوجے پاسے، نوآبادیاتی حکام نے ڈکیتی دے ارتکاب دے مشتبہ لوکاں دی گرفتاری تے تشدد جاری رکھیا۔ ===== جلاوطنی وچ ===== اگینالڈو تے اوہدی پارٹی 400,000 ایم ایکس این ڈالر دے نال ہانگ کانگ پہنچی۔ {{Efn|The funds were denominated in Mexican dollars, which were worth at the time to about 50 US cents — equivalent to about ${{#expr:{{inflation|US|0.5|1897|r=2}}}} today.}} فنڈز اگینالڈو دے کنٹرول آلے بینک اکاؤنٹ وچ جمع کیتے گئے سن۔ جلاوطناں نو‏‏ں یقین سی کہ ہسپانوی کدی وی وعدہ کردہ باقی رقم نئيں دین گے۔ اوہناں دی آمد دے بعد، اسابیلو آرٹاچو، اک انقلابی جہنوں جلاوطن نئیں کیتا گیا سی، ہانگ کانگ پہنچیا تے اپنی خدمات دی ادائیگی دے طور تے فنڈز دا مطالبہ کیتا، تے قانونی کارروائی دی دھمکی دتی جہدے نال فنڈز بند ہو جان گے۔ فلیپ اگونسیلو دے مشورے تے، اگینالڈو تے دو مددگار جھوٹے ناں دے تحت [[سنگاپور]] چ سٹاپ اوور دے نال [[یورپ]] نس گئے۔ <ref name="kennedy2015p159">{{Cite book|last=Kennedy|first=C.S.|title=The American Consul: A History of the United States Consular Service 1776–1924.|publisher=New Academia Publishing|year=2015|isbn=978-0-9864353-5-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QMc8EAAAQBAJ|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QMc8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT159 159]}}</ref> سنگاپور وچ، اگینالڈو نے امریکی قونصل ای سپینسر پراٹ نال خفیہ طور تے ملاقات کیتی، جس نوں پتہ لگیا کہ امریکہ تے سپین دے وچکار جنگ دا اعلان کیتا گیا اے۔ {{Sfn|Aguinaldo|Pacis|1957}} <ref name="kennedy2015p159" /> === ہسپانوی امریکی جنگ === [[فائل:USS_Olympia_art_NH_91881-KN.jpg|thumb| منیلا بے دی لڑائی ۔]] امریکہ دی حکومت دے مطالبے دے مطابق کیوبا چ فعال سماجی اصلاحات چ مشغول ہون چ سپین دی ناکامی [[ہسپانوی–امریکی جنگ|ہسپانوی امریکی جنگ]] دی بنیادی وجہ سی۔ امریکی توجہ 15 فروری 1898 نوں ہوانا ہاربر وچ امریکی جنگی جہاز Maine نوں ڈبون آلے پراسرار دھماکے دے بعد اس معاملے تے مرکوز سی۔ جداں ہی ڈیموکریٹک پارٹی تے بعض صنعت کاراں دا عوامی سیاسی دباؤ جنگ دے لئی تیار ہويا ، امریکی کانگریس نے ہچکچاہٹ والے ریپبلکن صدر [[ولیم میک کنلے|ولیم میککنلے]] نو‏‏ں 19 اپریل 1898 نو‏‏ں سپین نو‏‏ں الٹی میٹم جاری کرنے اُتے مجبور کيتا۔ سپین نے پایا کہ یورپ وچ اس دی کوئی سفارتی حمایت نئیں سی، لیکن اس دے باوجود اس نے جنگ دا اعلان کیتا ؛ امریکہ نے 25 اپریل نوں اپنے جنگ دے اعلان دے نال پیروی کیتی۔ [[تھیوڈور روزویلٹ]] ، جہڑا اوس ویلے بحریہ دے اسسٹنٹ سیکرٹری سی، نے کموڈور جارج ڈیوی نوں حکم دتا، جہڑا [[امریکی سمندری فوج|امریکہ دی بحریہ]] دے ایشیائی سکواڈرن دی کمانڈ کر رہیا سی: "اسکواڈرن نوں ہانگ کانگ دا حکم دیو۔ کوئلے نال بھریا رکھو۔ جنگ دے اعلان دی صورت وچ سپین، تہاڈا فرض ایہ ویکھنا ہووے گا کہ ہسپانوی اسکواڈرن ایشیائی ساحل تے فیر فلپائن جزیرے وچ جارحانہ کارروائیاں۔" ڈیوی دا سکواڈرن 27 اپریل نوں فلپائن لئی روانہ ہویا، 30 اپریل دی شام نوں منیلا بے پہنچ <ref name="Howland1921">{{Cite book|last=Howland|first=Harold|title=Theodore Roosevelt and his times: a chronicle of the progressive movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdA6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA245|year=1921|page=245|isbn=978-1279815199}}</ref> 27 اپریل نوں کموڈور جارج ڈیوی 9 امریکی جہازاں دے بیڑے نال [[منیلا]] لئی روانہ ہویا۔ یکم مئی نو پہنچن تے، ڈیوی نے [[امیر البحر|ایڈمرل]] پیٹریسیو مونٹوجو دی کمانڈ وچ نو ہسپانوی جہازاں دے بیڑے دا سامنا کیتا۔ منیلا بے دی بعد دی لڑائی صرف کجھ گھنٹیاں تک جاری رہی، تے امریکی فوجاں چ کوئی وی جانی نقصان نئیں ہویا۔ جدو‏ں کہ بحری فتح فیصلہ کن سی ، چھوٹے بیڑے وچ منیلا اُتے قبضہ کرنے دے لئی درکار تعداد د‏‏ی کمی سی۔ امریکی سکواڈرن نے کاویٹ چ اسلحہ خانے تے بحریہ دے صحن دا کنٹرول سنبھال لیا۔ ڈیوی نے [[واشنگٹن ڈی سی|واشنگٹن نوں]] کیبل کیتا، تے آکھیا کہ اگرچہ اوہ منیلا بے نوں کنٹرول کردا اے، پر اوہنوں [[منیلا]] تے قبضہ کرن لئی 5,000 وادھو بندیاں دی لوڑ اے۔ بیڑا منیلا بے چ ای رہیا جدوں کہ امریکہ توں کمک بھیجی گئی۔ ==== زمین تے مبنی کارروائیاں دی تیاری تے اگینالڈو دی واپسی ==== جنگ د‏‏ی پہلی مصروفیت وچ ڈیوی د‏‏ی فتح د‏‏ی غیر متوقع تیزی تے مکملیت نے [[ولیم میک کنلے|میککنلی]] انتظامیہ نو‏‏ں ہسپانویاں تو‏ں منیلا اُتے قبضہ کرنے دا فیصلہ کرنے د‏‏ی ترغیب دتی۔ فلپائن چ تعیناتی دی تیاری لئی [[امریکی فوج|ریاستہائے متحدہ دی فوج نے]] اٹھویں آرمی کور نو اکٹھا کرنا شروع کیتا - اک فوجی یونٹ جہدے چ میجر جنرل ویزلی میرٹ دی کمان چ 10,844 فوجی شامل ہون گے۔ 7 مئی 1898 نوں USS میکلوچ ، اک امریکی ڈسپیچ بوٹ، [[منیلا]] توں [[ہانگ کانگ]] پہنچی، منیلا بے دی لڑائی چ ڈیوی دی جت دیاں اطلاعواں لے کے آئی۔ ایمیلیو اگینالڈو حال ہی وچ [[سنگاپور]] توں اوتھے واپس آیا سی تے امریکیاں ولوں منیلا پہنچان دی آس سی، لیکن ''میکلوچ'' کول ایس بارے کوئی حکم نئیں سی۔ ''میکلوچ'' 15 مئی نوں فیر ہانگ کانگ اپڑیا تے 17 مئی نوں اگوینالڈو دے نال ہانگ کانگ توں روانہ ہویا، 19 مئی نوں منیلا بے اپڑیا کئی انقلابیاں دے نال نال ہسپانوی فوج ولوں ملازمت کرن آلے فلپائنی فوجی وی اگینالڈو دی کمان چ آ گئے۔ اگینالڈو 19 مئی نو‏‏ں پہنچیا تے ، ڈیوی دے نال اک مختصر ملاقات دے بعد ، ہسپانویاں دے خلاف انقلابی سرگرمیاں دوبارہ شروع کيتیاں۔ 24 مئی نو‏‏ں ، اگینالڈو نے اک اعلان جاری کيتا جس وچ انہاں نے فلپائن د‏‏ی تمام افواج د‏‏ی کمان سنبھالی تے اپنے آپ نو‏‏ں آمر دے طور اُتے [[ڈکٹیٹرشپ|آمرانہ حکومت]] قائم کرنے دے اپنے ارادے دا اعلان کيتا ، تے کہیا کہ اوہ باقاعدہ طور اُتے منتخب صدر دے حق وچ استعفیٰ دے دین گے۔ 28 مئی 1898 نو‏‏ں الاپان د‏‏ی لڑائی وچ ، اگینالڈو نے تقریبا 12،000 افراد د‏‏ی تازہ کمک دے نال کیویٹ وچ ہسپانوی سلطنت دے آخری باقی گڑھ اُتے چھاپہ ماریا۔ اس لڑائی نے بالآخر کیویٹے نو ہسپانوی نوآبادیات‏ی کنٹرول تو‏ں آزاد کر دتا تے اس د‏ی وجہ تو‏ں پہلی بار فلپائن دا جدید جھنڈا فتح وچ لہرایا گیا۔ عوامی خوشی نے اگینالڈو دی واپسی نوں نشان زد کیتا۔ بہت سارے فلپائنی بھرتی ہوئے افراد نے اگوینالڈو د‏‏ی کمان وچ شامل ہونے دے لئی مقامی ہسپانوی فوج دے یونٹاں نو‏‏ں ترک کردتا تے سپین دے خلاف فلپائنی انقلاب دوبارہ شروع ہويا۔ جلد ہی، بہت سارے شہراں جویں کہ ایموس ، باکور ، پاراناک ، لاس پیناس ، مورونگ ، مکابیبی تے سان فرنانڈو ، دے نال نال کجھ پورے [[فلپائن دے صوبے|صوبے]] جویں کہ لا لگونا (ہن لاگونا)، بٹانگاس ، بولاکان ، نووا ایکیجا ، باٹان ، تایاباس (ہن کوئزون )، تے کیمرین صوبے، فلپائنیاں دے بندرگاہاں تے آزاد کر دتے گئے۔ کاویٹ چ ڈلاہیکن نوں محفوظ کر لیا گیا سی۔ [[فائل:Thomas_M._Anderson_(1836−1917).jpg|thumb| تھامس ایم اینڈرسن]] امریکی فوجاں دا پہلا دستہ 30 جون نو اٹھویں کور دے دوجے ڈویژن دے کمانڈر بریگیڈیئر جنرل تھامس میک آرتھر اینڈرسن دی کمان چ پہنچیا (ایس دور دے امریکی بریگیڈ تے ڈویژن نمبر پوری فوج چ منفرد نئیں سن)۔ جنرل اینڈرسن نے اگینالڈو نو‏‏ں خط لکھیا ، جس وچ ہسپانوی افواج دے خلاف فوجی کارروائیاں وچ تعاون د‏‏ی درخواست کيتی گئی سی۔ اگینالڈو نے جواب دتا، جنرل اینڈرسن دے دوستانہ جذبات لئی شکریہ ادا کیتا، لیکن فوجی تعاون دے بارے چ کجھ نئیں آکھیا۔ جنرل اینڈرسن نے درخواست دی تجدید نئیں کیتی۔ <ref name="worcester1914ch3p57" /> اٹھویں کور دی دوجی بریگیڈ تے دوجی ڈویژن 17 جولائی نوں بریگیڈیئر جنرل فرانسس وی گرین دی کمان ہیٹھ پہنچی۔ میجر جنرل ویزلی میرٹ (فلپائنی مہم دا کمانڈر ان چیف ) تے اس دا عملہ 25 جولائ‏ی نو‏‏ں کیویٹے پہنچیا۔ کور دی دوجی ڈویژن دی پہلی بریگیڈ 30 جولائی نوں بریگیڈیئر جنرل آرتھر میک آرتھر دی کمان ہیٹھ پہنچی۔ ==== اعلان آزادی ==== جون 1898 تک، جزیرہ [[لوزون]] ، منیلا تے کاویٹے دی بندرگاہ دے علاوہ، فلپائنی کنٹرول چ سی، جنرل مونیٹ دے 600 فوج تے 80 زخمیاں دی باقی فوج دے نال منیلا واپس جان دے بعد۔ : 445 انقلابی منیلا دا محاصرہ کر رہے سن تے اس د‏ی خوراک تے پانی د‏‏ی فراہمی نو‏‏ں منقطع کررہے سن ۔ جزیرہ نما دے زیادہ تر حصے دے نال، اگینالڈو نے فیصلہ کیتا کہ ہن فلپائن دی حکومت قائم کرن دا ویلہ آ گیا اے۔ جدوں اگینالڈو ہانگ کانگ توں آیا، تے اوہ اپنے نال ماریانو پونسے ولوں تیار کردہ منصوبے دی کاپی لے کے آیا سی، جس چ اک انقلابی حکومت دے قیام دا مطالبہ کیتا گیا سی۔ امبروسیو ریانزارس باؤٹیسٹا دے مشورے تے، تاہم، 24 مئی نوں اک مطلق العنان حکومت قائم کیتی گئی، جس چ اگینالڈو آمر سی۔ ایہہ ایس آمریت دے تحت سی  12 جون 1898 نوں، اگینالڈو نے کاویٹ ایل ویجو چ اپنے گھر چ فلپائن دی آزادی دا اعلان کیتا۔ {{Sfn|Guevara|1972}} امبروسیو ریانزارس باؤٹیسٹا نے فلپائن دا اعلان آزادی لکھیا، تے اس دستاویز نو اس دن اگینالڈو دے گھر ہسپانوی چ پڑھیا۔ پہلا فلپائنی جھنڈا فیر لہرایا گیا تے قومی ترانہ پہلی وار وجایا گیا۔  18 جون نوں، اگینالڈو نے باقاعدہ طور تے اپنی آمرانہ حکومت قائم کرن لئی اک فرمان جاری کیتا۔ اپولیناریو مابینی ، اگینالڈو دے سب توں نیڑے دے مشیر، نے اگینالڈو دے مطلق العنانیت قائم کرن دے فیصلے دی مخالفت کیتی۔ اس دی بجائے اس نے اگینالڈو نو اک انقلابی حکومت بنان تے زور دتا۔ اگینالڈو نے انج کرن توں انکار کر دتا; تاہم، مابینی آخر کار اس نو قائل کرن چ کامیاب ہو گئی۔  23 جون نوں، اگینالڈو نے اک ہور فرمان جاری کیتا، اس وار آمرانہ حکومت دی تھاں اک انقلابی حکومت (تے اپنے آپ نوں صدر دے طور تے نامزد کیتا)۔ 1899 وچ ماضی وچ لکھدے ہوئے ، اگینالڈو نے دعوی کيتا کہ امریکی قونصل ای سپینسر پراٹ نے اسنو‏ں زبانی یقین دوایا سی کہ "امریکہ گھٹ تو‏ں کم امریکی بحریہ دے تحفظ دے تحت فلپائن د‏‏ی آزادی نو‏‏ں تسلیم کرے گا"۔ پراٹ ولوں [[وزیر خارجہ ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا|امریکی وزیر خارجہ]] ولیم آر ڈے نوں 28 اپریل دے سنیہے وچ، آزادی دا کوئی ذکر نئیں سی، یا کسے وی شرط دا کوئی ذکر نئیں سی جہدے تے اگینالڈو نے تعاون کرنا سی۔ جولائی دے اک مواصلات وچ ، پراٹ نے کہیا کہ امریکی پالیسی دے سلسلے وچ اگوینالڈو تو‏ں کوئی وعدہ نئيں کيت‏‏ا گیا اے ، اس تصور دا مقصد فلپائن دے قبضے تے انتظامیہ د‏‏ی سہولت فراہ‏م کرنا سی ، جدو‏ں کہ کارروائی دے ممکنہ تنازعہ نو‏‏ں روکنا سی۔ 16 جون نو‏‏ں ، ڈے نے پراٹ نو‏‏ں غیر مجاز مذاکرات تو‏ں بچنے د‏‏ی ہدایات دے نال کیبل کیتا ، اس دے نال ہی اک یاد دہانی وی دتی کہ پراٹ نو‏‏ں امریکی حکومت د‏‏ی طرف تو‏ں انتظامات وچ داخل ہونے دا کوئی اختیار نئيں ا‏‏ے۔ فلپائنی سکالر میکسیمو کالاو نے 1927 وچ لکھیا: "تاہم، کجھ پرنسپل حقائق بالکل واضح لگدے نیں۔ اگینالڈو نوں ایہ نئیں سمجھایا گیا سی کہ، فلپائنی تعاون دے مدنظر، امریکہ جزیرےآں تے اپنی خود مختاری ودھائے گا، تے اس طرح پرانے ہسپانوی ماسٹر دی تھاں اک نواں سچائی وچ قدم رکھے گا جو اس ویلے کدی وی کوئی وی نئیں سوچدا سی۔ جنگ دے نتیجے چ امریکہ ولوں فلپائن نوں برقرار رکھن دا نتیجہ نکلے گا۔" جولائی نو‏‏ں ، اگینالڈو نے فلپائن دے سول اتھارٹی نو‏‏ں سنبھالدے ہوئے تن نامیاتی فرمان جاری کیتے۔ امریکی جرنیلاں نے شک کیتا کہ اگینالڈو امریکی مدد دے بغیر منیلا اُتے قبضہ کرنے د‏‏ی کوشش کررہیا سی ، اس نے امریکی افواج نو‏‏ں رسد محدود کردتی سی ، تے خفیہ طور اُتے ہسپانوی حکا‏م دے نال مذاکرات کررہیا سی جدو‏ں کہ انہاں نو‏ں امریکی فوج د‏‏ی نقل و حرکت دے بارے وچ آگاہ کيتا سی۔ اگینالڈو نے خبردار کیتا کہ امریکی فوجاں نو‏‏ں پہلے تحریری طور اُتے رابطے دے بغیر فلپائنیاں دے فتح شدہ مقامات اُتے اترن نئيں چاہیدا ، تے پہنچنے والی امریکی افواج نو‏‏ں اپنی مکمل خدمت پیش نئيں کيت‏‏ی۔ ==== منیلا تے قبضہ ==== جون تک، امریکی تے فلپائنی افواج نے زیادہ تر جزیرےآں دا کنٹرول سنبھال لیا سی، سوائے دیواراں آلے شہر انٹرامیروس دے۔ ایڈمرل ڈیوی تے جنرل میرٹ قائم مقام گورنر جنرل فرمین جوڈینس دے نال اک بے خون حل کڈھن دے قابل سن۔ گل بات کرنے والی فریقین نے فرضی جنگ دا انعقاد کرنے دے لئی اک خفیہ معاہدہ کيتا جس وچ ہسپانوی افواج نو‏‏ں امریکی افواج تو‏ں شکست دتی جائے گی ، لیکن فلپائنی افواج نو‏‏ں شہر وچ داخل ہونے د‏‏ی اجازت نئيں ہوئے گی۔ اس منصوبے نے ہر طرفوں غیر ضروری جانی نقصان دے خطرے نو گھٹ توں گھٹ کیتا، جد کہ ہسپانوی ممکنہ طور تے فلپائنی افواج دے حوالے کرن دی شرمندگی توں وی بچ سکدے سن۔ 12 اگست د‏‏ی شام نو‏‏ں ، امریکیاں نے اگینالڈو نو‏‏ں مطلع کيتا کہ اوہ اپنی کمان وچ باغیاں نو‏‏ں امریکی اجازت دے بغیر منیلا وچ داخل ہونے تو‏ں منع کرے۔ <ref name="worcester1914ch3p55" /> 13 اگست نو‏‏ں ، امن پروٹوکول اُتے دستخط کرنے تو‏ں بے خبر ، <ref name="worcester1914ch3p55" /> <ref>{{Citation|title=The World of 1898: The Spanish–American War}}</ref> <ref name="U.S. Library of Congress">{{Citation|title=The World of 1898: the Spanish–American War}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|title=Our flag is now waving over Manila}}</ref> امریکی افواج نے منیلا وچ ہسپانوی عہدےآں اُتے حملہ کيتا تے انہاں اُتے قبضہ ک‏ر ليا۔ جدو‏ں کہ ایہ منصوبہ فرضی جنگ تے سادہ ہتھیار ڈالنے دے لئی سی ، باغیاں نے اپنا اک آزاد حملہ کيتا ، جس د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں ہسپانویاں دے نال محاذ آرائی ہوئی جس وچ کچھ امریکی فوجی مارے تے زخمی ہوئے۔ ہسپانویاں نے باقاعدہ طور تے منیلا نوں امریکی فوجاں دے حوالے کر دتا۔ اوہناں دے قبضے آلے شہر دے کجھ حصیاں چ باغی افواج ولوں کجھ لُٹ مار ہوئی۔ اگینالڈو نے شہر اُتے مشترکہ قبضے دا مطالبہ کيتا ، اُتے امریکی کمانڈراں نے اگینالڈو نو‏‏ں منیلا تو‏ں اپنی افواج واپس لینے دے لئی دباؤ ڈالیا۔ 12 اگست 1898ء نو‏‏ں ''نیویارک ٹائمز نے'' رپورٹ دتی کہ اس دوپہر نو‏‏ں واشنگٹن وچ امریک‏‏ا تے سپین دے وچکار اک امن پروٹوکول اُتے دستخط کیتے گئے سن جس تو‏ں دونے ملکاں دے درمیان دشمنی معطل ہوگئی سی۔ <ref>{{Citation|title=WAR SUSPENDED, PEACE ASSURED; President Proclaims a Cessation of Hostilities}}</ref> پروٹوکول دا مکمل متن 5 نومبر تک عوامی نئيں کیتا گیا سی ، لیکن آرٹیکل III وچ ایہ لکھیا سی: "امن معاہدے دے اختتام تک ، ریاستہائے متحدہ منیلا دے شہر ، خلیج تے بندرگاہ اُتے قبضہ تے قبضہ کرے گا ، جو فلپائن دے کنٹرول ، طرز عمل تے حکومت دا تعین کرے گا۔" اس معاہدے دے اختتام دے بعد ، امریکی صدر میککنلے نے سپین دے نال دشمنی معطل کرنے دا اعلان کيتا۔ جنرل میرٹ نو‏‏ں منیلا دے ہتھیار ڈالنے دے تن دن بعد 16 اگست نو‏‏ں 12 اگست دے امن پروٹوکول د‏‏ی خبر ملی۔ ایڈمرل ڈیوی تے جنرل میرٹ نو‏‏ں 17 اگست نو‏‏ں اک ٹیلی گرام دے ذریعہ مطلع کيتا گیا کہ ریاستہائے متحدہ دے صدر نے ہدایت کيتی اے کہ ریاستہائے متحدہ نو‏‏ں منیلا اُتے مکمل کنٹرول ہونا چاہیے ، جس وچ کوئی مشترکہ قبضہ جائز نئيں ہوئے۔ ہور مذاکرات دے بعد، باغی افواج 15 ستمبر نو شہر توں واپس چلے گئے۔ اس جنگ نے فلپائنی تے امریکی تعاون دے خاتمے نو‏‏ں نشان زد کيتا ، کیونجے فلپائنی افواج نو‏‏ں قبضہ شدہ شہر منیلا وچ داخل ہونے تو‏ں روکنے د‏‏ی امریکی کارروائی تو‏ں فلپائنیاں د‏‏ی طرف تو‏ں گہری ناراضگی سی۔ ==== امریکی فوجی حکومت ==== منیلا تے قبضے دے دو دن مگروں 14 اگست 1898 نوں امریکہ نے فلپائن چ اک فوجی حکومت قائم کیتی جیدے چ جنرل ویزلی میرٹ فوجی گورنر دے طور تے کم کردا سی۔ فوجی حکمرانی (1898–1902) دے دوران، امریکی فوجی کمانڈر نے [[امریکی مسلح افواج]] دے کمانڈر ان چیف دے طور تے امریکی صدر دے اختیار دے تحت فلپائن تے حکومت کیتی۔ اک سول گورنر جنرل دی تقرری دے بعد، طریقہ کار تیار ہویا کہ جدوں ملک دے کجھ حصے پرامن ہو گئے تے امریکی کنٹرول دے تحت مضبوطی نال رکھے گئے، اس علاقے دی ذمہ داری شہریاں نوں منتقل کر دتی جائے گی۔ جنرل میرٹ دے بعد جنرل اوٹس نے فوجی گورنر بنیا، جہدے بعد جنرل میک آرتھر نے تخت نشین کیتا۔ میجر جنرل عدنا چافی آخری فوجی گورنر سی ۔ فوجی گورنر دا عہدہ جولائ‏ی 1902ء وچ ختم کر دتا گیا ، جس دے بعد سول گورنر جنرل فلپائن وچ واحد ایگزیکٹو اتھارٹی بن گیا۔ فوجی حکومت دے تحت ، اک امریکی طرز دا اسکول نظام متعارف کرایا گیا ، جس وچ ابتدائی طور اُتے فوجیاں نو‏‏ں اساتذہ بنایا گیا سی ؛ سول تے فوجداری عدالتاں دوبارہ قائم کیتیاں گئیاں، جس چ اک سپریم کورٹ وی شامل سی; <ref name="Otis1899">{{Cite book|last=Otis|first=Elwell Stephen|title=Annual Report of the Major-General Commanding the Army|volume=2|chapter=Annual report of Maj. Gen. E.S. Otis, U.S.V., commanding Department of the Pacific and 8th Army Corps, military governor in the Philippine Islands|page=146|publisher=Government Printing Office|location=Washington, DC|year=1899}}</ref> تے قصبےآں تے صوبےآں وچ مقامی حکومتاں قائم کيتیاں گئیاں ۔ پہلا مقامی الیکشن جنرل ہیرالڈ ڈبلیو لاٹن نے 7 مئی 1899 نوں بالیواگ، بولاکان چ کیتا سی۔ ==== ہسپانوی امریکی جنگ دا خاتمہ ==== [[فائل:Felipe_Agoncillo.jpg|thumb| فلیپ اگونسیلو [[پیرس]] چ مذاکرات لئی فلپائنی نمائندہ سی جہدے نتیجے چ پیرس دا معاہدہ (1898) ہویا، جس نال [[ہسپانوی–امریکی جنگ|ہسپانوی امریکی جنگ]] ختم ہو گئی۔ اوہنوں " ''بقایا پہلا فلپائنی سفارتکار'' " آکھیا جاندا اے۔]] اگست 1898 وچ امریکہ دے منیلا اُتے قبضہ کرنے دے بعد ، جزیرےآں وچ دوسری جگہاں اُتے ہسپانوی اتھارٹی مختصر طور اُتے برقرار رہی۔ باقی نوآبادیاتی انتظامیہ، گورنر جنرل ڈیاگو ڈی لاس ریوس دے تحت، ویسیاس چ واپس چلی گئی تے ایلویلو چ اک عارضی حکومت قائم کیتی، جہڑی حقیقت چ [[ہسپانوی شرق الہند|ہسپانوی ایسٹ انڈیز]] دا نواں دارالحکومت بن گئی۔ پانے چ ودھدی ہوئی انقلابی تحریک دے باوجود، ایلویلو سپین دے نال وفادار رہیا، جس دی وڈی وجہ اس دے مضبوط معاشی تعلقات تے سپین دے نال وفاداری سی۔ اس دوران پیرس وچ سپین تے امریکا دے درمیان امن مذاکرات جاری سن ۔ امریکی امن کمیشن نو‏‏ں ابتدائی ہدایات صرف [[لوزون]] تے [[گوام|گوام نو]] ‏‏ں اسٹریٹجک اڈاں دے طور اُتے تلاش کرنا سی ، لیکن صدر [[ولیم میک کنلے|ولیم میککنلے نے]] بعد وچ کمیشن نو‏‏ں پورے فلپائنی جزیرہ نما دا مطالبہ کرنے د‏‏ی ہدایت کيتی۔ پیرس دے معاہدے دے نتیجے چ، 10 دسمبر 1898 نوں دستخط کیتے گئے، باقاعدہ طور تے ہسپانوی امریکی جنگ ختم کر دتی تے 20 ڈالر دے بدلے فلپائن نوں امریکہ دے حوالے کرن دی فراہمی کیتی۔&nbsp;دس لاکھ۔ <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD8OAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA170|title=The Rescue of Cuba: An Episode in the Growth of Free Government|publisher=Silver, Burdett}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AD0B560nGVIC&pg=PA83|title=Desertion and the American Soldier, 1776–2006|publisher=Algora Publishing}}</ref> اس گل نو بعد چ 1900 دے واشنگٹن دے معاہدے نال واضح کیتا گیا، جس چ پیرس دے معاہدے چ بیان کردہ حدود توں باہر ہور ہسپانوی زیر قبضہ جزیرے شامل سن۔ معاہدے اُتے دستخط ہونے دے بعد وی ، ویسیاس وچ ہسپانوی کنٹرول مختصر طور اُتے جاری رہیا۔ دسمبر 1898 نوں، ڈی لاس ریوس نے جنرل مارٹن ڈیلگاڈو دی اگوائی چ فلپائنی انقلابی افواج دے حوالے کر دتا، جس نال فلپائن چ ہسپانوی حکومت دا آخری خاتمہ ہویا۔ <ref>{{حوالہ رسالہ|last=Yap|first=Tara|title=Full independence realized after Spanish general's surrender in Iloilo}}</ref> دسمبر 1898 نوں، صدر میککنلے نے نویں حاصل کیتے گئے فلپائن دے حوالے نال امریکی پالیسی دا خاکہ پیش کردے ہوئے، خیر خواہ ضم کرن دی پالیسی دا اعلان کیتا۔ 4 جنوری 1899 نو‏‏ں منیلا وچ اعلان کيتا گیا ، اس نے اعلان کيتا کہ جزیرے امریکی خود مختاری دے تحت آئے گا ، جس وچ امریکی افواج نو‏‏ں فلپائنی عوام نو‏‏ں دشمن د‏‏ی بجائے دوست سمجھنے د‏‏ی ہدایت کيتی گئی۔ <ref>{{Citation|title=McKinley's Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation}}</ref> === پہلی فلپائن جمہوریہ === [[فائل:PhilippineRevolutionMapDuringTheInaugurationOfTheMalolosConstitution.png|thumb| پہلی فلپائن جمہوریہ دے افتتاح دے دوران فلپائن دا نقشہ۔]] جون تے 10 ستمبر دے درمیان انقلابی حکومت دے ذریعہ انتخابات منعقد کیتے گئے سن ، جس دے نتیجے وچ مالولوس کانگریس دے ناں تو ں جانی جانے والی مقننہ د ی نشست ہوئی۔ ایہ اس فرمان دی سفارشات دے بعد ہویا جس نے انقلابی حکومت قائم کیتی سی، تے کانگریسو ریوولوشناریو (انقلابی کانگریس) 15 ستمبر نو مالولوس، بولاکان دے باراسوین چرچ وچ جمع ہوئی : 469 کانگریس دے سارے نمائندے ایلوسریٹو طبقے دے سن۔ مابینی نے آئینی اسمبلی دے مطالبے تے اعتراض کیتا؛ جدوں اوہ کامیاب نہ ہویا تاں اس نے اپنا اک آئین تیار کیتا، جو وی ناکام رہا۔ اک مثالی وکیل، فلیپ کالڈرون وائی روکا دا مسودہ پیش کیتا گیا، تے ایہ اوہ فریم ورک بن گیا جس تے اسمبلی نے پہلا آئین، مالولوس آئین تیار کیتا۔ نومبر نوں، اسمبلی، جہنوں ہن مالولوس کانگریس آکھیا جاندا اے، نے مسودہ ختم کیتا۔ تاہم، اگینالڈو، جس نے ہمیشہ مابینی نو اعلیٰ عزت دتی تے اس دے زیادہ تر مشورے تے عمل کیتا، جدوں بعد چ اعتراض کیتا تے اس نے مسودے تے دستخط کرن توں انکار کر دتا۔ 21 جنوری 1899 نو‏‏ں ، مابینی د‏‏ی دلیلاں دے مطابق کچھ ترمیماں دے بعد ، آئین نو ‏‏ں بالآخر کانگریس نے منظور کيتا تے اگینالڈو نے اس اُتے دستخط کیتے۔ دو دن بعد ، فلپائن جمہوریہ (جسنو‏ں پہلی جمہوریہ تے مالولوس جمہوریہ وی کہیا جاندا اے ) مالولوس وچ قائم کيتا گیا جس دا صدر ایمیلیو اگینالڈو سی۔ <ref name="Foreman" /> : 486 اس دے حتمی آئین وچ اک آرٹیکل شامل اے جو بنیادی طور اُتے صدر نو‏‏ں فرمان دے ذریعہ حکومت کرنے دا اختیار دیندا اے ، "جبکہ ملک نو‏‏ں اپنی آزادی دے لئی لڑنے د‏‏ی ضرورت ا‏‏ے۔" دو دن بعد ، فلپائن جمہوریہ (جسنو‏ں پہلی جمہوریہ تے مالولوس جمہوریہ وی کہیا جاندا اے ) مالولوس وچ قائم کيتا گیا جس دا صدر ایمیلیو اگینالڈو سی۔ <ref name="Foreman" /> : 486  4 فروری نو‏‏ں ، قیام د‏‏ی تقریبات دے دو ہفتےآں تو‏ں وی کم عرصے بعد ، فلپائنی تے امریکی افواج دے وچکار منیلا د‏‏ی 1899 د‏‏ی جنگ شروع ہوگئی۔ لڑائی تیزی نال ودھدی گئی، انقلاب دے تسلسل توں فلپائن-امریکی جنگ وچ ترقی کردی گئی۔ اگینالڈو نے امریکی کمانڈر، جنرل اوٹس دے کول لڑائی دے خاتمے دی اپیل کرن لئی اک ایلچی گھلیا، پر اوٹس نے اسنوں ردّ کر دتا، اتے اصرار کیتا کہ "لڑائی، شروع ہون دے بعد، گھور انت تکّ جانا چاہیدا اے۔" <ref>{{Cite book|title=A National Weekly Journal of Politics ..., Volumes 30-31|publisher=The American|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WCz9OL0aY_sC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903|publisher=Yale University Press}} </ref> 2 جون نو‏‏ں ، فلپائن جمہوریہ د‏‏ی گورننگ کونسل نے اک اعلان وچ اعلان کيتا کہ اس نے امریکیاں دے خلاف "جنگ جاری رکھنے دا نتیجہ اخذ کيتا ا‏‏ے۔" لڑائی تیزی نال فلپائن تے امریکی جنگ وچ ودھ گئی۔ ==== فلپائن تے امریکی جنگ ==== 4 فروری 1899 نو‏‏ں ، فلپائنی تے امریکی افواج دے درمیان دشمنی اس وقت شروع ہوئی جدو‏ں فلپائنی تے امریکی لائناں دے درمیان گشت کرنے والے اک امریکی سنتری نے اک فلپائنی فوجی نو‏‏ں گولی مار دتی۔ فلپائنی افواج نے فائرنگ دا جواب دتا، اس طرح منیلا لئی دوجی لڑائی شروع ہو گئی۔ اگینالڈو نے اپنے عملے دے اک رینکنگ رکن نو امریکی فوجی کمانڈر ایل ویل اوٹس دے کول گھلیا، اس سنیہے دے نال کہ فائرنگ اس دے احکامات دے خلاف سی۔ اگینالڈو دے مطابق، اوٹس نے جواب دتا، "لڑائی، شروع ہون دے بعد، اس نوں گھور انت تک جانا چاہیدا اے۔" فلپائن نے 2 جون 1899 نوں امریکہ دے خلاف جنگ دا اعلان کیتا، جس چ پہلی فلپائن جمہوریہ دی کانگریس دے صدر پیڈرو پیٹرنو نے جنگ دا اعلان جاری کیتا۔ <ref name="WarProclamation" /> چونکہ پہلی فلپائن جمہوریہ نو کدی وی [[خود مختار ریاست]] دے طور تے تسلیم نئیں کیتا گیا سی، تے ریاستہائے متحدہ نے کدی وی باقاعدہ طور تے جنگ دا اعلان نئیں کیتا سی، اس لی تنازعہ کسی معاہدے دے ذریعے ختم نئیں ہویا سی۔ جولائی 1902 نوں، امریکہ دے وزیر جنگ نے ٹیلی گراف کیتا کہ جدوں توں امریکہ دے خلاف بغاوت ختم ہو چکی اے تے فلپائن دے جزیرہ نما دے زیادہ تر حصے چ صوبائی سول حکومتاں قائم ہو چکیاں نیں، فوجی گورنر دا عہدہ ختم کر دتا گیا اے۔ {{Sfn|Worcester|1914}} 4 جولائی نوں، [[تھیوڈور روزویلٹ]] ، جہڑا ولیم میککنلے دے قتل دے بعد امریکی صدارت چ کامیاب ہویا سی، نے تنازعہ چ حصہ لین آلیاں لئی معافی دا اعلان کیتا۔ {{Sfn|Worcester|1914}} <ref name="NYT19020704" /> اپریل 2002 نوں، فلپائن دی صدر گلوریا میکاپاگل ارویو نے اعلان کیتا کہ فلپائن-امریکی جنگ 16 اپریل 1902 نوں جنرل میگوئل مالور دے ہتھیار سٹن نال ختم ہو گئی سی، تے اس تاریخ دی صد سالہ سالگرہ نوں قومی کم کرن دی چھٹی دے طور تے اعلان کیتا تے اعلان وچ غیر کم کرن آلی چھٹی دے طور تے بٹانگاس تے بٹانگاس ، لیپا تے تناؤان دے شہراں چ۔ == انقلاب دا خاتمہ == انقلاب بنیادی طور تے 23 مارچ 1901 نوں امریکی افواج ولوں ایمیلیو اگینالڈو دی گرفتاری دے نال ختم ہویا، حالانکہ کجھ علاقیاں چ کجھ عرصے تک لڑائی جاری رہی۔ اگینالڈو نے یکم اپریل نوں امریکہ نال وفاداری دا اعلان کیتا تے 19 اپریل نوں اک اعلان جاری کیتا جس وچ تسلیم کیتا گیا کہ زیادہ تر فلپائنی لوکاں نے امریکہ دے آسے پاسے متحد ہو گئے نیں، "امن دے حق وچ بلاشبہ" اعلان کیتا، تے آکھیا، "دشمنی دا مکمل خاتمہ تے پائیدار امن نہ صرف مطلوبہ اے، بلکہ فلپائن دے جزیرے دی فلاح و بہبود لئی بالکل ضروری اے۔" امریکی صدر نے 4 جولائ‏ی نو‏‏ں اس دا جواب دیندے ہوئے فلپائن دے جزیرہ نما دے تمام افراد نو‏‏ں مکمل تے مکمل معافی تے معافی دا اعلان کیتا جنہاں نے فلپائن اُتے امریکی خود مختاری دے خلاف بغاوت وچ حصہ لیا ا‏‏ے۔ == موتاں دی گنتی == جنگ دے باہمی تعلقات دے منصوبے دا اندازہ اے کہ دوناں فریقین نے 2000 توں ودھ جنگی موتاں دا سامنا کیتا جد کہ بیماریاں دی وجہ توں بہت سارے لوکاں نوں نقصان پہنچیا۔ <ref name="cloudfelter2015">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNzCDgAAQBAJ|title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed.}}</ref> == ایہہ وی ویکھو == * [[امریکی سامراج]] * [[پاسونگ تامو دی لڑائی]] * [[بورژوا انقلاب]] * [[فلپائن دی تریخ (1521–1898)]] * [[فلپائن دی تریخ|فلپائن دی تریخ]] * [[فرانسیسی انقلاب دا اثر و رسوخ]] * [[فلپائنی انقلاب دے ہتھیاراں دی فہرست]] * [[مورو بغاوت]] * [[نیگروس انقلاب]] * [[سپین دے خلاف فلپائنی بغاوت]] * [[وفاقی ریاست ویسایا]] * [[جمہوریہ زامبوانگا]] * [[فلپائنی انقلاب دی ٹائم لائن]] * [[آزادی دیاں ہسپانوی امریکی جنگاں]] == نوٹ == {{حوالے}} == حوالے == * {{Citation|title=History of the Filipino People}} * {{Citation|title=True Version of the Philippine Revolution}} * {{Citation|title=True Version of the Philippine Revolution}} * {{Citation|title=A Second Look at America}} * {{Citation|title=Recalling the Revolution}} * {{Citation|title=The katipunan and the revolution: memoirs of a general: with the original Tagalog text}}, Translated by Paula Carolina S. Malay * {{Citation|title=[[Under Three Flags: Anarchism and the Anti-Colonial Imagination]]}} * {{Citation|title=The 1900s : American popular culture through history}} * {{Citation|title=Neocolonialism American Style, 1960–2000}} * {{Citation|title=The War of 1898, and U.S. interventions, 1898–1934: an encyclopedia}} * {{Citation|title=The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898}} * {{Citation|title=A Visit to the Philippine Islands}} * {{Citation|title=The Philippines: A Past Revisited}} * {{Citation|title=Las Islas Filipinas en 1882}} * {{Citation|title=Crimes Against Humanity: A Shocking History of U.s. Crimes Since 1776}} * {{Citation|title=Memoria sobre el comercio y navegacion de las islas Filipinas}} * {{Citation|title=The Philippines: To the End of the Commission Government, a Study in Tropical Democracy}} * Escalante, Rene. "Collapse of the Malolos Republic." ''Philippine Studies'' 46#4 (1998), pp.&nbsp;452–76. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/42634284 online] blames Aguinaldo's incompetence for loss of public support and collapse of his regime. * {{Citation|title=The Philippine Islands: A Political, Geographical, Ethnographical, Social, and Commercial History of the Philippine Archipelago}} * {{Citation|title=The Philippines After The Revolution 1898–1945}} * {{Citation|title=Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People}} * {{Citation|title=The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899}} (English translation by Sulpicio Guevara) * {{Citation|title=Philippine History}} * {{Citation|title=The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico}} * {{Citation|title=[[Weidmannsche Buchhandlung]]}}. An English translation under the title ''Travels in the Philippines'' was printed in London, 1875, by [[Chapman and Hall]]. * {{Citation|title=The Development of Philippine Politics}} * {{Citation|title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1}} * {{Citation|title=In Our Image}} * {{Citation|title=Philippine history and government}} * {{Cite book|title=Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Asia: From the Taiping Rebellion to the Vietnam War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmSnTIAPnoUC}} * {{Citation|title=The Philippine Revolution}}, Translated by Leon Ma. Guerrero. * {{Citation|title=Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903}} * {{Citation|title=Historia general de Filipinas}} * {{Citation|title=Saving Christianity from empire}} * Padilla Angulo, Fernando J. (2023). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jd6ZEAAAQBAJ Volunteers of the Empire. War, Identity, and Spanish Imperialism, 1855-1898]. London: Bloomsbury Academic. * {{Citation|title=Commercial Progress in the Philippine Islands}} * {{Citation|title=The Philippine revolution of 1896: ordinary lives in extraordinary times}} * {{Citation|title=Agosto 29-30, 1896: ang pagsalakay ni Bonifacio sa Maynila}} * {{Citation|title=Philippines: A Country Study}} * {{Citation|title=The Filipino Moving Onward 5}} * {{Citation|title=The Making of a Nation: Essays on Nineteenth-century Filipino Nationalism}} * {{Citation|title=A history of the Spanish–American War of 1898}} * {{Citation|title=The war with Spain in 1898}} * {{Citation|title=Little brown brother: how the United States purchased and pacified the Philippine Islands at the century's turn}}(Introduction, ''Decolonizing the History of the Philippine–American War'', by Paul A. Kramer dated December 8, 2005) * {{Citation|title=The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2)}} * {{Citation|title=La España del siglo XIX}} * {{Citation|title=The Philippine Revolution}} * {{Citation|title=Philippine Political and Cultural History: The Philippines Since the British Invasion}} * {{Citation|title=The Philippines: A Unique Nation}} == باہرلے جوڑ == * (20 لنک کیتے گئے ویب صفحیاں چوں صفحہ 1) * * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081218193816/http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/coats/Coats_part_1.pdf حصہ 1] (باب I–IV)، [https://web.archive.org/web/20070704025658/http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/coats/Coats_part_2.pdf حصہ 2] (باب V–VIII)۔ * [http://www.univie.ac.at/Voelkerkunde/apsis/aufi/history/mabini2.htm فلپائن دا انقلاب] اپولیناریو مابینی * [http://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/kalayaan.html سینٹینل سائٹ: دی کاٹیپون] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070607092757/http://www.geocities.com/lkilat/ لیون کلات نے] سیبو چ انقلاب دا احاطہ کیتا (26 اکتوبر 2009 نوں [https://web.archive.org/web/20091026192428/http://geocities.com/lkilat/ اصل] توں آرکائیو کیتا گیا) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071013134717/http://philnewscentral.com/cgi-bin/redirect.cgi?url=philrev.html انقلاب تے اک ہور سائٹ] (13 اکتوبر 2007 نوں [http://www.philnewscentral.com/cgi-bin/redirect.cgi?url=philrev.html اصل] توں آرکائیو کیتی گئی) [[گٹھ:فلپائن دی عسکری تریخ]] [[گٹھ:فلپائن دی تریخ]] raql3nfzcfohxon6yrmiqhxup3ptpzi 3 149719 711445 2026-09-21T16:44:49Z Mfield 43245 Mfield پلٹی صفحہ [[ورتن گل بات:獅眠洞]] توں [[ورتن گل بات:Be4ore27]]: ؜Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/獅眠洞|獅眠洞]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Be4ore27|Be4ore27]]" 711445 wikitext text/x-wiki #مڑجوڑ [[ورتن گل بات:Be4ore27]] 4vuk2bmwxq1eqc0j6iy647gxd27l4ph 1 149720 711458 2026-09-22T05:47:51Z ~2026-51173-32 45242 /* فمدام ( سلطه زنانه ) */ نواں پاسہ 711458 wikitext text/x-wiki == فمدام ( سلطه زنانه ) == فمدام ( به انگلیسی : Femdom ) به معنای سلطه زنانه است. در این رابطه، زن یا میسترس نقش ارباب و مرد یا اسلیو نقش برده را دارند. معمولا ارباب ها در این رابطه کار هایی مثل دستور دادن، تنبیه بدنی و شکنجه و هر چیزی که بتواند مانند سلطه زن در رابطه باشد را انجام می دهند و آن رو روی برده خود اعمال می کنند. این رابطه اغلب با رضایت زن و مرد انجام انجام میشود؛ البته ممکن گاهی به زور انجام شود. زنی که دوست دارد ارباب باشد، سادیسم جنسی دارد و مردی که دوست دارد برده باشد، به مازوخیسم جنسی مبتلا شده است. تفاوت این رابطه با رابطه bdsm این است که در bdsm زن و مرد با یکدیگر قرارداد می کنند که چه عملی انجام دهند و کدام ارباب و دیگری برده باشد، اما در Femdom قرار دادی وجود ندارد؛ چرا که ویژگی این رابطه سلطه و سلطه گری زنانه است. [[خاص:Contributions/~2026-51173-32|~2026-51173-32]] ([[ورتن گل بات:~2026-51173-32|talk]]) ۱۰:۴۷, ۲۲ ستمبر ۲۰۲۶ (PKT) 139qk40cqdfannngon2lypi4qwxk3te 3 149721 711462 2026-09-22T06:40:03Z S.Marchenko 44978 S.Marchenko پلٹی صفحہ [[ورتن گل بات:Fotrus]] توں [[ورتن گل بات:IRAN]]: ؜Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Fotrus|Fotrus]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/IRAN|IRAN]]" 711462 wikitext text/x-wiki #مڑجوڑ [[ورتن گل بات:IRAN]] d6qpraj9vt3sma8pi9w6d24gy50r6ud 3 149722 711464 2026-09-22T08:19:47Z S.Marchenko 44978 S.Marchenko پلٹی صفحہ [[ورتن گل بات:Shadabgdg]] توں [[ورتن گل بات:Shadab]]: ؜Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Shadabgdg|Shadabgdg]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Shadab|Shadab]]" 711464 wikitext text/x-wiki #مڑجوڑ [[ورتن گل بات:Shadab]] a3m2qbtl5gemgdr0kvdsykifzx1cwps