اميرزی سنگين

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[[دوتنه:Amirzai Zangin in 2011.jpg|بټنوک|upright|انجينر اميرزی سنگين ]]

انجينير اميرزی سنگين د  امير گل گلشاه خېل زوی،
افغانستان د لنډمهالي حكومت په جوړېدو سره د افغانستان د مخابراتو وزير ټاكل شوې. 

امير زې سنگين [[د پكتيكا ولايت]] [[د اورگون ولسوالۍ]] اوسېدونكې دې . 


== لومړنۍ زده كړې ==

لومړنۍ زده كړې يې په اورگون او منځنۍ زده كړې يې په [[گردېز]] كې سرته رسولي دي. ۱۲ ټولې يې د ټېليكميونيكېشن ښوونيزه مركز څخه په لومړي درجه ترلاسه كړه. 


== لوړې زد كړې ==
په ۱۹۷۳ز كال يې د جنوبي [[لندن]] له [[پوهنتون]] څخه د انجينيرۍ سند ترلاسه كړ. په لومړي ځل په ۱۹۷۵ز كال د ټېلي كميونيكېشن ښوونيزه مركز كې د ښوونكي په توگه ومنل شو، د ۱۹۷۸ز او ۱۹۸۰ز كلونو ترمنځ يې د ټېلي كميونيكېشن رياست په غاړه ؤ. په ۱۹۸۰ز كال هېواد پرېښودو ته اړ او د [[سوېډن]] هېواد ته مهاجر شو. هورې يې په ۴ مياشتو كې په [[سوېډني ژبه]] كې د لسانس سند ترلاسه كړ.


== دندې او ټولنيز خدمتونه ==
سنگين د [[افغانستان]] لپاره د سوېډن د مرستو د كمېټې يو له بنسټ اېښودونكيو څټو څخه دى، چې دې كمېټې د افغانستان په ښوونيزه، كرنيزه او روغتيايي څانگو كې په تېرو دوه نيمو لسيزو كې د يادولو وړ مرستې كړي دي. 

دارنگه يې د [[سعودي عربستان]] په خالد نړېوال هواي ډگر كې د مخابراتو په پروژه كې د غړي په توگه له ۱۹۸۲ز څخه تر ۱۹۸۵ز كال پورې پاتې شوې. لدې څخه وروست ۵ كلونو لپاره د سوېډن هېواد په مخابراتي، گرځنده ټېليفونو نېټ وركونو د سېسټم په پنځونه او نوي كونه كې كار وكړ

== راتلونكې موخې او لاسته راوړنې ==
د افغانستان د وزارت د يو كارنده پلان لمخې غواړي چې افغانستان ددې جوگه كړي، ترڅو د نړېوالې خبرتيايي ټكنالوژۍ د ټولنې غړې شي، ترڅو د افغان كولتور استازيتوب وكړاى شي، او له اړيكتيايي او خبرتيايي ټكنالوژيو څخه خپله برخه گټه پورته كړي. دارنگه دا وزارت غواړي چې افغانان له مخابراتو او ICT څخه گټه پورته كړي، ترڅو افغان دولت او ټولنيزې اسانتياوې لا پياوړې كړي. ددې وزارت له موخو څخه دا هم دي، ترڅو غربت راكم كړي، او د وړ او اړو خلكو سره مرسته او لاسنيوې يې وكړي. 
د مخابراتو او خبرتيايي ټكنالوژۍ وزارت په پلان كې لري ترڅو په راتلونكيو ۴-۶ كلونو كې لاندې لاسته راوړنې ترلاسه كړي.

* ټول ښارونه او ۵۰۰۰ كلي د پراخه اړيكتيايي او خبرتيايي خدمتونو پواسطه وپوښي.
* په راتلونكي يو كال كې ۵  ټلېكام كمپنيو خدمت پېلونه.
* ملكي برېښنايي سپڼسيزې پروژې پېلونه، چې د ښه نوعيت او ټېټې بيې لرونكې به وي، او خلكو ته به ملكي او نړېوالې اړيكتيايي او خبرتيايي اسانتياوې په راتلونكيو ۳ كلونو كې برابروي. دا كېبل به د زمكې لاندې تېرول كېږي، چې د [[منځنۍ اسيا]] هېوادونه به له سوېلي اسيا سره د افغانستان له لارې تړي. 
* په راتلونكيو ۴ كلونو كې د ۱،۵ بېليونه افغانيو په كچه پانگه اچونې زياتونه.
* د ۵ مېليونه كاروونكيو ته د گرځنده او ټېليفون اسانتياوې برابرول په راتلونكيو ۴ كلونو كې چې دا اندازه د هېواد ۲۰% شل په سلو كې نيسي.
* په راتلونكو ۴كلونو كې د ۵۰۰۰۰ كارونه برابرول 
* په راتلونكيو ۱۰ كلونو كې د افغان دولت ۲ بېليونه ډالره گټه ترلاسه كول.


[[وېشنيزه:پښتانه]]
[[وېشنيزه:افغانان]]
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'''اباسين يوسفزی''' ''([[انگرېزي ژبه|په انگرېزي]]: Abaseen Yousefzai)'' شاوخوا ۴۵ کاله وړاندې د[[ملکنډ ايجنسۍ]] ددېر د خان پورکلی کې نړۍ ته راغلی دی.

==زده کړی==
لومړنۍ زده کړې يې ‍پخپله سيمه کې وکړې او دلوړوزده کړولپاره پېښورته ولاړاو پښتوژبه کې يې د‌ډاکټرۍ ترکچې زده کړې و کړې. دپېښورپه اسلاميه کالج کې دپښتوڅانگې مشرؤ. 

د پېښور په پوهنتون کې هم د پښتو ژبې ښوونکی و او په بېلابېلو برخو کې یې د زده کوونکو د لیلیو له سرښوونکي نیولي بیا د کرېکېټ کلب تر مشرتابه پورې دندې تر سره کړې دي.

د ښاغلي یوسفزي دوه کتابونه چاپ شوي دي چې يو يې غورځنگونه او بل يې الوت نومیږي .نوموړۍ د سپرمراد نیازوف د روحنامې اثر په پښتو اړولی او په بېلابېلو ورځپاڼو او مجلو کې یې مقالې هم لیکلې دي .

==دندی==
دوحدت اومشرق په ورځپاڼو ، دمشعل اوخيبر په مجلو اودخيبرتلويزيون اوپيښور راډيولپاره یې ليکنې ديادونې وړدي.

دبيلابيلوشاعرانو اوليکوالوپه سلوکتابونويې کره کتنې ليکلې دي. دغني خان اوليکوالودټولنې غړى اودهيواد اوخيبرمجلومسول مديرهم پاتې شوى دى. 

دښوونځيو د٩ مو او١٠ موټولگيو دزده کوونکولپاره يې پښتوکتابونه ليکلي دي. اباسين يوسفزي درحمان بابا ادبي جايزه ، په صوات کې دچاچا رحيم بخش جايزه، دپښتانه ادبي ملگري جايزه گټلې اوله ادبي اوټولنيزوموسسونه يې شاوخوا ٥٠ شهادت نامې اومډالونه ترلاسه کړي دي. 

==چاپ شوي نښيرونه يې== 

۱- غورځنگونه. 

۲- الوت. 

۳- 

== انځورتون ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
دوتنه:اباسين يوسفزی.jpg|اباسين يوسفزی
دوتنه:Abaseen.PNG|اباسين يوسفزی
دوتنه:AbaseenYousafzai.jpg|اباسين يوسفزی
&lt;/gallery&gt;


==اخځليک== 
۱- https://www.bbc.com/pashto/news/story/2007/06/070606_mmn_s7nazir 


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'''اسلام''' {{Ar|الإسلام}};''{{ArabDIN|}}'' ({{Audio|ar-al_islam.ogg|&lt;sup&gt;واوری!&lt;/sup&gt;}}، &quot;اطاعت&quot; (د [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;([[جل جلاله|ج]])&lt;/sup&gt; د رضا)) يو [[مونوتيزم|مونوتېسټېک]] (د يوه څښتن مننونکي) گروهې (عقيده) يا باور لرونکې دین دی. پخپله د اسلام وی د سولې، امن، سلامتۍ، روغې جوړې رامنځته کول دي. دا دین له درېیو [[ابراهيمي دين]]ونو  ([[یهوديت]]، [[عیسویت]]، اسلام) له ډلې څخه دی، چې د نړۍ په کچه دویم ستر [[مذهب]] گڼل کېږي. د اسلام د دين لارويانو ته '''[[مسلمانان]]''' وايي. مسلمانان پدې گروهه دي چې [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د انسانانو د لارښوونې لپاره وخت پر وخت، خپل استازي ([[پيغمبر|پيغمبران]]) رالېږلي، چې هریو خپله دنده د الهي اوامرو په رڼا کې په بشپړه توگه سرته رسولې.
د الهي استازو (پیغمرانو) وروستې استازې [[محمد]]&lt;sup&gt;([[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]])&lt;/sup&gt; دی.
[[دوتنه:Kaaba at night.jpg|thumb| [[کعبه شریفه]] چې په [[سعودي عربستان]] کی پرته ده دا د اسلام مرکز او د مسلمانانو [[قبله]] ده او دا هغه ځای دی کوم چې هر کال په زرگونه [[مسلمانان]] دلته د خدای د کور د زیارت لپاره راځې.]]
''اسلام'' &quot;تسليمۍ او غاړه اېښودنې ټه وایي&quot; يا په بله وينا ځان د الله تعالی رضا ته تسليمول. د اسلام د [[دين]] لاروي ته [[مسلمان]] ويل کېږي، مانا دا چې &quot;هغه څوک چې ځان يې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته سپارلی او د هغه د احکامو اطاعت کوي، مسلمان گڼل کېږي&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Islam&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lanes Lexicon&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume4/00000137.pdf|title=Lane's lexicon |accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۷-۰۳}}&lt;/ref&gt; په ټوله نړۍ کې د ۱٫۱&amp;nbsp;بيليون او ۱٫۸&amp;nbsp;بيليون ترمېنځ وگړي د اسلام د دين لارويان دي، چې په همدې توگه وروسته د [[عيسويت]] نه [[اسلام]] د نړۍ دویم ستر [[دين]] گڼل کېږي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |title=Major Religions of the World—Ranked by Number of Adherents |accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۷-۰۳ |format=HTML |work= |تاريخ الأرشيف=2010-01-29 |مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |url-status=dead |خونديځ نېټه=2007-07-07 |خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam }}&lt;/ref&gt;

مسلمانان په دې عقیده دي ې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; قرآن مجيد پر حضرت [[محمد]]&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; نازل کړی، او محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د الله تعالی وروستی پيغمبر دی. مسلمانان پدې عقيده هم دي چې قرآن مجيد او سُنت (د حضرت محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; خبرې او اعمال) د اسلام بنسټيزې سرچينې دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۱۹۹۶), p.۴۱
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/JulRefl2y6.html Sources of Islam]&lt;/ref&gt; مسلمانان په دې عقيده هم دي چې حضرت محمد مصطفیٰ&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د يوه نوي دين په توگه د اسلام د دين بنسټگر نه ؤ، خو همدا وروستی پيغمبر د اسلام د دين د گروهې آرنۍ لمانځونکی او پرځای کوونکی دی چې پر زمکه يې بنسټ [[آدم]]&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; ايښی چې بيا تر هغه وروسته حضرت ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; او د هغه نه پخوانيو او وروستنيو، د خدای&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ټولو پيغمبرانو يې د دغه دين او اصلي لارې بلنه ورکړې. مسلمانان دا عقيده لري چې په [[يهوديت]] او [[عيسويت]] کې د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغام چې د بېلابېلو انبياو لخوا پر دوی نازل شوي، هغه د دوی لخوا د وخت په تېرېدو سره تحريف شوي، او ناسمه ترجماني يې شوې، که هغه په ليکلې بڼه وي او که پرته د ليکلې بڼې وي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Distorted&quot;&gt;See:
* Accad (۲۰۰۳): According to Ibn Taymiya, although only some Muslims accept the textual veracity of the entire Bible, most Muslims will grant the veracity of most of it.
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸), pp.۶٬۱۲
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۴–۵
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tahrif | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=Hava Lazarus-Yafeh | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
د اسلام دين د گڼ شمېر اسلامي اعمالو يو غونډال دی. د دغه دين مننونکي بايد د اسلام د دين [[د پينځه ستنو]] مننونکي او پلي کونکي وي، د اسلام د دين پينځه ستنې له بېلابېلو فرايضو او دندو نه جوړ شوی او همدغه پينځه ستنې دي چې په يوې ټولنه کې مسلمانان سره متحده کوي.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۱۷&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلام د دين د پينځه ستنو سره سره، [[شريعت|اسلامي قانون]] (''شريعة'') د احکامونو يو دوديزه قضايي واک دی چې د مسلمانانو د ژوند او ټولنې هر اړخ يې اغېزمن کړی. په دې قانون کې هر څه رانغښتې دي، د عملي چارو نه نيولې لکه د خوراک، څښاک آن تر سوداگريزو او پانگه ايزو چارو او تر جگړايزو چارو پورې هر څه په دې قانون کې راغلي دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۱۱۱٬۱۱۲٬۱۱۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

نژدې ټول مسلمانان د اسلام په دوو لويو فريقو لکه سني او شيع پورې تړاو لري. د تشيع فرقه په ۷مه پېړۍ کې د مسلمانانو تر مېنځ د مذهبي او سياسي توپيرونو په پايله کې رامېنځ ته شوې. په اټکلي توگه ۸۵ په سلو کې مسلمانان د اهل سنت لارويان دي او ۱۵ په سلو کې د تشيع فرقې لارويان دي.په [[منځنی ختيځ]]، او همداراز د [[افريقا]] او [[آسيا]] په برخو کې د اسلام دين برلاسی دی. د دغه دين د مننونکو لويې ډلې په [[په چين کې د اسلام دين|چين]]، د بالکان هيوادونو په [[ختيځه اروپا]] او [[په روسيه کې د اسلام دين|روسيې]] کې شته. په لويديځه اروپا کې هم گڼ شمېر مسلمان مهاجرين مېشت دي او همدا راز په امريکا کې هم د مسلمانانو ټولنې شته. په سلو کې نژدې ۲۰٪ مسلمانان په عربو هېوادونو کې مېشت دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۲۱
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲٬۴۳&lt;/ref&gt;
{{اسلام}}

== آرپوهه ==
اسلام د عربي ژبې د درې تورو، {{ArabDIN|[[سين]]-[[لام]]-[[ميم]]}} ({{ar|'''س'''-'''ل'''-'''م'''}}) نه راوتلی. اسلام د همدغې ريښې يو تجريدي فعل دی چې مانا يې ده &quot;تسليم يا ځان سپارل، څان الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته سپارل، اطاعت کول او د سولې&quot; په مانا هم ده.

کله چې د پورتني ويي د ريښو په اړه په نورو ژبو کې څېړنه کوو، نو بيا په عبراني ژبه کې د پورتني وييکي ضمني ماناگانې هم راوځي. په عبراني ژبه کې د ''[[شلوم]]'' ويي، د (شين-لامد-ميم) نه خپلې ريښې اخلي ({{Ivrit|'''ש'''-'''ל'''-'''ם'''}}). په ډېرو [[سېمېټک ژبو]] کې د همدغه لغت ضمني ماناگانې شته، چې مانا يې بشپړکېدل، پوره کېدل، سر ته رسېدنه، ښه اوسېدنه، هوسا اوسېدنه، يو داسې اصطلاح چې په ژباړه کې اکثراً د سولې د وييکي مانا په ځان کې رانغاړي، ورکوي.

په قرآن کې هم د اسلام د لغت د مانا بېلابېل تعبيرونه راغلي. په ځينو ''[[ایت|آيتونو]]''، کې د اسلام کيفيت د يوې راسخې عقيدې په توگه تاکيد شوی: &quot;الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; که وغواړي چې د يو چا لارښونه وکړي، نو الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د هغه سينه د اسلام لپاره پراخه کوي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۶|۱۲۵|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۶۱|۷|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳۹|۲۲|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; نور آيتونه بيا ''اسلام'' او ''[[دين]]'' (اکثراً د &quot;مذهب&quot; په توگه ژباړل کېږي) د يو شي په توگه تعبيروي : &quot;نن، ما ستاسو دين ستاسو لپاره مکمل کړ؛ ما ستاسو لپاره خپل د برکتونو اچول مکمل کړل؛ ما ستاسو لپار د اسلام دين غوره کړ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۵|۳|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳|۱۹|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳|۸۳|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; ډېر نور خلک بيا اسلام داسې تعريفوي چې دا هغه دين دی چې انسان د همدې دين په مرسته بېرته الله تعالی ته ورستنېږي نسبت و دې ته چې د ايمان د اعمالو د تصديق په توگه وگڼلای شي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۹|۷۴|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۴۹|۱۴|style=ref}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هغه نور عربي وييونه چې د {{ar|'''س'''-'''ل'''-'''م'''}} نه راوتلي:

* [[سلام]], چې د &quot;سولې او سلامتۍ&quot; په مانا ده او د ورځيني روغبړ يوه اهمه کلمه ده, [[سلام عليکم|السلام عليکم]] (ته دې سلامت وې/سلامتي دې پر تا وي).
* السلام(سوله)د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د ۹۹ مبارکو نومونو نه يو نوم دی چې په [[قران]] کې هم راغلی.
* [[مسلمان]], د اسلام د دين مننونکي ته وايي او مانا يې ده هغه څوک چې ځان الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته تسليم کوي او يا د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; اطاعت کوي.
* سلامه, د &quot;سلامتي,&quot; په مانا ده چې د &quot;خدای پامانۍ&quot; په وخت کې وييل کېږي، د &quot;مع السلامه&quot; مانا ( سلامتۍ سره[لاړ شه]) ده.

== عقيده ==

د اسلام بنسټيزه عقيده شهادت دی چې د گواهۍ مانا لري [[شهادت]] ('''  لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله ''')&quot;نشته بل کوم څښټتن يا معبود پرته د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; نه او [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر دی.&quot; د دې لپاره چې څوک [[مسلمان]] شي، نو سړي ته پکار ده چې دغه پورتنی شهادت د يو څو شاهدانو مخکې ووايي او پرې ايمان راوړي. او که چېرته يو څوک غواړي چې اسلام ته راشي نو هغه يا هغې ته پکار ده چې بايد د زړه له صدق نه وغواړي او بيا د دې نه مخکې چې شهادت ووايي نو پکار ده چې د شهادت په اصلي مانا او مفهوم پوه وي.&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته خپل پيغام د محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; او د نورو پيغمبرانو لخوا لکه [[آدم|آدم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[نوح|نوح&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[ابراهیم|ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[موسی|موسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] او [[عيسی|عيسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] له لورې په بېلابېلو وختونو کې رالېږلی. [[مسلمانان]] په دې عقيده هم دي چې [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] د [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; وروستنی پيغمبر و او د هغه نه وروسته تر قيامته بل هېڅ کوم [[پيغمبر]] نه راځي. نو ددې پخاطر [[مسلمانان]] بايد د [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] په لارښوونې تر قيامته پورې عمل وکړي.
&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان پدې عقيده دي چې قران د انسانانو د لارښوونې يو داسې کتاب دی چې تر اوسه پکې هېچا گوتې نه دي وهلي او پدې کتاب کې هېڅ کومه نيمگړتيا نشته، او هېڅ کله به پکې بدلون را نه شي، او دا د خدای له لورې انسانانو ته وروستی نازل شوی کتاب دی. مسلمانان دا هم وايي چې د انجيل او تورات هغه اسماني کتابونه دي چې د بېلابېلو مذهبي فرقو له لورې پکې لاسوهنې شوي په بل ډول سره ليکل شوي او په ناسمه توگه تعبير شوي او د دغو اسماني کتابونو اصلي بڼې اوس نه شته او د وخت په تېرېدو سره خلکو هماغه لومړني لارښوونې چې په اصلي اسماني کتابونو کې وه هېر کړي، او يا يې هم درغلي پکې کړې. نو ددغه ليد پر بنسټ الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته د لارښوونې لپاره قرآن راولېږه چې په دې کې هماغه د اصلي انجيل او تورات لارښوونو سره سره د هغو وختونو د خلکو چې پېغمبران به يې ځورول او وژل به يې او د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له احکامو د سرغړونې سره سره يې د خپل زاتي گټو لپاره د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په کلام کې چې بدعتونه راوستلي دا ټول تاريخ ثبت دی. 
&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان دا هم وايي چې اسلام هماغه دين دی چې د آدم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; له وختونو نه او د نورو پيغمبرانو په وختونو کې هم وه، او دغو ټولو پيغمبرانو د همدغه مذهب په لار د تلو ټينگار کړی. اسلامي کتابونه او ليکنې د [[يهوديت]] او [[عيسويت]] د هغو اصلي لارښوونو نه راوتلي چې د ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; په وختونو کې يې ښوونې شوي نو د همدغه پخاطر دا درېواړه مذهبونه يعنی يهوديت، عيسويت او اسلام چې درېواړه سره گډې ريښې لري، د ابراهيمي دينونو په نامه سره هم يادېږي.  په قرآن عظيم الشان کې يهوديانو او عيسويانو ته د اهل الکتاب يا هغه خلک چې کتابونه ورباندې نازل شوي، په نامه اشاره شوې ده.    
&lt;br /&gt;
اسلام يو [[دين]] دی، دين '''د ژوندون لار''' مانا لري او يا هم په بله وينا د لارښوونې لار.

&quot;د قرآن شريف له مخې مسلمانان بايد په خپل پاک رب باندې ايمان راوړي او د هغه وحدانيت ته د تسليمېدو سره سره، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په ټولو وحيو، نازل شوو کتابونو، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پرښتو، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پيغمبرانو او د قيامت په ورځ بايد ايمان ولري.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۲|۴|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۲|۲۸۵|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۴|۱۳۶|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; په همدې توگه، نور عقايد هم شته چې د اسلام د دوه لويو فرقو تر مېنځ پکې د تعبيرونو توپير شته. د تشيع د لارې خلکو کې د امامت يو سياسي او روحاني لارښوونې يو نظام دود دی.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۲۰۰۳), p.۱۰۹
* مومن (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۶&lt;/ref&gt;

مسلمانان په دې گروهه دي چې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته خپل وروستی رسول محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; ورلېږلی دی. او پر محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; يې قرآن نازل کړی چې وروستی اسماني کتاب دی. د قرآن د نزول موده پوره دوه لسيزې وخت نيولی.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۷٬۱۸٬۲۱&lt;/ref&gt; په اسلام کې پيغمبران، خدای ته نژدې هغه انسانان دي چې خدای تعالی يې د خپل پيغام رسولو په موخه په انسانانو کې غوره کوي. مسلمانان په دې هم عقيده لري چې پيغمبران انسانان دي چې خدای ورته د انسانانو د لارښوونې، عبرت او د خپلو ادعاوؤ د ثبوت په خاطر د معجزو د ښودلو توان ورکړی. په اسلام کې پيغمبران هغه انسانان دي چې تر نورو انسانانو په تقوا او نېکۍ کې تکامل ته رسېدلي او همدوی د خدای غوره، بې مثاله بنده گان دي چې خدای د پرښتو له لارې خپل پيغام همدوی ته د وحيو په بڼه ور رسوي.&lt;ref&gt;وگورۍ:
* مومن (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۲۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلامي زده کړو نه داسې څرگندېږي چې د آدم نه وروسته د خدای ټول پيغمبرانو د اسلام د دين تبليغ او دعوت کړی، دا هغه دين دی چې يو خدای الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د معبود په توگه راپېژندلی. په قرآن کې اسلام د &quot;هغه ازلي طبيعت چې پر بنسټ يې خدای مخلوقات خلق کړل&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۳۰|۳۰|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; راپېژندل شوی او په قران کې دا هم راغلي چې د مسلمان ځانگړی نوم د ابراهيم لخوا د دې دين لارويانو ته ورکړ شوی.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲۲|۷۸|style=ref}}
* &quot;اسلام&quot;, ''د مذهب دايرة المعارف''&lt;/ref&gt;

د تاريخ له مخې د اسلام دين په ۷مه پېړۍ کې په عربستان کې رامېنځ ته شوی.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Islam&quot;, ''د مذهب دايرة المعارف''&lt;/ref&gt; په اسلامي ليکنو کې يهوديت او عيسويت هغه دوه دينونه دي چې د ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر د لارښوونو وروسته د بېلابېلو پيغمبرانو په وخت کې رامېنځ ته شوي. په قرآن کې يهوديان او عيسويان د اهل الکتاب يا د کتابونو د خلکو په توگه پېژندل شوي، او د هغو خلکو نه چې ډېر خدايان پالي او عبادت يې کوي، تر مېنځ په ښکاره توپير پېژندل کېږي. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې د پخوانيو اسماني کتابونو لکه زبور، [[تورات]] او [[انجيل]] سپېڅلي کتابونه د تاريخ په بېلابېلو پړاؤونو کې د ترجمې او متن په برخه کې تحريف شوي او اوس همدا سپېڅلي کتابونه پخپلو آرنيو بڼو هېڅ نه شته.

=== [[د افغانستان ولايتونه|د]] عقيدې شپږ ارکان ===
مسلمانان شپږ بنسټيزه ارکانونو باندې عقيده لري:

# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په وحدانيت باندې ايمان راوړل او يواځی الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته عبادت او اطاعت کول او د هغه نه مرسته غوښتل ''[[توحيد]]''.
# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پيغمبرانو باندې ايمان راوړل ([[پېغمبران#د اسلام له نظره|''انبيا‌ء'']])  چې ټول پېغمبران (''[[رسول]]'') د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له خوا رالېږل شوي. ([[د اسلام پېغمبران]] وگورۍ.)
# په اسماني کتابونو عقيده(''[[کتب]]''):
#* په [[ابراهيمي صحيفو]] (ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; باندې نازل شوې صحيفې)
#* په [[تورات]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[موسی|موسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[زبور]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[داود|داود&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[انجيل]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[عيسی|عيسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[قرآن]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.  
# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پرښتو باندې.(''[[پرښتې#د اسلام له نظره|ملايکه]]'').
# په قيامت او وروسته د مرگ نه د بيا ژوندي کېدلو عقيده (''[[قيامة]]'')  (په [[جنت]] او [[دوزخ]] عقيده). (يادونه: کله ناکله دغه وروستۍ موضوع باندې ځانگړی بحث کېږی, او په همدې توگه د عقيدې ارکان اوو ته رسېږي.)
# په قسمت عقيده([[تقدير]]).

د اسلام بنسټيزه عقيده په [[پښتو]] ژبه :
:: &quot;زه شهادت ورکوم چې پرته د الله تعالی د ذات نه بل کوم ذات نه شته؛ او زه شهادت ورکوم چې محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د هغه پيغمبر دی.&quot;
:: &quot;زه په الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ايمان راوړم؛ او د هغه په ملايکو؛ او د هغه په کتابونو؛ او د هغه په پيغمبرانو؛ او د محشر په ورځ؛ او په تقدير؛ او ټول شيان د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له خوا نه دي، او پس د مرگ نه ژوندون حق دی.&quot;

=== د اسلام پينځه بنسټونه ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام پينځه بنسټونه|د مذهب څانگې|د مذهب ريښې}}
[[دوتنه:Supplicating Pilgrim at Masjid Al Haram. Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|300 px|بټنوک|کيڼ|د حج د لمانځنو يو منظر. په مکه کې کعبې، [[مسجد الحرام]] ته سفر د اسلامي فرايضو څخه يو فرض دی چې هر مسلمان يې په ټول ژوند کې يو ځل ترسره کړي.]]
د مسلمانانو دوه لويې فرقې سني او شعيه مسلمانان جوړوي. په اسلامي نړئ کې د شعيه گانو په پرتله ډېرئ مسلمانان سنيان دي، خو په څينو هېوادونو کې لکه د منڅنئ آسيا هېوادونه ايران او عراق بيا شعيه مسلمانان ډېرکئ مذهبي ډله جوړوي. خو په نورو هېوادونو کط لکه سعودي عربستان، اندونيزيا او [[پاکستان]] کې سني مسلمان د هغه هېوادونو په مذهبي ټولنو کې ډېرکۍ برخه جوړوي.

د سني مسلمانانو بنسټيزه ارکان [[د اسلام پينځه ستنې|د اسلام پينځه ستنو]] په نامه يادېږي&lt;sup&gt;[[#Notes|2]]&lt;/sup&gt;، خو شيعه مسلمانان بيا يو څه مختلفه نومونپوهنه، چې د سني مسلمانانو د پينځه اهمو بنسټونو تر څنگ، د دين ريښې او لس عمده اعمال د دې مذهب د طريقو نه گڼل کېږي. خو ټول مسلمانان بيا په همدې پينځه بنسټيزو فرايضو او گروهو سره پوهاوی او سره يوه خوله دي چې سني مسلمانان يې د اسلام د پينځه ستنو په نوم پېژني او شيعه مسلمانان يې د دين د څانگو او ريښو اهم عناصر بولي.

* [[شهادت]]: د تصديق په مانا دی، چې يو مسلمان د الله &lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; نه پرته بل څوک د عبادت وړ نه گڼي او همداراز د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د وحدانيت ([[توحيد]]) او د محمد &lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;  د الله &lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; رسول ([[نبوت]]) او غلام په توگه مني .
* [[لمونځ]]: هره ورځ پينځه وخته لمونځ کول.
* [[روژه]]: د روژې په مياشت کې د لمرخاته نه تر لمرپرېواته روژه نيول.
* [[زکات]]: زکات ورکول.
* [[حج]]:د مکی زیارت په ټولو مسلمانانو باندی په ژوند کې یوځل فرض دی او هغه هم په هغو کسانو باندې چې د ادا کولو وس یې ولري.
شعيه او سنيان دواړه په لاندنيو گروهو باندې باور لري، خو دغه دوه فرقې همدا عقايد په بېلابېلو ډلبنديو وېشي او هره ډله ورته ځانگړی تعبير لري:
* [[عدل]]: د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; عدل.
* [[قيامت]]: د خېر او شر د مالومولو ورځ.
* [[امر بل معروف]]: د ښو امر.
* [[نهي عن المنکر]]: د بدو نه ډډه.
* [[جهاد|الجهاد في سبيل الله]]: د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د رضا لپاره هڅه کوشش او زيار.

هغه عقايد چې د شيعه مذهب لارويان پرې معتقد دي او سني مسلمانان پرې عقيده نه لري هغه دا دي::
* [[امامت]]: ديني لارښوونه، ديني مشري، ديني رهبري. د علي او د هغه د اولاد رهبري او امامت د خدای لخوا نه د لارښوونې لپاره ټاکل شوی و.
* [[تولا]]: د [[اهل البيت]] او د هغوی د لارويانو سره مينه.
* [[تبارة]]: د اهل البيت د دښمنانو نه ځان بېلول او ليري والی.
* [[خمس]]: د گټې لپاره د ماليې ورکړه.

که څه هم چې داسې مسلمانان هم شته چې نه د تشيع او نه هم د سني په ډلو کې ځانونه شمېري او دا هغه مسلمانان دي چې د قرآني دلايلو له مخې په اسلام کې د فرقې او د ډلې جوړول حرام گڼي، دا هغه مسلمانان دي چې په ساده توگه ځانونه 'مسلمانان' بولي.
{{دوراشې کامه|إِنَّ الَّذِينَ فَرَّقُوا دِينَهُمْ وَكَانُوا شِيَعًا لَسْتَ مِنْهُمْ فِي شَيْءٍ ۚ إِنَّمَا أَمْرُهُمْ إِلَى اللَّهِ ثُمَّ يُنَبِّئُهُمْ بِمَا كَانُوا يَفْعَلُونَ |10px||[[سورة الأنعام|الانعام سورت]]|۱۵۹ آيت}}
&quot;هغه څوک چې ځانونه په ډلو وېشي هغه زموږ د ډلې خلک نه دي. د هغوی فېصله الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته مالومه ده، الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; به هغوی له هر هغه څه نه خبر کړي کوم چې دوی ترسره کړي.&quot;

=== خدای ===
:''آرنۍ ليکنې: [[الله]] / [[خدای]]
{{آرنی|په اسلام کې د خدای انځور}}
په اسلام کې تر ټولو لومړنی بنسټيزه موخه د خدای د وحدانيت منل دي چې دې ته توحيد وايي. په اسلام کې توحيد يو مطلق امر دی چې ترې هېڅ انکار نه کېږي او دا هڅکله يوه نسبي او يا هم په کومه بله مانا د نسبي شراکت مانا نه ورکوي. د قرآن مجيد په [[سورة الاخلاص]] کې خدای داسې راپېژندل شوی:

:''ووايه &quot;خدای هغه دی، يوازې او بې ساری. الله تل پايېدونکی، په بشپړه توگه له ځان نه بسيا مالک. نه  څوک يې زېږولي، او نه له چا نه زېږېدلی. او د الله په شان هېڅ بل څه نه شته.&quot;

په عربي ژبه کې ''الله'' د خدای په مانا دی. د آرپوهنې له مخې دا لغت د ''الهه'' &quot;[[معبود]]&quot; لغت سره ډېر نژدې دی، د ''الله'' نوم د عيسوي او يهودي عربانو لخوا هم د خپل معبود په يادولو کې کارېږي، دغه نوم د محمد نه مخکې مخينه لري او د دغه ځانگړی نوم مخينه د ابراهيمي مذهبونو د خدای نه پرته د يو بل معبود نورې توپيري ځانگړنې نه څرگندوي.

د &quot;الله&quot; نوم يو جمع او يا د جنس نوم نه دی، دا يو خاص نوم دی، دا نوم د &quot;خدای&quot; د نوم سره توپير لري، دا په دې سبب چې د خدای نوم د جمع بڼه لري او جنسيت هم ترې څرگندېدلای شي د ساري په توگه خدايان چې د همدې نوم جمع بڼه ده. په اسلام کې د الله پېژندنه په قرآن کې داسې شوې:
{{دوراشې کامه|فَاطِرُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأَرْضِ جَعَلَ لَكُمْ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ أَزْوَاجًا وَمِنَ الأَنْعَامِ أَزْوَاجًا يَذْرَؤُكُمْ فِيهِ لَيْسَ كَمِثْلِهِ شَيْءٌ وَهُوَ السَّمِيعُ البَصِيرُ|10px||[[سورة الشورى|الشوری سورت]]|۱۱ آيت}}
:''&quot;(الله دی) د اسمانونو او زمکې جوړونکی: هغه ستاسو او د څارويو له مېنځه ستاسو لپاره جوړې جوړې کړي، او په دې توگه هغه تاسې په گڼ شمېر جوړ کړي ياست: داسې هېڅ کوم بل معبود نشته پرته له (الله) نه او د هغه په شان هېڅ نشته، او الله دی چې هر څه اوري او ليدلی شي&quot;

The implicit usage of the [[definite article]] in ''Allah'' linguistically indicates the divine unity. Muslims believe that the God they worship is the same as the Judeo-Christian God, i.e. the God of Abraham. However, Muslims reject the Christian theology concerning the trinity of God (the doctrine of the [[Trinity]] which regards Jesus as the eternal [[Son of God]]), seeing it as akin to [[polytheism]]. Quoting from the Qur'an,
[[sura]] [[An-Nisa]](۴) :۱۷۱:

:''&quot;O People of the Scripture! Do not transgress the limits of your religion, and do not say about God except the truth. The Messiah, Jesus the son of Mary, was only a messenger of God, and His word that He had sent to Mary, and a revelation from Him. Therefore, you shall believe in GOD and His messengers. You shall not say, &quot;Trinity&quot;. You shall refrain from this for your own good. God is only one God. Be He glorified; He is much too glorious to have a son. To Him belongs everything in the heavens and everything on earth. God suffices as Lord and Master.&quot;''

No Muslim visual images or depictions of God exist because such artistic depictions may lead to [[idolatry]] and are thus disdained. Such [[aniconism]] can also be found in Judeo-Christian theology. Moreover, most Muslims believe that God is [[Spiritual being|incorporeal]], making any two- or three- dimensional depictions impossible. Instead, Muslims describe God by the many [[۹۹ Names of God|divine attributes]] mentioned in the [[Qur'an]]. All but one Sura (chapter) of the Qur'an begins with the phrase &quot;In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful&quot;. These are regarded as the most important divine attributes, at least in the sense that Muslims repeat them most frequently during their prayers ([[salat]]) and throughout their daily lives.

د اسلام بنسټيز اصل ''[[توحيد]]'' دی—توحيد په يوه او يوازيني خدای عقيدې ته وايي. په اسلام کې د خدای لپاره د عربي ژبې اصطلاح ''الله'' کارېږي; اکثراً عالمان په دې عقيده دي چې دا اصطلاح د '[['ال-]]'' (د مشخص کولو ادات) او ''[[اله]]'' (معبود) د وييونو نه اشتقاق شوي چې مانا يې يوازيني خدای ته اشاره کوي، خو ځينې نور عالمان بيا د همدې نوم آر او اصل د آرامايک ژبې لغت ''الهه'' گڼي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* &quot;اسلام او عيسويت&quot;, ''د عيسويت پوهنغونډ'' (۲۰۰۱): Arabic-speaking [[Christian]]s and [[Jew]]s also refer to God as ''Allāh''.
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Allah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلام په پينځو بنسټيزو ستنو کې لومړنۍ ستنه يې توحيد بلل کېږي چې د ''شهادة'' يا (منښت) په ډول اظهارېږي، شهادة داسې ده چې: ''''له حقيقي معبود نه پرته بل خدای نشته، او محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt;  د خدای ټاکل شوی پيغمبر دی''''. په دوديزه اسلامپوهنه کې، خدای د انساني عقل او پوهاوي نه پورته معبود گڼل کېږي; مسلمانان نه شي کولای چې خدای په يوه بڼه انځور کړي يوازې له دې چې بايد د داسې لوی معبود عبادت او اطاعت وکړي او خدای خپل يوازينی ساتونکی او ژغورونکی وگڼي. که څه هم چې مسلمانان عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د يو پيغمبر په توگه پېژني، خو دوی بيا د عيسويانو د درېگونۍ عقيده، چې مسلمانان يې د شرک بولي په کلکه ردوي. په اسلامپوهنه کې عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د نورو پيغمبرانو په څېر د خدای بنده او د انسان په توگه پېژندل کېږي او د عيسويانو هغه عقيده چې عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د خدای د ځوی په توگه پېژني په کلکه ردوي;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Tathlith, Trinity | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=David Thomas | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۱}}: Contrary to Muslim understanding, some scholars have suggested that the Qur'an only opposes certain deviant forms of Trinitarian belief.&lt;/ref&gt; د قرآن په يوه سوره کې د خدای څرگندونه داسې شوې &quot;ووايه هغه الله دی يوازې، الله هېچا ته اړ نه دی او ټول هغه ته اړ دي، نه د هغه څوک اولاد دی او نه هغه د چا اولاد دی او هېڅوک د هغه سيال نشته.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۱۱۲|۱|end=۴|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۷۴–۷۶
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۲۲
* Griffith (۲۰۰۶), p.۲۴۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Allah, Tawhid | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | author=D. Gimaret | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== قران عظيم الشان ===
[[انځور:FirstSurahKoran.jpg|thumb|300px|د قرآن لومړنۍ سوره [[سورة الفاتحة|الفاتحه]] د قران عظيم شان د لاسي نسخې يو انځور.]]
{{آرنی|قرآن}}

قرآن شريف د مسلمانانو سپېڅلی کتاب دی او دوی په همدغه آسماني کتاب باندې ايمان راوړی. د قرآن لغوي مانا  “لوستنه” ده. مسلمانان په دې باور دي چې قرآن يو آسماني کتاب دی چې د الله (جل جلاله) په وروستي نبي حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم باندې نازل شوی دی. دا سپېڅلی کتاب د ۶۱۰ ز. کال نه تر ۶۳۲ ز. پورې په بېلابېلو وختونو کې د الله تعالی له لوري او د حضرت جبراييل عليه السلام په منځگړتوب پر حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم باندې د وحيو په څېر نازل شوی. چې د وحيو په وختونو کې حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم حفظ کړی او بيا د الله تعالی د وروستي نبي د يارانو له خوا راټول شوی او پر ډبرليکونو او پاڼو ليکل شوی.

مسلمانان په دې باور دي چې له کومې ورځ نه الله تعالی قرآن شريف پر محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم نازل کړی له هماغې ورځې نه تر ننه پورې قرآن شريف په خپلې آرنۍ بڼې پاتې دی چې بيا د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم نه وروسته د هغه لارويانو چې قرآن شريف يې حفظ کړی وه وليکه او په همدې توگه يې قرآن شريف په ليکنې بڼه خوندي کړ. مسلمان عالمان ددې خبرې منښته کوي چې قرآن شريف د اسلام د درېيم خليفه حضرت عثمان (رض) د واکمنۍ پر مهال په ليکلې بڼه سره راټول شو، چې په دې توگه د قرآن شريف د بېلابېلو برخو د راټولولو او سره يوځای کولو نېټه له ۶۵۰ ز پېر نه تر ۶۵۶ ز پېر پورې ښودل شوی. او وروسته له دې چې قرآن شريف ليکلې بڼه وموندله نو بيا د هماغه خليفه د واکمنۍ پر مهال د قرآن شريف لمېسې جوړې شوې او د اسلامي خلافت بېلابېلو ولايتونو ته يې لمېسې ولېږل شوې.

There are numerous traditions, and many conflicting academic theories, as to the provenance of the Qur'anic verses that were eventually assembled into a single volume. (This is covered in greater detail in [[Qur'an]]). Most Muslims accept the account recorded in several hadith, which state that [[Abu Bakr]], The First Caliph, ordered his personal secretary [[Zayd ibn Thabit]] to collect and record all the authentic verses of the Qur'an, as preserved in written form or oral tradition. Zayd's written collection, privately treasured by Prophet Muhammad's wife [[Hafsa bint Umar]], was, according to Muslim sources, later used by Uthman and is thus the basis of today's Qur'an.

Uthman's version, organized the suras roughly in order of length (excepting the brief opening surah [[Al-Fatiha]]), with the longest suras at the start of the Qur'an and the shortest ones at the end. More conservative views state that the order of most suras was divinely set. Later scholars have struggled to put the suras in chronological order, and among Muslim commentators, at least, there is a rough consensus as to which suras were revealed in [[Makkan sura|Mecca]] and which at [[Medinan sura|Medina]], with distinctive characteristics observed within these two subgroups. Some suras (e.g. surat [[Iqra]]) are thought to have been revealed in parts at separate times.

To understand the notion of &quot;variants&quot; within the received Qur'anic text, one must understand that Arabic had not yet fully developed as a written language. The Qur'an was first recorded in written form (date uncertain) in the [[Hijazi]], [[Mashq]], [[Ma'il]], and [[Kufic]] scripts; these scripts write consonants only and do not supply vowels. (Imagine an English text that wrote the word 'bed' as &quot;BD,&quot; and required the reader to infer, from context, that the reference was to &quot;bed&quot; - and not to 'bad&quot; or &quot;bide.&quot;) Because there were differing oral traditions of recitation as non-native Arabic speakers converted to Islam, there was some disagreement as to the exact reading of many (vowel-free) verses. Eventually, scripts were  developed that used diacritical markings (known as ''points'') to indicate the vowels. For hundreds of years after Uthman's recension, Muslim scholars argued as to the correct pointing and reading of Uthman's (unpointed) official text.{{citation needed}} Eventually, most commentators accepted seven variant readings ([[qira'at]]) of the Qur'an as canonical, while agreeing that the differences among the seven are minor and do not affect the meaning of the text.

The form of the Qur'an most used today is the [[Al-Azhar]] text of ۱۹۲۳, prepared by a committee at the prestigious [[Cairo]] university of Al-Azhar.

The Qur'an early became a focus of Muslim devotion and eventually a subject of theological controversy among skeptics. In the [[۸th century]], the [[Mu'tazili]]s claimed that the Qur'an was created in time and was not eternal. Their opponents, of various schools, claimed that the Qur'an was eternal and perfect, existing in heaven before it was revealed to Muhammad. The [[Ashari]] theology (which ultimately became predominant) held that the Qur'an was uncreated.

Most Muslims regard paper copies of the Qur'an with extreme veneration, wrapping them in a clean cloth, keeping them on a high shelf, and washing as for prayers before reading the Qur'an. Old Qur'ans are not destroyed as wastepaper, but burned.

اکثره مسلمانان د قرآن ځينې برخې او يا ټول قرآن په آرنۍ ژبه (عربي) حفظ کوي. هغه څوک چې قرآن يې په بشپړه توگه حفظ کړی وي د حافظ په نامه يادېږي. په مسلمانانو کې د قرآن حفظ کول د هېښتيا خبره نه ده، نن ورځ د نړۍ په بېلابېلو هېوادونو کې په ميليونونو حافظين ژوندي دي چې د ټول قرآن متن يې له ياده زده دی.

د عقيدې د پيل د ورځو نه اکثره مسلمانان په دې اند دي چې قرآن يو مکمل اسماني کتاب دی چې په عربي ژبه نازل شوی. د دغه کتاب ژباړې د انساني هلو ځلو او د انساني تېروتنو نه تشې هڅې نه دي، همداراز په ژباړو کې د مومنانو د الهامي شاعرۍ کمښت څوک په قرآن کې موندلی شي. نو په همدې خاطر د قرآن ژباړې يوازې پر قرآن تبصرې گڼل کېږي او يا هم د مطلب ژباړه، او پخپله د قرآن نه. او په همدې دليل د قرآن په ډېرو نوو چاپ شويو نخسو کې د عربي متن په يوه مخ او د متن ژباړه په بل مخ راغلې.

قرآن شريف له ۱۱۴ [[سورت|سورتونو]] يا څپرکو نه جوړ شوی دی چې همدا ټول سورتونه ۶،۲۳۶ ''[[آيت|آيتونه]]'' لري. The chronologically earlier suras, revealed at Mecca, are primarily concerned with ethical and spiritual topics. The later Medinan suras mostly discuss social and moral issues relevant to the Muslim community.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qur'an | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}
&lt;/ref&gt; The Qur'an is more concerned with moral guidance than legal instruction, and is considered the &quot;sourcebook of Islamic principles and values&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۷۹&lt;/ref&gt; Muslim jurists consult the ''hadith'', or the written record of Muhammad's life, to both supplement the Qur'an and assist with its interpretation. The science of Qur'anic commentary and exegesis is known as ''[[tafsir]]''.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۷۹–۸۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tafsir | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The word ''Qur'an'' means &quot;recitation&quot;. When Muslims speak in the abstract about &quot;the Qur'an&quot;, they usually mean the scripture as recited in Arabic rather than the printed work or any translation of it. To Muslims, the Qur'an is perfect only as revealed in the original Arabic; translations are necessarily deficient because of language differences, the fallibility of translators, and the impossibility of preserving the original's inspired style. Translations are therefore regarded only as commentaries on the Qur'an, or &quot;interpretations of its meaning&quot;, not as the Qur'an itself.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Teece (۲۰۰۳), pp.۱۲٬۱۳
* C. Turner (۲۰۰۶), p.۴۲
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qur'an | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: The word ''Qur'an'' was invented and first used in the Qur'an itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology|two different theories]] about this term and its formation.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== پرښتې ===
{{آرنی|په اسلام کې د پرښتو انځور}}
د اسلام په دين کې د الله (جل جلاله) په پرښتو عقيده د ايمان جز گڼل کېږي. په عربي ژبه پرښتې ته (''ملک'') وايي چې د همدغه لغت مانا ده &quot;پيغام رسونکی&quot;، په عبراني ژبه کې همداسې ورته نوم (''ملخ'') د پرښتې په مانا ده خو په يوناني ژبه بيا پرښتې ته (''انجېلوس'') وايي. د قراني مالوماتو له مخې، پرښتې د خپلې خوښې واک په لاس کې نه لري، او په مکمله توگه د الله تعالی په عبادت کې بوختې دي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۲۱|۱۹|end=۲۰|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳۵|۱|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; قران کې دا هم راغلي چې د پرښتو په کارونو کې د الله تعالی حکمونه منل او د الله تعالی پيغامونو رسولو برسېره، پرښتې تل د الله په ثنا او صفت په عبادت بوختې دي، او د انسانانو اعمال ثبتوي ددې سره سره پرښتې د الله (جل جلاله) په حکم د انسانانو د مړينې په وخت کې روحونه باسي. داسې هم انگېرل کېږي چې پرښتې د انسان او الله تعالی ترمېنځ منځگړتوب کوي. قرآن شريف، پرښتې موږ ته داسې راڅرگندوي لکه &quot;يو ډول پيغام رسونکي چې دوه، درې يا څلور جوړه وزرې لري: خدای هماغسې خپل مخلوق جوړوي څنگه چې يې خوښه وي...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۳۵|۱|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۲۶–۲۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Malā'ika | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=W. Madelung | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Angel | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Gisela Webb | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== محمد&lt;sup&gt;([[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]])&lt;/sup&gt; ===
{{آرنی|محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم}}

حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم (c. ۵۷۰ – [[جولای ۶]] [[۶۳۲]]) د الله تعالی وروستی نبي، يو مذهبي، سياسي او پوځي عرب و چې د همدغه نبي د اسلام د دين بيرغ لوړ کړ او د اديانو په تاريخ کې يې د اسلام نوم هم وځلاوه. مسلمانان په دې گروهه دي چې حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) د يوه نوي مذهب بنسټ ايښودونکی نه دی، بلکه د اسلام د اصلي دين چې د حضرت آدم عليه السلام او حضرت ابراهيم او د نورو پيغمبرانو دين و، د هماغه دين بيا پرځای کونکی دی. مسلمانان په دې عقيده هم دي چې حضرت محمد د الله تعالی وروستی پيغمبر او د نورو پيغمبرانو په ډله کې د لويې مرتبې خاوند پيغمبر و.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸), p.۱۲
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۴–۵
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}&lt;/ref&gt;
دروند پیغمبر د خپل خوږ ژوند په وروستیو ۲۳ کلونو کې، یانې د ۴۰ کلني عمر په پیل کې د الله له لوري د ایاتو د نازلولو لړۍ پیل شوه، چې د دغو ایاتونو ټولگه د قرآن په نوم یادیږي چې دغه آیتونه بیا د صحابه و لخوا یاد کیدل.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۱۸|۱۱۰|style=ref}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[انځور:Masjid Nabawi. Medina, Saudi Arabia.jpg|بټنوک|220px|کيڼ|[[مسجد النبوي]] (&quot;د پيغمبر(صلی الله علیه وسلم) جومات&quot;) په مدينه کې د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم مقبره هم ده.|link=Special:FilePath/Masjid_Nabawi._Medina,_Saudi_Arabia.jpg]]

په دغه کې وخت محمد [[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]] د مکې خلکو ته په تبلیغ باندې پیل وکړ، تر څو دوې له شرک څخه راوباسي او د اسلام لور ته یې راوبلي. که څه چې محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم ځینې کسان اسلام ته راواړول خو په دې کار سره دی او د ده لارویان د مکې د چارواکو او لارښودگرانو لخوا تر زور او اذیت لاندې راغلل. چې بیا وروسته له ۱۳ کلنو څخه په کال ۶۲۲ کې محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم او نور مسلمانان له مکې څخه مدینه (رسما '''یثرب''' نومیږي) ته کډه شول.

There, with the Medinan converts (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]]'') and the Meccan migrants (''[[Muhajirun]]''), Muhammad established his political and [[Theocracy|religious authority]]. Within years, two battles had been fought against Meccan forces: the [[Battle of Badr]] in ۶۲۴, which was a Muslim victory, and the [[Battle of Uhud]] in ۶۲۵, which ended inconclusively. Conflict with Medinan Jewish clans who opposed the Muslims led to their exile, enslavement or death, and the Jewish enclave of [[Battle of Khaybar|Khaybar]] was subdued. At the same time, Meccan trade routes were cut off as Muhammad brought surrounding desert tribes under his control.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* F.E.Peters(۲۰۰۳), pp.۷۸٬۷۹٬۱۹۴ 
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۳–۲۸&lt;/ref&gt; By ۶۲۹ Muhammad was victorious in the nearly bloodless [[Conquest of Mecca]], and by the time of his death in ۶۳۲ he ruled over the [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian peninsula]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Muhammad&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Islam, the &quot;[[normative]]&quot; example of Muhammad's life is called the ''[[Sunnah]]'' (literally &quot;trodden path&quot;). This example is preserved in traditions known as [[hadith]] (&quot;reports&quot;), which recount his words, his actions, and his personal characteristics. The classical Muslim jurist [[ash-Shafi'i]] (d. ۸۲۰) emphasized the importance of the Sunnah in [[Sharia|Islamic law]], and Muslims are encouraged to emulate Muhammad's actions in their daily lives. The Sunnah is seen as crucial to guiding interpretation of the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World'' (۲۰۰۳), p.۶۶۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hadith | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=J. Robson | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sunna | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=D. W. Brown | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د قيامت ورځ ===
{{آرنی|قيامت}}
د &quot;جزا په ورځ&quot;، يعنی ''[[قيامت|د قيامت په ورځې]]'' ايمان لرل د اسلام يوه بنسټيزه گروهه ده. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې د قيامت ورځ د الله تعالی له خوا ټاکل شوی چې په يوه ځانگړي وخت کې به وي خو انسانانو ته يې وخت نه دی څرگند. د قيامت د ورځې د محکمې او کړاونه په هکله په قرآن او حديثونو کې هم بیان شوي، او همدارنگه د اسلامي علماوو په تفسيرونو کې.
The Qur'an emphasizes [[Resurrection of the Dead|bodily resurrection]], a break from the [[pre-Islamic Arabia]]n understanding of death. It states that resurrection will be followed by the gathering of mankind, culminating in their judgment by God.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* &quot;Resurrection&quot;, ''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'' (۲۰۰۳)
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Avicenna | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as &quot;Avicenna&quot;.
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qiyama | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Qur'an lists several sins that can condemn a person to hell, such as disbelief, [[riba|usury]] and dishonesty. Muslims view paradise (''[[jannah]]'') as a place of joy and bliss, with Qur'anic references describing its features and the physical pleasures to come. There are also references to a greater joy—acceptance by God (''ridwān'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۹|۷۲|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mystical traditions in Islam place these heavenly delights in the context of an ecstatic awareness of God.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Smith (۲۰۰۶), p.۸۹; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p.۵۶۵
* &quot;Heaven&quot;, ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' (۲۰۰۰)
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Garden | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Asma Afsaruddin | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Paradise | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تقدير ===
{{آرنی|تقدير}}

In accordance with the Islamic belief in [[predestination]], or divine preordainment (''al-qadā wa'l-qadar''), God has full knowledge and control over all that occurs. This is explained in Qur'anic verses such as &quot;Say: 'Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us: He is our protector'…&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۹|۵۱|style=ref}}
* D. Cohen-Mor (۲۰۰۱), p.۴: &quot;The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen: 'Say: &quot;Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us…&quot;&amp;nbsp;'&amp;nbsp;&quot;
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Fate | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Ahmet T. Karamustafa | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means &quot;to measure, to determine&quot;. Here it is used to mean that &quot;God measures and orders his creation&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; For Muslims, everything in the world that occurs, good or evil, has been preordained and nothing can happen unless permitted by God. In Islamic theology, divine preordainment does not suggest an absence of God's indignation against evil, because any evils that do occur are thought to result in future benefits men may not be able to see. According to Muslim theologians, although events are pre-ordained, man possesses free will in that he has the faculty to choose between right and wrong, and is thus responsible for his actions. According to Islamic tradition, all that has been decreed by God is written in ''al-Lawh al-Mahfūz'', the &quot;Preserved Tablet&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۲۰۰۳), pp.۱۱۹–۱۲۲
* Patton (۱۹۰۰), p.۱۳۰&lt;/ref&gt;

The Shi'a understanding of predestination is called &quot;divine justice&quot; (''Adalah''). This doctrine, originally developed by the [[Mu'tazila]], stresses the importance of man's responsibility for his own actions. In contrast, the Sunni deemphasize the role of individual free will in the context of God's creation and foreknowledge of all things.&lt;ref&gt;Momen (۱۹۸۷), pp.۱۷۷٬۱۷۸&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلام او دا آخرت په ورځ ایمان ===
{{آرنی|د اخرت په ورځ ایمان}}

Islamic [[eschatology]] is concerned with the ''[[Qiyamah]]'' ([[End of the world (religion)|end of the world]]) and the final  judgment of humanity. Like [[Christianity]] and [[Judaism]], Islam teaches the bodily [[resurrection]] of the dead, the fulfilment of a divine plan for creation, and the immortality of the human soul. In Islamic belief, the righteous are rewarded with the pleasures of ''Jannah'' ([[Paradise]]), while the unrighteous are punished in ''[[Jahannam]]'' (a fiery [[Hell]], from the Hebrew ''ge-hinnom'' or &quot;valley of Hinnom&quot;; usually rendered in English as [[Gehenna]]). A significant portion of the Qur'an deals with these beliefs, with many ''[[hadith]]'' elaborating on the themes and details.

== تنظيمونه ==
=== اسلامي واک ===
داسې هېڅ کوم رسمي اسلامي واک نشته چې په اسلام کې د يو کس د منلو او يا هم د اسلامي ټولنې ('''''اُمة''''' ''يانې ملت يا کورنۍ'') نه د رټلو واک په لاس کې ولري. اسلام خپلې دروازې پرته د کوم توپير، تعصب، رنگ، جنس، عمر او پخواني عقايدو نه د ټولو پر مخ پرانيستې دي او ټولو ته په دغه دين کې د ننوتلو اجازه شته. د مسلمان کېدو لپاره همدومره بس ده چې يو څوک د زړه له کومي په رسمي توگه د يو څو تنو مسلمانانو په مينځ کې د اسلام دين ومني او شهادت ووايي. شهادت هغه بيان دی چې مسلمان پرې د يوه خدای د وحدانيت او د حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) پر نبوت او په خپل ژوند کې د هغه د لارښوونو د پلي کولو د تکل اقرار بلل کېږي. د شهادت په نه وييلو سره هېڅوک نه شي کولای چې مسلمان شي. د مسلمان لپاره د شهادت نه وروسته د اسلامي حکمونو پلي کول فرض دي او همدا رنگه يو مسلمان بايد د اسلامي اخلاقو خاوند هم وي ترڅو هغه په يوه اسلامي ټولنه کې د منلو وړ وگرځي.

=== اسلامي قانون ===
{{آرنی|شريعت|فقه}}
د اسلامي قانون نوم شريعت دی، چې د مسلمانو عالمانو لخوا د قرآن او حديث په رڼا کې وضع شوی. قرآن شريف د شريعت او اسلامي قضايه نظام لومړنۍ سرچينه ده، تر دې وروسته د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم سنة او د لومړنۍ اسلامي ټولنې دود او دستورونه په دوهم پړاو کې ځای لري. سنت د احاديثو په شننو کې رامېنځ ته شوی، او احاديث د حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) لارښوونو ته وايي چې مسلمانانو ته يې کړي. اجماع چې د يوې مسلمانې ټولنې د احصايې په مانا ده، د قياس سره يوځای د اسلامي قانون او د شريعت درېيمه او څلورمه سرچينه جوړوي.

په اسلامي قانون کې د ژوند د هر اړخ په اړه بحث شوی دی. د دولت او حکومت د چلولو او د باندنيو اړيکو د ساتلو نه نيولې آن تر ورځيني ژوند و ژواک پورې د هرې ستونزې او مسلې لپاره د حل لار څېړل شوې او د اسلامي احکامو پر بنسټ يې د پلي کولو لارښوونه شوې.د اسلامي قانون په اړه په څرگنده ډول په قرآن شريف کې چې کوم احکامات راغلي هغه د [[حدود]]و په نامه يادېږي چې په دغو لارښوونو کې د قتل نه ډډه، د واده نه پرته د جنسي اړيکو د ساتلو نه ځان ساتنه، د شرابو او الکولو د څښلو او د قمار نه اجتناب يې غټ ټکي جوړوي. په قرآن کې د وراثت، د واده، د ټپي کولو او وژلو په بدل کې د تدابيرو نيولو او په هم دې توگه د روژې د نيولو، د زکات ورکولو او لمونځ کولو په باب هم په تفصيل سره د حکمونو يادونه شوې. However, the prescriptions and prohibitions may be broad, so how they are applied in practice varies. Islamic scholars, ''the ulema'', have elaborated systems of law on the basis of these broad rules, supplemented by the hadith reports of how Muhammad and his companions interpreted them. See [[Sin]] for further discussion about the concept of sin and its atonement according to the Islamic law.

In current times, not all Muslims understand the Qur'an in its original Arabic. Thus, when Muslims are divided in how to handle situations, they seek the assistance of a [[mufti]] (Islamic judge) who can advise them based on Islamic [[Sharia]] and hadith.

The ''Sharia'' (literally: &quot;the path leading to the watering place&quot;) is Islamic law formed by traditional Islamic scholarship. In Islam, Sharia is the expression of the divine will, and &quot;constitutes a system of duties that are incumbent upon a Muslim by virtue of his religious belief&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;BritannicaShariah&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Islamic law covers all aspects of life, from matters of state, like governance and [[Diplomacy|foreign relations]], to issues of daily living. The Qur'an defines ''[[hudud]]'' as the punishments for five specific crimes: unlawful intercourse, false accusation of unlawful intercourse, consumption of alcohol, theft, and highway robbery. The Qur'an and Sunnah also contain laws of [[Islamic Inheritance jurisprudence|inheritance]], [[Islamic marital jurisprudence|marriage]], and [[Qisas|restitution for injuries and murder]], as well as rules for [[sawm|fasting]], [[Sadaqah|charity]], and [[salat|prayer]]. However, these [[wajib|prescriptions]] and [[Haraam|prohibitions]] may be broad, so their application in practice varies. [[Ulema|Islamic scholars]] (known as ''ulema'') have elaborated systems of law on the basis of these rules and their interpretations.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Menski (۲۰۰۶), p.۲۹۰
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hadd | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=B. Carra de Vaux | coauthors=J. Schacht, A.M. Goichon | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sharia | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=N. Calder | coauthors=M. B. Hooker | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[Fiqh]]'', or &quot;jurisprudence&quot;, is defined as the knowledge of the practical rules of the religion. The method Islamic jurists use to derive rulings is known as ''[[usul al-fiqh]]'' (&quot;legal theory&quot;, or &quot;principles of jurisprudence&quot;). According to Islamic legal theory, law has four fundamental roots, which are given precedence in this order: the Qur'an, the Sunnah (actions and sayings of Muhammad), the consensus of the Muslim jurists (''[[ijma]]''), and analogical reasoning (''[[qiyas]]''). For early Islamic jurists, theory was less important than pragmatic application of the law. In the ۹th century, the jurist [[ash-Shafi'i]] provided a theoretical basis for Islamic law by codifying the principles of jurisprudence (including the four fundamental roots) in his book ''ar-Risālah''.&lt;ref&gt;Weiss (۲۰۰۲), pp.xvii,۱۶۲&lt;/ref&gt;

==== مذهب او رياست ====

د اسلامي قانون له مخې د مذهب او رياست تر مېنځ ژورې اړيکې دي چې په ډېريو اسلامي هېوادونو کې ديني عالمان د قاضيانو په توگه په رسمي ډول دندې ترسره کوي. In practice, Islamic rulers frequently bypassed the Sharia courts with a parallel system of so-called &quot;Grievance courts&quot; over which they had sole control. As the Muslim world came into contact with Western secular ideals, Muslim societies responded in different ways. [[Turkey]] has been governed as a secular state ever since the reforms of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]. In contrast, the [[۱۹۷۹ Iranian Revolution]] replaced a mostly secular regime with an [[Islamic republic]] led by the [[Ruholla Khomeini|Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۸۴
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۵۰۲–۵۰۷٬۸۴۵
* Lewis (۲۰۰۳), p.۱۰۰&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ارتداد او کفر ====
{{آرنی|ارتداد په اسلام کې}}

په سيمه ايزو اسلامي ټولنو کې چې يو وگړی په ارتداد او کفر پېژندل کېږي نو هغه بيا د هماغې ټولنې نه رټل کېږي. په اسلامي رياستونو کې ارتداد او کفر د اسلامي رياست پر وړاندې جرم گڼل کېږي او داسې يو مجرم ته سزا ورکول کېږي چې اکثراً د مرگ  سزا وي.

== مذهبي فرقې ==
{{main|د اسلام مذهبي فرقې}}
لکه د نورو دينونو په شان په اسلام کې هم يو شمېر مذهبي فرقې شته چې د دوی ټولو گروهه يا عقيده يوه ده خو په شرعي او قانوني توگه په دغو فرقو کې اهم توپيرونه ليدل کېږي. اسلام په دوه لويو فرقو وېشل شوی چې د [[سني]] او [[تشيع]] فرقې يې دوه لويې فرقې دي. [[تصوف]] بيا ځانته بله مذهبي ډله ده چې په دې کې د اسلام معمايي تصريف لور ته ډېر پام اړول شوی. د ځينو سرچينو له مخې د نړۍ نژدې ۸۵٪ مسلمانان د سني لويې فرقې په لار روان دي او پاتې ۱۵٪ مسلمانان د تشيع د مذهب مننونکي دي، په همدې توگه بيا په شيعه گانو کې هم وړې مذهبي فرقې شته.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۲
* {{cite web | url=http://countrystudies.us/afghanistan/61.htm | title=Sunni and Shia Islam | work=Country Studies | publisher=U.S. Library of Congress | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۱-۰۹}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اهل سنت ===
[[دوتنه:Divisions of Islam.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Divisions of Islam]]
{{آرنی|سني}}
[[سني]] مسلمانان د اسلام لويه برخه جوړوي. په عربي ژبه کې د ''السنة'' لغت مانا &quot;اصل&quot; او يا هم &quot;لار&quot; ده. سنت (د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; د ژوند کړه وړه) دقرآن او حديث له مخې د سني اسلام اهمه ستنه جوړوي. سنيان په دې عقيده دي چې د اسلام لومړي څلور خليفه گان د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; نه وروسته برحقه او ريښتوني خليفه گان وه؛ او خدای&lt;sup&gt;ج&lt;/sup&gt; د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر نه وروسته خدای بل پيغمبر نه ؤ ځانگړی کړی، او پاتې خليفه گان بايد ټاکل شوي وای. سنيان څلور لوی قانوني مذهبونه مني چې هغه څلور لوی مذهبونه [[حنفي]]، [[مالکي]]، [[شافي]] او [[حنبلي]] دي.  All four accept the validity of the others and a Muslim might choose any one that he or she finds agreeable, but other Islamic sects are believed to have departed from the majority by introducing innovations (''[[bidah]]''). There are also several orthodox theological or philosophical traditions within Sunnism. For example, the recent [[Salafi]] movement sees itself as restorationist and claims to derive its teachings from the original sources of Islam.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* اېسپوزيتو (۲۰۰۳), pp.۲۷۵٬۳۰۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shariah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sunnite | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== شیعه گان ===
{{آرنی|شيعه}}
{{see also|Historic background of the Sunni-Shi'a split}}
The [[Shi'a]], who constitute the second-largest branch of Islam, believe in the political and religious [[Islamic leadership|leadership]] of [[infallible#Additional Shi'a teachings|infallible]] [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)|Imams]] from the progeny of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]. They believe that he, as the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was his rightful successor, and they call him the first ''Imam'' (leader), rejecting the legitimacy of the previous Muslim caliphs. To them, an Imam rules by right of divine appointment and holds &quot;absolute spiritual authority&quot; among Muslims, having final say in matters of doctrine and revelation.&lt;ref&gt;See
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۴۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Imam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shi'ite | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/p.php?p=shia'&amp;url=Introduction {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419035040/http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/p.php?p=shia%27&amp;url=Introduction |date=2008-04-19 }} Imamat, by [[Naser Makarem Shirazi]]]&lt;/ref&gt; Although the Shi'a share many core practices with the Sunni, the two branches disagree over the proper importance and validity of specific collections of hadith. The Shi'a follow a legal tradition called [[Ja'fari jurisprudence]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Ahmed (۱۹۹۹), pp.۴۴–۴۵
* Nasr (۱۹۹۴), p.۴۶۶&lt;/ref&gt; Shi'a Islam has several branches, the largest of which is the [[Twelvers]] (''{{ArabDIN|iṯnāʿašariyya}}''), while the others are the [[Ismaili]], the [[Sevener]]s, and the [[Zaidiyyah]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Kramer (۱۹۸۷), [http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/Alawis.htm Syria’s Alawis and Shi‘ism pp.۲۳۷–۲۵۴]
* [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/index.html Shia branches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041025093409/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/index.html |date=2004-10-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 1.JPG|thumb|right|300px|A view of the [[Dome of the Rock]] on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]], a holy site in Islam]]
[[Shi'a]] Muslims, the second-largest sect, differ from the Sunni in rejecting the authority of the first three caliphs. They honor different traditions ([[hadith]]) and have their own legal traditions. Shi'a scholars have a larger authority than Sunni scholars and have greater room for interpretation. The [[Imams]] play a central role in Shi'a doctrine.

The arabic word Shi'a, litarally translates into the word 'group' or 'sect'. Originally known as Shi'at Ali (the sect of Ali), the group formed shortly after the death of Ali, in [[Iraq]]. Ali ibn Abi Talib was the cousin of prophet [[Muhammad]], and after marriage to Fatima, he also became Muhammad's son-in-law.

The Shi'a consist of one major school of thought known as the [[Ithna 'ashariyah]] or the &quot;[[Twelvers]]&quot;, and a few minor schools of thought, as the &quot;Seveners&quot; or the &quot;Fivers&quot; referring to the number of infallible leaders they recognize after the death of prophet [[Muhammad]]. The term Shi'a, when used without qualification, is usually taken to be synonymous with the Ithna Ashariyya or Twelvers. Most Shi'a live in [[Iran]], [[Iraq]] (the country where Ali passed away), [[Bahrain]], [[Lebanon]], [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. A minority group (about ۴ million) of Shi'a is known as [[Ismaili]]. The Shia Ismaili sect is subdivided into [[Nizari]] Ismaili and [[Mustaali]] Bohra subsects. The Nizari Ismaili or are led by the [[Aga Khan]] and are found mainly in [[Pakistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Bangladesh]], India, Canada and United States. The [[Mustaali]] Bohra sect is further subdivded into Dawoodi and Sulaimanis subsects. The [[Dawoodi Bohra]]s are concentrated in Pakistan and India. The [[Sulaimani Bohra]]s are concentrated in Yemen and Najran province of Saudi Arabia.

=== تصوف ===
{{آرنی|تصوف}}

Not strictly a denomination, [[Sufism]] is a mystical-ascetic form of Islam. By focusing on the more spiritual aspects of religion, Sufis strive to obtain direct experience of God by making use of &quot;intuitive and emotional faculties&quot; that one must be trained to use.&lt;ref&gt;Trimingham (۱۹۹۸), p.۱&lt;/ref&gt; Sufism and [[Islamic law]] are usually considered to be complementary, although Sufism has been criticized by some Muslims for being an unjustified [[bidah|religious innovation]]. Most Sufi orders, or ''[[tariqa]]s'', can be classified as either Sunni or Shi'a.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۳۰۲
* Malik (۲۰۰۶), p.۳
* B. S. Turner (۱۹۹۸), p.۱۴۵
* {{cite web | url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aftoc.html | work=Country Studies | publisher=U. S. Library of Congress (Federal Research Division) | title=Afghanistan: A Country Study | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۴-۱۸ | pages=۱۵۰}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Sufism]] is a spiritual practice followed by both Sunni and Shi'a. Sufis generally feel that following Islamic law or jurisprudence (or ''fiqh'') is only the first step on the path to perfect submission; they focus on the internal or more spiritual aspects of Islam, such as perfecting one's faith and fighting one's own ego (''nafs''). Most Sufi orders, or [[tariqa]], can be classified as either Sunni or Shi'a. However, there are some that are not easily categorized as either Sunni or Shi'a, such as the [[Bektashi]]. Sufis are found throughout the Islamic world, from [[Senegal]] to [[Indonesia]].

=== نورې طريقې ===
[[Wahhabi]]s, as they are known by non-Wahhabis, are a smaller, more recent Sunni group. They prefer to be called [[Salafi]]s. Wahhabism is a movement founded by [[Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab]] in the [[۱۸th century]] in what is present-day [[Saudi Arabia]]. They classify themselves as Sunni and some claim to follow the [[Hanbali]] legal tradition. The major trend, however, is the  abolition of these &quot;schools of thoughts&quot; (legal traditions), and the following of a more literalist interpretation. Some even regard other Sunni as heretics. The [[Hanbali]] legal tradition is the recognized official school of Islamic law in Saudi Arabia and they have had a great deal of influence on the Islamic world because of Saudi control of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]], the Islamic holy places, and because of Saudi funding for mosques and schools in other countries. The majority of Saudi Islamic scholars are considered as [[Wahhabi]]s by other parts of the Islamic world.

Sunni and Shi'a have often clashed. Some Sunni believe that Shi'a  are heretics while other Sunni recognize Shi'a as fellow Muslims. According to Shaikh Mahmood Shaltoot, head of the [[al-Azhar University]] in the middle part of the ۲۰th century, &quot;the Ja'fari school of thought, which is also known as &quot;al-Shi'a al- Imamiyyah al-Ithna Ashariyyah&quot; (i.e. The Twelver Imami Shi'ites) is a school of thought that is religiously correct to follow in worship as are other Sunni schools of thought&quot;. Al-Azhar later distanced itself from this position.

Another sect which dates back to the early days of Islam is that of the [[Kharijites]]. The only surviving branch of the Kharijites are the [[Ibadi|Ibadhi Muslims]]. Ibadhism is distinguished from Shiism by its belief that the Imam (Leader) should be chosen solely on the basis of his faith, not on the basis of descent, and from Sunnism in its rejection of [[Uthman]] and [[Ali]] and strong emphasis on the need to depose unjust rulers.  Ibadhi Islam is noted for its strictness, but, unlike the Kharijites proper, Ibadhis do not regard major sins as automatically making a Muslim an unbeliever. Most Ibadhi Muslims live in [[Oman]].

Another trend in modern Islam is that which is sometimes called progressive. Followers may be called [[Ijtihadists]]. They may be either Sunni or Shi'ite, and generally favor the development of  personal interpretations of Qur'an and Hadith. ''See'': [[Liberal Islam]]

One very small group, based primarily in the United States, follows the teachings of [[Rashad Khalifa]] and calls itself the &quot;Submitters&quot;. They reject [[hadith]] and [[fiqh]], and say that they follow the Qur'an alone. Most Muslims of both the [[Sunni]] and the [[Shia]] sects consider this group to be heretical.

The [[Kharijites]] are a sect that dates back to the early days of Islam. The only surviving branch of the Kharijites is [[Ibadism]]. Unlike most Kharijite groups, Ibadism does not regard sinful Muslims as unbelievers. The [[Imam]]ate is an important topic in Ibadi legal literature, which stipulates that the leader should be chosen solely on the basis of his knowledge and piety, and is to be deposed if he acts unjustly. Most Ibadi Muslims live in [[Oman]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* [http://www.uga.edu/islam/ibadis.html IBADI ISLAM: AN INTRODUCTION]
* J. A. Williams (۱۹۹۴), p.۱۷۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=al-Ibāḍiyya | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Yazidi]], [[Druze]],  [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community|Ahmadiyya]], [[Bábís|Bábí]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'í]], [[Berghouata]] and [[Ha-Mim]] religions either emerged out of Islam or came to share certain beliefs with Islam. [[Sikhism]], founded by [[Guru Nanak]] in late fifteenth century [[Punjab region|Punjab]], incorporates aspects of both Islam and [[Hinduism]].&lt;ref&gt;Encyclopedia of Islam, &quot;Sikhs&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلامي فرضونه او عمل ==
=== پينځه بنسټيزه ستنې ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام پينځه ستنې}}

[[دوتنه:Arabic Plaque, Great Mosque, Xian.jpg|thumb|220px|left|Islam's basic creed (''[[shahadah]]'') written on a plaque in the [[Great Mosque of Xi'an]], [[China]]]]
[[دوتنه:Kabaa.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Rituals of the [[Hajj]] (pilgrimage) include walking seven times around the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca.]]

دغه پنځه بنسټیزه ستنې د [[سني مسلمانان|سني مسلمانانو]] لپاره پنځه اړینه کړنې دي.خو بیا شیعه مسلمان په اتو مذهبي کړنو کې کډون کوي کوم چې دغو پنځو بنسټیزه کړنو ته ورته والی لري:
.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Momem (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Pillars of Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; چې په لاندې ډول دي:
* '''''[[شهادت]]''''', شهادت د اسلام له بنسټیزو [[عقیده|عقیدو]] یا اصولو څخه دي او باید د زړه له تله په لاندې ډول وویل شي ''' أشهد أن لا إله إلاَّ الله و أشهد أن محمد رسول الله''',یا&quot; زه شهادت ورکوم چې دلته پرته له [[الله]] څخه بل هیڅوک د [[عبادت]] وړ ندي او زه شهادت ورکوم چې [[محمد]] د خدای [[رسول]] دي.&quot;

This testament is a foundation for all other beliefs and practices in Islam (although technically the Shi'a do not consider the ''shahadah'' to be a separate pillar, just a belief). Muslims must repeat the ''shahadah'' in prayer, and non-Muslims wishing to convert to Islam are required to recite the creed.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۱۹۹۴), p.۱۳۵
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸
* &quot;Islam&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals''(۲۰۰۴)&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[لمونځ]]''''', or ritual prayer, which must be performed five times a day. (However, the Shi'a are permitted to run together the noon with the afternoon prayers, and the evening with the night prayers). Each salah is done facing towards the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca. Salah is intended to focus the mind on God, and is seen as a personal communication with him that expresses gratitude and worship. Salah is compulsory but flexibility in the specifics is allowed depending on circumstances. In many Muslim countries, reminders called [[Adhan]] (call to prayer) are broadcast publicly from local mosques at the appropriate times. The prayers are recited in the [[Arabic language]], and consist of verses from the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۱۸٬۱۹
* Hedáyetullah (۲۰۰۶), pp.۵۳–۵۵
* Kobeisy (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲۲–۳۴
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[زکات]]''''', or [[alms|alms-giving]]. This is the practice of giving based on accumulated wealth, and is obligatory for all Muslims who can afford it. A fixed portion is spent to help the poor or needy, and also to assist the spread of Islam. The zakat is considered a religious obligation (as opposed to voluntary charity) that the well-off owe to the needy because their wealth is seen as a &quot;trust from God's bounty&quot;. The Qur'an and the hadith also suggest a Muslim give even more as an act of voluntary alms-giving (''[[sadaqah]]''). Many Shi'ites are expected to pay an additional amount in the form of a ''[[khums]]'' tax, which they consider to be a separate ritual practice.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲|۱۷۷|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۹۰
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Zakat | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۱}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Zakat | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[روژه]]''''', or [[Sawm of Ramadan|fasting during the month of Ramadan]]. Muslims must not eat or drink (among other things) from dawn to dusk during this month, and must be mindful of other sins. The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to God, and during it Muslims should express their gratitude for and dependence on him, atone for their past sins, and think of the needy. ''Sawm'' is not obligatory for several groups for whom it would constitute an undue burden. For others, flexibility is allowed depending on circumstances, but missed fasts usually must be made up quickly.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲|۱۸۴|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۹۰٬۹۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_21.html#HEADING20 | title=For whom fasting is mandatory | publisher=USC-MSA | work=Compendium of Muslim Texts | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۴-۱۸ | تاريخ الأرشيف=2008-11-28 | مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 | url-status=dead | خونديځ نېټه=2008-11-28 | خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308025221/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_21.html#HEADING20 | خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[حج]]''''', which is the pilgrimage during the [[Islamic calendar|Islamic month]] of ''[[Dhu al-Hijjah]]'' in the city of [[Mecca]]. Every [[able-bodied]] Muslim who can afford it must make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his or her lifetime. When the pilgrim is about ten kilometers from Mecca, he must dress in [[Ihram clothing|''Ihram'' clothing]], which consists of two white seamless sheets. Rituals of the Hajj include walking seven times around the [[Kaaba]], touching the [[Black Stone]], running seven times between [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Mount Safa]] and [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Mount Marwah]], and symbolically [[Stoning of the Devil|stoning the Devil]] in [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]]. The pilgrim, or the ''hajji'', is honored in his or her community, although Islamic teachers say that the Hajj should be an expression of devotion to God instead of a means to gain social standing.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۱۹۹۴), pp.۱۴۵–۱۴۷
* Goldschmidt (۲۰۰۵), p.۴۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hajj | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In addition to the ''khums'' tax, Shi'a Muslims consider three additional practices essential to the religion of Islam. The first is [[jihad]], which is also important to the Sunni, but not considered a pillar. The second is ''[[Amr-Bil-Ma'rūf]]'', the &quot;Enjoining to Do Good&quot;, which calls for every Muslim to live a virtuous life and to encourage others to do the same. The third is ''[[Nahi-Anil-Munkar]]'', the &quot;Exhortation to Desist from Evil&quot;, which tells Muslims to refrain from vice and from evil actions and to also encourage others to do the same.&lt;ref&gt;Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۸۰&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلامي اداب او خواړه ===

{{آرنی|اسلامي اداب|د خواړو اړونده اسلامي احکام}}

Many practices fall in the category of ''adab'', or Islamic etiquette. This includes greeting others with &quot;''[[As-Salamu Alaykum|as-salamu `alaykum]]''&quot; (&quot;peace be unto you&quot;), saying ''[[bismillah]]'' (&quot;in [[Names of God|the name of God]]&quot;) before meals, and using only the right hand for eating and drinking. [[Islamic hygienical jurisprudence|Islamic hygienic]] practices mainly fall into the category of personal cleanliness and health, such as the circumcision of male offspring. [[Islamic funeral|Islamic burial rituals]] include saying the ''[[Salat al-Janazah]]'' (&quot;funeral prayer&quot;) over the bathed and enshrouded dead body, and burying it in a grave. Muslims, like Jews, are restricted in their diet, and prohibited foods include pig products, blood, [[carrion]], and [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]]. All meat must come from a [[herbivorous]] animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian, with the exception of game that one has hunted or fished for oneself. Food permissible for Muslims is known as [[halal]] food.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۵|۵|style=ref}}
* Curtis (۲۰۰۵), p.۱۶۴
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۱۱۱
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/janisla2y2.html Customs and Behavioral Laws]
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/febislaw2y2.html The Dietary Laws]
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/DecIslaw2y5.htm Various types of the prayer]
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Slaughter | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Ersilia Francesca | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۸}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جهاد ===
{{mainarticle|Jihad|Islamic military jurisprudence}}
Jihad means &quot;to strive or struggle,&quot; especially in the idiomatic expression &quot;striving in the way of God&quot; (''al-jihad fi sabil Allah'') and is considered the &quot;[[sixth pillar of Islam]]&quot; by a minority of Muslim authorities.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Merriam (۱۹۹۹) p.۵۷۱
* Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia p.۴۱۹
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۹۳&lt;/ref&gt; Jihad, in its broadest sense, is classically defined as &quot;exerting one's utmost power, efforts, endeavors, or ability in contending with an object of disapprobation.&quot; Depending on the object being a visible enemy, the devil, and aspects of one's own self, different categories of Jihad are defined: Jihad against one's own self (self-perfection), Jihad of the tongue, Jihad of the hand, and Jihad of the sword. Jihad when used without any qualifier is understood in its military aspect.&lt;ref&gt;Reuven Firestone (۱۹۹۹), The Meaning of Jihād, p. ۱۷-۱۸&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Britannica Encyclopedia, Jihad&lt;/ref&gt;

Jihad is the only form of warfare permissible under [[Sharia|Islamic law]]. Under most circumstances and for most Muslims, jihad is a collective duty (''[[Fard|fard kifaya]]''): one whose performance by some individuals exempts the others; for the rest of the populace, this happens only in the case of a [[general mobilization]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Djihad&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''.&lt;/ref&gt; Some Muslim authorities, especially among the Shi'a and [[Sufism|Sufis]], distinguish between the &quot;greater jihad&quot;, which pertains to spiritual self-perfection, and the &quot;lesser jihad&quot;, defined as warfare.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Firestone (۱۹۹۹) p.۱۷ 
* &quot;Djihad&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''.&lt;/ref&gt; Jihad also refers to one's striving to attain religious and moral perfection.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Brockopp (۲۰۰۳) pp. ۹۹–۱۰۰
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۹۳ 
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=jihad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۶-۱۳}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
{{آرنی|د اسلام تاريخ|د اسلام خپرېدا}}

Islam's historical development resulted in major political, economic, and military effects inside and outside the [[Islamic world]]. Within a century of Muhammad's first recitations of the [[Qur'an]], an Islamic empire stretched from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in the west to [[Central Asia]] in the east. This new polity soon broke into civil war, and successor states fought each other and outside forces. However, Islam continued to spread into regions like [[Africa]], the [[Indian subcontinent]], and [[Southeast Asia]]. The Islamic civilization was one of the most advanced in the world during the [[Middle Ages]], but was surpassed by Europe with the economic and military growth of the West. During the ۱۸th and ۱۹th centuries, Islamic dynasties such as the [[Ottomans]] and [[Mughals]] fell under the sway of European imperial powers. In the ۲۰th century [[Islamic revival|new religious and political movements]] and newfound wealth in the Islamic world led to both rebirth and conflict.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۵۰٬۱۱۲٬۱۹۷٬۳۸۰٬۴۸۹٬۵۷۸٬۸۱۷
* Lewis (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲۹٬۵۱–۵۶&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د اسلامي رياست پيل (۶۳۲–۷۵۰) ===
{{see|Succession to Muhammad|Muslim conquests|Muslim Empire}}
Muhammad began preaching Islam at [[Mecca]] before [[Hijra (Islam)|migrating]] to [[Medina]], from where he united the [[tribes of Arabia]] into a singular Arab Muslim religious polity. With Muhammad's death in ۶۳۲, disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community. [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]], a prominent [[sahaba|companion]] of Muhammad, nominated [[Abu Bakr]], who was Muhammad's intimate friend and collaborator. Others added their support and Abu Bakr was made the first [[caliph]]. This choice was disputed by some of Muhammad's companions, who held that [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]], his cousin and son-in-law, had been designated his successor. Abu Bakr's immediate task was to avenge a recent defeat by [[Byzantine]] (or [[Eastern Roman Empire]]) forces, although he first had to put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an episode known as the [[Ridda wars]], or &quot;Wars of Apostasy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See: 
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۵۷
* Hourani (۲۰۰۳), p.۲۲
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۳۲
* Madelung (۱۹۹۶), p.۴۳
* Tabatabaei (۱۹۷۹), p.۳۰–۵۰&lt;/ref&gt;

[[دوتنه:Age of Caliphs.png|thumb|left|300px|The territory of the [[Caliphate]] in the year ۷۵۰]]

His death in ۶۳۴ resulted in the succession of Umar as the caliph, followed by [[Uthman ibn al-Affan]] and Ali ibn Abi Talib. These four are known as ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' (&quot;[[Rightly Guided Caliphs]]&quot;). Under them, the territory under Muslim rule expanded deeply into [[Persian Empire]] and [[Byzantine]] territories.&lt;ref&gt;See
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۷۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; When Umar was assassinated in ۶۴۴, [[the election of Uthman]] as successor was met with increasing opposition. In ۶۵۶, Uthman was also killed, and Ali assumed the position of caliph. After fighting off opposition in the [[First Fitna|first civil war]] (the &quot;First Fitna&quot;), Ali was assassinated by [[Kharijites]] in ۶۶۱. Following this, [[Muawiyah I|Mu'awiyah]], who was governor of [[Levant]], seized power and began the [[Umayyad dynasty]].&lt;ref&gt;Holt (۱۹۷۷a), pp.۶۷–۷۲&lt;/ref&gt;

These disputes over religious and political leadership would give rise to schism in the Muslim community. The majority accepted the legitimacy of the three rulers prior to Ali, and became known as [[Sunni]]s. A minority disagreed, and believed that Ali was the only rightful successor; they became known as the [[Shi'a]].&lt;ref&gt;Waines (۲۰۰۳) p.۴۶&lt;/ref&gt; After Mu'awiyah's death in ۶۸۰, conflict over succession broke out again in a civil war known as the &quot;[[Second Fitna]]&quot;. Afterward, the Umayyad dynasty prevailed for seventy years, and was able to conquer the [[Maghreb|Maghrib]] as well as the [[Al-Andalus]] (the [[Iberian Peninsula]], former [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] [[Hispania]]) and the [[Gallia Narbonensis|Narbonnese Gaul]]. While the Muslim-Arab elite engaged in conquest, some devout Muslims&lt;!--The Islamic term is Zahid and there may be a better translation for it.--&gt; began to question the piety of indulgence in a worldly life, emphasizing rather poverty, humility and avoidance of sin based on renunciation of bodily desires. Devout Muslim ascetic exemplars such as [[Hasan al-Basri]] would inspire a movement that would evolve into [[Sufism]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۹۰٬۹۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sufism | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۳}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the Umayyad aristocracy, Islam was viewed as a religion for Arabs only;&lt;ref&gt;Hawting (۲۰۰۰), p.۴&lt;/ref&gt; the economy of the Umayyad empire was based on the assumption that a majority of non-Muslims ([[Dhimmis]]) would pay taxes to the minority of Muslim Arabs. A non-Arab who wanted to convert to Islam was supposed to first become a client of an Arab tribe. Even after conversion, these new Muslims (''[[mawali]]'') did not achieve social and economic equality with the Arabs. The descendants of Muhammad's uncle [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] rallied discontented ''mawali'', poor Arabs, and some Shi'a against the Umayyads and overthrew them with the help of their propagandist and general [[Abu Muslim]], inaugurating the [[Abbasid|Abbasid dynasty]] in ۷۵۰.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۶; Lewis (۱۹۹۳), pp. ۷۱–۸۳&lt;/ref&gt; Under the Abbasids, Islamic civilization flourished in the &quot;[[Islamic Golden Age]]&quot;, with its capital at the cosmopolitan city of Baghdad.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), pp.۸۰٬۹۲٬۱۰۵
* Holt (۱۹۷۷b), pp.۶۶۱–۶۶۳
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۶
* Lewis (۱۹۹۳), p.۸۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د اسلام زرين پېر (۷۵۰–۱۲۵۸) ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام زرين پېر}}

[[دوتنه:Battle of Cresson.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Artistic depiction of the Battle of Hattin in 1187, where Jerusalem was recaptured by Saladin's Ayyubid forces]]

By the late ۹th century, the Abbasid caliphate began to fracture as various regions gained increasing levels of autonomy. Across North Africa, Persia, and Central Asia [[emirates]] formed as provinces broke away. The monolithic Arab empire gave way to a more religiously homogenized [[Muslim world]] where the Shia [[Fatimid]]s contested even the religious authority of the caliphate. By ۱۰۵۵ the [[Seljuq Turks]] had eliminated the Abbasids as a military power, nevertheless they continued to respect the caliph's titular authority.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۱۰۳–۱۴۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Abbasid Dynasty | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this time expansion of the Muslim world continued, by both conquest and peaceful [[Dawah|proselytism]] even as both Islam and Muslim trade networks were extending into sub-Saharan [[West Africa]], [[Central Asia]], [[Volga Bulgaria]] and the [[Malay archipelago]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Islam&quot;/&gt;

The Golden Age saw new legal, philosophical, and religious developments. The [[Six major Hadith collections|major hadith collections]] were compiled and the four modern Sunni [[Madh'hab]]s were established. Islamic law was advanced greatly by the efforts of the early ۹th century jurist [[al-Shafi'i]]; he codified a method to establish the reliability of hadith, a topic which had been a locus of dispute among Islamic scholars.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۸۶&lt;/ref&gt; Philosophers [[Ibn Sina]] (Avicenna) and [[Al-Farabi]] sought to incorporate Greek principles into Islamic theology, while others like the ۱۱th century theologian [[Abu Hamid al-Ghazzali]] argued against them and ultimately prevailed.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۱۶۰
* Waines (۲۰۰۳) p.۱۲۶٬۱۲۷&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, Sufism and Shi'ism both underwent major changes in the ۹th century. [[Sufism]] became a full-fledged movement that had moved towards mysticism and away from its ascetic roots, while Shi'ism split due to disagreements over the succession of Imams.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۴۴–۴۵
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۹۰–۹۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sufism | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The spread of the Islamic dominion induced hostility among [[Middle ages|medieval]] [[ecclesiastical]] Christian authors who saw Islam as an adversary in the light of the large numbers of new Muslim converts. This opposition resulted in polemical treatises which depicted Islam as the religion of the [[antichrist]] and of Muslims as libidinous and subhuman.&lt;ref&gt;Tolan (۲۰۰۲) xv, xvi, ۴۱&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Middle Ages|medieval period]], a few Arab philosophers like the poet [[Al-Ma'arri]] adopted a critical approach to Islam, and the Jewish philosopher [[Maimonides]] contrasted Islamic views of morality to Jewish views that he himself elaborated.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Novak (February ۱۹۹۹)
* Sahas (۱۹۹۷), pp.۷۶–۸۰&lt;/ref&gt;

Starting in the ۹th century, Muslim conquests in Christian Europe began to be reversed. The [[Reconquista]] was launched against Muslim [[Taifa|principalities]] in [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], and Muslim [[History of Islam in southern Italy|Italian possessions]] were lost to the [[Normans]]. From the ۱۱th century onwards a series of wars known as the [[Crusade]]s brought the Muslim world into conflict with [[Christendom]]. Successful at first in their capturing of the [[Holy Land (Biblical)|Holy land]] which resulted in the establishment of the [[Crusader states]], Crusader gains in the Holy Land were reversed by later Muslim generals such as [[Saladin]], who recaptured [[Jerusalem]] during the [[Second Crusade]].&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۸۸–۲۹۰٬۳۱۰&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Mongol Empire]] put an end to the Abbasid dynasty at the [[Battle of Baghdad (۱۲۵۸)|Battle of Baghdad in ۱۲۵۸]], which saw the Muslims overrun by the superior Mongol army. Meanwhile in Egypt, the slave-soldier [[Mamluk]]s took control in an uprising in ۱۲۵۰.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۹۲
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic World | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د عثمانيه سلطنت او په هند کې اسلامي رياست (۱۲۵۸–۱۹۱۸) ===

The Seljuk Turks fell apart rapidly in the second half of the ۱۳th century. In the ۱۳th and ۱۴th centuries the [[Ottoman empire]] (named after [[Osman I]]) was established with a string of conquests that included the [[Balkans]], parts of [[Greece]], and western [[Anatolia]]. In ۱۴۵۳ under [[Mehmed II]] the Ottomans laid siege to [[Constantinople]], the capital of Byzantium. The Byzantine fortress [[Fall of Constantinople|succumbed]] shortly thereafter, having been battered by superior Ottoman [[cannon]]ry.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۲۶۳
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۵۰
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Istanbul | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Beginning in the ۱۳th century, Sufism underwent a transformation, largely as a result of the efforts of [[al-Ghazzali]] to legitimize and reorganize the movement. He developed the model of the Sufi order—a community of spiritual teachers and students.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۰۴٬۱۰۵&lt;/ref&gt; Also of importance to Sufism was the creation of the [[Masnavi]], a collection of mystical poetry by the ۱۳th century [[Persian language|Persian]] poet [[Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi|Rumi]]. The Masnavi had a profound influence on the development of Sufi religious thought; to many Sufis it is second in importance only to the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic Art | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[دوتنه:TajMahalbyAmalMongia.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[Taj Mahal]] is a [[mausoleum]] located in [[Agra]], [[India]], that was built under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۶۵&lt;/ref&gt;]]

In the early ۱۶th century, the Shi'ite [[Safavid dynasty]] assumed control in Persia and established Shi'a Islam as an official religion there, and despite periodic setbacks, the Safavids remained powerful for two centuries. Meanwhile, Mamluk Egypt fell to the Ottomans in ۱۵۱۷, who then launched a European campaign which reached as far as [[Siege of Vienna|the gates of Vienna]] in ۱۵۲۹.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۱۹۸٬۲۳۴٬۲۴۴٬۲۴۵٬۲۵۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many [[Islamic empires in India|Islamic dynasties]] ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent starting from the twelfth century. The prominent ones include the [[Delhi Sultanate]] (۱۲۰۶–۱۵۲۶) and the [[Mughal empire]] (۱۵۲۶–۱۸۵۷). These empires helped in the spread of Islam in [[South Asia]]. but by the mid-۱۸th century the [[British empire]] had ended the Mughal dynasty.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۳۵۸٬۳۷۸–۳۸۰٬۶۲۴&lt;/ref&gt; In the ۱۸th century the [[Wahhabi]] movement took hold in Saudi Arabia. Founded by the preacher [[Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab|Ibn Abd al-Wahhab]], Wahhabism is a fundamentalist ideology that condemns practices like Sufism and the veneration of saints as un-Islamic.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۷۲
* Watt (۱۹۷۳), p.۱۸: Wahhabism should not be confused with the early Kharijite sect of Wahabiyya, which was named after Abd-Allah ibn-Wahb ar-Rasibi, who opposed Ali at Nahrawan.&lt;/ref&gt;

By the ۱۷th and ۱۸th centuries, despite attempts at modernization, the Ottoman empire had begun to feel threatened by European economic and military advantages. In the ۱۹th century, the [[Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire|rise of nationalism]] resulted in Greece declaring and winning independence in ۱۸۲۹, with several Balkan states following suit after the Ottomans suffered defeat in the [[Russo-Turkish War (۱۸۷۷–۱۸۷۸)|Russo-Turkish War of ۱۸۷۷–۱۸۷۸]]. The Ottoman era came to a close at the end of [[World War I]].&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۳۸۰٬۴۸۹–۴۹۳&lt;/ref&gt;

=== نوی پېر (۱۹۱۸–اوسمهال) ===
After [[World War I]] losses, the remnants of the empire were parceled out as European [[protectorate]]s or [[sphere of influence|spheres of influence]]. Since then most Muslim societies have become independent nations, and new issues such as oil wealth and relations with the State of [[Israel]] have assumed prominence.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۸۱–۲۸۲٬۳۸۰٬۴۸۹–۴۹۳٬۵۵۶٬۵۷۸٬۸۲۳٬۸۳۵&lt;/ref&gt;

The ۲۰th century saw the creation of many new Islamic &quot;revivalist&quot; movements. Groups such as the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in Egypt and [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] in Pakistan advocate a totalistic and theocratic alternative to secular political ideologies. Sometimes called [[Islamist]], they see Western cultural values as a threat, and promote Islam as a comprehensive solution to every public and private question of importance. In countries like Iran and Afghanistan (under the [[Taliban]]), revolutionary movements replaced [[Secularism|secular]] regimes with Islamist states, while transnational groups like [[Osama bin Laden]]'s [[al-Qaeda]] engage in [[Islamist terrorism|terrorism]] to further their goals. In contrast, [[Liberal Islam]] is a movement that attempts to reconcile religious tradition with modern norms of secular governance and [[human rights]]. Its supporters say that there are multiple ways to read Islam's sacred texts, and stress the need to leave room for &quot;independent thought on religious matters&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۱۸٬۱۱۹٬۱۷۹
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۸۲۳–۸۳۰&lt;/ref&gt;

In modern times Islam has come under [[Criticism of Islam|criticism]] from idealogues such as [[Robert Spencer]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last=Bostom | first=Andrew | title=Islamic Apostates' Tales—A Review of ''Leaving Islam'' by Ibn Warraq | date=July ۲۱, ۲۰۰۳ | publisher=FrontPageMagazine.com | work=FrontPage Magazine | url=http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=9000 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Ibn Warraq]],&lt;ref&gt;Rippin (۲۰۰۱), p.۲۸۸&lt;/ref&gt; who criticize Islamic law and question the morality of the Qur'an; for example, they say that its contents justify mistreatment of women and encourage [[anti-Semitism|antisemitic]] remarks by Muslim theologians;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | publisher=NYRB | work=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=۱۰-۰۵-۲۰۰۶ | title=Islam in Europe | author=Timothy Garton Ash | url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/19371}}&lt;/ref&gt; such claims are disputed by Muslim scholars.&lt;ref&gt;For example, see:
* [[Ahmed Deedat]], in Westerlund (۲۰۰۳);
* [[Syed Ameer Ali]], in ''The Spirit of Islam'' (۱۸۴۹–۱۹۲۸). It is described by [[David Samuel Margoliouth]] (۱۹۰۵) as &quot;probably the best achievement in the way of an apology for Mohammed&quot;.  See Margoliouth, preface ''Mohammed and the Rise of Islam'';
* [[Yusuf Estes]], in {{cite news | publisher=Advance, [[University of Connecticut]] | date=۱۱-۱۷-۲۰۰۳ | title=Ramadan Awareness Event Designed To Debunk Negative Images | author=Elizabeth Omara-Otunnu | url=http://advance.uconn.edu/2003/031117/03111715.htm | access-date=2007-11-24 | archive-date=2014-04-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401005128/http://advance.uconn.edu/2003/031117/03111715.htm | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Montgomery Watt]], Norman Daniel, and [[Edward Said]] dismiss many of the criticisms as the product of old myths and medieval European polemics.&lt;ref&gt;
* Seibert (۱۹۹۴), pp.۸۸–۸۹
* Watt (۱۹۷۴), p.۲۳۱&lt;/ref&gt; The rise of [[Islamophobia]], according to [[Carl Ernst]], had contributed to the negative views about Islam and Muslims in the West.&lt;ref&gt;Ernst (۲۰۰۴), p.۱۱&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلامي ټولنه ==
{{آرنی|اسلامي نړۍ}}

[[دوتنه:Islam percentage by country.png|کيڼ|290px|بټنوک|د هېوادونو له مخې د مسلمانانو د شمېر سلنه]]

=== وگړپوهنه ===
{{دا هم  وگورۍ|د مسلمانانو د شمېر له مخې د هېوادونو لړليک|د اسلام ډيموگرافي}}

Commonly cited estimates of the Muslim population in ۲۰۰۷ range from ۱٫۱&amp;nbsp;billion to ۱٫۸&amp;nbsp;billion. Approximately ۸۵٪ are [[Sunni]] and ۱۵٪ are [[Shi'a]], with a small minority belonging to other sects. Some ۳۰–۴۰ countries are Muslim-majority, and Arabs account for around ۲۰٪ of all Muslims worldwide.  [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]] contain the most populous Muslim countries, with [[Indonesia]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Bangladesh]] having more than ۱۰۰&amp;nbsp;million adherents each.&lt;ref name=Islam_by_country&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/rel_isl_num_of_mus-religion-islam-number-of-muslim
|title=Number of Muslim by country
|publisher=nationmaster.com
|accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۳۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to U.S. government figures, in ۲۰۰۶ there were ۲۰&amp;nbsp;million Muslims in [[China]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm
|title=International Religious Freedom Report ۲۰۰۶—China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)
|year=۲۰۰۶
|publisher=U.S. department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
|accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۳۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Middle East]], the non-Arab countries of [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]] are the largest Muslim-majority countries; in [[Africa]], [[Egypt]] and [[Nigeria]] have the most populous Muslim communities.&lt;ref name=Islam_by_country/&gt; Islam is the second largest religion after [[Christianity]] in many [[Europe]]an countries.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴) pp.۲٬۴۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic World | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | title=Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents | publisher=Adherents.com | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۱-۰۹ | تاريخ الأرشيف=2010-01-29 | مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | url-status=dead | خونديځ نېټه=2007-07-07 | خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html }}
* {{cite web | title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4385768.stm | publisher=BBC | work=BBC News | date=[[۲۰۰۵-۱۲-۲۳]] | accessdate=۲۰۰۶-۰۹-۲۸ }}
* {{cite web | title=Religion In Britain | url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 | publisher=Office for National Statistics | work=National Statistics | date=[[۲۰۰۳-۰۲-۱۳]] | accessdate=۲۰۰۶-۰۸-۲۷ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جومات ===
{{آرنی|جومات}}
جومات د مسلمانانو لپاره د عبادت ځای دی، چې په عربي کې ورته ''مسجد'' وایي که څه هم په  جوماتو  کې اصلي موخه د لمونځونو ادا کول دی، خو مسلمانو ته جومات د یو بل د لیدلو او زده کړو لپاره هم ډیر مهم دی. اوسني پرمختللي جوماتونه تر ډیرې کچې پورې د ۷ مې پیړۍ د جوماتو په شان پراخ شوي او د ډیرو بیلابیلو څیزونو او معمامري عناصرو درلودونکي دی لکه منار.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Masdjid | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author= J. Pedersen | coauthors=R. Hillenbrand, J. Burton-Page, et al. | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Mosque | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== کورنيز ژوند ===
{{دا-هم-وگورۍ|ښځه په اسلام کې}}
The basic unit of Islamic society is the [[family]], and Islam defines the obligations and legal rights of family members. The father is seen as financially responsible for his family, and is obliged to cater for their well-being. The division of [[inheritance]] is specified in the Qur'an, which states that most of it is to pass to the immediate family, while a portion is set aside for the payment of debts and the making of bequests. The woman's share of inheritance is generally half of that of a man with the same rights of succession.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;al-Mar'a&quot;. ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Marriage in Islam]] is a civil [[nikah|contract]] which consists of an offer and acceptance between two qualified parties in the presence of two witnesses. The groom is required to pay a [[dowry]] (''[[mahr]]'') to the bride, as stipulated in the contract.&lt;ref&gt;
* Waines (۲۰۰۳) pp. ۹۳–۹۶
* The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (۲۰۰۳), p.۳۳۹
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸) p. ۷۹&lt;/ref&gt;

A man may marry up to four wives if he believes he can treat them equally, while a woman may marry one man only. In most Muslim countries, the process of divorce in Islam is known as ''[[Talaq (Nikah)|talaq]]'', which the husband initiates by pronouncing the word &quot;divorce&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;*&quot;Talak&quot;. ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; Scholars disagree whether Islamic holy texts justify traditional Islamic practices such as [[hijab|veiling]] and seclusion ([[purdah]]). Starting in the ۲۰th century, Muslim social reformers argued against these and other practices such as [[Polygamy in Islam|polygamy]], with varying success. At the same time, many Muslim women have attempted to reconcile tradition with modernity by combining an active life with outward modesty. [[Islamist]] groups and regimes like the [[Taliban]] mostly seek to continue traditional law as applied to women.&lt;ref&gt;
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۹۵٬۹۶٬۲۳۵–۲۴۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Marriage and Divorce | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an | author=Harald Motzki | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۵}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Marriage Practices | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women &amp; Islamic Cultures | author=Lori Peek | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۵}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلامي کليز ===
{{آرنی|اسلامي کليز}}

اسلامي کاليز د مکې نه مدينې ته د هجرت د وخت نه پيلېږي او هماغه کال د هجرت لومړی کال بلل کېږي چې د زېږيز کال ۶۲۲ سره سمون خوري. د اسلامي کاليز ته سپوږميزه کاليزه هم وايي او دا ځکه چې د دې کال مياشتې د سپوږمۍ د حرکت پر بنسټ ټاکل شوي،  but differs from other such calendars (e.g. the [[Celtic calendar]]) in that it omits [[intercalary month]]s, being synchronized only with [[lunation]]s, but not with the [[solar year]], resulting in years of either ۳۵۴ or ۳۵۵ days. This omission was introduced by Muhammad because the right to announce intercalary months had led to political power struggles.{{citation needed}} Therefore, Islamic dates cannot be converted to the usual CE/AD dates simply by adding ۶۲۲ years. Islamic holy days fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in different seasons in different years in the [[Gregorian calendar]].

The formal beginning of the Muslim era was chosen to be the [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]] in ۶۲۲CE, which was an important turning point in Muhammad's fortunes. The assignment of this year as the year ۱ AH (''Anno Hegirae'') in the Islamic calendar was reportedly made by [[Umar|Caliph Umar]]. It is a [[lunar calendar]], with nineteen ordinary years of ۳۵۴ days and eleven leap years of ۳۵۵ days in a thirty-year cycle. Islamic dates cannot be converted to CE/AD dates simply by adding ۶۲۲ years: allowance must also be made for the fact that each Hijri century corresponds to only ۹۷ years in the Christian calendar.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Adil (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۸۸
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۶۷
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tarikh̲ | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=B. van Dalen | coauthors=R. S. Humphreys, Manuela Marín, et al. | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
The year ۱۴۲۸AH coincides almost completely with ۲۰۰۷CE.

Islamic [[Holiday|holy days]] fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in [[Different Seasons|different seasons]] in different years in the [[Gregorian calendar]]. The most important Islamic festivals are ''[[Eid al-Fitr]]'' (Arabic: عيد الفطر) on the ۱&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; of ''[[Shawwal]]'', marking the end of the fasting month ''[[Ramadan]]'', and ''[[Eid al-Adha]]'' (Arabic: عيد الأضحى) on the ۱۰&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; of ''[[Dhu al-Hijjah]]'', coinciding with the pilgrimage to Mecca.&lt;ref&gt;Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/janisla2y2.html Customs and Behavioral Laws]&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلام او نور دينونه ==
==== هغه مذهبونه چې د اسلام پر بنسټ جوړ شوي ====
{{آرنی|اسلام او نور دينونه}}

دا لانديني مذهبونو لارويان ځانونه مسلمانان بولي، خو د ډېرو مسلمانانو او مسلمانو چارواکو لخوا دوی مسلمانان نه بلل کېږي:
* [[د اسلام ملت]] (په امريکا کې بنسټ شوې مذهبي ډله)
* [[ذکري]]ان
* د [[احمديت]] تحريک (دې ډلې ته [[قاديانيت]] هم وايي)
* د [[الاحبش]] ډله (چې د حبشيانو په نامه هم يادېږي/ AICP)

د لاندې مذهبونو لارويان ځانونه مسلمانان بولي خو د دوی د اسلاميت په منلو کې د ډېرو مسلمانانو اختلافونه شته چې ځينې يې دوی مسلمانان او ځينې يې مسلمانان نه گڼي:
* [[دروز]]
* [[علوي]]ان (النُصيرية)

The following religions are said by some to have evolved or borrowed from Islam, in almost all cases influenced by traditional beliefs in the regions where they emerged, but consider themselves independent religions with distinct laws and institutions:
* [[يزيدي]]
* [[بابيس|بابيزم]] (چې اوس د [[بياني]]انو په نامه يادېږي)
* [[بهايي]]

The claim of the adherents of the Bahá'í Faith that it represents an independent religion was upheld by the Muslim ecclesiastical courts in Egypt during the ۱۹۲۰s. As of January [[۱۹۲۶]], their final ruling on the matter of the origins of the Bahá'í Faith and its relationship to Islam was that the Bahá'í Faith was neither a sect of Islam, nor a religion based on Islam, but a clearly defined, independently founded faith. This was seen as a considerate act on the part of the ecclesiastical court and in favor of followers of Bahá'í Faith since the majority of Muslims regard a ''religion based on Islam'' as a heresy.

Some see [[Sikhism]] as a [[syncretism|syncretic]] mix of Islam and [[Hinduism]], although it is often considered a [[Dharma|Dharmic]] faith rather than an Islamic or [[Abrahamic]] one. It arose in the context of the interaction between [[Hindu]] and Muslim communities in [[North India]].

The following religions might have been said to have evolved from Islam, but are not considered part of Islam, and no longer exist:
* The religion of the medieval [[Berghouata]]
* The religion of [[Ha-Mim]]

The Qur'an contains injunctions to respect other religions. It also asks the followers to fight and subdue unbelievers in times of war and &quot;evict them whence they evicted you&quot; (Al-Qur'an ۲:۱۹۱). Some Muslims have respected Jews and Christians as fellow &quot;peoples of the book&quot; (monotheists following [[Abrahamic religions]]), while others have reviled them as having abandoned monotheism and corrupted their scriptures. At different times and places, Islamic communities have been both intolerant and tolerant.

The classical Islamic solution was a limited tolerance — Jews and Christians were to be allowed to privately practice their faith and follow their own family law. They were called [[Dhimmis]], and they had fewer though similar legal rights and obligations than Muslims.

The classic Islamic state was often more tolerant than many other states of the time, which insisted on complete conformity to a state religion. The record of contemporary Muslim-majority states is mixed. Some are generally regarded as tolerant, while others have been accused of intolerance and human rights violations. See the main article, [[Islam and other religions]], for further discussion.

{{آرنی|اسلام او نور مذهبونه}}

[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 1.JPG|thumb|220px|left|A view of the [[Dome of the Rock]] on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]], a holy site in both Islam and [[Judaism]] that has been a source of controversy]]
[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Al-Aqsa Mosque BW 2010-09-21 06-38-12.JPG|thumb|left|220px|د [[الاقصا مسجد]] ديني جلوس. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) د همدغه ځای نه د معراج په سفر اسمان ته وخاته.]]

According to Islamic doctrine, Islam was the primordial religion of mankind, professed by [[Adam]].&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), pp. ۱۴–۱۶&lt;/ref&gt; At some point, a religious split occurred, and God began sending prophets to bring his revelations to the people.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), pp. ۱۸–۱۹&lt;/ref&gt; In this view, [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Nevi'im|Hebrew prophets]], and [[Jesus]] were all [[prophets of Islam]], but their message and the texts of the [[Torah]] and the [[Gospels]] were [[tahrif|corrupted]] by [[Jew]]s and Christians. Similarly, children of non-Muslim families are  born Muslims, but are converted to another faith by their parents.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۱۸&lt;/ref&gt; The idea of Islamic supremacy is encapsulated in the formula &quot;Islam is exalted and nothing is exalted above it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۵&lt;/ref&gt; Pursuant to this principle, Muslim women may not marry non-Muslim men, defamation of Islam is prohibited, and the testimony of a non-Muslim is inadmissible against a Muslim.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۵;
* Lewis (۱۹۸۴), p. ۳۹&lt;/ref&gt;

Islamic law divides non-Muslims into several categories, depending on their relation with the Islamic state. Christians and Jews who live under Islamic rule are known as ''[[dhimmis]]''. Dhimmis must pay tribute (''[[jizya]]'') to the Islamic state, and as such are considered &quot;protected peoples.&quot; Historically, dhimmis enjoyed a measure of communal autonomy under their own religious leaders, but were subject to legal, social and religious restrictions as well as humiliating regulations meant to highlight the inferiority of non-Muslim subjects.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lewis (۱۹۸۴), pp.۹, ۲۷, ۳۶;
* Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۷;&lt;/ref&gt; The status was extended to Zoroastrians and sometimes to polytheists (such as [[Hindu]]s), but not to [[atheist]]s or [[agnostic]]s.&lt;ref&gt;Lewis (۲۰۰۱), p.۲۷۳&lt;/ref&gt; Those who live in non-Muslim lands (''[[dar al-harb]]'') are known as ''[[harbi]]s'', and upon entering into an alliance with the Muslim state become known as ''ahl al-ahd''. Those who receive a guarantee of safety while residing temporarily in Muslim lands are known as ''ahl al-amān''. Their legal position is similar to that of the dhimmi except that they are not required to pay the jizya. The people of armistice (''ahl al-hudna'') are those who live outside of Muslim territory and agree to refrain from attacking the Muslims.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۵۵&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Aman&quot;, ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; [[apostasy in Islam|Apostasy]] is prohibited, and is punishable by death.&lt;ref&gt;A woman who apostasizes is to be executed according to some jurists, or imprisoned according to others.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Murtadd&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt;

== دا هم وگورئ ==
{{Col-begin|width=}}

{{Col-1-of-2}}
* [[اسلامي هنر]]
* [[اسلامي وټه]]
* [[اسلامي اخلاق]]
* [[اسلامي ادبيات]]
* [[اسلامي زده کړې]]
* [[اسلام او نوښت]]
* [[اسلاميزم]]
* [[د مسلمانانو لړليک]]
{{Col-2-of-2}}
* [[د اسلامي امپراتورانو لړليک]]
* [[د هغه نامتو کسانو لړليک چې اسلام ته وراوښتي]]
* [[د پخوانيو نامتو مسلمانانو لړليک]]
* [[په اسلامي نړۍ کې د جگړو لړليک]]
* [[د اسلامي تاریخ وختلیکه]]
* [[په اسلام کې د ماشومانو حقونه]]
* [[په اسلام کې د بنديانو حقونه]]

{{Col-end}}

== يادښتونه ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== سرچينې ==
;کتابونه او خپرونې
{{Reflist|2}}
* {{cite journal | last=Accad | first=Martin | title=The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries: An Exegetical Inventorial Table (Part I) | journal=Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations | volume=۱۴ | issue=۱ |date=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISSN ۰۹۵۹-۶۴۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Adil | first=Hajjah Amina | coauthors=Shaykh Nazim Adil Al-Haqqani, Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani | title=Muhammad: The Messenger of Islam | publisher=Islamic Supreme Council of America | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۹۳۰۴۰۹۱۱۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Ahmed | first=Akbar | title=Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World | publisher=I. B. Tauris | edition=۲٫۰۰ | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۸۶۰۶۴۲۵۷۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Brockopp | first=Jonathan E. | title=Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia | publisher=University of South Carolina press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۱۵۷۰۰۳۴۷۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Cohen-Mor | first=Dalya | title=A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۳۳۹۸۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Curtis | first=Patricia A. | year=۲۰۰۵ | title=A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations | publisher=Blackwell Publishing Professional | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۸۱۹۴۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Eglash | first=Ron | year=۱۹۹۹ | title=African Fractals: Modern Computing and Indigenous Design | publisher=Rutgers University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۸۱۳۵-۲۶۱۴-۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Ernst | first=Carl | authorlink=Carl Ernst | year=۲۰۰۴ | title = Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World | publisher=University of North Carolina Press | id=ISBN ۰-۸۰۷۸-۵۵۷۷-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | coauthors=John Obert Voll | title=Islam and Democracy | year=۱۹۹۶ | | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۰۸۱۶-۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito  | first=John  | authorlink=John Esposito  | title=Islam: The Straight Path | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۸ | edition=۳rd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۱۲۳۴۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | coauthors=Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad | title=Muslims on the Americanization Path? | year=۲۰۰۰a | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۳۵۲۶-۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۰b | title=Oxford History of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۰۷۹۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۲a | title=Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۶۸۸۶۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۲b | title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۵۷۱۳-۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | title=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۲۵۵۸-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito  | first=John  | authorlink=John Esposito  | title=Islam: The Straight Path | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۴ | edition=۳rd Rev Upd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۸۲۶۶۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Farah | first=Caesar | authorlink=Caesar E. Farah | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year=۱۹۹۴ | edition=۵th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۰۱۸۵۳۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Farah | first=Caesar | authorlink=Caesar E. Farah | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year=۲۰۰۳ | edition=۷th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۶۴۱۲۲۲۶۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Firestone | first=Reuven | title=Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam | publisher= Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹-۵۱۲۵۸۰۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Friedmann | first=Yohanan | authorlink=Yohanan Friedmann | title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition | publisher= Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۵۲۱۰۲۶۹۹۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Ghamidi | first=Javed | authorlink=Javed Ahmed Ghamidi | title=[[Mizan]] | publisher=[[Al-Mawrid|Dar al-Ishraq]] | year=۲۰۰۱ | id={{OCLC|۵۲۹۰۱۶۹۰}}}}
* {{cite book | last=Goldschmidt, Jr. | first=Arthur | coauthors=Lawrence Davidson | title=A Concise History of the Middle East | publisher=Westview Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۸th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۳۴۲۷۵۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Griffith | first=Ruth Marie | coauthors=Barbara Dianne Savage | title=Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۸۰۱۸۸۳۷۰۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Hawting| first=G. R. | authorlink= G.R. Hawting | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD ۶۶۱–۷۵۰ | publisher=Routledge | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۴۰۷۳۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Hedayetullah | first=Muhammad | title=Dynamics of Islam: An Exposition | publisher=Trafford Publishing | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۵۳۶۹۸۴۲۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Holt | first=P. M. |  coauthors=[[Bernard Lewis]] | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. ۱ | year=۱۹۷۷a | publisher=Cambridge University Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۲۹۱۳۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Holt | first=P. M. | coauthors=Ann K. S. Lambton, [[Bernard Lewis]] | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. ۲ | year=۱۹۷۷b | publisher=Cambridge University Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۲۹۱۳۷۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Hourani | first=Albert | authorlink=Albert Hourani | coauthor=[[Malise Ruthven|Ruthven, Malise]] | title=A History of the Arab Peoples | year=۲۰۰۳ | publisher=Belknap Press; Revised edition | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۷۴۰۱۰۱۷۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Humphreys | first=Stephen | title=Between Memory and Desire | year=۲۰۰۵ | publisher=University of California Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲-۰۲۴۶۹۱۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Kobeisy | first=Ahmed Nezar | title=Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People | publisher=Praeger Publishers | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۳۱۳۳۲۴۷۲۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Koprulu | first=Mehmed Fuad | coauthors=Leiser, Gary | title=The Origins of the Ottoman Empire | publisher=SUNY Press | year=۱۹۹۲ | id=ISBN ۰۷۹۱۴۰۸۱۹۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Kramer | first=Martin | title=Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution | publisher=Westview Press | year=۱۹۸۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۳۰۴۵۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Kugle | first=Scott Alan | title=Rebel Between Spirit And Law: Ahmad Zarruq, Sainthood, And Authority in Islam | publisher=Indiana University Press| year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۲۵۳۳۴۷۱۱۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Lapidus| first=Ira | title=A History of Islamic Societies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۲ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۵۲۱۷۷۹۳۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Jews of Islam | publisher=Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul | year=۱۹۸۴ | id=ISBN ۰-۷۱۰۲-۰۴۶۲-۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Arabs in History | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹۲۸-۵۲۵۸-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Middle East | publisher=Scribner | year=۱۹۹۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۸۴۸۳۲۸۰۷}} 
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | edition=۲nd | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۶۹۵۱۸۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East | publisher=Harper Perennial | edition=Reprint | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۶۰۵۱۶۰۵۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror | publisher=Random House, Inc., New York | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۹۶۷۸۵۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Madelung | first=Wilferd | authorlink=Wilferd Madelung | title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۶۴۶۹۶۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Malik| first=Jamal| coauthors=John R Hinnells, Inc NetLibrary | title=Sufism in the West | publisher= Routledge | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۷۴۰۸۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Menski | first=Werner F. | title=Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۸۵۸۵۹۳}}
* {{cite journal | last=Mohammad | first=Noor | title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction | journal=Journal of Law and Religion | volume=۳ | issue=۲ |date=۱۹۸۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Momen | first=Moojan | title=An Introduction to Shi`i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi`ism | publisher=Yale University Press | year=۱۹۸۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۳۰۰۰۳۵۳۱۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Nasr | first=Seyed Muhammad | title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter ۷) | publisher=HarperCollins | year=۱۹۹۴| id=ISBN ۰-۰۶۰۶۷-۷۰۰-۷}}
* {{cite journal | last=Novak | first=David | title=The Mind of Maimonides | journal=[[First Things]] |date=February ۱۹۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Parrinder | first=Geoffrey | authorlink=Geoffrey Parrinder | title=World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present | publisher=Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited | year=۱۹۷۱ | id=ISBN ۰-۸۷۱۹۶-۱۲۹-۶}}
* {{cite journal | last=Patton | first=Walter M. | title=The Doctrine of Freedom in the Korân | journal=The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures |date=April ۱۹۰۰ | volume=۱۶ | issue=۳ | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۱۰۳۱۴۷}}
* {{cite journal | last=Peters | first=F. E. | authorlink=F. E. Peters | title=The Quest for Historical Muhammad | journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |date=۱۹۹۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Peters | first=F. E. | authorlink=F. E. Peters | title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۶۹۱-۱۱۵۵۳-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Peters | first=Rudolph | authorlink=Rudolph Peters | title=Jihad in Medieval and Modern Islam | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۷۷ | id = ISBN ۹۰-۰۴-۰۴۸۵۴-۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Rippin | first=Andrew | authorlink=Andrew Rippin | title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | publisher=Routledge | edition=۲nd | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۲۱۷۸۱۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Ruthven | first=Malise | title=Fundamentalism: The Search for Meaning | publisher= Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | id = ISBN ۰۱-۹۲-۸۰۶۰۶-۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Sahas | first=Daniel J. | title=John of Damascus on Islam: The Heresy of the Ishmaelites | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۹۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۰۰۴۰۳۴۹۵۲}}
* {{cite book | last=[[Abdulaziz Sachedina|Sachedina]] | first=Abdulaziz | title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence | publisher=Oxford University Press US | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۱۹۱۵۰}}
* {{cite journal | last=Seibert | first=Robert F. | title=Review: Islam and the West: The Making of an Image (Norman Daniel)| journal=Review of Religious Research |date=۱۹۹۴ | volume=۳۶ | issue=۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Sells | first=Michael Anthony | authorlink=Michael Anthony Sells | coauthors=Emran Qureshi  | title=The New Crusades: Constructing the Muslim Enemy | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰۲۳۱۱۲۶۶۷۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Smith | first=Jane I. | title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۵۶۴۹۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Spencer | first=Robert | title=The Myth of Islamic Tolerance: How Islamic Law Treats Non-Muslims | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۰۲۲۴۹۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Stillman | first=Norman | authorlink=Norman Stillman | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | location=Philadelphia | year=۱۹۷۹ | id=ISBN ۱-۸۲۷۶۰-۱۹۸-۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Tabatabae | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=Seyyed Hossein Nasr (translator) | authorlink=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Shi'ite Islam 
| publisher=Suny press| year=۱۹۷۹ | id=ISBN  ۰-۸۷۳۹۵-۲۷۲-۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Tabatabae | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=R. Campbell (translator) | authorlink=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Islamic teachings: An Overview and a Glance at the Life of the Holy Prophet of Islam | publisher=Green Gold | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۰-۹۲۲۸۱۷-۰۰-۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Teece | first=Geoff | title=Religion in Focus: Islam  | publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۴۹۶۴۷۹۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Tolan | first=John V. | title=Saracens: Islam in the Medieval European Imagination | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=۲۰۰۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Trimingham| first=John Spencer  | title=The Sufi Orders in Islam  | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۸| id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۲۰۵۸۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Tritton | first=Arthur S. | authorlink=Arthur Stanley Tritton| title=The Caliphs and their Non-Muslim Subjects: A Critical Study of the Covenant of Umar | publisher=Frank Cass Publisher | location=London | year=۱۹۷۰ |origyear = ۱۹۳۰ | id=ISBN ۰-۷۱۴۶-۱۹۹۶-۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Turner | first=Colin | title=Islam: the Basics  | publisher=Routledge (UK) | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۳۴۱۰۶X}}
* {{cite book | last=Turner | first=Bryan S. | title=Weber and Islam | publisher=Routledge (UK) | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۱۷۴۵۸۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Waines | first=David | title=An Introduction to Islam | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۵۳۹۰۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Warraq | first=Ibn | title=The Quest for Historical Muhammad | publisher=Prometheus | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۷۳۹۲۷۸۷۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Warraq | first=Ibn | title=Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out | publisher=Prometheus | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۱-۵۹۱۰۲-۰۶۸-۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | authorlink=William Montgomery Watt | title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought | publisher=University Press Edinburgh|  year=۱۹۷۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۸۵-۲۲۴۲۵۴-X}}
* {{cite book | last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | authorlink=William Montgomery Watt | title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman | publisher=Oxford University Press | edition=New | year=۱۹۷۴ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۸۸۱۰۷۸-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Weiss | first=Bernard G. | title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory | year=۲۰۰۲ | location=Boston | publisher=Brill Academic publishers | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۱۲۰۶۶۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Williams | first=John Alden | title=The Word of Islam | year=۱۹۹۴ | publisher=University of Texas Press | id=ISBN ۰-۲۹۲-۷۹۰۷۶-۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Williams | first=Mary E. | title=The Middle East | year=۲۰۰۰ | publisher=Greenhaven Pr | id=ISBN ۰۷۳۷۷۰۱۳۳۱}}

;Encyclopedias
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=William H. McNeill, Jerry H. Bentley, David Christian | encyclopedia=Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History | publisher=Berkshire Publishing Group | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۹۷۴۳۰۹۱۰۱}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Gabriel Oussani | encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]] | year=۱۹۱۰}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Paul Lagasse, Lora Goldman, Archie Hobson, Susan R. Norton | encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia | publisher=Gale Group | year=۲۰۰۰ | edition=۶th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۳۳۹۲۳۶۹}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online|Encyclopaedia Britannica Online]] | publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Erwin Fahlbusch, William Geoffrey Bromiley | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Eerdmans Publishing Company, and Brill| year=۲۰۰۱ | edition=۱st| id=ISBN ۰-۸۰۲۸-۲۴۱۴-۵}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=John Bowden | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۱st | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۲۲۳۹۳-۴}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=George Thomas Kurian, Graham T. T. Molitor | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Future | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۱۹۹۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۹۷۲۰۵۳}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | id=ISSN ۱۵۷۳-۳۹۱۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Richard C. Martin, Said Amir Arjomand, Marcia Hermansen, Abdulkader Tayob, Rochelle Davis, John Obert Voll | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۶۵۶۰۳۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Lindsay Jones | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۶۵۷۳۳۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Salamone Frank | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals | publisher=Routledge | edition=۱st | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۹۴۱۸۰۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Peter N. Stearns | edition=۶th | year=۲۰۰۰ | encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of World History Online | publisher=Bartleby}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=[[Josef W. Meri]] | encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia | publisher=[[Routledge]] | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱-۵۹۶۶۹۰۶}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=[[Wendy Doniger]] | encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions | publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۰۸۷-۷۷۹۰۴۴۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Glasse Cyril | encyclopedia=New Encyclopedia of Islam: A Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam | | publisher=AltaMira Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISSN ۹۷۸-۰۷۵۹۱۰۱۹۰۶}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Edward Craig | encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy | publisher=Routledge | year=۱۹۹۸ | edition=۱st| id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۰۷۳۱۰۳}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== نورې لوستنې ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* {{cite book | last=Arberry | first=A. J. | authorlink=A. J. Arberry | title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation | publisher=Touchstone | edition=۱st | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۸۴۸۲۵۰۷۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Hawting | first=Gerald R. | authorlink=Gerald R. Hawting | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyard Caliphate AD ۶۶۱–۷۵۰ | publisher=Routledge | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۴۰۷۲۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Khan | first=Muhammad Muhsin | authorlink=Muhammad Muhsin Khan | coauthors=Al-Hilali Khan, Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din | title=Noble Quran | year=۱۹۹۹ | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | edition=۱st | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۹۶۰۷۴۰۷۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Kramer (ed.) | first=Martin | authorlink=Martin Kramer | title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis | publisher=Syracuse University | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۶۵۲۲۴۰۴۰۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Kuban | first=Dogan | title=Muslim Religious Architecture | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۷۴ | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۰۳۸۱۳۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | year=۱۹۹۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۶۹۲۱۷۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam and the West | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۰۹۰۶۱۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۰۲۸۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Mubarkpuri | first=Saifur-Rahman | title=[[The Sealed Nectar]]: Biography of the Prophet | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۴۴۰۷۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Najeebabadi | first=Akbar Shah | title=History of Islam | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۴۴۰۳۴۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Nigosian | first=S. A. | title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=۲۰۰۴ | edition=New Edition | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۲۵۳۲۱۶۲۷۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Rahman | first=Fazlur | authorlink=Fazlur Rahman | title=Islam | publisher=University of Chicago Press | year=۱۹۷۹ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۰-۲۲۶-۷۰۲۸۱-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Walker | first=Benjamin | authorlink=Benjamin Walker | title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith | publisher=Peter Owen Publishers | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۲۰۶۱۰۳۸۳}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== باندنۍ تړنې ==

;اکاډميکې سرچينې
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* [http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/ د سويلي كاليفورنيا پوهنتون: د اسلامی لیکنو لندیز] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213011952/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/ |date=2007-12-13 }}
* [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/ د اسلام پوهنغونډ (د نړۍ د مذهبونو مخليدنه)]
* [http://arabworld.nitle.org/introduction.php?module_id=2 د اسلام اړونده څپرکی] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225105128/http://arabworld.nitle.org/introduction.php?module_id=2 |date=2008-02-25 }} د [[NITLE]] څخه د عربي فرهنگ او تمدن پرليکه سرچينې
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105852/Islam اسلام], ''د بريټانيکا پرليکه پوهنغونډ'' ليکنه

&lt;/div&gt;   
;ټولگې
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* اسلام په [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/euroislam.htmlلویدیزه اروپا], [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/UKIslam.html انگلستان ], [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/DIslam.html جرمنی] او [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/sasislam.html سویلی اسیا]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Islam_%28Bookshelf%29 Islam (Bookshelf)] at [[Project Gutenberg]]
;Islam - text, audio and video
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.ikre-bismi-rabbike.net/kuran.php Kur'an audio (recordings of many Qur'an recitals)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418011817/http://www.ikre-bismi-rabbike.net/kuran.php |date=2008-04-18 }}
* [http://www.guidedways.com/quranreciter/ Qur'an audio and reading material in numerous languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218182412/http://www.guidedways.com/quranreciter/ |date=2008-02-18 }}

&lt;/div&gt;
;اسلام او هنرونه
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/ پر اسلام د بي بي سي فوکس]
* [http://www.lacma.org/islamic_art/intro.htm Islamic Art at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308091248/http://www.lacma.org/islamic_art/intro.htm |date=2008-03-08 }}
* [http://www.muslimheritage.com/ Muslim Heritage] (Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation, UK)
* [http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/ Islamic Architecture (IAORG)] illustrated descriptions and reviews of a large number of mosques, palaces, and monuments.
&lt;/div&gt;

{{ اسلامي سرلیکونه}}

[[وېشنيزه:اسلام| ]]
[[وېشنيزه:توحید]]
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'''اسلام''' {{Ar|الإسلام}};''{{ArabDIN|}}'' ({{Audio|ar-al_islam.ogg|&lt;sup&gt;واوری!&lt;/sup&gt;}}، &quot;اطاعت&quot; (د [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;([[جل جلاله|ج]])&lt;/sup&gt; د رضا)) يو [[مونوتيزم|مونوتېسټېک]] (د يوه څښتن مننونکي) گروهې (عقيده) يا باور لرونکې دین دی. پخپله د اسلام وی د سولې، امن، سلامتۍ، روغې جوړې رامنځته کول دي. دا دین له درېیو [[ابراهيمي دين]]ونو  ([[یهوديت]]، [[عیسویت]]، اسلام) له ډلې څخه دی، چې د نړۍ په کچه دویم ستر [[مذهب]] گڼل کېږي. د اسلام د دين لارويانو ته '''[[مسلمانان]]''' وايي. مسلمانان پدې گروهه دي چې [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د انسانانو د لارښوونې لپاره وخت پر وخت، خپل استازي ([[پيغمبر|پيغمبران]]) رالېږلي، چې هریو خپله دنده د الهي اوامرو په رڼا کې په بشپړه توگه سرته رسولې.
د الهي استازو (پیغمرانو) وروستې استازې [[محمد]]&lt;sup&gt;([[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]])&lt;/sup&gt; دی.
[[دوتنه:Kaaba at night.jpg|thumb| [[کعبه شریفه]] چې په [[سعودي عربستان]] کی پرته ده دا د اسلام مرکز او د مسلمانانو [[قبله]] ده او دا هغه ځای دی کوم چې هر کال په زرگونه [[مسلمانان]] دلته د خدای د کور د زیارت لپاره راځې.]]
''اسلام'' &quot;تسليمۍ او غاړه اېښودنې ټه وایي&quot; يا په بله وينا ځان د الله تعالی رضا ته تسليمول. د اسلام د [[دين]] لاروي ته [[مسلمان]] ويل کېږي، مانا دا چې &quot;هغه څوک چې ځان يې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته سپارلی او د هغه د احکامو اطاعت کوي، مسلمان گڼل کېږي&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Islam&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lanes Lexicon&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume4/00000137.pdf|title=Lane's lexicon |accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۷-۰۳}}&lt;/ref&gt; په ټوله نړۍ کې د ۱٫۱&amp;nbsp;بيليون او ۱٫۸&amp;nbsp;بيليون ترمېنځ وگړي د اسلام د دين لارويان دي، چې په همدې توگه وروسته د [[عيسويت]] نه [[اسلام]] د نړۍ دویم ستر [[دين]] گڼل کېږي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |title=Major Religions of the World—Ranked by Number of Adherents |accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۷-۰۳ |format=HTML |work= |تاريخ الأرشيف=2010-01-29 |مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |url-status=dead |خونديځ نېټه=2007-07-07 |خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam }}&lt;/ref&gt;

مسلمانان په دې عقیده دي ې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; قرآن مجيد پر حضرت [[محمد]]&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; نازل کړی، او محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د الله تعالی وروستی پيغمبر دی. مسلمانان پدې عقيده هم دي چې قرآن مجيد او سُنت (د حضرت محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; خبرې او اعمال) د اسلام بنسټيزې سرچينې دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۱۹۹۶), p.۴۱
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/JulRefl2y6.html Sources of Islam]&lt;/ref&gt; مسلمانان په دې عقيده هم دي چې حضرت محمد مصطفیٰ&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د يوه نوي دين په توگه د اسلام د دين بنسټگر نه ؤ، خو همدا وروستی پيغمبر د اسلام د دين د گروهې آرنۍ لمانځونکی او پرځای کوونکی دی چې پر زمکه يې بنسټ [[آدم]]&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; ايښی چې بيا تر هغه وروسته حضرت ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; او د هغه نه پخوانيو او وروستنيو، د خدای&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ټولو پيغمبرانو يې د دغه دين او اصلي لارې بلنه ورکړې. مسلمانان دا عقيده لري چې په [[يهوديت]] او [[عيسويت]] کې د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغام چې د بېلابېلو انبياو لخوا پر دوی نازل شوي، هغه د دوی لخوا د وخت په تېرېدو سره تحريف شوي، او ناسمه ترجماني يې شوې، که هغه په ليکلې بڼه وي او که پرته د ليکلې بڼې وي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Distorted&quot;&gt;See:
* Accad (۲۰۰۳): According to Ibn Taymiya, although only some Muslims accept the textual veracity of the entire Bible, most Muslims will grant the veracity of most of it.
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸), pp.۶٬۱۲
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۴–۵
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tahrif | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=Hava Lazarus-Yafeh | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
د اسلام دين د گڼ شمېر اسلامي اعمالو يو غونډال دی. د دغه دين مننونکي بايد د اسلام د دين [[د پينځه ستنو]] مننونکي او پلي کونکي وي، د اسلام د دين پينځه ستنې له بېلابېلو فرايضو او دندو نه جوړ شوی او همدغه پينځه ستنې دي چې په يوې ټولنه کې مسلمانان سره متحده کوي.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۱۷&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلام د دين د پينځه ستنو سره سره، [[شريعت|اسلامي قانون]] (''شريعة'') د احکامونو يو دوديزه قضايي واک دی چې د مسلمانانو د ژوند او ټولنې هر اړخ يې اغېزمن کړی. په دې قانون کې هر څه رانغښتې دي، د عملي چارو نه نيولې لکه د خوراک، څښاک آن تر سوداگريزو او پانگه ايزو چارو او تر جگړايزو چارو پورې هر څه په دې قانون کې راغلي دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۱۱۱٬۱۱۲٬۱۱۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

نژدې ټول مسلمانان د اسلام په دوو لويو فريقو لکه سني او شيع پورې تړاو لري. د تشيع فرقه په ۷مه پېړۍ کې د مسلمانانو تر مېنځ د مذهبي او سياسي توپيرونو په پايله کې رامېنځ ته شوې. په اټکلي توگه ۸۵ په سلو کې مسلمانان د اهل سنت لارويان دي او ۱۵ په سلو کې د تشيع فرقې لارويان دي.په [[منځنی ختيځ]]، او همداراز د [[افريقا]] او [[آسيا]] په برخو کې د اسلام دين برلاسی دی. د دغه دين د مننونکو لويې ډلې په [[په چين کې د اسلام دين|چين]]، د بالکان هيوادونو په [[ختيځه اروپا]] او [[په روسيه کې د اسلام دين|روسيې]] کې شته. په لويديځه اروپا کې هم گڼ شمېر مسلمان مهاجرين مېشت دي او همدا راز په امريکا کې هم د مسلمانانو ټولنې شته. په سلو کې نژدې ۲۰٪ مسلمانان په عربو هېوادونو کې مېشت دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۲۱
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲٬۴۳&lt;/ref&gt;
{{اسلام}}

== آرپوهه ==
اسلام د عربي ژبې د درې تورو، {{ArabDIN|[[سين]]-[[لام]]-[[ميم]]}} ({{ar|'''س'''-'''ل'''-'''م'''}}) نه راوتلی. اسلام د همدغې ريښې يو تجريدي فعل دی چې مانا يې ده &quot;تسليم يا ځان سپارل، څان الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته سپارل، اطاعت کول او د سولې&quot; په مانا هم ده.

کله چې د پورتني ويي د ريښو په اړه په نورو ژبو کې څېړنه کوو، نو بيا په عبراني ژبه کې د پورتني وييکي ضمني ماناگانې هم راوځي. په عبراني ژبه کې د ''[[شلوم]]'' ويي، د (شين-لامد-ميم) نه خپلې ريښې اخلي ({{Ivrit|'''ש'''-'''ל'''-'''ם'''}}). په ډېرو [[سېمېټک ژبو]] کې د همدغه لغت ضمني ماناگانې شته، چې مانا يې بشپړکېدل، پوره کېدل، سر ته رسېدنه، ښه اوسېدنه، هوسا اوسېدنه، يو داسې اصطلاح چې په ژباړه کې اکثراً د سولې د وييکي مانا په ځان کې رانغاړي، ورکوي.

په قرآن کې هم د اسلام د لغت د مانا بېلابېل تعبيرونه راغلي. په ځينو ''[[ایت|آيتونو]]''، کې د اسلام کيفيت د يوې راسخې عقيدې په توگه تاکيد شوی: &quot;الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; که وغواړي چې د يو چا لارښونه وکړي، نو الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د هغه سينه د اسلام لپاره پراخه کوي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۶|۱۲۵|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۶۱|۷|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳۹|۲۲|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; نور آيتونه بيا ''اسلام'' او ''[[دين]]'' (اکثراً د &quot;مذهب&quot; په توگه ژباړل کېږي) د يو شي په توگه تعبيروي : &quot;نن، ما ستاسو دين ستاسو لپاره مکمل کړ؛ ما ستاسو لپاره خپل د برکتونو اچول مکمل کړل؛ ما ستاسو لپار د اسلام دين غوره کړ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۵|۳|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳|۱۹|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳|۸۳|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; ډېر نور خلک بيا اسلام داسې تعريفوي چې دا هغه دين دی چې انسان د همدې دين په مرسته بېرته الله تعالی ته ورستنېږي نسبت و دې ته چې د ايمان د اعمالو د تصديق په توگه وگڼلای شي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۹|۷۴|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۴۹|۱۴|style=ref}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هغه نور عربي وييونه چې د {{ar|'''س'''-'''ل'''-'''م'''}} نه راوتلي:

* [[سلام]], چې د &quot;سولې او سلامتۍ&quot; په مانا ده او د ورځيني روغبړ يوه اهمه کلمه ده, [[سلام عليکم|السلام عليکم]] (ته دې سلامت وې/سلامتي دې پر تا وي).
* السلام(سوله)د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د ۹۹ مبارکو نومونو نه يو نوم دی چې په [[قران]] کې هم راغلی.
* [[مسلمان]], د اسلام د دين مننونکي ته وايي او مانا يې ده هغه څوک چې ځان الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته تسليم کوي او يا د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; اطاعت کوي.
* سلامه, د &quot;سلامتي,&quot; په مانا ده چې د &quot;خدای پامانۍ&quot; په وخت کې وييل کېږي، د &quot;مع السلامه&quot; مانا ( سلامتۍ سره[لاړ شه]) ده.

== عقيده ==

د اسلام بنسټيزه عقيده شهادت دی چې د گواهۍ مانا لري [[شهادت]] ('''  لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله ''')&quot;نشته بل کوم څښټتن يا معبود پرته د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; نه او [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر دی.&quot; د دې لپاره چې څوک [[مسلمان]] شي، نو سړي ته پکار ده چې دغه پورتنی شهادت د يو څو شاهدانو مخکې ووايي او پرې ايمان راوړي. او که چېرته يو څوک غواړي چې اسلام ته راشي نو هغه يا هغې ته پکار ده چې بايد د زړه له صدق نه وغواړي او بيا د دې نه مخکې چې شهادت ووايي نو پکار ده چې د شهادت په اصلي مانا او مفهوم پوه وي.&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته خپل پيغام د محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; او د نورو پيغمبرانو لخوا لکه [[آدم|آدم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[نوح|نوح&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[ابراهیم|ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[موسی|موسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] او [[عيسی|عيسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] له لورې په بېلابېلو وختونو کې رالېږلی. [[مسلمانان]] په دې عقيده هم دي چې [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] د [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; وروستنی پيغمبر و او د هغه نه وروسته تر قيامته بل هېڅ کوم [[پيغمبر]] نه راځي. نو ددې پخاطر [[مسلمانان]] بايد د [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] په لارښوونې تر قيامته پورې عمل وکړي.
&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان پدې عقيده دي چې قران د انسانانو د لارښوونې يو داسې کتاب دی چې تر اوسه پکې هېچا گوتې نه دي وهلي او پدې کتاب کې هېڅ کومه نيمگړتيا نشته، او هېڅ کله به پکې بدلون را نه شي، او دا د خدای له لورې انسانانو ته وروستی نازل شوی کتاب دی. مسلمانان دا هم وايي چې د انجيل او تورات هغه اسماني کتابونه دي چې د بېلابېلو مذهبي فرقو له لورې پکې لاسوهنې شوي په بل ډول سره ليکل شوي او په ناسمه توگه تعبير شوي او د دغو اسماني کتابونو اصلي بڼې اوس نه شته او د وخت په تېرېدو سره خلکو هماغه لومړني لارښوونې چې په اصلي اسماني کتابونو کې وه هېر کړي، او يا يې هم درغلي پکې کړې. نو ددغه ليد پر بنسټ الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته د لارښوونې لپاره قرآن راولېږه چې په دې کې هماغه د اصلي انجيل او تورات لارښوونو سره سره د هغو وختونو د خلکو چې پېغمبران به يې ځورول او وژل به يې او د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له احکامو د سرغړونې سره سره يې د خپل زاتي گټو لپاره د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په کلام کې چې بدعتونه راوستلي دا ټول تاريخ ثبت دی. 
&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان دا هم وايي چې اسلام هماغه دين دی چې د آدم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; له وختونو نه او د نورو پيغمبرانو په وختونو کې هم وه، او دغو ټولو پيغمبرانو د همدغه مذهب په لار د تلو ټينگار کړی. اسلامي کتابونه او ليکنې د [[يهوديت]] او [[عيسويت]] د هغو اصلي لارښوونو نه راوتلي چې د ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; په وختونو کې يې ښوونې شوي نو د همدغه پخاطر دا درېواړه مذهبونه يعنی يهوديت، عيسويت او اسلام چې درېواړه سره گډې ريښې لري، د ابراهيمي دينونو په نامه سره هم يادېږي.  په قرآن عظيم الشان کې يهوديانو او عيسويانو ته د اهل الکتاب يا هغه خلک چې کتابونه ورباندې نازل شوي، په نامه اشاره شوې ده.    
&lt;br /&gt;
اسلام يو [[دين]] دی، دين '''د ژوندون لار''' مانا لري او يا هم په بله وينا د لارښوونې لار.

&quot;د قرآن شريف له مخې مسلمانان بايد په خپل پاک رب باندې ايمان راوړي او د هغه وحدانيت ته د تسليمېدو سره سره، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په ټولو وحيو، نازل شوو کتابونو، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پرښتو، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پيغمبرانو او د قيامت په ورځ بايد ايمان ولري.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۲|۴|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۲|۲۸۵|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۴|۱۳۶|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; په همدې توگه، نور عقايد هم شته چې د اسلام د دوه لويو فرقو تر مېنځ پکې د تعبيرونو توپير شته. د تشيع د لارې خلکو کې د امامت يو سياسي او روحاني لارښوونې يو نظام دود دی.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۲۰۰۳), p.۱۰۹
* مومن (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۶&lt;/ref&gt;

مسلمانان په دې گروهه دي چې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته خپل وروستی رسول محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; ورلېږلی دی. او پر محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; يې قرآن نازل کړی چې وروستی اسماني کتاب دی. د قرآن د نزول موده پوره دوه لسيزې وخت نيولی.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۷٬۱۸٬۲۱&lt;/ref&gt; په اسلام کې پيغمبران، خدای ته نژدې هغه انسانان دي چې خدای تعالی يې د خپل پيغام رسولو په موخه په انسانانو کې غوره کوي. مسلمانان په دې هم عقيده لري چې پيغمبران انسانان دي چې خدای ورته د انسانانو د لارښوونې، عبرت او د خپلو ادعاوؤ د ثبوت په خاطر د معجزو د ښودلو توان ورکړی. په اسلام کې پيغمبران هغه انسانان دي چې تر نورو انسانانو په تقوا او نېکۍ کې تکامل ته رسېدلي او همدوی د خدای غوره، بې مثاله بنده گان دي چې خدای د پرښتو له لارې خپل پيغام همدوی ته د وحيو په بڼه ور رسوي.&lt;ref&gt;وگورۍ:
* مومن (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۲۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلامي زده کړو نه داسې څرگندېږي چې د آدم نه وروسته د خدای ټول پيغمبرانو د اسلام د دين تبليغ او دعوت کړی، دا هغه دين دی چې يو خدای الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د معبود په توگه راپېژندلی. په قرآن کې اسلام د &quot;هغه ازلي طبيعت چې پر بنسټ يې خدای مخلوقات خلق کړل&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۳۰|۳۰|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; راپېژندل شوی او په قران کې دا هم راغلي چې د مسلمان ځانگړی نوم د ابراهيم لخوا د دې دين لارويانو ته ورکړ شوی.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲۲|۷۸|style=ref}}
* &quot;اسلام&quot;, ''د مذهب دايرة المعارف''&lt;/ref&gt;

د تاريخ له مخې د اسلام دين په ۷مه پېړۍ کې په عربستان کې رامېنځ ته شوی.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Islam&quot;, ''د مذهب دايرة المعارف''&lt;/ref&gt; په اسلامي ليکنو کې يهوديت او عيسويت هغه دوه دينونه دي چې د ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر د لارښوونو وروسته د بېلابېلو پيغمبرانو په وخت کې رامېنځ ته شوي. په قرآن کې يهوديان او عيسويان د اهل الکتاب يا د کتابونو د خلکو په توگه پېژندل شوي، او د هغو خلکو نه چې ډېر خدايان پالي او عبادت يې کوي، تر مېنځ په ښکاره توپير پېژندل کېږي. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې د پخوانيو اسماني کتابونو لکه زبور، [[تورات]] او [[انجيل]] سپېڅلي کتابونه د تاريخ په بېلابېلو پړاؤونو کې د ترجمې او متن په برخه کې تحريف شوي او اوس همدا سپېڅلي کتابونه پخپلو آرنيو بڼو هېڅ نه شته.

=== [[د افغانستان ولايتونه|د]] عقيدې شپږ ارکان ===
مسلمانان شپږ بنسټيزه ارکانونو باندې عقيده لري:

# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په وحدانيت باندې ايمان راوړل او يواځی الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته عبادت او اطاعت کول او د هغه نه مرسته غوښتل ''[[توحيد]]''.
# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پيغمبرانو باندې ايمان راوړل ([[پېغمبران#د اسلام له نظره|''انبيا‌ء'']])  چې ټول پېغمبران (''[[رسول]]'') د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له خوا رالېږل شوي. ([[د اسلام پېغمبران]] وگورۍ.)
# په اسماني کتابونو عقيده(''[[کتب]]''):
#* په [[ابراهيمي صحيفو]] (ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; باندې نازل شوې صحيفې)
#* په [[تورات]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[موسی|موسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[زبور]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[داود|داود&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[انجيل]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[عيسی|عيسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[قرآن]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.  
# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پرښتو باندې.(''[[پرښتې#د اسلام له نظره|ملايکه]]'').
# په قيامت او وروسته د مرگ نه د بيا ژوندي کېدلو عقيده (''[[قيامة]]'')  (په [[جنت]] او [[دوزخ]] عقيده). (يادونه: کله ناکله دغه وروستۍ موضوع باندې ځانگړی بحث کېږی, او په همدې توگه د عقيدې ارکان اوو ته رسېږي.)
# په قسمت عقيده([[تقدير]]).

د اسلام بنسټيزه عقيده په [[پښتو]] ژبه :
:: &quot;زه شهادت ورکوم چې پرته د الله تعالی د ذات نه بل کوم ذات نه شته؛ او زه شهادت ورکوم چې محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د هغه پيغمبر دی.&quot;
:: &quot;زه په الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ايمان راوړم؛ او د هغه په ملايکو؛ او د هغه په کتابونو؛ او د هغه په پيغمبرانو؛ او د محشر په ورځ؛ او په تقدير؛ او ټول شيان د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له خوا نه دي، او پس د مرگ نه ژوندون حق دی.&quot;

=== د اسلام پينځه بنسټونه ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام پينځه بنسټونه|د مذهب څانگې|د مذهب ريښې}}
[[دوتنه:Supplicating Pilgrim at Masjid Al Haram. Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|بټنوک|کيڼ|د حج د لمانځنو يو منظر. په مکه کې کعبې، [[مسجد الحرام]] ته سفر د اسلامي فرايضو څخه يو فرض دی چې هر مسلمان يې په ټول ژوند کې يو ځل ترسره کړي.]]
د مسلمانانو دوه لويې فرقې سني او شعيه مسلمانان جوړوي. په اسلامي نړئ کې د شعيه گانو په پرتله ډېرئ مسلمانان سنيان دي، خو په څينو هېوادونو کې لکه د منڅنئ آسيا هېوادونه ايران او عراق بيا شعيه مسلمانان ډېرکئ مذهبي ډله جوړوي. خو په نورو هېوادونو کط لکه سعودي عربستان، اندونيزيا او [[پاکستان]] کې سني مسلمان د هغه هېوادونو په مذهبي ټولنو کې ډېرکۍ برخه جوړوي.

د سني مسلمانانو بنسټيزه ارکان [[د اسلام پينځه ستنې|د اسلام پينځه ستنو]] په نامه يادېږي&lt;sup&gt;[[#Notes|2]]&lt;/sup&gt;، خو شيعه مسلمانان بيا يو څه مختلفه نومونپوهنه، چې د سني مسلمانانو د پينځه اهمو بنسټونو تر څنگ، د دين ريښې او لس عمده اعمال د دې مذهب د طريقو نه گڼل کېږي. خو ټول مسلمانان بيا په همدې پينځه بنسټيزو فرايضو او گروهو سره پوهاوی او سره يوه خوله دي چې سني مسلمانان يې د اسلام د پينځه ستنو په نوم پېژني او شيعه مسلمانان يې د دين د څانگو او ريښو اهم عناصر بولي.

* [[شهادت]]: د تصديق په مانا دی، چې يو مسلمان د الله &lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; نه پرته بل څوک د عبادت وړ نه گڼي او همداراز د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د وحدانيت ([[توحيد]]) او د محمد &lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;  د الله &lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; رسول ([[نبوت]]) او غلام په توگه مني .
* [[لمونځ]]: هره ورځ پينځه وخته لمونځ کول.
* [[روژه]]: د روژې په مياشت کې د لمرخاته نه تر لمرپرېواته روژه نيول.
* [[زکات]]: زکات ورکول.
* [[حج]]:د مکی زیارت په ټولو مسلمانانو باندی په ژوند کې یوځل فرض دی او هغه هم په هغو کسانو باندې چې د ادا کولو وس یې ولري.
شعيه او سنيان دواړه په لاندنيو گروهو باندې باور لري، خو دغه دوه فرقې همدا عقايد په بېلابېلو ډلبنديو وېشي او هره ډله ورته ځانگړی تعبير لري:
* [[عدل]]: د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; عدل.
* [[قيامت]]: د خېر او شر د مالومولو ورځ.
* [[امر بل معروف]]: د ښو امر.
* [[نهي عن المنکر]]: د بدو نه ډډه.
* [[جهاد|الجهاد في سبيل الله]]: د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د رضا لپاره هڅه کوشش او زيار.

هغه عقايد چې د شيعه مذهب لارويان پرې معتقد دي او سني مسلمانان پرې عقيده نه لري هغه دا دي::
* [[امامت]]: ديني لارښوونه، ديني مشري، ديني رهبري. د علي او د هغه د اولاد رهبري او امامت د خدای لخوا نه د لارښوونې لپاره ټاکل شوی و.
* [[تولا]]: د [[اهل البيت]] او د هغوی د لارويانو سره مينه.
* [[تبارة]]: د اهل البيت د دښمنانو نه ځان بېلول او ليري والی.
* [[خمس]]: د گټې لپاره د ماليې ورکړه.

که څه هم چې داسې مسلمانان هم شته چې نه د تشيع او نه هم د سني په ډلو کې ځانونه شمېري او دا هغه مسلمانان دي چې د قرآني دلايلو له مخې په اسلام کې د فرقې او د ډلې جوړول حرام گڼي، دا هغه مسلمانان دي چې په ساده توگه ځانونه 'مسلمانان' بولي.
{{دوراشې کامه|إِنَّ الَّذِينَ فَرَّقُوا دِينَهُمْ وَكَانُوا شِيَعًا لَسْتَ مِنْهُمْ فِي شَيْءٍ ۚ إِنَّمَا أَمْرُهُمْ إِلَى اللَّهِ ثُمَّ يُنَبِّئُهُمْ بِمَا كَانُوا يَفْعَلُونَ |10px||[[سورة الأنعام|الانعام سورت]]|۱۵۹ آيت}}
&quot;هغه څوک چې ځانونه په ډلو وېشي هغه زموږ د ډلې خلک نه دي. د هغوی فېصله الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته مالومه ده، الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; به هغوی له هر هغه څه نه خبر کړي کوم چې دوی ترسره کړي.&quot;

=== خدای ===
:''آرنۍ ليکنې: [[الله]] / [[خدای]]
{{آرنی|په اسلام کې د خدای انځور}}
په اسلام کې تر ټولو لومړنی بنسټيزه موخه د خدای د وحدانيت منل دي چې دې ته توحيد وايي. په اسلام کې توحيد يو مطلق امر دی چې ترې هېڅ انکار نه کېږي او دا هڅکله يوه نسبي او يا هم په کومه بله مانا د نسبي شراکت مانا نه ورکوي. د قرآن مجيد په [[سورة الاخلاص]] کې خدای داسې راپېژندل شوی:

:''ووايه &quot;خدای هغه دی، يوازې او بې ساری. الله تل پايېدونکی، په بشپړه توگه له ځان نه بسيا مالک. نه  څوک يې زېږولي، او نه له چا نه زېږېدلی. او د الله په شان هېڅ بل څه نه شته.&quot;

په عربي ژبه کې ''الله'' د خدای په مانا دی. د آرپوهنې له مخې دا لغت د ''الهه'' &quot;[[معبود]]&quot; لغت سره ډېر نژدې دی، د ''الله'' نوم د عيسوي او يهودي عربانو لخوا هم د خپل معبود په يادولو کې کارېږي، دغه نوم د محمد نه مخکې مخينه لري او د دغه ځانگړی نوم مخينه د ابراهيمي مذهبونو د خدای نه پرته د يو بل معبود نورې توپيري ځانگړنې نه څرگندوي.

د &quot;الله&quot; نوم يو جمع او يا د جنس نوم نه دی، دا يو خاص نوم دی، دا نوم د &quot;خدای&quot; د نوم سره توپير لري، دا په دې سبب چې د خدای نوم د جمع بڼه لري او جنسيت هم ترې څرگندېدلای شي د ساري په توگه خدايان چې د همدې نوم جمع بڼه ده. په اسلام کې د الله پېژندنه په قرآن کې داسې شوې:
{{دوراشې کامه|فَاطِرُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأَرْضِ جَعَلَ لَكُمْ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ أَزْوَاجًا وَمِنَ الأَنْعَامِ أَزْوَاجًا يَذْرَؤُكُمْ فِيهِ لَيْسَ كَمِثْلِهِ شَيْءٌ وَهُوَ السَّمِيعُ البَصِيرُ|10px||[[سورة الشورى|الشوری سورت]]|۱۱ آيت}}
:''&quot;(الله دی) د اسمانونو او زمکې جوړونکی: هغه ستاسو او د څارويو له مېنځه ستاسو لپاره جوړې جوړې کړي، او په دې توگه هغه تاسې په گڼ شمېر جوړ کړي ياست: داسې هېڅ کوم بل معبود نشته پرته له (الله) نه او د هغه په شان هېڅ نشته، او الله دی چې هر څه اوري او ليدلی شي&quot;

The implicit usage of the [[definite article]] in ''Allah'' linguistically indicates the divine unity. Muslims believe that the God they worship is the same as the Judeo-Christian God, i.e. the God of Abraham. However, Muslims reject the Christian theology concerning the trinity of God (the doctrine of the [[Trinity]] which regards Jesus as the eternal [[Son of God]]), seeing it as akin to [[polytheism]]. Quoting from the Qur'an,
[[sura]] [[An-Nisa]](۴) :۱۷۱:

:''&quot;O People of the Scripture! Do not transgress the limits of your religion, and do not say about God except the truth. The Messiah, Jesus the son of Mary, was only a messenger of God, and His word that He had sent to Mary, and a revelation from Him. Therefore, you shall believe in GOD and His messengers. You shall not say, &quot;Trinity&quot;. You shall refrain from this for your own good. God is only one God. Be He glorified; He is much too glorious to have a son. To Him belongs everything in the heavens and everything on earth. God suffices as Lord and Master.&quot;''

No Muslim visual images or depictions of God exist because such artistic depictions may lead to [[idolatry]] and are thus disdained. Such [[aniconism]] can also be found in Judeo-Christian theology. Moreover, most Muslims believe that God is [[Spiritual being|incorporeal]], making any two- or three- dimensional depictions impossible. Instead, Muslims describe God by the many [[۹۹ Names of God|divine attributes]] mentioned in the [[Qur'an]]. All but one Sura (chapter) of the Qur'an begins with the phrase &quot;In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful&quot;. These are regarded as the most important divine attributes, at least in the sense that Muslims repeat them most frequently during their prayers ([[salat]]) and throughout their daily lives.

د اسلام بنسټيز اصل ''[[توحيد]]'' دی—توحيد په يوه او يوازيني خدای عقيدې ته وايي. په اسلام کې د خدای لپاره د عربي ژبې اصطلاح ''الله'' کارېږي; اکثراً عالمان په دې عقيده دي چې دا اصطلاح د '[['ال-]]'' (د مشخص کولو ادات) او ''[[اله]]'' (معبود) د وييونو نه اشتقاق شوي چې مانا يې يوازيني خدای ته اشاره کوي، خو ځينې نور عالمان بيا د همدې نوم آر او اصل د آرامايک ژبې لغت ''الهه'' گڼي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* &quot;اسلام او عيسويت&quot;, ''د عيسويت پوهنغونډ'' (۲۰۰۱): Arabic-speaking [[Christian]]s and [[Jew]]s also refer to God as ''Allāh''.
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Allah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلام په پينځو بنسټيزو ستنو کې لومړنۍ ستنه يې توحيد بلل کېږي چې د ''شهادة'' يا (منښت) په ډول اظهارېږي، شهادة داسې ده چې: ''''له حقيقي معبود نه پرته بل خدای نشته، او محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt;  د خدای ټاکل شوی پيغمبر دی''''. په دوديزه اسلامپوهنه کې، خدای د انساني عقل او پوهاوي نه پورته معبود گڼل کېږي; مسلمانان نه شي کولای چې خدای په يوه بڼه انځور کړي يوازې له دې چې بايد د داسې لوی معبود عبادت او اطاعت وکړي او خدای خپل يوازينی ساتونکی او ژغورونکی وگڼي. که څه هم چې مسلمانان عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د يو پيغمبر په توگه پېژني، خو دوی بيا د عيسويانو د درېگونۍ عقيده، چې مسلمانان يې د شرک بولي په کلکه ردوي. په اسلامپوهنه کې عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د نورو پيغمبرانو په څېر د خدای بنده او د انسان په توگه پېژندل کېږي او د عيسويانو هغه عقيده چې عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د خدای د ځوی په توگه پېژني په کلکه ردوي;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Tathlith, Trinity | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=David Thomas | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۱}}: Contrary to Muslim understanding, some scholars have suggested that the Qur'an only opposes certain deviant forms of Trinitarian belief.&lt;/ref&gt; د قرآن په يوه سوره کې د خدای څرگندونه داسې شوې &quot;ووايه هغه الله دی يوازې، الله هېچا ته اړ نه دی او ټول هغه ته اړ دي، نه د هغه څوک اولاد دی او نه هغه د چا اولاد دی او هېڅوک د هغه سيال نشته.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۱۱۲|۱|end=۴|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۷۴–۷۶
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۲۲
* Griffith (۲۰۰۶), p.۲۴۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Allah, Tawhid | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | author=D. Gimaret | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== قران عظيم الشان ===
[[انځور:FirstSurahKoran.jpg|thumb|300px|د قرآن لومړنۍ سوره [[سورة الفاتحة|الفاتحه]] د قران عظيم شان د لاسي نسخې يو انځور.]]
{{آرنی|قرآن}}

قرآن شريف د مسلمانانو سپېڅلی کتاب دی او دوی په همدغه آسماني کتاب باندې ايمان راوړی. د قرآن لغوي مانا  “لوستنه” ده. مسلمانان په دې باور دي چې قرآن يو آسماني کتاب دی چې د الله (جل جلاله) په وروستي نبي حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم باندې نازل شوی دی. دا سپېڅلی کتاب د ۶۱۰ ز. کال نه تر ۶۳۲ ز. پورې په بېلابېلو وختونو کې د الله تعالی له لوري او د حضرت جبراييل عليه السلام په منځگړتوب پر حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم باندې د وحيو په څېر نازل شوی. چې د وحيو په وختونو کې حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم حفظ کړی او بيا د الله تعالی د وروستي نبي د يارانو له خوا راټول شوی او پر ډبرليکونو او پاڼو ليکل شوی.

مسلمانان په دې باور دي چې له کومې ورځ نه الله تعالی قرآن شريف پر محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم نازل کړی له هماغې ورځې نه تر ننه پورې قرآن شريف په خپلې آرنۍ بڼې پاتې دی چې بيا د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم نه وروسته د هغه لارويانو چې قرآن شريف يې حفظ کړی وه وليکه او په همدې توگه يې قرآن شريف په ليکنې بڼه خوندي کړ. مسلمان عالمان ددې خبرې منښته کوي چې قرآن شريف د اسلام د درېيم خليفه حضرت عثمان (رض) د واکمنۍ پر مهال په ليکلې بڼه سره راټول شو، چې په دې توگه د قرآن شريف د بېلابېلو برخو د راټولولو او سره يوځای کولو نېټه له ۶۵۰ ز پېر نه تر ۶۵۶ ز پېر پورې ښودل شوی. او وروسته له دې چې قرآن شريف ليکلې بڼه وموندله نو بيا د هماغه خليفه د واکمنۍ پر مهال د قرآن شريف لمېسې جوړې شوې او د اسلامي خلافت بېلابېلو ولايتونو ته يې لمېسې ولېږل شوې.

There are numerous traditions, and many conflicting academic theories, as to the provenance of the Qur'anic verses that were eventually assembled into a single volume. (This is covered in greater detail in [[Qur'an]]). Most Muslims accept the account recorded in several hadith, which state that [[Abu Bakr]], The First Caliph, ordered his personal secretary [[Zayd ibn Thabit]] to collect and record all the authentic verses of the Qur'an, as preserved in written form or oral tradition. Zayd's written collection, privately treasured by Prophet Muhammad's wife [[Hafsa bint Umar]], was, according to Muslim sources, later used by Uthman and is thus the basis of today's Qur'an.

Uthman's version, organized the suras roughly in order of length (excepting the brief opening surah [[Al-Fatiha]]), with the longest suras at the start of the Qur'an and the shortest ones at the end. More conservative views state that the order of most suras was divinely set. Later scholars have struggled to put the suras in chronological order, and among Muslim commentators, at least, there is a rough consensus as to which suras were revealed in [[Makkan sura|Mecca]] and which at [[Medinan sura|Medina]], with distinctive characteristics observed within these two subgroups. Some suras (e.g. surat [[Iqra]]) are thought to have been revealed in parts at separate times.

To understand the notion of &quot;variants&quot; within the received Qur'anic text, one must understand that Arabic had not yet fully developed as a written language. The Qur'an was first recorded in written form (date uncertain) in the [[Hijazi]], [[Mashq]], [[Ma'il]], and [[Kufic]] scripts; these scripts write consonants only and do not supply vowels. (Imagine an English text that wrote the word 'bed' as &quot;BD,&quot; and required the reader to infer, from context, that the reference was to &quot;bed&quot; - and not to 'bad&quot; or &quot;bide.&quot;) Because there were differing oral traditions of recitation as non-native Arabic speakers converted to Islam, there was some disagreement as to the exact reading of many (vowel-free) verses. Eventually, scripts were  developed that used diacritical markings (known as ''points'') to indicate the vowels. For hundreds of years after Uthman's recension, Muslim scholars argued as to the correct pointing and reading of Uthman's (unpointed) official text.{{citation needed}} Eventually, most commentators accepted seven variant readings ([[qira'at]]) of the Qur'an as canonical, while agreeing that the differences among the seven are minor and do not affect the meaning of the text.

The form of the Qur'an most used today is the [[Al-Azhar]] text of ۱۹۲۳, prepared by a committee at the prestigious [[Cairo]] university of Al-Azhar.

The Qur'an early became a focus of Muslim devotion and eventually a subject of theological controversy among skeptics. In the [[۸th century]], the [[Mu'tazili]]s claimed that the Qur'an was created in time and was not eternal. Their opponents, of various schools, claimed that the Qur'an was eternal and perfect, existing in heaven before it was revealed to Muhammad. The [[Ashari]] theology (which ultimately became predominant) held that the Qur'an was uncreated.

Most Muslims regard paper copies of the Qur'an with extreme veneration, wrapping them in a clean cloth, keeping them on a high shelf, and washing as for prayers before reading the Qur'an. Old Qur'ans are not destroyed as wastepaper, but burned.

اکثره مسلمانان د قرآن ځينې برخې او يا ټول قرآن په آرنۍ ژبه (عربي) حفظ کوي. هغه څوک چې قرآن يې په بشپړه توگه حفظ کړی وي د حافظ په نامه يادېږي. په مسلمانانو کې د قرآن حفظ کول د هېښتيا خبره نه ده، نن ورځ د نړۍ په بېلابېلو هېوادونو کې په ميليونونو حافظين ژوندي دي چې د ټول قرآن متن يې له ياده زده دی.

د عقيدې د پيل د ورځو نه اکثره مسلمانان په دې اند دي چې قرآن يو مکمل اسماني کتاب دی چې په عربي ژبه نازل شوی. د دغه کتاب ژباړې د انساني هلو ځلو او د انساني تېروتنو نه تشې هڅې نه دي، همداراز په ژباړو کې د مومنانو د الهامي شاعرۍ کمښت څوک په قرآن کې موندلی شي. نو په همدې خاطر د قرآن ژباړې يوازې پر قرآن تبصرې گڼل کېږي او يا هم د مطلب ژباړه، او پخپله د قرآن نه. او په همدې دليل د قرآن په ډېرو نوو چاپ شويو نخسو کې د عربي متن په يوه مخ او د متن ژباړه په بل مخ راغلې.

قرآن شريف له ۱۱۴ [[سورت|سورتونو]] يا څپرکو نه جوړ شوی دی چې همدا ټول سورتونه ۶،۲۳۶ ''[[آيت|آيتونه]]'' لري. The chronologically earlier suras, revealed at Mecca, are primarily concerned with ethical and spiritual topics. The later Medinan suras mostly discuss social and moral issues relevant to the Muslim community.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qur'an | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}
&lt;/ref&gt; The Qur'an is more concerned with moral guidance than legal instruction, and is considered the &quot;sourcebook of Islamic principles and values&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۷۹&lt;/ref&gt; Muslim jurists consult the ''hadith'', or the written record of Muhammad's life, to both supplement the Qur'an and assist with its interpretation. The science of Qur'anic commentary and exegesis is known as ''[[tafsir]]''.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۷۹–۸۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tafsir | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The word ''Qur'an'' means &quot;recitation&quot;. When Muslims speak in the abstract about &quot;the Qur'an&quot;, they usually mean the scripture as recited in Arabic rather than the printed work or any translation of it. To Muslims, the Qur'an is perfect only as revealed in the original Arabic; translations are necessarily deficient because of language differences, the fallibility of translators, and the impossibility of preserving the original's inspired style. Translations are therefore regarded only as commentaries on the Qur'an, or &quot;interpretations of its meaning&quot;, not as the Qur'an itself.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Teece (۲۰۰۳), pp.۱۲٬۱۳
* C. Turner (۲۰۰۶), p.۴۲
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qur'an | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: The word ''Qur'an'' was invented and first used in the Qur'an itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology|two different theories]] about this term and its formation.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== پرښتې ===
{{آرنی|په اسلام کې د پرښتو انځور}}
د اسلام په دين کې د الله (جل جلاله) په پرښتو عقيده د ايمان جز گڼل کېږي. په عربي ژبه پرښتې ته (''ملک'') وايي چې د همدغه لغت مانا ده &quot;پيغام رسونکی&quot;، په عبراني ژبه کې همداسې ورته نوم (''ملخ'') د پرښتې په مانا ده خو په يوناني ژبه بيا پرښتې ته (''انجېلوس'') وايي. د قراني مالوماتو له مخې، پرښتې د خپلې خوښې واک په لاس کې نه لري، او په مکمله توگه د الله تعالی په عبادت کې بوختې دي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۲۱|۱۹|end=۲۰|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳۵|۱|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; قران کې دا هم راغلي چې د پرښتو په کارونو کې د الله تعالی حکمونه منل او د الله تعالی پيغامونو رسولو برسېره، پرښتې تل د الله په ثنا او صفت په عبادت بوختې دي، او د انسانانو اعمال ثبتوي ددې سره سره پرښتې د الله (جل جلاله) په حکم د انسانانو د مړينې په وخت کې روحونه باسي. داسې هم انگېرل کېږي چې پرښتې د انسان او الله تعالی ترمېنځ منځگړتوب کوي. قرآن شريف، پرښتې موږ ته داسې راڅرگندوي لکه &quot;يو ډول پيغام رسونکي چې دوه، درې يا څلور جوړه وزرې لري: خدای هماغسې خپل مخلوق جوړوي څنگه چې يې خوښه وي...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۳۵|۱|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۲۶–۲۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Malā'ika | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=W. Madelung | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Angel | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Gisela Webb | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== محمد&lt;sup&gt;([[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]])&lt;/sup&gt; ===
{{آرنی|محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم}}

حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم (c. ۵۷۰ – [[جولای ۶]] [[۶۳۲]]) د الله تعالی وروستی نبي، يو مذهبي، سياسي او پوځي عرب و چې د همدغه نبي د اسلام د دين بيرغ لوړ کړ او د اديانو په تاريخ کې يې د اسلام نوم هم وځلاوه. مسلمانان په دې گروهه دي چې حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) د يوه نوي مذهب بنسټ ايښودونکی نه دی، بلکه د اسلام د اصلي دين چې د حضرت آدم عليه السلام او حضرت ابراهيم او د نورو پيغمبرانو دين و، د هماغه دين بيا پرځای کونکی دی. مسلمانان په دې عقيده هم دي چې حضرت محمد د الله تعالی وروستی پيغمبر او د نورو پيغمبرانو په ډله کې د لويې مرتبې خاوند پيغمبر و.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸), p.۱۲
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۴–۵
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}&lt;/ref&gt;
دروند پیغمبر د خپل خوږ ژوند په وروستیو ۲۳ کلونو کې، یانې د ۴۰ کلني عمر په پیل کې د الله له لوري د ایاتو د نازلولو لړۍ پیل شوه، چې د دغو ایاتونو ټولگه د قرآن په نوم یادیږي چې دغه آیتونه بیا د صحابه و لخوا یاد کیدل.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۱۸|۱۱۰|style=ref}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[انځور:Masjid Nabawi. Medina, Saudi Arabia.jpg|بټنوک|220px|کيڼ|[[مسجد النبوي]] (&quot;د پيغمبر(صلی الله علیه وسلم) جومات&quot;) په مدينه کې د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم مقبره هم ده.|link=Special:FilePath/Masjid_Nabawi._Medina,_Saudi_Arabia.jpg]]

په دغه کې وخت محمد [[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]] د مکې خلکو ته په تبلیغ باندې پیل وکړ، تر څو دوې له شرک څخه راوباسي او د اسلام لور ته یې راوبلي. که څه چې محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم ځینې کسان اسلام ته راواړول خو په دې کار سره دی او د ده لارویان د مکې د چارواکو او لارښودگرانو لخوا تر زور او اذیت لاندې راغلل. چې بیا وروسته له ۱۳ کلنو څخه په کال ۶۲۲ کې محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم او نور مسلمانان له مکې څخه مدینه (رسما '''یثرب''' نومیږي) ته کډه شول.

There, with the Medinan converts (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]]'') and the Meccan migrants (''[[Muhajirun]]''), Muhammad established his political and [[Theocracy|religious authority]]. Within years, two battles had been fought against Meccan forces: the [[Battle of Badr]] in ۶۲۴, which was a Muslim victory, and the [[Battle of Uhud]] in ۶۲۵, which ended inconclusively. Conflict with Medinan Jewish clans who opposed the Muslims led to their exile, enslavement or death, and the Jewish enclave of [[Battle of Khaybar|Khaybar]] was subdued. At the same time, Meccan trade routes were cut off as Muhammad brought surrounding desert tribes under his control.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* F.E.Peters(۲۰۰۳), pp.۷۸٬۷۹٬۱۹۴ 
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۳–۲۸&lt;/ref&gt; By ۶۲۹ Muhammad was victorious in the nearly bloodless [[Conquest of Mecca]], and by the time of his death in ۶۳۲ he ruled over the [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian peninsula]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Muhammad&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Islam, the &quot;[[normative]]&quot; example of Muhammad's life is called the ''[[Sunnah]]'' (literally &quot;trodden path&quot;). This example is preserved in traditions known as [[hadith]] (&quot;reports&quot;), which recount his words, his actions, and his personal characteristics. The classical Muslim jurist [[ash-Shafi'i]] (d. ۸۲۰) emphasized the importance of the Sunnah in [[Sharia|Islamic law]], and Muslims are encouraged to emulate Muhammad's actions in their daily lives. The Sunnah is seen as crucial to guiding interpretation of the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World'' (۲۰۰۳), p.۶۶۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hadith | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=J. Robson | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sunna | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=D. W. Brown | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د قيامت ورځ ===
{{آرنی|قيامت}}
د &quot;جزا په ورځ&quot;، يعنی ''[[قيامت|د قيامت په ورځې]]'' ايمان لرل د اسلام يوه بنسټيزه گروهه ده. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې د قيامت ورځ د الله تعالی له خوا ټاکل شوی چې په يوه ځانگړي وخت کې به وي خو انسانانو ته يې وخت نه دی څرگند. د قيامت د ورځې د محکمې او کړاونه په هکله په قرآن او حديثونو کې هم بیان شوي، او همدارنگه د اسلامي علماوو په تفسيرونو کې.
The Qur'an emphasizes [[Resurrection of the Dead|bodily resurrection]], a break from the [[pre-Islamic Arabia]]n understanding of death. It states that resurrection will be followed by the gathering of mankind, culminating in their judgment by God.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* &quot;Resurrection&quot;, ''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'' (۲۰۰۳)
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Avicenna | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as &quot;Avicenna&quot;.
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qiyama | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Qur'an lists several sins that can condemn a person to hell, such as disbelief, [[riba|usury]] and dishonesty. Muslims view paradise (''[[jannah]]'') as a place of joy and bliss, with Qur'anic references describing its features and the physical pleasures to come. There are also references to a greater joy—acceptance by God (''ridwān'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۹|۷۲|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mystical traditions in Islam place these heavenly delights in the context of an ecstatic awareness of God.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Smith (۲۰۰۶), p.۸۹; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p.۵۶۵
* &quot;Heaven&quot;, ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' (۲۰۰۰)
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Garden | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Asma Afsaruddin | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Paradise | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تقدير ===
{{آرنی|تقدير}}

In accordance with the Islamic belief in [[predestination]], or divine preordainment (''al-qadā wa'l-qadar''), God has full knowledge and control over all that occurs. This is explained in Qur'anic verses such as &quot;Say: 'Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us: He is our protector'…&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۹|۵۱|style=ref}}
* D. Cohen-Mor (۲۰۰۱), p.۴: &quot;The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen: 'Say: &quot;Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us…&quot;&amp;nbsp;'&amp;nbsp;&quot;
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Fate | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Ahmet T. Karamustafa | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means &quot;to measure, to determine&quot;. Here it is used to mean that &quot;God measures and orders his creation&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; For Muslims, everything in the world that occurs, good or evil, has been preordained and nothing can happen unless permitted by God. In Islamic theology, divine preordainment does not suggest an absence of God's indignation against evil, because any evils that do occur are thought to result in future benefits men may not be able to see. According to Muslim theologians, although events are pre-ordained, man possesses free will in that he has the faculty to choose between right and wrong, and is thus responsible for his actions. According to Islamic tradition, all that has been decreed by God is written in ''al-Lawh al-Mahfūz'', the &quot;Preserved Tablet&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۲۰۰۳), pp.۱۱۹–۱۲۲
* Patton (۱۹۰۰), p.۱۳۰&lt;/ref&gt;

The Shi'a understanding of predestination is called &quot;divine justice&quot; (''Adalah''). This doctrine, originally developed by the [[Mu'tazila]], stresses the importance of man's responsibility for his own actions. In contrast, the Sunni deemphasize the role of individual free will in the context of God's creation and foreknowledge of all things.&lt;ref&gt;Momen (۱۹۸۷), pp.۱۷۷٬۱۷۸&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلام او دا آخرت په ورځ ایمان ===
{{آرنی|د اخرت په ورځ ایمان}}

Islamic [[eschatology]] is concerned with the ''[[Qiyamah]]'' ([[End of the world (religion)|end of the world]]) and the final  judgment of humanity. Like [[Christianity]] and [[Judaism]], Islam teaches the bodily [[resurrection]] of the dead, the fulfilment of a divine plan for creation, and the immortality of the human soul. In Islamic belief, the righteous are rewarded with the pleasures of ''Jannah'' ([[Paradise]]), while the unrighteous are punished in ''[[Jahannam]]'' (a fiery [[Hell]], from the Hebrew ''ge-hinnom'' or &quot;valley of Hinnom&quot;; usually rendered in English as [[Gehenna]]). A significant portion of the Qur'an deals with these beliefs, with many ''[[hadith]]'' elaborating on the themes and details.

== تنظيمونه ==
=== اسلامي واک ===
داسې هېڅ کوم رسمي اسلامي واک نشته چې په اسلام کې د يو کس د منلو او يا هم د اسلامي ټولنې ('''''اُمة''''' ''يانې ملت يا کورنۍ'') نه د رټلو واک په لاس کې ولري. اسلام خپلې دروازې پرته د کوم توپير، تعصب، رنگ، جنس، عمر او پخواني عقايدو نه د ټولو پر مخ پرانيستې دي او ټولو ته په دغه دين کې د ننوتلو اجازه شته. د مسلمان کېدو لپاره همدومره بس ده چې يو څوک د زړه له کومي په رسمي توگه د يو څو تنو مسلمانانو په مينځ کې د اسلام دين ومني او شهادت ووايي. شهادت هغه بيان دی چې مسلمان پرې د يوه خدای د وحدانيت او د حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) پر نبوت او په خپل ژوند کې د هغه د لارښوونو د پلي کولو د تکل اقرار بلل کېږي. د شهادت په نه وييلو سره هېڅوک نه شي کولای چې مسلمان شي. د مسلمان لپاره د شهادت نه وروسته د اسلامي حکمونو پلي کول فرض دي او همدا رنگه يو مسلمان بايد د اسلامي اخلاقو خاوند هم وي ترڅو هغه په يوه اسلامي ټولنه کې د منلو وړ وگرځي.

=== اسلامي قانون ===
{{آرنی|شريعت|فقه}}
د اسلامي قانون نوم شريعت دی، چې د مسلمانو عالمانو لخوا د قرآن او حديث په رڼا کې وضع شوی. قرآن شريف د شريعت او اسلامي قضايه نظام لومړنۍ سرچينه ده، تر دې وروسته د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم سنة او د لومړنۍ اسلامي ټولنې دود او دستورونه په دوهم پړاو کې ځای لري. سنت د احاديثو په شننو کې رامېنځ ته شوی، او احاديث د حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) لارښوونو ته وايي چې مسلمانانو ته يې کړي. اجماع چې د يوې مسلمانې ټولنې د احصايې په مانا ده، د قياس سره يوځای د اسلامي قانون او د شريعت درېيمه او څلورمه سرچينه جوړوي.

په اسلامي قانون کې د ژوند د هر اړخ په اړه بحث شوی دی. د دولت او حکومت د چلولو او د باندنيو اړيکو د ساتلو نه نيولې آن تر ورځيني ژوند و ژواک پورې د هرې ستونزې او مسلې لپاره د حل لار څېړل شوې او د اسلامي احکامو پر بنسټ يې د پلي کولو لارښوونه شوې.د اسلامي قانون په اړه په څرگنده ډول په قرآن شريف کې چې کوم احکامات راغلي هغه د [[حدود]]و په نامه يادېږي چې په دغو لارښوونو کې د قتل نه ډډه، د واده نه پرته د جنسي اړيکو د ساتلو نه ځان ساتنه، د شرابو او الکولو د څښلو او د قمار نه اجتناب يې غټ ټکي جوړوي. په قرآن کې د وراثت، د واده، د ټپي کولو او وژلو په بدل کې د تدابيرو نيولو او په هم دې توگه د روژې د نيولو، د زکات ورکولو او لمونځ کولو په باب هم په تفصيل سره د حکمونو يادونه شوې. However, the prescriptions and prohibitions may be broad, so how they are applied in practice varies. Islamic scholars, ''the ulema'', have elaborated systems of law on the basis of these broad rules, supplemented by the hadith reports of how Muhammad and his companions interpreted them. See [[Sin]] for further discussion about the concept of sin and its atonement according to the Islamic law.

In current times, not all Muslims understand the Qur'an in its original Arabic. Thus, when Muslims are divided in how to handle situations, they seek the assistance of a [[mufti]] (Islamic judge) who can advise them based on Islamic [[Sharia]] and hadith.

The ''Sharia'' (literally: &quot;the path leading to the watering place&quot;) is Islamic law formed by traditional Islamic scholarship. In Islam, Sharia is the expression of the divine will, and &quot;constitutes a system of duties that are incumbent upon a Muslim by virtue of his religious belief&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;BritannicaShariah&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Islamic law covers all aspects of life, from matters of state, like governance and [[Diplomacy|foreign relations]], to issues of daily living. The Qur'an defines ''[[hudud]]'' as the punishments for five specific crimes: unlawful intercourse, false accusation of unlawful intercourse, consumption of alcohol, theft, and highway robbery. The Qur'an and Sunnah also contain laws of [[Islamic Inheritance jurisprudence|inheritance]], [[Islamic marital jurisprudence|marriage]], and [[Qisas|restitution for injuries and murder]], as well as rules for [[sawm|fasting]], [[Sadaqah|charity]], and [[salat|prayer]]. However, these [[wajib|prescriptions]] and [[Haraam|prohibitions]] may be broad, so their application in practice varies. [[Ulema|Islamic scholars]] (known as ''ulema'') have elaborated systems of law on the basis of these rules and their interpretations.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Menski (۲۰۰۶), p.۲۹۰
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hadd | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=B. Carra de Vaux | coauthors=J. Schacht, A.M. Goichon | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sharia | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=N. Calder | coauthors=M. B. Hooker | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[Fiqh]]'', or &quot;jurisprudence&quot;, is defined as the knowledge of the practical rules of the religion. The method Islamic jurists use to derive rulings is known as ''[[usul al-fiqh]]'' (&quot;legal theory&quot;, or &quot;principles of jurisprudence&quot;). According to Islamic legal theory, law has four fundamental roots, which are given precedence in this order: the Qur'an, the Sunnah (actions and sayings of Muhammad), the consensus of the Muslim jurists (''[[ijma]]''), and analogical reasoning (''[[qiyas]]''). For early Islamic jurists, theory was less important than pragmatic application of the law. In the ۹th century, the jurist [[ash-Shafi'i]] provided a theoretical basis for Islamic law by codifying the principles of jurisprudence (including the four fundamental roots) in his book ''ar-Risālah''.&lt;ref&gt;Weiss (۲۰۰۲), pp.xvii,۱۶۲&lt;/ref&gt;

==== مذهب او رياست ====

د اسلامي قانون له مخې د مذهب او رياست تر مېنځ ژورې اړيکې دي چې په ډېريو اسلامي هېوادونو کې ديني عالمان د قاضيانو په توگه په رسمي ډول دندې ترسره کوي. In practice, Islamic rulers frequently bypassed the Sharia courts with a parallel system of so-called &quot;Grievance courts&quot; over which they had sole control. As the Muslim world came into contact with Western secular ideals, Muslim societies responded in different ways. [[Turkey]] has been governed as a secular state ever since the reforms of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]. In contrast, the [[۱۹۷۹ Iranian Revolution]] replaced a mostly secular regime with an [[Islamic republic]] led by the [[Ruholla Khomeini|Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۸۴
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۵۰۲–۵۰۷٬۸۴۵
* Lewis (۲۰۰۳), p.۱۰۰&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ارتداد او کفر ====
{{آرنی|ارتداد په اسلام کې}}

په سيمه ايزو اسلامي ټولنو کې چې يو وگړی په ارتداد او کفر پېژندل کېږي نو هغه بيا د هماغې ټولنې نه رټل کېږي. په اسلامي رياستونو کې ارتداد او کفر د اسلامي رياست پر وړاندې جرم گڼل کېږي او داسې يو مجرم ته سزا ورکول کېږي چې اکثراً د مرگ  سزا وي.

== مذهبي فرقې ==
{{main|د اسلام مذهبي فرقې}}
لکه د نورو دينونو په شان په اسلام کې هم يو شمېر مذهبي فرقې شته چې د دوی ټولو گروهه يا عقيده يوه ده خو په شرعي او قانوني توگه په دغو فرقو کې اهم توپيرونه ليدل کېږي. اسلام په دوه لويو فرقو وېشل شوی چې د [[سني]] او [[تشيع]] فرقې يې دوه لويې فرقې دي. [[تصوف]] بيا ځانته بله مذهبي ډله ده چې په دې کې د اسلام معمايي تصريف لور ته ډېر پام اړول شوی. د ځينو سرچينو له مخې د نړۍ نژدې ۸۵٪ مسلمانان د سني لويې فرقې په لار روان دي او پاتې ۱۵٪ مسلمانان د تشيع د مذهب مننونکي دي، په همدې توگه بيا په شيعه گانو کې هم وړې مذهبي فرقې شته.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۲
* {{cite web | url=http://countrystudies.us/afghanistan/61.htm | title=Sunni and Shia Islam | work=Country Studies | publisher=U.S. Library of Congress | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۱-۰۹}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اهل سنت ===
[[دوتنه:Divisions of Islam.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Divisions of Islam]]
{{آرنی|سني}}
[[سني]] مسلمانان د اسلام لويه برخه جوړوي. په عربي ژبه کې د ''السنة'' لغت مانا &quot;اصل&quot; او يا هم &quot;لار&quot; ده. سنت (د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; د ژوند کړه وړه) دقرآن او حديث له مخې د سني اسلام اهمه ستنه جوړوي. سنيان په دې عقيده دي چې د اسلام لومړي څلور خليفه گان د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; نه وروسته برحقه او ريښتوني خليفه گان وه؛ او خدای&lt;sup&gt;ج&lt;/sup&gt; د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر نه وروسته خدای بل پيغمبر نه ؤ ځانگړی کړی، او پاتې خليفه گان بايد ټاکل شوي وای. سنيان څلور لوی قانوني مذهبونه مني چې هغه څلور لوی مذهبونه [[حنفي]]، [[مالکي]]، [[شافي]] او [[حنبلي]] دي.  All four accept the validity of the others and a Muslim might choose any one that he or she finds agreeable, but other Islamic sects are believed to have departed from the majority by introducing innovations (''[[bidah]]''). There are also several orthodox theological or philosophical traditions within Sunnism. For example, the recent [[Salafi]] movement sees itself as restorationist and claims to derive its teachings from the original sources of Islam.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* اېسپوزيتو (۲۰۰۳), pp.۲۷۵٬۳۰۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shariah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sunnite | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== شیعه گان ===
{{آرنی|شيعه}}
{{see also|Historic background of the Sunni-Shi'a split}}
The [[Shi'a]], who constitute the second-largest branch of Islam, believe in the political and religious [[Islamic leadership|leadership]] of [[infallible#Additional Shi'a teachings|infallible]] [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)|Imams]] from the progeny of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]. They believe that he, as the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was his rightful successor, and they call him the first ''Imam'' (leader), rejecting the legitimacy of the previous Muslim caliphs. To them, an Imam rules by right of divine appointment and holds &quot;absolute spiritual authority&quot; among Muslims, having final say in matters of doctrine and revelation.&lt;ref&gt;See
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۴۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Imam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shi'ite | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/p.php?p=shia'&amp;url=Introduction {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419035040/http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/p.php?p=shia%27&amp;url=Introduction |date=2008-04-19 }} Imamat, by [[Naser Makarem Shirazi]]]&lt;/ref&gt; Although the Shi'a share many core practices with the Sunni, the two branches disagree over the proper importance and validity of specific collections of hadith. The Shi'a follow a legal tradition called [[Ja'fari jurisprudence]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Ahmed (۱۹۹۹), pp.۴۴–۴۵
* Nasr (۱۹۹۴), p.۴۶۶&lt;/ref&gt; Shi'a Islam has several branches, the largest of which is the [[Twelvers]] (''{{ArabDIN|iṯnāʿašariyya}}''), while the others are the [[Ismaili]], the [[Sevener]]s, and the [[Zaidiyyah]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Kramer (۱۹۸۷), [http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/Alawis.htm Syria’s Alawis and Shi‘ism pp.۲۳۷–۲۵۴]
* [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/index.html Shia branches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041025093409/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/index.html |date=2004-10-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 1.JPG|thumb|right|300px|A view of the [[Dome of the Rock]] on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]], a holy site in Islam]]
[[Shi'a]] Muslims, the second-largest sect, differ from the Sunni in rejecting the authority of the first three caliphs. They honor different traditions ([[hadith]]) and have their own legal traditions. Shi'a scholars have a larger authority than Sunni scholars and have greater room for interpretation. The [[Imams]] play a central role in Shi'a doctrine.

The arabic word Shi'a, litarally translates into the word 'group' or 'sect'. Originally known as Shi'at Ali (the sect of Ali), the group formed shortly after the death of Ali, in [[Iraq]]. Ali ibn Abi Talib was the cousin of prophet [[Muhammad]], and after marriage to Fatima, he also became Muhammad's son-in-law.

The Shi'a consist of one major school of thought known as the [[Ithna 'ashariyah]] or the &quot;[[Twelvers]]&quot;, and a few minor schools of thought, as the &quot;Seveners&quot; or the &quot;Fivers&quot; referring to the number of infallible leaders they recognize after the death of prophet [[Muhammad]]. The term Shi'a, when used without qualification, is usually taken to be synonymous with the Ithna Ashariyya or Twelvers. Most Shi'a live in [[Iran]], [[Iraq]] (the country where Ali passed away), [[Bahrain]], [[Lebanon]], [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. A minority group (about ۴ million) of Shi'a is known as [[Ismaili]]. The Shia Ismaili sect is subdivided into [[Nizari]] Ismaili and [[Mustaali]] Bohra subsects. The Nizari Ismaili or are led by the [[Aga Khan]] and are found mainly in [[Pakistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Bangladesh]], India, Canada and United States. The [[Mustaali]] Bohra sect is further subdivded into Dawoodi and Sulaimanis subsects. The [[Dawoodi Bohra]]s are concentrated in Pakistan and India. The [[Sulaimani Bohra]]s are concentrated in Yemen and Najran province of Saudi Arabia.

=== تصوف ===
{{آرنی|تصوف}}

Not strictly a denomination, [[Sufism]] is a mystical-ascetic form of Islam. By focusing on the more spiritual aspects of religion, Sufis strive to obtain direct experience of God by making use of &quot;intuitive and emotional faculties&quot; that one must be trained to use.&lt;ref&gt;Trimingham (۱۹۹۸), p.۱&lt;/ref&gt; Sufism and [[Islamic law]] are usually considered to be complementary, although Sufism has been criticized by some Muslims for being an unjustified [[bidah|religious innovation]]. Most Sufi orders, or ''[[tariqa]]s'', can be classified as either Sunni or Shi'a.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۳۰۲
* Malik (۲۰۰۶), p.۳
* B. S. Turner (۱۹۹۸), p.۱۴۵
* {{cite web | url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aftoc.html | work=Country Studies | publisher=U. S. Library of Congress (Federal Research Division) | title=Afghanistan: A Country Study | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۴-۱۸ | pages=۱۵۰}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Sufism]] is a spiritual practice followed by both Sunni and Shi'a. Sufis generally feel that following Islamic law or jurisprudence (or ''fiqh'') is only the first step on the path to perfect submission; they focus on the internal or more spiritual aspects of Islam, such as perfecting one's faith and fighting one's own ego (''nafs''). Most Sufi orders, or [[tariqa]], can be classified as either Sunni or Shi'a. However, there are some that are not easily categorized as either Sunni or Shi'a, such as the [[Bektashi]]. Sufis are found throughout the Islamic world, from [[Senegal]] to [[Indonesia]].

=== نورې طريقې ===
[[Wahhabi]]s, as they are known by non-Wahhabis, are a smaller, more recent Sunni group. They prefer to be called [[Salafi]]s. Wahhabism is a movement founded by [[Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab]] in the [[۱۸th century]] in what is present-day [[Saudi Arabia]]. They classify themselves as Sunni and some claim to follow the [[Hanbali]] legal tradition. The major trend, however, is the  abolition of these &quot;schools of thoughts&quot; (legal traditions), and the following of a more literalist interpretation. Some even regard other Sunni as heretics. The [[Hanbali]] legal tradition is the recognized official school of Islamic law in Saudi Arabia and they have had a great deal of influence on the Islamic world because of Saudi control of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]], the Islamic holy places, and because of Saudi funding for mosques and schools in other countries. The majority of Saudi Islamic scholars are considered as [[Wahhabi]]s by other parts of the Islamic world.

Sunni and Shi'a have often clashed. Some Sunni believe that Shi'a  are heretics while other Sunni recognize Shi'a as fellow Muslims. According to Shaikh Mahmood Shaltoot, head of the [[al-Azhar University]] in the middle part of the ۲۰th century, &quot;the Ja'fari school of thought, which is also known as &quot;al-Shi'a al- Imamiyyah al-Ithna Ashariyyah&quot; (i.e. The Twelver Imami Shi'ites) is a school of thought that is religiously correct to follow in worship as are other Sunni schools of thought&quot;. Al-Azhar later distanced itself from this position.

Another sect which dates back to the early days of Islam is that of the [[Kharijites]]. The only surviving branch of the Kharijites are the [[Ibadi|Ibadhi Muslims]]. Ibadhism is distinguished from Shiism by its belief that the Imam (Leader) should be chosen solely on the basis of his faith, not on the basis of descent, and from Sunnism in its rejection of [[Uthman]] and [[Ali]] and strong emphasis on the need to depose unjust rulers.  Ibadhi Islam is noted for its strictness, but, unlike the Kharijites proper, Ibadhis do not regard major sins as automatically making a Muslim an unbeliever. Most Ibadhi Muslims live in [[Oman]].

Another trend in modern Islam is that which is sometimes called progressive. Followers may be called [[Ijtihadists]]. They may be either Sunni or Shi'ite, and generally favor the development of  personal interpretations of Qur'an and Hadith. ''See'': [[Liberal Islam]]

One very small group, based primarily in the United States, follows the teachings of [[Rashad Khalifa]] and calls itself the &quot;Submitters&quot;. They reject [[hadith]] and [[fiqh]], and say that they follow the Qur'an alone. Most Muslims of both the [[Sunni]] and the [[Shia]] sects consider this group to be heretical.

The [[Kharijites]] are a sect that dates back to the early days of Islam. The only surviving branch of the Kharijites is [[Ibadism]]. Unlike most Kharijite groups, Ibadism does not regard sinful Muslims as unbelievers. The [[Imam]]ate is an important topic in Ibadi legal literature, which stipulates that the leader should be chosen solely on the basis of his knowledge and piety, and is to be deposed if he acts unjustly. Most Ibadi Muslims live in [[Oman]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* [http://www.uga.edu/islam/ibadis.html IBADI ISLAM: AN INTRODUCTION]
* J. A. Williams (۱۹۹۴), p.۱۷۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=al-Ibāḍiyya | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Yazidi]], [[Druze]],  [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community|Ahmadiyya]], [[Bábís|Bábí]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'í]], [[Berghouata]] and [[Ha-Mim]] religions either emerged out of Islam or came to share certain beliefs with Islam. [[Sikhism]], founded by [[Guru Nanak]] in late fifteenth century [[Punjab region|Punjab]], incorporates aspects of both Islam and [[Hinduism]].&lt;ref&gt;Encyclopedia of Islam, &quot;Sikhs&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلامي فرضونه او عمل ==
=== پينځه بنسټيزه ستنې ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام پينځه ستنې}}

[[دوتنه:Arabic Plaque, Great Mosque, Xian.jpg|thumb|220px|left|Islam's basic creed (''[[shahadah]]'') written on a plaque in the [[Great Mosque of Xi'an]], [[China]]]]
[[دوتنه:Kabaa.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Rituals of the [[Hajj]] (pilgrimage) include walking seven times around the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca.]]

دغه پنځه بنسټیزه ستنې د [[سني مسلمانان|سني مسلمانانو]] لپاره پنځه اړینه کړنې دي.خو بیا شیعه مسلمان په اتو مذهبي کړنو کې کډون کوي کوم چې دغو پنځو بنسټیزه کړنو ته ورته والی لري:
.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Momem (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Pillars of Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; چې په لاندې ډول دي:
* '''''[[شهادت]]''''', شهادت د اسلام له بنسټیزو [[عقیده|عقیدو]] یا اصولو څخه دي او باید د زړه له تله په لاندې ډول وویل شي ''' أشهد أن لا إله إلاَّ الله و أشهد أن محمد رسول الله''',یا&quot; زه شهادت ورکوم چې دلته پرته له [[الله]] څخه بل هیڅوک د [[عبادت]] وړ ندي او زه شهادت ورکوم چې [[محمد]] د خدای [[رسول]] دي.&quot;

This testament is a foundation for all other beliefs and practices in Islam (although technically the Shi'a do not consider the ''shahadah'' to be a separate pillar, just a belief). Muslims must repeat the ''shahadah'' in prayer, and non-Muslims wishing to convert to Islam are required to recite the creed.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۱۹۹۴), p.۱۳۵
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸
* &quot;Islam&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals''(۲۰۰۴)&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[لمونځ]]''''', or ritual prayer, which must be performed five times a day. (However, the Shi'a are permitted to run together the noon with the afternoon prayers, and the evening with the night prayers). Each salah is done facing towards the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca. Salah is intended to focus the mind on God, and is seen as a personal communication with him that expresses gratitude and worship. Salah is compulsory but flexibility in the specifics is allowed depending on circumstances. In many Muslim countries, reminders called [[Adhan]] (call to prayer) are broadcast publicly from local mosques at the appropriate times. The prayers are recited in the [[Arabic language]], and consist of verses from the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۱۸٬۱۹
* Hedáyetullah (۲۰۰۶), pp.۵۳–۵۵
* Kobeisy (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲۲–۳۴
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[زکات]]''''', or [[alms|alms-giving]]. This is the practice of giving based on accumulated wealth, and is obligatory for all Muslims who can afford it. A fixed portion is spent to help the poor or needy, and also to assist the spread of Islam. The zakat is considered a religious obligation (as opposed to voluntary charity) that the well-off owe to the needy because their wealth is seen as a &quot;trust from God's bounty&quot;. The Qur'an and the hadith also suggest a Muslim give even more as an act of voluntary alms-giving (''[[sadaqah]]''). Many Shi'ites are expected to pay an additional amount in the form of a ''[[khums]]'' tax, which they consider to be a separate ritual practice.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲|۱۷۷|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۹۰
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Zakat | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۱}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Zakat | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[روژه]]''''', or [[Sawm of Ramadan|fasting during the month of Ramadan]]. Muslims must not eat or drink (among other things) from dawn to dusk during this month, and must be mindful of other sins. The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to God, and during it Muslims should express their gratitude for and dependence on him, atone for their past sins, and think of the needy. ''Sawm'' is not obligatory for several groups for whom it would constitute an undue burden. For others, flexibility is allowed depending on circumstances, but missed fasts usually must be made up quickly.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲|۱۸۴|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۹۰٬۹۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_21.html#HEADING20 | title=For whom fasting is mandatory | publisher=USC-MSA | work=Compendium of Muslim Texts | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۴-۱۸ | تاريخ الأرشيف=2008-11-28 | مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 | url-status=dead | خونديځ نېټه=2008-11-28 | خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308025221/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_21.html#HEADING20 | خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[حج]]''''', which is the pilgrimage during the [[Islamic calendar|Islamic month]] of ''[[Dhu al-Hijjah]]'' in the city of [[Mecca]]. Every [[able-bodied]] Muslim who can afford it must make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his or her lifetime. When the pilgrim is about ten kilometers from Mecca, he must dress in [[Ihram clothing|''Ihram'' clothing]], which consists of two white seamless sheets. Rituals of the Hajj include walking seven times around the [[Kaaba]], touching the [[Black Stone]], running seven times between [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Mount Safa]] and [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Mount Marwah]], and symbolically [[Stoning of the Devil|stoning the Devil]] in [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]]. The pilgrim, or the ''hajji'', is honored in his or her community, although Islamic teachers say that the Hajj should be an expression of devotion to God instead of a means to gain social standing.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۱۹۹۴), pp.۱۴۵–۱۴۷
* Goldschmidt (۲۰۰۵), p.۴۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hajj | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In addition to the ''khums'' tax, Shi'a Muslims consider three additional practices essential to the religion of Islam. The first is [[jihad]], which is also important to the Sunni, but not considered a pillar. The second is ''[[Amr-Bil-Ma'rūf]]'', the &quot;Enjoining to Do Good&quot;, which calls for every Muslim to live a virtuous life and to encourage others to do the same. The third is ''[[Nahi-Anil-Munkar]]'', the &quot;Exhortation to Desist from Evil&quot;, which tells Muslims to refrain from vice and from evil actions and to also encourage others to do the same.&lt;ref&gt;Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۸۰&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلامي اداب او خواړه ===

{{آرنی|اسلامي اداب|د خواړو اړونده اسلامي احکام}}

Many practices fall in the category of ''adab'', or Islamic etiquette. This includes greeting others with &quot;''[[As-Salamu Alaykum|as-salamu `alaykum]]''&quot; (&quot;peace be unto you&quot;), saying ''[[bismillah]]'' (&quot;in [[Names of God|the name of God]]&quot;) before meals, and using only the right hand for eating and drinking. [[Islamic hygienical jurisprudence|Islamic hygienic]] practices mainly fall into the category of personal cleanliness and health, such as the circumcision of male offspring. [[Islamic funeral|Islamic burial rituals]] include saying the ''[[Salat al-Janazah]]'' (&quot;funeral prayer&quot;) over the bathed and enshrouded dead body, and burying it in a grave. Muslims, like Jews, are restricted in their diet, and prohibited foods include pig products, blood, [[carrion]], and [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]]. All meat must come from a [[herbivorous]] animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian, with the exception of game that one has hunted or fished for oneself. Food permissible for Muslims is known as [[halal]] food.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۵|۵|style=ref}}
* Curtis (۲۰۰۵), p.۱۶۴
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۱۱۱
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/janisla2y2.html Customs and Behavioral Laws]
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/febislaw2y2.html The Dietary Laws]
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/DecIslaw2y5.htm Various types of the prayer]
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Slaughter | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Ersilia Francesca | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۸}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جهاد ===
{{mainarticle|Jihad|Islamic military jurisprudence}}
Jihad means &quot;to strive or struggle,&quot; especially in the idiomatic expression &quot;striving in the way of God&quot; (''al-jihad fi sabil Allah'') and is considered the &quot;[[sixth pillar of Islam]]&quot; by a minority of Muslim authorities.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Merriam (۱۹۹۹) p.۵۷۱
* Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia p.۴۱۹
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۹۳&lt;/ref&gt; Jihad, in its broadest sense, is classically defined as &quot;exerting one's utmost power, efforts, endeavors, or ability in contending with an object of disapprobation.&quot; Depending on the object being a visible enemy, the devil, and aspects of one's own self, different categories of Jihad are defined: Jihad against one's own self (self-perfection), Jihad of the tongue, Jihad of the hand, and Jihad of the sword. Jihad when used without any qualifier is understood in its military aspect.&lt;ref&gt;Reuven Firestone (۱۹۹۹), The Meaning of Jihād, p. ۱۷-۱۸&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Britannica Encyclopedia, Jihad&lt;/ref&gt;

Jihad is the only form of warfare permissible under [[Sharia|Islamic law]]. Under most circumstances and for most Muslims, jihad is a collective duty (''[[Fard|fard kifaya]]''): one whose performance by some individuals exempts the others; for the rest of the populace, this happens only in the case of a [[general mobilization]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Djihad&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''.&lt;/ref&gt; Some Muslim authorities, especially among the Shi'a and [[Sufism|Sufis]], distinguish between the &quot;greater jihad&quot;, which pertains to spiritual self-perfection, and the &quot;lesser jihad&quot;, defined as warfare.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Firestone (۱۹۹۹) p.۱۷ 
* &quot;Djihad&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''.&lt;/ref&gt; Jihad also refers to one's striving to attain religious and moral perfection.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Brockopp (۲۰۰۳) pp. ۹۹–۱۰۰
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۹۳ 
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=jihad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۶-۱۳}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
{{آرنی|د اسلام تاريخ|د اسلام خپرېدا}}

Islam's historical development resulted in major political, economic, and military effects inside and outside the [[Islamic world]]. Within a century of Muhammad's first recitations of the [[Qur'an]], an Islamic empire stretched from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in the west to [[Central Asia]] in the east. This new polity soon broke into civil war, and successor states fought each other and outside forces. However, Islam continued to spread into regions like [[Africa]], the [[Indian subcontinent]], and [[Southeast Asia]]. The Islamic civilization was one of the most advanced in the world during the [[Middle Ages]], but was surpassed by Europe with the economic and military growth of the West. During the ۱۸th and ۱۹th centuries, Islamic dynasties such as the [[Ottomans]] and [[Mughals]] fell under the sway of European imperial powers. In the ۲۰th century [[Islamic revival|new religious and political movements]] and newfound wealth in the Islamic world led to both rebirth and conflict.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۵۰٬۱۱۲٬۱۹۷٬۳۸۰٬۴۸۹٬۵۷۸٬۸۱۷
* Lewis (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲۹٬۵۱–۵۶&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د اسلامي رياست پيل (۶۳۲–۷۵۰) ===
{{see|Succession to Muhammad|Muslim conquests|Muslim Empire}}
Muhammad began preaching Islam at [[Mecca]] before [[Hijra (Islam)|migrating]] to [[Medina]], from where he united the [[tribes of Arabia]] into a singular Arab Muslim religious polity. With Muhammad's death in ۶۳۲, disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community. [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]], a prominent [[sahaba|companion]] of Muhammad, nominated [[Abu Bakr]], who was Muhammad's intimate friend and collaborator. Others added their support and Abu Bakr was made the first [[caliph]]. This choice was disputed by some of Muhammad's companions, who held that [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]], his cousin and son-in-law, had been designated his successor. Abu Bakr's immediate task was to avenge a recent defeat by [[Byzantine]] (or [[Eastern Roman Empire]]) forces, although he first had to put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an episode known as the [[Ridda wars]], or &quot;Wars of Apostasy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See: 
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۵۷
* Hourani (۲۰۰۳), p.۲۲
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۳۲
* Madelung (۱۹۹۶), p.۴۳
* Tabatabaei (۱۹۷۹), p.۳۰–۵۰&lt;/ref&gt;

[[دوتنه:Age of Caliphs.png|thumb|left|300px|The territory of the [[Caliphate]] in the year ۷۵۰]]

His death in ۶۳۴ resulted in the succession of Umar as the caliph, followed by [[Uthman ibn al-Affan]] and Ali ibn Abi Talib. These four are known as ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' (&quot;[[Rightly Guided Caliphs]]&quot;). Under them, the territory under Muslim rule expanded deeply into [[Persian Empire]] and [[Byzantine]] territories.&lt;ref&gt;See
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۷۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; When Umar was assassinated in ۶۴۴, [[the election of Uthman]] as successor was met with increasing opposition. In ۶۵۶, Uthman was also killed, and Ali assumed the position of caliph. After fighting off opposition in the [[First Fitna|first civil war]] (the &quot;First Fitna&quot;), Ali was assassinated by [[Kharijites]] in ۶۶۱. Following this, [[Muawiyah I|Mu'awiyah]], who was governor of [[Levant]], seized power and began the [[Umayyad dynasty]].&lt;ref&gt;Holt (۱۹۷۷a), pp.۶۷–۷۲&lt;/ref&gt;

These disputes over religious and political leadership would give rise to schism in the Muslim community. The majority accepted the legitimacy of the three rulers prior to Ali, and became known as [[Sunni]]s. A minority disagreed, and believed that Ali was the only rightful successor; they became known as the [[Shi'a]].&lt;ref&gt;Waines (۲۰۰۳) p.۴۶&lt;/ref&gt; After Mu'awiyah's death in ۶۸۰, conflict over succession broke out again in a civil war known as the &quot;[[Second Fitna]]&quot;. Afterward, the Umayyad dynasty prevailed for seventy years, and was able to conquer the [[Maghreb|Maghrib]] as well as the [[Al-Andalus]] (the [[Iberian Peninsula]], former [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] [[Hispania]]) and the [[Gallia Narbonensis|Narbonnese Gaul]]. While the Muslim-Arab elite engaged in conquest, some devout Muslims&lt;!--The Islamic term is Zahid and there may be a better translation for it.--&gt; began to question the piety of indulgence in a worldly life, emphasizing rather poverty, humility and avoidance of sin based on renunciation of bodily desires. Devout Muslim ascetic exemplars such as [[Hasan al-Basri]] would inspire a movement that would evolve into [[Sufism]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۹۰٬۹۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sufism | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۳}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the Umayyad aristocracy, Islam was viewed as a religion for Arabs only;&lt;ref&gt;Hawting (۲۰۰۰), p.۴&lt;/ref&gt; the economy of the Umayyad empire was based on the assumption that a majority of non-Muslims ([[Dhimmis]]) would pay taxes to the minority of Muslim Arabs. A non-Arab who wanted to convert to Islam was supposed to first become a client of an Arab tribe. Even after conversion, these new Muslims (''[[mawali]]'') did not achieve social and economic equality with the Arabs. The descendants of Muhammad's uncle [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] rallied discontented ''mawali'', poor Arabs, and some Shi'a against the Umayyads and overthrew them with the help of their propagandist and general [[Abu Muslim]], inaugurating the [[Abbasid|Abbasid dynasty]] in ۷۵۰.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۶; Lewis (۱۹۹۳), pp. ۷۱–۸۳&lt;/ref&gt; Under the Abbasids, Islamic civilization flourished in the &quot;[[Islamic Golden Age]]&quot;, with its capital at the cosmopolitan city of Baghdad.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), pp.۸۰٬۹۲٬۱۰۵
* Holt (۱۹۷۷b), pp.۶۶۱–۶۶۳
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۶
* Lewis (۱۹۹۳), p.۸۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د اسلام زرين پېر (۷۵۰–۱۲۵۸) ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام زرين پېر}}

[[دوتنه:Battle of Cresson.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Artistic depiction of the Battle of Hattin in 1187, where Jerusalem was recaptured by Saladin's Ayyubid forces]]

By the late ۹th century, the Abbasid caliphate began to fracture as various regions gained increasing levels of autonomy. Across North Africa, Persia, and Central Asia [[emirates]] formed as provinces broke away. The monolithic Arab empire gave way to a more religiously homogenized [[Muslim world]] where the Shia [[Fatimid]]s contested even the religious authority of the caliphate. By ۱۰۵۵ the [[Seljuq Turks]] had eliminated the Abbasids as a military power, nevertheless they continued to respect the caliph's titular authority.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۱۰۳–۱۴۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Abbasid Dynasty | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this time expansion of the Muslim world continued, by both conquest and peaceful [[Dawah|proselytism]] even as both Islam and Muslim trade networks were extending into sub-Saharan [[West Africa]], [[Central Asia]], [[Volga Bulgaria]] and the [[Malay archipelago]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Islam&quot;/&gt;

The Golden Age saw new legal, philosophical, and religious developments. The [[Six major Hadith collections|major hadith collections]] were compiled and the four modern Sunni [[Madh'hab]]s were established. Islamic law was advanced greatly by the efforts of the early ۹th century jurist [[al-Shafi'i]]; he codified a method to establish the reliability of hadith, a topic which had been a locus of dispute among Islamic scholars.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۸۶&lt;/ref&gt; Philosophers [[Ibn Sina]] (Avicenna) and [[Al-Farabi]] sought to incorporate Greek principles into Islamic theology, while others like the ۱۱th century theologian [[Abu Hamid al-Ghazzali]] argued against them and ultimately prevailed.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۱۶۰
* Waines (۲۰۰۳) p.۱۲۶٬۱۲۷&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, Sufism and Shi'ism both underwent major changes in the ۹th century. [[Sufism]] became a full-fledged movement that had moved towards mysticism and away from its ascetic roots, while Shi'ism split due to disagreements over the succession of Imams.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۴۴–۴۵
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۹۰–۹۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sufism | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The spread of the Islamic dominion induced hostility among [[Middle ages|medieval]] [[ecclesiastical]] Christian authors who saw Islam as an adversary in the light of the large numbers of new Muslim converts. This opposition resulted in polemical treatises which depicted Islam as the religion of the [[antichrist]] and of Muslims as libidinous and subhuman.&lt;ref&gt;Tolan (۲۰۰۲) xv, xvi, ۴۱&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Middle Ages|medieval period]], a few Arab philosophers like the poet [[Al-Ma'arri]] adopted a critical approach to Islam, and the Jewish philosopher [[Maimonides]] contrasted Islamic views of morality to Jewish views that he himself elaborated.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Novak (February ۱۹۹۹)
* Sahas (۱۹۹۷), pp.۷۶–۸۰&lt;/ref&gt;

Starting in the ۹th century, Muslim conquests in Christian Europe began to be reversed. The [[Reconquista]] was launched against Muslim [[Taifa|principalities]] in [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], and Muslim [[History of Islam in southern Italy|Italian possessions]] were lost to the [[Normans]]. From the ۱۱th century onwards a series of wars known as the [[Crusade]]s brought the Muslim world into conflict with [[Christendom]]. Successful at first in their capturing of the [[Holy Land (Biblical)|Holy land]] which resulted in the establishment of the [[Crusader states]], Crusader gains in the Holy Land were reversed by later Muslim generals such as [[Saladin]], who recaptured [[Jerusalem]] during the [[Second Crusade]].&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۸۸–۲۹۰٬۳۱۰&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Mongol Empire]] put an end to the Abbasid dynasty at the [[Battle of Baghdad (۱۲۵۸)|Battle of Baghdad in ۱۲۵۸]], which saw the Muslims overrun by the superior Mongol army. Meanwhile in Egypt, the slave-soldier [[Mamluk]]s took control in an uprising in ۱۲۵۰.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۹۲
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic World | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د عثمانيه سلطنت او په هند کې اسلامي رياست (۱۲۵۸–۱۹۱۸) ===

The Seljuk Turks fell apart rapidly in the second half of the ۱۳th century. In the ۱۳th and ۱۴th centuries the [[Ottoman empire]] (named after [[Osman I]]) was established with a string of conquests that included the [[Balkans]], parts of [[Greece]], and western [[Anatolia]]. In ۱۴۵۳ under [[Mehmed II]] the Ottomans laid siege to [[Constantinople]], the capital of Byzantium. The Byzantine fortress [[Fall of Constantinople|succumbed]] shortly thereafter, having been battered by superior Ottoman [[cannon]]ry.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۲۶۳
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۵۰
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Istanbul | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Beginning in the ۱۳th century, Sufism underwent a transformation, largely as a result of the efforts of [[al-Ghazzali]] to legitimize and reorganize the movement. He developed the model of the Sufi order—a community of spiritual teachers and students.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۰۴٬۱۰۵&lt;/ref&gt; Also of importance to Sufism was the creation of the [[Masnavi]], a collection of mystical poetry by the ۱۳th century [[Persian language|Persian]] poet [[Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi|Rumi]]. The Masnavi had a profound influence on the development of Sufi religious thought; to many Sufis it is second in importance only to the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic Art | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[دوتنه:TajMahalbyAmalMongia.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[Taj Mahal]] is a [[mausoleum]] located in [[Agra]], [[India]], that was built under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۶۵&lt;/ref&gt;]]

In the early ۱۶th century, the Shi'ite [[Safavid dynasty]] assumed control in Persia and established Shi'a Islam as an official religion there, and despite periodic setbacks, the Safavids remained powerful for two centuries. Meanwhile, Mamluk Egypt fell to the Ottomans in ۱۵۱۷, who then launched a European campaign which reached as far as [[Siege of Vienna|the gates of Vienna]] in ۱۵۲۹.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۱۹۸٬۲۳۴٬۲۴۴٬۲۴۵٬۲۵۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many [[Islamic empires in India|Islamic dynasties]] ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent starting from the twelfth century. The prominent ones include the [[Delhi Sultanate]] (۱۲۰۶–۱۵۲۶) and the [[Mughal empire]] (۱۵۲۶–۱۸۵۷). These empires helped in the spread of Islam in [[South Asia]]. but by the mid-۱۸th century the [[British empire]] had ended the Mughal dynasty.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۳۵۸٬۳۷۸–۳۸۰٬۶۲۴&lt;/ref&gt; In the ۱۸th century the [[Wahhabi]] movement took hold in Saudi Arabia. Founded by the preacher [[Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab|Ibn Abd al-Wahhab]], Wahhabism is a fundamentalist ideology that condemns practices like Sufism and the veneration of saints as un-Islamic.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۷۲
* Watt (۱۹۷۳), p.۱۸: Wahhabism should not be confused with the early Kharijite sect of Wahabiyya, which was named after Abd-Allah ibn-Wahb ar-Rasibi, who opposed Ali at Nahrawan.&lt;/ref&gt;

By the ۱۷th and ۱۸th centuries, despite attempts at modernization, the Ottoman empire had begun to feel threatened by European economic and military advantages. In the ۱۹th century, the [[Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire|rise of nationalism]] resulted in Greece declaring and winning independence in ۱۸۲۹, with several Balkan states following suit after the Ottomans suffered defeat in the [[Russo-Turkish War (۱۸۷۷–۱۸۷۸)|Russo-Turkish War of ۱۸۷۷–۱۸۷۸]]. The Ottoman era came to a close at the end of [[World War I]].&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۳۸۰٬۴۸۹–۴۹۳&lt;/ref&gt;

=== نوی پېر (۱۹۱۸–اوسمهال) ===
After [[World War I]] losses, the remnants of the empire were parceled out as European [[protectorate]]s or [[sphere of influence|spheres of influence]]. Since then most Muslim societies have become independent nations, and new issues such as oil wealth and relations with the State of [[Israel]] have assumed prominence.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۸۱–۲۸۲٬۳۸۰٬۴۸۹–۴۹۳٬۵۵۶٬۵۷۸٬۸۲۳٬۸۳۵&lt;/ref&gt;

The ۲۰th century saw the creation of many new Islamic &quot;revivalist&quot; movements. Groups such as the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in Egypt and [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] in Pakistan advocate a totalistic and theocratic alternative to secular political ideologies. Sometimes called [[Islamist]], they see Western cultural values as a threat, and promote Islam as a comprehensive solution to every public and private question of importance. In countries like Iran and Afghanistan (under the [[Taliban]]), revolutionary movements replaced [[Secularism|secular]] regimes with Islamist states, while transnational groups like [[Osama bin Laden]]'s [[al-Qaeda]] engage in [[Islamist terrorism|terrorism]] to further their goals. In contrast, [[Liberal Islam]] is a movement that attempts to reconcile religious tradition with modern norms of secular governance and [[human rights]]. Its supporters say that there are multiple ways to read Islam's sacred texts, and stress the need to leave room for &quot;independent thought on religious matters&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۱۸٬۱۱۹٬۱۷۹
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۸۲۳–۸۳۰&lt;/ref&gt;

In modern times Islam has come under [[Criticism of Islam|criticism]] from idealogues such as [[Robert Spencer]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last=Bostom | first=Andrew | title=Islamic Apostates' Tales—A Review of ''Leaving Islam'' by Ibn Warraq | date=July ۲۱, ۲۰۰۳ | publisher=FrontPageMagazine.com | work=FrontPage Magazine | url=http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=9000 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Ibn Warraq]],&lt;ref&gt;Rippin (۲۰۰۱), p.۲۸۸&lt;/ref&gt; who criticize Islamic law and question the morality of the Qur'an; for example, they say that its contents justify mistreatment of women and encourage [[anti-Semitism|antisemitic]] remarks by Muslim theologians;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | publisher=NYRB | work=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=۱۰-۰۵-۲۰۰۶ | title=Islam in Europe | author=Timothy Garton Ash | url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/19371}}&lt;/ref&gt; such claims are disputed by Muslim scholars.&lt;ref&gt;For example, see:
* [[Ahmed Deedat]], in Westerlund (۲۰۰۳);
* [[Syed Ameer Ali]], in ''The Spirit of Islam'' (۱۸۴۹–۱۹۲۸). It is described by [[David Samuel Margoliouth]] (۱۹۰۵) as &quot;probably the best achievement in the way of an apology for Mohammed&quot;.  See Margoliouth, preface ''Mohammed and the Rise of Islam'';
* [[Yusuf Estes]], in {{cite news | publisher=Advance, [[University of Connecticut]] | date=۱۱-۱۷-۲۰۰۳ | title=Ramadan Awareness Event Designed To Debunk Negative Images | author=Elizabeth Omara-Otunnu | url=http://advance.uconn.edu/2003/031117/03111715.htm | access-date=2007-11-24 | archive-date=2014-04-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401005128/http://advance.uconn.edu/2003/031117/03111715.htm | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Montgomery Watt]], Norman Daniel, and [[Edward Said]] dismiss many of the criticisms as the product of old myths and medieval European polemics.&lt;ref&gt;
* Seibert (۱۹۹۴), pp.۸۸–۸۹
* Watt (۱۹۷۴), p.۲۳۱&lt;/ref&gt; The rise of [[Islamophobia]], according to [[Carl Ernst]], had contributed to the negative views about Islam and Muslims in the West.&lt;ref&gt;Ernst (۲۰۰۴), p.۱۱&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلامي ټولنه ==
{{آرنی|اسلامي نړۍ}}

[[دوتنه:Islam percentage by country.png|کيڼ|290px|بټنوک|د هېوادونو له مخې د مسلمانانو د شمېر سلنه]]

=== وگړپوهنه ===
{{دا هم  وگورۍ|د مسلمانانو د شمېر له مخې د هېوادونو لړليک|د اسلام ډيموگرافي}}

Commonly cited estimates of the Muslim population in ۲۰۰۷ range from ۱٫۱&amp;nbsp;billion to ۱٫۸&amp;nbsp;billion. Approximately ۸۵٪ are [[Sunni]] and ۱۵٪ are [[Shi'a]], with a small minority belonging to other sects. Some ۳۰–۴۰ countries are Muslim-majority, and Arabs account for around ۲۰٪ of all Muslims worldwide.  [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]] contain the most populous Muslim countries, with [[Indonesia]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Bangladesh]] having more than ۱۰۰&amp;nbsp;million adherents each.&lt;ref name=Islam_by_country&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/rel_isl_num_of_mus-religion-islam-number-of-muslim
|title=Number of Muslim by country
|publisher=nationmaster.com
|accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۳۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to U.S. government figures, in ۲۰۰۶ there were ۲۰&amp;nbsp;million Muslims in [[China]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm
|title=International Religious Freedom Report ۲۰۰۶—China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)
|year=۲۰۰۶
|publisher=U.S. department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
|accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۳۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Middle East]], the non-Arab countries of [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]] are the largest Muslim-majority countries; in [[Africa]], [[Egypt]] and [[Nigeria]] have the most populous Muslim communities.&lt;ref name=Islam_by_country/&gt; Islam is the second largest religion after [[Christianity]] in many [[Europe]]an countries.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴) pp.۲٬۴۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic World | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | title=Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents | publisher=Adherents.com | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۱-۰۹ | تاريخ الأرشيف=2010-01-29 | مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | url-status=dead | خونديځ نېټه=2007-07-07 | خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html }}
* {{cite web | title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4385768.stm | publisher=BBC | work=BBC News | date=[[۲۰۰۵-۱۲-۲۳]] | accessdate=۲۰۰۶-۰۹-۲۸ }}
* {{cite web | title=Religion In Britain | url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 | publisher=Office for National Statistics | work=National Statistics | date=[[۲۰۰۳-۰۲-۱۳]] | accessdate=۲۰۰۶-۰۸-۲۷ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جومات ===
{{آرنی|جومات}}
جومات د مسلمانانو لپاره د عبادت ځای دی، چې په عربي کې ورته ''مسجد'' وایي که څه هم په  جوماتو  کې اصلي موخه د لمونځونو ادا کول دی، خو مسلمانو ته جومات د یو بل د لیدلو او زده کړو لپاره هم ډیر مهم دی. اوسني پرمختللي جوماتونه تر ډیرې کچې پورې د ۷ مې پیړۍ د جوماتو په شان پراخ شوي او د ډیرو بیلابیلو څیزونو او معمامري عناصرو درلودونکي دی لکه منار.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Masdjid | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author= J. Pedersen | coauthors=R. Hillenbrand, J. Burton-Page, et al. | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Mosque | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== کورنيز ژوند ===
{{دا-هم-وگورۍ|ښځه په اسلام کې}}
The basic unit of Islamic society is the [[family]], and Islam defines the obligations and legal rights of family members. The father is seen as financially responsible for his family, and is obliged to cater for their well-being. The division of [[inheritance]] is specified in the Qur'an, which states that most of it is to pass to the immediate family, while a portion is set aside for the payment of debts and the making of bequests. The woman's share of inheritance is generally half of that of a man with the same rights of succession.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;al-Mar'a&quot;. ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Marriage in Islam]] is a civil [[nikah|contract]] which consists of an offer and acceptance between two qualified parties in the presence of two witnesses. The groom is required to pay a [[dowry]] (''[[mahr]]'') to the bride, as stipulated in the contract.&lt;ref&gt;
* Waines (۲۰۰۳) pp. ۹۳–۹۶
* The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (۲۰۰۳), p.۳۳۹
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸) p. ۷۹&lt;/ref&gt;

A man may marry up to four wives if he believes he can treat them equally, while a woman may marry one man only. In most Muslim countries, the process of divorce in Islam is known as ''[[Talaq (Nikah)|talaq]]'', which the husband initiates by pronouncing the word &quot;divorce&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;*&quot;Talak&quot;. ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; Scholars disagree whether Islamic holy texts justify traditional Islamic practices such as [[hijab|veiling]] and seclusion ([[purdah]]). Starting in the ۲۰th century, Muslim social reformers argued against these and other practices such as [[Polygamy in Islam|polygamy]], with varying success. At the same time, many Muslim women have attempted to reconcile tradition with modernity by combining an active life with outward modesty. [[Islamist]] groups and regimes like the [[Taliban]] mostly seek to continue traditional law as applied to women.&lt;ref&gt;
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۹۵٬۹۶٬۲۳۵–۲۴۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Marriage and Divorce | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an | author=Harald Motzki | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۵}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Marriage Practices | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women &amp; Islamic Cultures | author=Lori Peek | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۵}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلامي کليز ===
{{آرنی|اسلامي کليز}}

اسلامي کاليز د مکې نه مدينې ته د هجرت د وخت نه پيلېږي او هماغه کال د هجرت لومړی کال بلل کېږي چې د زېږيز کال ۶۲۲ سره سمون خوري. د اسلامي کاليز ته سپوږميزه کاليزه هم وايي او دا ځکه چې د دې کال مياشتې د سپوږمۍ د حرکت پر بنسټ ټاکل شوي،  but differs from other such calendars (e.g. the [[Celtic calendar]]) in that it omits [[intercalary month]]s, being synchronized only with [[lunation]]s, but not with the [[solar year]], resulting in years of either ۳۵۴ or ۳۵۵ days. This omission was introduced by Muhammad because the right to announce intercalary months had led to political power struggles.{{citation needed}} Therefore, Islamic dates cannot be converted to the usual CE/AD dates simply by adding ۶۲۲ years. Islamic holy days fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in different seasons in different years in the [[Gregorian calendar]].

The formal beginning of the Muslim era was chosen to be the [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]] in ۶۲۲CE, which was an important turning point in Muhammad's fortunes. The assignment of this year as the year ۱ AH (''Anno Hegirae'') in the Islamic calendar was reportedly made by [[Umar|Caliph Umar]]. It is a [[lunar calendar]], with nineteen ordinary years of ۳۵۴ days and eleven leap years of ۳۵۵ days in a thirty-year cycle. Islamic dates cannot be converted to CE/AD dates simply by adding ۶۲۲ years: allowance must also be made for the fact that each Hijri century corresponds to only ۹۷ years in the Christian calendar.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Adil (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۸۸
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۶۷
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tarikh̲ | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=B. van Dalen | coauthors=R. S. Humphreys, Manuela Marín, et al. | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
The year ۱۴۲۸AH coincides almost completely with ۲۰۰۷CE.

Islamic [[Holiday|holy days]] fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in [[Different Seasons|different seasons]] in different years in the [[Gregorian calendar]]. The most important Islamic festivals are ''[[Eid al-Fitr]]'' (Arabic: عيد الفطر) on the ۱&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; of ''[[Shawwal]]'', marking the end of the fasting month ''[[Ramadan]]'', and ''[[Eid al-Adha]]'' (Arabic: عيد الأضحى) on the ۱۰&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; of ''[[Dhu al-Hijjah]]'', coinciding with the pilgrimage to Mecca.&lt;ref&gt;Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/janisla2y2.html Customs and Behavioral Laws]&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلام او نور دينونه ==
==== هغه مذهبونه چې د اسلام پر بنسټ جوړ شوي ====
{{آرنی|اسلام او نور دينونه}}

دا لانديني مذهبونو لارويان ځانونه مسلمانان بولي، خو د ډېرو مسلمانانو او مسلمانو چارواکو لخوا دوی مسلمانان نه بلل کېږي:
* [[د اسلام ملت]] (په امريکا کې بنسټ شوې مذهبي ډله)
* [[ذکري]]ان
* د [[احمديت]] تحريک (دې ډلې ته [[قاديانيت]] هم وايي)
* د [[الاحبش]] ډله (چې د حبشيانو په نامه هم يادېږي/ AICP)

د لاندې مذهبونو لارويان ځانونه مسلمانان بولي خو د دوی د اسلاميت په منلو کې د ډېرو مسلمانانو اختلافونه شته چې ځينې يې دوی مسلمانان او ځينې يې مسلمانان نه گڼي:
* [[دروز]]
* [[علوي]]ان (النُصيرية)

The following religions are said by some to have evolved or borrowed from Islam, in almost all cases influenced by traditional beliefs in the regions where they emerged, but consider themselves independent religions with distinct laws and institutions:
* [[يزيدي]]
* [[بابيس|بابيزم]] (چې اوس د [[بياني]]انو په نامه يادېږي)
* [[بهايي]]

The claim of the adherents of the Bahá'í Faith that it represents an independent religion was upheld by the Muslim ecclesiastical courts in Egypt during the ۱۹۲۰s. As of January [[۱۹۲۶]], their final ruling on the matter of the origins of the Bahá'í Faith and its relationship to Islam was that the Bahá'í Faith was neither a sect of Islam, nor a religion based on Islam, but a clearly defined, independently founded faith. This was seen as a considerate act on the part of the ecclesiastical court and in favor of followers of Bahá'í Faith since the majority of Muslims regard a ''religion based on Islam'' as a heresy.

Some see [[Sikhism]] as a [[syncretism|syncretic]] mix of Islam and [[Hinduism]], although it is often considered a [[Dharma|Dharmic]] faith rather than an Islamic or [[Abrahamic]] one. It arose in the context of the interaction between [[Hindu]] and Muslim communities in [[North India]].

The following religions might have been said to have evolved from Islam, but are not considered part of Islam, and no longer exist:
* The religion of the medieval [[Berghouata]]
* The religion of [[Ha-Mim]]

The Qur'an contains injunctions to respect other religions. It also asks the followers to fight and subdue unbelievers in times of war and &quot;evict them whence they evicted you&quot; (Al-Qur'an ۲:۱۹۱). Some Muslims have respected Jews and Christians as fellow &quot;peoples of the book&quot; (monotheists following [[Abrahamic religions]]), while others have reviled them as having abandoned monotheism and corrupted their scriptures. At different times and places, Islamic communities have been both intolerant and tolerant.

The classical Islamic solution was a limited tolerance — Jews and Christians were to be allowed to privately practice their faith and follow their own family law. They were called [[Dhimmis]], and they had fewer though similar legal rights and obligations than Muslims.

The classic Islamic state was often more tolerant than many other states of the time, which insisted on complete conformity to a state religion. The record of contemporary Muslim-majority states is mixed. Some are generally regarded as tolerant, while others have been accused of intolerance and human rights violations. See the main article, [[Islam and other religions]], for further discussion.

{{آرنی|اسلام او نور مذهبونه}}

[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 1.JPG|thumb|220px|left|A view of the [[Dome of the Rock]] on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]], a holy site in both Islam and [[Judaism]] that has been a source of controversy]]
[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Al-Aqsa Mosque BW 2010-09-21 06-38-12.JPG|thumb|left|220px|د [[الاقصا مسجد]] ديني جلوس. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) د همدغه ځای نه د معراج په سفر اسمان ته وخاته.]]

According to Islamic doctrine, Islam was the primordial religion of mankind, professed by [[Adam]].&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), pp. ۱۴–۱۶&lt;/ref&gt; At some point, a religious split occurred, and God began sending prophets to bring his revelations to the people.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), pp. ۱۸–۱۹&lt;/ref&gt; In this view, [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Nevi'im|Hebrew prophets]], and [[Jesus]] were all [[prophets of Islam]], but their message and the texts of the [[Torah]] and the [[Gospels]] were [[tahrif|corrupted]] by [[Jew]]s and Christians. Similarly, children of non-Muslim families are  born Muslims, but are converted to another faith by their parents.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۱۸&lt;/ref&gt; The idea of Islamic supremacy is encapsulated in the formula &quot;Islam is exalted and nothing is exalted above it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۵&lt;/ref&gt; Pursuant to this principle, Muslim women may not marry non-Muslim men, defamation of Islam is prohibited, and the testimony of a non-Muslim is inadmissible against a Muslim.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۵;
* Lewis (۱۹۸۴), p. ۳۹&lt;/ref&gt;

Islamic law divides non-Muslims into several categories, depending on their relation with the Islamic state. Christians and Jews who live under Islamic rule are known as ''[[dhimmis]]''. Dhimmis must pay tribute (''[[jizya]]'') to the Islamic state, and as such are considered &quot;protected peoples.&quot; Historically, dhimmis enjoyed a measure of communal autonomy under their own religious leaders, but were subject to legal, social and religious restrictions as well as humiliating regulations meant to highlight the inferiority of non-Muslim subjects.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lewis (۱۹۸۴), pp.۹, ۲۷, ۳۶;
* Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۷;&lt;/ref&gt; The status was extended to Zoroastrians and sometimes to polytheists (such as [[Hindu]]s), but not to [[atheist]]s or [[agnostic]]s.&lt;ref&gt;Lewis (۲۰۰۱), p.۲۷۳&lt;/ref&gt; Those who live in non-Muslim lands (''[[dar al-harb]]'') are known as ''[[harbi]]s'', and upon entering into an alliance with the Muslim state become known as ''ahl al-ahd''. Those who receive a guarantee of safety while residing temporarily in Muslim lands are known as ''ahl al-amān''. Their legal position is similar to that of the dhimmi except that they are not required to pay the jizya. The people of armistice (''ahl al-hudna'') are those who live outside of Muslim territory and agree to refrain from attacking the Muslims.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۵۵&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Aman&quot;, ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; [[apostasy in Islam|Apostasy]] is prohibited, and is punishable by death.&lt;ref&gt;A woman who apostasizes is to be executed according to some jurists, or imprisoned according to others.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Murtadd&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt;

== دا هم وگورئ ==
{{Col-begin|width=}}

{{Col-1-of-2}}
* [[اسلامي هنر]]
* [[اسلامي وټه]]
* [[اسلامي اخلاق]]
* [[اسلامي ادبيات]]
* [[اسلامي زده کړې]]
* [[اسلام او نوښت]]
* [[اسلاميزم]]
* [[د مسلمانانو لړليک]]
{{Col-2-of-2}}
* [[د اسلامي امپراتورانو لړليک]]
* [[د هغه نامتو کسانو لړليک چې اسلام ته وراوښتي]]
* [[د پخوانيو نامتو مسلمانانو لړليک]]
* [[په اسلامي نړۍ کې د جگړو لړليک]]
* [[د اسلامي تاریخ وختلیکه]]
* [[په اسلام کې د ماشومانو حقونه]]
* [[په اسلام کې د بنديانو حقونه]]

{{Col-end}}

== يادښتونه ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== سرچينې ==
;کتابونه او خپرونې
{{Reflist|2}}
* {{cite journal | last=Accad | first=Martin | title=The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries: An Exegetical Inventorial Table (Part I) | journal=Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations | volume=۱۴ | issue=۱ |date=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISSN ۰۹۵۹-۶۴۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Adil | first=Hajjah Amina | coauthors=Shaykh Nazim Adil Al-Haqqani, Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani | title=Muhammad: The Messenger of Islam | publisher=Islamic Supreme Council of America | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۹۳۰۴۰۹۱۱۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Ahmed | first=Akbar | title=Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World | publisher=I. B. Tauris | edition=۲٫۰۰ | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۸۶۰۶۴۲۵۷۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Brockopp | first=Jonathan E. | title=Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia | publisher=University of South Carolina press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۱۵۷۰۰۳۴۷۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Cohen-Mor | first=Dalya | title=A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۳۳۹۸۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Curtis | first=Patricia A. | year=۲۰۰۵ | title=A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations | publisher=Blackwell Publishing Professional | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۸۱۹۴۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Eglash | first=Ron | year=۱۹۹۹ | title=African Fractals: Modern Computing and Indigenous Design | publisher=Rutgers University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۸۱۳۵-۲۶۱۴-۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Ernst | first=Carl | authorlink=Carl Ernst | year=۲۰۰۴ | title = Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World | publisher=University of North Carolina Press | id=ISBN ۰-۸۰۷۸-۵۵۷۷-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | coauthors=John Obert Voll | title=Islam and Democracy | year=۱۹۹۶ | | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۰۸۱۶-۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito  | first=John  | authorlink=John Esposito  | title=Islam: The Straight Path | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۸ | edition=۳rd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۱۲۳۴۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | coauthors=Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad | title=Muslims on the Americanization Path? | year=۲۰۰۰a | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۳۵۲۶-۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۰b | title=Oxford History of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۰۷۹۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۲a | title=Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۶۸۸۶۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۲b | title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۵۷۱۳-۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | title=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۲۵۵۸-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito  | first=John  | authorlink=John Esposito  | title=Islam: The Straight Path | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۴ | edition=۳rd Rev Upd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۸۲۶۶۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Farah | first=Caesar | authorlink=Caesar E. Farah | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year=۱۹۹۴ | edition=۵th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۰۱۸۵۳۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Farah | first=Caesar | authorlink=Caesar E. Farah | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year=۲۰۰۳ | edition=۷th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۶۴۱۲۲۲۶۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Firestone | first=Reuven | title=Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam | publisher= Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹-۵۱۲۵۸۰۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Friedmann | first=Yohanan | authorlink=Yohanan Friedmann | title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition | publisher= Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۵۲۱۰۲۶۹۹۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Ghamidi | first=Javed | authorlink=Javed Ahmed Ghamidi | title=[[Mizan]] | publisher=[[Al-Mawrid|Dar al-Ishraq]] | year=۲۰۰۱ | id={{OCLC|۵۲۹۰۱۶۹۰}}}}
* {{cite book | last=Goldschmidt, Jr. | first=Arthur | coauthors=Lawrence Davidson | title=A Concise History of the Middle East | publisher=Westview Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۸th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۳۴۲۷۵۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Griffith | first=Ruth Marie | coauthors=Barbara Dianne Savage | title=Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۸۰۱۸۸۳۷۰۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Hawting| first=G. R. | authorlink= G.R. Hawting | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD ۶۶۱–۷۵۰ | publisher=Routledge | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۴۰۷۳۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Hedayetullah | first=Muhammad | title=Dynamics of Islam: An Exposition | publisher=Trafford Publishing | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۵۳۶۹۸۴۲۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Holt | first=P. M. |  coauthors=[[Bernard Lewis]] | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. ۱ | year=۱۹۷۷a | publisher=Cambridge University Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۲۹۱۳۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Holt | first=P. M. | coauthors=Ann K. S. Lambton, [[Bernard Lewis]] | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. ۲ | year=۱۹۷۷b | publisher=Cambridge University Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۲۹۱۳۷۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Hourani | first=Albert | authorlink=Albert Hourani | coauthor=[[Malise Ruthven|Ruthven, Malise]] | title=A History of the Arab Peoples | year=۲۰۰۳ | publisher=Belknap Press; Revised edition | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۷۴۰۱۰۱۷۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Humphreys | first=Stephen | title=Between Memory and Desire | year=۲۰۰۵ | publisher=University of California Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲-۰۲۴۶۹۱۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Kobeisy | first=Ahmed Nezar | title=Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People | publisher=Praeger Publishers | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۳۱۳۳۲۴۷۲۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Koprulu | first=Mehmed Fuad | coauthors=Leiser, Gary | title=The Origins of the Ottoman Empire | publisher=SUNY Press | year=۱۹۹۲ | id=ISBN ۰۷۹۱۴۰۸۱۹۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Kramer | first=Martin | title=Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution | publisher=Westview Press | year=۱۹۸۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۳۰۴۵۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Kugle | first=Scott Alan | title=Rebel Between Spirit And Law: Ahmad Zarruq, Sainthood, And Authority in Islam | publisher=Indiana University Press| year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۲۵۳۳۴۷۱۱۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Lapidus| first=Ira | title=A History of Islamic Societies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۲ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۵۲۱۷۷۹۳۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Jews of Islam | publisher=Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul | year=۱۹۸۴ | id=ISBN ۰-۷۱۰۲-۰۴۶۲-۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Arabs in History | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹۲۸-۵۲۵۸-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Middle East | publisher=Scribner | year=۱۹۹۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۸۴۸۳۲۸۰۷}} 
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | edition=۲nd | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۶۹۵۱۸۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East | publisher=Harper Perennial | edition=Reprint | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۶۰۵۱۶۰۵۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror | publisher=Random House, Inc., New York | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۹۶۷۸۵۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Madelung | first=Wilferd | authorlink=Wilferd Madelung | title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۶۴۶۹۶۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Malik| first=Jamal| coauthors=John R Hinnells, Inc NetLibrary | title=Sufism in the West | publisher= Routledge | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۷۴۰۸۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Menski | first=Werner F. | title=Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۸۵۸۵۹۳}}
* {{cite journal | last=Mohammad | first=Noor | title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction | journal=Journal of Law and Religion | volume=۳ | issue=۲ |date=۱۹۸۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Momen | first=Moojan | title=An Introduction to Shi`i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi`ism | publisher=Yale University Press | year=۱۹۸۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۳۰۰۰۳۵۳۱۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Nasr | first=Seyed Muhammad | title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter ۷) | publisher=HarperCollins | year=۱۹۹۴| id=ISBN ۰-۰۶۰۶۷-۷۰۰-۷}}
* {{cite journal | last=Novak | first=David | title=The Mind of Maimonides | journal=[[First Things]] |date=February ۱۹۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Parrinder | first=Geoffrey | authorlink=Geoffrey Parrinder | title=World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present | publisher=Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited | year=۱۹۷۱ | id=ISBN ۰-۸۷۱۹۶-۱۲۹-۶}}
* {{cite journal | last=Patton | first=Walter M. | title=The Doctrine of Freedom in the Korân | journal=The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures |date=April ۱۹۰۰ | volume=۱۶ | issue=۳ | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۱۰۳۱۴۷}}
* {{cite journal | last=Peters | first=F. E. | authorlink=F. E. Peters | title=The Quest for Historical Muhammad | journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |date=۱۹۹۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Peters | first=F. E. | authorlink=F. E. Peters | title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۶۹۱-۱۱۵۵۳-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Peters | first=Rudolph | authorlink=Rudolph Peters | title=Jihad in Medieval and Modern Islam | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۷۷ | id = ISBN ۹۰-۰۴-۰۴۸۵۴-۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Rippin | first=Andrew | authorlink=Andrew Rippin | title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | publisher=Routledge | edition=۲nd | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۲۱۷۸۱۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Ruthven | first=Malise | title=Fundamentalism: The Search for Meaning | publisher= Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | id = ISBN ۰۱-۹۲-۸۰۶۰۶-۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Sahas | first=Daniel J. | title=John of Damascus on Islam: The Heresy of the Ishmaelites | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۹۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۰۰۴۰۳۴۹۵۲}}
* {{cite book | last=[[Abdulaziz Sachedina|Sachedina]] | first=Abdulaziz | title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence | publisher=Oxford University Press US | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۱۹۱۵۰}}
* {{cite journal | last=Seibert | first=Robert F. | title=Review: Islam and the West: The Making of an Image (Norman Daniel)| journal=Review of Religious Research |date=۱۹۹۴ | volume=۳۶ | issue=۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Sells | first=Michael Anthony | authorlink=Michael Anthony Sells | coauthors=Emran Qureshi  | title=The New Crusades: Constructing the Muslim Enemy | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰۲۳۱۱۲۶۶۷۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Smith | first=Jane I. | title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۵۶۴۹۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Spencer | first=Robert | title=The Myth of Islamic Tolerance: How Islamic Law Treats Non-Muslims | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۰۲۲۴۹۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Stillman | first=Norman | authorlink=Norman Stillman | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | location=Philadelphia | year=۱۹۷۹ | id=ISBN ۱-۸۲۷۶۰-۱۹۸-۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Tabatabae | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=Seyyed Hossein Nasr (translator) | authorlink=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Shi'ite Islam 
| publisher=Suny press| year=۱۹۷۹ | id=ISBN  ۰-۸۷۳۹۵-۲۷۲-۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Tabatabae | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=R. Campbell (translator) | authorlink=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Islamic teachings: An Overview and a Glance at the Life of the Holy Prophet of Islam | publisher=Green Gold | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۰-۹۲۲۸۱۷-۰۰-۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Teece | first=Geoff | title=Religion in Focus: Islam  | publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۴۹۶۴۷۹۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Tolan | first=John V. | title=Saracens: Islam in the Medieval European Imagination | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=۲۰۰۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Trimingham| first=John Spencer  | title=The Sufi Orders in Islam  | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۸| id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۲۰۵۸۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Tritton | first=Arthur S. | authorlink=Arthur Stanley Tritton| title=The Caliphs and their Non-Muslim Subjects: A Critical Study of the Covenant of Umar | publisher=Frank Cass Publisher | location=London | year=۱۹۷۰ |origyear = ۱۹۳۰ | id=ISBN ۰-۷۱۴۶-۱۹۹۶-۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Turner | first=Colin | title=Islam: the Basics  | publisher=Routledge (UK) | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۳۴۱۰۶X}}
* {{cite book | last=Turner | first=Bryan S. | title=Weber and Islam | publisher=Routledge (UK) | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۱۷۴۵۸۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Waines | first=David | title=An Introduction to Islam | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۵۳۹۰۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Warraq | first=Ibn | title=The Quest for Historical Muhammad | publisher=Prometheus | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۷۳۹۲۷۸۷۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Warraq | first=Ibn | title=Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out | publisher=Prometheus | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۱-۵۹۱۰۲-۰۶۸-۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | authorlink=William Montgomery Watt | title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought | publisher=University Press Edinburgh|  year=۱۹۷۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۸۵-۲۲۴۲۵۴-X}}
* {{cite book | last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | authorlink=William Montgomery Watt | title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman | publisher=Oxford University Press | edition=New | year=۱۹۷۴ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۸۸۱۰۷۸-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Weiss | first=Bernard G. | title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory | year=۲۰۰۲ | location=Boston | publisher=Brill Academic publishers | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۱۲۰۶۶۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Williams | first=John Alden | title=The Word of Islam | year=۱۹۹۴ | publisher=University of Texas Press | id=ISBN ۰-۲۹۲-۷۹۰۷۶-۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Williams | first=Mary E. | title=The Middle East | year=۲۰۰۰ | publisher=Greenhaven Pr | id=ISBN ۰۷۳۷۷۰۱۳۳۱}}

;Encyclopedias
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=William H. McNeill, Jerry H. Bentley, David Christian | encyclopedia=Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History | publisher=Berkshire Publishing Group | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۹۷۴۳۰۹۱۰۱}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Gabriel Oussani | encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]] | year=۱۹۱۰}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Paul Lagasse, Lora Goldman, Archie Hobson, Susan R. Norton | encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia | publisher=Gale Group | year=۲۰۰۰ | edition=۶th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۳۳۹۲۳۶۹}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online|Encyclopaedia Britannica Online]] | publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Erwin Fahlbusch, William Geoffrey Bromiley | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Eerdmans Publishing Company, and Brill| year=۲۰۰۱ | edition=۱st| id=ISBN ۰-۸۰۲۸-۲۴۱۴-۵}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=John Bowden | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۱st | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۲۲۳۹۳-۴}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=George Thomas Kurian, Graham T. T. Molitor | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Future | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۱۹۹۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۹۷۲۰۵۳}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | id=ISSN ۱۵۷۳-۳۹۱۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Richard C. Martin, Said Amir Arjomand, Marcia Hermansen, Abdulkader Tayob, Rochelle Davis, John Obert Voll | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۶۵۶۰۳۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Lindsay Jones | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۶۵۷۳۳۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Salamone Frank | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals | publisher=Routledge | edition=۱st | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۹۴۱۸۰۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Peter N. Stearns | edition=۶th | year=۲۰۰۰ | encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of World History Online | publisher=Bartleby}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=[[Josef W. Meri]] | encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia | publisher=[[Routledge]] | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱-۵۹۶۶۹۰۶}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=[[Wendy Doniger]] | encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions | publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۰۸۷-۷۷۹۰۴۴۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Glasse Cyril | encyclopedia=New Encyclopedia of Islam: A Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam | | publisher=AltaMira Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISSN ۹۷۸-۰۷۵۹۱۰۱۹۰۶}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Edward Craig | encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy | publisher=Routledge | year=۱۹۹۸ | edition=۱st| id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۰۷۳۱۰۳}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== نورې لوستنې ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* {{cite book | last=Arberry | first=A. J. | authorlink=A. J. Arberry | title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation | publisher=Touchstone | edition=۱st | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۸۴۸۲۵۰۷۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Hawting | first=Gerald R. | authorlink=Gerald R. Hawting | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyard Caliphate AD ۶۶۱–۷۵۰ | publisher=Routledge | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۴۰۷۲۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Khan | first=Muhammad Muhsin | authorlink=Muhammad Muhsin Khan | coauthors=Al-Hilali Khan, Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din | title=Noble Quran | year=۱۹۹۹ | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | edition=۱st | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۹۶۰۷۴۰۷۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Kramer (ed.) | first=Martin | authorlink=Martin Kramer | title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis | publisher=Syracuse University | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۶۵۲۲۴۰۴۰۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Kuban | first=Dogan | title=Muslim Religious Architecture | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۷۴ | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۰۳۸۱۳۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | year=۱۹۹۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۶۹۲۱۷۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam and the West | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۰۹۰۶۱۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۰۲۸۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Mubarkpuri | first=Saifur-Rahman | title=[[The Sealed Nectar]]: Biography of the Prophet | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۴۴۰۷۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Najeebabadi | first=Akbar Shah | title=History of Islam | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۴۴۰۳۴۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Nigosian | first=S. A. | title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=۲۰۰۴ | edition=New Edition | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۲۵۳۲۱۶۲۷۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Rahman | first=Fazlur | authorlink=Fazlur Rahman | title=Islam | publisher=University of Chicago Press | year=۱۹۷۹ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۰-۲۲۶-۷۰۲۸۱-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Walker | first=Benjamin | authorlink=Benjamin Walker | title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith | publisher=Peter Owen Publishers | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۲۰۶۱۰۳۸۳}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== باندنۍ تړنې ==

;اکاډميکې سرچينې
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* [http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/ د سويلي كاليفورنيا پوهنتون: د اسلامی لیکنو لندیز] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213011952/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/ |date=2007-12-13 }}
* [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/ د اسلام پوهنغونډ (د نړۍ د مذهبونو مخليدنه)]
* [http://arabworld.nitle.org/introduction.php?module_id=2 د اسلام اړونده څپرکی] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225105128/http://arabworld.nitle.org/introduction.php?module_id=2 |date=2008-02-25 }} د [[NITLE]] څخه د عربي فرهنگ او تمدن پرليکه سرچينې
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105852/Islam اسلام], ''د بريټانيکا پرليکه پوهنغونډ'' ليکنه

&lt;/div&gt;   
;ټولگې
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* اسلام په [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/euroislam.htmlلویدیزه اروپا], [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/UKIslam.html انگلستان ], [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/DIslam.html جرمنی] او [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/sasislam.html سویلی اسیا]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Islam_%28Bookshelf%29 Islam (Bookshelf)] at [[Project Gutenberg]]
;Islam - text, audio and video
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.ikre-bismi-rabbike.net/kuran.php Kur'an audio (recordings of many Qur'an recitals)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418011817/http://www.ikre-bismi-rabbike.net/kuran.php |date=2008-04-18 }}
* [http://www.guidedways.com/quranreciter/ Qur'an audio and reading material in numerous languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218182412/http://www.guidedways.com/quranreciter/ |date=2008-02-18 }}

&lt;/div&gt;
;اسلام او هنرونه
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/ پر اسلام د بي بي سي فوکس]
* [http://www.lacma.org/islamic_art/intro.htm Islamic Art at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308091248/http://www.lacma.org/islamic_art/intro.htm |date=2008-03-08 }}
* [http://www.muslimheritage.com/ Muslim Heritage] (Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation, UK)
* [http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/ Islamic Architecture (IAORG)] illustrated descriptions and reviews of a large number of mosques, palaces, and monuments.
&lt;/div&gt;

{{ اسلامي سرلیکونه}}

[[وېشنيزه:اسلام| ]]
[[وېشنيزه:توحید]]
[[وېشنيزه:خدای پیژندنه]]</text>
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'''اسلام''' {{Ar|الإسلام}};''{{ArabDIN|}}'' ({{Audio|ar-al_islam.ogg|&lt;sup&gt;واوری!&lt;/sup&gt;}}، &quot;اطاعت&quot; (د [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;([[جل جلاله|ج]])&lt;/sup&gt; د رضا)) يو [[مونوتيزم|مونوتېسټېک]] (د يوه څښتن مننونکي) گروهې (عقيده) يا باور لرونکې دین دی. پخپله د اسلام وی د سولې، امن، سلامتۍ، روغې جوړې رامنځته کول دي. دا دین له درېیو [[ابراهيمي دين]]ونو  ([[یهوديت]]، [[عیسویت]]، اسلام) له ډلې څخه دی، چې د نړۍ په کچه دویم ستر [[مذهب]] گڼل کېږي. د اسلام د دين لارويانو ته '''[[مسلمانان]]''' وايي. مسلمانان پدې گروهه دي چې [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د انسانانو د لارښوونې لپاره وخت پر وخت، خپل استازي ([[پيغمبر|پيغمبران]]) رالېږلي، چې هریو خپله دنده د الهي اوامرو په رڼا کې په بشپړه توگه سرته رسولې.
د الهي استازو (پیغمرانو) وروستې استازې [[محمد]]&lt;sup&gt;([[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]])&lt;/sup&gt; دی.
[[دوتنه:Kaaba at night.jpg|thumb| [[کعبه شریفه]] چې په [[سعودي عربستان]] کی پرته ده دا د اسلام مرکز او د مسلمانانو [[قبله]] ده او دا هغه ځای دی کوم چې هر کال په زرگونه [[مسلمانان]] دلته د خدای د کور د زیارت لپاره راځې.]]
''اسلام'' &quot;تسليمۍ او غاړه اېښودنې ټه وایي&quot; يا په بله وينا ځان د الله تعالی رضا ته تسليمول. د اسلام د [[دين]] لاروي ته [[مسلمان]] ويل کېږي، مانا دا چې &quot;هغه څوک چې ځان يې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته سپارلی او د هغه د احکامو اطاعت کوي، مسلمان گڼل کېږي&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Islam&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lanes Lexicon&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume4/00000137.pdf|title=Lane's lexicon |accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۷-۰۳}}&lt;/ref&gt; په ټوله نړۍ کې د ۱٫۱&amp;nbsp;بيليون او ۱٫۸&amp;nbsp;بيليون ترمېنځ وگړي د اسلام د دين لارويان دي، چې په همدې توگه وروسته د [[عيسويت]] نه [[اسلام]] د نړۍ دویم ستر [[دين]] گڼل کېږي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |title=Major Religions of the World—Ranked by Number of Adherents |accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۷-۰۳ |format=HTML |work= |تاريخ الأرشيف=2010-01-29 |مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |url-status=dead |خونديځ نېټه=2007-07-07 |خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam }}&lt;/ref&gt;

مسلمانان په دې عقیده دي ې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; قرآن مجيد پر حضرت [[محمد]]&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; نازل کړی، او محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د الله تعالی وروستی پيغمبر دی. مسلمانان پدې عقيده هم دي چې قرآن مجيد او سُنت (د حضرت محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; خبرې او اعمال) د اسلام بنسټيزې سرچينې دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۱۹۹۶), p.۴۱
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/JulRefl2y6.html Sources of Islam]&lt;/ref&gt; مسلمانان په دې عقيده هم دي چې حضرت محمد مصطفیٰ&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د يوه نوي دين په توگه د اسلام د دين بنسټگر نه ؤ، خو همدا وروستی پيغمبر د اسلام د دين د گروهې آرنۍ لمانځونکی او پرځای کوونکی دی چې پر زمکه يې بنسټ [[آدم]]&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; ايښی چې بيا تر هغه وروسته حضرت ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; او د هغه نه پخوانيو او وروستنيو، د خدای&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ټولو پيغمبرانو يې د دغه دين او اصلي لارې بلنه ورکړې. مسلمانان دا عقيده لري چې په [[يهوديت]] او [[عيسويت]] کې د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغام چې د بېلابېلو انبياو لخوا پر دوی نازل شوي، هغه د دوی لخوا د وخت په تېرېدو سره تحريف شوي، او ناسمه ترجماني يې شوې، که هغه په ليکلې بڼه وي او که پرته د ليکلې بڼې وي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Distorted&quot;&gt;See:
* Accad (۲۰۰۳): According to Ibn Taymiya, although only some Muslims accept the textual veracity of the entire Bible, most Muslims will grant the veracity of most of it.
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸), pp.۶٬۱۲
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۴–۵
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tahrif | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=Hava Lazarus-Yafeh | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
د اسلام دين د گڼ شمېر اسلامي اعمالو يو غونډال دی. د دغه دين مننونکي بايد د اسلام د دين [[د پينځه ستنو]] مننونکي او پلي کونکي وي، د اسلام د دين پينځه ستنې له بېلابېلو فرايضو او دندو نه جوړ شوی او همدغه پينځه ستنې دي چې په يوې ټولنه کې مسلمانان سره متحده کوي.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۱۷&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلام د دين د پينځه ستنو سره سره، [[شريعت|اسلامي قانون]] (''شريعة'') د احکامونو يو دوديزه قضايي واک دی چې د مسلمانانو د ژوند او ټولنې هر اړخ يې اغېزمن کړی. په دې قانون کې هر څه رانغښتې دي، د عملي چارو نه نيولې لکه د خوراک، څښاک آن تر سوداگريزو او پانگه ايزو چارو او تر جگړايزو چارو پورې هر څه په دې قانون کې راغلي دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۱۱۱٬۱۱۲٬۱۱۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

نژدې ټول مسلمانان د اسلام په دوو لويو فريقو لکه سني او شيع پورې تړاو لري. د تشيع فرقه په ۷مه پېړۍ کې د مسلمانانو تر مېنځ د مذهبي او سياسي توپيرونو په پايله کې رامېنځ ته شوې. په اټکلي توگه ۸۵ په سلو کې مسلمانان د اهل سنت لارويان دي او ۱۵ په سلو کې د تشيع فرقې لارويان دي.په [[منځنی ختيځ]]، او همداراز د [[افريقا]] او [[آسيا]] په برخو کې د اسلام دين برلاسی دی. د دغه دين د مننونکو لويې ډلې په [[په چين کې د اسلام دين|چين]]، د بالکان هيوادونو په [[ختيځه اروپا]] او [[په روسيه کې د اسلام دين|روسيې]] کې شته. په لويديځه اروپا کې هم گڼ شمېر مسلمان مهاجرين مېشت دي او همدا راز په امريکا کې هم د مسلمانانو ټولنې شته. په سلو کې نژدې ۲۰٪ مسلمانان په عربو هېوادونو کې مېشت دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۲۱
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲٬۴۳&lt;/ref&gt;
{{اسلام}}

== آرپوهه ==
اسلام د عربي ژبې د درې تورو، {{ArabDIN|[[سين]]-[[لام]]-[[ميم]]}} ({{ar|'''س'''-'''ل'''-'''م'''}}) نه راوتلی. اسلام د همدغې ريښې يو تجريدي فعل دی چې مانا يې ده &quot;تسليم يا ځان سپارل، څان الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته سپارل، اطاعت کول او د سولې&quot; په مانا هم ده.

کله چې د پورتني ويي د ريښو په اړه په نورو ژبو کې څېړنه کوو، نو بيا په عبراني ژبه کې د پورتني وييکي ضمني ماناگانې هم راوځي. په عبراني ژبه کې د ''[[شلوم]]'' ويي، د (شين-لامد-ميم) نه خپلې ريښې اخلي ({{Ivrit|'''ש'''-'''ל'''-'''ם'''}}). په ډېرو [[سېمېټک ژبو]] کې د همدغه لغت ضمني ماناگانې شته، چې مانا يې بشپړکېدل، پوره کېدل، سر ته رسېدنه، ښه اوسېدنه، هوسا اوسېدنه، يو داسې اصطلاح چې په ژباړه کې اکثراً د سولې د وييکي مانا په ځان کې رانغاړي، ورکوي.

په قرآن کې هم د اسلام د لغت د مانا بېلابېل تعبيرونه راغلي. په ځينو ''[[ایت|آيتونو]]''، کې د اسلام کيفيت د يوې راسخې عقيدې په توگه تاکيد شوی: &quot;الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; که وغواړي چې د يو چا لارښونه وکړي، نو الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د هغه سينه د اسلام لپاره پراخه کوي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۶|۱۲۵|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۶۱|۷|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳۹|۲۲|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; نور آيتونه بيا ''اسلام'' او ''[[دين]]'' (اکثراً د &quot;مذهب&quot; په توگه ژباړل کېږي) د يو شي په توگه تعبيروي : &quot;نن، ما ستاسو دين ستاسو لپاره مکمل کړ؛ ما ستاسو لپاره خپل د برکتونو اچول مکمل کړل؛ ما ستاسو لپار د اسلام دين غوره کړ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۵|۳|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳|۱۹|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳|۸۳|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; ډېر نور خلک بيا اسلام داسې تعريفوي چې دا هغه دين دی چې انسان د همدې دين په مرسته بېرته الله تعالی ته ورستنېږي نسبت و دې ته چې د ايمان د اعمالو د تصديق په توگه وگڼلای شي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۹|۷۴|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۴۹|۱۴|style=ref}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هغه نور عربي وييونه چې د {{ar|'''س'''-'''ل'''-'''م'''}} نه راوتلي:

* [[سلام]], چې د &quot;سولې او سلامتۍ&quot; په مانا ده او د ورځيني روغبړ يوه اهمه کلمه ده, [[سلام عليکم|السلام عليکم]] (ته دې سلامت وې/سلامتي دې پر تا وي).
* السلام(سوله)د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د ۹۹ مبارکو نومونو نه يو نوم دی چې په [[قران]] کې هم راغلی.
* [[مسلمان]], د اسلام د دين مننونکي ته وايي او مانا يې ده هغه څوک چې ځان الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته تسليم کوي او يا د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; اطاعت کوي.
* سلامه, د &quot;سلامتي,&quot; په مانا ده چې د &quot;خدای پامانۍ&quot; په وخت کې وييل کېږي، د &quot;مع السلامه&quot; مانا ( سلامتۍ سره[لاړ شه]) ده.

== عقيده ==

د اسلام بنسټيزه عقيده شهادت دی چې د گواهۍ مانا لري [[شهادت]] ('''  لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله ''')&quot;نشته بل کوم څښټتن يا معبود پرته د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; نه او [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر دی.&quot; د دې لپاره چې څوک [[مسلمان]] شي، نو سړي ته پکار ده چې دغه پورتنی شهادت د يو څو شاهدانو مخکې ووايي او پرې ايمان راوړي. او که چېرته يو څوک غواړي چې اسلام ته راشي نو هغه يا هغې ته پکار ده چې بايد د زړه له صدق نه وغواړي او بيا د دې نه مخکې چې شهادت ووايي نو پکار ده چې د شهادت په اصلي مانا او مفهوم پوه وي.&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته خپل پيغام د محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; او د نورو پيغمبرانو لخوا لکه [[آدم|آدم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[نوح|نوح&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[ابراهیم|ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[موسی|موسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] او [[عيسی|عيسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] له لورې په بېلابېلو وختونو کې رالېږلی. [[مسلمانان]] په دې عقيده هم دي چې [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] د [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; وروستنی پيغمبر و او د هغه نه وروسته تر قيامته بل هېڅ کوم [[پيغمبر]] نه راځي. نو ددې پخاطر [[مسلمانان]] بايد د [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] په لارښوونې تر قيامته پورې عمل وکړي.
&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان پدې عقيده دي چې قران د انسانانو د لارښوونې يو داسې کتاب دی چې تر اوسه پکې هېچا گوتې نه دي وهلي او پدې کتاب کې هېڅ کومه نيمگړتيا نشته، او هېڅ کله به پکې بدلون را نه شي، او دا د خدای له لورې انسانانو ته وروستی نازل شوی کتاب دی. مسلمانان دا هم وايي چې د انجيل او تورات هغه اسماني کتابونه دي چې د بېلابېلو مذهبي فرقو له لورې پکې لاسوهنې شوي په بل ډول سره ليکل شوي او په ناسمه توگه تعبير شوي او د دغو اسماني کتابونو اصلي بڼې اوس نه شته او د وخت په تېرېدو سره خلکو هماغه لومړني لارښوونې چې په اصلي اسماني کتابونو کې وه هېر کړي، او يا يې هم درغلي پکې کړې. نو ددغه ليد پر بنسټ الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته د لارښوونې لپاره قرآن راولېږه چې په دې کې هماغه د اصلي انجيل او تورات لارښوونو سره سره د هغو وختونو د خلکو چې پېغمبران به يې ځورول او وژل به يې او د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له احکامو د سرغړونې سره سره يې د خپل زاتي گټو لپاره د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په کلام کې چې بدعتونه راوستلي دا ټول تاريخ ثبت دی. 
&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان دا هم وايي چې اسلام هماغه دين دی چې د آدم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; له وختونو نه او د نورو پيغمبرانو په وختونو کې هم وه، او دغو ټولو پيغمبرانو د همدغه مذهب په لار د تلو ټينگار کړی. اسلامي کتابونه او ليکنې د [[يهوديت]] او [[عيسويت]] د هغو اصلي لارښوونو نه راوتلي چې د ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; په وختونو کې يې ښوونې شوي نو د همدغه پخاطر دا درېواړه مذهبونه يعنی يهوديت، عيسويت او اسلام چې درېواړه سره گډې ريښې لري، د ابراهيمي دينونو په نامه سره هم يادېږي.  په قرآن عظيم الشان کې يهوديانو او عيسويانو ته د اهل الکتاب يا هغه خلک چې کتابونه ورباندې نازل شوي، په نامه اشاره شوې ده.    
&lt;br /&gt;
اسلام يو [[دين]] دی، دين '''د ژوندون لار''' مانا لري او يا هم په بله وينا د لارښوونې لار.

&quot;د قرآن شريف له مخې مسلمانان بايد په خپل پاک رب باندې ايمان راوړي او د هغه وحدانيت ته د تسليمېدو سره سره، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په ټولو وحيو، نازل شوو کتابونو، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پرښتو، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پيغمبرانو او د قيامت په ورځ بايد ايمان ولري.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۲|۴|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۲|۲۸۵|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۴|۱۳۶|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; په همدې توگه، نور عقايد هم شته چې د اسلام د دوه لويو فرقو تر مېنځ پکې د تعبيرونو توپير شته. د تشيع د لارې خلکو کې د امامت يو سياسي او روحاني لارښوونې يو نظام دود دی.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۲۰۰۳), p.۱۰۹
* مومن (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۶&lt;/ref&gt;

مسلمانان په دې گروهه دي چې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته خپل وروستی رسول محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; ورلېږلی دی. او پر محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; يې قرآن نازل کړی چې وروستی اسماني کتاب دی. د قرآن د نزول موده پوره دوه لسيزې وخت نيولی.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۷٬۱۸٬۲۱&lt;/ref&gt; په اسلام کې پيغمبران، خدای ته نژدې هغه انسانان دي چې خدای تعالی يې د خپل پيغام رسولو په موخه په انسانانو کې غوره کوي. مسلمانان په دې هم عقيده لري چې پيغمبران انسانان دي چې خدای ورته د انسانانو د لارښوونې، عبرت او د خپلو ادعاوؤ د ثبوت په خاطر د معجزو د ښودلو توان ورکړی. په اسلام کې پيغمبران هغه انسانان دي چې تر نورو انسانانو په تقوا او نېکۍ کې تکامل ته رسېدلي او همدوی د خدای غوره، بې مثاله بنده گان دي چې خدای د پرښتو له لارې خپل پيغام همدوی ته د وحيو په بڼه ور رسوي.&lt;ref&gt;وگورۍ:
* مومن (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۲۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلامي زده کړو نه داسې څرگندېږي چې د آدم نه وروسته د خدای ټول پيغمبرانو د اسلام د دين تبليغ او دعوت کړی، دا هغه دين دی چې يو خدای الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د معبود په توگه راپېژندلی. په قرآن کې اسلام د &quot;هغه ازلي طبيعت چې پر بنسټ يې خدای مخلوقات خلق کړل&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۳۰|۳۰|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; راپېژندل شوی او په قران کې دا هم راغلي چې د مسلمان ځانگړی نوم د ابراهيم لخوا د دې دين لارويانو ته ورکړ شوی.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲۲|۷۸|style=ref}}
* &quot;اسلام&quot;, ''د مذهب دايرة المعارف''&lt;/ref&gt;

د تاريخ له مخې د اسلام دين په ۷مه پېړۍ کې په عربستان کې رامېنځ ته شوی.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Islam&quot;, ''د مذهب دايرة المعارف''&lt;/ref&gt; په اسلامي ليکنو کې يهوديت او عيسويت هغه دوه دينونه دي چې د ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر د لارښوونو وروسته د بېلابېلو پيغمبرانو په وخت کې رامېنځ ته شوي. په قرآن کې يهوديان او عيسويان د اهل الکتاب يا د کتابونو د خلکو په توگه پېژندل شوي، او د هغو خلکو نه چې ډېر خدايان پالي او عبادت يې کوي، تر مېنځ په ښکاره توپير پېژندل کېږي. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې د پخوانيو اسماني کتابونو لکه زبور، [[تورات]] او [[انجيل]] سپېڅلي کتابونه د تاريخ په بېلابېلو پړاؤونو کې د ترجمې او متن په برخه کې تحريف شوي او اوس همدا سپېڅلي کتابونه پخپلو آرنيو بڼو هېڅ نه شته.

=== [[د افغانستان ولايتونه|د]] عقيدې شپږ ارکان ===
مسلمانان شپږ بنسټيزه ارکانونو باندې عقيده لري:

# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په وحدانيت باندې ايمان راوړل او يواځی الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته عبادت او اطاعت کول او د هغه نه مرسته غوښتل ''[[توحيد]]''.
# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پيغمبرانو باندې ايمان راوړل ([[پېغمبران#د اسلام له نظره|''انبيا‌ء'']])  چې ټول پېغمبران (''[[رسول]]'') د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له خوا رالېږل شوي. ([[د اسلام پېغمبران]] وگورۍ.)
# په اسماني کتابونو عقيده(''[[کتب]]''):
#* په [[ابراهيمي صحيفو]] (ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; باندې نازل شوې صحيفې)
#* په [[تورات]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[موسی|موسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[زبور]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[داود|داود&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[انجيل]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[عيسی|عيسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[قرآن]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.  
# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پرښتو باندې.(''[[پرښتې#د اسلام له نظره|ملايکه]]'').
# په قيامت او وروسته د مرگ نه د بيا ژوندي کېدلو عقيده (''[[قيامة]]'')  (په [[جنت]] او [[دوزخ]] عقيده). (يادونه: کله ناکله دغه وروستۍ موضوع باندې ځانگړی بحث کېږی, او په همدې توگه د عقيدې ارکان اوو ته رسېږي.)
# په قسمت عقيده([[تقدير]]).

د اسلام بنسټيزه عقيده په [[پښتو]] ژبه :
:: &quot;زه شهادت ورکوم چې پرته د الله تعالی د ذات نه بل کوم ذات نه شته؛ او زه شهادت ورکوم چې محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د هغه پيغمبر دی.&quot;
:: &quot;زه په الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ايمان راوړم؛ او د هغه په ملايکو؛ او د هغه په کتابونو؛ او د هغه په پيغمبرانو؛ او د محشر په ورځ؛ او په تقدير؛ او ټول شيان د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له خوا نه دي، او پس د مرگ نه ژوندون حق دی.&quot;

=== د اسلام پينځه بنسټونه ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام پينځه بنسټونه|د مذهب څانگې|د مذهب ريښې}}
[[دوتنه:Supplicating Pilgrim at Masjid Al Haram. Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|بټنوک|کيڼ|د حج د لمانځنو يو منظر. په مکه کې کعبې، [[مسجد الحرام]] ته سفر د اسلامي فرايضو څخه يو فرض دی چې هر مسلمان يې په ټول ژوند کې يو ځل ترسره کړي.]]
د مسلمانانو دوه لويې فرقې سني او شعيه مسلمانان جوړوي. په اسلامي نړئ کې د شعيه گانو په پرتله ډېرئ مسلمانان سنيان دي، خو په څينو هېوادونو کې لکه د منڅنئ آسيا هېوادونه ايران او عراق بيا شعيه مسلمانان ډېرکئ مذهبي ډله جوړوي. خو په نورو هېوادونو کط لکه سعودي عربستان، اندونيزيا او [[پاکستان]] کې سني مسلمان د هغه هېوادونو په مذهبي ټولنو کې ډېرکۍ برخه جوړوي.

د سني مسلمانانو بنسټيزه ارکان [[د اسلام پينځه ستنې|د اسلام پينځه ستنو]] په نامه يادېږي&lt;sup&gt;[[#Notes|2]]&lt;/sup&gt;، خو شيعه مسلمانان بيا يو څه مختلفه نومونپوهنه، چې د سني مسلمانانو د پينځه اهمو بنسټونو تر څنگ، د دين ريښې او لس عمده اعمال د دې مذهب د طريقو نه گڼل کېږي. خو ټول مسلمانان بيا په همدې پينځه بنسټيزو فرايضو او گروهو سره پوهاوی او سره يوه خوله دي چې سني مسلمانان يې د اسلام د پينځه ستنو په نوم پېژني او شيعه مسلمانان يې د دين د څانگو او ريښو اهم عناصر بولي.

* [[شهادت]]: د تصديق په مانا دی، چې يو مسلمان د الله &lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; نه پرته بل څوک د عبادت وړ نه گڼي او همداراز د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د وحدانيت ([[توحيد]]) او د محمد &lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;  د الله &lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; رسول ([[نبوت]]) او غلام په توگه مني .
* [[لمونځ]]: هره ورځ پينځه وخته لمونځ کول.
* [[روژه]]: د روژې په مياشت کې د لمرخاته نه تر لمرپرېواته روژه نيول.
* [[زکات]]: زکات ورکول.
* [[حج]]:د مکی زیارت په ټولو مسلمانانو باندی په ژوند کې یوځل فرض دی او هغه هم په هغو کسانو باندې چې د ادا کولو وس یې ولري.
شعيه او سنيان دواړه په لاندنيو گروهو باندې باور لري، خو دغه دوه فرقې همدا عقايد په بېلابېلو ډلبنديو وېشي او هره ډله ورته ځانگړی تعبير لري:
* [[عدل]]: د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; عدل.
* [[قيامت]]: د خېر او شر د مالومولو ورځ.
* [[امر بل معروف]]: د ښو امر.
* [[نهي عن المنکر]]: د بدو نه ډډه.
* [[جهاد|الجهاد في سبيل الله]]: د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د رضا لپاره هڅه کوشش او زيار.

هغه عقايد چې د شيعه مذهب لارويان پرې معتقد دي او سني مسلمانان پرې عقيده نه لري هغه دا دي::
* [[امامت]]: ديني لارښوونه، ديني مشري، ديني رهبري. د علي او د هغه د اولاد رهبري او امامت د خدای لخوا نه د لارښوونې لپاره ټاکل شوی و.
* [[تولا]]: د [[اهل البيت]] او د هغوی د لارويانو سره مينه.
* [[تبارة]]: د اهل البيت د دښمنانو نه ځان بېلول او ليري والی.
* [[خمس]]: د گټې لپاره د ماليې ورکړه.

که څه هم چې داسې مسلمانان هم شته چې نه د تشيع او نه هم د سني په ډلو کې ځانونه شمېري او دا هغه مسلمانان دي چې د قرآني دلايلو له مخې په اسلام کې د فرقې او د ډلې جوړول حرام گڼي، دا هغه مسلمانان دي چې په ساده توگه ځانونه 'مسلمانان' بولي.
{{دوراشې کامه|إِنَّ الَّذِينَ فَرَّقُوا دِينَهُمْ وَكَانُوا شِيَعًا لَسْتَ مِنْهُمْ فِي شَيْءٍ ۚ إِنَّمَا أَمْرُهُمْ إِلَى اللَّهِ ثُمَّ يُنَبِّئُهُمْ بِمَا كَانُوا يَفْعَلُونَ |10px||[[سورة الأنعام|الانعام سورت]]|۱۵۹ آيت}}
&quot;هغه څوک چې ځانونه په ډلو وېشي هغه زموږ د ډلې خلک نه دي. د هغوی فېصله الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته مالومه ده، الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; به هغوی له هر هغه څه نه خبر کړي کوم چې دوی ترسره کړي.&quot;

=== خدای ===
:''آرنۍ ليکنې: [[الله]] / [[خدای]]
{{آرنی|په اسلام کې د خدای انځور}}
په اسلام کې تر ټولو لومړنی بنسټيزه موخه د خدای د وحدانيت منل دي چې دې ته توحيد وايي. په اسلام کې توحيد يو مطلق امر دی چې ترې هېڅ انکار نه کېږي او دا هڅکله يوه نسبي او يا هم په کومه بله مانا د نسبي شراکت مانا نه ورکوي. د قرآن مجيد په [[سورة الاخلاص]] کې خدای داسې راپېژندل شوی:

:''ووايه &quot;خدای هغه دی، يوازې او بې ساری. الله تل پايېدونکی، په بشپړه توگه له ځان نه بسيا مالک. نه  څوک يې زېږولي، او نه له چا نه زېږېدلی. او د الله په شان هېڅ بل څه نه شته.&quot;

په عربي ژبه کې ''الله'' د خدای په مانا دی. د آرپوهنې له مخې دا لغت د ''الهه'' &quot;[[معبود]]&quot; لغت سره ډېر نژدې دی، د ''الله'' نوم د عيسوي او يهودي عربانو لخوا هم د خپل معبود په يادولو کې کارېږي، دغه نوم د محمد نه مخکې مخينه لري او د دغه ځانگړی نوم مخينه د ابراهيمي مذهبونو د خدای نه پرته د يو بل معبود نورې توپيري ځانگړنې نه څرگندوي.

د &quot;الله&quot; نوم يو جمع او يا د جنس نوم نه دی، دا يو خاص نوم دی، دا نوم د &quot;خدای&quot; د نوم سره توپير لري، دا په دې سبب چې د خدای نوم د جمع بڼه لري او جنسيت هم ترې څرگندېدلای شي د ساري په توگه خدايان چې د همدې نوم جمع بڼه ده. په اسلام کې د الله پېژندنه په قرآن کې داسې شوې:
{{دوراشې کامه|فَاطِرُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأَرْضِ جَعَلَ لَكُمْ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ أَزْوَاجًا وَمِنَ الأَنْعَامِ أَزْوَاجًا يَذْرَؤُكُمْ فِيهِ لَيْسَ كَمِثْلِهِ شَيْءٌ وَهُوَ السَّمِيعُ البَصِيرُ|10px||[[سورة الشورى|الشوری سورت]]|۱۱ آيت}}
:''&quot;(الله دی) د اسمانونو او زمکې جوړونکی: هغه ستاسو او د څارويو له مېنځه ستاسو لپاره جوړې جوړې کړي، او په دې توگه هغه تاسې په گڼ شمېر جوړ کړي ياست: داسې هېڅ کوم بل معبود نشته پرته له (الله) نه او د هغه په شان هېڅ نشته، او الله دی چې هر څه اوري او ليدلی شي&quot;

The implicit usage of the [[definite article]] in ''Allah'' linguistically indicates the divine unity. Muslims believe that the God they worship is the same as the Judeo-Christian God, i.e. the God of Abraham. However, Muslims reject the Christian theology concerning the trinity of God (the doctrine of the [[Trinity]] which regards Jesus as the eternal [[Son of God]]), seeing it as akin to [[polytheism]]. Quoting from the Qur'an,
[[sura]] [[An-Nisa]](۴) :۱۷۱:

:''&quot;O People of the Scripture! Do not transgress the limits of your religion, and do not say about God except the truth. The Messiah, Jesus the son of Mary, was only a messenger of God, and His word that He had sent to Mary, and a revelation from Him. Therefore, you shall believe in GOD and His messengers. You shall not say, &quot;Trinity&quot;. You shall refrain from this for your own good. God is only one God. Be He glorified; He is much too glorious to have a son. To Him belongs everything in the heavens and everything on earth. God suffices as Lord and Master.&quot;''

No Muslim visual images or depictions of God exist because such artistic depictions may lead to [[idolatry]] and are thus disdained. Such [[aniconism]] can also be found in Judeo-Christian theology. Moreover, most Muslims believe that God is [[Spiritual being|incorporeal]], making any two- or three- dimensional depictions impossible. Instead, Muslims describe God by the many [[۹۹ Names of God|divine attributes]] mentioned in the [[Qur'an]]. All but one Sura (chapter) of the Qur'an begins with the phrase &quot;In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful&quot;. These are regarded as the most important divine attributes, at least in the sense that Muslims repeat them most frequently during their prayers ([[salat]]) and throughout their daily lives.

د اسلام بنسټيز اصل ''[[توحيد]]'' دی—توحيد په يوه او يوازيني خدای عقيدې ته وايي. په اسلام کې د خدای لپاره د عربي ژبې اصطلاح ''الله'' کارېږي; اکثراً عالمان په دې عقيده دي چې دا اصطلاح د '[['ال-]]'' (د مشخص کولو ادات) او ''[[اله]]'' (معبود) د وييونو نه اشتقاق شوي چې مانا يې يوازيني خدای ته اشاره کوي، خو ځينې نور عالمان بيا د همدې نوم آر او اصل د آرامايک ژبې لغت ''الهه'' گڼي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* &quot;اسلام او عيسويت&quot;, ''د عيسويت پوهنغونډ'' (۲۰۰۱): Arabic-speaking [[Christian]]s and [[Jew]]s also refer to God as ''Allāh''.
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Allah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلام په پينځو بنسټيزو ستنو کې لومړنۍ ستنه يې توحيد بلل کېږي چې د ''شهادة'' يا (منښت) په ډول اظهارېږي، شهادة داسې ده چې: ''''له حقيقي معبود نه پرته بل خدای نشته، او محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt;  د خدای ټاکل شوی پيغمبر دی''''. په دوديزه اسلامپوهنه کې، خدای د انساني عقل او پوهاوي نه پورته معبود گڼل کېږي; مسلمانان نه شي کولای چې خدای په يوه بڼه انځور کړي يوازې له دې چې بايد د داسې لوی معبود عبادت او اطاعت وکړي او خدای خپل يوازينی ساتونکی او ژغورونکی وگڼي. که څه هم چې مسلمانان عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د يو پيغمبر په توگه پېژني، خو دوی بيا د عيسويانو د درېگونۍ عقيده، چې مسلمانان يې د شرک بولي په کلکه ردوي. په اسلامپوهنه کې عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د نورو پيغمبرانو په څېر د خدای بنده او د انسان په توگه پېژندل کېږي او د عيسويانو هغه عقيده چې عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د خدای د ځوی په توگه پېژني په کلکه ردوي;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Tathlith, Trinity | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=David Thomas | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۱}}: Contrary to Muslim understanding, some scholars have suggested that the Qur'an only opposes certain deviant forms of Trinitarian belief.&lt;/ref&gt; د قرآن په يوه سوره کې د خدای څرگندونه داسې شوې &quot;ووايه هغه الله دی يوازې، الله هېچا ته اړ نه دی او ټول هغه ته اړ دي، نه د هغه څوک اولاد دی او نه هغه د چا اولاد دی او هېڅوک د هغه سيال نشته.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۱۱۲|۱|end=۴|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۷۴–۷۶
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۲۲
* Griffith (۲۰۰۶), p.۲۴۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Allah, Tawhid | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | author=D. Gimaret | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== قران عظيم الشان ===
[[انځور:FirstSurahKoran.jpg|thumb|upright|د قرآن لومړنۍ سوره [[سورة الفاتحة|الفاتحه]] د قران عظيم شان د لاسي نسخې يو انځور.]]
{{آرنی|قرآن}}

قرآن شريف د مسلمانانو سپېڅلی کتاب دی او دوی په همدغه آسماني کتاب باندې ايمان راوړی. د قرآن لغوي مانا  “لوستنه” ده. مسلمانان په دې باور دي چې قرآن يو آسماني کتاب دی چې د الله (جل جلاله) په وروستي نبي حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم باندې نازل شوی دی. دا سپېڅلی کتاب د ۶۱۰ ز. کال نه تر ۶۳۲ ز. پورې په بېلابېلو وختونو کې د الله تعالی له لوري او د حضرت جبراييل عليه السلام په منځگړتوب پر حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم باندې د وحيو په څېر نازل شوی. چې د وحيو په وختونو کې حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم حفظ کړی او بيا د الله تعالی د وروستي نبي د يارانو له خوا راټول شوی او پر ډبرليکونو او پاڼو ليکل شوی.

مسلمانان په دې باور دي چې له کومې ورځ نه الله تعالی قرآن شريف پر محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم نازل کړی له هماغې ورځې نه تر ننه پورې قرآن شريف په خپلې آرنۍ بڼې پاتې دی چې بيا د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم نه وروسته د هغه لارويانو چې قرآن شريف يې حفظ کړی وه وليکه او په همدې توگه يې قرآن شريف په ليکنې بڼه خوندي کړ. مسلمان عالمان ددې خبرې منښته کوي چې قرآن شريف د اسلام د درېيم خليفه حضرت عثمان (رض) د واکمنۍ پر مهال په ليکلې بڼه سره راټول شو، چې په دې توگه د قرآن شريف د بېلابېلو برخو د راټولولو او سره يوځای کولو نېټه له ۶۵۰ ز پېر نه تر ۶۵۶ ز پېر پورې ښودل شوی. او وروسته له دې چې قرآن شريف ليکلې بڼه وموندله نو بيا د هماغه خليفه د واکمنۍ پر مهال د قرآن شريف لمېسې جوړې شوې او د اسلامي خلافت بېلابېلو ولايتونو ته يې لمېسې ولېږل شوې.

There are numerous traditions, and many conflicting academic theories, as to the provenance of the Qur'anic verses that were eventually assembled into a single volume. (This is covered in greater detail in [[Qur'an]]). Most Muslims accept the account recorded in several hadith, which state that [[Abu Bakr]], The First Caliph, ordered his personal secretary [[Zayd ibn Thabit]] to collect and record all the authentic verses of the Qur'an, as preserved in written form or oral tradition. Zayd's written collection, privately treasured by Prophet Muhammad's wife [[Hafsa bint Umar]], was, according to Muslim sources, later used by Uthman and is thus the basis of today's Qur'an.

Uthman's version, organized the suras roughly in order of length (excepting the brief opening surah [[Al-Fatiha]]), with the longest suras at the start of the Qur'an and the shortest ones at the end. More conservative views state that the order of most suras was divinely set. Later scholars have struggled to put the suras in chronological order, and among Muslim commentators, at least, there is a rough consensus as to which suras were revealed in [[Makkan sura|Mecca]] and which at [[Medinan sura|Medina]], with distinctive characteristics observed within these two subgroups. Some suras (e.g. surat [[Iqra]]) are thought to have been revealed in parts at separate times.

To understand the notion of &quot;variants&quot; within the received Qur'anic text, one must understand that Arabic had not yet fully developed as a written language. The Qur'an was first recorded in written form (date uncertain) in the [[Hijazi]], [[Mashq]], [[Ma'il]], and [[Kufic]] scripts; these scripts write consonants only and do not supply vowels. (Imagine an English text that wrote the word 'bed' as &quot;BD,&quot; and required the reader to infer, from context, that the reference was to &quot;bed&quot; - and not to 'bad&quot; or &quot;bide.&quot;) Because there were differing oral traditions of recitation as non-native Arabic speakers converted to Islam, there was some disagreement as to the exact reading of many (vowel-free) verses. Eventually, scripts were  developed that used diacritical markings (known as ''points'') to indicate the vowels. For hundreds of years after Uthman's recension, Muslim scholars argued as to the correct pointing and reading of Uthman's (unpointed) official text.{{citation needed}} Eventually, most commentators accepted seven variant readings ([[qira'at]]) of the Qur'an as canonical, while agreeing that the differences among the seven are minor and do not affect the meaning of the text.

The form of the Qur'an most used today is the [[Al-Azhar]] text of ۱۹۲۳, prepared by a committee at the prestigious [[Cairo]] university of Al-Azhar.

The Qur'an early became a focus of Muslim devotion and eventually a subject of theological controversy among skeptics. In the [[۸th century]], the [[Mu'tazili]]s claimed that the Qur'an was created in time and was not eternal. Their opponents, of various schools, claimed that the Qur'an was eternal and perfect, existing in heaven before it was revealed to Muhammad. The [[Ashari]] theology (which ultimately became predominant) held that the Qur'an was uncreated.

Most Muslims regard paper copies of the Qur'an with extreme veneration, wrapping them in a clean cloth, keeping them on a high shelf, and washing as for prayers before reading the Qur'an. Old Qur'ans are not destroyed as wastepaper, but burned.

اکثره مسلمانان د قرآن ځينې برخې او يا ټول قرآن په آرنۍ ژبه (عربي) حفظ کوي. هغه څوک چې قرآن يې په بشپړه توگه حفظ کړی وي د حافظ په نامه يادېږي. په مسلمانانو کې د قرآن حفظ کول د هېښتيا خبره نه ده، نن ورځ د نړۍ په بېلابېلو هېوادونو کې په ميليونونو حافظين ژوندي دي چې د ټول قرآن متن يې له ياده زده دی.

د عقيدې د پيل د ورځو نه اکثره مسلمانان په دې اند دي چې قرآن يو مکمل اسماني کتاب دی چې په عربي ژبه نازل شوی. د دغه کتاب ژباړې د انساني هلو ځلو او د انساني تېروتنو نه تشې هڅې نه دي، همداراز په ژباړو کې د مومنانو د الهامي شاعرۍ کمښت څوک په قرآن کې موندلی شي. نو په همدې خاطر د قرآن ژباړې يوازې پر قرآن تبصرې گڼل کېږي او يا هم د مطلب ژباړه، او پخپله د قرآن نه. او په همدې دليل د قرآن په ډېرو نوو چاپ شويو نخسو کې د عربي متن په يوه مخ او د متن ژباړه په بل مخ راغلې.

قرآن شريف له ۱۱۴ [[سورت|سورتونو]] يا څپرکو نه جوړ شوی دی چې همدا ټول سورتونه ۶،۲۳۶ ''[[آيت|آيتونه]]'' لري. The chronologically earlier suras, revealed at Mecca, are primarily concerned with ethical and spiritual topics. The later Medinan suras mostly discuss social and moral issues relevant to the Muslim community.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qur'an | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}
&lt;/ref&gt; The Qur'an is more concerned with moral guidance than legal instruction, and is considered the &quot;sourcebook of Islamic principles and values&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۷۹&lt;/ref&gt; Muslim jurists consult the ''hadith'', or the written record of Muhammad's life, to both supplement the Qur'an and assist with its interpretation. The science of Qur'anic commentary and exegesis is known as ''[[tafsir]]''.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۷۹–۸۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tafsir | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The word ''Qur'an'' means &quot;recitation&quot;. When Muslims speak in the abstract about &quot;the Qur'an&quot;, they usually mean the scripture as recited in Arabic rather than the printed work or any translation of it. To Muslims, the Qur'an is perfect only as revealed in the original Arabic; translations are necessarily deficient because of language differences, the fallibility of translators, and the impossibility of preserving the original's inspired style. Translations are therefore regarded only as commentaries on the Qur'an, or &quot;interpretations of its meaning&quot;, not as the Qur'an itself.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Teece (۲۰۰۳), pp.۱۲٬۱۳
* C. Turner (۲۰۰۶), p.۴۲
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qur'an | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: The word ''Qur'an'' was invented and first used in the Qur'an itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology|two different theories]] about this term and its formation.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== پرښتې ===
{{آرنی|په اسلام کې د پرښتو انځور}}
د اسلام په دين کې د الله (جل جلاله) په پرښتو عقيده د ايمان جز گڼل کېږي. په عربي ژبه پرښتې ته (''ملک'') وايي چې د همدغه لغت مانا ده &quot;پيغام رسونکی&quot;، په عبراني ژبه کې همداسې ورته نوم (''ملخ'') د پرښتې په مانا ده خو په يوناني ژبه بيا پرښتې ته (''انجېلوس'') وايي. د قراني مالوماتو له مخې، پرښتې د خپلې خوښې واک په لاس کې نه لري، او په مکمله توگه د الله تعالی په عبادت کې بوختې دي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۲۱|۱۹|end=۲۰|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳۵|۱|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; قران کې دا هم راغلي چې د پرښتو په کارونو کې د الله تعالی حکمونه منل او د الله تعالی پيغامونو رسولو برسېره، پرښتې تل د الله په ثنا او صفت په عبادت بوختې دي، او د انسانانو اعمال ثبتوي ددې سره سره پرښتې د الله (جل جلاله) په حکم د انسانانو د مړينې په وخت کې روحونه باسي. داسې هم انگېرل کېږي چې پرښتې د انسان او الله تعالی ترمېنځ منځگړتوب کوي. قرآن شريف، پرښتې موږ ته داسې راڅرگندوي لکه &quot;يو ډول پيغام رسونکي چې دوه، درې يا څلور جوړه وزرې لري: خدای هماغسې خپل مخلوق جوړوي څنگه چې يې خوښه وي...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۳۵|۱|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۲۶–۲۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Malā'ika | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=W. Madelung | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Angel | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Gisela Webb | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== محمد&lt;sup&gt;([[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]])&lt;/sup&gt; ===
{{آرنی|محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم}}

حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم (c. ۵۷۰ – [[جولای ۶]] [[۶۳۲]]) د الله تعالی وروستی نبي، يو مذهبي، سياسي او پوځي عرب و چې د همدغه نبي د اسلام د دين بيرغ لوړ کړ او د اديانو په تاريخ کې يې د اسلام نوم هم وځلاوه. مسلمانان په دې گروهه دي چې حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) د يوه نوي مذهب بنسټ ايښودونکی نه دی، بلکه د اسلام د اصلي دين چې د حضرت آدم عليه السلام او حضرت ابراهيم او د نورو پيغمبرانو دين و، د هماغه دين بيا پرځای کونکی دی. مسلمانان په دې عقيده هم دي چې حضرت محمد د الله تعالی وروستی پيغمبر او د نورو پيغمبرانو په ډله کې د لويې مرتبې خاوند پيغمبر و.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸), p.۱۲
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۴–۵
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}&lt;/ref&gt;
دروند پیغمبر د خپل خوږ ژوند په وروستیو ۲۳ کلونو کې، یانې د ۴۰ کلني عمر په پیل کې د الله له لوري د ایاتو د نازلولو لړۍ پیل شوه، چې د دغو ایاتونو ټولگه د قرآن په نوم یادیږي چې دغه آیتونه بیا د صحابه و لخوا یاد کیدل.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۱۸|۱۱۰|style=ref}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[انځور:Masjid Nabawi. Medina, Saudi Arabia.jpg|بټنوک|220px|کيڼ|[[مسجد النبوي]] (&quot;د پيغمبر(صلی الله علیه وسلم) جومات&quot;) په مدينه کې د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم مقبره هم ده.|link=Special:FilePath/Masjid_Nabawi._Medina,_Saudi_Arabia.jpg]]

په دغه کې وخت محمد [[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]] د مکې خلکو ته په تبلیغ باندې پیل وکړ، تر څو دوې له شرک څخه راوباسي او د اسلام لور ته یې راوبلي. که څه چې محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم ځینې کسان اسلام ته راواړول خو په دې کار سره دی او د ده لارویان د مکې د چارواکو او لارښودگرانو لخوا تر زور او اذیت لاندې راغلل. چې بیا وروسته له ۱۳ کلنو څخه په کال ۶۲۲ کې محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم او نور مسلمانان له مکې څخه مدینه (رسما '''یثرب''' نومیږي) ته کډه شول.

There, with the Medinan converts (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]]'') and the Meccan migrants (''[[Muhajirun]]''), Muhammad established his political and [[Theocracy|religious authority]]. Within years, two battles had been fought against Meccan forces: the [[Battle of Badr]] in ۶۲۴, which was a Muslim victory, and the [[Battle of Uhud]] in ۶۲۵, which ended inconclusively. Conflict with Medinan Jewish clans who opposed the Muslims led to their exile, enslavement or death, and the Jewish enclave of [[Battle of Khaybar|Khaybar]] was subdued. At the same time, Meccan trade routes were cut off as Muhammad brought surrounding desert tribes under his control.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* F.E.Peters(۲۰۰۳), pp.۷۸٬۷۹٬۱۹۴ 
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۳–۲۸&lt;/ref&gt; By ۶۲۹ Muhammad was victorious in the nearly bloodless [[Conquest of Mecca]], and by the time of his death in ۶۳۲ he ruled over the [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian peninsula]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Muhammad&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Islam, the &quot;[[normative]]&quot; example of Muhammad's life is called the ''[[Sunnah]]'' (literally &quot;trodden path&quot;). This example is preserved in traditions known as [[hadith]] (&quot;reports&quot;), which recount his words, his actions, and his personal characteristics. The classical Muslim jurist [[ash-Shafi'i]] (d. ۸۲۰) emphasized the importance of the Sunnah in [[Sharia|Islamic law]], and Muslims are encouraged to emulate Muhammad's actions in their daily lives. The Sunnah is seen as crucial to guiding interpretation of the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World'' (۲۰۰۳), p.۶۶۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hadith | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=J. Robson | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sunna | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=D. W. Brown | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د قيامت ورځ ===
{{آرنی|قيامت}}
د &quot;جزا په ورځ&quot;، يعنی ''[[قيامت|د قيامت په ورځې]]'' ايمان لرل د اسلام يوه بنسټيزه گروهه ده. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې د قيامت ورځ د الله تعالی له خوا ټاکل شوی چې په يوه ځانگړي وخت کې به وي خو انسانانو ته يې وخت نه دی څرگند. د قيامت د ورځې د محکمې او کړاونه په هکله په قرآن او حديثونو کې هم بیان شوي، او همدارنگه د اسلامي علماوو په تفسيرونو کې.
The Qur'an emphasizes [[Resurrection of the Dead|bodily resurrection]], a break from the [[pre-Islamic Arabia]]n understanding of death. It states that resurrection will be followed by the gathering of mankind, culminating in their judgment by God.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* &quot;Resurrection&quot;, ''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'' (۲۰۰۳)
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Avicenna | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as &quot;Avicenna&quot;.
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qiyama | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Qur'an lists several sins that can condemn a person to hell, such as disbelief, [[riba|usury]] and dishonesty. Muslims view paradise (''[[jannah]]'') as a place of joy and bliss, with Qur'anic references describing its features and the physical pleasures to come. There are also references to a greater joy—acceptance by God (''ridwān'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۹|۷۲|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mystical traditions in Islam place these heavenly delights in the context of an ecstatic awareness of God.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Smith (۲۰۰۶), p.۸۹; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p.۵۶۵
* &quot;Heaven&quot;, ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' (۲۰۰۰)
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Garden | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Asma Afsaruddin | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Paradise | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تقدير ===
{{آرنی|تقدير}}

In accordance with the Islamic belief in [[predestination]], or divine preordainment (''al-qadā wa'l-qadar''), God has full knowledge and control over all that occurs. This is explained in Qur'anic verses such as &quot;Say: 'Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us: He is our protector'…&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۹|۵۱|style=ref}}
* D. Cohen-Mor (۲۰۰۱), p.۴: &quot;The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen: 'Say: &quot;Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us…&quot;&amp;nbsp;'&amp;nbsp;&quot;
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Fate | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Ahmet T. Karamustafa | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means &quot;to measure, to determine&quot;. Here it is used to mean that &quot;God measures and orders his creation&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; For Muslims, everything in the world that occurs, good or evil, has been preordained and nothing can happen unless permitted by God. In Islamic theology, divine preordainment does not suggest an absence of God's indignation against evil, because any evils that do occur are thought to result in future benefits men may not be able to see. According to Muslim theologians, although events are pre-ordained, man possesses free will in that he has the faculty to choose between right and wrong, and is thus responsible for his actions. According to Islamic tradition, all that has been decreed by God is written in ''al-Lawh al-Mahfūz'', the &quot;Preserved Tablet&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۲۰۰۳), pp.۱۱۹–۱۲۲
* Patton (۱۹۰۰), p.۱۳۰&lt;/ref&gt;

The Shi'a understanding of predestination is called &quot;divine justice&quot; (''Adalah''). This doctrine, originally developed by the [[Mu'tazila]], stresses the importance of man's responsibility for his own actions. In contrast, the Sunni deemphasize the role of individual free will in the context of God's creation and foreknowledge of all things.&lt;ref&gt;Momen (۱۹۸۷), pp.۱۷۷٬۱۷۸&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلام او دا آخرت په ورځ ایمان ===
{{آرنی|د اخرت په ورځ ایمان}}

Islamic [[eschatology]] is concerned with the ''[[Qiyamah]]'' ([[End of the world (religion)|end of the world]]) and the final  judgment of humanity. Like [[Christianity]] and [[Judaism]], Islam teaches the bodily [[resurrection]] of the dead, the fulfilment of a divine plan for creation, and the immortality of the human soul. In Islamic belief, the righteous are rewarded with the pleasures of ''Jannah'' ([[Paradise]]), while the unrighteous are punished in ''[[Jahannam]]'' (a fiery [[Hell]], from the Hebrew ''ge-hinnom'' or &quot;valley of Hinnom&quot;; usually rendered in English as [[Gehenna]]). A significant portion of the Qur'an deals with these beliefs, with many ''[[hadith]]'' elaborating on the themes and details.

== تنظيمونه ==
=== اسلامي واک ===
داسې هېڅ کوم رسمي اسلامي واک نشته چې په اسلام کې د يو کس د منلو او يا هم د اسلامي ټولنې ('''''اُمة''''' ''يانې ملت يا کورنۍ'') نه د رټلو واک په لاس کې ولري. اسلام خپلې دروازې پرته د کوم توپير، تعصب، رنگ، جنس، عمر او پخواني عقايدو نه د ټولو پر مخ پرانيستې دي او ټولو ته په دغه دين کې د ننوتلو اجازه شته. د مسلمان کېدو لپاره همدومره بس ده چې يو څوک د زړه له کومي په رسمي توگه د يو څو تنو مسلمانانو په مينځ کې د اسلام دين ومني او شهادت ووايي. شهادت هغه بيان دی چې مسلمان پرې د يوه خدای د وحدانيت او د حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) پر نبوت او په خپل ژوند کې د هغه د لارښوونو د پلي کولو د تکل اقرار بلل کېږي. د شهادت په نه وييلو سره هېڅوک نه شي کولای چې مسلمان شي. د مسلمان لپاره د شهادت نه وروسته د اسلامي حکمونو پلي کول فرض دي او همدا رنگه يو مسلمان بايد د اسلامي اخلاقو خاوند هم وي ترڅو هغه په يوه اسلامي ټولنه کې د منلو وړ وگرځي.

=== اسلامي قانون ===
{{آرنی|شريعت|فقه}}
د اسلامي قانون نوم شريعت دی، چې د مسلمانو عالمانو لخوا د قرآن او حديث په رڼا کې وضع شوی. قرآن شريف د شريعت او اسلامي قضايه نظام لومړنۍ سرچينه ده، تر دې وروسته د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم سنة او د لومړنۍ اسلامي ټولنې دود او دستورونه په دوهم پړاو کې ځای لري. سنت د احاديثو په شننو کې رامېنځ ته شوی، او احاديث د حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) لارښوونو ته وايي چې مسلمانانو ته يې کړي. اجماع چې د يوې مسلمانې ټولنې د احصايې په مانا ده، د قياس سره يوځای د اسلامي قانون او د شريعت درېيمه او څلورمه سرچينه جوړوي.

په اسلامي قانون کې د ژوند د هر اړخ په اړه بحث شوی دی. د دولت او حکومت د چلولو او د باندنيو اړيکو د ساتلو نه نيولې آن تر ورځيني ژوند و ژواک پورې د هرې ستونزې او مسلې لپاره د حل لار څېړل شوې او د اسلامي احکامو پر بنسټ يې د پلي کولو لارښوونه شوې.د اسلامي قانون په اړه په څرگنده ډول په قرآن شريف کې چې کوم احکامات راغلي هغه د [[حدود]]و په نامه يادېږي چې په دغو لارښوونو کې د قتل نه ډډه، د واده نه پرته د جنسي اړيکو د ساتلو نه ځان ساتنه، د شرابو او الکولو د څښلو او د قمار نه اجتناب يې غټ ټکي جوړوي. په قرآن کې د وراثت، د واده، د ټپي کولو او وژلو په بدل کې د تدابيرو نيولو او په هم دې توگه د روژې د نيولو، د زکات ورکولو او لمونځ کولو په باب هم په تفصيل سره د حکمونو يادونه شوې. However, the prescriptions and prohibitions may be broad, so how they are applied in practice varies. Islamic scholars, ''the ulema'', have elaborated systems of law on the basis of these broad rules, supplemented by the hadith reports of how Muhammad and his companions interpreted them. See [[Sin]] for further discussion about the concept of sin and its atonement according to the Islamic law.

In current times, not all Muslims understand the Qur'an in its original Arabic. Thus, when Muslims are divided in how to handle situations, they seek the assistance of a [[mufti]] (Islamic judge) who can advise them based on Islamic [[Sharia]] and hadith.

The ''Sharia'' (literally: &quot;the path leading to the watering place&quot;) is Islamic law formed by traditional Islamic scholarship. In Islam, Sharia is the expression of the divine will, and &quot;constitutes a system of duties that are incumbent upon a Muslim by virtue of his religious belief&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;BritannicaShariah&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Islamic law covers all aspects of life, from matters of state, like governance and [[Diplomacy|foreign relations]], to issues of daily living. The Qur'an defines ''[[hudud]]'' as the punishments for five specific crimes: unlawful intercourse, false accusation of unlawful intercourse, consumption of alcohol, theft, and highway robbery. The Qur'an and Sunnah also contain laws of [[Islamic Inheritance jurisprudence|inheritance]], [[Islamic marital jurisprudence|marriage]], and [[Qisas|restitution for injuries and murder]], as well as rules for [[sawm|fasting]], [[Sadaqah|charity]], and [[salat|prayer]]. However, these [[wajib|prescriptions]] and [[Haraam|prohibitions]] may be broad, so their application in practice varies. [[Ulema|Islamic scholars]] (known as ''ulema'') have elaborated systems of law on the basis of these rules and their interpretations.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Menski (۲۰۰۶), p.۲۹۰
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hadd | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=B. Carra de Vaux | coauthors=J. Schacht, A.M. Goichon | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sharia | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=N. Calder | coauthors=M. B. Hooker | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[Fiqh]]'', or &quot;jurisprudence&quot;, is defined as the knowledge of the practical rules of the religion. The method Islamic jurists use to derive rulings is known as ''[[usul al-fiqh]]'' (&quot;legal theory&quot;, or &quot;principles of jurisprudence&quot;). According to Islamic legal theory, law has four fundamental roots, which are given precedence in this order: the Qur'an, the Sunnah (actions and sayings of Muhammad), the consensus of the Muslim jurists (''[[ijma]]''), and analogical reasoning (''[[qiyas]]''). For early Islamic jurists, theory was less important than pragmatic application of the law. In the ۹th century, the jurist [[ash-Shafi'i]] provided a theoretical basis for Islamic law by codifying the principles of jurisprudence (including the four fundamental roots) in his book ''ar-Risālah''.&lt;ref&gt;Weiss (۲۰۰۲), pp.xvii,۱۶۲&lt;/ref&gt;

==== مذهب او رياست ====

د اسلامي قانون له مخې د مذهب او رياست تر مېنځ ژورې اړيکې دي چې په ډېريو اسلامي هېوادونو کې ديني عالمان د قاضيانو په توگه په رسمي ډول دندې ترسره کوي. In practice, Islamic rulers frequently bypassed the Sharia courts with a parallel system of so-called &quot;Grievance courts&quot; over which they had sole control. As the Muslim world came into contact with Western secular ideals, Muslim societies responded in different ways. [[Turkey]] has been governed as a secular state ever since the reforms of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]. In contrast, the [[۱۹۷۹ Iranian Revolution]] replaced a mostly secular regime with an [[Islamic republic]] led by the [[Ruholla Khomeini|Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۸۴
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۵۰۲–۵۰۷٬۸۴۵
* Lewis (۲۰۰۳), p.۱۰۰&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ارتداد او کفر ====
{{آرنی|ارتداد په اسلام کې}}

په سيمه ايزو اسلامي ټولنو کې چې يو وگړی په ارتداد او کفر پېژندل کېږي نو هغه بيا د هماغې ټولنې نه رټل کېږي. په اسلامي رياستونو کې ارتداد او کفر د اسلامي رياست پر وړاندې جرم گڼل کېږي او داسې يو مجرم ته سزا ورکول کېږي چې اکثراً د مرگ  سزا وي.

== مذهبي فرقې ==
{{main|د اسلام مذهبي فرقې}}
لکه د نورو دينونو په شان په اسلام کې هم يو شمېر مذهبي فرقې شته چې د دوی ټولو گروهه يا عقيده يوه ده خو په شرعي او قانوني توگه په دغو فرقو کې اهم توپيرونه ليدل کېږي. اسلام په دوه لويو فرقو وېشل شوی چې د [[سني]] او [[تشيع]] فرقې يې دوه لويې فرقې دي. [[تصوف]] بيا ځانته بله مذهبي ډله ده چې په دې کې د اسلام معمايي تصريف لور ته ډېر پام اړول شوی. د ځينو سرچينو له مخې د نړۍ نژدې ۸۵٪ مسلمانان د سني لويې فرقې په لار روان دي او پاتې ۱۵٪ مسلمانان د تشيع د مذهب مننونکي دي، په همدې توگه بيا په شيعه گانو کې هم وړې مذهبي فرقې شته.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۲
* {{cite web | url=http://countrystudies.us/afghanistan/61.htm | title=Sunni and Shia Islam | work=Country Studies | publisher=U.S. Library of Congress | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۱-۰۹}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اهل سنت ===
[[دوتنه:Divisions of Islam.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Divisions of Islam]]
{{آرنی|سني}}
[[سني]] مسلمانان د اسلام لويه برخه جوړوي. په عربي ژبه کې د ''السنة'' لغت مانا &quot;اصل&quot; او يا هم &quot;لار&quot; ده. سنت (د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; د ژوند کړه وړه) دقرآن او حديث له مخې د سني اسلام اهمه ستنه جوړوي. سنيان په دې عقيده دي چې د اسلام لومړي څلور خليفه گان د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; نه وروسته برحقه او ريښتوني خليفه گان وه؛ او خدای&lt;sup&gt;ج&lt;/sup&gt; د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر نه وروسته خدای بل پيغمبر نه ؤ ځانگړی کړی، او پاتې خليفه گان بايد ټاکل شوي وای. سنيان څلور لوی قانوني مذهبونه مني چې هغه څلور لوی مذهبونه [[حنفي]]، [[مالکي]]، [[شافي]] او [[حنبلي]] دي.  All four accept the validity of the others and a Muslim might choose any one that he or she finds agreeable, but other Islamic sects are believed to have departed from the majority by introducing innovations (''[[bidah]]''). There are also several orthodox theological or philosophical traditions within Sunnism. For example, the recent [[Salafi]] movement sees itself as restorationist and claims to derive its teachings from the original sources of Islam.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* اېسپوزيتو (۲۰۰۳), pp.۲۷۵٬۳۰۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shariah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sunnite | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== شیعه گان ===
{{آرنی|شيعه}}
{{see also|Historic background of the Sunni-Shi'a split}}
The [[Shi'a]], who constitute the second-largest branch of Islam, believe in the political and religious [[Islamic leadership|leadership]] of [[infallible#Additional Shi'a teachings|infallible]] [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)|Imams]] from the progeny of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]. They believe that he, as the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was his rightful successor, and they call him the first ''Imam'' (leader), rejecting the legitimacy of the previous Muslim caliphs. To them, an Imam rules by right of divine appointment and holds &quot;absolute spiritual authority&quot; among Muslims, having final say in matters of doctrine and revelation.&lt;ref&gt;See
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۴۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Imam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shi'ite | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/p.php?p=shia'&amp;url=Introduction {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419035040/http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/p.php?p=shia%27&amp;url=Introduction |date=2008-04-19 }} Imamat, by [[Naser Makarem Shirazi]]]&lt;/ref&gt; Although the Shi'a share many core practices with the Sunni, the two branches disagree over the proper importance and validity of specific collections of hadith. The Shi'a follow a legal tradition called [[Ja'fari jurisprudence]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Ahmed (۱۹۹۹), pp.۴۴–۴۵
* Nasr (۱۹۹۴), p.۴۶۶&lt;/ref&gt; Shi'a Islam has several branches, the largest of which is the [[Twelvers]] (''{{ArabDIN|iṯnāʿašariyya}}''), while the others are the [[Ismaili]], the [[Sevener]]s, and the [[Zaidiyyah]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Kramer (۱۹۸۷), [http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/Alawis.htm Syria’s Alawis and Shi‘ism pp.۲۳۷–۲۵۴]
* [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/index.html Shia branches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041025093409/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/index.html |date=2004-10-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 1.JPG|thumb|right|300px|A view of the [[Dome of the Rock]] on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]], a holy site in Islam]]
[[Shi'a]] Muslims, the second-largest sect, differ from the Sunni in rejecting the authority of the first three caliphs. They honor different traditions ([[hadith]]) and have their own legal traditions. Shi'a scholars have a larger authority than Sunni scholars and have greater room for interpretation. The [[Imams]] play a central role in Shi'a doctrine.

The arabic word Shi'a, litarally translates into the word 'group' or 'sect'. Originally known as Shi'at Ali (the sect of Ali), the group formed shortly after the death of Ali, in [[Iraq]]. Ali ibn Abi Talib was the cousin of prophet [[Muhammad]], and after marriage to Fatima, he also became Muhammad's son-in-law.

The Shi'a consist of one major school of thought known as the [[Ithna 'ashariyah]] or the &quot;[[Twelvers]]&quot;, and a few minor schools of thought, as the &quot;Seveners&quot; or the &quot;Fivers&quot; referring to the number of infallible leaders they recognize after the death of prophet [[Muhammad]]. The term Shi'a, when used without qualification, is usually taken to be synonymous with the Ithna Ashariyya or Twelvers. Most Shi'a live in [[Iran]], [[Iraq]] (the country where Ali passed away), [[Bahrain]], [[Lebanon]], [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. A minority group (about ۴ million) of Shi'a is known as [[Ismaili]]. The Shia Ismaili sect is subdivided into [[Nizari]] Ismaili and [[Mustaali]] Bohra subsects. The Nizari Ismaili or are led by the [[Aga Khan]] and are found mainly in [[Pakistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Bangladesh]], India, Canada and United States. The [[Mustaali]] Bohra sect is further subdivded into Dawoodi and Sulaimanis subsects. The [[Dawoodi Bohra]]s are concentrated in Pakistan and India. The [[Sulaimani Bohra]]s are concentrated in Yemen and Najran province of Saudi Arabia.

=== تصوف ===
{{آرنی|تصوف}}

Not strictly a denomination, [[Sufism]] is a mystical-ascetic form of Islam. By focusing on the more spiritual aspects of religion, Sufis strive to obtain direct experience of God by making use of &quot;intuitive and emotional faculties&quot; that one must be trained to use.&lt;ref&gt;Trimingham (۱۹۹۸), p.۱&lt;/ref&gt; Sufism and [[Islamic law]] are usually considered to be complementary, although Sufism has been criticized by some Muslims for being an unjustified [[bidah|religious innovation]]. Most Sufi orders, or ''[[tariqa]]s'', can be classified as either Sunni or Shi'a.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۳۰۲
* Malik (۲۰۰۶), p.۳
* B. S. Turner (۱۹۹۸), p.۱۴۵
* {{cite web | url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aftoc.html | work=Country Studies | publisher=U. S. Library of Congress (Federal Research Division) | title=Afghanistan: A Country Study | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۴-۱۸ | pages=۱۵۰}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Sufism]] is a spiritual practice followed by both Sunni and Shi'a. Sufis generally feel that following Islamic law or jurisprudence (or ''fiqh'') is only the first step on the path to perfect submission; they focus on the internal or more spiritual aspects of Islam, such as perfecting one's faith and fighting one's own ego (''nafs''). Most Sufi orders, or [[tariqa]], can be classified as either Sunni or Shi'a. However, there are some that are not easily categorized as either Sunni or Shi'a, such as the [[Bektashi]]. Sufis are found throughout the Islamic world, from [[Senegal]] to [[Indonesia]].

=== نورې طريقې ===
[[Wahhabi]]s, as they are known by non-Wahhabis, are a smaller, more recent Sunni group. They prefer to be called [[Salafi]]s. Wahhabism is a movement founded by [[Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab]] in the [[۱۸th century]] in what is present-day [[Saudi Arabia]]. They classify themselves as Sunni and some claim to follow the [[Hanbali]] legal tradition. The major trend, however, is the  abolition of these &quot;schools of thoughts&quot; (legal traditions), and the following of a more literalist interpretation. Some even regard other Sunni as heretics. The [[Hanbali]] legal tradition is the recognized official school of Islamic law in Saudi Arabia and they have had a great deal of influence on the Islamic world because of Saudi control of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]], the Islamic holy places, and because of Saudi funding for mosques and schools in other countries. The majority of Saudi Islamic scholars are considered as [[Wahhabi]]s by other parts of the Islamic world.

Sunni and Shi'a have often clashed. Some Sunni believe that Shi'a  are heretics while other Sunni recognize Shi'a as fellow Muslims. According to Shaikh Mahmood Shaltoot, head of the [[al-Azhar University]] in the middle part of the ۲۰th century, &quot;the Ja'fari school of thought, which is also known as &quot;al-Shi'a al- Imamiyyah al-Ithna Ashariyyah&quot; (i.e. The Twelver Imami Shi'ites) is a school of thought that is religiously correct to follow in worship as are other Sunni schools of thought&quot;. Al-Azhar later distanced itself from this position.

Another sect which dates back to the early days of Islam is that of the [[Kharijites]]. The only surviving branch of the Kharijites are the [[Ibadi|Ibadhi Muslims]]. Ibadhism is distinguished from Shiism by its belief that the Imam (Leader) should be chosen solely on the basis of his faith, not on the basis of descent, and from Sunnism in its rejection of [[Uthman]] and [[Ali]] and strong emphasis on the need to depose unjust rulers.  Ibadhi Islam is noted for its strictness, but, unlike the Kharijites proper, Ibadhis do not regard major sins as automatically making a Muslim an unbeliever. Most Ibadhi Muslims live in [[Oman]].

Another trend in modern Islam is that which is sometimes called progressive. Followers may be called [[Ijtihadists]]. They may be either Sunni or Shi'ite, and generally favor the development of  personal interpretations of Qur'an and Hadith. ''See'': [[Liberal Islam]]

One very small group, based primarily in the United States, follows the teachings of [[Rashad Khalifa]] and calls itself the &quot;Submitters&quot;. They reject [[hadith]] and [[fiqh]], and say that they follow the Qur'an alone. Most Muslims of both the [[Sunni]] and the [[Shia]] sects consider this group to be heretical.

The [[Kharijites]] are a sect that dates back to the early days of Islam. The only surviving branch of the Kharijites is [[Ibadism]]. Unlike most Kharijite groups, Ibadism does not regard sinful Muslims as unbelievers. The [[Imam]]ate is an important topic in Ibadi legal literature, which stipulates that the leader should be chosen solely on the basis of his knowledge and piety, and is to be deposed if he acts unjustly. Most Ibadi Muslims live in [[Oman]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* [http://www.uga.edu/islam/ibadis.html IBADI ISLAM: AN INTRODUCTION]
* J. A. Williams (۱۹۹۴), p.۱۷۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=al-Ibāḍiyya | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Yazidi]], [[Druze]],  [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community|Ahmadiyya]], [[Bábís|Bábí]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'í]], [[Berghouata]] and [[Ha-Mim]] religions either emerged out of Islam or came to share certain beliefs with Islam. [[Sikhism]], founded by [[Guru Nanak]] in late fifteenth century [[Punjab region|Punjab]], incorporates aspects of both Islam and [[Hinduism]].&lt;ref&gt;Encyclopedia of Islam, &quot;Sikhs&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلامي فرضونه او عمل ==
=== پينځه بنسټيزه ستنې ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام پينځه ستنې}}

[[دوتنه:Arabic Plaque, Great Mosque, Xian.jpg|thumb|220px|left|Islam's basic creed (''[[shahadah]]'') written on a plaque in the [[Great Mosque of Xi'an]], [[China]]]]
[[دوتنه:Kabaa.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Rituals of the [[Hajj]] (pilgrimage) include walking seven times around the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca.]]

دغه پنځه بنسټیزه ستنې د [[سني مسلمانان|سني مسلمانانو]] لپاره پنځه اړینه کړنې دي.خو بیا شیعه مسلمان په اتو مذهبي کړنو کې کډون کوي کوم چې دغو پنځو بنسټیزه کړنو ته ورته والی لري:
.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Momem (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Pillars of Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; چې په لاندې ډول دي:
* '''''[[شهادت]]''''', شهادت د اسلام له بنسټیزو [[عقیده|عقیدو]] یا اصولو څخه دي او باید د زړه له تله په لاندې ډول وویل شي ''' أشهد أن لا إله إلاَّ الله و أشهد أن محمد رسول الله''',یا&quot; زه شهادت ورکوم چې دلته پرته له [[الله]] څخه بل هیڅوک د [[عبادت]] وړ ندي او زه شهادت ورکوم چې [[محمد]] د خدای [[رسول]] دي.&quot;

This testament is a foundation for all other beliefs and practices in Islam (although technically the Shi'a do not consider the ''shahadah'' to be a separate pillar, just a belief). Muslims must repeat the ''shahadah'' in prayer, and non-Muslims wishing to convert to Islam are required to recite the creed.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۱۹۹۴), p.۱۳۵
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸
* &quot;Islam&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals''(۲۰۰۴)&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[لمونځ]]''''', or ritual prayer, which must be performed five times a day. (However, the Shi'a are permitted to run together the noon with the afternoon prayers, and the evening with the night prayers). Each salah is done facing towards the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca. Salah is intended to focus the mind on God, and is seen as a personal communication with him that expresses gratitude and worship. Salah is compulsory but flexibility in the specifics is allowed depending on circumstances. In many Muslim countries, reminders called [[Adhan]] (call to prayer) are broadcast publicly from local mosques at the appropriate times. The prayers are recited in the [[Arabic language]], and consist of verses from the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۱۸٬۱۹
* Hedáyetullah (۲۰۰۶), pp.۵۳–۵۵
* Kobeisy (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲۲–۳۴
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[زکات]]''''', or [[alms|alms-giving]]. This is the practice of giving based on accumulated wealth, and is obligatory for all Muslims who can afford it. A fixed portion is spent to help the poor or needy, and also to assist the spread of Islam. The zakat is considered a religious obligation (as opposed to voluntary charity) that the well-off owe to the needy because their wealth is seen as a &quot;trust from God's bounty&quot;. The Qur'an and the hadith also suggest a Muslim give even more as an act of voluntary alms-giving (''[[sadaqah]]''). Many Shi'ites are expected to pay an additional amount in the form of a ''[[khums]]'' tax, which they consider to be a separate ritual practice.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲|۱۷۷|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۹۰
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Zakat | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۱}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Zakat | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[روژه]]''''', or [[Sawm of Ramadan|fasting during the month of Ramadan]]. Muslims must not eat or drink (among other things) from dawn to dusk during this month, and must be mindful of other sins. The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to God, and during it Muslims should express their gratitude for and dependence on him, atone for their past sins, and think of the needy. ''Sawm'' is not obligatory for several groups for whom it would constitute an undue burden. For others, flexibility is allowed depending on circumstances, but missed fasts usually must be made up quickly.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲|۱۸۴|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۹۰٬۹۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_21.html#HEADING20 | title=For whom fasting is mandatory | publisher=USC-MSA | work=Compendium of Muslim Texts | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۴-۱۸ | تاريخ الأرشيف=2008-11-28 | مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 | url-status=dead | خونديځ نېټه=2008-11-28 | خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308025221/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_21.html#HEADING20 | خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[حج]]''''', which is the pilgrimage during the [[Islamic calendar|Islamic month]] of ''[[Dhu al-Hijjah]]'' in the city of [[Mecca]]. Every [[able-bodied]] Muslim who can afford it must make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his or her lifetime. When the pilgrim is about ten kilometers from Mecca, he must dress in [[Ihram clothing|''Ihram'' clothing]], which consists of two white seamless sheets. Rituals of the Hajj include walking seven times around the [[Kaaba]], touching the [[Black Stone]], running seven times between [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Mount Safa]] and [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Mount Marwah]], and symbolically [[Stoning of the Devil|stoning the Devil]] in [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]]. The pilgrim, or the ''hajji'', is honored in his or her community, although Islamic teachers say that the Hajj should be an expression of devotion to God instead of a means to gain social standing.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۱۹۹۴), pp.۱۴۵–۱۴۷
* Goldschmidt (۲۰۰۵), p.۴۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hajj | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In addition to the ''khums'' tax, Shi'a Muslims consider three additional practices essential to the religion of Islam. The first is [[jihad]], which is also important to the Sunni, but not considered a pillar. The second is ''[[Amr-Bil-Ma'rūf]]'', the &quot;Enjoining to Do Good&quot;, which calls for every Muslim to live a virtuous life and to encourage others to do the same. The third is ''[[Nahi-Anil-Munkar]]'', the &quot;Exhortation to Desist from Evil&quot;, which tells Muslims to refrain from vice and from evil actions and to also encourage others to do the same.&lt;ref&gt;Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۸۰&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلامي اداب او خواړه ===

{{آرنی|اسلامي اداب|د خواړو اړونده اسلامي احکام}}

Many practices fall in the category of ''adab'', or Islamic etiquette. This includes greeting others with &quot;''[[As-Salamu Alaykum|as-salamu `alaykum]]''&quot; (&quot;peace be unto you&quot;), saying ''[[bismillah]]'' (&quot;in [[Names of God|the name of God]]&quot;) before meals, and using only the right hand for eating and drinking. [[Islamic hygienical jurisprudence|Islamic hygienic]] practices mainly fall into the category of personal cleanliness and health, such as the circumcision of male offspring. [[Islamic funeral|Islamic burial rituals]] include saying the ''[[Salat al-Janazah]]'' (&quot;funeral prayer&quot;) over the bathed and enshrouded dead body, and burying it in a grave. Muslims, like Jews, are restricted in their diet, and prohibited foods include pig products, blood, [[carrion]], and [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]]. All meat must come from a [[herbivorous]] animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian, with the exception of game that one has hunted or fished for oneself. Food permissible for Muslims is known as [[halal]] food.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۵|۵|style=ref}}
* Curtis (۲۰۰۵), p.۱۶۴
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۱۱۱
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/janisla2y2.html Customs and Behavioral Laws]
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/febislaw2y2.html The Dietary Laws]
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/DecIslaw2y5.htm Various types of the prayer]
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Slaughter | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Ersilia Francesca | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۸}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جهاد ===
{{mainarticle|Jihad|Islamic military jurisprudence}}
Jihad means &quot;to strive or struggle,&quot; especially in the idiomatic expression &quot;striving in the way of God&quot; (''al-jihad fi sabil Allah'') and is considered the &quot;[[sixth pillar of Islam]]&quot; by a minority of Muslim authorities.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Merriam (۱۹۹۹) p.۵۷۱
* Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia p.۴۱۹
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۹۳&lt;/ref&gt; Jihad, in its broadest sense, is classically defined as &quot;exerting one's utmost power, efforts, endeavors, or ability in contending with an object of disapprobation.&quot; Depending on the object being a visible enemy, the devil, and aspects of one's own self, different categories of Jihad are defined: Jihad against one's own self (self-perfection), Jihad of the tongue, Jihad of the hand, and Jihad of the sword. Jihad when used without any qualifier is understood in its military aspect.&lt;ref&gt;Reuven Firestone (۱۹۹۹), The Meaning of Jihād, p. ۱۷-۱۸&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Britannica Encyclopedia, Jihad&lt;/ref&gt;

Jihad is the only form of warfare permissible under [[Sharia|Islamic law]]. Under most circumstances and for most Muslims, jihad is a collective duty (''[[Fard|fard kifaya]]''): one whose performance by some individuals exempts the others; for the rest of the populace, this happens only in the case of a [[general mobilization]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Djihad&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''.&lt;/ref&gt; Some Muslim authorities, especially among the Shi'a and [[Sufism|Sufis]], distinguish between the &quot;greater jihad&quot;, which pertains to spiritual self-perfection, and the &quot;lesser jihad&quot;, defined as warfare.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Firestone (۱۹۹۹) p.۱۷ 
* &quot;Djihad&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''.&lt;/ref&gt; Jihad also refers to one's striving to attain religious and moral perfection.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Brockopp (۲۰۰۳) pp. ۹۹–۱۰۰
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۹۳ 
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=jihad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۶-۱۳}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
{{آرنی|د اسلام تاريخ|د اسلام خپرېدا}}

Islam's historical development resulted in major political, economic, and military effects inside and outside the [[Islamic world]]. Within a century of Muhammad's first recitations of the [[Qur'an]], an Islamic empire stretched from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in the west to [[Central Asia]] in the east. This new polity soon broke into civil war, and successor states fought each other and outside forces. However, Islam continued to spread into regions like [[Africa]], the [[Indian subcontinent]], and [[Southeast Asia]]. The Islamic civilization was one of the most advanced in the world during the [[Middle Ages]], but was surpassed by Europe with the economic and military growth of the West. During the ۱۸th and ۱۹th centuries, Islamic dynasties such as the [[Ottomans]] and [[Mughals]] fell under the sway of European imperial powers. In the ۲۰th century [[Islamic revival|new religious and political movements]] and newfound wealth in the Islamic world led to both rebirth and conflict.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۵۰٬۱۱۲٬۱۹۷٬۳۸۰٬۴۸۹٬۵۷۸٬۸۱۷
* Lewis (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲۹٬۵۱–۵۶&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د اسلامي رياست پيل (۶۳۲–۷۵۰) ===
{{see|Succession to Muhammad|Muslim conquests|Muslim Empire}}
Muhammad began preaching Islam at [[Mecca]] before [[Hijra (Islam)|migrating]] to [[Medina]], from where he united the [[tribes of Arabia]] into a singular Arab Muslim religious polity. With Muhammad's death in ۶۳۲, disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community. [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]], a prominent [[sahaba|companion]] of Muhammad, nominated [[Abu Bakr]], who was Muhammad's intimate friend and collaborator. Others added their support and Abu Bakr was made the first [[caliph]]. This choice was disputed by some of Muhammad's companions, who held that [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]], his cousin and son-in-law, had been designated his successor. Abu Bakr's immediate task was to avenge a recent defeat by [[Byzantine]] (or [[Eastern Roman Empire]]) forces, although he first had to put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an episode known as the [[Ridda wars]], or &quot;Wars of Apostasy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See: 
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۵۷
* Hourani (۲۰۰۳), p.۲۲
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۳۲
* Madelung (۱۹۹۶), p.۴۳
* Tabatabaei (۱۹۷۹), p.۳۰–۵۰&lt;/ref&gt;

[[دوتنه:Age of Caliphs.png|thumb|left|300px|The territory of the [[Caliphate]] in the year ۷۵۰]]

His death in ۶۳۴ resulted in the succession of Umar as the caliph, followed by [[Uthman ibn al-Affan]] and Ali ibn Abi Talib. These four are known as ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' (&quot;[[Rightly Guided Caliphs]]&quot;). Under them, the territory under Muslim rule expanded deeply into [[Persian Empire]] and [[Byzantine]] territories.&lt;ref&gt;See
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۷۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; When Umar was assassinated in ۶۴۴, [[the election of Uthman]] as successor was met with increasing opposition. In ۶۵۶, Uthman was also killed, and Ali assumed the position of caliph. After fighting off opposition in the [[First Fitna|first civil war]] (the &quot;First Fitna&quot;), Ali was assassinated by [[Kharijites]] in ۶۶۱. Following this, [[Muawiyah I|Mu'awiyah]], who was governor of [[Levant]], seized power and began the [[Umayyad dynasty]].&lt;ref&gt;Holt (۱۹۷۷a), pp.۶۷–۷۲&lt;/ref&gt;

These disputes over religious and political leadership would give rise to schism in the Muslim community. The majority accepted the legitimacy of the three rulers prior to Ali, and became known as [[Sunni]]s. A minority disagreed, and believed that Ali was the only rightful successor; they became known as the [[Shi'a]].&lt;ref&gt;Waines (۲۰۰۳) p.۴۶&lt;/ref&gt; After Mu'awiyah's death in ۶۸۰, conflict over succession broke out again in a civil war known as the &quot;[[Second Fitna]]&quot;. Afterward, the Umayyad dynasty prevailed for seventy years, and was able to conquer the [[Maghreb|Maghrib]] as well as the [[Al-Andalus]] (the [[Iberian Peninsula]], former [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] [[Hispania]]) and the [[Gallia Narbonensis|Narbonnese Gaul]]. While the Muslim-Arab elite engaged in conquest, some devout Muslims&lt;!--The Islamic term is Zahid and there may be a better translation for it.--&gt; began to question the piety of indulgence in a worldly life, emphasizing rather poverty, humility and avoidance of sin based on renunciation of bodily desires. Devout Muslim ascetic exemplars such as [[Hasan al-Basri]] would inspire a movement that would evolve into [[Sufism]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۹۰٬۹۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sufism | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۳}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the Umayyad aristocracy, Islam was viewed as a religion for Arabs only;&lt;ref&gt;Hawting (۲۰۰۰), p.۴&lt;/ref&gt; the economy of the Umayyad empire was based on the assumption that a majority of non-Muslims ([[Dhimmis]]) would pay taxes to the minority of Muslim Arabs. A non-Arab who wanted to convert to Islam was supposed to first become a client of an Arab tribe. Even after conversion, these new Muslims (''[[mawali]]'') did not achieve social and economic equality with the Arabs. The descendants of Muhammad's uncle [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] rallied discontented ''mawali'', poor Arabs, and some Shi'a against the Umayyads and overthrew them with the help of their propagandist and general [[Abu Muslim]], inaugurating the [[Abbasid|Abbasid dynasty]] in ۷۵۰.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۶; Lewis (۱۹۹۳), pp. ۷۱–۸۳&lt;/ref&gt; Under the Abbasids, Islamic civilization flourished in the &quot;[[Islamic Golden Age]]&quot;, with its capital at the cosmopolitan city of Baghdad.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), pp.۸۰٬۹۲٬۱۰۵
* Holt (۱۹۷۷b), pp.۶۶۱–۶۶۳
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۶
* Lewis (۱۹۹۳), p.۸۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د اسلام زرين پېر (۷۵۰–۱۲۵۸) ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام زرين پېر}}

[[دوتنه:Battle of Cresson.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Artistic depiction of the Battle of Hattin in 1187, where Jerusalem was recaptured by Saladin's Ayyubid forces]]

By the late ۹th century, the Abbasid caliphate began to fracture as various regions gained increasing levels of autonomy. Across North Africa, Persia, and Central Asia [[emirates]] formed as provinces broke away. The monolithic Arab empire gave way to a more religiously homogenized [[Muslim world]] where the Shia [[Fatimid]]s contested even the religious authority of the caliphate. By ۱۰۵۵ the [[Seljuq Turks]] had eliminated the Abbasids as a military power, nevertheless they continued to respect the caliph's titular authority.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۱۰۳–۱۴۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Abbasid Dynasty | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this time expansion of the Muslim world continued, by both conquest and peaceful [[Dawah|proselytism]] even as both Islam and Muslim trade networks were extending into sub-Saharan [[West Africa]], [[Central Asia]], [[Volga Bulgaria]] and the [[Malay archipelago]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Islam&quot;/&gt;

The Golden Age saw new legal, philosophical, and religious developments. The [[Six major Hadith collections|major hadith collections]] were compiled and the four modern Sunni [[Madh'hab]]s were established. Islamic law was advanced greatly by the efforts of the early ۹th century jurist [[al-Shafi'i]]; he codified a method to establish the reliability of hadith, a topic which had been a locus of dispute among Islamic scholars.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۸۶&lt;/ref&gt; Philosophers [[Ibn Sina]] (Avicenna) and [[Al-Farabi]] sought to incorporate Greek principles into Islamic theology, while others like the ۱۱th century theologian [[Abu Hamid al-Ghazzali]] argued against them and ultimately prevailed.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۱۶۰
* Waines (۲۰۰۳) p.۱۲۶٬۱۲۷&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, Sufism and Shi'ism both underwent major changes in the ۹th century. [[Sufism]] became a full-fledged movement that had moved towards mysticism and away from its ascetic roots, while Shi'ism split due to disagreements over the succession of Imams.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۴۴–۴۵
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۹۰–۹۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sufism | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The spread of the Islamic dominion induced hostility among [[Middle ages|medieval]] [[ecclesiastical]] Christian authors who saw Islam as an adversary in the light of the large numbers of new Muslim converts. This opposition resulted in polemical treatises which depicted Islam as the religion of the [[antichrist]] and of Muslims as libidinous and subhuman.&lt;ref&gt;Tolan (۲۰۰۲) xv, xvi, ۴۱&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Middle Ages|medieval period]], a few Arab philosophers like the poet [[Al-Ma'arri]] adopted a critical approach to Islam, and the Jewish philosopher [[Maimonides]] contrasted Islamic views of morality to Jewish views that he himself elaborated.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Novak (February ۱۹۹۹)
* Sahas (۱۹۹۷), pp.۷۶–۸۰&lt;/ref&gt;

Starting in the ۹th century, Muslim conquests in Christian Europe began to be reversed. The [[Reconquista]] was launched against Muslim [[Taifa|principalities]] in [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], and Muslim [[History of Islam in southern Italy|Italian possessions]] were lost to the [[Normans]]. From the ۱۱th century onwards a series of wars known as the [[Crusade]]s brought the Muslim world into conflict with [[Christendom]]. Successful at first in their capturing of the [[Holy Land (Biblical)|Holy land]] which resulted in the establishment of the [[Crusader states]], Crusader gains in the Holy Land were reversed by later Muslim generals such as [[Saladin]], who recaptured [[Jerusalem]] during the [[Second Crusade]].&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۸۸–۲۹۰٬۳۱۰&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Mongol Empire]] put an end to the Abbasid dynasty at the [[Battle of Baghdad (۱۲۵۸)|Battle of Baghdad in ۱۲۵۸]], which saw the Muslims overrun by the superior Mongol army. Meanwhile in Egypt, the slave-soldier [[Mamluk]]s took control in an uprising in ۱۲۵۰.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۹۲
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic World | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د عثمانيه سلطنت او په هند کې اسلامي رياست (۱۲۵۸–۱۹۱۸) ===

The Seljuk Turks fell apart rapidly in the second half of the ۱۳th century. In the ۱۳th and ۱۴th centuries the [[Ottoman empire]] (named after [[Osman I]]) was established with a string of conquests that included the [[Balkans]], parts of [[Greece]], and western [[Anatolia]]. In ۱۴۵۳ under [[Mehmed II]] the Ottomans laid siege to [[Constantinople]], the capital of Byzantium. The Byzantine fortress [[Fall of Constantinople|succumbed]] shortly thereafter, having been battered by superior Ottoman [[cannon]]ry.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۲۶۳
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۵۰
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Istanbul | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Beginning in the ۱۳th century, Sufism underwent a transformation, largely as a result of the efforts of [[al-Ghazzali]] to legitimize and reorganize the movement. He developed the model of the Sufi order—a community of spiritual teachers and students.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۰۴٬۱۰۵&lt;/ref&gt; Also of importance to Sufism was the creation of the [[Masnavi]], a collection of mystical poetry by the ۱۳th century [[Persian language|Persian]] poet [[Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi|Rumi]]. The Masnavi had a profound influence on the development of Sufi religious thought; to many Sufis it is second in importance only to the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic Art | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[دوتنه:TajMahalbyAmalMongia.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[Taj Mahal]] is a [[mausoleum]] located in [[Agra]], [[India]], that was built under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۶۵&lt;/ref&gt;]]

In the early ۱۶th century, the Shi'ite [[Safavid dynasty]] assumed control in Persia and established Shi'a Islam as an official religion there, and despite periodic setbacks, the Safavids remained powerful for two centuries. Meanwhile, Mamluk Egypt fell to the Ottomans in ۱۵۱۷, who then launched a European campaign which reached as far as [[Siege of Vienna|the gates of Vienna]] in ۱۵۲۹.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۱۹۸٬۲۳۴٬۲۴۴٬۲۴۵٬۲۵۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many [[Islamic empires in India|Islamic dynasties]] ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent starting from the twelfth century. The prominent ones include the [[Delhi Sultanate]] (۱۲۰۶–۱۵۲۶) and the [[Mughal empire]] (۱۵۲۶–۱۸۵۷). These empires helped in the spread of Islam in [[South Asia]]. but by the mid-۱۸th century the [[British empire]] had ended the Mughal dynasty.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۳۵۸٬۳۷۸–۳۸۰٬۶۲۴&lt;/ref&gt; In the ۱۸th century the [[Wahhabi]] movement took hold in Saudi Arabia. Founded by the preacher [[Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab|Ibn Abd al-Wahhab]], Wahhabism is a fundamentalist ideology that condemns practices like Sufism and the veneration of saints as un-Islamic.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۷۲
* Watt (۱۹۷۳), p.۱۸: Wahhabism should not be confused with the early Kharijite sect of Wahabiyya, which was named after Abd-Allah ibn-Wahb ar-Rasibi, who opposed Ali at Nahrawan.&lt;/ref&gt;

By the ۱۷th and ۱۸th centuries, despite attempts at modernization, the Ottoman empire had begun to feel threatened by European economic and military advantages. In the ۱۹th century, the [[Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire|rise of nationalism]] resulted in Greece declaring and winning independence in ۱۸۲۹, with several Balkan states following suit after the Ottomans suffered defeat in the [[Russo-Turkish War (۱۸۷۷–۱۸۷۸)|Russo-Turkish War of ۱۸۷۷–۱۸۷۸]]. The Ottoman era came to a close at the end of [[World War I]].&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۳۸۰٬۴۸۹–۴۹۳&lt;/ref&gt;

=== نوی پېر (۱۹۱۸–اوسمهال) ===
After [[World War I]] losses, the remnants of the empire were parceled out as European [[protectorate]]s or [[sphere of influence|spheres of influence]]. Since then most Muslim societies have become independent nations, and new issues such as oil wealth and relations with the State of [[Israel]] have assumed prominence.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۸۱–۲۸۲٬۳۸۰٬۴۸۹–۴۹۳٬۵۵۶٬۵۷۸٬۸۲۳٬۸۳۵&lt;/ref&gt;

The ۲۰th century saw the creation of many new Islamic &quot;revivalist&quot; movements. Groups such as the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in Egypt and [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] in Pakistan advocate a totalistic and theocratic alternative to secular political ideologies. Sometimes called [[Islamist]], they see Western cultural values as a threat, and promote Islam as a comprehensive solution to every public and private question of importance. In countries like Iran and Afghanistan (under the [[Taliban]]), revolutionary movements replaced [[Secularism|secular]] regimes with Islamist states, while transnational groups like [[Osama bin Laden]]'s [[al-Qaeda]] engage in [[Islamist terrorism|terrorism]] to further their goals. In contrast, [[Liberal Islam]] is a movement that attempts to reconcile religious tradition with modern norms of secular governance and [[human rights]]. Its supporters say that there are multiple ways to read Islam's sacred texts, and stress the need to leave room for &quot;independent thought on religious matters&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۱۸٬۱۱۹٬۱۷۹
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۸۲۳–۸۳۰&lt;/ref&gt;

In modern times Islam has come under [[Criticism of Islam|criticism]] from idealogues such as [[Robert Spencer]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last=Bostom | first=Andrew | title=Islamic Apostates' Tales—A Review of ''Leaving Islam'' by Ibn Warraq | date=July ۲۱, ۲۰۰۳ | publisher=FrontPageMagazine.com | work=FrontPage Magazine | url=http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=9000 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Ibn Warraq]],&lt;ref&gt;Rippin (۲۰۰۱), p.۲۸۸&lt;/ref&gt; who criticize Islamic law and question the morality of the Qur'an; for example, they say that its contents justify mistreatment of women and encourage [[anti-Semitism|antisemitic]] remarks by Muslim theologians;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | publisher=NYRB | work=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=۱۰-۰۵-۲۰۰۶ | title=Islam in Europe | author=Timothy Garton Ash | url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/19371}}&lt;/ref&gt; such claims are disputed by Muslim scholars.&lt;ref&gt;For example, see:
* [[Ahmed Deedat]], in Westerlund (۲۰۰۳);
* [[Syed Ameer Ali]], in ''The Spirit of Islam'' (۱۸۴۹–۱۹۲۸). It is described by [[David Samuel Margoliouth]] (۱۹۰۵) as &quot;probably the best achievement in the way of an apology for Mohammed&quot;.  See Margoliouth, preface ''Mohammed and the Rise of Islam'';
* [[Yusuf Estes]], in {{cite news | publisher=Advance, [[University of Connecticut]] | date=۱۱-۱۷-۲۰۰۳ | title=Ramadan Awareness Event Designed To Debunk Negative Images | author=Elizabeth Omara-Otunnu | url=http://advance.uconn.edu/2003/031117/03111715.htm | access-date=2007-11-24 | archive-date=2014-04-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401005128/http://advance.uconn.edu/2003/031117/03111715.htm | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Montgomery Watt]], Norman Daniel, and [[Edward Said]] dismiss many of the criticisms as the product of old myths and medieval European polemics.&lt;ref&gt;
* Seibert (۱۹۹۴), pp.۸۸–۸۹
* Watt (۱۹۷۴), p.۲۳۱&lt;/ref&gt; The rise of [[Islamophobia]], according to [[Carl Ernst]], had contributed to the negative views about Islam and Muslims in the West.&lt;ref&gt;Ernst (۲۰۰۴), p.۱۱&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلامي ټولنه ==
{{آرنی|اسلامي نړۍ}}

[[دوتنه:Islam percentage by country.png|کيڼ|290px|بټنوک|د هېوادونو له مخې د مسلمانانو د شمېر سلنه]]

=== وگړپوهنه ===
{{دا هم  وگورۍ|د مسلمانانو د شمېر له مخې د هېوادونو لړليک|د اسلام ډيموگرافي}}

Commonly cited estimates of the Muslim population in ۲۰۰۷ range from ۱٫۱&amp;nbsp;billion to ۱٫۸&amp;nbsp;billion. Approximately ۸۵٪ are [[Sunni]] and ۱۵٪ are [[Shi'a]], with a small minority belonging to other sects. Some ۳۰–۴۰ countries are Muslim-majority, and Arabs account for around ۲۰٪ of all Muslims worldwide.  [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]] contain the most populous Muslim countries, with [[Indonesia]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Bangladesh]] having more than ۱۰۰&amp;nbsp;million adherents each.&lt;ref name=Islam_by_country&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/rel_isl_num_of_mus-religion-islam-number-of-muslim
|title=Number of Muslim by country
|publisher=nationmaster.com
|accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۳۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to U.S. government figures, in ۲۰۰۶ there were ۲۰&amp;nbsp;million Muslims in [[China]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm
|title=International Religious Freedom Report ۲۰۰۶—China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)
|year=۲۰۰۶
|publisher=U.S. department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
|accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۳۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Middle East]], the non-Arab countries of [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]] are the largest Muslim-majority countries; in [[Africa]], [[Egypt]] and [[Nigeria]] have the most populous Muslim communities.&lt;ref name=Islam_by_country/&gt; Islam is the second largest religion after [[Christianity]] in many [[Europe]]an countries.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴) pp.۲٬۴۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic World | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | title=Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents | publisher=Adherents.com | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۱-۰۹ | تاريخ الأرشيف=2010-01-29 | مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | url-status=dead | خونديځ نېټه=2007-07-07 | خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html }}
* {{cite web | title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4385768.stm | publisher=BBC | work=BBC News | date=[[۲۰۰۵-۱۲-۲۳]] | accessdate=۲۰۰۶-۰۹-۲۸ }}
* {{cite web | title=Religion In Britain | url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 | publisher=Office for National Statistics | work=National Statistics | date=[[۲۰۰۳-۰۲-۱۳]] | accessdate=۲۰۰۶-۰۸-۲۷ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جومات ===
{{آرنی|جومات}}
جومات د مسلمانانو لپاره د عبادت ځای دی، چې په عربي کې ورته ''مسجد'' وایي که څه هم په  جوماتو  کې اصلي موخه د لمونځونو ادا کول دی، خو مسلمانو ته جومات د یو بل د لیدلو او زده کړو لپاره هم ډیر مهم دی. اوسني پرمختللي جوماتونه تر ډیرې کچې پورې د ۷ مې پیړۍ د جوماتو په شان پراخ شوي او د ډیرو بیلابیلو څیزونو او معمامري عناصرو درلودونکي دی لکه منار.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Masdjid | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author= J. Pedersen | coauthors=R. Hillenbrand, J. Burton-Page, et al. | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Mosque | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== کورنيز ژوند ===
{{دا-هم-وگورۍ|ښځه په اسلام کې}}
The basic unit of Islamic society is the [[family]], and Islam defines the obligations and legal rights of family members. The father is seen as financially responsible for his family, and is obliged to cater for their well-being. The division of [[inheritance]] is specified in the Qur'an, which states that most of it is to pass to the immediate family, while a portion is set aside for the payment of debts and the making of bequests. The woman's share of inheritance is generally half of that of a man with the same rights of succession.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;al-Mar'a&quot;. ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Marriage in Islam]] is a civil [[nikah|contract]] which consists of an offer and acceptance between two qualified parties in the presence of two witnesses. The groom is required to pay a [[dowry]] (''[[mahr]]'') to the bride, as stipulated in the contract.&lt;ref&gt;
* Waines (۲۰۰۳) pp. ۹۳–۹۶
* The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (۲۰۰۳), p.۳۳۹
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸) p. ۷۹&lt;/ref&gt;

A man may marry up to four wives if he believes he can treat them equally, while a woman may marry one man only. In most Muslim countries, the process of divorce in Islam is known as ''[[Talaq (Nikah)|talaq]]'', which the husband initiates by pronouncing the word &quot;divorce&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;*&quot;Talak&quot;. ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; Scholars disagree whether Islamic holy texts justify traditional Islamic practices such as [[hijab|veiling]] and seclusion ([[purdah]]). Starting in the ۲۰th century, Muslim social reformers argued against these and other practices such as [[Polygamy in Islam|polygamy]], with varying success. At the same time, many Muslim women have attempted to reconcile tradition with modernity by combining an active life with outward modesty. [[Islamist]] groups and regimes like the [[Taliban]] mostly seek to continue traditional law as applied to women.&lt;ref&gt;
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۹۵٬۹۶٬۲۳۵–۲۴۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Marriage and Divorce | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an | author=Harald Motzki | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۵}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Marriage Practices | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women &amp; Islamic Cultures | author=Lori Peek | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۵}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلامي کليز ===
{{آرنی|اسلامي کليز}}

اسلامي کاليز د مکې نه مدينې ته د هجرت د وخت نه پيلېږي او هماغه کال د هجرت لومړی کال بلل کېږي چې د زېږيز کال ۶۲۲ سره سمون خوري. د اسلامي کاليز ته سپوږميزه کاليزه هم وايي او دا ځکه چې د دې کال مياشتې د سپوږمۍ د حرکت پر بنسټ ټاکل شوي،  but differs from other such calendars (e.g. the [[Celtic calendar]]) in that it omits [[intercalary month]]s, being synchronized only with [[lunation]]s, but not with the [[solar year]], resulting in years of either ۳۵۴ or ۳۵۵ days. This omission was introduced by Muhammad because the right to announce intercalary months had led to political power struggles.{{citation needed}} Therefore, Islamic dates cannot be converted to the usual CE/AD dates simply by adding ۶۲۲ years. Islamic holy days fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in different seasons in different years in the [[Gregorian calendar]].

The formal beginning of the Muslim era was chosen to be the [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]] in ۶۲۲CE, which was an important turning point in Muhammad's fortunes. The assignment of this year as the year ۱ AH (''Anno Hegirae'') in the Islamic calendar was reportedly made by [[Umar|Caliph Umar]]. It is a [[lunar calendar]], with nineteen ordinary years of ۳۵۴ days and eleven leap years of ۳۵۵ days in a thirty-year cycle. Islamic dates cannot be converted to CE/AD dates simply by adding ۶۲۲ years: allowance must also be made for the fact that each Hijri century corresponds to only ۹۷ years in the Christian calendar.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Adil (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۸۸
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۶۷
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tarikh̲ | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=B. van Dalen | coauthors=R. S. Humphreys, Manuela Marín, et al. | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
The year ۱۴۲۸AH coincides almost completely with ۲۰۰۷CE.

Islamic [[Holiday|holy days]] fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in [[Different Seasons|different seasons]] in different years in the [[Gregorian calendar]]. The most important Islamic festivals are ''[[Eid al-Fitr]]'' (Arabic: عيد الفطر) on the ۱&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; of ''[[Shawwal]]'', marking the end of the fasting month ''[[Ramadan]]'', and ''[[Eid al-Adha]]'' (Arabic: عيد الأضحى) on the ۱۰&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; of ''[[Dhu al-Hijjah]]'', coinciding with the pilgrimage to Mecca.&lt;ref&gt;Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/janisla2y2.html Customs and Behavioral Laws]&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلام او نور دينونه ==
==== هغه مذهبونه چې د اسلام پر بنسټ جوړ شوي ====
{{آرنی|اسلام او نور دينونه}}

دا لانديني مذهبونو لارويان ځانونه مسلمانان بولي، خو د ډېرو مسلمانانو او مسلمانو چارواکو لخوا دوی مسلمانان نه بلل کېږي:
* [[د اسلام ملت]] (په امريکا کې بنسټ شوې مذهبي ډله)
* [[ذکري]]ان
* د [[احمديت]] تحريک (دې ډلې ته [[قاديانيت]] هم وايي)
* د [[الاحبش]] ډله (چې د حبشيانو په نامه هم يادېږي/ AICP)

د لاندې مذهبونو لارويان ځانونه مسلمانان بولي خو د دوی د اسلاميت په منلو کې د ډېرو مسلمانانو اختلافونه شته چې ځينې يې دوی مسلمانان او ځينې يې مسلمانان نه گڼي:
* [[دروز]]
* [[علوي]]ان (النُصيرية)

The following religions are said by some to have evolved or borrowed from Islam, in almost all cases influenced by traditional beliefs in the regions where they emerged, but consider themselves independent religions with distinct laws and institutions:
* [[يزيدي]]
* [[بابيس|بابيزم]] (چې اوس د [[بياني]]انو په نامه يادېږي)
* [[بهايي]]

The claim of the adherents of the Bahá'í Faith that it represents an independent religion was upheld by the Muslim ecclesiastical courts in Egypt during the ۱۹۲۰s. As of January [[۱۹۲۶]], their final ruling on the matter of the origins of the Bahá'í Faith and its relationship to Islam was that the Bahá'í Faith was neither a sect of Islam, nor a religion based on Islam, but a clearly defined, independently founded faith. This was seen as a considerate act on the part of the ecclesiastical court and in favor of followers of Bahá'í Faith since the majority of Muslims regard a ''religion based on Islam'' as a heresy.

Some see [[Sikhism]] as a [[syncretism|syncretic]] mix of Islam and [[Hinduism]], although it is often considered a [[Dharma|Dharmic]] faith rather than an Islamic or [[Abrahamic]] one. It arose in the context of the interaction between [[Hindu]] and Muslim communities in [[North India]].

The following religions might have been said to have evolved from Islam, but are not considered part of Islam, and no longer exist:
* The religion of the medieval [[Berghouata]]
* The religion of [[Ha-Mim]]

The Qur'an contains injunctions to respect other religions. It also asks the followers to fight and subdue unbelievers in times of war and &quot;evict them whence they evicted you&quot; (Al-Qur'an ۲:۱۹۱). Some Muslims have respected Jews and Christians as fellow &quot;peoples of the book&quot; (monotheists following [[Abrahamic religions]]), while others have reviled them as having abandoned monotheism and corrupted their scriptures. At different times and places, Islamic communities have been both intolerant and tolerant.

The classical Islamic solution was a limited tolerance — Jews and Christians were to be allowed to privately practice their faith and follow their own family law. They were called [[Dhimmis]], and they had fewer though similar legal rights and obligations than Muslims.

The classic Islamic state was often more tolerant than many other states of the time, which insisted on complete conformity to a state religion. The record of contemporary Muslim-majority states is mixed. Some are generally regarded as tolerant, while others have been accused of intolerance and human rights violations. See the main article, [[Islam and other religions]], for further discussion.

{{آرنی|اسلام او نور مذهبونه}}

[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 1.JPG|thumb|220px|left|A view of the [[Dome of the Rock]] on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]], a holy site in both Islam and [[Judaism]] that has been a source of controversy]]
[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Al-Aqsa Mosque BW 2010-09-21 06-38-12.JPG|thumb|left|220px|د [[الاقصا مسجد]] ديني جلوس. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) د همدغه ځای نه د معراج په سفر اسمان ته وخاته.]]

According to Islamic doctrine, Islam was the primordial religion of mankind, professed by [[Adam]].&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), pp. ۱۴–۱۶&lt;/ref&gt; At some point, a religious split occurred, and God began sending prophets to bring his revelations to the people.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), pp. ۱۸–۱۹&lt;/ref&gt; In this view, [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Nevi'im|Hebrew prophets]], and [[Jesus]] were all [[prophets of Islam]], but their message and the texts of the [[Torah]] and the [[Gospels]] were [[tahrif|corrupted]] by [[Jew]]s and Christians. Similarly, children of non-Muslim families are  born Muslims, but are converted to another faith by their parents.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۱۸&lt;/ref&gt; The idea of Islamic supremacy is encapsulated in the formula &quot;Islam is exalted and nothing is exalted above it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۵&lt;/ref&gt; Pursuant to this principle, Muslim women may not marry non-Muslim men, defamation of Islam is prohibited, and the testimony of a non-Muslim is inadmissible against a Muslim.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۵;
* Lewis (۱۹۸۴), p. ۳۹&lt;/ref&gt;

Islamic law divides non-Muslims into several categories, depending on their relation with the Islamic state. Christians and Jews who live under Islamic rule are known as ''[[dhimmis]]''. Dhimmis must pay tribute (''[[jizya]]'') to the Islamic state, and as such are considered &quot;protected peoples.&quot; Historically, dhimmis enjoyed a measure of communal autonomy under their own religious leaders, but were subject to legal, social and religious restrictions as well as humiliating regulations meant to highlight the inferiority of non-Muslim subjects.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lewis (۱۹۸۴), pp.۹, ۲۷, ۳۶;
* Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۷;&lt;/ref&gt; The status was extended to Zoroastrians and sometimes to polytheists (such as [[Hindu]]s), but not to [[atheist]]s or [[agnostic]]s.&lt;ref&gt;Lewis (۲۰۰۱), p.۲۷۳&lt;/ref&gt; Those who live in non-Muslim lands (''[[dar al-harb]]'') are known as ''[[harbi]]s'', and upon entering into an alliance with the Muslim state become known as ''ahl al-ahd''. Those who receive a guarantee of safety while residing temporarily in Muslim lands are known as ''ahl al-amān''. Their legal position is similar to that of the dhimmi except that they are not required to pay the jizya. The people of armistice (''ahl al-hudna'') are those who live outside of Muslim territory and agree to refrain from attacking the Muslims.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۵۵&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Aman&quot;, ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; [[apostasy in Islam|Apostasy]] is prohibited, and is punishable by death.&lt;ref&gt;A woman who apostasizes is to be executed according to some jurists, or imprisoned according to others.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Murtadd&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt;

== دا هم وگورئ ==
{{Col-begin|width=}}

{{Col-1-of-2}}
* [[اسلامي هنر]]
* [[اسلامي وټه]]
* [[اسلامي اخلاق]]
* [[اسلامي ادبيات]]
* [[اسلامي زده کړې]]
* [[اسلام او نوښت]]
* [[اسلاميزم]]
* [[د مسلمانانو لړليک]]
{{Col-2-of-2}}
* [[د اسلامي امپراتورانو لړليک]]
* [[د هغه نامتو کسانو لړليک چې اسلام ته وراوښتي]]
* [[د پخوانيو نامتو مسلمانانو لړليک]]
* [[په اسلامي نړۍ کې د جگړو لړليک]]
* [[د اسلامي تاریخ وختلیکه]]
* [[په اسلام کې د ماشومانو حقونه]]
* [[په اسلام کې د بنديانو حقونه]]

{{Col-end}}

== يادښتونه ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== سرچينې ==
;کتابونه او خپرونې
{{Reflist|2}}
* {{cite journal | last=Accad | first=Martin | title=The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries: An Exegetical Inventorial Table (Part I) | journal=Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations | volume=۱۴ | issue=۱ |date=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISSN ۰۹۵۹-۶۴۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Adil | first=Hajjah Amina | coauthors=Shaykh Nazim Adil Al-Haqqani, Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani | title=Muhammad: The Messenger of Islam | publisher=Islamic Supreme Council of America | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۹۳۰۴۰۹۱۱۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Ahmed | first=Akbar | title=Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World | publisher=I. B. Tauris | edition=۲٫۰۰ | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۸۶۰۶۴۲۵۷۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Brockopp | first=Jonathan E. | title=Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia | publisher=University of South Carolina press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۱۵۷۰۰۳۴۷۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Cohen-Mor | first=Dalya | title=A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۳۳۹۸۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Curtis | first=Patricia A. | year=۲۰۰۵ | title=A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations | publisher=Blackwell Publishing Professional | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۸۱۹۴۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Eglash | first=Ron | year=۱۹۹۹ | title=African Fractals: Modern Computing and Indigenous Design | publisher=Rutgers University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۸۱۳۵-۲۶۱۴-۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Ernst | first=Carl | authorlink=Carl Ernst | year=۲۰۰۴ | title = Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World | publisher=University of North Carolina Press | id=ISBN ۰-۸۰۷۸-۵۵۷۷-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | coauthors=John Obert Voll | title=Islam and Democracy | year=۱۹۹۶ | | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۰۸۱۶-۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito  | first=John  | authorlink=John Esposito  | title=Islam: The Straight Path | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۸ | edition=۳rd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۱۲۳۴۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | coauthors=Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad | title=Muslims on the Americanization Path? | year=۲۰۰۰a | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۳۵۲۶-۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۰b | title=Oxford History of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۰۷۹۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۲a | title=Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۶۸۸۶۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۲b | title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۵۷۱۳-۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | title=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۲۵۵۸-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito  | first=John  | authorlink=John Esposito  | title=Islam: The Straight Path | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۴ | edition=۳rd Rev Upd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۸۲۶۶۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Farah | first=Caesar | authorlink=Caesar E. Farah | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year=۱۹۹۴ | edition=۵th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۰۱۸۵۳۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Farah | first=Caesar | authorlink=Caesar E. Farah | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year=۲۰۰۳ | edition=۷th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۶۴۱۲۲۲۶۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Firestone | first=Reuven | title=Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam | publisher= Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹-۵۱۲۵۸۰۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Friedmann | first=Yohanan | authorlink=Yohanan Friedmann | title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition | publisher= Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۵۲۱۰۲۶۹۹۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Ghamidi | first=Javed | authorlink=Javed Ahmed Ghamidi | title=[[Mizan]] | publisher=[[Al-Mawrid|Dar al-Ishraq]] | year=۲۰۰۱ | id={{OCLC|۵۲۹۰۱۶۹۰}}}}
* {{cite book | last=Goldschmidt, Jr. | first=Arthur | coauthors=Lawrence Davidson | title=A Concise History of the Middle East | publisher=Westview Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۸th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۳۴۲۷۵۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Griffith | first=Ruth Marie | coauthors=Barbara Dianne Savage | title=Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۸۰۱۸۸۳۷۰۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Hawting| first=G. R. | authorlink= G.R. Hawting | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD ۶۶۱–۷۵۰ | publisher=Routledge | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۴۰۷۳۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Hedayetullah | first=Muhammad | title=Dynamics of Islam: An Exposition | publisher=Trafford Publishing | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۵۳۶۹۸۴۲۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Holt | first=P. M. |  coauthors=[[Bernard Lewis]] | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. ۱ | year=۱۹۷۷a | publisher=Cambridge University Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۲۹۱۳۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Holt | first=P. M. | coauthors=Ann K. S. Lambton, [[Bernard Lewis]] | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. ۲ | year=۱۹۷۷b | publisher=Cambridge University Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۲۹۱۳۷۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Hourani | first=Albert | authorlink=Albert Hourani | coauthor=[[Malise Ruthven|Ruthven, Malise]] | title=A History of the Arab Peoples | year=۲۰۰۳ | publisher=Belknap Press; Revised edition | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۷۴۰۱۰۱۷۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Humphreys | first=Stephen | title=Between Memory and Desire | year=۲۰۰۵ | publisher=University of California Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲-۰۲۴۶۹۱۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Kobeisy | first=Ahmed Nezar | title=Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People | publisher=Praeger Publishers | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۳۱۳۳۲۴۷۲۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Koprulu | first=Mehmed Fuad | coauthors=Leiser, Gary | title=The Origins of the Ottoman Empire | publisher=SUNY Press | year=۱۹۹۲ | id=ISBN ۰۷۹۱۴۰۸۱۹۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Kramer | first=Martin | title=Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution | publisher=Westview Press | year=۱۹۸۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۳۰۴۵۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Kugle | first=Scott Alan | title=Rebel Between Spirit And Law: Ahmad Zarruq, Sainthood, And Authority in Islam | publisher=Indiana University Press| year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۲۵۳۳۴۷۱۱۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Lapidus| first=Ira | title=A History of Islamic Societies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۲ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۵۲۱۷۷۹۳۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Jews of Islam | publisher=Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul | year=۱۹۸۴ | id=ISBN ۰-۷۱۰۲-۰۴۶۲-۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Arabs in History | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹۲۸-۵۲۵۸-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Middle East | publisher=Scribner | year=۱۹۹۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۸۴۸۳۲۸۰۷}} 
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | edition=۲nd | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۶۹۵۱۸۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East | publisher=Harper Perennial | edition=Reprint | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۶۰۵۱۶۰۵۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror | publisher=Random House, Inc., New York | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۹۶۷۸۵۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Madelung | first=Wilferd | authorlink=Wilferd Madelung | title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۶۴۶۹۶۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Malik| first=Jamal| coauthors=John R Hinnells, Inc NetLibrary | title=Sufism in the West | publisher= Routledge | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۷۴۰۸۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Menski | first=Werner F. | title=Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۸۵۸۵۹۳}}
* {{cite journal | last=Mohammad | first=Noor | title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction | journal=Journal of Law and Religion | volume=۳ | issue=۲ |date=۱۹۸۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Momen | first=Moojan | title=An Introduction to Shi`i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi`ism | publisher=Yale University Press | year=۱۹۸۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۳۰۰۰۳۵۳۱۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Nasr | first=Seyed Muhammad | title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter ۷) | publisher=HarperCollins | year=۱۹۹۴| id=ISBN ۰-۰۶۰۶۷-۷۰۰-۷}}
* {{cite journal | last=Novak | first=David | title=The Mind of Maimonides | journal=[[First Things]] |date=February ۱۹۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Parrinder | first=Geoffrey | authorlink=Geoffrey Parrinder | title=World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present | publisher=Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited | year=۱۹۷۱ | id=ISBN ۰-۸۷۱۹۶-۱۲۹-۶}}
* {{cite journal | last=Patton | first=Walter M. | title=The Doctrine of Freedom in the Korân | journal=The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures |date=April ۱۹۰۰ | volume=۱۶ | issue=۳ | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۱۰۳۱۴۷}}
* {{cite journal | last=Peters | first=F. E. | authorlink=F. E. Peters | title=The Quest for Historical Muhammad | journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |date=۱۹۹۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Peters | first=F. E. | authorlink=F. E. Peters | title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۶۹۱-۱۱۵۵۳-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Peters | first=Rudolph | authorlink=Rudolph Peters | title=Jihad in Medieval and Modern Islam | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۷۷ | id = ISBN ۹۰-۰۴-۰۴۸۵۴-۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Rippin | first=Andrew | authorlink=Andrew Rippin | title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | publisher=Routledge | edition=۲nd | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۲۱۷۸۱۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Ruthven | first=Malise | title=Fundamentalism: The Search for Meaning | publisher= Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | id = ISBN ۰۱-۹۲-۸۰۶۰۶-۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Sahas | first=Daniel J. | title=John of Damascus on Islam: The Heresy of the Ishmaelites | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۹۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۰۰۴۰۳۴۹۵۲}}
* {{cite book | last=[[Abdulaziz Sachedina|Sachedina]] | first=Abdulaziz | title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence | publisher=Oxford University Press US | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۱۹۱۵۰}}
* {{cite journal | last=Seibert | first=Robert F. | title=Review: Islam and the West: The Making of an Image (Norman Daniel)| journal=Review of Religious Research |date=۱۹۹۴ | volume=۳۶ | issue=۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Sells | first=Michael Anthony | authorlink=Michael Anthony Sells | coauthors=Emran Qureshi  | title=The New Crusades: Constructing the Muslim Enemy | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰۲۳۱۱۲۶۶۷۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Smith | first=Jane I. | title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۵۶۴۹۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Spencer | first=Robert | title=The Myth of Islamic Tolerance: How Islamic Law Treats Non-Muslims | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۰۲۲۴۹۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Stillman | first=Norman | authorlink=Norman Stillman | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | location=Philadelphia | year=۱۹۷۹ | id=ISBN ۱-۸۲۷۶۰-۱۹۸-۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Tabatabae | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=Seyyed Hossein Nasr (translator) | authorlink=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Shi'ite Islam 
| publisher=Suny press| year=۱۹۷۹ | id=ISBN  ۰-۸۷۳۹۵-۲۷۲-۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Tabatabae | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=R. Campbell (translator) | authorlink=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Islamic teachings: An Overview and a Glance at the Life of the Holy Prophet of Islam | publisher=Green Gold | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۰-۹۲۲۸۱۷-۰۰-۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Teece | first=Geoff | title=Religion in Focus: Islam  | publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۴۹۶۴۷۹۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Tolan | first=John V. | title=Saracens: Islam in the Medieval European Imagination | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=۲۰۰۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Trimingham| first=John Spencer  | title=The Sufi Orders in Islam  | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۸| id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۲۰۵۸۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Tritton | first=Arthur S. | authorlink=Arthur Stanley Tritton| title=The Caliphs and their Non-Muslim Subjects: A Critical Study of the Covenant of Umar | publisher=Frank Cass Publisher | location=London | year=۱۹۷۰ |origyear = ۱۹۳۰ | id=ISBN ۰-۷۱۴۶-۱۹۹۶-۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Turner | first=Colin | title=Islam: the Basics  | publisher=Routledge (UK) | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۳۴۱۰۶X}}
* {{cite book | last=Turner | first=Bryan S. | title=Weber and Islam | publisher=Routledge (UK) | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۱۷۴۵۸۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Waines | first=David | title=An Introduction to Islam | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۵۳۹۰۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Warraq | first=Ibn | title=The Quest for Historical Muhammad | publisher=Prometheus | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۷۳۹۲۷۸۷۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Warraq | first=Ibn | title=Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out | publisher=Prometheus | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۱-۵۹۱۰۲-۰۶۸-۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | authorlink=William Montgomery Watt | title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought | publisher=University Press Edinburgh|  year=۱۹۷۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۸۵-۲۲۴۲۵۴-X}}
* {{cite book | last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | authorlink=William Montgomery Watt | title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman | publisher=Oxford University Press | edition=New | year=۱۹۷۴ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۸۸۱۰۷۸-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Weiss | first=Bernard G. | title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory | year=۲۰۰۲ | location=Boston | publisher=Brill Academic publishers | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۱۲۰۶۶۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Williams | first=John Alden | title=The Word of Islam | year=۱۹۹۴ | publisher=University of Texas Press | id=ISBN ۰-۲۹۲-۷۹۰۷۶-۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Williams | first=Mary E. | title=The Middle East | year=۲۰۰۰ | publisher=Greenhaven Pr | id=ISBN ۰۷۳۷۷۰۱۳۳۱}}

;Encyclopedias
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=William H. McNeill, Jerry H. Bentley, David Christian | encyclopedia=Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History | publisher=Berkshire Publishing Group | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۹۷۴۳۰۹۱۰۱}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Gabriel Oussani | encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]] | year=۱۹۱۰}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Paul Lagasse, Lora Goldman, Archie Hobson, Susan R. Norton | encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia | publisher=Gale Group | year=۲۰۰۰ | edition=۶th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۳۳۹۲۳۶۹}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online|Encyclopaedia Britannica Online]] | publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Erwin Fahlbusch, William Geoffrey Bromiley | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Eerdmans Publishing Company, and Brill| year=۲۰۰۱ | edition=۱st| id=ISBN ۰-۸۰۲۸-۲۴۱۴-۵}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=John Bowden | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۱st | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۲۲۳۹۳-۴}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=George Thomas Kurian, Graham T. T. Molitor | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Future | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۱۹۹۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۹۷۲۰۵۳}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | id=ISSN ۱۵۷۳-۳۹۱۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Richard C. Martin, Said Amir Arjomand, Marcia Hermansen, Abdulkader Tayob, Rochelle Davis, John Obert Voll | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۶۵۶۰۳۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Lindsay Jones | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۶۵۷۳۳۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Salamone Frank | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals | publisher=Routledge | edition=۱st | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۹۴۱۸۰۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Peter N. Stearns | edition=۶th | year=۲۰۰۰ | encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of World History Online | publisher=Bartleby}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=[[Josef W. Meri]] | encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia | publisher=[[Routledge]] | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱-۵۹۶۶۹۰۶}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=[[Wendy Doniger]] | encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions | publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۰۸۷-۷۷۹۰۴۴۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Glasse Cyril | encyclopedia=New Encyclopedia of Islam: A Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam | | publisher=AltaMira Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISSN ۹۷۸-۰۷۵۹۱۰۱۹۰۶}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Edward Craig | encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy | publisher=Routledge | year=۱۹۹۸ | edition=۱st| id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۰۷۳۱۰۳}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== نورې لوستنې ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* {{cite book | last=Arberry | first=A. J. | authorlink=A. J. Arberry | title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation | publisher=Touchstone | edition=۱st | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۸۴۸۲۵۰۷۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Hawting | first=Gerald R. | authorlink=Gerald R. Hawting | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyard Caliphate AD ۶۶۱–۷۵۰ | publisher=Routledge | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۴۰۷۲۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Khan | first=Muhammad Muhsin | authorlink=Muhammad Muhsin Khan | coauthors=Al-Hilali Khan, Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din | title=Noble Quran | year=۱۹۹۹ | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | edition=۱st | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۹۶۰۷۴۰۷۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Kramer (ed.) | first=Martin | authorlink=Martin Kramer | title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis | publisher=Syracuse University | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۶۵۲۲۴۰۴۰۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Kuban | first=Dogan | title=Muslim Religious Architecture | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۷۴ | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۰۳۸۱۳۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | year=۱۹۹۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۶۹۲۱۷۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam and the West | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۰۹۰۶۱۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۰۲۸۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Mubarkpuri | first=Saifur-Rahman | title=[[The Sealed Nectar]]: Biography of the Prophet | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۴۴۰۷۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Najeebabadi | first=Akbar Shah | title=History of Islam | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۴۴۰۳۴۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Nigosian | first=S. A. | title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=۲۰۰۴ | edition=New Edition | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۲۵۳۲۱۶۲۷۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Rahman | first=Fazlur | authorlink=Fazlur Rahman | title=Islam | publisher=University of Chicago Press | year=۱۹۷۹ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۰-۲۲۶-۷۰۲۸۱-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Walker | first=Benjamin | authorlink=Benjamin Walker | title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith | publisher=Peter Owen Publishers | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۲۰۶۱۰۳۸۳}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== باندنۍ تړنې ==

;اکاډميکې سرچينې
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* [http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/ د سويلي كاليفورنيا پوهنتون: د اسلامی لیکنو لندیز] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213011952/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/ |date=2007-12-13 }}
* [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/ د اسلام پوهنغونډ (د نړۍ د مذهبونو مخليدنه)]
* [http://arabworld.nitle.org/introduction.php?module_id=2 د اسلام اړونده څپرکی] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225105128/http://arabworld.nitle.org/introduction.php?module_id=2 |date=2008-02-25 }} د [[NITLE]] څخه د عربي فرهنگ او تمدن پرليکه سرچينې
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105852/Islam اسلام], ''د بريټانيکا پرليکه پوهنغونډ'' ليکنه

&lt;/div&gt;   
;ټولگې
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* اسلام په [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/euroislam.htmlلویدیزه اروپا], [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/UKIslam.html انگلستان ], [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/DIslam.html جرمنی] او [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/sasislam.html سویلی اسیا]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Islam_%28Bookshelf%29 Islam (Bookshelf)] at [[Project Gutenberg]]
;Islam - text, audio and video
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.ikre-bismi-rabbike.net/kuran.php Kur'an audio (recordings of many Qur'an recitals)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418011817/http://www.ikre-bismi-rabbike.net/kuran.php |date=2008-04-18 }}
* [http://www.guidedways.com/quranreciter/ Qur'an audio and reading material in numerous languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218182412/http://www.guidedways.com/quranreciter/ |date=2008-02-18 }}

&lt;/div&gt;
;اسلام او هنرونه
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/ پر اسلام د بي بي سي فوکس]
* [http://www.lacma.org/islamic_art/intro.htm Islamic Art at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308091248/http://www.lacma.org/islamic_art/intro.htm |date=2008-03-08 }}
* [http://www.muslimheritage.com/ Muslim Heritage] (Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation, UK)
* [http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/ Islamic Architecture (IAORG)] illustrated descriptions and reviews of a large number of mosques, palaces, and monuments.
&lt;/div&gt;

{{ اسلامي سرلیکونه}}

[[وېشنيزه:اسلام| ]]
[[وېشنيزه:توحید]]
[[وېشنيزه:خدای پیژندنه]]</text>
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'''اسلام''' {{Ar|الإسلام}};''{{ArabDIN|}}'' ({{Audio|ar-al_islam.ogg|&lt;sup&gt;واوری!&lt;/sup&gt;}}، &quot;اطاعت&quot; (د [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;([[جل جلاله|ج]])&lt;/sup&gt; د رضا)) يو [[مونوتيزم|مونوتېسټېک]] (د يوه څښتن مننونکي) گروهې (عقيده) يا باور لرونکې دین دی. پخپله د اسلام وی د سولې، امن، سلامتۍ، روغې جوړې رامنځته کول دي. دا دین له درېیو [[ابراهيمي دين]]ونو  ([[یهوديت]]، [[عیسویت]]، اسلام) له ډلې څخه دی، چې د نړۍ په کچه دویم ستر [[مذهب]] گڼل کېږي. د اسلام د دين لارويانو ته '''[[مسلمانان]]''' وايي. مسلمانان پدې گروهه دي چې [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د انسانانو د لارښوونې لپاره وخت پر وخت، خپل استازي ([[پيغمبر|پيغمبران]]) رالېږلي، چې هریو خپله دنده د الهي اوامرو په رڼا کې په بشپړه توگه سرته رسولې.
د الهي استازو (پیغمرانو) وروستې استازې [[محمد]]&lt;sup&gt;([[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]])&lt;/sup&gt; دی.
[[دوتنه:Kaaba at night.jpg|thumb| [[کعبه شریفه]] چې په [[سعودي عربستان]] کی پرته ده دا د اسلام مرکز او د مسلمانانو [[قبله]] ده او دا هغه ځای دی کوم چې هر کال په زرگونه [[مسلمانان]] دلته د خدای د کور د زیارت لپاره راځې.]]
''اسلام'' &quot;تسليمۍ او غاړه اېښودنې ټه وایي&quot; يا په بله وينا ځان د الله تعالی رضا ته تسليمول. د اسلام د [[دين]] لاروي ته [[مسلمان]] ويل کېږي، مانا دا چې &quot;هغه څوک چې ځان يې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته سپارلی او د هغه د احکامو اطاعت کوي، مسلمان گڼل کېږي&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Islam&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lanes Lexicon&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume4/00000137.pdf|title=Lane's lexicon |accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۷-۰۳}}&lt;/ref&gt; په ټوله نړۍ کې د ۱٫۱&amp;nbsp;بيليون او ۱٫۸&amp;nbsp;بيليون ترمېنځ وگړي د اسلام د دين لارويان دي، چې په همدې توگه وروسته د [[عيسويت]] نه [[اسلام]] د نړۍ دویم ستر [[دين]] گڼل کېږي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |title=Major Religions of the World—Ranked by Number of Adherents |accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۷-۰۳ |format=HTML |work= |تاريخ الأرشيف=2010-01-29 |مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |url-status=dead |خونديځ نېټه=2007-07-07 |خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam }}&lt;/ref&gt;

مسلمانان په دې عقیده دي ې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; قرآن مجيد پر حضرت [[محمد]]&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; نازل کړی، او محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د الله تعالی وروستی پيغمبر دی. مسلمانان پدې عقيده هم دي چې قرآن مجيد او سُنت (د حضرت محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; خبرې او اعمال) د اسلام بنسټيزې سرچينې دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۱۹۹۶), p.۴۱
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/JulRefl2y6.html Sources of Islam]&lt;/ref&gt; مسلمانان په دې عقيده هم دي چې حضرت محمد مصطفیٰ&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د يوه نوي دين په توگه د اسلام د دين بنسټگر نه ؤ، خو همدا وروستی پيغمبر د اسلام د دين د گروهې آرنۍ لمانځونکی او پرځای کوونکی دی چې پر زمکه يې بنسټ [[آدم]]&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; ايښی چې بيا تر هغه وروسته حضرت ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; او د هغه نه پخوانيو او وروستنيو، د خدای&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ټولو پيغمبرانو يې د دغه دين او اصلي لارې بلنه ورکړې. مسلمانان دا عقيده لري چې په [[يهوديت]] او [[عيسويت]] کې د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغام چې د بېلابېلو انبياو لخوا پر دوی نازل شوي، هغه د دوی لخوا د وخت په تېرېدو سره تحريف شوي، او ناسمه ترجماني يې شوې، که هغه په ليکلې بڼه وي او که پرته د ليکلې بڼې وي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Distorted&quot;&gt;See:
* Accad (۲۰۰۳): According to Ibn Taymiya, although only some Muslims accept the textual veracity of the entire Bible, most Muslims will grant the veracity of most of it.
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸), pp.۶٬۱۲
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۴–۵
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tahrif | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=Hava Lazarus-Yafeh | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
د اسلام دين د گڼ شمېر اسلامي اعمالو يو غونډال دی. د دغه دين مننونکي بايد د اسلام د دين [[د پينځه ستنو]] مننونکي او پلي کونکي وي، د اسلام د دين پينځه ستنې له بېلابېلو فرايضو او دندو نه جوړ شوی او همدغه پينځه ستنې دي چې په يوې ټولنه کې مسلمانان سره متحده کوي.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۱۷&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلام د دين د پينځه ستنو سره سره، [[شريعت|اسلامي قانون]] (''شريعة'') د احکامونو يو دوديزه قضايي واک دی چې د مسلمانانو د ژوند او ټولنې هر اړخ يې اغېزمن کړی. په دې قانون کې هر څه رانغښتې دي، د عملي چارو نه نيولې لکه د خوراک، څښاک آن تر سوداگريزو او پانگه ايزو چارو او تر جگړايزو چارو پورې هر څه په دې قانون کې راغلي دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۱۱۱٬۱۱۲٬۱۱۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

نژدې ټول مسلمانان د اسلام په دوو لويو فريقو لکه سني او شيع پورې تړاو لري. د تشيع فرقه په ۷مه پېړۍ کې د مسلمانانو تر مېنځ د مذهبي او سياسي توپيرونو په پايله کې رامېنځ ته شوې. په اټکلي توگه ۸۵ په سلو کې مسلمانان د اهل سنت لارويان دي او ۱۵ په سلو کې د تشيع فرقې لارويان دي.په [[منځنی ختيځ]]، او همداراز د [[افريقا]] او [[آسيا]] په برخو کې د اسلام دين برلاسی دی. د دغه دين د مننونکو لويې ډلې په [[په چين کې د اسلام دين|چين]]، د بالکان هيوادونو په [[ختيځه اروپا]] او [[په روسيه کې د اسلام دين|روسيې]] کې شته. په لويديځه اروپا کې هم گڼ شمېر مسلمان مهاجرين مېشت دي او همدا راز په امريکا کې هم د مسلمانانو ټولنې شته. په سلو کې نژدې ۲۰٪ مسلمانان په عربو هېوادونو کې مېشت دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۲۱
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲٬۴۳&lt;/ref&gt;
{{اسلام}}

== آرپوهه ==
اسلام د عربي ژبې د درې تورو، {{ArabDIN|[[سين]]-[[لام]]-[[ميم]]}} ({{ar|'''س'''-'''ل'''-'''م'''}}) نه راوتلی. اسلام د همدغې ريښې يو تجريدي فعل دی چې مانا يې ده &quot;تسليم يا ځان سپارل، څان الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته سپارل، اطاعت کول او د سولې&quot; په مانا هم ده.

کله چې د پورتني ويي د ريښو په اړه په نورو ژبو کې څېړنه کوو، نو بيا په عبراني ژبه کې د پورتني وييکي ضمني ماناگانې هم راوځي. په عبراني ژبه کې د ''[[شلوم]]'' ويي، د (شين-لامد-ميم) نه خپلې ريښې اخلي ({{Ivrit|'''ש'''-'''ל'''-'''ם'''}}). په ډېرو [[سېمېټک ژبو]] کې د همدغه لغت ضمني ماناگانې شته، چې مانا يې بشپړکېدل، پوره کېدل، سر ته رسېدنه، ښه اوسېدنه، هوسا اوسېدنه، يو داسې اصطلاح چې په ژباړه کې اکثراً د سولې د وييکي مانا په ځان کې رانغاړي، ورکوي.

په قرآن کې هم د اسلام د لغت د مانا بېلابېل تعبيرونه راغلي. په ځينو ''[[ایت|آيتونو]]''، کې د اسلام کيفيت د يوې راسخې عقيدې په توگه تاکيد شوی: &quot;الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; که وغواړي چې د يو چا لارښونه وکړي، نو الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د هغه سينه د اسلام لپاره پراخه کوي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۶|۱۲۵|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۶۱|۷|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳۹|۲۲|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; نور آيتونه بيا ''اسلام'' او ''[[دين]]'' (اکثراً د &quot;مذهب&quot; په توگه ژباړل کېږي) د يو شي په توگه تعبيروي : &quot;نن، ما ستاسو دين ستاسو لپاره مکمل کړ؛ ما ستاسو لپاره خپل د برکتونو اچول مکمل کړل؛ ما ستاسو لپار د اسلام دين غوره کړ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۵|۳|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳|۱۹|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳|۸۳|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; ډېر نور خلک بيا اسلام داسې تعريفوي چې دا هغه دين دی چې انسان د همدې دين په مرسته بېرته الله تعالی ته ورستنېږي نسبت و دې ته چې د ايمان د اعمالو د تصديق په توگه وگڼلای شي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۹|۷۴|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۴۹|۱۴|style=ref}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هغه نور عربي وييونه چې د {{ar|'''س'''-'''ل'''-'''م'''}} نه راوتلي:

* [[سلام]], چې د &quot;سولې او سلامتۍ&quot; په مانا ده او د ورځيني روغبړ يوه اهمه کلمه ده, [[سلام عليکم|السلام عليکم]] (ته دې سلامت وې/سلامتي دې پر تا وي).
* السلام(سوله)د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د ۹۹ مبارکو نومونو نه يو نوم دی چې په [[قران]] کې هم راغلی.
* [[مسلمان]], د اسلام د دين مننونکي ته وايي او مانا يې ده هغه څوک چې ځان الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته تسليم کوي او يا د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; اطاعت کوي.
* سلامه, د &quot;سلامتي,&quot; په مانا ده چې د &quot;خدای پامانۍ&quot; په وخت کې وييل کېږي، د &quot;مع السلامه&quot; مانا ( سلامتۍ سره[لاړ شه]) ده.

== عقيده ==

د اسلام بنسټيزه عقيده شهادت دی چې د گواهۍ مانا لري [[شهادت]] ('''  لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله ''')&quot;نشته بل کوم څښټتن يا معبود پرته د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; نه او [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر دی.&quot; د دې لپاره چې څوک [[مسلمان]] شي، نو سړي ته پکار ده چې دغه پورتنی شهادت د يو څو شاهدانو مخکې ووايي او پرې ايمان راوړي. او که چېرته يو څوک غواړي چې اسلام ته راشي نو هغه يا هغې ته پکار ده چې بايد د زړه له صدق نه وغواړي او بيا د دې نه مخکې چې شهادت ووايي نو پکار ده چې د شهادت په اصلي مانا او مفهوم پوه وي.&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته خپل پيغام د محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; او د نورو پيغمبرانو لخوا لکه [[آدم|آدم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[نوح|نوح&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[ابراهیم|ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[موسی|موسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] او [[عيسی|عيسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] له لورې په بېلابېلو وختونو کې رالېږلی. [[مسلمانان]] په دې عقيده هم دي چې [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] د [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; وروستنی پيغمبر و او د هغه نه وروسته تر قيامته بل هېڅ کوم [[پيغمبر]] نه راځي. نو ددې پخاطر [[مسلمانان]] بايد د [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] په لارښوونې تر قيامته پورې عمل وکړي.
&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان پدې عقيده دي چې قران د انسانانو د لارښوونې يو داسې کتاب دی چې تر اوسه پکې هېچا گوتې نه دي وهلي او پدې کتاب کې هېڅ کومه نيمگړتيا نشته، او هېڅ کله به پکې بدلون را نه شي، او دا د خدای له لورې انسانانو ته وروستی نازل شوی کتاب دی. مسلمانان دا هم وايي چې د انجيل او تورات هغه اسماني کتابونه دي چې د بېلابېلو مذهبي فرقو له لورې پکې لاسوهنې شوي په بل ډول سره ليکل شوي او په ناسمه توگه تعبير شوي او د دغو اسماني کتابونو اصلي بڼې اوس نه شته او د وخت په تېرېدو سره خلکو هماغه لومړني لارښوونې چې په اصلي اسماني کتابونو کې وه هېر کړي، او يا يې هم درغلي پکې کړې. نو ددغه ليد پر بنسټ الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته د لارښوونې لپاره قرآن راولېږه چې په دې کې هماغه د اصلي انجيل او تورات لارښوونو سره سره د هغو وختونو د خلکو چې پېغمبران به يې ځورول او وژل به يې او د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له احکامو د سرغړونې سره سره يې د خپل زاتي گټو لپاره د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په کلام کې چې بدعتونه راوستلي دا ټول تاريخ ثبت دی. 
&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان دا هم وايي چې اسلام هماغه دين دی چې د آدم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; له وختونو نه او د نورو پيغمبرانو په وختونو کې هم وه، او دغو ټولو پيغمبرانو د همدغه مذهب په لار د تلو ټينگار کړی. اسلامي کتابونه او ليکنې د [[يهوديت]] او [[عيسويت]] د هغو اصلي لارښوونو نه راوتلي چې د ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; په وختونو کې يې ښوونې شوي نو د همدغه پخاطر دا درېواړه مذهبونه يعنی يهوديت، عيسويت او اسلام چې درېواړه سره گډې ريښې لري، د ابراهيمي دينونو په نامه سره هم يادېږي.  په قرآن عظيم الشان کې يهوديانو او عيسويانو ته د اهل الکتاب يا هغه خلک چې کتابونه ورباندې نازل شوي، په نامه اشاره شوې ده.    
&lt;br /&gt;
اسلام يو [[دين]] دی، دين '''د ژوندون لار''' مانا لري او يا هم په بله وينا د لارښوونې لار.

&quot;د قرآن شريف له مخې مسلمانان بايد په خپل پاک رب باندې ايمان راوړي او د هغه وحدانيت ته د تسليمېدو سره سره، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په ټولو وحيو، نازل شوو کتابونو، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پرښتو، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پيغمبرانو او د قيامت په ورځ بايد ايمان ولري.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۲|۴|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۲|۲۸۵|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۴|۱۳۶|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; په همدې توگه، نور عقايد هم شته چې د اسلام د دوه لويو فرقو تر مېنځ پکې د تعبيرونو توپير شته. د تشيع د لارې خلکو کې د امامت يو سياسي او روحاني لارښوونې يو نظام دود دی.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۲۰۰۳), p.۱۰۹
* مومن (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۶&lt;/ref&gt;

مسلمانان په دې گروهه دي چې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته خپل وروستی رسول محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; ورلېږلی دی. او پر محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; يې قرآن نازل کړی چې وروستی اسماني کتاب دی. د قرآن د نزول موده پوره دوه لسيزې وخت نيولی.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۷٬۱۸٬۲۱&lt;/ref&gt; په اسلام کې پيغمبران، خدای ته نژدې هغه انسانان دي چې خدای تعالی يې د خپل پيغام رسولو په موخه په انسانانو کې غوره کوي. مسلمانان په دې هم عقيده لري چې پيغمبران انسانان دي چې خدای ورته د انسانانو د لارښوونې، عبرت او د خپلو ادعاوؤ د ثبوت په خاطر د معجزو د ښودلو توان ورکړی. په اسلام کې پيغمبران هغه انسانان دي چې تر نورو انسانانو په تقوا او نېکۍ کې تکامل ته رسېدلي او همدوی د خدای غوره، بې مثاله بنده گان دي چې خدای د پرښتو له لارې خپل پيغام همدوی ته د وحيو په بڼه ور رسوي.&lt;ref&gt;وگورۍ:
* مومن (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۲۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلامي زده کړو نه داسې څرگندېږي چې د آدم نه وروسته د خدای ټول پيغمبرانو د اسلام د دين تبليغ او دعوت کړی، دا هغه دين دی چې يو خدای الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د معبود په توگه راپېژندلی. په قرآن کې اسلام د &quot;هغه ازلي طبيعت چې پر بنسټ يې خدای مخلوقات خلق کړل&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۳۰|۳۰|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; راپېژندل شوی او په قران کې دا هم راغلي چې د مسلمان ځانگړی نوم د ابراهيم لخوا د دې دين لارويانو ته ورکړ شوی.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲۲|۷۸|style=ref}}
* &quot;اسلام&quot;, ''د مذهب دايرة المعارف''&lt;/ref&gt;

د تاريخ له مخې د اسلام دين په ۷مه پېړۍ کې په عربستان کې رامېنځ ته شوی.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Islam&quot;, ''د مذهب دايرة المعارف''&lt;/ref&gt; په اسلامي ليکنو کې يهوديت او عيسويت هغه دوه دينونه دي چې د ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر د لارښوونو وروسته د بېلابېلو پيغمبرانو په وخت کې رامېنځ ته شوي. په قرآن کې يهوديان او عيسويان د اهل الکتاب يا د کتابونو د خلکو په توگه پېژندل شوي، او د هغو خلکو نه چې ډېر خدايان پالي او عبادت يې کوي، تر مېنځ په ښکاره توپير پېژندل کېږي. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې د پخوانيو اسماني کتابونو لکه زبور، [[تورات]] او [[انجيل]] سپېڅلي کتابونه د تاريخ په بېلابېلو پړاؤونو کې د ترجمې او متن په برخه کې تحريف شوي او اوس همدا سپېڅلي کتابونه پخپلو آرنيو بڼو هېڅ نه شته.

=== [[د افغانستان ولايتونه|د]] عقيدې شپږ ارکان ===
مسلمانان شپږ بنسټيزه ارکانونو باندې عقيده لري:

# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په وحدانيت باندې ايمان راوړل او يواځی الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته عبادت او اطاعت کول او د هغه نه مرسته غوښتل ''[[توحيد]]''.
# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پيغمبرانو باندې ايمان راوړل ([[پېغمبران#د اسلام له نظره|''انبيا‌ء'']])  چې ټول پېغمبران (''[[رسول]]'') د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له خوا رالېږل شوي. ([[د اسلام پېغمبران]] وگورۍ.)
# په اسماني کتابونو عقيده(''[[کتب]]''):
#* په [[ابراهيمي صحيفو]] (ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; باندې نازل شوې صحيفې)
#* په [[تورات]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[موسی|موسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[زبور]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[داود|داود&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[انجيل]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[عيسی|عيسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[قرآن]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.  
# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پرښتو باندې.(''[[پرښتې#د اسلام له نظره|ملايکه]]'').
# په قيامت او وروسته د مرگ نه د بيا ژوندي کېدلو عقيده (''[[قيامة]]'')  (په [[جنت]] او [[دوزخ]] عقيده). (يادونه: کله ناکله دغه وروستۍ موضوع باندې ځانگړی بحث کېږی, او په همدې توگه د عقيدې ارکان اوو ته رسېږي.)
# په قسمت عقيده([[تقدير]]).

د اسلام بنسټيزه عقيده په [[پښتو]] ژبه :
:: &quot;زه شهادت ورکوم چې پرته د الله تعالی د ذات نه بل کوم ذات نه شته؛ او زه شهادت ورکوم چې محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د هغه پيغمبر دی.&quot;
:: &quot;زه په الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ايمان راوړم؛ او د هغه په ملايکو؛ او د هغه په کتابونو؛ او د هغه په پيغمبرانو؛ او د محشر په ورځ؛ او په تقدير؛ او ټول شيان د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له خوا نه دي، او پس د مرگ نه ژوندون حق دی.&quot;

=== د اسلام پينځه بنسټونه ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام پينځه بنسټونه|د مذهب څانگې|د مذهب ريښې}}
[[دوتنه:Supplicating Pilgrim at Masjid Al Haram. Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|بټنوک|کيڼ|د حج د لمانځنو يو منظر. په مکه کې کعبې، [[مسجد الحرام]] ته سفر د اسلامي فرايضو څخه يو فرض دی چې هر مسلمان يې په ټول ژوند کې يو ځل ترسره کړي.]]
د مسلمانانو دوه لويې فرقې سني او شعيه مسلمانان جوړوي. په اسلامي نړئ کې د شعيه گانو په پرتله ډېرئ مسلمانان سنيان دي، خو په څينو هېوادونو کې لکه د منڅنئ آسيا هېوادونه ايران او عراق بيا شعيه مسلمانان ډېرکئ مذهبي ډله جوړوي. خو په نورو هېوادونو کط لکه سعودي عربستان، اندونيزيا او [[پاکستان]] کې سني مسلمان د هغه هېوادونو په مذهبي ټولنو کې ډېرکۍ برخه جوړوي.

د سني مسلمانانو بنسټيزه ارکان [[د اسلام پينځه ستنې|د اسلام پينځه ستنو]] په نامه يادېږي&lt;sup&gt;[[#Notes|2]]&lt;/sup&gt;، خو شيعه مسلمانان بيا يو څه مختلفه نومونپوهنه، چې د سني مسلمانانو د پينځه اهمو بنسټونو تر څنگ، د دين ريښې او لس عمده اعمال د دې مذهب د طريقو نه گڼل کېږي. خو ټول مسلمانان بيا په همدې پينځه بنسټيزو فرايضو او گروهو سره پوهاوی او سره يوه خوله دي چې سني مسلمانان يې د اسلام د پينځه ستنو په نوم پېژني او شيعه مسلمانان يې د دين د څانگو او ريښو اهم عناصر بولي.

* [[شهادت]]: د تصديق په مانا دی، چې يو مسلمان د الله &lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; نه پرته بل څوک د عبادت وړ نه گڼي او همداراز د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د وحدانيت ([[توحيد]]) او د محمد &lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;  د الله &lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; رسول ([[نبوت]]) او غلام په توگه مني .
* [[لمونځ]]: هره ورځ پينځه وخته لمونځ کول.
* [[روژه]]: د روژې په مياشت کې د لمرخاته نه تر لمرپرېواته روژه نيول.
* [[زکات]]: زکات ورکول.
* [[حج]]:د مکی زیارت په ټولو مسلمانانو باندی په ژوند کې یوځل فرض دی او هغه هم په هغو کسانو باندې چې د ادا کولو وس یې ولري.
شعيه او سنيان دواړه په لاندنيو گروهو باندې باور لري، خو دغه دوه فرقې همدا عقايد په بېلابېلو ډلبنديو وېشي او هره ډله ورته ځانگړی تعبير لري:
* [[عدل]]: د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; عدل.
* [[قيامت]]: د خېر او شر د مالومولو ورځ.
* [[امر بل معروف]]: د ښو امر.
* [[نهي عن المنکر]]: د بدو نه ډډه.
* [[جهاد|الجهاد في سبيل الله]]: د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د رضا لپاره هڅه کوشش او زيار.

هغه عقايد چې د شيعه مذهب لارويان پرې معتقد دي او سني مسلمانان پرې عقيده نه لري هغه دا دي::
* [[امامت]]: ديني لارښوونه، ديني مشري، ديني رهبري. د علي او د هغه د اولاد رهبري او امامت د خدای لخوا نه د لارښوونې لپاره ټاکل شوی و.
* [[تولا]]: د [[اهل البيت]] او د هغوی د لارويانو سره مينه.
* [[تبارة]]: د اهل البيت د دښمنانو نه ځان بېلول او ليري والی.
* [[خمس]]: د گټې لپاره د ماليې ورکړه.

که څه هم چې داسې مسلمانان هم شته چې نه د تشيع او نه هم د سني په ډلو کې ځانونه شمېري او دا هغه مسلمانان دي چې د قرآني دلايلو له مخې په اسلام کې د فرقې او د ډلې جوړول حرام گڼي، دا هغه مسلمانان دي چې په ساده توگه ځانونه 'مسلمانان' بولي.
{{دوراشې کامه|إِنَّ الَّذِينَ فَرَّقُوا دِينَهُمْ وَكَانُوا شِيَعًا لَسْتَ مِنْهُمْ فِي شَيْءٍ ۚ إِنَّمَا أَمْرُهُمْ إِلَى اللَّهِ ثُمَّ يُنَبِّئُهُمْ بِمَا كَانُوا يَفْعَلُونَ |10px||[[سورة الأنعام|الانعام سورت]]|۱۵۹ آيت}}
&quot;هغه څوک چې ځانونه په ډلو وېشي هغه زموږ د ډلې خلک نه دي. د هغوی فېصله الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته مالومه ده، الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; به هغوی له هر هغه څه نه خبر کړي کوم چې دوی ترسره کړي.&quot;

=== خدای ===
:''آرنۍ ليکنې: [[الله]] / [[خدای]]
{{آرنی|په اسلام کې د خدای انځور}}
په اسلام کې تر ټولو لومړنی بنسټيزه موخه د خدای د وحدانيت منل دي چې دې ته توحيد وايي. په اسلام کې توحيد يو مطلق امر دی چې ترې هېڅ انکار نه کېږي او دا هڅکله يوه نسبي او يا هم په کومه بله مانا د نسبي شراکت مانا نه ورکوي. د قرآن مجيد په [[سورة الاخلاص]] کې خدای داسې راپېژندل شوی:

:''ووايه &quot;خدای هغه دی، يوازې او بې ساری. الله تل پايېدونکی، په بشپړه توگه له ځان نه بسيا مالک. نه  څوک يې زېږولي، او نه له چا نه زېږېدلی. او د الله په شان هېڅ بل څه نه شته.&quot;

په عربي ژبه کې ''الله'' د خدای په مانا دی. د آرپوهنې له مخې دا لغت د ''الهه'' &quot;[[معبود]]&quot; لغت سره ډېر نژدې دی، د ''الله'' نوم د عيسوي او يهودي عربانو لخوا هم د خپل معبود په يادولو کې کارېږي، دغه نوم د محمد نه مخکې مخينه لري او د دغه ځانگړی نوم مخينه د ابراهيمي مذهبونو د خدای نه پرته د يو بل معبود نورې توپيري ځانگړنې نه څرگندوي.

د &quot;الله&quot; نوم يو جمع او يا د جنس نوم نه دی، دا يو خاص نوم دی، دا نوم د &quot;خدای&quot; د نوم سره توپير لري، دا په دې سبب چې د خدای نوم د جمع بڼه لري او جنسيت هم ترې څرگندېدلای شي د ساري په توگه خدايان چې د همدې نوم جمع بڼه ده. په اسلام کې د الله پېژندنه په قرآن کې داسې شوې:
{{دوراشې کامه|فَاطِرُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأَرْضِ جَعَلَ لَكُمْ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ أَزْوَاجًا وَمِنَ الأَنْعَامِ أَزْوَاجًا يَذْرَؤُكُمْ فِيهِ لَيْسَ كَمِثْلِهِ شَيْءٌ وَهُوَ السَّمِيعُ البَصِيرُ|10px||[[سورة الشورى|الشوری سورت]]|۱۱ آيت}}
:''&quot;(الله دی) د اسمانونو او زمکې جوړونکی: هغه ستاسو او د څارويو له مېنځه ستاسو لپاره جوړې جوړې کړي، او په دې توگه هغه تاسې په گڼ شمېر جوړ کړي ياست: داسې هېڅ کوم بل معبود نشته پرته له (الله) نه او د هغه په شان هېڅ نشته، او الله دی چې هر څه اوري او ليدلی شي&quot;

The implicit usage of the [[definite article]] in ''Allah'' linguistically indicates the divine unity. Muslims believe that the God they worship is the same as the Judeo-Christian God, i.e. the God of Abraham. However, Muslims reject the Christian theology concerning the trinity of God (the doctrine of the [[Trinity]] which regards Jesus as the eternal [[Son of God]]), seeing it as akin to [[polytheism]]. Quoting from the Qur'an,
[[sura]] [[An-Nisa]](۴) :۱۷۱:

:''&quot;O People of the Scripture! Do not transgress the limits of your religion, and do not say about God except the truth. The Messiah, Jesus the son of Mary, was only a messenger of God, and His word that He had sent to Mary, and a revelation from Him. Therefore, you shall believe in GOD and His messengers. You shall not say, &quot;Trinity&quot;. You shall refrain from this for your own good. God is only one God. Be He glorified; He is much too glorious to have a son. To Him belongs everything in the heavens and everything on earth. God suffices as Lord and Master.&quot;''

No Muslim visual images or depictions of God exist because such artistic depictions may lead to [[idolatry]] and are thus disdained. Such [[aniconism]] can also be found in Judeo-Christian theology. Moreover, most Muslims believe that God is [[Spiritual being|incorporeal]], making any two- or three- dimensional depictions impossible. Instead, Muslims describe God by the many [[۹۹ Names of God|divine attributes]] mentioned in the [[Qur'an]]. All but one Sura (chapter) of the Qur'an begins with the phrase &quot;In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful&quot;. These are regarded as the most important divine attributes, at least in the sense that Muslims repeat them most frequently during their prayers ([[salat]]) and throughout their daily lives.

د اسلام بنسټيز اصل ''[[توحيد]]'' دی—توحيد په يوه او يوازيني خدای عقيدې ته وايي. په اسلام کې د خدای لپاره د عربي ژبې اصطلاح ''الله'' کارېږي; اکثراً عالمان په دې عقيده دي چې دا اصطلاح د '[['ال-]]'' (د مشخص کولو ادات) او ''[[اله]]'' (معبود) د وييونو نه اشتقاق شوي چې مانا يې يوازيني خدای ته اشاره کوي، خو ځينې نور عالمان بيا د همدې نوم آر او اصل د آرامايک ژبې لغت ''الهه'' گڼي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* &quot;اسلام او عيسويت&quot;, ''د عيسويت پوهنغونډ'' (۲۰۰۱): Arabic-speaking [[Christian]]s and [[Jew]]s also refer to God as ''Allāh''.
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Allah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلام په پينځو بنسټيزو ستنو کې لومړنۍ ستنه يې توحيد بلل کېږي چې د ''شهادة'' يا (منښت) په ډول اظهارېږي، شهادة داسې ده چې: ''''له حقيقي معبود نه پرته بل خدای نشته، او محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt;  د خدای ټاکل شوی پيغمبر دی''''. په دوديزه اسلامپوهنه کې، خدای د انساني عقل او پوهاوي نه پورته معبود گڼل کېږي; مسلمانان نه شي کولای چې خدای په يوه بڼه انځور کړي يوازې له دې چې بايد د داسې لوی معبود عبادت او اطاعت وکړي او خدای خپل يوازينی ساتونکی او ژغورونکی وگڼي. که څه هم چې مسلمانان عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د يو پيغمبر په توگه پېژني، خو دوی بيا د عيسويانو د درېگونۍ عقيده، چې مسلمانان يې د شرک بولي په کلکه ردوي. په اسلامپوهنه کې عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د نورو پيغمبرانو په څېر د خدای بنده او د انسان په توگه پېژندل کېږي او د عيسويانو هغه عقيده چې عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د خدای د ځوی په توگه پېژني په کلکه ردوي;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Tathlith, Trinity | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=David Thomas | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۱}}: Contrary to Muslim understanding, some scholars have suggested that the Qur'an only opposes certain deviant forms of Trinitarian belief.&lt;/ref&gt; د قرآن په يوه سوره کې د خدای څرگندونه داسې شوې &quot;ووايه هغه الله دی يوازې، الله هېچا ته اړ نه دی او ټول هغه ته اړ دي، نه د هغه څوک اولاد دی او نه هغه د چا اولاد دی او هېڅوک د هغه سيال نشته.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۱۱۲|۱|end=۴|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۷۴–۷۶
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۲۲
* Griffith (۲۰۰۶), p.۲۴۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Allah, Tawhid | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | author=D. Gimaret | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== قران عظيم الشان ===
[[انځور:FirstSurahKoran.jpg|thumb|upright|د قرآن لومړنۍ سوره [[سورة الفاتحة|الفاتحه]] د قران عظيم شان د لاسي نسخې يو انځور.]]

قرآن شريف د مسلمانانو سپېڅلی کتاب دی او دوی په همدغه آسماني کتاب باندې ايمان راوړی. د قرآن لغوي مانا  “لوستنه” ده. مسلمانان په دې باور دي چې قرآن يو آسماني کتاب دی چې د الله (جل جلاله) په وروستي نبي حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم باندې نازل شوی دی. دا سپېڅلی کتاب د ۶۱۰ ز. کال نه تر ۶۳۲ ز. پورې په بېلابېلو وختونو کې د الله تعالی له لوري او د حضرت جبراييل عليه السلام په منځگړتوب پر حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم باندې د وحيو په څېر نازل شوی. چې د وحيو په وختونو کې حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم حفظ کړی او بيا د الله تعالی د وروستي نبي د يارانو له خوا راټول شوی او پر ډبرليکونو او پاڼو ليکل شوی.

مسلمانان په دې باور دي چې له کومې ورځ نه الله تعالی قرآن شريف پر محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم نازل کړی له هماغې ورځې نه تر ننه پورې قرآن شريف په خپلې آرنۍ بڼې پاتې دی چې بيا د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم نه وروسته د هغه لارويانو چې قرآن شريف يې حفظ کړی وه وليکه او په همدې توگه يې قرآن شريف په ليکنې بڼه خوندي کړ. مسلمان عالمان ددې خبرې منښته کوي چې قرآن شريف د اسلام د درېيم خليفه حضرت عثمان (رض) د واکمنۍ پر مهال په ليکلې بڼه سره راټول شو، چې په دې توگه د قرآن شريف د بېلابېلو برخو د راټولولو او سره يوځای کولو نېټه له ۶۵۰ ز پېر نه تر ۶۵۶ ز پېر پورې ښودل شوی. او وروسته له دې چې قرآن شريف ليکلې بڼه وموندله نو بيا د هماغه خليفه د واکمنۍ پر مهال د قرآن شريف لمېسې جوړې شوې او د اسلامي خلافت بېلابېلو ولايتونو ته يې لمېسې ولېږل شوې.

There are numerous traditions, and many conflicting academic theories, as to the provenance of the Qur'anic verses that were eventually assembled into a single volume. (This is covered in greater detail in [[Qur'an]]). Most Muslims accept the account recorded in several hadith, which state that [[Abu Bakr]], The First Caliph, ordered his personal secretary [[Zayd ibn Thabit]] to collect and record all the authentic verses of the Qur'an, as preserved in written form or oral tradition. Zayd's written collection, privately treasured by Prophet Muhammad's wife [[Hafsa bint Umar]], was, according to Muslim sources, later used by Uthman and is thus the basis of today's Qur'an.

Uthman's version, organized the suras roughly in order of length (excepting the brief opening surah [[Al-Fatiha]]), with the longest suras at the start of the Qur'an and the shortest ones at the end. More conservative views state that the order of most suras was divinely set. Later scholars have struggled to put the suras in chronological order, and among Muslim commentators, at least, there is a rough consensus as to which suras were revealed in [[Makkan sura|Mecca]] and which at [[Medinan sura|Medina]], with distinctive characteristics observed within these two subgroups. Some suras (e.g. surat [[Iqra]]) are thought to have been revealed in parts at separate times.

To understand the notion of &quot;variants&quot; within the received Qur'anic text, one must understand that Arabic had not yet fully developed as a written language. The Qur'an was first recorded in written form (date uncertain) in the [[Hijazi]], [[Mashq]], [[Ma'il]], and [[Kufic]] scripts; these scripts write consonants only and do not supply vowels. (Imagine an English text that wrote the word 'bed' as &quot;BD,&quot; and required the reader to infer, from context, that the reference was to &quot;bed&quot; - and not to 'bad&quot; or &quot;bide.&quot;) Because there were differing oral traditions of recitation as non-native Arabic speakers converted to Islam, there was some disagreement as to the exact reading of many (vowel-free) verses. Eventually, scripts were  developed that used diacritical markings (known as ''points'') to indicate the vowels. For hundreds of years after Uthman's recension, Muslim scholars argued as to the correct pointing and reading of Uthman's (unpointed) official text.{{citation needed}} Eventually, most commentators accepted seven variant readings ([[qira'at]]) of the Qur'an as canonical, while agreeing that the differences among the seven are minor and do not affect the meaning of the text.

The form of the Qur'an most used today is the [[Al-Azhar]] text of ۱۹۲۳, prepared by a committee at the prestigious [[Cairo]] university of Al-Azhar.

The Qur'an early became a focus of Muslim devotion and eventually a subject of theological controversy among skeptics. In the [[۸th century]], the [[Mu'tazili]]s claimed that the Qur'an was created in time and was not eternal. Their opponents, of various schools, claimed that the Qur'an was eternal and perfect, existing in heaven before it was revealed to Muhammad. The [[Ashari]] theology (which ultimately became predominant) held that the Qur'an was uncreated.

Most Muslims regard paper copies of the Qur'an with extreme veneration, wrapping them in a clean cloth, keeping them on a high shelf, and washing as for prayers before reading the Qur'an. Old Qur'ans are not destroyed as wastepaper, but burned.

اکثره مسلمانان د قرآن ځينې برخې او يا ټول قرآن په آرنۍ ژبه (عربي) حفظ کوي. هغه څوک چې قرآن يې په بشپړه توگه حفظ کړی وي د حافظ په نامه يادېږي. په مسلمانانو کې د قرآن حفظ کول د هېښتيا خبره نه ده، نن ورځ د نړۍ په بېلابېلو هېوادونو کې په ميليونونو حافظين ژوندي دي چې د ټول قرآن متن يې له ياده زده دی.

د عقيدې د پيل د ورځو نه اکثره مسلمانان په دې اند دي چې قرآن يو مکمل اسماني کتاب دی چې په عربي ژبه نازل شوی. د دغه کتاب ژباړې د انساني هلو ځلو او د انساني تېروتنو نه تشې هڅې نه دي، همداراز په ژباړو کې د مومنانو د الهامي شاعرۍ کمښت څوک په قرآن کې موندلی شي. نو په همدې خاطر د قرآن ژباړې يوازې پر قرآن تبصرې گڼل کېږي او يا هم د مطلب ژباړه، او پخپله د قرآن نه. او په همدې دليل د قرآن په ډېرو نوو چاپ شويو نخسو کې د عربي متن په يوه مخ او د متن ژباړه په بل مخ راغلې.

قرآن شريف له ۱۱۴ [[سورت|سورتونو]] يا څپرکو نه جوړ شوی دی چې همدا ټول سورتونه ۶،۲۳۶ ''[[آيت|آيتونه]]'' لري. The chronologically earlier suras, revealed at Mecca, are primarily concerned with ethical and spiritual topics. The later Medinan suras mostly discuss social and moral issues relevant to the Muslim community.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qur'an | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}
&lt;/ref&gt; The Qur'an is more concerned with moral guidance than legal instruction, and is considered the &quot;sourcebook of Islamic principles and values&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۷۹&lt;/ref&gt; Muslim jurists consult the ''hadith'', or the written record of Muhammad's life, to both supplement the Qur'an and assist with its interpretation. The science of Qur'anic commentary and exegesis is known as ''[[tafsir]]''.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۷۹–۸۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tafsir | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The word ''Qur'an'' means &quot;recitation&quot;. When Muslims speak in the abstract about &quot;the Qur'an&quot;, they usually mean the scripture as recited in Arabic rather than the printed work or any translation of it. To Muslims, the Qur'an is perfect only as revealed in the original Arabic; translations are necessarily deficient because of language differences, the fallibility of translators, and the impossibility of preserving the original's inspired style. Translations are therefore regarded only as commentaries on the Qur'an, or &quot;interpretations of its meaning&quot;, not as the Qur'an itself.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Teece (۲۰۰۳), pp.۱۲٬۱۳
* C. Turner (۲۰۰۶), p.۴۲
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qur'an | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: The word ''Qur'an'' was invented and first used in the Qur'an itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology|two different theories]] about this term and its formation.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== پرښتې ===
{{آرنی|په اسلام کې د پرښتو انځور}}
د اسلام په دين کې د الله (جل جلاله) په پرښتو عقيده د ايمان جز گڼل کېږي. په عربي ژبه پرښتې ته (''ملک'') وايي چې د همدغه لغت مانا ده &quot;پيغام رسونکی&quot;، په عبراني ژبه کې همداسې ورته نوم (''ملخ'') د پرښتې په مانا ده خو په يوناني ژبه بيا پرښتې ته (''انجېلوس'') وايي. د قراني مالوماتو له مخې، پرښتې د خپلې خوښې واک په لاس کې نه لري، او په مکمله توگه د الله تعالی په عبادت کې بوختې دي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۲۱|۱۹|end=۲۰|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳۵|۱|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; قران کې دا هم راغلي چې د پرښتو په کارونو کې د الله تعالی حکمونه منل او د الله تعالی پيغامونو رسولو برسېره، پرښتې تل د الله په ثنا او صفت په عبادت بوختې دي، او د انسانانو اعمال ثبتوي ددې سره سره پرښتې د الله (جل جلاله) په حکم د انسانانو د مړينې په وخت کې روحونه باسي. داسې هم انگېرل کېږي چې پرښتې د انسان او الله تعالی ترمېنځ منځگړتوب کوي. قرآن شريف، پرښتې موږ ته داسې راڅرگندوي لکه &quot;يو ډول پيغام رسونکي چې دوه، درې يا څلور جوړه وزرې لري: خدای هماغسې خپل مخلوق جوړوي څنگه چې يې خوښه وي...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۳۵|۱|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۲۶–۲۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Malā'ika | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=W. Madelung | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Angel | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Gisela Webb | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== محمد&lt;sup&gt;([[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]])&lt;/sup&gt; ===
{{آرنی|محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم}}

حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم (c. ۵۷۰ – [[جولای ۶]] [[۶۳۲]]) د الله تعالی وروستی نبي، يو مذهبي، سياسي او پوځي عرب و چې د همدغه نبي د اسلام د دين بيرغ لوړ کړ او د اديانو په تاريخ کې يې د اسلام نوم هم وځلاوه. مسلمانان په دې گروهه دي چې حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) د يوه نوي مذهب بنسټ ايښودونکی نه دی، بلکه د اسلام د اصلي دين چې د حضرت آدم عليه السلام او حضرت ابراهيم او د نورو پيغمبرانو دين و، د هماغه دين بيا پرځای کونکی دی. مسلمانان په دې عقيده هم دي چې حضرت محمد د الله تعالی وروستی پيغمبر او د نورو پيغمبرانو په ډله کې د لويې مرتبې خاوند پيغمبر و.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸), p.۱۲
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۴–۵
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}&lt;/ref&gt;
دروند پیغمبر د خپل خوږ ژوند په وروستیو ۲۳ کلونو کې، یانې د ۴۰ کلني عمر په پیل کې د الله له لوري د ایاتو د نازلولو لړۍ پیل شوه، چې د دغو ایاتونو ټولگه د قرآن په نوم یادیږي چې دغه آیتونه بیا د صحابه و لخوا یاد کیدل.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۱۸|۱۱۰|style=ref}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[انځور:Masjid Nabawi. Medina, Saudi Arabia.jpg|بټنوک|220px|کيڼ|[[مسجد النبوي]] (&quot;د پيغمبر(صلی الله علیه وسلم) جومات&quot;) په مدينه کې د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم مقبره هم ده.|link=Special:FilePath/Masjid_Nabawi._Medina,_Saudi_Arabia.jpg]]

په دغه کې وخت محمد [[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]] د مکې خلکو ته په تبلیغ باندې پیل وکړ، تر څو دوې له شرک څخه راوباسي او د اسلام لور ته یې راوبلي. که څه چې محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم ځینې کسان اسلام ته راواړول خو په دې کار سره دی او د ده لارویان د مکې د چارواکو او لارښودگرانو لخوا تر زور او اذیت لاندې راغلل. چې بیا وروسته له ۱۳ کلنو څخه په کال ۶۲۲ کې محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم او نور مسلمانان له مکې څخه مدینه (رسما '''یثرب''' نومیږي) ته کډه شول.

There, with the Medinan converts (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]]'') and the Meccan migrants (''[[Muhajirun]]''), Muhammad established his political and [[Theocracy|religious authority]]. Within years, two battles had been fought against Meccan forces: the [[Battle of Badr]] in ۶۲۴, which was a Muslim victory, and the [[Battle of Uhud]] in ۶۲۵, which ended inconclusively. Conflict with Medinan Jewish clans who opposed the Muslims led to their exile, enslavement or death, and the Jewish enclave of [[Battle of Khaybar|Khaybar]] was subdued. At the same time, Meccan trade routes were cut off as Muhammad brought surrounding desert tribes under his control.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* F.E.Peters(۲۰۰۳), pp.۷۸٬۷۹٬۱۹۴ 
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۳–۲۸&lt;/ref&gt; By ۶۲۹ Muhammad was victorious in the nearly bloodless [[Conquest of Mecca]], and by the time of his death in ۶۳۲ he ruled over the [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian peninsula]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Muhammad&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Islam, the &quot;[[normative]]&quot; example of Muhammad's life is called the ''[[Sunnah]]'' (literally &quot;trodden path&quot;). This example is preserved in traditions known as [[hadith]] (&quot;reports&quot;), which recount his words, his actions, and his personal characteristics. The classical Muslim jurist [[ash-Shafi'i]] (d. ۸۲۰) emphasized the importance of the Sunnah in [[Sharia|Islamic law]], and Muslims are encouraged to emulate Muhammad's actions in their daily lives. The Sunnah is seen as crucial to guiding interpretation of the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World'' (۲۰۰۳), p.۶۶۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hadith | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=J. Robson | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sunna | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=D. W. Brown | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د قيامت ورځ ===
{{آرنی|قيامت}}
د &quot;جزا په ورځ&quot;، يعنی ''[[قيامت|د قيامت په ورځې]]'' ايمان لرل د اسلام يوه بنسټيزه گروهه ده. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې د قيامت ورځ د الله تعالی له خوا ټاکل شوی چې په يوه ځانگړي وخت کې به وي خو انسانانو ته يې وخت نه دی څرگند. د قيامت د ورځې د محکمې او کړاونه په هکله په قرآن او حديثونو کې هم بیان شوي، او همدارنگه د اسلامي علماوو په تفسيرونو کې.
The Qur'an emphasizes [[Resurrection of the Dead|bodily resurrection]], a break from the [[pre-Islamic Arabia]]n understanding of death. It states that resurrection will be followed by the gathering of mankind, culminating in their judgment by God.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* &quot;Resurrection&quot;, ''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'' (۲۰۰۳)
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Avicenna | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as &quot;Avicenna&quot;.
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qiyama | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Qur'an lists several sins that can condemn a person to hell, such as disbelief, [[riba|usury]] and dishonesty. Muslims view paradise (''[[jannah]]'') as a place of joy and bliss, with Qur'anic references describing its features and the physical pleasures to come. There are also references to a greater joy—acceptance by God (''ridwān'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۹|۷۲|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mystical traditions in Islam place these heavenly delights in the context of an ecstatic awareness of God.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Smith (۲۰۰۶), p.۸۹; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p.۵۶۵
* &quot;Heaven&quot;, ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' (۲۰۰۰)
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Garden | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Asma Afsaruddin | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Paradise | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تقدير ===
{{آرنی|تقدير}}

In accordance with the Islamic belief in [[predestination]], or divine preordainment (''al-qadā wa'l-qadar''), God has full knowledge and control over all that occurs. This is explained in Qur'anic verses such as &quot;Say: 'Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us: He is our protector'…&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۹|۵۱|style=ref}}
* D. Cohen-Mor (۲۰۰۱), p.۴: &quot;The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen: 'Say: &quot;Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us…&quot;&amp;nbsp;'&amp;nbsp;&quot;
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Fate | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Ahmet T. Karamustafa | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means &quot;to measure, to determine&quot;. Here it is used to mean that &quot;God measures and orders his creation&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; For Muslims, everything in the world that occurs, good or evil, has been preordained and nothing can happen unless permitted by God. In Islamic theology, divine preordainment does not suggest an absence of God's indignation against evil, because any evils that do occur are thought to result in future benefits men may not be able to see. According to Muslim theologians, although events are pre-ordained, man possesses free will in that he has the faculty to choose between right and wrong, and is thus responsible for his actions. According to Islamic tradition, all that has been decreed by God is written in ''al-Lawh al-Mahfūz'', the &quot;Preserved Tablet&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۲۰۰۳), pp.۱۱۹–۱۲۲
* Patton (۱۹۰۰), p.۱۳۰&lt;/ref&gt;

The Shi'a understanding of predestination is called &quot;divine justice&quot; (''Adalah''). This doctrine, originally developed by the [[Mu'tazila]], stresses the importance of man's responsibility for his own actions. In contrast, the Sunni deemphasize the role of individual free will in the context of God's creation and foreknowledge of all things.&lt;ref&gt;Momen (۱۹۸۷), pp.۱۷۷٬۱۷۸&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلام او دا آخرت په ورځ ایمان ===
{{آرنی|د اخرت په ورځ ایمان}}

Islamic [[eschatology]] is concerned with the ''[[Qiyamah]]'' ([[End of the world (religion)|end of the world]]) and the final  judgment of humanity. Like [[Christianity]] and [[Judaism]], Islam teaches the bodily [[resurrection]] of the dead, the fulfilment of a divine plan for creation, and the immortality of the human soul. In Islamic belief, the righteous are rewarded with the pleasures of ''Jannah'' ([[Paradise]]), while the unrighteous are punished in ''[[Jahannam]]'' (a fiery [[Hell]], from the Hebrew ''ge-hinnom'' or &quot;valley of Hinnom&quot;; usually rendered in English as [[Gehenna]]). A significant portion of the Qur'an deals with these beliefs, with many ''[[hadith]]'' elaborating on the themes and details.

== تنظيمونه ==
=== اسلامي واک ===
داسې هېڅ کوم رسمي اسلامي واک نشته چې په اسلام کې د يو کس د منلو او يا هم د اسلامي ټولنې ('''''اُمة''''' ''يانې ملت يا کورنۍ'') نه د رټلو واک په لاس کې ولري. اسلام خپلې دروازې پرته د کوم توپير، تعصب، رنگ، جنس، عمر او پخواني عقايدو نه د ټولو پر مخ پرانيستې دي او ټولو ته په دغه دين کې د ننوتلو اجازه شته. د مسلمان کېدو لپاره همدومره بس ده چې يو څوک د زړه له کومي په رسمي توگه د يو څو تنو مسلمانانو په مينځ کې د اسلام دين ومني او شهادت ووايي. شهادت هغه بيان دی چې مسلمان پرې د يوه خدای د وحدانيت او د حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) پر نبوت او په خپل ژوند کې د هغه د لارښوونو د پلي کولو د تکل اقرار بلل کېږي. د شهادت په نه وييلو سره هېڅوک نه شي کولای چې مسلمان شي. د مسلمان لپاره د شهادت نه وروسته د اسلامي حکمونو پلي کول فرض دي او همدا رنگه يو مسلمان بايد د اسلامي اخلاقو خاوند هم وي ترڅو هغه په يوه اسلامي ټولنه کې د منلو وړ وگرځي.

=== اسلامي قانون ===
{{آرنی|شريعت|فقه}}
د اسلامي قانون نوم شريعت دی، چې د مسلمانو عالمانو لخوا د قرآن او حديث په رڼا کې وضع شوی. قرآن شريف د شريعت او اسلامي قضايه نظام لومړنۍ سرچينه ده، تر دې وروسته د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم سنة او د لومړنۍ اسلامي ټولنې دود او دستورونه په دوهم پړاو کې ځای لري. سنت د احاديثو په شننو کې رامېنځ ته شوی، او احاديث د حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) لارښوونو ته وايي چې مسلمانانو ته يې کړي. اجماع چې د يوې مسلمانې ټولنې د احصايې په مانا ده، د قياس سره يوځای د اسلامي قانون او د شريعت درېيمه او څلورمه سرچينه جوړوي.

په اسلامي قانون کې د ژوند د هر اړخ په اړه بحث شوی دی. د دولت او حکومت د چلولو او د باندنيو اړيکو د ساتلو نه نيولې آن تر ورځيني ژوند و ژواک پورې د هرې ستونزې او مسلې لپاره د حل لار څېړل شوې او د اسلامي احکامو پر بنسټ يې د پلي کولو لارښوونه شوې.د اسلامي قانون په اړه په څرگنده ډول په قرآن شريف کې چې کوم احکامات راغلي هغه د [[حدود]]و په نامه يادېږي چې په دغو لارښوونو کې د قتل نه ډډه، د واده نه پرته د جنسي اړيکو د ساتلو نه ځان ساتنه، د شرابو او الکولو د څښلو او د قمار نه اجتناب يې غټ ټکي جوړوي. په قرآن کې د وراثت، د واده، د ټپي کولو او وژلو په بدل کې د تدابيرو نيولو او په هم دې توگه د روژې د نيولو، د زکات ورکولو او لمونځ کولو په باب هم په تفصيل سره د حکمونو يادونه شوې. However, the prescriptions and prohibitions may be broad, so how they are applied in practice varies. Islamic scholars, ''the ulema'', have elaborated systems of law on the basis of these broad rules, supplemented by the hadith reports of how Muhammad and his companions interpreted them. See [[Sin]] for further discussion about the concept of sin and its atonement according to the Islamic law.

In current times, not all Muslims understand the Qur'an in its original Arabic. Thus, when Muslims are divided in how to handle situations, they seek the assistance of a [[mufti]] (Islamic judge) who can advise them based on Islamic [[Sharia]] and hadith.

The ''Sharia'' (literally: &quot;the path leading to the watering place&quot;) is Islamic law formed by traditional Islamic scholarship. In Islam, Sharia is the expression of the divine will, and &quot;constitutes a system of duties that are incumbent upon a Muslim by virtue of his religious belief&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;BritannicaShariah&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Islamic law covers all aspects of life, from matters of state, like governance and [[Diplomacy|foreign relations]], to issues of daily living. The Qur'an defines ''[[hudud]]'' as the punishments for five specific crimes: unlawful intercourse, false accusation of unlawful intercourse, consumption of alcohol, theft, and highway robbery. The Qur'an and Sunnah also contain laws of [[Islamic Inheritance jurisprudence|inheritance]], [[Islamic marital jurisprudence|marriage]], and [[Qisas|restitution for injuries and murder]], as well as rules for [[sawm|fasting]], [[Sadaqah|charity]], and [[salat|prayer]]. However, these [[wajib|prescriptions]] and [[Haraam|prohibitions]] may be broad, so their application in practice varies. [[Ulema|Islamic scholars]] (known as ''ulema'') have elaborated systems of law on the basis of these rules and their interpretations.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Menski (۲۰۰۶), p.۲۹۰
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hadd | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=B. Carra de Vaux | coauthors=J. Schacht, A.M. Goichon | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sharia | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=N. Calder | coauthors=M. B. Hooker | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[Fiqh]]'', or &quot;jurisprudence&quot;, is defined as the knowledge of the practical rules of the religion. The method Islamic jurists use to derive rulings is known as ''[[usul al-fiqh]]'' (&quot;legal theory&quot;, or &quot;principles of jurisprudence&quot;). According to Islamic legal theory, law has four fundamental roots, which are given precedence in this order: the Qur'an, the Sunnah (actions and sayings of Muhammad), the consensus of the Muslim jurists (''[[ijma]]''), and analogical reasoning (''[[qiyas]]''). For early Islamic jurists, theory was less important than pragmatic application of the law. In the ۹th century, the jurist [[ash-Shafi'i]] provided a theoretical basis for Islamic law by codifying the principles of jurisprudence (including the four fundamental roots) in his book ''ar-Risālah''.&lt;ref&gt;Weiss (۲۰۰۲), pp.xvii,۱۶۲&lt;/ref&gt;

==== مذهب او رياست ====

د اسلامي قانون له مخې د مذهب او رياست تر مېنځ ژورې اړيکې دي چې په ډېريو اسلامي هېوادونو کې ديني عالمان د قاضيانو په توگه په رسمي ډول دندې ترسره کوي. In practice, Islamic rulers frequently bypassed the Sharia courts with a parallel system of so-called &quot;Grievance courts&quot; over which they had sole control. As the Muslim world came into contact with Western secular ideals, Muslim societies responded in different ways. [[Turkey]] has been governed as a secular state ever since the reforms of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]. In contrast, the [[۱۹۷۹ Iranian Revolution]] replaced a mostly secular regime with an [[Islamic republic]] led by the [[Ruholla Khomeini|Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۸۴
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۵۰۲–۵۰۷٬۸۴۵
* Lewis (۲۰۰۳), p.۱۰۰&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ارتداد او کفر ====
{{آرنی|ارتداد په اسلام کې}}

په سيمه ايزو اسلامي ټولنو کې چې يو وگړی په ارتداد او کفر پېژندل کېږي نو هغه بيا د هماغې ټولنې نه رټل کېږي. په اسلامي رياستونو کې ارتداد او کفر د اسلامي رياست پر وړاندې جرم گڼل کېږي او داسې يو مجرم ته سزا ورکول کېږي چې اکثراً د مرگ  سزا وي.

== مذهبي فرقې ==
{{main|د اسلام مذهبي فرقې}}
لکه د نورو دينونو په شان په اسلام کې هم يو شمېر مذهبي فرقې شته چې د دوی ټولو گروهه يا عقيده يوه ده خو په شرعي او قانوني توگه په دغو فرقو کې اهم توپيرونه ليدل کېږي. اسلام په دوه لويو فرقو وېشل شوی چې د [[سني]] او [[تشيع]] فرقې يې دوه لويې فرقې دي. [[تصوف]] بيا ځانته بله مذهبي ډله ده چې په دې کې د اسلام معمايي تصريف لور ته ډېر پام اړول شوی. د ځينو سرچينو له مخې د نړۍ نژدې ۸۵٪ مسلمانان د سني لويې فرقې په لار روان دي او پاتې ۱۵٪ مسلمانان د تشيع د مذهب مننونکي دي، په همدې توگه بيا په شيعه گانو کې هم وړې مذهبي فرقې شته.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۲
* {{cite web | url=http://countrystudies.us/afghanistan/61.htm | title=Sunni and Shia Islam | work=Country Studies | publisher=U.S. Library of Congress | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۱-۰۹}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اهل سنت ===
[[دوتنه:Divisions of Islam.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Divisions of Islam]]
{{آرنی|سني}}
[[سني]] مسلمانان د اسلام لويه برخه جوړوي. په عربي ژبه کې د ''السنة'' لغت مانا &quot;اصل&quot; او يا هم &quot;لار&quot; ده. سنت (د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; د ژوند کړه وړه) دقرآن او حديث له مخې د سني اسلام اهمه ستنه جوړوي. سنيان په دې عقيده دي چې د اسلام لومړي څلور خليفه گان د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; نه وروسته برحقه او ريښتوني خليفه گان وه؛ او خدای&lt;sup&gt;ج&lt;/sup&gt; د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر نه وروسته خدای بل پيغمبر نه ؤ ځانگړی کړی، او پاتې خليفه گان بايد ټاکل شوي وای. سنيان څلور لوی قانوني مذهبونه مني چې هغه څلور لوی مذهبونه [[حنفي]]، [[مالکي]]، [[شافي]] او [[حنبلي]] دي.  All four accept the validity of the others and a Muslim might choose any one that he or she finds agreeable, but other Islamic sects are believed to have departed from the majority by introducing innovations (''[[bidah]]''). There are also several orthodox theological or philosophical traditions within Sunnism. For example, the recent [[Salafi]] movement sees itself as restorationist and claims to derive its teachings from the original sources of Islam.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* اېسپوزيتو (۲۰۰۳), pp.۲۷۵٬۳۰۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shariah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sunnite | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== شیعه گان ===
{{آرنی|شيعه}}
{{see also|Historic background of the Sunni-Shi'a split}}
The [[Shi'a]], who constitute the second-largest branch of Islam, believe in the political and religious [[Islamic leadership|leadership]] of [[infallible#Additional Shi'a teachings|infallible]] [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)|Imams]] from the progeny of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]. They believe that he, as the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was his rightful successor, and they call him the first ''Imam'' (leader), rejecting the legitimacy of the previous Muslim caliphs. To them, an Imam rules by right of divine appointment and holds &quot;absolute spiritual authority&quot; among Muslims, having final say in matters of doctrine and revelation.&lt;ref&gt;See
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۴۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Imam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shi'ite | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/p.php?p=shia'&amp;url=Introduction {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419035040/http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/p.php?p=shia%27&amp;url=Introduction |date=2008-04-19 }} Imamat, by [[Naser Makarem Shirazi]]]&lt;/ref&gt; Although the Shi'a share many core practices with the Sunni, the two branches disagree over the proper importance and validity of specific collections of hadith. The Shi'a follow a legal tradition called [[Ja'fari jurisprudence]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Ahmed (۱۹۹۹), pp.۴۴–۴۵
* Nasr (۱۹۹۴), p.۴۶۶&lt;/ref&gt; Shi'a Islam has several branches, the largest of which is the [[Twelvers]] (''{{ArabDIN|iṯnāʿašariyya}}''), while the others are the [[Ismaili]], the [[Sevener]]s, and the [[Zaidiyyah]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Kramer (۱۹۸۷), [http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/Alawis.htm Syria’s Alawis and Shi‘ism pp.۲۳۷–۲۵۴]
* [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/index.html Shia branches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041025093409/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/index.html |date=2004-10-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 1.JPG|thumb|right|300px|A view of the [[Dome of the Rock]] on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]], a holy site in Islam]]
[[Shi'a]] Muslims, the second-largest sect, differ from the Sunni in rejecting the authority of the first three caliphs. They honor different traditions ([[hadith]]) and have their own legal traditions. Shi'a scholars have a larger authority than Sunni scholars and have greater room for interpretation. The [[Imams]] play a central role in Shi'a doctrine.

The arabic word Shi'a, litarally translates into the word 'group' or 'sect'. Originally known as Shi'at Ali (the sect of Ali), the group formed shortly after the death of Ali, in [[Iraq]]. Ali ibn Abi Talib was the cousin of prophet [[Muhammad]], and after marriage to Fatima, he also became Muhammad's son-in-law.

The Shi'a consist of one major school of thought known as the [[Ithna 'ashariyah]] or the &quot;[[Twelvers]]&quot;, and a few minor schools of thought, as the &quot;Seveners&quot; or the &quot;Fivers&quot; referring to the number of infallible leaders they recognize after the death of prophet [[Muhammad]]. The term Shi'a, when used without qualification, is usually taken to be synonymous with the Ithna Ashariyya or Twelvers. Most Shi'a live in [[Iran]], [[Iraq]] (the country where Ali passed away), [[Bahrain]], [[Lebanon]], [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. A minority group (about ۴ million) of Shi'a is known as [[Ismaili]]. The Shia Ismaili sect is subdivided into [[Nizari]] Ismaili and [[Mustaali]] Bohra subsects. The Nizari Ismaili or are led by the [[Aga Khan]] and are found mainly in [[Pakistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Bangladesh]], India, Canada and United States. The [[Mustaali]] Bohra sect is further subdivded into Dawoodi and Sulaimanis subsects. The [[Dawoodi Bohra]]s are concentrated in Pakistan and India. The [[Sulaimani Bohra]]s are concentrated in Yemen and Najran province of Saudi Arabia.

=== تصوف ===
{{آرنی|تصوف}}

Not strictly a denomination, [[Sufism]] is a mystical-ascetic form of Islam. By focusing on the more spiritual aspects of religion, Sufis strive to obtain direct experience of God by making use of &quot;intuitive and emotional faculties&quot; that one must be trained to use.&lt;ref&gt;Trimingham (۱۹۹۸), p.۱&lt;/ref&gt; Sufism and [[Islamic law]] are usually considered to be complementary, although Sufism has been criticized by some Muslims for being an unjustified [[bidah|religious innovation]]. Most Sufi orders, or ''[[tariqa]]s'', can be classified as either Sunni or Shi'a.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۳۰۲
* Malik (۲۰۰۶), p.۳
* B. S. Turner (۱۹۹۸), p.۱۴۵
* {{cite web | url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aftoc.html | work=Country Studies | publisher=U. S. Library of Congress (Federal Research Division) | title=Afghanistan: A Country Study | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۴-۱۸ | pages=۱۵۰}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Sufism]] is a spiritual practice followed by both Sunni and Shi'a. Sufis generally feel that following Islamic law or jurisprudence (or ''fiqh'') is only the first step on the path to perfect submission; they focus on the internal or more spiritual aspects of Islam, such as perfecting one's faith and fighting one's own ego (''nafs''). Most Sufi orders, or [[tariqa]], can be classified as either Sunni or Shi'a. However, there are some that are not easily categorized as either Sunni or Shi'a, such as the [[Bektashi]]. Sufis are found throughout the Islamic world, from [[Senegal]] to [[Indonesia]].

=== نورې طريقې ===
[[Wahhabi]]s, as they are known by non-Wahhabis, are a smaller, more recent Sunni group. They prefer to be called [[Salafi]]s. Wahhabism is a movement founded by [[Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab]] in the [[۱۸th century]] in what is present-day [[Saudi Arabia]]. They classify themselves as Sunni and some claim to follow the [[Hanbali]] legal tradition. The major trend, however, is the  abolition of these &quot;schools of thoughts&quot; (legal traditions), and the following of a more literalist interpretation. Some even regard other Sunni as heretics. The [[Hanbali]] legal tradition is the recognized official school of Islamic law in Saudi Arabia and they have had a great deal of influence on the Islamic world because of Saudi control of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]], the Islamic holy places, and because of Saudi funding for mosques and schools in other countries. The majority of Saudi Islamic scholars are considered as [[Wahhabi]]s by other parts of the Islamic world.

Sunni and Shi'a have often clashed. Some Sunni believe that Shi'a  are heretics while other Sunni recognize Shi'a as fellow Muslims. According to Shaikh Mahmood Shaltoot, head of the [[al-Azhar University]] in the middle part of the ۲۰th century, &quot;the Ja'fari school of thought, which is also known as &quot;al-Shi'a al- Imamiyyah al-Ithna Ashariyyah&quot; (i.e. The Twelver Imami Shi'ites) is a school of thought that is religiously correct to follow in worship as are other Sunni schools of thought&quot;. Al-Azhar later distanced itself from this position.

Another sect which dates back to the early days of Islam is that of the [[Kharijites]]. The only surviving branch of the Kharijites are the [[Ibadi|Ibadhi Muslims]]. Ibadhism is distinguished from Shiism by its belief that the Imam (Leader) should be chosen solely on the basis of his faith, not on the basis of descent, and from Sunnism in its rejection of [[Uthman]] and [[Ali]] and strong emphasis on the need to depose unjust rulers.  Ibadhi Islam is noted for its strictness, but, unlike the Kharijites proper, Ibadhis do not regard major sins as automatically making a Muslim an unbeliever. Most Ibadhi Muslims live in [[Oman]].

Another trend in modern Islam is that which is sometimes called progressive. Followers may be called [[Ijtihadists]]. They may be either Sunni or Shi'ite, and generally favor the development of  personal interpretations of Qur'an and Hadith. ''See'': [[Liberal Islam]]

One very small group, based primarily in the United States, follows the teachings of [[Rashad Khalifa]] and calls itself the &quot;Submitters&quot;. They reject [[hadith]] and [[fiqh]], and say that they follow the Qur'an alone. Most Muslims of both the [[Sunni]] and the [[Shia]] sects consider this group to be heretical.

The [[Kharijites]] are a sect that dates back to the early days of Islam. The only surviving branch of the Kharijites is [[Ibadism]]. Unlike most Kharijite groups, Ibadism does not regard sinful Muslims as unbelievers. The [[Imam]]ate is an important topic in Ibadi legal literature, which stipulates that the leader should be chosen solely on the basis of his knowledge and piety, and is to be deposed if he acts unjustly. Most Ibadi Muslims live in [[Oman]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* [http://www.uga.edu/islam/ibadis.html IBADI ISLAM: AN INTRODUCTION]
* J. A. Williams (۱۹۹۴), p.۱۷۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=al-Ibāḍiyya | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Yazidi]], [[Druze]],  [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community|Ahmadiyya]], [[Bábís|Bábí]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'í]], [[Berghouata]] and [[Ha-Mim]] religions either emerged out of Islam or came to share certain beliefs with Islam. [[Sikhism]], founded by [[Guru Nanak]] in late fifteenth century [[Punjab region|Punjab]], incorporates aspects of both Islam and [[Hinduism]].&lt;ref&gt;Encyclopedia of Islam, &quot;Sikhs&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلامي فرضونه او عمل ==
=== پينځه بنسټيزه ستنې ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام پينځه ستنې}}

[[دوتنه:Arabic Plaque, Great Mosque, Xian.jpg|thumb|220px|left|Islam's basic creed (''[[shahadah]]'') written on a plaque in the [[Great Mosque of Xi'an]], [[China]]]]
[[دوتنه:Kabaa.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Rituals of the [[Hajj]] (pilgrimage) include walking seven times around the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca.]]

دغه پنځه بنسټیزه ستنې د [[سني مسلمانان|سني مسلمانانو]] لپاره پنځه اړینه کړنې دي.خو بیا شیعه مسلمان په اتو مذهبي کړنو کې کډون کوي کوم چې دغو پنځو بنسټیزه کړنو ته ورته والی لري:
.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Momem (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Pillars of Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; چې په لاندې ډول دي:
* '''''[[شهادت]]''''', شهادت د اسلام له بنسټیزو [[عقیده|عقیدو]] یا اصولو څخه دي او باید د زړه له تله په لاندې ډول وویل شي ''' أشهد أن لا إله إلاَّ الله و أشهد أن محمد رسول الله''',یا&quot; زه شهادت ورکوم چې دلته پرته له [[الله]] څخه بل هیڅوک د [[عبادت]] وړ ندي او زه شهادت ورکوم چې [[محمد]] د خدای [[رسول]] دي.&quot;

This testament is a foundation for all other beliefs and practices in Islam (although technically the Shi'a do not consider the ''shahadah'' to be a separate pillar, just a belief). Muslims must repeat the ''shahadah'' in prayer, and non-Muslims wishing to convert to Islam are required to recite the creed.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۱۹۹۴), p.۱۳۵
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸
* &quot;Islam&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals''(۲۰۰۴)&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[لمونځ]]''''', or ritual prayer, which must be performed five times a day. (However, the Shi'a are permitted to run together the noon with the afternoon prayers, and the evening with the night prayers). Each salah is done facing towards the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca. Salah is intended to focus the mind on God, and is seen as a personal communication with him that expresses gratitude and worship. Salah is compulsory but flexibility in the specifics is allowed depending on circumstances. In many Muslim countries, reminders called [[Adhan]] (call to prayer) are broadcast publicly from local mosques at the appropriate times. The prayers are recited in the [[Arabic language]], and consist of verses from the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۱۸٬۱۹
* Hedáyetullah (۲۰۰۶), pp.۵۳–۵۵
* Kobeisy (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲۲–۳۴
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[زکات]]''''', or [[alms|alms-giving]]. This is the practice of giving based on accumulated wealth, and is obligatory for all Muslims who can afford it. A fixed portion is spent to help the poor or needy, and also to assist the spread of Islam. The zakat is considered a religious obligation (as opposed to voluntary charity) that the well-off owe to the needy because their wealth is seen as a &quot;trust from God's bounty&quot;. The Qur'an and the hadith also suggest a Muslim give even more as an act of voluntary alms-giving (''[[sadaqah]]''). Many Shi'ites are expected to pay an additional amount in the form of a ''[[khums]]'' tax, which they consider to be a separate ritual practice.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲|۱۷۷|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۹۰
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Zakat | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۱}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Zakat | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[روژه]]''''', or [[Sawm of Ramadan|fasting during the month of Ramadan]]. Muslims must not eat or drink (among other things) from dawn to dusk during this month, and must be mindful of other sins. The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to God, and during it Muslims should express their gratitude for and dependence on him, atone for their past sins, and think of the needy. ''Sawm'' is not obligatory for several groups for whom it would constitute an undue burden. For others, flexibility is allowed depending on circumstances, but missed fasts usually must be made up quickly.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲|۱۸۴|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۹۰٬۹۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_21.html#HEADING20 | title=For whom fasting is mandatory | publisher=USC-MSA | work=Compendium of Muslim Texts | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۴-۱۸ | تاريخ الأرشيف=2008-11-28 | مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 | url-status=dead | خونديځ نېټه=2008-11-28 | خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308025221/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_21.html#HEADING20 | خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[حج]]''''', which is the pilgrimage during the [[Islamic calendar|Islamic month]] of ''[[Dhu al-Hijjah]]'' in the city of [[Mecca]]. Every [[able-bodied]] Muslim who can afford it must make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his or her lifetime. When the pilgrim is about ten kilometers from Mecca, he must dress in [[Ihram clothing|''Ihram'' clothing]], which consists of two white seamless sheets. Rituals of the Hajj include walking seven times around the [[Kaaba]], touching the [[Black Stone]], running seven times between [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Mount Safa]] and [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Mount Marwah]], and symbolically [[Stoning of the Devil|stoning the Devil]] in [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]]. The pilgrim, or the ''hajji'', is honored in his or her community, although Islamic teachers say that the Hajj should be an expression of devotion to God instead of a means to gain social standing.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۱۹۹۴), pp.۱۴۵–۱۴۷
* Goldschmidt (۲۰۰۵), p.۴۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hajj | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In addition to the ''khums'' tax, Shi'a Muslims consider three additional practices essential to the religion of Islam. The first is [[jihad]], which is also important to the Sunni, but not considered a pillar. The second is ''[[Amr-Bil-Ma'rūf]]'', the &quot;Enjoining to Do Good&quot;, which calls for every Muslim to live a virtuous life and to encourage others to do the same. The third is ''[[Nahi-Anil-Munkar]]'', the &quot;Exhortation to Desist from Evil&quot;, which tells Muslims to refrain from vice and from evil actions and to also encourage others to do the same.&lt;ref&gt;Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۸۰&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلامي اداب او خواړه ===

{{آرنی|اسلامي اداب|د خواړو اړونده اسلامي احکام}}

Many practices fall in the category of ''adab'', or Islamic etiquette. This includes greeting others with &quot;''[[As-Salamu Alaykum|as-salamu `alaykum]]''&quot; (&quot;peace be unto you&quot;), saying ''[[bismillah]]'' (&quot;in [[Names of God|the name of God]]&quot;) before meals, and using only the right hand for eating and drinking. [[Islamic hygienical jurisprudence|Islamic hygienic]] practices mainly fall into the category of personal cleanliness and health, such as the circumcision of male offspring. [[Islamic funeral|Islamic burial rituals]] include saying the ''[[Salat al-Janazah]]'' (&quot;funeral prayer&quot;) over the bathed and enshrouded dead body, and burying it in a grave. Muslims, like Jews, are restricted in their diet, and prohibited foods include pig products, blood, [[carrion]], and [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]]. All meat must come from a [[herbivorous]] animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian, with the exception of game that one has hunted or fished for oneself. Food permissible for Muslims is known as [[halal]] food.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۵|۵|style=ref}}
* Curtis (۲۰۰۵), p.۱۶۴
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۱۱۱
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/janisla2y2.html Customs and Behavioral Laws]
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/febislaw2y2.html The Dietary Laws]
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/DecIslaw2y5.htm Various types of the prayer]
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Slaughter | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Ersilia Francesca | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۸}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جهاد ===
{{mainarticle|Jihad|Islamic military jurisprudence}}
Jihad means &quot;to strive or struggle,&quot; especially in the idiomatic expression &quot;striving in the way of God&quot; (''al-jihad fi sabil Allah'') and is considered the &quot;[[sixth pillar of Islam]]&quot; by a minority of Muslim authorities.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Merriam (۱۹۹۹) p.۵۷۱
* Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia p.۴۱۹
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۹۳&lt;/ref&gt; Jihad, in its broadest sense, is classically defined as &quot;exerting one's utmost power, efforts, endeavors, or ability in contending with an object of disapprobation.&quot; Depending on the object being a visible enemy, the devil, and aspects of one's own self, different categories of Jihad are defined: Jihad against one's own self (self-perfection), Jihad of the tongue, Jihad of the hand, and Jihad of the sword. Jihad when used without any qualifier is understood in its military aspect.&lt;ref&gt;Reuven Firestone (۱۹۹۹), The Meaning of Jihād, p. ۱۷-۱۸&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Britannica Encyclopedia, Jihad&lt;/ref&gt;

Jihad is the only form of warfare permissible under [[Sharia|Islamic law]]. Under most circumstances and for most Muslims, jihad is a collective duty (''[[Fard|fard kifaya]]''): one whose performance by some individuals exempts the others; for the rest of the populace, this happens only in the case of a [[general mobilization]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Djihad&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''.&lt;/ref&gt; Some Muslim authorities, especially among the Shi'a and [[Sufism|Sufis]], distinguish between the &quot;greater jihad&quot;, which pertains to spiritual self-perfection, and the &quot;lesser jihad&quot;, defined as warfare.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Firestone (۱۹۹۹) p.۱۷ 
* &quot;Djihad&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''.&lt;/ref&gt; Jihad also refers to one's striving to attain religious and moral perfection.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Brockopp (۲۰۰۳) pp. ۹۹–۱۰۰
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۹۳ 
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=jihad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۶-۱۳}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
{{آرنی|د اسلام تاريخ|د اسلام خپرېدا}}

Islam's historical development resulted in major political, economic, and military effects inside and outside the [[Islamic world]]. Within a century of Muhammad's first recitations of the [[Qur'an]], an Islamic empire stretched from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in the west to [[Central Asia]] in the east. This new polity soon broke into civil war, and successor states fought each other and outside forces. However, Islam continued to spread into regions like [[Africa]], the [[Indian subcontinent]], and [[Southeast Asia]]. The Islamic civilization was one of the most advanced in the world during the [[Middle Ages]], but was surpassed by Europe with the economic and military growth of the West. During the ۱۸th and ۱۹th centuries, Islamic dynasties such as the [[Ottomans]] and [[Mughals]] fell under the sway of European imperial powers. In the ۲۰th century [[Islamic revival|new religious and political movements]] and newfound wealth in the Islamic world led to both rebirth and conflict.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۵۰٬۱۱۲٬۱۹۷٬۳۸۰٬۴۸۹٬۵۷۸٬۸۱۷
* Lewis (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲۹٬۵۱–۵۶&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د اسلامي رياست پيل (۶۳۲–۷۵۰) ===
{{see|Succession to Muhammad|Muslim conquests|Muslim Empire}}
Muhammad began preaching Islam at [[Mecca]] before [[Hijra (Islam)|migrating]] to [[Medina]], from where he united the [[tribes of Arabia]] into a singular Arab Muslim religious polity. With Muhammad's death in ۶۳۲, disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community. [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]], a prominent [[sahaba|companion]] of Muhammad, nominated [[Abu Bakr]], who was Muhammad's intimate friend and collaborator. Others added their support and Abu Bakr was made the first [[caliph]]. This choice was disputed by some of Muhammad's companions, who held that [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]], his cousin and son-in-law, had been designated his successor. Abu Bakr's immediate task was to avenge a recent defeat by [[Byzantine]] (or [[Eastern Roman Empire]]) forces, although he first had to put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an episode known as the [[Ridda wars]], or &quot;Wars of Apostasy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See: 
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۵۷
* Hourani (۲۰۰۳), p.۲۲
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۳۲
* Madelung (۱۹۹۶), p.۴۳
* Tabatabaei (۱۹۷۹), p.۳۰–۵۰&lt;/ref&gt;

[[دوتنه:Age of Caliphs.png|thumb|left|300px|The territory of the [[Caliphate]] in the year ۷۵۰]]

His death in ۶۳۴ resulted in the succession of Umar as the caliph, followed by [[Uthman ibn al-Affan]] and Ali ibn Abi Talib. These four are known as ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' (&quot;[[Rightly Guided Caliphs]]&quot;). Under them, the territory under Muslim rule expanded deeply into [[Persian Empire]] and [[Byzantine]] territories.&lt;ref&gt;See
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۷۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; When Umar was assassinated in ۶۴۴, [[the election of Uthman]] as successor was met with increasing opposition. In ۶۵۶, Uthman was also killed, and Ali assumed the position of caliph. After fighting off opposition in the [[First Fitna|first civil war]] (the &quot;First Fitna&quot;), Ali was assassinated by [[Kharijites]] in ۶۶۱. Following this, [[Muawiyah I|Mu'awiyah]], who was governor of [[Levant]], seized power and began the [[Umayyad dynasty]].&lt;ref&gt;Holt (۱۹۷۷a), pp.۶۷–۷۲&lt;/ref&gt;

These disputes over religious and political leadership would give rise to schism in the Muslim community. The majority accepted the legitimacy of the three rulers prior to Ali, and became known as [[Sunni]]s. A minority disagreed, and believed that Ali was the only rightful successor; they became known as the [[Shi'a]].&lt;ref&gt;Waines (۲۰۰۳) p.۴۶&lt;/ref&gt; After Mu'awiyah's death in ۶۸۰, conflict over succession broke out again in a civil war known as the &quot;[[Second Fitna]]&quot;. Afterward, the Umayyad dynasty prevailed for seventy years, and was able to conquer the [[Maghreb|Maghrib]] as well as the [[Al-Andalus]] (the [[Iberian Peninsula]], former [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] [[Hispania]]) and the [[Gallia Narbonensis|Narbonnese Gaul]]. While the Muslim-Arab elite engaged in conquest, some devout Muslims&lt;!--The Islamic term is Zahid and there may be a better translation for it.--&gt; began to question the piety of indulgence in a worldly life, emphasizing rather poverty, humility and avoidance of sin based on renunciation of bodily desires. Devout Muslim ascetic exemplars such as [[Hasan al-Basri]] would inspire a movement that would evolve into [[Sufism]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۹۰٬۹۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sufism | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۳}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the Umayyad aristocracy, Islam was viewed as a religion for Arabs only;&lt;ref&gt;Hawting (۲۰۰۰), p.۴&lt;/ref&gt; the economy of the Umayyad empire was based on the assumption that a majority of non-Muslims ([[Dhimmis]]) would pay taxes to the minority of Muslim Arabs. A non-Arab who wanted to convert to Islam was supposed to first become a client of an Arab tribe. Even after conversion, these new Muslims (''[[mawali]]'') did not achieve social and economic equality with the Arabs. The descendants of Muhammad's uncle [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] rallied discontented ''mawali'', poor Arabs, and some Shi'a against the Umayyads and overthrew them with the help of their propagandist and general [[Abu Muslim]], inaugurating the [[Abbasid|Abbasid dynasty]] in ۷۵۰.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۶; Lewis (۱۹۹۳), pp. ۷۱–۸۳&lt;/ref&gt; Under the Abbasids, Islamic civilization flourished in the &quot;[[Islamic Golden Age]]&quot;, with its capital at the cosmopolitan city of Baghdad.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), pp.۸۰٬۹۲٬۱۰۵
* Holt (۱۹۷۷b), pp.۶۶۱–۶۶۳
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۶
* Lewis (۱۹۹۳), p.۸۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د اسلام زرين پېر (۷۵۰–۱۲۵۸) ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام زرين پېر}}

[[دوتنه:Battle of Cresson.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Artistic depiction of the Battle of Hattin in 1187, where Jerusalem was recaptured by Saladin's Ayyubid forces]]

By the late ۹th century, the Abbasid caliphate began to fracture as various regions gained increasing levels of autonomy. Across North Africa, Persia, and Central Asia [[emirates]] formed as provinces broke away. The monolithic Arab empire gave way to a more religiously homogenized [[Muslim world]] where the Shia [[Fatimid]]s contested even the religious authority of the caliphate. By ۱۰۵۵ the [[Seljuq Turks]] had eliminated the Abbasids as a military power, nevertheless they continued to respect the caliph's titular authority.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۱۰۳–۱۴۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Abbasid Dynasty | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this time expansion of the Muslim world continued, by both conquest and peaceful [[Dawah|proselytism]] even as both Islam and Muslim trade networks were extending into sub-Saharan [[West Africa]], [[Central Asia]], [[Volga Bulgaria]] and the [[Malay archipelago]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Islam&quot;/&gt;

The Golden Age saw new legal, philosophical, and religious developments. The [[Six major Hadith collections|major hadith collections]] were compiled and the four modern Sunni [[Madh'hab]]s were established. Islamic law was advanced greatly by the efforts of the early ۹th century jurist [[al-Shafi'i]]; he codified a method to establish the reliability of hadith, a topic which had been a locus of dispute among Islamic scholars.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۸۶&lt;/ref&gt; Philosophers [[Ibn Sina]] (Avicenna) and [[Al-Farabi]] sought to incorporate Greek principles into Islamic theology, while others like the ۱۱th century theologian [[Abu Hamid al-Ghazzali]] argued against them and ultimately prevailed.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۱۶۰
* Waines (۲۰۰۳) p.۱۲۶٬۱۲۷&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, Sufism and Shi'ism both underwent major changes in the ۹th century. [[Sufism]] became a full-fledged movement that had moved towards mysticism and away from its ascetic roots, while Shi'ism split due to disagreements over the succession of Imams.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۴۴–۴۵
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۹۰–۹۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sufism | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The spread of the Islamic dominion induced hostility among [[Middle ages|medieval]] [[ecclesiastical]] Christian authors who saw Islam as an adversary in the light of the large numbers of new Muslim converts. This opposition resulted in polemical treatises which depicted Islam as the religion of the [[antichrist]] and of Muslims as libidinous and subhuman.&lt;ref&gt;Tolan (۲۰۰۲) xv, xvi, ۴۱&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Middle Ages|medieval period]], a few Arab philosophers like the poet [[Al-Ma'arri]] adopted a critical approach to Islam, and the Jewish philosopher [[Maimonides]] contrasted Islamic views of morality to Jewish views that he himself elaborated.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Novak (February ۱۹۹۹)
* Sahas (۱۹۹۷), pp.۷۶–۸۰&lt;/ref&gt;

Starting in the ۹th century, Muslim conquests in Christian Europe began to be reversed. The [[Reconquista]] was launched against Muslim [[Taifa|principalities]] in [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], and Muslim [[History of Islam in southern Italy|Italian possessions]] were lost to the [[Normans]]. From the ۱۱th century onwards a series of wars known as the [[Crusade]]s brought the Muslim world into conflict with [[Christendom]]. Successful at first in their capturing of the [[Holy Land (Biblical)|Holy land]] which resulted in the establishment of the [[Crusader states]], Crusader gains in the Holy Land were reversed by later Muslim generals such as [[Saladin]], who recaptured [[Jerusalem]] during the [[Second Crusade]].&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۸۸–۲۹۰٬۳۱۰&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Mongol Empire]] put an end to the Abbasid dynasty at the [[Battle of Baghdad (۱۲۵۸)|Battle of Baghdad in ۱۲۵۸]], which saw the Muslims overrun by the superior Mongol army. Meanwhile in Egypt, the slave-soldier [[Mamluk]]s took control in an uprising in ۱۲۵۰.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۹۲
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic World | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د عثمانيه سلطنت او په هند کې اسلامي رياست (۱۲۵۸–۱۹۱۸) ===

The Seljuk Turks fell apart rapidly in the second half of the ۱۳th century. In the ۱۳th and ۱۴th centuries the [[Ottoman empire]] (named after [[Osman I]]) was established with a string of conquests that included the [[Balkans]], parts of [[Greece]], and western [[Anatolia]]. In ۱۴۵۳ under [[Mehmed II]] the Ottomans laid siege to [[Constantinople]], the capital of Byzantium. The Byzantine fortress [[Fall of Constantinople|succumbed]] shortly thereafter, having been battered by superior Ottoman [[cannon]]ry.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۲۶۳
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۵۰
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Istanbul | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Beginning in the ۱۳th century, Sufism underwent a transformation, largely as a result of the efforts of [[al-Ghazzali]] to legitimize and reorganize the movement. He developed the model of the Sufi order—a community of spiritual teachers and students.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۰۴٬۱۰۵&lt;/ref&gt; Also of importance to Sufism was the creation of the [[Masnavi]], a collection of mystical poetry by the ۱۳th century [[Persian language|Persian]] poet [[Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi|Rumi]]. The Masnavi had a profound influence on the development of Sufi religious thought; to many Sufis it is second in importance only to the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic Art | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[دوتنه:TajMahalbyAmalMongia.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[Taj Mahal]] is a [[mausoleum]] located in [[Agra]], [[India]], that was built under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۶۵&lt;/ref&gt;]]

In the early ۱۶th century, the Shi'ite [[Safavid dynasty]] assumed control in Persia and established Shi'a Islam as an official religion there, and despite periodic setbacks, the Safavids remained powerful for two centuries. Meanwhile, Mamluk Egypt fell to the Ottomans in ۱۵۱۷, who then launched a European campaign which reached as far as [[Siege of Vienna|the gates of Vienna]] in ۱۵۲۹.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۱۹۸٬۲۳۴٬۲۴۴٬۲۴۵٬۲۵۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many [[Islamic empires in India|Islamic dynasties]] ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent starting from the twelfth century. The prominent ones include the [[Delhi Sultanate]] (۱۲۰۶–۱۵۲۶) and the [[Mughal empire]] (۱۵۲۶–۱۸۵۷). These empires helped in the spread of Islam in [[South Asia]]. but by the mid-۱۸th century the [[British empire]] had ended the Mughal dynasty.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۳۵۸٬۳۷۸–۳۸۰٬۶۲۴&lt;/ref&gt; In the ۱۸th century the [[Wahhabi]] movement took hold in Saudi Arabia. Founded by the preacher [[Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab|Ibn Abd al-Wahhab]], Wahhabism is a fundamentalist ideology that condemns practices like Sufism and the veneration of saints as un-Islamic.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۷۲
* Watt (۱۹۷۳), p.۱۸: Wahhabism should not be confused with the early Kharijite sect of Wahabiyya, which was named after Abd-Allah ibn-Wahb ar-Rasibi, who opposed Ali at Nahrawan.&lt;/ref&gt;

By the ۱۷th and ۱۸th centuries, despite attempts at modernization, the Ottoman empire had begun to feel threatened by European economic and military advantages. In the ۱۹th century, the [[Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire|rise of nationalism]] resulted in Greece declaring and winning independence in ۱۸۲۹, with several Balkan states following suit after the Ottomans suffered defeat in the [[Russo-Turkish War (۱۸۷۷–۱۸۷۸)|Russo-Turkish War of ۱۸۷۷–۱۸۷۸]]. The Ottoman era came to a close at the end of [[World War I]].&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۳۸۰٬۴۸۹–۴۹۳&lt;/ref&gt;

=== نوی پېر (۱۹۱۸–اوسمهال) ===
After [[World War I]] losses, the remnants of the empire were parceled out as European [[protectorate]]s or [[sphere of influence|spheres of influence]]. Since then most Muslim societies have become independent nations, and new issues such as oil wealth and relations with the State of [[Israel]] have assumed prominence.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۸۱–۲۸۲٬۳۸۰٬۴۸۹–۴۹۳٬۵۵۶٬۵۷۸٬۸۲۳٬۸۳۵&lt;/ref&gt;

The ۲۰th century saw the creation of many new Islamic &quot;revivalist&quot; movements. Groups such as the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in Egypt and [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] in Pakistan advocate a totalistic and theocratic alternative to secular political ideologies. Sometimes called [[Islamist]], they see Western cultural values as a threat, and promote Islam as a comprehensive solution to every public and private question of importance. In countries like Iran and Afghanistan (under the [[Taliban]]), revolutionary movements replaced [[Secularism|secular]] regimes with Islamist states, while transnational groups like [[Osama bin Laden]]'s [[al-Qaeda]] engage in [[Islamist terrorism|terrorism]] to further their goals. In contrast, [[Liberal Islam]] is a movement that attempts to reconcile religious tradition with modern norms of secular governance and [[human rights]]. Its supporters say that there are multiple ways to read Islam's sacred texts, and stress the need to leave room for &quot;independent thought on religious matters&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۱۸٬۱۱۹٬۱۷۹
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۸۲۳–۸۳۰&lt;/ref&gt;

In modern times Islam has come under [[Criticism of Islam|criticism]] from idealogues such as [[Robert Spencer]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last=Bostom | first=Andrew | title=Islamic Apostates' Tales—A Review of ''Leaving Islam'' by Ibn Warraq | date=July ۲۱, ۲۰۰۳ | publisher=FrontPageMagazine.com | work=FrontPage Magazine | url=http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=9000 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Ibn Warraq]],&lt;ref&gt;Rippin (۲۰۰۱), p.۲۸۸&lt;/ref&gt; who criticize Islamic law and question the morality of the Qur'an; for example, they say that its contents justify mistreatment of women and encourage [[anti-Semitism|antisemitic]] remarks by Muslim theologians;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | publisher=NYRB | work=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=۱۰-۰۵-۲۰۰۶ | title=Islam in Europe | author=Timothy Garton Ash | url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/19371}}&lt;/ref&gt; such claims are disputed by Muslim scholars.&lt;ref&gt;For example, see:
* [[Ahmed Deedat]], in Westerlund (۲۰۰۳);
* [[Syed Ameer Ali]], in ''The Spirit of Islam'' (۱۸۴۹–۱۹۲۸). It is described by [[David Samuel Margoliouth]] (۱۹۰۵) as &quot;probably the best achievement in the way of an apology for Mohammed&quot;.  See Margoliouth, preface ''Mohammed and the Rise of Islam'';
* [[Yusuf Estes]], in {{cite news | publisher=Advance, [[University of Connecticut]] | date=۱۱-۱۷-۲۰۰۳ | title=Ramadan Awareness Event Designed To Debunk Negative Images | author=Elizabeth Omara-Otunnu | url=http://advance.uconn.edu/2003/031117/03111715.htm | access-date=2007-11-24 | archive-date=2014-04-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401005128/http://advance.uconn.edu/2003/031117/03111715.htm | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Montgomery Watt]], Norman Daniel, and [[Edward Said]] dismiss many of the criticisms as the product of old myths and medieval European polemics.&lt;ref&gt;
* Seibert (۱۹۹۴), pp.۸۸–۸۹
* Watt (۱۹۷۴), p.۲۳۱&lt;/ref&gt; The rise of [[Islamophobia]], according to [[Carl Ernst]], had contributed to the negative views about Islam and Muslims in the West.&lt;ref&gt;Ernst (۲۰۰۴), p.۱۱&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلامي ټولنه ==
{{آرنی|اسلامي نړۍ}}

[[دوتنه:Islam percentage by country.png|کيڼ|290px|بټنوک|د هېوادونو له مخې د مسلمانانو د شمېر سلنه]]

=== وگړپوهنه ===
{{دا هم  وگورۍ|د مسلمانانو د شمېر له مخې د هېوادونو لړليک|د اسلام ډيموگرافي}}

Commonly cited estimates of the Muslim population in ۲۰۰۷ range from ۱٫۱&amp;nbsp;billion to ۱٫۸&amp;nbsp;billion. Approximately ۸۵٪ are [[Sunni]] and ۱۵٪ are [[Shi'a]], with a small minority belonging to other sects. Some ۳۰–۴۰ countries are Muslim-majority, and Arabs account for around ۲۰٪ of all Muslims worldwide.  [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]] contain the most populous Muslim countries, with [[Indonesia]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Bangladesh]] having more than ۱۰۰&amp;nbsp;million adherents each.&lt;ref name=Islam_by_country&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/rel_isl_num_of_mus-religion-islam-number-of-muslim
|title=Number of Muslim by country
|publisher=nationmaster.com
|accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۳۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to U.S. government figures, in ۲۰۰۶ there were ۲۰&amp;nbsp;million Muslims in [[China]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm
|title=International Religious Freedom Report ۲۰۰۶—China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)
|year=۲۰۰۶
|publisher=U.S. department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
|accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۳۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Middle East]], the non-Arab countries of [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]] are the largest Muslim-majority countries; in [[Africa]], [[Egypt]] and [[Nigeria]] have the most populous Muslim communities.&lt;ref name=Islam_by_country/&gt; Islam is the second largest religion after [[Christianity]] in many [[Europe]]an countries.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴) pp.۲٬۴۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic World | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | title=Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents | publisher=Adherents.com | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۱-۰۹ | تاريخ الأرشيف=2010-01-29 | مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | url-status=dead | خونديځ نېټه=2007-07-07 | خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html }}
* {{cite web | title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4385768.stm | publisher=BBC | work=BBC News | date=[[۲۰۰۵-۱۲-۲۳]] | accessdate=۲۰۰۶-۰۹-۲۸ }}
* {{cite web | title=Religion In Britain | url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 | publisher=Office for National Statistics | work=National Statistics | date=[[۲۰۰۳-۰۲-۱۳]] | accessdate=۲۰۰۶-۰۸-۲۷ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جومات ===
{{آرنی|جومات}}
جومات د مسلمانانو لپاره د عبادت ځای دی، چې په عربي کې ورته ''مسجد'' وایي که څه هم په  جوماتو  کې اصلي موخه د لمونځونو ادا کول دی، خو مسلمانو ته جومات د یو بل د لیدلو او زده کړو لپاره هم ډیر مهم دی. اوسني پرمختللي جوماتونه تر ډیرې کچې پورې د ۷ مې پیړۍ د جوماتو په شان پراخ شوي او د ډیرو بیلابیلو څیزونو او معمامري عناصرو درلودونکي دی لکه منار.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Masdjid | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author= J. Pedersen | coauthors=R. Hillenbrand, J. Burton-Page, et al. | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Mosque | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== کورنيز ژوند ===
{{دا-هم-وگورۍ|ښځه په اسلام کې}}
The basic unit of Islamic society is the [[family]], and Islam defines the obligations and legal rights of family members. The father is seen as financially responsible for his family, and is obliged to cater for their well-being. The division of [[inheritance]] is specified in the Qur'an, which states that most of it is to pass to the immediate family, while a portion is set aside for the payment of debts and the making of bequests. The woman's share of inheritance is generally half of that of a man with the same rights of succession.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;al-Mar'a&quot;. ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Marriage in Islam]] is a civil [[nikah|contract]] which consists of an offer and acceptance between two qualified parties in the presence of two witnesses. The groom is required to pay a [[dowry]] (''[[mahr]]'') to the bride, as stipulated in the contract.&lt;ref&gt;
* Waines (۲۰۰۳) pp. ۹۳–۹۶
* The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (۲۰۰۳), p.۳۳۹
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸) p. ۷۹&lt;/ref&gt;

A man may marry up to four wives if he believes he can treat them equally, while a woman may marry one man only. In most Muslim countries, the process of divorce in Islam is known as ''[[Talaq (Nikah)|talaq]]'', which the husband initiates by pronouncing the word &quot;divorce&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;*&quot;Talak&quot;. ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; Scholars disagree whether Islamic holy texts justify traditional Islamic practices such as [[hijab|veiling]] and seclusion ([[purdah]]). Starting in the ۲۰th century, Muslim social reformers argued against these and other practices such as [[Polygamy in Islam|polygamy]], with varying success. At the same time, many Muslim women have attempted to reconcile tradition with modernity by combining an active life with outward modesty. [[Islamist]] groups and regimes like the [[Taliban]] mostly seek to continue traditional law as applied to women.&lt;ref&gt;
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۹۵٬۹۶٬۲۳۵–۲۴۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Marriage and Divorce | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an | author=Harald Motzki | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۵}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Marriage Practices | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women &amp; Islamic Cultures | author=Lori Peek | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۵}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلامي کليز ===
{{آرنی|اسلامي کليز}}

اسلامي کاليز د مکې نه مدينې ته د هجرت د وخت نه پيلېږي او هماغه کال د هجرت لومړی کال بلل کېږي چې د زېږيز کال ۶۲۲ سره سمون خوري. د اسلامي کاليز ته سپوږميزه کاليزه هم وايي او دا ځکه چې د دې کال مياشتې د سپوږمۍ د حرکت پر بنسټ ټاکل شوي،  but differs from other such calendars (e.g. the [[Celtic calendar]]) in that it omits [[intercalary month]]s, being synchronized only with [[lunation]]s, but not with the [[solar year]], resulting in years of either ۳۵۴ or ۳۵۵ days. This omission was introduced by Muhammad because the right to announce intercalary months had led to political power struggles.{{citation needed}} Therefore, Islamic dates cannot be converted to the usual CE/AD dates simply by adding ۶۲۲ years. Islamic holy days fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in different seasons in different years in the [[Gregorian calendar]].

The formal beginning of the Muslim era was chosen to be the [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]] in ۶۲۲CE, which was an important turning point in Muhammad's fortunes. The assignment of this year as the year ۱ AH (''Anno Hegirae'') in the Islamic calendar was reportedly made by [[Umar|Caliph Umar]]. It is a [[lunar calendar]], with nineteen ordinary years of ۳۵۴ days and eleven leap years of ۳۵۵ days in a thirty-year cycle. Islamic dates cannot be converted to CE/AD dates simply by adding ۶۲۲ years: allowance must also be made for the fact that each Hijri century corresponds to only ۹۷ years in the Christian calendar.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Adil (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۸۸
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۶۷
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tarikh̲ | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=B. van Dalen | coauthors=R. S. Humphreys, Manuela Marín, et al. | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
The year ۱۴۲۸AH coincides almost completely with ۲۰۰۷CE.

Islamic [[Holiday|holy days]] fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in [[Different Seasons|different seasons]] in different years in the [[Gregorian calendar]]. The most important Islamic festivals are ''[[Eid al-Fitr]]'' (Arabic: عيد الفطر) on the ۱&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; of ''[[Shawwal]]'', marking the end of the fasting month ''[[Ramadan]]'', and ''[[Eid al-Adha]]'' (Arabic: عيد الأضحى) on the ۱۰&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; of ''[[Dhu al-Hijjah]]'', coinciding with the pilgrimage to Mecca.&lt;ref&gt;Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/janisla2y2.html Customs and Behavioral Laws]&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلام او نور دينونه ==
==== هغه مذهبونه چې د اسلام پر بنسټ جوړ شوي ====
{{آرنی|اسلام او نور دينونه}}

دا لانديني مذهبونو لارويان ځانونه مسلمانان بولي، خو د ډېرو مسلمانانو او مسلمانو چارواکو لخوا دوی مسلمانان نه بلل کېږي:
* [[د اسلام ملت]] (په امريکا کې بنسټ شوې مذهبي ډله)
* [[ذکري]]ان
* د [[احمديت]] تحريک (دې ډلې ته [[قاديانيت]] هم وايي)
* د [[الاحبش]] ډله (چې د حبشيانو په نامه هم يادېږي/ AICP)

د لاندې مذهبونو لارويان ځانونه مسلمانان بولي خو د دوی د اسلاميت په منلو کې د ډېرو مسلمانانو اختلافونه شته چې ځينې يې دوی مسلمانان او ځينې يې مسلمانان نه گڼي:
* [[دروز]]
* [[علوي]]ان (النُصيرية)

The following religions are said by some to have evolved or borrowed from Islam, in almost all cases influenced by traditional beliefs in the regions where they emerged, but consider themselves independent religions with distinct laws and institutions:
* [[يزيدي]]
* [[بابيس|بابيزم]] (چې اوس د [[بياني]]انو په نامه يادېږي)
* [[بهايي]]

The claim of the adherents of the Bahá'í Faith that it represents an independent religion was upheld by the Muslim ecclesiastical courts in Egypt during the ۱۹۲۰s. As of January [[۱۹۲۶]], their final ruling on the matter of the origins of the Bahá'í Faith and its relationship to Islam was that the Bahá'í Faith was neither a sect of Islam, nor a religion based on Islam, but a clearly defined, independently founded faith. This was seen as a considerate act on the part of the ecclesiastical court and in favor of followers of Bahá'í Faith since the majority of Muslims regard a ''religion based on Islam'' as a heresy.

Some see [[Sikhism]] as a [[syncretism|syncretic]] mix of Islam and [[Hinduism]], although it is often considered a [[Dharma|Dharmic]] faith rather than an Islamic or [[Abrahamic]] one. It arose in the context of the interaction between [[Hindu]] and Muslim communities in [[North India]].

The following religions might have been said to have evolved from Islam, but are not considered part of Islam, and no longer exist:
* The religion of the medieval [[Berghouata]]
* The religion of [[Ha-Mim]]

The Qur'an contains injunctions to respect other religions. It also asks the followers to fight and subdue unbelievers in times of war and &quot;evict them whence they evicted you&quot; (Al-Qur'an ۲:۱۹۱). Some Muslims have respected Jews and Christians as fellow &quot;peoples of the book&quot; (monotheists following [[Abrahamic religions]]), while others have reviled them as having abandoned monotheism and corrupted their scriptures. At different times and places, Islamic communities have been both intolerant and tolerant.

The classical Islamic solution was a limited tolerance — Jews and Christians were to be allowed to privately practice their faith and follow their own family law. They were called [[Dhimmis]], and they had fewer though similar legal rights and obligations than Muslims.

The classic Islamic state was often more tolerant than many other states of the time, which insisted on complete conformity to a state religion. The record of contemporary Muslim-majority states is mixed. Some are generally regarded as tolerant, while others have been accused of intolerance and human rights violations. See the main article, [[Islam and other religions]], for further discussion.

{{آرنی|اسلام او نور مذهبونه}}

[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 1.JPG|thumb|220px|left|A view of the [[Dome of the Rock]] on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]], a holy site in both Islam and [[Judaism]] that has been a source of controversy]]
[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Al-Aqsa Mosque BW 2010-09-21 06-38-12.JPG|thumb|left|220px|د [[الاقصا مسجد]] ديني جلوس. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) د همدغه ځای نه د معراج په سفر اسمان ته وخاته.]]

According to Islamic doctrine, Islam was the primordial religion of mankind, professed by [[Adam]].&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), pp. ۱۴–۱۶&lt;/ref&gt; At some point, a religious split occurred, and God began sending prophets to bring his revelations to the people.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), pp. ۱۸–۱۹&lt;/ref&gt; In this view, [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Nevi'im|Hebrew prophets]], and [[Jesus]] were all [[prophets of Islam]], but their message and the texts of the [[Torah]] and the [[Gospels]] were [[tahrif|corrupted]] by [[Jew]]s and Christians. Similarly, children of non-Muslim families are  born Muslims, but are converted to another faith by their parents.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۱۸&lt;/ref&gt; The idea of Islamic supremacy is encapsulated in the formula &quot;Islam is exalted and nothing is exalted above it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۵&lt;/ref&gt; Pursuant to this principle, Muslim women may not marry non-Muslim men, defamation of Islam is prohibited, and the testimony of a non-Muslim is inadmissible against a Muslim.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۵;
* Lewis (۱۹۸۴), p. ۳۹&lt;/ref&gt;

Islamic law divides non-Muslims into several categories, depending on their relation with the Islamic state. Christians and Jews who live under Islamic rule are known as ''[[dhimmis]]''. Dhimmis must pay tribute (''[[jizya]]'') to the Islamic state, and as such are considered &quot;protected peoples.&quot; Historically, dhimmis enjoyed a measure of communal autonomy under their own religious leaders, but were subject to legal, social and religious restrictions as well as humiliating regulations meant to highlight the inferiority of non-Muslim subjects.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lewis (۱۹۸۴), pp.۹, ۲۷, ۳۶;
* Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۷;&lt;/ref&gt; The status was extended to Zoroastrians and sometimes to polytheists (such as [[Hindu]]s), but not to [[atheist]]s or [[agnostic]]s.&lt;ref&gt;Lewis (۲۰۰۱), p.۲۷۳&lt;/ref&gt; Those who live in non-Muslim lands (''[[dar al-harb]]'') are known as ''[[harbi]]s'', and upon entering into an alliance with the Muslim state become known as ''ahl al-ahd''. Those who receive a guarantee of safety while residing temporarily in Muslim lands are known as ''ahl al-amān''. Their legal position is similar to that of the dhimmi except that they are not required to pay the jizya. The people of armistice (''ahl al-hudna'') are those who live outside of Muslim territory and agree to refrain from attacking the Muslims.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۵۵&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Aman&quot;, ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; [[apostasy in Islam|Apostasy]] is prohibited, and is punishable by death.&lt;ref&gt;A woman who apostasizes is to be executed according to some jurists, or imprisoned according to others.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Murtadd&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt;

== دا هم وگورئ ==
{{Col-begin|width=}}

{{Col-1-of-2}}
* [[اسلامي هنر]]
* [[اسلامي وټه]]
* [[اسلامي اخلاق]]
* [[اسلامي ادبيات]]
* [[اسلامي زده کړې]]
* [[اسلام او نوښت]]
* [[اسلاميزم]]
* [[د مسلمانانو لړليک]]
{{Col-2-of-2}}
* [[د اسلامي امپراتورانو لړليک]]
* [[د هغه نامتو کسانو لړليک چې اسلام ته وراوښتي]]
* [[د پخوانيو نامتو مسلمانانو لړليک]]
* [[په اسلامي نړۍ کې د جگړو لړليک]]
* [[د اسلامي تاریخ وختلیکه]]
* [[په اسلام کې د ماشومانو حقونه]]
* [[په اسلام کې د بنديانو حقونه]]

{{Col-end}}

== يادښتونه ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== سرچينې ==
;کتابونه او خپرونې
{{Reflist|2}}
* {{cite journal | last=Accad | first=Martin | title=The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries: An Exegetical Inventorial Table (Part I) | journal=Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations | volume=۱۴ | issue=۱ |date=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISSN ۰۹۵۹-۶۴۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Adil | first=Hajjah Amina | coauthors=Shaykh Nazim Adil Al-Haqqani, Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani | title=Muhammad: The Messenger of Islam | publisher=Islamic Supreme Council of America | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۹۳۰۴۰۹۱۱۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Ahmed | first=Akbar | title=Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World | publisher=I. B. Tauris | edition=۲٫۰۰ | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۸۶۰۶۴۲۵۷۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Brockopp | first=Jonathan E. | title=Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia | publisher=University of South Carolina press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۱۵۷۰۰۳۴۷۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Cohen-Mor | first=Dalya | title=A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۳۳۹۸۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Curtis | first=Patricia A. | year=۲۰۰۵ | title=A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations | publisher=Blackwell Publishing Professional | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۸۱۹۴۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Eglash | first=Ron | year=۱۹۹۹ | title=African Fractals: Modern Computing and Indigenous Design | publisher=Rutgers University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۸۱۳۵-۲۶۱۴-۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Ernst | first=Carl | authorlink=Carl Ernst | year=۲۰۰۴ | title = Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World | publisher=University of North Carolina Press | id=ISBN ۰-۸۰۷۸-۵۵۷۷-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | coauthors=John Obert Voll | title=Islam and Democracy | year=۱۹۹۶ | | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۰۸۱۶-۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito  | first=John  | authorlink=John Esposito  | title=Islam: The Straight Path | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۸ | edition=۳rd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۱۲۳۴۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | coauthors=Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad | title=Muslims on the Americanization Path? | year=۲۰۰۰a | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۳۵۲۶-۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۰b | title=Oxford History of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۰۷۹۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۲a | title=Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۶۸۸۶۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۲b | title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۵۷۱۳-۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | title=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۲۵۵۸-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito  | first=John  | authorlink=John Esposito  | title=Islam: The Straight Path | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۴ | edition=۳rd Rev Upd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۸۲۶۶۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Farah | first=Caesar | authorlink=Caesar E. Farah | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year=۱۹۹۴ | edition=۵th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۰۱۸۵۳۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Farah | first=Caesar | authorlink=Caesar E. Farah | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year=۲۰۰۳ | edition=۷th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۶۴۱۲۲۲۶۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Firestone | first=Reuven | title=Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam | publisher= Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹-۵۱۲۵۸۰۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Friedmann | first=Yohanan | authorlink=Yohanan Friedmann | title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition | publisher= Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۵۲۱۰۲۶۹۹۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Ghamidi | first=Javed | authorlink=Javed Ahmed Ghamidi | title=[[Mizan]] | publisher=[[Al-Mawrid|Dar al-Ishraq]] | year=۲۰۰۱ | id={{OCLC|۵۲۹۰۱۶۹۰}}}}
* {{cite book | last=Goldschmidt, Jr. | first=Arthur | coauthors=Lawrence Davidson | title=A Concise History of the Middle East | publisher=Westview Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۸th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۳۴۲۷۵۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Griffith | first=Ruth Marie | coauthors=Barbara Dianne Savage | title=Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۸۰۱۸۸۳۷۰۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Hawting| first=G. R. | authorlink= G.R. Hawting | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD ۶۶۱–۷۵۰ | publisher=Routledge | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۴۰۷۳۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Hedayetullah | first=Muhammad | title=Dynamics of Islam: An Exposition | publisher=Trafford Publishing | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۵۳۶۹۸۴۲۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Holt | first=P. M. |  coauthors=[[Bernard Lewis]] | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. ۱ | year=۱۹۷۷a | publisher=Cambridge University Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۲۹۱۳۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Holt | first=P. M. | coauthors=Ann K. S. Lambton, [[Bernard Lewis]] | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. ۲ | year=۱۹۷۷b | publisher=Cambridge University Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۲۹۱۳۷۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Hourani | first=Albert | authorlink=Albert Hourani | coauthor=[[Malise Ruthven|Ruthven, Malise]] | title=A History of the Arab Peoples | year=۲۰۰۳ | publisher=Belknap Press; Revised edition | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۷۴۰۱۰۱۷۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Humphreys | first=Stephen | title=Between Memory and Desire | year=۲۰۰۵ | publisher=University of California Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲-۰۲۴۶۹۱۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Kobeisy | first=Ahmed Nezar | title=Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People | publisher=Praeger Publishers | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۳۱۳۳۲۴۷۲۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Koprulu | first=Mehmed Fuad | coauthors=Leiser, Gary | title=The Origins of the Ottoman Empire | publisher=SUNY Press | year=۱۹۹۲ | id=ISBN ۰۷۹۱۴۰۸۱۹۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Kramer | first=Martin | title=Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution | publisher=Westview Press | year=۱۹۸۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۳۰۴۵۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Kugle | first=Scott Alan | title=Rebel Between Spirit And Law: Ahmad Zarruq, Sainthood, And Authority in Islam | publisher=Indiana University Press| year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۲۵۳۳۴۷۱۱۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Lapidus| first=Ira | title=A History of Islamic Societies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۲ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۵۲۱۷۷۹۳۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Jews of Islam | publisher=Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul | year=۱۹۸۴ | id=ISBN ۰-۷۱۰۲-۰۴۶۲-۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Arabs in History | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹۲۸-۵۲۵۸-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Middle East | publisher=Scribner | year=۱۹۹۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۸۴۸۳۲۸۰۷}} 
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | edition=۲nd | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۶۹۵۱۸۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East | publisher=Harper Perennial | edition=Reprint | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۶۰۵۱۶۰۵۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror | publisher=Random House, Inc., New York | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۹۶۷۸۵۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Madelung | first=Wilferd | authorlink=Wilferd Madelung | title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۶۴۶۹۶۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Malik| first=Jamal| coauthors=John R Hinnells, Inc NetLibrary | title=Sufism in the West | publisher= Routledge | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۷۴۰۸۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Menski | first=Werner F. | title=Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۸۵۸۵۹۳}}
* {{cite journal | last=Mohammad | first=Noor | title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction | journal=Journal of Law and Religion | volume=۳ | issue=۲ |date=۱۹۸۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Momen | first=Moojan | title=An Introduction to Shi`i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi`ism | publisher=Yale University Press | year=۱۹۸۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۳۰۰۰۳۵۳۱۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Nasr | first=Seyed Muhammad | title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter ۷) | publisher=HarperCollins | year=۱۹۹۴| id=ISBN ۰-۰۶۰۶۷-۷۰۰-۷}}
* {{cite journal | last=Novak | first=David | title=The Mind of Maimonides | journal=[[First Things]] |date=February ۱۹۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Parrinder | first=Geoffrey | authorlink=Geoffrey Parrinder | title=World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present | publisher=Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited | year=۱۹۷۱ | id=ISBN ۰-۸۷۱۹۶-۱۲۹-۶}}
* {{cite journal | last=Patton | first=Walter M. | title=The Doctrine of Freedom in the Korân | journal=The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures |date=April ۱۹۰۰ | volume=۱۶ | issue=۳ | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۱۰۳۱۴۷}}
* {{cite journal | last=Peters | first=F. E. | authorlink=F. E. Peters | title=The Quest for Historical Muhammad | journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |date=۱۹۹۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Peters | first=F. E. | authorlink=F. E. Peters | title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۶۹۱-۱۱۵۵۳-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Peters | first=Rudolph | authorlink=Rudolph Peters | title=Jihad in Medieval and Modern Islam | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۷۷ | id = ISBN ۹۰-۰۴-۰۴۸۵۴-۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Rippin | first=Andrew | authorlink=Andrew Rippin | title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | publisher=Routledge | edition=۲nd | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۲۱۷۸۱۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Ruthven | first=Malise | title=Fundamentalism: The Search for Meaning | publisher= Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | id = ISBN ۰۱-۹۲-۸۰۶۰۶-۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Sahas | first=Daniel J. | title=John of Damascus on Islam: The Heresy of the Ishmaelites | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۹۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۰۰۴۰۳۴۹۵۲}}
* {{cite book | last=[[Abdulaziz Sachedina|Sachedina]] | first=Abdulaziz | title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence | publisher=Oxford University Press US | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۱۹۱۵۰}}
* {{cite journal | last=Seibert | first=Robert F. | title=Review: Islam and the West: The Making of an Image (Norman Daniel)| journal=Review of Religious Research |date=۱۹۹۴ | volume=۳۶ | issue=۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Sells | first=Michael Anthony | authorlink=Michael Anthony Sells | coauthors=Emran Qureshi  | title=The New Crusades: Constructing the Muslim Enemy | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰۲۳۱۱۲۶۶۷۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Smith | first=Jane I. | title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۵۶۴۹۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Spencer | first=Robert | title=The Myth of Islamic Tolerance: How Islamic Law Treats Non-Muslims | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۰۲۲۴۹۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Stillman | first=Norman | authorlink=Norman Stillman | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | location=Philadelphia | year=۱۹۷۹ | id=ISBN ۱-۸۲۷۶۰-۱۹۸-۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Tabatabae | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=Seyyed Hossein Nasr (translator) | authorlink=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Shi'ite Islam 
| publisher=Suny press| year=۱۹۷۹ | id=ISBN  ۰-۸۷۳۹۵-۲۷۲-۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Tabatabae | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=R. Campbell (translator) | authorlink=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Islamic teachings: An Overview and a Glance at the Life of the Holy Prophet of Islam | publisher=Green Gold | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۰-۹۲۲۸۱۷-۰۰-۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Teece | first=Geoff | title=Religion in Focus: Islam  | publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۴۹۶۴۷۹۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Tolan | first=John V. | title=Saracens: Islam in the Medieval European Imagination | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=۲۰۰۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Trimingham| first=John Spencer  | title=The Sufi Orders in Islam  | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۸| id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۲۰۵۸۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Tritton | first=Arthur S. | authorlink=Arthur Stanley Tritton| title=The Caliphs and their Non-Muslim Subjects: A Critical Study of the Covenant of Umar | publisher=Frank Cass Publisher | location=London | year=۱۹۷۰ |origyear = ۱۹۳۰ | id=ISBN ۰-۷۱۴۶-۱۹۹۶-۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Turner | first=Colin | title=Islam: the Basics  | publisher=Routledge (UK) | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۳۴۱۰۶X}}
* {{cite book | last=Turner | first=Bryan S. | title=Weber and Islam | publisher=Routledge (UK) | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۱۷۴۵۸۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Waines | first=David | title=An Introduction to Islam | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۵۳۹۰۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Warraq | first=Ibn | title=The Quest for Historical Muhammad | publisher=Prometheus | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۷۳۹۲۷۸۷۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Warraq | first=Ibn | title=Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out | publisher=Prometheus | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۱-۵۹۱۰۲-۰۶۸-۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | authorlink=William Montgomery Watt | title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought | publisher=University Press Edinburgh|  year=۱۹۷۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۸۵-۲۲۴۲۵۴-X}}
* {{cite book | last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | authorlink=William Montgomery Watt | title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman | publisher=Oxford University Press | edition=New | year=۱۹۷۴ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۸۸۱۰۷۸-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Weiss | first=Bernard G. | title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory | year=۲۰۰۲ | location=Boston | publisher=Brill Academic publishers | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۱۲۰۶۶۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Williams | first=John Alden | title=The Word of Islam | year=۱۹۹۴ | publisher=University of Texas Press | id=ISBN ۰-۲۹۲-۷۹۰۷۶-۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Williams | first=Mary E. | title=The Middle East | year=۲۰۰۰ | publisher=Greenhaven Pr | id=ISBN ۰۷۳۷۷۰۱۳۳۱}}

;Encyclopedias
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=William H. McNeill, Jerry H. Bentley, David Christian | encyclopedia=Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History | publisher=Berkshire Publishing Group | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۹۷۴۳۰۹۱۰۱}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Gabriel Oussani | encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]] | year=۱۹۱۰}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Paul Lagasse, Lora Goldman, Archie Hobson, Susan R. Norton | encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia | publisher=Gale Group | year=۲۰۰۰ | edition=۶th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۳۳۹۲۳۶۹}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online|Encyclopaedia Britannica Online]] | publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Erwin Fahlbusch, William Geoffrey Bromiley | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Eerdmans Publishing Company, and Brill| year=۲۰۰۱ | edition=۱st| id=ISBN ۰-۸۰۲۸-۲۴۱۴-۵}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=John Bowden | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۱st | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۲۲۳۹۳-۴}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=George Thomas Kurian, Graham T. T. Molitor | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Future | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۱۹۹۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۹۷۲۰۵۳}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | id=ISSN ۱۵۷۳-۳۹۱۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Richard C. Martin, Said Amir Arjomand, Marcia Hermansen, Abdulkader Tayob, Rochelle Davis, John Obert Voll | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۶۵۶۰۳۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Lindsay Jones | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۶۵۷۳۳۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Salamone Frank | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals | publisher=Routledge | edition=۱st | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۹۴۱۸۰۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Peter N. Stearns | edition=۶th | year=۲۰۰۰ | encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of World History Online | publisher=Bartleby}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=[[Josef W. Meri]] | encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia | publisher=[[Routledge]] | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱-۵۹۶۶۹۰۶}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=[[Wendy Doniger]] | encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions | publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۰۸۷-۷۷۹۰۴۴۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Glasse Cyril | encyclopedia=New Encyclopedia of Islam: A Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam | | publisher=AltaMira Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISSN ۹۷۸-۰۷۵۹۱۰۱۹۰۶}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Edward Craig | encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy | publisher=Routledge | year=۱۹۹۸ | edition=۱st| id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۰۷۳۱۰۳}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== نورې لوستنې ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* {{cite book | last=Arberry | first=A. J. | authorlink=A. J. Arberry | title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation | publisher=Touchstone | edition=۱st | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۸۴۸۲۵۰۷۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Hawting | first=Gerald R. | authorlink=Gerald R. Hawting | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyard Caliphate AD ۶۶۱–۷۵۰ | publisher=Routledge | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۴۰۷۲۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Khan | first=Muhammad Muhsin | authorlink=Muhammad Muhsin Khan | coauthors=Al-Hilali Khan, Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din | title=Noble Quran | year=۱۹۹۹ | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | edition=۱st | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۹۶۰۷۴۰۷۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Kramer (ed.) | first=Martin | authorlink=Martin Kramer | title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis | publisher=Syracuse University | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۶۵۲۲۴۰۴۰۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Kuban | first=Dogan | title=Muslim Religious Architecture | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۷۴ | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۰۳۸۱۳۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | year=۱۹۹۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۶۹۲۱۷۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam and the West | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۰۹۰۶۱۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۰۲۸۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Mubarkpuri | first=Saifur-Rahman | title=[[The Sealed Nectar]]: Biography of the Prophet | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۴۴۰۷۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Najeebabadi | first=Akbar Shah | title=History of Islam | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۴۴۰۳۴۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Nigosian | first=S. A. | title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=۲۰۰۴ | edition=New Edition | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۲۵۳۲۱۶۲۷۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Rahman | first=Fazlur | authorlink=Fazlur Rahman | title=Islam | publisher=University of Chicago Press | year=۱۹۷۹ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۰-۲۲۶-۷۰۲۸۱-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Walker | first=Benjamin | authorlink=Benjamin Walker | title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith | publisher=Peter Owen Publishers | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۲۰۶۱۰۳۸۳}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== باندنۍ تړنې ==

;اکاډميکې سرچينې
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* [http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/ د سويلي كاليفورنيا پوهنتون: د اسلامی لیکنو لندیز] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213011952/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/ |date=2007-12-13 }}
* [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/ د اسلام پوهنغونډ (د نړۍ د مذهبونو مخليدنه)]
* [http://arabworld.nitle.org/introduction.php?module_id=2 د اسلام اړونده څپرکی] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225105128/http://arabworld.nitle.org/introduction.php?module_id=2 |date=2008-02-25 }} د [[NITLE]] څخه د عربي فرهنگ او تمدن پرليکه سرچينې
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105852/Islam اسلام], ''د بريټانيکا پرليکه پوهنغونډ'' ليکنه

&lt;/div&gt;   
;ټولگې
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* اسلام په [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/euroislam.htmlلویدیزه اروپا], [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/UKIslam.html انگلستان ], [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/DIslam.html جرمنی] او [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/sasislam.html سویلی اسیا]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Islam_%28Bookshelf%29 Islam (Bookshelf)] at [[Project Gutenberg]]
;Islam - text, audio and video
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.ikre-bismi-rabbike.net/kuran.php Kur'an audio (recordings of many Qur'an recitals)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418011817/http://www.ikre-bismi-rabbike.net/kuran.php |date=2008-04-18 }}
* [http://www.guidedways.com/quranreciter/ Qur'an audio and reading material in numerous languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218182412/http://www.guidedways.com/quranreciter/ |date=2008-02-18 }}

&lt;/div&gt;
;اسلام او هنرونه
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/ پر اسلام د بي بي سي فوکس]
* [http://www.lacma.org/islamic_art/intro.htm Islamic Art at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308091248/http://www.lacma.org/islamic_art/intro.htm |date=2008-03-08 }}
* [http://www.muslimheritage.com/ Muslim Heritage] (Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation, UK)
* [http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/ Islamic Architecture (IAORG)] illustrated descriptions and reviews of a large number of mosques, palaces, and monuments.
&lt;/div&gt;

{{ اسلامي سرلیکونه}}

[[وېشنيزه:اسلام| ]]
[[وېشنيزه:توحید]]
[[وېشنيزه:خدای پیژندنه]]</text>
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'''اسلام''' {{Ar|الإسلام}};''{{ArabDIN|}}'' ({{Audio|ar-al_islam.ogg|&lt;sup&gt;واوری!&lt;/sup&gt;}}، &quot;اطاعت&quot; (د [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;([[جل جلاله|ج]])&lt;/sup&gt; د رضا)) يو [[مونوتيزم|مونوتېسټېک]] (د يوه څښتن مننونکي) گروهې (عقيده) يا باور لرونکې دین دی. پخپله د اسلام وی د سولې، امن، سلامتۍ، روغې جوړې رامنځته کول دي. دا دین له درېیو [[ابراهيمي دين]]ونو  ([[یهوديت]]، [[عیسویت]]، اسلام) له ډلې څخه دی، چې د نړۍ په کچه دویم ستر [[مذهب]] گڼل کېږي. د اسلام د دين لارويانو ته '''[[مسلمانان]]''' وايي. مسلمانان پدې گروهه دي چې [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د انسانانو د لارښوونې لپاره وخت پر وخت، خپل استازي ([[پيغمبر|پيغمبران]]) رالېږلي، چې هریو خپله دنده د الهي اوامرو په رڼا کې په بشپړه توگه سرته رسولې.
د الهي استازو (پیغمرانو) وروستې استازې [[محمد]]&lt;sup&gt;([[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]])&lt;/sup&gt; دی.
[[دوتنه:Kaaba at night.jpg|thumb| [[کعبه شریفه]] چې په [[سعودي عربستان]] کی پرته ده دا د اسلام مرکز او د مسلمانانو [[قبله]] ده او دا هغه ځای دی کوم چې هر کال په زرگونه [[مسلمانان]] دلته د خدای د کور د زیارت لپاره راځې.]]
''اسلام'' &quot;تسليمۍ او غاړه اېښودنې ټه وایي&quot; يا په بله وينا ځان د الله تعالی رضا ته تسليمول. د اسلام د [[دين]] لاروي ته [[مسلمان]] ويل کېږي، مانا دا چې &quot;هغه څوک چې ځان يې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته سپارلی او د هغه د احکامو اطاعت کوي، مسلمان گڼل کېږي&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Islam&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lanes Lexicon&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume4/00000137.pdf|title=Lane's lexicon |accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۷-۰۳}}&lt;/ref&gt; په ټوله نړۍ کې د ۱٫۱&amp;nbsp;بيليون او ۱٫۸&amp;nbsp;بيليون ترمېنځ وگړي د اسلام د دين لارويان دي، چې په همدې توگه وروسته د [[عيسويت]] نه [[اسلام]] د نړۍ دویم ستر [[دين]] گڼل کېږي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |title=Major Religions of the World—Ranked by Number of Adherents |accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۷-۰۳ |format=HTML |work= |تاريخ الأرشيف=2010-01-29 |مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |url-status=dead |خونديځ نېټه=2007-07-07 |خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam }}&lt;/ref&gt;

مسلمانان په دې عقیده دي ې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; قرآن مجيد پر حضرت [[محمد]]&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; نازل کړی، او محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د الله تعالی وروستی پيغمبر دی. مسلمانان پدې عقيده هم دي چې قرآن مجيد او سُنت (د حضرت محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; خبرې او اعمال) د اسلام بنسټيزې سرچينې دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۱۹۹۶), p.۴۱
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/JulRefl2y6.html Sources of Islam]&lt;/ref&gt; مسلمانان په دې عقيده هم دي چې حضرت محمد مصطفیٰ&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د يوه نوي دين په توگه د اسلام د دين بنسټگر نه ؤ، خو همدا وروستی پيغمبر د اسلام د دين د گروهې آرنۍ لمانځونکی او پرځای کوونکی دی چې پر زمکه يې بنسټ [[آدم]]&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; ايښی چې بيا تر هغه وروسته حضرت ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; او د هغه نه پخوانيو او وروستنيو، د خدای&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ټولو پيغمبرانو يې د دغه دين او اصلي لارې بلنه ورکړې. مسلمانان دا عقيده لري چې په [[يهوديت]] او [[عيسويت]] کې د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغام چې د بېلابېلو انبياو لخوا پر دوی نازل شوي، هغه د دوی لخوا د وخت په تېرېدو سره تحريف شوي، او ناسمه ترجماني يې شوې، که هغه په ليکلې بڼه وي او که پرته د ليکلې بڼې وي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Distorted&quot;&gt;See:
* Accad (۲۰۰۳): According to Ibn Taymiya, although only some Muslims accept the textual veracity of the entire Bible, most Muslims will grant the veracity of most of it.
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸), pp.۶٬۱۲
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۴–۵
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tahrif | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=Hava Lazarus-Yafeh | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
د اسلام دين د گڼ شمېر اسلامي اعمالو يو غونډال دی. د دغه دين مننونکي بايد د اسلام د دين [[د پينځه ستنو]] مننونکي او پلي کونکي وي، د اسلام د دين پينځه ستنې له بېلابېلو فرايضو او دندو نه جوړ شوی او همدغه پينځه ستنې دي چې په يوې ټولنه کې مسلمانان سره متحده کوي.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۱۷&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلام د دين د پينځه ستنو سره سره، [[شريعت|اسلامي قانون]] (''شريعة'') د احکامونو يو دوديزه قضايي واک دی چې د مسلمانانو د ژوند او ټولنې هر اړخ يې اغېزمن کړی. په دې قانون کې هر څه رانغښتې دي، د عملي چارو نه نيولې لکه د خوراک، څښاک آن تر سوداگريزو او پانگه ايزو چارو او تر جگړايزو چارو پورې هر څه په دې قانون کې راغلي دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۱۱۱٬۱۱۲٬۱۱۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

نژدې ټول مسلمانان د اسلام په دوو لويو فريقو لکه سني او شيع پورې تړاو لري. د تشيع فرقه په ۷مه پېړۍ کې د مسلمانانو تر مېنځ د مذهبي او سياسي توپيرونو په پايله کې رامېنځ ته شوې. په اټکلي توگه ۸۵ په سلو کې مسلمانان د اهل سنت لارويان دي او ۱۵ په سلو کې د تشيع فرقې لارويان دي.په [[منځنی ختيځ]]، او همداراز د [[افريقا]] او [[آسيا]] په برخو کې د اسلام دين برلاسی دی. د دغه دين د مننونکو لويې ډلې په [[په چين کې د اسلام دين|چين]]، د بالکان هيوادونو په [[ختيځه اروپا]] او [[په روسيه کې د اسلام دين|روسيې]] کې شته. په لويديځه اروپا کې هم گڼ شمېر مسلمان مهاجرين مېشت دي او همدا راز په امريکا کې هم د مسلمانانو ټولنې شته. په سلو کې نژدې ۲۰٪ مسلمانان په عربو هېوادونو کې مېشت دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۲۱
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲٬۴۳&lt;/ref&gt;
{{اسلام}}

== آرپوهه ==
اسلام د عربي ژبې د درې تورو، {{ArabDIN|[[سين]]-[[لام]]-[[ميم]]}} ({{ar|'''س'''-'''ل'''-'''م'''}}) نه راوتلی. اسلام د همدغې ريښې يو تجريدي فعل دی چې مانا يې ده &quot;تسليم يا ځان سپارل، څان الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته سپارل، اطاعت کول او د سولې&quot; په مانا هم ده.

کله چې د پورتني ويي د ريښو په اړه په نورو ژبو کې څېړنه کوو، نو بيا په عبراني ژبه کې د پورتني وييکي ضمني ماناگانې هم راوځي. په عبراني ژبه کې د ''[[شلوم]]'' ويي، د (شين-لامد-ميم) نه خپلې ريښې اخلي ({{Ivrit|'''ש'''-'''ל'''-'''ם'''}}). په ډېرو [[سېمېټک ژبو]] کې د همدغه لغت ضمني ماناگانې شته، چې مانا يې بشپړکېدل، پوره کېدل، سر ته رسېدنه، ښه اوسېدنه، هوسا اوسېدنه، يو داسې اصطلاح چې په ژباړه کې اکثراً د سولې د وييکي مانا په ځان کې رانغاړي، ورکوي.

په قرآن کې هم د اسلام د لغت د مانا بېلابېل تعبيرونه راغلي. په ځينو ''[[ایت|آيتونو]]''، کې د اسلام کيفيت د يوې راسخې عقيدې په توگه تاکيد شوی: &quot;الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; که وغواړي چې د يو چا لارښونه وکړي، نو الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د هغه سينه د اسلام لپاره پراخه کوي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۶|۱۲۵|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۶۱|۷|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳۹|۲۲|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; نور آيتونه بيا ''اسلام'' او ''[[دين]]'' (اکثراً د &quot;مذهب&quot; په توگه ژباړل کېږي) د يو شي په توگه تعبيروي : &quot;نن، ما ستاسو دين ستاسو لپاره مکمل کړ؛ ما ستاسو لپاره خپل د برکتونو اچول مکمل کړل؛ ما ستاسو لپار د اسلام دين غوره کړ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۵|۳|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳|۱۹|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳|۸۳|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; ډېر نور خلک بيا اسلام داسې تعريفوي چې دا هغه دين دی چې انسان د همدې دين په مرسته بېرته الله تعالی ته ورستنېږي نسبت و دې ته چې د ايمان د اعمالو د تصديق په توگه وگڼلای شي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۹|۷۴|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۴۹|۱۴|style=ref}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هغه نور عربي وييونه چې د {{ar|'''س'''-'''ل'''-'''م'''}} نه راوتلي:

* [[سلام]], چې د &quot;سولې او سلامتۍ&quot; په مانا ده او د ورځيني روغبړ يوه اهمه کلمه ده, [[سلام عليکم|السلام عليکم]] (ته دې سلامت وې/سلامتي دې پر تا وي).
* السلام(سوله)د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د ۹۹ مبارکو نومونو نه يو نوم دی چې په [[قران]] کې هم راغلی.
* [[مسلمان]], د اسلام د دين مننونکي ته وايي او مانا يې ده هغه څوک چې ځان الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته تسليم کوي او يا د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; اطاعت کوي.
* سلامه, د &quot;سلامتي,&quot; په مانا ده چې د &quot;خدای پامانۍ&quot; په وخت کې وييل کېږي، د &quot;مع السلامه&quot; مانا ( سلامتۍ سره[لاړ شه]) ده.

== عقيده ==

د اسلام بنسټيزه عقيده شهادت دی چې د گواهۍ مانا لري [[شهادت]] ('''  لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله ''')&quot;نشته بل کوم څښټتن يا معبود پرته د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; نه او [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر دی.&quot; د دې لپاره چې څوک [[مسلمان]] شي، نو سړي ته پکار ده چې دغه پورتنی شهادت د يو څو شاهدانو مخکې ووايي او پرې ايمان راوړي. او که چېرته يو څوک غواړي چې اسلام ته راشي نو هغه يا هغې ته پکار ده چې بايد د زړه له صدق نه وغواړي او بيا د دې نه مخکې چې شهادت ووايي نو پکار ده چې د شهادت په اصلي مانا او مفهوم پوه وي.&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته خپل پيغام د محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; او د نورو پيغمبرانو لخوا لکه [[آدم|آدم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[نوح|نوح&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[ابراهیم|ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[موسی|موسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] او [[عيسی|عيسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] له لورې په بېلابېلو وختونو کې رالېږلی. [[مسلمانان]] په دې عقيده هم دي چې [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] د [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; وروستنی پيغمبر و او د هغه نه وروسته تر قيامته بل هېڅ کوم [[پيغمبر]] نه راځي. نو ددې پخاطر [[مسلمانان]] بايد د [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] په لارښوونې تر قيامته پورې عمل وکړي.
&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان پدې عقيده دي چې قران د انسانانو د لارښوونې يو داسې کتاب دی چې تر اوسه پکې هېچا گوتې نه دي وهلي او پدې کتاب کې هېڅ کومه نيمگړتيا نشته، او هېڅ کله به پکې بدلون را نه شي، او دا د خدای له لورې انسانانو ته وروستی نازل شوی کتاب دی. مسلمانان دا هم وايي چې د انجيل او تورات هغه اسماني کتابونه دي چې د بېلابېلو مذهبي فرقو له لورې پکې لاسوهنې شوي په بل ډول سره ليکل شوي او په ناسمه توگه تعبير شوي او د دغو اسماني کتابونو اصلي بڼې اوس نه شته او د وخت په تېرېدو سره خلکو هماغه لومړني لارښوونې چې په اصلي اسماني کتابونو کې وه هېر کړي، او يا يې هم درغلي پکې کړې. نو ددغه ليد پر بنسټ الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته د لارښوونې لپاره قرآن راولېږه چې په دې کې هماغه د اصلي انجيل او تورات لارښوونو سره سره د هغو وختونو د خلکو چې پېغمبران به يې ځورول او وژل به يې او د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له احکامو د سرغړونې سره سره يې د خپل زاتي گټو لپاره د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په کلام کې چې بدعتونه راوستلي دا ټول تاريخ ثبت دی. 
&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان دا هم وايي چې اسلام هماغه دين دی چې د آدم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; له وختونو نه او د نورو پيغمبرانو په وختونو کې هم وه، او دغو ټولو پيغمبرانو د همدغه مذهب په لار د تلو ټينگار کړی. اسلامي کتابونه او ليکنې د [[يهوديت]] او [[عيسويت]] د هغو اصلي لارښوونو نه راوتلي چې د ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; په وختونو کې يې ښوونې شوي نو د همدغه پخاطر دا درېواړه مذهبونه يعنی يهوديت، عيسويت او اسلام چې درېواړه سره گډې ريښې لري، د ابراهيمي دينونو په نامه سره هم يادېږي.  په قرآن عظيم الشان کې يهوديانو او عيسويانو ته د اهل الکتاب يا هغه خلک چې کتابونه ورباندې نازل شوي، په نامه اشاره شوې ده.    
&lt;br /&gt;
اسلام يو [[دين]] دی، دين '''د ژوندون لار''' مانا لري او يا هم په بله وينا د لارښوونې لار.

&quot;د قرآن شريف له مخې مسلمانان بايد په خپل پاک رب باندې ايمان راوړي او د هغه وحدانيت ته د تسليمېدو سره سره، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په ټولو وحيو، نازل شوو کتابونو، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پرښتو، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پيغمبرانو او د قيامت په ورځ بايد ايمان ولري.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۲|۴|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۲|۲۸۵|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۴|۱۳۶|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; په همدې توگه، نور عقايد هم شته چې د اسلام د دوه لويو فرقو تر مېنځ پکې د تعبيرونو توپير شته. د تشيع د لارې خلکو کې د امامت يو سياسي او روحاني لارښوونې يو نظام دود دی.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۲۰۰۳), p.۱۰۹
* مومن (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۶&lt;/ref&gt;

مسلمانان په دې گروهه دي چې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته خپل وروستی رسول محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; ورلېږلی دی. او پر محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; يې قرآن نازل کړی چې وروستی اسماني کتاب دی. د قرآن د نزول موده پوره دوه لسيزې وخت نيولی.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۷٬۱۸٬۲۱&lt;/ref&gt; په اسلام کې پيغمبران، خدای ته نژدې هغه انسانان دي چې خدای تعالی يې د خپل پيغام رسولو په موخه په انسانانو کې غوره کوي. مسلمانان په دې هم عقيده لري چې پيغمبران انسانان دي چې خدای ورته د انسانانو د لارښوونې، عبرت او د خپلو ادعاوؤ د ثبوت په خاطر د معجزو د ښودلو توان ورکړی. په اسلام کې پيغمبران هغه انسانان دي چې تر نورو انسانانو په تقوا او نېکۍ کې تکامل ته رسېدلي او همدوی د خدای غوره، بې مثاله بنده گان دي چې خدای د پرښتو له لارې خپل پيغام همدوی ته د وحيو په بڼه ور رسوي.&lt;ref&gt;وگورۍ:
* مومن (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۲۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلامي زده کړو نه داسې څرگندېږي چې د آدم نه وروسته د خدای ټول پيغمبرانو د اسلام د دين تبليغ او دعوت کړی، دا هغه دين دی چې يو خدای الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د معبود په توگه راپېژندلی. په قرآن کې اسلام د &quot;هغه ازلي طبيعت چې پر بنسټ يې خدای مخلوقات خلق کړل&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۳۰|۳۰|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; راپېژندل شوی او په قران کې دا هم راغلي چې د مسلمان ځانگړی نوم د ابراهيم لخوا د دې دين لارويانو ته ورکړ شوی.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲۲|۷۸|style=ref}}
* &quot;اسلام&quot;, ''د مذهب دايرة المعارف''&lt;/ref&gt;

د تاريخ له مخې د اسلام دين په ۷مه پېړۍ کې په عربستان کې رامېنځ ته شوی.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Islam&quot;, ''د مذهب دايرة المعارف''&lt;/ref&gt; په اسلامي ليکنو کې يهوديت او عيسويت هغه دوه دينونه دي چې د ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر د لارښوونو وروسته د بېلابېلو پيغمبرانو په وخت کې رامېنځ ته شوي. په قرآن کې يهوديان او عيسويان د اهل الکتاب يا د کتابونو د خلکو په توگه پېژندل شوي، او د هغو خلکو نه چې ډېر خدايان پالي او عبادت يې کوي، تر مېنځ په ښکاره توپير پېژندل کېږي. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې د پخوانيو اسماني کتابونو لکه زبور، [[تورات]] او [[انجيل]] سپېڅلي کتابونه د تاريخ په بېلابېلو پړاؤونو کې د ترجمې او متن په برخه کې تحريف شوي او اوس همدا سپېڅلي کتابونه پخپلو آرنيو بڼو هېڅ نه شته.

=== [[د افغانستان ولايتونه|د]] عقيدې شپږ ارکان ===
مسلمانان شپږ بنسټيزه ارکانونو باندې عقيده لري:

# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په وحدانيت باندې ايمان راوړل او يواځی الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته عبادت او اطاعت کول او د هغه نه مرسته غوښتل ''[[توحيد]]''.
# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پيغمبرانو باندې ايمان راوړل ([[پېغمبران#د اسلام له نظره|''انبيا‌ء'']])  چې ټول پېغمبران (''[[رسول]]'') د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له خوا رالېږل شوي. ([[د اسلام پېغمبران]] وگورۍ.)
# په اسماني کتابونو عقيده(''[[کتب]]''):
#* په [[ابراهيمي صحيفو]] (ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; باندې نازل شوې صحيفې)
#* په [[تورات]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[موسی|موسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[زبور]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[داود|داود&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[انجيل]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[عيسی|عيسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[قرآن]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.  
# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پرښتو باندې.(''[[پرښتې#د اسلام له نظره|ملايکه]]'').
# په قيامت او وروسته د مرگ نه د بيا ژوندي کېدلو عقيده (''[[قيامة]]'')  (په [[جنت]] او [[دوزخ]] عقيده). (يادونه: کله ناکله دغه وروستۍ موضوع باندې ځانگړی بحث کېږی, او په همدې توگه د عقيدې ارکان اوو ته رسېږي.)
# په قسمت عقيده([[تقدير]]).

د اسلام بنسټيزه عقيده په [[پښتو]] ژبه :
:: &quot;زه شهادت ورکوم چې پرته د الله تعالی د ذات نه بل کوم ذات نه شته؛ او زه شهادت ورکوم چې محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د هغه پيغمبر دی.&quot;
:: &quot;زه په الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ايمان راوړم؛ او د هغه په ملايکو؛ او د هغه په کتابونو؛ او د هغه په پيغمبرانو؛ او د محشر په ورځ؛ او په تقدير؛ او ټول شيان د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له خوا نه دي، او پس د مرگ نه ژوندون حق دی.&quot;

=== د اسلام پينځه بنسټونه ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام پينځه بنسټونه|د مذهب څانگې|د مذهب ريښې}}
[[دوتنه:Supplicating Pilgrim at Masjid Al Haram. Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|بټنوک|کيڼ|د حج د لمانځنو يو منظر. په مکه کې کعبې، [[مسجد الحرام]] ته سفر د اسلامي فرايضو څخه يو فرض دی چې هر مسلمان يې په ټول ژوند کې يو ځل ترسره کړي.]]
د مسلمانانو دوه لويې فرقې سني او شعيه مسلمانان جوړوي. په اسلامي نړئ کې د شعيه گانو په پرتله ډېرئ مسلمانان سنيان دي، خو په څينو هېوادونو کې لکه د منڅنئ آسيا هېوادونه ايران او عراق بيا شعيه مسلمانان ډېرکئ مذهبي ډله جوړوي. خو په نورو هېوادونو کط لکه سعودي عربستان، اندونيزيا او [[پاکستان]] کې سني مسلمان د هغه هېوادونو په مذهبي ټولنو کې ډېرکۍ برخه جوړوي.

د سني مسلمانانو بنسټيزه ارکان [[د اسلام پينځه ستنې|د اسلام پينځه ستنو]] په نامه يادېږي&lt;sup&gt;[[#Notes|2]]&lt;/sup&gt;، خو شيعه مسلمانان بيا يو څه مختلفه نومونپوهنه، چې د سني مسلمانانو د پينځه اهمو بنسټونو تر څنگ، د دين ريښې او لس عمده اعمال د دې مذهب د طريقو نه گڼل کېږي. خو ټول مسلمانان بيا په همدې پينځه بنسټيزو فرايضو او گروهو سره پوهاوی او سره يوه خوله دي چې سني مسلمانان يې د اسلام د پينځه ستنو په نوم پېژني او شيعه مسلمانان يې د دين د څانگو او ريښو اهم عناصر بولي.

* [[شهادت]]: د تصديق په مانا دی، چې يو مسلمان د الله &lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; نه پرته بل څوک د عبادت وړ نه گڼي او همداراز د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د وحدانيت ([[توحيد]]) او د محمد &lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;  د الله &lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; رسول ([[نبوت]]) او غلام په توگه مني .
* [[لمونځ]]: هره ورځ پينځه وخته لمونځ کول.
* [[روژه]]: د روژې په مياشت کې د لمرخاته نه تر لمرپرېواته روژه نيول.
* [[زکات]]: زکات ورکول.
* [[حج]]:د مکی زیارت په ټولو مسلمانانو باندی په ژوند کې یوځل فرض دی او هغه هم په هغو کسانو باندې چې د ادا کولو وس یې ولري.
شعيه او سنيان دواړه په لاندنيو گروهو باندې باور لري، خو دغه دوه فرقې همدا عقايد په بېلابېلو ډلبنديو وېشي او هره ډله ورته ځانگړی تعبير لري:
* [[عدل]]: د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; عدل.
* [[قيامت]]: د خېر او شر د مالومولو ورځ.
* [[امر بل معروف]]: د ښو امر.
* [[نهي عن المنکر]]: د بدو نه ډډه.
* [[جهاد|الجهاد في سبيل الله]]: د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د رضا لپاره هڅه کوشش او زيار.

هغه عقايد چې د شيعه مذهب لارويان پرې معتقد دي او سني مسلمانان پرې عقيده نه لري هغه دا دي::
* [[امامت]]: ديني لارښوونه، ديني مشري، ديني رهبري. د علي او د هغه د اولاد رهبري او امامت د خدای لخوا نه د لارښوونې لپاره ټاکل شوی و.
* [[تولا]]: د [[اهل البيت]] او د هغوی د لارويانو سره مينه.
* [[تبارة]]: د اهل البيت د دښمنانو نه ځان بېلول او ليري والی.
* [[خمس]]: د گټې لپاره د ماليې ورکړه.

که څه هم چې داسې مسلمانان هم شته چې نه د تشيع او نه هم د سني په ډلو کې ځانونه شمېري او دا هغه مسلمانان دي چې د قرآني دلايلو له مخې په اسلام کې د فرقې او د ډلې جوړول حرام گڼي، دا هغه مسلمانان دي چې په ساده توگه ځانونه 'مسلمانان' بولي.
{{دوراشې کامه|إِنَّ الَّذِينَ فَرَّقُوا دِينَهُمْ وَكَانُوا شِيَعًا لَسْتَ مِنْهُمْ فِي شَيْءٍ ۚ إِنَّمَا أَمْرُهُمْ إِلَى اللَّهِ ثُمَّ يُنَبِّئُهُمْ بِمَا كَانُوا يَفْعَلُونَ |10px||[[سورة الأنعام|الانعام سورت]]|۱۵۹ آيت}}
&quot;هغه څوک چې ځانونه په ډلو وېشي هغه زموږ د ډلې خلک نه دي. د هغوی فېصله الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته مالومه ده، الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; به هغوی له هر هغه څه نه خبر کړي کوم چې دوی ترسره کړي.&quot;

=== خدای ===
:''آرنۍ ليکنې: [[الله]] / [[خدای]]
{{آرنی|په اسلام کې د خدای انځور}}
په اسلام کې تر ټولو لومړنی بنسټيزه موخه د خدای د وحدانيت منل دي چې دې ته توحيد وايي. په اسلام کې توحيد يو مطلق امر دی چې ترې هېڅ انکار نه کېږي او دا هڅکله يوه نسبي او يا هم په کومه بله مانا د نسبي شراکت مانا نه ورکوي. د قرآن مجيد په [[سورة الاخلاص]] کې خدای داسې راپېژندل شوی:

:''ووايه &quot;خدای هغه دی، يوازې او بې ساری. الله تل پايېدونکی، په بشپړه توگه له ځان نه بسيا مالک. نه  څوک يې زېږولي، او نه له چا نه زېږېدلی. او د الله په شان هېڅ بل څه نه شته.&quot;

په عربي ژبه کې ''الله'' د خدای په مانا دی. د آرپوهنې له مخې دا لغت د ''الهه'' &quot;[[معبود]]&quot; لغت سره ډېر نژدې دی، د ''الله'' نوم د عيسوي او يهودي عربانو لخوا هم د خپل معبود په يادولو کې کارېږي، دغه نوم د محمد نه مخکې مخينه لري او د دغه ځانگړی نوم مخينه د ابراهيمي مذهبونو د خدای نه پرته د يو بل معبود نورې توپيري ځانگړنې نه څرگندوي.

د &quot;الله&quot; نوم يو جمع او يا د جنس نوم نه دی، دا يو خاص نوم دی، دا نوم د &quot;خدای&quot; د نوم سره توپير لري، دا په دې سبب چې د خدای نوم د جمع بڼه لري او جنسيت هم ترې څرگندېدلای شي د ساري په توگه خدايان چې د همدې نوم جمع بڼه ده. په اسلام کې د الله پېژندنه په قرآن کې داسې شوې:
{{دوراشې کامه|فَاطِرُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأَرْضِ جَعَلَ لَكُمْ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ أَزْوَاجًا وَمِنَ الأَنْعَامِ أَزْوَاجًا يَذْرَؤُكُمْ فِيهِ لَيْسَ كَمِثْلِهِ شَيْءٌ وَهُوَ السَّمِيعُ البَصِيرُ|10px||[[سورة الشورى|الشوری سورت]]|۱۱ آيت}}
:''&quot;(الله دی) د اسمانونو او زمکې جوړونکی: هغه ستاسو او د څارويو له مېنځه ستاسو لپاره جوړې جوړې کړي، او په دې توگه هغه تاسې په گڼ شمېر جوړ کړي ياست: داسې هېڅ کوم بل معبود نشته پرته له (الله) نه او د هغه په شان هېڅ نشته، او الله دی چې هر څه اوري او ليدلی شي&quot;

The implicit usage of the [[definite article]] in ''Allah'' linguistically indicates the divine unity. Muslims believe that the God they worship is the same as the Judeo-Christian God, i.e. the God of Abraham. However, Muslims reject the Christian theology concerning the trinity of God (the doctrine of the [[Trinity]] which regards Jesus as the eternal [[Son of God]]), seeing it as akin to [[polytheism]]. Quoting from the Qur'an,
[[sura]] [[An-Nisa]](۴) :۱۷۱:

:''&quot;O People of the Scripture! Do not transgress the limits of your religion, and do not say about God except the truth. The Messiah, Jesus the son of Mary, was only a messenger of God, and His word that He had sent to Mary, and a revelation from Him. Therefore, you shall believe in GOD and His messengers. You shall not say, &quot;Trinity&quot;. You shall refrain from this for your own good. God is only one God. Be He glorified; He is much too glorious to have a son. To Him belongs everything in the heavens and everything on earth. God suffices as Lord and Master.&quot;''

No Muslim visual images or depictions of God exist because such artistic depictions may lead to [[idolatry]] and are thus disdained. Such [[aniconism]] can also be found in Judeo-Christian theology. Moreover, most Muslims believe that God is [[Spiritual being|incorporeal]], making any two- or three- dimensional depictions impossible. Instead, Muslims describe God by the many [[۹۹ Names of God|divine attributes]] mentioned in the [[Qur'an]]. All but one Sura (chapter) of the Qur'an begins with the phrase &quot;In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful&quot;. These are regarded as the most important divine attributes, at least in the sense that Muslims repeat them most frequently during their prayers ([[salat]]) and throughout their daily lives.

د اسلام بنسټيز اصل ''[[توحيد]]'' دی—توحيد په يوه او يوازيني خدای عقيدې ته وايي. په اسلام کې د خدای لپاره د عربي ژبې اصطلاح ''الله'' کارېږي; اکثراً عالمان په دې عقيده دي چې دا اصطلاح د '[['ال-]]'' (د مشخص کولو ادات) او ''[[اله]]'' (معبود) د وييونو نه اشتقاق شوي چې مانا يې يوازيني خدای ته اشاره کوي، خو ځينې نور عالمان بيا د همدې نوم آر او اصل د آرامايک ژبې لغت ''الهه'' گڼي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* &quot;اسلام او عيسويت&quot;, ''د عيسويت پوهنغونډ'' (۲۰۰۱): Arabic-speaking [[Christian]]s and [[Jew]]s also refer to God as ''Allāh''.
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Allah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلام په پينځو بنسټيزو ستنو کې لومړنۍ ستنه يې توحيد بلل کېږي چې د ''شهادة'' يا (منښت) په ډول اظهارېږي، شهادة داسې ده چې: ''''له حقيقي معبود نه پرته بل خدای نشته، او محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt;  د خدای ټاکل شوی پيغمبر دی''''. په دوديزه اسلامپوهنه کې، خدای د انساني عقل او پوهاوي نه پورته معبود گڼل کېږي; مسلمانان نه شي کولای چې خدای په يوه بڼه انځور کړي يوازې له دې چې بايد د داسې لوی معبود عبادت او اطاعت وکړي او خدای خپل يوازينی ساتونکی او ژغورونکی وگڼي. که څه هم چې مسلمانان عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د يو پيغمبر په توگه پېژني، خو دوی بيا د عيسويانو د درېگونۍ عقيده، چې مسلمانان يې د شرک بولي په کلکه ردوي. په اسلامپوهنه کې عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د نورو پيغمبرانو په څېر د خدای بنده او د انسان په توگه پېژندل کېږي او د عيسويانو هغه عقيده چې عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د خدای د ځوی په توگه پېژني په کلکه ردوي;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Tathlith, Trinity | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=David Thomas | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۱}}: Contrary to Muslim understanding, some scholars have suggested that the Qur'an only opposes certain deviant forms of Trinitarian belief.&lt;/ref&gt; د قرآن په يوه سوره کې د خدای څرگندونه داسې شوې &quot;ووايه هغه الله دی يوازې، الله هېچا ته اړ نه دی او ټول هغه ته اړ دي، نه د هغه څوک اولاد دی او نه هغه د چا اولاد دی او هېڅوک د هغه سيال نشته.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۱۱۲|۱|end=۴|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۷۴–۷۶
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۲۲
* Griffith (۲۰۰۶), p.۲۴۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Allah, Tawhid | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | author=D. Gimaret | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== قران عظيم الشان ===
[[انځور:FirstSurahKoran.jpg|thumb|upright|د قرآن لومړنۍ سوره [[سورة الفاتحة|الفاتحه]] د قران عظيم شان د لاسي نسخې يو انځور.]]

قرآن شريف د مسلمانانو سپېڅلی کتاب دی او دوی په همدغه آسماني کتاب باندې ايمان راوړی. د قرآن لغوي مانا  “لوستنه” ده. مسلمانان په دې باور دي چې قرآن يو آسماني کتاب دی چې د الله (جل جلاله) په وروستي نبي حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم باندې نازل شوی دی. دا سپېڅلی کتاب د ۶۱۰ ز. کال نه تر ۶۳۲ ز. پورې په بېلابېلو وختونو کې د الله تعالی له لوري او د حضرت جبراييل عليه السلام په منځگړتوب پر حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم باندې د وحيو په څېر نازل شوی. چې د وحيو په وختونو کې حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم حفظ کړی او بيا د الله تعالی د وروستي نبي د يارانو له خوا راټول شوی او پر ډبرليکونو او پاڼو ليکل شوی.

مسلمانان په دې باور دي چې له کومې ورځ نه الله تعالی قرآن شريف پر محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم نازل کړی له هماغې ورځې نه تر ننه پورې قرآن شريف په خپلې آرنۍ بڼې پاتې دی چې بيا د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم نه وروسته د هغه لارويانو چې قرآن شريف يې حفظ کړی وه وليکه او په همدې توگه يې قرآن شريف په ليکنې بڼه خوندي کړ. مسلمان عالمان ددې خبرې منښته کوي چې قرآن شريف د اسلام د درېيم خليفه حضرت عثمان (رض) د واکمنۍ پر مهال په ليکلې بڼه سره راټول شو، چې په دې توگه د قرآن شريف د بېلابېلو برخو د راټولولو او سره يوځای کولو نېټه له ۶۵۰ ز پېر نه تر ۶۵۶ ز پېر پورې ښودل شوی. او وروسته له دې چې قرآن شريف ليکلې بڼه وموندله نو بيا د هماغه خليفه د واکمنۍ پر مهال د قرآن شريف لمېسې جوړې شوې او د اسلامي خلافت بېلابېلو ولايتونو ته يې لمېسې ولېږل شوې.

There are numerous traditions, and many conflicting academic theories, as to the provenance of the Qur'anic verses that were eventually assembled into a single volume. (This is covered in greater detail in [[Qur'an]]). Most Muslims accept the account recorded in several hadith, which state that [[Abu Bakr]], The First Caliph, ordered his personal secretary [[Zayd ibn Thabit]] to collect and record all the authentic verses of the Qur'an, as preserved in written form or oral tradition. Zayd's written collection, privately treasured by Prophet Muhammad's wife [[Hafsa bint Umar]], was, according to Muslim sources, later used by Uthman and is thus the basis of today's Qur'an.

Uthman's version, organized the suras roughly in order of length (excepting the brief opening surah [[Al-Fatiha]]), with the longest suras at the start of the Qur'an and the shortest ones at the end. More conservative views state that the order of most suras was divinely set. Later scholars have struggled to put the suras in chronological order, and among Muslim commentators, at least, there is a rough consensus as to which suras were revealed in [[Makkan sura|Mecca]] and which at [[Medinan sura|Medina]], with distinctive characteristics observed within these two subgroups. Some suras (e.g. surat [[Iqra]]) are thought to have been revealed in parts at separate times.

To understand the notion of &quot;variants&quot; within the received Qur'anic text, one must understand that Arabic had not yet fully developed as a written language. The Qur'an was first recorded in written form (date uncertain) in the [[Hijazi]], [[Mashq]], [[Ma'il]], and [[Kufic]] scripts; these scripts write consonants only and do not supply vowels. (Imagine an English text that wrote the word 'bed' as &quot;BD,&quot; and required the reader to infer, from context, that the reference was to &quot;bed&quot; - and not to 'bad&quot; or &quot;bide.&quot;) Because there were differing oral traditions of recitation as non-native Arabic speakers converted to Islam, there was some disagreement as to the exact reading of many (vowel-free) verses. Eventually, scripts were  developed that used diacritical markings (known as ''points'') to indicate the vowels. For hundreds of years after Uthman's recension, Muslim scholars argued as to the correct pointing and reading of Uthman's (unpointed) official text.{{citation needed}} Eventually, most commentators accepted seven variant readings ([[qira'at]]) of the Qur'an as canonical, while agreeing that the differences among the seven are minor and do not affect the meaning of the text.

The form of the Qur'an most used today is the [[Al-Azhar]] text of ۱۹۲۳, prepared by a committee at the prestigious [[Cairo]] university of Al-Azhar.

The Qur'an early became a focus of Muslim devotion and eventually a subject of theological controversy among skeptics. In the [[۸th century]], the [[Mu'tazili]]s claimed that the Qur'an was created in time and was not eternal. Their opponents, of various schools, claimed that the Qur'an was eternal and perfect, existing in heaven before it was revealed to Muhammad. The [[Ashari]] theology (which ultimately became predominant) held that the Qur'an was uncreated.

Most Muslims regard paper copies of the Qur'an with extreme veneration, wrapping them in a clean cloth, keeping them on a high shelf, and washing as for prayers before reading the Qur'an. Old Qur'ans are not destroyed as wastepaper, but burned.

اکثره مسلمانان د قرآن ځينې برخې او يا ټول قرآن په آرنۍ ژبه (عربي) حفظ کوي. هغه څوک چې قرآن يې په بشپړه توگه حفظ کړی وي د حافظ په نامه يادېږي. په مسلمانانو کې د قرآن حفظ کول د هېښتيا خبره نه ده، نن ورځ د نړۍ په بېلابېلو هېوادونو کې په ميليونونو حافظين ژوندي دي چې د ټول قرآن متن يې له ياده زده دی.

د عقيدې د پيل د ورځو نه اکثره مسلمانان په دې اند دي چې قرآن يو مکمل اسماني کتاب دی چې په عربي ژبه نازل شوی. د دغه کتاب ژباړې د انساني هلو ځلو او د انساني تېروتنو نه تشې هڅې نه دي، همداراز په ژباړو کې د مومنانو د الهامي شاعرۍ کمښت څوک په قرآن کې موندلی شي. نو په همدې خاطر د قرآن ژباړې يوازې پر قرآن تبصرې گڼل کېږي او يا هم د مطلب ژباړه، او پخپله د قرآن نه. او په همدې دليل د قرآن په ډېرو نوو چاپ شويو نخسو کې د عربي متن په يوه مخ او د متن ژباړه په بل مخ راغلې.

قرآن شريف له ۱۱۴ [[سورت|سورتونو]] يا څپرکو نه جوړ شوی دی چې همدا ټول سورتونه ۶،۲۳۶ ''[[آيت|آيتونه]]'' لري. The chronologically earlier suras, revealed at Mecca, are primarily concerned with ethical and spiritual topics. The later Medinan suras mostly discuss social and moral issues relevant to the Muslim community.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qur'an | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}
&lt;/ref&gt; The Qur'an is more concerned with moral guidance than legal instruction, and is considered the &quot;sourcebook of Islamic principles and values&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۷۹&lt;/ref&gt; Muslim jurists consult the ''hadith'', or the written record of Muhammad's life, to both supplement the Qur'an and assist with its interpretation. The science of Qur'anic commentary and exegesis is known as ''[[tafsir]]''.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۷۹–۸۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tafsir | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The word ''Qur'an'' means &quot;recitation&quot;. When Muslims speak in the abstract about &quot;the Qur'an&quot;, they usually mean the scripture as recited in Arabic rather than the printed work or any translation of it. To Muslims, the Qur'an is perfect only as revealed in the original Arabic; translations are necessarily deficient because of language differences, the fallibility of translators, and the impossibility of preserving the original's inspired style. Translations are therefore regarded only as commentaries on the Qur'an, or &quot;interpretations of its meaning&quot;, not as the Qur'an itself.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Teece (۲۰۰۳), pp.۱۲٬۱۳
* C. Turner (۲۰۰۶), p.۴۲
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qur'an | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: The word ''Qur'an'' was invented and first used in the Qur'an itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology|two different theories]] about this term and its formation.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== پرښتې ===
{{آرنی|په اسلام کې د پرښتو انځور}}
د اسلام په دين کې د الله (جل جلاله) په پرښتو عقيده د ايمان جز گڼل کېږي. په عربي ژبه پرښتې ته (''ملک'') وايي چې د همدغه لغت مانا ده &quot;پيغام رسونکی&quot;، په عبراني ژبه کې همداسې ورته نوم (''ملخ'') د پرښتې په مانا ده خو په يوناني ژبه بيا پرښتې ته (''انجېلوس'') وايي. د قراني مالوماتو له مخې، پرښتې د خپلې خوښې واک په لاس کې نه لري، او په مکمله توگه د الله تعالی په عبادت کې بوختې دي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۲۱|۱۹|end=۲۰|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳۵|۱|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; قران کې دا هم راغلي چې د پرښتو په کارونو کې د الله تعالی حکمونه منل او د الله تعالی پيغامونو رسولو برسېره، پرښتې تل د الله په ثنا او صفت په عبادت بوختې دي، او د انسانانو اعمال ثبتوي ددې سره سره پرښتې د الله (جل جلاله) په حکم د انسانانو د مړينې په وخت کې روحونه باسي. داسې هم انگېرل کېږي چې پرښتې د انسان او الله تعالی ترمېنځ منځگړتوب کوي. قرآن شريف، پرښتې موږ ته داسې راڅرگندوي لکه &quot;يو ډول پيغام رسونکي چې دوه، درې يا څلور جوړه وزرې لري: خدای هماغسې خپل مخلوق جوړوي څنگه چې يې خوښه وي...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۳۵|۱|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۲۶–۲۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Malā'ika | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=W. Madelung | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Angel | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Gisela Webb | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== محمد&lt;sup&gt;([[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]])&lt;/sup&gt; ===
{{آرنی|محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم}}

حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم (c. ۵۷۰ – [[جولای ۶]] [[۶۳۲]]) د الله تعالی وروستی نبي، يو مذهبي، سياسي او پوځي عرب و چې د همدغه نبي د اسلام د دين بيرغ لوړ کړ او د اديانو په تاريخ کې يې د اسلام نوم هم وځلاوه. مسلمانان په دې گروهه دي چې حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) د يوه نوي مذهب بنسټ ايښودونکی نه دی، بلکه د اسلام د اصلي دين چې د حضرت آدم عليه السلام او حضرت ابراهيم او د نورو پيغمبرانو دين و، د هماغه دين بيا پرځای کونکی دی. مسلمانان په دې عقيده هم دي چې حضرت محمد د الله تعالی وروستی پيغمبر او د نورو پيغمبرانو په ډله کې د لويې مرتبې خاوند پيغمبر و.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸), p.۱۲
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۴–۵
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}&lt;/ref&gt;
دروند پیغمبر د خپل خوږ ژوند په وروستیو ۲۳ کلونو کې، یانې د ۴۰ کلني عمر په پیل کې د الله له لوري د ایاتو د نازلولو لړۍ پیل شوه، چې د دغو ایاتونو ټولگه د قرآن په نوم یادیږي چې دغه آیتونه بیا د صحابه و لخوا یاد کیدل.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۱۸|۱۱۰|style=ref}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[انځور:Masjid Nabawi. Medina, Saudi Arabia.jpg|بټنوک|220px|کيڼ|[[مسجد النبوي]] (&quot;د پيغمبر(صلی الله علیه وسلم) جومات&quot;) په مدينه کې د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم مقبره هم ده.|link=Special:FilePath/Masjid_Nabawi._Medina,_Saudi_Arabia.jpg]]

په دغه کې وخت محمد [[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]] د مکې خلکو ته په تبلیغ باندې پیل وکړ، تر څو دوې له شرک څخه راوباسي او د اسلام لور ته یې راوبلي. که څه چې محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم ځینې کسان اسلام ته راواړول خو په دې کار سره دی او د ده لارویان د مکې د چارواکو او لارښودگرانو لخوا تر زور او اذیت لاندې راغلل. چې بیا وروسته له ۱۳ کلنو څخه په کال ۶۲۲ کې محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم او نور مسلمانان له مکې څخه مدینه (رسما '''یثرب''' نومیږي) ته کډه شول.

There, with the Medinan converts (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]]'') and the Meccan migrants (''[[Muhajirun]]''), Muhammad established his political and [[Theocracy|religious authority]]. Within years, two battles had been fought against Meccan forces: the [[Battle of Badr]] in ۶۲۴, which was a Muslim victory, and the [[Battle of Uhud]] in ۶۲۵, which ended inconclusively. Conflict with Medinan Jewish clans who opposed the Muslims led to their exile, enslavement or death, and the Jewish enclave of [[Battle of Khaybar|Khaybar]] was subdued. At the same time, Meccan trade routes were cut off as Muhammad brought surrounding desert tribes under his control.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* F.E.Peters(۲۰۰۳), pp.۷۸٬۷۹٬۱۹۴ 
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۳–۲۸&lt;/ref&gt; By ۶۲۹ Muhammad was victorious in the nearly bloodless [[Conquest of Mecca]], and by the time of his death in ۶۳۲ he ruled over the [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian peninsula]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Muhammad&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Islam, the &quot;[[normative]]&quot; example of Muhammad's life is called the ''[[Sunnah]]'' (literally &quot;trodden path&quot;). This example is preserved in traditions known as [[hadith]] (&quot;reports&quot;), which recount his words, his actions, and his personal characteristics. The classical Muslim jurist [[ash-Shafi'i]] (d. ۸۲۰) emphasized the importance of the Sunnah in [[Sharia|Islamic law]], and Muslims are encouraged to emulate Muhammad's actions in their daily lives. The Sunnah is seen as crucial to guiding interpretation of the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World'' (۲۰۰۳), p.۶۶۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hadith | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=J. Robson | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sunna | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=D. W. Brown | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د قيامت ورځ ===
{{آرنی|قيامت}}
د &quot;جزا په ورځ&quot;، يعنی ''[[قيامت|د قيامت په ورځې]]'' ايمان لرل د اسلام يوه بنسټيزه گروهه ده. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې د قيامت ورځ د الله تعالی له خوا ټاکل شوی چې په يوه ځانگړي وخت کې به وي خو انسانانو ته يې وخت نه دی څرگند. د قيامت د ورځې د محکمې او کړاونه په هکله په قرآن او حديثونو کې هم بیان شوي، او همدارنگه د اسلامي علماوو په تفسيرونو کې.
The Qur'an emphasizes [[Resurrection of the Dead|bodily resurrection]], a break from the [[pre-Islamic Arabia]]n understanding of death. It states that resurrection will be followed by the gathering of mankind, culminating in their judgment by God.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* &quot;Resurrection&quot;, ''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'' (۲۰۰۳)
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Avicenna | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as &quot;Avicenna&quot;.
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qiyama | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Qur'an lists several sins that can condemn a person to hell, such as disbelief, [[riba|usury]] and dishonesty. Muslims view paradise (''[[jannah]]'') as a place of joy and bliss, with Qur'anic references describing its features and the physical pleasures to come. There are also references to a greater joy—acceptance by God (''ridwān'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۹|۷۲|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mystical traditions in Islam place these heavenly delights in the context of an ecstatic awareness of God.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Smith (۲۰۰۶), p.۸۹; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p.۵۶۵
* &quot;Heaven&quot;, ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' (۲۰۰۰)
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Garden | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Asma Afsaruddin | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Paradise | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تقدير ===
{{آرنی|تقدير}}

In accordance with the Islamic belief in [[predestination]], or divine preordainment (''al-qadā wa'l-qadar''), God has full knowledge and control over all that occurs. This is explained in Qur'anic verses such as &quot;Say: 'Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us: He is our protector'…&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۹|۵۱|style=ref}}
* D. Cohen-Mor (۲۰۰۱), p.۴: &quot;The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen: 'Say: &quot;Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us…&quot;&amp;nbsp;'&amp;nbsp;&quot;
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Fate | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Ahmet T. Karamustafa | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means &quot;to measure, to determine&quot;. Here it is used to mean that &quot;God measures and orders his creation&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; For Muslims, everything in the world that occurs, good or evil, has been preordained and nothing can happen unless permitted by God. In Islamic theology, divine preordainment does not suggest an absence of God's indignation against evil, because any evils that do occur are thought to result in future benefits men may not be able to see. According to Muslim theologians, although events are pre-ordained, man possesses free will in that he has the faculty to choose between right and wrong, and is thus responsible for his actions. According to Islamic tradition, all that has been decreed by God is written in ''al-Lawh al-Mahfūz'', the &quot;Preserved Tablet&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۲۰۰۳), pp.۱۱۹–۱۲۲
* Patton (۱۹۰۰), p.۱۳۰&lt;/ref&gt;

The Shi'a understanding of predestination is called &quot;divine justice&quot; (''Adalah''). This doctrine, originally developed by the [[Mu'tazila]], stresses the importance of man's responsibility for his own actions. In contrast, the Sunni deemphasize the role of individual free will in the context of God's creation and foreknowledge of all things.&lt;ref&gt;Momen (۱۹۸۷), pp.۱۷۷٬۱۷۸&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلام او دا آخرت په ورځ ایمان ===
{{آرنی|د اخرت په ورځ ایمان}}

Islamic [[eschatology]] is concerned with the ''[[Qiyamah]]'' ([[End of the world (religion)|end of the world]]) and the final  judgment of humanity. Like [[Christianity]] and [[Judaism]], Islam teaches the bodily [[resurrection]] of the dead, the fulfilment of a divine plan for creation, and the immortality of the human soul. In Islamic belief, the righteous are rewarded with the pleasures of ''Jannah'' ([[Paradise]]), while the unrighteous are punished in ''[[Jahannam]]'' (a fiery [[Hell]], from the Hebrew ''ge-hinnom'' or &quot;valley of Hinnom&quot;; usually rendered in English as [[Gehenna]]). A significant portion of the Qur'an deals with these beliefs, with many ''[[hadith]]'' elaborating on the themes and details.

== تنظيمونه ==
=== اسلامي واک ===
داسې هېڅ کوم رسمي اسلامي واک نشته چې په اسلام کې د يو کس د منلو او يا هم د اسلامي ټولنې ('''''اُمة''''' ''يانې ملت يا کورنۍ'') نه د رټلو واک په لاس کې ولري. اسلام خپلې دروازې پرته د کوم توپير، تعصب، رنگ، جنس، عمر او پخواني عقايدو نه د ټولو پر مخ پرانيستې دي او ټولو ته په دغه دين کې د ننوتلو اجازه شته. د مسلمان کېدو لپاره همدومره بس ده چې يو څوک د زړه له کومي په رسمي توگه د يو څو تنو مسلمانانو په مينځ کې د اسلام دين ومني او شهادت ووايي. شهادت هغه بيان دی چې مسلمان پرې د يوه خدای د وحدانيت او د حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) پر نبوت او په خپل ژوند کې د هغه د لارښوونو د پلي کولو د تکل اقرار بلل کېږي. د شهادت په نه وييلو سره هېڅوک نه شي کولای چې مسلمان شي. د مسلمان لپاره د شهادت نه وروسته د اسلامي حکمونو پلي کول فرض دي او همدا رنگه يو مسلمان بايد د اسلامي اخلاقو خاوند هم وي ترڅو هغه په يوه اسلامي ټولنه کې د منلو وړ وگرځي.

=== اسلامي قانون ===
{{آرنی|شريعت|فقه}}
د اسلامي قانون نوم شريعت دی، چې د مسلمانو عالمانو لخوا د قرآن او حديث په رڼا کې وضع شوی. قرآن شريف د شريعت او اسلامي قضايه نظام لومړنۍ سرچينه ده، تر دې وروسته د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم سنة او د لومړنۍ اسلامي ټولنې دود او دستورونه په دوهم پړاو کې ځای لري. سنت د احاديثو په شننو کې رامېنځ ته شوی، او احاديث د حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) لارښوونو ته وايي چې مسلمانانو ته يې کړي. اجماع چې د يوې مسلمانې ټولنې د احصايې په مانا ده، د قياس سره يوځای د اسلامي قانون او د شريعت درېيمه او څلورمه سرچينه جوړوي.

په اسلامي قانون کې د ژوند د هر اړخ په اړه بحث شوی دی. د دولت او حکومت د چلولو او د باندنيو اړيکو د ساتلو نه نيولې آن تر ورځيني ژوند و ژواک پورې د هرې ستونزې او مسلې لپاره د حل لار څېړل شوې او د اسلامي احکامو پر بنسټ يې د پلي کولو لارښوونه شوې.د اسلامي قانون په اړه په څرگنده ډول په قرآن شريف کې چې کوم احکامات راغلي هغه د [[حدود]]و په نامه يادېږي چې په دغو لارښوونو کې د قتل نه ډډه، د واده نه پرته د جنسي اړيکو د ساتلو نه ځان ساتنه، د شرابو او الکولو د څښلو او د قمار نه اجتناب يې غټ ټکي جوړوي. په قرآن کې د وراثت، د واده، د ټپي کولو او وژلو په بدل کې د تدابيرو نيولو او په هم دې توگه د روژې د نيولو، د زکات ورکولو او لمونځ کولو په باب هم په تفصيل سره د حکمونو يادونه شوې. However, the prescriptions and prohibitions may be broad, so how they are applied in practice varies. Islamic scholars, ''the ulema'', have elaborated systems of law on the basis of these broad rules, supplemented by the hadith reports of how Muhammad and his companions interpreted them. See [[Sin]] for further discussion about the concept of sin and its atonement according to the Islamic law.

In current times, not all Muslims understand the Qur'an in its original Arabic. Thus, when Muslims are divided in how to handle situations, they seek the assistance of a [[mufti]] (Islamic judge) who can advise them based on Islamic [[Sharia]] and hadith.

The ''Sharia'' (literally: &quot;the path leading to the watering place&quot;) is Islamic law formed by traditional Islamic scholarship. In Islam, Sharia is the expression of the divine will, and &quot;constitutes a system of duties that are incumbent upon a Muslim by virtue of his religious belief&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;BritannicaShariah&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Islamic law covers all aspects of life, from matters of state, like governance and [[Diplomacy|foreign relations]], to issues of daily living. The Qur'an defines ''[[hudud]]'' as the punishments for five specific crimes: unlawful intercourse, false accusation of unlawful intercourse, consumption of alcohol, theft, and highway robbery. The Qur'an and Sunnah also contain laws of [[Islamic Inheritance jurisprudence|inheritance]], [[Islamic marital jurisprudence|marriage]], and [[Qisas|restitution for injuries and murder]], as well as rules for [[sawm|fasting]], [[Sadaqah|charity]], and [[salat|prayer]]. However, these [[wajib|prescriptions]] and [[Haraam|prohibitions]] may be broad, so their application in practice varies. [[Ulema|Islamic scholars]] (known as ''ulema'') have elaborated systems of law on the basis of these rules and their interpretations.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Menski (۲۰۰۶), p.۲۹۰
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hadd | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=B. Carra de Vaux | coauthors=J. Schacht, A.M. Goichon | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sharia | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=N. Calder | coauthors=M. B. Hooker | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[Fiqh]]'', or &quot;jurisprudence&quot;, is defined as the knowledge of the practical rules of the religion. The method Islamic jurists use to derive rulings is known as ''[[usul al-fiqh]]'' (&quot;legal theory&quot;, or &quot;principles of jurisprudence&quot;). According to Islamic legal theory, law has four fundamental roots, which are given precedence in this order: the Qur'an, the Sunnah (actions and sayings of Muhammad), the consensus of the Muslim jurists (''[[ijma]]''), and analogical reasoning (''[[qiyas]]''). For early Islamic jurists, theory was less important than pragmatic application of the law. In the ۹th century, the jurist [[ash-Shafi'i]] provided a theoretical basis for Islamic law by codifying the principles of jurisprudence (including the four fundamental roots) in his book ''ar-Risālah''.&lt;ref&gt;Weiss (۲۰۰۲), pp.xvii,۱۶۲&lt;/ref&gt;

==== مذهب او رياست ====

د اسلامي قانون له مخې د مذهب او رياست تر مېنځ ژورې اړيکې دي چې په ډېريو اسلامي هېوادونو کې ديني عالمان د قاضيانو په توگه په رسمي ډول دندې ترسره کوي. In practice, Islamic rulers frequently bypassed the Sharia courts with a parallel system of so-called &quot;Grievance courts&quot; over which they had sole control. As the Muslim world came into contact with Western secular ideals, Muslim societies responded in different ways. [[Turkey]] has been governed as a secular state ever since the reforms of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]. In contrast, the [[۱۹۷۹ Iranian Revolution]] replaced a mostly secular regime with an [[Islamic republic]] led by the [[Ruholla Khomeini|Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۸۴
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۵۰۲–۵۰۷٬۸۴۵
* Lewis (۲۰۰۳), p.۱۰۰&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ارتداد او کفر ====
{{آرنی|ارتداد په اسلام کې}}

په سيمه ايزو اسلامي ټولنو کې چې يو وگړی په ارتداد او کفر پېژندل کېږي نو هغه بيا د هماغې ټولنې نه رټل کېږي. په اسلامي رياستونو کې ارتداد او کفر د اسلامي رياست پر وړاندې جرم گڼل کېږي او داسې يو مجرم ته سزا ورکول کېږي چې اکثراً د مرگ  سزا وي.

== مذهبي فرقې ==
{{main|د اسلام مذهبي فرقې}}
لکه د نورو دينونو په شان په اسلام کې هم يو شمېر مذهبي فرقې شته چې د دوی ټولو گروهه يا عقيده يوه ده خو په شرعي او قانوني توگه په دغو فرقو کې اهم توپيرونه ليدل کېږي. اسلام په دوه لويو فرقو وېشل شوی چې د [[سني]] او [[تشيع]] فرقې يې دوه لويې فرقې دي. [[تصوف]] بيا ځانته بله مذهبي ډله ده چې په دې کې د اسلام معمايي تصريف لور ته ډېر پام اړول شوی. د ځينو سرچينو له مخې د نړۍ نژدې ۸۵٪ مسلمانان د سني لويې فرقې په لار روان دي او پاتې ۱۵٪ مسلمانان د تشيع د مذهب مننونکي دي، په همدې توگه بيا په شيعه گانو کې هم وړې مذهبي فرقې شته.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۲
* {{cite web | url=http://countrystudies.us/afghanistan/61.htm | title=Sunni and Shia Islam | work=Country Studies | publisher=U.S. Library of Congress | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۱-۰۹}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اهل سنت ===
[[دوتنه:Divisions of Islam.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Divisions of Islam]]

[[سني]] مسلمانان د اسلام لويه برخه جوړوي. په عربي ژبه کې د ''السنة'' لغت مانا &quot;اصل&quot; او يا هم &quot;لار&quot; ده. سنت (د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; د ژوند کړه وړه) دقرآن او حديث له مخې د سني اسلام اهمه ستنه جوړوي. سنيان په دې عقيده دي چې د اسلام لومړي څلور خليفه گان د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; نه وروسته برحقه او ريښتوني خليفه گان وه؛ او خدای&lt;sup&gt;ج&lt;/sup&gt; د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر نه وروسته خدای بل پيغمبر نه ؤ ځانگړی کړی، او پاتې خليفه گان بايد ټاکل شوي وای. سنيان څلور لوی قانوني مذهبونه مني چې هغه څلور لوی مذهبونه [[حنفي]]، [[مالکي]]، [[شافي]] او [[حنبلي]] دي.  All four accept the validity of the others and a Muslim might choose any one that he or she finds agreeable, but other Islamic sects are believed to have departed from the majority by introducing innovations (''[[bidah]]''). There are also several orthodox theological or philosophical traditions within Sunnism. For example, the recent [[Salafi]] movement sees itself as restorationist and claims to derive its teachings from the original sources of Islam.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* اېسپوزيتو (۲۰۰۳), pp.۲۷۵٬۳۰۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shariah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sunnite | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== شیعه گان ===
{{آرنی|شيعه}}
{{see also|Historic background of the Sunni-Shi'a split}}
The [[Shi'a]], who constitute the second-largest branch of Islam, believe in the political and religious [[Islamic leadership|leadership]] of [[infallible#Additional Shi'a teachings|infallible]] [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)|Imams]] from the progeny of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]. They believe that he, as the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was his rightful successor, and they call him the first ''Imam'' (leader), rejecting the legitimacy of the previous Muslim caliphs. To them, an Imam rules by right of divine appointment and holds &quot;absolute spiritual authority&quot; among Muslims, having final say in matters of doctrine and revelation.&lt;ref&gt;See
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۴۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Imam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shi'ite | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/p.php?p=shia'&amp;url=Introduction {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419035040/http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/p.php?p=shia%27&amp;url=Introduction |date=2008-04-19 }} Imamat, by [[Naser Makarem Shirazi]]]&lt;/ref&gt; Although the Shi'a share many core practices with the Sunni, the two branches disagree over the proper importance and validity of specific collections of hadith. The Shi'a follow a legal tradition called [[Ja'fari jurisprudence]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Ahmed (۱۹۹۹), pp.۴۴–۴۵
* Nasr (۱۹۹۴), p.۴۶۶&lt;/ref&gt; Shi'a Islam has several branches, the largest of which is the [[Twelvers]] (''{{ArabDIN|iṯnāʿašariyya}}''), while the others are the [[Ismaili]], the [[Sevener]]s, and the [[Zaidiyyah]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Kramer (۱۹۸۷), [http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/Alawis.htm Syria’s Alawis and Shi‘ism pp.۲۳۷–۲۵۴]
* [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/index.html Shia branches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041025093409/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/index.html |date=2004-10-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 1.JPG|thumb|right|300px|A view of the [[Dome of the Rock]] on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]], a holy site in Islam]]
[[Shi'a]] Muslims, the second-largest sect, differ from the Sunni in rejecting the authority of the first three caliphs. They honor different traditions ([[hadith]]) and have their own legal traditions. Shi'a scholars have a larger authority than Sunni scholars and have greater room for interpretation. The [[Imams]] play a central role in Shi'a doctrine.

The arabic word Shi'a, litarally translates into the word 'group' or 'sect'. Originally known as Shi'at Ali (the sect of Ali), the group formed shortly after the death of Ali, in [[Iraq]]. Ali ibn Abi Talib was the cousin of prophet [[Muhammad]], and after marriage to Fatima, he also became Muhammad's son-in-law.

The Shi'a consist of one major school of thought known as the [[Ithna 'ashariyah]] or the &quot;[[Twelvers]]&quot;, and a few minor schools of thought, as the &quot;Seveners&quot; or the &quot;Fivers&quot; referring to the number of infallible leaders they recognize after the death of prophet [[Muhammad]]. The term Shi'a, when used without qualification, is usually taken to be synonymous with the Ithna Ashariyya or Twelvers. Most Shi'a live in [[Iran]], [[Iraq]] (the country where Ali passed away), [[Bahrain]], [[Lebanon]], [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. A minority group (about ۴ million) of Shi'a is known as [[Ismaili]]. The Shia Ismaili sect is subdivided into [[Nizari]] Ismaili and [[Mustaali]] Bohra subsects. The Nizari Ismaili or are led by the [[Aga Khan]] and are found mainly in [[Pakistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Bangladesh]], India, Canada and United States. The [[Mustaali]] Bohra sect is further subdivded into Dawoodi and Sulaimanis subsects. The [[Dawoodi Bohra]]s are concentrated in Pakistan and India. The [[Sulaimani Bohra]]s are concentrated in Yemen and Najran province of Saudi Arabia.

=== تصوف ===
{{آرنی|تصوف}}

Not strictly a denomination, [[Sufism]] is a mystical-ascetic form of Islam. By focusing on the more spiritual aspects of religion, Sufis strive to obtain direct experience of God by making use of &quot;intuitive and emotional faculties&quot; that one must be trained to use.&lt;ref&gt;Trimingham (۱۹۹۸), p.۱&lt;/ref&gt; Sufism and [[Islamic law]] are usually considered to be complementary, although Sufism has been criticized by some Muslims for being an unjustified [[bidah|religious innovation]]. Most Sufi orders, or ''[[tariqa]]s'', can be classified as either Sunni or Shi'a.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۳۰۲
* Malik (۲۰۰۶), p.۳
* B. S. Turner (۱۹۹۸), p.۱۴۵
* {{cite web | url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aftoc.html | work=Country Studies | publisher=U. S. Library of Congress (Federal Research Division) | title=Afghanistan: A Country Study | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۴-۱۸ | pages=۱۵۰}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Sufism]] is a spiritual practice followed by both Sunni and Shi'a. Sufis generally feel that following Islamic law or jurisprudence (or ''fiqh'') is only the first step on the path to perfect submission; they focus on the internal or more spiritual aspects of Islam, such as perfecting one's faith and fighting one's own ego (''nafs''). Most Sufi orders, or [[tariqa]], can be classified as either Sunni or Shi'a. However, there are some that are not easily categorized as either Sunni or Shi'a, such as the [[Bektashi]]. Sufis are found throughout the Islamic world, from [[Senegal]] to [[Indonesia]].

=== نورې طريقې ===
[[Wahhabi]]s, as they are known by non-Wahhabis, are a smaller, more recent Sunni group. They prefer to be called [[Salafi]]s. Wahhabism is a movement founded by [[Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab]] in the [[۱۸th century]] in what is present-day [[Saudi Arabia]]. They classify themselves as Sunni and some claim to follow the [[Hanbali]] legal tradition. The major trend, however, is the  abolition of these &quot;schools of thoughts&quot; (legal traditions), and the following of a more literalist interpretation. Some even regard other Sunni as heretics. The [[Hanbali]] legal tradition is the recognized official school of Islamic law in Saudi Arabia and they have had a great deal of influence on the Islamic world because of Saudi control of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]], the Islamic holy places, and because of Saudi funding for mosques and schools in other countries. The majority of Saudi Islamic scholars are considered as [[Wahhabi]]s by other parts of the Islamic world.

Sunni and Shi'a have often clashed. Some Sunni believe that Shi'a  are heretics while other Sunni recognize Shi'a as fellow Muslims. According to Shaikh Mahmood Shaltoot, head of the [[al-Azhar University]] in the middle part of the ۲۰th century, &quot;the Ja'fari school of thought, which is also known as &quot;al-Shi'a al- Imamiyyah al-Ithna Ashariyyah&quot; (i.e. The Twelver Imami Shi'ites) is a school of thought that is religiously correct to follow in worship as are other Sunni schools of thought&quot;. Al-Azhar later distanced itself from this position.

Another sect which dates back to the early days of Islam is that of the [[Kharijites]]. The only surviving branch of the Kharijites are the [[Ibadi|Ibadhi Muslims]]. Ibadhism is distinguished from Shiism by its belief that the Imam (Leader) should be chosen solely on the basis of his faith, not on the basis of descent, and from Sunnism in its rejection of [[Uthman]] and [[Ali]] and strong emphasis on the need to depose unjust rulers.  Ibadhi Islam is noted for its strictness, but, unlike the Kharijites proper, Ibadhis do not regard major sins as automatically making a Muslim an unbeliever. Most Ibadhi Muslims live in [[Oman]].

Another trend in modern Islam is that which is sometimes called progressive. Followers may be called [[Ijtihadists]]. They may be either Sunni or Shi'ite, and generally favor the development of  personal interpretations of Qur'an and Hadith. ''See'': [[Liberal Islam]]

One very small group, based primarily in the United States, follows the teachings of [[Rashad Khalifa]] and calls itself the &quot;Submitters&quot;. They reject [[hadith]] and [[fiqh]], and say that they follow the Qur'an alone. Most Muslims of both the [[Sunni]] and the [[Shia]] sects consider this group to be heretical.

The [[Kharijites]] are a sect that dates back to the early days of Islam. The only surviving branch of the Kharijites is [[Ibadism]]. Unlike most Kharijite groups, Ibadism does not regard sinful Muslims as unbelievers. The [[Imam]]ate is an important topic in Ibadi legal literature, which stipulates that the leader should be chosen solely on the basis of his knowledge and piety, and is to be deposed if he acts unjustly. Most Ibadi Muslims live in [[Oman]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* [http://www.uga.edu/islam/ibadis.html IBADI ISLAM: AN INTRODUCTION]
* J. A. Williams (۱۹۹۴), p.۱۷۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=al-Ibāḍiyya | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Yazidi]], [[Druze]],  [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community|Ahmadiyya]], [[Bábís|Bábí]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'í]], [[Berghouata]] and [[Ha-Mim]] religions either emerged out of Islam or came to share certain beliefs with Islam. [[Sikhism]], founded by [[Guru Nanak]] in late fifteenth century [[Punjab region|Punjab]], incorporates aspects of both Islam and [[Hinduism]].&lt;ref&gt;Encyclopedia of Islam, &quot;Sikhs&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلامي فرضونه او عمل ==
=== پينځه بنسټيزه ستنې ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام پينځه ستنې}}

[[دوتنه:Arabic Plaque, Great Mosque, Xian.jpg|thumb|220px|left|Islam's basic creed (''[[shahadah]]'') written on a plaque in the [[Great Mosque of Xi'an]], [[China]]]]
[[دوتنه:Kabaa.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Rituals of the [[Hajj]] (pilgrimage) include walking seven times around the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca.]]

دغه پنځه بنسټیزه ستنې د [[سني مسلمانان|سني مسلمانانو]] لپاره پنځه اړینه کړنې دي.خو بیا شیعه مسلمان په اتو مذهبي کړنو کې کډون کوي کوم چې دغو پنځو بنسټیزه کړنو ته ورته والی لري:
.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Momem (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Pillars of Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; چې په لاندې ډول دي:
* '''''[[شهادت]]''''', شهادت د اسلام له بنسټیزو [[عقیده|عقیدو]] یا اصولو څخه دي او باید د زړه له تله په لاندې ډول وویل شي ''' أشهد أن لا إله إلاَّ الله و أشهد أن محمد رسول الله''',یا&quot; زه شهادت ورکوم چې دلته پرته له [[الله]] څخه بل هیڅوک د [[عبادت]] وړ ندي او زه شهادت ورکوم چې [[محمد]] د خدای [[رسول]] دي.&quot;

This testament is a foundation for all other beliefs and practices in Islam (although technically the Shi'a do not consider the ''shahadah'' to be a separate pillar, just a belief). Muslims must repeat the ''shahadah'' in prayer, and non-Muslims wishing to convert to Islam are required to recite the creed.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۱۹۹۴), p.۱۳۵
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸
* &quot;Islam&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals''(۲۰۰۴)&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[لمونځ]]''''', or ritual prayer, which must be performed five times a day. (However, the Shi'a are permitted to run together the noon with the afternoon prayers, and the evening with the night prayers). Each salah is done facing towards the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca. Salah is intended to focus the mind on God, and is seen as a personal communication with him that expresses gratitude and worship. Salah is compulsory but flexibility in the specifics is allowed depending on circumstances. In many Muslim countries, reminders called [[Adhan]] (call to prayer) are broadcast publicly from local mosques at the appropriate times. The prayers are recited in the [[Arabic language]], and consist of verses from the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۱۸٬۱۹
* Hedáyetullah (۲۰۰۶), pp.۵۳–۵۵
* Kobeisy (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲۲–۳۴
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[زکات]]''''', or [[alms|alms-giving]]. This is the practice of giving based on accumulated wealth, and is obligatory for all Muslims who can afford it. A fixed portion is spent to help the poor or needy, and also to assist the spread of Islam. The zakat is considered a religious obligation (as opposed to voluntary charity) that the well-off owe to the needy because their wealth is seen as a &quot;trust from God's bounty&quot;. The Qur'an and the hadith also suggest a Muslim give even more as an act of voluntary alms-giving (''[[sadaqah]]''). Many Shi'ites are expected to pay an additional amount in the form of a ''[[khums]]'' tax, which they consider to be a separate ritual practice.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲|۱۷۷|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۹۰
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Zakat | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۱}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Zakat | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[روژه]]''''', or [[Sawm of Ramadan|fasting during the month of Ramadan]]. Muslims must not eat or drink (among other things) from dawn to dusk during this month, and must be mindful of other sins. The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to God, and during it Muslims should express their gratitude for and dependence on him, atone for their past sins, and think of the needy. ''Sawm'' is not obligatory for several groups for whom it would constitute an undue burden. For others, flexibility is allowed depending on circumstances, but missed fasts usually must be made up quickly.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲|۱۸۴|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۹۰٬۹۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_21.html#HEADING20 | title=For whom fasting is mandatory | publisher=USC-MSA | work=Compendium of Muslim Texts | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۴-۱۸ | تاريخ الأرشيف=2008-11-28 | مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 | url-status=dead | خونديځ نېټه=2008-11-28 | خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308025221/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_21.html#HEADING20 | خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[حج]]''''', which is the pilgrimage during the [[Islamic calendar|Islamic month]] of ''[[Dhu al-Hijjah]]'' in the city of [[Mecca]]. Every [[able-bodied]] Muslim who can afford it must make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his or her lifetime. When the pilgrim is about ten kilometers from Mecca, he must dress in [[Ihram clothing|''Ihram'' clothing]], which consists of two white seamless sheets. Rituals of the Hajj include walking seven times around the [[Kaaba]], touching the [[Black Stone]], running seven times between [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Mount Safa]] and [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Mount Marwah]], and symbolically [[Stoning of the Devil|stoning the Devil]] in [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]]. The pilgrim, or the ''hajji'', is honored in his or her community, although Islamic teachers say that the Hajj should be an expression of devotion to God instead of a means to gain social standing.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۱۹۹۴), pp.۱۴۵–۱۴۷
* Goldschmidt (۲۰۰۵), p.۴۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hajj | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In addition to the ''khums'' tax, Shi'a Muslims consider three additional practices essential to the religion of Islam. The first is [[jihad]], which is also important to the Sunni, but not considered a pillar. The second is ''[[Amr-Bil-Ma'rūf]]'', the &quot;Enjoining to Do Good&quot;, which calls for every Muslim to live a virtuous life and to encourage others to do the same. The third is ''[[Nahi-Anil-Munkar]]'', the &quot;Exhortation to Desist from Evil&quot;, which tells Muslims to refrain from vice and from evil actions and to also encourage others to do the same.&lt;ref&gt;Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۸۰&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلامي اداب او خواړه ===

{{آرنی|اسلامي اداب|د خواړو اړونده اسلامي احکام}}

Many practices fall in the category of ''adab'', or Islamic etiquette. This includes greeting others with &quot;''[[As-Salamu Alaykum|as-salamu `alaykum]]''&quot; (&quot;peace be unto you&quot;), saying ''[[bismillah]]'' (&quot;in [[Names of God|the name of God]]&quot;) before meals, and using only the right hand for eating and drinking. [[Islamic hygienical jurisprudence|Islamic hygienic]] practices mainly fall into the category of personal cleanliness and health, such as the circumcision of male offspring. [[Islamic funeral|Islamic burial rituals]] include saying the ''[[Salat al-Janazah]]'' (&quot;funeral prayer&quot;) over the bathed and enshrouded dead body, and burying it in a grave. Muslims, like Jews, are restricted in their diet, and prohibited foods include pig products, blood, [[carrion]], and [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]]. All meat must come from a [[herbivorous]] animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian, with the exception of game that one has hunted or fished for oneself. Food permissible for Muslims is known as [[halal]] food.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۵|۵|style=ref}}
* Curtis (۲۰۰۵), p.۱۶۴
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۱۱۱
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/janisla2y2.html Customs and Behavioral Laws]
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/febislaw2y2.html The Dietary Laws]
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/DecIslaw2y5.htm Various types of the prayer]
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Slaughter | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Ersilia Francesca | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۸}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جهاد ===
{{mainarticle|Jihad|Islamic military jurisprudence}}
Jihad means &quot;to strive or struggle,&quot; especially in the idiomatic expression &quot;striving in the way of God&quot; (''al-jihad fi sabil Allah'') and is considered the &quot;[[sixth pillar of Islam]]&quot; by a minority of Muslim authorities.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Merriam (۱۹۹۹) p.۵۷۱
* Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia p.۴۱۹
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۹۳&lt;/ref&gt; Jihad, in its broadest sense, is classically defined as &quot;exerting one's utmost power, efforts, endeavors, or ability in contending with an object of disapprobation.&quot; Depending on the object being a visible enemy, the devil, and aspects of one's own self, different categories of Jihad are defined: Jihad against one's own self (self-perfection), Jihad of the tongue, Jihad of the hand, and Jihad of the sword. Jihad when used without any qualifier is understood in its military aspect.&lt;ref&gt;Reuven Firestone (۱۹۹۹), The Meaning of Jihād, p. ۱۷-۱۸&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Britannica Encyclopedia, Jihad&lt;/ref&gt;

Jihad is the only form of warfare permissible under [[Sharia|Islamic law]]. Under most circumstances and for most Muslims, jihad is a collective duty (''[[Fard|fard kifaya]]''): one whose performance by some individuals exempts the others; for the rest of the populace, this happens only in the case of a [[general mobilization]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Djihad&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''.&lt;/ref&gt; Some Muslim authorities, especially among the Shi'a and [[Sufism|Sufis]], distinguish between the &quot;greater jihad&quot;, which pertains to spiritual self-perfection, and the &quot;lesser jihad&quot;, defined as warfare.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Firestone (۱۹۹۹) p.۱۷ 
* &quot;Djihad&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''.&lt;/ref&gt; Jihad also refers to one's striving to attain religious and moral perfection.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Brockopp (۲۰۰۳) pp. ۹۹–۱۰۰
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۹۳ 
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=jihad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۶-۱۳}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
{{آرنی|د اسلام تاريخ|د اسلام خپرېدا}}

Islam's historical development resulted in major political, economic, and military effects inside and outside the [[Islamic world]]. Within a century of Muhammad's first recitations of the [[Qur'an]], an Islamic empire stretched from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in the west to [[Central Asia]] in the east. This new polity soon broke into civil war, and successor states fought each other and outside forces. However, Islam continued to spread into regions like [[Africa]], the [[Indian subcontinent]], and [[Southeast Asia]]. The Islamic civilization was one of the most advanced in the world during the [[Middle Ages]], but was surpassed by Europe with the economic and military growth of the West. During the ۱۸th and ۱۹th centuries, Islamic dynasties such as the [[Ottomans]] and [[Mughals]] fell under the sway of European imperial powers. In the ۲۰th century [[Islamic revival|new religious and political movements]] and newfound wealth in the Islamic world led to both rebirth and conflict.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۵۰٬۱۱۲٬۱۹۷٬۳۸۰٬۴۸۹٬۵۷۸٬۸۱۷
* Lewis (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲۹٬۵۱–۵۶&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د اسلامي رياست پيل (۶۳۲–۷۵۰) ===
{{see|Succession to Muhammad|Muslim conquests|Muslim Empire}}
Muhammad began preaching Islam at [[Mecca]] before [[Hijra (Islam)|migrating]] to [[Medina]], from where he united the [[tribes of Arabia]] into a singular Arab Muslim religious polity. With Muhammad's death in ۶۳۲, disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community. [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]], a prominent [[sahaba|companion]] of Muhammad, nominated [[Abu Bakr]], who was Muhammad's intimate friend and collaborator. Others added their support and Abu Bakr was made the first [[caliph]]. This choice was disputed by some of Muhammad's companions, who held that [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]], his cousin and son-in-law, had been designated his successor. Abu Bakr's immediate task was to avenge a recent defeat by [[Byzantine]] (or [[Eastern Roman Empire]]) forces, although he first had to put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an episode known as the [[Ridda wars]], or &quot;Wars of Apostasy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See: 
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۵۷
* Hourani (۲۰۰۳), p.۲۲
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۳۲
* Madelung (۱۹۹۶), p.۴۳
* Tabatabaei (۱۹۷۹), p.۳۰–۵۰&lt;/ref&gt;

[[دوتنه:Age of Caliphs.png|thumb|left|300px|The territory of the [[Caliphate]] in the year ۷۵۰]]

His death in ۶۳۴ resulted in the succession of Umar as the caliph, followed by [[Uthman ibn al-Affan]] and Ali ibn Abi Talib. These four are known as ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' (&quot;[[Rightly Guided Caliphs]]&quot;). Under them, the territory under Muslim rule expanded deeply into [[Persian Empire]] and [[Byzantine]] territories.&lt;ref&gt;See
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۷۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; When Umar was assassinated in ۶۴۴, [[the election of Uthman]] as successor was met with increasing opposition. In ۶۵۶, Uthman was also killed, and Ali assumed the position of caliph. After fighting off opposition in the [[First Fitna|first civil war]] (the &quot;First Fitna&quot;), Ali was assassinated by [[Kharijites]] in ۶۶۱. Following this, [[Muawiyah I|Mu'awiyah]], who was governor of [[Levant]], seized power and began the [[Umayyad dynasty]].&lt;ref&gt;Holt (۱۹۷۷a), pp.۶۷–۷۲&lt;/ref&gt;

These disputes over religious and political leadership would give rise to schism in the Muslim community. The majority accepted the legitimacy of the three rulers prior to Ali, and became known as [[Sunni]]s. A minority disagreed, and believed that Ali was the only rightful successor; they became known as the [[Shi'a]].&lt;ref&gt;Waines (۲۰۰۳) p.۴۶&lt;/ref&gt; After Mu'awiyah's death in ۶۸۰, conflict over succession broke out again in a civil war known as the &quot;[[Second Fitna]]&quot;. Afterward, the Umayyad dynasty prevailed for seventy years, and was able to conquer the [[Maghreb|Maghrib]] as well as the [[Al-Andalus]] (the [[Iberian Peninsula]], former [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] [[Hispania]]) and the [[Gallia Narbonensis|Narbonnese Gaul]]. While the Muslim-Arab elite engaged in conquest, some devout Muslims&lt;!--The Islamic term is Zahid and there may be a better translation for it.--&gt; began to question the piety of indulgence in a worldly life, emphasizing rather poverty, humility and avoidance of sin based on renunciation of bodily desires. Devout Muslim ascetic exemplars such as [[Hasan al-Basri]] would inspire a movement that would evolve into [[Sufism]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۹۰٬۹۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sufism | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۳}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the Umayyad aristocracy, Islam was viewed as a religion for Arabs only;&lt;ref&gt;Hawting (۲۰۰۰), p.۴&lt;/ref&gt; the economy of the Umayyad empire was based on the assumption that a majority of non-Muslims ([[Dhimmis]]) would pay taxes to the minority of Muslim Arabs. A non-Arab who wanted to convert to Islam was supposed to first become a client of an Arab tribe. Even after conversion, these new Muslims (''[[mawali]]'') did not achieve social and economic equality with the Arabs. The descendants of Muhammad's uncle [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] rallied discontented ''mawali'', poor Arabs, and some Shi'a against the Umayyads and overthrew them with the help of their propagandist and general [[Abu Muslim]], inaugurating the [[Abbasid|Abbasid dynasty]] in ۷۵۰.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۶; Lewis (۱۹۹۳), pp. ۷۱–۸۳&lt;/ref&gt; Under the Abbasids, Islamic civilization flourished in the &quot;[[Islamic Golden Age]]&quot;, with its capital at the cosmopolitan city of Baghdad.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), pp.۸۰٬۹۲٬۱۰۵
* Holt (۱۹۷۷b), pp.۶۶۱–۶۶۳
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۶
* Lewis (۱۹۹۳), p.۸۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د اسلام زرين پېر (۷۵۰–۱۲۵۸) ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام زرين پېر}}

[[دوتنه:Battle of Cresson.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Artistic depiction of the Battle of Hattin in 1187, where Jerusalem was recaptured by Saladin's Ayyubid forces]]

By the late ۹th century, the Abbasid caliphate began to fracture as various regions gained increasing levels of autonomy. Across North Africa, Persia, and Central Asia [[emirates]] formed as provinces broke away. The monolithic Arab empire gave way to a more religiously homogenized [[Muslim world]] where the Shia [[Fatimid]]s contested even the religious authority of the caliphate. By ۱۰۵۵ the [[Seljuq Turks]] had eliminated the Abbasids as a military power, nevertheless they continued to respect the caliph's titular authority.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۱۰۳–۱۴۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Abbasid Dynasty | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this time expansion of the Muslim world continued, by both conquest and peaceful [[Dawah|proselytism]] even as both Islam and Muslim trade networks were extending into sub-Saharan [[West Africa]], [[Central Asia]], [[Volga Bulgaria]] and the [[Malay archipelago]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Islam&quot;/&gt;

The Golden Age saw new legal, philosophical, and religious developments. The [[Six major Hadith collections|major hadith collections]] were compiled and the four modern Sunni [[Madh'hab]]s were established. Islamic law was advanced greatly by the efforts of the early ۹th century jurist [[al-Shafi'i]]; he codified a method to establish the reliability of hadith, a topic which had been a locus of dispute among Islamic scholars.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۸۶&lt;/ref&gt; Philosophers [[Ibn Sina]] (Avicenna) and [[Al-Farabi]] sought to incorporate Greek principles into Islamic theology, while others like the ۱۱th century theologian [[Abu Hamid al-Ghazzali]] argued against them and ultimately prevailed.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۱۶۰
* Waines (۲۰۰۳) p.۱۲۶٬۱۲۷&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, Sufism and Shi'ism both underwent major changes in the ۹th century. [[Sufism]] became a full-fledged movement that had moved towards mysticism and away from its ascetic roots, while Shi'ism split due to disagreements over the succession of Imams.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۴۴–۴۵
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۹۰–۹۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sufism | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The spread of the Islamic dominion induced hostility among [[Middle ages|medieval]] [[ecclesiastical]] Christian authors who saw Islam as an adversary in the light of the large numbers of new Muslim converts. This opposition resulted in polemical treatises which depicted Islam as the religion of the [[antichrist]] and of Muslims as libidinous and subhuman.&lt;ref&gt;Tolan (۲۰۰۲) xv, xvi, ۴۱&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Middle Ages|medieval period]], a few Arab philosophers like the poet [[Al-Ma'arri]] adopted a critical approach to Islam, and the Jewish philosopher [[Maimonides]] contrasted Islamic views of morality to Jewish views that he himself elaborated.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Novak (February ۱۹۹۹)
* Sahas (۱۹۹۷), pp.۷۶–۸۰&lt;/ref&gt;

Starting in the ۹th century, Muslim conquests in Christian Europe began to be reversed. The [[Reconquista]] was launched against Muslim [[Taifa|principalities]] in [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], and Muslim [[History of Islam in southern Italy|Italian possessions]] were lost to the [[Normans]]. From the ۱۱th century onwards a series of wars known as the [[Crusade]]s brought the Muslim world into conflict with [[Christendom]]. Successful at first in their capturing of the [[Holy Land (Biblical)|Holy land]] which resulted in the establishment of the [[Crusader states]], Crusader gains in the Holy Land were reversed by later Muslim generals such as [[Saladin]], who recaptured [[Jerusalem]] during the [[Second Crusade]].&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۸۸–۲۹۰٬۳۱۰&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Mongol Empire]] put an end to the Abbasid dynasty at the [[Battle of Baghdad (۱۲۵۸)|Battle of Baghdad in ۱۲۵۸]], which saw the Muslims overrun by the superior Mongol army. Meanwhile in Egypt, the slave-soldier [[Mamluk]]s took control in an uprising in ۱۲۵۰.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۹۲
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic World | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د عثمانيه سلطنت او په هند کې اسلامي رياست (۱۲۵۸–۱۹۱۸) ===

The Seljuk Turks fell apart rapidly in the second half of the ۱۳th century. In the ۱۳th and ۱۴th centuries the [[Ottoman empire]] (named after [[Osman I]]) was established with a string of conquests that included the [[Balkans]], parts of [[Greece]], and western [[Anatolia]]. In ۱۴۵۳ under [[Mehmed II]] the Ottomans laid siege to [[Constantinople]], the capital of Byzantium. The Byzantine fortress [[Fall of Constantinople|succumbed]] shortly thereafter, having been battered by superior Ottoman [[cannon]]ry.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۲۶۳
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۵۰
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Istanbul | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Beginning in the ۱۳th century, Sufism underwent a transformation, largely as a result of the efforts of [[al-Ghazzali]] to legitimize and reorganize the movement. He developed the model of the Sufi order—a community of spiritual teachers and students.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۰۴٬۱۰۵&lt;/ref&gt; Also of importance to Sufism was the creation of the [[Masnavi]], a collection of mystical poetry by the ۱۳th century [[Persian language|Persian]] poet [[Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi|Rumi]]. The Masnavi had a profound influence on the development of Sufi religious thought; to many Sufis it is second in importance only to the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic Art | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[دوتنه:TajMahalbyAmalMongia.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[Taj Mahal]] is a [[mausoleum]] located in [[Agra]], [[India]], that was built under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۶۵&lt;/ref&gt;]]

In the early ۱۶th century, the Shi'ite [[Safavid dynasty]] assumed control in Persia and established Shi'a Islam as an official religion there, and despite periodic setbacks, the Safavids remained powerful for two centuries. Meanwhile, Mamluk Egypt fell to the Ottomans in ۱۵۱۷, who then launched a European campaign which reached as far as [[Siege of Vienna|the gates of Vienna]] in ۱۵۲۹.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۱۹۸٬۲۳۴٬۲۴۴٬۲۴۵٬۲۵۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many [[Islamic empires in India|Islamic dynasties]] ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent starting from the twelfth century. The prominent ones include the [[Delhi Sultanate]] (۱۲۰۶–۱۵۲۶) and the [[Mughal empire]] (۱۵۲۶–۱۸۵۷). These empires helped in the spread of Islam in [[South Asia]]. but by the mid-۱۸th century the [[British empire]] had ended the Mughal dynasty.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۳۵۸٬۳۷۸–۳۸۰٬۶۲۴&lt;/ref&gt; In the ۱۸th century the [[Wahhabi]] movement took hold in Saudi Arabia. Founded by the preacher [[Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab|Ibn Abd al-Wahhab]], Wahhabism is a fundamentalist ideology that condemns practices like Sufism and the veneration of saints as un-Islamic.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۷۲
* Watt (۱۹۷۳), p.۱۸: Wahhabism should not be confused with the early Kharijite sect of Wahabiyya, which was named after Abd-Allah ibn-Wahb ar-Rasibi, who opposed Ali at Nahrawan.&lt;/ref&gt;

By the ۱۷th and ۱۸th centuries, despite attempts at modernization, the Ottoman empire had begun to feel threatened by European economic and military advantages. In the ۱۹th century, the [[Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire|rise of nationalism]] resulted in Greece declaring and winning independence in ۱۸۲۹, with several Balkan states following suit after the Ottomans suffered defeat in the [[Russo-Turkish War (۱۸۷۷–۱۸۷۸)|Russo-Turkish War of ۱۸۷۷–۱۸۷۸]]. The Ottoman era came to a close at the end of [[World War I]].&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۳۸۰٬۴۸۹–۴۹۳&lt;/ref&gt;

=== نوی پېر (۱۹۱۸–اوسمهال) ===
After [[World War I]] losses, the remnants of the empire were parceled out as European [[protectorate]]s or [[sphere of influence|spheres of influence]]. Since then most Muslim societies have become independent nations, and new issues such as oil wealth and relations with the State of [[Israel]] have assumed prominence.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۸۱–۲۸۲٬۳۸۰٬۴۸۹–۴۹۳٬۵۵۶٬۵۷۸٬۸۲۳٬۸۳۵&lt;/ref&gt;

The ۲۰th century saw the creation of many new Islamic &quot;revivalist&quot; movements. Groups such as the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in Egypt and [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] in Pakistan advocate a totalistic and theocratic alternative to secular political ideologies. Sometimes called [[Islamist]], they see Western cultural values as a threat, and promote Islam as a comprehensive solution to every public and private question of importance. In countries like Iran and Afghanistan (under the [[Taliban]]), revolutionary movements replaced [[Secularism|secular]] regimes with Islamist states, while transnational groups like [[Osama bin Laden]]'s [[al-Qaeda]] engage in [[Islamist terrorism|terrorism]] to further their goals. In contrast, [[Liberal Islam]] is a movement that attempts to reconcile religious tradition with modern norms of secular governance and [[human rights]]. Its supporters say that there are multiple ways to read Islam's sacred texts, and stress the need to leave room for &quot;independent thought on religious matters&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۱۸٬۱۱۹٬۱۷۹
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۸۲۳–۸۳۰&lt;/ref&gt;

In modern times Islam has come under [[Criticism of Islam|criticism]] from idealogues such as [[Robert Spencer]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last=Bostom | first=Andrew | title=Islamic Apostates' Tales—A Review of ''Leaving Islam'' by Ibn Warraq | date=July ۲۱, ۲۰۰۳ | publisher=FrontPageMagazine.com | work=FrontPage Magazine | url=http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=9000 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Ibn Warraq]],&lt;ref&gt;Rippin (۲۰۰۱), p.۲۸۸&lt;/ref&gt; who criticize Islamic law and question the morality of the Qur'an; for example, they say that its contents justify mistreatment of women and encourage [[anti-Semitism|antisemitic]] remarks by Muslim theologians;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | publisher=NYRB | work=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=۱۰-۰۵-۲۰۰۶ | title=Islam in Europe | author=Timothy Garton Ash | url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/19371}}&lt;/ref&gt; such claims are disputed by Muslim scholars.&lt;ref&gt;For example, see:
* [[Ahmed Deedat]], in Westerlund (۲۰۰۳);
* [[Syed Ameer Ali]], in ''The Spirit of Islam'' (۱۸۴۹–۱۹۲۸). It is described by [[David Samuel Margoliouth]] (۱۹۰۵) as &quot;probably the best achievement in the way of an apology for Mohammed&quot;.  See Margoliouth, preface ''Mohammed and the Rise of Islam'';
* [[Yusuf Estes]], in {{cite news | publisher=Advance, [[University of Connecticut]] | date=۱۱-۱۷-۲۰۰۳ | title=Ramadan Awareness Event Designed To Debunk Negative Images | author=Elizabeth Omara-Otunnu | url=http://advance.uconn.edu/2003/031117/03111715.htm | access-date=2007-11-24 | archive-date=2014-04-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401005128/http://advance.uconn.edu/2003/031117/03111715.htm | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Montgomery Watt]], Norman Daniel, and [[Edward Said]] dismiss many of the criticisms as the product of old myths and medieval European polemics.&lt;ref&gt;
* Seibert (۱۹۹۴), pp.۸۸–۸۹
* Watt (۱۹۷۴), p.۲۳۱&lt;/ref&gt; The rise of [[Islamophobia]], according to [[Carl Ernst]], had contributed to the negative views about Islam and Muslims in the West.&lt;ref&gt;Ernst (۲۰۰۴), p.۱۱&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلامي ټولنه ==
{{آرنی|اسلامي نړۍ}}

[[دوتنه:Islam percentage by country.png|کيڼ|290px|بټنوک|د هېوادونو له مخې د مسلمانانو د شمېر سلنه]]

=== وگړپوهنه ===
{{دا هم  وگورۍ|د مسلمانانو د شمېر له مخې د هېوادونو لړليک|د اسلام ډيموگرافي}}

Commonly cited estimates of the Muslim population in ۲۰۰۷ range from ۱٫۱&amp;nbsp;billion to ۱٫۸&amp;nbsp;billion. Approximately ۸۵٪ are [[Sunni]] and ۱۵٪ are [[Shi'a]], with a small minority belonging to other sects. Some ۳۰–۴۰ countries are Muslim-majority, and Arabs account for around ۲۰٪ of all Muslims worldwide.  [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]] contain the most populous Muslim countries, with [[Indonesia]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Bangladesh]] having more than ۱۰۰&amp;nbsp;million adherents each.&lt;ref name=Islam_by_country&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/rel_isl_num_of_mus-religion-islam-number-of-muslim
|title=Number of Muslim by country
|publisher=nationmaster.com
|accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۳۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to U.S. government figures, in ۲۰۰۶ there were ۲۰&amp;nbsp;million Muslims in [[China]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm
|title=International Religious Freedom Report ۲۰۰۶—China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)
|year=۲۰۰۶
|publisher=U.S. department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
|accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۳۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Middle East]], the non-Arab countries of [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]] are the largest Muslim-majority countries; in [[Africa]], [[Egypt]] and [[Nigeria]] have the most populous Muslim communities.&lt;ref name=Islam_by_country/&gt; Islam is the second largest religion after [[Christianity]] in many [[Europe]]an countries.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴) pp.۲٬۴۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic World | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | title=Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents | publisher=Adherents.com | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۱-۰۹ | تاريخ الأرشيف=2010-01-29 | مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | url-status=dead | خونديځ نېټه=2007-07-07 | خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html }}
* {{cite web | title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4385768.stm | publisher=BBC | work=BBC News | date=[[۲۰۰۵-۱۲-۲۳]] | accessdate=۲۰۰۶-۰۹-۲۸ }}
* {{cite web | title=Religion In Britain | url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 | publisher=Office for National Statistics | work=National Statistics | date=[[۲۰۰۳-۰۲-۱۳]] | accessdate=۲۰۰۶-۰۸-۲۷ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جومات ===
{{آرنی|جومات}}
جومات د مسلمانانو لپاره د عبادت ځای دی، چې په عربي کې ورته ''مسجد'' وایي که څه هم په  جوماتو  کې اصلي موخه د لمونځونو ادا کول دی، خو مسلمانو ته جومات د یو بل د لیدلو او زده کړو لپاره هم ډیر مهم دی. اوسني پرمختللي جوماتونه تر ډیرې کچې پورې د ۷ مې پیړۍ د جوماتو په شان پراخ شوي او د ډیرو بیلابیلو څیزونو او معمامري عناصرو درلودونکي دی لکه منار.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Masdjid | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author= J. Pedersen | coauthors=R. Hillenbrand, J. Burton-Page, et al. | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Mosque | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== کورنيز ژوند ===
{{دا-هم-وگورۍ|ښځه په اسلام کې}}
The basic unit of Islamic society is the [[family]], and Islam defines the obligations and legal rights of family members. The father is seen as financially responsible for his family, and is obliged to cater for their well-being. The division of [[inheritance]] is specified in the Qur'an, which states that most of it is to pass to the immediate family, while a portion is set aside for the payment of debts and the making of bequests. The woman's share of inheritance is generally half of that of a man with the same rights of succession.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;al-Mar'a&quot;. ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Marriage in Islam]] is a civil [[nikah|contract]] which consists of an offer and acceptance between two qualified parties in the presence of two witnesses. The groom is required to pay a [[dowry]] (''[[mahr]]'') to the bride, as stipulated in the contract.&lt;ref&gt;
* Waines (۲۰۰۳) pp. ۹۳–۹۶
* The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (۲۰۰۳), p.۳۳۹
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸) p. ۷۹&lt;/ref&gt;

A man may marry up to four wives if he believes he can treat them equally, while a woman may marry one man only. In most Muslim countries, the process of divorce in Islam is known as ''[[Talaq (Nikah)|talaq]]'', which the husband initiates by pronouncing the word &quot;divorce&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;*&quot;Talak&quot;. ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; Scholars disagree whether Islamic holy texts justify traditional Islamic practices such as [[hijab|veiling]] and seclusion ([[purdah]]). Starting in the ۲۰th century, Muslim social reformers argued against these and other practices such as [[Polygamy in Islam|polygamy]], with varying success. At the same time, many Muslim women have attempted to reconcile tradition with modernity by combining an active life with outward modesty. [[Islamist]] groups and regimes like the [[Taliban]] mostly seek to continue traditional law as applied to women.&lt;ref&gt;
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۹۵٬۹۶٬۲۳۵–۲۴۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Marriage and Divorce | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an | author=Harald Motzki | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۵}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Marriage Practices | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women &amp; Islamic Cultures | author=Lori Peek | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۵}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلامي کليز ===
{{آرنی|اسلامي کليز}}

اسلامي کاليز د مکې نه مدينې ته د هجرت د وخت نه پيلېږي او هماغه کال د هجرت لومړی کال بلل کېږي چې د زېږيز کال ۶۲۲ سره سمون خوري. د اسلامي کاليز ته سپوږميزه کاليزه هم وايي او دا ځکه چې د دې کال مياشتې د سپوږمۍ د حرکت پر بنسټ ټاکل شوي،  but differs from other such calendars (e.g. the [[Celtic calendar]]) in that it omits [[intercalary month]]s, being synchronized only with [[lunation]]s, but not with the [[solar year]], resulting in years of either ۳۵۴ or ۳۵۵ days. This omission was introduced by Muhammad because the right to announce intercalary months had led to political power struggles.{{citation needed}} Therefore, Islamic dates cannot be converted to the usual CE/AD dates simply by adding ۶۲۲ years. Islamic holy days fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in different seasons in different years in the [[Gregorian calendar]].

The formal beginning of the Muslim era was chosen to be the [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]] in ۶۲۲CE, which was an important turning point in Muhammad's fortunes. The assignment of this year as the year ۱ AH (''Anno Hegirae'') in the Islamic calendar was reportedly made by [[Umar|Caliph Umar]]. It is a [[lunar calendar]], with nineteen ordinary years of ۳۵۴ days and eleven leap years of ۳۵۵ days in a thirty-year cycle. Islamic dates cannot be converted to CE/AD dates simply by adding ۶۲۲ years: allowance must also be made for the fact that each Hijri century corresponds to only ۹۷ years in the Christian calendar.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Adil (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۸۸
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۶۷
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tarikh̲ | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=B. van Dalen | coauthors=R. S. Humphreys, Manuela Marín, et al. | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
The year ۱۴۲۸AH coincides almost completely with ۲۰۰۷CE.

Islamic [[Holiday|holy days]] fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in [[Different Seasons|different seasons]] in different years in the [[Gregorian calendar]]. The most important Islamic festivals are ''[[Eid al-Fitr]]'' (Arabic: عيد الفطر) on the ۱&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; of ''[[Shawwal]]'', marking the end of the fasting month ''[[Ramadan]]'', and ''[[Eid al-Adha]]'' (Arabic: عيد الأضحى) on the ۱۰&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; of ''[[Dhu al-Hijjah]]'', coinciding with the pilgrimage to Mecca.&lt;ref&gt;Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/janisla2y2.html Customs and Behavioral Laws]&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلام او نور دينونه ==
==== هغه مذهبونه چې د اسلام پر بنسټ جوړ شوي ====
{{آرنی|اسلام او نور دينونه}}

دا لانديني مذهبونو لارويان ځانونه مسلمانان بولي، خو د ډېرو مسلمانانو او مسلمانو چارواکو لخوا دوی مسلمانان نه بلل کېږي:
* [[د اسلام ملت]] (په امريکا کې بنسټ شوې مذهبي ډله)
* [[ذکري]]ان
* د [[احمديت]] تحريک (دې ډلې ته [[قاديانيت]] هم وايي)
* د [[الاحبش]] ډله (چې د حبشيانو په نامه هم يادېږي/ AICP)

د لاندې مذهبونو لارويان ځانونه مسلمانان بولي خو د دوی د اسلاميت په منلو کې د ډېرو مسلمانانو اختلافونه شته چې ځينې يې دوی مسلمانان او ځينې يې مسلمانان نه گڼي:
* [[دروز]]
* [[علوي]]ان (النُصيرية)

The following religions are said by some to have evolved or borrowed from Islam, in almost all cases influenced by traditional beliefs in the regions where they emerged, but consider themselves independent religions with distinct laws and institutions:
* [[يزيدي]]
* [[بابيس|بابيزم]] (چې اوس د [[بياني]]انو په نامه يادېږي)
* [[بهايي]]

The claim of the adherents of the Bahá'í Faith that it represents an independent religion was upheld by the Muslim ecclesiastical courts in Egypt during the ۱۹۲۰s. As of January [[۱۹۲۶]], their final ruling on the matter of the origins of the Bahá'í Faith and its relationship to Islam was that the Bahá'í Faith was neither a sect of Islam, nor a religion based on Islam, but a clearly defined, independently founded faith. This was seen as a considerate act on the part of the ecclesiastical court and in favor of followers of Bahá'í Faith since the majority of Muslims regard a ''religion based on Islam'' as a heresy.

Some see [[Sikhism]] as a [[syncretism|syncretic]] mix of Islam and [[Hinduism]], although it is often considered a [[Dharma|Dharmic]] faith rather than an Islamic or [[Abrahamic]] one. It arose in the context of the interaction between [[Hindu]] and Muslim communities in [[North India]].

The following religions might have been said to have evolved from Islam, but are not considered part of Islam, and no longer exist:
* The religion of the medieval [[Berghouata]]
* The religion of [[Ha-Mim]]

The Qur'an contains injunctions to respect other religions. It also asks the followers to fight and subdue unbelievers in times of war and &quot;evict them whence they evicted you&quot; (Al-Qur'an ۲:۱۹۱). Some Muslims have respected Jews and Christians as fellow &quot;peoples of the book&quot; (monotheists following [[Abrahamic religions]]), while others have reviled them as having abandoned monotheism and corrupted their scriptures. At different times and places, Islamic communities have been both intolerant and tolerant.

The classical Islamic solution was a limited tolerance — Jews and Christians were to be allowed to privately practice their faith and follow their own family law. They were called [[Dhimmis]], and they had fewer though similar legal rights and obligations than Muslims.

The classic Islamic state was often more tolerant than many other states of the time, which insisted on complete conformity to a state religion. The record of contemporary Muslim-majority states is mixed. Some are generally regarded as tolerant, while others have been accused of intolerance and human rights violations. See the main article, [[Islam and other religions]], for further discussion.

{{آرنی|اسلام او نور مذهبونه}}

[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 1.JPG|thumb|220px|left|A view of the [[Dome of the Rock]] on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]], a holy site in both Islam and [[Judaism]] that has been a source of controversy]]
[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Al-Aqsa Mosque BW 2010-09-21 06-38-12.JPG|thumb|left|220px|د [[الاقصا مسجد]] ديني جلوس. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) د همدغه ځای نه د معراج په سفر اسمان ته وخاته.]]

According to Islamic doctrine, Islam was the primordial religion of mankind, professed by [[Adam]].&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), pp. ۱۴–۱۶&lt;/ref&gt; At some point, a religious split occurred, and God began sending prophets to bring his revelations to the people.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), pp. ۱۸–۱۹&lt;/ref&gt; In this view, [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Nevi'im|Hebrew prophets]], and [[Jesus]] were all [[prophets of Islam]], but their message and the texts of the [[Torah]] and the [[Gospels]] were [[tahrif|corrupted]] by [[Jew]]s and Christians. Similarly, children of non-Muslim families are  born Muslims, but are converted to another faith by their parents.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۱۸&lt;/ref&gt; The idea of Islamic supremacy is encapsulated in the formula &quot;Islam is exalted and nothing is exalted above it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۵&lt;/ref&gt; Pursuant to this principle, Muslim women may not marry non-Muslim men, defamation of Islam is prohibited, and the testimony of a non-Muslim is inadmissible against a Muslim.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۵;
* Lewis (۱۹۸۴), p. ۳۹&lt;/ref&gt;

Islamic law divides non-Muslims into several categories, depending on their relation with the Islamic state. Christians and Jews who live under Islamic rule are known as ''[[dhimmis]]''. Dhimmis must pay tribute (''[[jizya]]'') to the Islamic state, and as such are considered &quot;protected peoples.&quot; Historically, dhimmis enjoyed a measure of communal autonomy under their own religious leaders, but were subject to legal, social and religious restrictions as well as humiliating regulations meant to highlight the inferiority of non-Muslim subjects.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lewis (۱۹۸۴), pp.۹, ۲۷, ۳۶;
* Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۷;&lt;/ref&gt; The status was extended to Zoroastrians and sometimes to polytheists (such as [[Hindu]]s), but not to [[atheist]]s or [[agnostic]]s.&lt;ref&gt;Lewis (۲۰۰۱), p.۲۷۳&lt;/ref&gt; Those who live in non-Muslim lands (''[[dar al-harb]]'') are known as ''[[harbi]]s'', and upon entering into an alliance with the Muslim state become known as ''ahl al-ahd''. Those who receive a guarantee of safety while residing temporarily in Muslim lands are known as ''ahl al-amān''. Their legal position is similar to that of the dhimmi except that they are not required to pay the jizya. The people of armistice (''ahl al-hudna'') are those who live outside of Muslim territory and agree to refrain from attacking the Muslims.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۵۵&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Aman&quot;, ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; [[apostasy in Islam|Apostasy]] is prohibited, and is punishable by death.&lt;ref&gt;A woman who apostasizes is to be executed according to some jurists, or imprisoned according to others.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Murtadd&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt;

== دا هم وگورئ ==
{{Col-begin|width=}}

{{Col-1-of-2}}
* [[اسلامي هنر]]
* [[اسلامي وټه]]
* [[اسلامي اخلاق]]
* [[اسلامي ادبيات]]
* [[اسلامي زده کړې]]
* [[اسلام او نوښت]]
* [[اسلاميزم]]
* [[د مسلمانانو لړليک]]
{{Col-2-of-2}}
* [[د اسلامي امپراتورانو لړليک]]
* [[د هغه نامتو کسانو لړليک چې اسلام ته وراوښتي]]
* [[د پخوانيو نامتو مسلمانانو لړليک]]
* [[په اسلامي نړۍ کې د جگړو لړليک]]
* [[د اسلامي تاریخ وختلیکه]]
* [[په اسلام کې د ماشومانو حقونه]]
* [[په اسلام کې د بنديانو حقونه]]

{{Col-end}}

== يادښتونه ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== سرچينې ==
;کتابونه او خپرونې
{{Reflist|2}}
* {{cite journal | last=Accad | first=Martin | title=The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries: An Exegetical Inventorial Table (Part I) | journal=Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations | volume=۱۴ | issue=۱ |date=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISSN ۰۹۵۹-۶۴۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Adil | first=Hajjah Amina | coauthors=Shaykh Nazim Adil Al-Haqqani, Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani | title=Muhammad: The Messenger of Islam | publisher=Islamic Supreme Council of America | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۹۳۰۴۰۹۱۱۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Ahmed | first=Akbar | title=Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World | publisher=I. B. Tauris | edition=۲٫۰۰ | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۸۶۰۶۴۲۵۷۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Brockopp | first=Jonathan E. | title=Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia | publisher=University of South Carolina press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۱۵۷۰۰۳۴۷۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Cohen-Mor | first=Dalya | title=A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۳۳۹۸۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Curtis | first=Patricia A. | year=۲۰۰۵ | title=A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations | publisher=Blackwell Publishing Professional | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۸۱۹۴۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Eglash | first=Ron | year=۱۹۹۹ | title=African Fractals: Modern Computing and Indigenous Design | publisher=Rutgers University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۸۱۳۵-۲۶۱۴-۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Ernst | first=Carl | authorlink=Carl Ernst | year=۲۰۰۴ | title = Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World | publisher=University of North Carolina Press | id=ISBN ۰-۸۰۷۸-۵۵۷۷-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | coauthors=John Obert Voll | title=Islam and Democracy | year=۱۹۹۶ | | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۰۸۱۶-۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito  | first=John  | authorlink=John Esposito  | title=Islam: The Straight Path | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۸ | edition=۳rd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۱۲۳۴۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | coauthors=Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad | title=Muslims on the Americanization Path? | year=۲۰۰۰a | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۳۵۲۶-۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۰b | title=Oxford History of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۰۷۹۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۲a | title=Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۶۸۸۶۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۲b | title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۵۷۱۳-۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | title=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۲۵۵۸-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito  | first=John  | authorlink=John Esposito  | title=Islam: The Straight Path | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۴ | edition=۳rd Rev Upd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۸۲۶۶۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Farah | first=Caesar | authorlink=Caesar E. Farah | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year=۱۹۹۴ | edition=۵th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۰۱۸۵۳۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Farah | first=Caesar | authorlink=Caesar E. Farah | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year=۲۰۰۳ | edition=۷th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۶۴۱۲۲۲۶۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Firestone | first=Reuven | title=Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam | publisher= Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹-۵۱۲۵۸۰۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Friedmann | first=Yohanan | authorlink=Yohanan Friedmann | title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition | publisher= Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۵۲۱۰۲۶۹۹۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Ghamidi | first=Javed | authorlink=Javed Ahmed Ghamidi | title=[[Mizan]] | publisher=[[Al-Mawrid|Dar al-Ishraq]] | year=۲۰۰۱ | id={{OCLC|۵۲۹۰۱۶۹۰}}}}
* {{cite book | last=Goldschmidt, Jr. | first=Arthur | coauthors=Lawrence Davidson | title=A Concise History of the Middle East | publisher=Westview Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۸th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۳۴۲۷۵۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Griffith | first=Ruth Marie | coauthors=Barbara Dianne Savage | title=Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۸۰۱۸۸۳۷۰۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Hawting| first=G. R. | authorlink= G.R. Hawting | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD ۶۶۱–۷۵۰ | publisher=Routledge | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۴۰۷۳۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Hedayetullah | first=Muhammad | title=Dynamics of Islam: An Exposition | publisher=Trafford Publishing | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۵۳۶۹۸۴۲۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Holt | first=P. M. |  coauthors=[[Bernard Lewis]] | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. ۱ | year=۱۹۷۷a | publisher=Cambridge University Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۲۹۱۳۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Holt | first=P. M. | coauthors=Ann K. S. Lambton, [[Bernard Lewis]] | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. ۲ | year=۱۹۷۷b | publisher=Cambridge University Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۲۹۱۳۷۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Hourani | first=Albert | authorlink=Albert Hourani | coauthor=[[Malise Ruthven|Ruthven, Malise]] | title=A History of the Arab Peoples | year=۲۰۰۳ | publisher=Belknap Press; Revised edition | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۷۴۰۱۰۱۷۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Humphreys | first=Stephen | title=Between Memory and Desire | year=۲۰۰۵ | publisher=University of California Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲-۰۲۴۶۹۱۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Kobeisy | first=Ahmed Nezar | title=Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People | publisher=Praeger Publishers | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۳۱۳۳۲۴۷۲۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Koprulu | first=Mehmed Fuad | coauthors=Leiser, Gary | title=The Origins of the Ottoman Empire | publisher=SUNY Press | year=۱۹۹۲ | id=ISBN ۰۷۹۱۴۰۸۱۹۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Kramer | first=Martin | title=Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution | publisher=Westview Press | year=۱۹۸۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۳۰۴۵۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Kugle | first=Scott Alan | title=Rebel Between Spirit And Law: Ahmad Zarruq, Sainthood, And Authority in Islam | publisher=Indiana University Press| year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۲۵۳۳۴۷۱۱۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Lapidus| first=Ira | title=A History of Islamic Societies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۲ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۵۲۱۷۷۹۳۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Jews of Islam | publisher=Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul | year=۱۹۸۴ | id=ISBN ۰-۷۱۰۲-۰۴۶۲-۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Arabs in History | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹۲۸-۵۲۵۸-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Middle East | publisher=Scribner | year=۱۹۹۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۸۴۸۳۲۸۰۷}} 
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | edition=۲nd | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۶۹۵۱۸۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East | publisher=Harper Perennial | edition=Reprint | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۶۰۵۱۶۰۵۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror | publisher=Random House, Inc., New York | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۹۶۷۸۵۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Madelung | first=Wilferd | authorlink=Wilferd Madelung | title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۶۴۶۹۶۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Malik| first=Jamal| coauthors=John R Hinnells, Inc NetLibrary | title=Sufism in the West | publisher= Routledge | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۷۴۰۸۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Menski | first=Werner F. | title=Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۸۵۸۵۹۳}}
* {{cite journal | last=Mohammad | first=Noor | title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction | journal=Journal of Law and Religion | volume=۳ | issue=۲ |date=۱۹۸۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Momen | first=Moojan | title=An Introduction to Shi`i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi`ism | publisher=Yale University Press | year=۱۹۸۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۳۰۰۰۳۵۳۱۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Nasr | first=Seyed Muhammad | title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter ۷) | publisher=HarperCollins | year=۱۹۹۴| id=ISBN ۰-۰۶۰۶۷-۷۰۰-۷}}
* {{cite journal | last=Novak | first=David | title=The Mind of Maimonides | journal=[[First Things]] |date=February ۱۹۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Parrinder | first=Geoffrey | authorlink=Geoffrey Parrinder | title=World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present | publisher=Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited | year=۱۹۷۱ | id=ISBN ۰-۸۷۱۹۶-۱۲۹-۶}}
* {{cite journal | last=Patton | first=Walter M. | title=The Doctrine of Freedom in the Korân | journal=The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures |date=April ۱۹۰۰ | volume=۱۶ | issue=۳ | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۱۰۳۱۴۷}}
* {{cite journal | last=Peters | first=F. E. | authorlink=F. E. Peters | title=The Quest for Historical Muhammad | journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |date=۱۹۹۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Peters | first=F. E. | authorlink=F. E. Peters | title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۶۹۱-۱۱۵۵۳-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Peters | first=Rudolph | authorlink=Rudolph Peters | title=Jihad in Medieval and Modern Islam | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۷۷ | id = ISBN ۹۰-۰۴-۰۴۸۵۴-۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Rippin | first=Andrew | authorlink=Andrew Rippin | title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | publisher=Routledge | edition=۲nd | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۲۱۷۸۱۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Ruthven | first=Malise | title=Fundamentalism: The Search for Meaning | publisher= Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | id = ISBN ۰۱-۹۲-۸۰۶۰۶-۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Sahas | first=Daniel J. | title=John of Damascus on Islam: The Heresy of the Ishmaelites | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۹۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۰۰۴۰۳۴۹۵۲}}
* {{cite book | last=[[Abdulaziz Sachedina|Sachedina]] | first=Abdulaziz | title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence | publisher=Oxford University Press US | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۱۹۱۵۰}}
* {{cite journal | last=Seibert | first=Robert F. | title=Review: Islam and the West: The Making of an Image (Norman Daniel)| journal=Review of Religious Research |date=۱۹۹۴ | volume=۳۶ | issue=۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Sells | first=Michael Anthony | authorlink=Michael Anthony Sells | coauthors=Emran Qureshi  | title=The New Crusades: Constructing the Muslim Enemy | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰۲۳۱۱۲۶۶۷۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Smith | first=Jane I. | title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۵۶۴۹۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Spencer | first=Robert | title=The Myth of Islamic Tolerance: How Islamic Law Treats Non-Muslims | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۰۲۲۴۹۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Stillman | first=Norman | authorlink=Norman Stillman | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | location=Philadelphia | year=۱۹۷۹ | id=ISBN ۱-۸۲۷۶۰-۱۹۸-۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Tabatabae | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=Seyyed Hossein Nasr (translator) | authorlink=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Shi'ite Islam 
| publisher=Suny press| year=۱۹۷۹ | id=ISBN  ۰-۸۷۳۹۵-۲۷۲-۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Tabatabae | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=R. Campbell (translator) | authorlink=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Islamic teachings: An Overview and a Glance at the Life of the Holy Prophet of Islam | publisher=Green Gold | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۰-۹۲۲۸۱۷-۰۰-۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Teece | first=Geoff | title=Religion in Focus: Islam  | publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۴۹۶۴۷۹۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Tolan | first=John V. | title=Saracens: Islam in the Medieval European Imagination | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=۲۰۰۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Trimingham| first=John Spencer  | title=The Sufi Orders in Islam  | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۸| id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۲۰۵۸۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Tritton | first=Arthur S. | authorlink=Arthur Stanley Tritton| title=The Caliphs and their Non-Muslim Subjects: A Critical Study of the Covenant of Umar | publisher=Frank Cass Publisher | location=London | year=۱۹۷۰ |origyear = ۱۹۳۰ | id=ISBN ۰-۷۱۴۶-۱۹۹۶-۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Turner | first=Colin | title=Islam: the Basics  | publisher=Routledge (UK) | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۳۴۱۰۶X}}
* {{cite book | last=Turner | first=Bryan S. | title=Weber and Islam | publisher=Routledge (UK) | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۱۷۴۵۸۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Waines | first=David | title=An Introduction to Islam | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۵۳۹۰۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Warraq | first=Ibn | title=The Quest for Historical Muhammad | publisher=Prometheus | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۷۳۹۲۷۸۷۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Warraq | first=Ibn | title=Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out | publisher=Prometheus | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۱-۵۹۱۰۲-۰۶۸-۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | authorlink=William Montgomery Watt | title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought | publisher=University Press Edinburgh|  year=۱۹۷۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۸۵-۲۲۴۲۵۴-X}}
* {{cite book | last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | authorlink=William Montgomery Watt | title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman | publisher=Oxford University Press | edition=New | year=۱۹۷۴ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۸۸۱۰۷۸-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Weiss | first=Bernard G. | title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory | year=۲۰۰۲ | location=Boston | publisher=Brill Academic publishers | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۱۲۰۶۶۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Williams | first=John Alden | title=The Word of Islam | year=۱۹۹۴ | publisher=University of Texas Press | id=ISBN ۰-۲۹۲-۷۹۰۷۶-۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Williams | first=Mary E. | title=The Middle East | year=۲۰۰۰ | publisher=Greenhaven Pr | id=ISBN ۰۷۳۷۷۰۱۳۳۱}}

;Encyclopedias
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=William H. McNeill, Jerry H. Bentley, David Christian | encyclopedia=Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History | publisher=Berkshire Publishing Group | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۹۷۴۳۰۹۱۰۱}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Gabriel Oussani | encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]] | year=۱۹۱۰}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Paul Lagasse, Lora Goldman, Archie Hobson, Susan R. Norton | encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia | publisher=Gale Group | year=۲۰۰۰ | edition=۶th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۳۳۹۲۳۶۹}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online|Encyclopaedia Britannica Online]] | publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Erwin Fahlbusch, William Geoffrey Bromiley | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Eerdmans Publishing Company, and Brill| year=۲۰۰۱ | edition=۱st| id=ISBN ۰-۸۰۲۸-۲۴۱۴-۵}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=John Bowden | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۱st | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۲۲۳۹۳-۴}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=George Thomas Kurian, Graham T. T. Molitor | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Future | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۱۹۹۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۹۷۲۰۵۳}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | id=ISSN ۱۵۷۳-۳۹۱۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Richard C. Martin, Said Amir Arjomand, Marcia Hermansen, Abdulkader Tayob, Rochelle Davis, John Obert Voll | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۶۵۶۰۳۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Lindsay Jones | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۶۵۷۳۳۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Salamone Frank | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals | publisher=Routledge | edition=۱st | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۹۴۱۸۰۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Peter N. Stearns | edition=۶th | year=۲۰۰۰ | encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of World History Online | publisher=Bartleby}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=[[Josef W. Meri]] | encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia | publisher=[[Routledge]] | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱-۵۹۶۶۹۰۶}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=[[Wendy Doniger]] | encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions | publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۰۸۷-۷۷۹۰۴۴۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Glasse Cyril | encyclopedia=New Encyclopedia of Islam: A Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam | | publisher=AltaMira Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISSN ۹۷۸-۰۷۵۹۱۰۱۹۰۶}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Edward Craig | encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy | publisher=Routledge | year=۱۹۹۸ | edition=۱st| id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۰۷۳۱۰۳}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== نورې لوستنې ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* {{cite book | last=Arberry | first=A. J. | authorlink=A. J. Arberry | title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation | publisher=Touchstone | edition=۱st | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۸۴۸۲۵۰۷۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Hawting | first=Gerald R. | authorlink=Gerald R. Hawting | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyard Caliphate AD ۶۶۱–۷۵۰ | publisher=Routledge | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۴۰۷۲۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Khan | first=Muhammad Muhsin | authorlink=Muhammad Muhsin Khan | coauthors=Al-Hilali Khan, Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din | title=Noble Quran | year=۱۹۹۹ | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | edition=۱st | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۹۶۰۷۴۰۷۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Kramer (ed.) | first=Martin | authorlink=Martin Kramer | title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis | publisher=Syracuse University | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۶۵۲۲۴۰۴۰۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Kuban | first=Dogan | title=Muslim Religious Architecture | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۷۴ | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۰۳۸۱۳۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | year=۱۹۹۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۶۹۲۱۷۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam and the West | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۰۹۰۶۱۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۰۲۸۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Mubarkpuri | first=Saifur-Rahman | title=[[The Sealed Nectar]]: Biography of the Prophet | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۴۴۰۷۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Najeebabadi | first=Akbar Shah | title=History of Islam | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۴۴۰۳۴۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Nigosian | first=S. A. | title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=۲۰۰۴ | edition=New Edition | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۲۵۳۲۱۶۲۷۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Rahman | first=Fazlur | authorlink=Fazlur Rahman | title=Islam | publisher=University of Chicago Press | year=۱۹۷۹ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۰-۲۲۶-۷۰۲۸۱-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Walker | first=Benjamin | authorlink=Benjamin Walker | title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith | publisher=Peter Owen Publishers | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۲۰۶۱۰۳۸۳}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== باندنۍ تړنې ==

;اکاډميکې سرچينې
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* [http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/ د سويلي كاليفورنيا پوهنتون: د اسلامی لیکنو لندیز] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213011952/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/ |date=2007-12-13 }}
* [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/ د اسلام پوهنغونډ (د نړۍ د مذهبونو مخليدنه)]
* [http://arabworld.nitle.org/introduction.php?module_id=2 د اسلام اړونده څپرکی] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225105128/http://arabworld.nitle.org/introduction.php?module_id=2 |date=2008-02-25 }} د [[NITLE]] څخه د عربي فرهنگ او تمدن پرليکه سرچينې
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105852/Islam اسلام], ''د بريټانيکا پرليکه پوهنغونډ'' ليکنه

&lt;/div&gt;   
;ټولگې
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* اسلام په [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/euroislam.htmlلویدیزه اروپا], [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/UKIslam.html انگلستان ], [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/DIslam.html جرمنی] او [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/sasislam.html سویلی اسیا]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Islam_%28Bookshelf%29 Islam (Bookshelf)] at [[Project Gutenberg]]
;Islam - text, audio and video
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.ikre-bismi-rabbike.net/kuran.php Kur'an audio (recordings of many Qur'an recitals)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418011817/http://www.ikre-bismi-rabbike.net/kuran.php |date=2008-04-18 }}
* [http://www.guidedways.com/quranreciter/ Qur'an audio and reading material in numerous languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218182412/http://www.guidedways.com/quranreciter/ |date=2008-02-18 }}

&lt;/div&gt;
;اسلام او هنرونه
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/ پر اسلام د بي بي سي فوکس]
* [http://www.lacma.org/islamic_art/intro.htm Islamic Art at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308091248/http://www.lacma.org/islamic_art/intro.htm |date=2008-03-08 }}
* [http://www.muslimheritage.com/ Muslim Heritage] (Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation, UK)
* [http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/ Islamic Architecture (IAORG)] illustrated descriptions and reviews of a large number of mosques, palaces, and monuments.
&lt;/div&gt;

{{ اسلامي سرلیکونه}}

[[وېشنيزه:اسلام| ]]
[[وېشنيزه:توحید]]
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'''اسلام''' {{Ar|الإسلام}};''{{ArabDIN|}}'' ({{Audio|ar-al_islam.ogg|&lt;sup&gt;واوری!&lt;/sup&gt;}}، &quot;اطاعت&quot; (د [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;([[جل جلاله|ج]])&lt;/sup&gt; د رضا)) يو [[مونوتيزم|مونوتېسټېک]] (د يوه څښتن مننونکي) گروهې (عقيده) يا باور لرونکې دین دی. پخپله د اسلام وی د سولې، امن، سلامتۍ، روغې جوړې رامنځته کول دي. دا دین له درېیو [[ابراهيمي دين]]ونو  ([[یهوديت]]، [[عیسویت]]، اسلام) له ډلې څخه دی، چې د نړۍ په کچه دویم ستر [[مذهب]] گڼل کېږي. د اسلام د دين لارويانو ته '''[[مسلمانان]]''' وايي. مسلمانان پدې گروهه دي چې [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د انسانانو د لارښوونې لپاره وخت پر وخت، خپل استازي ([[پيغمبر|پيغمبران]]) رالېږلي، چې هریو خپله دنده د الهي اوامرو په رڼا کې په بشپړه توگه سرته رسولې.
د الهي استازو (پیغمرانو) وروستې استازې [[محمد]]&lt;sup&gt;([[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]])&lt;/sup&gt; دی.
[[دوتنه:Kaaba at night.jpg|thumb| [[کعبه شریفه]] چې په [[سعودي عربستان]] کی پرته ده دا د اسلام مرکز او د مسلمانانو [[قبله]] ده او دا هغه ځای دی کوم چې هر کال په زرگونه [[مسلمانان]] دلته د خدای د کور د زیارت لپاره راځې.]]
''اسلام'' &quot;تسليمۍ او غاړه اېښودنې ټه وایي&quot; يا په بله وينا ځان د الله تعالی رضا ته تسليمول. د اسلام د [[دين]] لاروي ته [[مسلمان]] ويل کېږي، مانا دا چې &quot;هغه څوک چې ځان يې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته سپارلی او د هغه د احکامو اطاعت کوي، مسلمان گڼل کېږي&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Islam&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lanes Lexicon&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume4/00000137.pdf|title=Lane's lexicon |accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۷-۰۳}}&lt;/ref&gt; په ټوله نړۍ کې د ۱٫۱&amp;nbsp;بيليون او ۱٫۸&amp;nbsp;بيليون ترمېنځ وگړي د اسلام د دين لارويان دي، چې په همدې توگه وروسته د [[عيسويت]] نه [[اسلام]] د نړۍ دویم ستر [[دين]] گڼل کېږي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |title=Major Religions of the World—Ranked by Number of Adherents |accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۷-۰۳ |format=HTML |work= |تاريخ الأرشيف=2010-01-29 |مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |url-status=dead |خونديځ نېټه=2007-07-07 |خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam }}&lt;/ref&gt;

مسلمانان په دې عقیده دي ې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; قرآن مجيد پر حضرت [[محمد]]&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; نازل کړی، او محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د الله تعالی وروستی پيغمبر دی. مسلمانان پدې عقيده هم دي چې قرآن مجيد او سُنت (د حضرت محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; خبرې او اعمال) د اسلام بنسټيزې سرچينې دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۱۹۹۶), p.۴۱
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/JulRefl2y6.html Sources of Islam]&lt;/ref&gt; مسلمانان په دې عقيده هم دي چې حضرت محمد مصطفیٰ&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د يوه نوي دين په توگه د اسلام د دين بنسټگر نه ؤ، خو همدا وروستی پيغمبر د اسلام د دين د گروهې آرنۍ لمانځونکی او پرځای کوونکی دی چې پر زمکه يې بنسټ [[آدم]]&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; ايښی چې بيا تر هغه وروسته حضرت ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; او د هغه نه پخوانيو او وروستنيو، د خدای&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ټولو پيغمبرانو يې د دغه دين او اصلي لارې بلنه ورکړې. مسلمانان دا عقيده لري چې په [[يهوديت]] او [[عيسويت]] کې د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغام چې د بېلابېلو انبياو لخوا پر دوی نازل شوي، هغه د دوی لخوا د وخت په تېرېدو سره تحريف شوي، او ناسمه ترجماني يې شوې، که هغه په ليکلې بڼه وي او که پرته د ليکلې بڼې وي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Distorted&quot;&gt;See:
* Accad (۲۰۰۳): According to Ibn Taymiya, although only some Muslims accept the textual veracity of the entire Bible, most Muslims will grant the veracity of most of it.
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸), pp.۶٬۱۲
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۴–۵
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tahrif | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=Hava Lazarus-Yafeh | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
د اسلام دين د گڼ شمېر اسلامي اعمالو يو غونډال دی. د دغه دين مننونکي بايد د اسلام د دين [[د پينځه ستنو]] مننونکي او پلي کونکي وي، د اسلام د دين پينځه ستنې له بېلابېلو فرايضو او دندو نه جوړ شوی او همدغه پينځه ستنې دي چې په يوې ټولنه کې مسلمانان سره متحده کوي.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۱۷&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلام د دين د پينځه ستنو سره سره، [[شريعت|اسلامي قانون]] (''شريعة'') د احکامونو يو دوديزه قضايي واک دی چې د مسلمانانو د ژوند او ټولنې هر اړخ يې اغېزمن کړی. په دې قانون کې هر څه رانغښتې دي، د عملي چارو نه نيولې لکه د خوراک، څښاک آن تر سوداگريزو او پانگه ايزو چارو او تر جگړايزو چارو پورې هر څه په دې قانون کې راغلي دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۱۱۱٬۱۱۲٬۱۱۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

نژدې ټول مسلمانان د اسلام په دوو لويو فريقو لکه سني او شيع پورې تړاو لري. د تشيع فرقه په ۷مه پېړۍ کې د مسلمانانو تر مېنځ د مذهبي او سياسي توپيرونو په پايله کې رامېنځ ته شوې. په اټکلي توگه ۸۵ په سلو کې مسلمانان د اهل سنت لارويان دي او ۱۵ په سلو کې د تشيع فرقې لارويان دي.په [[منځنی ختيځ]]، او همداراز د [[افريقا]] او [[آسيا]] په برخو کې د اسلام دين برلاسی دی. د دغه دين د مننونکو لويې ډلې په [[په چين کې د اسلام دين|چين]]، د بالکان هيوادونو په [[ختيځه اروپا]] او [[په روسيه کې د اسلام دين|روسيې]] کې شته. په لويديځه اروپا کې هم گڼ شمېر مسلمان مهاجرين مېشت دي او همدا راز په امريکا کې هم د مسلمانانو ټولنې شته. په سلو کې نژدې ۲۰٪ مسلمانان په عربو هېوادونو کې مېشت دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۲۱
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲٬۴۳&lt;/ref&gt;
{{اسلام}}

== آرپوهه ==
اسلام د عربي ژبې د درې تورو، {{ArabDIN|[[سين]]-[[لام]]-[[ميم]]}} ({{ar|'''س'''-'''ل'''-'''م'''}}) نه راوتلی. اسلام د همدغې ريښې يو تجريدي فعل دی چې مانا يې ده &quot;تسليم يا ځان سپارل، څان الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته سپارل، اطاعت کول او د سولې&quot; په مانا هم ده.

کله چې د پورتني ويي د ريښو په اړه په نورو ژبو کې څېړنه کوو، نو بيا په عبراني ژبه کې د پورتني وييکي ضمني ماناگانې هم راوځي. په عبراني ژبه کې د ''[[شلوم]]'' ويي، د (شين-لامد-ميم) نه خپلې ريښې اخلي ({{Ivrit|'''ש'''-'''ל'''-'''ם'''}}). په ډېرو [[سېمېټک ژبو]] کې د همدغه لغت ضمني ماناگانې شته، چې مانا يې بشپړکېدل، پوره کېدل، سر ته رسېدنه، ښه اوسېدنه، هوسا اوسېدنه، يو داسې اصطلاح چې په ژباړه کې اکثراً د سولې د وييکي مانا په ځان کې رانغاړي، ورکوي.

په قرآن کې هم د اسلام د لغت د مانا بېلابېل تعبيرونه راغلي. په ځينو ''[[ایت|آيتونو]]''، کې د اسلام کيفيت د يوې راسخې عقيدې په توگه تاکيد شوی: &quot;الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; که وغواړي چې د يو چا لارښونه وکړي، نو الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د هغه سينه د اسلام لپاره پراخه کوي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۶|۱۲۵|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۶۱|۷|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳۹|۲۲|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; نور آيتونه بيا ''اسلام'' او ''[[دين]]'' (اکثراً د &quot;مذهب&quot; په توگه ژباړل کېږي) د يو شي په توگه تعبيروي : &quot;نن، ما ستاسو دين ستاسو لپاره مکمل کړ؛ ما ستاسو لپاره خپل د برکتونو اچول مکمل کړل؛ ما ستاسو لپار د اسلام دين غوره کړ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۵|۳|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳|۱۹|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳|۸۳|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; ډېر نور خلک بيا اسلام داسې تعريفوي چې دا هغه دين دی چې انسان د همدې دين په مرسته بېرته الله تعالی ته ورستنېږي نسبت و دې ته چې د ايمان د اعمالو د تصديق په توگه وگڼلای شي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۹|۷۴|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۴۹|۱۴|style=ref}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هغه نور عربي وييونه چې د {{ar|'''س'''-'''ل'''-'''م'''}} نه راوتلي:

* [[سلام]], چې د &quot;سولې او سلامتۍ&quot; په مانا ده او د ورځيني روغبړ يوه اهمه کلمه ده, [[سلام عليکم|السلام عليکم]] (ته دې سلامت وې/سلامتي دې پر تا وي).
* السلام(سوله)د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د ۹۹ مبارکو نومونو نه يو نوم دی چې په [[قران]] کې هم راغلی.
* [[مسلمان]], د اسلام د دين مننونکي ته وايي او مانا يې ده هغه څوک چې ځان الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته تسليم کوي او يا د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; اطاعت کوي.
* سلامه, د &quot;سلامتي,&quot; په مانا ده چې د &quot;خدای پامانۍ&quot; په وخت کې وييل کېږي، د &quot;مع السلامه&quot; مانا ( سلامتۍ سره[لاړ شه]) ده.

== عقيده ==

د اسلام بنسټيزه عقيده شهادت دی چې د گواهۍ مانا لري [[شهادت]] ('''  لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله ''')&quot;نشته بل کوم څښټتن يا معبود پرته د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; نه او [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر دی.&quot; د دې لپاره چې څوک [[مسلمان]] شي، نو سړي ته پکار ده چې دغه پورتنی شهادت د يو څو شاهدانو مخکې ووايي او پرې ايمان راوړي. او که چېرته يو څوک غواړي چې اسلام ته راشي نو هغه يا هغې ته پکار ده چې بايد د زړه له صدق نه وغواړي او بيا د دې نه مخکې چې شهادت ووايي نو پکار ده چې د شهادت په اصلي مانا او مفهوم پوه وي.&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته خپل پيغام د محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; او د نورو پيغمبرانو لخوا لکه [[آدم|آدم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[نوح|نوح&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[ابراهیم|ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[موسی|موسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] او [[عيسی|عيسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] له لورې په بېلابېلو وختونو کې رالېږلی. [[مسلمانان]] په دې عقيده هم دي چې [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] د [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; وروستنی پيغمبر و او د هغه نه وروسته تر قيامته بل هېڅ کوم [[پيغمبر]] نه راځي. نو ددې پخاطر [[مسلمانان]] بايد د [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] په لارښوونې تر قيامته پورې عمل وکړي.
&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان پدې عقيده دي چې قران د انسانانو د لارښوونې يو داسې کتاب دی چې تر اوسه پکې هېچا گوتې نه دي وهلي او پدې کتاب کې هېڅ کومه نيمگړتيا نشته، او هېڅ کله به پکې بدلون را نه شي، او دا د خدای له لورې انسانانو ته وروستی نازل شوی کتاب دی. مسلمانان دا هم وايي چې د انجيل او تورات هغه اسماني کتابونه دي چې د بېلابېلو مذهبي فرقو له لورې پکې لاسوهنې شوي په بل ډول سره ليکل شوي او په ناسمه توگه تعبير شوي او د دغو اسماني کتابونو اصلي بڼې اوس نه شته او د وخت په تېرېدو سره خلکو هماغه لومړني لارښوونې چې په اصلي اسماني کتابونو کې وه هېر کړي، او يا يې هم درغلي پکې کړې. نو ددغه ليد پر بنسټ الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته د لارښوونې لپاره قرآن راولېږه چې په دې کې هماغه د اصلي انجيل او تورات لارښوونو سره سره د هغو وختونو د خلکو چې پېغمبران به يې ځورول او وژل به يې او د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له احکامو د سرغړونې سره سره يې د خپل زاتي گټو لپاره د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په کلام کې چې بدعتونه راوستلي دا ټول تاريخ ثبت دی. 
&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان دا هم وايي چې اسلام هماغه دين دی چې د آدم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; له وختونو نه او د نورو پيغمبرانو په وختونو کې هم وه، او دغو ټولو پيغمبرانو د همدغه مذهب په لار د تلو ټينگار کړی. اسلامي کتابونه او ليکنې د [[يهوديت]] او [[عيسويت]] د هغو اصلي لارښوونو نه راوتلي چې د ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; په وختونو کې يې ښوونې شوي نو د همدغه پخاطر دا درېواړه مذهبونه يعنی يهوديت، عيسويت او اسلام چې درېواړه سره گډې ريښې لري، د ابراهيمي دينونو په نامه سره هم يادېږي.  په قرآن عظيم الشان کې يهوديانو او عيسويانو ته د اهل الکتاب يا هغه خلک چې کتابونه ورباندې نازل شوي، په نامه اشاره شوې ده.    
&lt;br /&gt;
اسلام يو [[دين]] دی، دين '''د ژوندون لار''' مانا لري او يا هم په بله وينا د لارښوونې لار.

&quot;د قرآن شريف له مخې مسلمانان بايد په خپل پاک رب باندې ايمان راوړي او د هغه وحدانيت ته د تسليمېدو سره سره، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په ټولو وحيو، نازل شوو کتابونو، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پرښتو، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پيغمبرانو او د قيامت په ورځ بايد ايمان ولري.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۲|۴|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۲|۲۸۵|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۴|۱۳۶|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; په همدې توگه، نور عقايد هم شته چې د اسلام د دوه لويو فرقو تر مېنځ پکې د تعبيرونو توپير شته. د تشيع د لارې خلکو کې د امامت يو سياسي او روحاني لارښوونې يو نظام دود دی.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۲۰۰۳), p.۱۰۹
* مومن (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۶&lt;/ref&gt;

مسلمانان په دې گروهه دي چې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته خپل وروستی رسول محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; ورلېږلی دی. او پر محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; يې قرآن نازل کړی چې وروستی اسماني کتاب دی. د قرآن د نزول موده پوره دوه لسيزې وخت نيولی.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۷٬۱۸٬۲۱&lt;/ref&gt; په اسلام کې پيغمبران، خدای ته نژدې هغه انسانان دي چې خدای تعالی يې د خپل پيغام رسولو په موخه په انسانانو کې غوره کوي. مسلمانان په دې هم عقيده لري چې پيغمبران انسانان دي چې خدای ورته د انسانانو د لارښوونې، عبرت او د خپلو ادعاوؤ د ثبوت په خاطر د معجزو د ښودلو توان ورکړی. په اسلام کې پيغمبران هغه انسانان دي چې تر نورو انسانانو په تقوا او نېکۍ کې تکامل ته رسېدلي او همدوی د خدای غوره، بې مثاله بنده گان دي چې خدای د پرښتو له لارې خپل پيغام همدوی ته د وحيو په بڼه ور رسوي.&lt;ref&gt;وگورۍ:
* مومن (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۲۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلامي زده کړو نه داسې څرگندېږي چې د آدم نه وروسته د خدای ټول پيغمبرانو د اسلام د دين تبليغ او دعوت کړی، دا هغه دين دی چې يو خدای الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د معبود په توگه راپېژندلی. په قرآن کې اسلام د &quot;هغه ازلي طبيعت چې پر بنسټ يې خدای مخلوقات خلق کړل&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۳۰|۳۰|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; راپېژندل شوی او په قران کې دا هم راغلي چې د مسلمان ځانگړی نوم د ابراهيم لخوا د دې دين لارويانو ته ورکړ شوی.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲۲|۷۸|style=ref}}
* &quot;اسلام&quot;, ''د مذهب دايرة المعارف''&lt;/ref&gt;

د تاريخ له مخې د اسلام دين په ۷مه پېړۍ کې په عربستان کې رامېنځ ته شوی.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Islam&quot;, ''د مذهب دايرة المعارف''&lt;/ref&gt; په اسلامي ليکنو کې يهوديت او عيسويت هغه دوه دينونه دي چې د ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر د لارښوونو وروسته د بېلابېلو پيغمبرانو په وخت کې رامېنځ ته شوي. په قرآن کې يهوديان او عيسويان د اهل الکتاب يا د کتابونو د خلکو په توگه پېژندل شوي، او د هغو خلکو نه چې ډېر خدايان پالي او عبادت يې کوي، تر مېنځ په ښکاره توپير پېژندل کېږي. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې د پخوانيو اسماني کتابونو لکه زبور، [[تورات]] او [[انجيل]] سپېڅلي کتابونه د تاريخ په بېلابېلو پړاؤونو کې د ترجمې او متن په برخه کې تحريف شوي او اوس همدا سپېڅلي کتابونه پخپلو آرنيو بڼو هېڅ نه شته.

=== [[د افغانستان ولايتونه|د]] عقيدې شپږ ارکان ===
مسلمانان شپږ بنسټيزه ارکانونو باندې عقيده لري:

# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په وحدانيت باندې ايمان راوړل او يواځی الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته عبادت او اطاعت کول او د هغه نه مرسته غوښتل ''[[توحيد]]''.
# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پيغمبرانو باندې ايمان راوړل ([[پېغمبران#د اسلام له نظره|''انبيا‌ء'']])  چې ټول پېغمبران (''[[رسول]]'') د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له خوا رالېږل شوي. ([[د اسلام پېغمبران]] وگورۍ.)
# په اسماني کتابونو عقيده(''[[کتب]]''):
#* په [[ابراهيمي صحيفو]] (ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; باندې نازل شوې صحيفې)
#* په [[تورات]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[موسی|موسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[زبور]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[داود|داود&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[انجيل]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[عيسی|عيسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[قرآن]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.  
# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پرښتو باندې.(''[[پرښتې#د اسلام له نظره|ملايکه]]'').
# په قيامت او وروسته د مرگ نه د بيا ژوندي کېدلو عقيده (''[[قيامة]]'')  (په [[جنت]] او [[دوزخ]] عقيده). (يادونه: کله ناکله دغه وروستۍ موضوع باندې ځانگړی بحث کېږی, او په همدې توگه د عقيدې ارکان اوو ته رسېږي.)
# په قسمت عقيده([[تقدير]]).

د اسلام بنسټيزه عقيده په [[پښتو]] ژبه :
:: &quot;زه شهادت ورکوم چې پرته د الله تعالی د ذات نه بل کوم ذات نه شته؛ او زه شهادت ورکوم چې محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د هغه پيغمبر دی.&quot;
:: &quot;زه په الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ايمان راوړم؛ او د هغه په ملايکو؛ او د هغه په کتابونو؛ او د هغه په پيغمبرانو؛ او د محشر په ورځ؛ او په تقدير؛ او ټول شيان د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له خوا نه دي، او پس د مرگ نه ژوندون حق دی.&quot;

=== د اسلام پينځه بنسټونه ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام پينځه بنسټونه|د مذهب څانگې|د مذهب ريښې}}
[[دوتنه:Supplicating Pilgrim at Masjid Al Haram. Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|بټنوک|کيڼ|د حج د لمانځنو يو منظر. په مکه کې کعبې، [[مسجد الحرام]] ته سفر د اسلامي فرايضو څخه يو فرض دی چې هر مسلمان يې په ټول ژوند کې يو ځل ترسره کړي.]]
د مسلمانانو دوه لويې فرقې سني او شعيه مسلمانان جوړوي. په اسلامي نړئ کې د شعيه گانو په پرتله ډېرئ مسلمانان سنيان دي، خو په څينو هېوادونو کې لکه د منڅنئ آسيا هېوادونه ايران او عراق بيا شعيه مسلمانان ډېرکئ مذهبي ډله جوړوي. خو په نورو هېوادونو کط لکه سعودي عربستان، اندونيزيا او [[پاکستان]] کې سني مسلمان د هغه هېوادونو په مذهبي ټولنو کې ډېرکۍ برخه جوړوي.

د سني مسلمانانو بنسټيزه ارکان [[د اسلام پينځه ستنې|د اسلام پينځه ستنو]] په نامه يادېږي&lt;sup&gt;[[#Notes|2]]&lt;/sup&gt;، خو شيعه مسلمانان بيا يو څه مختلفه نومونپوهنه، چې د سني مسلمانانو د پينځه اهمو بنسټونو تر څنگ، د دين ريښې او لس عمده اعمال د دې مذهب د طريقو نه گڼل کېږي. خو ټول مسلمانان بيا په همدې پينځه بنسټيزو فرايضو او گروهو سره پوهاوی او سره يوه خوله دي چې سني مسلمانان يې د اسلام د پينځه ستنو په نوم پېژني او شيعه مسلمانان يې د دين د څانگو او ريښو اهم عناصر بولي.

* [[شهادت]]: د تصديق په مانا دی، چې يو مسلمان د الله &lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; نه پرته بل څوک د عبادت وړ نه گڼي او همداراز د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د وحدانيت ([[توحيد]]) او د محمد &lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;  د الله &lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; رسول ([[نبوت]]) او غلام په توگه مني .
* [[لمونځ]]: هره ورځ پينځه وخته لمونځ کول.
* [[روژه]]: د روژې په مياشت کې د لمرخاته نه تر لمرپرېواته روژه نيول.
* [[زکات]]: زکات ورکول.
* [[حج]]:د مکی زیارت په ټولو مسلمانانو باندی په ژوند کې یوځل فرض دی او هغه هم په هغو کسانو باندې چې د ادا کولو وس یې ولري.
شعيه او سنيان دواړه په لاندنيو گروهو باندې باور لري، خو دغه دوه فرقې همدا عقايد په بېلابېلو ډلبنديو وېشي او هره ډله ورته ځانگړی تعبير لري:
* [[عدل]]: د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; عدل.
* [[قيامت]]: د خېر او شر د مالومولو ورځ.
* [[امر بل معروف]]: د ښو امر.
* [[نهي عن المنکر]]: د بدو نه ډډه.
* [[جهاد|الجهاد في سبيل الله]]: د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د رضا لپاره هڅه کوشش او زيار.

هغه عقايد چې د شيعه مذهب لارويان پرې معتقد دي او سني مسلمانان پرې عقيده نه لري هغه دا دي::
* [[امامت]]: ديني لارښوونه، ديني مشري، ديني رهبري. د علي او د هغه د اولاد رهبري او امامت د خدای لخوا نه د لارښوونې لپاره ټاکل شوی و.
* [[تولا]]: د [[اهل البيت]] او د هغوی د لارويانو سره مينه.
* [[تبارة]]: د اهل البيت د دښمنانو نه ځان بېلول او ليري والی.
* [[خمس]]: د گټې لپاره د ماليې ورکړه.

که څه هم چې داسې مسلمانان هم شته چې نه د تشيع او نه هم د سني په ډلو کې ځانونه شمېري او دا هغه مسلمانان دي چې د قرآني دلايلو له مخې په اسلام کې د فرقې او د ډلې جوړول حرام گڼي، دا هغه مسلمانان دي چې په ساده توگه ځانونه 'مسلمانان' بولي.
{{دوراشې کامه|إِنَّ الَّذِينَ فَرَّقُوا دِينَهُمْ وَكَانُوا شِيَعًا لَسْتَ مِنْهُمْ فِي شَيْءٍ ۚ إِنَّمَا أَمْرُهُمْ إِلَى اللَّهِ ثُمَّ يُنَبِّئُهُمْ بِمَا كَانُوا يَفْعَلُونَ |10px||[[سورة الأنعام|الانعام سورت]]|۱۵۹ آيت}}
&quot;هغه څوک چې ځانونه په ډلو وېشي هغه زموږ د ډلې خلک نه دي. د هغوی فېصله الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته مالومه ده، الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; به هغوی له هر هغه څه نه خبر کړي کوم چې دوی ترسره کړي.&quot;

=== خدای ===
:''آرنۍ ليکنې: [[الله]] / [[خدای]]
{{آرنی|په اسلام کې د خدای انځور}}
په اسلام کې تر ټولو لومړنی بنسټيزه موخه د خدای د وحدانيت منل دي چې دې ته توحيد وايي. په اسلام کې توحيد يو مطلق امر دی چې ترې هېڅ انکار نه کېږي او دا هڅکله يوه نسبي او يا هم په کومه بله مانا د نسبي شراکت مانا نه ورکوي. د قرآن مجيد په [[سورة الاخلاص]] کې خدای داسې راپېژندل شوی:

:''ووايه &quot;خدای هغه دی، يوازې او بې ساری. الله تل پايېدونکی، په بشپړه توگه له ځان نه بسيا مالک. نه  څوک يې زېږولي، او نه له چا نه زېږېدلی. او د الله په شان هېڅ بل څه نه شته.&quot;

په عربي ژبه کې ''الله'' د خدای په مانا دی. د آرپوهنې له مخې دا لغت د ''الهه'' &quot;[[معبود]]&quot; لغت سره ډېر نژدې دی، د ''الله'' نوم د عيسوي او يهودي عربانو لخوا هم د خپل معبود په يادولو کې کارېږي، دغه نوم د محمد نه مخکې مخينه لري او د دغه ځانگړی نوم مخينه د ابراهيمي مذهبونو د خدای نه پرته د يو بل معبود نورې توپيري ځانگړنې نه څرگندوي.

د &quot;الله&quot; نوم يو جمع او يا د جنس نوم نه دی، دا يو خاص نوم دی، دا نوم د &quot;خدای&quot; د نوم سره توپير لري، دا په دې سبب چې د خدای نوم د جمع بڼه لري او جنسيت هم ترې څرگندېدلای شي د ساري په توگه خدايان چې د همدې نوم جمع بڼه ده. په اسلام کې د الله پېژندنه په قرآن کې داسې شوې:
{{دوراشې کامه|فَاطِرُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأَرْضِ جَعَلَ لَكُمْ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ أَزْوَاجًا وَمِنَ الأَنْعَامِ أَزْوَاجًا يَذْرَؤُكُمْ فِيهِ لَيْسَ كَمِثْلِهِ شَيْءٌ وَهُوَ السَّمِيعُ البَصِيرُ|10px||[[سورة الشورى|الشوری سورت]]|۱۱ آيت}}
:''&quot;(الله دی) د اسمانونو او زمکې جوړونکی: هغه ستاسو او د څارويو له مېنځه ستاسو لپاره جوړې جوړې کړي، او په دې توگه هغه تاسې په گڼ شمېر جوړ کړي ياست: داسې هېڅ کوم بل معبود نشته پرته له (الله) نه او د هغه په شان هېڅ نشته، او الله دی چې هر څه اوري او ليدلی شي&quot;

The implicit usage of the [[definite article]] in ''Allah'' linguistically indicates the divine unity. Muslims believe that the God they worship is the same as the Judeo-Christian God, i.e. the God of Abraham. However, Muslims reject the Christian theology concerning the trinity of God (the doctrine of the [[Trinity]] which regards Jesus as the eternal [[Son of God]]), seeing it as akin to [[polytheism]]. Quoting from the Qur'an,
[[sura]] [[An-Nisa]](۴) :۱۷۱:

:''&quot;O People of the Scripture! Do not transgress the limits of your religion, and do not say about God except the truth. The Messiah, Jesus the son of Mary, was only a messenger of God, and His word that He had sent to Mary, and a revelation from Him. Therefore, you shall believe in GOD and His messengers. You shall not say, &quot;Trinity&quot;. You shall refrain from this for your own good. God is only one God. Be He glorified; He is much too glorious to have a son. To Him belongs everything in the heavens and everything on earth. God suffices as Lord and Master.&quot;''

No Muslim visual images or depictions of God exist because such artistic depictions may lead to [[idolatry]] and are thus disdained. Such [[aniconism]] can also be found in Judeo-Christian theology. Moreover, most Muslims believe that God is [[Spiritual being|incorporeal]], making any two- or three- dimensional depictions impossible. Instead, Muslims describe God by the many [[۹۹ Names of God|divine attributes]] mentioned in the [[Qur'an]]. All but one Sura (chapter) of the Qur'an begins with the phrase &quot;In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful&quot;. These are regarded as the most important divine attributes, at least in the sense that Muslims repeat them most frequently during their prayers ([[salat]]) and throughout their daily lives.

د اسلام بنسټيز اصل ''[[توحيد]]'' دی—توحيد په يوه او يوازيني خدای عقيدې ته وايي. په اسلام کې د خدای لپاره د عربي ژبې اصطلاح ''الله'' کارېږي; اکثراً عالمان په دې عقيده دي چې دا اصطلاح د '[['ال-]]'' (د مشخص کولو ادات) او ''[[اله]]'' (معبود) د وييونو نه اشتقاق شوي چې مانا يې يوازيني خدای ته اشاره کوي، خو ځينې نور عالمان بيا د همدې نوم آر او اصل د آرامايک ژبې لغت ''الهه'' گڼي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* &quot;اسلام او عيسويت&quot;, ''د عيسويت پوهنغونډ'' (۲۰۰۱): Arabic-speaking [[Christian]]s and [[Jew]]s also refer to God as ''Allāh''.
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Allah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلام په پينځو بنسټيزو ستنو کې لومړنۍ ستنه يې توحيد بلل کېږي چې د ''شهادة'' يا (منښت) په ډول اظهارېږي، شهادة داسې ده چې: ''''له حقيقي معبود نه پرته بل خدای نشته، او محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt;  د خدای ټاکل شوی پيغمبر دی''''. په دوديزه اسلامپوهنه کې، خدای د انساني عقل او پوهاوي نه پورته معبود گڼل کېږي; مسلمانان نه شي کولای چې خدای په يوه بڼه انځور کړي يوازې له دې چې بايد د داسې لوی معبود عبادت او اطاعت وکړي او خدای خپل يوازينی ساتونکی او ژغورونکی وگڼي. که څه هم چې مسلمانان عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د يو پيغمبر په توگه پېژني، خو دوی بيا د عيسويانو د درېگونۍ عقيده، چې مسلمانان يې د شرک بولي په کلکه ردوي. په اسلامپوهنه کې عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د نورو پيغمبرانو په څېر د خدای بنده او د انسان په توگه پېژندل کېږي او د عيسويانو هغه عقيده چې عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د خدای د ځوی په توگه پېژني په کلکه ردوي;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Tathlith, Trinity | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=David Thomas | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۱}}: Contrary to Muslim understanding, some scholars have suggested that the Qur'an only opposes certain deviant forms of Trinitarian belief.&lt;/ref&gt; د قرآن په يوه سوره کې د خدای څرگندونه داسې شوې &quot;ووايه هغه الله دی يوازې، الله هېچا ته اړ نه دی او ټول هغه ته اړ دي، نه د هغه څوک اولاد دی او نه هغه د چا اولاد دی او هېڅوک د هغه سيال نشته.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۱۱۲|۱|end=۴|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۷۴–۷۶
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۲۲
* Griffith (۲۰۰۶), p.۲۴۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Allah, Tawhid | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | author=D. Gimaret | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== قران عظيم الشان ===
[[انځور:FirstSurahKoran.jpg|thumb|upright|د قرآن لومړنۍ سوره [[سورة الفاتحة|الفاتحه]] د قران عظيم شان د لاسي نسخې يو انځور.]]

قرآن شريف د مسلمانانو سپېڅلی کتاب دی او دوی په همدغه آسماني کتاب باندې ايمان راوړی. د قرآن لغوي مانا  “لوستنه” ده. مسلمانان په دې باور دي چې قرآن يو آسماني کتاب دی چې د الله (جل جلاله) په وروستي نبي حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم باندې نازل شوی دی. دا سپېڅلی کتاب د ۶۱۰ ز. کال نه تر ۶۳۲ ز. پورې په بېلابېلو وختونو کې د الله تعالی له لوري او د حضرت جبراييل عليه السلام په منځگړتوب پر حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم باندې د وحيو په څېر نازل شوی. چې د وحيو په وختونو کې حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم حفظ کړی او بيا د الله تعالی د وروستي نبي د يارانو له خوا راټول شوی او پر ډبرليکونو او پاڼو ليکل شوی.

مسلمانان په دې باور دي چې له کومې ورځ نه الله تعالی قرآن شريف پر محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم نازل کړی له هماغې ورځې نه تر ننه پورې قرآن شريف په خپلې آرنۍ بڼې پاتې دی چې بيا د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم نه وروسته د هغه لارويانو چې قرآن شريف يې حفظ کړی وه وليکه او په همدې توگه يې قرآن شريف په ليکنې بڼه خوندي کړ. مسلمان عالمان ددې خبرې منښته کوي چې قرآن شريف د اسلام د درېيم خليفه حضرت عثمان (رض) د واکمنۍ پر مهال په ليکلې بڼه سره راټول شو، چې په دې توگه د قرآن شريف د بېلابېلو برخو د راټولولو او سره يوځای کولو نېټه له ۶۵۰ ز پېر نه تر ۶۵۶ ز پېر پورې ښودل شوی. او وروسته له دې چې قرآن شريف ليکلې بڼه وموندله نو بيا د هماغه خليفه د واکمنۍ پر مهال د قرآن شريف لمېسې جوړې شوې او د اسلامي خلافت بېلابېلو ولايتونو ته يې لمېسې ولېږل شوې.

There are numerous traditions, and many conflicting academic theories, as to the provenance of the Qur'anic verses that were eventually assembled into a single volume. (This is covered in greater detail in [[Qur'an]]). Most Muslims accept the account recorded in several hadith, which state that [[Abu Bakr]], The First Caliph, ordered his personal secretary [[Zayd ibn Thabit]] to collect and record all the authentic verses of the Qur'an, as preserved in written form or oral tradition. Zayd's written collection, privately treasured by Prophet Muhammad's wife [[Hafsa bint Umar]], was, according to Muslim sources, later used by Uthman and is thus the basis of today's Qur'an.

Uthman's version, organized the suras roughly in order of length (excepting the brief opening surah [[Al-Fatiha]]), with the longest suras at the start of the Qur'an and the shortest ones at the end. More conservative views state that the order of most suras was divinely set. Later scholars have struggled to put the suras in chronological order, and among Muslim commentators, at least, there is a rough consensus as to which suras were revealed in [[Makkan sura|Mecca]] and which at [[Medinan sura|Medina]], with distinctive characteristics observed within these two subgroups. Some suras (e.g. surat [[Iqra]]) are thought to have been revealed in parts at separate times.

To understand the notion of &quot;variants&quot; within the received Qur'anic text, one must understand that Arabic had not yet fully developed as a written language. The Qur'an was first recorded in written form (date uncertain) in the [[Hijazi]], [[Mashq]], [[Ma'il]], and [[Kufic]] scripts; these scripts write consonants only and do not supply vowels. (Imagine an English text that wrote the word 'bed' as &quot;BD,&quot; and required the reader to infer, from context, that the reference was to &quot;bed&quot; - and not to 'bad&quot; or &quot;bide.&quot;) Because there were differing oral traditions of recitation as non-native Arabic speakers converted to Islam, there was some disagreement as to the exact reading of many (vowel-free) verses. Eventually, scripts were  developed that used diacritical markings (known as ''points'') to indicate the vowels. For hundreds of years after Uthman's recension, Muslim scholars argued as to the correct pointing and reading of Uthman's (unpointed) official text.{{citation needed}} Eventually, most commentators accepted seven variant readings ([[qira'at]]) of the Qur'an as canonical, while agreeing that the differences among the seven are minor and do not affect the meaning of the text.

The form of the Qur'an most used today is the [[Al-Azhar]] text of ۱۹۲۳, prepared by a committee at the prestigious [[Cairo]] university of Al-Azhar.

The Qur'an early became a focus of Muslim devotion and eventually a subject of theological controversy among skeptics. In the [[۸th century]], the [[Mu'tazili]]s claimed that the Qur'an was created in time and was not eternal. Their opponents, of various schools, claimed that the Qur'an was eternal and perfect, existing in heaven before it was revealed to Muhammad. The [[Ashari]] theology (which ultimately became predominant) held that the Qur'an was uncreated.

Most Muslims regard paper copies of the Qur'an with extreme veneration, wrapping them in a clean cloth, keeping them on a high shelf, and washing as for prayers before reading the Qur'an. Old Qur'ans are not destroyed as wastepaper, but burned.

اکثره مسلمانان د قرآن ځينې برخې او يا ټول قرآن په آرنۍ ژبه (عربي) حفظ کوي. هغه څوک چې قرآن يې په بشپړه توگه حفظ کړی وي د حافظ په نامه يادېږي. په مسلمانانو کې د قرآن حفظ کول د هېښتيا خبره نه ده، نن ورځ د نړۍ په بېلابېلو هېوادونو کې په ميليونونو حافظين ژوندي دي چې د ټول قرآن متن يې له ياده زده دی.

د عقيدې د پيل د ورځو نه اکثره مسلمانان په دې اند دي چې قرآن يو مکمل اسماني کتاب دی چې په عربي ژبه نازل شوی. د دغه کتاب ژباړې د انساني هلو ځلو او د انساني تېروتنو نه تشې هڅې نه دي، همداراز په ژباړو کې د مومنانو د الهامي شاعرۍ کمښت څوک په قرآن کې موندلی شي. نو په همدې خاطر د قرآن ژباړې يوازې پر قرآن تبصرې گڼل کېږي او يا هم د مطلب ژباړه، او پخپله د قرآن نه. او په همدې دليل د قرآن په ډېرو نوو چاپ شويو نخسو کې د عربي متن په يوه مخ او د متن ژباړه په بل مخ راغلې.

قرآن شريف له ۱۱۴ [[سورت|سورتونو]] يا څپرکو نه جوړ شوی دی چې همدا ټول سورتونه ۶،۲۳۶ ''[[آيت|آيتونه]]'' لري. The chronologically earlier suras, revealed at Mecca, are primarily concerned with ethical and spiritual topics. The later Medinan suras mostly discuss social and moral issues relevant to the Muslim community.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qur'an | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}
&lt;/ref&gt; The Qur'an is more concerned with moral guidance than legal instruction, and is considered the &quot;sourcebook of Islamic principles and values&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۷۹&lt;/ref&gt; Muslim jurists consult the ''hadith'', or the written record of Muhammad's life, to both supplement the Qur'an and assist with its interpretation. The science of Qur'anic commentary and exegesis is known as ''[[tafsir]]''.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۷۹–۸۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tafsir | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The word ''Qur'an'' means &quot;recitation&quot;. When Muslims speak in the abstract about &quot;the Qur'an&quot;, they usually mean the scripture as recited in Arabic rather than the printed work or any translation of it. To Muslims, the Qur'an is perfect only as revealed in the original Arabic; translations are necessarily deficient because of language differences, the fallibility of translators, and the impossibility of preserving the original's inspired style. Translations are therefore regarded only as commentaries on the Qur'an, or &quot;interpretations of its meaning&quot;, not as the Qur'an itself.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Teece (۲۰۰۳), pp.۱۲٬۱۳
* C. Turner (۲۰۰۶), p.۴۲
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qur'an | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: The word ''Qur'an'' was invented and first used in the Qur'an itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology|two different theories]] about this term and its formation.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== پرښتې ===
{{آرنی|په اسلام کې د پرښتو انځور}}
د اسلام په دين کې د الله (جل جلاله) په پرښتو عقيده د ايمان جز گڼل کېږي. په عربي ژبه پرښتې ته (''ملک'') وايي چې د همدغه لغت مانا ده &quot;پيغام رسونکی&quot;، په عبراني ژبه کې همداسې ورته نوم (''ملخ'') د پرښتې په مانا ده خو په يوناني ژبه بيا پرښتې ته (''انجېلوس'') وايي. د قراني مالوماتو له مخې، پرښتې د خپلې خوښې واک په لاس کې نه لري، او په مکمله توگه د الله تعالی په عبادت کې بوختې دي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۲۱|۱۹|end=۲۰|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳۵|۱|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; قران کې دا هم راغلي چې د پرښتو په کارونو کې د الله تعالی حکمونه منل او د الله تعالی پيغامونو رسولو برسېره، پرښتې تل د الله په ثنا او صفت په عبادت بوختې دي، او د انسانانو اعمال ثبتوي ددې سره سره پرښتې د الله (جل جلاله) په حکم د انسانانو د مړينې په وخت کې روحونه باسي. داسې هم انگېرل کېږي چې پرښتې د انسان او الله تعالی ترمېنځ منځگړتوب کوي. قرآن شريف، پرښتې موږ ته داسې راڅرگندوي لکه &quot;يو ډول پيغام رسونکي چې دوه، درې يا څلور جوړه وزرې لري: خدای هماغسې خپل مخلوق جوړوي څنگه چې يې خوښه وي...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۳۵|۱|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۲۶–۲۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Malā'ika | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=W. Madelung | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Angel | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Gisela Webb | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== محمد&lt;sup&gt;([[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]])&lt;/sup&gt; ===
{{آرنی|محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم}}

حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم (c. ۵۷۰ – [[جولای ۶]] [[۶۳۲]]) د الله تعالی وروستی نبي، يو مذهبي، سياسي او پوځي عرب و چې د همدغه نبي د اسلام د دين بيرغ لوړ کړ او د اديانو په تاريخ کې يې د اسلام نوم هم وځلاوه. مسلمانان په دې گروهه دي چې حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) د يوه نوي مذهب بنسټ ايښودونکی نه دی، بلکه د اسلام د اصلي دين چې د حضرت آدم عليه السلام او حضرت ابراهيم او د نورو پيغمبرانو دين و، د هماغه دين بيا پرځای کونکی دی. مسلمانان په دې عقيده هم دي چې حضرت محمد د الله تعالی وروستی پيغمبر او د نورو پيغمبرانو په ډله کې د لويې مرتبې خاوند پيغمبر و.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸), p.۱۲
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۴–۵
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}&lt;/ref&gt;
دروند پیغمبر د خپل خوږ ژوند په وروستیو ۲۳ کلونو کې، یانې د ۴۰ کلني عمر په پیل کې د الله له لوري د ایاتو د نازلولو لړۍ پیل شوه، چې د دغو ایاتونو ټولگه د قرآن په نوم یادیږي چې دغه آیتونه بیا د صحابه و لخوا یاد کیدل.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۱۸|۱۱۰|style=ref}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[انځور:Masjid Nabawi. Medina, Saudi Arabia.jpg|بټنوک|220px|کيڼ|[[مسجد النبوي]] (&quot;د پيغمبر(صلی الله علیه وسلم) جومات&quot;) په مدينه کې د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم مقبره هم ده.|link=Special:FilePath/Masjid_Nabawi._Medina,_Saudi_Arabia.jpg]]

په دغه کې وخت محمد [[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]] د مکې خلکو ته په تبلیغ باندې پیل وکړ، تر څو دوې له شرک څخه راوباسي او د اسلام لور ته یې راوبلي. که څه چې محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم ځینې کسان اسلام ته راواړول خو په دې کار سره دی او د ده لارویان د مکې د چارواکو او لارښودگرانو لخوا تر زور او اذیت لاندې راغلل. چې بیا وروسته له ۱۳ کلنو څخه په کال ۶۲۲ کې محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم او نور مسلمانان له مکې څخه مدینه (رسما '''یثرب''' نومیږي) ته کډه شول.

There, with the Medinan converts (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]]'') and the Meccan migrants (''[[Muhajirun]]''), Muhammad established his political and [[Theocracy|religious authority]]. Within years, two battles had been fought against Meccan forces: the [[Battle of Badr]] in ۶۲۴, which was a Muslim victory, and the [[Battle of Uhud]] in ۶۲۵, which ended inconclusively. Conflict with Medinan Jewish clans who opposed the Muslims led to their exile, enslavement or death, and the Jewish enclave of [[Battle of Khaybar|Khaybar]] was subdued. At the same time, Meccan trade routes were cut off as Muhammad brought surrounding desert tribes under his control.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* F.E.Peters(۲۰۰۳), pp.۷۸٬۷۹٬۱۹۴ 
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۳–۲۸&lt;/ref&gt; By ۶۲۹ Muhammad was victorious in the nearly bloodless [[Conquest of Mecca]], and by the time of his death in ۶۳۲ he ruled over the [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian peninsula]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Muhammad&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Islam, the &quot;[[normative]]&quot; example of Muhammad's life is called the ''[[Sunnah]]'' (literally &quot;trodden path&quot;). This example is preserved in traditions known as [[hadith]] (&quot;reports&quot;), which recount his words, his actions, and his personal characteristics. The classical Muslim jurist [[ash-Shafi'i]] (d. ۸۲۰) emphasized the importance of the Sunnah in [[Sharia|Islamic law]], and Muslims are encouraged to emulate Muhammad's actions in their daily lives. The Sunnah is seen as crucial to guiding interpretation of the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World'' (۲۰۰۳), p.۶۶۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hadith | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=J. Robson | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sunna | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=D. W. Brown | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د قيامت ورځ ===
{{آرنی|قيامت}}
د &quot;جزا په ورځ&quot;، يعنی ''[[قيامت|د قيامت په ورځې]]'' ايمان لرل د اسلام يوه بنسټيزه گروهه ده. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې د قيامت ورځ د الله تعالی له خوا ټاکل شوی چې په يوه ځانگړي وخت کې به وي خو انسانانو ته يې وخت نه دی څرگند. د قيامت د ورځې د محکمې او کړاونه په هکله په قرآن او حديثونو کې هم بیان شوي، او همدارنگه د اسلامي علماوو په تفسيرونو کې.
The Qur'an emphasizes [[Resurrection of the Dead|bodily resurrection]], a break from the [[pre-Islamic Arabia]]n understanding of death. It states that resurrection will be followed by the gathering of mankind, culminating in their judgment by God.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* &quot;Resurrection&quot;, ''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'' (۲۰۰۳)
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Avicenna | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as &quot;Avicenna&quot;.
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qiyama | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Qur'an lists several sins that can condemn a person to hell, such as disbelief, [[riba|usury]] and dishonesty. Muslims view paradise (''[[jannah]]'') as a place of joy and bliss, with Qur'anic references describing its features and the physical pleasures to come. There are also references to a greater joy—acceptance by God (''ridwān'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۹|۷۲|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mystical traditions in Islam place these heavenly delights in the context of an ecstatic awareness of God.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Smith (۲۰۰۶), p.۸۹; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p.۵۶۵
* &quot;Heaven&quot;, ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' (۲۰۰۰)
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Garden | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Asma Afsaruddin | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Paradise | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تقدير ===
{{آرنی|تقدير}}

In accordance with the Islamic belief in [[predestination]], or divine preordainment (''al-qadā wa'l-qadar''), God has full knowledge and control over all that occurs. This is explained in Qur'anic verses such as &quot;Say: 'Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us: He is our protector'…&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۹|۵۱|style=ref}}
* D. Cohen-Mor (۲۰۰۱), p.۴: &quot;The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen: 'Say: &quot;Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us…&quot;&amp;nbsp;'&amp;nbsp;&quot;
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Fate | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Ahmet T. Karamustafa | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means &quot;to measure, to determine&quot;. Here it is used to mean that &quot;God measures and orders his creation&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; For Muslims, everything in the world that occurs, good or evil, has been preordained and nothing can happen unless permitted by God. In Islamic theology, divine preordainment does not suggest an absence of God's indignation against evil, because any evils that do occur are thought to result in future benefits men may not be able to see. According to Muslim theologians, although events are pre-ordained, man possesses free will in that he has the faculty to choose between right and wrong, and is thus responsible for his actions. According to Islamic tradition, all that has been decreed by God is written in ''al-Lawh al-Mahfūz'', the &quot;Preserved Tablet&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۲۰۰۳), pp.۱۱۹–۱۲۲
* Patton (۱۹۰۰), p.۱۳۰&lt;/ref&gt;

The Shi'a understanding of predestination is called &quot;divine justice&quot; (''Adalah''). This doctrine, originally developed by the [[Mu'tazila]], stresses the importance of man's responsibility for his own actions. In contrast, the Sunni deemphasize the role of individual free will in the context of God's creation and foreknowledge of all things.&lt;ref&gt;Momen (۱۹۸۷), pp.۱۷۷٬۱۷۸&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلام او دا آخرت په ورځ ایمان ===
{{آرنی|د اخرت په ورځ ایمان}}

Islamic [[eschatology]] is concerned with the ''[[Qiyamah]]'' ([[End of the world (religion)|end of the world]]) and the final  judgment of humanity. Like [[Christianity]] and [[Judaism]], Islam teaches the bodily [[resurrection]] of the dead, the fulfilment of a divine plan for creation, and the immortality of the human soul. In Islamic belief, the righteous are rewarded with the pleasures of ''Jannah'' ([[Paradise]]), while the unrighteous are punished in ''[[Jahannam]]'' (a fiery [[Hell]], from the Hebrew ''ge-hinnom'' or &quot;valley of Hinnom&quot;; usually rendered in English as [[Gehenna]]). A significant portion of the Qur'an deals with these beliefs, with many ''[[hadith]]'' elaborating on the themes and details.

== تنظيمونه ==
=== اسلامي واک ===
داسې هېڅ کوم رسمي اسلامي واک نشته چې په اسلام کې د يو کس د منلو او يا هم د اسلامي ټولنې ('''''اُمة''''' ''يانې ملت يا کورنۍ'') نه د رټلو واک په لاس کې ولري. اسلام خپلې دروازې پرته د کوم توپير، تعصب، رنگ، جنس، عمر او پخواني عقايدو نه د ټولو پر مخ پرانيستې دي او ټولو ته په دغه دين کې د ننوتلو اجازه شته. د مسلمان کېدو لپاره همدومره بس ده چې يو څوک د زړه له کومي په رسمي توگه د يو څو تنو مسلمانانو په مينځ کې د اسلام دين ومني او شهادت ووايي. شهادت هغه بيان دی چې مسلمان پرې د يوه خدای د وحدانيت او د حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) پر نبوت او په خپل ژوند کې د هغه د لارښوونو د پلي کولو د تکل اقرار بلل کېږي. د شهادت په نه وييلو سره هېڅوک نه شي کولای چې مسلمان شي. د مسلمان لپاره د شهادت نه وروسته د اسلامي حکمونو پلي کول فرض دي او همدا رنگه يو مسلمان بايد د اسلامي اخلاقو خاوند هم وي ترڅو هغه په يوه اسلامي ټولنه کې د منلو وړ وگرځي.

=== اسلامي قانون ===
{{آرنی|شريعت|فقه}}
د اسلامي قانون نوم شريعت دی، چې د مسلمانو عالمانو لخوا د قرآن او حديث په رڼا کې وضع شوی. قرآن شريف د شريعت او اسلامي قضايه نظام لومړنۍ سرچينه ده، تر دې وروسته د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم سنة او د لومړنۍ اسلامي ټولنې دود او دستورونه په دوهم پړاو کې ځای لري. سنت د احاديثو په شننو کې رامېنځ ته شوی، او احاديث د حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) لارښوونو ته وايي چې مسلمانانو ته يې کړي. اجماع چې د يوې مسلمانې ټولنې د احصايې په مانا ده، د قياس سره يوځای د اسلامي قانون او د شريعت درېيمه او څلورمه سرچينه جوړوي.

په اسلامي قانون کې د ژوند د هر اړخ په اړه بحث شوی دی. د دولت او حکومت د چلولو او د باندنيو اړيکو د ساتلو نه نيولې آن تر ورځيني ژوند و ژواک پورې د هرې ستونزې او مسلې لپاره د حل لار څېړل شوې او د اسلامي احکامو پر بنسټ يې د پلي کولو لارښوونه شوې.د اسلامي قانون په اړه په څرگنده ډول په قرآن شريف کې چې کوم احکامات راغلي هغه د [[حدود]]و په نامه يادېږي چې په دغو لارښوونو کې د قتل نه ډډه، د واده نه پرته د جنسي اړيکو د ساتلو نه ځان ساتنه، د شرابو او الکولو د څښلو او د قمار نه اجتناب يې غټ ټکي جوړوي. په قرآن کې د وراثت، د واده، د ټپي کولو او وژلو په بدل کې د تدابيرو نيولو او په هم دې توگه د روژې د نيولو، د زکات ورکولو او لمونځ کولو په باب هم په تفصيل سره د حکمونو يادونه شوې. However, the prescriptions and prohibitions may be broad, so how they are applied in practice varies. Islamic scholars, ''the ulema'', have elaborated systems of law on the basis of these broad rules, supplemented by the hadith reports of how Muhammad and his companions interpreted them. See [[Sin]] for further discussion about the concept of sin and its atonement according to the Islamic law.

In current times, not all Muslims understand the Qur'an in its original Arabic. Thus, when Muslims are divided in how to handle situations, they seek the assistance of a [[mufti]] (Islamic judge) who can advise them based on Islamic [[Sharia]] and hadith.

The ''Sharia'' (literally: &quot;the path leading to the watering place&quot;) is Islamic law formed by traditional Islamic scholarship. In Islam, Sharia is the expression of the divine will, and &quot;constitutes a system of duties that are incumbent upon a Muslim by virtue of his religious belief&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;BritannicaShariah&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Islamic law covers all aspects of life, from matters of state, like governance and [[Diplomacy|foreign relations]], to issues of daily living. The Qur'an defines ''[[hudud]]'' as the punishments for five specific crimes: unlawful intercourse, false accusation of unlawful intercourse, consumption of alcohol, theft, and highway robbery. The Qur'an and Sunnah also contain laws of [[Islamic Inheritance jurisprudence|inheritance]], [[Islamic marital jurisprudence|marriage]], and [[Qisas|restitution for injuries and murder]], as well as rules for [[sawm|fasting]], [[Sadaqah|charity]], and [[salat|prayer]]. However, these [[wajib|prescriptions]] and [[Haraam|prohibitions]] may be broad, so their application in practice varies. [[Ulema|Islamic scholars]] (known as ''ulema'') have elaborated systems of law on the basis of these rules and their interpretations.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Menski (۲۰۰۶), p.۲۹۰
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hadd | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=B. Carra de Vaux | coauthors=J. Schacht, A.M. Goichon | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sharia | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=N. Calder | coauthors=M. B. Hooker | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[Fiqh]]'', or &quot;jurisprudence&quot;, is defined as the knowledge of the practical rules of the religion. The method Islamic jurists use to derive rulings is known as ''[[usul al-fiqh]]'' (&quot;legal theory&quot;, or &quot;principles of jurisprudence&quot;). According to Islamic legal theory, law has four fundamental roots, which are given precedence in this order: the Qur'an, the Sunnah (actions and sayings of Muhammad), the consensus of the Muslim jurists (''[[ijma]]''), and analogical reasoning (''[[qiyas]]''). For early Islamic jurists, theory was less important than pragmatic application of the law. In the ۹th century, the jurist [[ash-Shafi'i]] provided a theoretical basis for Islamic law by codifying the principles of jurisprudence (including the four fundamental roots) in his book ''ar-Risālah''.&lt;ref&gt;Weiss (۲۰۰۲), pp.xvii,۱۶۲&lt;/ref&gt;

==== مذهب او رياست ====

د اسلامي قانون له مخې د مذهب او رياست تر مېنځ ژورې اړيکې دي چې په ډېريو اسلامي هېوادونو کې ديني عالمان د قاضيانو په توگه په رسمي ډول دندې ترسره کوي. In practice, Islamic rulers frequently bypassed the Sharia courts with a parallel system of so-called &quot;Grievance courts&quot; over which they had sole control. As the Muslim world came into contact with Western secular ideals, Muslim societies responded in different ways. [[Turkey]] has been governed as a secular state ever since the reforms of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]. In contrast, the [[۱۹۷۹ Iranian Revolution]] replaced a mostly secular regime with an [[Islamic republic]] led by the [[Ruholla Khomeini|Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۸۴
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۵۰۲–۵۰۷٬۸۴۵
* Lewis (۲۰۰۳), p.۱۰۰&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ارتداد او کفر ====
{{آرنی|ارتداد په اسلام کې}}

په سيمه ايزو اسلامي ټولنو کې چې يو وگړی په ارتداد او کفر پېژندل کېږي نو هغه بيا د هماغې ټولنې نه رټل کېږي. په اسلامي رياستونو کې ارتداد او کفر د اسلامي رياست پر وړاندې جرم گڼل کېږي او داسې يو مجرم ته سزا ورکول کېږي چې اکثراً د مرگ  سزا وي.

== مذهبي فرقې ==
{{main|د اسلام مذهبي فرقې}}
لکه د نورو دينونو په شان په اسلام کې هم يو شمېر مذهبي فرقې شته چې د دوی ټولو گروهه يا عقيده يوه ده خو په شرعي او قانوني توگه په دغو فرقو کې اهم توپيرونه ليدل کېږي. اسلام په دوه لويو فرقو وېشل شوی چې د [[سني]] او [[تشيع]] فرقې يې دوه لويې فرقې دي. [[تصوف]] بيا ځانته بله مذهبي ډله ده چې په دې کې د اسلام معمايي تصريف لور ته ډېر پام اړول شوی. د ځينو سرچينو له مخې د نړۍ نژدې ۸۵٪ مسلمانان د سني لويې فرقې په لار روان دي او پاتې ۱۵٪ مسلمانان د تشيع د مذهب مننونکي دي، په همدې توگه بيا په شيعه گانو کې هم وړې مذهبي فرقې شته.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۲
* {{cite web | url=http://countrystudies.us/afghanistan/61.htm | title=Sunni and Shia Islam | work=Country Studies | publisher=U.S. Library of Congress | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۱-۰۹}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اهل سنت ===
[[دوتنه:Divisions of Islam.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Divisions of Islam]]

[[سني]] مسلمانان د اسلام لويه برخه جوړوي. په عربي ژبه کې د ''السنة'' لغت مانا &quot;اصل&quot; او يا هم &quot;لار&quot; ده. سنت (د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; د ژوند کړه وړه) دقرآن او حديث له مخې د سني اسلام اهمه ستنه جوړوي. سنيان په دې عقيده دي چې د اسلام لومړي څلور خليفه گان د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; نه وروسته برحقه او ريښتوني خليفه گان وه؛ او خدای&lt;sup&gt;ج&lt;/sup&gt; د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر نه وروسته خدای بل پيغمبر نه ؤ ځانگړی کړی، او پاتې خليفه گان بايد ټاکل شوي وای. سنيان څلور لوی قانوني مذهبونه مني چې هغه څلور لوی مذهبونه [[حنفي]]، [[مالکي]]، [[شافي]] او [[حنبلي]] دي.  All four accept the validity of the others and a Muslim might choose any one that he or she finds agreeable, but other Islamic sects are believed to have departed from the majority by introducing innovations (''[[bidah]]''). There are also several orthodox theological or philosophical traditions within Sunnism. For example, the recent [[Salafi]] movement sees itself as restorationist and claims to derive its teachings from the original sources of Islam.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* اېسپوزيتو (۲۰۰۳), pp.۲۷۵٬۳۰۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shariah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sunnite | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== شیعه گان ===

{{see also|Historic background of the Sunni-Shi'a split}}
The [[Shi'a]], who constitute the second-largest branch of Islam, believe in the political and religious [[Islamic leadership|leadership]] of [[infallible#Additional Shi'a teachings|infallible]] [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)|Imams]] from the progeny of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]. They believe that he, as the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was his rightful successor, and they call him the first ''Imam'' (leader), rejecting the legitimacy of the previous Muslim caliphs. To them, an Imam rules by right of divine appointment and holds &quot;absolute spiritual authority&quot; among Muslims, having final say in matters of doctrine and revelation.&lt;ref&gt;See
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۴۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Imam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shi'ite | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/p.php?p=shia'&amp;url=Introduction {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419035040/http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/p.php?p=shia%27&amp;url=Introduction |date=2008-04-19 }} Imamat, by [[Naser Makarem Shirazi]]]&lt;/ref&gt; Although the Shi'a share many core practices with the Sunni, the two branches disagree over the proper importance and validity of specific collections of hadith. The Shi'a follow a legal tradition called [[Ja'fari jurisprudence]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Ahmed (۱۹۹۹), pp.۴۴–۴۵
* Nasr (۱۹۹۴), p.۴۶۶&lt;/ref&gt; Shi'a Islam has several branches, the largest of which is the [[Twelvers]] (''{{ArabDIN|iṯnāʿašariyya}}''), while the others are the [[Ismaili]], the [[Sevener]]s, and the [[Zaidiyyah]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Kramer (۱۹۸۷), [http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/Alawis.htm Syria’s Alawis and Shi‘ism pp.۲۳۷–۲۵۴]
* [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/index.html Shia branches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041025093409/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/index.html |date=2004-10-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 1.JPG|thumb|right|A view of the [[Dome of the Rock]] on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]], a holy site in Islam]]
[[Shi'a]] Muslims, the second-largest sect, differ from the Sunni in rejecting the authority of the first three caliphs. They honor different traditions ([[hadith]]) and have their own legal traditions. Shi'a scholars have a larger authority than Sunni scholars and have greater room for interpretation. The [[Imams]] play a central role in Shi'a doctrine.

The arabic word Shi'a, litarally translates into the word 'group' or 'sect'. Originally known as Shi'at Ali (the sect of Ali), the group formed shortly after the death of Ali, in [[Iraq]]. Ali ibn Abi Talib was the cousin of prophet [[Muhammad]], and after marriage to Fatima, he also became Muhammad's son-in-law.

The Shi'a consist of one major school of thought known as the [[Ithna 'ashariyah]] or the &quot;[[Twelvers]]&quot;, and a few minor schools of thought, as the &quot;Seveners&quot; or the &quot;Fivers&quot; referring to the number of infallible leaders they recognize after the death of prophet [[Muhammad]]. The term Shi'a, when used without qualification, is usually taken to be synonymous with the Ithna Ashariyya or Twelvers. Most Shi'a live in [[Iran]], [[Iraq]] (the country where Ali passed away), [[Bahrain]], [[Lebanon]], [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. A minority group (about ۴ million) of Shi'a is known as [[Ismaili]]. The Shia Ismaili sect is subdivided into [[Nizari]] Ismaili and [[Mustaali]] Bohra subsects. The Nizari Ismaili or are led by the [[Aga Khan]] and are found mainly in [[Pakistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Bangladesh]], India, Canada and United States. The [[Mustaali]] Bohra sect is further subdivded into Dawoodi and Sulaimanis subsects. The [[Dawoodi Bohra]]s are concentrated in Pakistan and India. The [[Sulaimani Bohra]]s are concentrated in Yemen and Najran province of Saudi Arabia.

=== تصوف ===
{{آرنی|تصوف}}

Not strictly a denomination, [[Sufism]] is a mystical-ascetic form of Islam. By focusing on the more spiritual aspects of religion, Sufis strive to obtain direct experience of God by making use of &quot;intuitive and emotional faculties&quot; that one must be trained to use.&lt;ref&gt;Trimingham (۱۹۹۸), p.۱&lt;/ref&gt; Sufism and [[Islamic law]] are usually considered to be complementary, although Sufism has been criticized by some Muslims for being an unjustified [[bidah|religious innovation]]. Most Sufi orders, or ''[[tariqa]]s'', can be classified as either Sunni or Shi'a.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۳۰۲
* Malik (۲۰۰۶), p.۳
* B. S. Turner (۱۹۹۸), p.۱۴۵
* {{cite web | url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aftoc.html | work=Country Studies | publisher=U. S. Library of Congress (Federal Research Division) | title=Afghanistan: A Country Study | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۴-۱۸ | pages=۱۵۰}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Sufism]] is a spiritual practice followed by both Sunni and Shi'a. Sufis generally feel that following Islamic law or jurisprudence (or ''fiqh'') is only the first step on the path to perfect submission; they focus on the internal or more spiritual aspects of Islam, such as perfecting one's faith and fighting one's own ego (''nafs''). Most Sufi orders, or [[tariqa]], can be classified as either Sunni or Shi'a. However, there are some that are not easily categorized as either Sunni or Shi'a, such as the [[Bektashi]]. Sufis are found throughout the Islamic world, from [[Senegal]] to [[Indonesia]].

=== نورې طريقې ===
[[Wahhabi]]s, as they are known by non-Wahhabis, are a smaller, more recent Sunni group. They prefer to be called [[Salafi]]s. Wahhabism is a movement founded by [[Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab]] in the [[۱۸th century]] in what is present-day [[Saudi Arabia]]. They classify themselves as Sunni and some claim to follow the [[Hanbali]] legal tradition. The major trend, however, is the  abolition of these &quot;schools of thoughts&quot; (legal traditions), and the following of a more literalist interpretation. Some even regard other Sunni as heretics. The [[Hanbali]] legal tradition is the recognized official school of Islamic law in Saudi Arabia and they have had a great deal of influence on the Islamic world because of Saudi control of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]], the Islamic holy places, and because of Saudi funding for mosques and schools in other countries. The majority of Saudi Islamic scholars are considered as [[Wahhabi]]s by other parts of the Islamic world.

Sunni and Shi'a have often clashed. Some Sunni believe that Shi'a  are heretics while other Sunni recognize Shi'a as fellow Muslims. According to Shaikh Mahmood Shaltoot, head of the [[al-Azhar University]] in the middle part of the ۲۰th century, &quot;the Ja'fari school of thought, which is also known as &quot;al-Shi'a al- Imamiyyah al-Ithna Ashariyyah&quot; (i.e. The Twelver Imami Shi'ites) is a school of thought that is religiously correct to follow in worship as are other Sunni schools of thought&quot;. Al-Azhar later distanced itself from this position.

Another sect which dates back to the early days of Islam is that of the [[Kharijites]]. The only surviving branch of the Kharijites are the [[Ibadi|Ibadhi Muslims]]. Ibadhism is distinguished from Shiism by its belief that the Imam (Leader) should be chosen solely on the basis of his faith, not on the basis of descent, and from Sunnism in its rejection of [[Uthman]] and [[Ali]] and strong emphasis on the need to depose unjust rulers.  Ibadhi Islam is noted for its strictness, but, unlike the Kharijites proper, Ibadhis do not regard major sins as automatically making a Muslim an unbeliever. Most Ibadhi Muslims live in [[Oman]].

Another trend in modern Islam is that which is sometimes called progressive. Followers may be called [[Ijtihadists]]. They may be either Sunni or Shi'ite, and generally favor the development of  personal interpretations of Qur'an and Hadith. ''See'': [[Liberal Islam]]

One very small group, based primarily in the United States, follows the teachings of [[Rashad Khalifa]] and calls itself the &quot;Submitters&quot;. They reject [[hadith]] and [[fiqh]], and say that they follow the Qur'an alone. Most Muslims of both the [[Sunni]] and the [[Shia]] sects consider this group to be heretical.

The [[Kharijites]] are a sect that dates back to the early days of Islam. The only surviving branch of the Kharijites is [[Ibadism]]. Unlike most Kharijite groups, Ibadism does not regard sinful Muslims as unbelievers. The [[Imam]]ate is an important topic in Ibadi legal literature, which stipulates that the leader should be chosen solely on the basis of his knowledge and piety, and is to be deposed if he acts unjustly. Most Ibadi Muslims live in [[Oman]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* [http://www.uga.edu/islam/ibadis.html IBADI ISLAM: AN INTRODUCTION]
* J. A. Williams (۱۹۹۴), p.۱۷۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=al-Ibāḍiyya | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Yazidi]], [[Druze]],  [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community|Ahmadiyya]], [[Bábís|Bábí]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'í]], [[Berghouata]] and [[Ha-Mim]] religions either emerged out of Islam or came to share certain beliefs with Islam. [[Sikhism]], founded by [[Guru Nanak]] in late fifteenth century [[Punjab region|Punjab]], incorporates aspects of both Islam and [[Hinduism]].&lt;ref&gt;Encyclopedia of Islam, &quot;Sikhs&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلامي فرضونه او عمل ==
=== پينځه بنسټيزه ستنې ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام پينځه ستنې}}

[[دوتنه:Arabic Plaque, Great Mosque, Xian.jpg|thumb|220px|left|Islam's basic creed (''[[shahadah]]'') written on a plaque in the [[Great Mosque of Xi'an]], [[China]]]]
[[دوتنه:Kabaa.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Rituals of the [[Hajj]] (pilgrimage) include walking seven times around the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca.]]

دغه پنځه بنسټیزه ستنې د [[سني مسلمانان|سني مسلمانانو]] لپاره پنځه اړینه کړنې دي.خو بیا شیعه مسلمان په اتو مذهبي کړنو کې کډون کوي کوم چې دغو پنځو بنسټیزه کړنو ته ورته والی لري:
.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Momem (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Pillars of Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; چې په لاندې ډول دي:
* '''''[[شهادت]]''''', شهادت د اسلام له بنسټیزو [[عقیده|عقیدو]] یا اصولو څخه دي او باید د زړه له تله په لاندې ډول وویل شي ''' أشهد أن لا إله إلاَّ الله و أشهد أن محمد رسول الله''',یا&quot; زه شهادت ورکوم چې دلته پرته له [[الله]] څخه بل هیڅوک د [[عبادت]] وړ ندي او زه شهادت ورکوم چې [[محمد]] د خدای [[رسول]] دي.&quot;

This testament is a foundation for all other beliefs and practices in Islam (although technically the Shi'a do not consider the ''shahadah'' to be a separate pillar, just a belief). Muslims must repeat the ''shahadah'' in prayer, and non-Muslims wishing to convert to Islam are required to recite the creed.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۱۹۹۴), p.۱۳۵
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸
* &quot;Islam&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals''(۲۰۰۴)&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[لمونځ]]''''', or ritual prayer, which must be performed five times a day. (However, the Shi'a are permitted to run together the noon with the afternoon prayers, and the evening with the night prayers). Each salah is done facing towards the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca. Salah is intended to focus the mind on God, and is seen as a personal communication with him that expresses gratitude and worship. Salah is compulsory but flexibility in the specifics is allowed depending on circumstances. In many Muslim countries, reminders called [[Adhan]] (call to prayer) are broadcast publicly from local mosques at the appropriate times. The prayers are recited in the [[Arabic language]], and consist of verses from the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۱۸٬۱۹
* Hedáyetullah (۲۰۰۶), pp.۵۳–۵۵
* Kobeisy (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲۲–۳۴
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[زکات]]''''', or [[alms|alms-giving]]. This is the practice of giving based on accumulated wealth, and is obligatory for all Muslims who can afford it. A fixed portion is spent to help the poor or needy, and also to assist the spread of Islam. The zakat is considered a religious obligation (as opposed to voluntary charity) that the well-off owe to the needy because their wealth is seen as a &quot;trust from God's bounty&quot;. The Qur'an and the hadith also suggest a Muslim give even more as an act of voluntary alms-giving (''[[sadaqah]]''). Many Shi'ites are expected to pay an additional amount in the form of a ''[[khums]]'' tax, which they consider to be a separate ritual practice.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲|۱۷۷|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۹۰
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Zakat | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۱}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Zakat | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[روژه]]''''', or [[Sawm of Ramadan|fasting during the month of Ramadan]]. Muslims must not eat or drink (among other things) from dawn to dusk during this month, and must be mindful of other sins. The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to God, and during it Muslims should express their gratitude for and dependence on him, atone for their past sins, and think of the needy. ''Sawm'' is not obligatory for several groups for whom it would constitute an undue burden. For others, flexibility is allowed depending on circumstances, but missed fasts usually must be made up quickly.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲|۱۸۴|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۹۰٬۹۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_21.html#HEADING20 | title=For whom fasting is mandatory | publisher=USC-MSA | work=Compendium of Muslim Texts | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۴-۱۸ | تاريخ الأرشيف=2008-11-28 | مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 | url-status=dead | خونديځ نېټه=2008-11-28 | خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308025221/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_21.html#HEADING20 | خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[حج]]''''', which is the pilgrimage during the [[Islamic calendar|Islamic month]] of ''[[Dhu al-Hijjah]]'' in the city of [[Mecca]]. Every [[able-bodied]] Muslim who can afford it must make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his or her lifetime. When the pilgrim is about ten kilometers from Mecca, he must dress in [[Ihram clothing|''Ihram'' clothing]], which consists of two white seamless sheets. Rituals of the Hajj include walking seven times around the [[Kaaba]], touching the [[Black Stone]], running seven times between [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Mount Safa]] and [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Mount Marwah]], and symbolically [[Stoning of the Devil|stoning the Devil]] in [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]]. The pilgrim, or the ''hajji'', is honored in his or her community, although Islamic teachers say that the Hajj should be an expression of devotion to God instead of a means to gain social standing.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۱۹۹۴), pp.۱۴۵–۱۴۷
* Goldschmidt (۲۰۰۵), p.۴۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hajj | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In addition to the ''khums'' tax, Shi'a Muslims consider three additional practices essential to the religion of Islam. The first is [[jihad]], which is also important to the Sunni, but not considered a pillar. The second is ''[[Amr-Bil-Ma'rūf]]'', the &quot;Enjoining to Do Good&quot;, which calls for every Muslim to live a virtuous life and to encourage others to do the same. The third is ''[[Nahi-Anil-Munkar]]'', the &quot;Exhortation to Desist from Evil&quot;, which tells Muslims to refrain from vice and from evil actions and to also encourage others to do the same.&lt;ref&gt;Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۸۰&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلامي اداب او خواړه ===

{{آرنی|اسلامي اداب|د خواړو اړونده اسلامي احکام}}

Many practices fall in the category of ''adab'', or Islamic etiquette. This includes greeting others with &quot;''[[As-Salamu Alaykum|as-salamu `alaykum]]''&quot; (&quot;peace be unto you&quot;), saying ''[[bismillah]]'' (&quot;in [[Names of God|the name of God]]&quot;) before meals, and using only the right hand for eating and drinking. [[Islamic hygienical jurisprudence|Islamic hygienic]] practices mainly fall into the category of personal cleanliness and health, such as the circumcision of male offspring. [[Islamic funeral|Islamic burial rituals]] include saying the ''[[Salat al-Janazah]]'' (&quot;funeral prayer&quot;) over the bathed and enshrouded dead body, and burying it in a grave. Muslims, like Jews, are restricted in their diet, and prohibited foods include pig products, blood, [[carrion]], and [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]]. All meat must come from a [[herbivorous]] animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian, with the exception of game that one has hunted or fished for oneself. Food permissible for Muslims is known as [[halal]] food.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۵|۵|style=ref}}
* Curtis (۲۰۰۵), p.۱۶۴
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۱۱۱
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/janisla2y2.html Customs and Behavioral Laws]
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/febislaw2y2.html The Dietary Laws]
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/DecIslaw2y5.htm Various types of the prayer]
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Slaughter | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Ersilia Francesca | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۸}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جهاد ===
{{mainarticle|Jihad|Islamic military jurisprudence}}
Jihad means &quot;to strive or struggle,&quot; especially in the idiomatic expression &quot;striving in the way of God&quot; (''al-jihad fi sabil Allah'') and is considered the &quot;[[sixth pillar of Islam]]&quot; by a minority of Muslim authorities.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Merriam (۱۹۹۹) p.۵۷۱
* Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia p.۴۱۹
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۹۳&lt;/ref&gt; Jihad, in its broadest sense, is classically defined as &quot;exerting one's utmost power, efforts, endeavors, or ability in contending with an object of disapprobation.&quot; Depending on the object being a visible enemy, the devil, and aspects of one's own self, different categories of Jihad are defined: Jihad against one's own self (self-perfection), Jihad of the tongue, Jihad of the hand, and Jihad of the sword. Jihad when used without any qualifier is understood in its military aspect.&lt;ref&gt;Reuven Firestone (۱۹۹۹), The Meaning of Jihād, p. ۱۷-۱۸&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Britannica Encyclopedia, Jihad&lt;/ref&gt;

Jihad is the only form of warfare permissible under [[Sharia|Islamic law]]. Under most circumstances and for most Muslims, jihad is a collective duty (''[[Fard|fard kifaya]]''): one whose performance by some individuals exempts the others; for the rest of the populace, this happens only in the case of a [[general mobilization]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Djihad&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''.&lt;/ref&gt; Some Muslim authorities, especially among the Shi'a and [[Sufism|Sufis]], distinguish between the &quot;greater jihad&quot;, which pertains to spiritual self-perfection, and the &quot;lesser jihad&quot;, defined as warfare.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Firestone (۱۹۹۹) p.۱۷ 
* &quot;Djihad&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''.&lt;/ref&gt; Jihad also refers to one's striving to attain religious and moral perfection.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Brockopp (۲۰۰۳) pp. ۹۹–۱۰۰
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۹۳ 
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=jihad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۶-۱۳}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
{{آرنی|د اسلام تاريخ|د اسلام خپرېدا}}

Islam's historical development resulted in major political, economic, and military effects inside and outside the [[Islamic world]]. Within a century of Muhammad's first recitations of the [[Qur'an]], an Islamic empire stretched from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in the west to [[Central Asia]] in the east. This new polity soon broke into civil war, and successor states fought each other and outside forces. However, Islam continued to spread into regions like [[Africa]], the [[Indian subcontinent]], and [[Southeast Asia]]. The Islamic civilization was one of the most advanced in the world during the [[Middle Ages]], but was surpassed by Europe with the economic and military growth of the West. During the ۱۸th and ۱۹th centuries, Islamic dynasties such as the [[Ottomans]] and [[Mughals]] fell under the sway of European imperial powers. In the ۲۰th century [[Islamic revival|new religious and political movements]] and newfound wealth in the Islamic world led to both rebirth and conflict.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۵۰٬۱۱۲٬۱۹۷٬۳۸۰٬۴۸۹٬۵۷۸٬۸۱۷
* Lewis (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲۹٬۵۱–۵۶&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د اسلامي رياست پيل (۶۳۲–۷۵۰) ===
{{see|Succession to Muhammad|Muslim conquests|Muslim Empire}}
Muhammad began preaching Islam at [[Mecca]] before [[Hijra (Islam)|migrating]] to [[Medina]], from where he united the [[tribes of Arabia]] into a singular Arab Muslim religious polity. With Muhammad's death in ۶۳۲, disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community. [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]], a prominent [[sahaba|companion]] of Muhammad, nominated [[Abu Bakr]], who was Muhammad's intimate friend and collaborator. Others added their support and Abu Bakr was made the first [[caliph]]. This choice was disputed by some of Muhammad's companions, who held that [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]], his cousin and son-in-law, had been designated his successor. Abu Bakr's immediate task was to avenge a recent defeat by [[Byzantine]] (or [[Eastern Roman Empire]]) forces, although he first had to put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an episode known as the [[Ridda wars]], or &quot;Wars of Apostasy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See: 
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۵۷
* Hourani (۲۰۰۳), p.۲۲
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۳۲
* Madelung (۱۹۹۶), p.۴۳
* Tabatabaei (۱۹۷۹), p.۳۰–۵۰&lt;/ref&gt;

[[دوتنه:Age of Caliphs.png|thumb|left|300px|The territory of the [[Caliphate]] in the year ۷۵۰]]

His death in ۶۳۴ resulted in the succession of Umar as the caliph, followed by [[Uthman ibn al-Affan]] and Ali ibn Abi Talib. These four are known as ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' (&quot;[[Rightly Guided Caliphs]]&quot;). Under them, the territory under Muslim rule expanded deeply into [[Persian Empire]] and [[Byzantine]] territories.&lt;ref&gt;See
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۷۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; When Umar was assassinated in ۶۴۴, [[the election of Uthman]] as successor was met with increasing opposition. In ۶۵۶, Uthman was also killed, and Ali assumed the position of caliph. After fighting off opposition in the [[First Fitna|first civil war]] (the &quot;First Fitna&quot;), Ali was assassinated by [[Kharijites]] in ۶۶۱. Following this, [[Muawiyah I|Mu'awiyah]], who was governor of [[Levant]], seized power and began the [[Umayyad dynasty]].&lt;ref&gt;Holt (۱۹۷۷a), pp.۶۷–۷۲&lt;/ref&gt;

These disputes over religious and political leadership would give rise to schism in the Muslim community. The majority accepted the legitimacy of the three rulers prior to Ali, and became known as [[Sunni]]s. A minority disagreed, and believed that Ali was the only rightful successor; they became known as the [[Shi'a]].&lt;ref&gt;Waines (۲۰۰۳) p.۴۶&lt;/ref&gt; After Mu'awiyah's death in ۶۸۰, conflict over succession broke out again in a civil war known as the &quot;[[Second Fitna]]&quot;. Afterward, the Umayyad dynasty prevailed for seventy years, and was able to conquer the [[Maghreb|Maghrib]] as well as the [[Al-Andalus]] (the [[Iberian Peninsula]], former [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] [[Hispania]]) and the [[Gallia Narbonensis|Narbonnese Gaul]]. While the Muslim-Arab elite engaged in conquest, some devout Muslims&lt;!--The Islamic term is Zahid and there may be a better translation for it.--&gt; began to question the piety of indulgence in a worldly life, emphasizing rather poverty, humility and avoidance of sin based on renunciation of bodily desires. Devout Muslim ascetic exemplars such as [[Hasan al-Basri]] would inspire a movement that would evolve into [[Sufism]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۹۰٬۹۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sufism | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۳}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the Umayyad aristocracy, Islam was viewed as a religion for Arabs only;&lt;ref&gt;Hawting (۲۰۰۰), p.۴&lt;/ref&gt; the economy of the Umayyad empire was based on the assumption that a majority of non-Muslims ([[Dhimmis]]) would pay taxes to the minority of Muslim Arabs. A non-Arab who wanted to convert to Islam was supposed to first become a client of an Arab tribe. Even after conversion, these new Muslims (''[[mawali]]'') did not achieve social and economic equality with the Arabs. The descendants of Muhammad's uncle [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] rallied discontented ''mawali'', poor Arabs, and some Shi'a against the Umayyads and overthrew them with the help of their propagandist and general [[Abu Muslim]], inaugurating the [[Abbasid|Abbasid dynasty]] in ۷۵۰.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۶; Lewis (۱۹۹۳), pp. ۷۱–۸۳&lt;/ref&gt; Under the Abbasids, Islamic civilization flourished in the &quot;[[Islamic Golden Age]]&quot;, with its capital at the cosmopolitan city of Baghdad.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), pp.۸۰٬۹۲٬۱۰۵
* Holt (۱۹۷۷b), pp.۶۶۱–۶۶۳
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۶
* Lewis (۱۹۹۳), p.۸۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د اسلام زرين پېر (۷۵۰–۱۲۵۸) ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام زرين پېر}}

[[دوتنه:Battle of Cresson.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Artistic depiction of the Battle of Hattin in 1187, where Jerusalem was recaptured by Saladin's Ayyubid forces]]

By the late ۹th century, the Abbasid caliphate began to fracture as various regions gained increasing levels of autonomy. Across North Africa, Persia, and Central Asia [[emirates]] formed as provinces broke away. The monolithic Arab empire gave way to a more religiously homogenized [[Muslim world]] where the Shia [[Fatimid]]s contested even the religious authority of the caliphate. By ۱۰۵۵ the [[Seljuq Turks]] had eliminated the Abbasids as a military power, nevertheless they continued to respect the caliph's titular authority.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۱۰۳–۱۴۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Abbasid Dynasty | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this time expansion of the Muslim world continued, by both conquest and peaceful [[Dawah|proselytism]] even as both Islam and Muslim trade networks were extending into sub-Saharan [[West Africa]], [[Central Asia]], [[Volga Bulgaria]] and the [[Malay archipelago]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Islam&quot;/&gt;

The Golden Age saw new legal, philosophical, and religious developments. The [[Six major Hadith collections|major hadith collections]] were compiled and the four modern Sunni [[Madh'hab]]s were established. Islamic law was advanced greatly by the efforts of the early ۹th century jurist [[al-Shafi'i]]; he codified a method to establish the reliability of hadith, a topic which had been a locus of dispute among Islamic scholars.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۸۶&lt;/ref&gt; Philosophers [[Ibn Sina]] (Avicenna) and [[Al-Farabi]] sought to incorporate Greek principles into Islamic theology, while others like the ۱۱th century theologian [[Abu Hamid al-Ghazzali]] argued against them and ultimately prevailed.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۱۶۰
* Waines (۲۰۰۳) p.۱۲۶٬۱۲۷&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, Sufism and Shi'ism both underwent major changes in the ۹th century. [[Sufism]] became a full-fledged movement that had moved towards mysticism and away from its ascetic roots, while Shi'ism split due to disagreements over the succession of Imams.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۴۴–۴۵
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۹۰–۹۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sufism | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The spread of the Islamic dominion induced hostility among [[Middle ages|medieval]] [[ecclesiastical]] Christian authors who saw Islam as an adversary in the light of the large numbers of new Muslim converts. This opposition resulted in polemical treatises which depicted Islam as the religion of the [[antichrist]] and of Muslims as libidinous and subhuman.&lt;ref&gt;Tolan (۲۰۰۲) xv, xvi, ۴۱&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Middle Ages|medieval period]], a few Arab philosophers like the poet [[Al-Ma'arri]] adopted a critical approach to Islam, and the Jewish philosopher [[Maimonides]] contrasted Islamic views of morality to Jewish views that he himself elaborated.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Novak (February ۱۹۹۹)
* Sahas (۱۹۹۷), pp.۷۶–۸۰&lt;/ref&gt;

Starting in the ۹th century, Muslim conquests in Christian Europe began to be reversed. The [[Reconquista]] was launched against Muslim [[Taifa|principalities]] in [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], and Muslim [[History of Islam in southern Italy|Italian possessions]] were lost to the [[Normans]]. From the ۱۱th century onwards a series of wars known as the [[Crusade]]s brought the Muslim world into conflict with [[Christendom]]. Successful at first in their capturing of the [[Holy Land (Biblical)|Holy land]] which resulted in the establishment of the [[Crusader states]], Crusader gains in the Holy Land were reversed by later Muslim generals such as [[Saladin]], who recaptured [[Jerusalem]] during the [[Second Crusade]].&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۸۸–۲۹۰٬۳۱۰&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Mongol Empire]] put an end to the Abbasid dynasty at the [[Battle of Baghdad (۱۲۵۸)|Battle of Baghdad in ۱۲۵۸]], which saw the Muslims overrun by the superior Mongol army. Meanwhile in Egypt, the slave-soldier [[Mamluk]]s took control in an uprising in ۱۲۵۰.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۹۲
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic World | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د عثمانيه سلطنت او په هند کې اسلامي رياست (۱۲۵۸–۱۹۱۸) ===

The Seljuk Turks fell apart rapidly in the second half of the ۱۳th century. In the ۱۳th and ۱۴th centuries the [[Ottoman empire]] (named after [[Osman I]]) was established with a string of conquests that included the [[Balkans]], parts of [[Greece]], and western [[Anatolia]]. In ۱۴۵۳ under [[Mehmed II]] the Ottomans laid siege to [[Constantinople]], the capital of Byzantium. The Byzantine fortress [[Fall of Constantinople|succumbed]] shortly thereafter, having been battered by superior Ottoman [[cannon]]ry.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۲۶۳
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۵۰
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Istanbul | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Beginning in the ۱۳th century, Sufism underwent a transformation, largely as a result of the efforts of [[al-Ghazzali]] to legitimize and reorganize the movement. He developed the model of the Sufi order—a community of spiritual teachers and students.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۰۴٬۱۰۵&lt;/ref&gt; Also of importance to Sufism was the creation of the [[Masnavi]], a collection of mystical poetry by the ۱۳th century [[Persian language|Persian]] poet [[Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi|Rumi]]. The Masnavi had a profound influence on the development of Sufi religious thought; to many Sufis it is second in importance only to the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic Art | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[دوتنه:TajMahalbyAmalMongia.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[Taj Mahal]] is a [[mausoleum]] located in [[Agra]], [[India]], that was built under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۶۵&lt;/ref&gt;]]

In the early ۱۶th century, the Shi'ite [[Safavid dynasty]] assumed control in Persia and established Shi'a Islam as an official religion there, and despite periodic setbacks, the Safavids remained powerful for two centuries. Meanwhile, Mamluk Egypt fell to the Ottomans in ۱۵۱۷, who then launched a European campaign which reached as far as [[Siege of Vienna|the gates of Vienna]] in ۱۵۲۹.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۱۹۸٬۲۳۴٬۲۴۴٬۲۴۵٬۲۵۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many [[Islamic empires in India|Islamic dynasties]] ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent starting from the twelfth century. The prominent ones include the [[Delhi Sultanate]] (۱۲۰۶–۱۵۲۶) and the [[Mughal empire]] (۱۵۲۶–۱۸۵۷). These empires helped in the spread of Islam in [[South Asia]]. but by the mid-۱۸th century the [[British empire]] had ended the Mughal dynasty.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۳۵۸٬۳۷۸–۳۸۰٬۶۲۴&lt;/ref&gt; In the ۱۸th century the [[Wahhabi]] movement took hold in Saudi Arabia. Founded by the preacher [[Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab|Ibn Abd al-Wahhab]], Wahhabism is a fundamentalist ideology that condemns practices like Sufism and the veneration of saints as un-Islamic.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۷۲
* Watt (۱۹۷۳), p.۱۸: Wahhabism should not be confused with the early Kharijite sect of Wahabiyya, which was named after Abd-Allah ibn-Wahb ar-Rasibi, who opposed Ali at Nahrawan.&lt;/ref&gt;

By the ۱۷th and ۱۸th centuries, despite attempts at modernization, the Ottoman empire had begun to feel threatened by European economic and military advantages. In the ۱۹th century, the [[Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire|rise of nationalism]] resulted in Greece declaring and winning independence in ۱۸۲۹, with several Balkan states following suit after the Ottomans suffered defeat in the [[Russo-Turkish War (۱۸۷۷–۱۸۷۸)|Russo-Turkish War of ۱۸۷۷–۱۸۷۸]]. The Ottoman era came to a close at the end of [[World War I]].&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۳۸۰٬۴۸۹–۴۹۳&lt;/ref&gt;

=== نوی پېر (۱۹۱۸–اوسمهال) ===
After [[World War I]] losses, the remnants of the empire were parceled out as European [[protectorate]]s or [[sphere of influence|spheres of influence]]. Since then most Muslim societies have become independent nations, and new issues such as oil wealth and relations with the State of [[Israel]] have assumed prominence.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۸۱–۲۸۲٬۳۸۰٬۴۸۹–۴۹۳٬۵۵۶٬۵۷۸٬۸۲۳٬۸۳۵&lt;/ref&gt;

The ۲۰th century saw the creation of many new Islamic &quot;revivalist&quot; movements. Groups such as the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in Egypt and [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] in Pakistan advocate a totalistic and theocratic alternative to secular political ideologies. Sometimes called [[Islamist]], they see Western cultural values as a threat, and promote Islam as a comprehensive solution to every public and private question of importance. In countries like Iran and Afghanistan (under the [[Taliban]]), revolutionary movements replaced [[Secularism|secular]] regimes with Islamist states, while transnational groups like [[Osama bin Laden]]'s [[al-Qaeda]] engage in [[Islamist terrorism|terrorism]] to further their goals. In contrast, [[Liberal Islam]] is a movement that attempts to reconcile religious tradition with modern norms of secular governance and [[human rights]]. Its supporters say that there are multiple ways to read Islam's sacred texts, and stress the need to leave room for &quot;independent thought on religious matters&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۱۸٬۱۱۹٬۱۷۹
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۸۲۳–۸۳۰&lt;/ref&gt;

In modern times Islam has come under [[Criticism of Islam|criticism]] from idealogues such as [[Robert Spencer]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last=Bostom | first=Andrew | title=Islamic Apostates' Tales—A Review of ''Leaving Islam'' by Ibn Warraq | date=July ۲۱, ۲۰۰۳ | publisher=FrontPageMagazine.com | work=FrontPage Magazine | url=http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=9000 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Ibn Warraq]],&lt;ref&gt;Rippin (۲۰۰۱), p.۲۸۸&lt;/ref&gt; who criticize Islamic law and question the morality of the Qur'an; for example, they say that its contents justify mistreatment of women and encourage [[anti-Semitism|antisemitic]] remarks by Muslim theologians;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | publisher=NYRB | work=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=۱۰-۰۵-۲۰۰۶ | title=Islam in Europe | author=Timothy Garton Ash | url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/19371}}&lt;/ref&gt; such claims are disputed by Muslim scholars.&lt;ref&gt;For example, see:
* [[Ahmed Deedat]], in Westerlund (۲۰۰۳);
* [[Syed Ameer Ali]], in ''The Spirit of Islam'' (۱۸۴۹–۱۹۲۸). It is described by [[David Samuel Margoliouth]] (۱۹۰۵) as &quot;probably the best achievement in the way of an apology for Mohammed&quot;.  See Margoliouth, preface ''Mohammed and the Rise of Islam'';
* [[Yusuf Estes]], in {{cite news | publisher=Advance, [[University of Connecticut]] | date=۱۱-۱۷-۲۰۰۳ | title=Ramadan Awareness Event Designed To Debunk Negative Images | author=Elizabeth Omara-Otunnu | url=http://advance.uconn.edu/2003/031117/03111715.htm | access-date=2007-11-24 | archive-date=2014-04-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401005128/http://advance.uconn.edu/2003/031117/03111715.htm | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Montgomery Watt]], Norman Daniel, and [[Edward Said]] dismiss many of the criticisms as the product of old myths and medieval European polemics.&lt;ref&gt;
* Seibert (۱۹۹۴), pp.۸۸–۸۹
* Watt (۱۹۷۴), p.۲۳۱&lt;/ref&gt; The rise of [[Islamophobia]], according to [[Carl Ernst]], had contributed to the negative views about Islam and Muslims in the West.&lt;ref&gt;Ernst (۲۰۰۴), p.۱۱&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلامي ټولنه ==
{{آرنی|اسلامي نړۍ}}

[[دوتنه:Islam percentage by country.png|کيڼ|290px|بټنوک|د هېوادونو له مخې د مسلمانانو د شمېر سلنه]]

=== وگړپوهنه ===
{{دا هم  وگورۍ|د مسلمانانو د شمېر له مخې د هېوادونو لړليک|د اسلام ډيموگرافي}}

Commonly cited estimates of the Muslim population in ۲۰۰۷ range from ۱٫۱&amp;nbsp;billion to ۱٫۸&amp;nbsp;billion. Approximately ۸۵٪ are [[Sunni]] and ۱۵٪ are [[Shi'a]], with a small minority belonging to other sects. Some ۳۰–۴۰ countries are Muslim-majority, and Arabs account for around ۲۰٪ of all Muslims worldwide.  [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]] contain the most populous Muslim countries, with [[Indonesia]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Bangladesh]] having more than ۱۰۰&amp;nbsp;million adherents each.&lt;ref name=Islam_by_country&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/rel_isl_num_of_mus-religion-islam-number-of-muslim
|title=Number of Muslim by country
|publisher=nationmaster.com
|accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۳۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to U.S. government figures, in ۲۰۰۶ there were ۲۰&amp;nbsp;million Muslims in [[China]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm
|title=International Religious Freedom Report ۲۰۰۶—China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)
|year=۲۰۰۶
|publisher=U.S. department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
|accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۳۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Middle East]], the non-Arab countries of [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]] are the largest Muslim-majority countries; in [[Africa]], [[Egypt]] and [[Nigeria]] have the most populous Muslim communities.&lt;ref name=Islam_by_country/&gt; Islam is the second largest religion after [[Christianity]] in many [[Europe]]an countries.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴) pp.۲٬۴۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic World | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | title=Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents | publisher=Adherents.com | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۱-۰۹ | تاريخ الأرشيف=2010-01-29 | مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | url-status=dead | خونديځ نېټه=2007-07-07 | خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html }}
* {{cite web | title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4385768.stm | publisher=BBC | work=BBC News | date=[[۲۰۰۵-۱۲-۲۳]] | accessdate=۲۰۰۶-۰۹-۲۸ }}
* {{cite web | title=Religion In Britain | url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 | publisher=Office for National Statistics | work=National Statistics | date=[[۲۰۰۳-۰۲-۱۳]] | accessdate=۲۰۰۶-۰۸-۲۷ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جومات ===
{{آرنی|جومات}}
جومات د مسلمانانو لپاره د عبادت ځای دی، چې په عربي کې ورته ''مسجد'' وایي که څه هم په  جوماتو  کې اصلي موخه د لمونځونو ادا کول دی، خو مسلمانو ته جومات د یو بل د لیدلو او زده کړو لپاره هم ډیر مهم دی. اوسني پرمختللي جوماتونه تر ډیرې کچې پورې د ۷ مې پیړۍ د جوماتو په شان پراخ شوي او د ډیرو بیلابیلو څیزونو او معمامري عناصرو درلودونکي دی لکه منار.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Masdjid | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author= J. Pedersen | coauthors=R. Hillenbrand, J. Burton-Page, et al. | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Mosque | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== کورنيز ژوند ===
{{دا-هم-وگورۍ|ښځه په اسلام کې}}
The basic unit of Islamic society is the [[family]], and Islam defines the obligations and legal rights of family members. The father is seen as financially responsible for his family, and is obliged to cater for their well-being. The division of [[inheritance]] is specified in the Qur'an, which states that most of it is to pass to the immediate family, while a portion is set aside for the payment of debts and the making of bequests. The woman's share of inheritance is generally half of that of a man with the same rights of succession.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;al-Mar'a&quot;. ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Marriage in Islam]] is a civil [[nikah|contract]] which consists of an offer and acceptance between two qualified parties in the presence of two witnesses. The groom is required to pay a [[dowry]] (''[[mahr]]'') to the bride, as stipulated in the contract.&lt;ref&gt;
* Waines (۲۰۰۳) pp. ۹۳–۹۶
* The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (۲۰۰۳), p.۳۳۹
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸) p. ۷۹&lt;/ref&gt;

A man may marry up to four wives if he believes he can treat them equally, while a woman may marry one man only. In most Muslim countries, the process of divorce in Islam is known as ''[[Talaq (Nikah)|talaq]]'', which the husband initiates by pronouncing the word &quot;divorce&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;*&quot;Talak&quot;. ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; Scholars disagree whether Islamic holy texts justify traditional Islamic practices such as [[hijab|veiling]] and seclusion ([[purdah]]). Starting in the ۲۰th century, Muslim social reformers argued against these and other practices such as [[Polygamy in Islam|polygamy]], with varying success. At the same time, many Muslim women have attempted to reconcile tradition with modernity by combining an active life with outward modesty. [[Islamist]] groups and regimes like the [[Taliban]] mostly seek to continue traditional law as applied to women.&lt;ref&gt;
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۹۵٬۹۶٬۲۳۵–۲۴۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Marriage and Divorce | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an | author=Harald Motzki | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۵}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Marriage Practices | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women &amp; Islamic Cultures | author=Lori Peek | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۵}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلامي کليز ===
{{آرنی|اسلامي کليز}}

اسلامي کاليز د مکې نه مدينې ته د هجرت د وخت نه پيلېږي او هماغه کال د هجرت لومړی کال بلل کېږي چې د زېږيز کال ۶۲۲ سره سمون خوري. د اسلامي کاليز ته سپوږميزه کاليزه هم وايي او دا ځکه چې د دې کال مياشتې د سپوږمۍ د حرکت پر بنسټ ټاکل شوي،  but differs from other such calendars (e.g. the [[Celtic calendar]]) in that it omits [[intercalary month]]s, being synchronized only with [[lunation]]s, but not with the [[solar year]], resulting in years of either ۳۵۴ or ۳۵۵ days. This omission was introduced by Muhammad because the right to announce intercalary months had led to political power struggles.{{citation needed}} Therefore, Islamic dates cannot be converted to the usual CE/AD dates simply by adding ۶۲۲ years. Islamic holy days fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in different seasons in different years in the [[Gregorian calendar]].

The formal beginning of the Muslim era was chosen to be the [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]] in ۶۲۲CE, which was an important turning point in Muhammad's fortunes. The assignment of this year as the year ۱ AH (''Anno Hegirae'') in the Islamic calendar was reportedly made by [[Umar|Caliph Umar]]. It is a [[lunar calendar]], with nineteen ordinary years of ۳۵۴ days and eleven leap years of ۳۵۵ days in a thirty-year cycle. Islamic dates cannot be converted to CE/AD dates simply by adding ۶۲۲ years: allowance must also be made for the fact that each Hijri century corresponds to only ۹۷ years in the Christian calendar.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Adil (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۸۸
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۶۷
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tarikh̲ | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=B. van Dalen | coauthors=R. S. Humphreys, Manuela Marín, et al. | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
The year ۱۴۲۸AH coincides almost completely with ۲۰۰۷CE.

Islamic [[Holiday|holy days]] fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in [[Different Seasons|different seasons]] in different years in the [[Gregorian calendar]]. The most important Islamic festivals are ''[[Eid al-Fitr]]'' (Arabic: عيد الفطر) on the ۱&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; of ''[[Shawwal]]'', marking the end of the fasting month ''[[Ramadan]]'', and ''[[Eid al-Adha]]'' (Arabic: عيد الأضحى) on the ۱۰&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; of ''[[Dhu al-Hijjah]]'', coinciding with the pilgrimage to Mecca.&lt;ref&gt;Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/janisla2y2.html Customs and Behavioral Laws]&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلام او نور دينونه ==
==== هغه مذهبونه چې د اسلام پر بنسټ جوړ شوي ====
{{آرنی|اسلام او نور دينونه}}

دا لانديني مذهبونو لارويان ځانونه مسلمانان بولي، خو د ډېرو مسلمانانو او مسلمانو چارواکو لخوا دوی مسلمانان نه بلل کېږي:
* [[د اسلام ملت]] (په امريکا کې بنسټ شوې مذهبي ډله)
* [[ذکري]]ان
* د [[احمديت]] تحريک (دې ډلې ته [[قاديانيت]] هم وايي)
* د [[الاحبش]] ډله (چې د حبشيانو په نامه هم يادېږي/ AICP)

د لاندې مذهبونو لارويان ځانونه مسلمانان بولي خو د دوی د اسلاميت په منلو کې د ډېرو مسلمانانو اختلافونه شته چې ځينې يې دوی مسلمانان او ځينې يې مسلمانان نه گڼي:
* [[دروز]]
* [[علوي]]ان (النُصيرية)

The following religions are said by some to have evolved or borrowed from Islam, in almost all cases influenced by traditional beliefs in the regions where they emerged, but consider themselves independent religions with distinct laws and institutions:
* [[يزيدي]]
* [[بابيس|بابيزم]] (چې اوس د [[بياني]]انو په نامه يادېږي)
* [[بهايي]]

The claim of the adherents of the Bahá'í Faith that it represents an independent religion was upheld by the Muslim ecclesiastical courts in Egypt during the ۱۹۲۰s. As of January [[۱۹۲۶]], their final ruling on the matter of the origins of the Bahá'í Faith and its relationship to Islam was that the Bahá'í Faith was neither a sect of Islam, nor a religion based on Islam, but a clearly defined, independently founded faith. This was seen as a considerate act on the part of the ecclesiastical court and in favor of followers of Bahá'í Faith since the majority of Muslims regard a ''religion based on Islam'' as a heresy.

Some see [[Sikhism]] as a [[syncretism|syncretic]] mix of Islam and [[Hinduism]], although it is often considered a [[Dharma|Dharmic]] faith rather than an Islamic or [[Abrahamic]] one. It arose in the context of the interaction between [[Hindu]] and Muslim communities in [[North India]].

The following religions might have been said to have evolved from Islam, but are not considered part of Islam, and no longer exist:
* The religion of the medieval [[Berghouata]]
* The religion of [[Ha-Mim]]

The Qur'an contains injunctions to respect other religions. It also asks the followers to fight and subdue unbelievers in times of war and &quot;evict them whence they evicted you&quot; (Al-Qur'an ۲:۱۹۱). Some Muslims have respected Jews and Christians as fellow &quot;peoples of the book&quot; (monotheists following [[Abrahamic religions]]), while others have reviled them as having abandoned monotheism and corrupted their scriptures. At different times and places, Islamic communities have been both intolerant and tolerant.

The classical Islamic solution was a limited tolerance — Jews and Christians were to be allowed to privately practice their faith and follow their own family law. They were called [[Dhimmis]], and they had fewer though similar legal rights and obligations than Muslims.

The classic Islamic state was often more tolerant than many other states of the time, which insisted on complete conformity to a state religion. The record of contemporary Muslim-majority states is mixed. Some are generally regarded as tolerant, while others have been accused of intolerance and human rights violations. See the main article, [[Islam and other religions]], for further discussion.

{{آرنی|اسلام او نور مذهبونه}}

[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 1.JPG|thumb|220px|left|A view of the [[Dome of the Rock]] on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]], a holy site in both Islam and [[Judaism]] that has been a source of controversy]]
[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Al-Aqsa Mosque BW 2010-09-21 06-38-12.JPG|thumb|left|220px|د [[الاقصا مسجد]] ديني جلوس. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) د همدغه ځای نه د معراج په سفر اسمان ته وخاته.]]

According to Islamic doctrine, Islam was the primordial religion of mankind, professed by [[Adam]].&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), pp. ۱۴–۱۶&lt;/ref&gt; At some point, a religious split occurred, and God began sending prophets to bring his revelations to the people.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), pp. ۱۸–۱۹&lt;/ref&gt; In this view, [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Nevi'im|Hebrew prophets]], and [[Jesus]] were all [[prophets of Islam]], but their message and the texts of the [[Torah]] and the [[Gospels]] were [[tahrif|corrupted]] by [[Jew]]s and Christians. Similarly, children of non-Muslim families are  born Muslims, but are converted to another faith by their parents.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۱۸&lt;/ref&gt; The idea of Islamic supremacy is encapsulated in the formula &quot;Islam is exalted and nothing is exalted above it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۵&lt;/ref&gt; Pursuant to this principle, Muslim women may not marry non-Muslim men, defamation of Islam is prohibited, and the testimony of a non-Muslim is inadmissible against a Muslim.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۵;
* Lewis (۱۹۸۴), p. ۳۹&lt;/ref&gt;

Islamic law divides non-Muslims into several categories, depending on their relation with the Islamic state. Christians and Jews who live under Islamic rule are known as ''[[dhimmis]]''. Dhimmis must pay tribute (''[[jizya]]'') to the Islamic state, and as such are considered &quot;protected peoples.&quot; Historically, dhimmis enjoyed a measure of communal autonomy under their own religious leaders, but were subject to legal, social and religious restrictions as well as humiliating regulations meant to highlight the inferiority of non-Muslim subjects.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lewis (۱۹۸۴), pp.۹, ۲۷, ۳۶;
* Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۷;&lt;/ref&gt; The status was extended to Zoroastrians and sometimes to polytheists (such as [[Hindu]]s), but not to [[atheist]]s or [[agnostic]]s.&lt;ref&gt;Lewis (۲۰۰۱), p.۲۷۳&lt;/ref&gt; Those who live in non-Muslim lands (''[[dar al-harb]]'') are known as ''[[harbi]]s'', and upon entering into an alliance with the Muslim state become known as ''ahl al-ahd''. Those who receive a guarantee of safety while residing temporarily in Muslim lands are known as ''ahl al-amān''. Their legal position is similar to that of the dhimmi except that they are not required to pay the jizya. The people of armistice (''ahl al-hudna'') are those who live outside of Muslim territory and agree to refrain from attacking the Muslims.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۵۵&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Aman&quot;, ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; [[apostasy in Islam|Apostasy]] is prohibited, and is punishable by death.&lt;ref&gt;A woman who apostasizes is to be executed according to some jurists, or imprisoned according to others.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Murtadd&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt;

== دا هم وگورئ ==
{{Col-begin|width=}}

{{Col-1-of-2}}
* [[اسلامي هنر]]
* [[اسلامي وټه]]
* [[اسلامي اخلاق]]
* [[اسلامي ادبيات]]
* [[اسلامي زده کړې]]
* [[اسلام او نوښت]]
* [[اسلاميزم]]
* [[د مسلمانانو لړليک]]
{{Col-2-of-2}}
* [[د اسلامي امپراتورانو لړليک]]
* [[د هغه نامتو کسانو لړليک چې اسلام ته وراوښتي]]
* [[د پخوانيو نامتو مسلمانانو لړليک]]
* [[په اسلامي نړۍ کې د جگړو لړليک]]
* [[د اسلامي تاریخ وختلیکه]]
* [[په اسلام کې د ماشومانو حقونه]]
* [[په اسلام کې د بنديانو حقونه]]

{{Col-end}}

== يادښتونه ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== سرچينې ==
;کتابونه او خپرونې
{{Reflist|2}}
* {{cite journal | last=Accad | first=Martin | title=The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries: An Exegetical Inventorial Table (Part I) | journal=Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations | volume=۱۴ | issue=۱ |date=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISSN ۰۹۵۹-۶۴۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Adil | first=Hajjah Amina | coauthors=Shaykh Nazim Adil Al-Haqqani, Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani | title=Muhammad: The Messenger of Islam | publisher=Islamic Supreme Council of America | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۹۳۰۴۰۹۱۱۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Ahmed | first=Akbar | title=Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World | publisher=I. B. Tauris | edition=۲٫۰۰ | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۸۶۰۶۴۲۵۷۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Brockopp | first=Jonathan E. | title=Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia | publisher=University of South Carolina press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۱۵۷۰۰۳۴۷۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Cohen-Mor | first=Dalya | title=A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۳۳۹۸۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Curtis | first=Patricia A. | year=۲۰۰۵ | title=A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations | publisher=Blackwell Publishing Professional | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۸۱۹۴۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Eglash | first=Ron | year=۱۹۹۹ | title=African Fractals: Modern Computing and Indigenous Design | publisher=Rutgers University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۸۱۳۵-۲۶۱۴-۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Ernst | first=Carl | authorlink=Carl Ernst | year=۲۰۰۴ | title = Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World | publisher=University of North Carolina Press | id=ISBN ۰-۸۰۷۸-۵۵۷۷-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | coauthors=John Obert Voll | title=Islam and Democracy | year=۱۹۹۶ | | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۰۸۱۶-۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito  | first=John  | authorlink=John Esposito  | title=Islam: The Straight Path | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۸ | edition=۳rd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۱۲۳۴۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | coauthors=Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad | title=Muslims on the Americanization Path? | year=۲۰۰۰a | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۳۵۲۶-۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۰b | title=Oxford History of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۰۷۹۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۲a | title=Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۶۸۸۶۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۲b | title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۵۷۱۳-۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | title=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۲۵۵۸-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito  | first=John  | authorlink=John Esposito  | title=Islam: The Straight Path | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۴ | edition=۳rd Rev Upd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۸۲۶۶۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Farah | first=Caesar | authorlink=Caesar E. Farah | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year=۱۹۹۴ | edition=۵th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۰۱۸۵۳۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Farah | first=Caesar | authorlink=Caesar E. Farah | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year=۲۰۰۳ | edition=۷th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۶۴۱۲۲۲۶۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Firestone | first=Reuven | title=Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam | publisher= Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹-۵۱۲۵۸۰۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Friedmann | first=Yohanan | authorlink=Yohanan Friedmann | title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition | publisher= Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۵۲۱۰۲۶۹۹۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Ghamidi | first=Javed | authorlink=Javed Ahmed Ghamidi | title=[[Mizan]] | publisher=[[Al-Mawrid|Dar al-Ishraq]] | year=۲۰۰۱ | id={{OCLC|۵۲۹۰۱۶۹۰}}}}
* {{cite book | last=Goldschmidt, Jr. | first=Arthur | coauthors=Lawrence Davidson | title=A Concise History of the Middle East | publisher=Westview Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۸th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۳۴۲۷۵۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Griffith | first=Ruth Marie | coauthors=Barbara Dianne Savage | title=Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۸۰۱۸۸۳۷۰۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Hawting| first=G. R. | authorlink= G.R. Hawting | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD ۶۶۱–۷۵۰ | publisher=Routledge | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۴۰۷۳۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Hedayetullah | first=Muhammad | title=Dynamics of Islam: An Exposition | publisher=Trafford Publishing | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۵۳۶۹۸۴۲۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Holt | first=P. M. |  coauthors=[[Bernard Lewis]] | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. ۱ | year=۱۹۷۷a | publisher=Cambridge University Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۲۹۱۳۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Holt | first=P. M. | coauthors=Ann K. S. Lambton, [[Bernard Lewis]] | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. ۲ | year=۱۹۷۷b | publisher=Cambridge University Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۲۹۱۳۷۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Hourani | first=Albert | authorlink=Albert Hourani | coauthor=[[Malise Ruthven|Ruthven, Malise]] | title=A History of the Arab Peoples | year=۲۰۰۳ | publisher=Belknap Press; Revised edition | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۷۴۰۱۰۱۷۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Humphreys | first=Stephen | title=Between Memory and Desire | year=۲۰۰۵ | publisher=University of California Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲-۰۲۴۶۹۱۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Kobeisy | first=Ahmed Nezar | title=Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People | publisher=Praeger Publishers | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۳۱۳۳۲۴۷۲۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Koprulu | first=Mehmed Fuad | coauthors=Leiser, Gary | title=The Origins of the Ottoman Empire | publisher=SUNY Press | year=۱۹۹۲ | id=ISBN ۰۷۹۱۴۰۸۱۹۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Kramer | first=Martin | title=Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution | publisher=Westview Press | year=۱۹۸۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۳۰۴۵۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Kugle | first=Scott Alan | title=Rebel Between Spirit And Law: Ahmad Zarruq, Sainthood, And Authority in Islam | publisher=Indiana University Press| year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۲۵۳۳۴۷۱۱۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Lapidus| first=Ira | title=A History of Islamic Societies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۲ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۵۲۱۷۷۹۳۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Jews of Islam | publisher=Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul | year=۱۹۸۴ | id=ISBN ۰-۷۱۰۲-۰۴۶۲-۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Arabs in History | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹۲۸-۵۲۵۸-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Middle East | publisher=Scribner | year=۱۹۹۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۸۴۸۳۲۸۰۷}} 
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | edition=۲nd | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۶۹۵۱۸۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East | publisher=Harper Perennial | edition=Reprint | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۶۰۵۱۶۰۵۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror | publisher=Random House, Inc., New York | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۹۶۷۸۵۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Madelung | first=Wilferd | authorlink=Wilferd Madelung | title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۶۴۶۹۶۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Malik| first=Jamal| coauthors=John R Hinnells, Inc NetLibrary | title=Sufism in the West | publisher= Routledge | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۷۴۰۸۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Menski | first=Werner F. | title=Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۸۵۸۵۹۳}}
* {{cite journal | last=Mohammad | first=Noor | title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction | journal=Journal of Law and Religion | volume=۳ | issue=۲ |date=۱۹۸۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Momen | first=Moojan | title=An Introduction to Shi`i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi`ism | publisher=Yale University Press | year=۱۹۸۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۳۰۰۰۳۵۳۱۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Nasr | first=Seyed Muhammad | title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter ۷) | publisher=HarperCollins | year=۱۹۹۴| id=ISBN ۰-۰۶۰۶۷-۷۰۰-۷}}
* {{cite journal | last=Novak | first=David | title=The Mind of Maimonides | journal=[[First Things]] |date=February ۱۹۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Parrinder | first=Geoffrey | authorlink=Geoffrey Parrinder | title=World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present | publisher=Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited | year=۱۹۷۱ | id=ISBN ۰-۸۷۱۹۶-۱۲۹-۶}}
* {{cite journal | last=Patton | first=Walter M. | title=The Doctrine of Freedom in the Korân | journal=The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures |date=April ۱۹۰۰ | volume=۱۶ | issue=۳ | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۱۰۳۱۴۷}}
* {{cite journal | last=Peters | first=F. E. | authorlink=F. E. Peters | title=The Quest for Historical Muhammad | journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |date=۱۹۹۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Peters | first=F. E. | authorlink=F. E. Peters | title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۶۹۱-۱۱۵۵۳-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Peters | first=Rudolph | authorlink=Rudolph Peters | title=Jihad in Medieval and Modern Islam | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۷۷ | id = ISBN ۹۰-۰۴-۰۴۸۵۴-۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Rippin | first=Andrew | authorlink=Andrew Rippin | title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | publisher=Routledge | edition=۲nd | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۲۱۷۸۱۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Ruthven | first=Malise | title=Fundamentalism: The Search for Meaning | publisher= Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | id = ISBN ۰۱-۹۲-۸۰۶۰۶-۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Sahas | first=Daniel J. | title=John of Damascus on Islam: The Heresy of the Ishmaelites | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۹۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۰۰۴۰۳۴۹۵۲}}
* {{cite book | last=[[Abdulaziz Sachedina|Sachedina]] | first=Abdulaziz | title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence | publisher=Oxford University Press US | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۱۹۱۵۰}}
* {{cite journal | last=Seibert | first=Robert F. | title=Review: Islam and the West: The Making of an Image (Norman Daniel)| journal=Review of Religious Research |date=۱۹۹۴ | volume=۳۶ | issue=۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Sells | first=Michael Anthony | authorlink=Michael Anthony Sells | coauthors=Emran Qureshi  | title=The New Crusades: Constructing the Muslim Enemy | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰۲۳۱۱۲۶۶۷۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Smith | first=Jane I. | title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۵۶۴۹۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Spencer | first=Robert | title=The Myth of Islamic Tolerance: How Islamic Law Treats Non-Muslims | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۰۲۲۴۹۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Stillman | first=Norman | authorlink=Norman Stillman | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | location=Philadelphia | year=۱۹۷۹ | id=ISBN ۱-۸۲۷۶۰-۱۹۸-۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Tabatabae | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=Seyyed Hossein Nasr (translator) | authorlink=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Shi'ite Islam 
| publisher=Suny press| year=۱۹۷۹ | id=ISBN  ۰-۸۷۳۹۵-۲۷۲-۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Tabatabae | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=R. Campbell (translator) | authorlink=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Islamic teachings: An Overview and a Glance at the Life of the Holy Prophet of Islam | publisher=Green Gold | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۰-۹۲۲۸۱۷-۰۰-۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Teece | first=Geoff | title=Religion in Focus: Islam  | publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۴۹۶۴۷۹۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Tolan | first=John V. | title=Saracens: Islam in the Medieval European Imagination | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=۲۰۰۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Trimingham| first=John Spencer  | title=The Sufi Orders in Islam  | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۸| id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۲۰۵۸۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Tritton | first=Arthur S. | authorlink=Arthur Stanley Tritton| title=The Caliphs and their Non-Muslim Subjects: A Critical Study of the Covenant of Umar | publisher=Frank Cass Publisher | location=London | year=۱۹۷۰ |origyear = ۱۹۳۰ | id=ISBN ۰-۷۱۴۶-۱۹۹۶-۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Turner | first=Colin | title=Islam: the Basics  | publisher=Routledge (UK) | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۳۴۱۰۶X}}
* {{cite book | last=Turner | first=Bryan S. | title=Weber and Islam | publisher=Routledge (UK) | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۱۷۴۵۸۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Waines | first=David | title=An Introduction to Islam | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۵۳۹۰۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Warraq | first=Ibn | title=The Quest for Historical Muhammad | publisher=Prometheus | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۷۳۹۲۷۸۷۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Warraq | first=Ibn | title=Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out | publisher=Prometheus | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۱-۵۹۱۰۲-۰۶۸-۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | authorlink=William Montgomery Watt | title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought | publisher=University Press Edinburgh|  year=۱۹۷۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۸۵-۲۲۴۲۵۴-X}}
* {{cite book | last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | authorlink=William Montgomery Watt | title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman | publisher=Oxford University Press | edition=New | year=۱۹۷۴ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۸۸۱۰۷۸-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Weiss | first=Bernard G. | title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory | year=۲۰۰۲ | location=Boston | publisher=Brill Academic publishers | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۱۲۰۶۶۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Williams | first=John Alden | title=The Word of Islam | year=۱۹۹۴ | publisher=University of Texas Press | id=ISBN ۰-۲۹۲-۷۹۰۷۶-۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Williams | first=Mary E. | title=The Middle East | year=۲۰۰۰ | publisher=Greenhaven Pr | id=ISBN ۰۷۳۷۷۰۱۳۳۱}}

;Encyclopedias
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=William H. McNeill, Jerry H. Bentley, David Christian | encyclopedia=Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History | publisher=Berkshire Publishing Group | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۹۷۴۳۰۹۱۰۱}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Gabriel Oussani | encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]] | year=۱۹۱۰}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Paul Lagasse, Lora Goldman, Archie Hobson, Susan R. Norton | encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia | publisher=Gale Group | year=۲۰۰۰ | edition=۶th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۳۳۹۲۳۶۹}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online|Encyclopaedia Britannica Online]] | publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Erwin Fahlbusch, William Geoffrey Bromiley | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Eerdmans Publishing Company, and Brill| year=۲۰۰۱ | edition=۱st| id=ISBN ۰-۸۰۲۸-۲۴۱۴-۵}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=John Bowden | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۱st | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۲۲۳۹۳-۴}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=George Thomas Kurian, Graham T. T. Molitor | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Future | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۱۹۹۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۹۷۲۰۵۳}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | id=ISSN ۱۵۷۳-۳۹۱۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Richard C. Martin, Said Amir Arjomand, Marcia Hermansen, Abdulkader Tayob, Rochelle Davis, John Obert Voll | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۶۵۶۰۳۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Lindsay Jones | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۶۵۷۳۳۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Salamone Frank | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals | publisher=Routledge | edition=۱st | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۹۴۱۸۰۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Peter N. Stearns | edition=۶th | year=۲۰۰۰ | encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of World History Online | publisher=Bartleby}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=[[Josef W. Meri]] | encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia | publisher=[[Routledge]] | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱-۵۹۶۶۹۰۶}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=[[Wendy Doniger]] | encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions | publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۰۸۷-۷۷۹۰۴۴۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Glasse Cyril | encyclopedia=New Encyclopedia of Islam: A Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam | | publisher=AltaMira Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISSN ۹۷۸-۰۷۵۹۱۰۱۹۰۶}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Edward Craig | encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy | publisher=Routledge | year=۱۹۹۸ | edition=۱st| id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۰۷۳۱۰۳}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== نورې لوستنې ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* {{cite book | last=Arberry | first=A. J. | authorlink=A. J. Arberry | title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation | publisher=Touchstone | edition=۱st | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۸۴۸۲۵۰۷۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Hawting | first=Gerald R. | authorlink=Gerald R. Hawting | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyard Caliphate AD ۶۶۱–۷۵۰ | publisher=Routledge | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۴۰۷۲۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Khan | first=Muhammad Muhsin | authorlink=Muhammad Muhsin Khan | coauthors=Al-Hilali Khan, Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din | title=Noble Quran | year=۱۹۹۹ | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | edition=۱st | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۹۶۰۷۴۰۷۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Kramer (ed.) | first=Martin | authorlink=Martin Kramer | title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis | publisher=Syracuse University | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۶۵۲۲۴۰۴۰۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Kuban | first=Dogan | title=Muslim Religious Architecture | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۷۴ | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۰۳۸۱۳۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | year=۱۹۹۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۶۹۲۱۷۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam and the West | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۰۹۰۶۱۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۰۲۸۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Mubarkpuri | first=Saifur-Rahman | title=[[The Sealed Nectar]]: Biography of the Prophet | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۴۴۰۷۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Najeebabadi | first=Akbar Shah | title=History of Islam | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۴۴۰۳۴۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Nigosian | first=S. A. | title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=۲۰۰۴ | edition=New Edition | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۲۵۳۲۱۶۲۷۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Rahman | first=Fazlur | authorlink=Fazlur Rahman | title=Islam | publisher=University of Chicago Press | year=۱۹۷۹ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۰-۲۲۶-۷۰۲۸۱-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Walker | first=Benjamin | authorlink=Benjamin Walker | title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith | publisher=Peter Owen Publishers | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۲۰۶۱۰۳۸۳}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== باندنۍ تړنې ==

;اکاډميکې سرچينې
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* [http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/ د سويلي كاليفورنيا پوهنتون: د اسلامی لیکنو لندیز] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213011952/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/ |date=2007-12-13 }}
* [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/ د اسلام پوهنغونډ (د نړۍ د مذهبونو مخليدنه)]
* [http://arabworld.nitle.org/introduction.php?module_id=2 د اسلام اړونده څپرکی] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225105128/http://arabworld.nitle.org/introduction.php?module_id=2 |date=2008-02-25 }} د [[NITLE]] څخه د عربي فرهنگ او تمدن پرليکه سرچينې
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105852/Islam اسلام], ''د بريټانيکا پرليکه پوهنغونډ'' ليکنه

&lt;/div&gt;   
;ټولگې
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* اسلام په [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/euroislam.htmlلویدیزه اروپا], [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/UKIslam.html انگلستان ], [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/DIslam.html جرمنی] او [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/sasislam.html سویلی اسیا]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Islam_%28Bookshelf%29 Islam (Bookshelf)] at [[Project Gutenberg]]
;Islam - text, audio and video
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.ikre-bismi-rabbike.net/kuran.php Kur'an audio (recordings of many Qur'an recitals)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418011817/http://www.ikre-bismi-rabbike.net/kuran.php |date=2008-04-18 }}
* [http://www.guidedways.com/quranreciter/ Qur'an audio and reading material in numerous languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218182412/http://www.guidedways.com/quranreciter/ |date=2008-02-18 }}

&lt;/div&gt;
;اسلام او هنرونه
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/ پر اسلام د بي بي سي فوکس]
* [http://www.lacma.org/islamic_art/intro.htm Islamic Art at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308091248/http://www.lacma.org/islamic_art/intro.htm |date=2008-03-08 }}
* [http://www.muslimheritage.com/ Muslim Heritage] (Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation, UK)
* [http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/ Islamic Architecture (IAORG)] illustrated descriptions and reviews of a large number of mosques, palaces, and monuments.
&lt;/div&gt;

{{ اسلامي سرلیکونه}}

[[وېشنيزه:اسلام| ]]
[[وېشنيزه:توحید]]
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'''اسلام''' {{Ar|الإسلام}};''{{ArabDIN|}}'' ({{Audio|ar-al_islam.ogg|&lt;sup&gt;واوری!&lt;/sup&gt;}}، &quot;اطاعت&quot; (د [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;([[جل جلاله|ج]])&lt;/sup&gt; د رضا)) يو [[مونوتيزم|مونوتېسټېک]] (د يوه څښتن مننونکي) گروهې (عقيده) يا باور لرونکې دین دی. پخپله د اسلام وی د سولې، امن، سلامتۍ، روغې جوړې رامنځته کول دي. دا دین له درېیو [[ابراهيمي دين]]ونو  ([[یهوديت]]، [[عیسویت]]، اسلام) له ډلې څخه دی، چې د نړۍ په کچه دویم ستر [[مذهب]] گڼل کېږي. د اسلام د دين لارويانو ته '''[[مسلمانان]]''' وايي. مسلمانان پدې گروهه دي چې [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د انسانانو د لارښوونې لپاره وخت پر وخت، خپل استازي ([[پيغمبر|پيغمبران]]) رالېږلي، چې هریو خپله دنده د الهي اوامرو په رڼا کې په بشپړه توگه سرته رسولې.
د الهي استازو (پیغمرانو) وروستې استازې [[محمد]]&lt;sup&gt;([[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]])&lt;/sup&gt; دی.
[[دوتنه:Kaaba at night.jpg|thumb| [[کعبه شریفه]] چې په [[سعودي عربستان]] کی پرته ده دا د اسلام مرکز او د مسلمانانو [[قبله]] ده او دا هغه ځای دی کوم چې هر کال په زرگونه [[مسلمانان]] دلته د خدای د کور د زیارت لپاره راځې.]]
''اسلام'' &quot;تسليمۍ او غاړه اېښودنې ټه وایي&quot; يا په بله وينا ځان د الله تعالی رضا ته تسليمول. د اسلام د [[دين]] لاروي ته [[مسلمان]] ويل کېږي، مانا دا چې &quot;هغه څوک چې ځان يې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته سپارلی او د هغه د احکامو اطاعت کوي، مسلمان گڼل کېږي&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Islam&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lanes Lexicon&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume4/00000137.pdf|title=Lane's lexicon |accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۷-۰۳}}&lt;/ref&gt; په ټوله نړۍ کې د ۱٫۱&amp;nbsp;بيليون او ۱٫۸&amp;nbsp;بيليون ترمېنځ وگړي د اسلام د دين لارويان دي، چې په همدې توگه وروسته د [[عيسويت]] نه [[اسلام]] د نړۍ دویم ستر [[دين]] گڼل کېږي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |title=Major Religions of the World—Ranked by Number of Adherents |accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۷-۰۳ |format=HTML |work= |تاريخ الأرشيف=2010-01-29 |مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |url-status=dead |خونديځ نېټه=2007-07-07 |خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam }}&lt;/ref&gt;

مسلمانان په دې عقیده دي ې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; قرآن مجيد پر حضرت [[محمد]]&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; نازل کړی، او محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د الله تعالی وروستی پيغمبر دی. مسلمانان پدې عقيده هم دي چې قرآن مجيد او سُنت (د حضرت محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; خبرې او اعمال) د اسلام بنسټيزې سرچينې دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۱۹۹۶), p.۴۱
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/JulRefl2y6.html Sources of Islam]&lt;/ref&gt; مسلمانان په دې عقيده هم دي چې حضرت محمد مصطفیٰ&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د يوه نوي دين په توگه د اسلام د دين بنسټگر نه ؤ، خو همدا وروستی پيغمبر د اسلام د دين د گروهې آرنۍ لمانځونکی او پرځای کوونکی دی چې پر زمکه يې بنسټ [[آدم]]&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; ايښی چې بيا تر هغه وروسته حضرت ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; او د هغه نه پخوانيو او وروستنيو، د خدای&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ټولو پيغمبرانو يې د دغه دين او اصلي لارې بلنه ورکړې. مسلمانان دا عقيده لري چې په [[يهوديت]] او [[عيسويت]] کې د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغام چې د بېلابېلو انبياو لخوا پر دوی نازل شوي، هغه د دوی لخوا د وخت په تېرېدو سره تحريف شوي، او ناسمه ترجماني يې شوې، که هغه په ليکلې بڼه وي او که پرته د ليکلې بڼې وي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Distorted&quot;&gt;See:
* Accad (۲۰۰۳): According to Ibn Taymiya, although only some Muslims accept the textual veracity of the entire Bible, most Muslims will grant the veracity of most of it.
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸), pp.۶٬۱۲
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۴–۵
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tahrif | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=Hava Lazarus-Yafeh | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
د اسلام دين د گڼ شمېر اسلامي اعمالو يو غونډال دی. د دغه دين مننونکي بايد د اسلام د دين [[د پينځه ستنو]] مننونکي او پلي کونکي وي، د اسلام د دين پينځه ستنې له بېلابېلو فرايضو او دندو نه جوړ شوی او همدغه پينځه ستنې دي چې په يوې ټولنه کې مسلمانان سره متحده کوي.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۱۷&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلام د دين د پينځه ستنو سره سره، [[شريعت|اسلامي قانون]] (''شريعة'') د احکامونو يو دوديزه قضايي واک دی چې د مسلمانانو د ژوند او ټولنې هر اړخ يې اغېزمن کړی. په دې قانون کې هر څه رانغښتې دي، د عملي چارو نه نيولې لکه د خوراک، څښاک آن تر سوداگريزو او پانگه ايزو چارو او تر جگړايزو چارو پورې هر څه په دې قانون کې راغلي دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۱۱۱٬۱۱۲٬۱۱۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

نژدې ټول مسلمانان د اسلام په دوو لويو فريقو لکه سني او شيع پورې تړاو لري. د تشيع فرقه په ۷مه پېړۍ کې د مسلمانانو تر مېنځ د مذهبي او سياسي توپيرونو په پايله کې رامېنځ ته شوې. په اټکلي توگه ۸۵ په سلو کې مسلمانان د اهل سنت لارويان دي او ۱۵ په سلو کې د تشيع فرقې لارويان دي.په [[منځنی ختيځ]]، او همداراز د [[افريقا]] او [[آسيا]] په برخو کې د اسلام دين برلاسی دی. د دغه دين د مننونکو لويې ډلې په [[په چين کې د اسلام دين|چين]]، د بالکان هيوادونو په [[ختيځه اروپا]] او [[په روسيه کې د اسلام دين|روسيې]] کې شته. په لويديځه اروپا کې هم گڼ شمېر مسلمان مهاجرين مېشت دي او همدا راز په امريکا کې هم د مسلمانانو ټولنې شته. په سلو کې نژدې ۲۰٪ مسلمانان په عربو هېوادونو کې مېشت دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۲۱
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲٬۴۳&lt;/ref&gt;
{{اسلام}}

== آرپوهه ==
اسلام د عربي ژبې د درې تورو، {{ArabDIN|[[سين]]-[[لام]]-[[ميم]]}} ({{ar|'''س'''-'''ل'''-'''م'''}}) نه راوتلی. اسلام د همدغې ريښې يو تجريدي فعل دی چې مانا يې ده &quot;تسليم يا ځان سپارل، څان الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته سپارل، اطاعت کول او د سولې&quot; په مانا هم ده.

کله چې د پورتني ويي د ريښو په اړه په نورو ژبو کې څېړنه کوو، نو بيا په عبراني ژبه کې د پورتني وييکي ضمني ماناگانې هم راوځي. په عبراني ژبه کې د ''[[شلوم]]'' ويي، د (شين-لامد-ميم) نه خپلې ريښې اخلي ({{Ivrit|'''ש'''-'''ל'''-'''ם'''}}). په ډېرو [[سېمېټک ژبو]] کې د همدغه لغت ضمني ماناگانې شته، چې مانا يې بشپړکېدل، پوره کېدل، سر ته رسېدنه، ښه اوسېدنه، هوسا اوسېدنه، يو داسې اصطلاح چې په ژباړه کې اکثراً د سولې د وييکي مانا په ځان کې رانغاړي، ورکوي.

په قرآن کې هم د اسلام د لغت د مانا بېلابېل تعبيرونه راغلي. په ځينو ''[[ایت|آيتونو]]''، کې د اسلام کيفيت د يوې راسخې عقيدې په توگه تاکيد شوی: &quot;الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; که وغواړي چې د يو چا لارښونه وکړي، نو الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د هغه سينه د اسلام لپاره پراخه کوي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۶|۱۲۵|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۶۱|۷|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳۹|۲۲|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; نور آيتونه بيا ''اسلام'' او ''[[دين]]'' (اکثراً د &quot;مذهب&quot; په توگه ژباړل کېږي) د يو شي په توگه تعبيروي : &quot;نن، ما ستاسو دين ستاسو لپاره مکمل کړ؛ ما ستاسو لپاره خپل د برکتونو اچول مکمل کړل؛ ما ستاسو لپار د اسلام دين غوره کړ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۵|۳|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳|۱۹|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳|۸۳|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; ډېر نور خلک بيا اسلام داسې تعريفوي چې دا هغه دين دی چې انسان د همدې دين په مرسته بېرته الله تعالی ته ورستنېږي نسبت و دې ته چې د ايمان د اعمالو د تصديق په توگه وگڼلای شي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۹|۷۴|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۴۹|۱۴|style=ref}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هغه نور عربي وييونه چې د {{ar|'''س'''-'''ل'''-'''م'''}} نه راوتلي:

* [[سلام]], چې د &quot;سولې او سلامتۍ&quot; په مانا ده او د ورځيني روغبړ يوه اهمه کلمه ده, [[سلام عليکم|السلام عليکم]] (ته دې سلامت وې/سلامتي دې پر تا وي).
* السلام(سوله)د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د ۹۹ مبارکو نومونو نه يو نوم دی چې په [[قران]] کې هم راغلی.
* [[مسلمان]], د اسلام د دين مننونکي ته وايي او مانا يې ده هغه څوک چې ځان الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته تسليم کوي او يا د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; اطاعت کوي.
* سلامه, د &quot;سلامتي,&quot; په مانا ده چې د &quot;خدای پامانۍ&quot; په وخت کې وييل کېږي، د &quot;مع السلامه&quot; مانا ( سلامتۍ سره[لاړ شه]) ده.

== عقيده ==

د اسلام بنسټيزه عقيده شهادت دی چې د گواهۍ مانا لري [[شهادت]] ('''  لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله ''')&quot;نشته بل کوم څښټتن يا معبود پرته د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; نه او [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر دی.&quot; د دې لپاره چې څوک [[مسلمان]] شي، نو سړي ته پکار ده چې دغه پورتنی شهادت د يو څو شاهدانو مخکې ووايي او پرې ايمان راوړي. او که چېرته يو څوک غواړي چې اسلام ته راشي نو هغه يا هغې ته پکار ده چې بايد د زړه له صدق نه وغواړي او بيا د دې نه مخکې چې شهادت ووايي نو پکار ده چې د شهادت په اصلي مانا او مفهوم پوه وي.&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته خپل پيغام د محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; او د نورو پيغمبرانو لخوا لکه [[آدم|آدم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[نوح|نوح&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[ابراهیم|ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[موسی|موسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] او [[عيسی|عيسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] له لورې په بېلابېلو وختونو کې رالېږلی. [[مسلمانان]] په دې عقيده هم دي چې [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] د [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; وروستنی پيغمبر و او د هغه نه وروسته تر قيامته بل هېڅ کوم [[پيغمبر]] نه راځي. نو ددې پخاطر [[مسلمانان]] بايد د [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] په لارښوونې تر قيامته پورې عمل وکړي.
&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان پدې عقيده دي چې قران د انسانانو د لارښوونې يو داسې کتاب دی چې تر اوسه پکې هېچا گوتې نه دي وهلي او پدې کتاب کې هېڅ کومه نيمگړتيا نشته، او هېڅ کله به پکې بدلون را نه شي، او دا د خدای له لورې انسانانو ته وروستی نازل شوی کتاب دی. مسلمانان دا هم وايي چې د انجيل او تورات هغه اسماني کتابونه دي چې د بېلابېلو مذهبي فرقو له لورې پکې لاسوهنې شوي په بل ډول سره ليکل شوي او په ناسمه توگه تعبير شوي او د دغو اسماني کتابونو اصلي بڼې اوس نه شته او د وخت په تېرېدو سره خلکو هماغه لومړني لارښوونې چې په اصلي اسماني کتابونو کې وه هېر کړي، او يا يې هم درغلي پکې کړې. نو ددغه ليد پر بنسټ الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته د لارښوونې لپاره قرآن راولېږه چې په دې کې هماغه د اصلي انجيل او تورات لارښوونو سره سره د هغو وختونو د خلکو چې پېغمبران به يې ځورول او وژل به يې او د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له احکامو د سرغړونې سره سره يې د خپل زاتي گټو لپاره د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په کلام کې چې بدعتونه راوستلي دا ټول تاريخ ثبت دی. 
&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان دا هم وايي چې اسلام هماغه دين دی چې د آدم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; له وختونو نه او د نورو پيغمبرانو په وختونو کې هم وه، او دغو ټولو پيغمبرانو د همدغه مذهب په لار د تلو ټينگار کړی. اسلامي کتابونه او ليکنې د [[يهوديت]] او [[عيسويت]] د هغو اصلي لارښوونو نه راوتلي چې د ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; په وختونو کې يې ښوونې شوي نو د همدغه پخاطر دا درېواړه مذهبونه يعنی يهوديت، عيسويت او اسلام چې درېواړه سره گډې ريښې لري، د ابراهيمي دينونو په نامه سره هم يادېږي.  په قرآن عظيم الشان کې يهوديانو او عيسويانو ته د اهل الکتاب يا هغه خلک چې کتابونه ورباندې نازل شوي، په نامه اشاره شوې ده.    
&lt;br /&gt;
اسلام يو [[دين]] دی، دين '''د ژوندون لار''' مانا لري او يا هم په بله وينا د لارښوونې لار.

&quot;د قرآن شريف له مخې مسلمانان بايد په خپل پاک رب باندې ايمان راوړي او د هغه وحدانيت ته د تسليمېدو سره سره، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په ټولو وحيو، نازل شوو کتابونو، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پرښتو، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پيغمبرانو او د قيامت په ورځ بايد ايمان ولري.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۲|۴|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۲|۲۸۵|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۴|۱۳۶|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; په همدې توگه، نور عقايد هم شته چې د اسلام د دوه لويو فرقو تر مېنځ پکې د تعبيرونو توپير شته. د تشيع د لارې خلکو کې د امامت يو سياسي او روحاني لارښوونې يو نظام دود دی.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۲۰۰۳), p.۱۰۹
* مومن (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۶&lt;/ref&gt;

مسلمانان په دې گروهه دي چې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته خپل وروستی رسول محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; ورلېږلی دی. او پر محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; يې قرآن نازل کړی چې وروستی اسماني کتاب دی. د قرآن د نزول موده پوره دوه لسيزې وخت نيولی.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۷٬۱۸٬۲۱&lt;/ref&gt; په اسلام کې پيغمبران، خدای ته نژدې هغه انسانان دي چې خدای تعالی يې د خپل پيغام رسولو په موخه په انسانانو کې غوره کوي. مسلمانان په دې هم عقيده لري چې پيغمبران انسانان دي چې خدای ورته د انسانانو د لارښوونې، عبرت او د خپلو ادعاوؤ د ثبوت په خاطر د معجزو د ښودلو توان ورکړی. په اسلام کې پيغمبران هغه انسانان دي چې تر نورو انسانانو په تقوا او نېکۍ کې تکامل ته رسېدلي او همدوی د خدای غوره، بې مثاله بنده گان دي چې خدای د پرښتو له لارې خپل پيغام همدوی ته د وحيو په بڼه ور رسوي.&lt;ref&gt;وگورۍ:
* مومن (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۲۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلامي زده کړو نه داسې څرگندېږي چې د آدم نه وروسته د خدای ټول پيغمبرانو د اسلام د دين تبليغ او دعوت کړی، دا هغه دين دی چې يو خدای الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د معبود په توگه راپېژندلی. په قرآن کې اسلام د &quot;هغه ازلي طبيعت چې پر بنسټ يې خدای مخلوقات خلق کړل&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۳۰|۳۰|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; راپېژندل شوی او په قران کې دا هم راغلي چې د مسلمان ځانگړی نوم د ابراهيم لخوا د دې دين لارويانو ته ورکړ شوی.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲۲|۷۸|style=ref}}
* &quot;اسلام&quot;, ''د مذهب دايرة المعارف''&lt;/ref&gt;

د تاريخ له مخې د اسلام دين په ۷مه پېړۍ کې په عربستان کې رامېنځ ته شوی.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Islam&quot;, ''د مذهب دايرة المعارف''&lt;/ref&gt; په اسلامي ليکنو کې يهوديت او عيسويت هغه دوه دينونه دي چې د ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر د لارښوونو وروسته د بېلابېلو پيغمبرانو په وخت کې رامېنځ ته شوي. په قرآن کې يهوديان او عيسويان د اهل الکتاب يا د کتابونو د خلکو په توگه پېژندل شوي، او د هغو خلکو نه چې ډېر خدايان پالي او عبادت يې کوي، تر مېنځ په ښکاره توپير پېژندل کېږي. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې د پخوانيو اسماني کتابونو لکه زبور، [[تورات]] او [[انجيل]] سپېڅلي کتابونه د تاريخ په بېلابېلو پړاؤونو کې د ترجمې او متن په برخه کې تحريف شوي او اوس همدا سپېڅلي کتابونه پخپلو آرنيو بڼو هېڅ نه شته.

=== [[د افغانستان ولايتونه|د]] عقيدې شپږ ارکان ===
مسلمانان شپږ بنسټيزه ارکانونو باندې عقيده لري:

# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په وحدانيت باندې ايمان راوړل او يواځی الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته عبادت او اطاعت کول او د هغه نه مرسته غوښتل ''[[توحيد]]''.
# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پيغمبرانو باندې ايمان راوړل ([[پېغمبران#د اسلام له نظره|''انبيا‌ء'']])  چې ټول پېغمبران (''[[رسول]]'') د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له خوا رالېږل شوي. ([[د اسلام پېغمبران]] وگورۍ.)
# په اسماني کتابونو عقيده(''[[کتب]]''):
#* په [[ابراهيمي صحيفو]] (ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; باندې نازل شوې صحيفې)
#* په [[تورات]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[موسی|موسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[زبور]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[داود|داود&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[انجيل]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[عيسی|عيسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[قرآن]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.  
# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پرښتو باندې.(''[[پرښتې#د اسلام له نظره|ملايکه]]'').
# په قيامت او وروسته د مرگ نه د بيا ژوندي کېدلو عقيده (''[[قيامة]]'')  (په [[جنت]] او [[دوزخ]] عقيده). (يادونه: کله ناکله دغه وروستۍ موضوع باندې ځانگړی بحث کېږی, او په همدې توگه د عقيدې ارکان اوو ته رسېږي.)
# په قسمت عقيده([[تقدير]]).

د اسلام بنسټيزه عقيده په [[پښتو]] ژبه :
:: &quot;زه شهادت ورکوم چې پرته د الله تعالی د ذات نه بل کوم ذات نه شته؛ او زه شهادت ورکوم چې محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د هغه پيغمبر دی.&quot;
:: &quot;زه په الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ايمان راوړم؛ او د هغه په ملايکو؛ او د هغه په کتابونو؛ او د هغه په پيغمبرانو؛ او د محشر په ورځ؛ او په تقدير؛ او ټول شيان د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له خوا نه دي، او پس د مرگ نه ژوندون حق دی.&quot;

=== د اسلام پينځه بنسټونه ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام پينځه بنسټونه|د مذهب څانگې|د مذهب ريښې}}
[[دوتنه:Supplicating Pilgrim at Masjid Al Haram. Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|بټنوک|کيڼ|د حج د لمانځنو يو منظر. په مکه کې کعبې، [[مسجد الحرام]] ته سفر د اسلامي فرايضو څخه يو فرض دی چې هر مسلمان يې په ټول ژوند کې يو ځل ترسره کړي.]]
د مسلمانانو دوه لويې فرقې سني او شعيه مسلمانان جوړوي. په اسلامي نړئ کې د شعيه گانو په پرتله ډېرئ مسلمانان سنيان دي، خو په څينو هېوادونو کې لکه د منڅنئ آسيا هېوادونه ايران او عراق بيا شعيه مسلمانان ډېرکئ مذهبي ډله جوړوي. خو په نورو هېوادونو کط لکه سعودي عربستان، اندونيزيا او [[پاکستان]] کې سني مسلمان د هغه هېوادونو په مذهبي ټولنو کې ډېرکۍ برخه جوړوي.

د سني مسلمانانو بنسټيزه ارکان [[د اسلام پينځه ستنې|د اسلام پينځه ستنو]] په نامه يادېږي&lt;sup&gt;[[#Notes|2]]&lt;/sup&gt;، خو شيعه مسلمانان بيا يو څه مختلفه نومونپوهنه، چې د سني مسلمانانو د پينځه اهمو بنسټونو تر څنگ، د دين ريښې او لس عمده اعمال د دې مذهب د طريقو نه گڼل کېږي. خو ټول مسلمانان بيا په همدې پينځه بنسټيزو فرايضو او گروهو سره پوهاوی او سره يوه خوله دي چې سني مسلمانان يې د اسلام د پينځه ستنو په نوم پېژني او شيعه مسلمانان يې د دين د څانگو او ريښو اهم عناصر بولي.

* [[شهادت]]: د تصديق په مانا دی، چې يو مسلمان د الله &lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; نه پرته بل څوک د عبادت وړ نه گڼي او همداراز د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د وحدانيت ([[توحيد]]) او د محمد &lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;  د الله &lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; رسول ([[نبوت]]) او غلام په توگه مني .
* [[لمونځ]]: هره ورځ پينځه وخته لمونځ کول.
* [[روژه]]: د روژې په مياشت کې د لمرخاته نه تر لمرپرېواته روژه نيول.
* [[زکات]]: زکات ورکول.
* [[حج]]:د مکی زیارت په ټولو مسلمانانو باندی په ژوند کې یوځل فرض دی او هغه هم په هغو کسانو باندې چې د ادا کولو وس یې ولري.
شعيه او سنيان دواړه په لاندنيو گروهو باندې باور لري، خو دغه دوه فرقې همدا عقايد په بېلابېلو ډلبنديو وېشي او هره ډله ورته ځانگړی تعبير لري:
* [[عدل]]: د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; عدل.
* [[قيامت]]: د خېر او شر د مالومولو ورځ.
* [[امر بل معروف]]: د ښو امر.
* [[نهي عن المنکر]]: د بدو نه ډډه.
* [[جهاد|الجهاد في سبيل الله]]: د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د رضا لپاره هڅه کوشش او زيار.

هغه عقايد چې د شيعه مذهب لارويان پرې معتقد دي او سني مسلمانان پرې عقيده نه لري هغه دا دي::
* [[امامت]]: ديني لارښوونه، ديني مشري، ديني رهبري. د علي او د هغه د اولاد رهبري او امامت د خدای لخوا نه د لارښوونې لپاره ټاکل شوی و.
* [[تولا]]: د [[اهل البيت]] او د هغوی د لارويانو سره مينه.
* [[تبارة]]: د اهل البيت د دښمنانو نه ځان بېلول او ليري والی.
* [[خمس]]: د گټې لپاره د ماليې ورکړه.

که څه هم چې داسې مسلمانان هم شته چې نه د تشيع او نه هم د سني په ډلو کې ځانونه شمېري او دا هغه مسلمانان دي چې د قرآني دلايلو له مخې په اسلام کې د فرقې او د ډلې جوړول حرام گڼي، دا هغه مسلمانان دي چې په ساده توگه ځانونه 'مسلمانان' بولي.
{{دوراشې کامه|إِنَّ الَّذِينَ فَرَّقُوا دِينَهُمْ وَكَانُوا شِيَعًا لَسْتَ مِنْهُمْ فِي شَيْءٍ ۚ إِنَّمَا أَمْرُهُمْ إِلَى اللَّهِ ثُمَّ يُنَبِّئُهُمْ بِمَا كَانُوا يَفْعَلُونَ |10px||[[سورة الأنعام|الانعام سورت]]|۱۵۹ آيت}}
&quot;هغه څوک چې ځانونه په ډلو وېشي هغه زموږ د ډلې خلک نه دي. د هغوی فېصله الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته مالومه ده، الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; به هغوی له هر هغه څه نه خبر کړي کوم چې دوی ترسره کړي.&quot;

=== خدای ===
:''آرنۍ ليکنې: [[الله]] / [[خدای]]
{{آرنی|په اسلام کې د خدای انځور}}
په اسلام کې تر ټولو لومړنی بنسټيزه موخه د خدای د وحدانيت منل دي چې دې ته توحيد وايي. په اسلام کې توحيد يو مطلق امر دی چې ترې هېڅ انکار نه کېږي او دا هڅکله يوه نسبي او يا هم په کومه بله مانا د نسبي شراکت مانا نه ورکوي. د قرآن مجيد په [[سورة الاخلاص]] کې خدای داسې راپېژندل شوی:

:''ووايه &quot;خدای هغه دی، يوازې او بې ساری. الله تل پايېدونکی، په بشپړه توگه له ځان نه بسيا مالک. نه  څوک يې زېږولي، او نه له چا نه زېږېدلی. او د الله په شان هېڅ بل څه نه شته.&quot;

په عربي ژبه کې ''الله'' د خدای په مانا دی. د آرپوهنې له مخې دا لغت د ''الهه'' &quot;[[معبود]]&quot; لغت سره ډېر نژدې دی، د ''الله'' نوم د عيسوي او يهودي عربانو لخوا هم د خپل معبود په يادولو کې کارېږي، دغه نوم د محمد نه مخکې مخينه لري او د دغه ځانگړی نوم مخينه د ابراهيمي مذهبونو د خدای نه پرته د يو بل معبود نورې توپيري ځانگړنې نه څرگندوي.

د &quot;الله&quot; نوم يو جمع او يا د جنس نوم نه دی، دا يو خاص نوم دی، دا نوم د &quot;خدای&quot; د نوم سره توپير لري، دا په دې سبب چې د خدای نوم د جمع بڼه لري او جنسيت هم ترې څرگندېدلای شي د ساري په توگه خدايان چې د همدې نوم جمع بڼه ده. په اسلام کې د الله پېژندنه په قرآن کې داسې شوې:
{{دوراشې کامه|فَاطِرُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأَرْضِ جَعَلَ لَكُمْ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ أَزْوَاجًا وَمِنَ الأَنْعَامِ أَزْوَاجًا يَذْرَؤُكُمْ فِيهِ لَيْسَ كَمِثْلِهِ شَيْءٌ وَهُوَ السَّمِيعُ البَصِيرُ|10px||[[سورة الشورى|الشوری سورت]]|۱۱ آيت}}
:''&quot;(الله دی) د اسمانونو او زمکې جوړونکی: هغه ستاسو او د څارويو له مېنځه ستاسو لپاره جوړې جوړې کړي، او په دې توگه هغه تاسې په گڼ شمېر جوړ کړي ياست: داسې هېڅ کوم بل معبود نشته پرته له (الله) نه او د هغه په شان هېڅ نشته، او الله دی چې هر څه اوري او ليدلی شي&quot;

The implicit usage of the [[definite article]] in ''Allah'' linguistically indicates the divine unity. Muslims believe that the God they worship is the same as the Judeo-Christian God, i.e. the God of Abraham. However, Muslims reject the Christian theology concerning the trinity of God (the doctrine of the [[Trinity]] which regards Jesus as the eternal [[Son of God]]), seeing it as akin to [[polytheism]]. Quoting from the Qur'an,
[[sura]] [[An-Nisa]](۴) :۱۷۱:

:''&quot;O People of the Scripture! Do not transgress the limits of your religion, and do not say about God except the truth. The Messiah, Jesus the son of Mary, was only a messenger of God, and His word that He had sent to Mary, and a revelation from Him. Therefore, you shall believe in GOD and His messengers. You shall not say, &quot;Trinity&quot;. You shall refrain from this for your own good. God is only one God. Be He glorified; He is much too glorious to have a son. To Him belongs everything in the heavens and everything on earth. God suffices as Lord and Master.&quot;''

No Muslim visual images or depictions of God exist because such artistic depictions may lead to [[idolatry]] and are thus disdained. Such [[aniconism]] can also be found in Judeo-Christian theology. Moreover, most Muslims believe that God is [[Spiritual being|incorporeal]], making any two- or three- dimensional depictions impossible. Instead, Muslims describe God by the many [[۹۹ Names of God|divine attributes]] mentioned in the [[Qur'an]]. All but one Sura (chapter) of the Qur'an begins with the phrase &quot;In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful&quot;. These are regarded as the most important divine attributes, at least in the sense that Muslims repeat them most frequently during their prayers ([[salat]]) and throughout their daily lives.

د اسلام بنسټيز اصل ''[[توحيد]]'' دی—توحيد په يوه او يوازيني خدای عقيدې ته وايي. په اسلام کې د خدای لپاره د عربي ژبې اصطلاح ''الله'' کارېږي; اکثراً عالمان په دې عقيده دي چې دا اصطلاح د '[['ال-]]'' (د مشخص کولو ادات) او ''[[اله]]'' (معبود) د وييونو نه اشتقاق شوي چې مانا يې يوازيني خدای ته اشاره کوي، خو ځينې نور عالمان بيا د همدې نوم آر او اصل د آرامايک ژبې لغت ''الهه'' گڼي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* &quot;اسلام او عيسويت&quot;, ''د عيسويت پوهنغونډ'' (۲۰۰۱): Arabic-speaking [[Christian]]s and [[Jew]]s also refer to God as ''Allāh''.
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Allah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلام په پينځو بنسټيزو ستنو کې لومړنۍ ستنه يې توحيد بلل کېږي چې د ''شهادة'' يا (منښت) په ډول اظهارېږي، شهادة داسې ده چې: ''''له حقيقي معبود نه پرته بل خدای نشته، او محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt;  د خدای ټاکل شوی پيغمبر دی''''. په دوديزه اسلامپوهنه کې، خدای د انساني عقل او پوهاوي نه پورته معبود گڼل کېږي; مسلمانان نه شي کولای چې خدای په يوه بڼه انځور کړي يوازې له دې چې بايد د داسې لوی معبود عبادت او اطاعت وکړي او خدای خپل يوازينی ساتونکی او ژغورونکی وگڼي. که څه هم چې مسلمانان عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د يو پيغمبر په توگه پېژني، خو دوی بيا د عيسويانو د درېگونۍ عقيده، چې مسلمانان يې د شرک بولي په کلکه ردوي. په اسلامپوهنه کې عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د نورو پيغمبرانو په څېر د خدای بنده او د انسان په توگه پېژندل کېږي او د عيسويانو هغه عقيده چې عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د خدای د ځوی په توگه پېژني په کلکه ردوي;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Tathlith, Trinity | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=David Thomas | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۱}}: Contrary to Muslim understanding, some scholars have suggested that the Qur'an only opposes certain deviant forms of Trinitarian belief.&lt;/ref&gt; د قرآن په يوه سوره کې د خدای څرگندونه داسې شوې &quot;ووايه هغه الله دی يوازې، الله هېچا ته اړ نه دی او ټول هغه ته اړ دي، نه د هغه څوک اولاد دی او نه هغه د چا اولاد دی او هېڅوک د هغه سيال نشته.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۱۱۲|۱|end=۴|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۷۴–۷۶
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۲۲
* Griffith (۲۰۰۶), p.۲۴۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Allah, Tawhid | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | author=D. Gimaret | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== قران عظيم الشان ===
[[انځور:FirstSurahKoran.jpg|thumb|upright|د قرآن لومړنۍ سوره [[سورة الفاتحة|الفاتحه]] د قران عظيم شان د لاسي نسخې يو انځور.]]

قرآن شريف د مسلمانانو سپېڅلی کتاب دی او دوی په همدغه آسماني کتاب باندې ايمان راوړی. د قرآن لغوي مانا  “لوستنه” ده. مسلمانان په دې باور دي چې قرآن يو آسماني کتاب دی چې د الله (جل جلاله) په وروستي نبي حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم باندې نازل شوی دی. دا سپېڅلی کتاب د ۶۱۰ ز. کال نه تر ۶۳۲ ز. پورې په بېلابېلو وختونو کې د الله تعالی له لوري او د حضرت جبراييل عليه السلام په منځگړتوب پر حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم باندې د وحيو په څېر نازل شوی. چې د وحيو په وختونو کې حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم حفظ کړی او بيا د الله تعالی د وروستي نبي د يارانو له خوا راټول شوی او پر ډبرليکونو او پاڼو ليکل شوی.

مسلمانان په دې باور دي چې له کومې ورځ نه الله تعالی قرآن شريف پر محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم نازل کړی له هماغې ورځې نه تر ننه پورې قرآن شريف په خپلې آرنۍ بڼې پاتې دی چې بيا د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم نه وروسته د هغه لارويانو چې قرآن شريف يې حفظ کړی وه وليکه او په همدې توگه يې قرآن شريف په ليکنې بڼه خوندي کړ. مسلمان عالمان ددې خبرې منښته کوي چې قرآن شريف د اسلام د درېيم خليفه حضرت عثمان (رض) د واکمنۍ پر مهال په ليکلې بڼه سره راټول شو، چې په دې توگه د قرآن شريف د بېلابېلو برخو د راټولولو او سره يوځای کولو نېټه له ۶۵۰ ز پېر نه تر ۶۵۶ ز پېر پورې ښودل شوی. او وروسته له دې چې قرآن شريف ليکلې بڼه وموندله نو بيا د هماغه خليفه د واکمنۍ پر مهال د قرآن شريف لمېسې جوړې شوې او د اسلامي خلافت بېلابېلو ولايتونو ته يې لمېسې ولېږل شوې.

There are numerous traditions, and many conflicting academic theories, as to the provenance of the Qur'anic verses that were eventually assembled into a single volume. (This is covered in greater detail in [[Qur'an]]). Most Muslims accept the account recorded in several hadith, which state that [[Abu Bakr]], The First Caliph, ordered his personal secretary [[Zayd ibn Thabit]] to collect and record all the authentic verses of the Qur'an, as preserved in written form or oral tradition. Zayd's written collection, privately treasured by Prophet Muhammad's wife [[Hafsa bint Umar]], was, according to Muslim sources, later used by Uthman and is thus the basis of today's Qur'an.

Uthman's version, organized the suras roughly in order of length (excepting the brief opening surah [[Al-Fatiha]]), with the longest suras at the start of the Qur'an and the shortest ones at the end. More conservative views state that the order of most suras was divinely set. Later scholars have struggled to put the suras in chronological order, and among Muslim commentators, at least, there is a rough consensus as to which suras were revealed in [[Makkan sura|Mecca]] and which at [[Medinan sura|Medina]], with distinctive characteristics observed within these two subgroups. Some suras (e.g. surat [[Iqra]]) are thought to have been revealed in parts at separate times.

To understand the notion of &quot;variants&quot; within the received Qur'anic text, one must understand that Arabic had not yet fully developed as a written language. The Qur'an was first recorded in written form (date uncertain) in the [[Hijazi]], [[Mashq]], [[Ma'il]], and [[Kufic]] scripts; these scripts write consonants only and do not supply vowels. (Imagine an English text that wrote the word 'bed' as &quot;BD,&quot; and required the reader to infer, from context, that the reference was to &quot;bed&quot; - and not to 'bad&quot; or &quot;bide.&quot;) Because there were differing oral traditions of recitation as non-native Arabic speakers converted to Islam, there was some disagreement as to the exact reading of many (vowel-free) verses. Eventually, scripts were  developed that used diacritical markings (known as ''points'') to indicate the vowels. For hundreds of years after Uthman's recension, Muslim scholars argued as to the correct pointing and reading of Uthman's (unpointed) official text.{{citation needed}} Eventually, most commentators accepted seven variant readings ([[qira'at]]) of the Qur'an as canonical, while agreeing that the differences among the seven are minor and do not affect the meaning of the text.

The form of the Qur'an most used today is the [[Al-Azhar]] text of ۱۹۲۳, prepared by a committee at the prestigious [[Cairo]] university of Al-Azhar.

The Qur'an early became a focus of Muslim devotion and eventually a subject of theological controversy among skeptics. In the [[۸th century]], the [[Mu'tazili]]s claimed that the Qur'an was created in time and was not eternal. Their opponents, of various schools, claimed that the Qur'an was eternal and perfect, existing in heaven before it was revealed to Muhammad. The [[Ashari]] theology (which ultimately became predominant) held that the Qur'an was uncreated.

Most Muslims regard paper copies of the Qur'an with extreme veneration, wrapping them in a clean cloth, keeping them on a high shelf, and washing as for prayers before reading the Qur'an. Old Qur'ans are not destroyed as wastepaper, but burned.

اکثره مسلمانان د قرآن ځينې برخې او يا ټول قرآن په آرنۍ ژبه (عربي) حفظ کوي. هغه څوک چې قرآن يې په بشپړه توگه حفظ کړی وي د حافظ په نامه يادېږي. په مسلمانانو کې د قرآن حفظ کول د هېښتيا خبره نه ده، نن ورځ د نړۍ په بېلابېلو هېوادونو کې په ميليونونو حافظين ژوندي دي چې د ټول قرآن متن يې له ياده زده دی.

د عقيدې د پيل د ورځو نه اکثره مسلمانان په دې اند دي چې قرآن يو مکمل اسماني کتاب دی چې په عربي ژبه نازل شوی. د دغه کتاب ژباړې د انساني هلو ځلو او د انساني تېروتنو نه تشې هڅې نه دي، همداراز په ژباړو کې د مومنانو د الهامي شاعرۍ کمښت څوک په قرآن کې موندلی شي. نو په همدې خاطر د قرآن ژباړې يوازې پر قرآن تبصرې گڼل کېږي او يا هم د مطلب ژباړه، او پخپله د قرآن نه. او په همدې دليل د قرآن په ډېرو نوو چاپ شويو نخسو کې د عربي متن په يوه مخ او د متن ژباړه په بل مخ راغلې.

قرآن شريف له ۱۱۴ [[سورت|سورتونو]] يا څپرکو نه جوړ شوی دی چې همدا ټول سورتونه ۶،۲۳۶ ''[[آيت|آيتونه]]'' لري. The chronologically earlier suras, revealed at Mecca, are primarily concerned with ethical and spiritual topics. The later Medinan suras mostly discuss social and moral issues relevant to the Muslim community.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qur'an | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}
&lt;/ref&gt; The Qur'an is more concerned with moral guidance than legal instruction, and is considered the &quot;sourcebook of Islamic principles and values&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۷۹&lt;/ref&gt; Muslim jurists consult the ''hadith'', or the written record of Muhammad's life, to both supplement the Qur'an and assist with its interpretation. The science of Qur'anic commentary and exegesis is known as ''[[tafsir]]''.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۷۹–۸۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tafsir | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The word ''Qur'an'' means &quot;recitation&quot;. When Muslims speak in the abstract about &quot;the Qur'an&quot;, they usually mean the scripture as recited in Arabic rather than the printed work or any translation of it. To Muslims, the Qur'an is perfect only as revealed in the original Arabic; translations are necessarily deficient because of language differences, the fallibility of translators, and the impossibility of preserving the original's inspired style. Translations are therefore regarded only as commentaries on the Qur'an, or &quot;interpretations of its meaning&quot;, not as the Qur'an itself.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Teece (۲۰۰۳), pp.۱۲٬۱۳
* C. Turner (۲۰۰۶), p.۴۲
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qur'an | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: The word ''Qur'an'' was invented and first used in the Qur'an itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology|two different theories]] about this term and its formation.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== پرښتې ===
{{آرنی|په اسلام کې د پرښتو انځور}}
د اسلام په دين کې د الله (جل جلاله) په پرښتو عقيده د ايمان جز گڼل کېږي. په عربي ژبه پرښتې ته (''ملک'') وايي چې د همدغه لغت مانا ده &quot;پيغام رسونکی&quot;، په عبراني ژبه کې همداسې ورته نوم (''ملخ'') د پرښتې په مانا ده خو په يوناني ژبه بيا پرښتې ته (''انجېلوس'') وايي. د قراني مالوماتو له مخې، پرښتې د خپلې خوښې واک په لاس کې نه لري، او په مکمله توگه د الله تعالی په عبادت کې بوختې دي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۲۱|۱۹|end=۲۰|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳۵|۱|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; قران کې دا هم راغلي چې د پرښتو په کارونو کې د الله تعالی حکمونه منل او د الله تعالی پيغامونو رسولو برسېره، پرښتې تل د الله په ثنا او صفت په عبادت بوختې دي، او د انسانانو اعمال ثبتوي ددې سره سره پرښتې د الله (جل جلاله) په حکم د انسانانو د مړينې په وخت کې روحونه باسي. داسې هم انگېرل کېږي چې پرښتې د انسان او الله تعالی ترمېنځ منځگړتوب کوي. قرآن شريف، پرښتې موږ ته داسې راڅرگندوي لکه &quot;يو ډول پيغام رسونکي چې دوه، درې يا څلور جوړه وزرې لري: خدای هماغسې خپل مخلوق جوړوي څنگه چې يې خوښه وي...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۳۵|۱|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۲۶–۲۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Malā'ika | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=W. Madelung | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Angel | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Gisela Webb | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== محمد&lt;sup&gt;([[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]])&lt;/sup&gt; ===
{{آرنی|محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم}}

حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم (c. ۵۷۰ – [[جولای ۶]] [[۶۳۲]]) د الله تعالی وروستی نبي، يو مذهبي، سياسي او پوځي عرب و چې د همدغه نبي د اسلام د دين بيرغ لوړ کړ او د اديانو په تاريخ کې يې د اسلام نوم هم وځلاوه. مسلمانان په دې گروهه دي چې حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) د يوه نوي مذهب بنسټ ايښودونکی نه دی، بلکه د اسلام د اصلي دين چې د حضرت آدم عليه السلام او حضرت ابراهيم او د نورو پيغمبرانو دين و، د هماغه دين بيا پرځای کونکی دی. مسلمانان په دې عقيده هم دي چې حضرت محمد د الله تعالی وروستی پيغمبر او د نورو پيغمبرانو په ډله کې د لويې مرتبې خاوند پيغمبر و.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸), p.۱۲
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۴–۵
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}&lt;/ref&gt;
دروند پیغمبر د خپل خوږ ژوند په وروستیو ۲۳ کلونو کې، یانې د ۴۰ کلني عمر په پیل کې د الله له لوري د ایاتو د نازلولو لړۍ پیل شوه، چې د دغو ایاتونو ټولگه د قرآن په نوم یادیږي چې دغه آیتونه بیا د صحابه و لخوا یاد کیدل.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۱۸|۱۱۰|style=ref}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[انځور:Masjid Nabawi. Medina, Saudi Arabia.jpg|بټنوک|220px|کيڼ|[[مسجد النبوي]] (&quot;د پيغمبر(صلی الله علیه وسلم) جومات&quot;) په مدينه کې د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم مقبره هم ده.|link=Special:FilePath/Masjid_Nabawi._Medina,_Saudi_Arabia.jpg]]

په دغه کې وخت محمد [[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]] د مکې خلکو ته په تبلیغ باندې پیل وکړ، تر څو دوې له شرک څخه راوباسي او د اسلام لور ته یې راوبلي. که څه چې محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم ځینې کسان اسلام ته راواړول خو په دې کار سره دی او د ده لارویان د مکې د چارواکو او لارښودگرانو لخوا تر زور او اذیت لاندې راغلل. چې بیا وروسته له ۱۳ کلنو څخه په کال ۶۲۲ کې محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم او نور مسلمانان له مکې څخه مدینه (رسما '''یثرب''' نومیږي) ته کډه شول.

There, with the Medinan converts (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]]'') and the Meccan migrants (''[[Muhajirun]]''), Muhammad established his political and [[Theocracy|religious authority]]. Within years, two battles had been fought against Meccan forces: the [[Battle of Badr]] in ۶۲۴, which was a Muslim victory, and the [[Battle of Uhud]] in ۶۲۵, which ended inconclusively. Conflict with Medinan Jewish clans who opposed the Muslims led to their exile, enslavement or death, and the Jewish enclave of [[Battle of Khaybar|Khaybar]] was subdued. At the same time, Meccan trade routes were cut off as Muhammad brought surrounding desert tribes under his control.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* F.E.Peters(۲۰۰۳), pp.۷۸٬۷۹٬۱۹۴ 
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۳–۲۸&lt;/ref&gt; By ۶۲۹ Muhammad was victorious in the nearly bloodless [[Conquest of Mecca]], and by the time of his death in ۶۳۲ he ruled over the [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian peninsula]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Muhammad&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Islam, the &quot;[[normative]]&quot; example of Muhammad's life is called the ''[[Sunnah]]'' (literally &quot;trodden path&quot;). This example is preserved in traditions known as [[hadith]] (&quot;reports&quot;), which recount his words, his actions, and his personal characteristics. The classical Muslim jurist [[ash-Shafi'i]] (d. ۸۲۰) emphasized the importance of the Sunnah in [[Sharia|Islamic law]], and Muslims are encouraged to emulate Muhammad's actions in their daily lives. The Sunnah is seen as crucial to guiding interpretation of the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World'' (۲۰۰۳), p.۶۶۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hadith | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=J. Robson | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sunna | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=D. W. Brown | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د قيامت ورځ ===
{{آرنی|قيامت}}
د &quot;جزا په ورځ&quot;، يعنی ''[[قيامت|د قيامت په ورځې]]'' ايمان لرل د اسلام يوه بنسټيزه گروهه ده. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې د قيامت ورځ د الله تعالی له خوا ټاکل شوی چې په يوه ځانگړي وخت کې به وي خو انسانانو ته يې وخت نه دی څرگند. د قيامت د ورځې د محکمې او کړاونه په هکله په قرآن او حديثونو کې هم بیان شوي، او همدارنگه د اسلامي علماوو په تفسيرونو کې.
The Qur'an emphasizes [[Resurrection of the Dead|bodily resurrection]], a break from the [[pre-Islamic Arabia]]n understanding of death. It states that resurrection will be followed by the gathering of mankind, culminating in their judgment by God.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* &quot;Resurrection&quot;, ''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'' (۲۰۰۳)
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Avicenna | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as &quot;Avicenna&quot;.
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qiyama | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Qur'an lists several sins that can condemn a person to hell, such as disbelief, [[riba|usury]] and dishonesty. Muslims view paradise (''[[jannah]]'') as a place of joy and bliss, with Qur'anic references describing its features and the physical pleasures to come. There are also references to a greater joy—acceptance by God (''ridwān'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۹|۷۲|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mystical traditions in Islam place these heavenly delights in the context of an ecstatic awareness of God.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Smith (۲۰۰۶), p.۸۹; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p.۵۶۵
* &quot;Heaven&quot;, ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' (۲۰۰۰)
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Garden | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Asma Afsaruddin | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Paradise | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تقدير ===
{{آرنی|تقدير}}

In accordance with the Islamic belief in [[predestination]], or divine preordainment (''al-qadā wa'l-qadar''), God has full knowledge and control over all that occurs. This is explained in Qur'anic verses such as &quot;Say: 'Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us: He is our protector'…&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۹|۵۱|style=ref}}
* D. Cohen-Mor (۲۰۰۱), p.۴: &quot;The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen: 'Say: &quot;Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us…&quot;&amp;nbsp;'&amp;nbsp;&quot;
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Fate | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Ahmet T. Karamustafa | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means &quot;to measure, to determine&quot;. Here it is used to mean that &quot;God measures and orders his creation&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; For Muslims, everything in the world that occurs, good or evil, has been preordained and nothing can happen unless permitted by God. In Islamic theology, divine preordainment does not suggest an absence of God's indignation against evil, because any evils that do occur are thought to result in future benefits men may not be able to see. According to Muslim theologians, although events are pre-ordained, man possesses free will in that he has the faculty to choose between right and wrong, and is thus responsible for his actions. According to Islamic tradition, all that has been decreed by God is written in ''al-Lawh al-Mahfūz'', the &quot;Preserved Tablet&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۲۰۰۳), pp.۱۱۹–۱۲۲
* Patton (۱۹۰۰), p.۱۳۰&lt;/ref&gt;

The Shi'a understanding of predestination is called &quot;divine justice&quot; (''Adalah''). This doctrine, originally developed by the [[Mu'tazila]], stresses the importance of man's responsibility for his own actions. In contrast, the Sunni deemphasize the role of individual free will in the context of God's creation and foreknowledge of all things.&lt;ref&gt;Momen (۱۹۸۷), pp.۱۷۷٬۱۷۸&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلام او دا آخرت په ورځ ایمان ===
{{آرنی|د اخرت په ورځ ایمان}}

Islamic [[eschatology]] is concerned with the ''[[Qiyamah]]'' ([[End of the world (religion)|end of the world]]) and the final  judgment of humanity. Like [[Christianity]] and [[Judaism]], Islam teaches the bodily [[resurrection]] of the dead, the fulfilment of a divine plan for creation, and the immortality of the human soul. In Islamic belief, the righteous are rewarded with the pleasures of ''Jannah'' ([[Paradise]]), while the unrighteous are punished in ''[[Jahannam]]'' (a fiery [[Hell]], from the Hebrew ''ge-hinnom'' or &quot;valley of Hinnom&quot;; usually rendered in English as [[Gehenna]]). A significant portion of the Qur'an deals with these beliefs, with many ''[[hadith]]'' elaborating on the themes and details.

== تنظيمونه ==
=== اسلامي واک ===
داسې هېڅ کوم رسمي اسلامي واک نشته چې په اسلام کې د يو کس د منلو او يا هم د اسلامي ټولنې ('''''اُمة''''' ''يانې ملت يا کورنۍ'') نه د رټلو واک په لاس کې ولري. اسلام خپلې دروازې پرته د کوم توپير، تعصب، رنگ، جنس، عمر او پخواني عقايدو نه د ټولو پر مخ پرانيستې دي او ټولو ته په دغه دين کې د ننوتلو اجازه شته. د مسلمان کېدو لپاره همدومره بس ده چې يو څوک د زړه له کومي په رسمي توگه د يو څو تنو مسلمانانو په مينځ کې د اسلام دين ومني او شهادت ووايي. شهادت هغه بيان دی چې مسلمان پرې د يوه خدای د وحدانيت او د حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) پر نبوت او په خپل ژوند کې د هغه د لارښوونو د پلي کولو د تکل اقرار بلل کېږي. د شهادت په نه وييلو سره هېڅوک نه شي کولای چې مسلمان شي. د مسلمان لپاره د شهادت نه وروسته د اسلامي حکمونو پلي کول فرض دي او همدا رنگه يو مسلمان بايد د اسلامي اخلاقو خاوند هم وي ترڅو هغه په يوه اسلامي ټولنه کې د منلو وړ وگرځي.

=== اسلامي قانون ===
{{آرنی|شريعت|فقه}}
د اسلامي قانون نوم شريعت دی، چې د مسلمانو عالمانو لخوا د قرآن او حديث په رڼا کې وضع شوی. قرآن شريف د شريعت او اسلامي قضايه نظام لومړنۍ سرچينه ده، تر دې وروسته د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم سنة او د لومړنۍ اسلامي ټولنې دود او دستورونه په دوهم پړاو کې ځای لري. سنت د احاديثو په شننو کې رامېنځ ته شوی، او احاديث د حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) لارښوونو ته وايي چې مسلمانانو ته يې کړي. اجماع چې د يوې مسلمانې ټولنې د احصايې په مانا ده، د قياس سره يوځای د اسلامي قانون او د شريعت درېيمه او څلورمه سرچينه جوړوي.

په اسلامي قانون کې د ژوند د هر اړخ په اړه بحث شوی دی. د دولت او حکومت د چلولو او د باندنيو اړيکو د ساتلو نه نيولې آن تر ورځيني ژوند و ژواک پورې د هرې ستونزې او مسلې لپاره د حل لار څېړل شوې او د اسلامي احکامو پر بنسټ يې د پلي کولو لارښوونه شوې.د اسلامي قانون په اړه په څرگنده ډول په قرآن شريف کې چې کوم احکامات راغلي هغه د [[حدود]]و په نامه يادېږي چې په دغو لارښوونو کې د قتل نه ډډه، د واده نه پرته د جنسي اړيکو د ساتلو نه ځان ساتنه، د شرابو او الکولو د څښلو او د قمار نه اجتناب يې غټ ټکي جوړوي. په قرآن کې د وراثت، د واده، د ټپي کولو او وژلو په بدل کې د تدابيرو نيولو او په هم دې توگه د روژې د نيولو، د زکات ورکولو او لمونځ کولو په باب هم په تفصيل سره د حکمونو يادونه شوې. However, the prescriptions and prohibitions may be broad, so how they are applied in practice varies. Islamic scholars, ''the ulema'', have elaborated systems of law on the basis of these broad rules, supplemented by the hadith reports of how Muhammad and his companions interpreted them. See [[Sin]] for further discussion about the concept of sin and its atonement according to the Islamic law.

In current times, not all Muslims understand the Qur'an in its original Arabic. Thus, when Muslims are divided in how to handle situations, they seek the assistance of a [[mufti]] (Islamic judge) who can advise them based on Islamic [[Sharia]] and hadith.

The ''Sharia'' (literally: &quot;the path leading to the watering place&quot;) is Islamic law formed by traditional Islamic scholarship. In Islam, Sharia is the expression of the divine will, and &quot;constitutes a system of duties that are incumbent upon a Muslim by virtue of his religious belief&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;BritannicaShariah&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Islamic law covers all aspects of life, from matters of state, like governance and [[Diplomacy|foreign relations]], to issues of daily living. The Qur'an defines ''[[hudud]]'' as the punishments for five specific crimes: unlawful intercourse, false accusation of unlawful intercourse, consumption of alcohol, theft, and highway robbery. The Qur'an and Sunnah also contain laws of [[Islamic Inheritance jurisprudence|inheritance]], [[Islamic marital jurisprudence|marriage]], and [[Qisas|restitution for injuries and murder]], as well as rules for [[sawm|fasting]], [[Sadaqah|charity]], and [[salat|prayer]]. However, these [[wajib|prescriptions]] and [[Haraam|prohibitions]] may be broad, so their application in practice varies. [[Ulema|Islamic scholars]] (known as ''ulema'') have elaborated systems of law on the basis of these rules and their interpretations.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Menski (۲۰۰۶), p.۲۹۰
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hadd | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=B. Carra de Vaux | coauthors=J. Schacht, A.M. Goichon | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sharia | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=N. Calder | coauthors=M. B. Hooker | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[Fiqh]]'', or &quot;jurisprudence&quot;, is defined as the knowledge of the practical rules of the religion. The method Islamic jurists use to derive rulings is known as ''[[usul al-fiqh]]'' (&quot;legal theory&quot;, or &quot;principles of jurisprudence&quot;). According to Islamic legal theory, law has four fundamental roots, which are given precedence in this order: the Qur'an, the Sunnah (actions and sayings of Muhammad), the consensus of the Muslim jurists (''[[ijma]]''), and analogical reasoning (''[[qiyas]]''). For early Islamic jurists, theory was less important than pragmatic application of the law. In the ۹th century, the jurist [[ash-Shafi'i]] provided a theoretical basis for Islamic law by codifying the principles of jurisprudence (including the four fundamental roots) in his book ''ar-Risālah''.&lt;ref&gt;Weiss (۲۰۰۲), pp.xvii,۱۶۲&lt;/ref&gt;

==== مذهب او رياست ====

د اسلامي قانون له مخې د مذهب او رياست تر مېنځ ژورې اړيکې دي چې په ډېريو اسلامي هېوادونو کې ديني عالمان د قاضيانو په توگه په رسمي ډول دندې ترسره کوي. In practice, Islamic rulers frequently bypassed the Sharia courts with a parallel system of so-called &quot;Grievance courts&quot; over which they had sole control. As the Muslim world came into contact with Western secular ideals, Muslim societies responded in different ways. [[Turkey]] has been governed as a secular state ever since the reforms of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]. In contrast, the [[۱۹۷۹ Iranian Revolution]] replaced a mostly secular regime with an [[Islamic republic]] led by the [[Ruholla Khomeini|Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۸۴
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۵۰۲–۵۰۷٬۸۴۵
* Lewis (۲۰۰۳), p.۱۰۰&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ارتداد او کفر ====
{{آرنی|ارتداد په اسلام کې}}

په سيمه ايزو اسلامي ټولنو کې چې يو وگړی په ارتداد او کفر پېژندل کېږي نو هغه بيا د هماغې ټولنې نه رټل کېږي. په اسلامي رياستونو کې ارتداد او کفر د اسلامي رياست پر وړاندې جرم گڼل کېږي او داسې يو مجرم ته سزا ورکول کېږي چې اکثراً د مرگ  سزا وي.

== مذهبي فرقې ==
{{main|د اسلام مذهبي فرقې}}
لکه د نورو دينونو په شان په اسلام کې هم يو شمېر مذهبي فرقې شته چې د دوی ټولو گروهه يا عقيده يوه ده خو په شرعي او قانوني توگه په دغو فرقو کې اهم توپيرونه ليدل کېږي. اسلام په دوه لويو فرقو وېشل شوی چې د [[سني]] او [[تشيع]] فرقې يې دوه لويې فرقې دي. [[تصوف]] بيا ځانته بله مذهبي ډله ده چې په دې کې د اسلام معمايي تصريف لور ته ډېر پام اړول شوی. د ځينو سرچينو له مخې د نړۍ نژدې ۸۵٪ مسلمانان د سني لويې فرقې په لار روان دي او پاتې ۱۵٪ مسلمانان د تشيع د مذهب مننونکي دي، په همدې توگه بيا په شيعه گانو کې هم وړې مذهبي فرقې شته.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۲
* {{cite web | url=http://countrystudies.us/afghanistan/61.htm | title=Sunni and Shia Islam | work=Country Studies | publisher=U.S. Library of Congress | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۱-۰۹}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اهل سنت ===
[[دوتنه:Divisions of Islam.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Divisions of Islam]]

[[سني]] مسلمانان د اسلام لويه برخه جوړوي. په عربي ژبه کې د ''السنة'' لغت مانا &quot;اصل&quot; او يا هم &quot;لار&quot; ده. سنت (د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; د ژوند کړه وړه) دقرآن او حديث له مخې د سني اسلام اهمه ستنه جوړوي. سنيان په دې عقيده دي چې د اسلام لومړي څلور خليفه گان د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; نه وروسته برحقه او ريښتوني خليفه گان وه؛ او خدای&lt;sup&gt;ج&lt;/sup&gt; د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر نه وروسته خدای بل پيغمبر نه ؤ ځانگړی کړی، او پاتې خليفه گان بايد ټاکل شوي وای. سنيان څلور لوی قانوني مذهبونه مني چې هغه څلور لوی مذهبونه [[حنفي]]، [[مالکي]]، [[شافي]] او [[حنبلي]] دي.  All four accept the validity of the others and a Muslim might choose any one that he or she finds agreeable, but other Islamic sects are believed to have departed from the majority by introducing innovations (''[[bidah]]''). There are also several orthodox theological or philosophical traditions within Sunnism. For example, the recent [[Salafi]] movement sees itself as restorationist and claims to derive its teachings from the original sources of Islam.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* اېسپوزيتو (۲۰۰۳), pp.۲۷۵٬۳۰۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shariah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sunnite | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== شیعه گان ===

{{see also|Historic background of the Sunni-Shi'a split}}
The [[Shi'a]], who constitute the second-largest branch of Islam, believe in the political and religious [[Islamic leadership|leadership]] of [[infallible#Additional Shi'a teachings|infallible]] [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)|Imams]] from the progeny of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]. They believe that he, as the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was his rightful successor, and they call him the first ''Imam'' (leader), rejecting the legitimacy of the previous Muslim caliphs. To them, an Imam rules by right of divine appointment and holds &quot;absolute spiritual authority&quot; among Muslims, having final say in matters of doctrine and revelation.&lt;ref&gt;See
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۴۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Imam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shi'ite | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/p.php?p=shia'&amp;url=Introduction {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419035040/http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/p.php?p=shia%27&amp;url=Introduction |date=2008-04-19 }} Imamat, by [[Naser Makarem Shirazi]]]&lt;/ref&gt; Although the Shi'a share many core practices with the Sunni, the two branches disagree over the proper importance and validity of specific collections of hadith. The Shi'a follow a legal tradition called [[Ja'fari jurisprudence]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Ahmed (۱۹۹۹), pp.۴۴–۴۵
* Nasr (۱۹۹۴), p.۴۶۶&lt;/ref&gt; Shi'a Islam has several branches, the largest of which is the [[Twelvers]] (''{{ArabDIN|iṯnāʿašariyya}}''), while the others are the [[Ismaili]], the [[Sevener]]s, and the [[Zaidiyyah]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Kramer (۱۹۸۷), [http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/Alawis.htm Syria’s Alawis and Shi‘ism pp.۲۳۷–۲۵۴]
* [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/index.html Shia branches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041025093409/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/index.html |date=2004-10-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 1.JPG|thumb|right|A view of the [[Dome of the Rock]] on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]], a holy site in Islam]]
[[Shi'a]] Muslims, the second-largest sect, differ from the Sunni in rejecting the authority of the first three caliphs. They honor different traditions ([[hadith]]) and have their own legal traditions. Shi'a scholars have a larger authority than Sunni scholars and have greater room for interpretation. The [[Imams]] play a central role in Shi'a doctrine.

The arabic word Shi'a, litarally translates into the word 'group' or 'sect'. Originally known as Shi'at Ali (the sect of Ali), the group formed shortly after the death of Ali, in [[Iraq]]. Ali ibn Abi Talib was the cousin of prophet [[Muhammad]], and after marriage to Fatima, he also became Muhammad's son-in-law.

The Shi'a consist of one major school of thought known as the [[Ithna 'ashariyah]] or the &quot;[[Twelvers]]&quot;, and a few minor schools of thought, as the &quot;Seveners&quot; or the &quot;Fivers&quot; referring to the number of infallible leaders they recognize after the death of prophet [[Muhammad]]. The term Shi'a, when used without qualification, is usually taken to be synonymous with the Ithna Ashariyya or Twelvers. Most Shi'a live in [[Iran]], [[Iraq]] (the country where Ali passed away), [[Bahrain]], [[Lebanon]], [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. A minority group (about ۴ million) of Shi'a is known as [[Ismaili]]. The Shia Ismaili sect is subdivided into [[Nizari]] Ismaili and [[Mustaali]] Bohra subsects. The Nizari Ismaili or are led by the [[Aga Khan]] and are found mainly in [[Pakistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Bangladesh]], India, Canada and United States. The [[Mustaali]] Bohra sect is further subdivded into Dawoodi and Sulaimanis subsects. The [[Dawoodi Bohra]]s are concentrated in Pakistan and India. The [[Sulaimani Bohra]]s are concentrated in Yemen and Najran province of Saudi Arabia.

=== تصوف ===
{{آرنی|تصوف}}

Not strictly a denomination, [[Sufism]] is a mystical-ascetic form of Islam. By focusing on the more spiritual aspects of religion, Sufis strive to obtain direct experience of God by making use of &quot;intuitive and emotional faculties&quot; that one must be trained to use.&lt;ref&gt;Trimingham (۱۹۹۸), p.۱&lt;/ref&gt; Sufism and [[Islamic law]] are usually considered to be complementary, although Sufism has been criticized by some Muslims for being an unjustified [[bidah|religious innovation]]. Most Sufi orders, or ''[[tariqa]]s'', can be classified as either Sunni or Shi'a.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۳۰۲
* Malik (۲۰۰۶), p.۳
* B. S. Turner (۱۹۹۸), p.۱۴۵
* {{cite web | url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aftoc.html | work=Country Studies | publisher=U. S. Library of Congress (Federal Research Division) | title=Afghanistan: A Country Study | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۴-۱۸ | pages=۱۵۰}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Sufism]] is a spiritual practice followed by both Sunni and Shi'a. Sufis generally feel that following Islamic law or jurisprudence (or ''fiqh'') is only the first step on the path to perfect submission; they focus on the internal or more spiritual aspects of Islam, such as perfecting one's faith and fighting one's own ego (''nafs''). Most Sufi orders, or [[tariqa]], can be classified as either Sunni or Shi'a. However, there are some that are not easily categorized as either Sunni or Shi'a, such as the [[Bektashi]]. Sufis are found throughout the Islamic world, from [[Senegal]] to [[Indonesia]].

=== نورې طريقې ===
[[Wahhabi]]s, as they are known by non-Wahhabis, are a smaller, more recent Sunni group. They prefer to be called [[Salafi]]s. Wahhabism is a movement founded by [[Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab]] in the [[۱۸th century]] in what is present-day [[Saudi Arabia]]. They classify themselves as Sunni and some claim to follow the [[Hanbali]] legal tradition. The major trend, however, is the  abolition of these &quot;schools of thoughts&quot; (legal traditions), and the following of a more literalist interpretation. Some even regard other Sunni as heretics. The [[Hanbali]] legal tradition is the recognized official school of Islamic law in Saudi Arabia and they have had a great deal of influence on the Islamic world because of Saudi control of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]], the Islamic holy places, and because of Saudi funding for mosques and schools in other countries. The majority of Saudi Islamic scholars are considered as [[Wahhabi]]s by other parts of the Islamic world.

Sunni and Shi'a have often clashed. Some Sunni believe that Shi'a  are heretics while other Sunni recognize Shi'a as fellow Muslims. According to Shaikh Mahmood Shaltoot, head of the [[al-Azhar University]] in the middle part of the ۲۰th century, &quot;the Ja'fari school of thought, which is also known as &quot;al-Shi'a al- Imamiyyah al-Ithna Ashariyyah&quot; (i.e. The Twelver Imami Shi'ites) is a school of thought that is religiously correct to follow in worship as are other Sunni schools of thought&quot;. Al-Azhar later distanced itself from this position.

Another sect which dates back to the early days of Islam is that of the [[Kharijites]]. The only surviving branch of the Kharijites are the [[Ibadi|Ibadhi Muslims]]. Ibadhism is distinguished from Shiism by its belief that the Imam (Leader) should be chosen solely on the basis of his faith, not on the basis of descent, and from Sunnism in its rejection of [[Uthman]] and [[Ali]] and strong emphasis on the need to depose unjust rulers.  Ibadhi Islam is noted for its strictness, but, unlike the Kharijites proper, Ibadhis do not regard major sins as automatically making a Muslim an unbeliever. Most Ibadhi Muslims live in [[Oman]].

Another trend in modern Islam is that which is sometimes called progressive. Followers may be called [[Ijtihadists]]. They may be either Sunni or Shi'ite, and generally favor the development of  personal interpretations of Qur'an and Hadith. ''See'': [[Liberal Islam]]

One very small group, based primarily in the United States, follows the teachings of [[Rashad Khalifa]] and calls itself the &quot;Submitters&quot;. They reject [[hadith]] and [[fiqh]], and say that they follow the Qur'an alone. Most Muslims of both the [[Sunni]] and the [[Shia]] sects consider this group to be heretical.

The [[Kharijites]] are a sect that dates back to the early days of Islam. The only surviving branch of the Kharijites is [[Ibadism]]. Unlike most Kharijite groups, Ibadism does not regard sinful Muslims as unbelievers. The [[Imam]]ate is an important topic in Ibadi legal literature, which stipulates that the leader should be chosen solely on the basis of his knowledge and piety, and is to be deposed if he acts unjustly. Most Ibadi Muslims live in [[Oman]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* [http://www.uga.edu/islam/ibadis.html IBADI ISLAM: AN INTRODUCTION]
* J. A. Williams (۱۹۹۴), p.۱۷۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=al-Ibāḍiyya | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Yazidi]], [[Druze]],  [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community|Ahmadiyya]], [[Bábís|Bábí]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'í]], [[Berghouata]] and [[Ha-Mim]] religions either emerged out of Islam or came to share certain beliefs with Islam. [[Sikhism]], founded by [[Guru Nanak]] in late fifteenth century [[Punjab region|Punjab]], incorporates aspects of both Islam and [[Hinduism]].&lt;ref&gt;Encyclopedia of Islam, &quot;Sikhs&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلامي فرضونه او عمل ==
=== پينځه بنسټيزه ستنې ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام پينځه ستنې}}

[[دوتنه:Arabic Plaque, Great Mosque, Xian.jpg|thumb|left|Islam's basic creed (''[[shahadah]]'') written on a plaque in the [[Great Mosque of Xi'an]], [[China]]]]
[[دوتنه:Kabaa.jpg|thumb|left|Rituals of the [[Hajj]] (pilgrimage) include walking seven times around the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca.]]

دغه پنځه بنسټیزه ستنې د [[سني مسلمانان|سني مسلمانانو]] لپاره پنځه اړینه کړنې دي.خو بیا شیعه مسلمان په اتو مذهبي کړنو کې کډون کوي کوم چې دغو پنځو بنسټیزه کړنو ته ورته والی لري:
.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Momem (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Pillars of Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; چې په لاندې ډول دي:
* '''''[[شهادت]]''''', شهادت د اسلام له بنسټیزو [[عقیده|عقیدو]] یا اصولو څخه دي او باید د زړه له تله په لاندې ډول وویل شي ''' أشهد أن لا إله إلاَّ الله و أشهد أن محمد رسول الله''',یا&quot; زه شهادت ورکوم چې دلته پرته له [[الله]] څخه بل هیڅوک د [[عبادت]] وړ ندي او زه شهادت ورکوم چې [[محمد]] د خدای [[رسول]] دي.&quot;

This testament is a foundation for all other beliefs and practices in Islam (although technically the Shi'a do not consider the ''shahadah'' to be a separate pillar, just a belief). Muslims must repeat the ''shahadah'' in prayer, and non-Muslims wishing to convert to Islam are required to recite the creed.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۱۹۹۴), p.۱۳۵
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸
* &quot;Islam&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals''(۲۰۰۴)&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[لمونځ]]''''', or ritual prayer, which must be performed five times a day. (However, the Shi'a are permitted to run together the noon with the afternoon prayers, and the evening with the night prayers). Each salah is done facing towards the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca. Salah is intended to focus the mind on God, and is seen as a personal communication with him that expresses gratitude and worship. Salah is compulsory but flexibility in the specifics is allowed depending on circumstances. In many Muslim countries, reminders called [[Adhan]] (call to prayer) are broadcast publicly from local mosques at the appropriate times. The prayers are recited in the [[Arabic language]], and consist of verses from the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۱۸٬۱۹
* Hedáyetullah (۲۰۰۶), pp.۵۳–۵۵
* Kobeisy (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲۲–۳۴
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[زکات]]''''', or [[alms|alms-giving]]. This is the practice of giving based on accumulated wealth, and is obligatory for all Muslims who can afford it. A fixed portion is spent to help the poor or needy, and also to assist the spread of Islam. The zakat is considered a religious obligation (as opposed to voluntary charity) that the well-off owe to the needy because their wealth is seen as a &quot;trust from God's bounty&quot;. The Qur'an and the hadith also suggest a Muslim give even more as an act of voluntary alms-giving (''[[sadaqah]]''). Many Shi'ites are expected to pay an additional amount in the form of a ''[[khums]]'' tax, which they consider to be a separate ritual practice.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲|۱۷۷|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۹۰
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Zakat | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۱}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Zakat | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[روژه]]''''', or [[Sawm of Ramadan|fasting during the month of Ramadan]]. Muslims must not eat or drink (among other things) from dawn to dusk during this month, and must be mindful of other sins. The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to God, and during it Muslims should express their gratitude for and dependence on him, atone for their past sins, and think of the needy. ''Sawm'' is not obligatory for several groups for whom it would constitute an undue burden. For others, flexibility is allowed depending on circumstances, but missed fasts usually must be made up quickly.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲|۱۸۴|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۹۰٬۹۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_21.html#HEADING20 | title=For whom fasting is mandatory | publisher=USC-MSA | work=Compendium of Muslim Texts | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۴-۱۸ | تاريخ الأرشيف=2008-11-28 | مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 | url-status=dead | خونديځ نېټه=2008-11-28 | خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308025221/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_21.html#HEADING20 | خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[حج]]''''', which is the pilgrimage during the [[Islamic calendar|Islamic month]] of ''[[Dhu al-Hijjah]]'' in the city of [[Mecca]]. Every [[able-bodied]] Muslim who can afford it must make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his or her lifetime. When the pilgrim is about ten kilometers from Mecca, he must dress in [[Ihram clothing|''Ihram'' clothing]], which consists of two white seamless sheets. Rituals of the Hajj include walking seven times around the [[Kaaba]], touching the [[Black Stone]], running seven times between [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Mount Safa]] and [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Mount Marwah]], and symbolically [[Stoning of the Devil|stoning the Devil]] in [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]]. The pilgrim, or the ''hajji'', is honored in his or her community, although Islamic teachers say that the Hajj should be an expression of devotion to God instead of a means to gain social standing.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۱۹۹۴), pp.۱۴۵–۱۴۷
* Goldschmidt (۲۰۰۵), p.۴۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hajj | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In addition to the ''khums'' tax, Shi'a Muslims consider three additional practices essential to the religion of Islam. The first is [[jihad]], which is also important to the Sunni, but not considered a pillar. The second is ''[[Amr-Bil-Ma'rūf]]'', the &quot;Enjoining to Do Good&quot;, which calls for every Muslim to live a virtuous life and to encourage others to do the same. The third is ''[[Nahi-Anil-Munkar]]'', the &quot;Exhortation to Desist from Evil&quot;, which tells Muslims to refrain from vice and from evil actions and to also encourage others to do the same.&lt;ref&gt;Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۸۰&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلامي اداب او خواړه ===

{{آرنی|اسلامي اداب|د خواړو اړونده اسلامي احکام}}

Many practices fall in the category of ''adab'', or Islamic etiquette. This includes greeting others with &quot;''[[As-Salamu Alaykum|as-salamu `alaykum]]''&quot; (&quot;peace be unto you&quot;), saying ''[[bismillah]]'' (&quot;in [[Names of God|the name of God]]&quot;) before meals, and using only the right hand for eating and drinking. [[Islamic hygienical jurisprudence|Islamic hygienic]] practices mainly fall into the category of personal cleanliness and health, such as the circumcision of male offspring. [[Islamic funeral|Islamic burial rituals]] include saying the ''[[Salat al-Janazah]]'' (&quot;funeral prayer&quot;) over the bathed and enshrouded dead body, and burying it in a grave. Muslims, like Jews, are restricted in their diet, and prohibited foods include pig products, blood, [[carrion]], and [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]]. All meat must come from a [[herbivorous]] animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian, with the exception of game that one has hunted or fished for oneself. Food permissible for Muslims is known as [[halal]] food.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۵|۵|style=ref}}
* Curtis (۲۰۰۵), p.۱۶۴
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۱۱۱
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/janisla2y2.html Customs and Behavioral Laws]
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/febislaw2y2.html The Dietary Laws]
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/DecIslaw2y5.htm Various types of the prayer]
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Slaughter | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Ersilia Francesca | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۸}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جهاد ===
{{mainarticle|Jihad|Islamic military jurisprudence}}
Jihad means &quot;to strive or struggle,&quot; especially in the idiomatic expression &quot;striving in the way of God&quot; (''al-jihad fi sabil Allah'') and is considered the &quot;[[sixth pillar of Islam]]&quot; by a minority of Muslim authorities.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Merriam (۱۹۹۹) p.۵۷۱
* Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia p.۴۱۹
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۹۳&lt;/ref&gt; Jihad, in its broadest sense, is classically defined as &quot;exerting one's utmost power, efforts, endeavors, or ability in contending with an object of disapprobation.&quot; Depending on the object being a visible enemy, the devil, and aspects of one's own self, different categories of Jihad are defined: Jihad against one's own self (self-perfection), Jihad of the tongue, Jihad of the hand, and Jihad of the sword. Jihad when used without any qualifier is understood in its military aspect.&lt;ref&gt;Reuven Firestone (۱۹۹۹), The Meaning of Jihād, p. ۱۷-۱۸&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Britannica Encyclopedia, Jihad&lt;/ref&gt;

Jihad is the only form of warfare permissible under [[Sharia|Islamic law]]. Under most circumstances and for most Muslims, jihad is a collective duty (''[[Fard|fard kifaya]]''): one whose performance by some individuals exempts the others; for the rest of the populace, this happens only in the case of a [[general mobilization]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Djihad&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''.&lt;/ref&gt; Some Muslim authorities, especially among the Shi'a and [[Sufism|Sufis]], distinguish between the &quot;greater jihad&quot;, which pertains to spiritual self-perfection, and the &quot;lesser jihad&quot;, defined as warfare.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Firestone (۱۹۹۹) p.۱۷ 
* &quot;Djihad&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''.&lt;/ref&gt; Jihad also refers to one's striving to attain religious and moral perfection.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Brockopp (۲۰۰۳) pp. ۹۹–۱۰۰
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۹۳ 
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=jihad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۶-۱۳}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
{{آرنی|د اسلام تاريخ|د اسلام خپرېدا}}

Islam's historical development resulted in major political, economic, and military effects inside and outside the [[Islamic world]]. Within a century of Muhammad's first recitations of the [[Qur'an]], an Islamic empire stretched from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in the west to [[Central Asia]] in the east. This new polity soon broke into civil war, and successor states fought each other and outside forces. However, Islam continued to spread into regions like [[Africa]], the [[Indian subcontinent]], and [[Southeast Asia]]. The Islamic civilization was one of the most advanced in the world during the [[Middle Ages]], but was surpassed by Europe with the economic and military growth of the West. During the ۱۸th and ۱۹th centuries, Islamic dynasties such as the [[Ottomans]] and [[Mughals]] fell under the sway of European imperial powers. In the ۲۰th century [[Islamic revival|new religious and political movements]] and newfound wealth in the Islamic world led to both rebirth and conflict.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۵۰٬۱۱۲٬۱۹۷٬۳۸۰٬۴۸۹٬۵۷۸٬۸۱۷
* Lewis (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲۹٬۵۱–۵۶&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د اسلامي رياست پيل (۶۳۲–۷۵۰) ===
{{see|Succession to Muhammad|Muslim conquests|Muslim Empire}}
Muhammad began preaching Islam at [[Mecca]] before [[Hijra (Islam)|migrating]] to [[Medina]], from where he united the [[tribes of Arabia]] into a singular Arab Muslim religious polity. With Muhammad's death in ۶۳۲, disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community. [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]], a prominent [[sahaba|companion]] of Muhammad, nominated [[Abu Bakr]], who was Muhammad's intimate friend and collaborator. Others added their support and Abu Bakr was made the first [[caliph]]. This choice was disputed by some of Muhammad's companions, who held that [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]], his cousin and son-in-law, had been designated his successor. Abu Bakr's immediate task was to avenge a recent defeat by [[Byzantine]] (or [[Eastern Roman Empire]]) forces, although he first had to put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an episode known as the [[Ridda wars]], or &quot;Wars of Apostasy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See: 
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۵۷
* Hourani (۲۰۰۳), p.۲۲
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۳۲
* Madelung (۱۹۹۶), p.۴۳
* Tabatabaei (۱۹۷۹), p.۳۰–۵۰&lt;/ref&gt;

[[دوتنه:Age of Caliphs.png|thumb|left|300px|The territory of the [[Caliphate]] in the year ۷۵۰]]

His death in ۶۳۴ resulted in the succession of Umar as the caliph, followed by [[Uthman ibn al-Affan]] and Ali ibn Abi Talib. These four are known as ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' (&quot;[[Rightly Guided Caliphs]]&quot;). Under them, the territory under Muslim rule expanded deeply into [[Persian Empire]] and [[Byzantine]] territories.&lt;ref&gt;See
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۷۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; When Umar was assassinated in ۶۴۴, [[the election of Uthman]] as successor was met with increasing opposition. In ۶۵۶, Uthman was also killed, and Ali assumed the position of caliph. After fighting off opposition in the [[First Fitna|first civil war]] (the &quot;First Fitna&quot;), Ali was assassinated by [[Kharijites]] in ۶۶۱. Following this, [[Muawiyah I|Mu'awiyah]], who was governor of [[Levant]], seized power and began the [[Umayyad dynasty]].&lt;ref&gt;Holt (۱۹۷۷a), pp.۶۷–۷۲&lt;/ref&gt;

These disputes over religious and political leadership would give rise to schism in the Muslim community. The majority accepted the legitimacy of the three rulers prior to Ali, and became known as [[Sunni]]s. A minority disagreed, and believed that Ali was the only rightful successor; they became known as the [[Shi'a]].&lt;ref&gt;Waines (۲۰۰۳) p.۴۶&lt;/ref&gt; After Mu'awiyah's death in ۶۸۰, conflict over succession broke out again in a civil war known as the &quot;[[Second Fitna]]&quot;. Afterward, the Umayyad dynasty prevailed for seventy years, and was able to conquer the [[Maghreb|Maghrib]] as well as the [[Al-Andalus]] (the [[Iberian Peninsula]], former [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] [[Hispania]]) and the [[Gallia Narbonensis|Narbonnese Gaul]]. While the Muslim-Arab elite engaged in conquest, some devout Muslims&lt;!--The Islamic term is Zahid and there may be a better translation for it.--&gt; began to question the piety of indulgence in a worldly life, emphasizing rather poverty, humility and avoidance of sin based on renunciation of bodily desires. Devout Muslim ascetic exemplars such as [[Hasan al-Basri]] would inspire a movement that would evolve into [[Sufism]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۹۰٬۹۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sufism | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۳}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the Umayyad aristocracy, Islam was viewed as a religion for Arabs only;&lt;ref&gt;Hawting (۲۰۰۰), p.۴&lt;/ref&gt; the economy of the Umayyad empire was based on the assumption that a majority of non-Muslims ([[Dhimmis]]) would pay taxes to the minority of Muslim Arabs. A non-Arab who wanted to convert to Islam was supposed to first become a client of an Arab tribe. Even after conversion, these new Muslims (''[[mawali]]'') did not achieve social and economic equality with the Arabs. The descendants of Muhammad's uncle [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] rallied discontented ''mawali'', poor Arabs, and some Shi'a against the Umayyads and overthrew them with the help of their propagandist and general [[Abu Muslim]], inaugurating the [[Abbasid|Abbasid dynasty]] in ۷۵۰.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۶; Lewis (۱۹۹۳), pp. ۷۱–۸۳&lt;/ref&gt; Under the Abbasids, Islamic civilization flourished in the &quot;[[Islamic Golden Age]]&quot;, with its capital at the cosmopolitan city of Baghdad.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), pp.۸۰٬۹۲٬۱۰۵
* Holt (۱۹۷۷b), pp.۶۶۱–۶۶۳
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۶
* Lewis (۱۹۹۳), p.۸۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د اسلام زرين پېر (۷۵۰–۱۲۵۸) ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام زرين پېر}}

[[دوتنه:Battle of Cresson.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Artistic depiction of the Battle of Hattin in 1187, where Jerusalem was recaptured by Saladin's Ayyubid forces]]

By the late ۹th century, the Abbasid caliphate began to fracture as various regions gained increasing levels of autonomy. Across North Africa, Persia, and Central Asia [[emirates]] formed as provinces broke away. The monolithic Arab empire gave way to a more religiously homogenized [[Muslim world]] where the Shia [[Fatimid]]s contested even the religious authority of the caliphate. By ۱۰۵۵ the [[Seljuq Turks]] had eliminated the Abbasids as a military power, nevertheless they continued to respect the caliph's titular authority.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۱۰۳–۱۴۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Abbasid Dynasty | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this time expansion of the Muslim world continued, by both conquest and peaceful [[Dawah|proselytism]] even as both Islam and Muslim trade networks were extending into sub-Saharan [[West Africa]], [[Central Asia]], [[Volga Bulgaria]] and the [[Malay archipelago]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Islam&quot;/&gt;

The Golden Age saw new legal, philosophical, and religious developments. The [[Six major Hadith collections|major hadith collections]] were compiled and the four modern Sunni [[Madh'hab]]s were established. Islamic law was advanced greatly by the efforts of the early ۹th century jurist [[al-Shafi'i]]; he codified a method to establish the reliability of hadith, a topic which had been a locus of dispute among Islamic scholars.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۸۶&lt;/ref&gt; Philosophers [[Ibn Sina]] (Avicenna) and [[Al-Farabi]] sought to incorporate Greek principles into Islamic theology, while others like the ۱۱th century theologian [[Abu Hamid al-Ghazzali]] argued against them and ultimately prevailed.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۱۶۰
* Waines (۲۰۰۳) p.۱۲۶٬۱۲۷&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, Sufism and Shi'ism both underwent major changes in the ۹th century. [[Sufism]] became a full-fledged movement that had moved towards mysticism and away from its ascetic roots, while Shi'ism split due to disagreements over the succession of Imams.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۴۴–۴۵
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۹۰–۹۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sufism | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The spread of the Islamic dominion induced hostility among [[Middle ages|medieval]] [[ecclesiastical]] Christian authors who saw Islam as an adversary in the light of the large numbers of new Muslim converts. This opposition resulted in polemical treatises which depicted Islam as the religion of the [[antichrist]] and of Muslims as libidinous and subhuman.&lt;ref&gt;Tolan (۲۰۰۲) xv, xvi, ۴۱&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Middle Ages|medieval period]], a few Arab philosophers like the poet [[Al-Ma'arri]] adopted a critical approach to Islam, and the Jewish philosopher [[Maimonides]] contrasted Islamic views of morality to Jewish views that he himself elaborated.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Novak (February ۱۹۹۹)
* Sahas (۱۹۹۷), pp.۷۶–۸۰&lt;/ref&gt;

Starting in the ۹th century, Muslim conquests in Christian Europe began to be reversed. The [[Reconquista]] was launched against Muslim [[Taifa|principalities]] in [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], and Muslim [[History of Islam in southern Italy|Italian possessions]] were lost to the [[Normans]]. From the ۱۱th century onwards a series of wars known as the [[Crusade]]s brought the Muslim world into conflict with [[Christendom]]. Successful at first in their capturing of the [[Holy Land (Biblical)|Holy land]] which resulted in the establishment of the [[Crusader states]], Crusader gains in the Holy Land were reversed by later Muslim generals such as [[Saladin]], who recaptured [[Jerusalem]] during the [[Second Crusade]].&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۸۸–۲۹۰٬۳۱۰&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Mongol Empire]] put an end to the Abbasid dynasty at the [[Battle of Baghdad (۱۲۵۸)|Battle of Baghdad in ۱۲۵۸]], which saw the Muslims overrun by the superior Mongol army. Meanwhile in Egypt, the slave-soldier [[Mamluk]]s took control in an uprising in ۱۲۵۰.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۹۲
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic World | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د عثمانيه سلطنت او په هند کې اسلامي رياست (۱۲۵۸–۱۹۱۸) ===

The Seljuk Turks fell apart rapidly in the second half of the ۱۳th century. In the ۱۳th and ۱۴th centuries the [[Ottoman empire]] (named after [[Osman I]]) was established with a string of conquests that included the [[Balkans]], parts of [[Greece]], and western [[Anatolia]]. In ۱۴۵۳ under [[Mehmed II]] the Ottomans laid siege to [[Constantinople]], the capital of Byzantium. The Byzantine fortress [[Fall of Constantinople|succumbed]] shortly thereafter, having been battered by superior Ottoman [[cannon]]ry.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۲۶۳
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۵۰
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Istanbul | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Beginning in the ۱۳th century, Sufism underwent a transformation, largely as a result of the efforts of [[al-Ghazzali]] to legitimize and reorganize the movement. He developed the model of the Sufi order—a community of spiritual teachers and students.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۰۴٬۱۰۵&lt;/ref&gt; Also of importance to Sufism was the creation of the [[Masnavi]], a collection of mystical poetry by the ۱۳th century [[Persian language|Persian]] poet [[Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi|Rumi]]. The Masnavi had a profound influence on the development of Sufi religious thought; to many Sufis it is second in importance only to the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic Art | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[دوتنه:TajMahalbyAmalMongia.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[Taj Mahal]] is a [[mausoleum]] located in [[Agra]], [[India]], that was built under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۶۵&lt;/ref&gt;]]

In the early ۱۶th century, the Shi'ite [[Safavid dynasty]] assumed control in Persia and established Shi'a Islam as an official religion there, and despite periodic setbacks, the Safavids remained powerful for two centuries. Meanwhile, Mamluk Egypt fell to the Ottomans in ۱۵۱۷, who then launched a European campaign which reached as far as [[Siege of Vienna|the gates of Vienna]] in ۱۵۲۹.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۱۹۸٬۲۳۴٬۲۴۴٬۲۴۵٬۲۵۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many [[Islamic empires in India|Islamic dynasties]] ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent starting from the twelfth century. The prominent ones include the [[Delhi Sultanate]] (۱۲۰۶–۱۵۲۶) and the [[Mughal empire]] (۱۵۲۶–۱۸۵۷). These empires helped in the spread of Islam in [[South Asia]]. but by the mid-۱۸th century the [[British empire]] had ended the Mughal dynasty.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۳۵۸٬۳۷۸–۳۸۰٬۶۲۴&lt;/ref&gt; In the ۱۸th century the [[Wahhabi]] movement took hold in Saudi Arabia. Founded by the preacher [[Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab|Ibn Abd al-Wahhab]], Wahhabism is a fundamentalist ideology that condemns practices like Sufism and the veneration of saints as un-Islamic.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۷۲
* Watt (۱۹۷۳), p.۱۸: Wahhabism should not be confused with the early Kharijite sect of Wahabiyya, which was named after Abd-Allah ibn-Wahb ar-Rasibi, who opposed Ali at Nahrawan.&lt;/ref&gt;

By the ۱۷th and ۱۸th centuries, despite attempts at modernization, the Ottoman empire had begun to feel threatened by European economic and military advantages. In the ۱۹th century, the [[Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire|rise of nationalism]] resulted in Greece declaring and winning independence in ۱۸۲۹, with several Balkan states following suit after the Ottomans suffered defeat in the [[Russo-Turkish War (۱۸۷۷–۱۸۷۸)|Russo-Turkish War of ۱۸۷۷–۱۸۷۸]]. The Ottoman era came to a close at the end of [[World War I]].&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۳۸۰٬۴۸۹–۴۹۳&lt;/ref&gt;

=== نوی پېر (۱۹۱۸–اوسمهال) ===
After [[World War I]] losses, the remnants of the empire were parceled out as European [[protectorate]]s or [[sphere of influence|spheres of influence]]. Since then most Muslim societies have become independent nations, and new issues such as oil wealth and relations with the State of [[Israel]] have assumed prominence.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۸۱–۲۸۲٬۳۸۰٬۴۸۹–۴۹۳٬۵۵۶٬۵۷۸٬۸۲۳٬۸۳۵&lt;/ref&gt;

The ۲۰th century saw the creation of many new Islamic &quot;revivalist&quot; movements. Groups such as the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in Egypt and [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] in Pakistan advocate a totalistic and theocratic alternative to secular political ideologies. Sometimes called [[Islamist]], they see Western cultural values as a threat, and promote Islam as a comprehensive solution to every public and private question of importance. In countries like Iran and Afghanistan (under the [[Taliban]]), revolutionary movements replaced [[Secularism|secular]] regimes with Islamist states, while transnational groups like [[Osama bin Laden]]'s [[al-Qaeda]] engage in [[Islamist terrorism|terrorism]] to further their goals. In contrast, [[Liberal Islam]] is a movement that attempts to reconcile religious tradition with modern norms of secular governance and [[human rights]]. Its supporters say that there are multiple ways to read Islam's sacred texts, and stress the need to leave room for &quot;independent thought on religious matters&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۱۸٬۱۱۹٬۱۷۹
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۸۲۳–۸۳۰&lt;/ref&gt;

In modern times Islam has come under [[Criticism of Islam|criticism]] from idealogues such as [[Robert Spencer]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last=Bostom | first=Andrew | title=Islamic Apostates' Tales—A Review of ''Leaving Islam'' by Ibn Warraq | date=July ۲۱, ۲۰۰۳ | publisher=FrontPageMagazine.com | work=FrontPage Magazine | url=http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=9000 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Ibn Warraq]],&lt;ref&gt;Rippin (۲۰۰۱), p.۲۸۸&lt;/ref&gt; who criticize Islamic law and question the morality of the Qur'an; for example, they say that its contents justify mistreatment of women and encourage [[anti-Semitism|antisemitic]] remarks by Muslim theologians;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | publisher=NYRB | work=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=۱۰-۰۵-۲۰۰۶ | title=Islam in Europe | author=Timothy Garton Ash | url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/19371}}&lt;/ref&gt; such claims are disputed by Muslim scholars.&lt;ref&gt;For example, see:
* [[Ahmed Deedat]], in Westerlund (۲۰۰۳);
* [[Syed Ameer Ali]], in ''The Spirit of Islam'' (۱۸۴۹–۱۹۲۸). It is described by [[David Samuel Margoliouth]] (۱۹۰۵) as &quot;probably the best achievement in the way of an apology for Mohammed&quot;.  See Margoliouth, preface ''Mohammed and the Rise of Islam'';
* [[Yusuf Estes]], in {{cite news | publisher=Advance, [[University of Connecticut]] | date=۱۱-۱۷-۲۰۰۳ | title=Ramadan Awareness Event Designed To Debunk Negative Images | author=Elizabeth Omara-Otunnu | url=http://advance.uconn.edu/2003/031117/03111715.htm | access-date=2007-11-24 | archive-date=2014-04-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401005128/http://advance.uconn.edu/2003/031117/03111715.htm | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Montgomery Watt]], Norman Daniel, and [[Edward Said]] dismiss many of the criticisms as the product of old myths and medieval European polemics.&lt;ref&gt;
* Seibert (۱۹۹۴), pp.۸۸–۸۹
* Watt (۱۹۷۴), p.۲۳۱&lt;/ref&gt; The rise of [[Islamophobia]], according to [[Carl Ernst]], had contributed to the negative views about Islam and Muslims in the West.&lt;ref&gt;Ernst (۲۰۰۴), p.۱۱&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلامي ټولنه ==
{{آرنی|اسلامي نړۍ}}

[[دوتنه:Islam percentage by country.png|کيڼ|290px|بټنوک|د هېوادونو له مخې د مسلمانانو د شمېر سلنه]]

=== وگړپوهنه ===
{{دا هم  وگورۍ|د مسلمانانو د شمېر له مخې د هېوادونو لړليک|د اسلام ډيموگرافي}}

Commonly cited estimates of the Muslim population in ۲۰۰۷ range from ۱٫۱&amp;nbsp;billion to ۱٫۸&amp;nbsp;billion. Approximately ۸۵٪ are [[Sunni]] and ۱۵٪ are [[Shi'a]], with a small minority belonging to other sects. Some ۳۰–۴۰ countries are Muslim-majority, and Arabs account for around ۲۰٪ of all Muslims worldwide.  [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]] contain the most populous Muslim countries, with [[Indonesia]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Bangladesh]] having more than ۱۰۰&amp;nbsp;million adherents each.&lt;ref name=Islam_by_country&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/rel_isl_num_of_mus-religion-islam-number-of-muslim
|title=Number of Muslim by country
|publisher=nationmaster.com
|accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۳۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to U.S. government figures, in ۲۰۰۶ there were ۲۰&amp;nbsp;million Muslims in [[China]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm
|title=International Religious Freedom Report ۲۰۰۶—China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)
|year=۲۰۰۶
|publisher=U.S. department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
|accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۳۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Middle East]], the non-Arab countries of [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]] are the largest Muslim-majority countries; in [[Africa]], [[Egypt]] and [[Nigeria]] have the most populous Muslim communities.&lt;ref name=Islam_by_country/&gt; Islam is the second largest religion after [[Christianity]] in many [[Europe]]an countries.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴) pp.۲٬۴۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic World | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | title=Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents | publisher=Adherents.com | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۱-۰۹ | تاريخ الأرشيف=2010-01-29 | مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | url-status=dead | خونديځ نېټه=2007-07-07 | خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html }}
* {{cite web | title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4385768.stm | publisher=BBC | work=BBC News | date=[[۲۰۰۵-۱۲-۲۳]] | accessdate=۲۰۰۶-۰۹-۲۸ }}
* {{cite web | title=Religion In Britain | url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 | publisher=Office for National Statistics | work=National Statistics | date=[[۲۰۰۳-۰۲-۱۳]] | accessdate=۲۰۰۶-۰۸-۲۷ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جومات ===
{{آرنی|جومات}}
جومات د مسلمانانو لپاره د عبادت ځای دی، چې په عربي کې ورته ''مسجد'' وایي که څه هم په  جوماتو  کې اصلي موخه د لمونځونو ادا کول دی، خو مسلمانو ته جومات د یو بل د لیدلو او زده کړو لپاره هم ډیر مهم دی. اوسني پرمختللي جوماتونه تر ډیرې کچې پورې د ۷ مې پیړۍ د جوماتو په شان پراخ شوي او د ډیرو بیلابیلو څیزونو او معمامري عناصرو درلودونکي دی لکه منار.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Masdjid | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author= J. Pedersen | coauthors=R. Hillenbrand, J. Burton-Page, et al. | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Mosque | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== کورنيز ژوند ===
{{دا-هم-وگورۍ|ښځه په اسلام کې}}
The basic unit of Islamic society is the [[family]], and Islam defines the obligations and legal rights of family members. The father is seen as financially responsible for his family, and is obliged to cater for their well-being. The division of [[inheritance]] is specified in the Qur'an, which states that most of it is to pass to the immediate family, while a portion is set aside for the payment of debts and the making of bequests. The woman's share of inheritance is generally half of that of a man with the same rights of succession.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;al-Mar'a&quot;. ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Marriage in Islam]] is a civil [[nikah|contract]] which consists of an offer and acceptance between two qualified parties in the presence of two witnesses. The groom is required to pay a [[dowry]] (''[[mahr]]'') to the bride, as stipulated in the contract.&lt;ref&gt;
* Waines (۲۰۰۳) pp. ۹۳–۹۶
* The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (۲۰۰۳), p.۳۳۹
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸) p. ۷۹&lt;/ref&gt;

A man may marry up to four wives if he believes he can treat them equally, while a woman may marry one man only. In most Muslim countries, the process of divorce in Islam is known as ''[[Talaq (Nikah)|talaq]]'', which the husband initiates by pronouncing the word &quot;divorce&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;*&quot;Talak&quot;. ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; Scholars disagree whether Islamic holy texts justify traditional Islamic practices such as [[hijab|veiling]] and seclusion ([[purdah]]). Starting in the ۲۰th century, Muslim social reformers argued against these and other practices such as [[Polygamy in Islam|polygamy]], with varying success. At the same time, many Muslim women have attempted to reconcile tradition with modernity by combining an active life with outward modesty. [[Islamist]] groups and regimes like the [[Taliban]] mostly seek to continue traditional law as applied to women.&lt;ref&gt;
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۹۵٬۹۶٬۲۳۵–۲۴۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Marriage and Divorce | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an | author=Harald Motzki | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۵}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Marriage Practices | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women &amp; Islamic Cultures | author=Lori Peek | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۵}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلامي کليز ===
{{آرنی|اسلامي کليز}}

اسلامي کاليز د مکې نه مدينې ته د هجرت د وخت نه پيلېږي او هماغه کال د هجرت لومړی کال بلل کېږي چې د زېږيز کال ۶۲۲ سره سمون خوري. د اسلامي کاليز ته سپوږميزه کاليزه هم وايي او دا ځکه چې د دې کال مياشتې د سپوږمۍ د حرکت پر بنسټ ټاکل شوي،  but differs from other such calendars (e.g. the [[Celtic calendar]]) in that it omits [[intercalary month]]s, being synchronized only with [[lunation]]s, but not with the [[solar year]], resulting in years of either ۳۵۴ or ۳۵۵ days. This omission was introduced by Muhammad because the right to announce intercalary months had led to political power struggles.{{citation needed}} Therefore, Islamic dates cannot be converted to the usual CE/AD dates simply by adding ۶۲۲ years. Islamic holy days fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in different seasons in different years in the [[Gregorian calendar]].

The formal beginning of the Muslim era was chosen to be the [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]] in ۶۲۲CE, which was an important turning point in Muhammad's fortunes. The assignment of this year as the year ۱ AH (''Anno Hegirae'') in the Islamic calendar was reportedly made by [[Umar|Caliph Umar]]. It is a [[lunar calendar]], with nineteen ordinary years of ۳۵۴ days and eleven leap years of ۳۵۵ days in a thirty-year cycle. Islamic dates cannot be converted to CE/AD dates simply by adding ۶۲۲ years: allowance must also be made for the fact that each Hijri century corresponds to only ۹۷ years in the Christian calendar.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Adil (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۸۸
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۶۷
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tarikh̲ | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=B. van Dalen | coauthors=R. S. Humphreys, Manuela Marín, et al. | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
The year ۱۴۲۸AH coincides almost completely with ۲۰۰۷CE.

Islamic [[Holiday|holy days]] fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in [[Different Seasons|different seasons]] in different years in the [[Gregorian calendar]]. The most important Islamic festivals are ''[[Eid al-Fitr]]'' (Arabic: عيد الفطر) on the ۱&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; of ''[[Shawwal]]'', marking the end of the fasting month ''[[Ramadan]]'', and ''[[Eid al-Adha]]'' (Arabic: عيد الأضحى) on the ۱۰&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; of ''[[Dhu al-Hijjah]]'', coinciding with the pilgrimage to Mecca.&lt;ref&gt;Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/janisla2y2.html Customs and Behavioral Laws]&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلام او نور دينونه ==
==== هغه مذهبونه چې د اسلام پر بنسټ جوړ شوي ====
{{آرنی|اسلام او نور دينونه}}

دا لانديني مذهبونو لارويان ځانونه مسلمانان بولي، خو د ډېرو مسلمانانو او مسلمانو چارواکو لخوا دوی مسلمانان نه بلل کېږي:
* [[د اسلام ملت]] (په امريکا کې بنسټ شوې مذهبي ډله)
* [[ذکري]]ان
* د [[احمديت]] تحريک (دې ډلې ته [[قاديانيت]] هم وايي)
* د [[الاحبش]] ډله (چې د حبشيانو په نامه هم يادېږي/ AICP)

د لاندې مذهبونو لارويان ځانونه مسلمانان بولي خو د دوی د اسلاميت په منلو کې د ډېرو مسلمانانو اختلافونه شته چې ځينې يې دوی مسلمانان او ځينې يې مسلمانان نه گڼي:
* [[دروز]]
* [[علوي]]ان (النُصيرية)

The following religions are said by some to have evolved or borrowed from Islam, in almost all cases influenced by traditional beliefs in the regions where they emerged, but consider themselves independent religions with distinct laws and institutions:
* [[يزيدي]]
* [[بابيس|بابيزم]] (چې اوس د [[بياني]]انو په نامه يادېږي)
* [[بهايي]]

The claim of the adherents of the Bahá'í Faith that it represents an independent religion was upheld by the Muslim ecclesiastical courts in Egypt during the ۱۹۲۰s. As of January [[۱۹۲۶]], their final ruling on the matter of the origins of the Bahá'í Faith and its relationship to Islam was that the Bahá'í Faith was neither a sect of Islam, nor a religion based on Islam, but a clearly defined, independently founded faith. This was seen as a considerate act on the part of the ecclesiastical court and in favor of followers of Bahá'í Faith since the majority of Muslims regard a ''religion based on Islam'' as a heresy.

Some see [[Sikhism]] as a [[syncretism|syncretic]] mix of Islam and [[Hinduism]], although it is often considered a [[Dharma|Dharmic]] faith rather than an Islamic or [[Abrahamic]] one. It arose in the context of the interaction between [[Hindu]] and Muslim communities in [[North India]].

The following religions might have been said to have evolved from Islam, but are not considered part of Islam, and no longer exist:
* The religion of the medieval [[Berghouata]]
* The religion of [[Ha-Mim]]

The Qur'an contains injunctions to respect other religions. It also asks the followers to fight and subdue unbelievers in times of war and &quot;evict them whence they evicted you&quot; (Al-Qur'an ۲:۱۹۱). Some Muslims have respected Jews and Christians as fellow &quot;peoples of the book&quot; (monotheists following [[Abrahamic religions]]), while others have reviled them as having abandoned monotheism and corrupted their scriptures. At different times and places, Islamic communities have been both intolerant and tolerant.

The classical Islamic solution was a limited tolerance — Jews and Christians were to be allowed to privately practice their faith and follow their own family law. They were called [[Dhimmis]], and they had fewer though similar legal rights and obligations than Muslims.

The classic Islamic state was often more tolerant than many other states of the time, which insisted on complete conformity to a state religion. The record of contemporary Muslim-majority states is mixed. Some are generally regarded as tolerant, while others have been accused of intolerance and human rights violations. See the main article, [[Islam and other religions]], for further discussion.

{{آرنی|اسلام او نور مذهبونه}}

[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 1.JPG|thumb|220px|left|A view of the [[Dome of the Rock]] on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]], a holy site in both Islam and [[Judaism]] that has been a source of controversy]]
[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Al-Aqsa Mosque BW 2010-09-21 06-38-12.JPG|thumb|left|220px|د [[الاقصا مسجد]] ديني جلوس. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) د همدغه ځای نه د معراج په سفر اسمان ته وخاته.]]

According to Islamic doctrine, Islam was the primordial religion of mankind, professed by [[Adam]].&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), pp. ۱۴–۱۶&lt;/ref&gt; At some point, a religious split occurred, and God began sending prophets to bring his revelations to the people.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), pp. ۱۸–۱۹&lt;/ref&gt; In this view, [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Nevi'im|Hebrew prophets]], and [[Jesus]] were all [[prophets of Islam]], but their message and the texts of the [[Torah]] and the [[Gospels]] were [[tahrif|corrupted]] by [[Jew]]s and Christians. Similarly, children of non-Muslim families are  born Muslims, but are converted to another faith by their parents.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۱۸&lt;/ref&gt; The idea of Islamic supremacy is encapsulated in the formula &quot;Islam is exalted and nothing is exalted above it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۵&lt;/ref&gt; Pursuant to this principle, Muslim women may not marry non-Muslim men, defamation of Islam is prohibited, and the testimony of a non-Muslim is inadmissible against a Muslim.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۵;
* Lewis (۱۹۸۴), p. ۳۹&lt;/ref&gt;

Islamic law divides non-Muslims into several categories, depending on their relation with the Islamic state. Christians and Jews who live under Islamic rule are known as ''[[dhimmis]]''. Dhimmis must pay tribute (''[[jizya]]'') to the Islamic state, and as such are considered &quot;protected peoples.&quot; Historically, dhimmis enjoyed a measure of communal autonomy under their own religious leaders, but were subject to legal, social and religious restrictions as well as humiliating regulations meant to highlight the inferiority of non-Muslim subjects.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lewis (۱۹۸۴), pp.۹, ۲۷, ۳۶;
* Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۷;&lt;/ref&gt; The status was extended to Zoroastrians and sometimes to polytheists (such as [[Hindu]]s), but not to [[atheist]]s or [[agnostic]]s.&lt;ref&gt;Lewis (۲۰۰۱), p.۲۷۳&lt;/ref&gt; Those who live in non-Muslim lands (''[[dar al-harb]]'') are known as ''[[harbi]]s'', and upon entering into an alliance with the Muslim state become known as ''ahl al-ahd''. Those who receive a guarantee of safety while residing temporarily in Muslim lands are known as ''ahl al-amān''. Their legal position is similar to that of the dhimmi except that they are not required to pay the jizya. The people of armistice (''ahl al-hudna'') are those who live outside of Muslim territory and agree to refrain from attacking the Muslims.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۵۵&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Aman&quot;, ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; [[apostasy in Islam|Apostasy]] is prohibited, and is punishable by death.&lt;ref&gt;A woman who apostasizes is to be executed according to some jurists, or imprisoned according to others.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Murtadd&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt;

== دا هم وگورئ ==
{{Col-begin|width=}}

{{Col-1-of-2}}
* [[اسلامي هنر]]
* [[اسلامي وټه]]
* [[اسلامي اخلاق]]
* [[اسلامي ادبيات]]
* [[اسلامي زده کړې]]
* [[اسلام او نوښت]]
* [[اسلاميزم]]
* [[د مسلمانانو لړليک]]
{{Col-2-of-2}}
* [[د اسلامي امپراتورانو لړليک]]
* [[د هغه نامتو کسانو لړليک چې اسلام ته وراوښتي]]
* [[د پخوانيو نامتو مسلمانانو لړليک]]
* [[په اسلامي نړۍ کې د جگړو لړليک]]
* [[د اسلامي تاریخ وختلیکه]]
* [[په اسلام کې د ماشومانو حقونه]]
* [[په اسلام کې د بنديانو حقونه]]

{{Col-end}}

== يادښتونه ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== سرچينې ==
;کتابونه او خپرونې
{{Reflist|2}}
* {{cite journal | last=Accad | first=Martin | title=The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries: An Exegetical Inventorial Table (Part I) | journal=Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations | volume=۱۴ | issue=۱ |date=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISSN ۰۹۵۹-۶۴۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Adil | first=Hajjah Amina | coauthors=Shaykh Nazim Adil Al-Haqqani, Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani | title=Muhammad: The Messenger of Islam | publisher=Islamic Supreme Council of America | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۹۳۰۴۰۹۱۱۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Ahmed | first=Akbar | title=Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World | publisher=I. B. Tauris | edition=۲٫۰۰ | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۸۶۰۶۴۲۵۷۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Brockopp | first=Jonathan E. | title=Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia | publisher=University of South Carolina press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۱۵۷۰۰۳۴۷۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Cohen-Mor | first=Dalya | title=A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۳۳۹۸۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Curtis | first=Patricia A. | year=۲۰۰۵ | title=A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations | publisher=Blackwell Publishing Professional | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۸۱۹۴۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Eglash | first=Ron | year=۱۹۹۹ | title=African Fractals: Modern Computing and Indigenous Design | publisher=Rutgers University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۸۱۳۵-۲۶۱۴-۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Ernst | first=Carl | authorlink=Carl Ernst | year=۲۰۰۴ | title = Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World | publisher=University of North Carolina Press | id=ISBN ۰-۸۰۷۸-۵۵۷۷-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | coauthors=John Obert Voll | title=Islam and Democracy | year=۱۹۹۶ | | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۰۸۱۶-۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito  | first=John  | authorlink=John Esposito  | title=Islam: The Straight Path | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۸ | edition=۳rd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۱۲۳۴۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | coauthors=Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad | title=Muslims on the Americanization Path? | year=۲۰۰۰a | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۳۵۲۶-۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۰b | title=Oxford History of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۰۷۹۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۲a | title=Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۶۸۸۶۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۲b | title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۵۷۱۳-۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | title=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۲۵۵۸-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito  | first=John  | authorlink=John Esposito  | title=Islam: The Straight Path | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۴ | edition=۳rd Rev Upd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۸۲۶۶۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Farah | first=Caesar | authorlink=Caesar E. Farah | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year=۱۹۹۴ | edition=۵th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۰۱۸۵۳۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Farah | first=Caesar | authorlink=Caesar E. Farah | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year=۲۰۰۳ | edition=۷th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۶۴۱۲۲۲۶۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Firestone | first=Reuven | title=Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam | publisher= Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹-۵۱۲۵۸۰۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Friedmann | first=Yohanan | authorlink=Yohanan Friedmann | title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition | publisher= Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۵۲۱۰۲۶۹۹۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Ghamidi | first=Javed | authorlink=Javed Ahmed Ghamidi | title=[[Mizan]] | publisher=[[Al-Mawrid|Dar al-Ishraq]] | year=۲۰۰۱ | id={{OCLC|۵۲۹۰۱۶۹۰}}}}
* {{cite book | last=Goldschmidt, Jr. | first=Arthur | coauthors=Lawrence Davidson | title=A Concise History of the Middle East | publisher=Westview Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۸th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۳۴۲۷۵۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Griffith | first=Ruth Marie | coauthors=Barbara Dianne Savage | title=Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۸۰۱۸۸۳۷۰۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Hawting| first=G. R. | authorlink= G.R. Hawting | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD ۶۶۱–۷۵۰ | publisher=Routledge | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۴۰۷۳۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Hedayetullah | first=Muhammad | title=Dynamics of Islam: An Exposition | publisher=Trafford Publishing | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۵۳۶۹۸۴۲۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Holt | first=P. M. |  coauthors=[[Bernard Lewis]] | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. ۱ | year=۱۹۷۷a | publisher=Cambridge University Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۲۹۱۳۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Holt | first=P. M. | coauthors=Ann K. S. Lambton, [[Bernard Lewis]] | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. ۲ | year=۱۹۷۷b | publisher=Cambridge University Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۲۹۱۳۷۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Hourani | first=Albert | authorlink=Albert Hourani | coauthor=[[Malise Ruthven|Ruthven, Malise]] | title=A History of the Arab Peoples | year=۲۰۰۳ | publisher=Belknap Press; Revised edition | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۷۴۰۱۰۱۷۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Humphreys | first=Stephen | title=Between Memory and Desire | year=۲۰۰۵ | publisher=University of California Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲-۰۲۴۶۹۱۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Kobeisy | first=Ahmed Nezar | title=Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People | publisher=Praeger Publishers | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۳۱۳۳۲۴۷۲۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Koprulu | first=Mehmed Fuad | coauthors=Leiser, Gary | title=The Origins of the Ottoman Empire | publisher=SUNY Press | year=۱۹۹۲ | id=ISBN ۰۷۹۱۴۰۸۱۹۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Kramer | first=Martin | title=Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution | publisher=Westview Press | year=۱۹۸۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۳۰۴۵۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Kugle | first=Scott Alan | title=Rebel Between Spirit And Law: Ahmad Zarruq, Sainthood, And Authority in Islam | publisher=Indiana University Press| year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۲۵۳۳۴۷۱۱۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Lapidus| first=Ira | title=A History of Islamic Societies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۲ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۵۲۱۷۷۹۳۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Jews of Islam | publisher=Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul | year=۱۹۸۴ | id=ISBN ۰-۷۱۰۲-۰۴۶۲-۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Arabs in History | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹۲۸-۵۲۵۸-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Middle East | publisher=Scribner | year=۱۹۹۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۸۴۸۳۲۸۰۷}} 
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | edition=۲nd | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۶۹۵۱۸۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East | publisher=Harper Perennial | edition=Reprint | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۶۰۵۱۶۰۵۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror | publisher=Random House, Inc., New York | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۹۶۷۸۵۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Madelung | first=Wilferd | authorlink=Wilferd Madelung | title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۶۴۶۹۶۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Malik| first=Jamal| coauthors=John R Hinnells, Inc NetLibrary | title=Sufism in the West | publisher= Routledge | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۷۴۰۸۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Menski | first=Werner F. | title=Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۸۵۸۵۹۳}}
* {{cite journal | last=Mohammad | first=Noor | title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction | journal=Journal of Law and Religion | volume=۳ | issue=۲ |date=۱۹۸۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Momen | first=Moojan | title=An Introduction to Shi`i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi`ism | publisher=Yale University Press | year=۱۹۸۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۳۰۰۰۳۵۳۱۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Nasr | first=Seyed Muhammad | title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter ۷) | publisher=HarperCollins | year=۱۹۹۴| id=ISBN ۰-۰۶۰۶۷-۷۰۰-۷}}
* {{cite journal | last=Novak | first=David | title=The Mind of Maimonides | journal=[[First Things]] |date=February ۱۹۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Parrinder | first=Geoffrey | authorlink=Geoffrey Parrinder | title=World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present | publisher=Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited | year=۱۹۷۱ | id=ISBN ۰-۸۷۱۹۶-۱۲۹-۶}}
* {{cite journal | last=Patton | first=Walter M. | title=The Doctrine of Freedom in the Korân | journal=The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures |date=April ۱۹۰۰ | volume=۱۶ | issue=۳ | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۱۰۳۱۴۷}}
* {{cite journal | last=Peters | first=F. E. | authorlink=F. E. Peters | title=The Quest for Historical Muhammad | journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |date=۱۹۹۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Peters | first=F. E. | authorlink=F. E. Peters | title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۶۹۱-۱۱۵۵۳-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Peters | first=Rudolph | authorlink=Rudolph Peters | title=Jihad in Medieval and Modern Islam | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۷۷ | id = ISBN ۹۰-۰۴-۰۴۸۵۴-۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Rippin | first=Andrew | authorlink=Andrew Rippin | title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | publisher=Routledge | edition=۲nd | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۲۱۷۸۱۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Ruthven | first=Malise | title=Fundamentalism: The Search for Meaning | publisher= Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | id = ISBN ۰۱-۹۲-۸۰۶۰۶-۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Sahas | first=Daniel J. | title=John of Damascus on Islam: The Heresy of the Ishmaelites | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۹۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۰۰۴۰۳۴۹۵۲}}
* {{cite book | last=[[Abdulaziz Sachedina|Sachedina]] | first=Abdulaziz | title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence | publisher=Oxford University Press US | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۱۹۱۵۰}}
* {{cite journal | last=Seibert | first=Robert F. | title=Review: Islam and the West: The Making of an Image (Norman Daniel)| journal=Review of Religious Research |date=۱۹۹۴ | volume=۳۶ | issue=۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Sells | first=Michael Anthony | authorlink=Michael Anthony Sells | coauthors=Emran Qureshi  | title=The New Crusades: Constructing the Muslim Enemy | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰۲۳۱۱۲۶۶۷۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Smith | first=Jane I. | title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۵۶۴۹۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Spencer | first=Robert | title=The Myth of Islamic Tolerance: How Islamic Law Treats Non-Muslims | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۰۲۲۴۹۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Stillman | first=Norman | authorlink=Norman Stillman | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | location=Philadelphia | year=۱۹۷۹ | id=ISBN ۱-۸۲۷۶۰-۱۹۸-۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Tabatabae | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=Seyyed Hossein Nasr (translator) | authorlink=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Shi'ite Islam 
| publisher=Suny press| year=۱۹۷۹ | id=ISBN  ۰-۸۷۳۹۵-۲۷۲-۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Tabatabae | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=R. Campbell (translator) | authorlink=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Islamic teachings: An Overview and a Glance at the Life of the Holy Prophet of Islam | publisher=Green Gold | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۰-۹۲۲۸۱۷-۰۰-۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Teece | first=Geoff | title=Religion in Focus: Islam  | publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۴۹۶۴۷۹۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Tolan | first=John V. | title=Saracens: Islam in the Medieval European Imagination | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=۲۰۰۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Trimingham| first=John Spencer  | title=The Sufi Orders in Islam  | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۸| id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۲۰۵۸۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Tritton | first=Arthur S. | authorlink=Arthur Stanley Tritton| title=The Caliphs and their Non-Muslim Subjects: A Critical Study of the Covenant of Umar | publisher=Frank Cass Publisher | location=London | year=۱۹۷۰ |origyear = ۱۹۳۰ | id=ISBN ۰-۷۱۴۶-۱۹۹۶-۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Turner | first=Colin | title=Islam: the Basics  | publisher=Routledge (UK) | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۳۴۱۰۶X}}
* {{cite book | last=Turner | first=Bryan S. | title=Weber and Islam | publisher=Routledge (UK) | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۱۷۴۵۸۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Waines | first=David | title=An Introduction to Islam | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۵۳۹۰۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Warraq | first=Ibn | title=The Quest for Historical Muhammad | publisher=Prometheus | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۷۳۹۲۷۸۷۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Warraq | first=Ibn | title=Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out | publisher=Prometheus | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۱-۵۹۱۰۲-۰۶۸-۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | authorlink=William Montgomery Watt | title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought | publisher=University Press Edinburgh|  year=۱۹۷۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۸۵-۲۲۴۲۵۴-X}}
* {{cite book | last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | authorlink=William Montgomery Watt | title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman | publisher=Oxford University Press | edition=New | year=۱۹۷۴ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۸۸۱۰۷۸-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Weiss | first=Bernard G. | title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory | year=۲۰۰۲ | location=Boston | publisher=Brill Academic publishers | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۱۲۰۶۶۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Williams | first=John Alden | title=The Word of Islam | year=۱۹۹۴ | publisher=University of Texas Press | id=ISBN ۰-۲۹۲-۷۹۰۷۶-۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Williams | first=Mary E. | title=The Middle East | year=۲۰۰۰ | publisher=Greenhaven Pr | id=ISBN ۰۷۳۷۷۰۱۳۳۱}}

;Encyclopedias
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=William H. McNeill, Jerry H. Bentley, David Christian | encyclopedia=Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History | publisher=Berkshire Publishing Group | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۹۷۴۳۰۹۱۰۱}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Gabriel Oussani | encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]] | year=۱۹۱۰}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Paul Lagasse, Lora Goldman, Archie Hobson, Susan R. Norton | encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia | publisher=Gale Group | year=۲۰۰۰ | edition=۶th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۳۳۹۲۳۶۹}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online|Encyclopaedia Britannica Online]] | publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Erwin Fahlbusch, William Geoffrey Bromiley | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Eerdmans Publishing Company, and Brill| year=۲۰۰۱ | edition=۱st| id=ISBN ۰-۸۰۲۸-۲۴۱۴-۵}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=John Bowden | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۱st | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۲۲۳۹۳-۴}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=George Thomas Kurian, Graham T. T. Molitor | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Future | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۱۹۹۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۹۷۲۰۵۳}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | id=ISSN ۱۵۷۳-۳۹۱۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Richard C. Martin, Said Amir Arjomand, Marcia Hermansen, Abdulkader Tayob, Rochelle Davis, John Obert Voll | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۶۵۶۰۳۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Lindsay Jones | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۶۵۷۳۳۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Salamone Frank | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals | publisher=Routledge | edition=۱st | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۹۴۱۸۰۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Peter N. Stearns | edition=۶th | year=۲۰۰۰ | encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of World History Online | publisher=Bartleby}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=[[Josef W. Meri]] | encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia | publisher=[[Routledge]] | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱-۵۹۶۶۹۰۶}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=[[Wendy Doniger]] | encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions | publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۰۸۷-۷۷۹۰۴۴۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Glasse Cyril | encyclopedia=New Encyclopedia of Islam: A Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam | | publisher=AltaMira Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISSN ۹۷۸-۰۷۵۹۱۰۱۹۰۶}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Edward Craig | encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy | publisher=Routledge | year=۱۹۹۸ | edition=۱st| id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۰۷۳۱۰۳}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== نورې لوستنې ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* {{cite book | last=Arberry | first=A. J. | authorlink=A. J. Arberry | title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation | publisher=Touchstone | edition=۱st | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۸۴۸۲۵۰۷۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Hawting | first=Gerald R. | authorlink=Gerald R. Hawting | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyard Caliphate AD ۶۶۱–۷۵۰ | publisher=Routledge | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۴۰۷۲۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Khan | first=Muhammad Muhsin | authorlink=Muhammad Muhsin Khan | coauthors=Al-Hilali Khan, Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din | title=Noble Quran | year=۱۹۹۹ | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | edition=۱st | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۹۶۰۷۴۰۷۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Kramer (ed.) | first=Martin | authorlink=Martin Kramer | title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis | publisher=Syracuse University | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۶۵۲۲۴۰۴۰۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Kuban | first=Dogan | title=Muslim Religious Architecture | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۷۴ | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۰۳۸۱۳۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | year=۱۹۹۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۶۹۲۱۷۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam and the West | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۰۹۰۶۱۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۰۲۸۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Mubarkpuri | first=Saifur-Rahman | title=[[The Sealed Nectar]]: Biography of the Prophet | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۴۴۰۷۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Najeebabadi | first=Akbar Shah | title=History of Islam | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۴۴۰۳۴۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Nigosian | first=S. A. | title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=۲۰۰۴ | edition=New Edition | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۲۵۳۲۱۶۲۷۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Rahman | first=Fazlur | authorlink=Fazlur Rahman | title=Islam | publisher=University of Chicago Press | year=۱۹۷۹ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۰-۲۲۶-۷۰۲۸۱-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Walker | first=Benjamin | authorlink=Benjamin Walker | title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith | publisher=Peter Owen Publishers | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۲۰۶۱۰۳۸۳}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== باندنۍ تړنې ==

;اکاډميکې سرچينې
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* [http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/ د سويلي كاليفورنيا پوهنتون: د اسلامی لیکنو لندیز] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213011952/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/ |date=2007-12-13 }}
* [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/ د اسلام پوهنغونډ (د نړۍ د مذهبونو مخليدنه)]
* [http://arabworld.nitle.org/introduction.php?module_id=2 د اسلام اړونده څپرکی] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225105128/http://arabworld.nitle.org/introduction.php?module_id=2 |date=2008-02-25 }} د [[NITLE]] څخه د عربي فرهنگ او تمدن پرليکه سرچينې
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105852/Islam اسلام], ''د بريټانيکا پرليکه پوهنغونډ'' ليکنه

&lt;/div&gt;   
;ټولگې
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* اسلام په [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/euroislam.htmlلویدیزه اروپا], [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/UKIslam.html انگلستان ], [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/DIslam.html جرمنی] او [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/sasislam.html سویلی اسیا]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Islam_%28Bookshelf%29 Islam (Bookshelf)] at [[Project Gutenberg]]
;Islam - text, audio and video
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.ikre-bismi-rabbike.net/kuran.php Kur'an audio (recordings of many Qur'an recitals)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418011817/http://www.ikre-bismi-rabbike.net/kuran.php |date=2008-04-18 }}
* [http://www.guidedways.com/quranreciter/ Qur'an audio and reading material in numerous languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218182412/http://www.guidedways.com/quranreciter/ |date=2008-02-18 }}

&lt;/div&gt;
;اسلام او هنرونه
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/ پر اسلام د بي بي سي فوکس]
* [http://www.lacma.org/islamic_art/intro.htm Islamic Art at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308091248/http://www.lacma.org/islamic_art/intro.htm |date=2008-03-08 }}
* [http://www.muslimheritage.com/ Muslim Heritage] (Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation, UK)
* [http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/ Islamic Architecture (IAORG)] illustrated descriptions and reviews of a large number of mosques, palaces, and monuments.
&lt;/div&gt;

{{ اسلامي سرلیکونه}}

[[وېشنيزه:اسلام| ]]
[[وېشنيزه:توحید]]
[[وېشنيزه:خدای پیژندنه]]</text>
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'''اسلام''' {{Ar|الإسلام}};''{{ArabDIN|}}'' ({{Audio|ar-al_islam.ogg|&lt;sup&gt;واوری!&lt;/sup&gt;}}، &quot;اطاعت&quot; (د [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;([[جل جلاله|ج]])&lt;/sup&gt; د رضا)) يو [[مونوتيزم|مونوتېسټېک]] (د يوه څښتن مننونکي) گروهې (عقيده) يا باور لرونکې دین دی. پخپله د اسلام وی د سولې، امن، سلامتۍ، روغې جوړې رامنځته کول دي. دا دین له درېیو [[ابراهيمي دين]]ونو  ([[یهوديت]]، [[عیسویت]]، اسلام) له ډلې څخه دی، چې د نړۍ په کچه دویم ستر [[مذهب]] گڼل کېږي. د اسلام د دين لارويانو ته '''[[مسلمانان]]''' وايي. مسلمانان پدې گروهه دي چې [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د انسانانو د لارښوونې لپاره وخت پر وخت، خپل استازي ([[پيغمبر|پيغمبران]]) رالېږلي، چې هریو خپله دنده د الهي اوامرو په رڼا کې په بشپړه توگه سرته رسولې.
د الهي استازو (پیغمرانو) وروستې استازې [[محمد]]&lt;sup&gt;([[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]])&lt;/sup&gt; دی.
[[دوتنه:Kaaba at night.jpg|thumb| [[کعبه شریفه]] چې په [[سعودي عربستان]] کی پرته ده دا د اسلام مرکز او د مسلمانانو [[قبله]] ده او دا هغه ځای دی کوم چې هر کال په زرگونه [[مسلمانان]] دلته د خدای د کور د زیارت لپاره راځې.]]
''اسلام'' &quot;تسليمۍ او غاړه اېښودنې ټه وایي&quot; يا په بله وينا ځان د الله تعالی رضا ته تسليمول. د اسلام د [[دين]] لاروي ته [[مسلمان]] ويل کېږي، مانا دا چې &quot;هغه څوک چې ځان يې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته سپارلی او د هغه د احکامو اطاعت کوي، مسلمان گڼل کېږي&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Islam&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lanes Lexicon&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume4/00000137.pdf|title=Lane's lexicon |accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۷-۰۳}}&lt;/ref&gt; په ټوله نړۍ کې د ۱٫۱&amp;nbsp;بيليون او ۱٫۸&amp;nbsp;بيليون ترمېنځ وگړي د اسلام د دين لارويان دي، چې په همدې توگه وروسته د [[عيسويت]] نه [[اسلام]] د نړۍ دویم ستر [[دين]] گڼل کېږي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |title=Major Religions of the World—Ranked by Number of Adherents |accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۷-۰۳ |format=HTML |work= |تاريخ الأرشيف=2010-01-29 |مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |url-status=dead |خونديځ نېټه=2007-07-07 |خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam }}&lt;/ref&gt;

مسلمانان په دې عقیده دي ې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; قرآن مجيد پر حضرت [[محمد]]&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; نازل کړی، او محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د الله تعالی وروستی پيغمبر دی. مسلمانان پدې عقيده هم دي چې قرآن مجيد او سُنت (د حضرت محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; خبرې او اعمال) د اسلام بنسټيزې سرچينې دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۱۹۹۶), p.۴۱
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/JulRefl2y6.html Sources of Islam]&lt;/ref&gt; مسلمانان په دې عقيده هم دي چې حضرت محمد مصطفیٰ&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د يوه نوي دين په توگه د اسلام د دين بنسټگر نه ؤ، خو همدا وروستی پيغمبر د اسلام د دين د گروهې آرنۍ لمانځونکی او پرځای کوونکی دی چې پر زمکه يې بنسټ [[آدم]]&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; ايښی چې بيا تر هغه وروسته حضرت ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; او د هغه نه پخوانيو او وروستنيو، د خدای&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ټولو پيغمبرانو يې د دغه دين او اصلي لارې بلنه ورکړې. مسلمانان دا عقيده لري چې په [[يهوديت]] او [[عيسويت]] کې د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغام چې د بېلابېلو انبياو لخوا پر دوی نازل شوي، هغه د دوی لخوا د وخت په تېرېدو سره تحريف شوي، او ناسمه ترجماني يې شوې، که هغه په ليکلې بڼه وي او که پرته د ليکلې بڼې وي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Distorted&quot;&gt;See:
* Accad (۲۰۰۳): According to Ibn Taymiya, although only some Muslims accept the textual veracity of the entire Bible, most Muslims will grant the veracity of most of it.
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸), pp.۶٬۱۲
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۴–۵
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tahrif | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=Hava Lazarus-Yafeh | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
د اسلام دين د گڼ شمېر اسلامي اعمالو يو غونډال دی. د دغه دين مننونکي بايد د اسلام د دين [[د پينځه ستنو]] مننونکي او پلي کونکي وي، د اسلام د دين پينځه ستنې له بېلابېلو فرايضو او دندو نه جوړ شوی او همدغه پينځه ستنې دي چې په يوې ټولنه کې مسلمانان سره متحده کوي.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۱۷&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلام د دين د پينځه ستنو سره سره، [[شريعت|اسلامي قانون]] (''شريعة'') د احکامونو يو دوديزه قضايي واک دی چې د مسلمانانو د ژوند او ټولنې هر اړخ يې اغېزمن کړی. په دې قانون کې هر څه رانغښتې دي، د عملي چارو نه نيولې لکه د خوراک، څښاک آن تر سوداگريزو او پانگه ايزو چارو او تر جگړايزو چارو پورې هر څه په دې قانون کې راغلي دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۱۱۱٬۱۱۲٬۱۱۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

نژدې ټول مسلمانان د اسلام په دوو لويو فريقو لکه سني او شيع پورې تړاو لري. د تشيع فرقه په ۷مه پېړۍ کې د مسلمانانو تر مېنځ د مذهبي او سياسي توپيرونو په پايله کې رامېنځ ته شوې. په اټکلي توگه ۸۵ په سلو کې مسلمانان د اهل سنت لارويان دي او ۱۵ په سلو کې د تشيع فرقې لارويان دي.په [[منځنی ختيځ]]، او همداراز د [[افريقا]] او [[آسيا]] په برخو کې د اسلام دين برلاسی دی. د دغه دين د مننونکو لويې ډلې په [[په چين کې د اسلام دين|چين]]، د بالکان هيوادونو په [[ختيځه اروپا]] او [[په روسيه کې د اسلام دين|روسيې]] کې شته. په لويديځه اروپا کې هم گڼ شمېر مسلمان مهاجرين مېشت دي او همدا راز په امريکا کې هم د مسلمانانو ټولنې شته. په سلو کې نژدې ۲۰٪ مسلمانان په عربو هېوادونو کې مېشت دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۲۱
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲٬۴۳&lt;/ref&gt;
{{اسلام}}

== آرپوهه ==
اسلام د عربي ژبې د درې تورو، {{ArabDIN|[[سين]]-[[لام]]-[[ميم]]}} ({{ar|'''س'''-'''ل'''-'''م'''}}) نه راوتلی. اسلام د همدغې ريښې يو تجريدي فعل دی چې مانا يې ده &quot;تسليم يا ځان سپارل، څان الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته سپارل، اطاعت کول او د سولې&quot; په مانا هم ده.

کله چې د پورتني ويي د ريښو په اړه په نورو ژبو کې څېړنه کوو، نو بيا په عبراني ژبه کې د پورتني وييکي ضمني ماناگانې هم راوځي. په عبراني ژبه کې د ''[[شلوم]]'' ويي، د (شين-لامد-ميم) نه خپلې ريښې اخلي ({{Ivrit|'''ש'''-'''ל'''-'''ם'''}}). په ډېرو [[سېمېټک ژبو]] کې د همدغه لغت ضمني ماناگانې شته، چې مانا يې بشپړکېدل، پوره کېدل، سر ته رسېدنه، ښه اوسېدنه، هوسا اوسېدنه، يو داسې اصطلاح چې په ژباړه کې اکثراً د سولې د وييکي مانا په ځان کې رانغاړي، ورکوي.

په قرآن کې هم د اسلام د لغت د مانا بېلابېل تعبيرونه راغلي. په ځينو ''[[ایت|آيتونو]]''، کې د اسلام کيفيت د يوې راسخې عقيدې په توگه تاکيد شوی: &quot;الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; که وغواړي چې د يو چا لارښونه وکړي، نو الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د هغه سينه د اسلام لپاره پراخه کوي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۶|۱۲۵|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۶۱|۷|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳۹|۲۲|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; نور آيتونه بيا ''اسلام'' او ''[[دين]]'' (اکثراً د &quot;مذهب&quot; په توگه ژباړل کېږي) د يو شي په توگه تعبيروي : &quot;نن، ما ستاسو دين ستاسو لپاره مکمل کړ؛ ما ستاسو لپاره خپل د برکتونو اچول مکمل کړل؛ ما ستاسو لپار د اسلام دين غوره کړ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۵|۳|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳|۱۹|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳|۸۳|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; ډېر نور خلک بيا اسلام داسې تعريفوي چې دا هغه دين دی چې انسان د همدې دين په مرسته بېرته الله تعالی ته ورستنېږي نسبت و دې ته چې د ايمان د اعمالو د تصديق په توگه وگڼلای شي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۹|۷۴|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۴۹|۱۴|style=ref}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هغه نور عربي وييونه چې د {{ar|'''س'''-'''ل'''-'''م'''}} نه راوتلي:

* [[سلام]], چې د &quot;سولې او سلامتۍ&quot; په مانا ده او د ورځيني روغبړ يوه اهمه کلمه ده, [[سلام عليکم|السلام عليکم]] (ته دې سلامت وې/سلامتي دې پر تا وي).
* السلام(سوله)د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د ۹۹ مبارکو نومونو نه يو نوم دی چې په [[قران]] کې هم راغلی.
* [[مسلمان]], د اسلام د دين مننونکي ته وايي او مانا يې ده هغه څوک چې ځان الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته تسليم کوي او يا د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; اطاعت کوي.
* سلامه, د &quot;سلامتي,&quot; په مانا ده چې د &quot;خدای پامانۍ&quot; په وخت کې وييل کېږي، د &quot;مع السلامه&quot; مانا ( سلامتۍ سره[لاړ شه]) ده.

== عقيده ==

د اسلام بنسټيزه عقيده شهادت دی چې د گواهۍ مانا لري [[شهادت]] ('''  لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله ''')&quot;نشته بل کوم څښټتن يا معبود پرته د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; نه او [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر دی.&quot; د دې لپاره چې څوک [[مسلمان]] شي، نو سړي ته پکار ده چې دغه پورتنی شهادت د يو څو شاهدانو مخکې ووايي او پرې ايمان راوړي. او که چېرته يو څوک غواړي چې اسلام ته راشي نو هغه يا هغې ته پکار ده چې بايد د زړه له صدق نه وغواړي او بيا د دې نه مخکې چې شهادت ووايي نو پکار ده چې د شهادت په اصلي مانا او مفهوم پوه وي.&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته خپل پيغام د محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; او د نورو پيغمبرانو لخوا لکه [[آدم|آدم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[نوح|نوح&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[ابراهیم|ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[موسی|موسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] او [[عيسی|عيسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] له لورې په بېلابېلو وختونو کې رالېږلی. [[مسلمانان]] په دې عقيده هم دي چې [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] د [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; وروستنی پيغمبر و او د هغه نه وروسته تر قيامته بل هېڅ کوم [[پيغمبر]] نه راځي. نو ددې پخاطر [[مسلمانان]] بايد د [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] په لارښوونې تر قيامته پورې عمل وکړي.
&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان پدې عقيده دي چې قران د انسانانو د لارښوونې يو داسې کتاب دی چې تر اوسه پکې هېچا گوتې نه دي وهلي او پدې کتاب کې هېڅ کومه نيمگړتيا نشته، او هېڅ کله به پکې بدلون را نه شي، او دا د خدای له لورې انسانانو ته وروستی نازل شوی کتاب دی. مسلمانان دا هم وايي چې د انجيل او تورات هغه اسماني کتابونه دي چې د بېلابېلو مذهبي فرقو له لورې پکې لاسوهنې شوي په بل ډول سره ليکل شوي او په ناسمه توگه تعبير شوي او د دغو اسماني کتابونو اصلي بڼې اوس نه شته او د وخت په تېرېدو سره خلکو هماغه لومړني لارښوونې چې په اصلي اسماني کتابونو کې وه هېر کړي، او يا يې هم درغلي پکې کړې. نو ددغه ليد پر بنسټ الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته د لارښوونې لپاره قرآن راولېږه چې په دې کې هماغه د اصلي انجيل او تورات لارښوونو سره سره د هغو وختونو د خلکو چې پېغمبران به يې ځورول او وژل به يې او د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له احکامو د سرغړونې سره سره يې د خپل زاتي گټو لپاره د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په کلام کې چې بدعتونه راوستلي دا ټول تاريخ ثبت دی. 
&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان دا هم وايي چې اسلام هماغه دين دی چې د آدم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; له وختونو نه او د نورو پيغمبرانو په وختونو کې هم وه، او دغو ټولو پيغمبرانو د همدغه مذهب په لار د تلو ټينگار کړی. اسلامي کتابونه او ليکنې د [[يهوديت]] او [[عيسويت]] د هغو اصلي لارښوونو نه راوتلي چې د ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; په وختونو کې يې ښوونې شوي نو د همدغه پخاطر دا درېواړه مذهبونه يعنی يهوديت، عيسويت او اسلام چې درېواړه سره گډې ريښې لري، د ابراهيمي دينونو په نامه سره هم يادېږي.  په قرآن عظيم الشان کې يهوديانو او عيسويانو ته د اهل الکتاب يا هغه خلک چې کتابونه ورباندې نازل شوي، په نامه اشاره شوې ده.    
&lt;br /&gt;
اسلام يو [[دين]] دی، دين '''د ژوندون لار''' مانا لري او يا هم په بله وينا د لارښوونې لار.

&quot;د قرآن شريف له مخې مسلمانان بايد په خپل پاک رب باندې ايمان راوړي او د هغه وحدانيت ته د تسليمېدو سره سره، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په ټولو وحيو، نازل شوو کتابونو، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پرښتو، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پيغمبرانو او د قيامت په ورځ بايد ايمان ولري.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۲|۴|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۲|۲۸۵|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۴|۱۳۶|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; په همدې توگه، نور عقايد هم شته چې د اسلام د دوه لويو فرقو تر مېنځ پکې د تعبيرونو توپير شته. د تشيع د لارې خلکو کې د امامت يو سياسي او روحاني لارښوونې يو نظام دود دی.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۲۰۰۳), p.۱۰۹
* مومن (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۶&lt;/ref&gt;

مسلمانان په دې گروهه دي چې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته خپل وروستی رسول محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; ورلېږلی دی. او پر محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; يې قرآن نازل کړی چې وروستی اسماني کتاب دی. د قرآن د نزول موده پوره دوه لسيزې وخت نيولی.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۷٬۱۸٬۲۱&lt;/ref&gt; په اسلام کې پيغمبران، خدای ته نژدې هغه انسانان دي چې خدای تعالی يې د خپل پيغام رسولو په موخه په انسانانو کې غوره کوي. مسلمانان په دې هم عقيده لري چې پيغمبران انسانان دي چې خدای ورته د انسانانو د لارښوونې، عبرت او د خپلو ادعاوؤ د ثبوت په خاطر د معجزو د ښودلو توان ورکړی. په اسلام کې پيغمبران هغه انسانان دي چې تر نورو انسانانو په تقوا او نېکۍ کې تکامل ته رسېدلي او همدوی د خدای غوره، بې مثاله بنده گان دي چې خدای د پرښتو له لارې خپل پيغام همدوی ته د وحيو په بڼه ور رسوي.&lt;ref&gt;وگورۍ:
* مومن (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۲۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلامي زده کړو نه داسې څرگندېږي چې د آدم نه وروسته د خدای ټول پيغمبرانو د اسلام د دين تبليغ او دعوت کړی، دا هغه دين دی چې يو خدای الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د معبود په توگه راپېژندلی. په قرآن کې اسلام د &quot;هغه ازلي طبيعت چې پر بنسټ يې خدای مخلوقات خلق کړل&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۳۰|۳۰|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; راپېژندل شوی او په قران کې دا هم راغلي چې د مسلمان ځانگړی نوم د ابراهيم لخوا د دې دين لارويانو ته ورکړ شوی.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲۲|۷۸|style=ref}}
* &quot;اسلام&quot;, ''د مذهب دايرة المعارف''&lt;/ref&gt;

د تاريخ له مخې د اسلام دين په ۷مه پېړۍ کې په عربستان کې رامېنځ ته شوی.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Islam&quot;, ''د مذهب دايرة المعارف''&lt;/ref&gt; په اسلامي ليکنو کې يهوديت او عيسويت هغه دوه دينونه دي چې د ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر د لارښوونو وروسته د بېلابېلو پيغمبرانو په وخت کې رامېنځ ته شوي. په قرآن کې يهوديان او عيسويان د اهل الکتاب يا د کتابونو د خلکو په توگه پېژندل شوي، او د هغو خلکو نه چې ډېر خدايان پالي او عبادت يې کوي، تر مېنځ په ښکاره توپير پېژندل کېږي. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې د پخوانيو اسماني کتابونو لکه زبور، [[تورات]] او [[انجيل]] سپېڅلي کتابونه د تاريخ په بېلابېلو پړاؤونو کې د ترجمې او متن په برخه کې تحريف شوي او اوس همدا سپېڅلي کتابونه پخپلو آرنيو بڼو هېڅ نه شته.

=== [[د افغانستان ولايتونه|د]] عقيدې شپږ ارکان ===
مسلمانان شپږ بنسټيزه ارکانونو باندې عقيده لري:

# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په وحدانيت باندې ايمان راوړل او يواځی الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته عبادت او اطاعت کول او د هغه نه مرسته غوښتل ''[[توحيد]]''.
# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پيغمبرانو باندې ايمان راوړل ([[پېغمبران#د اسلام له نظره|''انبيا‌ء'']])  چې ټول پېغمبران (''[[رسول]]'') د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له خوا رالېږل شوي. ([[د اسلام پېغمبران]] وگورۍ.)
# په اسماني کتابونو عقيده(''[[کتب]]''):
#* په [[ابراهيمي صحيفو]] (ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; باندې نازل شوې صحيفې)
#* په [[تورات]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[موسی|موسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[زبور]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[داود|داود&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[انجيل]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[عيسی|عيسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[قرآن]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.  
# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پرښتو باندې.(''[[پرښتې#د اسلام له نظره|ملايکه]]'').
# په قيامت او وروسته د مرگ نه د بيا ژوندي کېدلو عقيده (''[[قيامة]]'')  (په [[جنت]] او [[دوزخ]] عقيده). (يادونه: کله ناکله دغه وروستۍ موضوع باندې ځانگړی بحث کېږی, او په همدې توگه د عقيدې ارکان اوو ته رسېږي.)
# په قسمت عقيده([[تقدير]]).

د اسلام بنسټيزه عقيده په [[پښتو]] ژبه :
:: &quot;زه شهادت ورکوم چې پرته د الله تعالی د ذات نه بل کوم ذات نه شته؛ او زه شهادت ورکوم چې محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د هغه پيغمبر دی.&quot;
:: &quot;زه په الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ايمان راوړم؛ او د هغه په ملايکو؛ او د هغه په کتابونو؛ او د هغه په پيغمبرانو؛ او د محشر په ورځ؛ او په تقدير؛ او ټول شيان د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له خوا نه دي، او پس د مرگ نه ژوندون حق دی.&quot;

=== د اسلام پينځه بنسټونه ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام پينځه بنسټونه|د مذهب څانگې|د مذهب ريښې}}
[[دوتنه:Supplicating Pilgrim at Masjid Al Haram. Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|بټنوک|کيڼ|د حج د لمانځنو يو منظر. په مکه کې کعبې، [[مسجد الحرام]] ته سفر د اسلامي فرايضو څخه يو فرض دی چې هر مسلمان يې په ټول ژوند کې يو ځل ترسره کړي.]]
د مسلمانانو دوه لويې فرقې سني او شعيه مسلمانان جوړوي. په اسلامي نړئ کې د شعيه گانو په پرتله ډېرئ مسلمانان سنيان دي، خو په څينو هېوادونو کې لکه د منڅنئ آسيا هېوادونه ايران او عراق بيا شعيه مسلمانان ډېرکئ مذهبي ډله جوړوي. خو په نورو هېوادونو کط لکه سعودي عربستان، اندونيزيا او [[پاکستان]] کې سني مسلمان د هغه هېوادونو په مذهبي ټولنو کې ډېرکۍ برخه جوړوي.

د سني مسلمانانو بنسټيزه ارکان [[د اسلام پينځه ستنې|د اسلام پينځه ستنو]] په نامه يادېږي&lt;sup&gt;[[#Notes|2]]&lt;/sup&gt;، خو شيعه مسلمانان بيا يو څه مختلفه نومونپوهنه، چې د سني مسلمانانو د پينځه اهمو بنسټونو تر څنگ، د دين ريښې او لس عمده اعمال د دې مذهب د طريقو نه گڼل کېږي. خو ټول مسلمانان بيا په همدې پينځه بنسټيزو فرايضو او گروهو سره پوهاوی او سره يوه خوله دي چې سني مسلمانان يې د اسلام د پينځه ستنو په نوم پېژني او شيعه مسلمانان يې د دين د څانگو او ريښو اهم عناصر بولي.

* [[شهادت]]: د تصديق په مانا دی، چې يو مسلمان د الله &lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; نه پرته بل څوک د عبادت وړ نه گڼي او همداراز د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د وحدانيت ([[توحيد]]) او د محمد &lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;  د الله &lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; رسول ([[نبوت]]) او غلام په توگه مني .
* [[لمونځ]]: هره ورځ پينځه وخته لمونځ کول.
* [[روژه]]: د روژې په مياشت کې د لمرخاته نه تر لمرپرېواته روژه نيول.
* [[زکات]]: زکات ورکول.
* [[حج]]:د مکی زیارت په ټولو مسلمانانو باندی په ژوند کې یوځل فرض دی او هغه هم په هغو کسانو باندې چې د ادا کولو وس یې ولري.
شعيه او سنيان دواړه په لاندنيو گروهو باندې باور لري، خو دغه دوه فرقې همدا عقايد په بېلابېلو ډلبنديو وېشي او هره ډله ورته ځانگړی تعبير لري:
* [[عدل]]: د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; عدل.
* [[قيامت]]: د خېر او شر د مالومولو ورځ.
* [[امر بل معروف]]: د ښو امر.
* [[نهي عن المنکر]]: د بدو نه ډډه.
* [[جهاد|الجهاد في سبيل الله]]: د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د رضا لپاره هڅه کوشش او زيار.

هغه عقايد چې د شيعه مذهب لارويان پرې معتقد دي او سني مسلمانان پرې عقيده نه لري هغه دا دي::
* [[امامت]]: ديني لارښوونه، ديني مشري، ديني رهبري. د علي او د هغه د اولاد رهبري او امامت د خدای لخوا نه د لارښوونې لپاره ټاکل شوی و.
* [[تولا]]: د [[اهل البيت]] او د هغوی د لارويانو سره مينه.
* [[تبارة]]: د اهل البيت د دښمنانو نه ځان بېلول او ليري والی.
* [[خمس]]: د گټې لپاره د ماليې ورکړه.

که څه هم چې داسې مسلمانان هم شته چې نه د تشيع او نه هم د سني په ډلو کې ځانونه شمېري او دا هغه مسلمانان دي چې د قرآني دلايلو له مخې په اسلام کې د فرقې او د ډلې جوړول حرام گڼي، دا هغه مسلمانان دي چې په ساده توگه ځانونه 'مسلمانان' بولي.
{{دوراشې کامه|إِنَّ الَّذِينَ فَرَّقُوا دِينَهُمْ وَكَانُوا شِيَعًا لَسْتَ مِنْهُمْ فِي شَيْءٍ ۚ إِنَّمَا أَمْرُهُمْ إِلَى اللَّهِ ثُمَّ يُنَبِّئُهُمْ بِمَا كَانُوا يَفْعَلُونَ |10px||[[سورة الأنعام|الانعام سورت]]|۱۵۹ آيت}}
&quot;هغه څوک چې ځانونه په ډلو وېشي هغه زموږ د ډلې خلک نه دي. د هغوی فېصله الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته مالومه ده، الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; به هغوی له هر هغه څه نه خبر کړي کوم چې دوی ترسره کړي.&quot;

=== خدای ===
:''آرنۍ ليکنې: [[الله]] / [[خدای]]
{{آرنی|په اسلام کې د خدای انځور}}
په اسلام کې تر ټولو لومړنی بنسټيزه موخه د خدای د وحدانيت منل دي چې دې ته توحيد وايي. په اسلام کې توحيد يو مطلق امر دی چې ترې هېڅ انکار نه کېږي او دا هڅکله يوه نسبي او يا هم په کومه بله مانا د نسبي شراکت مانا نه ورکوي. د قرآن مجيد په [[سورة الاخلاص]] کې خدای داسې راپېژندل شوی:

:''ووايه &quot;خدای هغه دی، يوازې او بې ساری. الله تل پايېدونکی، په بشپړه توگه له ځان نه بسيا مالک. نه  څوک يې زېږولي، او نه له چا نه زېږېدلی. او د الله په شان هېڅ بل څه نه شته.&quot;

په عربي ژبه کې ''الله'' د خدای په مانا دی. د آرپوهنې له مخې دا لغت د ''الهه'' &quot;[[معبود]]&quot; لغت سره ډېر نژدې دی، د ''الله'' نوم د عيسوي او يهودي عربانو لخوا هم د خپل معبود په يادولو کې کارېږي، دغه نوم د محمد نه مخکې مخينه لري او د دغه ځانگړی نوم مخينه د ابراهيمي مذهبونو د خدای نه پرته د يو بل معبود نورې توپيري ځانگړنې نه څرگندوي.

د &quot;الله&quot; نوم يو جمع او يا د جنس نوم نه دی، دا يو خاص نوم دی، دا نوم د &quot;خدای&quot; د نوم سره توپير لري، دا په دې سبب چې د خدای نوم د جمع بڼه لري او جنسيت هم ترې څرگندېدلای شي د ساري په توگه خدايان چې د همدې نوم جمع بڼه ده. په اسلام کې د الله پېژندنه په قرآن کې داسې شوې:
{{دوراشې کامه|فَاطِرُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأَرْضِ جَعَلَ لَكُمْ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ أَزْوَاجًا وَمِنَ الأَنْعَامِ أَزْوَاجًا يَذْرَؤُكُمْ فِيهِ لَيْسَ كَمِثْلِهِ شَيْءٌ وَهُوَ السَّمِيعُ البَصِيرُ|10px||[[سورة الشورى|الشوری سورت]]|۱۱ آيت}}
:''&quot;(الله دی) د اسمانونو او زمکې جوړونکی: هغه ستاسو او د څارويو له مېنځه ستاسو لپاره جوړې جوړې کړي، او په دې توگه هغه تاسې په گڼ شمېر جوړ کړي ياست: داسې هېڅ کوم بل معبود نشته پرته له (الله) نه او د هغه په شان هېڅ نشته، او الله دی چې هر څه اوري او ليدلی شي&quot;

The implicit usage of the [[definite article]] in ''Allah'' linguistically indicates the divine unity. Muslims believe that the God they worship is the same as the Judeo-Christian God, i.e. the God of Abraham. However, Muslims reject the Christian theology concerning the trinity of God (the doctrine of the [[Trinity]] which regards Jesus as the eternal [[Son of God]]), seeing it as akin to [[polytheism]]. Quoting from the Qur'an,
[[sura]] [[An-Nisa]](۴) :۱۷۱:

:''&quot;O People of the Scripture! Do not transgress the limits of your religion, and do not say about God except the truth. The Messiah, Jesus the son of Mary, was only a messenger of God, and His word that He had sent to Mary, and a revelation from Him. Therefore, you shall believe in GOD and His messengers. You shall not say, &quot;Trinity&quot;. You shall refrain from this for your own good. God is only one God. Be He glorified; He is much too glorious to have a son. To Him belongs everything in the heavens and everything on earth. God suffices as Lord and Master.&quot;''

No Muslim visual images or depictions of God exist because such artistic depictions may lead to [[idolatry]] and are thus disdained. Such [[aniconism]] can also be found in Judeo-Christian theology. Moreover, most Muslims believe that God is [[Spiritual being|incorporeal]], making any two- or three- dimensional depictions impossible. Instead, Muslims describe God by the many [[۹۹ Names of God|divine attributes]] mentioned in the [[Qur'an]]. All but one Sura (chapter) of the Qur'an begins with the phrase &quot;In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful&quot;. These are regarded as the most important divine attributes, at least in the sense that Muslims repeat them most frequently during their prayers ([[salat]]) and throughout their daily lives.

د اسلام بنسټيز اصل ''[[توحيد]]'' دی—توحيد په يوه او يوازيني خدای عقيدې ته وايي. په اسلام کې د خدای لپاره د عربي ژبې اصطلاح ''الله'' کارېږي; اکثراً عالمان په دې عقيده دي چې دا اصطلاح د '[['ال-]]'' (د مشخص کولو ادات) او ''[[اله]]'' (معبود) د وييونو نه اشتقاق شوي چې مانا يې يوازيني خدای ته اشاره کوي، خو ځينې نور عالمان بيا د همدې نوم آر او اصل د آرامايک ژبې لغت ''الهه'' گڼي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* &quot;اسلام او عيسويت&quot;, ''د عيسويت پوهنغونډ'' (۲۰۰۱): Arabic-speaking [[Christian]]s and [[Jew]]s also refer to God as ''Allāh''.
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Allah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلام په پينځو بنسټيزو ستنو کې لومړنۍ ستنه يې توحيد بلل کېږي چې د ''شهادة'' يا (منښت) په ډول اظهارېږي، شهادة داسې ده چې: ''''له حقيقي معبود نه پرته بل خدای نشته، او محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt;  د خدای ټاکل شوی پيغمبر دی''''. په دوديزه اسلامپوهنه کې، خدای د انساني عقل او پوهاوي نه پورته معبود گڼل کېږي; مسلمانان نه شي کولای چې خدای په يوه بڼه انځور کړي يوازې له دې چې بايد د داسې لوی معبود عبادت او اطاعت وکړي او خدای خپل يوازينی ساتونکی او ژغورونکی وگڼي. که څه هم چې مسلمانان عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د يو پيغمبر په توگه پېژني، خو دوی بيا د عيسويانو د درېگونۍ عقيده، چې مسلمانان يې د شرک بولي په کلکه ردوي. په اسلامپوهنه کې عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د نورو پيغمبرانو په څېر د خدای بنده او د انسان په توگه پېژندل کېږي او د عيسويانو هغه عقيده چې عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د خدای د ځوی په توگه پېژني په کلکه ردوي;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Tathlith, Trinity | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=David Thomas | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۱}}: Contrary to Muslim understanding, some scholars have suggested that the Qur'an only opposes certain deviant forms of Trinitarian belief.&lt;/ref&gt; د قرآن په يوه سوره کې د خدای څرگندونه داسې شوې &quot;ووايه هغه الله دی يوازې، الله هېچا ته اړ نه دی او ټول هغه ته اړ دي، نه د هغه څوک اولاد دی او نه هغه د چا اولاد دی او هېڅوک د هغه سيال نشته.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۱۱۲|۱|end=۴|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۷۴–۷۶
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۲۲
* Griffith (۲۰۰۶), p.۲۴۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Allah, Tawhid | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | author=D. Gimaret | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== قران عظيم الشان ===
[[انځور:FirstSurahKoran.jpg|thumb|upright|د قرآن لومړنۍ سوره [[سورة الفاتحة|الفاتحه]] د قران عظيم شان د لاسي نسخې يو انځور.]]

قرآن شريف د مسلمانانو سپېڅلی کتاب دی او دوی په همدغه آسماني کتاب باندې ايمان راوړی. د قرآن لغوي مانا  “لوستنه” ده. مسلمانان په دې باور دي چې قرآن يو آسماني کتاب دی چې د الله (جل جلاله) په وروستي نبي حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم باندې نازل شوی دی. دا سپېڅلی کتاب د ۶۱۰ ز. کال نه تر ۶۳۲ ز. پورې په بېلابېلو وختونو کې د الله تعالی له لوري او د حضرت جبراييل عليه السلام په منځگړتوب پر حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم باندې د وحيو په څېر نازل شوی. چې د وحيو په وختونو کې حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم حفظ کړی او بيا د الله تعالی د وروستي نبي د يارانو له خوا راټول شوی او پر ډبرليکونو او پاڼو ليکل شوی.

مسلمانان په دې باور دي چې له کومې ورځ نه الله تعالی قرآن شريف پر محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم نازل کړی له هماغې ورځې نه تر ننه پورې قرآن شريف په خپلې آرنۍ بڼې پاتې دی چې بيا د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم نه وروسته د هغه لارويانو چې قرآن شريف يې حفظ کړی وه وليکه او په همدې توگه يې قرآن شريف په ليکنې بڼه خوندي کړ. مسلمان عالمان ددې خبرې منښته کوي چې قرآن شريف د اسلام د درېيم خليفه حضرت عثمان (رض) د واکمنۍ پر مهال په ليکلې بڼه سره راټول شو، چې په دې توگه د قرآن شريف د بېلابېلو برخو د راټولولو او سره يوځای کولو نېټه له ۶۵۰ ز پېر نه تر ۶۵۶ ز پېر پورې ښودل شوی. او وروسته له دې چې قرآن شريف ليکلې بڼه وموندله نو بيا د هماغه خليفه د واکمنۍ پر مهال د قرآن شريف لمېسې جوړې شوې او د اسلامي خلافت بېلابېلو ولايتونو ته يې لمېسې ولېږل شوې.

There are numerous traditions, and many conflicting academic theories, as to the provenance of the Qur'anic verses that were eventually assembled into a single volume. (This is covered in greater detail in [[Qur'an]]). Most Muslims accept the account recorded in several hadith, which state that [[Abu Bakr]], The First Caliph, ordered his personal secretary [[Zayd ibn Thabit]] to collect and record all the authentic verses of the Qur'an, as preserved in written form or oral tradition. Zayd's written collection, privately treasured by Prophet Muhammad's wife [[Hafsa bint Umar]], was, according to Muslim sources, later used by Uthman and is thus the basis of today's Qur'an.

Uthman's version, organized the suras roughly in order of length (excepting the brief opening surah [[Al-Fatiha]]), with the longest suras at the start of the Qur'an and the shortest ones at the end. More conservative views state that the order of most suras was divinely set. Later scholars have struggled to put the suras in chronological order, and among Muslim commentators, at least, there is a rough consensus as to which suras were revealed in [[Makkan sura|Mecca]] and which at [[Medinan sura|Medina]], with distinctive characteristics observed within these two subgroups. Some suras (e.g. surat [[Iqra]]) are thought to have been revealed in parts at separate times.

To understand the notion of &quot;variants&quot; within the received Qur'anic text, one must understand that Arabic had not yet fully developed as a written language. The Qur'an was first recorded in written form (date uncertain) in the [[Hijazi]], [[Mashq]], [[Ma'il]], and [[Kufic]] scripts; these scripts write consonants only and do not supply vowels. (Imagine an English text that wrote the word 'bed' as &quot;BD,&quot; and required the reader to infer, from context, that the reference was to &quot;bed&quot; - and not to 'bad&quot; or &quot;bide.&quot;) Because there were differing oral traditions of recitation as non-native Arabic speakers converted to Islam, there was some disagreement as to the exact reading of many (vowel-free) verses. Eventually, scripts were  developed that used diacritical markings (known as ''points'') to indicate the vowels. For hundreds of years after Uthman's recension, Muslim scholars argued as to the correct pointing and reading of Uthman's (unpointed) official text.{{citation needed}} Eventually, most commentators accepted seven variant readings ([[qira'at]]) of the Qur'an as canonical, while agreeing that the differences among the seven are minor and do not affect the meaning of the text.

The form of the Qur'an most used today is the [[Al-Azhar]] text of ۱۹۲۳, prepared by a committee at the prestigious [[Cairo]] university of Al-Azhar.

The Qur'an early became a focus of Muslim devotion and eventually a subject of theological controversy among skeptics. In the [[۸th century]], the [[Mu'tazili]]s claimed that the Qur'an was created in time and was not eternal. Their opponents, of various schools, claimed that the Qur'an was eternal and perfect, existing in heaven before it was revealed to Muhammad. The [[Ashari]] theology (which ultimately became predominant) held that the Qur'an was uncreated.

Most Muslims regard paper copies of the Qur'an with extreme veneration, wrapping them in a clean cloth, keeping them on a high shelf, and washing as for prayers before reading the Qur'an. Old Qur'ans are not destroyed as wastepaper, but burned.

اکثره مسلمانان د قرآن ځينې برخې او يا ټول قرآن په آرنۍ ژبه (عربي) حفظ کوي. هغه څوک چې قرآن يې په بشپړه توگه حفظ کړی وي د حافظ په نامه يادېږي. په مسلمانانو کې د قرآن حفظ کول د هېښتيا خبره نه ده، نن ورځ د نړۍ په بېلابېلو هېوادونو کې په ميليونونو حافظين ژوندي دي چې د ټول قرآن متن يې له ياده زده دی.

د عقيدې د پيل د ورځو نه اکثره مسلمانان په دې اند دي چې قرآن يو مکمل اسماني کتاب دی چې په عربي ژبه نازل شوی. د دغه کتاب ژباړې د انساني هلو ځلو او د انساني تېروتنو نه تشې هڅې نه دي، همداراز په ژباړو کې د مومنانو د الهامي شاعرۍ کمښت څوک په قرآن کې موندلی شي. نو په همدې خاطر د قرآن ژباړې يوازې پر قرآن تبصرې گڼل کېږي او يا هم د مطلب ژباړه، او پخپله د قرآن نه. او په همدې دليل د قرآن په ډېرو نوو چاپ شويو نخسو کې د عربي متن په يوه مخ او د متن ژباړه په بل مخ راغلې.

قرآن شريف له ۱۱۴ [[سورت|سورتونو]] يا څپرکو نه جوړ شوی دی چې همدا ټول سورتونه ۶،۲۳۶ ''[[آيت|آيتونه]]'' لري. The chronologically earlier suras, revealed at Mecca, are primarily concerned with ethical and spiritual topics. The later Medinan suras mostly discuss social and moral issues relevant to the Muslim community.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qur'an | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}
&lt;/ref&gt; The Qur'an is more concerned with moral guidance than legal instruction, and is considered the &quot;sourcebook of Islamic principles and values&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۷۹&lt;/ref&gt; Muslim jurists consult the ''hadith'', or the written record of Muhammad's life, to both supplement the Qur'an and assist with its interpretation. The science of Qur'anic commentary and exegesis is known as ''[[tafsir]]''.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۷۹–۸۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tafsir | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The word ''Qur'an'' means &quot;recitation&quot;. When Muslims speak in the abstract about &quot;the Qur'an&quot;, they usually mean the scripture as recited in Arabic rather than the printed work or any translation of it. To Muslims, the Qur'an is perfect only as revealed in the original Arabic; translations are necessarily deficient because of language differences, the fallibility of translators, and the impossibility of preserving the original's inspired style. Translations are therefore regarded only as commentaries on the Qur'an, or &quot;interpretations of its meaning&quot;, not as the Qur'an itself.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Teece (۲۰۰۳), pp.۱۲٬۱۳
* C. Turner (۲۰۰۶), p.۴۲
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qur'an | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: The word ''Qur'an'' was invented and first used in the Qur'an itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology|two different theories]] about this term and its formation.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== پرښتې ===
{{آرنی|په اسلام کې د پرښتو انځور}}
د اسلام په دين کې د الله (جل جلاله) په پرښتو عقيده د ايمان جز گڼل کېږي. په عربي ژبه پرښتې ته (''ملک'') وايي چې د همدغه لغت مانا ده &quot;پيغام رسونکی&quot;، په عبراني ژبه کې همداسې ورته نوم (''ملخ'') د پرښتې په مانا ده خو په يوناني ژبه بيا پرښتې ته (''انجېلوس'') وايي. د قراني مالوماتو له مخې، پرښتې د خپلې خوښې واک په لاس کې نه لري، او په مکمله توگه د الله تعالی په عبادت کې بوختې دي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۲۱|۱۹|end=۲۰|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳۵|۱|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; قران کې دا هم راغلي چې د پرښتو په کارونو کې د الله تعالی حکمونه منل او د الله تعالی پيغامونو رسولو برسېره، پرښتې تل د الله په ثنا او صفت په عبادت بوختې دي، او د انسانانو اعمال ثبتوي ددې سره سره پرښتې د الله (جل جلاله) په حکم د انسانانو د مړينې په وخت کې روحونه باسي. داسې هم انگېرل کېږي چې پرښتې د انسان او الله تعالی ترمېنځ منځگړتوب کوي. قرآن شريف، پرښتې موږ ته داسې راڅرگندوي لکه &quot;يو ډول پيغام رسونکي چې دوه، درې يا څلور جوړه وزرې لري: خدای هماغسې خپل مخلوق جوړوي څنگه چې يې خوښه وي...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۳۵|۱|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۲۶–۲۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Malā'ika | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=W. Madelung | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Angel | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Gisela Webb | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== محمد&lt;sup&gt;([[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]])&lt;/sup&gt; ===
{{آرنی|محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم}}

حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم (c. ۵۷۰ – [[جولای ۶]] [[۶۳۲]]) د الله تعالی وروستی نبي، يو مذهبي، سياسي او پوځي عرب و چې د همدغه نبي د اسلام د دين بيرغ لوړ کړ او د اديانو په تاريخ کې يې د اسلام نوم هم وځلاوه. مسلمانان په دې گروهه دي چې حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) د يوه نوي مذهب بنسټ ايښودونکی نه دی، بلکه د اسلام د اصلي دين چې د حضرت آدم عليه السلام او حضرت ابراهيم او د نورو پيغمبرانو دين و، د هماغه دين بيا پرځای کونکی دی. مسلمانان په دې عقيده هم دي چې حضرت محمد د الله تعالی وروستی پيغمبر او د نورو پيغمبرانو په ډله کې د لويې مرتبې خاوند پيغمبر و.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸), p.۱۲
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۴–۵
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}&lt;/ref&gt;
دروند پیغمبر د خپل خوږ ژوند په وروستیو ۲۳ کلونو کې، یانې د ۴۰ کلني عمر په پیل کې د الله له لوري د ایاتو د نازلولو لړۍ پیل شوه، چې د دغو ایاتونو ټولگه د قرآن په نوم یادیږي چې دغه آیتونه بیا د صحابه و لخوا یاد کیدل.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۱۸|۱۱۰|style=ref}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[انځور:Masjid Nabawi. Medina, Saudi Arabia.jpg|بټنوک|220px|کيڼ|[[مسجد النبوي]] (&quot;د پيغمبر(صلی الله علیه وسلم) جومات&quot;) په مدينه کې د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم مقبره هم ده.|link=Special:FilePath/Masjid_Nabawi._Medina,_Saudi_Arabia.jpg]]

په دغه کې وخت محمد [[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]] د مکې خلکو ته په تبلیغ باندې پیل وکړ، تر څو دوې له شرک څخه راوباسي او د اسلام لور ته یې راوبلي. که څه چې محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم ځینې کسان اسلام ته راواړول خو په دې کار سره دی او د ده لارویان د مکې د چارواکو او لارښودگرانو لخوا تر زور او اذیت لاندې راغلل. چې بیا وروسته له ۱۳ کلنو څخه په کال ۶۲۲ کې محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم او نور مسلمانان له مکې څخه مدینه (رسما '''یثرب''' نومیږي) ته کډه شول.

There, with the Medinan converts (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]]'') and the Meccan migrants (''[[Muhajirun]]''), Muhammad established his political and [[Theocracy|religious authority]]. Within years, two battles had been fought against Meccan forces: the [[Battle of Badr]] in ۶۲۴, which was a Muslim victory, and the [[Battle of Uhud]] in ۶۲۵, which ended inconclusively. Conflict with Medinan Jewish clans who opposed the Muslims led to their exile, enslavement or death, and the Jewish enclave of [[Battle of Khaybar|Khaybar]] was subdued. At the same time, Meccan trade routes were cut off as Muhammad brought surrounding desert tribes under his control.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* F.E.Peters(۲۰۰۳), pp.۷۸٬۷۹٬۱۹۴ 
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۳–۲۸&lt;/ref&gt; By ۶۲۹ Muhammad was victorious in the nearly bloodless [[Conquest of Mecca]], and by the time of his death in ۶۳۲ he ruled over the [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian peninsula]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Muhammad&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Islam, the &quot;[[normative]]&quot; example of Muhammad's life is called the ''[[Sunnah]]'' (literally &quot;trodden path&quot;). This example is preserved in traditions known as [[hadith]] (&quot;reports&quot;), which recount his words, his actions, and his personal characteristics. The classical Muslim jurist [[ash-Shafi'i]] (d. ۸۲۰) emphasized the importance of the Sunnah in [[Sharia|Islamic law]], and Muslims are encouraged to emulate Muhammad's actions in their daily lives. The Sunnah is seen as crucial to guiding interpretation of the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World'' (۲۰۰۳), p.۶۶۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hadith | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=J. Robson | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sunna | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=D. W. Brown | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د قيامت ورځ ===
{{آرنی|قيامت}}
د &quot;جزا په ورځ&quot;، يعنی ''[[قيامت|د قيامت په ورځې]]'' ايمان لرل د اسلام يوه بنسټيزه گروهه ده. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې د قيامت ورځ د الله تعالی له خوا ټاکل شوی چې په يوه ځانگړي وخت کې به وي خو انسانانو ته يې وخت نه دی څرگند. د قيامت د ورځې د محکمې او کړاونه په هکله په قرآن او حديثونو کې هم بیان شوي، او همدارنگه د اسلامي علماوو په تفسيرونو کې.
The Qur'an emphasizes [[Resurrection of the Dead|bodily resurrection]], a break from the [[pre-Islamic Arabia]]n understanding of death. It states that resurrection will be followed by the gathering of mankind, culminating in their judgment by God.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* &quot;Resurrection&quot;, ''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'' (۲۰۰۳)
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Avicenna | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as &quot;Avicenna&quot;.
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qiyama | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Qur'an lists several sins that can condemn a person to hell, such as disbelief, [[riba|usury]] and dishonesty. Muslims view paradise (''[[jannah]]'') as a place of joy and bliss, with Qur'anic references describing its features and the physical pleasures to come. There are also references to a greater joy—acceptance by God (''ridwān'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۹|۷۲|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mystical traditions in Islam place these heavenly delights in the context of an ecstatic awareness of God.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Smith (۲۰۰۶), p.۸۹; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p.۵۶۵
* &quot;Heaven&quot;, ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' (۲۰۰۰)
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Garden | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Asma Afsaruddin | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Paradise | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تقدير ===
{{آرنی|تقدير}}

In accordance with the Islamic belief in [[predestination]], or divine preordainment (''al-qadā wa'l-qadar''), God has full knowledge and control over all that occurs. This is explained in Qur'anic verses such as &quot;Say: 'Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us: He is our protector'…&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۹|۵۱|style=ref}}
* D. Cohen-Mor (۲۰۰۱), p.۴: &quot;The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen: 'Say: &quot;Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us…&quot;&amp;nbsp;'&amp;nbsp;&quot;
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Fate | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Ahmet T. Karamustafa | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means &quot;to measure, to determine&quot;. Here it is used to mean that &quot;God measures and orders his creation&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; For Muslims, everything in the world that occurs, good or evil, has been preordained and nothing can happen unless permitted by God. In Islamic theology, divine preordainment does not suggest an absence of God's indignation against evil, because any evils that do occur are thought to result in future benefits men may not be able to see. According to Muslim theologians, although events are pre-ordained, man possesses free will in that he has the faculty to choose between right and wrong, and is thus responsible for his actions. According to Islamic tradition, all that has been decreed by God is written in ''al-Lawh al-Mahfūz'', the &quot;Preserved Tablet&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۲۰۰۳), pp.۱۱۹–۱۲۲
* Patton (۱۹۰۰), p.۱۳۰&lt;/ref&gt;

The Shi'a understanding of predestination is called &quot;divine justice&quot; (''Adalah''). This doctrine, originally developed by the [[Mu'tazila]], stresses the importance of man's responsibility for his own actions. In contrast, the Sunni deemphasize the role of individual free will in the context of God's creation and foreknowledge of all things.&lt;ref&gt;Momen (۱۹۸۷), pp.۱۷۷٬۱۷۸&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلام او دا آخرت په ورځ ایمان ===
{{آرنی|د اخرت په ورځ ایمان}}

Islamic [[eschatology]] is concerned with the ''[[Qiyamah]]'' ([[End of the world (religion)|end of the world]]) and the final  judgment of humanity. Like [[Christianity]] and [[Judaism]], Islam teaches the bodily [[resurrection]] of the dead, the fulfilment of a divine plan for creation, and the immortality of the human soul. In Islamic belief, the righteous are rewarded with the pleasures of ''Jannah'' ([[Paradise]]), while the unrighteous are punished in ''[[Jahannam]]'' (a fiery [[Hell]], from the Hebrew ''ge-hinnom'' or &quot;valley of Hinnom&quot;; usually rendered in English as [[Gehenna]]). A significant portion of the Qur'an deals with these beliefs, with many ''[[hadith]]'' elaborating on the themes and details.

== تنظيمونه ==
=== اسلامي واک ===
داسې هېڅ کوم رسمي اسلامي واک نشته چې په اسلام کې د يو کس د منلو او يا هم د اسلامي ټولنې ('''''اُمة''''' ''يانې ملت يا کورنۍ'') نه د رټلو واک په لاس کې ولري. اسلام خپلې دروازې پرته د کوم توپير، تعصب، رنگ، جنس، عمر او پخواني عقايدو نه د ټولو پر مخ پرانيستې دي او ټولو ته په دغه دين کې د ننوتلو اجازه شته. د مسلمان کېدو لپاره همدومره بس ده چې يو څوک د زړه له کومي په رسمي توگه د يو څو تنو مسلمانانو په مينځ کې د اسلام دين ومني او شهادت ووايي. شهادت هغه بيان دی چې مسلمان پرې د يوه خدای د وحدانيت او د حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) پر نبوت او په خپل ژوند کې د هغه د لارښوونو د پلي کولو د تکل اقرار بلل کېږي. د شهادت په نه وييلو سره هېڅوک نه شي کولای چې مسلمان شي. د مسلمان لپاره د شهادت نه وروسته د اسلامي حکمونو پلي کول فرض دي او همدا رنگه يو مسلمان بايد د اسلامي اخلاقو خاوند هم وي ترڅو هغه په يوه اسلامي ټولنه کې د منلو وړ وگرځي.

=== اسلامي قانون ===
{{آرنی|شريعت|فقه}}
د اسلامي قانون نوم شريعت دی، چې د مسلمانو عالمانو لخوا د قرآن او حديث په رڼا کې وضع شوی. قرآن شريف د شريعت او اسلامي قضايه نظام لومړنۍ سرچينه ده، تر دې وروسته د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم سنة او د لومړنۍ اسلامي ټولنې دود او دستورونه په دوهم پړاو کې ځای لري. سنت د احاديثو په شننو کې رامېنځ ته شوی، او احاديث د حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) لارښوونو ته وايي چې مسلمانانو ته يې کړي. اجماع چې د يوې مسلمانې ټولنې د احصايې په مانا ده، د قياس سره يوځای د اسلامي قانون او د شريعت درېيمه او څلورمه سرچينه جوړوي.

په اسلامي قانون کې د ژوند د هر اړخ په اړه بحث شوی دی. د دولت او حکومت د چلولو او د باندنيو اړيکو د ساتلو نه نيولې آن تر ورځيني ژوند و ژواک پورې د هرې ستونزې او مسلې لپاره د حل لار څېړل شوې او د اسلامي احکامو پر بنسټ يې د پلي کولو لارښوونه شوې.د اسلامي قانون په اړه په څرگنده ډول په قرآن شريف کې چې کوم احکامات راغلي هغه د [[حدود]]و په نامه يادېږي چې په دغو لارښوونو کې د قتل نه ډډه، د واده نه پرته د جنسي اړيکو د ساتلو نه ځان ساتنه، د شرابو او الکولو د څښلو او د قمار نه اجتناب يې غټ ټکي جوړوي. په قرآن کې د وراثت، د واده، د ټپي کولو او وژلو په بدل کې د تدابيرو نيولو او په هم دې توگه د روژې د نيولو، د زکات ورکولو او لمونځ کولو په باب هم په تفصيل سره د حکمونو يادونه شوې. However, the prescriptions and prohibitions may be broad, so how they are applied in practice varies. Islamic scholars, ''the ulema'', have elaborated systems of law on the basis of these broad rules, supplemented by the hadith reports of how Muhammad and his companions interpreted them. See [[Sin]] for further discussion about the concept of sin and its atonement according to the Islamic law.

In current times, not all Muslims understand the Qur'an in its original Arabic. Thus, when Muslims are divided in how to handle situations, they seek the assistance of a [[mufti]] (Islamic judge) who can advise them based on Islamic [[Sharia]] and hadith.

The ''Sharia'' (literally: &quot;the path leading to the watering place&quot;) is Islamic law formed by traditional Islamic scholarship. In Islam, Sharia is the expression of the divine will, and &quot;constitutes a system of duties that are incumbent upon a Muslim by virtue of his religious belief&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;BritannicaShariah&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Islamic law covers all aspects of life, from matters of state, like governance and [[Diplomacy|foreign relations]], to issues of daily living. The Qur'an defines ''[[hudud]]'' as the punishments for five specific crimes: unlawful intercourse, false accusation of unlawful intercourse, consumption of alcohol, theft, and highway robbery. The Qur'an and Sunnah also contain laws of [[Islamic Inheritance jurisprudence|inheritance]], [[Islamic marital jurisprudence|marriage]], and [[Qisas|restitution for injuries and murder]], as well as rules for [[sawm|fasting]], [[Sadaqah|charity]], and [[salat|prayer]]. However, these [[wajib|prescriptions]] and [[Haraam|prohibitions]] may be broad, so their application in practice varies. [[Ulema|Islamic scholars]] (known as ''ulema'') have elaborated systems of law on the basis of these rules and their interpretations.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Menski (۲۰۰۶), p.۲۹۰
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hadd | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=B. Carra de Vaux | coauthors=J. Schacht, A.M. Goichon | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sharia | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=N. Calder | coauthors=M. B. Hooker | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[Fiqh]]'', or &quot;jurisprudence&quot;, is defined as the knowledge of the practical rules of the religion. The method Islamic jurists use to derive rulings is known as ''[[usul al-fiqh]]'' (&quot;legal theory&quot;, or &quot;principles of jurisprudence&quot;). According to Islamic legal theory, law has four fundamental roots, which are given precedence in this order: the Qur'an, the Sunnah (actions and sayings of Muhammad), the consensus of the Muslim jurists (''[[ijma]]''), and analogical reasoning (''[[qiyas]]''). For early Islamic jurists, theory was less important than pragmatic application of the law. In the ۹th century, the jurist [[ash-Shafi'i]] provided a theoretical basis for Islamic law by codifying the principles of jurisprudence (including the four fundamental roots) in his book ''ar-Risālah''.&lt;ref&gt;Weiss (۲۰۰۲), pp.xvii,۱۶۲&lt;/ref&gt;

==== مذهب او رياست ====

د اسلامي قانون له مخې د مذهب او رياست تر مېنځ ژورې اړيکې دي چې په ډېريو اسلامي هېوادونو کې ديني عالمان د قاضيانو په توگه په رسمي ډول دندې ترسره کوي. In practice, Islamic rulers frequently bypassed the Sharia courts with a parallel system of so-called &quot;Grievance courts&quot; over which they had sole control. As the Muslim world came into contact with Western secular ideals, Muslim societies responded in different ways. [[Turkey]] has been governed as a secular state ever since the reforms of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]. In contrast, the [[۱۹۷۹ Iranian Revolution]] replaced a mostly secular regime with an [[Islamic republic]] led by the [[Ruholla Khomeini|Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۸۴
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۵۰۲–۵۰۷٬۸۴۵
* Lewis (۲۰۰۳), p.۱۰۰&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ارتداد او کفر ====
{{آرنی|ارتداد په اسلام کې}}

په سيمه ايزو اسلامي ټولنو کې چې يو وگړی په ارتداد او کفر پېژندل کېږي نو هغه بيا د هماغې ټولنې نه رټل کېږي. په اسلامي رياستونو کې ارتداد او کفر د اسلامي رياست پر وړاندې جرم گڼل کېږي او داسې يو مجرم ته سزا ورکول کېږي چې اکثراً د مرگ  سزا وي.

== مذهبي فرقې ==
{{main|د اسلام مذهبي فرقې}}
لکه د نورو دينونو په شان په اسلام کې هم يو شمېر مذهبي فرقې شته چې د دوی ټولو گروهه يا عقيده يوه ده خو په شرعي او قانوني توگه په دغو فرقو کې اهم توپيرونه ليدل کېږي. اسلام په دوه لويو فرقو وېشل شوی چې د [[سني]] او [[تشيع]] فرقې يې دوه لويې فرقې دي. [[تصوف]] بيا ځانته بله مذهبي ډله ده چې په دې کې د اسلام معمايي تصريف لور ته ډېر پام اړول شوی. د ځينو سرچينو له مخې د نړۍ نژدې ۸۵٪ مسلمانان د سني لويې فرقې په لار روان دي او پاتې ۱۵٪ مسلمانان د تشيع د مذهب مننونکي دي، په همدې توگه بيا په شيعه گانو کې هم وړې مذهبي فرقې شته.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۲
* {{cite web | url=http://countrystudies.us/afghanistan/61.htm | title=Sunni and Shia Islam | work=Country Studies | publisher=U.S. Library of Congress | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۱-۰۹}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اهل سنت ===
[[دوتنه:Divisions of Islam.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Divisions of Islam]]

[[سني]] مسلمانان د اسلام لويه برخه جوړوي. په عربي ژبه کې د ''السنة'' لغت مانا &quot;اصل&quot; او يا هم &quot;لار&quot; ده. سنت (د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; د ژوند کړه وړه) دقرآن او حديث له مخې د سني اسلام اهمه ستنه جوړوي. سنيان په دې عقيده دي چې د اسلام لومړي څلور خليفه گان د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; نه وروسته برحقه او ريښتوني خليفه گان وه؛ او خدای&lt;sup&gt;ج&lt;/sup&gt; د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر نه وروسته خدای بل پيغمبر نه ؤ ځانگړی کړی، او پاتې خليفه گان بايد ټاکل شوي وای. سنيان څلور لوی قانوني مذهبونه مني چې هغه څلور لوی مذهبونه [[حنفي]]، [[مالکي]]، [[شافي]] او [[حنبلي]] دي.  All four accept the validity of the others and a Muslim might choose any one that he or she finds agreeable, but other Islamic sects are believed to have departed from the majority by introducing innovations (''[[bidah]]''). There are also several orthodox theological or philosophical traditions within Sunnism. For example, the recent [[Salafi]] movement sees itself as restorationist and claims to derive its teachings from the original sources of Islam.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* اېسپوزيتو (۲۰۰۳), pp.۲۷۵٬۳۰۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shariah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sunnite | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== شیعه گان ===

{{see also|Historic background of the Sunni-Shi'a split}}
The [[Shi'a]], who constitute the second-largest branch of Islam, believe in the political and religious [[Islamic leadership|leadership]] of [[infallible#Additional Shi'a teachings|infallible]] [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)|Imams]] from the progeny of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]. They believe that he, as the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was his rightful successor, and they call him the first ''Imam'' (leader), rejecting the legitimacy of the previous Muslim caliphs. To them, an Imam rules by right of divine appointment and holds &quot;absolute spiritual authority&quot; among Muslims, having final say in matters of doctrine and revelation.&lt;ref&gt;See
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۴۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Imam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shi'ite | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/p.php?p=shia'&amp;url=Introduction {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419035040/http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/p.php?p=shia%27&amp;url=Introduction |date=2008-04-19 }} Imamat, by [[Naser Makarem Shirazi]]]&lt;/ref&gt; Although the Shi'a share many core practices with the Sunni, the two branches disagree over the proper importance and validity of specific collections of hadith. The Shi'a follow a legal tradition called [[Ja'fari jurisprudence]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Ahmed (۱۹۹۹), pp.۴۴–۴۵
* Nasr (۱۹۹۴), p.۴۶۶&lt;/ref&gt; Shi'a Islam has several branches, the largest of which is the [[Twelvers]] (''{{ArabDIN|iṯnāʿašariyya}}''), while the others are the [[Ismaili]], the [[Sevener]]s, and the [[Zaidiyyah]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Kramer (۱۹۸۷), [http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/Alawis.htm Syria’s Alawis and Shi‘ism pp.۲۳۷–۲۵۴]
* [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/index.html Shia branches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041025093409/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/index.html |date=2004-10-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 1.JPG|thumb|right|A view of the [[Dome of the Rock]] on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]], a holy site in Islam]]
[[Shi'a]] Muslims, the second-largest sect, differ from the Sunni in rejecting the authority of the first three caliphs. They honor different traditions ([[hadith]]) and have their own legal traditions. Shi'a scholars have a larger authority than Sunni scholars and have greater room for interpretation. The [[Imams]] play a central role in Shi'a doctrine.

The arabic word Shi'a, litarally translates into the word 'group' or 'sect'. Originally known as Shi'at Ali (the sect of Ali), the group formed shortly after the death of Ali, in [[Iraq]]. Ali ibn Abi Talib was the cousin of prophet [[Muhammad]], and after marriage to Fatima, he also became Muhammad's son-in-law.

The Shi'a consist of one major school of thought known as the [[Ithna 'ashariyah]] or the &quot;[[Twelvers]]&quot;, and a few minor schools of thought, as the &quot;Seveners&quot; or the &quot;Fivers&quot; referring to the number of infallible leaders they recognize after the death of prophet [[Muhammad]]. The term Shi'a, when used without qualification, is usually taken to be synonymous with the Ithna Ashariyya or Twelvers. Most Shi'a live in [[Iran]], [[Iraq]] (the country where Ali passed away), [[Bahrain]], [[Lebanon]], [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. A minority group (about ۴ million) of Shi'a is known as [[Ismaili]]. The Shia Ismaili sect is subdivided into [[Nizari]] Ismaili and [[Mustaali]] Bohra subsects. The Nizari Ismaili or are led by the [[Aga Khan]] and are found mainly in [[Pakistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Bangladesh]], India, Canada and United States. The [[Mustaali]] Bohra sect is further subdivded into Dawoodi and Sulaimanis subsects. The [[Dawoodi Bohra]]s are concentrated in Pakistan and India. The [[Sulaimani Bohra]]s are concentrated in Yemen and Najran province of Saudi Arabia.

=== تصوف ===
{{آرنی|تصوف}}

Not strictly a denomination, [[Sufism]] is a mystical-ascetic form of Islam. By focusing on the more spiritual aspects of religion, Sufis strive to obtain direct experience of God by making use of &quot;intuitive and emotional faculties&quot; that one must be trained to use.&lt;ref&gt;Trimingham (۱۹۹۸), p.۱&lt;/ref&gt; Sufism and [[Islamic law]] are usually considered to be complementary, although Sufism has been criticized by some Muslims for being an unjustified [[bidah|religious innovation]]. Most Sufi orders, or ''[[tariqa]]s'', can be classified as either Sunni or Shi'a.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۳۰۲
* Malik (۲۰۰۶), p.۳
* B. S. Turner (۱۹۹۸), p.۱۴۵
* {{cite web | url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aftoc.html | work=Country Studies | publisher=U. S. Library of Congress (Federal Research Division) | title=Afghanistan: A Country Study | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۴-۱۸ | pages=۱۵۰}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Sufism]] is a spiritual practice followed by both Sunni and Shi'a. Sufis generally feel that following Islamic law or jurisprudence (or ''fiqh'') is only the first step on the path to perfect submission; they focus on the internal or more spiritual aspects of Islam, such as perfecting one's faith and fighting one's own ego (''nafs''). Most Sufi orders, or [[tariqa]], can be classified as either Sunni or Shi'a. However, there are some that are not easily categorized as either Sunni or Shi'a, such as the [[Bektashi]]. Sufis are found throughout the Islamic world, from [[Senegal]] to [[Indonesia]].

=== نورې طريقې ===
[[Wahhabi]]s, as they are known by non-Wahhabis, are a smaller, more recent Sunni group. They prefer to be called [[Salafi]]s. Wahhabism is a movement founded by [[Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab]] in the [[۱۸th century]] in what is present-day [[Saudi Arabia]]. They classify themselves as Sunni and some claim to follow the [[Hanbali]] legal tradition. The major trend, however, is the  abolition of these &quot;schools of thoughts&quot; (legal traditions), and the following of a more literalist interpretation. Some even regard other Sunni as heretics. The [[Hanbali]] legal tradition is the recognized official school of Islamic law in Saudi Arabia and they have had a great deal of influence on the Islamic world because of Saudi control of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]], the Islamic holy places, and because of Saudi funding for mosques and schools in other countries. The majority of Saudi Islamic scholars are considered as [[Wahhabi]]s by other parts of the Islamic world.

Sunni and Shi'a have often clashed. Some Sunni believe that Shi'a  are heretics while other Sunni recognize Shi'a as fellow Muslims. According to Shaikh Mahmood Shaltoot, head of the [[al-Azhar University]] in the middle part of the ۲۰th century, &quot;the Ja'fari school of thought, which is also known as &quot;al-Shi'a al- Imamiyyah al-Ithna Ashariyyah&quot; (i.e. The Twelver Imami Shi'ites) is a school of thought that is religiously correct to follow in worship as are other Sunni schools of thought&quot;. Al-Azhar later distanced itself from this position.

Another sect which dates back to the early days of Islam is that of the [[Kharijites]]. The only surviving branch of the Kharijites are the [[Ibadi|Ibadhi Muslims]]. Ibadhism is distinguished from Shiism by its belief that the Imam (Leader) should be chosen solely on the basis of his faith, not on the basis of descent, and from Sunnism in its rejection of [[Uthman]] and [[Ali]] and strong emphasis on the need to depose unjust rulers.  Ibadhi Islam is noted for its strictness, but, unlike the Kharijites proper, Ibadhis do not regard major sins as automatically making a Muslim an unbeliever. Most Ibadhi Muslims live in [[Oman]].

Another trend in modern Islam is that which is sometimes called progressive. Followers may be called [[Ijtihadists]]. They may be either Sunni or Shi'ite, and generally favor the development of  personal interpretations of Qur'an and Hadith. ''See'': [[Liberal Islam]]

One very small group, based primarily in the United States, follows the teachings of [[Rashad Khalifa]] and calls itself the &quot;Submitters&quot;. They reject [[hadith]] and [[fiqh]], and say that they follow the Qur'an alone. Most Muslims of both the [[Sunni]] and the [[Shia]] sects consider this group to be heretical.

The [[Kharijites]] are a sect that dates back to the early days of Islam. The only surviving branch of the Kharijites is [[Ibadism]]. Unlike most Kharijite groups, Ibadism does not regard sinful Muslims as unbelievers. The [[Imam]]ate is an important topic in Ibadi legal literature, which stipulates that the leader should be chosen solely on the basis of his knowledge and piety, and is to be deposed if he acts unjustly. Most Ibadi Muslims live in [[Oman]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* [http://www.uga.edu/islam/ibadis.html IBADI ISLAM: AN INTRODUCTION]
* J. A. Williams (۱۹۹۴), p.۱۷۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=al-Ibāḍiyya | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Yazidi]], [[Druze]],  [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community|Ahmadiyya]], [[Bábís|Bábí]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'í]], [[Berghouata]] and [[Ha-Mim]] religions either emerged out of Islam or came to share certain beliefs with Islam. [[Sikhism]], founded by [[Guru Nanak]] in late fifteenth century [[Punjab region|Punjab]], incorporates aspects of both Islam and [[Hinduism]].&lt;ref&gt;Encyclopedia of Islam, &quot;Sikhs&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلامي فرضونه او عمل ==
=== پينځه بنسټيزه ستنې ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام پينځه ستنې}}

[[دوتنه:Arabic Plaque, Great Mosque, Xian.jpg|thumb|left|Islam's basic creed (''[[shahadah]]'') written on a plaque in the [[Great Mosque of Xi'an]], [[China]]]]
[[دوتنه:Kabaa.jpg|thumb|left|Rituals of the [[Hajj]] (pilgrimage) include walking seven times around the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca.]]

دغه پنځه بنسټیزه ستنې د [[سني مسلمانان|سني مسلمانانو]] لپاره پنځه اړینه کړنې دي.خو بیا شیعه مسلمان په اتو مذهبي کړنو کې کډون کوي کوم چې دغو پنځو بنسټیزه کړنو ته ورته والی لري:
.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Momem (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Pillars of Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; چې په لاندې ډول دي:
* '''''[[شهادت]]''''', شهادت د اسلام له بنسټیزو [[عقیده|عقیدو]] یا اصولو څخه دي او باید د زړه له تله په لاندې ډول وویل شي ''' أشهد أن لا إله إلاَّ الله و أشهد أن محمد رسول الله''',یا&quot; زه شهادت ورکوم چې دلته پرته له [[الله]] څخه بل هیڅوک د [[عبادت]] وړ ندي او زه شهادت ورکوم چې [[محمد]] د خدای [[رسول]] دي.&quot;

This testament is a foundation for all other beliefs and practices in Islam (although technically the Shi'a do not consider the ''shahadah'' to be a separate pillar, just a belief). Muslims must repeat the ''shahadah'' in prayer, and non-Muslims wishing to convert to Islam are required to recite the creed.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۱۹۹۴), p.۱۳۵
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸
* &quot;Islam&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals''(۲۰۰۴)&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[لمونځ]]''''', or ritual prayer, which must be performed five times a day. (However, the Shi'a are permitted to run together the noon with the afternoon prayers, and the evening with the night prayers). Each salah is done facing towards the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca. Salah is intended to focus the mind on God, and is seen as a personal communication with him that expresses gratitude and worship. Salah is compulsory but flexibility in the specifics is allowed depending on circumstances. In many Muslim countries, reminders called [[Adhan]] (call to prayer) are broadcast publicly from local mosques at the appropriate times. The prayers are recited in the [[Arabic language]], and consist of verses from the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۱۸٬۱۹
* Hedáyetullah (۲۰۰۶), pp.۵۳–۵۵
* Kobeisy (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲۲–۳۴
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[زکات]]''''', or [[alms|alms-giving]]. This is the practice of giving based on accumulated wealth, and is obligatory for all Muslims who can afford it. A fixed portion is spent to help the poor or needy, and also to assist the spread of Islam. The zakat is considered a religious obligation (as opposed to voluntary charity) that the well-off owe to the needy because their wealth is seen as a &quot;trust from God's bounty&quot;. The Qur'an and the hadith also suggest a Muslim give even more as an act of voluntary alms-giving (''[[sadaqah]]''). Many Shi'ites are expected to pay an additional amount in the form of a ''[[khums]]'' tax, which they consider to be a separate ritual practice.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲|۱۷۷|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۹۰
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Zakat | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۱}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Zakat | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[روژه]]''''', or [[Sawm of Ramadan|fasting during the month of Ramadan]]. Muslims must not eat or drink (among other things) from dawn to dusk during this month, and must be mindful of other sins. The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to God, and during it Muslims should express their gratitude for and dependence on him, atone for their past sins, and think of the needy. ''Sawm'' is not obligatory for several groups for whom it would constitute an undue burden. For others, flexibility is allowed depending on circumstances, but missed fasts usually must be made up quickly.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲|۱۸۴|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۹۰٬۹۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_21.html#HEADING20 | title=For whom fasting is mandatory | publisher=USC-MSA | work=Compendium of Muslim Texts | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۴-۱۸ | تاريخ الأرشيف=2008-11-28 | مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 | url-status=dead | خونديځ نېټه=2008-11-28 | خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308025221/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_21.html#HEADING20 | خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[حج]]''''', which is the pilgrimage during the [[Islamic calendar|Islamic month]] of ''[[Dhu al-Hijjah]]'' in the city of [[Mecca]]. Every [[able-bodied]] Muslim who can afford it must make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his or her lifetime. When the pilgrim is about ten kilometers from Mecca, he must dress in [[Ihram clothing|''Ihram'' clothing]], which consists of two white seamless sheets. Rituals of the Hajj include walking seven times around the [[Kaaba]], touching the [[Black Stone]], running seven times between [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Mount Safa]] and [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Mount Marwah]], and symbolically [[Stoning of the Devil|stoning the Devil]] in [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]]. The pilgrim, or the ''hajji'', is honored in his or her community, although Islamic teachers say that the Hajj should be an expression of devotion to God instead of a means to gain social standing.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۱۹۹۴), pp.۱۴۵–۱۴۷
* Goldschmidt (۲۰۰۵), p.۴۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hajj | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In addition to the ''khums'' tax, Shi'a Muslims consider three additional practices essential to the religion of Islam. The first is [[jihad]], which is also important to the Sunni, but not considered a pillar. The second is ''[[Amr-Bil-Ma'rūf]]'', the &quot;Enjoining to Do Good&quot;, which calls for every Muslim to live a virtuous life and to encourage others to do the same. The third is ''[[Nahi-Anil-Munkar]]'', the &quot;Exhortation to Desist from Evil&quot;, which tells Muslims to refrain from vice and from evil actions and to also encourage others to do the same.&lt;ref&gt;Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۸۰&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلامي اداب او خواړه ===

{{آرنی|اسلامي اداب|د خواړو اړونده اسلامي احکام}}

Many practices fall in the category of ''adab'', or Islamic etiquette. This includes greeting others with &quot;''[[As-Salamu Alaykum|as-salamu `alaykum]]''&quot; (&quot;peace be unto you&quot;), saying ''[[bismillah]]'' (&quot;in [[Names of God|the name of God]]&quot;) before meals, and using only the right hand for eating and drinking. [[Islamic hygienical jurisprudence|Islamic hygienic]] practices mainly fall into the category of personal cleanliness and health, such as the circumcision of male offspring. [[Islamic funeral|Islamic burial rituals]] include saying the ''[[Salat al-Janazah]]'' (&quot;funeral prayer&quot;) over the bathed and enshrouded dead body, and burying it in a grave. Muslims, like Jews, are restricted in their diet, and prohibited foods include pig products, blood, [[carrion]], and [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]]. All meat must come from a [[herbivorous]] animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian, with the exception of game that one has hunted or fished for oneself. Food permissible for Muslims is known as [[halal]] food.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۵|۵|style=ref}}
* Curtis (۲۰۰۵), p.۱۶۴
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۱۱۱
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/janisla2y2.html Customs and Behavioral Laws]
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/febislaw2y2.html The Dietary Laws]
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/DecIslaw2y5.htm Various types of the prayer]
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Slaughter | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Ersilia Francesca | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۸}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جهاد ===
{{mainarticle|Jihad|Islamic military jurisprudence}}
Jihad means &quot;to strive or struggle,&quot; especially in the idiomatic expression &quot;striving in the way of God&quot; (''al-jihad fi sabil Allah'') and is considered the &quot;[[sixth pillar of Islam]]&quot; by a minority of Muslim authorities.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Merriam (۱۹۹۹) p.۵۷۱
* Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia p.۴۱۹
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۹۳&lt;/ref&gt; Jihad, in its broadest sense, is classically defined as &quot;exerting one's utmost power, efforts, endeavors, or ability in contending with an object of disapprobation.&quot; Depending on the object being a visible enemy, the devil, and aspects of one's own self, different categories of Jihad are defined: Jihad against one's own self (self-perfection), Jihad of the tongue, Jihad of the hand, and Jihad of the sword. Jihad when used without any qualifier is understood in its military aspect.&lt;ref&gt;Reuven Firestone (۱۹۹۹), The Meaning of Jihād, p. ۱۷-۱۸&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Britannica Encyclopedia, Jihad&lt;/ref&gt;

Jihad is the only form of warfare permissible under [[Sharia|Islamic law]]. Under most circumstances and for most Muslims, jihad is a collective duty (''[[Fard|fard kifaya]]''): one whose performance by some individuals exempts the others; for the rest of the populace, this happens only in the case of a [[general mobilization]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Djihad&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''.&lt;/ref&gt; Some Muslim authorities, especially among the Shi'a and [[Sufism|Sufis]], distinguish between the &quot;greater jihad&quot;, which pertains to spiritual self-perfection, and the &quot;lesser jihad&quot;, defined as warfare.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Firestone (۱۹۹۹) p.۱۷ 
* &quot;Djihad&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''.&lt;/ref&gt; Jihad also refers to one's striving to attain religious and moral perfection.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Brockopp (۲۰۰۳) pp. ۹۹–۱۰۰
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۹۳ 
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=jihad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۶-۱۳}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
{{آرنی|د اسلام تاريخ|د اسلام خپرېدا}}

Islam's historical development resulted in major political, economic, and military effects inside and outside the [[Islamic world]]. Within a century of Muhammad's first recitations of the [[Qur'an]], an Islamic empire stretched from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in the west to [[Central Asia]] in the east. This new polity soon broke into civil war, and successor states fought each other and outside forces. However, Islam continued to spread into regions like [[Africa]], the [[Indian subcontinent]], and [[Southeast Asia]]. The Islamic civilization was one of the most advanced in the world during the [[Middle Ages]], but was surpassed by Europe with the economic and military growth of the West. During the ۱۸th and ۱۹th centuries, Islamic dynasties such as the [[Ottomans]] and [[Mughals]] fell under the sway of European imperial powers. In the ۲۰th century [[Islamic revival|new religious and political movements]] and newfound wealth in the Islamic world led to both rebirth and conflict.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۵۰٬۱۱۲٬۱۹۷٬۳۸۰٬۴۸۹٬۵۷۸٬۸۱۷
* Lewis (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲۹٬۵۱–۵۶&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د اسلامي رياست پيل (۶۳۲–۷۵۰) ===
{{see|Succession to Muhammad|Muslim conquests|Muslim Empire}}
Muhammad began preaching Islam at [[Mecca]] before [[Hijra (Islam)|migrating]] to [[Medina]], from where he united the [[tribes of Arabia]] into a singular Arab Muslim religious polity. With Muhammad's death in ۶۳۲, disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community. [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]], a prominent [[sahaba|companion]] of Muhammad, nominated [[Abu Bakr]], who was Muhammad's intimate friend and collaborator. Others added their support and Abu Bakr was made the first [[caliph]]. This choice was disputed by some of Muhammad's companions, who held that [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]], his cousin and son-in-law, had been designated his successor. Abu Bakr's immediate task was to avenge a recent defeat by [[Byzantine]] (or [[Eastern Roman Empire]]) forces, although he first had to put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an episode known as the [[Ridda wars]], or &quot;Wars of Apostasy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See: 
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۵۷
* Hourani (۲۰۰۳), p.۲۲
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۳۲
* Madelung (۱۹۹۶), p.۴۳
* Tabatabaei (۱۹۷۹), p.۳۰–۵۰&lt;/ref&gt;

[[دوتنه:Age of Caliphs.png|thumb|left|upright=1.25|The territory of the [[Caliphate]] in the year ۷۵۰]]

His death in ۶۳۴ resulted in the succession of Umar as the caliph, followed by [[Uthman ibn al-Affan]] and Ali ibn Abi Talib. These four are known as ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' (&quot;[[Rightly Guided Caliphs]]&quot;). Under them, the territory under Muslim rule expanded deeply into [[Persian Empire]] and [[Byzantine]] territories.&lt;ref&gt;See
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۷۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; When Umar was assassinated in ۶۴۴, [[the election of Uthman]] as successor was met with increasing opposition. In ۶۵۶, Uthman was also killed, and Ali assumed the position of caliph. After fighting off opposition in the [[First Fitna|first civil war]] (the &quot;First Fitna&quot;), Ali was assassinated by [[Kharijites]] in ۶۶۱. Following this, [[Muawiyah I|Mu'awiyah]], who was governor of [[Levant]], seized power and began the [[Umayyad dynasty]].&lt;ref&gt;Holt (۱۹۷۷a), pp.۶۷–۷۲&lt;/ref&gt;

These disputes over religious and political leadership would give rise to schism in the Muslim community. The majority accepted the legitimacy of the three rulers prior to Ali, and became known as [[Sunni]]s. A minority disagreed, and believed that Ali was the only rightful successor; they became known as the [[Shi'a]].&lt;ref&gt;Waines (۲۰۰۳) p.۴۶&lt;/ref&gt; After Mu'awiyah's death in ۶۸۰, conflict over succession broke out again in a civil war known as the &quot;[[Second Fitna]]&quot;. Afterward, the Umayyad dynasty prevailed for seventy years, and was able to conquer the [[Maghreb|Maghrib]] as well as the [[Al-Andalus]] (the [[Iberian Peninsula]], former [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] [[Hispania]]) and the [[Gallia Narbonensis|Narbonnese Gaul]]. While the Muslim-Arab elite engaged in conquest, some devout Muslims&lt;!--The Islamic term is Zahid and there may be a better translation for it.--&gt; began to question the piety of indulgence in a worldly life, emphasizing rather poverty, humility and avoidance of sin based on renunciation of bodily desires. Devout Muslim ascetic exemplars such as [[Hasan al-Basri]] would inspire a movement that would evolve into [[Sufism]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۹۰٬۹۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sufism | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۳}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the Umayyad aristocracy, Islam was viewed as a religion for Arabs only;&lt;ref&gt;Hawting (۲۰۰۰), p.۴&lt;/ref&gt; the economy of the Umayyad empire was based on the assumption that a majority of non-Muslims ([[Dhimmis]]) would pay taxes to the minority of Muslim Arabs. A non-Arab who wanted to convert to Islam was supposed to first become a client of an Arab tribe. Even after conversion, these new Muslims (''[[mawali]]'') did not achieve social and economic equality with the Arabs. The descendants of Muhammad's uncle [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] rallied discontented ''mawali'', poor Arabs, and some Shi'a against the Umayyads and overthrew them with the help of their propagandist and general [[Abu Muslim]], inaugurating the [[Abbasid|Abbasid dynasty]] in ۷۵۰.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۶; Lewis (۱۹۹۳), pp. ۷۱–۸۳&lt;/ref&gt; Under the Abbasids, Islamic civilization flourished in the &quot;[[Islamic Golden Age]]&quot;, with its capital at the cosmopolitan city of Baghdad.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), pp.۸۰٬۹۲٬۱۰۵
* Holt (۱۹۷۷b), pp.۶۶۱–۶۶۳
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۶
* Lewis (۱۹۹۳), p.۸۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د اسلام زرين پېر (۷۵۰–۱۲۵۸) ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام زرين پېر}}

[[دوتنه:Battle of Cresson.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Artistic depiction of the Battle of Hattin in 1187, where Jerusalem was recaptured by Saladin's Ayyubid forces]]

By the late ۹th century, the Abbasid caliphate began to fracture as various regions gained increasing levels of autonomy. Across North Africa, Persia, and Central Asia [[emirates]] formed as provinces broke away. The monolithic Arab empire gave way to a more religiously homogenized [[Muslim world]] where the Shia [[Fatimid]]s contested even the religious authority of the caliphate. By ۱۰۵۵ the [[Seljuq Turks]] had eliminated the Abbasids as a military power, nevertheless they continued to respect the caliph's titular authority.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۱۰۳–۱۴۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Abbasid Dynasty | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this time expansion of the Muslim world continued, by both conquest and peaceful [[Dawah|proselytism]] even as both Islam and Muslim trade networks were extending into sub-Saharan [[West Africa]], [[Central Asia]], [[Volga Bulgaria]] and the [[Malay archipelago]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Islam&quot;/&gt;

The Golden Age saw new legal, philosophical, and religious developments. The [[Six major Hadith collections|major hadith collections]] were compiled and the four modern Sunni [[Madh'hab]]s were established. Islamic law was advanced greatly by the efforts of the early ۹th century jurist [[al-Shafi'i]]; he codified a method to establish the reliability of hadith, a topic which had been a locus of dispute among Islamic scholars.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۸۶&lt;/ref&gt; Philosophers [[Ibn Sina]] (Avicenna) and [[Al-Farabi]] sought to incorporate Greek principles into Islamic theology, while others like the ۱۱th century theologian [[Abu Hamid al-Ghazzali]] argued against them and ultimately prevailed.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۱۶۰
* Waines (۲۰۰۳) p.۱۲۶٬۱۲۷&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, Sufism and Shi'ism both underwent major changes in the ۹th century. [[Sufism]] became a full-fledged movement that had moved towards mysticism and away from its ascetic roots, while Shi'ism split due to disagreements over the succession of Imams.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۴۴–۴۵
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۹۰–۹۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sufism | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The spread of the Islamic dominion induced hostility among [[Middle ages|medieval]] [[ecclesiastical]] Christian authors who saw Islam as an adversary in the light of the large numbers of new Muslim converts. This opposition resulted in polemical treatises which depicted Islam as the religion of the [[antichrist]] and of Muslims as libidinous and subhuman.&lt;ref&gt;Tolan (۲۰۰۲) xv, xvi, ۴۱&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Middle Ages|medieval period]], a few Arab philosophers like the poet [[Al-Ma'arri]] adopted a critical approach to Islam, and the Jewish philosopher [[Maimonides]] contrasted Islamic views of morality to Jewish views that he himself elaborated.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Novak (February ۱۹۹۹)
* Sahas (۱۹۹۷), pp.۷۶–۸۰&lt;/ref&gt;

Starting in the ۹th century, Muslim conquests in Christian Europe began to be reversed. The [[Reconquista]] was launched against Muslim [[Taifa|principalities]] in [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], and Muslim [[History of Islam in southern Italy|Italian possessions]] were lost to the [[Normans]]. From the ۱۱th century onwards a series of wars known as the [[Crusade]]s brought the Muslim world into conflict with [[Christendom]]. Successful at first in their capturing of the [[Holy Land (Biblical)|Holy land]] which resulted in the establishment of the [[Crusader states]], Crusader gains in the Holy Land were reversed by later Muslim generals such as [[Saladin]], who recaptured [[Jerusalem]] during the [[Second Crusade]].&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۸۸–۲۹۰٬۳۱۰&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Mongol Empire]] put an end to the Abbasid dynasty at the [[Battle of Baghdad (۱۲۵۸)|Battle of Baghdad in ۱۲۵۸]], which saw the Muslims overrun by the superior Mongol army. Meanwhile in Egypt, the slave-soldier [[Mamluk]]s took control in an uprising in ۱۲۵۰.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۹۲
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic World | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د عثمانيه سلطنت او په هند کې اسلامي رياست (۱۲۵۸–۱۹۱۸) ===

The Seljuk Turks fell apart rapidly in the second half of the ۱۳th century. In the ۱۳th and ۱۴th centuries the [[Ottoman empire]] (named after [[Osman I]]) was established with a string of conquests that included the [[Balkans]], parts of [[Greece]], and western [[Anatolia]]. In ۱۴۵۳ under [[Mehmed II]] the Ottomans laid siege to [[Constantinople]], the capital of Byzantium. The Byzantine fortress [[Fall of Constantinople|succumbed]] shortly thereafter, having been battered by superior Ottoman [[cannon]]ry.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۲۶۳
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۵۰
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Istanbul | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Beginning in the ۱۳th century, Sufism underwent a transformation, largely as a result of the efforts of [[al-Ghazzali]] to legitimize and reorganize the movement. He developed the model of the Sufi order—a community of spiritual teachers and students.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۰۴٬۱۰۵&lt;/ref&gt; Also of importance to Sufism was the creation of the [[Masnavi]], a collection of mystical poetry by the ۱۳th century [[Persian language|Persian]] poet [[Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi|Rumi]]. The Masnavi had a profound influence on the development of Sufi religious thought; to many Sufis it is second in importance only to the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic Art | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[دوتنه:TajMahalbyAmalMongia.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[Taj Mahal]] is a [[mausoleum]] located in [[Agra]], [[India]], that was built under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۶۵&lt;/ref&gt;]]

In the early ۱۶th century, the Shi'ite [[Safavid dynasty]] assumed control in Persia and established Shi'a Islam as an official religion there, and despite periodic setbacks, the Safavids remained powerful for two centuries. Meanwhile, Mamluk Egypt fell to the Ottomans in ۱۵۱۷, who then launched a European campaign which reached as far as [[Siege of Vienna|the gates of Vienna]] in ۱۵۲۹.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۱۹۸٬۲۳۴٬۲۴۴٬۲۴۵٬۲۵۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many [[Islamic empires in India|Islamic dynasties]] ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent starting from the twelfth century. The prominent ones include the [[Delhi Sultanate]] (۱۲۰۶–۱۵۲۶) and the [[Mughal empire]] (۱۵۲۶–۱۸۵۷). These empires helped in the spread of Islam in [[South Asia]]. but by the mid-۱۸th century the [[British empire]] had ended the Mughal dynasty.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۳۵۸٬۳۷۸–۳۸۰٬۶۲۴&lt;/ref&gt; In the ۱۸th century the [[Wahhabi]] movement took hold in Saudi Arabia. Founded by the preacher [[Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab|Ibn Abd al-Wahhab]], Wahhabism is a fundamentalist ideology that condemns practices like Sufism and the veneration of saints as un-Islamic.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۷۲
* Watt (۱۹۷۳), p.۱۸: Wahhabism should not be confused with the early Kharijite sect of Wahabiyya, which was named after Abd-Allah ibn-Wahb ar-Rasibi, who opposed Ali at Nahrawan.&lt;/ref&gt;

By the ۱۷th and ۱۸th centuries, despite attempts at modernization, the Ottoman empire had begun to feel threatened by European economic and military advantages. In the ۱۹th century, the [[Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire|rise of nationalism]] resulted in Greece declaring and winning independence in ۱۸۲۹, with several Balkan states following suit after the Ottomans suffered defeat in the [[Russo-Turkish War (۱۸۷۷–۱۸۷۸)|Russo-Turkish War of ۱۸۷۷–۱۸۷۸]]. The Ottoman era came to a close at the end of [[World War I]].&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۳۸۰٬۴۸۹–۴۹۳&lt;/ref&gt;

=== نوی پېر (۱۹۱۸–اوسمهال) ===
After [[World War I]] losses, the remnants of the empire were parceled out as European [[protectorate]]s or [[sphere of influence|spheres of influence]]. Since then most Muslim societies have become independent nations, and new issues such as oil wealth and relations with the State of [[Israel]] have assumed prominence.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۸۱–۲۸۲٬۳۸۰٬۴۸۹–۴۹۳٬۵۵۶٬۵۷۸٬۸۲۳٬۸۳۵&lt;/ref&gt;

The ۲۰th century saw the creation of many new Islamic &quot;revivalist&quot; movements. Groups such as the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in Egypt and [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] in Pakistan advocate a totalistic and theocratic alternative to secular political ideologies. Sometimes called [[Islamist]], they see Western cultural values as a threat, and promote Islam as a comprehensive solution to every public and private question of importance. In countries like Iran and Afghanistan (under the [[Taliban]]), revolutionary movements replaced [[Secularism|secular]] regimes with Islamist states, while transnational groups like [[Osama bin Laden]]'s [[al-Qaeda]] engage in [[Islamist terrorism|terrorism]] to further their goals. In contrast, [[Liberal Islam]] is a movement that attempts to reconcile religious tradition with modern norms of secular governance and [[human rights]]. Its supporters say that there are multiple ways to read Islam's sacred texts, and stress the need to leave room for &quot;independent thought on religious matters&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۱۸٬۱۱۹٬۱۷۹
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۸۲۳–۸۳۰&lt;/ref&gt;

In modern times Islam has come under [[Criticism of Islam|criticism]] from idealogues such as [[Robert Spencer]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last=Bostom | first=Andrew | title=Islamic Apostates' Tales—A Review of ''Leaving Islam'' by Ibn Warraq | date=July ۲۱, ۲۰۰۳ | publisher=FrontPageMagazine.com | work=FrontPage Magazine | url=http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=9000 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Ibn Warraq]],&lt;ref&gt;Rippin (۲۰۰۱), p.۲۸۸&lt;/ref&gt; who criticize Islamic law and question the morality of the Qur'an; for example, they say that its contents justify mistreatment of women and encourage [[anti-Semitism|antisemitic]] remarks by Muslim theologians;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | publisher=NYRB | work=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=۱۰-۰۵-۲۰۰۶ | title=Islam in Europe | author=Timothy Garton Ash | url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/19371}}&lt;/ref&gt; such claims are disputed by Muslim scholars.&lt;ref&gt;For example, see:
* [[Ahmed Deedat]], in Westerlund (۲۰۰۳);
* [[Syed Ameer Ali]], in ''The Spirit of Islam'' (۱۸۴۹–۱۹۲۸). It is described by [[David Samuel Margoliouth]] (۱۹۰۵) as &quot;probably the best achievement in the way of an apology for Mohammed&quot;.  See Margoliouth, preface ''Mohammed and the Rise of Islam'';
* [[Yusuf Estes]], in {{cite news | publisher=Advance, [[University of Connecticut]] | date=۱۱-۱۷-۲۰۰۳ | title=Ramadan Awareness Event Designed To Debunk Negative Images | author=Elizabeth Omara-Otunnu | url=http://advance.uconn.edu/2003/031117/03111715.htm | access-date=2007-11-24 | archive-date=2014-04-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401005128/http://advance.uconn.edu/2003/031117/03111715.htm | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Montgomery Watt]], Norman Daniel, and [[Edward Said]] dismiss many of the criticisms as the product of old myths and medieval European polemics.&lt;ref&gt;
* Seibert (۱۹۹۴), pp.۸۸–۸۹
* Watt (۱۹۷۴), p.۲۳۱&lt;/ref&gt; The rise of [[Islamophobia]], according to [[Carl Ernst]], had contributed to the negative views about Islam and Muslims in the West.&lt;ref&gt;Ernst (۲۰۰۴), p.۱۱&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلامي ټولنه ==
{{آرنی|اسلامي نړۍ}}

[[دوتنه:Islam percentage by country.png|کيڼ|290px|بټنوک|د هېوادونو له مخې د مسلمانانو د شمېر سلنه]]

=== وگړپوهنه ===
{{دا هم  وگورۍ|د مسلمانانو د شمېر له مخې د هېوادونو لړليک|د اسلام ډيموگرافي}}

Commonly cited estimates of the Muslim population in ۲۰۰۷ range from ۱٫۱&amp;nbsp;billion to ۱٫۸&amp;nbsp;billion. Approximately ۸۵٪ are [[Sunni]] and ۱۵٪ are [[Shi'a]], with a small minority belonging to other sects. Some ۳۰–۴۰ countries are Muslim-majority, and Arabs account for around ۲۰٪ of all Muslims worldwide.  [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]] contain the most populous Muslim countries, with [[Indonesia]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Bangladesh]] having more than ۱۰۰&amp;nbsp;million adherents each.&lt;ref name=Islam_by_country&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/rel_isl_num_of_mus-religion-islam-number-of-muslim
|title=Number of Muslim by country
|publisher=nationmaster.com
|accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۳۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to U.S. government figures, in ۲۰۰۶ there were ۲۰&amp;nbsp;million Muslims in [[China]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm
|title=International Religious Freedom Report ۲۰۰۶—China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)
|year=۲۰۰۶
|publisher=U.S. department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
|accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۳۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Middle East]], the non-Arab countries of [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]] are the largest Muslim-majority countries; in [[Africa]], [[Egypt]] and [[Nigeria]] have the most populous Muslim communities.&lt;ref name=Islam_by_country/&gt; Islam is the second largest religion after [[Christianity]] in many [[Europe]]an countries.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴) pp.۲٬۴۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic World | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | title=Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents | publisher=Adherents.com | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۱-۰۹ | تاريخ الأرشيف=2010-01-29 | مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | url-status=dead | خونديځ نېټه=2007-07-07 | خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html }}
* {{cite web | title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4385768.stm | publisher=BBC | work=BBC News | date=[[۲۰۰۵-۱۲-۲۳]] | accessdate=۲۰۰۶-۰۹-۲۸ }}
* {{cite web | title=Religion In Britain | url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 | publisher=Office for National Statistics | work=National Statistics | date=[[۲۰۰۳-۰۲-۱۳]] | accessdate=۲۰۰۶-۰۸-۲۷ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جومات ===
{{آرنی|جومات}}
جومات د مسلمانانو لپاره د عبادت ځای دی، چې په عربي کې ورته ''مسجد'' وایي که څه هم په  جوماتو  کې اصلي موخه د لمونځونو ادا کول دی، خو مسلمانو ته جومات د یو بل د لیدلو او زده کړو لپاره هم ډیر مهم دی. اوسني پرمختللي جوماتونه تر ډیرې کچې پورې د ۷ مې پیړۍ د جوماتو په شان پراخ شوي او د ډیرو بیلابیلو څیزونو او معمامري عناصرو درلودونکي دی لکه منار.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Masdjid | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author= J. Pedersen | coauthors=R. Hillenbrand, J. Burton-Page, et al. | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Mosque | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== کورنيز ژوند ===
{{دا-هم-وگورۍ|ښځه په اسلام کې}}
The basic unit of Islamic society is the [[family]], and Islam defines the obligations and legal rights of family members. The father is seen as financially responsible for his family, and is obliged to cater for their well-being. The division of [[inheritance]] is specified in the Qur'an, which states that most of it is to pass to the immediate family, while a portion is set aside for the payment of debts and the making of bequests. The woman's share of inheritance is generally half of that of a man with the same rights of succession.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;al-Mar'a&quot;. ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Marriage in Islam]] is a civil [[nikah|contract]] which consists of an offer and acceptance between two qualified parties in the presence of two witnesses. The groom is required to pay a [[dowry]] (''[[mahr]]'') to the bride, as stipulated in the contract.&lt;ref&gt;
* Waines (۲۰۰۳) pp. ۹۳–۹۶
* The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (۲۰۰۳), p.۳۳۹
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸) p. ۷۹&lt;/ref&gt;

A man may marry up to four wives if he believes he can treat them equally, while a woman may marry one man only. In most Muslim countries, the process of divorce in Islam is known as ''[[Talaq (Nikah)|talaq]]'', which the husband initiates by pronouncing the word &quot;divorce&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;*&quot;Talak&quot;. ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; Scholars disagree whether Islamic holy texts justify traditional Islamic practices such as [[hijab|veiling]] and seclusion ([[purdah]]). Starting in the ۲۰th century, Muslim social reformers argued against these and other practices such as [[Polygamy in Islam|polygamy]], with varying success. At the same time, many Muslim women have attempted to reconcile tradition with modernity by combining an active life with outward modesty. [[Islamist]] groups and regimes like the [[Taliban]] mostly seek to continue traditional law as applied to women.&lt;ref&gt;
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۹۵٬۹۶٬۲۳۵–۲۴۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Marriage and Divorce | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an | author=Harald Motzki | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۵}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Marriage Practices | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women &amp; Islamic Cultures | author=Lori Peek | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۵}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلامي کليز ===
{{آرنی|اسلامي کليز}}

اسلامي کاليز د مکې نه مدينې ته د هجرت د وخت نه پيلېږي او هماغه کال د هجرت لومړی کال بلل کېږي چې د زېږيز کال ۶۲۲ سره سمون خوري. د اسلامي کاليز ته سپوږميزه کاليزه هم وايي او دا ځکه چې د دې کال مياشتې د سپوږمۍ د حرکت پر بنسټ ټاکل شوي،  but differs from other such calendars (e.g. the [[Celtic calendar]]) in that it omits [[intercalary month]]s, being synchronized only with [[lunation]]s, but not with the [[solar year]], resulting in years of either ۳۵۴ or ۳۵۵ days. This omission was introduced by Muhammad because the right to announce intercalary months had led to political power struggles.{{citation needed}} Therefore, Islamic dates cannot be converted to the usual CE/AD dates simply by adding ۶۲۲ years. Islamic holy days fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in different seasons in different years in the [[Gregorian calendar]].

The formal beginning of the Muslim era was chosen to be the [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]] in ۶۲۲CE, which was an important turning point in Muhammad's fortunes. The assignment of this year as the year ۱ AH (''Anno Hegirae'') in the Islamic calendar was reportedly made by [[Umar|Caliph Umar]]. It is a [[lunar calendar]], with nineteen ordinary years of ۳۵۴ days and eleven leap years of ۳۵۵ days in a thirty-year cycle. Islamic dates cannot be converted to CE/AD dates simply by adding ۶۲۲ years: allowance must also be made for the fact that each Hijri century corresponds to only ۹۷ years in the Christian calendar.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Adil (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۸۸
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۶۷
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tarikh̲ | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=B. van Dalen | coauthors=R. S. Humphreys, Manuela Marín, et al. | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
The year ۱۴۲۸AH coincides almost completely with ۲۰۰۷CE.

Islamic [[Holiday|holy days]] fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in [[Different Seasons|different seasons]] in different years in the [[Gregorian calendar]]. The most important Islamic festivals are ''[[Eid al-Fitr]]'' (Arabic: عيد الفطر) on the ۱&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; of ''[[Shawwal]]'', marking the end of the fasting month ''[[Ramadan]]'', and ''[[Eid al-Adha]]'' (Arabic: عيد الأضحى) on the ۱۰&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; of ''[[Dhu al-Hijjah]]'', coinciding with the pilgrimage to Mecca.&lt;ref&gt;Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/janisla2y2.html Customs and Behavioral Laws]&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلام او نور دينونه ==
==== هغه مذهبونه چې د اسلام پر بنسټ جوړ شوي ====
{{آرنی|اسلام او نور دينونه}}

دا لانديني مذهبونو لارويان ځانونه مسلمانان بولي، خو د ډېرو مسلمانانو او مسلمانو چارواکو لخوا دوی مسلمانان نه بلل کېږي:
* [[د اسلام ملت]] (په امريکا کې بنسټ شوې مذهبي ډله)
* [[ذکري]]ان
* د [[احمديت]] تحريک (دې ډلې ته [[قاديانيت]] هم وايي)
* د [[الاحبش]] ډله (چې د حبشيانو په نامه هم يادېږي/ AICP)

د لاندې مذهبونو لارويان ځانونه مسلمانان بولي خو د دوی د اسلاميت په منلو کې د ډېرو مسلمانانو اختلافونه شته چې ځينې يې دوی مسلمانان او ځينې يې مسلمانان نه گڼي:
* [[دروز]]
* [[علوي]]ان (النُصيرية)

The following religions are said by some to have evolved or borrowed from Islam, in almost all cases influenced by traditional beliefs in the regions where they emerged, but consider themselves independent religions with distinct laws and institutions:
* [[يزيدي]]
* [[بابيس|بابيزم]] (چې اوس د [[بياني]]انو په نامه يادېږي)
* [[بهايي]]

The claim of the adherents of the Bahá'í Faith that it represents an independent religion was upheld by the Muslim ecclesiastical courts in Egypt during the ۱۹۲۰s. As of January [[۱۹۲۶]], their final ruling on the matter of the origins of the Bahá'í Faith and its relationship to Islam was that the Bahá'í Faith was neither a sect of Islam, nor a religion based on Islam, but a clearly defined, independently founded faith. This was seen as a considerate act on the part of the ecclesiastical court and in favor of followers of Bahá'í Faith since the majority of Muslims regard a ''religion based on Islam'' as a heresy.

Some see [[Sikhism]] as a [[syncretism|syncretic]] mix of Islam and [[Hinduism]], although it is often considered a [[Dharma|Dharmic]] faith rather than an Islamic or [[Abrahamic]] one. It arose in the context of the interaction between [[Hindu]] and Muslim communities in [[North India]].

The following religions might have been said to have evolved from Islam, but are not considered part of Islam, and no longer exist:
* The religion of the medieval [[Berghouata]]
* The religion of [[Ha-Mim]]

The Qur'an contains injunctions to respect other religions. It also asks the followers to fight and subdue unbelievers in times of war and &quot;evict them whence they evicted you&quot; (Al-Qur'an ۲:۱۹۱). Some Muslims have respected Jews and Christians as fellow &quot;peoples of the book&quot; (monotheists following [[Abrahamic religions]]), while others have reviled them as having abandoned monotheism and corrupted their scriptures. At different times and places, Islamic communities have been both intolerant and tolerant.

The classical Islamic solution was a limited tolerance — Jews and Christians were to be allowed to privately practice their faith and follow their own family law. They were called [[Dhimmis]], and they had fewer though similar legal rights and obligations than Muslims.

The classic Islamic state was often more tolerant than many other states of the time, which insisted on complete conformity to a state religion. The record of contemporary Muslim-majority states is mixed. Some are generally regarded as tolerant, while others have been accused of intolerance and human rights violations. See the main article, [[Islam and other religions]], for further discussion.

{{آرنی|اسلام او نور مذهبونه}}

[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 1.JPG|thumb|220px|left|A view of the [[Dome of the Rock]] on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]], a holy site in both Islam and [[Judaism]] that has been a source of controversy]]
[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Al-Aqsa Mosque BW 2010-09-21 06-38-12.JPG|thumb|left|220px|د [[الاقصا مسجد]] ديني جلوس. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) د همدغه ځای نه د معراج په سفر اسمان ته وخاته.]]

According to Islamic doctrine, Islam was the primordial religion of mankind, professed by [[Adam]].&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), pp. ۱۴–۱۶&lt;/ref&gt; At some point, a religious split occurred, and God began sending prophets to bring his revelations to the people.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), pp. ۱۸–۱۹&lt;/ref&gt; In this view, [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Nevi'im|Hebrew prophets]], and [[Jesus]] were all [[prophets of Islam]], but their message and the texts of the [[Torah]] and the [[Gospels]] were [[tahrif|corrupted]] by [[Jew]]s and Christians. Similarly, children of non-Muslim families are  born Muslims, but are converted to another faith by their parents.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۱۸&lt;/ref&gt; The idea of Islamic supremacy is encapsulated in the formula &quot;Islam is exalted and nothing is exalted above it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۵&lt;/ref&gt; Pursuant to this principle, Muslim women may not marry non-Muslim men, defamation of Islam is prohibited, and the testimony of a non-Muslim is inadmissible against a Muslim.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۵;
* Lewis (۱۹۸۴), p. ۳۹&lt;/ref&gt;

Islamic law divides non-Muslims into several categories, depending on their relation with the Islamic state. Christians and Jews who live under Islamic rule are known as ''[[dhimmis]]''. Dhimmis must pay tribute (''[[jizya]]'') to the Islamic state, and as such are considered &quot;protected peoples.&quot; Historically, dhimmis enjoyed a measure of communal autonomy under their own religious leaders, but were subject to legal, social and religious restrictions as well as humiliating regulations meant to highlight the inferiority of non-Muslim subjects.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lewis (۱۹۸۴), pp.۹, ۲۷, ۳۶;
* Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۷;&lt;/ref&gt; The status was extended to Zoroastrians and sometimes to polytheists (such as [[Hindu]]s), but not to [[atheist]]s or [[agnostic]]s.&lt;ref&gt;Lewis (۲۰۰۱), p.۲۷۳&lt;/ref&gt; Those who live in non-Muslim lands (''[[dar al-harb]]'') are known as ''[[harbi]]s'', and upon entering into an alliance with the Muslim state become known as ''ahl al-ahd''. Those who receive a guarantee of safety while residing temporarily in Muslim lands are known as ''ahl al-amān''. Their legal position is similar to that of the dhimmi except that they are not required to pay the jizya. The people of armistice (''ahl al-hudna'') are those who live outside of Muslim territory and agree to refrain from attacking the Muslims.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۵۵&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Aman&quot;, ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; [[apostasy in Islam|Apostasy]] is prohibited, and is punishable by death.&lt;ref&gt;A woman who apostasizes is to be executed according to some jurists, or imprisoned according to others.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Murtadd&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt;

== دا هم وگورئ ==
{{Col-begin|width=}}

{{Col-1-of-2}}
* [[اسلامي هنر]]
* [[اسلامي وټه]]
* [[اسلامي اخلاق]]
* [[اسلامي ادبيات]]
* [[اسلامي زده کړې]]
* [[اسلام او نوښت]]
* [[اسلاميزم]]
* [[د مسلمانانو لړليک]]
{{Col-2-of-2}}
* [[د اسلامي امپراتورانو لړليک]]
* [[د هغه نامتو کسانو لړليک چې اسلام ته وراوښتي]]
* [[د پخوانيو نامتو مسلمانانو لړليک]]
* [[په اسلامي نړۍ کې د جگړو لړليک]]
* [[د اسلامي تاریخ وختلیکه]]
* [[په اسلام کې د ماشومانو حقونه]]
* [[په اسلام کې د بنديانو حقونه]]

{{Col-end}}

== يادښتونه ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== سرچينې ==
;کتابونه او خپرونې
{{Reflist|2}}
* {{cite journal | last=Accad | first=Martin | title=The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries: An Exegetical Inventorial Table (Part I) | journal=Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations | volume=۱۴ | issue=۱ |date=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISSN ۰۹۵۹-۶۴۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Adil | first=Hajjah Amina | coauthors=Shaykh Nazim Adil Al-Haqqani, Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani | title=Muhammad: The Messenger of Islam | publisher=Islamic Supreme Council of America | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۹۳۰۴۰۹۱۱۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Ahmed | first=Akbar | title=Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World | publisher=I. B. Tauris | edition=۲٫۰۰ | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۸۶۰۶۴۲۵۷۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Brockopp | first=Jonathan E. | title=Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia | publisher=University of South Carolina press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۱۵۷۰۰۳۴۷۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Cohen-Mor | first=Dalya | title=A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۳۳۹۸۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Curtis | first=Patricia A. | year=۲۰۰۵ | title=A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations | publisher=Blackwell Publishing Professional | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۸۱۹۴۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Eglash | first=Ron | year=۱۹۹۹ | title=African Fractals: Modern Computing and Indigenous Design | publisher=Rutgers University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۸۱۳۵-۲۶۱۴-۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Ernst | first=Carl | authorlink=Carl Ernst | year=۲۰۰۴ | title = Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World | publisher=University of North Carolina Press | id=ISBN ۰-۸۰۷۸-۵۵۷۷-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | coauthors=John Obert Voll | title=Islam and Democracy | year=۱۹۹۶ | | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۰۸۱۶-۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito  | first=John  | authorlink=John Esposito  | title=Islam: The Straight Path | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۸ | edition=۳rd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۱۲۳۴۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | coauthors=Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad | title=Muslims on the Americanization Path? | year=۲۰۰۰a | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۳۵۲۶-۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۰b | title=Oxford History of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۰۷۹۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۲a | title=Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۶۸۸۶۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۲b | title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۵۷۱۳-۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | title=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۲۵۵۸-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito  | first=John  | authorlink=John Esposito  | title=Islam: The Straight Path | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۴ | edition=۳rd Rev Upd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۸۲۶۶۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Farah | first=Caesar | authorlink=Caesar E. Farah | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year=۱۹۹۴ | edition=۵th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۰۱۸۵۳۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Farah | first=Caesar | authorlink=Caesar E. Farah | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year=۲۰۰۳ | edition=۷th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۶۴۱۲۲۲۶۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Firestone | first=Reuven | title=Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam | publisher= Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹-۵۱۲۵۸۰۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Friedmann | first=Yohanan | authorlink=Yohanan Friedmann | title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition | publisher= Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۵۲۱۰۲۶۹۹۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Ghamidi | first=Javed | authorlink=Javed Ahmed Ghamidi | title=[[Mizan]] | publisher=[[Al-Mawrid|Dar al-Ishraq]] | year=۲۰۰۱ | id={{OCLC|۵۲۹۰۱۶۹۰}}}}
* {{cite book | last=Goldschmidt, Jr. | first=Arthur | coauthors=Lawrence Davidson | title=A Concise History of the Middle East | publisher=Westview Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۸th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۳۴۲۷۵۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Griffith | first=Ruth Marie | coauthors=Barbara Dianne Savage | title=Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۸۰۱۸۸۳۷۰۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Hawting| first=G. R. | authorlink= G.R. Hawting | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD ۶۶۱–۷۵۰ | publisher=Routledge | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۴۰۷۳۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Hedayetullah | first=Muhammad | title=Dynamics of Islam: An Exposition | publisher=Trafford Publishing | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۵۳۶۹۸۴۲۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Holt | first=P. M. |  coauthors=[[Bernard Lewis]] | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. ۱ | year=۱۹۷۷a | publisher=Cambridge University Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۲۹۱۳۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Holt | first=P. M. | coauthors=Ann K. S. Lambton, [[Bernard Lewis]] | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. ۲ | year=۱۹۷۷b | publisher=Cambridge University Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۲۹۱۳۷۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Hourani | first=Albert | authorlink=Albert Hourani | coauthor=[[Malise Ruthven|Ruthven, Malise]] | title=A History of the Arab Peoples | year=۲۰۰۳ | publisher=Belknap Press; Revised edition | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۷۴۰۱۰۱۷۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Humphreys | first=Stephen | title=Between Memory and Desire | year=۲۰۰۵ | publisher=University of California Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲-۰۲۴۶۹۱۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Kobeisy | first=Ahmed Nezar | title=Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People | publisher=Praeger Publishers | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۳۱۳۳۲۴۷۲۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Koprulu | first=Mehmed Fuad | coauthors=Leiser, Gary | title=The Origins of the Ottoman Empire | publisher=SUNY Press | year=۱۹۹۲ | id=ISBN ۰۷۹۱۴۰۸۱۹۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Kramer | first=Martin | title=Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution | publisher=Westview Press | year=۱۹۸۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۳۰۴۵۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Kugle | first=Scott Alan | title=Rebel Between Spirit And Law: Ahmad Zarruq, Sainthood, And Authority in Islam | publisher=Indiana University Press| year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۲۵۳۳۴۷۱۱۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Lapidus| first=Ira | title=A History of Islamic Societies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۲ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۵۲۱۷۷۹۳۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Jews of Islam | publisher=Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul | year=۱۹۸۴ | id=ISBN ۰-۷۱۰۲-۰۴۶۲-۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Arabs in History | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹۲۸-۵۲۵۸-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Middle East | publisher=Scribner | year=۱۹۹۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۸۴۸۳۲۸۰۷}} 
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | edition=۲nd | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۶۹۵۱۸۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East | publisher=Harper Perennial | edition=Reprint | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۶۰۵۱۶۰۵۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror | publisher=Random House, Inc., New York | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۹۶۷۸۵۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Madelung | first=Wilferd | authorlink=Wilferd Madelung | title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۶۴۶۹۶۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Malik| first=Jamal| coauthors=John R Hinnells, Inc NetLibrary | title=Sufism in the West | publisher= Routledge | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۷۴۰۸۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Menski | first=Werner F. | title=Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۸۵۸۵۹۳}}
* {{cite journal | last=Mohammad | first=Noor | title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction | journal=Journal of Law and Religion | volume=۳ | issue=۲ |date=۱۹۸۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Momen | first=Moojan | title=An Introduction to Shi`i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi`ism | publisher=Yale University Press | year=۱۹۸۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۳۰۰۰۳۵۳۱۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Nasr | first=Seyed Muhammad | title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter ۷) | publisher=HarperCollins | year=۱۹۹۴| id=ISBN ۰-۰۶۰۶۷-۷۰۰-۷}}
* {{cite journal | last=Novak | first=David | title=The Mind of Maimonides | journal=[[First Things]] |date=February ۱۹۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Parrinder | first=Geoffrey | authorlink=Geoffrey Parrinder | title=World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present | publisher=Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited | year=۱۹۷۱ | id=ISBN ۰-۸۷۱۹۶-۱۲۹-۶}}
* {{cite journal | last=Patton | first=Walter M. | title=The Doctrine of Freedom in the Korân | journal=The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures |date=April ۱۹۰۰ | volume=۱۶ | issue=۳ | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۱۰۳۱۴۷}}
* {{cite journal | last=Peters | first=F. E. | authorlink=F. E. Peters | title=The Quest for Historical Muhammad | journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |date=۱۹۹۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Peters | first=F. E. | authorlink=F. E. Peters | title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۶۹۱-۱۱۵۵۳-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Peters | first=Rudolph | authorlink=Rudolph Peters | title=Jihad in Medieval and Modern Islam | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۷۷ | id = ISBN ۹۰-۰۴-۰۴۸۵۴-۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Rippin | first=Andrew | authorlink=Andrew Rippin | title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | publisher=Routledge | edition=۲nd | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۲۱۷۸۱۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Ruthven | first=Malise | title=Fundamentalism: The Search for Meaning | publisher= Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | id = ISBN ۰۱-۹۲-۸۰۶۰۶-۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Sahas | first=Daniel J. | title=John of Damascus on Islam: The Heresy of the Ishmaelites | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۹۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۰۰۴۰۳۴۹۵۲}}
* {{cite book | last=[[Abdulaziz Sachedina|Sachedina]] | first=Abdulaziz | title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence | publisher=Oxford University Press US | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۱۹۱۵۰}}
* {{cite journal | last=Seibert | first=Robert F. | title=Review: Islam and the West: The Making of an Image (Norman Daniel)| journal=Review of Religious Research |date=۱۹۹۴ | volume=۳۶ | issue=۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Sells | first=Michael Anthony | authorlink=Michael Anthony Sells | coauthors=Emran Qureshi  | title=The New Crusades: Constructing the Muslim Enemy | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰۲۳۱۱۲۶۶۷۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Smith | first=Jane I. | title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۵۶۴۹۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Spencer | first=Robert | title=The Myth of Islamic Tolerance: How Islamic Law Treats Non-Muslims | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۰۲۲۴۹۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Stillman | first=Norman | authorlink=Norman Stillman | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | location=Philadelphia | year=۱۹۷۹ | id=ISBN ۱-۸۲۷۶۰-۱۹۸-۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Tabatabae | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=Seyyed Hossein Nasr (translator) | authorlink=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Shi'ite Islam 
| publisher=Suny press| year=۱۹۷۹ | id=ISBN  ۰-۸۷۳۹۵-۲۷۲-۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Tabatabae | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=R. Campbell (translator) | authorlink=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Islamic teachings: An Overview and a Glance at the Life of the Holy Prophet of Islam | publisher=Green Gold | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۰-۹۲۲۸۱۷-۰۰-۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Teece | first=Geoff | title=Religion in Focus: Islam  | publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۴۹۶۴۷۹۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Tolan | first=John V. | title=Saracens: Islam in the Medieval European Imagination | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=۲۰۰۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Trimingham| first=John Spencer  | title=The Sufi Orders in Islam  | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۸| id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۲۰۵۸۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Tritton | first=Arthur S. | authorlink=Arthur Stanley Tritton| title=The Caliphs and their Non-Muslim Subjects: A Critical Study of the Covenant of Umar | publisher=Frank Cass Publisher | location=London | year=۱۹۷۰ |origyear = ۱۹۳۰ | id=ISBN ۰-۷۱۴۶-۱۹۹۶-۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Turner | first=Colin | title=Islam: the Basics  | publisher=Routledge (UK) | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۳۴۱۰۶X}}
* {{cite book | last=Turner | first=Bryan S. | title=Weber and Islam | publisher=Routledge (UK) | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۱۷۴۵۸۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Waines | first=David | title=An Introduction to Islam | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۵۳۹۰۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Warraq | first=Ibn | title=The Quest for Historical Muhammad | publisher=Prometheus | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۷۳۹۲۷۸۷۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Warraq | first=Ibn | title=Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out | publisher=Prometheus | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۱-۵۹۱۰۲-۰۶۸-۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | authorlink=William Montgomery Watt | title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought | publisher=University Press Edinburgh|  year=۱۹۷۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۸۵-۲۲۴۲۵۴-X}}
* {{cite book | last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | authorlink=William Montgomery Watt | title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman | publisher=Oxford University Press | edition=New | year=۱۹۷۴ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۸۸۱۰۷۸-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Weiss | first=Bernard G. | title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory | year=۲۰۰۲ | location=Boston | publisher=Brill Academic publishers | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۱۲۰۶۶۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Williams | first=John Alden | title=The Word of Islam | year=۱۹۹۴ | publisher=University of Texas Press | id=ISBN ۰-۲۹۲-۷۹۰۷۶-۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Williams | first=Mary E. | title=The Middle East | year=۲۰۰۰ | publisher=Greenhaven Pr | id=ISBN ۰۷۳۷۷۰۱۳۳۱}}

;Encyclopedias
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=William H. McNeill, Jerry H. Bentley, David Christian | encyclopedia=Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History | publisher=Berkshire Publishing Group | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۹۷۴۳۰۹۱۰۱}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Gabriel Oussani | encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]] | year=۱۹۱۰}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Paul Lagasse, Lora Goldman, Archie Hobson, Susan R. Norton | encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia | publisher=Gale Group | year=۲۰۰۰ | edition=۶th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۳۳۹۲۳۶۹}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online|Encyclopaedia Britannica Online]] | publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Erwin Fahlbusch, William Geoffrey Bromiley | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Eerdmans Publishing Company, and Brill| year=۲۰۰۱ | edition=۱st| id=ISBN ۰-۸۰۲۸-۲۴۱۴-۵}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=John Bowden | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۱st | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۲۲۳۹۳-۴}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=George Thomas Kurian, Graham T. T. Molitor | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Future | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۱۹۹۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۹۷۲۰۵۳}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | id=ISSN ۱۵۷۳-۳۹۱۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Richard C. Martin, Said Amir Arjomand, Marcia Hermansen, Abdulkader Tayob, Rochelle Davis, John Obert Voll | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۶۵۶۰۳۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Lindsay Jones | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۶۵۷۳۳۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Salamone Frank | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals | publisher=Routledge | edition=۱st | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۹۴۱۸۰۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Peter N. Stearns | edition=۶th | year=۲۰۰۰ | encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of World History Online | publisher=Bartleby}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=[[Josef W. Meri]] | encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia | publisher=[[Routledge]] | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱-۵۹۶۶۹۰۶}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=[[Wendy Doniger]] | encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions | publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۰۸۷-۷۷۹۰۴۴۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Glasse Cyril | encyclopedia=New Encyclopedia of Islam: A Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam | | publisher=AltaMira Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISSN ۹۷۸-۰۷۵۹۱۰۱۹۰۶}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Edward Craig | encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy | publisher=Routledge | year=۱۹۹۸ | edition=۱st| id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۰۷۳۱۰۳}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== نورې لوستنې ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* {{cite book | last=Arberry | first=A. J. | authorlink=A. J. Arberry | title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation | publisher=Touchstone | edition=۱st | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۸۴۸۲۵۰۷۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Hawting | first=Gerald R. | authorlink=Gerald R. Hawting | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyard Caliphate AD ۶۶۱–۷۵۰ | publisher=Routledge | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۴۰۷۲۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Khan | first=Muhammad Muhsin | authorlink=Muhammad Muhsin Khan | coauthors=Al-Hilali Khan, Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din | title=Noble Quran | year=۱۹۹۹ | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | edition=۱st | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۹۶۰۷۴۰۷۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Kramer (ed.) | first=Martin | authorlink=Martin Kramer | title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis | publisher=Syracuse University | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۶۵۲۲۴۰۴۰۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Kuban | first=Dogan | title=Muslim Religious Architecture | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۷۴ | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۰۳۸۱۳۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | year=۱۹۹۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۶۹۲۱۷۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam and the West | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۰۹۰۶۱۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۰۲۸۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Mubarkpuri | first=Saifur-Rahman | title=[[The Sealed Nectar]]: Biography of the Prophet | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۴۴۰۷۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Najeebabadi | first=Akbar Shah | title=History of Islam | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۴۴۰۳۴۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Nigosian | first=S. A. | title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=۲۰۰۴ | edition=New Edition | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۲۵۳۲۱۶۲۷۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Rahman | first=Fazlur | authorlink=Fazlur Rahman | title=Islam | publisher=University of Chicago Press | year=۱۹۷۹ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۰-۲۲۶-۷۰۲۸۱-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Walker | first=Benjamin | authorlink=Benjamin Walker | title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith | publisher=Peter Owen Publishers | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۲۰۶۱۰۳۸۳}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== باندنۍ تړنې ==

;اکاډميکې سرچينې
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* [http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/ د سويلي كاليفورنيا پوهنتون: د اسلامی لیکنو لندیز] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213011952/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/ |date=2007-12-13 }}
* [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/ د اسلام پوهنغونډ (د نړۍ د مذهبونو مخليدنه)]
* [http://arabworld.nitle.org/introduction.php?module_id=2 د اسلام اړونده څپرکی] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225105128/http://arabworld.nitle.org/introduction.php?module_id=2 |date=2008-02-25 }} د [[NITLE]] څخه د عربي فرهنگ او تمدن پرليکه سرچينې
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105852/Islam اسلام], ''د بريټانيکا پرليکه پوهنغونډ'' ليکنه

&lt;/div&gt;   
;ټولگې
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* اسلام په [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/euroislam.htmlلویدیزه اروپا], [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/UKIslam.html انگلستان ], [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/DIslam.html جرمنی] او [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/sasislam.html سویلی اسیا]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Islam_%28Bookshelf%29 Islam (Bookshelf)] at [[Project Gutenberg]]
;Islam - text, audio and video
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.ikre-bismi-rabbike.net/kuran.php Kur'an audio (recordings of many Qur'an recitals)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418011817/http://www.ikre-bismi-rabbike.net/kuran.php |date=2008-04-18 }}
* [http://www.guidedways.com/quranreciter/ Qur'an audio and reading material in numerous languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218182412/http://www.guidedways.com/quranreciter/ |date=2008-02-18 }}

&lt;/div&gt;
;اسلام او هنرونه
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/ پر اسلام د بي بي سي فوکس]
* [http://www.lacma.org/islamic_art/intro.htm Islamic Art at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308091248/http://www.lacma.org/islamic_art/intro.htm |date=2008-03-08 }}
* [http://www.muslimheritage.com/ Muslim Heritage] (Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation, UK)
* [http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/ Islamic Architecture (IAORG)] illustrated descriptions and reviews of a large number of mosques, palaces, and monuments.
&lt;/div&gt;

{{ اسلامي سرلیکونه}}

[[وېشنيزه:اسلام| ]]
[[وېشنيزه:توحید]]
[[وېشنيزه:خدای پیژندنه]]</text>
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'''اسلام''' {{Ar|الإسلام}};''{{ArabDIN|}}'' ({{Audio|ar-al_islam.ogg|&lt;sup&gt;واوری!&lt;/sup&gt;}}، &quot;اطاعت&quot; (د [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;([[جل جلاله|ج]])&lt;/sup&gt; د رضا)) يو [[مونوتيزم|مونوتېسټېک]] (د يوه څښتن مننونکي) گروهې (عقيده) يا باور لرونکې دین دی. پخپله د اسلام وی د سولې، امن، سلامتۍ، روغې جوړې رامنځته کول دي. دا دین له درېیو [[ابراهيمي دين]]ونو  ([[یهوديت]]، [[عیسویت]]، اسلام) له ډلې څخه دی، چې د نړۍ په کچه دویم ستر [[مذهب]] گڼل کېږي. د اسلام د دين لارويانو ته '''[[مسلمانان]]''' وايي. مسلمانان پدې گروهه دي چې [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د انسانانو د لارښوونې لپاره وخت پر وخت، خپل استازي ([[پيغمبر|پيغمبران]]) رالېږلي، چې هریو خپله دنده د الهي اوامرو په رڼا کې په بشپړه توگه سرته رسولې.
د الهي استازو (پیغمرانو) وروستې استازې [[محمد]]&lt;sup&gt;([[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]])&lt;/sup&gt; دی.
[[دوتنه:Kaaba at night.jpg|thumb| [[کعبه شریفه]] چې په [[سعودي عربستان]] کی پرته ده دا د اسلام مرکز او د مسلمانانو [[قبله]] ده او دا هغه ځای دی کوم چې هر کال په زرگونه [[مسلمانان]] دلته د خدای د کور د زیارت لپاره راځې.]]
''اسلام'' &quot;تسليمۍ او غاړه اېښودنې ټه وایي&quot; يا په بله وينا ځان د الله تعالی رضا ته تسليمول. د اسلام د [[دين]] لاروي ته [[مسلمان]] ويل کېږي، مانا دا چې &quot;هغه څوک چې ځان يې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته سپارلی او د هغه د احکامو اطاعت کوي، مسلمان گڼل کېږي&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Islam&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lanes Lexicon&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume4/00000137.pdf|title=Lane's lexicon |accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۷-۰۳}}&lt;/ref&gt; په ټوله نړۍ کې د ۱٫۱&amp;nbsp;بيليون او ۱٫۸&amp;nbsp;بيليون ترمېنځ وگړي د اسلام د دين لارويان دي، چې په همدې توگه وروسته د [[عيسويت]] نه [[اسلام]] د نړۍ دویم ستر [[دين]] گڼل کېږي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |title=Major Religions of the World—Ranked by Number of Adherents |accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۷-۰۳ |format=HTML |work= |تاريخ الأرشيف=2010-01-29 |مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |url-status=dead |خونديځ نېټه=2007-07-07 |خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam }}&lt;/ref&gt;

مسلمانان په دې عقیده دي ې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; قرآن مجيد پر حضرت [[محمد]]&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; نازل کړی، او محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د الله تعالی وروستی پيغمبر دی. مسلمانان پدې عقيده هم دي چې قرآن مجيد او سُنت (د حضرت محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; خبرې او اعمال) د اسلام بنسټيزې سرچينې دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۱۹۹۶), p.۴۱
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/JulRefl2y6.html Sources of Islam]&lt;/ref&gt; مسلمانان په دې عقيده هم دي چې حضرت محمد مصطفیٰ&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د يوه نوي دين په توگه د اسلام د دين بنسټگر نه ؤ، خو همدا وروستی پيغمبر د اسلام د دين د گروهې آرنۍ لمانځونکی او پرځای کوونکی دی چې پر زمکه يې بنسټ [[آدم]]&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; ايښی چې بيا تر هغه وروسته حضرت ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; او د هغه نه پخوانيو او وروستنيو، د خدای&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ټولو پيغمبرانو يې د دغه دين او اصلي لارې بلنه ورکړې. مسلمانان دا عقيده لري چې په [[يهوديت]] او [[عيسويت]] کې د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغام چې د بېلابېلو انبياو لخوا پر دوی نازل شوي، هغه د دوی لخوا د وخت په تېرېدو سره تحريف شوي، او ناسمه ترجماني يې شوې، که هغه په ليکلې بڼه وي او که پرته د ليکلې بڼې وي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Distorted&quot;&gt;See:
* Accad (۲۰۰۳): According to Ibn Taymiya, although only some Muslims accept the textual veracity of the entire Bible, most Muslims will grant the veracity of most of it.
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸), pp.۶٬۱۲
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۴–۵
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tahrif | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=Hava Lazarus-Yafeh | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
د اسلام دين د گڼ شمېر اسلامي اعمالو يو غونډال دی. د دغه دين مننونکي بايد د اسلام د دين [[د پينځه ستنو]] مننونکي او پلي کونکي وي، د اسلام د دين پينځه ستنې له بېلابېلو فرايضو او دندو نه جوړ شوی او همدغه پينځه ستنې دي چې په يوې ټولنه کې مسلمانان سره متحده کوي.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۱۷&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلام د دين د پينځه ستنو سره سره، [[شريعت|اسلامي قانون]] (''شريعة'') د احکامونو يو دوديزه قضايي واک دی چې د مسلمانانو د ژوند او ټولنې هر اړخ يې اغېزمن کړی. په دې قانون کې هر څه رانغښتې دي، د عملي چارو نه نيولې لکه د خوراک، څښاک آن تر سوداگريزو او پانگه ايزو چارو او تر جگړايزو چارو پورې هر څه په دې قانون کې راغلي دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۱۱۱٬۱۱۲٬۱۱۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

نژدې ټول مسلمانان د اسلام په دوو لويو فريقو لکه سني او شيع پورې تړاو لري. د تشيع فرقه په ۷مه پېړۍ کې د مسلمانانو تر مېنځ د مذهبي او سياسي توپيرونو په پايله کې رامېنځ ته شوې. په اټکلي توگه ۸۵ په سلو کې مسلمانان د اهل سنت لارويان دي او ۱۵ په سلو کې د تشيع فرقې لارويان دي.په [[منځنی ختيځ]]، او همداراز د [[افريقا]] او [[آسيا]] په برخو کې د اسلام دين برلاسی دی. د دغه دين د مننونکو لويې ډلې په [[په چين کې د اسلام دين|چين]]، د بالکان هيوادونو په [[ختيځه اروپا]] او [[په روسيه کې د اسلام دين|روسيې]] کې شته. په لويديځه اروپا کې هم گڼ شمېر مسلمان مهاجرين مېشت دي او همدا راز په امريکا کې هم د مسلمانانو ټولنې شته. په سلو کې نژدې ۲۰٪ مسلمانان په عربو هېوادونو کې مېشت دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۲۱
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲٬۴۳&lt;/ref&gt;
{{اسلام}}

== آرپوهه ==
اسلام د عربي ژبې د درې تورو، {{ArabDIN|[[سين]]-[[لام]]-[[ميم]]}} ({{ar|'''س'''-'''ل'''-'''م'''}}) نه راوتلی. اسلام د همدغې ريښې يو تجريدي فعل دی چې مانا يې ده &quot;تسليم يا ځان سپارل، څان الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته سپارل، اطاعت کول او د سولې&quot; په مانا هم ده.

کله چې د پورتني ويي د ريښو په اړه په نورو ژبو کې څېړنه کوو، نو بيا په عبراني ژبه کې د پورتني وييکي ضمني ماناگانې هم راوځي. په عبراني ژبه کې د ''[[شلوم]]'' ويي، د (شين-لامد-ميم) نه خپلې ريښې اخلي ({{Ivrit|'''ש'''-'''ל'''-'''ם'''}}). په ډېرو [[سېمېټک ژبو]] کې د همدغه لغت ضمني ماناگانې شته، چې مانا يې بشپړکېدل، پوره کېدل، سر ته رسېدنه، ښه اوسېدنه، هوسا اوسېدنه، يو داسې اصطلاح چې په ژباړه کې اکثراً د سولې د وييکي مانا په ځان کې رانغاړي، ورکوي.

په قرآن کې هم د اسلام د لغت د مانا بېلابېل تعبيرونه راغلي. په ځينو ''[[ایت|آيتونو]]''، کې د اسلام کيفيت د يوې راسخې عقيدې په توگه تاکيد شوی: &quot;الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; که وغواړي چې د يو چا لارښونه وکړي، نو الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د هغه سينه د اسلام لپاره پراخه کوي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۶|۱۲۵|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۶۱|۷|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳۹|۲۲|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; نور آيتونه بيا ''اسلام'' او ''[[دين]]'' (اکثراً د &quot;مذهب&quot; په توگه ژباړل کېږي) د يو شي په توگه تعبيروي : &quot;نن، ما ستاسو دين ستاسو لپاره مکمل کړ؛ ما ستاسو لپاره خپل د برکتونو اچول مکمل کړل؛ ما ستاسو لپار د اسلام دين غوره کړ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۵|۳|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳|۱۹|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳|۸۳|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; ډېر نور خلک بيا اسلام داسې تعريفوي چې دا هغه دين دی چې انسان د همدې دين په مرسته بېرته الله تعالی ته ورستنېږي نسبت و دې ته چې د ايمان د اعمالو د تصديق په توگه وگڼلای شي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۹|۷۴|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۴۹|۱۴|style=ref}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هغه نور عربي وييونه چې د {{ar|'''س'''-'''ل'''-'''م'''}} نه راوتلي:

* [[سلام]], چې د &quot;سولې او سلامتۍ&quot; په مانا ده او د ورځيني روغبړ يوه اهمه کلمه ده, [[سلام عليکم|السلام عليکم]] (ته دې سلامت وې/سلامتي دې پر تا وي).
* السلام(سوله)د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د ۹۹ مبارکو نومونو نه يو نوم دی چې په [[قران]] کې هم راغلی.
* [[مسلمان]], د اسلام د دين مننونکي ته وايي او مانا يې ده هغه څوک چې ځان الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته تسليم کوي او يا د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; اطاعت کوي.
* سلامه, د &quot;سلامتي,&quot; په مانا ده چې د &quot;خدای پامانۍ&quot; په وخت کې وييل کېږي، د &quot;مع السلامه&quot; مانا ( سلامتۍ سره[لاړ شه]) ده.

== عقيده ==

د اسلام بنسټيزه عقيده شهادت دی چې د گواهۍ مانا لري [[شهادت]] ('''  لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله ''')&quot;نشته بل کوم څښټتن يا معبود پرته د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; نه او [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر دی.&quot; د دې لپاره چې څوک [[مسلمان]] شي، نو سړي ته پکار ده چې دغه پورتنی شهادت د يو څو شاهدانو مخکې ووايي او پرې ايمان راوړي. او که چېرته يو څوک غواړي چې اسلام ته راشي نو هغه يا هغې ته پکار ده چې بايد د زړه له صدق نه وغواړي او بيا د دې نه مخکې چې شهادت ووايي نو پکار ده چې د شهادت په اصلي مانا او مفهوم پوه وي.&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته خپل پيغام د محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; او د نورو پيغمبرانو لخوا لکه [[آدم|آدم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[نوح|نوح&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[ابراهیم|ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[موسی|موسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] او [[عيسی|عيسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] له لورې په بېلابېلو وختونو کې رالېږلی. [[مسلمانان]] په دې عقيده هم دي چې [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] د [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; وروستنی پيغمبر و او د هغه نه وروسته تر قيامته بل هېڅ کوم [[پيغمبر]] نه راځي. نو ددې پخاطر [[مسلمانان]] بايد د [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] په لارښوونې تر قيامته پورې عمل وکړي.
&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان پدې عقيده دي چې قران د انسانانو د لارښوونې يو داسې کتاب دی چې تر اوسه پکې هېچا گوتې نه دي وهلي او پدې کتاب کې هېڅ کومه نيمگړتيا نشته، او هېڅ کله به پکې بدلون را نه شي، او دا د خدای له لورې انسانانو ته وروستی نازل شوی کتاب دی. مسلمانان دا هم وايي چې د انجيل او تورات هغه اسماني کتابونه دي چې د بېلابېلو مذهبي فرقو له لورې پکې لاسوهنې شوي په بل ډول سره ليکل شوي او په ناسمه توگه تعبير شوي او د دغو اسماني کتابونو اصلي بڼې اوس نه شته او د وخت په تېرېدو سره خلکو هماغه لومړني لارښوونې چې په اصلي اسماني کتابونو کې وه هېر کړي، او يا يې هم درغلي پکې کړې. نو ددغه ليد پر بنسټ الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته د لارښوونې لپاره قرآن راولېږه چې په دې کې هماغه د اصلي انجيل او تورات لارښوونو سره سره د هغو وختونو د خلکو چې پېغمبران به يې ځورول او وژل به يې او د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له احکامو د سرغړونې سره سره يې د خپل زاتي گټو لپاره د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په کلام کې چې بدعتونه راوستلي دا ټول تاريخ ثبت دی. 
&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان دا هم وايي چې اسلام هماغه دين دی چې د آدم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; له وختونو نه او د نورو پيغمبرانو په وختونو کې هم وه، او دغو ټولو پيغمبرانو د همدغه مذهب په لار د تلو ټينگار کړی. اسلامي کتابونه او ليکنې د [[يهوديت]] او [[عيسويت]] د هغو اصلي لارښوونو نه راوتلي چې د ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; په وختونو کې يې ښوونې شوي نو د همدغه پخاطر دا درېواړه مذهبونه يعنی يهوديت، عيسويت او اسلام چې درېواړه سره گډې ريښې لري، د ابراهيمي دينونو په نامه سره هم يادېږي.  په قرآن عظيم الشان کې يهوديانو او عيسويانو ته د اهل الکتاب يا هغه خلک چې کتابونه ورباندې نازل شوي، په نامه اشاره شوې ده.    
&lt;br /&gt;
اسلام يو [[دين]] دی، دين '''د ژوندون لار''' مانا لري او يا هم په بله وينا د لارښوونې لار.

&quot;د قرآن شريف له مخې مسلمانان بايد په خپل پاک رب باندې ايمان راوړي او د هغه وحدانيت ته د تسليمېدو سره سره، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په ټولو وحيو، نازل شوو کتابونو، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پرښتو، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پيغمبرانو او د قيامت په ورځ بايد ايمان ولري.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۲|۴|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۲|۲۸۵|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۴|۱۳۶|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; په همدې توگه، نور عقايد هم شته چې د اسلام د دوه لويو فرقو تر مېنځ پکې د تعبيرونو توپير شته. د تشيع د لارې خلکو کې د امامت يو سياسي او روحاني لارښوونې يو نظام دود دی.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۲۰۰۳), p.۱۰۹
* مومن (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۶&lt;/ref&gt;

مسلمانان په دې گروهه دي چې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته خپل وروستی رسول محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; ورلېږلی دی. او پر محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; يې قرآن نازل کړی چې وروستی اسماني کتاب دی. د قرآن د نزول موده پوره دوه لسيزې وخت نيولی.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۷٬۱۸٬۲۱&lt;/ref&gt; په اسلام کې پيغمبران، خدای ته نژدې هغه انسانان دي چې خدای تعالی يې د خپل پيغام رسولو په موخه په انسانانو کې غوره کوي. مسلمانان په دې هم عقيده لري چې پيغمبران انسانان دي چې خدای ورته د انسانانو د لارښوونې، عبرت او د خپلو ادعاوؤ د ثبوت په خاطر د معجزو د ښودلو توان ورکړی. په اسلام کې پيغمبران هغه انسانان دي چې تر نورو انسانانو په تقوا او نېکۍ کې تکامل ته رسېدلي او همدوی د خدای غوره، بې مثاله بنده گان دي چې خدای د پرښتو له لارې خپل پيغام همدوی ته د وحيو په بڼه ور رسوي.&lt;ref&gt;وگورۍ:
* مومن (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۲۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلامي زده کړو نه داسې څرگندېږي چې د آدم نه وروسته د خدای ټول پيغمبرانو د اسلام د دين تبليغ او دعوت کړی، دا هغه دين دی چې يو خدای الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د معبود په توگه راپېژندلی. په قرآن کې اسلام د &quot;هغه ازلي طبيعت چې پر بنسټ يې خدای مخلوقات خلق کړل&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۳۰|۳۰|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; راپېژندل شوی او په قران کې دا هم راغلي چې د مسلمان ځانگړی نوم د ابراهيم لخوا د دې دين لارويانو ته ورکړ شوی.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲۲|۷۸|style=ref}}
* &quot;اسلام&quot;, ''د مذهب دايرة المعارف''&lt;/ref&gt;

د تاريخ له مخې د اسلام دين په ۷مه پېړۍ کې په عربستان کې رامېنځ ته شوی.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Islam&quot;, ''د مذهب دايرة المعارف''&lt;/ref&gt; په اسلامي ليکنو کې يهوديت او عيسويت هغه دوه دينونه دي چې د ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر د لارښوونو وروسته د بېلابېلو پيغمبرانو په وخت کې رامېنځ ته شوي. په قرآن کې يهوديان او عيسويان د اهل الکتاب يا د کتابونو د خلکو په توگه پېژندل شوي، او د هغو خلکو نه چې ډېر خدايان پالي او عبادت يې کوي، تر مېنځ په ښکاره توپير پېژندل کېږي. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې د پخوانيو اسماني کتابونو لکه زبور، [[تورات]] او [[انجيل]] سپېڅلي کتابونه د تاريخ په بېلابېلو پړاؤونو کې د ترجمې او متن په برخه کې تحريف شوي او اوس همدا سپېڅلي کتابونه پخپلو آرنيو بڼو هېڅ نه شته.

=== [[د افغانستان ولايتونه|د]] عقيدې شپږ ارکان ===
مسلمانان شپږ بنسټيزه ارکانونو باندې عقيده لري:

# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په وحدانيت باندې ايمان راوړل او يواځی الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته عبادت او اطاعت کول او د هغه نه مرسته غوښتل ''[[توحيد]]''.
# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پيغمبرانو باندې ايمان راوړل ([[پېغمبران#د اسلام له نظره|''انبيا‌ء'']])  چې ټول پېغمبران (''[[رسول]]'') د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له خوا رالېږل شوي. ([[د اسلام پېغمبران]] وگورۍ.)
# په اسماني کتابونو عقيده(''[[کتب]]''):
#* په [[ابراهيمي صحيفو]] (ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; باندې نازل شوې صحيفې)
#* په [[تورات]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[موسی|موسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[زبور]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[داود|داود&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[انجيل]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[عيسی|عيسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[قرآن]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.  
# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پرښتو باندې.(''[[پرښتې#د اسلام له نظره|ملايکه]]'').
# په قيامت او وروسته د مرگ نه د بيا ژوندي کېدلو عقيده (''[[قيامة]]'')  (په [[جنت]] او [[دوزخ]] عقيده). (يادونه: کله ناکله دغه وروستۍ موضوع باندې ځانگړی بحث کېږی, او په همدې توگه د عقيدې ارکان اوو ته رسېږي.)
# په قسمت عقيده([[تقدير]]).

د اسلام بنسټيزه عقيده په [[پښتو]] ژبه :
:: &quot;زه شهادت ورکوم چې پرته د الله تعالی د ذات نه بل کوم ذات نه شته؛ او زه شهادت ورکوم چې محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د هغه پيغمبر دی.&quot;
:: &quot;زه په الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ايمان راوړم؛ او د هغه په ملايکو؛ او د هغه په کتابونو؛ او د هغه په پيغمبرانو؛ او د محشر په ورځ؛ او په تقدير؛ او ټول شيان د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له خوا نه دي، او پس د مرگ نه ژوندون حق دی.&quot;

=== د اسلام پينځه بنسټونه ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام پينځه بنسټونه|د مذهب څانگې|د مذهب ريښې}}
[[دوتنه:Supplicating Pilgrim at Masjid Al Haram. Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|بټنوک|کيڼ|د حج د لمانځنو يو منظر. په مکه کې کعبې، [[مسجد الحرام]] ته سفر د اسلامي فرايضو څخه يو فرض دی چې هر مسلمان يې په ټول ژوند کې يو ځل ترسره کړي.]]
د مسلمانانو دوه لويې فرقې سني او شعيه مسلمانان جوړوي. په اسلامي نړئ کې د شعيه گانو په پرتله ډېرئ مسلمانان سنيان دي، خو په څينو هېوادونو کې لکه د منڅنئ آسيا هېوادونه ايران او عراق بيا شعيه مسلمانان ډېرکئ مذهبي ډله جوړوي. خو په نورو هېوادونو کط لکه سعودي عربستان، اندونيزيا او [[پاکستان]] کې سني مسلمان د هغه هېوادونو په مذهبي ټولنو کې ډېرکۍ برخه جوړوي.

د سني مسلمانانو بنسټيزه ارکان [[د اسلام پينځه ستنې|د اسلام پينځه ستنو]] په نامه يادېږي&lt;sup&gt;[[#Notes|2]]&lt;/sup&gt;، خو شيعه مسلمانان بيا يو څه مختلفه نومونپوهنه، چې د سني مسلمانانو د پينځه اهمو بنسټونو تر څنگ، د دين ريښې او لس عمده اعمال د دې مذهب د طريقو نه گڼل کېږي. خو ټول مسلمانان بيا په همدې پينځه بنسټيزو فرايضو او گروهو سره پوهاوی او سره يوه خوله دي چې سني مسلمانان يې د اسلام د پينځه ستنو په نوم پېژني او شيعه مسلمانان يې د دين د څانگو او ريښو اهم عناصر بولي.

* [[شهادت]]: د تصديق په مانا دی، چې يو مسلمان د الله &lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; نه پرته بل څوک د عبادت وړ نه گڼي او همداراز د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د وحدانيت ([[توحيد]]) او د محمد &lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;  د الله &lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; رسول ([[نبوت]]) او غلام په توگه مني .
* [[لمونځ]]: هره ورځ پينځه وخته لمونځ کول.
* [[روژه]]: د روژې په مياشت کې د لمرخاته نه تر لمرپرېواته روژه نيول.
* [[زکات]]: زکات ورکول.
* [[حج]]:د مکی زیارت په ټولو مسلمانانو باندی په ژوند کې یوځل فرض دی او هغه هم په هغو کسانو باندې چې د ادا کولو وس یې ولري.
شعيه او سنيان دواړه په لاندنيو گروهو باندې باور لري، خو دغه دوه فرقې همدا عقايد په بېلابېلو ډلبنديو وېشي او هره ډله ورته ځانگړی تعبير لري:
* [[عدل]]: د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; عدل.
* [[قيامت]]: د خېر او شر د مالومولو ورځ.
* [[امر بل معروف]]: د ښو امر.
* [[نهي عن المنکر]]: د بدو نه ډډه.
* [[جهاد|الجهاد في سبيل الله]]: د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د رضا لپاره هڅه کوشش او زيار.

هغه عقايد چې د شيعه مذهب لارويان پرې معتقد دي او سني مسلمانان پرې عقيده نه لري هغه دا دي::
* [[امامت]]: ديني لارښوونه، ديني مشري، ديني رهبري. د علي او د هغه د اولاد رهبري او امامت د خدای لخوا نه د لارښوونې لپاره ټاکل شوی و.
* [[تولا]]: د [[اهل البيت]] او د هغوی د لارويانو سره مينه.
* [[تبارة]]: د اهل البيت د دښمنانو نه ځان بېلول او ليري والی.
* [[خمس]]: د گټې لپاره د ماليې ورکړه.

که څه هم چې داسې مسلمانان هم شته چې نه د تشيع او نه هم د سني په ډلو کې ځانونه شمېري او دا هغه مسلمانان دي چې د قرآني دلايلو له مخې په اسلام کې د فرقې او د ډلې جوړول حرام گڼي، دا هغه مسلمانان دي چې په ساده توگه ځانونه 'مسلمانان' بولي.
{{دوراشې کامه|إِنَّ الَّذِينَ فَرَّقُوا دِينَهُمْ وَكَانُوا شِيَعًا لَسْتَ مِنْهُمْ فِي شَيْءٍ ۚ إِنَّمَا أَمْرُهُمْ إِلَى اللَّهِ ثُمَّ يُنَبِّئُهُمْ بِمَا كَانُوا يَفْعَلُونَ |10px||[[سورة الأنعام|الانعام سورت]]|۱۵۹ آيت}}
&quot;هغه څوک چې ځانونه په ډلو وېشي هغه زموږ د ډلې خلک نه دي. د هغوی فېصله الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته مالومه ده، الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; به هغوی له هر هغه څه نه خبر کړي کوم چې دوی ترسره کړي.&quot;

=== خدای ===
:''آرنۍ ليکنې: [[الله]] / [[خدای]]
{{آرنی|په اسلام کې د خدای انځور}}
په اسلام کې تر ټولو لومړنی بنسټيزه موخه د خدای د وحدانيت منل دي چې دې ته توحيد وايي. په اسلام کې توحيد يو مطلق امر دی چې ترې هېڅ انکار نه کېږي او دا هڅکله يوه نسبي او يا هم په کومه بله مانا د نسبي شراکت مانا نه ورکوي. د قرآن مجيد په [[سورة الاخلاص]] کې خدای داسې راپېژندل شوی:

:''ووايه &quot;خدای هغه دی، يوازې او بې ساری. الله تل پايېدونکی، په بشپړه توگه له ځان نه بسيا مالک. نه  څوک يې زېږولي، او نه له چا نه زېږېدلی. او د الله په شان هېڅ بل څه نه شته.&quot;

په عربي ژبه کې ''الله'' د خدای په مانا دی. د آرپوهنې له مخې دا لغت د ''الهه'' &quot;[[معبود]]&quot; لغت سره ډېر نژدې دی، د ''الله'' نوم د عيسوي او يهودي عربانو لخوا هم د خپل معبود په يادولو کې کارېږي، دغه نوم د محمد نه مخکې مخينه لري او د دغه ځانگړی نوم مخينه د ابراهيمي مذهبونو د خدای نه پرته د يو بل معبود نورې توپيري ځانگړنې نه څرگندوي.

د &quot;الله&quot; نوم يو جمع او يا د جنس نوم نه دی، دا يو خاص نوم دی، دا نوم د &quot;خدای&quot; د نوم سره توپير لري، دا په دې سبب چې د خدای نوم د جمع بڼه لري او جنسيت هم ترې څرگندېدلای شي د ساري په توگه خدايان چې د همدې نوم جمع بڼه ده. په اسلام کې د الله پېژندنه په قرآن کې داسې شوې:
{{دوراشې کامه|فَاطِرُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأَرْضِ جَعَلَ لَكُمْ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ أَزْوَاجًا وَمِنَ الأَنْعَامِ أَزْوَاجًا يَذْرَؤُكُمْ فِيهِ لَيْسَ كَمِثْلِهِ شَيْءٌ وَهُوَ السَّمِيعُ البَصِيرُ|10px||[[سورة الشورى|الشوری سورت]]|۱۱ آيت}}
:''&quot;(الله دی) د اسمانونو او زمکې جوړونکی: هغه ستاسو او د څارويو له مېنځه ستاسو لپاره جوړې جوړې کړي، او په دې توگه هغه تاسې په گڼ شمېر جوړ کړي ياست: داسې هېڅ کوم بل معبود نشته پرته له (الله) نه او د هغه په شان هېڅ نشته، او الله دی چې هر څه اوري او ليدلی شي&quot;

The implicit usage of the [[definite article]] in ''Allah'' linguistically indicates the divine unity. Muslims believe that the God they worship is the same as the Judeo-Christian God, i.e. the God of Abraham. However, Muslims reject the Christian theology concerning the trinity of God (the doctrine of the [[Trinity]] which regards Jesus as the eternal [[Son of God]]), seeing it as akin to [[polytheism]]. Quoting from the Qur'an,
[[sura]] [[An-Nisa]](۴) :۱۷۱:

:''&quot;O People of the Scripture! Do not transgress the limits of your religion, and do not say about God except the truth. The Messiah, Jesus the son of Mary, was only a messenger of God, and His word that He had sent to Mary, and a revelation from Him. Therefore, you shall believe in GOD and His messengers. You shall not say, &quot;Trinity&quot;. You shall refrain from this for your own good. God is only one God. Be He glorified; He is much too glorious to have a son. To Him belongs everything in the heavens and everything on earth. God suffices as Lord and Master.&quot;''

No Muslim visual images or depictions of God exist because such artistic depictions may lead to [[idolatry]] and are thus disdained. Such [[aniconism]] can also be found in Judeo-Christian theology. Moreover, most Muslims believe that God is [[Spiritual being|incorporeal]], making any two- or three- dimensional depictions impossible. Instead, Muslims describe God by the many [[۹۹ Names of God|divine attributes]] mentioned in the [[Qur'an]]. All but one Sura (chapter) of the Qur'an begins with the phrase &quot;In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful&quot;. These are regarded as the most important divine attributes, at least in the sense that Muslims repeat them most frequently during their prayers ([[salat]]) and throughout their daily lives.

د اسلام بنسټيز اصل ''[[توحيد]]'' دی—توحيد په يوه او يوازيني خدای عقيدې ته وايي. په اسلام کې د خدای لپاره د عربي ژبې اصطلاح ''الله'' کارېږي; اکثراً عالمان په دې عقيده دي چې دا اصطلاح د '[['ال-]]'' (د مشخص کولو ادات) او ''[[اله]]'' (معبود) د وييونو نه اشتقاق شوي چې مانا يې يوازيني خدای ته اشاره کوي، خو ځينې نور عالمان بيا د همدې نوم آر او اصل د آرامايک ژبې لغت ''الهه'' گڼي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* &quot;اسلام او عيسويت&quot;, ''د عيسويت پوهنغونډ'' (۲۰۰۱): Arabic-speaking [[Christian]]s and [[Jew]]s also refer to God as ''Allāh''.
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Allah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلام په پينځو بنسټيزو ستنو کې لومړنۍ ستنه يې توحيد بلل کېږي چې د ''شهادة'' يا (منښت) په ډول اظهارېږي، شهادة داسې ده چې: ''''له حقيقي معبود نه پرته بل خدای نشته، او محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt;  د خدای ټاکل شوی پيغمبر دی''''. په دوديزه اسلامپوهنه کې، خدای د انساني عقل او پوهاوي نه پورته معبود گڼل کېږي; مسلمانان نه شي کولای چې خدای په يوه بڼه انځور کړي يوازې له دې چې بايد د داسې لوی معبود عبادت او اطاعت وکړي او خدای خپل يوازينی ساتونکی او ژغورونکی وگڼي. که څه هم چې مسلمانان عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د يو پيغمبر په توگه پېژني، خو دوی بيا د عيسويانو د درېگونۍ عقيده، چې مسلمانان يې د شرک بولي په کلکه ردوي. په اسلامپوهنه کې عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د نورو پيغمبرانو په څېر د خدای بنده او د انسان په توگه پېژندل کېږي او د عيسويانو هغه عقيده چې عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د خدای د ځوی په توگه پېژني په کلکه ردوي;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Tathlith, Trinity | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=David Thomas | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۱}}: Contrary to Muslim understanding, some scholars have suggested that the Qur'an only opposes certain deviant forms of Trinitarian belief.&lt;/ref&gt; د قرآن په يوه سوره کې د خدای څرگندونه داسې شوې &quot;ووايه هغه الله دی يوازې، الله هېچا ته اړ نه دی او ټول هغه ته اړ دي، نه د هغه څوک اولاد دی او نه هغه د چا اولاد دی او هېڅوک د هغه سيال نشته.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۱۱۲|۱|end=۴|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۷۴–۷۶
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۲۲
* Griffith (۲۰۰۶), p.۲۴۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Allah, Tawhid | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | author=D. Gimaret | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== قران عظيم الشان ===
[[انځور:FirstSurahKoran.jpg|thumb|upright|د قرآن لومړنۍ سوره [[سورة الفاتحة|الفاتحه]] د قران عظيم شان د لاسي نسخې يو انځور.]]

قرآن شريف د مسلمانانو سپېڅلی کتاب دی او دوی په همدغه آسماني کتاب باندې ايمان راوړی. د قرآن لغوي مانا  “لوستنه” ده. مسلمانان په دې باور دي چې قرآن يو آسماني کتاب دی چې د الله (جل جلاله) په وروستي نبي حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم باندې نازل شوی دی. دا سپېڅلی کتاب د ۶۱۰ ز. کال نه تر ۶۳۲ ز. پورې په بېلابېلو وختونو کې د الله تعالی له لوري او د حضرت جبراييل عليه السلام په منځگړتوب پر حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم باندې د وحيو په څېر نازل شوی. چې د وحيو په وختونو کې حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم حفظ کړی او بيا د الله تعالی د وروستي نبي د يارانو له خوا راټول شوی او پر ډبرليکونو او پاڼو ليکل شوی.

مسلمانان په دې باور دي چې له کومې ورځ نه الله تعالی قرآن شريف پر محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم نازل کړی له هماغې ورځې نه تر ننه پورې قرآن شريف په خپلې آرنۍ بڼې پاتې دی چې بيا د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم نه وروسته د هغه لارويانو چې قرآن شريف يې حفظ کړی وه وليکه او په همدې توگه يې قرآن شريف په ليکنې بڼه خوندي کړ. مسلمان عالمان ددې خبرې منښته کوي چې قرآن شريف د اسلام د درېيم خليفه حضرت عثمان (رض) د واکمنۍ پر مهال په ليکلې بڼه سره راټول شو، چې په دې توگه د قرآن شريف د بېلابېلو برخو د راټولولو او سره يوځای کولو نېټه له ۶۵۰ ز پېر نه تر ۶۵۶ ز پېر پورې ښودل شوی. او وروسته له دې چې قرآن شريف ليکلې بڼه وموندله نو بيا د هماغه خليفه د واکمنۍ پر مهال د قرآن شريف لمېسې جوړې شوې او د اسلامي خلافت بېلابېلو ولايتونو ته يې لمېسې ولېږل شوې.

There are numerous traditions, and many conflicting academic theories, as to the provenance of the Qur'anic verses that were eventually assembled into a single volume. (This is covered in greater detail in [[Qur'an]]). Most Muslims accept the account recorded in several hadith, which state that [[Abu Bakr]], The First Caliph, ordered his personal secretary [[Zayd ibn Thabit]] to collect and record all the authentic verses of the Qur'an, as preserved in written form or oral tradition. Zayd's written collection, privately treasured by Prophet Muhammad's wife [[Hafsa bint Umar]], was, according to Muslim sources, later used by Uthman and is thus the basis of today's Qur'an.

Uthman's version, organized the suras roughly in order of length (excepting the brief opening surah [[Al-Fatiha]]), with the longest suras at the start of the Qur'an and the shortest ones at the end. More conservative views state that the order of most suras was divinely set. Later scholars have struggled to put the suras in chronological order, and among Muslim commentators, at least, there is a rough consensus as to which suras were revealed in [[Makkan sura|Mecca]] and which at [[Medinan sura|Medina]], with distinctive characteristics observed within these two subgroups. Some suras (e.g. surat [[Iqra]]) are thought to have been revealed in parts at separate times.

To understand the notion of &quot;variants&quot; within the received Qur'anic text, one must understand that Arabic had not yet fully developed as a written language. The Qur'an was first recorded in written form (date uncertain) in the [[Hijazi]], [[Mashq]], [[Ma'il]], and [[Kufic]] scripts; these scripts write consonants only and do not supply vowels. (Imagine an English text that wrote the word 'bed' as &quot;BD,&quot; and required the reader to infer, from context, that the reference was to &quot;bed&quot; - and not to 'bad&quot; or &quot;bide.&quot;) Because there were differing oral traditions of recitation as non-native Arabic speakers converted to Islam, there was some disagreement as to the exact reading of many (vowel-free) verses. Eventually, scripts were  developed that used diacritical markings (known as ''points'') to indicate the vowels. For hundreds of years after Uthman's recension, Muslim scholars argued as to the correct pointing and reading of Uthman's (unpointed) official text.{{citation needed}} Eventually, most commentators accepted seven variant readings ([[qira'at]]) of the Qur'an as canonical, while agreeing that the differences among the seven are minor and do not affect the meaning of the text.

The form of the Qur'an most used today is the [[Al-Azhar]] text of ۱۹۲۳, prepared by a committee at the prestigious [[Cairo]] university of Al-Azhar.

The Qur'an early became a focus of Muslim devotion and eventually a subject of theological controversy among skeptics. In the [[۸th century]], the [[Mu'tazili]]s claimed that the Qur'an was created in time and was not eternal. Their opponents, of various schools, claimed that the Qur'an was eternal and perfect, existing in heaven before it was revealed to Muhammad. The [[Ashari]] theology (which ultimately became predominant) held that the Qur'an was uncreated.

Most Muslims regard paper copies of the Qur'an with extreme veneration, wrapping them in a clean cloth, keeping them on a high shelf, and washing as for prayers before reading the Qur'an. Old Qur'ans are not destroyed as wastepaper, but burned.

اکثره مسلمانان د قرآن ځينې برخې او يا ټول قرآن په آرنۍ ژبه (عربي) حفظ کوي. هغه څوک چې قرآن يې په بشپړه توگه حفظ کړی وي د حافظ په نامه يادېږي. په مسلمانانو کې د قرآن حفظ کول د هېښتيا خبره نه ده، نن ورځ د نړۍ په بېلابېلو هېوادونو کې په ميليونونو حافظين ژوندي دي چې د ټول قرآن متن يې له ياده زده دی.

د عقيدې د پيل د ورځو نه اکثره مسلمانان په دې اند دي چې قرآن يو مکمل اسماني کتاب دی چې په عربي ژبه نازل شوی. د دغه کتاب ژباړې د انساني هلو ځلو او د انساني تېروتنو نه تشې هڅې نه دي، همداراز په ژباړو کې د مومنانو د الهامي شاعرۍ کمښت څوک په قرآن کې موندلی شي. نو په همدې خاطر د قرآن ژباړې يوازې پر قرآن تبصرې گڼل کېږي او يا هم د مطلب ژباړه، او پخپله د قرآن نه. او په همدې دليل د قرآن په ډېرو نوو چاپ شويو نخسو کې د عربي متن په يوه مخ او د متن ژباړه په بل مخ راغلې.

قرآن شريف له ۱۱۴ [[سورت|سورتونو]] يا څپرکو نه جوړ شوی دی چې همدا ټول سورتونه ۶،۲۳۶ ''[[آيت|آيتونه]]'' لري. The chronologically earlier suras, revealed at Mecca, are primarily concerned with ethical and spiritual topics. The later Medinan suras mostly discuss social and moral issues relevant to the Muslim community.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qur'an | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}
&lt;/ref&gt; The Qur'an is more concerned with moral guidance than legal instruction, and is considered the &quot;sourcebook of Islamic principles and values&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۷۹&lt;/ref&gt; Muslim jurists consult the ''hadith'', or the written record of Muhammad's life, to both supplement the Qur'an and assist with its interpretation. The science of Qur'anic commentary and exegesis is known as ''[[tafsir]]''.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۷۹–۸۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tafsir | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The word ''Qur'an'' means &quot;recitation&quot;. When Muslims speak in the abstract about &quot;the Qur'an&quot;, they usually mean the scripture as recited in Arabic rather than the printed work or any translation of it. To Muslims, the Qur'an is perfect only as revealed in the original Arabic; translations are necessarily deficient because of language differences, the fallibility of translators, and the impossibility of preserving the original's inspired style. Translations are therefore regarded only as commentaries on the Qur'an, or &quot;interpretations of its meaning&quot;, not as the Qur'an itself.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Teece (۲۰۰۳), pp.۱۲٬۱۳
* C. Turner (۲۰۰۶), p.۴۲
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qur'an | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: The word ''Qur'an'' was invented and first used in the Qur'an itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology|two different theories]] about this term and its formation.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== پرښتې ===
{{آرنی|په اسلام کې د پرښتو انځور}}
د اسلام په دين کې د الله (جل جلاله) په پرښتو عقيده د ايمان جز گڼل کېږي. په عربي ژبه پرښتې ته (''ملک'') وايي چې د همدغه لغت مانا ده &quot;پيغام رسونکی&quot;، په عبراني ژبه کې همداسې ورته نوم (''ملخ'') د پرښتې په مانا ده خو په يوناني ژبه بيا پرښتې ته (''انجېلوس'') وايي. د قراني مالوماتو له مخې، پرښتې د خپلې خوښې واک په لاس کې نه لري، او په مکمله توگه د الله تعالی په عبادت کې بوختې دي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۲۱|۱۹|end=۲۰|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳۵|۱|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; قران کې دا هم راغلي چې د پرښتو په کارونو کې د الله تعالی حکمونه منل او د الله تعالی پيغامونو رسولو برسېره، پرښتې تل د الله په ثنا او صفت په عبادت بوختې دي، او د انسانانو اعمال ثبتوي ددې سره سره پرښتې د الله (جل جلاله) په حکم د انسانانو د مړينې په وخت کې روحونه باسي. داسې هم انگېرل کېږي چې پرښتې د انسان او الله تعالی ترمېنځ منځگړتوب کوي. قرآن شريف، پرښتې موږ ته داسې راڅرگندوي لکه &quot;يو ډول پيغام رسونکي چې دوه، درې يا څلور جوړه وزرې لري: خدای هماغسې خپل مخلوق جوړوي څنگه چې يې خوښه وي...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۳۵|۱|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۲۶–۲۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Malā'ika | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=W. Madelung | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Angel | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Gisela Webb | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== محمد&lt;sup&gt;([[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]])&lt;/sup&gt; ===
{{آرنی|محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم}}

حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم (c. ۵۷۰ – [[جولای ۶]] [[۶۳۲]]) د الله تعالی وروستی نبي، يو مذهبي، سياسي او پوځي عرب و چې د همدغه نبي د اسلام د دين بيرغ لوړ کړ او د اديانو په تاريخ کې يې د اسلام نوم هم وځلاوه. مسلمانان په دې گروهه دي چې حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) د يوه نوي مذهب بنسټ ايښودونکی نه دی، بلکه د اسلام د اصلي دين چې د حضرت آدم عليه السلام او حضرت ابراهيم او د نورو پيغمبرانو دين و، د هماغه دين بيا پرځای کونکی دی. مسلمانان په دې عقيده هم دي چې حضرت محمد د الله تعالی وروستی پيغمبر او د نورو پيغمبرانو په ډله کې د لويې مرتبې خاوند پيغمبر و.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸), p.۱۲
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۴–۵
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}&lt;/ref&gt;
دروند پیغمبر د خپل خوږ ژوند په وروستیو ۲۳ کلونو کې، یانې د ۴۰ کلني عمر په پیل کې د الله له لوري د ایاتو د نازلولو لړۍ پیل شوه، چې د دغو ایاتونو ټولگه د قرآن په نوم یادیږي چې دغه آیتونه بیا د صحابه و لخوا یاد کیدل.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۱۸|۱۱۰|style=ref}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[انځور:Masjid Nabawi. Medina, Saudi Arabia.jpg|بټنوک|220px|کيڼ|[[مسجد النبوي]] (&quot;د پيغمبر(صلی الله علیه وسلم) جومات&quot;) په مدينه کې د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم مقبره هم ده.|link=Special:FilePath/Masjid_Nabawi._Medina,_Saudi_Arabia.jpg]]

په دغه کې وخت محمد [[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]] د مکې خلکو ته په تبلیغ باندې پیل وکړ، تر څو دوې له شرک څخه راوباسي او د اسلام لور ته یې راوبلي. که څه چې محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم ځینې کسان اسلام ته راواړول خو په دې کار سره دی او د ده لارویان د مکې د چارواکو او لارښودگرانو لخوا تر زور او اذیت لاندې راغلل. چې بیا وروسته له ۱۳ کلنو څخه په کال ۶۲۲ کې محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم او نور مسلمانان له مکې څخه مدینه (رسما '''یثرب''' نومیږي) ته کډه شول.

There, with the Medinan converts (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]]'') and the Meccan migrants (''[[Muhajirun]]''), Muhammad established his political and [[Theocracy|religious authority]]. Within years, two battles had been fought against Meccan forces: the [[Battle of Badr]] in ۶۲۴, which was a Muslim victory, and the [[Battle of Uhud]] in ۶۲۵, which ended inconclusively. Conflict with Medinan Jewish clans who opposed the Muslims led to their exile, enslavement or death, and the Jewish enclave of [[Battle of Khaybar|Khaybar]] was subdued. At the same time, Meccan trade routes were cut off as Muhammad brought surrounding desert tribes under his control.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* F.E.Peters(۲۰۰۳), pp.۷۸٬۷۹٬۱۹۴ 
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۳–۲۸&lt;/ref&gt; By ۶۲۹ Muhammad was victorious in the nearly bloodless [[Conquest of Mecca]], and by the time of his death in ۶۳۲ he ruled over the [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian peninsula]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Muhammad&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Islam, the &quot;[[normative]]&quot; example of Muhammad's life is called the ''[[Sunnah]]'' (literally &quot;trodden path&quot;). This example is preserved in traditions known as [[hadith]] (&quot;reports&quot;), which recount his words, his actions, and his personal characteristics. The classical Muslim jurist [[ash-Shafi'i]] (d. ۸۲۰) emphasized the importance of the Sunnah in [[Sharia|Islamic law]], and Muslims are encouraged to emulate Muhammad's actions in their daily lives. The Sunnah is seen as crucial to guiding interpretation of the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World'' (۲۰۰۳), p.۶۶۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hadith | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=J. Robson | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sunna | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=D. W. Brown | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د قيامت ورځ ===
{{آرنی|قيامت}}
د &quot;جزا په ورځ&quot;، يعنی ''[[قيامت|د قيامت په ورځې]]'' ايمان لرل د اسلام يوه بنسټيزه گروهه ده. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې د قيامت ورځ د الله تعالی له خوا ټاکل شوی چې په يوه ځانگړي وخت کې به وي خو انسانانو ته يې وخت نه دی څرگند. د قيامت د ورځې د محکمې او کړاونه په هکله په قرآن او حديثونو کې هم بیان شوي، او همدارنگه د اسلامي علماوو په تفسيرونو کې.
The Qur'an emphasizes [[Resurrection of the Dead|bodily resurrection]], a break from the [[pre-Islamic Arabia]]n understanding of death. It states that resurrection will be followed by the gathering of mankind, culminating in their judgment by God.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* &quot;Resurrection&quot;, ''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'' (۲۰۰۳)
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Avicenna | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as &quot;Avicenna&quot;.
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qiyama | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Qur'an lists several sins that can condemn a person to hell, such as disbelief, [[riba|usury]] and dishonesty. Muslims view paradise (''[[jannah]]'') as a place of joy and bliss, with Qur'anic references describing its features and the physical pleasures to come. There are also references to a greater joy—acceptance by God (''ridwān'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۹|۷۲|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mystical traditions in Islam place these heavenly delights in the context of an ecstatic awareness of God.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Smith (۲۰۰۶), p.۸۹; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p.۵۶۵
* &quot;Heaven&quot;, ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' (۲۰۰۰)
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Garden | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Asma Afsaruddin | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Paradise | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تقدير ===
{{آرنی|تقدير}}

In accordance with the Islamic belief in [[predestination]], or divine preordainment (''al-qadā wa'l-qadar''), God has full knowledge and control over all that occurs. This is explained in Qur'anic verses such as &quot;Say: 'Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us: He is our protector'…&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۹|۵۱|style=ref}}
* D. Cohen-Mor (۲۰۰۱), p.۴: &quot;The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen: 'Say: &quot;Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us…&quot;&amp;nbsp;'&amp;nbsp;&quot;
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Fate | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Ahmet T. Karamustafa | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means &quot;to measure, to determine&quot;. Here it is used to mean that &quot;God measures and orders his creation&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; For Muslims, everything in the world that occurs, good or evil, has been preordained and nothing can happen unless permitted by God. In Islamic theology, divine preordainment does not suggest an absence of God's indignation against evil, because any evils that do occur are thought to result in future benefits men may not be able to see. According to Muslim theologians, although events are pre-ordained, man possesses free will in that he has the faculty to choose between right and wrong, and is thus responsible for his actions. According to Islamic tradition, all that has been decreed by God is written in ''al-Lawh al-Mahfūz'', the &quot;Preserved Tablet&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۲۰۰۳), pp.۱۱۹–۱۲۲
* Patton (۱۹۰۰), p.۱۳۰&lt;/ref&gt;

The Shi'a understanding of predestination is called &quot;divine justice&quot; (''Adalah''). This doctrine, originally developed by the [[Mu'tazila]], stresses the importance of man's responsibility for his own actions. In contrast, the Sunni deemphasize the role of individual free will in the context of God's creation and foreknowledge of all things.&lt;ref&gt;Momen (۱۹۸۷), pp.۱۷۷٬۱۷۸&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلام او دا آخرت په ورځ ایمان ===
{{آرنی|د اخرت په ورځ ایمان}}

Islamic [[eschatology]] is concerned with the ''[[Qiyamah]]'' ([[End of the world (religion)|end of the world]]) and the final  judgment of humanity. Like [[Christianity]] and [[Judaism]], Islam teaches the bodily [[resurrection]] of the dead, the fulfilment of a divine plan for creation, and the immortality of the human soul. In Islamic belief, the righteous are rewarded with the pleasures of ''Jannah'' ([[Paradise]]), while the unrighteous are punished in ''[[Jahannam]]'' (a fiery [[Hell]], from the Hebrew ''ge-hinnom'' or &quot;valley of Hinnom&quot;; usually rendered in English as [[Gehenna]]). A significant portion of the Qur'an deals with these beliefs, with many ''[[hadith]]'' elaborating on the themes and details.

== تنظيمونه ==
=== اسلامي واک ===
داسې هېڅ کوم رسمي اسلامي واک نشته چې په اسلام کې د يو کس د منلو او يا هم د اسلامي ټولنې ('''''اُمة''''' ''يانې ملت يا کورنۍ'') نه د رټلو واک په لاس کې ولري. اسلام خپلې دروازې پرته د کوم توپير، تعصب، رنگ، جنس، عمر او پخواني عقايدو نه د ټولو پر مخ پرانيستې دي او ټولو ته په دغه دين کې د ننوتلو اجازه شته. د مسلمان کېدو لپاره همدومره بس ده چې يو څوک د زړه له کومي په رسمي توگه د يو څو تنو مسلمانانو په مينځ کې د اسلام دين ومني او شهادت ووايي. شهادت هغه بيان دی چې مسلمان پرې د يوه خدای د وحدانيت او د حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) پر نبوت او په خپل ژوند کې د هغه د لارښوونو د پلي کولو د تکل اقرار بلل کېږي. د شهادت په نه وييلو سره هېڅوک نه شي کولای چې مسلمان شي. د مسلمان لپاره د شهادت نه وروسته د اسلامي حکمونو پلي کول فرض دي او همدا رنگه يو مسلمان بايد د اسلامي اخلاقو خاوند هم وي ترڅو هغه په يوه اسلامي ټولنه کې د منلو وړ وگرځي.

=== اسلامي قانون ===
{{آرنی|شريعت|فقه}}
د اسلامي قانون نوم شريعت دی، چې د مسلمانو عالمانو لخوا د قرآن او حديث په رڼا کې وضع شوی. قرآن شريف د شريعت او اسلامي قضايه نظام لومړنۍ سرچينه ده، تر دې وروسته د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم سنة او د لومړنۍ اسلامي ټولنې دود او دستورونه په دوهم پړاو کې ځای لري. سنت د احاديثو په شننو کې رامېنځ ته شوی، او احاديث د حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) لارښوونو ته وايي چې مسلمانانو ته يې کړي. اجماع چې د يوې مسلمانې ټولنې د احصايې په مانا ده، د قياس سره يوځای د اسلامي قانون او د شريعت درېيمه او څلورمه سرچينه جوړوي.

په اسلامي قانون کې د ژوند د هر اړخ په اړه بحث شوی دی. د دولت او حکومت د چلولو او د باندنيو اړيکو د ساتلو نه نيولې آن تر ورځيني ژوند و ژواک پورې د هرې ستونزې او مسلې لپاره د حل لار څېړل شوې او د اسلامي احکامو پر بنسټ يې د پلي کولو لارښوونه شوې.د اسلامي قانون په اړه په څرگنده ډول په قرآن شريف کې چې کوم احکامات راغلي هغه د [[حدود]]و په نامه يادېږي چې په دغو لارښوونو کې د قتل نه ډډه، د واده نه پرته د جنسي اړيکو د ساتلو نه ځان ساتنه، د شرابو او الکولو د څښلو او د قمار نه اجتناب يې غټ ټکي جوړوي. په قرآن کې د وراثت، د واده، د ټپي کولو او وژلو په بدل کې د تدابيرو نيولو او په هم دې توگه د روژې د نيولو، د زکات ورکولو او لمونځ کولو په باب هم په تفصيل سره د حکمونو يادونه شوې. However, the prescriptions and prohibitions may be broad, so how they are applied in practice varies. Islamic scholars, ''the ulema'', have elaborated systems of law on the basis of these broad rules, supplemented by the hadith reports of how Muhammad and his companions interpreted them. See [[Sin]] for further discussion about the concept of sin and its atonement according to the Islamic law.

In current times, not all Muslims understand the Qur'an in its original Arabic. Thus, when Muslims are divided in how to handle situations, they seek the assistance of a [[mufti]] (Islamic judge) who can advise them based on Islamic [[Sharia]] and hadith.

The ''Sharia'' (literally: &quot;the path leading to the watering place&quot;) is Islamic law formed by traditional Islamic scholarship. In Islam, Sharia is the expression of the divine will, and &quot;constitutes a system of duties that are incumbent upon a Muslim by virtue of his religious belief&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;BritannicaShariah&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Islamic law covers all aspects of life, from matters of state, like governance and [[Diplomacy|foreign relations]], to issues of daily living. The Qur'an defines ''[[hudud]]'' as the punishments for five specific crimes: unlawful intercourse, false accusation of unlawful intercourse, consumption of alcohol, theft, and highway robbery. The Qur'an and Sunnah also contain laws of [[Islamic Inheritance jurisprudence|inheritance]], [[Islamic marital jurisprudence|marriage]], and [[Qisas|restitution for injuries and murder]], as well as rules for [[sawm|fasting]], [[Sadaqah|charity]], and [[salat|prayer]]. However, these [[wajib|prescriptions]] and [[Haraam|prohibitions]] may be broad, so their application in practice varies. [[Ulema|Islamic scholars]] (known as ''ulema'') have elaborated systems of law on the basis of these rules and their interpretations.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Menski (۲۰۰۶), p.۲۹۰
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hadd | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=B. Carra de Vaux | coauthors=J. Schacht, A.M. Goichon | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sharia | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=N. Calder | coauthors=M. B. Hooker | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[Fiqh]]'', or &quot;jurisprudence&quot;, is defined as the knowledge of the practical rules of the religion. The method Islamic jurists use to derive rulings is known as ''[[usul al-fiqh]]'' (&quot;legal theory&quot;, or &quot;principles of jurisprudence&quot;). According to Islamic legal theory, law has four fundamental roots, which are given precedence in this order: the Qur'an, the Sunnah (actions and sayings of Muhammad), the consensus of the Muslim jurists (''[[ijma]]''), and analogical reasoning (''[[qiyas]]''). For early Islamic jurists, theory was less important than pragmatic application of the law. In the ۹th century, the jurist [[ash-Shafi'i]] provided a theoretical basis for Islamic law by codifying the principles of jurisprudence (including the four fundamental roots) in his book ''ar-Risālah''.&lt;ref&gt;Weiss (۲۰۰۲), pp.xvii,۱۶۲&lt;/ref&gt;

==== مذهب او رياست ====

د اسلامي قانون له مخې د مذهب او رياست تر مېنځ ژورې اړيکې دي چې په ډېريو اسلامي هېوادونو کې ديني عالمان د قاضيانو په توگه په رسمي ډول دندې ترسره کوي. In practice, Islamic rulers frequently bypassed the Sharia courts with a parallel system of so-called &quot;Grievance courts&quot; over which they had sole control. As the Muslim world came into contact with Western secular ideals, Muslim societies responded in different ways. [[Turkey]] has been governed as a secular state ever since the reforms of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]. In contrast, the [[۱۹۷۹ Iranian Revolution]] replaced a mostly secular regime with an [[Islamic republic]] led by the [[Ruholla Khomeini|Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۸۴
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۵۰۲–۵۰۷٬۸۴۵
* Lewis (۲۰۰۳), p.۱۰۰&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ارتداد او کفر ====
{{آرنی|ارتداد په اسلام کې}}

په سيمه ايزو اسلامي ټولنو کې چې يو وگړی په ارتداد او کفر پېژندل کېږي نو هغه بيا د هماغې ټولنې نه رټل کېږي. په اسلامي رياستونو کې ارتداد او کفر د اسلامي رياست پر وړاندې جرم گڼل کېږي او داسې يو مجرم ته سزا ورکول کېږي چې اکثراً د مرگ  سزا وي.

== مذهبي فرقې ==
{{main|د اسلام مذهبي فرقې}}
لکه د نورو دينونو په شان په اسلام کې هم يو شمېر مذهبي فرقې شته چې د دوی ټولو گروهه يا عقيده يوه ده خو په شرعي او قانوني توگه په دغو فرقو کې اهم توپيرونه ليدل کېږي. اسلام په دوه لويو فرقو وېشل شوی چې د [[سني]] او [[تشيع]] فرقې يې دوه لويې فرقې دي. [[تصوف]] بيا ځانته بله مذهبي ډله ده چې په دې کې د اسلام معمايي تصريف لور ته ډېر پام اړول شوی. د ځينو سرچينو له مخې د نړۍ نژدې ۸۵٪ مسلمانان د سني لويې فرقې په لار روان دي او پاتې ۱۵٪ مسلمانان د تشيع د مذهب مننونکي دي، په همدې توگه بيا په شيعه گانو کې هم وړې مذهبي فرقې شته.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۲
* {{cite web | url=http://countrystudies.us/afghanistan/61.htm | title=Sunni and Shia Islam | work=Country Studies | publisher=U.S. Library of Congress | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۱-۰۹}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اهل سنت ===
[[دوتنه:Divisions of Islam.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Divisions of Islam]]

[[سني]] مسلمانان د اسلام لويه برخه جوړوي. په عربي ژبه کې د ''السنة'' لغت مانا &quot;اصل&quot; او يا هم &quot;لار&quot; ده. سنت (د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; د ژوند کړه وړه) دقرآن او حديث له مخې د سني اسلام اهمه ستنه جوړوي. سنيان په دې عقيده دي چې د اسلام لومړي څلور خليفه گان د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; نه وروسته برحقه او ريښتوني خليفه گان وه؛ او خدای&lt;sup&gt;ج&lt;/sup&gt; د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر نه وروسته خدای بل پيغمبر نه ؤ ځانگړی کړی، او پاتې خليفه گان بايد ټاکل شوي وای. سنيان څلور لوی قانوني مذهبونه مني چې هغه څلور لوی مذهبونه [[حنفي]]، [[مالکي]]، [[شافي]] او [[حنبلي]] دي.  All four accept the validity of the others and a Muslim might choose any one that he or she finds agreeable, but other Islamic sects are believed to have departed from the majority by introducing innovations (''[[bidah]]''). There are also several orthodox theological or philosophical traditions within Sunnism. For example, the recent [[Salafi]] movement sees itself as restorationist and claims to derive its teachings from the original sources of Islam.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* اېسپوزيتو (۲۰۰۳), pp.۲۷۵٬۳۰۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shariah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sunnite | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== شیعه گان ===

{{see also|Historic background of the Sunni-Shi'a split}}
The [[Shi'a]], who constitute the second-largest branch of Islam, believe in the political and religious [[Islamic leadership|leadership]] of [[infallible#Additional Shi'a teachings|infallible]] [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)|Imams]] from the progeny of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]. They believe that he, as the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was his rightful successor, and they call him the first ''Imam'' (leader), rejecting the legitimacy of the previous Muslim caliphs. To them, an Imam rules by right of divine appointment and holds &quot;absolute spiritual authority&quot; among Muslims, having final say in matters of doctrine and revelation.&lt;ref&gt;See
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۴۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Imam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shi'ite | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/p.php?p=shia'&amp;url=Introduction {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419035040/http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/p.php?p=shia%27&amp;url=Introduction |date=2008-04-19 }} Imamat, by [[Naser Makarem Shirazi]]]&lt;/ref&gt; Although the Shi'a share many core practices with the Sunni, the two branches disagree over the proper importance and validity of specific collections of hadith. The Shi'a follow a legal tradition called [[Ja'fari jurisprudence]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Ahmed (۱۹۹۹), pp.۴۴–۴۵
* Nasr (۱۹۹۴), p.۴۶۶&lt;/ref&gt; Shi'a Islam has several branches, the largest of which is the [[Twelvers]] (''{{ArabDIN|iṯnāʿašariyya}}''), while the others are the [[Ismaili]], the [[Sevener]]s, and the [[Zaidiyyah]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Kramer (۱۹۸۷), [http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/Alawis.htm Syria’s Alawis and Shi‘ism pp.۲۳۷–۲۵۴]
* [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/index.html Shia branches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041025093409/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/index.html |date=2004-10-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 1.JPG|thumb|right|A view of the [[Dome of the Rock]] on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]], a holy site in Islam]]
[[Shi'a]] Muslims, the second-largest sect, differ from the Sunni in rejecting the authority of the first three caliphs. They honor different traditions ([[hadith]]) and have their own legal traditions. Shi'a scholars have a larger authority than Sunni scholars and have greater room for interpretation. The [[Imams]] play a central role in Shi'a doctrine.

The arabic word Shi'a, litarally translates into the word 'group' or 'sect'. Originally known as Shi'at Ali (the sect of Ali), the group formed shortly after the death of Ali, in [[Iraq]]. Ali ibn Abi Talib was the cousin of prophet [[Muhammad]], and after marriage to Fatima, he also became Muhammad's son-in-law.

The Shi'a consist of one major school of thought known as the [[Ithna 'ashariyah]] or the &quot;[[Twelvers]]&quot;, and a few minor schools of thought, as the &quot;Seveners&quot; or the &quot;Fivers&quot; referring to the number of infallible leaders they recognize after the death of prophet [[Muhammad]]. The term Shi'a, when used without qualification, is usually taken to be synonymous with the Ithna Ashariyya or Twelvers. Most Shi'a live in [[Iran]], [[Iraq]] (the country where Ali passed away), [[Bahrain]], [[Lebanon]], [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. A minority group (about ۴ million) of Shi'a is known as [[Ismaili]]. The Shia Ismaili sect is subdivided into [[Nizari]] Ismaili and [[Mustaali]] Bohra subsects. The Nizari Ismaili or are led by the [[Aga Khan]] and are found mainly in [[Pakistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Bangladesh]], India, Canada and United States. The [[Mustaali]] Bohra sect is further subdivded into Dawoodi and Sulaimanis subsects. The [[Dawoodi Bohra]]s are concentrated in Pakistan and India. The [[Sulaimani Bohra]]s are concentrated in Yemen and Najran province of Saudi Arabia.

=== تصوف ===
{{آرنی|تصوف}}

Not strictly a denomination, [[Sufism]] is a mystical-ascetic form of Islam. By focusing on the more spiritual aspects of religion, Sufis strive to obtain direct experience of God by making use of &quot;intuitive and emotional faculties&quot; that one must be trained to use.&lt;ref&gt;Trimingham (۱۹۹۸), p.۱&lt;/ref&gt; Sufism and [[Islamic law]] are usually considered to be complementary, although Sufism has been criticized by some Muslims for being an unjustified [[bidah|religious innovation]]. Most Sufi orders, or ''[[tariqa]]s'', can be classified as either Sunni or Shi'a.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۳۰۲
* Malik (۲۰۰۶), p.۳
* B. S. Turner (۱۹۹۸), p.۱۴۵
* {{cite web | url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aftoc.html | work=Country Studies | publisher=U. S. Library of Congress (Federal Research Division) | title=Afghanistan: A Country Study | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۴-۱۸ | pages=۱۵۰}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Sufism]] is a spiritual practice followed by both Sunni and Shi'a. Sufis generally feel that following Islamic law or jurisprudence (or ''fiqh'') is only the first step on the path to perfect submission; they focus on the internal or more spiritual aspects of Islam, such as perfecting one's faith and fighting one's own ego (''nafs''). Most Sufi orders, or [[tariqa]], can be classified as either Sunni or Shi'a. However, there are some that are not easily categorized as either Sunni or Shi'a, such as the [[Bektashi]]. Sufis are found throughout the Islamic world, from [[Senegal]] to [[Indonesia]].

=== نورې طريقې ===
[[Wahhabi]]s, as they are known by non-Wahhabis, are a smaller, more recent Sunni group. They prefer to be called [[Salafi]]s. Wahhabism is a movement founded by [[Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab]] in the [[۱۸th century]] in what is present-day [[Saudi Arabia]]. They classify themselves as Sunni and some claim to follow the [[Hanbali]] legal tradition. The major trend, however, is the  abolition of these &quot;schools of thoughts&quot; (legal traditions), and the following of a more literalist interpretation. Some even regard other Sunni as heretics. The [[Hanbali]] legal tradition is the recognized official school of Islamic law in Saudi Arabia and they have had a great deal of influence on the Islamic world because of Saudi control of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]], the Islamic holy places, and because of Saudi funding for mosques and schools in other countries. The majority of Saudi Islamic scholars are considered as [[Wahhabi]]s by other parts of the Islamic world.

Sunni and Shi'a have often clashed. Some Sunni believe that Shi'a  are heretics while other Sunni recognize Shi'a as fellow Muslims. According to Shaikh Mahmood Shaltoot, head of the [[al-Azhar University]] in the middle part of the ۲۰th century, &quot;the Ja'fari school of thought, which is also known as &quot;al-Shi'a al- Imamiyyah al-Ithna Ashariyyah&quot; (i.e. The Twelver Imami Shi'ites) is a school of thought that is religiously correct to follow in worship as are other Sunni schools of thought&quot;. Al-Azhar later distanced itself from this position.

Another sect which dates back to the early days of Islam is that of the [[Kharijites]]. The only surviving branch of the Kharijites are the [[Ibadi|Ibadhi Muslims]]. Ibadhism is distinguished from Shiism by its belief that the Imam (Leader) should be chosen solely on the basis of his faith, not on the basis of descent, and from Sunnism in its rejection of [[Uthman]] and [[Ali]] and strong emphasis on the need to depose unjust rulers.  Ibadhi Islam is noted for its strictness, but, unlike the Kharijites proper, Ibadhis do not regard major sins as automatically making a Muslim an unbeliever. Most Ibadhi Muslims live in [[Oman]].

Another trend in modern Islam is that which is sometimes called progressive. Followers may be called [[Ijtihadists]]. They may be either Sunni or Shi'ite, and generally favor the development of  personal interpretations of Qur'an and Hadith. ''See'': [[Liberal Islam]]

One very small group, based primarily in the United States, follows the teachings of [[Rashad Khalifa]] and calls itself the &quot;Submitters&quot;. They reject [[hadith]] and [[fiqh]], and say that they follow the Qur'an alone. Most Muslims of both the [[Sunni]] and the [[Shia]] sects consider this group to be heretical.

The [[Kharijites]] are a sect that dates back to the early days of Islam. The only surviving branch of the Kharijites is [[Ibadism]]. Unlike most Kharijite groups, Ibadism does not regard sinful Muslims as unbelievers. The [[Imam]]ate is an important topic in Ibadi legal literature, which stipulates that the leader should be chosen solely on the basis of his knowledge and piety, and is to be deposed if he acts unjustly. Most Ibadi Muslims live in [[Oman]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* [http://www.uga.edu/islam/ibadis.html IBADI ISLAM: AN INTRODUCTION]
* J. A. Williams (۱۹۹۴), p.۱۷۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=al-Ibāḍiyya | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Yazidi]], [[Druze]],  [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community|Ahmadiyya]], [[Bábís|Bábí]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'í]], [[Berghouata]] and [[Ha-Mim]] religions either emerged out of Islam or came to share certain beliefs with Islam. [[Sikhism]], founded by [[Guru Nanak]] in late fifteenth century [[Punjab region|Punjab]], incorporates aspects of both Islam and [[Hinduism]].&lt;ref&gt;Encyclopedia of Islam, &quot;Sikhs&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلامي فرضونه او عمل ==
=== پينځه بنسټيزه ستنې ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام پينځه ستنې}}

[[دوتنه:Arabic Plaque, Great Mosque, Xian.jpg|thumb|left|Islam's basic creed (''[[shahadah]]'') written on a plaque in the [[Great Mosque of Xi'an]], [[China]]]]
[[دوتنه:Kabaa.jpg|thumb|left|Rituals of the [[Hajj]] (pilgrimage) include walking seven times around the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca.]]

دغه پنځه بنسټیزه ستنې د [[سني مسلمانان|سني مسلمانانو]] لپاره پنځه اړینه کړنې دي.خو بیا شیعه مسلمان په اتو مذهبي کړنو کې کډون کوي کوم چې دغو پنځو بنسټیزه کړنو ته ورته والی لري:
.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Momem (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Pillars of Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; چې په لاندې ډول دي:
* '''''[[شهادت]]''''', شهادت د اسلام له بنسټیزو [[عقیده|عقیدو]] یا اصولو څخه دي او باید د زړه له تله په لاندې ډول وویل شي ''' أشهد أن لا إله إلاَّ الله و أشهد أن محمد رسول الله''',یا&quot; زه شهادت ورکوم چې دلته پرته له [[الله]] څخه بل هیڅوک د [[عبادت]] وړ ندي او زه شهادت ورکوم چې [[محمد]] د خدای [[رسول]] دي.&quot;

This testament is a foundation for all other beliefs and practices in Islam (although technically the Shi'a do not consider the ''shahadah'' to be a separate pillar, just a belief). Muslims must repeat the ''shahadah'' in prayer, and non-Muslims wishing to convert to Islam are required to recite the creed.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۱۹۹۴), p.۱۳۵
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸
* &quot;Islam&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals''(۲۰۰۴)&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[لمونځ]]''''', or ritual prayer, which must be performed five times a day. (However, the Shi'a are permitted to run together the noon with the afternoon prayers, and the evening with the night prayers). Each salah is done facing towards the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca. Salah is intended to focus the mind on God, and is seen as a personal communication with him that expresses gratitude and worship. Salah is compulsory but flexibility in the specifics is allowed depending on circumstances. In many Muslim countries, reminders called [[Adhan]] (call to prayer) are broadcast publicly from local mosques at the appropriate times. The prayers are recited in the [[Arabic language]], and consist of verses from the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۱۸٬۱۹
* Hedáyetullah (۲۰۰۶), pp.۵۳–۵۵
* Kobeisy (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲۲–۳۴
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[زکات]]''''', or [[alms|alms-giving]]. This is the practice of giving based on accumulated wealth, and is obligatory for all Muslims who can afford it. A fixed portion is spent to help the poor or needy, and also to assist the spread of Islam. The zakat is considered a religious obligation (as opposed to voluntary charity) that the well-off owe to the needy because their wealth is seen as a &quot;trust from God's bounty&quot;. The Qur'an and the hadith also suggest a Muslim give even more as an act of voluntary alms-giving (''[[sadaqah]]''). Many Shi'ites are expected to pay an additional amount in the form of a ''[[khums]]'' tax, which they consider to be a separate ritual practice.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲|۱۷۷|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۹۰
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Zakat | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۱}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Zakat | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[روژه]]''''', or [[Sawm of Ramadan|fasting during the month of Ramadan]]. Muslims must not eat or drink (among other things) from dawn to dusk during this month, and must be mindful of other sins. The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to God, and during it Muslims should express their gratitude for and dependence on him, atone for their past sins, and think of the needy. ''Sawm'' is not obligatory for several groups for whom it would constitute an undue burden. For others, flexibility is allowed depending on circumstances, but missed fasts usually must be made up quickly.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲|۱۸۴|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۹۰٬۹۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_21.html#HEADING20 | title=For whom fasting is mandatory | publisher=USC-MSA | work=Compendium of Muslim Texts | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۴-۱۸ | تاريخ الأرشيف=2008-11-28 | مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 | url-status=dead | خونديځ نېټه=2008-11-28 | خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308025221/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_21.html#HEADING20 | خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[حج]]''''', which is the pilgrimage during the [[Islamic calendar|Islamic month]] of ''[[Dhu al-Hijjah]]'' in the city of [[Mecca]]. Every [[able-bodied]] Muslim who can afford it must make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his or her lifetime. When the pilgrim is about ten kilometers from Mecca, he must dress in [[Ihram clothing|''Ihram'' clothing]], which consists of two white seamless sheets. Rituals of the Hajj include walking seven times around the [[Kaaba]], touching the [[Black Stone]], running seven times between [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Mount Safa]] and [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Mount Marwah]], and symbolically [[Stoning of the Devil|stoning the Devil]] in [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]]. The pilgrim, or the ''hajji'', is honored in his or her community, although Islamic teachers say that the Hajj should be an expression of devotion to God instead of a means to gain social standing.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۱۹۹۴), pp.۱۴۵–۱۴۷
* Goldschmidt (۲۰۰۵), p.۴۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hajj | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In addition to the ''khums'' tax, Shi'a Muslims consider three additional practices essential to the religion of Islam. The first is [[jihad]], which is also important to the Sunni, but not considered a pillar. The second is ''[[Amr-Bil-Ma'rūf]]'', the &quot;Enjoining to Do Good&quot;, which calls for every Muslim to live a virtuous life and to encourage others to do the same. The third is ''[[Nahi-Anil-Munkar]]'', the &quot;Exhortation to Desist from Evil&quot;, which tells Muslims to refrain from vice and from evil actions and to also encourage others to do the same.&lt;ref&gt;Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۸۰&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلامي اداب او خواړه ===

{{آرنی|اسلامي اداب|د خواړو اړونده اسلامي احکام}}

Many practices fall in the category of ''adab'', or Islamic etiquette. This includes greeting others with &quot;''[[As-Salamu Alaykum|as-salamu `alaykum]]''&quot; (&quot;peace be unto you&quot;), saying ''[[bismillah]]'' (&quot;in [[Names of God|the name of God]]&quot;) before meals, and using only the right hand for eating and drinking. [[Islamic hygienical jurisprudence|Islamic hygienic]] practices mainly fall into the category of personal cleanliness and health, such as the circumcision of male offspring. [[Islamic funeral|Islamic burial rituals]] include saying the ''[[Salat al-Janazah]]'' (&quot;funeral prayer&quot;) over the bathed and enshrouded dead body, and burying it in a grave. Muslims, like Jews, are restricted in their diet, and prohibited foods include pig products, blood, [[carrion]], and [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]]. All meat must come from a [[herbivorous]] animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian, with the exception of game that one has hunted or fished for oneself. Food permissible for Muslims is known as [[halal]] food.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۵|۵|style=ref}}
* Curtis (۲۰۰۵), p.۱۶۴
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۱۱۱
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/janisla2y2.html Customs and Behavioral Laws]
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/febislaw2y2.html The Dietary Laws]
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/DecIslaw2y5.htm Various types of the prayer]
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Slaughter | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Ersilia Francesca | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۸}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جهاد ===
{{mainarticle|Jihad|Islamic military jurisprudence}}
Jihad means &quot;to strive or struggle,&quot; especially in the idiomatic expression &quot;striving in the way of God&quot; (''al-jihad fi sabil Allah'') and is considered the &quot;[[sixth pillar of Islam]]&quot; by a minority of Muslim authorities.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Merriam (۱۹۹۹) p.۵۷۱
* Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia p.۴۱۹
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۹۳&lt;/ref&gt; Jihad, in its broadest sense, is classically defined as &quot;exerting one's utmost power, efforts, endeavors, or ability in contending with an object of disapprobation.&quot; Depending on the object being a visible enemy, the devil, and aspects of one's own self, different categories of Jihad are defined: Jihad against one's own self (self-perfection), Jihad of the tongue, Jihad of the hand, and Jihad of the sword. Jihad when used without any qualifier is understood in its military aspect.&lt;ref&gt;Reuven Firestone (۱۹۹۹), The Meaning of Jihād, p. ۱۷-۱۸&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Britannica Encyclopedia, Jihad&lt;/ref&gt;

Jihad is the only form of warfare permissible under [[Sharia|Islamic law]]. Under most circumstances and for most Muslims, jihad is a collective duty (''[[Fard|fard kifaya]]''): one whose performance by some individuals exempts the others; for the rest of the populace, this happens only in the case of a [[general mobilization]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Djihad&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''.&lt;/ref&gt; Some Muslim authorities, especially among the Shi'a and [[Sufism|Sufis]], distinguish between the &quot;greater jihad&quot;, which pertains to spiritual self-perfection, and the &quot;lesser jihad&quot;, defined as warfare.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Firestone (۱۹۹۹) p.۱۷ 
* &quot;Djihad&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''.&lt;/ref&gt; Jihad also refers to one's striving to attain religious and moral perfection.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Brockopp (۲۰۰۳) pp. ۹۹–۱۰۰
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۹۳ 
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=jihad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۶-۱۳}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
{{آرنی|د اسلام تاريخ|د اسلام خپرېدا}}

Islam's historical development resulted in major political, economic, and military effects inside and outside the [[Islamic world]]. Within a century of Muhammad's first recitations of the [[Qur'an]], an Islamic empire stretched from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in the west to [[Central Asia]] in the east. This new polity soon broke into civil war, and successor states fought each other and outside forces. However, Islam continued to spread into regions like [[Africa]], the [[Indian subcontinent]], and [[Southeast Asia]]. The Islamic civilization was one of the most advanced in the world during the [[Middle Ages]], but was surpassed by Europe with the economic and military growth of the West. During the ۱۸th and ۱۹th centuries, Islamic dynasties such as the [[Ottomans]] and [[Mughals]] fell under the sway of European imperial powers. In the ۲۰th century [[Islamic revival|new religious and political movements]] and newfound wealth in the Islamic world led to both rebirth and conflict.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۵۰٬۱۱۲٬۱۹۷٬۳۸۰٬۴۸۹٬۵۷۸٬۸۱۷
* Lewis (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲۹٬۵۱–۵۶&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د اسلامي رياست پيل (۶۳۲–۷۵۰) ===
{{see|Succession to Muhammad|Muslim conquests|Muslim Empire}}
Muhammad began preaching Islam at [[Mecca]] before [[Hijra (Islam)|migrating]] to [[Medina]], from where he united the [[tribes of Arabia]] into a singular Arab Muslim religious polity. With Muhammad's death in ۶۳۲, disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community. [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]], a prominent [[sahaba|companion]] of Muhammad, nominated [[Abu Bakr]], who was Muhammad's intimate friend and collaborator. Others added their support and Abu Bakr was made the first [[caliph]]. This choice was disputed by some of Muhammad's companions, who held that [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]], his cousin and son-in-law, had been designated his successor. Abu Bakr's immediate task was to avenge a recent defeat by [[Byzantine]] (or [[Eastern Roman Empire]]) forces, although he first had to put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an episode known as the [[Ridda wars]], or &quot;Wars of Apostasy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See: 
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۵۷
* Hourani (۲۰۰۳), p.۲۲
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۳۲
* Madelung (۱۹۹۶), p.۴۳
* Tabatabaei (۱۹۷۹), p.۳۰–۵۰&lt;/ref&gt;

[[دوتنه:Age of Caliphs.png|thumb|left|upright=1.25|The territory of the [[Caliphate]] in the year ۷۵۰]]

His death in ۶۳۴ resulted in the succession of Umar as the caliph, followed by [[Uthman ibn al-Affan]] and Ali ibn Abi Talib. These four are known as ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' (&quot;[[Rightly Guided Caliphs]]&quot;). Under them, the territory under Muslim rule expanded deeply into [[Persian Empire]] and [[Byzantine]] territories.&lt;ref&gt;See
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۷۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; When Umar was assassinated in ۶۴۴, [[the election of Uthman]] as successor was met with increasing opposition. In ۶۵۶, Uthman was also killed, and Ali assumed the position of caliph. After fighting off opposition in the [[First Fitna|first civil war]] (the &quot;First Fitna&quot;), Ali was assassinated by [[Kharijites]] in ۶۶۱. Following this, [[Muawiyah I|Mu'awiyah]], who was governor of [[Levant]], seized power and began the [[Umayyad dynasty]].&lt;ref&gt;Holt (۱۹۷۷a), pp.۶۷–۷۲&lt;/ref&gt;

These disputes over religious and political leadership would give rise to schism in the Muslim community. The majority accepted the legitimacy of the three rulers prior to Ali, and became known as [[Sunni]]s. A minority disagreed, and believed that Ali was the only rightful successor; they became known as the [[Shi'a]].&lt;ref&gt;Waines (۲۰۰۳) p.۴۶&lt;/ref&gt; After Mu'awiyah's death in ۶۸۰, conflict over succession broke out again in a civil war known as the &quot;[[Second Fitna]]&quot;. Afterward, the Umayyad dynasty prevailed for seventy years, and was able to conquer the [[Maghreb|Maghrib]] as well as the [[Al-Andalus]] (the [[Iberian Peninsula]], former [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] [[Hispania]]) and the [[Gallia Narbonensis|Narbonnese Gaul]]. While the Muslim-Arab elite engaged in conquest, some devout Muslims&lt;!--The Islamic term is Zahid and there may be a better translation for it.--&gt; began to question the piety of indulgence in a worldly life, emphasizing rather poverty, humility and avoidance of sin based on renunciation of bodily desires. Devout Muslim ascetic exemplars such as [[Hasan al-Basri]] would inspire a movement that would evolve into [[Sufism]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۹۰٬۹۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sufism | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۳}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the Umayyad aristocracy, Islam was viewed as a religion for Arabs only;&lt;ref&gt;Hawting (۲۰۰۰), p.۴&lt;/ref&gt; the economy of the Umayyad empire was based on the assumption that a majority of non-Muslims ([[Dhimmis]]) would pay taxes to the minority of Muslim Arabs. A non-Arab who wanted to convert to Islam was supposed to first become a client of an Arab tribe. Even after conversion, these new Muslims (''[[mawali]]'') did not achieve social and economic equality with the Arabs. The descendants of Muhammad's uncle [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] rallied discontented ''mawali'', poor Arabs, and some Shi'a against the Umayyads and overthrew them with the help of their propagandist and general [[Abu Muslim]], inaugurating the [[Abbasid|Abbasid dynasty]] in ۷۵۰.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۶; Lewis (۱۹۹۳), pp. ۷۱–۸۳&lt;/ref&gt; Under the Abbasids, Islamic civilization flourished in the &quot;[[Islamic Golden Age]]&quot;, with its capital at the cosmopolitan city of Baghdad.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), pp.۸۰٬۹۲٬۱۰۵
* Holt (۱۹۷۷b), pp.۶۶۱–۶۶۳
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۶
* Lewis (۱۹۹۳), p.۸۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د اسلام زرين پېر (۷۵۰–۱۲۵۸) ===

[[دوتنه:Battle of Cresson.jpg|thumb|right|Artistic depiction of the Battle of Hattin in 1187, where Jerusalem was recaptured by Saladin's Ayyubid forces]]

By the late ۹th century, the Abbasid caliphate began to fracture as various regions gained increasing levels of autonomy. Across North Africa, Persia, and Central Asia [[emirates]] formed as provinces broke away. The monolithic Arab empire gave way to a more religiously homogenized [[Muslim world]] where the Shia [[Fatimid]]s contested even the religious authority of the caliphate. By ۱۰۵۵ the [[Seljuq Turks]] had eliminated the Abbasids as a military power, nevertheless they continued to respect the caliph's titular authority.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۱۰۳–۱۴۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Abbasid Dynasty | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this time expansion of the Muslim world continued, by both conquest and peaceful [[Dawah|proselytism]] even as both Islam and Muslim trade networks were extending into sub-Saharan [[West Africa]], [[Central Asia]], [[Volga Bulgaria]] and the [[Malay archipelago]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Islam&quot;/&gt;

The Golden Age saw new legal, philosophical, and religious developments. The [[Six major Hadith collections|major hadith collections]] were compiled and the four modern Sunni [[Madh'hab]]s were established. Islamic law was advanced greatly by the efforts of the early ۹th century jurist [[al-Shafi'i]]; he codified a method to establish the reliability of hadith, a topic which had been a locus of dispute among Islamic scholars.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۸۶&lt;/ref&gt; Philosophers [[Ibn Sina]] (Avicenna) and [[Al-Farabi]] sought to incorporate Greek principles into Islamic theology, while others like the ۱۱th century theologian [[Abu Hamid al-Ghazzali]] argued against them and ultimately prevailed.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۱۶۰
* Waines (۲۰۰۳) p.۱۲۶٬۱۲۷&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, Sufism and Shi'ism both underwent major changes in the ۹th century. [[Sufism]] became a full-fledged movement that had moved towards mysticism and away from its ascetic roots, while Shi'ism split due to disagreements over the succession of Imams.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۴۴–۴۵
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۹۰–۹۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sufism | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The spread of the Islamic dominion induced hostility among [[Middle ages|medieval]] [[ecclesiastical]] Christian authors who saw Islam as an adversary in the light of the large numbers of new Muslim converts. This opposition resulted in polemical treatises which depicted Islam as the religion of the [[antichrist]] and of Muslims as libidinous and subhuman.&lt;ref&gt;Tolan (۲۰۰۲) xv, xvi, ۴۱&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Middle Ages|medieval period]], a few Arab philosophers like the poet [[Al-Ma'arri]] adopted a critical approach to Islam, and the Jewish philosopher [[Maimonides]] contrasted Islamic views of morality to Jewish views that he himself elaborated.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Novak (February ۱۹۹۹)
* Sahas (۱۹۹۷), pp.۷۶–۸۰&lt;/ref&gt;

Starting in the ۹th century, Muslim conquests in Christian Europe began to be reversed. The [[Reconquista]] was launched against Muslim [[Taifa|principalities]] in [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], and Muslim [[History of Islam in southern Italy|Italian possessions]] were lost to the [[Normans]]. From the ۱۱th century onwards a series of wars known as the [[Crusade]]s brought the Muslim world into conflict with [[Christendom]]. Successful at first in their capturing of the [[Holy Land (Biblical)|Holy land]] which resulted in the establishment of the [[Crusader states]], Crusader gains in the Holy Land were reversed by later Muslim generals such as [[Saladin]], who recaptured [[Jerusalem]] during the [[Second Crusade]].&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۸۸–۲۹۰٬۳۱۰&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Mongol Empire]] put an end to the Abbasid dynasty at the [[Battle of Baghdad (۱۲۵۸)|Battle of Baghdad in ۱۲۵۸]], which saw the Muslims overrun by the superior Mongol army. Meanwhile in Egypt, the slave-soldier [[Mamluk]]s took control in an uprising in ۱۲۵۰.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۹۲
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic World | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د عثمانيه سلطنت او په هند کې اسلامي رياست (۱۲۵۸–۱۹۱۸) ===

The Seljuk Turks fell apart rapidly in the second half of the ۱۳th century. In the ۱۳th and ۱۴th centuries the [[Ottoman empire]] (named after [[Osman I]]) was established with a string of conquests that included the [[Balkans]], parts of [[Greece]], and western [[Anatolia]]. In ۱۴۵۳ under [[Mehmed II]] the Ottomans laid siege to [[Constantinople]], the capital of Byzantium. The Byzantine fortress [[Fall of Constantinople|succumbed]] shortly thereafter, having been battered by superior Ottoman [[cannon]]ry.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۲۶۳
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۵۰
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Istanbul | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Beginning in the ۱۳th century, Sufism underwent a transformation, largely as a result of the efforts of [[al-Ghazzali]] to legitimize and reorganize the movement. He developed the model of the Sufi order—a community of spiritual teachers and students.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۰۴٬۱۰۵&lt;/ref&gt; Also of importance to Sufism was the creation of the [[Masnavi]], a collection of mystical poetry by the ۱۳th century [[Persian language|Persian]] poet [[Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi|Rumi]]. The Masnavi had a profound influence on the development of Sufi religious thought; to many Sufis it is second in importance only to the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic Art | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[دوتنه:TajMahalbyAmalMongia.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[Taj Mahal]] is a [[mausoleum]] located in [[Agra]], [[India]], that was built under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۶۵&lt;/ref&gt;]]

In the early ۱۶th century, the Shi'ite [[Safavid dynasty]] assumed control in Persia and established Shi'a Islam as an official religion there, and despite periodic setbacks, the Safavids remained powerful for two centuries. Meanwhile, Mamluk Egypt fell to the Ottomans in ۱۵۱۷, who then launched a European campaign which reached as far as [[Siege of Vienna|the gates of Vienna]] in ۱۵۲۹.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۱۹۸٬۲۳۴٬۲۴۴٬۲۴۵٬۲۵۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many [[Islamic empires in India|Islamic dynasties]] ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent starting from the twelfth century. The prominent ones include the [[Delhi Sultanate]] (۱۲۰۶–۱۵۲۶) and the [[Mughal empire]] (۱۵۲۶–۱۸۵۷). These empires helped in the spread of Islam in [[South Asia]]. but by the mid-۱۸th century the [[British empire]] had ended the Mughal dynasty.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۳۵۸٬۳۷۸–۳۸۰٬۶۲۴&lt;/ref&gt; In the ۱۸th century the [[Wahhabi]] movement took hold in Saudi Arabia. Founded by the preacher [[Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab|Ibn Abd al-Wahhab]], Wahhabism is a fundamentalist ideology that condemns practices like Sufism and the veneration of saints as un-Islamic.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۷۲
* Watt (۱۹۷۳), p.۱۸: Wahhabism should not be confused with the early Kharijite sect of Wahabiyya, which was named after Abd-Allah ibn-Wahb ar-Rasibi, who opposed Ali at Nahrawan.&lt;/ref&gt;

By the ۱۷th and ۱۸th centuries, despite attempts at modernization, the Ottoman empire had begun to feel threatened by European economic and military advantages. In the ۱۹th century, the [[Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire|rise of nationalism]] resulted in Greece declaring and winning independence in ۱۸۲۹, with several Balkan states following suit after the Ottomans suffered defeat in the [[Russo-Turkish War (۱۸۷۷–۱۸۷۸)|Russo-Turkish War of ۱۸۷۷–۱۸۷۸]]. The Ottoman era came to a close at the end of [[World War I]].&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۳۸۰٬۴۸۹–۴۹۳&lt;/ref&gt;

=== نوی پېر (۱۹۱۸–اوسمهال) ===
After [[World War I]] losses, the remnants of the empire were parceled out as European [[protectorate]]s or [[sphere of influence|spheres of influence]]. Since then most Muslim societies have become independent nations, and new issues such as oil wealth and relations with the State of [[Israel]] have assumed prominence.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۸۱–۲۸۲٬۳۸۰٬۴۸۹–۴۹۳٬۵۵۶٬۵۷۸٬۸۲۳٬۸۳۵&lt;/ref&gt;

The ۲۰th century saw the creation of many new Islamic &quot;revivalist&quot; movements. Groups such as the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in Egypt and [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] in Pakistan advocate a totalistic and theocratic alternative to secular political ideologies. Sometimes called [[Islamist]], they see Western cultural values as a threat, and promote Islam as a comprehensive solution to every public and private question of importance. In countries like Iran and Afghanistan (under the [[Taliban]]), revolutionary movements replaced [[Secularism|secular]] regimes with Islamist states, while transnational groups like [[Osama bin Laden]]'s [[al-Qaeda]] engage in [[Islamist terrorism|terrorism]] to further their goals. In contrast, [[Liberal Islam]] is a movement that attempts to reconcile religious tradition with modern norms of secular governance and [[human rights]]. Its supporters say that there are multiple ways to read Islam's sacred texts, and stress the need to leave room for &quot;independent thought on religious matters&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۱۸٬۱۱۹٬۱۷۹
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۸۲۳–۸۳۰&lt;/ref&gt;

In modern times Islam has come under [[Criticism of Islam|criticism]] from idealogues such as [[Robert Spencer]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last=Bostom | first=Andrew | title=Islamic Apostates' Tales—A Review of ''Leaving Islam'' by Ibn Warraq | date=July ۲۱, ۲۰۰۳ | publisher=FrontPageMagazine.com | work=FrontPage Magazine | url=http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=9000 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Ibn Warraq]],&lt;ref&gt;Rippin (۲۰۰۱), p.۲۸۸&lt;/ref&gt; who criticize Islamic law and question the morality of the Qur'an; for example, they say that its contents justify mistreatment of women and encourage [[anti-Semitism|antisemitic]] remarks by Muslim theologians;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | publisher=NYRB | work=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=۱۰-۰۵-۲۰۰۶ | title=Islam in Europe | author=Timothy Garton Ash | url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/19371}}&lt;/ref&gt; such claims are disputed by Muslim scholars.&lt;ref&gt;For example, see:
* [[Ahmed Deedat]], in Westerlund (۲۰۰۳);
* [[Syed Ameer Ali]], in ''The Spirit of Islam'' (۱۸۴۹–۱۹۲۸). It is described by [[David Samuel Margoliouth]] (۱۹۰۵) as &quot;probably the best achievement in the way of an apology for Mohammed&quot;.  See Margoliouth, preface ''Mohammed and the Rise of Islam'';
* [[Yusuf Estes]], in {{cite news | publisher=Advance, [[University of Connecticut]] | date=۱۱-۱۷-۲۰۰۳ | title=Ramadan Awareness Event Designed To Debunk Negative Images | author=Elizabeth Omara-Otunnu | url=http://advance.uconn.edu/2003/031117/03111715.htm | access-date=2007-11-24 | archive-date=2014-04-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401005128/http://advance.uconn.edu/2003/031117/03111715.htm | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Montgomery Watt]], Norman Daniel, and [[Edward Said]] dismiss many of the criticisms as the product of old myths and medieval European polemics.&lt;ref&gt;
* Seibert (۱۹۹۴), pp.۸۸–۸۹
* Watt (۱۹۷۴), p.۲۳۱&lt;/ref&gt; The rise of [[Islamophobia]], according to [[Carl Ernst]], had contributed to the negative views about Islam and Muslims in the West.&lt;ref&gt;Ernst (۲۰۰۴), p.۱۱&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلامي ټولنه ==
{{آرنی|اسلامي نړۍ}}

[[دوتنه:Islam percentage by country.png|کيڼ|290px|بټنوک|د هېوادونو له مخې د مسلمانانو د شمېر سلنه]]

=== وگړپوهنه ===
{{دا هم  وگورۍ|د مسلمانانو د شمېر له مخې د هېوادونو لړليک|د اسلام ډيموگرافي}}

Commonly cited estimates of the Muslim population in ۲۰۰۷ range from ۱٫۱&amp;nbsp;billion to ۱٫۸&amp;nbsp;billion. Approximately ۸۵٪ are [[Sunni]] and ۱۵٪ are [[Shi'a]], with a small minority belonging to other sects. Some ۳۰–۴۰ countries are Muslim-majority, and Arabs account for around ۲۰٪ of all Muslims worldwide.  [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]] contain the most populous Muslim countries, with [[Indonesia]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Bangladesh]] having more than ۱۰۰&amp;nbsp;million adherents each.&lt;ref name=Islam_by_country&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/rel_isl_num_of_mus-religion-islam-number-of-muslim
|title=Number of Muslim by country
|publisher=nationmaster.com
|accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۳۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to U.S. government figures, in ۲۰۰۶ there were ۲۰&amp;nbsp;million Muslims in [[China]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm
|title=International Religious Freedom Report ۲۰۰۶—China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)
|year=۲۰۰۶
|publisher=U.S. department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
|accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۳۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Middle East]], the non-Arab countries of [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]] are the largest Muslim-majority countries; in [[Africa]], [[Egypt]] and [[Nigeria]] have the most populous Muslim communities.&lt;ref name=Islam_by_country/&gt; Islam is the second largest religion after [[Christianity]] in many [[Europe]]an countries.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴) pp.۲٬۴۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic World | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | title=Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents | publisher=Adherents.com | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۱-۰۹ | تاريخ الأرشيف=2010-01-29 | مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | url-status=dead | خونديځ نېټه=2007-07-07 | خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html }}
* {{cite web | title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4385768.stm | publisher=BBC | work=BBC News | date=[[۲۰۰۵-۱۲-۲۳]] | accessdate=۲۰۰۶-۰۹-۲۸ }}
* {{cite web | title=Religion In Britain | url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 | publisher=Office for National Statistics | work=National Statistics | date=[[۲۰۰۳-۰۲-۱۳]] | accessdate=۲۰۰۶-۰۸-۲۷ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جومات ===
{{آرنی|جومات}}
جومات د مسلمانانو لپاره د عبادت ځای دی، چې په عربي کې ورته ''مسجد'' وایي که څه هم په  جوماتو  کې اصلي موخه د لمونځونو ادا کول دی، خو مسلمانو ته جومات د یو بل د لیدلو او زده کړو لپاره هم ډیر مهم دی. اوسني پرمختللي جوماتونه تر ډیرې کچې پورې د ۷ مې پیړۍ د جوماتو په شان پراخ شوي او د ډیرو بیلابیلو څیزونو او معمامري عناصرو درلودونکي دی لکه منار.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Masdjid | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author= J. Pedersen | coauthors=R. Hillenbrand, J. Burton-Page, et al. | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Mosque | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== کورنيز ژوند ===
{{دا-هم-وگورۍ|ښځه په اسلام کې}}
The basic unit of Islamic society is the [[family]], and Islam defines the obligations and legal rights of family members. The father is seen as financially responsible for his family, and is obliged to cater for their well-being. The division of [[inheritance]] is specified in the Qur'an, which states that most of it is to pass to the immediate family, while a portion is set aside for the payment of debts and the making of bequests. The woman's share of inheritance is generally half of that of a man with the same rights of succession.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;al-Mar'a&quot;. ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Marriage in Islam]] is a civil [[nikah|contract]] which consists of an offer and acceptance between two qualified parties in the presence of two witnesses. The groom is required to pay a [[dowry]] (''[[mahr]]'') to the bride, as stipulated in the contract.&lt;ref&gt;
* Waines (۲۰۰۳) pp. ۹۳–۹۶
* The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (۲۰۰۳), p.۳۳۹
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸) p. ۷۹&lt;/ref&gt;

A man may marry up to four wives if he believes he can treat them equally, while a woman may marry one man only. In most Muslim countries, the process of divorce in Islam is known as ''[[Talaq (Nikah)|talaq]]'', which the husband initiates by pronouncing the word &quot;divorce&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;*&quot;Talak&quot;. ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; Scholars disagree whether Islamic holy texts justify traditional Islamic practices such as [[hijab|veiling]] and seclusion ([[purdah]]). Starting in the ۲۰th century, Muslim social reformers argued against these and other practices such as [[Polygamy in Islam|polygamy]], with varying success. At the same time, many Muslim women have attempted to reconcile tradition with modernity by combining an active life with outward modesty. [[Islamist]] groups and regimes like the [[Taliban]] mostly seek to continue traditional law as applied to women.&lt;ref&gt;
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۹۵٬۹۶٬۲۳۵–۲۴۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Marriage and Divorce | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an | author=Harald Motzki | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۵}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Marriage Practices | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women &amp; Islamic Cultures | author=Lori Peek | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۵}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلامي کليز ===
{{آرنی|اسلامي کليز}}

اسلامي کاليز د مکې نه مدينې ته د هجرت د وخت نه پيلېږي او هماغه کال د هجرت لومړی کال بلل کېږي چې د زېږيز کال ۶۲۲ سره سمون خوري. د اسلامي کاليز ته سپوږميزه کاليزه هم وايي او دا ځکه چې د دې کال مياشتې د سپوږمۍ د حرکت پر بنسټ ټاکل شوي،  but differs from other such calendars (e.g. the [[Celtic calendar]]) in that it omits [[intercalary month]]s, being synchronized only with [[lunation]]s, but not with the [[solar year]], resulting in years of either ۳۵۴ or ۳۵۵ days. This omission was introduced by Muhammad because the right to announce intercalary months had led to political power struggles.{{citation needed}} Therefore, Islamic dates cannot be converted to the usual CE/AD dates simply by adding ۶۲۲ years. Islamic holy days fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in different seasons in different years in the [[Gregorian calendar]].

The formal beginning of the Muslim era was chosen to be the [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]] in ۶۲۲CE, which was an important turning point in Muhammad's fortunes. The assignment of this year as the year ۱ AH (''Anno Hegirae'') in the Islamic calendar was reportedly made by [[Umar|Caliph Umar]]. It is a [[lunar calendar]], with nineteen ordinary years of ۳۵۴ days and eleven leap years of ۳۵۵ days in a thirty-year cycle. Islamic dates cannot be converted to CE/AD dates simply by adding ۶۲۲ years: allowance must also be made for the fact that each Hijri century corresponds to only ۹۷ years in the Christian calendar.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Adil (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۸۸
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۶۷
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tarikh̲ | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=B. van Dalen | coauthors=R. S. Humphreys, Manuela Marín, et al. | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
The year ۱۴۲۸AH coincides almost completely with ۲۰۰۷CE.

Islamic [[Holiday|holy days]] fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in [[Different Seasons|different seasons]] in different years in the [[Gregorian calendar]]. The most important Islamic festivals are ''[[Eid al-Fitr]]'' (Arabic: عيد الفطر) on the ۱&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; of ''[[Shawwal]]'', marking the end of the fasting month ''[[Ramadan]]'', and ''[[Eid al-Adha]]'' (Arabic: عيد الأضحى) on the ۱۰&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; of ''[[Dhu al-Hijjah]]'', coinciding with the pilgrimage to Mecca.&lt;ref&gt;Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/janisla2y2.html Customs and Behavioral Laws]&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلام او نور دينونه ==
==== هغه مذهبونه چې د اسلام پر بنسټ جوړ شوي ====
{{آرنی|اسلام او نور دينونه}}

دا لانديني مذهبونو لارويان ځانونه مسلمانان بولي، خو د ډېرو مسلمانانو او مسلمانو چارواکو لخوا دوی مسلمانان نه بلل کېږي:
* [[د اسلام ملت]] (په امريکا کې بنسټ شوې مذهبي ډله)
* [[ذکري]]ان
* د [[احمديت]] تحريک (دې ډلې ته [[قاديانيت]] هم وايي)
* د [[الاحبش]] ډله (چې د حبشيانو په نامه هم يادېږي/ AICP)

د لاندې مذهبونو لارويان ځانونه مسلمانان بولي خو د دوی د اسلاميت په منلو کې د ډېرو مسلمانانو اختلافونه شته چې ځينې يې دوی مسلمانان او ځينې يې مسلمانان نه گڼي:
* [[دروز]]
* [[علوي]]ان (النُصيرية)

The following religions are said by some to have evolved or borrowed from Islam, in almost all cases influenced by traditional beliefs in the regions where they emerged, but consider themselves independent religions with distinct laws and institutions:
* [[يزيدي]]
* [[بابيس|بابيزم]] (چې اوس د [[بياني]]انو په نامه يادېږي)
* [[بهايي]]

The claim of the adherents of the Bahá'í Faith that it represents an independent religion was upheld by the Muslim ecclesiastical courts in Egypt during the ۱۹۲۰s. As of January [[۱۹۲۶]], their final ruling on the matter of the origins of the Bahá'í Faith and its relationship to Islam was that the Bahá'í Faith was neither a sect of Islam, nor a religion based on Islam, but a clearly defined, independently founded faith. This was seen as a considerate act on the part of the ecclesiastical court and in favor of followers of Bahá'í Faith since the majority of Muslims regard a ''religion based on Islam'' as a heresy.

Some see [[Sikhism]] as a [[syncretism|syncretic]] mix of Islam and [[Hinduism]], although it is often considered a [[Dharma|Dharmic]] faith rather than an Islamic or [[Abrahamic]] one. It arose in the context of the interaction between [[Hindu]] and Muslim communities in [[North India]].

The following religions might have been said to have evolved from Islam, but are not considered part of Islam, and no longer exist:
* The religion of the medieval [[Berghouata]]
* The religion of [[Ha-Mim]]

The Qur'an contains injunctions to respect other religions. It also asks the followers to fight and subdue unbelievers in times of war and &quot;evict them whence they evicted you&quot; (Al-Qur'an ۲:۱۹۱). Some Muslims have respected Jews and Christians as fellow &quot;peoples of the book&quot; (monotheists following [[Abrahamic religions]]), while others have reviled them as having abandoned monotheism and corrupted their scriptures. At different times and places, Islamic communities have been both intolerant and tolerant.

The classical Islamic solution was a limited tolerance — Jews and Christians were to be allowed to privately practice their faith and follow their own family law. They were called [[Dhimmis]], and they had fewer though similar legal rights and obligations than Muslims.

The classic Islamic state was often more tolerant than many other states of the time, which insisted on complete conformity to a state religion. The record of contemporary Muslim-majority states is mixed. Some are generally regarded as tolerant, while others have been accused of intolerance and human rights violations. See the main article, [[Islam and other religions]], for further discussion.

{{آرنی|اسلام او نور مذهبونه}}

[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 1.JPG|thumb|220px|left|A view of the [[Dome of the Rock]] on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]], a holy site in both Islam and [[Judaism]] that has been a source of controversy]]
[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Al-Aqsa Mosque BW 2010-09-21 06-38-12.JPG|thumb|left|220px|د [[الاقصا مسجد]] ديني جلوس. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) د همدغه ځای نه د معراج په سفر اسمان ته وخاته.]]

According to Islamic doctrine, Islam was the primordial religion of mankind, professed by [[Adam]].&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), pp. ۱۴–۱۶&lt;/ref&gt; At some point, a religious split occurred, and God began sending prophets to bring his revelations to the people.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), pp. ۱۸–۱۹&lt;/ref&gt; In this view, [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Nevi'im|Hebrew prophets]], and [[Jesus]] were all [[prophets of Islam]], but their message and the texts of the [[Torah]] and the [[Gospels]] were [[tahrif|corrupted]] by [[Jew]]s and Christians. Similarly, children of non-Muslim families are  born Muslims, but are converted to another faith by their parents.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۱۸&lt;/ref&gt; The idea of Islamic supremacy is encapsulated in the formula &quot;Islam is exalted and nothing is exalted above it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۵&lt;/ref&gt; Pursuant to this principle, Muslim women may not marry non-Muslim men, defamation of Islam is prohibited, and the testimony of a non-Muslim is inadmissible against a Muslim.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۵;
* Lewis (۱۹۸۴), p. ۳۹&lt;/ref&gt;

Islamic law divides non-Muslims into several categories, depending on their relation with the Islamic state. Christians and Jews who live under Islamic rule are known as ''[[dhimmis]]''. Dhimmis must pay tribute (''[[jizya]]'') to the Islamic state, and as such are considered &quot;protected peoples.&quot; Historically, dhimmis enjoyed a measure of communal autonomy under their own religious leaders, but were subject to legal, social and religious restrictions as well as humiliating regulations meant to highlight the inferiority of non-Muslim subjects.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lewis (۱۹۸۴), pp.۹, ۲۷, ۳۶;
* Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۷;&lt;/ref&gt; The status was extended to Zoroastrians and sometimes to polytheists (such as [[Hindu]]s), but not to [[atheist]]s or [[agnostic]]s.&lt;ref&gt;Lewis (۲۰۰۱), p.۲۷۳&lt;/ref&gt; Those who live in non-Muslim lands (''[[dar al-harb]]'') are known as ''[[harbi]]s'', and upon entering into an alliance with the Muslim state become known as ''ahl al-ahd''. Those who receive a guarantee of safety while residing temporarily in Muslim lands are known as ''ahl al-amān''. Their legal position is similar to that of the dhimmi except that they are not required to pay the jizya. The people of armistice (''ahl al-hudna'') are those who live outside of Muslim territory and agree to refrain from attacking the Muslims.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۵۵&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Aman&quot;, ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; [[apostasy in Islam|Apostasy]] is prohibited, and is punishable by death.&lt;ref&gt;A woman who apostasizes is to be executed according to some jurists, or imprisoned according to others.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Murtadd&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt;

== دا هم وگورئ ==
{{Col-begin|width=}}

{{Col-1-of-2}}
* [[اسلامي هنر]]
* [[اسلامي وټه]]
* [[اسلامي اخلاق]]
* [[اسلامي ادبيات]]
* [[اسلامي زده کړې]]
* [[اسلام او نوښت]]
* [[اسلاميزم]]
* [[د مسلمانانو لړليک]]
{{Col-2-of-2}}
* [[د اسلامي امپراتورانو لړليک]]
* [[د هغه نامتو کسانو لړليک چې اسلام ته وراوښتي]]
* [[د پخوانيو نامتو مسلمانانو لړليک]]
* [[په اسلامي نړۍ کې د جگړو لړليک]]
* [[د اسلامي تاریخ وختلیکه]]
* [[په اسلام کې د ماشومانو حقونه]]
* [[په اسلام کې د بنديانو حقونه]]

{{Col-end}}

== يادښتونه ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== سرچينې ==
;کتابونه او خپرونې
{{Reflist|2}}
* {{cite journal | last=Accad | first=Martin | title=The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries: An Exegetical Inventorial Table (Part I) | journal=Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations | volume=۱۴ | issue=۱ |date=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISSN ۰۹۵۹-۶۴۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Adil | first=Hajjah Amina | coauthors=Shaykh Nazim Adil Al-Haqqani, Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani | title=Muhammad: The Messenger of Islam | publisher=Islamic Supreme Council of America | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۹۳۰۴۰۹۱۱۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Ahmed | first=Akbar | title=Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World | publisher=I. B. Tauris | edition=۲٫۰۰ | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۸۶۰۶۴۲۵۷۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Brockopp | first=Jonathan E. | title=Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia | publisher=University of South Carolina press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۱۵۷۰۰۳۴۷۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Cohen-Mor | first=Dalya | title=A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۳۳۹۸۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Curtis | first=Patricia A. | year=۲۰۰۵ | title=A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations | publisher=Blackwell Publishing Professional | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۸۱۹۴۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Eglash | first=Ron | year=۱۹۹۹ | title=African Fractals: Modern Computing and Indigenous Design | publisher=Rutgers University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۸۱۳۵-۲۶۱۴-۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Ernst | first=Carl | authorlink=Carl Ernst | year=۲۰۰۴ | title = Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World | publisher=University of North Carolina Press | id=ISBN ۰-۸۰۷۸-۵۵۷۷-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | coauthors=John Obert Voll | title=Islam and Democracy | year=۱۹۹۶ | | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۰۸۱۶-۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito  | first=John  | authorlink=John Esposito  | title=Islam: The Straight Path | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۸ | edition=۳rd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۱۲۳۴۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | coauthors=Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad | title=Muslims on the Americanization Path? | year=۲۰۰۰a | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۳۵۲۶-۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۰b | title=Oxford History of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۰۷۹۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۲a | title=Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۶۸۸۶۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۲b | title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۵۷۱۳-۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | title=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۲۵۵۸-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito  | first=John  | authorlink=John Esposito  | title=Islam: The Straight Path | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۴ | edition=۳rd Rev Upd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۸۲۶۶۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Farah | first=Caesar | authorlink=Caesar E. Farah | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year=۱۹۹۴ | edition=۵th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۰۱۸۵۳۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Farah | first=Caesar | authorlink=Caesar E. Farah | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year=۲۰۰۳ | edition=۷th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۶۴۱۲۲۲۶۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Firestone | first=Reuven | title=Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam | publisher= Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹-۵۱۲۵۸۰۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Friedmann | first=Yohanan | authorlink=Yohanan Friedmann | title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition | publisher= Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۵۲۱۰۲۶۹۹۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Ghamidi | first=Javed | authorlink=Javed Ahmed Ghamidi | title=[[Mizan]] | publisher=[[Al-Mawrid|Dar al-Ishraq]] | year=۲۰۰۱ | id={{OCLC|۵۲۹۰۱۶۹۰}}}}
* {{cite book | last=Goldschmidt, Jr. | first=Arthur | coauthors=Lawrence Davidson | title=A Concise History of the Middle East | publisher=Westview Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۸th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۳۴۲۷۵۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Griffith | first=Ruth Marie | coauthors=Barbara Dianne Savage | title=Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۸۰۱۸۸۳۷۰۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Hawting| first=G. R. | authorlink= G.R. Hawting | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD ۶۶۱–۷۵۰ | publisher=Routledge | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۴۰۷۳۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Hedayetullah | first=Muhammad | title=Dynamics of Islam: An Exposition | publisher=Trafford Publishing | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۵۳۶۹۸۴۲۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Holt | first=P. M. |  coauthors=[[Bernard Lewis]] | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. ۱ | year=۱۹۷۷a | publisher=Cambridge University Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۲۹۱۳۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Holt | first=P. M. | coauthors=Ann K. S. Lambton, [[Bernard Lewis]] | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. ۲ | year=۱۹۷۷b | publisher=Cambridge University Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۲۹۱۳۷۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Hourani | first=Albert | authorlink=Albert Hourani | coauthor=[[Malise Ruthven|Ruthven, Malise]] | title=A History of the Arab Peoples | year=۲۰۰۳ | publisher=Belknap Press; Revised edition | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۷۴۰۱۰۱۷۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Humphreys | first=Stephen | title=Between Memory and Desire | year=۲۰۰۵ | publisher=University of California Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲-۰۲۴۶۹۱۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Kobeisy | first=Ahmed Nezar | title=Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People | publisher=Praeger Publishers | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۳۱۳۳۲۴۷۲۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Koprulu | first=Mehmed Fuad | coauthors=Leiser, Gary | title=The Origins of the Ottoman Empire | publisher=SUNY Press | year=۱۹۹۲ | id=ISBN ۰۷۹۱۴۰۸۱۹۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Kramer | first=Martin | title=Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution | publisher=Westview Press | year=۱۹۸۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۳۰۴۵۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Kugle | first=Scott Alan | title=Rebel Between Spirit And Law: Ahmad Zarruq, Sainthood, And Authority in Islam | publisher=Indiana University Press| year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۲۵۳۳۴۷۱۱۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Lapidus| first=Ira | title=A History of Islamic Societies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۲ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۵۲۱۷۷۹۳۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Jews of Islam | publisher=Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul | year=۱۹۸۴ | id=ISBN ۰-۷۱۰۲-۰۴۶۲-۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Arabs in History | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹۲۸-۵۲۵۸-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Middle East | publisher=Scribner | year=۱۹۹۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۸۴۸۳۲۸۰۷}} 
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | edition=۲nd | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۶۹۵۱۸۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East | publisher=Harper Perennial | edition=Reprint | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۶۰۵۱۶۰۵۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror | publisher=Random House, Inc., New York | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۹۶۷۸۵۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Madelung | first=Wilferd | authorlink=Wilferd Madelung | title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۶۴۶۹۶۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Malik| first=Jamal| coauthors=John R Hinnells, Inc NetLibrary | title=Sufism in the West | publisher= Routledge | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۷۴۰۸۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Menski | first=Werner F. | title=Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۸۵۸۵۹۳}}
* {{cite journal | last=Mohammad | first=Noor | title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction | journal=Journal of Law and Religion | volume=۳ | issue=۲ |date=۱۹۸۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Momen | first=Moojan | title=An Introduction to Shi`i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi`ism | publisher=Yale University Press | year=۱۹۸۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۳۰۰۰۳۵۳۱۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Nasr | first=Seyed Muhammad | title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter ۷) | publisher=HarperCollins | year=۱۹۹۴| id=ISBN ۰-۰۶۰۶۷-۷۰۰-۷}}
* {{cite journal | last=Novak | first=David | title=The Mind of Maimonides | journal=[[First Things]] |date=February ۱۹۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Parrinder | first=Geoffrey | authorlink=Geoffrey Parrinder | title=World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present | publisher=Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited | year=۱۹۷۱ | id=ISBN ۰-۸۷۱۹۶-۱۲۹-۶}}
* {{cite journal | last=Patton | first=Walter M. | title=The Doctrine of Freedom in the Korân | journal=The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures |date=April ۱۹۰۰ | volume=۱۶ | issue=۳ | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۱۰۳۱۴۷}}
* {{cite journal | last=Peters | first=F. E. | authorlink=F. E. Peters | title=The Quest for Historical Muhammad | journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |date=۱۹۹۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Peters | first=F. E. | authorlink=F. E. Peters | title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۶۹۱-۱۱۵۵۳-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Peters | first=Rudolph | authorlink=Rudolph Peters | title=Jihad in Medieval and Modern Islam | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۷۷ | id = ISBN ۹۰-۰۴-۰۴۸۵۴-۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Rippin | first=Andrew | authorlink=Andrew Rippin | title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | publisher=Routledge | edition=۲nd | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۲۱۷۸۱۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Ruthven | first=Malise | title=Fundamentalism: The Search for Meaning | publisher= Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | id = ISBN ۰۱-۹۲-۸۰۶۰۶-۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Sahas | first=Daniel J. | title=John of Damascus on Islam: The Heresy of the Ishmaelites | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۹۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۰۰۴۰۳۴۹۵۲}}
* {{cite book | last=[[Abdulaziz Sachedina|Sachedina]] | first=Abdulaziz | title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence | publisher=Oxford University Press US | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۱۹۱۵۰}}
* {{cite journal | last=Seibert | first=Robert F. | title=Review: Islam and the West: The Making of an Image (Norman Daniel)| journal=Review of Religious Research |date=۱۹۹۴ | volume=۳۶ | issue=۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Sells | first=Michael Anthony | authorlink=Michael Anthony Sells | coauthors=Emran Qureshi  | title=The New Crusades: Constructing the Muslim Enemy | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰۲۳۱۱۲۶۶۷۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Smith | first=Jane I. | title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۵۶۴۹۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Spencer | first=Robert | title=The Myth of Islamic Tolerance: How Islamic Law Treats Non-Muslims | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۰۲۲۴۹۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Stillman | first=Norman | authorlink=Norman Stillman | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | location=Philadelphia | year=۱۹۷۹ | id=ISBN ۱-۸۲۷۶۰-۱۹۸-۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Tabatabae | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=Seyyed Hossein Nasr (translator) | authorlink=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Shi'ite Islam 
| publisher=Suny press| year=۱۹۷۹ | id=ISBN  ۰-۸۷۳۹۵-۲۷۲-۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Tabatabae | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=R. Campbell (translator) | authorlink=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Islamic teachings: An Overview and a Glance at the Life of the Holy Prophet of Islam | publisher=Green Gold | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۰-۹۲۲۸۱۷-۰۰-۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Teece | first=Geoff | title=Religion in Focus: Islam  | publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۴۹۶۴۷۹۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Tolan | first=John V. | title=Saracens: Islam in the Medieval European Imagination | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=۲۰۰۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Trimingham| first=John Spencer  | title=The Sufi Orders in Islam  | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۸| id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۲۰۵۸۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Tritton | first=Arthur S. | authorlink=Arthur Stanley Tritton| title=The Caliphs and their Non-Muslim Subjects: A Critical Study of the Covenant of Umar | publisher=Frank Cass Publisher | location=London | year=۱۹۷۰ |origyear = ۱۹۳۰ | id=ISBN ۰-۷۱۴۶-۱۹۹۶-۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Turner | first=Colin | title=Islam: the Basics  | publisher=Routledge (UK) | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۳۴۱۰۶X}}
* {{cite book | last=Turner | first=Bryan S. | title=Weber and Islam | publisher=Routledge (UK) | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۱۷۴۵۸۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Waines | first=David | title=An Introduction to Islam | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۵۳۹۰۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Warraq | first=Ibn | title=The Quest for Historical Muhammad | publisher=Prometheus | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۷۳۹۲۷۸۷۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Warraq | first=Ibn | title=Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out | publisher=Prometheus | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۱-۵۹۱۰۲-۰۶۸-۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | authorlink=William Montgomery Watt | title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought | publisher=University Press Edinburgh|  year=۱۹۷۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۸۵-۲۲۴۲۵۴-X}}
* {{cite book | last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | authorlink=William Montgomery Watt | title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman | publisher=Oxford University Press | edition=New | year=۱۹۷۴ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۸۸۱۰۷۸-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Weiss | first=Bernard G. | title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory | year=۲۰۰۲ | location=Boston | publisher=Brill Academic publishers | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۱۲۰۶۶۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Williams | first=John Alden | title=The Word of Islam | year=۱۹۹۴ | publisher=University of Texas Press | id=ISBN ۰-۲۹۲-۷۹۰۷۶-۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Williams | first=Mary E. | title=The Middle East | year=۲۰۰۰ | publisher=Greenhaven Pr | id=ISBN ۰۷۳۷۷۰۱۳۳۱}}

;Encyclopedias
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=William H. McNeill, Jerry H. Bentley, David Christian | encyclopedia=Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History | publisher=Berkshire Publishing Group | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۹۷۴۳۰۹۱۰۱}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Gabriel Oussani | encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]] | year=۱۹۱۰}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Paul Lagasse, Lora Goldman, Archie Hobson, Susan R. Norton | encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia | publisher=Gale Group | year=۲۰۰۰ | edition=۶th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۳۳۹۲۳۶۹}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online|Encyclopaedia Britannica Online]] | publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Erwin Fahlbusch, William Geoffrey Bromiley | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Eerdmans Publishing Company, and Brill| year=۲۰۰۱ | edition=۱st| id=ISBN ۰-۸۰۲۸-۲۴۱۴-۵}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=John Bowden | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۱st | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۲۲۳۹۳-۴}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=George Thomas Kurian, Graham T. T. Molitor | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Future | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۱۹۹۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۹۷۲۰۵۳}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | id=ISSN ۱۵۷۳-۳۹۱۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Richard C. Martin, Said Amir Arjomand, Marcia Hermansen, Abdulkader Tayob, Rochelle Davis, John Obert Voll | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۶۵۶۰۳۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Lindsay Jones | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۶۵۷۳۳۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Salamone Frank | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals | publisher=Routledge | edition=۱st | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۹۴۱۸۰۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Peter N. Stearns | edition=۶th | year=۲۰۰۰ | encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of World History Online | publisher=Bartleby}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=[[Josef W. Meri]] | encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia | publisher=[[Routledge]] | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱-۵۹۶۶۹۰۶}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=[[Wendy Doniger]] | encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions | publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۰۸۷-۷۷۹۰۴۴۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Glasse Cyril | encyclopedia=New Encyclopedia of Islam: A Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam | | publisher=AltaMira Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISSN ۹۷۸-۰۷۵۹۱۰۱۹۰۶}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Edward Craig | encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy | publisher=Routledge | year=۱۹۹۸ | edition=۱st| id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۰۷۳۱۰۳}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== نورې لوستنې ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* {{cite book | last=Arberry | first=A. J. | authorlink=A. J. Arberry | title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation | publisher=Touchstone | edition=۱st | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۸۴۸۲۵۰۷۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Hawting | first=Gerald R. | authorlink=Gerald R. Hawting | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyard Caliphate AD ۶۶۱–۷۵۰ | publisher=Routledge | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۴۰۷۲۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Khan | first=Muhammad Muhsin | authorlink=Muhammad Muhsin Khan | coauthors=Al-Hilali Khan, Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din | title=Noble Quran | year=۱۹۹۹ | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | edition=۱st | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۹۶۰۷۴۰۷۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Kramer (ed.) | first=Martin | authorlink=Martin Kramer | title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis | publisher=Syracuse University | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۶۵۲۲۴۰۴۰۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Kuban | first=Dogan | title=Muslim Religious Architecture | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۷۴ | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۰۳۸۱۳۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | year=۱۹۹۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۶۹۲۱۷۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam and the West | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۰۹۰۶۱۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۰۲۸۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Mubarkpuri | first=Saifur-Rahman | title=[[The Sealed Nectar]]: Biography of the Prophet | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۴۴۰۷۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Najeebabadi | first=Akbar Shah | title=History of Islam | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۴۴۰۳۴۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Nigosian | first=S. A. | title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=۲۰۰۴ | edition=New Edition | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۲۵۳۲۱۶۲۷۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Rahman | first=Fazlur | authorlink=Fazlur Rahman | title=Islam | publisher=University of Chicago Press | year=۱۹۷۹ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۰-۲۲۶-۷۰۲۸۱-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Walker | first=Benjamin | authorlink=Benjamin Walker | title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith | publisher=Peter Owen Publishers | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۲۰۶۱۰۳۸۳}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== باندنۍ تړنې ==

;اکاډميکې سرچينې
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* [http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/ د سويلي كاليفورنيا پوهنتون: د اسلامی لیکنو لندیز] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213011952/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/ |date=2007-12-13 }}
* [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/ د اسلام پوهنغونډ (د نړۍ د مذهبونو مخليدنه)]
* [http://arabworld.nitle.org/introduction.php?module_id=2 د اسلام اړونده څپرکی] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225105128/http://arabworld.nitle.org/introduction.php?module_id=2 |date=2008-02-25 }} د [[NITLE]] څخه د عربي فرهنگ او تمدن پرليکه سرچينې
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105852/Islam اسلام], ''د بريټانيکا پرليکه پوهنغونډ'' ليکنه

&lt;/div&gt;   
;ټولگې
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* اسلام په [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/euroislam.htmlلویدیزه اروپا], [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/UKIslam.html انگلستان ], [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/DIslam.html جرمنی] او [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/sasislam.html سویلی اسیا]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Islam_%28Bookshelf%29 Islam (Bookshelf)] at [[Project Gutenberg]]
;Islam - text, audio and video
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.ikre-bismi-rabbike.net/kuran.php Kur'an audio (recordings of many Qur'an recitals)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418011817/http://www.ikre-bismi-rabbike.net/kuran.php |date=2008-04-18 }}
* [http://www.guidedways.com/quranreciter/ Qur'an audio and reading material in numerous languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218182412/http://www.guidedways.com/quranreciter/ |date=2008-02-18 }}

&lt;/div&gt;
;اسلام او هنرونه
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/ پر اسلام د بي بي سي فوکس]
* [http://www.lacma.org/islamic_art/intro.htm Islamic Art at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308091248/http://www.lacma.org/islamic_art/intro.htm |date=2008-03-08 }}
* [http://www.muslimheritage.com/ Muslim Heritage] (Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation, UK)
* [http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/ Islamic Architecture (IAORG)] illustrated descriptions and reviews of a large number of mosques, palaces, and monuments.
&lt;/div&gt;

{{ اسلامي سرلیکونه}}

[[وېشنيزه:اسلام| ]]
[[وېشنيزه:توحید]]
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'''اسلام''' {{Ar|الإسلام}};''{{ArabDIN|}}'' ({{Audio|ar-al_islam.ogg|&lt;sup&gt;واوری!&lt;/sup&gt;}}، &quot;اطاعت&quot; (د [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;([[جل جلاله|ج]])&lt;/sup&gt; د رضا)) يو [[مونوتيزم|مونوتېسټېک]] (د يوه څښتن مننونکي) گروهې (عقيده) يا باور لرونکې دین دی. پخپله د اسلام وی د سولې، امن، سلامتۍ، روغې جوړې رامنځته کول دي. دا دین له درېیو [[ابراهيمي دين]]ونو  ([[یهوديت]]، [[عیسویت]]، اسلام) له ډلې څخه دی، چې د نړۍ په کچه دویم ستر [[مذهب]] گڼل کېږي. د اسلام د دين لارويانو ته '''[[مسلمانان]]''' وايي. مسلمانان پدې گروهه دي چې [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د انسانانو د لارښوونې لپاره وخت پر وخت، خپل استازي ([[پيغمبر|پيغمبران]]) رالېږلي، چې هریو خپله دنده د الهي اوامرو په رڼا کې په بشپړه توگه سرته رسولې.
د الهي استازو (پیغمرانو) وروستې استازې [[محمد]]&lt;sup&gt;([[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]])&lt;/sup&gt; دی.
[[دوتنه:Kaaba at night.jpg|thumb| [[کعبه شریفه]] چې په [[سعودي عربستان]] کی پرته ده دا د اسلام مرکز او د مسلمانانو [[قبله]] ده او دا هغه ځای دی کوم چې هر کال په زرگونه [[مسلمانان]] دلته د خدای د کور د زیارت لپاره راځې.]]
''اسلام'' &quot;تسليمۍ او غاړه اېښودنې ټه وایي&quot; يا په بله وينا ځان د الله تعالی رضا ته تسليمول. د اسلام د [[دين]] لاروي ته [[مسلمان]] ويل کېږي، مانا دا چې &quot;هغه څوک چې ځان يې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته سپارلی او د هغه د احکامو اطاعت کوي، مسلمان گڼل کېږي&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Islam&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lanes Lexicon&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume4/00000137.pdf|title=Lane's lexicon |accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۷-۰۳}}&lt;/ref&gt; په ټوله نړۍ کې د ۱٫۱&amp;nbsp;بيليون او ۱٫۸&amp;nbsp;بيليون ترمېنځ وگړي د اسلام د دين لارويان دي، چې په همدې توگه وروسته د [[عيسويت]] نه [[اسلام]] د نړۍ دویم ستر [[دين]] گڼل کېږي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |title=Major Religions of the World—Ranked by Number of Adherents |accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۷-۰۳ |format=HTML |work= |تاريخ الأرشيف=2010-01-29 |مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |url-status=dead |خونديځ نېټه=2007-07-07 |خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam }}&lt;/ref&gt;

مسلمانان په دې عقیده دي ې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; قرآن مجيد پر حضرت [[محمد]]&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; نازل کړی، او محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د الله تعالی وروستی پيغمبر دی. مسلمانان پدې عقيده هم دي چې قرآن مجيد او سُنت (د حضرت محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; خبرې او اعمال) د اسلام بنسټيزې سرچينې دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۱۹۹۶), p.۴۱
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/JulRefl2y6.html Sources of Islam]&lt;/ref&gt; مسلمانان په دې عقيده هم دي چې حضرت محمد مصطفیٰ&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د يوه نوي دين په توگه د اسلام د دين بنسټگر نه ؤ، خو همدا وروستی پيغمبر د اسلام د دين د گروهې آرنۍ لمانځونکی او پرځای کوونکی دی چې پر زمکه يې بنسټ [[آدم]]&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; ايښی چې بيا تر هغه وروسته حضرت ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; او د هغه نه پخوانيو او وروستنيو، د خدای&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ټولو پيغمبرانو يې د دغه دين او اصلي لارې بلنه ورکړې. مسلمانان دا عقيده لري چې په [[يهوديت]] او [[عيسويت]] کې د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغام چې د بېلابېلو انبياو لخوا پر دوی نازل شوي، هغه د دوی لخوا د وخت په تېرېدو سره تحريف شوي، او ناسمه ترجماني يې شوې، که هغه په ليکلې بڼه وي او که پرته د ليکلې بڼې وي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Distorted&quot;&gt;See:
* Accad (۲۰۰۳): According to Ibn Taymiya, although only some Muslims accept the textual veracity of the entire Bible, most Muslims will grant the veracity of most of it.
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸), pp.۶٬۱۲
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۴–۵
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tahrif | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=Hava Lazarus-Yafeh | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
د اسلام دين د گڼ شمېر اسلامي اعمالو يو غونډال دی. د دغه دين مننونکي بايد د اسلام د دين [[د پينځه ستنو]] مننونکي او پلي کونکي وي، د اسلام د دين پينځه ستنې له بېلابېلو فرايضو او دندو نه جوړ شوی او همدغه پينځه ستنې دي چې په يوې ټولنه کې مسلمانان سره متحده کوي.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۱۷&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلام د دين د پينځه ستنو سره سره، [[شريعت|اسلامي قانون]] (''شريعة'') د احکامونو يو دوديزه قضايي واک دی چې د مسلمانانو د ژوند او ټولنې هر اړخ يې اغېزمن کړی. په دې قانون کې هر څه رانغښتې دي، د عملي چارو نه نيولې لکه د خوراک، څښاک آن تر سوداگريزو او پانگه ايزو چارو او تر جگړايزو چارو پورې هر څه په دې قانون کې راغلي دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۱۱۱٬۱۱۲٬۱۱۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

نژدې ټول مسلمانان د اسلام په دوو لويو فريقو لکه سني او شيع پورې تړاو لري. د تشيع فرقه په ۷مه پېړۍ کې د مسلمانانو تر مېنځ د مذهبي او سياسي توپيرونو په پايله کې رامېنځ ته شوې. په اټکلي توگه ۸۵ په سلو کې مسلمانان د اهل سنت لارويان دي او ۱۵ په سلو کې د تشيع فرقې لارويان دي.په [[منځنی ختيځ]]، او همداراز د [[افريقا]] او [[آسيا]] په برخو کې د اسلام دين برلاسی دی. د دغه دين د مننونکو لويې ډلې په [[په چين کې د اسلام دين|چين]]، د بالکان هيوادونو په [[ختيځه اروپا]] او [[په روسيه کې د اسلام دين|روسيې]] کې شته. په لويديځه اروپا کې هم گڼ شمېر مسلمان مهاجرين مېشت دي او همدا راز په امريکا کې هم د مسلمانانو ټولنې شته. په سلو کې نژدې ۲۰٪ مسلمانان په عربو هېوادونو کې مېشت دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۲۱
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲٬۴۳&lt;/ref&gt;
{{اسلام}}

== آرپوهه ==
اسلام د عربي ژبې د درې تورو، {{ArabDIN|[[سين]]-[[لام]]-[[ميم]]}} ({{ar|'''س'''-'''ل'''-'''م'''}}) نه راوتلی. اسلام د همدغې ريښې يو تجريدي فعل دی چې مانا يې ده &quot;تسليم يا ځان سپارل، څان الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته سپارل، اطاعت کول او د سولې&quot; په مانا هم ده.

کله چې د پورتني ويي د ريښو په اړه په نورو ژبو کې څېړنه کوو، نو بيا په عبراني ژبه کې د پورتني وييکي ضمني ماناگانې هم راوځي. په عبراني ژبه کې د ''[[شلوم]]'' ويي، د (شين-لامد-ميم) نه خپلې ريښې اخلي ({{Ivrit|'''ש'''-'''ל'''-'''ם'''}}). په ډېرو [[سېمېټک ژبو]] کې د همدغه لغت ضمني ماناگانې شته، چې مانا يې بشپړکېدل، پوره کېدل، سر ته رسېدنه، ښه اوسېدنه، هوسا اوسېدنه، يو داسې اصطلاح چې په ژباړه کې اکثراً د سولې د وييکي مانا په ځان کې رانغاړي، ورکوي.

په قرآن کې هم د اسلام د لغت د مانا بېلابېل تعبيرونه راغلي. په ځينو ''[[ایت|آيتونو]]''، کې د اسلام کيفيت د يوې راسخې عقيدې په توگه تاکيد شوی: &quot;الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; که وغواړي چې د يو چا لارښونه وکړي، نو الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د هغه سينه د اسلام لپاره پراخه کوي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۶|۱۲۵|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۶۱|۷|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳۹|۲۲|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; نور آيتونه بيا ''اسلام'' او ''[[دين]]'' (اکثراً د &quot;مذهب&quot; په توگه ژباړل کېږي) د يو شي په توگه تعبيروي : &quot;نن، ما ستاسو دين ستاسو لپاره مکمل کړ؛ ما ستاسو لپاره خپل د برکتونو اچول مکمل کړل؛ ما ستاسو لپار د اسلام دين غوره کړ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۵|۳|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳|۱۹|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳|۸۳|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; ډېر نور خلک بيا اسلام داسې تعريفوي چې دا هغه دين دی چې انسان د همدې دين په مرسته بېرته الله تعالی ته ورستنېږي نسبت و دې ته چې د ايمان د اعمالو د تصديق په توگه وگڼلای شي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۹|۷۴|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۴۹|۱۴|style=ref}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هغه نور عربي وييونه چې د {{ar|'''س'''-'''ل'''-'''م'''}} نه راوتلي:

* [[سلام]], چې د &quot;سولې او سلامتۍ&quot; په مانا ده او د ورځيني روغبړ يوه اهمه کلمه ده, [[سلام عليکم|السلام عليکم]] (ته دې سلامت وې/سلامتي دې پر تا وي).
* السلام(سوله)د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د ۹۹ مبارکو نومونو نه يو نوم دی چې په [[قران]] کې هم راغلی.
* [[مسلمان]], د اسلام د دين مننونکي ته وايي او مانا يې ده هغه څوک چې ځان الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته تسليم کوي او يا د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; اطاعت کوي.
* سلامه, د &quot;سلامتي,&quot; په مانا ده چې د &quot;خدای پامانۍ&quot; په وخت کې وييل کېږي، د &quot;مع السلامه&quot; مانا ( سلامتۍ سره[لاړ شه]) ده.

== عقيده ==

د اسلام بنسټيزه عقيده شهادت دی چې د گواهۍ مانا لري [[شهادت]] ('''  لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله ''')&quot;نشته بل کوم څښټتن يا معبود پرته د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; نه او [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر دی.&quot; د دې لپاره چې څوک [[مسلمان]] شي، نو سړي ته پکار ده چې دغه پورتنی شهادت د يو څو شاهدانو مخکې ووايي او پرې ايمان راوړي. او که چېرته يو څوک غواړي چې اسلام ته راشي نو هغه يا هغې ته پکار ده چې بايد د زړه له صدق نه وغواړي او بيا د دې نه مخکې چې شهادت ووايي نو پکار ده چې د شهادت په اصلي مانا او مفهوم پوه وي.&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته خپل پيغام د محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; او د نورو پيغمبرانو لخوا لکه [[آدم|آدم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[نوح|نوح&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[ابراهیم|ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[موسی|موسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] او [[عيسی|عيسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] له لورې په بېلابېلو وختونو کې رالېږلی. [[مسلمانان]] په دې عقيده هم دي چې [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] د [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; وروستنی پيغمبر و او د هغه نه وروسته تر قيامته بل هېڅ کوم [[پيغمبر]] نه راځي. نو ددې پخاطر [[مسلمانان]] بايد د [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] په لارښوونې تر قيامته پورې عمل وکړي.
&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان پدې عقيده دي چې قران د انسانانو د لارښوونې يو داسې کتاب دی چې تر اوسه پکې هېچا گوتې نه دي وهلي او پدې کتاب کې هېڅ کومه نيمگړتيا نشته، او هېڅ کله به پکې بدلون را نه شي، او دا د خدای له لورې انسانانو ته وروستی نازل شوی کتاب دی. مسلمانان دا هم وايي چې د انجيل او تورات هغه اسماني کتابونه دي چې د بېلابېلو مذهبي فرقو له لورې پکې لاسوهنې شوي په بل ډول سره ليکل شوي او په ناسمه توگه تعبير شوي او د دغو اسماني کتابونو اصلي بڼې اوس نه شته او د وخت په تېرېدو سره خلکو هماغه لومړني لارښوونې چې په اصلي اسماني کتابونو کې وه هېر کړي، او يا يې هم درغلي پکې کړې. نو ددغه ليد پر بنسټ الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته د لارښوونې لپاره قرآن راولېږه چې په دې کې هماغه د اصلي انجيل او تورات لارښوونو سره سره د هغو وختونو د خلکو چې پېغمبران به يې ځورول او وژل به يې او د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له احکامو د سرغړونې سره سره يې د خپل زاتي گټو لپاره د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په کلام کې چې بدعتونه راوستلي دا ټول تاريخ ثبت دی. 
&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان دا هم وايي چې اسلام هماغه دين دی چې د آدم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; له وختونو نه او د نورو پيغمبرانو په وختونو کې هم وه، او دغو ټولو پيغمبرانو د همدغه مذهب په لار د تلو ټينگار کړی. اسلامي کتابونه او ليکنې د [[يهوديت]] او [[عيسويت]] د هغو اصلي لارښوونو نه راوتلي چې د ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; په وختونو کې يې ښوونې شوي نو د همدغه پخاطر دا درېواړه مذهبونه يعنی يهوديت، عيسويت او اسلام چې درېواړه سره گډې ريښې لري، د ابراهيمي دينونو په نامه سره هم يادېږي.  په قرآن عظيم الشان کې يهوديانو او عيسويانو ته د اهل الکتاب يا هغه خلک چې کتابونه ورباندې نازل شوي، په نامه اشاره شوې ده.    
&lt;br /&gt;
اسلام يو [[دين]] دی، دين '''د ژوندون لار''' مانا لري او يا هم په بله وينا د لارښوونې لار.

&quot;د قرآن شريف له مخې مسلمانان بايد په خپل پاک رب باندې ايمان راوړي او د هغه وحدانيت ته د تسليمېدو سره سره، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په ټولو وحيو، نازل شوو کتابونو، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پرښتو، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پيغمبرانو او د قيامت په ورځ بايد ايمان ولري.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۲|۴|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۲|۲۸۵|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۴|۱۳۶|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; په همدې توگه، نور عقايد هم شته چې د اسلام د دوه لويو فرقو تر مېنځ پکې د تعبيرونو توپير شته. د تشيع د لارې خلکو کې د امامت يو سياسي او روحاني لارښوونې يو نظام دود دی.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۲۰۰۳), p.۱۰۹
* مومن (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۶&lt;/ref&gt;

مسلمانان په دې گروهه دي چې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته خپل وروستی رسول محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; ورلېږلی دی. او پر محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; يې قرآن نازل کړی چې وروستی اسماني کتاب دی. د قرآن د نزول موده پوره دوه لسيزې وخت نيولی.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۷٬۱۸٬۲۱&lt;/ref&gt; په اسلام کې پيغمبران، خدای ته نژدې هغه انسانان دي چې خدای تعالی يې د خپل پيغام رسولو په موخه په انسانانو کې غوره کوي. مسلمانان په دې هم عقيده لري چې پيغمبران انسانان دي چې خدای ورته د انسانانو د لارښوونې، عبرت او د خپلو ادعاوؤ د ثبوت په خاطر د معجزو د ښودلو توان ورکړی. په اسلام کې پيغمبران هغه انسانان دي چې تر نورو انسانانو په تقوا او نېکۍ کې تکامل ته رسېدلي او همدوی د خدای غوره، بې مثاله بنده گان دي چې خدای د پرښتو له لارې خپل پيغام همدوی ته د وحيو په بڼه ور رسوي.&lt;ref&gt;وگورۍ:
* مومن (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۲۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلامي زده کړو نه داسې څرگندېږي چې د آدم نه وروسته د خدای ټول پيغمبرانو د اسلام د دين تبليغ او دعوت کړی، دا هغه دين دی چې يو خدای الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د معبود په توگه راپېژندلی. په قرآن کې اسلام د &quot;هغه ازلي طبيعت چې پر بنسټ يې خدای مخلوقات خلق کړل&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۳۰|۳۰|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; راپېژندل شوی او په قران کې دا هم راغلي چې د مسلمان ځانگړی نوم د ابراهيم لخوا د دې دين لارويانو ته ورکړ شوی.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲۲|۷۸|style=ref}}
* &quot;اسلام&quot;, ''د مذهب دايرة المعارف''&lt;/ref&gt;

د تاريخ له مخې د اسلام دين په ۷مه پېړۍ کې په عربستان کې رامېنځ ته شوی.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Islam&quot;, ''د مذهب دايرة المعارف''&lt;/ref&gt; په اسلامي ليکنو کې يهوديت او عيسويت هغه دوه دينونه دي چې د ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر د لارښوونو وروسته د بېلابېلو پيغمبرانو په وخت کې رامېنځ ته شوي. په قرآن کې يهوديان او عيسويان د اهل الکتاب يا د کتابونو د خلکو په توگه پېژندل شوي، او د هغو خلکو نه چې ډېر خدايان پالي او عبادت يې کوي، تر مېنځ په ښکاره توپير پېژندل کېږي. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې د پخوانيو اسماني کتابونو لکه زبور، [[تورات]] او [[انجيل]] سپېڅلي کتابونه د تاريخ په بېلابېلو پړاؤونو کې د ترجمې او متن په برخه کې تحريف شوي او اوس همدا سپېڅلي کتابونه پخپلو آرنيو بڼو هېڅ نه شته.

=== [[د افغانستان ولايتونه|د]] عقيدې شپږ ارکان ===
مسلمانان شپږ بنسټيزه ارکانونو باندې عقيده لري:

# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په وحدانيت باندې ايمان راوړل او يواځی الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته عبادت او اطاعت کول او د هغه نه مرسته غوښتل ''[[توحيد]]''.
# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پيغمبرانو باندې ايمان راوړل ([[پېغمبران#د اسلام له نظره|''انبيا‌ء'']])  چې ټول پېغمبران (''[[رسول]]'') د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له خوا رالېږل شوي. ([[د اسلام پېغمبران]] وگورۍ.)
# په اسماني کتابونو عقيده(''[[کتب]]''):
#* په [[ابراهيمي صحيفو]] (ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; باندې نازل شوې صحيفې)
#* په [[تورات]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[موسی|موسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[زبور]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[داود|داود&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[انجيل]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[عيسی|عيسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[قرآن]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.  
# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پرښتو باندې.(''[[پرښتې#د اسلام له نظره|ملايکه]]'').
# په قيامت او وروسته د مرگ نه د بيا ژوندي کېدلو عقيده (''[[قيامة]]'')  (په [[جنت]] او [[دوزخ]] عقيده). (يادونه: کله ناکله دغه وروستۍ موضوع باندې ځانگړی بحث کېږی, او په همدې توگه د عقيدې ارکان اوو ته رسېږي.)
# په قسمت عقيده([[تقدير]]).

د اسلام بنسټيزه عقيده په [[پښتو]] ژبه :
:: &quot;زه شهادت ورکوم چې پرته د الله تعالی د ذات نه بل کوم ذات نه شته؛ او زه شهادت ورکوم چې محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د هغه پيغمبر دی.&quot;
:: &quot;زه په الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ايمان راوړم؛ او د هغه په ملايکو؛ او د هغه په کتابونو؛ او د هغه په پيغمبرانو؛ او د محشر په ورځ؛ او په تقدير؛ او ټول شيان د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له خوا نه دي، او پس د مرگ نه ژوندون حق دی.&quot;

=== د اسلام پينځه بنسټونه ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام پينځه بنسټونه|د مذهب څانگې|د مذهب ريښې}}
[[دوتنه:Supplicating Pilgrim at Masjid Al Haram. Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|بټنوک|کيڼ|د حج د لمانځنو يو منظر. په مکه کې کعبې، [[مسجد الحرام]] ته سفر د اسلامي فرايضو څخه يو فرض دی چې هر مسلمان يې په ټول ژوند کې يو ځل ترسره کړي.]]
د مسلمانانو دوه لويې فرقې سني او شعيه مسلمانان جوړوي. په اسلامي نړئ کې د شعيه گانو په پرتله ډېرئ مسلمانان سنيان دي، خو په څينو هېوادونو کې لکه د منڅنئ آسيا هېوادونه ايران او عراق بيا شعيه مسلمانان ډېرکئ مذهبي ډله جوړوي. خو په نورو هېوادونو کط لکه سعودي عربستان، اندونيزيا او [[پاکستان]] کې سني مسلمان د هغه هېوادونو په مذهبي ټولنو کې ډېرکۍ برخه جوړوي.

د سني مسلمانانو بنسټيزه ارکان [[د اسلام پينځه ستنې|د اسلام پينځه ستنو]] په نامه يادېږي&lt;sup&gt;[[#Notes|2]]&lt;/sup&gt;، خو شيعه مسلمانان بيا يو څه مختلفه نومونپوهنه، چې د سني مسلمانانو د پينځه اهمو بنسټونو تر څنگ، د دين ريښې او لس عمده اعمال د دې مذهب د طريقو نه گڼل کېږي. خو ټول مسلمانان بيا په همدې پينځه بنسټيزو فرايضو او گروهو سره پوهاوی او سره يوه خوله دي چې سني مسلمانان يې د اسلام د پينځه ستنو په نوم پېژني او شيعه مسلمانان يې د دين د څانگو او ريښو اهم عناصر بولي.

* [[شهادت]]: د تصديق په مانا دی، چې يو مسلمان د الله &lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; نه پرته بل څوک د عبادت وړ نه گڼي او همداراز د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د وحدانيت ([[توحيد]]) او د محمد &lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;  د الله &lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; رسول ([[نبوت]]) او غلام په توگه مني .
* [[لمونځ]]: هره ورځ پينځه وخته لمونځ کول.
* [[روژه]]: د روژې په مياشت کې د لمرخاته نه تر لمرپرېواته روژه نيول.
* [[زکات]]: زکات ورکول.
* [[حج]]:د مکی زیارت په ټولو مسلمانانو باندی په ژوند کې یوځل فرض دی او هغه هم په هغو کسانو باندې چې د ادا کولو وس یې ولري.
شعيه او سنيان دواړه په لاندنيو گروهو باندې باور لري، خو دغه دوه فرقې همدا عقايد په بېلابېلو ډلبنديو وېشي او هره ډله ورته ځانگړی تعبير لري:
* [[عدل]]: د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; عدل.
* [[قيامت]]: د خېر او شر د مالومولو ورځ.
* [[امر بل معروف]]: د ښو امر.
* [[نهي عن المنکر]]: د بدو نه ډډه.
* [[جهاد|الجهاد في سبيل الله]]: د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د رضا لپاره هڅه کوشش او زيار.

هغه عقايد چې د شيعه مذهب لارويان پرې معتقد دي او سني مسلمانان پرې عقيده نه لري هغه دا دي::
* [[امامت]]: ديني لارښوونه، ديني مشري، ديني رهبري. د علي او د هغه د اولاد رهبري او امامت د خدای لخوا نه د لارښوونې لپاره ټاکل شوی و.
* [[تولا]]: د [[اهل البيت]] او د هغوی د لارويانو سره مينه.
* [[تبارة]]: د اهل البيت د دښمنانو نه ځان بېلول او ليري والی.
* [[خمس]]: د گټې لپاره د ماليې ورکړه.

که څه هم چې داسې مسلمانان هم شته چې نه د تشيع او نه هم د سني په ډلو کې ځانونه شمېري او دا هغه مسلمانان دي چې د قرآني دلايلو له مخې په اسلام کې د فرقې او د ډلې جوړول حرام گڼي، دا هغه مسلمانان دي چې په ساده توگه ځانونه 'مسلمانان' بولي.
{{دوراشې کامه|إِنَّ الَّذِينَ فَرَّقُوا دِينَهُمْ وَكَانُوا شِيَعًا لَسْتَ مِنْهُمْ فِي شَيْءٍ ۚ إِنَّمَا أَمْرُهُمْ إِلَى اللَّهِ ثُمَّ يُنَبِّئُهُمْ بِمَا كَانُوا يَفْعَلُونَ |10px||[[سورة الأنعام|الانعام سورت]]|۱۵۹ آيت}}
&quot;هغه څوک چې ځانونه په ډلو وېشي هغه زموږ د ډلې خلک نه دي. د هغوی فېصله الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته مالومه ده، الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; به هغوی له هر هغه څه نه خبر کړي کوم چې دوی ترسره کړي.&quot;

=== خدای ===
:''آرنۍ ليکنې: [[الله]] / [[خدای]]
{{آرنی|په اسلام کې د خدای انځور}}
په اسلام کې تر ټولو لومړنی بنسټيزه موخه د خدای د وحدانيت منل دي چې دې ته توحيد وايي. په اسلام کې توحيد يو مطلق امر دی چې ترې هېڅ انکار نه کېږي او دا هڅکله يوه نسبي او يا هم په کومه بله مانا د نسبي شراکت مانا نه ورکوي. د قرآن مجيد په [[سورة الاخلاص]] کې خدای داسې راپېژندل شوی:

:''ووايه &quot;خدای هغه دی، يوازې او بې ساری. الله تل پايېدونکی، په بشپړه توگه له ځان نه بسيا مالک. نه  څوک يې زېږولي، او نه له چا نه زېږېدلی. او د الله په شان هېڅ بل څه نه شته.&quot;

په عربي ژبه کې ''الله'' د خدای په مانا دی. د آرپوهنې له مخې دا لغت د ''الهه'' &quot;[[معبود]]&quot; لغت سره ډېر نژدې دی، د ''الله'' نوم د عيسوي او يهودي عربانو لخوا هم د خپل معبود په يادولو کې کارېږي، دغه نوم د محمد نه مخکې مخينه لري او د دغه ځانگړی نوم مخينه د ابراهيمي مذهبونو د خدای نه پرته د يو بل معبود نورې توپيري ځانگړنې نه څرگندوي.

د &quot;الله&quot; نوم يو جمع او يا د جنس نوم نه دی، دا يو خاص نوم دی، دا نوم د &quot;خدای&quot; د نوم سره توپير لري، دا په دې سبب چې د خدای نوم د جمع بڼه لري او جنسيت هم ترې څرگندېدلای شي د ساري په توگه خدايان چې د همدې نوم جمع بڼه ده. په اسلام کې د الله پېژندنه په قرآن کې داسې شوې:
{{دوراشې کامه|فَاطِرُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأَرْضِ جَعَلَ لَكُمْ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ أَزْوَاجًا وَمِنَ الأَنْعَامِ أَزْوَاجًا يَذْرَؤُكُمْ فِيهِ لَيْسَ كَمِثْلِهِ شَيْءٌ وَهُوَ السَّمِيعُ البَصِيرُ|10px||[[سورة الشورى|الشوری سورت]]|۱۱ آيت}}
:''&quot;(الله دی) د اسمانونو او زمکې جوړونکی: هغه ستاسو او د څارويو له مېنځه ستاسو لپاره جوړې جوړې کړي، او په دې توگه هغه تاسې په گڼ شمېر جوړ کړي ياست: داسې هېڅ کوم بل معبود نشته پرته له (الله) نه او د هغه په شان هېڅ نشته، او الله دی چې هر څه اوري او ليدلی شي&quot;

The implicit usage of the [[definite article]] in ''Allah'' linguistically indicates the divine unity. Muslims believe that the God they worship is the same as the Judeo-Christian God, i.e. the God of Abraham. However, Muslims reject the Christian theology concerning the trinity of God (the doctrine of the [[Trinity]] which regards Jesus as the eternal [[Son of God]]), seeing it as akin to [[polytheism]]. Quoting from the Qur'an,
[[sura]] [[An-Nisa]](۴) :۱۷۱:

:''&quot;O People of the Scripture! Do not transgress the limits of your religion, and do not say about God except the truth. The Messiah, Jesus the son of Mary, was only a messenger of God, and His word that He had sent to Mary, and a revelation from Him. Therefore, you shall believe in GOD and His messengers. You shall not say, &quot;Trinity&quot;. You shall refrain from this for your own good. God is only one God. Be He glorified; He is much too glorious to have a son. To Him belongs everything in the heavens and everything on earth. God suffices as Lord and Master.&quot;''

No Muslim visual images or depictions of God exist because such artistic depictions may lead to [[idolatry]] and are thus disdained. Such [[aniconism]] can also be found in Judeo-Christian theology. Moreover, most Muslims believe that God is [[Spiritual being|incorporeal]], making any two- or three- dimensional depictions impossible. Instead, Muslims describe God by the many [[۹۹ Names of God|divine attributes]] mentioned in the [[Qur'an]]. All but one Sura (chapter) of the Qur'an begins with the phrase &quot;In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful&quot;. These are regarded as the most important divine attributes, at least in the sense that Muslims repeat them most frequently during their prayers ([[salat]]) and throughout their daily lives.

د اسلام بنسټيز اصل ''[[توحيد]]'' دی—توحيد په يوه او يوازيني خدای عقيدې ته وايي. په اسلام کې د خدای لپاره د عربي ژبې اصطلاح ''الله'' کارېږي; اکثراً عالمان په دې عقيده دي چې دا اصطلاح د '[['ال-]]'' (د مشخص کولو ادات) او ''[[اله]]'' (معبود) د وييونو نه اشتقاق شوي چې مانا يې يوازيني خدای ته اشاره کوي، خو ځينې نور عالمان بيا د همدې نوم آر او اصل د آرامايک ژبې لغت ''الهه'' گڼي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* &quot;اسلام او عيسويت&quot;, ''د عيسويت پوهنغونډ'' (۲۰۰۱): Arabic-speaking [[Christian]]s and [[Jew]]s also refer to God as ''Allāh''.
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Allah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلام په پينځو بنسټيزو ستنو کې لومړنۍ ستنه يې توحيد بلل کېږي چې د ''شهادة'' يا (منښت) په ډول اظهارېږي، شهادة داسې ده چې: ''''له حقيقي معبود نه پرته بل خدای نشته، او محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt;  د خدای ټاکل شوی پيغمبر دی''''. په دوديزه اسلامپوهنه کې، خدای د انساني عقل او پوهاوي نه پورته معبود گڼل کېږي; مسلمانان نه شي کولای چې خدای په يوه بڼه انځور کړي يوازې له دې چې بايد د داسې لوی معبود عبادت او اطاعت وکړي او خدای خپل يوازينی ساتونکی او ژغورونکی وگڼي. که څه هم چې مسلمانان عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د يو پيغمبر په توگه پېژني، خو دوی بيا د عيسويانو د درېگونۍ عقيده، چې مسلمانان يې د شرک بولي په کلکه ردوي. په اسلامپوهنه کې عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د نورو پيغمبرانو په څېر د خدای بنده او د انسان په توگه پېژندل کېږي او د عيسويانو هغه عقيده چې عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د خدای د ځوی په توگه پېژني په کلکه ردوي;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Tathlith, Trinity | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=David Thomas | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۱}}: Contrary to Muslim understanding, some scholars have suggested that the Qur'an only opposes certain deviant forms of Trinitarian belief.&lt;/ref&gt; د قرآن په يوه سوره کې د خدای څرگندونه داسې شوې &quot;ووايه هغه الله دی يوازې، الله هېچا ته اړ نه دی او ټول هغه ته اړ دي، نه د هغه څوک اولاد دی او نه هغه د چا اولاد دی او هېڅوک د هغه سيال نشته.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۱۱۲|۱|end=۴|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۷۴–۷۶
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۲۲
* Griffith (۲۰۰۶), p.۲۴۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Allah, Tawhid | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | author=D. Gimaret | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== قران عظيم الشان ===
[[انځور:FirstSurahKoran.jpg|thumb|upright|د قرآن لومړنۍ سوره [[سورة الفاتحة|الفاتحه]] د قران عظيم شان د لاسي نسخې يو انځور.]]

قرآن شريف د مسلمانانو سپېڅلی کتاب دی او دوی په همدغه آسماني کتاب باندې ايمان راوړی. د قرآن لغوي مانا  “لوستنه” ده. مسلمانان په دې باور دي چې قرآن يو آسماني کتاب دی چې د الله (جل جلاله) په وروستي نبي حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم باندې نازل شوی دی. دا سپېڅلی کتاب د ۶۱۰ ز. کال نه تر ۶۳۲ ز. پورې په بېلابېلو وختونو کې د الله تعالی له لوري او د حضرت جبراييل عليه السلام په منځگړتوب پر حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم باندې د وحيو په څېر نازل شوی. چې د وحيو په وختونو کې حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم حفظ کړی او بيا د الله تعالی د وروستي نبي د يارانو له خوا راټول شوی او پر ډبرليکونو او پاڼو ليکل شوی.

مسلمانان په دې باور دي چې له کومې ورځ نه الله تعالی قرآن شريف پر محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم نازل کړی له هماغې ورځې نه تر ننه پورې قرآن شريف په خپلې آرنۍ بڼې پاتې دی چې بيا د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم نه وروسته د هغه لارويانو چې قرآن شريف يې حفظ کړی وه وليکه او په همدې توگه يې قرآن شريف په ليکنې بڼه خوندي کړ. مسلمان عالمان ددې خبرې منښته کوي چې قرآن شريف د اسلام د درېيم خليفه حضرت عثمان (رض) د واکمنۍ پر مهال په ليکلې بڼه سره راټول شو، چې په دې توگه د قرآن شريف د بېلابېلو برخو د راټولولو او سره يوځای کولو نېټه له ۶۵۰ ز پېر نه تر ۶۵۶ ز پېر پورې ښودل شوی. او وروسته له دې چې قرآن شريف ليکلې بڼه وموندله نو بيا د هماغه خليفه د واکمنۍ پر مهال د قرآن شريف لمېسې جوړې شوې او د اسلامي خلافت بېلابېلو ولايتونو ته يې لمېسې ولېږل شوې.

There are numerous traditions, and many conflicting academic theories, as to the provenance of the Qur'anic verses that were eventually assembled into a single volume. (This is covered in greater detail in [[Qur'an]]). Most Muslims accept the account recorded in several hadith, which state that [[Abu Bakr]], The First Caliph, ordered his personal secretary [[Zayd ibn Thabit]] to collect and record all the authentic verses of the Qur'an, as preserved in written form or oral tradition. Zayd's written collection, privately treasured by Prophet Muhammad's wife [[Hafsa bint Umar]], was, according to Muslim sources, later used by Uthman and is thus the basis of today's Qur'an.

Uthman's version, organized the suras roughly in order of length (excepting the brief opening surah [[Al-Fatiha]]), with the longest suras at the start of the Qur'an and the shortest ones at the end. More conservative views state that the order of most suras was divinely set. Later scholars have struggled to put the suras in chronological order, and among Muslim commentators, at least, there is a rough consensus as to which suras were revealed in [[Makkan sura|Mecca]] and which at [[Medinan sura|Medina]], with distinctive characteristics observed within these two subgroups. Some suras (e.g. surat [[Iqra]]) are thought to have been revealed in parts at separate times.

To understand the notion of &quot;variants&quot; within the received Qur'anic text, one must understand that Arabic had not yet fully developed as a written language. The Qur'an was first recorded in written form (date uncertain) in the [[Hijazi]], [[Mashq]], [[Ma'il]], and [[Kufic]] scripts; these scripts write consonants only and do not supply vowels. (Imagine an English text that wrote the word 'bed' as &quot;BD,&quot; and required the reader to infer, from context, that the reference was to &quot;bed&quot; - and not to 'bad&quot; or &quot;bide.&quot;) Because there were differing oral traditions of recitation as non-native Arabic speakers converted to Islam, there was some disagreement as to the exact reading of many (vowel-free) verses. Eventually, scripts were  developed that used diacritical markings (known as ''points'') to indicate the vowels. For hundreds of years after Uthman's recension, Muslim scholars argued as to the correct pointing and reading of Uthman's (unpointed) official text.{{citation needed}} Eventually, most commentators accepted seven variant readings ([[qira'at]]) of the Qur'an as canonical, while agreeing that the differences among the seven are minor and do not affect the meaning of the text.

The form of the Qur'an most used today is the [[Al-Azhar]] text of ۱۹۲۳, prepared by a committee at the prestigious [[Cairo]] university of Al-Azhar.

The Qur'an early became a focus of Muslim devotion and eventually a subject of theological controversy among skeptics. In the [[۸th century]], the [[Mu'tazili]]s claimed that the Qur'an was created in time and was not eternal. Their opponents, of various schools, claimed that the Qur'an was eternal and perfect, existing in heaven before it was revealed to Muhammad. The [[Ashari]] theology (which ultimately became predominant) held that the Qur'an was uncreated.

Most Muslims regard paper copies of the Qur'an with extreme veneration, wrapping them in a clean cloth, keeping them on a high shelf, and washing as for prayers before reading the Qur'an. Old Qur'ans are not destroyed as wastepaper, but burned.

اکثره مسلمانان د قرآن ځينې برخې او يا ټول قرآن په آرنۍ ژبه (عربي) حفظ کوي. هغه څوک چې قرآن يې په بشپړه توگه حفظ کړی وي د حافظ په نامه يادېږي. په مسلمانانو کې د قرآن حفظ کول د هېښتيا خبره نه ده، نن ورځ د نړۍ په بېلابېلو هېوادونو کې په ميليونونو حافظين ژوندي دي چې د ټول قرآن متن يې له ياده زده دی.

د عقيدې د پيل د ورځو نه اکثره مسلمانان په دې اند دي چې قرآن يو مکمل اسماني کتاب دی چې په عربي ژبه نازل شوی. د دغه کتاب ژباړې د انساني هلو ځلو او د انساني تېروتنو نه تشې هڅې نه دي، همداراز په ژباړو کې د مومنانو د الهامي شاعرۍ کمښت څوک په قرآن کې موندلی شي. نو په همدې خاطر د قرآن ژباړې يوازې پر قرآن تبصرې گڼل کېږي او يا هم د مطلب ژباړه، او پخپله د قرآن نه. او په همدې دليل د قرآن په ډېرو نوو چاپ شويو نخسو کې د عربي متن په يوه مخ او د متن ژباړه په بل مخ راغلې.

قرآن شريف له ۱۱۴ [[سورت|سورتونو]] يا څپرکو نه جوړ شوی دی چې همدا ټول سورتونه ۶،۲۳۶ ''[[آيت|آيتونه]]'' لري. The chronologically earlier suras, revealed at Mecca, are primarily concerned with ethical and spiritual topics. The later Medinan suras mostly discuss social and moral issues relevant to the Muslim community.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qur'an | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}
&lt;/ref&gt; The Qur'an is more concerned with moral guidance than legal instruction, and is considered the &quot;sourcebook of Islamic principles and values&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۷۹&lt;/ref&gt; Muslim jurists consult the ''hadith'', or the written record of Muhammad's life, to both supplement the Qur'an and assist with its interpretation. The science of Qur'anic commentary and exegesis is known as ''[[tafsir]]''.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۷۹–۸۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tafsir | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The word ''Qur'an'' means &quot;recitation&quot;. When Muslims speak in the abstract about &quot;the Qur'an&quot;, they usually mean the scripture as recited in Arabic rather than the printed work or any translation of it. To Muslims, the Qur'an is perfect only as revealed in the original Arabic; translations are necessarily deficient because of language differences, the fallibility of translators, and the impossibility of preserving the original's inspired style. Translations are therefore regarded only as commentaries on the Qur'an, or &quot;interpretations of its meaning&quot;, not as the Qur'an itself.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Teece (۲۰۰۳), pp.۱۲٬۱۳
* C. Turner (۲۰۰۶), p.۴۲
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qur'an | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: The word ''Qur'an'' was invented and first used in the Qur'an itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology|two different theories]] about this term and its formation.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== پرښتې ===
{{آرنی|په اسلام کې د پرښتو انځور}}
د اسلام په دين کې د الله (جل جلاله) په پرښتو عقيده د ايمان جز گڼل کېږي. په عربي ژبه پرښتې ته (''ملک'') وايي چې د همدغه لغت مانا ده &quot;پيغام رسونکی&quot;، په عبراني ژبه کې همداسې ورته نوم (''ملخ'') د پرښتې په مانا ده خو په يوناني ژبه بيا پرښتې ته (''انجېلوس'') وايي. د قراني مالوماتو له مخې، پرښتې د خپلې خوښې واک په لاس کې نه لري، او په مکمله توگه د الله تعالی په عبادت کې بوختې دي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۲۱|۱۹|end=۲۰|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳۵|۱|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; قران کې دا هم راغلي چې د پرښتو په کارونو کې د الله تعالی حکمونه منل او د الله تعالی پيغامونو رسولو برسېره، پرښتې تل د الله په ثنا او صفت په عبادت بوختې دي، او د انسانانو اعمال ثبتوي ددې سره سره پرښتې د الله (جل جلاله) په حکم د انسانانو د مړينې په وخت کې روحونه باسي. داسې هم انگېرل کېږي چې پرښتې د انسان او الله تعالی ترمېنځ منځگړتوب کوي. قرآن شريف، پرښتې موږ ته داسې راڅرگندوي لکه &quot;يو ډول پيغام رسونکي چې دوه، درې يا څلور جوړه وزرې لري: خدای هماغسې خپل مخلوق جوړوي څنگه چې يې خوښه وي...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۳۵|۱|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۲۶–۲۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Malā'ika | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=W. Madelung | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Angel | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Gisela Webb | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== محمد&lt;sup&gt;([[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]])&lt;/sup&gt; ===
{{آرنی|محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم}}

حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم (c. ۵۷۰ – [[جولای ۶]] [[۶۳۲]]) د الله تعالی وروستی نبي، يو مذهبي، سياسي او پوځي عرب و چې د همدغه نبي د اسلام د دين بيرغ لوړ کړ او د اديانو په تاريخ کې يې د اسلام نوم هم وځلاوه. مسلمانان په دې گروهه دي چې حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) د يوه نوي مذهب بنسټ ايښودونکی نه دی، بلکه د اسلام د اصلي دين چې د حضرت آدم عليه السلام او حضرت ابراهيم او د نورو پيغمبرانو دين و، د هماغه دين بيا پرځای کونکی دی. مسلمانان په دې عقيده هم دي چې حضرت محمد د الله تعالی وروستی پيغمبر او د نورو پيغمبرانو په ډله کې د لويې مرتبې خاوند پيغمبر و.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸), p.۱۲
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۴–۵
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}&lt;/ref&gt;
دروند پیغمبر د خپل خوږ ژوند په وروستیو ۲۳ کلونو کې، یانې د ۴۰ کلني عمر په پیل کې د الله له لوري د ایاتو د نازلولو لړۍ پیل شوه، چې د دغو ایاتونو ټولگه د قرآن په نوم یادیږي چې دغه آیتونه بیا د صحابه و لخوا یاد کیدل.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۱۸|۱۱۰|style=ref}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[انځور:Masjid Nabawi. Medina, Saudi Arabia.jpg|بټنوک|220px|کيڼ|[[مسجد النبوي]] (&quot;د پيغمبر(صلی الله علیه وسلم) جومات&quot;) په مدينه کې د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم مقبره هم ده.|link=Special:FilePath/Masjid_Nabawi._Medina,_Saudi_Arabia.jpg]]

په دغه کې وخت محمد [[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]] د مکې خلکو ته په تبلیغ باندې پیل وکړ، تر څو دوې له شرک څخه راوباسي او د اسلام لور ته یې راوبلي. که څه چې محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم ځینې کسان اسلام ته راواړول خو په دې کار سره دی او د ده لارویان د مکې د چارواکو او لارښودگرانو لخوا تر زور او اذیت لاندې راغلل. چې بیا وروسته له ۱۳ کلنو څخه په کال ۶۲۲ کې محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم او نور مسلمانان له مکې څخه مدینه (رسما '''یثرب''' نومیږي) ته کډه شول.

There, with the Medinan converts (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]]'') and the Meccan migrants (''[[Muhajirun]]''), Muhammad established his political and [[Theocracy|religious authority]]. Within years, two battles had been fought against Meccan forces: the [[Battle of Badr]] in ۶۲۴, which was a Muslim victory, and the [[Battle of Uhud]] in ۶۲۵, which ended inconclusively. Conflict with Medinan Jewish clans who opposed the Muslims led to their exile, enslavement or death, and the Jewish enclave of [[Battle of Khaybar|Khaybar]] was subdued. At the same time, Meccan trade routes were cut off as Muhammad brought surrounding desert tribes under his control.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* F.E.Peters(۲۰۰۳), pp.۷۸٬۷۹٬۱۹۴ 
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۳–۲۸&lt;/ref&gt; By ۶۲۹ Muhammad was victorious in the nearly bloodless [[Conquest of Mecca]], and by the time of his death in ۶۳۲ he ruled over the [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian peninsula]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Muhammad&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Islam, the &quot;[[normative]]&quot; example of Muhammad's life is called the ''[[Sunnah]]'' (literally &quot;trodden path&quot;). This example is preserved in traditions known as [[hadith]] (&quot;reports&quot;), which recount his words, his actions, and his personal characteristics. The classical Muslim jurist [[ash-Shafi'i]] (d. ۸۲۰) emphasized the importance of the Sunnah in [[Sharia|Islamic law]], and Muslims are encouraged to emulate Muhammad's actions in their daily lives. The Sunnah is seen as crucial to guiding interpretation of the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World'' (۲۰۰۳), p.۶۶۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hadith | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=J. Robson | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sunna | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=D. W. Brown | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د قيامت ورځ ===
{{آرنی|قيامت}}
د &quot;جزا په ورځ&quot;، يعنی ''[[قيامت|د قيامت په ورځې]]'' ايمان لرل د اسلام يوه بنسټيزه گروهه ده. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې د قيامت ورځ د الله تعالی له خوا ټاکل شوی چې په يوه ځانگړي وخت کې به وي خو انسانانو ته يې وخت نه دی څرگند. د قيامت د ورځې د محکمې او کړاونه په هکله په قرآن او حديثونو کې هم بیان شوي، او همدارنگه د اسلامي علماوو په تفسيرونو کې.
The Qur'an emphasizes [[Resurrection of the Dead|bodily resurrection]], a break from the [[pre-Islamic Arabia]]n understanding of death. It states that resurrection will be followed by the gathering of mankind, culminating in their judgment by God.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* &quot;Resurrection&quot;, ''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'' (۲۰۰۳)
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Avicenna | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as &quot;Avicenna&quot;.
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qiyama | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Qur'an lists several sins that can condemn a person to hell, such as disbelief, [[riba|usury]] and dishonesty. Muslims view paradise (''[[jannah]]'') as a place of joy and bliss, with Qur'anic references describing its features and the physical pleasures to come. There are also references to a greater joy—acceptance by God (''ridwān'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۹|۷۲|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mystical traditions in Islam place these heavenly delights in the context of an ecstatic awareness of God.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Smith (۲۰۰۶), p.۸۹; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p.۵۶۵
* &quot;Heaven&quot;, ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' (۲۰۰۰)
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Garden | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Asma Afsaruddin | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Paradise | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تقدير ===
{{آرنی|تقدير}}

In accordance with the Islamic belief in [[predestination]], or divine preordainment (''al-qadā wa'l-qadar''), God has full knowledge and control over all that occurs. This is explained in Qur'anic verses such as &quot;Say: 'Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us: He is our protector'…&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۹|۵۱|style=ref}}
* D. Cohen-Mor (۲۰۰۱), p.۴: &quot;The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen: 'Say: &quot;Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us…&quot;&amp;nbsp;'&amp;nbsp;&quot;
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Fate | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Ahmet T. Karamustafa | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means &quot;to measure, to determine&quot;. Here it is used to mean that &quot;God measures and orders his creation&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; For Muslims, everything in the world that occurs, good or evil, has been preordained and nothing can happen unless permitted by God. In Islamic theology, divine preordainment does not suggest an absence of God's indignation against evil, because any evils that do occur are thought to result in future benefits men may not be able to see. According to Muslim theologians, although events are pre-ordained, man possesses free will in that he has the faculty to choose between right and wrong, and is thus responsible for his actions. According to Islamic tradition, all that has been decreed by God is written in ''al-Lawh al-Mahfūz'', the &quot;Preserved Tablet&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۲۰۰۳), pp.۱۱۹–۱۲۲
* Patton (۱۹۰۰), p.۱۳۰&lt;/ref&gt;

The Shi'a understanding of predestination is called &quot;divine justice&quot; (''Adalah''). This doctrine, originally developed by the [[Mu'tazila]], stresses the importance of man's responsibility for his own actions. In contrast, the Sunni deemphasize the role of individual free will in the context of God's creation and foreknowledge of all things.&lt;ref&gt;Momen (۱۹۸۷), pp.۱۷۷٬۱۷۸&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلام او دا آخرت په ورځ ایمان ===
{{آرنی|د اخرت په ورځ ایمان}}

Islamic [[eschatology]] is concerned with the ''[[Qiyamah]]'' ([[End of the world (religion)|end of the world]]) and the final  judgment of humanity. Like [[Christianity]] and [[Judaism]], Islam teaches the bodily [[resurrection]] of the dead, the fulfilment of a divine plan for creation, and the immortality of the human soul. In Islamic belief, the righteous are rewarded with the pleasures of ''Jannah'' ([[Paradise]]), while the unrighteous are punished in ''[[Jahannam]]'' (a fiery [[Hell]], from the Hebrew ''ge-hinnom'' or &quot;valley of Hinnom&quot;; usually rendered in English as [[Gehenna]]). A significant portion of the Qur'an deals with these beliefs, with many ''[[hadith]]'' elaborating on the themes and details.

== تنظيمونه ==
=== اسلامي واک ===
داسې هېڅ کوم رسمي اسلامي واک نشته چې په اسلام کې د يو کس د منلو او يا هم د اسلامي ټولنې ('''''اُمة''''' ''يانې ملت يا کورنۍ'') نه د رټلو واک په لاس کې ولري. اسلام خپلې دروازې پرته د کوم توپير، تعصب، رنگ، جنس، عمر او پخواني عقايدو نه د ټولو پر مخ پرانيستې دي او ټولو ته په دغه دين کې د ننوتلو اجازه شته. د مسلمان کېدو لپاره همدومره بس ده چې يو څوک د زړه له کومي په رسمي توگه د يو څو تنو مسلمانانو په مينځ کې د اسلام دين ومني او شهادت ووايي. شهادت هغه بيان دی چې مسلمان پرې د يوه خدای د وحدانيت او د حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) پر نبوت او په خپل ژوند کې د هغه د لارښوونو د پلي کولو د تکل اقرار بلل کېږي. د شهادت په نه وييلو سره هېڅوک نه شي کولای چې مسلمان شي. د مسلمان لپاره د شهادت نه وروسته د اسلامي حکمونو پلي کول فرض دي او همدا رنگه يو مسلمان بايد د اسلامي اخلاقو خاوند هم وي ترڅو هغه په يوه اسلامي ټولنه کې د منلو وړ وگرځي.

=== اسلامي قانون ===
{{آرنی|شريعت|فقه}}
د اسلامي قانون نوم شريعت دی، چې د مسلمانو عالمانو لخوا د قرآن او حديث په رڼا کې وضع شوی. قرآن شريف د شريعت او اسلامي قضايه نظام لومړنۍ سرچينه ده، تر دې وروسته د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم سنة او د لومړنۍ اسلامي ټولنې دود او دستورونه په دوهم پړاو کې ځای لري. سنت د احاديثو په شننو کې رامېنځ ته شوی، او احاديث د حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) لارښوونو ته وايي چې مسلمانانو ته يې کړي. اجماع چې د يوې مسلمانې ټولنې د احصايې په مانا ده، د قياس سره يوځای د اسلامي قانون او د شريعت درېيمه او څلورمه سرچينه جوړوي.

په اسلامي قانون کې د ژوند د هر اړخ په اړه بحث شوی دی. د دولت او حکومت د چلولو او د باندنيو اړيکو د ساتلو نه نيولې آن تر ورځيني ژوند و ژواک پورې د هرې ستونزې او مسلې لپاره د حل لار څېړل شوې او د اسلامي احکامو پر بنسټ يې د پلي کولو لارښوونه شوې.د اسلامي قانون په اړه په څرگنده ډول په قرآن شريف کې چې کوم احکامات راغلي هغه د [[حدود]]و په نامه يادېږي چې په دغو لارښوونو کې د قتل نه ډډه، د واده نه پرته د جنسي اړيکو د ساتلو نه ځان ساتنه، د شرابو او الکولو د څښلو او د قمار نه اجتناب يې غټ ټکي جوړوي. په قرآن کې د وراثت، د واده، د ټپي کولو او وژلو په بدل کې د تدابيرو نيولو او په هم دې توگه د روژې د نيولو، د زکات ورکولو او لمونځ کولو په باب هم په تفصيل سره د حکمونو يادونه شوې. However, the prescriptions and prohibitions may be broad, so how they are applied in practice varies. Islamic scholars, ''the ulema'', have elaborated systems of law on the basis of these broad rules, supplemented by the hadith reports of how Muhammad and his companions interpreted them. See [[Sin]] for further discussion about the concept of sin and its atonement according to the Islamic law.

In current times, not all Muslims understand the Qur'an in its original Arabic. Thus, when Muslims are divided in how to handle situations, they seek the assistance of a [[mufti]] (Islamic judge) who can advise them based on Islamic [[Sharia]] and hadith.

The ''Sharia'' (literally: &quot;the path leading to the watering place&quot;) is Islamic law formed by traditional Islamic scholarship. In Islam, Sharia is the expression of the divine will, and &quot;constitutes a system of duties that are incumbent upon a Muslim by virtue of his religious belief&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;BritannicaShariah&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Islamic law covers all aspects of life, from matters of state, like governance and [[Diplomacy|foreign relations]], to issues of daily living. The Qur'an defines ''[[hudud]]'' as the punishments for five specific crimes: unlawful intercourse, false accusation of unlawful intercourse, consumption of alcohol, theft, and highway robbery. The Qur'an and Sunnah also contain laws of [[Islamic Inheritance jurisprudence|inheritance]], [[Islamic marital jurisprudence|marriage]], and [[Qisas|restitution for injuries and murder]], as well as rules for [[sawm|fasting]], [[Sadaqah|charity]], and [[salat|prayer]]. However, these [[wajib|prescriptions]] and [[Haraam|prohibitions]] may be broad, so their application in practice varies. [[Ulema|Islamic scholars]] (known as ''ulema'') have elaborated systems of law on the basis of these rules and their interpretations.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Menski (۲۰۰۶), p.۲۹۰
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hadd | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=B. Carra de Vaux | coauthors=J. Schacht, A.M. Goichon | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sharia | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=N. Calder | coauthors=M. B. Hooker | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[Fiqh]]'', or &quot;jurisprudence&quot;, is defined as the knowledge of the practical rules of the religion. The method Islamic jurists use to derive rulings is known as ''[[usul al-fiqh]]'' (&quot;legal theory&quot;, or &quot;principles of jurisprudence&quot;). According to Islamic legal theory, law has four fundamental roots, which are given precedence in this order: the Qur'an, the Sunnah (actions and sayings of Muhammad), the consensus of the Muslim jurists (''[[ijma]]''), and analogical reasoning (''[[qiyas]]''). For early Islamic jurists, theory was less important than pragmatic application of the law. In the ۹th century, the jurist [[ash-Shafi'i]] provided a theoretical basis for Islamic law by codifying the principles of jurisprudence (including the four fundamental roots) in his book ''ar-Risālah''.&lt;ref&gt;Weiss (۲۰۰۲), pp.xvii,۱۶۲&lt;/ref&gt;

==== مذهب او رياست ====

د اسلامي قانون له مخې د مذهب او رياست تر مېنځ ژورې اړيکې دي چې په ډېريو اسلامي هېوادونو کې ديني عالمان د قاضيانو په توگه په رسمي ډول دندې ترسره کوي. In practice, Islamic rulers frequently bypassed the Sharia courts with a parallel system of so-called &quot;Grievance courts&quot; over which they had sole control. As the Muslim world came into contact with Western secular ideals, Muslim societies responded in different ways. [[Turkey]] has been governed as a secular state ever since the reforms of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]. In contrast, the [[۱۹۷۹ Iranian Revolution]] replaced a mostly secular regime with an [[Islamic republic]] led by the [[Ruholla Khomeini|Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۸۴
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۵۰۲–۵۰۷٬۸۴۵
* Lewis (۲۰۰۳), p.۱۰۰&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ارتداد او کفر ====
{{آرنی|ارتداد په اسلام کې}}

په سيمه ايزو اسلامي ټولنو کې چې يو وگړی په ارتداد او کفر پېژندل کېږي نو هغه بيا د هماغې ټولنې نه رټل کېږي. په اسلامي رياستونو کې ارتداد او کفر د اسلامي رياست پر وړاندې جرم گڼل کېږي او داسې يو مجرم ته سزا ورکول کېږي چې اکثراً د مرگ  سزا وي.

== مذهبي فرقې ==
{{main|د اسلام مذهبي فرقې}}
لکه د نورو دينونو په شان په اسلام کې هم يو شمېر مذهبي فرقې شته چې د دوی ټولو گروهه يا عقيده يوه ده خو په شرعي او قانوني توگه په دغو فرقو کې اهم توپيرونه ليدل کېږي. اسلام په دوه لويو فرقو وېشل شوی چې د [[سني]] او [[تشيع]] فرقې يې دوه لويې فرقې دي. [[تصوف]] بيا ځانته بله مذهبي ډله ده چې په دې کې د اسلام معمايي تصريف لور ته ډېر پام اړول شوی. د ځينو سرچينو له مخې د نړۍ نژدې ۸۵٪ مسلمانان د سني لويې فرقې په لار روان دي او پاتې ۱۵٪ مسلمانان د تشيع د مذهب مننونکي دي، په همدې توگه بيا په شيعه گانو کې هم وړې مذهبي فرقې شته.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۲
* {{cite web | url=http://countrystudies.us/afghanistan/61.htm | title=Sunni and Shia Islam | work=Country Studies | publisher=U.S. Library of Congress | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۱-۰۹}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اهل سنت ===
[[دوتنه:Divisions of Islam.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Divisions of Islam]]

[[سني]] مسلمانان د اسلام لويه برخه جوړوي. په عربي ژبه کې د ''السنة'' لغت مانا &quot;اصل&quot; او يا هم &quot;لار&quot; ده. سنت (د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; د ژوند کړه وړه) دقرآن او حديث له مخې د سني اسلام اهمه ستنه جوړوي. سنيان په دې عقيده دي چې د اسلام لومړي څلور خليفه گان د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; نه وروسته برحقه او ريښتوني خليفه گان وه؛ او خدای&lt;sup&gt;ج&lt;/sup&gt; د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر نه وروسته خدای بل پيغمبر نه ؤ ځانگړی کړی، او پاتې خليفه گان بايد ټاکل شوي وای. سنيان څلور لوی قانوني مذهبونه مني چې هغه څلور لوی مذهبونه [[حنفي]]، [[مالکي]]، [[شافي]] او [[حنبلي]] دي.  All four accept the validity of the others and a Muslim might choose any one that he or she finds agreeable, but other Islamic sects are believed to have departed from the majority by introducing innovations (''[[bidah]]''). There are also several orthodox theological or philosophical traditions within Sunnism. For example, the recent [[Salafi]] movement sees itself as restorationist and claims to derive its teachings from the original sources of Islam.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* اېسپوزيتو (۲۰۰۳), pp.۲۷۵٬۳۰۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shariah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sunnite | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== شیعه گان ===

{{see also|Historic background of the Sunni-Shi'a split}}
The [[Shi'a]], who constitute the second-largest branch of Islam, believe in the political and religious [[Islamic leadership|leadership]] of [[infallible#Additional Shi'a teachings|infallible]] [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)|Imams]] from the progeny of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]. They believe that he, as the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was his rightful successor, and they call him the first ''Imam'' (leader), rejecting the legitimacy of the previous Muslim caliphs. To them, an Imam rules by right of divine appointment and holds &quot;absolute spiritual authority&quot; among Muslims, having final say in matters of doctrine and revelation.&lt;ref&gt;See
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۴۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Imam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shi'ite | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/p.php?p=shia'&amp;url=Introduction {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419035040/http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/p.php?p=shia%27&amp;url=Introduction |date=2008-04-19 }} Imamat, by [[Naser Makarem Shirazi]]]&lt;/ref&gt; Although the Shi'a share many core practices with the Sunni, the two branches disagree over the proper importance and validity of specific collections of hadith. The Shi'a follow a legal tradition called [[Ja'fari jurisprudence]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Ahmed (۱۹۹۹), pp.۴۴–۴۵
* Nasr (۱۹۹۴), p.۴۶۶&lt;/ref&gt; Shi'a Islam has several branches, the largest of which is the [[Twelvers]] (''{{ArabDIN|iṯnāʿašariyya}}''), while the others are the [[Ismaili]], the [[Sevener]]s, and the [[Zaidiyyah]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Kramer (۱۹۸۷), [http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/Alawis.htm Syria’s Alawis and Shi‘ism pp.۲۳۷–۲۵۴]
* [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/index.html Shia branches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041025093409/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/index.html |date=2004-10-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 1.JPG|thumb|right|A view of the [[Dome of the Rock]] on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]], a holy site in Islam]]
[[Shi'a]] Muslims, the second-largest sect, differ from the Sunni in rejecting the authority of the first three caliphs. They honor different traditions ([[hadith]]) and have their own legal traditions. Shi'a scholars have a larger authority than Sunni scholars and have greater room for interpretation. The [[Imams]] play a central role in Shi'a doctrine.

The arabic word Shi'a, litarally translates into the word 'group' or 'sect'. Originally known as Shi'at Ali (the sect of Ali), the group formed shortly after the death of Ali, in [[Iraq]]. Ali ibn Abi Talib was the cousin of prophet [[Muhammad]], and after marriage to Fatima, he also became Muhammad's son-in-law.

The Shi'a consist of one major school of thought known as the [[Ithna 'ashariyah]] or the &quot;[[Twelvers]]&quot;, and a few minor schools of thought, as the &quot;Seveners&quot; or the &quot;Fivers&quot; referring to the number of infallible leaders they recognize after the death of prophet [[Muhammad]]. The term Shi'a, when used without qualification, is usually taken to be synonymous with the Ithna Ashariyya or Twelvers. Most Shi'a live in [[Iran]], [[Iraq]] (the country where Ali passed away), [[Bahrain]], [[Lebanon]], [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. A minority group (about ۴ million) of Shi'a is known as [[Ismaili]]. The Shia Ismaili sect is subdivided into [[Nizari]] Ismaili and [[Mustaali]] Bohra subsects. The Nizari Ismaili or are led by the [[Aga Khan]] and are found mainly in [[Pakistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Bangladesh]], India, Canada and United States. The [[Mustaali]] Bohra sect is further subdivded into Dawoodi and Sulaimanis subsects. The [[Dawoodi Bohra]]s are concentrated in Pakistan and India. The [[Sulaimani Bohra]]s are concentrated in Yemen and Najran province of Saudi Arabia.

=== تصوف ===
{{آرنی|تصوف}}

Not strictly a denomination, [[Sufism]] is a mystical-ascetic form of Islam. By focusing on the more spiritual aspects of religion, Sufis strive to obtain direct experience of God by making use of &quot;intuitive and emotional faculties&quot; that one must be trained to use.&lt;ref&gt;Trimingham (۱۹۹۸), p.۱&lt;/ref&gt; Sufism and [[Islamic law]] are usually considered to be complementary, although Sufism has been criticized by some Muslims for being an unjustified [[bidah|religious innovation]]. Most Sufi orders, or ''[[tariqa]]s'', can be classified as either Sunni or Shi'a.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۳۰۲
* Malik (۲۰۰۶), p.۳
* B. S. Turner (۱۹۹۸), p.۱۴۵
* {{cite web | url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aftoc.html | work=Country Studies | publisher=U. S. Library of Congress (Federal Research Division) | title=Afghanistan: A Country Study | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۴-۱۸ | pages=۱۵۰}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Sufism]] is a spiritual practice followed by both Sunni and Shi'a. Sufis generally feel that following Islamic law or jurisprudence (or ''fiqh'') is only the first step on the path to perfect submission; they focus on the internal or more spiritual aspects of Islam, such as perfecting one's faith and fighting one's own ego (''nafs''). Most Sufi orders, or [[tariqa]], can be classified as either Sunni or Shi'a. However, there are some that are not easily categorized as either Sunni or Shi'a, such as the [[Bektashi]]. Sufis are found throughout the Islamic world, from [[Senegal]] to [[Indonesia]].

=== نورې طريقې ===
[[Wahhabi]]s, as they are known by non-Wahhabis, are a smaller, more recent Sunni group. They prefer to be called [[Salafi]]s. Wahhabism is a movement founded by [[Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab]] in the [[۱۸th century]] in what is present-day [[Saudi Arabia]]. They classify themselves as Sunni and some claim to follow the [[Hanbali]] legal tradition. The major trend, however, is the  abolition of these &quot;schools of thoughts&quot; (legal traditions), and the following of a more literalist interpretation. Some even regard other Sunni as heretics. The [[Hanbali]] legal tradition is the recognized official school of Islamic law in Saudi Arabia and they have had a great deal of influence on the Islamic world because of Saudi control of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]], the Islamic holy places, and because of Saudi funding for mosques and schools in other countries. The majority of Saudi Islamic scholars are considered as [[Wahhabi]]s by other parts of the Islamic world.

Sunni and Shi'a have often clashed. Some Sunni believe that Shi'a  are heretics while other Sunni recognize Shi'a as fellow Muslims. According to Shaikh Mahmood Shaltoot, head of the [[al-Azhar University]] in the middle part of the ۲۰th century, &quot;the Ja'fari school of thought, which is also known as &quot;al-Shi'a al- Imamiyyah al-Ithna Ashariyyah&quot; (i.e. The Twelver Imami Shi'ites) is a school of thought that is religiously correct to follow in worship as are other Sunni schools of thought&quot;. Al-Azhar later distanced itself from this position.

Another sect which dates back to the early days of Islam is that of the [[Kharijites]]. The only surviving branch of the Kharijites are the [[Ibadi|Ibadhi Muslims]]. Ibadhism is distinguished from Shiism by its belief that the Imam (Leader) should be chosen solely on the basis of his faith, not on the basis of descent, and from Sunnism in its rejection of [[Uthman]] and [[Ali]] and strong emphasis on the need to depose unjust rulers.  Ibadhi Islam is noted for its strictness, but, unlike the Kharijites proper, Ibadhis do not regard major sins as automatically making a Muslim an unbeliever. Most Ibadhi Muslims live in [[Oman]].

Another trend in modern Islam is that which is sometimes called progressive. Followers may be called [[Ijtihadists]]. They may be either Sunni or Shi'ite, and generally favor the development of  personal interpretations of Qur'an and Hadith. ''See'': [[Liberal Islam]]

One very small group, based primarily in the United States, follows the teachings of [[Rashad Khalifa]] and calls itself the &quot;Submitters&quot;. They reject [[hadith]] and [[fiqh]], and say that they follow the Qur'an alone. Most Muslims of both the [[Sunni]] and the [[Shia]] sects consider this group to be heretical.

The [[Kharijites]] are a sect that dates back to the early days of Islam. The only surviving branch of the Kharijites is [[Ibadism]]. Unlike most Kharijite groups, Ibadism does not regard sinful Muslims as unbelievers. The [[Imam]]ate is an important topic in Ibadi legal literature, which stipulates that the leader should be chosen solely on the basis of his knowledge and piety, and is to be deposed if he acts unjustly. Most Ibadi Muslims live in [[Oman]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* [http://www.uga.edu/islam/ibadis.html IBADI ISLAM: AN INTRODUCTION]
* J. A. Williams (۱۹۹۴), p.۱۷۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=al-Ibāḍiyya | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Yazidi]], [[Druze]],  [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community|Ahmadiyya]], [[Bábís|Bábí]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'í]], [[Berghouata]] and [[Ha-Mim]] religions either emerged out of Islam or came to share certain beliefs with Islam. [[Sikhism]], founded by [[Guru Nanak]] in late fifteenth century [[Punjab region|Punjab]], incorporates aspects of both Islam and [[Hinduism]].&lt;ref&gt;Encyclopedia of Islam, &quot;Sikhs&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلامي فرضونه او عمل ==
=== پينځه بنسټيزه ستنې ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام پينځه ستنې}}

[[دوتنه:Arabic Plaque, Great Mosque, Xian.jpg|thumb|left|Islam's basic creed (''[[shahadah]]'') written on a plaque in the [[Great Mosque of Xi'an]], [[China]]]]
[[دوتنه:Kabaa.jpg|thumb|left|Rituals of the [[Hajj]] (pilgrimage) include walking seven times around the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca.]]

دغه پنځه بنسټیزه ستنې د [[سني مسلمانان|سني مسلمانانو]] لپاره پنځه اړینه کړنې دي.خو بیا شیعه مسلمان په اتو مذهبي کړنو کې کډون کوي کوم چې دغو پنځو بنسټیزه کړنو ته ورته والی لري:
.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Momem (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Pillars of Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; چې په لاندې ډول دي:
* '''''[[شهادت]]''''', شهادت د اسلام له بنسټیزو [[عقیده|عقیدو]] یا اصولو څخه دي او باید د زړه له تله په لاندې ډول وویل شي ''' أشهد أن لا إله إلاَّ الله و أشهد أن محمد رسول الله''',یا&quot; زه شهادت ورکوم چې دلته پرته له [[الله]] څخه بل هیڅوک د [[عبادت]] وړ ندي او زه شهادت ورکوم چې [[محمد]] د خدای [[رسول]] دي.&quot;

This testament is a foundation for all other beliefs and practices in Islam (although technically the Shi'a do not consider the ''shahadah'' to be a separate pillar, just a belief). Muslims must repeat the ''shahadah'' in prayer, and non-Muslims wishing to convert to Islam are required to recite the creed.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۱۹۹۴), p.۱۳۵
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸
* &quot;Islam&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals''(۲۰۰۴)&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[لمونځ]]''''', or ritual prayer, which must be performed five times a day. (However, the Shi'a are permitted to run together the noon with the afternoon prayers, and the evening with the night prayers). Each salah is done facing towards the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca. Salah is intended to focus the mind on God, and is seen as a personal communication with him that expresses gratitude and worship. Salah is compulsory but flexibility in the specifics is allowed depending on circumstances. In many Muslim countries, reminders called [[Adhan]] (call to prayer) are broadcast publicly from local mosques at the appropriate times. The prayers are recited in the [[Arabic language]], and consist of verses from the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۱۸٬۱۹
* Hedáyetullah (۲۰۰۶), pp.۵۳–۵۵
* Kobeisy (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲۲–۳۴
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[زکات]]''''', or [[alms|alms-giving]]. This is the practice of giving based on accumulated wealth, and is obligatory for all Muslims who can afford it. A fixed portion is spent to help the poor or needy, and also to assist the spread of Islam. The zakat is considered a religious obligation (as opposed to voluntary charity) that the well-off owe to the needy because their wealth is seen as a &quot;trust from God's bounty&quot;. The Qur'an and the hadith also suggest a Muslim give even more as an act of voluntary alms-giving (''[[sadaqah]]''). Many Shi'ites are expected to pay an additional amount in the form of a ''[[khums]]'' tax, which they consider to be a separate ritual practice.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲|۱۷۷|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۹۰
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Zakat | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۱}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Zakat | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[روژه]]''''', or [[Sawm of Ramadan|fasting during the month of Ramadan]]. Muslims must not eat or drink (among other things) from dawn to dusk during this month, and must be mindful of other sins. The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to God, and during it Muslims should express their gratitude for and dependence on him, atone for their past sins, and think of the needy. ''Sawm'' is not obligatory for several groups for whom it would constitute an undue burden. For others, flexibility is allowed depending on circumstances, but missed fasts usually must be made up quickly.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲|۱۸۴|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۹۰٬۹۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_21.html#HEADING20 | title=For whom fasting is mandatory | publisher=USC-MSA | work=Compendium of Muslim Texts | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۴-۱۸ | تاريخ الأرشيف=2008-11-28 | مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 | url-status=dead | خونديځ نېټه=2008-11-28 | خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308025221/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_21.html#HEADING20 | خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[حج]]''''', which is the pilgrimage during the [[Islamic calendar|Islamic month]] of ''[[Dhu al-Hijjah]]'' in the city of [[Mecca]]. Every [[able-bodied]] Muslim who can afford it must make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his or her lifetime. When the pilgrim is about ten kilometers from Mecca, he must dress in [[Ihram clothing|''Ihram'' clothing]], which consists of two white seamless sheets. Rituals of the Hajj include walking seven times around the [[Kaaba]], touching the [[Black Stone]], running seven times between [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Mount Safa]] and [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Mount Marwah]], and symbolically [[Stoning of the Devil|stoning the Devil]] in [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]]. The pilgrim, or the ''hajji'', is honored in his or her community, although Islamic teachers say that the Hajj should be an expression of devotion to God instead of a means to gain social standing.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۱۹۹۴), pp.۱۴۵–۱۴۷
* Goldschmidt (۲۰۰۵), p.۴۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hajj | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In addition to the ''khums'' tax, Shi'a Muslims consider three additional practices essential to the religion of Islam. The first is [[jihad]], which is also important to the Sunni, but not considered a pillar. The second is ''[[Amr-Bil-Ma'rūf]]'', the &quot;Enjoining to Do Good&quot;, which calls for every Muslim to live a virtuous life and to encourage others to do the same. The third is ''[[Nahi-Anil-Munkar]]'', the &quot;Exhortation to Desist from Evil&quot;, which tells Muslims to refrain from vice and from evil actions and to also encourage others to do the same.&lt;ref&gt;Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۸۰&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلامي اداب او خواړه ===

{{آرنی|اسلامي اداب|د خواړو اړونده اسلامي احکام}}

Many practices fall in the category of ''adab'', or Islamic etiquette. This includes greeting others with &quot;''[[As-Salamu Alaykum|as-salamu `alaykum]]''&quot; (&quot;peace be unto you&quot;), saying ''[[bismillah]]'' (&quot;in [[Names of God|the name of God]]&quot;) before meals, and using only the right hand for eating and drinking. [[Islamic hygienical jurisprudence|Islamic hygienic]] practices mainly fall into the category of personal cleanliness and health, such as the circumcision of male offspring. [[Islamic funeral|Islamic burial rituals]] include saying the ''[[Salat al-Janazah]]'' (&quot;funeral prayer&quot;) over the bathed and enshrouded dead body, and burying it in a grave. Muslims, like Jews, are restricted in their diet, and prohibited foods include pig products, blood, [[carrion]], and [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]]. All meat must come from a [[herbivorous]] animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian, with the exception of game that one has hunted or fished for oneself. Food permissible for Muslims is known as [[halal]] food.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۵|۵|style=ref}}
* Curtis (۲۰۰۵), p.۱۶۴
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۱۱۱
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/janisla2y2.html Customs and Behavioral Laws]
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/febislaw2y2.html The Dietary Laws]
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/DecIslaw2y5.htm Various types of the prayer]
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Slaughter | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Ersilia Francesca | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۸}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جهاد ===
{{mainarticle|Jihad|Islamic military jurisprudence}}
Jihad means &quot;to strive or struggle,&quot; especially in the idiomatic expression &quot;striving in the way of God&quot; (''al-jihad fi sabil Allah'') and is considered the &quot;[[sixth pillar of Islam]]&quot; by a minority of Muslim authorities.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Merriam (۱۹۹۹) p.۵۷۱
* Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia p.۴۱۹
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۹۳&lt;/ref&gt; Jihad, in its broadest sense, is classically defined as &quot;exerting one's utmost power, efforts, endeavors, or ability in contending with an object of disapprobation.&quot; Depending on the object being a visible enemy, the devil, and aspects of one's own self, different categories of Jihad are defined: Jihad against one's own self (self-perfection), Jihad of the tongue, Jihad of the hand, and Jihad of the sword. Jihad when used without any qualifier is understood in its military aspect.&lt;ref&gt;Reuven Firestone (۱۹۹۹), The Meaning of Jihād, p. ۱۷-۱۸&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Britannica Encyclopedia, Jihad&lt;/ref&gt;

Jihad is the only form of warfare permissible under [[Sharia|Islamic law]]. Under most circumstances and for most Muslims, jihad is a collective duty (''[[Fard|fard kifaya]]''): one whose performance by some individuals exempts the others; for the rest of the populace, this happens only in the case of a [[general mobilization]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Djihad&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''.&lt;/ref&gt; Some Muslim authorities, especially among the Shi'a and [[Sufism|Sufis]], distinguish between the &quot;greater jihad&quot;, which pertains to spiritual self-perfection, and the &quot;lesser jihad&quot;, defined as warfare.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Firestone (۱۹۹۹) p.۱۷ 
* &quot;Djihad&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''.&lt;/ref&gt; Jihad also refers to one's striving to attain religious and moral perfection.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Brockopp (۲۰۰۳) pp. ۹۹–۱۰۰
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۹۳ 
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=jihad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۶-۱۳}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
{{آرنی|د اسلام تاريخ|د اسلام خپرېدا}}

Islam's historical development resulted in major political, economic, and military effects inside and outside the [[Islamic world]]. Within a century of Muhammad's first recitations of the [[Qur'an]], an Islamic empire stretched from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in the west to [[Central Asia]] in the east. This new polity soon broke into civil war, and successor states fought each other and outside forces. However, Islam continued to spread into regions like [[Africa]], the [[Indian subcontinent]], and [[Southeast Asia]]. The Islamic civilization was one of the most advanced in the world during the [[Middle Ages]], but was surpassed by Europe with the economic and military growth of the West. During the ۱۸th and ۱۹th centuries, Islamic dynasties such as the [[Ottomans]] and [[Mughals]] fell under the sway of European imperial powers. In the ۲۰th century [[Islamic revival|new religious and political movements]] and newfound wealth in the Islamic world led to both rebirth and conflict.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۵۰٬۱۱۲٬۱۹۷٬۳۸۰٬۴۸۹٬۵۷۸٬۸۱۷
* Lewis (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲۹٬۵۱–۵۶&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د اسلامي رياست پيل (۶۳۲–۷۵۰) ===
{{see|Succession to Muhammad|Muslim conquests|Muslim Empire}}
Muhammad began preaching Islam at [[Mecca]] before [[Hijra (Islam)|migrating]] to [[Medina]], from where he united the [[tribes of Arabia]] into a singular Arab Muslim religious polity. With Muhammad's death in ۶۳۲, disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community. [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]], a prominent [[sahaba|companion]] of Muhammad, nominated [[Abu Bakr]], who was Muhammad's intimate friend and collaborator. Others added their support and Abu Bakr was made the first [[caliph]]. This choice was disputed by some of Muhammad's companions, who held that [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]], his cousin and son-in-law, had been designated his successor. Abu Bakr's immediate task was to avenge a recent defeat by [[Byzantine]] (or [[Eastern Roman Empire]]) forces, although he first had to put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an episode known as the [[Ridda wars]], or &quot;Wars of Apostasy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See: 
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۵۷
* Hourani (۲۰۰۳), p.۲۲
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۳۲
* Madelung (۱۹۹۶), p.۴۳
* Tabatabaei (۱۹۷۹), p.۳۰–۵۰&lt;/ref&gt;

[[دوتنه:Age of Caliphs.png|thumb|left|upright=1.25|The territory of the [[Caliphate]] in the year ۷۵۰]]

His death in ۶۳۴ resulted in the succession of Umar as the caliph, followed by [[Uthman ibn al-Affan]] and Ali ibn Abi Talib. These four are known as ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' (&quot;[[Rightly Guided Caliphs]]&quot;). Under them, the territory under Muslim rule expanded deeply into [[Persian Empire]] and [[Byzantine]] territories.&lt;ref&gt;See
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۷۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; When Umar was assassinated in ۶۴۴, [[the election of Uthman]] as successor was met with increasing opposition. In ۶۵۶, Uthman was also killed, and Ali assumed the position of caliph. After fighting off opposition in the [[First Fitna|first civil war]] (the &quot;First Fitna&quot;), Ali was assassinated by [[Kharijites]] in ۶۶۱. Following this, [[Muawiyah I|Mu'awiyah]], who was governor of [[Levant]], seized power and began the [[Umayyad dynasty]].&lt;ref&gt;Holt (۱۹۷۷a), pp.۶۷–۷۲&lt;/ref&gt;

These disputes over religious and political leadership would give rise to schism in the Muslim community. The majority accepted the legitimacy of the three rulers prior to Ali, and became known as [[Sunni]]s. A minority disagreed, and believed that Ali was the only rightful successor; they became known as the [[Shi'a]].&lt;ref&gt;Waines (۲۰۰۳) p.۴۶&lt;/ref&gt; After Mu'awiyah's death in ۶۸۰, conflict over succession broke out again in a civil war known as the &quot;[[Second Fitna]]&quot;. Afterward, the Umayyad dynasty prevailed for seventy years, and was able to conquer the [[Maghreb|Maghrib]] as well as the [[Al-Andalus]] (the [[Iberian Peninsula]], former [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] [[Hispania]]) and the [[Gallia Narbonensis|Narbonnese Gaul]]. While the Muslim-Arab elite engaged in conquest, some devout Muslims&lt;!--The Islamic term is Zahid and there may be a better translation for it.--&gt; began to question the piety of indulgence in a worldly life, emphasizing rather poverty, humility and avoidance of sin based on renunciation of bodily desires. Devout Muslim ascetic exemplars such as [[Hasan al-Basri]] would inspire a movement that would evolve into [[Sufism]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۹۰٬۹۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sufism | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۳}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the Umayyad aristocracy, Islam was viewed as a religion for Arabs only;&lt;ref&gt;Hawting (۲۰۰۰), p.۴&lt;/ref&gt; the economy of the Umayyad empire was based on the assumption that a majority of non-Muslims ([[Dhimmis]]) would pay taxes to the minority of Muslim Arabs. A non-Arab who wanted to convert to Islam was supposed to first become a client of an Arab tribe. Even after conversion, these new Muslims (''[[mawali]]'') did not achieve social and economic equality with the Arabs. The descendants of Muhammad's uncle [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] rallied discontented ''mawali'', poor Arabs, and some Shi'a against the Umayyads and overthrew them with the help of their propagandist and general [[Abu Muslim]], inaugurating the [[Abbasid|Abbasid dynasty]] in ۷۵۰.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۶; Lewis (۱۹۹۳), pp. ۷۱–۸۳&lt;/ref&gt; Under the Abbasids, Islamic civilization flourished in the &quot;[[Islamic Golden Age]]&quot;, with its capital at the cosmopolitan city of Baghdad.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), pp.۸۰٬۹۲٬۱۰۵
* Holt (۱۹۷۷b), pp.۶۶۱–۶۶۳
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۶
* Lewis (۱۹۹۳), p.۸۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د اسلام زرين پېر (۷۵۰–۱۲۵۸) ===

[[دوتنه:Battle of Cresson.jpg|thumb|right|Artistic depiction of the Battle of Hattin in 1187, where Jerusalem was recaptured by Saladin's Ayyubid forces]]

By the late ۹th century, the Abbasid caliphate began to fracture as various regions gained increasing levels of autonomy. Across North Africa, Persia, and Central Asia [[emirates]] formed as provinces broke away. The monolithic Arab empire gave way to a more religiously homogenized [[Muslim world]] where the Shia [[Fatimid]]s contested even the religious authority of the caliphate. By ۱۰۵۵ the [[Seljuq Turks]] had eliminated the Abbasids as a military power, nevertheless they continued to respect the caliph's titular authority.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۱۰۳–۱۴۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Abbasid Dynasty | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this time expansion of the Muslim world continued, by both conquest and peaceful [[Dawah|proselytism]] even as both Islam and Muslim trade networks were extending into sub-Saharan [[West Africa]], [[Central Asia]], [[Volga Bulgaria]] and the [[Malay archipelago]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Islam&quot;/&gt;

The Golden Age saw new legal, philosophical, and religious developments. The [[Six major Hadith collections|major hadith collections]] were compiled and the four modern Sunni [[Madh'hab]]s were established. Islamic law was advanced greatly by the efforts of the early ۹th century jurist [[al-Shafi'i]]; he codified a method to establish the reliability of hadith, a topic which had been a locus of dispute among Islamic scholars.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۸۶&lt;/ref&gt; Philosophers [[Ibn Sina]] (Avicenna) and [[Al-Farabi]] sought to incorporate Greek principles into Islamic theology, while others like the ۱۱th century theologian [[Abu Hamid al-Ghazzali]] argued against them and ultimately prevailed.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۱۶۰
* Waines (۲۰۰۳) p.۱۲۶٬۱۲۷&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, Sufism and Shi'ism both underwent major changes in the ۹th century. [[Sufism]] became a full-fledged movement that had moved towards mysticism and away from its ascetic roots, while Shi'ism split due to disagreements over the succession of Imams.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۴۴–۴۵
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۹۰–۹۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sufism | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The spread of the Islamic dominion induced hostility among [[Middle ages|medieval]] [[ecclesiastical]] Christian authors who saw Islam as an adversary in the light of the large numbers of new Muslim converts. This opposition resulted in polemical treatises which depicted Islam as the religion of the [[antichrist]] and of Muslims as libidinous and subhuman.&lt;ref&gt;Tolan (۲۰۰۲) xv, xvi, ۴۱&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Middle Ages|medieval period]], a few Arab philosophers like the poet [[Al-Ma'arri]] adopted a critical approach to Islam, and the Jewish philosopher [[Maimonides]] contrasted Islamic views of morality to Jewish views that he himself elaborated.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Novak (February ۱۹۹۹)
* Sahas (۱۹۹۷), pp.۷۶–۸۰&lt;/ref&gt;

Starting in the ۹th century, Muslim conquests in Christian Europe began to be reversed. The [[Reconquista]] was launched against Muslim [[Taifa|principalities]] in [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], and Muslim [[History of Islam in southern Italy|Italian possessions]] were lost to the [[Normans]]. From the ۱۱th century onwards a series of wars known as the [[Crusade]]s brought the Muslim world into conflict with [[Christendom]]. Successful at first in their capturing of the [[Holy Land (Biblical)|Holy land]] which resulted in the establishment of the [[Crusader states]], Crusader gains in the Holy Land were reversed by later Muslim generals such as [[Saladin]], who recaptured [[Jerusalem]] during the [[Second Crusade]].&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۸۸–۲۹۰٬۳۱۰&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Mongol Empire]] put an end to the Abbasid dynasty at the [[Battle of Baghdad (۱۲۵۸)|Battle of Baghdad in ۱۲۵۸]], which saw the Muslims overrun by the superior Mongol army. Meanwhile in Egypt, the slave-soldier [[Mamluk]]s took control in an uprising in ۱۲۵۰.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۹۲
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic World | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د عثمانيه سلطنت او په هند کې اسلامي رياست (۱۲۵۸–۱۹۱۸) ===

The Seljuk Turks fell apart rapidly in the second half of the ۱۳th century. In the ۱۳th and ۱۴th centuries the [[Ottoman empire]] (named after [[Osman I]]) was established with a string of conquests that included the [[Balkans]], parts of [[Greece]], and western [[Anatolia]]. In ۱۴۵۳ under [[Mehmed II]] the Ottomans laid siege to [[Constantinople]], the capital of Byzantium. The Byzantine fortress [[Fall of Constantinople|succumbed]] shortly thereafter, having been battered by superior Ottoman [[cannon]]ry.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۲۶۳
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۵۰
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Istanbul | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Beginning in the ۱۳th century, Sufism underwent a transformation, largely as a result of the efforts of [[al-Ghazzali]] to legitimize and reorganize the movement. He developed the model of the Sufi order—a community of spiritual teachers and students.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۰۴٬۱۰۵&lt;/ref&gt; Also of importance to Sufism was the creation of the [[Masnavi]], a collection of mystical poetry by the ۱۳th century [[Persian language|Persian]] poet [[Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi|Rumi]]. The Masnavi had a profound influence on the development of Sufi religious thought; to many Sufis it is second in importance only to the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic Art | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[دوتنه:TajMahalbyAmalMongia.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Taj Mahal]] is a [[mausoleum]] located in [[Agra]], [[India]], that was built under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۶۵&lt;/ref&gt;]]

In the early ۱۶th century, the Shi'ite [[Safavid dynasty]] assumed control in Persia and established Shi'a Islam as an official religion there, and despite periodic setbacks, the Safavids remained powerful for two centuries. Meanwhile, Mamluk Egypt fell to the Ottomans in ۱۵۱۷, who then launched a European campaign which reached as far as [[Siege of Vienna|the gates of Vienna]] in ۱۵۲۹.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۱۹۸٬۲۳۴٬۲۴۴٬۲۴۵٬۲۵۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many [[Islamic empires in India|Islamic dynasties]] ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent starting from the twelfth century. The prominent ones include the [[Delhi Sultanate]] (۱۲۰۶–۱۵۲۶) and the [[Mughal empire]] (۱۵۲۶–۱۸۵۷). These empires helped in the spread of Islam in [[South Asia]]. but by the mid-۱۸th century the [[British empire]] had ended the Mughal dynasty.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۳۵۸٬۳۷۸–۳۸۰٬۶۲۴&lt;/ref&gt; In the ۱۸th century the [[Wahhabi]] movement took hold in Saudi Arabia. Founded by the preacher [[Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab|Ibn Abd al-Wahhab]], Wahhabism is a fundamentalist ideology that condemns practices like Sufism and the veneration of saints as un-Islamic.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۷۲
* Watt (۱۹۷۳), p.۱۸: Wahhabism should not be confused with the early Kharijite sect of Wahabiyya, which was named after Abd-Allah ibn-Wahb ar-Rasibi, who opposed Ali at Nahrawan.&lt;/ref&gt;

By the ۱۷th and ۱۸th centuries, despite attempts at modernization, the Ottoman empire had begun to feel threatened by European economic and military advantages. In the ۱۹th century, the [[Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire|rise of nationalism]] resulted in Greece declaring and winning independence in ۱۸۲۹, with several Balkan states following suit after the Ottomans suffered defeat in the [[Russo-Turkish War (۱۸۷۷–۱۸۷۸)|Russo-Turkish War of ۱۸۷۷–۱۸۷۸]]. The Ottoman era came to a close at the end of [[World War I]].&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۳۸۰٬۴۸۹–۴۹۳&lt;/ref&gt;

=== نوی پېر (۱۹۱۸–اوسمهال) ===
After [[World War I]] losses, the remnants of the empire were parceled out as European [[protectorate]]s or [[sphere of influence|spheres of influence]]. Since then most Muslim societies have become independent nations, and new issues such as oil wealth and relations with the State of [[Israel]] have assumed prominence.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۸۱–۲۸۲٬۳۸۰٬۴۸۹–۴۹۳٬۵۵۶٬۵۷۸٬۸۲۳٬۸۳۵&lt;/ref&gt;

The ۲۰th century saw the creation of many new Islamic &quot;revivalist&quot; movements. Groups such as the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in Egypt and [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] in Pakistan advocate a totalistic and theocratic alternative to secular political ideologies. Sometimes called [[Islamist]], they see Western cultural values as a threat, and promote Islam as a comprehensive solution to every public and private question of importance. In countries like Iran and Afghanistan (under the [[Taliban]]), revolutionary movements replaced [[Secularism|secular]] regimes with Islamist states, while transnational groups like [[Osama bin Laden]]'s [[al-Qaeda]] engage in [[Islamist terrorism|terrorism]] to further their goals. In contrast, [[Liberal Islam]] is a movement that attempts to reconcile religious tradition with modern norms of secular governance and [[human rights]]. Its supporters say that there are multiple ways to read Islam's sacred texts, and stress the need to leave room for &quot;independent thought on religious matters&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۱۸٬۱۱۹٬۱۷۹
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۸۲۳–۸۳۰&lt;/ref&gt;

In modern times Islam has come under [[Criticism of Islam|criticism]] from idealogues such as [[Robert Spencer]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last=Bostom | first=Andrew | title=Islamic Apostates' Tales—A Review of ''Leaving Islam'' by Ibn Warraq | date=July ۲۱, ۲۰۰۳ | publisher=FrontPageMagazine.com | work=FrontPage Magazine | url=http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=9000 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Ibn Warraq]],&lt;ref&gt;Rippin (۲۰۰۱), p.۲۸۸&lt;/ref&gt; who criticize Islamic law and question the morality of the Qur'an; for example, they say that its contents justify mistreatment of women and encourage [[anti-Semitism|antisemitic]] remarks by Muslim theologians;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | publisher=NYRB | work=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=۱۰-۰۵-۲۰۰۶ | title=Islam in Europe | author=Timothy Garton Ash | url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/19371}}&lt;/ref&gt; such claims are disputed by Muslim scholars.&lt;ref&gt;For example, see:
* [[Ahmed Deedat]], in Westerlund (۲۰۰۳);
* [[Syed Ameer Ali]], in ''The Spirit of Islam'' (۱۸۴۹–۱۹۲۸). It is described by [[David Samuel Margoliouth]] (۱۹۰۵) as &quot;probably the best achievement in the way of an apology for Mohammed&quot;.  See Margoliouth, preface ''Mohammed and the Rise of Islam'';
* [[Yusuf Estes]], in {{cite news | publisher=Advance, [[University of Connecticut]] | date=۱۱-۱۷-۲۰۰۳ | title=Ramadan Awareness Event Designed To Debunk Negative Images | author=Elizabeth Omara-Otunnu | url=http://advance.uconn.edu/2003/031117/03111715.htm | access-date=2007-11-24 | archive-date=2014-04-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401005128/http://advance.uconn.edu/2003/031117/03111715.htm | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Montgomery Watt]], Norman Daniel, and [[Edward Said]] dismiss many of the criticisms as the product of old myths and medieval European polemics.&lt;ref&gt;
* Seibert (۱۹۹۴), pp.۸۸–۸۹
* Watt (۱۹۷۴), p.۲۳۱&lt;/ref&gt; The rise of [[Islamophobia]], according to [[Carl Ernst]], had contributed to the negative views about Islam and Muslims in the West.&lt;ref&gt;Ernst (۲۰۰۴), p.۱۱&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلامي ټولنه ==
{{آرنی|اسلامي نړۍ}}

[[دوتنه:Islam percentage by country.png|کيڼ|290px|بټنوک|د هېوادونو له مخې د مسلمانانو د شمېر سلنه]]

=== وگړپوهنه ===
{{دا هم  وگورۍ|د مسلمانانو د شمېر له مخې د هېوادونو لړليک|د اسلام ډيموگرافي}}

Commonly cited estimates of the Muslim population in ۲۰۰۷ range from ۱٫۱&amp;nbsp;billion to ۱٫۸&amp;nbsp;billion. Approximately ۸۵٪ are [[Sunni]] and ۱۵٪ are [[Shi'a]], with a small minority belonging to other sects. Some ۳۰–۴۰ countries are Muslim-majority, and Arabs account for around ۲۰٪ of all Muslims worldwide.  [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]] contain the most populous Muslim countries, with [[Indonesia]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Bangladesh]] having more than ۱۰۰&amp;nbsp;million adherents each.&lt;ref name=Islam_by_country&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/rel_isl_num_of_mus-religion-islam-number-of-muslim
|title=Number of Muslim by country
|publisher=nationmaster.com
|accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۳۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to U.S. government figures, in ۲۰۰۶ there were ۲۰&amp;nbsp;million Muslims in [[China]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm
|title=International Religious Freedom Report ۲۰۰۶—China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)
|year=۲۰۰۶
|publisher=U.S. department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
|accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۳۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Middle East]], the non-Arab countries of [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]] are the largest Muslim-majority countries; in [[Africa]], [[Egypt]] and [[Nigeria]] have the most populous Muslim communities.&lt;ref name=Islam_by_country/&gt; Islam is the second largest religion after [[Christianity]] in many [[Europe]]an countries.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴) pp.۲٬۴۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic World | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | title=Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents | publisher=Adherents.com | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۱-۰۹ | تاريخ الأرشيف=2010-01-29 | مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | url-status=dead | خونديځ نېټه=2007-07-07 | خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html }}
* {{cite web | title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4385768.stm | publisher=BBC | work=BBC News | date=[[۲۰۰۵-۱۲-۲۳]] | accessdate=۲۰۰۶-۰۹-۲۸ }}
* {{cite web | title=Religion In Britain | url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 | publisher=Office for National Statistics | work=National Statistics | date=[[۲۰۰۳-۰۲-۱۳]] | accessdate=۲۰۰۶-۰۸-۲۷ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جومات ===
{{آرنی|جومات}}
جومات د مسلمانانو لپاره د عبادت ځای دی، چې په عربي کې ورته ''مسجد'' وایي که څه هم په  جوماتو  کې اصلي موخه د لمونځونو ادا کول دی، خو مسلمانو ته جومات د یو بل د لیدلو او زده کړو لپاره هم ډیر مهم دی. اوسني پرمختللي جوماتونه تر ډیرې کچې پورې د ۷ مې پیړۍ د جوماتو په شان پراخ شوي او د ډیرو بیلابیلو څیزونو او معمامري عناصرو درلودونکي دی لکه منار.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Masdjid | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author= J. Pedersen | coauthors=R. Hillenbrand, J. Burton-Page, et al. | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Mosque | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== کورنيز ژوند ===
{{دا-هم-وگورۍ|ښځه په اسلام کې}}
The basic unit of Islamic society is the [[family]], and Islam defines the obligations and legal rights of family members. The father is seen as financially responsible for his family, and is obliged to cater for their well-being. The division of [[inheritance]] is specified in the Qur'an, which states that most of it is to pass to the immediate family, while a portion is set aside for the payment of debts and the making of bequests. The woman's share of inheritance is generally half of that of a man with the same rights of succession.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;al-Mar'a&quot;. ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Marriage in Islam]] is a civil [[nikah|contract]] which consists of an offer and acceptance between two qualified parties in the presence of two witnesses. The groom is required to pay a [[dowry]] (''[[mahr]]'') to the bride, as stipulated in the contract.&lt;ref&gt;
* Waines (۲۰۰۳) pp. ۹۳–۹۶
* The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (۲۰۰۳), p.۳۳۹
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸) p. ۷۹&lt;/ref&gt;

A man may marry up to four wives if he believes he can treat them equally, while a woman may marry one man only. In most Muslim countries, the process of divorce in Islam is known as ''[[Talaq (Nikah)|talaq]]'', which the husband initiates by pronouncing the word &quot;divorce&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;*&quot;Talak&quot;. ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; Scholars disagree whether Islamic holy texts justify traditional Islamic practices such as [[hijab|veiling]] and seclusion ([[purdah]]). Starting in the ۲۰th century, Muslim social reformers argued against these and other practices such as [[Polygamy in Islam|polygamy]], with varying success. At the same time, many Muslim women have attempted to reconcile tradition with modernity by combining an active life with outward modesty. [[Islamist]] groups and regimes like the [[Taliban]] mostly seek to continue traditional law as applied to women.&lt;ref&gt;
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۹۵٬۹۶٬۲۳۵–۲۴۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Marriage and Divorce | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an | author=Harald Motzki | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۵}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Marriage Practices | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women &amp; Islamic Cultures | author=Lori Peek | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۵}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلامي کليز ===
{{آرنی|اسلامي کليز}}

اسلامي کاليز د مکې نه مدينې ته د هجرت د وخت نه پيلېږي او هماغه کال د هجرت لومړی کال بلل کېږي چې د زېږيز کال ۶۲۲ سره سمون خوري. د اسلامي کاليز ته سپوږميزه کاليزه هم وايي او دا ځکه چې د دې کال مياشتې د سپوږمۍ د حرکت پر بنسټ ټاکل شوي،  but differs from other such calendars (e.g. the [[Celtic calendar]]) in that it omits [[intercalary month]]s, being synchronized only with [[lunation]]s, but not with the [[solar year]], resulting in years of either ۳۵۴ or ۳۵۵ days. This omission was introduced by Muhammad because the right to announce intercalary months had led to political power struggles.{{citation needed}} Therefore, Islamic dates cannot be converted to the usual CE/AD dates simply by adding ۶۲۲ years. Islamic holy days fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in different seasons in different years in the [[Gregorian calendar]].

The formal beginning of the Muslim era was chosen to be the [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]] in ۶۲۲CE, which was an important turning point in Muhammad's fortunes. The assignment of this year as the year ۱ AH (''Anno Hegirae'') in the Islamic calendar was reportedly made by [[Umar|Caliph Umar]]. It is a [[lunar calendar]], with nineteen ordinary years of ۳۵۴ days and eleven leap years of ۳۵۵ days in a thirty-year cycle. Islamic dates cannot be converted to CE/AD dates simply by adding ۶۲۲ years: allowance must also be made for the fact that each Hijri century corresponds to only ۹۷ years in the Christian calendar.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Adil (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۸۸
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۶۷
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tarikh̲ | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=B. van Dalen | coauthors=R. S. Humphreys, Manuela Marín, et al. | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
The year ۱۴۲۸AH coincides almost completely with ۲۰۰۷CE.

Islamic [[Holiday|holy days]] fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in [[Different Seasons|different seasons]] in different years in the [[Gregorian calendar]]. The most important Islamic festivals are ''[[Eid al-Fitr]]'' (Arabic: عيد الفطر) on the ۱&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; of ''[[Shawwal]]'', marking the end of the fasting month ''[[Ramadan]]'', and ''[[Eid al-Adha]]'' (Arabic: عيد الأضحى) on the ۱۰&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; of ''[[Dhu al-Hijjah]]'', coinciding with the pilgrimage to Mecca.&lt;ref&gt;Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/janisla2y2.html Customs and Behavioral Laws]&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلام او نور دينونه ==
==== هغه مذهبونه چې د اسلام پر بنسټ جوړ شوي ====
{{آرنی|اسلام او نور دينونه}}

دا لانديني مذهبونو لارويان ځانونه مسلمانان بولي، خو د ډېرو مسلمانانو او مسلمانو چارواکو لخوا دوی مسلمانان نه بلل کېږي:
* [[د اسلام ملت]] (په امريکا کې بنسټ شوې مذهبي ډله)
* [[ذکري]]ان
* د [[احمديت]] تحريک (دې ډلې ته [[قاديانيت]] هم وايي)
* د [[الاحبش]] ډله (چې د حبشيانو په نامه هم يادېږي/ AICP)

د لاندې مذهبونو لارويان ځانونه مسلمانان بولي خو د دوی د اسلاميت په منلو کې د ډېرو مسلمانانو اختلافونه شته چې ځينې يې دوی مسلمانان او ځينې يې مسلمانان نه گڼي:
* [[دروز]]
* [[علوي]]ان (النُصيرية)

The following religions are said by some to have evolved or borrowed from Islam, in almost all cases influenced by traditional beliefs in the regions where they emerged, but consider themselves independent religions with distinct laws and institutions:
* [[يزيدي]]
* [[بابيس|بابيزم]] (چې اوس د [[بياني]]انو په نامه يادېږي)
* [[بهايي]]

The claim of the adherents of the Bahá'í Faith that it represents an independent religion was upheld by the Muslim ecclesiastical courts in Egypt during the ۱۹۲۰s. As of January [[۱۹۲۶]], their final ruling on the matter of the origins of the Bahá'í Faith and its relationship to Islam was that the Bahá'í Faith was neither a sect of Islam, nor a religion based on Islam, but a clearly defined, independently founded faith. This was seen as a considerate act on the part of the ecclesiastical court and in favor of followers of Bahá'í Faith since the majority of Muslims regard a ''religion based on Islam'' as a heresy.

Some see [[Sikhism]] as a [[syncretism|syncretic]] mix of Islam and [[Hinduism]], although it is often considered a [[Dharma|Dharmic]] faith rather than an Islamic or [[Abrahamic]] one. It arose in the context of the interaction between [[Hindu]] and Muslim communities in [[North India]].

The following religions might have been said to have evolved from Islam, but are not considered part of Islam, and no longer exist:
* The religion of the medieval [[Berghouata]]
* The religion of [[Ha-Mim]]

The Qur'an contains injunctions to respect other religions. It also asks the followers to fight and subdue unbelievers in times of war and &quot;evict them whence they evicted you&quot; (Al-Qur'an ۲:۱۹۱). Some Muslims have respected Jews and Christians as fellow &quot;peoples of the book&quot; (monotheists following [[Abrahamic religions]]), while others have reviled them as having abandoned monotheism and corrupted their scriptures. At different times and places, Islamic communities have been both intolerant and tolerant.

The classical Islamic solution was a limited tolerance — Jews and Christians were to be allowed to privately practice their faith and follow their own family law. They were called [[Dhimmis]], and they had fewer though similar legal rights and obligations than Muslims.

The classic Islamic state was often more tolerant than many other states of the time, which insisted on complete conformity to a state religion. The record of contemporary Muslim-majority states is mixed. Some are generally regarded as tolerant, while others have been accused of intolerance and human rights violations. See the main article, [[Islam and other religions]], for further discussion.

{{آرنی|اسلام او نور مذهبونه}}

[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 1.JPG|thumb|220px|left|A view of the [[Dome of the Rock]] on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]], a holy site in both Islam and [[Judaism]] that has been a source of controversy]]
[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Al-Aqsa Mosque BW 2010-09-21 06-38-12.JPG|thumb|left|220px|د [[الاقصا مسجد]] ديني جلوس. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) د همدغه ځای نه د معراج په سفر اسمان ته وخاته.]]

According to Islamic doctrine, Islam was the primordial religion of mankind, professed by [[Adam]].&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), pp. ۱۴–۱۶&lt;/ref&gt; At some point, a religious split occurred, and God began sending prophets to bring his revelations to the people.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), pp. ۱۸–۱۹&lt;/ref&gt; In this view, [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Nevi'im|Hebrew prophets]], and [[Jesus]] were all [[prophets of Islam]], but their message and the texts of the [[Torah]] and the [[Gospels]] were [[tahrif|corrupted]] by [[Jew]]s and Christians. Similarly, children of non-Muslim families are  born Muslims, but are converted to another faith by their parents.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۱۸&lt;/ref&gt; The idea of Islamic supremacy is encapsulated in the formula &quot;Islam is exalted and nothing is exalted above it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۵&lt;/ref&gt; Pursuant to this principle, Muslim women may not marry non-Muslim men, defamation of Islam is prohibited, and the testimony of a non-Muslim is inadmissible against a Muslim.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۵;
* Lewis (۱۹۸۴), p. ۳۹&lt;/ref&gt;

Islamic law divides non-Muslims into several categories, depending on their relation with the Islamic state. Christians and Jews who live under Islamic rule are known as ''[[dhimmis]]''. Dhimmis must pay tribute (''[[jizya]]'') to the Islamic state, and as such are considered &quot;protected peoples.&quot; Historically, dhimmis enjoyed a measure of communal autonomy under their own religious leaders, but were subject to legal, social and religious restrictions as well as humiliating regulations meant to highlight the inferiority of non-Muslim subjects.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lewis (۱۹۸۴), pp.۹, ۲۷, ۳۶;
* Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۷;&lt;/ref&gt; The status was extended to Zoroastrians and sometimes to polytheists (such as [[Hindu]]s), but not to [[atheist]]s or [[agnostic]]s.&lt;ref&gt;Lewis (۲۰۰۱), p.۲۷۳&lt;/ref&gt; Those who live in non-Muslim lands (''[[dar al-harb]]'') are known as ''[[harbi]]s'', and upon entering into an alliance with the Muslim state become known as ''ahl al-ahd''. Those who receive a guarantee of safety while residing temporarily in Muslim lands are known as ''ahl al-amān''. Their legal position is similar to that of the dhimmi except that they are not required to pay the jizya. The people of armistice (''ahl al-hudna'') are those who live outside of Muslim territory and agree to refrain from attacking the Muslims.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۵۵&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Aman&quot;, ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; [[apostasy in Islam|Apostasy]] is prohibited, and is punishable by death.&lt;ref&gt;A woman who apostasizes is to be executed according to some jurists, or imprisoned according to others.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Murtadd&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt;

== دا هم وگورئ ==
{{Col-begin|width=}}

{{Col-1-of-2}}
* [[اسلامي هنر]]
* [[اسلامي وټه]]
* [[اسلامي اخلاق]]
* [[اسلامي ادبيات]]
* [[اسلامي زده کړې]]
* [[اسلام او نوښت]]
* [[اسلاميزم]]
* [[د مسلمانانو لړليک]]
{{Col-2-of-2}}
* [[د اسلامي امپراتورانو لړليک]]
* [[د هغه نامتو کسانو لړليک چې اسلام ته وراوښتي]]
* [[د پخوانيو نامتو مسلمانانو لړليک]]
* [[په اسلامي نړۍ کې د جگړو لړليک]]
* [[د اسلامي تاریخ وختلیکه]]
* [[په اسلام کې د ماشومانو حقونه]]
* [[په اسلام کې د بنديانو حقونه]]

{{Col-end}}

== يادښتونه ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== سرچينې ==
;کتابونه او خپرونې
{{Reflist|2}}
* {{cite journal | last=Accad | first=Martin | title=The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries: An Exegetical Inventorial Table (Part I) | journal=Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations | volume=۱۴ | issue=۱ |date=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISSN ۰۹۵۹-۶۴۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Adil | first=Hajjah Amina | coauthors=Shaykh Nazim Adil Al-Haqqani, Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani | title=Muhammad: The Messenger of Islam | publisher=Islamic Supreme Council of America | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۹۳۰۴۰۹۱۱۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Ahmed | first=Akbar | title=Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World | publisher=I. B. Tauris | edition=۲٫۰۰ | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۸۶۰۶۴۲۵۷۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Brockopp | first=Jonathan E. | title=Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia | publisher=University of South Carolina press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۱۵۷۰۰۳۴۷۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Cohen-Mor | first=Dalya | title=A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۳۳۹۸۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Curtis | first=Patricia A. | year=۲۰۰۵ | title=A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations | publisher=Blackwell Publishing Professional | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۸۱۹۴۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Eglash | first=Ron | year=۱۹۹۹ | title=African Fractals: Modern Computing and Indigenous Design | publisher=Rutgers University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۸۱۳۵-۲۶۱۴-۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Ernst | first=Carl | authorlink=Carl Ernst | year=۲۰۰۴ | title = Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World | publisher=University of North Carolina Press | id=ISBN ۰-۸۰۷۸-۵۵۷۷-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | coauthors=John Obert Voll | title=Islam and Democracy | year=۱۹۹۶ | | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۰۸۱۶-۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito  | first=John  | authorlink=John Esposito  | title=Islam: The Straight Path | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۸ | edition=۳rd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۱۲۳۴۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | coauthors=Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad | title=Muslims on the Americanization Path? | year=۲۰۰۰a | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۳۵۲۶-۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۰b | title=Oxford History of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۰۷۹۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۲a | title=Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۶۸۸۶۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۲b | title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۵۷۱۳-۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | title=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۲۵۵۸-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito  | first=John  | authorlink=John Esposito  | title=Islam: The Straight Path | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۴ | edition=۳rd Rev Upd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۸۲۶۶۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Farah | first=Caesar | authorlink=Caesar E. Farah | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year=۱۹۹۴ | edition=۵th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۰۱۸۵۳۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Farah | first=Caesar | authorlink=Caesar E. Farah | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year=۲۰۰۳ | edition=۷th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۶۴۱۲۲۲۶۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Firestone | first=Reuven | title=Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam | publisher= Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹-۵۱۲۵۸۰۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Friedmann | first=Yohanan | authorlink=Yohanan Friedmann | title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition | publisher= Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۵۲۱۰۲۶۹۹۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Ghamidi | first=Javed | authorlink=Javed Ahmed Ghamidi | title=[[Mizan]] | publisher=[[Al-Mawrid|Dar al-Ishraq]] | year=۲۰۰۱ | id={{OCLC|۵۲۹۰۱۶۹۰}}}}
* {{cite book | last=Goldschmidt, Jr. | first=Arthur | coauthors=Lawrence Davidson | title=A Concise History of the Middle East | publisher=Westview Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۸th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۳۴۲۷۵۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Griffith | first=Ruth Marie | coauthors=Barbara Dianne Savage | title=Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۸۰۱۸۸۳۷۰۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Hawting| first=G. R. | authorlink= G.R. Hawting | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD ۶۶۱–۷۵۰ | publisher=Routledge | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۴۰۷۳۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Hedayetullah | first=Muhammad | title=Dynamics of Islam: An Exposition | publisher=Trafford Publishing | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۵۳۶۹۸۴۲۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Holt | first=P. M. |  coauthors=[[Bernard Lewis]] | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. ۱ | year=۱۹۷۷a | publisher=Cambridge University Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۲۹۱۳۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Holt | first=P. M. | coauthors=Ann K. S. Lambton, [[Bernard Lewis]] | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. ۲ | year=۱۹۷۷b | publisher=Cambridge University Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۲۹۱۳۷۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Hourani | first=Albert | authorlink=Albert Hourani | coauthor=[[Malise Ruthven|Ruthven, Malise]] | title=A History of the Arab Peoples | year=۲۰۰۳ | publisher=Belknap Press; Revised edition | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۷۴۰۱۰۱۷۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Humphreys | first=Stephen | title=Between Memory and Desire | year=۲۰۰۵ | publisher=University of California Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲-۰۲۴۶۹۱۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Kobeisy | first=Ahmed Nezar | title=Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People | publisher=Praeger Publishers | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۳۱۳۳۲۴۷۲۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Koprulu | first=Mehmed Fuad | coauthors=Leiser, Gary | title=The Origins of the Ottoman Empire | publisher=SUNY Press | year=۱۹۹۲ | id=ISBN ۰۷۹۱۴۰۸۱۹۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Kramer | first=Martin | title=Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution | publisher=Westview Press | year=۱۹۸۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۳۰۴۵۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Kugle | first=Scott Alan | title=Rebel Between Spirit And Law: Ahmad Zarruq, Sainthood, And Authority in Islam | publisher=Indiana University Press| year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۲۵۳۳۴۷۱۱۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Lapidus| first=Ira | title=A History of Islamic Societies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۲ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۵۲۱۷۷۹۳۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Jews of Islam | publisher=Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul | year=۱۹۸۴ | id=ISBN ۰-۷۱۰۲-۰۴۶۲-۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Arabs in History | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹۲۸-۵۲۵۸-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Middle East | publisher=Scribner | year=۱۹۹۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۸۴۸۳۲۸۰۷}} 
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | edition=۲nd | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۶۹۵۱۸۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East | publisher=Harper Perennial | edition=Reprint | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۶۰۵۱۶۰۵۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror | publisher=Random House, Inc., New York | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۹۶۷۸۵۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Madelung | first=Wilferd | authorlink=Wilferd Madelung | title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۶۴۶۹۶۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Malik| first=Jamal| coauthors=John R Hinnells, Inc NetLibrary | title=Sufism in the West | publisher= Routledge | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۷۴۰۸۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Menski | first=Werner F. | title=Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۸۵۸۵۹۳}}
* {{cite journal | last=Mohammad | first=Noor | title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction | journal=Journal of Law and Religion | volume=۳ | issue=۲ |date=۱۹۸۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Momen | first=Moojan | title=An Introduction to Shi`i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi`ism | publisher=Yale University Press | year=۱۹۸۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۳۰۰۰۳۵۳۱۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Nasr | first=Seyed Muhammad | title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter ۷) | publisher=HarperCollins | year=۱۹۹۴| id=ISBN ۰-۰۶۰۶۷-۷۰۰-۷}}
* {{cite journal | last=Novak | first=David | title=The Mind of Maimonides | journal=[[First Things]] |date=February ۱۹۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Parrinder | first=Geoffrey | authorlink=Geoffrey Parrinder | title=World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present | publisher=Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited | year=۱۹۷۱ | id=ISBN ۰-۸۷۱۹۶-۱۲۹-۶}}
* {{cite journal | last=Patton | first=Walter M. | title=The Doctrine of Freedom in the Korân | journal=The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures |date=April ۱۹۰۰ | volume=۱۶ | issue=۳ | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۱۰۳۱۴۷}}
* {{cite journal | last=Peters | first=F. E. | authorlink=F. E. Peters | title=The Quest for Historical Muhammad | journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |date=۱۹۹۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Peters | first=F. E. | authorlink=F. E. Peters | title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۶۹۱-۱۱۵۵۳-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Peters | first=Rudolph | authorlink=Rudolph Peters | title=Jihad in Medieval and Modern Islam | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۷۷ | id = ISBN ۹۰-۰۴-۰۴۸۵۴-۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Rippin | first=Andrew | authorlink=Andrew Rippin | title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | publisher=Routledge | edition=۲nd | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۲۱۷۸۱۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Ruthven | first=Malise | title=Fundamentalism: The Search for Meaning | publisher= Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | id = ISBN ۰۱-۹۲-۸۰۶۰۶-۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Sahas | first=Daniel J. | title=John of Damascus on Islam: The Heresy of the Ishmaelites | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۹۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۰۰۴۰۳۴۹۵۲}}
* {{cite book | last=[[Abdulaziz Sachedina|Sachedina]] | first=Abdulaziz | title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence | publisher=Oxford University Press US | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۱۹۱۵۰}}
* {{cite journal | last=Seibert | first=Robert F. | title=Review: Islam and the West: The Making of an Image (Norman Daniel)| journal=Review of Religious Research |date=۱۹۹۴ | volume=۳۶ | issue=۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Sells | first=Michael Anthony | authorlink=Michael Anthony Sells | coauthors=Emran Qureshi  | title=The New Crusades: Constructing the Muslim Enemy | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰۲۳۱۱۲۶۶۷۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Smith | first=Jane I. | title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۵۶۴۹۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Spencer | first=Robert | title=The Myth of Islamic Tolerance: How Islamic Law Treats Non-Muslims | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۰۲۲۴۹۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Stillman | first=Norman | authorlink=Norman Stillman | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | location=Philadelphia | year=۱۹۷۹ | id=ISBN ۱-۸۲۷۶۰-۱۹۸-۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Tabatabae | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=Seyyed Hossein Nasr (translator) | authorlink=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Shi'ite Islam 
| publisher=Suny press| year=۱۹۷۹ | id=ISBN  ۰-۸۷۳۹۵-۲۷۲-۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Tabatabae | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=R. Campbell (translator) | authorlink=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Islamic teachings: An Overview and a Glance at the Life of the Holy Prophet of Islam | publisher=Green Gold | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۰-۹۲۲۸۱۷-۰۰-۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Teece | first=Geoff | title=Religion in Focus: Islam  | publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۴۹۶۴۷۹۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Tolan | first=John V. | title=Saracens: Islam in the Medieval European Imagination | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=۲۰۰۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Trimingham| first=John Spencer  | title=The Sufi Orders in Islam  | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۸| id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۲۰۵۸۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Tritton | first=Arthur S. | authorlink=Arthur Stanley Tritton| title=The Caliphs and their Non-Muslim Subjects: A Critical Study of the Covenant of Umar | publisher=Frank Cass Publisher | location=London | year=۱۹۷۰ |origyear = ۱۹۳۰ | id=ISBN ۰-۷۱۴۶-۱۹۹۶-۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Turner | first=Colin | title=Islam: the Basics  | publisher=Routledge (UK) | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۳۴۱۰۶X}}
* {{cite book | last=Turner | first=Bryan S. | title=Weber and Islam | publisher=Routledge (UK) | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۱۷۴۵۸۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Waines | first=David | title=An Introduction to Islam | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۵۳۹۰۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Warraq | first=Ibn | title=The Quest for Historical Muhammad | publisher=Prometheus | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۷۳۹۲۷۸۷۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Warraq | first=Ibn | title=Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out | publisher=Prometheus | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۱-۵۹۱۰۲-۰۶۸-۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | authorlink=William Montgomery Watt | title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought | publisher=University Press Edinburgh|  year=۱۹۷۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۸۵-۲۲۴۲۵۴-X}}
* {{cite book | last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | authorlink=William Montgomery Watt | title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman | publisher=Oxford University Press | edition=New | year=۱۹۷۴ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۸۸۱۰۷۸-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Weiss | first=Bernard G. | title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory | year=۲۰۰۲ | location=Boston | publisher=Brill Academic publishers | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۱۲۰۶۶۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Williams | first=John Alden | title=The Word of Islam | year=۱۹۹۴ | publisher=University of Texas Press | id=ISBN ۰-۲۹۲-۷۹۰۷۶-۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Williams | first=Mary E. | title=The Middle East | year=۲۰۰۰ | publisher=Greenhaven Pr | id=ISBN ۰۷۳۷۷۰۱۳۳۱}}

;Encyclopedias
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=William H. McNeill, Jerry H. Bentley, David Christian | encyclopedia=Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History | publisher=Berkshire Publishing Group | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۹۷۴۳۰۹۱۰۱}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Gabriel Oussani | encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]] | year=۱۹۱۰}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Paul Lagasse, Lora Goldman, Archie Hobson, Susan R. Norton | encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia | publisher=Gale Group | year=۲۰۰۰ | edition=۶th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۳۳۹۲۳۶۹}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online|Encyclopaedia Britannica Online]] | publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Erwin Fahlbusch, William Geoffrey Bromiley | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Eerdmans Publishing Company, and Brill| year=۲۰۰۱ | edition=۱st| id=ISBN ۰-۸۰۲۸-۲۴۱۴-۵}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=John Bowden | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۱st | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۲۲۳۹۳-۴}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=George Thomas Kurian, Graham T. T. Molitor | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Future | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۱۹۹۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۹۷۲۰۵۳}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | id=ISSN ۱۵۷۳-۳۹۱۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Richard C. Martin, Said Amir Arjomand, Marcia Hermansen, Abdulkader Tayob, Rochelle Davis, John Obert Voll | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۶۵۶۰۳۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Lindsay Jones | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۶۵۷۳۳۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Salamone Frank | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals | publisher=Routledge | edition=۱st | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۹۴۱۸۰۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Peter N. Stearns | edition=۶th | year=۲۰۰۰ | encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of World History Online | publisher=Bartleby}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=[[Josef W. Meri]] | encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia | publisher=[[Routledge]] | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱-۵۹۶۶۹۰۶}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=[[Wendy Doniger]] | encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions | publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۰۸۷-۷۷۹۰۴۴۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Glasse Cyril | encyclopedia=New Encyclopedia of Islam: A Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam | | publisher=AltaMira Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISSN ۹۷۸-۰۷۵۹۱۰۱۹۰۶}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Edward Craig | encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy | publisher=Routledge | year=۱۹۹۸ | edition=۱st| id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۰۷۳۱۰۳}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== نورې لوستنې ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* {{cite book | last=Arberry | first=A. J. | authorlink=A. J. Arberry | title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation | publisher=Touchstone | edition=۱st | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۸۴۸۲۵۰۷۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Hawting | first=Gerald R. | authorlink=Gerald R. Hawting | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyard Caliphate AD ۶۶۱–۷۵۰ | publisher=Routledge | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۴۰۷۲۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Khan | first=Muhammad Muhsin | authorlink=Muhammad Muhsin Khan | coauthors=Al-Hilali Khan, Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din | title=Noble Quran | year=۱۹۹۹ | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | edition=۱st | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۹۶۰۷۴۰۷۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Kramer (ed.) | first=Martin | authorlink=Martin Kramer | title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis | publisher=Syracuse University | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۶۵۲۲۴۰۴۰۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Kuban | first=Dogan | title=Muslim Religious Architecture | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۷۴ | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۰۳۸۱۳۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | year=۱۹۹۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۶۹۲۱۷۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam and the West | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۰۹۰۶۱۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۰۲۸۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Mubarkpuri | first=Saifur-Rahman | title=[[The Sealed Nectar]]: Biography of the Prophet | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۴۴۰۷۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Najeebabadi | first=Akbar Shah | title=History of Islam | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۴۴۰۳۴۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Nigosian | first=S. A. | title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=۲۰۰۴ | edition=New Edition | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۲۵۳۲۱۶۲۷۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Rahman | first=Fazlur | authorlink=Fazlur Rahman | title=Islam | publisher=University of Chicago Press | year=۱۹۷۹ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۰-۲۲۶-۷۰۲۸۱-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Walker | first=Benjamin | authorlink=Benjamin Walker | title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith | publisher=Peter Owen Publishers | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۲۰۶۱۰۳۸۳}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== باندنۍ تړنې ==

;اکاډميکې سرچينې
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* [http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/ د سويلي كاليفورنيا پوهنتون: د اسلامی لیکنو لندیز] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213011952/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/ |date=2007-12-13 }}
* [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/ د اسلام پوهنغونډ (د نړۍ د مذهبونو مخليدنه)]
* [http://arabworld.nitle.org/introduction.php?module_id=2 د اسلام اړونده څپرکی] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225105128/http://arabworld.nitle.org/introduction.php?module_id=2 |date=2008-02-25 }} د [[NITLE]] څخه د عربي فرهنگ او تمدن پرليکه سرچينې
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105852/Islam اسلام], ''د بريټانيکا پرليکه پوهنغونډ'' ليکنه

&lt;/div&gt;   
;ټولگې
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* اسلام په [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/euroislam.htmlلویدیزه اروپا], [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/UKIslam.html انگلستان ], [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/DIslam.html جرمنی] او [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/sasislam.html سویلی اسیا]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Islam_%28Bookshelf%29 Islam (Bookshelf)] at [[Project Gutenberg]]
;Islam - text, audio and video
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.ikre-bismi-rabbike.net/kuran.php Kur'an audio (recordings of many Qur'an recitals)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418011817/http://www.ikre-bismi-rabbike.net/kuran.php |date=2008-04-18 }}
* [http://www.guidedways.com/quranreciter/ Qur'an audio and reading material in numerous languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218182412/http://www.guidedways.com/quranreciter/ |date=2008-02-18 }}

&lt;/div&gt;
;اسلام او هنرونه
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/ پر اسلام د بي بي سي فوکس]
* [http://www.lacma.org/islamic_art/intro.htm Islamic Art at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308091248/http://www.lacma.org/islamic_art/intro.htm |date=2008-03-08 }}
* [http://www.muslimheritage.com/ Muslim Heritage] (Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation, UK)
* [http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/ Islamic Architecture (IAORG)] illustrated descriptions and reviews of a large number of mosques, palaces, and monuments.
&lt;/div&gt;

{{ اسلامي سرلیکونه}}

[[وېشنيزه:اسلام| ]]
[[وېشنيزه:توحید]]
[[وېشنيزه:خدای پیژندنه]]</text>
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'''اسلام''' {{Ar|الإسلام}};''{{ArabDIN|}}'' ({{Audio|ar-al_islam.ogg|&lt;sup&gt;واوری!&lt;/sup&gt;}}، &quot;اطاعت&quot; (د [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;([[جل جلاله|ج]])&lt;/sup&gt; د رضا)) يو [[مونوتيزم|مونوتېسټېک]] (د يوه څښتن مننونکي) گروهې (عقيده) يا باور لرونکې دین دی. پخپله د اسلام وی د سولې، امن، سلامتۍ، روغې جوړې رامنځته کول دي. دا دین له درېیو [[ابراهيمي دين]]ونو  ([[یهوديت]]، [[عیسویت]]، اسلام) له ډلې څخه دی، چې د نړۍ په کچه دویم ستر [[مذهب]] گڼل کېږي. د اسلام د دين لارويانو ته '''[[مسلمانان]]''' وايي. مسلمانان پدې گروهه دي چې [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د انسانانو د لارښوونې لپاره وخت پر وخت، خپل استازي ([[پيغمبر|پيغمبران]]) رالېږلي، چې هریو خپله دنده د الهي اوامرو په رڼا کې په بشپړه توگه سرته رسولې.
د الهي استازو (پیغمرانو) وروستې استازې [[محمد]]&lt;sup&gt;([[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]])&lt;/sup&gt; دی.
[[دوتنه:Kaaba at night.jpg|thumb| [[کعبه شریفه]] چې په [[سعودي عربستان]] کی پرته ده دا د اسلام مرکز او د مسلمانانو [[قبله]] ده او دا هغه ځای دی کوم چې هر کال په زرگونه [[مسلمانان]] دلته د خدای د کور د زیارت لپاره راځې.]]
''اسلام'' &quot;تسليمۍ او غاړه اېښودنې ټه وایي&quot; يا په بله وينا ځان د الله تعالی رضا ته تسليمول. د اسلام د [[دين]] لاروي ته [[مسلمان]] ويل کېږي، مانا دا چې &quot;هغه څوک چې ځان يې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته سپارلی او د هغه د احکامو اطاعت کوي، مسلمان گڼل کېږي&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Islam&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lanes Lexicon&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume4/00000137.pdf|title=Lane's lexicon |accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۷-۰۳}}&lt;/ref&gt; په ټوله نړۍ کې د ۱٫۱&amp;nbsp;بيليون او ۱٫۸&amp;nbsp;بيليون ترمېنځ وگړي د اسلام د دين لارويان دي، چې په همدې توگه وروسته د [[عيسويت]] نه [[اسلام]] د نړۍ دویم ستر [[دين]] گڼل کېږي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |title=Major Religions of the World—Ranked by Number of Adherents |accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۷-۰۳ |format=HTML |work= |تاريخ الأرشيف=2010-01-29 |مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |url-status=dead |خونديځ نېټه=2007-07-07 |خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam }}&lt;/ref&gt;

مسلمانان په دې عقیده دي ې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; قرآن مجيد پر حضرت [[محمد]]&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; نازل کړی، او محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د الله تعالی وروستی پيغمبر دی. مسلمانان پدې عقيده هم دي چې قرآن مجيد او سُنت (د حضرت محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; خبرې او اعمال) د اسلام بنسټيزې سرچينې دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۱۹۹۶), p.۴۱
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/JulRefl2y6.html Sources of Islam]&lt;/ref&gt; مسلمانان په دې عقيده هم دي چې حضرت محمد مصطفیٰ&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د يوه نوي دين په توگه د اسلام د دين بنسټگر نه ؤ، خو همدا وروستی پيغمبر د اسلام د دين د گروهې آرنۍ لمانځونکی او پرځای کوونکی دی چې پر زمکه يې بنسټ [[آدم]]&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; ايښی چې بيا تر هغه وروسته حضرت ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; او د هغه نه پخوانيو او وروستنيو، د خدای&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ټولو پيغمبرانو يې د دغه دين او اصلي لارې بلنه ورکړې. مسلمانان دا عقيده لري چې په [[يهوديت]] او [[عيسويت]] کې د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغام چې د بېلابېلو انبياو لخوا پر دوی نازل شوي، هغه د دوی لخوا د وخت په تېرېدو سره تحريف شوي، او ناسمه ترجماني يې شوې، که هغه په ليکلې بڼه وي او که پرته د ليکلې بڼې وي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Distorted&quot;&gt;See:
* Accad (۲۰۰۳): According to Ibn Taymiya, although only some Muslims accept the textual veracity of the entire Bible, most Muslims will grant the veracity of most of it.
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸), pp.۶٬۱۲
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۴–۵
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tahrif | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=Hava Lazarus-Yafeh | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
د اسلام دين د گڼ شمېر اسلامي اعمالو يو غونډال دی. د دغه دين مننونکي بايد د اسلام د دين [[د پينځه ستنو]] مننونکي او پلي کونکي وي، د اسلام د دين پينځه ستنې له بېلابېلو فرايضو او دندو نه جوړ شوی او همدغه پينځه ستنې دي چې په يوې ټولنه کې مسلمانان سره متحده کوي.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۱۷&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلام د دين د پينځه ستنو سره سره، [[شريعت|اسلامي قانون]] (''شريعة'') د احکامونو يو دوديزه قضايي واک دی چې د مسلمانانو د ژوند او ټولنې هر اړخ يې اغېزمن کړی. په دې قانون کې هر څه رانغښتې دي، د عملي چارو نه نيولې لکه د خوراک، څښاک آن تر سوداگريزو او پانگه ايزو چارو او تر جگړايزو چارو پورې هر څه په دې قانون کې راغلي دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۱۱۱٬۱۱۲٬۱۱۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

نژدې ټول مسلمانان د اسلام په دوو لويو فريقو لکه سني او شيع پورې تړاو لري. د تشيع فرقه په ۷مه پېړۍ کې د مسلمانانو تر مېنځ د مذهبي او سياسي توپيرونو په پايله کې رامېنځ ته شوې. په اټکلي توگه ۸۵ په سلو کې مسلمانان د اهل سنت لارويان دي او ۱۵ په سلو کې د تشيع فرقې لارويان دي.په [[منځنی ختيځ]]، او همداراز د [[افريقا]] او [[آسيا]] په برخو کې د اسلام دين برلاسی دی. د دغه دين د مننونکو لويې ډلې په [[په چين کې د اسلام دين|چين]]، د بالکان هيوادونو په [[ختيځه اروپا]] او [[په روسيه کې د اسلام دين|روسيې]] کې شته. په لويديځه اروپا کې هم گڼ شمېر مسلمان مهاجرين مېشت دي او همدا راز په امريکا کې هم د مسلمانانو ټولنې شته. په سلو کې نژدې ۲۰٪ مسلمانان په عربو هېوادونو کې مېشت دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۲۱
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲٬۴۳&lt;/ref&gt;
{{اسلام}}

== آرپوهه ==
اسلام د عربي ژبې د درې تورو، {{ArabDIN|[[سين]]-[[لام]]-[[ميم]]}} ({{ar|'''س'''-'''ل'''-'''م'''}}) نه راوتلی. اسلام د همدغې ريښې يو تجريدي فعل دی چې مانا يې ده &quot;تسليم يا ځان سپارل، څان الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته سپارل، اطاعت کول او د سولې&quot; په مانا هم ده.

کله چې د پورتني ويي د ريښو په اړه په نورو ژبو کې څېړنه کوو، نو بيا په عبراني ژبه کې د پورتني وييکي ضمني ماناگانې هم راوځي. په عبراني ژبه کې د ''[[شلوم]]'' ويي، د (شين-لامد-ميم) نه خپلې ريښې اخلي ({{Ivrit|'''ש'''-'''ל'''-'''ם'''}}). په ډېرو [[سېمېټک ژبو]] کې د همدغه لغت ضمني ماناگانې شته، چې مانا يې بشپړکېدل، پوره کېدل، سر ته رسېدنه، ښه اوسېدنه، هوسا اوسېدنه، يو داسې اصطلاح چې په ژباړه کې اکثراً د سولې د وييکي مانا په ځان کې رانغاړي، ورکوي.

په قرآن کې هم د اسلام د لغت د مانا بېلابېل تعبيرونه راغلي. په ځينو ''[[ایت|آيتونو]]''، کې د اسلام کيفيت د يوې راسخې عقيدې په توگه تاکيد شوی: &quot;الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; که وغواړي چې د يو چا لارښونه وکړي، نو الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د هغه سينه د اسلام لپاره پراخه کوي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۶|۱۲۵|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۶۱|۷|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳۹|۲۲|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; نور آيتونه بيا ''اسلام'' او ''[[دين]]'' (اکثراً د &quot;مذهب&quot; په توگه ژباړل کېږي) د يو شي په توگه تعبيروي : &quot;نن، ما ستاسو دين ستاسو لپاره مکمل کړ؛ ما ستاسو لپاره خپل د برکتونو اچول مکمل کړل؛ ما ستاسو لپار د اسلام دين غوره کړ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۵|۳|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳|۱۹|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳|۸۳|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; ډېر نور خلک بيا اسلام داسې تعريفوي چې دا هغه دين دی چې انسان د همدې دين په مرسته بېرته الله تعالی ته ورستنېږي نسبت و دې ته چې د ايمان د اعمالو د تصديق په توگه وگڼلای شي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۹|۷۴|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۴۹|۱۴|style=ref}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هغه نور عربي وييونه چې د {{ar|'''س'''-'''ل'''-'''م'''}} نه راوتلي:

* [[سلام]], چې د &quot;سولې او سلامتۍ&quot; په مانا ده او د ورځيني روغبړ يوه اهمه کلمه ده, [[سلام عليکم|السلام عليکم]] (ته دې سلامت وې/سلامتي دې پر تا وي).
* السلام(سوله)د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د ۹۹ مبارکو نومونو نه يو نوم دی چې په [[قران]] کې هم راغلی.
* [[مسلمان]], د اسلام د دين مننونکي ته وايي او مانا يې ده هغه څوک چې ځان الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته تسليم کوي او يا د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; اطاعت کوي.
* سلامه, د &quot;سلامتي,&quot; په مانا ده چې د &quot;خدای پامانۍ&quot; په وخت کې وييل کېږي، د &quot;مع السلامه&quot; مانا ( سلامتۍ سره[لاړ شه]) ده.

== عقيده ==

د اسلام بنسټيزه عقيده شهادت دی چې د گواهۍ مانا لري [[شهادت]] ('''  لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله ''')&quot;نشته بل کوم څښټتن يا معبود پرته د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; نه او [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر دی.&quot; د دې لپاره چې څوک [[مسلمان]] شي، نو سړي ته پکار ده چې دغه پورتنی شهادت د يو څو شاهدانو مخکې ووايي او پرې ايمان راوړي. او که چېرته يو څوک غواړي چې اسلام ته راشي نو هغه يا هغې ته پکار ده چې بايد د زړه له صدق نه وغواړي او بيا د دې نه مخکې چې شهادت ووايي نو پکار ده چې د شهادت په اصلي مانا او مفهوم پوه وي.&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته خپل پيغام د محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; او د نورو پيغمبرانو لخوا لکه [[آدم|آدم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[نوح|نوح&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[ابراهیم|ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[موسی|موسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] او [[عيسی|عيسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] له لورې په بېلابېلو وختونو کې رالېږلی. [[مسلمانان]] په دې عقيده هم دي چې [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] د [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; وروستنی پيغمبر و او د هغه نه وروسته تر قيامته بل هېڅ کوم [[پيغمبر]] نه راځي. نو ددې پخاطر [[مسلمانان]] بايد د [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] په لارښوونې تر قيامته پورې عمل وکړي.
&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان پدې عقيده دي چې قران د انسانانو د لارښوونې يو داسې کتاب دی چې تر اوسه پکې هېچا گوتې نه دي وهلي او پدې کتاب کې هېڅ کومه نيمگړتيا نشته، او هېڅ کله به پکې بدلون را نه شي، او دا د خدای له لورې انسانانو ته وروستی نازل شوی کتاب دی. مسلمانان دا هم وايي چې د انجيل او تورات هغه اسماني کتابونه دي چې د بېلابېلو مذهبي فرقو له لورې پکې لاسوهنې شوي په بل ډول سره ليکل شوي او په ناسمه توگه تعبير شوي او د دغو اسماني کتابونو اصلي بڼې اوس نه شته او د وخت په تېرېدو سره خلکو هماغه لومړني لارښوونې چې په اصلي اسماني کتابونو کې وه هېر کړي، او يا يې هم درغلي پکې کړې. نو ددغه ليد پر بنسټ الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته د لارښوونې لپاره قرآن راولېږه چې په دې کې هماغه د اصلي انجيل او تورات لارښوونو سره سره د هغو وختونو د خلکو چې پېغمبران به يې ځورول او وژل به يې او د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له احکامو د سرغړونې سره سره يې د خپل زاتي گټو لپاره د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په کلام کې چې بدعتونه راوستلي دا ټول تاريخ ثبت دی. 
&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان دا هم وايي چې اسلام هماغه دين دی چې د آدم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; له وختونو نه او د نورو پيغمبرانو په وختونو کې هم وه، او دغو ټولو پيغمبرانو د همدغه مذهب په لار د تلو ټينگار کړی. اسلامي کتابونه او ليکنې د [[يهوديت]] او [[عيسويت]] د هغو اصلي لارښوونو نه راوتلي چې د ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; په وختونو کې يې ښوونې شوي نو د همدغه پخاطر دا درېواړه مذهبونه يعنی يهوديت، عيسويت او اسلام چې درېواړه سره گډې ريښې لري، د ابراهيمي دينونو په نامه سره هم يادېږي.  په قرآن عظيم الشان کې يهوديانو او عيسويانو ته د اهل الکتاب يا هغه خلک چې کتابونه ورباندې نازل شوي، په نامه اشاره شوې ده.    
&lt;br /&gt;
اسلام يو [[دين]] دی، دين '''د ژوندون لار''' مانا لري او يا هم په بله وينا د لارښوونې لار.

&quot;د قرآن شريف له مخې مسلمانان بايد په خپل پاک رب باندې ايمان راوړي او د هغه وحدانيت ته د تسليمېدو سره سره، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په ټولو وحيو، نازل شوو کتابونو، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پرښتو، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پيغمبرانو او د قيامت په ورځ بايد ايمان ولري.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۲|۴|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۲|۲۸۵|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۴|۱۳۶|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; په همدې توگه، نور عقايد هم شته چې د اسلام د دوه لويو فرقو تر مېنځ پکې د تعبيرونو توپير شته. د تشيع د لارې خلکو کې د امامت يو سياسي او روحاني لارښوونې يو نظام دود دی.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۲۰۰۳), p.۱۰۹
* مومن (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۶&lt;/ref&gt;

مسلمانان په دې گروهه دي چې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته خپل وروستی رسول محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; ورلېږلی دی. او پر محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; يې قرآن نازل کړی چې وروستی اسماني کتاب دی. د قرآن د نزول موده پوره دوه لسيزې وخت نيولی.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۷٬۱۸٬۲۱&lt;/ref&gt; په اسلام کې پيغمبران، خدای ته نژدې هغه انسانان دي چې خدای تعالی يې د خپل پيغام رسولو په موخه په انسانانو کې غوره کوي. مسلمانان په دې هم عقيده لري چې پيغمبران انسانان دي چې خدای ورته د انسانانو د لارښوونې، عبرت او د خپلو ادعاوؤ د ثبوت په خاطر د معجزو د ښودلو توان ورکړی. په اسلام کې پيغمبران هغه انسانان دي چې تر نورو انسانانو په تقوا او نېکۍ کې تکامل ته رسېدلي او همدوی د خدای غوره، بې مثاله بنده گان دي چې خدای د پرښتو له لارې خپل پيغام همدوی ته د وحيو په بڼه ور رسوي.&lt;ref&gt;وگورۍ:
* مومن (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۲۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلامي زده کړو نه داسې څرگندېږي چې د آدم نه وروسته د خدای ټول پيغمبرانو د اسلام د دين تبليغ او دعوت کړی، دا هغه دين دی چې يو خدای الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د معبود په توگه راپېژندلی. په قرآن کې اسلام د &quot;هغه ازلي طبيعت چې پر بنسټ يې خدای مخلوقات خلق کړل&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۳۰|۳۰|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; راپېژندل شوی او په قران کې دا هم راغلي چې د مسلمان ځانگړی نوم د ابراهيم لخوا د دې دين لارويانو ته ورکړ شوی.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲۲|۷۸|style=ref}}
* &quot;اسلام&quot;, ''د مذهب دايرة المعارف''&lt;/ref&gt;

د تاريخ له مخې د اسلام دين په ۷مه پېړۍ کې په عربستان کې رامېنځ ته شوی.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Islam&quot;, ''د مذهب دايرة المعارف''&lt;/ref&gt; په اسلامي ليکنو کې يهوديت او عيسويت هغه دوه دينونه دي چې د ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر د لارښوونو وروسته د بېلابېلو پيغمبرانو په وخت کې رامېنځ ته شوي. په قرآن کې يهوديان او عيسويان د اهل الکتاب يا د کتابونو د خلکو په توگه پېژندل شوي، او د هغو خلکو نه چې ډېر خدايان پالي او عبادت يې کوي، تر مېنځ په ښکاره توپير پېژندل کېږي. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې د پخوانيو اسماني کتابونو لکه زبور، [[تورات]] او [[انجيل]] سپېڅلي کتابونه د تاريخ په بېلابېلو پړاؤونو کې د ترجمې او متن په برخه کې تحريف شوي او اوس همدا سپېڅلي کتابونه پخپلو آرنيو بڼو هېڅ نه شته.

=== [[د افغانستان ولايتونه|د]] عقيدې شپږ ارکان ===
مسلمانان شپږ بنسټيزه ارکانونو باندې عقيده لري:

# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په وحدانيت باندې ايمان راوړل او يواځی الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته عبادت او اطاعت کول او د هغه نه مرسته غوښتل ''[[توحيد]]''.
# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پيغمبرانو باندې ايمان راوړل ([[پېغمبران#د اسلام له نظره|''انبيا‌ء'']])  چې ټول پېغمبران (''[[رسول]]'') د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له خوا رالېږل شوي. ([[د اسلام پېغمبران]] وگورۍ.)
# په اسماني کتابونو عقيده(''[[کتب]]''):
#* په [[ابراهيمي صحيفو]] (ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; باندې نازل شوې صحيفې)
#* په [[تورات]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[موسی|موسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[زبور]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[داود|داود&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[انجيل]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[عيسی|عيسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[قرآن]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.  
# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پرښتو باندې.(''[[پرښتې#د اسلام له نظره|ملايکه]]'').
# په قيامت او وروسته د مرگ نه د بيا ژوندي کېدلو عقيده (''[[قيامة]]'')  (په [[جنت]] او [[دوزخ]] عقيده). (يادونه: کله ناکله دغه وروستۍ موضوع باندې ځانگړی بحث کېږی, او په همدې توگه د عقيدې ارکان اوو ته رسېږي.)
# په قسمت عقيده([[تقدير]]).

د اسلام بنسټيزه عقيده په [[پښتو]] ژبه :
:: &quot;زه شهادت ورکوم چې پرته د الله تعالی د ذات نه بل کوم ذات نه شته؛ او زه شهادت ورکوم چې محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د هغه پيغمبر دی.&quot;
:: &quot;زه په الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ايمان راوړم؛ او د هغه په ملايکو؛ او د هغه په کتابونو؛ او د هغه په پيغمبرانو؛ او د محشر په ورځ؛ او په تقدير؛ او ټول شيان د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له خوا نه دي، او پس د مرگ نه ژوندون حق دی.&quot;

=== د اسلام پينځه بنسټونه ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام پينځه بنسټونه|د مذهب څانگې|د مذهب ريښې}}
[[دوتنه:Supplicating Pilgrim at Masjid Al Haram. Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|بټنوک|کيڼ|د حج د لمانځنو يو منظر. په مکه کې کعبې، [[مسجد الحرام]] ته سفر د اسلامي فرايضو څخه يو فرض دی چې هر مسلمان يې په ټول ژوند کې يو ځل ترسره کړي.]]
د مسلمانانو دوه لويې فرقې سني او شعيه مسلمانان جوړوي. په اسلامي نړئ کې د شعيه گانو په پرتله ډېرئ مسلمانان سنيان دي، خو په څينو هېوادونو کې لکه د منڅنئ آسيا هېوادونه ايران او عراق بيا شعيه مسلمانان ډېرکئ مذهبي ډله جوړوي. خو په نورو هېوادونو کط لکه سعودي عربستان، اندونيزيا او [[پاکستان]] کې سني مسلمان د هغه هېوادونو په مذهبي ټولنو کې ډېرکۍ برخه جوړوي.

د سني مسلمانانو بنسټيزه ارکان [[د اسلام پينځه ستنې|د اسلام پينځه ستنو]] په نامه يادېږي&lt;sup&gt;[[#Notes|2]]&lt;/sup&gt;، خو شيعه مسلمانان بيا يو څه مختلفه نومونپوهنه، چې د سني مسلمانانو د پينځه اهمو بنسټونو تر څنگ، د دين ريښې او لس عمده اعمال د دې مذهب د طريقو نه گڼل کېږي. خو ټول مسلمانان بيا په همدې پينځه بنسټيزو فرايضو او گروهو سره پوهاوی او سره يوه خوله دي چې سني مسلمانان يې د اسلام د پينځه ستنو په نوم پېژني او شيعه مسلمانان يې د دين د څانگو او ريښو اهم عناصر بولي.

* [[شهادت]]: د تصديق په مانا دی، چې يو مسلمان د الله &lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; نه پرته بل څوک د عبادت وړ نه گڼي او همداراز د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د وحدانيت ([[توحيد]]) او د محمد &lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;  د الله &lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; رسول ([[نبوت]]) او غلام په توگه مني .
* [[لمونځ]]: هره ورځ پينځه وخته لمونځ کول.
* [[روژه]]: د روژې په مياشت کې د لمرخاته نه تر لمرپرېواته روژه نيول.
* [[زکات]]: زکات ورکول.
* [[حج]]:د مکی زیارت په ټولو مسلمانانو باندی په ژوند کې یوځل فرض دی او هغه هم په هغو کسانو باندې چې د ادا کولو وس یې ولري.
شعيه او سنيان دواړه په لاندنيو گروهو باندې باور لري، خو دغه دوه فرقې همدا عقايد په بېلابېلو ډلبنديو وېشي او هره ډله ورته ځانگړی تعبير لري:
* [[عدل]]: د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; عدل.
* [[قيامت]]: د خېر او شر د مالومولو ورځ.
* [[امر بل معروف]]: د ښو امر.
* [[نهي عن المنکر]]: د بدو نه ډډه.
* [[جهاد|الجهاد في سبيل الله]]: د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د رضا لپاره هڅه کوشش او زيار.

هغه عقايد چې د شيعه مذهب لارويان پرې معتقد دي او سني مسلمانان پرې عقيده نه لري هغه دا دي::
* [[امامت]]: ديني لارښوونه، ديني مشري، ديني رهبري. د علي او د هغه د اولاد رهبري او امامت د خدای لخوا نه د لارښوونې لپاره ټاکل شوی و.
* [[تولا]]: د [[اهل البيت]] او د هغوی د لارويانو سره مينه.
* [[تبارة]]: د اهل البيت د دښمنانو نه ځان بېلول او ليري والی.
* [[خمس]]: د گټې لپاره د ماليې ورکړه.

که څه هم چې داسې مسلمانان هم شته چې نه د تشيع او نه هم د سني په ډلو کې ځانونه شمېري او دا هغه مسلمانان دي چې د قرآني دلايلو له مخې په اسلام کې د فرقې او د ډلې جوړول حرام گڼي، دا هغه مسلمانان دي چې په ساده توگه ځانونه 'مسلمانان' بولي.
{{دوراشې کامه|إِنَّ الَّذِينَ فَرَّقُوا دِينَهُمْ وَكَانُوا شِيَعًا لَسْتَ مِنْهُمْ فِي شَيْءٍ ۚ إِنَّمَا أَمْرُهُمْ إِلَى اللَّهِ ثُمَّ يُنَبِّئُهُمْ بِمَا كَانُوا يَفْعَلُونَ |10px||[[سورة الأنعام|الانعام سورت]]|۱۵۹ آيت}}
&quot;هغه څوک چې ځانونه په ډلو وېشي هغه زموږ د ډلې خلک نه دي. د هغوی فېصله الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته مالومه ده، الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; به هغوی له هر هغه څه نه خبر کړي کوم چې دوی ترسره کړي.&quot;

=== خدای ===
:''آرنۍ ليکنې: [[الله]] / [[خدای]]
{{آرنی|په اسلام کې د خدای انځور}}
په اسلام کې تر ټولو لومړنی بنسټيزه موخه د خدای د وحدانيت منل دي چې دې ته توحيد وايي. په اسلام کې توحيد يو مطلق امر دی چې ترې هېڅ انکار نه کېږي او دا هڅکله يوه نسبي او يا هم په کومه بله مانا د نسبي شراکت مانا نه ورکوي. د قرآن مجيد په [[سورة الاخلاص]] کې خدای داسې راپېژندل شوی:

:''ووايه &quot;خدای هغه دی، يوازې او بې ساری. الله تل پايېدونکی، په بشپړه توگه له ځان نه بسيا مالک. نه  څوک يې زېږولي، او نه له چا نه زېږېدلی. او د الله په شان هېڅ بل څه نه شته.&quot;

په عربي ژبه کې ''الله'' د خدای په مانا دی. د آرپوهنې له مخې دا لغت د ''الهه'' &quot;[[معبود]]&quot; لغت سره ډېر نژدې دی، د ''الله'' نوم د عيسوي او يهودي عربانو لخوا هم د خپل معبود په يادولو کې کارېږي، دغه نوم د محمد نه مخکې مخينه لري او د دغه ځانگړی نوم مخينه د ابراهيمي مذهبونو د خدای نه پرته د يو بل معبود نورې توپيري ځانگړنې نه څرگندوي.

د &quot;الله&quot; نوم يو جمع او يا د جنس نوم نه دی، دا يو خاص نوم دی، دا نوم د &quot;خدای&quot; د نوم سره توپير لري، دا په دې سبب چې د خدای نوم د جمع بڼه لري او جنسيت هم ترې څرگندېدلای شي د ساري په توگه خدايان چې د همدې نوم جمع بڼه ده. په اسلام کې د الله پېژندنه په قرآن کې داسې شوې:
{{دوراشې کامه|فَاطِرُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأَرْضِ جَعَلَ لَكُمْ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ أَزْوَاجًا وَمِنَ الأَنْعَامِ أَزْوَاجًا يَذْرَؤُكُمْ فِيهِ لَيْسَ كَمِثْلِهِ شَيْءٌ وَهُوَ السَّمِيعُ البَصِيرُ|10px||[[سورة الشورى|الشوری سورت]]|۱۱ آيت}}
:''&quot;(الله دی) د اسمانونو او زمکې جوړونکی: هغه ستاسو او د څارويو له مېنځه ستاسو لپاره جوړې جوړې کړي، او په دې توگه هغه تاسې په گڼ شمېر جوړ کړي ياست: داسې هېڅ کوم بل معبود نشته پرته له (الله) نه او د هغه په شان هېڅ نشته، او الله دی چې هر څه اوري او ليدلی شي&quot;

The implicit usage of the [[definite article]] in ''Allah'' linguistically indicates the divine unity. Muslims believe that the God they worship is the same as the Judeo-Christian God, i.e. the God of Abraham. However, Muslims reject the Christian theology concerning the trinity of God (the doctrine of the [[Trinity]] which regards Jesus as the eternal [[Son of God]]), seeing it as akin to [[polytheism]]. Quoting from the Qur'an,
[[sura]] [[An-Nisa]](۴) :۱۷۱:

:''&quot;O People of the Scripture! Do not transgress the limits of your religion, and do not say about God except the truth. The Messiah, Jesus the son of Mary, was only a messenger of God, and His word that He had sent to Mary, and a revelation from Him. Therefore, you shall believe in GOD and His messengers. You shall not say, &quot;Trinity&quot;. You shall refrain from this for your own good. God is only one God. Be He glorified; He is much too glorious to have a son. To Him belongs everything in the heavens and everything on earth. God suffices as Lord and Master.&quot;''

No Muslim visual images or depictions of God exist because such artistic depictions may lead to [[idolatry]] and are thus disdained. Such [[aniconism]] can also be found in Judeo-Christian theology. Moreover, most Muslims believe that God is [[Spiritual being|incorporeal]], making any two- or three- dimensional depictions impossible. Instead, Muslims describe God by the many [[۹۹ Names of God|divine attributes]] mentioned in the [[Qur'an]]. All but one Sura (chapter) of the Qur'an begins with the phrase &quot;In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful&quot;. These are regarded as the most important divine attributes, at least in the sense that Muslims repeat them most frequently during their prayers ([[salat]]) and throughout their daily lives.

د اسلام بنسټيز اصل ''[[توحيد]]'' دی—توحيد په يوه او يوازيني خدای عقيدې ته وايي. په اسلام کې د خدای لپاره د عربي ژبې اصطلاح ''الله'' کارېږي; اکثراً عالمان په دې عقيده دي چې دا اصطلاح د '[['ال-]]'' (د مشخص کولو ادات) او ''[[اله]]'' (معبود) د وييونو نه اشتقاق شوي چې مانا يې يوازيني خدای ته اشاره کوي، خو ځينې نور عالمان بيا د همدې نوم آر او اصل د آرامايک ژبې لغت ''الهه'' گڼي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* &quot;اسلام او عيسويت&quot;, ''د عيسويت پوهنغونډ'' (۲۰۰۱): Arabic-speaking [[Christian]]s and [[Jew]]s also refer to God as ''Allāh''.
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Allah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلام په پينځو بنسټيزو ستنو کې لومړنۍ ستنه يې توحيد بلل کېږي چې د ''شهادة'' يا (منښت) په ډول اظهارېږي، شهادة داسې ده چې: ''''له حقيقي معبود نه پرته بل خدای نشته، او محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt;  د خدای ټاکل شوی پيغمبر دی''''. په دوديزه اسلامپوهنه کې، خدای د انساني عقل او پوهاوي نه پورته معبود گڼل کېږي; مسلمانان نه شي کولای چې خدای په يوه بڼه انځور کړي يوازې له دې چې بايد د داسې لوی معبود عبادت او اطاعت وکړي او خدای خپل يوازينی ساتونکی او ژغورونکی وگڼي. که څه هم چې مسلمانان عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د يو پيغمبر په توگه پېژني، خو دوی بيا د عيسويانو د درېگونۍ عقيده، چې مسلمانان يې د شرک بولي په کلکه ردوي. په اسلامپوهنه کې عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د نورو پيغمبرانو په څېر د خدای بنده او د انسان په توگه پېژندل کېږي او د عيسويانو هغه عقيده چې عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د خدای د ځوی په توگه پېژني په کلکه ردوي;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Tathlith, Trinity | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=David Thomas | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۱}}: Contrary to Muslim understanding, some scholars have suggested that the Qur'an only opposes certain deviant forms of Trinitarian belief.&lt;/ref&gt; د قرآن په يوه سوره کې د خدای څرگندونه داسې شوې &quot;ووايه هغه الله دی يوازې، الله هېچا ته اړ نه دی او ټول هغه ته اړ دي، نه د هغه څوک اولاد دی او نه هغه د چا اولاد دی او هېڅوک د هغه سيال نشته.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۱۱۲|۱|end=۴|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۷۴–۷۶
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۲۲
* Griffith (۲۰۰۶), p.۲۴۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Allah, Tawhid | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | author=D. Gimaret | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== قران عظيم الشان ===
[[انځور:FirstSurahKoran.jpg|thumb|upright|د قرآن لومړنۍ سوره [[سورة الفاتحة|الفاتحه]] د قران عظيم شان د لاسي نسخې يو انځور.]]

قرآن شريف د مسلمانانو سپېڅلی کتاب دی او دوی په همدغه آسماني کتاب باندې ايمان راوړی. د قرآن لغوي مانا  “لوستنه” ده. مسلمانان په دې باور دي چې قرآن يو آسماني کتاب دی چې د الله (جل جلاله) په وروستي نبي حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم باندې نازل شوی دی. دا سپېڅلی کتاب د ۶۱۰ ز. کال نه تر ۶۳۲ ز. پورې په بېلابېلو وختونو کې د الله تعالی له لوري او د حضرت جبراييل عليه السلام په منځگړتوب پر حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم باندې د وحيو په څېر نازل شوی. چې د وحيو په وختونو کې حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم حفظ کړی او بيا د الله تعالی د وروستي نبي د يارانو له خوا راټول شوی او پر ډبرليکونو او پاڼو ليکل شوی.

مسلمانان په دې باور دي چې له کومې ورځ نه الله تعالی قرآن شريف پر محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم نازل کړی له هماغې ورځې نه تر ننه پورې قرآن شريف په خپلې آرنۍ بڼې پاتې دی چې بيا د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم نه وروسته د هغه لارويانو چې قرآن شريف يې حفظ کړی وه وليکه او په همدې توگه يې قرآن شريف په ليکنې بڼه خوندي کړ. مسلمان عالمان ددې خبرې منښته کوي چې قرآن شريف د اسلام د درېيم خليفه حضرت عثمان (رض) د واکمنۍ پر مهال په ليکلې بڼه سره راټول شو، چې په دې توگه د قرآن شريف د بېلابېلو برخو د راټولولو او سره يوځای کولو نېټه له ۶۵۰ ز پېر نه تر ۶۵۶ ز پېر پورې ښودل شوی. او وروسته له دې چې قرآن شريف ليکلې بڼه وموندله نو بيا د هماغه خليفه د واکمنۍ پر مهال د قرآن شريف لمېسې جوړې شوې او د اسلامي خلافت بېلابېلو ولايتونو ته يې لمېسې ولېږل شوې.

There are numerous traditions, and many conflicting academic theories, as to the provenance of the Qur'anic verses that were eventually assembled into a single volume. (This is covered in greater detail in [[Qur'an]]). Most Muslims accept the account recorded in several hadith, which state that [[Abu Bakr]], The First Caliph, ordered his personal secretary [[Zayd ibn Thabit]] to collect and record all the authentic verses of the Qur'an, as preserved in written form or oral tradition. Zayd's written collection, privately treasured by Prophet Muhammad's wife [[Hafsa bint Umar]], was, according to Muslim sources, later used by Uthman and is thus the basis of today's Qur'an.

Uthman's version, organized the suras roughly in order of length (excepting the brief opening surah [[Al-Fatiha]]), with the longest suras at the start of the Qur'an and the shortest ones at the end. More conservative views state that the order of most suras was divinely set. Later scholars have struggled to put the suras in chronological order, and among Muslim commentators, at least, there is a rough consensus as to which suras were revealed in [[Makkan sura|Mecca]] and which at [[Medinan sura|Medina]], with distinctive characteristics observed within these two subgroups. Some suras (e.g. surat [[Iqra]]) are thought to have been revealed in parts at separate times.

To understand the notion of &quot;variants&quot; within the received Qur'anic text, one must understand that Arabic had not yet fully developed as a written language. The Qur'an was first recorded in written form (date uncertain) in the [[Hijazi]], [[Mashq]], [[Ma'il]], and [[Kufic]] scripts; these scripts write consonants only and do not supply vowels. (Imagine an English text that wrote the word 'bed' as &quot;BD,&quot; and required the reader to infer, from context, that the reference was to &quot;bed&quot; - and not to 'bad&quot; or &quot;bide.&quot;) Because there were differing oral traditions of recitation as non-native Arabic speakers converted to Islam, there was some disagreement as to the exact reading of many (vowel-free) verses. Eventually, scripts were  developed that used diacritical markings (known as ''points'') to indicate the vowels. For hundreds of years after Uthman's recension, Muslim scholars argued as to the correct pointing and reading of Uthman's (unpointed) official text.{{citation needed}} Eventually, most commentators accepted seven variant readings ([[qira'at]]) of the Qur'an as canonical, while agreeing that the differences among the seven are minor and do not affect the meaning of the text.

The form of the Qur'an most used today is the [[Al-Azhar]] text of ۱۹۲۳, prepared by a committee at the prestigious [[Cairo]] university of Al-Azhar.

The Qur'an early became a focus of Muslim devotion and eventually a subject of theological controversy among skeptics. In the [[۸th century]], the [[Mu'tazili]]s claimed that the Qur'an was created in time and was not eternal. Their opponents, of various schools, claimed that the Qur'an was eternal and perfect, existing in heaven before it was revealed to Muhammad. The [[Ashari]] theology (which ultimately became predominant) held that the Qur'an was uncreated.

Most Muslims regard paper copies of the Qur'an with extreme veneration, wrapping them in a clean cloth, keeping them on a high shelf, and washing as for prayers before reading the Qur'an. Old Qur'ans are not destroyed as wastepaper, but burned.

اکثره مسلمانان د قرآن ځينې برخې او يا ټول قرآن په آرنۍ ژبه (عربي) حفظ کوي. هغه څوک چې قرآن يې په بشپړه توگه حفظ کړی وي د حافظ په نامه يادېږي. په مسلمانانو کې د قرآن حفظ کول د هېښتيا خبره نه ده، نن ورځ د نړۍ په بېلابېلو هېوادونو کې په ميليونونو حافظين ژوندي دي چې د ټول قرآن متن يې له ياده زده دی.

د عقيدې د پيل د ورځو نه اکثره مسلمانان په دې اند دي چې قرآن يو مکمل اسماني کتاب دی چې په عربي ژبه نازل شوی. د دغه کتاب ژباړې د انساني هلو ځلو او د انساني تېروتنو نه تشې هڅې نه دي، همداراز په ژباړو کې د مومنانو د الهامي شاعرۍ کمښت څوک په قرآن کې موندلی شي. نو په همدې خاطر د قرآن ژباړې يوازې پر قرآن تبصرې گڼل کېږي او يا هم د مطلب ژباړه، او پخپله د قرآن نه. او په همدې دليل د قرآن په ډېرو نوو چاپ شويو نخسو کې د عربي متن په يوه مخ او د متن ژباړه په بل مخ راغلې.

قرآن شريف له ۱۱۴ [[سورت|سورتونو]] يا څپرکو نه جوړ شوی دی چې همدا ټول سورتونه ۶،۲۳۶ ''[[آيت|آيتونه]]'' لري. The chronologically earlier suras, revealed at Mecca, are primarily concerned with ethical and spiritual topics. The later Medinan suras mostly discuss social and moral issues relevant to the Muslim community.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qur'an | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}
&lt;/ref&gt; The Qur'an is more concerned with moral guidance than legal instruction, and is considered the &quot;sourcebook of Islamic principles and values&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۷۹&lt;/ref&gt; Muslim jurists consult the ''hadith'', or the written record of Muhammad's life, to both supplement the Qur'an and assist with its interpretation. The science of Qur'anic commentary and exegesis is known as ''[[tafsir]]''.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۷۹–۸۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tafsir | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The word ''Qur'an'' means &quot;recitation&quot;. When Muslims speak in the abstract about &quot;the Qur'an&quot;, they usually mean the scripture as recited in Arabic rather than the printed work or any translation of it. To Muslims, the Qur'an is perfect only as revealed in the original Arabic; translations are necessarily deficient because of language differences, the fallibility of translators, and the impossibility of preserving the original's inspired style. Translations are therefore regarded only as commentaries on the Qur'an, or &quot;interpretations of its meaning&quot;, not as the Qur'an itself.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Teece (۲۰۰۳), pp.۱۲٬۱۳
* C. Turner (۲۰۰۶), p.۴۲
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qur'an | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: The word ''Qur'an'' was invented and first used in the Qur'an itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology|two different theories]] about this term and its formation.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== پرښتې ===
{{آرنی|په اسلام کې د پرښتو انځور}}
د اسلام په دين کې د الله (جل جلاله) په پرښتو عقيده د ايمان جز گڼل کېږي. په عربي ژبه پرښتې ته (''ملک'') وايي چې د همدغه لغت مانا ده &quot;پيغام رسونکی&quot;، په عبراني ژبه کې همداسې ورته نوم (''ملخ'') د پرښتې په مانا ده خو په يوناني ژبه بيا پرښتې ته (''انجېلوس'') وايي. د قراني مالوماتو له مخې، پرښتې د خپلې خوښې واک په لاس کې نه لري، او په مکمله توگه د الله تعالی په عبادت کې بوختې دي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۲۱|۱۹|end=۲۰|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳۵|۱|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; قران کې دا هم راغلي چې د پرښتو په کارونو کې د الله تعالی حکمونه منل او د الله تعالی پيغامونو رسولو برسېره، پرښتې تل د الله په ثنا او صفت په عبادت بوختې دي، او د انسانانو اعمال ثبتوي ددې سره سره پرښتې د الله (جل جلاله) په حکم د انسانانو د مړينې په وخت کې روحونه باسي. داسې هم انگېرل کېږي چې پرښتې د انسان او الله تعالی ترمېنځ منځگړتوب کوي. قرآن شريف، پرښتې موږ ته داسې راڅرگندوي لکه &quot;يو ډول پيغام رسونکي چې دوه، درې يا څلور جوړه وزرې لري: خدای هماغسې خپل مخلوق جوړوي څنگه چې يې خوښه وي...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۳۵|۱|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۲۶–۲۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Malā'ika | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=W. Madelung | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Angel | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Gisela Webb | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== محمد&lt;sup&gt;([[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]])&lt;/sup&gt; ===
{{آرنی|محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم}}

حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم (c. ۵۷۰ – [[جولای ۶]] [[۶۳۲]]) د الله تعالی وروستی نبي، يو مذهبي، سياسي او پوځي عرب و چې د همدغه نبي د اسلام د دين بيرغ لوړ کړ او د اديانو په تاريخ کې يې د اسلام نوم هم وځلاوه. مسلمانان په دې گروهه دي چې حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) د يوه نوي مذهب بنسټ ايښودونکی نه دی، بلکه د اسلام د اصلي دين چې د حضرت آدم عليه السلام او حضرت ابراهيم او د نورو پيغمبرانو دين و، د هماغه دين بيا پرځای کونکی دی. مسلمانان په دې عقيده هم دي چې حضرت محمد د الله تعالی وروستی پيغمبر او د نورو پيغمبرانو په ډله کې د لويې مرتبې خاوند پيغمبر و.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸), p.۱۲
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۴–۵
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}&lt;/ref&gt;
دروند پیغمبر د خپل خوږ ژوند په وروستیو ۲۳ کلونو کې، یانې د ۴۰ کلني عمر په پیل کې د الله له لوري د ایاتو د نازلولو لړۍ پیل شوه، چې د دغو ایاتونو ټولگه د قرآن په نوم یادیږي چې دغه آیتونه بیا د صحابه و لخوا یاد کیدل.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۱۸|۱۱۰|style=ref}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[انځور:Masjid Nabawi. Medina, Saudi Arabia.jpg|بټنوک|220px|کيڼ|[[مسجد النبوي]] (&quot;د پيغمبر(صلی الله علیه وسلم) جومات&quot;) په مدينه کې د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم مقبره هم ده.|link=Special:FilePath/Masjid_Nabawi._Medina,_Saudi_Arabia.jpg]]

په دغه کې وخت محمد [[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]] د مکې خلکو ته په تبلیغ باندې پیل وکړ، تر څو دوې له شرک څخه راوباسي او د اسلام لور ته یې راوبلي. که څه چې محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم ځینې کسان اسلام ته راواړول خو په دې کار سره دی او د ده لارویان د مکې د چارواکو او لارښودگرانو لخوا تر زور او اذیت لاندې راغلل. چې بیا وروسته له ۱۳ کلنو څخه په کال ۶۲۲ کې محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم او نور مسلمانان له مکې څخه مدینه (رسما '''یثرب''' نومیږي) ته کډه شول.

There, with the Medinan converts (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]]'') and the Meccan migrants (''[[Muhajirun]]''), Muhammad established his political and [[Theocracy|religious authority]]. Within years, two battles had been fought against Meccan forces: the [[Battle of Badr]] in ۶۲۴, which was a Muslim victory, and the [[Battle of Uhud]] in ۶۲۵, which ended inconclusively. Conflict with Medinan Jewish clans who opposed the Muslims led to their exile, enslavement or death, and the Jewish enclave of [[Battle of Khaybar|Khaybar]] was subdued. At the same time, Meccan trade routes were cut off as Muhammad brought surrounding desert tribes under his control.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* F.E.Peters(۲۰۰۳), pp.۷۸٬۷۹٬۱۹۴ 
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۳–۲۸&lt;/ref&gt; By ۶۲۹ Muhammad was victorious in the nearly bloodless [[Conquest of Mecca]], and by the time of his death in ۶۳۲ he ruled over the [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian peninsula]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Muhammad&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Islam, the &quot;[[normative]]&quot; example of Muhammad's life is called the ''[[Sunnah]]'' (literally &quot;trodden path&quot;). This example is preserved in traditions known as [[hadith]] (&quot;reports&quot;), which recount his words, his actions, and his personal characteristics. The classical Muslim jurist [[ash-Shafi'i]] (d. ۸۲۰) emphasized the importance of the Sunnah in [[Sharia|Islamic law]], and Muslims are encouraged to emulate Muhammad's actions in their daily lives. The Sunnah is seen as crucial to guiding interpretation of the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World'' (۲۰۰۳), p.۶۶۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hadith | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=J. Robson | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sunna | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=D. W. Brown | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د قيامت ورځ ===
{{آرنی|قيامت}}
د &quot;جزا په ورځ&quot;، يعنی ''[[قيامت|د قيامت په ورځې]]'' ايمان لرل د اسلام يوه بنسټيزه گروهه ده. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې د قيامت ورځ د الله تعالی له خوا ټاکل شوی چې په يوه ځانگړي وخت کې به وي خو انسانانو ته يې وخت نه دی څرگند. د قيامت د ورځې د محکمې او کړاونه په هکله په قرآن او حديثونو کې هم بیان شوي، او همدارنگه د اسلامي علماوو په تفسيرونو کې.
The Qur'an emphasizes [[Resurrection of the Dead|bodily resurrection]], a break from the [[pre-Islamic Arabia]]n understanding of death. It states that resurrection will be followed by the gathering of mankind, culminating in their judgment by God.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* &quot;Resurrection&quot;, ''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'' (۲۰۰۳)
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Avicenna | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as &quot;Avicenna&quot;.
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qiyama | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Qur'an lists several sins that can condemn a person to hell, such as disbelief, [[riba|usury]] and dishonesty. Muslims view paradise (''[[jannah]]'') as a place of joy and bliss, with Qur'anic references describing its features and the physical pleasures to come. There are also references to a greater joy—acceptance by God (''ridwān'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۹|۷۲|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mystical traditions in Islam place these heavenly delights in the context of an ecstatic awareness of God.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Smith (۲۰۰۶), p.۸۹; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p.۵۶۵
* &quot;Heaven&quot;, ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' (۲۰۰۰)
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Garden | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Asma Afsaruddin | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Paradise | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تقدير ===
{{آرنی|تقدير}}

In accordance with the Islamic belief in [[predestination]], or divine preordainment (''al-qadā wa'l-qadar''), God has full knowledge and control over all that occurs. This is explained in Qur'anic verses such as &quot;Say: 'Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us: He is our protector'…&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۹|۵۱|style=ref}}
* D. Cohen-Mor (۲۰۰۱), p.۴: &quot;The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen: 'Say: &quot;Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us…&quot;&amp;nbsp;'&amp;nbsp;&quot;
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Fate | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Ahmet T. Karamustafa | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means &quot;to measure, to determine&quot;. Here it is used to mean that &quot;God measures and orders his creation&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; For Muslims, everything in the world that occurs, good or evil, has been preordained and nothing can happen unless permitted by God. In Islamic theology, divine preordainment does not suggest an absence of God's indignation against evil, because any evils that do occur are thought to result in future benefits men may not be able to see. According to Muslim theologians, although events are pre-ordained, man possesses free will in that he has the faculty to choose between right and wrong, and is thus responsible for his actions. According to Islamic tradition, all that has been decreed by God is written in ''al-Lawh al-Mahfūz'', the &quot;Preserved Tablet&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۲۰۰۳), pp.۱۱۹–۱۲۲
* Patton (۱۹۰۰), p.۱۳۰&lt;/ref&gt;

The Shi'a understanding of predestination is called &quot;divine justice&quot; (''Adalah''). This doctrine, originally developed by the [[Mu'tazila]], stresses the importance of man's responsibility for his own actions. In contrast, the Sunni deemphasize the role of individual free will in the context of God's creation and foreknowledge of all things.&lt;ref&gt;Momen (۱۹۸۷), pp.۱۷۷٬۱۷۸&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلام او دا آخرت په ورځ ایمان ===
{{آرنی|د اخرت په ورځ ایمان}}

Islamic [[eschatology]] is concerned with the ''[[Qiyamah]]'' ([[End of the world (religion)|end of the world]]) and the final  judgment of humanity. Like [[Christianity]] and [[Judaism]], Islam teaches the bodily [[resurrection]] of the dead, the fulfilment of a divine plan for creation, and the immortality of the human soul. In Islamic belief, the righteous are rewarded with the pleasures of ''Jannah'' ([[Paradise]]), while the unrighteous are punished in ''[[Jahannam]]'' (a fiery [[Hell]], from the Hebrew ''ge-hinnom'' or &quot;valley of Hinnom&quot;; usually rendered in English as [[Gehenna]]). A significant portion of the Qur'an deals with these beliefs, with many ''[[hadith]]'' elaborating on the themes and details.

== تنظيمونه ==
=== اسلامي واک ===
داسې هېڅ کوم رسمي اسلامي واک نشته چې په اسلام کې د يو کس د منلو او يا هم د اسلامي ټولنې ('''''اُمة''''' ''يانې ملت يا کورنۍ'') نه د رټلو واک په لاس کې ولري. اسلام خپلې دروازې پرته د کوم توپير، تعصب، رنگ، جنس، عمر او پخواني عقايدو نه د ټولو پر مخ پرانيستې دي او ټولو ته په دغه دين کې د ننوتلو اجازه شته. د مسلمان کېدو لپاره همدومره بس ده چې يو څوک د زړه له کومي په رسمي توگه د يو څو تنو مسلمانانو په مينځ کې د اسلام دين ومني او شهادت ووايي. شهادت هغه بيان دی چې مسلمان پرې د يوه خدای د وحدانيت او د حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) پر نبوت او په خپل ژوند کې د هغه د لارښوونو د پلي کولو د تکل اقرار بلل کېږي. د شهادت په نه وييلو سره هېڅوک نه شي کولای چې مسلمان شي. د مسلمان لپاره د شهادت نه وروسته د اسلامي حکمونو پلي کول فرض دي او همدا رنگه يو مسلمان بايد د اسلامي اخلاقو خاوند هم وي ترڅو هغه په يوه اسلامي ټولنه کې د منلو وړ وگرځي.

=== اسلامي قانون ===
{{آرنی|شريعت|فقه}}
د اسلامي قانون نوم شريعت دی، چې د مسلمانو عالمانو لخوا د قرآن او حديث په رڼا کې وضع شوی. قرآن شريف د شريعت او اسلامي قضايه نظام لومړنۍ سرچينه ده، تر دې وروسته د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم سنة او د لومړنۍ اسلامي ټولنې دود او دستورونه په دوهم پړاو کې ځای لري. سنت د احاديثو په شننو کې رامېنځ ته شوی، او احاديث د حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) لارښوونو ته وايي چې مسلمانانو ته يې کړي. اجماع چې د يوې مسلمانې ټولنې د احصايې په مانا ده، د قياس سره يوځای د اسلامي قانون او د شريعت درېيمه او څلورمه سرچينه جوړوي.

په اسلامي قانون کې د ژوند د هر اړخ په اړه بحث شوی دی. د دولت او حکومت د چلولو او د باندنيو اړيکو د ساتلو نه نيولې آن تر ورځيني ژوند و ژواک پورې د هرې ستونزې او مسلې لپاره د حل لار څېړل شوې او د اسلامي احکامو پر بنسټ يې د پلي کولو لارښوونه شوې.د اسلامي قانون په اړه په څرگنده ډول په قرآن شريف کې چې کوم احکامات راغلي هغه د [[حدود]]و په نامه يادېږي چې په دغو لارښوونو کې د قتل نه ډډه، د واده نه پرته د جنسي اړيکو د ساتلو نه ځان ساتنه، د شرابو او الکولو د څښلو او د قمار نه اجتناب يې غټ ټکي جوړوي. په قرآن کې د وراثت، د واده، د ټپي کولو او وژلو په بدل کې د تدابيرو نيولو او په هم دې توگه د روژې د نيولو، د زکات ورکولو او لمونځ کولو په باب هم په تفصيل سره د حکمونو يادونه شوې. However, the prescriptions and prohibitions may be broad, so how they are applied in practice varies. Islamic scholars, ''the ulema'', have elaborated systems of law on the basis of these broad rules, supplemented by the hadith reports of how Muhammad and his companions interpreted them. See [[Sin]] for further discussion about the concept of sin and its atonement according to the Islamic law.

In current times, not all Muslims understand the Qur'an in its original Arabic. Thus, when Muslims are divided in how to handle situations, they seek the assistance of a [[mufti]] (Islamic judge) who can advise them based on Islamic [[Sharia]] and hadith.

The ''Sharia'' (literally: &quot;the path leading to the watering place&quot;) is Islamic law formed by traditional Islamic scholarship. In Islam, Sharia is the expression of the divine will, and &quot;constitutes a system of duties that are incumbent upon a Muslim by virtue of his religious belief&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;BritannicaShariah&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Islamic law covers all aspects of life, from matters of state, like governance and [[Diplomacy|foreign relations]], to issues of daily living. The Qur'an defines ''[[hudud]]'' as the punishments for five specific crimes: unlawful intercourse, false accusation of unlawful intercourse, consumption of alcohol, theft, and highway robbery. The Qur'an and Sunnah also contain laws of [[Islamic Inheritance jurisprudence|inheritance]], [[Islamic marital jurisprudence|marriage]], and [[Qisas|restitution for injuries and murder]], as well as rules for [[sawm|fasting]], [[Sadaqah|charity]], and [[salat|prayer]]. However, these [[wajib|prescriptions]] and [[Haraam|prohibitions]] may be broad, so their application in practice varies. [[Ulema|Islamic scholars]] (known as ''ulema'') have elaborated systems of law on the basis of these rules and their interpretations.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Menski (۲۰۰۶), p.۲۹۰
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hadd | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=B. Carra de Vaux | coauthors=J. Schacht, A.M. Goichon | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sharia | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=N. Calder | coauthors=M. B. Hooker | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[Fiqh]]'', or &quot;jurisprudence&quot;, is defined as the knowledge of the practical rules of the religion. The method Islamic jurists use to derive rulings is known as ''[[usul al-fiqh]]'' (&quot;legal theory&quot;, or &quot;principles of jurisprudence&quot;). According to Islamic legal theory, law has four fundamental roots, which are given precedence in this order: the Qur'an, the Sunnah (actions and sayings of Muhammad), the consensus of the Muslim jurists (''[[ijma]]''), and analogical reasoning (''[[qiyas]]''). For early Islamic jurists, theory was less important than pragmatic application of the law. In the ۹th century, the jurist [[ash-Shafi'i]] provided a theoretical basis for Islamic law by codifying the principles of jurisprudence (including the four fundamental roots) in his book ''ar-Risālah''.&lt;ref&gt;Weiss (۲۰۰۲), pp.xvii,۱۶۲&lt;/ref&gt;

==== مذهب او رياست ====

د اسلامي قانون له مخې د مذهب او رياست تر مېنځ ژورې اړيکې دي چې په ډېريو اسلامي هېوادونو کې ديني عالمان د قاضيانو په توگه په رسمي ډول دندې ترسره کوي. In practice, Islamic rulers frequently bypassed the Sharia courts with a parallel system of so-called &quot;Grievance courts&quot; over which they had sole control. As the Muslim world came into contact with Western secular ideals, Muslim societies responded in different ways. [[Turkey]] has been governed as a secular state ever since the reforms of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]. In contrast, the [[۱۹۷۹ Iranian Revolution]] replaced a mostly secular regime with an [[Islamic republic]] led by the [[Ruholla Khomeini|Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۸۴
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۵۰۲–۵۰۷٬۸۴۵
* Lewis (۲۰۰۳), p.۱۰۰&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ارتداد او کفر ====
{{آرنی|ارتداد په اسلام کې}}

په سيمه ايزو اسلامي ټولنو کې چې يو وگړی په ارتداد او کفر پېژندل کېږي نو هغه بيا د هماغې ټولنې نه رټل کېږي. په اسلامي رياستونو کې ارتداد او کفر د اسلامي رياست پر وړاندې جرم گڼل کېږي او داسې يو مجرم ته سزا ورکول کېږي چې اکثراً د مرگ  سزا وي.

== مذهبي فرقې ==
{{main|د اسلام مذهبي فرقې}}
لکه د نورو دينونو په شان په اسلام کې هم يو شمېر مذهبي فرقې شته چې د دوی ټولو گروهه يا عقيده يوه ده خو په شرعي او قانوني توگه په دغو فرقو کې اهم توپيرونه ليدل کېږي. اسلام په دوه لويو فرقو وېشل شوی چې د [[سني]] او [[تشيع]] فرقې يې دوه لويې فرقې دي. [[تصوف]] بيا ځانته بله مذهبي ډله ده چې په دې کې د اسلام معمايي تصريف لور ته ډېر پام اړول شوی. د ځينو سرچينو له مخې د نړۍ نژدې ۸۵٪ مسلمانان د سني لويې فرقې په لار روان دي او پاتې ۱۵٪ مسلمانان د تشيع د مذهب مننونکي دي، په همدې توگه بيا په شيعه گانو کې هم وړې مذهبي فرقې شته.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۲
* {{cite web | url=http://countrystudies.us/afghanistan/61.htm | title=Sunni and Shia Islam | work=Country Studies | publisher=U.S. Library of Congress | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۱-۰۹}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اهل سنت ===
[[دوتنه:Divisions of Islam.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Divisions of Islam]]

[[سني]] مسلمانان د اسلام لويه برخه جوړوي. په عربي ژبه کې د ''السنة'' لغت مانا &quot;اصل&quot; او يا هم &quot;لار&quot; ده. سنت (د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; د ژوند کړه وړه) دقرآن او حديث له مخې د سني اسلام اهمه ستنه جوړوي. سنيان په دې عقيده دي چې د اسلام لومړي څلور خليفه گان د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; نه وروسته برحقه او ريښتوني خليفه گان وه؛ او خدای&lt;sup&gt;ج&lt;/sup&gt; د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر نه وروسته خدای بل پيغمبر نه ؤ ځانگړی کړی، او پاتې خليفه گان بايد ټاکل شوي وای. سنيان څلور لوی قانوني مذهبونه مني چې هغه څلور لوی مذهبونه [[حنفي]]، [[مالکي]]، [[شافي]] او [[حنبلي]] دي.  All four accept the validity of the others and a Muslim might choose any one that he or she finds agreeable, but other Islamic sects are believed to have departed from the majority by introducing innovations (''[[bidah]]''). There are also several orthodox theological or philosophical traditions within Sunnism. For example, the recent [[Salafi]] movement sees itself as restorationist and claims to derive its teachings from the original sources of Islam.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* اېسپوزيتو (۲۰۰۳), pp.۲۷۵٬۳۰۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shariah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sunnite | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== شیعه گان ===

{{see also|Historic background of the Sunni-Shi'a split}}
The [[Shi'a]], who constitute the second-largest branch of Islam, believe in the political and religious [[Islamic leadership|leadership]] of [[infallible#Additional Shi'a teachings|infallible]] [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)|Imams]] from the progeny of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]. They believe that he, as the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was his rightful successor, and they call him the first ''Imam'' (leader), rejecting the legitimacy of the previous Muslim caliphs. To them, an Imam rules by right of divine appointment and holds &quot;absolute spiritual authority&quot; among Muslims, having final say in matters of doctrine and revelation.&lt;ref&gt;See
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۴۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Imam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shi'ite | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/p.php?p=shia'&amp;url=Introduction {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419035040/http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/p.php?p=shia%27&amp;url=Introduction |date=2008-04-19 }} Imamat, by [[Naser Makarem Shirazi]]]&lt;/ref&gt; Although the Shi'a share many core practices with the Sunni, the two branches disagree over the proper importance and validity of specific collections of hadith. The Shi'a follow a legal tradition called [[Ja'fari jurisprudence]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Ahmed (۱۹۹۹), pp.۴۴–۴۵
* Nasr (۱۹۹۴), p.۴۶۶&lt;/ref&gt; Shi'a Islam has several branches, the largest of which is the [[Twelvers]] (''{{ArabDIN|iṯnāʿašariyya}}''), while the others are the [[Ismaili]], the [[Sevener]]s, and the [[Zaidiyyah]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Kramer (۱۹۸۷), [http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/Alawis.htm Syria’s Alawis and Shi‘ism pp.۲۳۷–۲۵۴]
* [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/index.html Shia branches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041025093409/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/index.html |date=2004-10-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 1.JPG|thumb|right|A view of the [[Dome of the Rock]] on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]], a holy site in Islam]]
[[Shi'a]] Muslims, the second-largest sect, differ from the Sunni in rejecting the authority of the first three caliphs. They honor different traditions ([[hadith]]) and have their own legal traditions. Shi'a scholars have a larger authority than Sunni scholars and have greater room for interpretation. The [[Imams]] play a central role in Shi'a doctrine.

The arabic word Shi'a, litarally translates into the word 'group' or 'sect'. Originally known as Shi'at Ali (the sect of Ali), the group formed shortly after the death of Ali, in [[Iraq]]. Ali ibn Abi Talib was the cousin of prophet [[Muhammad]], and after marriage to Fatima, he also became Muhammad's son-in-law.

The Shi'a consist of one major school of thought known as the [[Ithna 'ashariyah]] or the &quot;[[Twelvers]]&quot;, and a few minor schools of thought, as the &quot;Seveners&quot; or the &quot;Fivers&quot; referring to the number of infallible leaders they recognize after the death of prophet [[Muhammad]]. The term Shi'a, when used without qualification, is usually taken to be synonymous with the Ithna Ashariyya or Twelvers. Most Shi'a live in [[Iran]], [[Iraq]] (the country where Ali passed away), [[Bahrain]], [[Lebanon]], [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. A minority group (about ۴ million) of Shi'a is known as [[Ismaili]]. The Shia Ismaili sect is subdivided into [[Nizari]] Ismaili and [[Mustaali]] Bohra subsects. The Nizari Ismaili or are led by the [[Aga Khan]] and are found mainly in [[Pakistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Bangladesh]], India, Canada and United States. The [[Mustaali]] Bohra sect is further subdivded into Dawoodi and Sulaimanis subsects. The [[Dawoodi Bohra]]s are concentrated in Pakistan and India. The [[Sulaimani Bohra]]s are concentrated in Yemen and Najran province of Saudi Arabia.

=== تصوف ===
{{آرنی|تصوف}}

Not strictly a denomination, [[Sufism]] is a mystical-ascetic form of Islam. By focusing on the more spiritual aspects of religion, Sufis strive to obtain direct experience of God by making use of &quot;intuitive and emotional faculties&quot; that one must be trained to use.&lt;ref&gt;Trimingham (۱۹۹۸), p.۱&lt;/ref&gt; Sufism and [[Islamic law]] are usually considered to be complementary, although Sufism has been criticized by some Muslims for being an unjustified [[bidah|religious innovation]]. Most Sufi orders, or ''[[tariqa]]s'', can be classified as either Sunni or Shi'a.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۳۰۲
* Malik (۲۰۰۶), p.۳
* B. S. Turner (۱۹۹۸), p.۱۴۵
* {{cite web | url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aftoc.html | work=Country Studies | publisher=U. S. Library of Congress (Federal Research Division) | title=Afghanistan: A Country Study | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۴-۱۸ | pages=۱۵۰}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Sufism]] is a spiritual practice followed by both Sunni and Shi'a. Sufis generally feel that following Islamic law or jurisprudence (or ''fiqh'') is only the first step on the path to perfect submission; they focus on the internal or more spiritual aspects of Islam, such as perfecting one's faith and fighting one's own ego (''nafs''). Most Sufi orders, or [[tariqa]], can be classified as either Sunni or Shi'a. However, there are some that are not easily categorized as either Sunni or Shi'a, such as the [[Bektashi]]. Sufis are found throughout the Islamic world, from [[Senegal]] to [[Indonesia]].

=== نورې طريقې ===
[[Wahhabi]]s, as they are known by non-Wahhabis, are a smaller, more recent Sunni group. They prefer to be called [[Salafi]]s. Wahhabism is a movement founded by [[Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab]] in the [[۱۸th century]] in what is present-day [[Saudi Arabia]]. They classify themselves as Sunni and some claim to follow the [[Hanbali]] legal tradition. The major trend, however, is the  abolition of these &quot;schools of thoughts&quot; (legal traditions), and the following of a more literalist interpretation. Some even regard other Sunni as heretics. The [[Hanbali]] legal tradition is the recognized official school of Islamic law in Saudi Arabia and they have had a great deal of influence on the Islamic world because of Saudi control of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]], the Islamic holy places, and because of Saudi funding for mosques and schools in other countries. The majority of Saudi Islamic scholars are considered as [[Wahhabi]]s by other parts of the Islamic world.

Sunni and Shi'a have often clashed. Some Sunni believe that Shi'a  are heretics while other Sunni recognize Shi'a as fellow Muslims. According to Shaikh Mahmood Shaltoot, head of the [[al-Azhar University]] in the middle part of the ۲۰th century, &quot;the Ja'fari school of thought, which is also known as &quot;al-Shi'a al- Imamiyyah al-Ithna Ashariyyah&quot; (i.e. The Twelver Imami Shi'ites) is a school of thought that is religiously correct to follow in worship as are other Sunni schools of thought&quot;. Al-Azhar later distanced itself from this position.

Another sect which dates back to the early days of Islam is that of the [[Kharijites]]. The only surviving branch of the Kharijites are the [[Ibadi|Ibadhi Muslims]]. Ibadhism is distinguished from Shiism by its belief that the Imam (Leader) should be chosen solely on the basis of his faith, not on the basis of descent, and from Sunnism in its rejection of [[Uthman]] and [[Ali]] and strong emphasis on the need to depose unjust rulers.  Ibadhi Islam is noted for its strictness, but, unlike the Kharijites proper, Ibadhis do not regard major sins as automatically making a Muslim an unbeliever. Most Ibadhi Muslims live in [[Oman]].

Another trend in modern Islam is that which is sometimes called progressive. Followers may be called [[Ijtihadists]]. They may be either Sunni or Shi'ite, and generally favor the development of  personal interpretations of Qur'an and Hadith. ''See'': [[Liberal Islam]]

One very small group, based primarily in the United States, follows the teachings of [[Rashad Khalifa]] and calls itself the &quot;Submitters&quot;. They reject [[hadith]] and [[fiqh]], and say that they follow the Qur'an alone. Most Muslims of both the [[Sunni]] and the [[Shia]] sects consider this group to be heretical.

The [[Kharijites]] are a sect that dates back to the early days of Islam. The only surviving branch of the Kharijites is [[Ibadism]]. Unlike most Kharijite groups, Ibadism does not regard sinful Muslims as unbelievers. The [[Imam]]ate is an important topic in Ibadi legal literature, which stipulates that the leader should be chosen solely on the basis of his knowledge and piety, and is to be deposed if he acts unjustly. Most Ibadi Muslims live in [[Oman]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* [http://www.uga.edu/islam/ibadis.html IBADI ISLAM: AN INTRODUCTION]
* J. A. Williams (۱۹۹۴), p.۱۷۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=al-Ibāḍiyya | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Yazidi]], [[Druze]],  [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community|Ahmadiyya]], [[Bábís|Bábí]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'í]], [[Berghouata]] and [[Ha-Mim]] religions either emerged out of Islam or came to share certain beliefs with Islam. [[Sikhism]], founded by [[Guru Nanak]] in late fifteenth century [[Punjab region|Punjab]], incorporates aspects of both Islam and [[Hinduism]].&lt;ref&gt;Encyclopedia of Islam, &quot;Sikhs&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلامي فرضونه او عمل ==
=== پينځه بنسټيزه ستنې ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام پينځه ستنې}}

[[دوتنه:Arabic Plaque, Great Mosque, Xian.jpg|thumb|left|Islam's basic creed (''[[shahadah]]'') written on a plaque in the [[Great Mosque of Xi'an]], [[China]]]]
[[دوتنه:Kabaa.jpg|thumb|left|Rituals of the [[Hajj]] (pilgrimage) include walking seven times around the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca.]]

دغه پنځه بنسټیزه ستنې د [[سني مسلمانان|سني مسلمانانو]] لپاره پنځه اړینه کړنې دي.خو بیا شیعه مسلمان په اتو مذهبي کړنو کې کډون کوي کوم چې دغو پنځو بنسټیزه کړنو ته ورته والی لري:
.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Momem (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Pillars of Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; چې په لاندې ډول دي:
* '''''[[شهادت]]''''', شهادت د اسلام له بنسټیزو [[عقیده|عقیدو]] یا اصولو څخه دي او باید د زړه له تله په لاندې ډول وویل شي ''' أشهد أن لا إله إلاَّ الله و أشهد أن محمد رسول الله''',یا&quot; زه شهادت ورکوم چې دلته پرته له [[الله]] څخه بل هیڅوک د [[عبادت]] وړ ندي او زه شهادت ورکوم چې [[محمد]] د خدای [[رسول]] دي.&quot;

This testament is a foundation for all other beliefs and practices in Islam (although technically the Shi'a do not consider the ''shahadah'' to be a separate pillar, just a belief). Muslims must repeat the ''shahadah'' in prayer, and non-Muslims wishing to convert to Islam are required to recite the creed.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۱۹۹۴), p.۱۳۵
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸
* &quot;Islam&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals''(۲۰۰۴)&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[لمونځ]]''''', or ritual prayer, which must be performed five times a day. (However, the Shi'a are permitted to run together the noon with the afternoon prayers, and the evening with the night prayers). Each salah is done facing towards the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca. Salah is intended to focus the mind on God, and is seen as a personal communication with him that expresses gratitude and worship. Salah is compulsory but flexibility in the specifics is allowed depending on circumstances. In many Muslim countries, reminders called [[Adhan]] (call to prayer) are broadcast publicly from local mosques at the appropriate times. The prayers are recited in the [[Arabic language]], and consist of verses from the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۱۸٬۱۹
* Hedáyetullah (۲۰۰۶), pp.۵۳–۵۵
* Kobeisy (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲۲–۳۴
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[زکات]]''''', or [[alms|alms-giving]]. This is the practice of giving based on accumulated wealth, and is obligatory for all Muslims who can afford it. A fixed portion is spent to help the poor or needy, and also to assist the spread of Islam. The zakat is considered a religious obligation (as opposed to voluntary charity) that the well-off owe to the needy because their wealth is seen as a &quot;trust from God's bounty&quot;. The Qur'an and the hadith also suggest a Muslim give even more as an act of voluntary alms-giving (''[[sadaqah]]''). Many Shi'ites are expected to pay an additional amount in the form of a ''[[khums]]'' tax, which they consider to be a separate ritual practice.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲|۱۷۷|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۹۰
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Zakat | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۱}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Zakat | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[روژه]]''''', or [[Sawm of Ramadan|fasting during the month of Ramadan]]. Muslims must not eat or drink (among other things) from dawn to dusk during this month, and must be mindful of other sins. The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to God, and during it Muslims should express their gratitude for and dependence on him, atone for their past sins, and think of the needy. ''Sawm'' is not obligatory for several groups for whom it would constitute an undue burden. For others, flexibility is allowed depending on circumstances, but missed fasts usually must be made up quickly.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲|۱۸۴|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۹۰٬۹۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_21.html#HEADING20 | title=For whom fasting is mandatory | publisher=USC-MSA | work=Compendium of Muslim Texts | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۴-۱۸ | تاريخ الأرشيف=2008-11-28 | مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 | url-status=dead | خونديځ نېټه=2008-11-28 | خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308025221/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_21.html#HEADING20 | خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[حج]]''''', which is the pilgrimage during the [[Islamic calendar|Islamic month]] of ''[[Dhu al-Hijjah]]'' in the city of [[Mecca]]. Every [[able-bodied]] Muslim who can afford it must make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his or her lifetime. When the pilgrim is about ten kilometers from Mecca, he must dress in [[Ihram clothing|''Ihram'' clothing]], which consists of two white seamless sheets. Rituals of the Hajj include walking seven times around the [[Kaaba]], touching the [[Black Stone]], running seven times between [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Mount Safa]] and [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Mount Marwah]], and symbolically [[Stoning of the Devil|stoning the Devil]] in [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]]. The pilgrim, or the ''hajji'', is honored in his or her community, although Islamic teachers say that the Hajj should be an expression of devotion to God instead of a means to gain social standing.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۱۹۹۴), pp.۱۴۵–۱۴۷
* Goldschmidt (۲۰۰۵), p.۴۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hajj | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In addition to the ''khums'' tax, Shi'a Muslims consider three additional practices essential to the religion of Islam. The first is [[jihad]], which is also important to the Sunni, but not considered a pillar. The second is ''[[Amr-Bil-Ma'rūf]]'', the &quot;Enjoining to Do Good&quot;, which calls for every Muslim to live a virtuous life and to encourage others to do the same. The third is ''[[Nahi-Anil-Munkar]]'', the &quot;Exhortation to Desist from Evil&quot;, which tells Muslims to refrain from vice and from evil actions and to also encourage others to do the same.&lt;ref&gt;Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۸۰&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلامي اداب او خواړه ===

{{آرنی|اسلامي اداب|د خواړو اړونده اسلامي احکام}}

Many practices fall in the category of ''adab'', or Islamic etiquette. This includes greeting others with &quot;''[[As-Salamu Alaykum|as-salamu `alaykum]]''&quot; (&quot;peace be unto you&quot;), saying ''[[bismillah]]'' (&quot;in [[Names of God|the name of God]]&quot;) before meals, and using only the right hand for eating and drinking. [[Islamic hygienical jurisprudence|Islamic hygienic]] practices mainly fall into the category of personal cleanliness and health, such as the circumcision of male offspring. [[Islamic funeral|Islamic burial rituals]] include saying the ''[[Salat al-Janazah]]'' (&quot;funeral prayer&quot;) over the bathed and enshrouded dead body, and burying it in a grave. Muslims, like Jews, are restricted in their diet, and prohibited foods include pig products, blood, [[carrion]], and [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]]. All meat must come from a [[herbivorous]] animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian, with the exception of game that one has hunted or fished for oneself. Food permissible for Muslims is known as [[halal]] food.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۵|۵|style=ref}}
* Curtis (۲۰۰۵), p.۱۶۴
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۱۱۱
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/janisla2y2.html Customs and Behavioral Laws]
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/febislaw2y2.html The Dietary Laws]
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/DecIslaw2y5.htm Various types of the prayer]
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Slaughter | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Ersilia Francesca | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۸}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جهاد ===
{{mainarticle|Jihad|Islamic military jurisprudence}}
Jihad means &quot;to strive or struggle,&quot; especially in the idiomatic expression &quot;striving in the way of God&quot; (''al-jihad fi sabil Allah'') and is considered the &quot;[[sixth pillar of Islam]]&quot; by a minority of Muslim authorities.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Merriam (۱۹۹۹) p.۵۷۱
* Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia p.۴۱۹
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۹۳&lt;/ref&gt; Jihad, in its broadest sense, is classically defined as &quot;exerting one's utmost power, efforts, endeavors, or ability in contending with an object of disapprobation.&quot; Depending on the object being a visible enemy, the devil, and aspects of one's own self, different categories of Jihad are defined: Jihad against one's own self (self-perfection), Jihad of the tongue, Jihad of the hand, and Jihad of the sword. Jihad when used without any qualifier is understood in its military aspect.&lt;ref&gt;Reuven Firestone (۱۹۹۹), The Meaning of Jihād, p. ۱۷-۱۸&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Britannica Encyclopedia, Jihad&lt;/ref&gt;

Jihad is the only form of warfare permissible under [[Sharia|Islamic law]]. Under most circumstances and for most Muslims, jihad is a collective duty (''[[Fard|fard kifaya]]''): one whose performance by some individuals exempts the others; for the rest of the populace, this happens only in the case of a [[general mobilization]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Djihad&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''.&lt;/ref&gt; Some Muslim authorities, especially among the Shi'a and [[Sufism|Sufis]], distinguish between the &quot;greater jihad&quot;, which pertains to spiritual self-perfection, and the &quot;lesser jihad&quot;, defined as warfare.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Firestone (۱۹۹۹) p.۱۷ 
* &quot;Djihad&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''.&lt;/ref&gt; Jihad also refers to one's striving to attain religious and moral perfection.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Brockopp (۲۰۰۳) pp. ۹۹–۱۰۰
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۹۳ 
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=jihad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۶-۱۳}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
{{آرنی|د اسلام تاريخ|د اسلام خپرېدا}}

Islam's historical development resulted in major political, economic, and military effects inside and outside the [[Islamic world]]. Within a century of Muhammad's first recitations of the [[Qur'an]], an Islamic empire stretched from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in the west to [[Central Asia]] in the east. This new polity soon broke into civil war, and successor states fought each other and outside forces. However, Islam continued to spread into regions like [[Africa]], the [[Indian subcontinent]], and [[Southeast Asia]]. The Islamic civilization was one of the most advanced in the world during the [[Middle Ages]], but was surpassed by Europe with the economic and military growth of the West. During the ۱۸th and ۱۹th centuries, Islamic dynasties such as the [[Ottomans]] and [[Mughals]] fell under the sway of European imperial powers. In the ۲۰th century [[Islamic revival|new religious and political movements]] and newfound wealth in the Islamic world led to both rebirth and conflict.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۵۰٬۱۱۲٬۱۹۷٬۳۸۰٬۴۸۹٬۵۷۸٬۸۱۷
* Lewis (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲۹٬۵۱–۵۶&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د اسلامي رياست پيل (۶۳۲–۷۵۰) ===
{{see|Succession to Muhammad|Muslim conquests|Muslim Empire}}
Muhammad began preaching Islam at [[Mecca]] before [[Hijra (Islam)|migrating]] to [[Medina]], from where he united the [[tribes of Arabia]] into a singular Arab Muslim religious polity. With Muhammad's death in ۶۳۲, disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community. [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]], a prominent [[sahaba|companion]] of Muhammad, nominated [[Abu Bakr]], who was Muhammad's intimate friend and collaborator. Others added their support and Abu Bakr was made the first [[caliph]]. This choice was disputed by some of Muhammad's companions, who held that [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]], his cousin and son-in-law, had been designated his successor. Abu Bakr's immediate task was to avenge a recent defeat by [[Byzantine]] (or [[Eastern Roman Empire]]) forces, although he first had to put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an episode known as the [[Ridda wars]], or &quot;Wars of Apostasy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See: 
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۵۷
* Hourani (۲۰۰۳), p.۲۲
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۳۲
* Madelung (۱۹۹۶), p.۴۳
* Tabatabaei (۱۹۷۹), p.۳۰–۵۰&lt;/ref&gt;

[[دوتنه:Age of Caliphs.png|thumb|left|upright=1.25|The territory of the [[Caliphate]] in the year ۷۵۰]]

His death in ۶۳۴ resulted in the succession of Umar as the caliph, followed by [[Uthman ibn al-Affan]] and Ali ibn Abi Talib. These four are known as ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' (&quot;[[Rightly Guided Caliphs]]&quot;). Under them, the territory under Muslim rule expanded deeply into [[Persian Empire]] and [[Byzantine]] territories.&lt;ref&gt;See
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۷۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; When Umar was assassinated in ۶۴۴, [[the election of Uthman]] as successor was met with increasing opposition. In ۶۵۶, Uthman was also killed, and Ali assumed the position of caliph. After fighting off opposition in the [[First Fitna|first civil war]] (the &quot;First Fitna&quot;), Ali was assassinated by [[Kharijites]] in ۶۶۱. Following this, [[Muawiyah I|Mu'awiyah]], who was governor of [[Levant]], seized power and began the [[Umayyad dynasty]].&lt;ref&gt;Holt (۱۹۷۷a), pp.۶۷–۷۲&lt;/ref&gt;

These disputes over religious and political leadership would give rise to schism in the Muslim community. The majority accepted the legitimacy of the three rulers prior to Ali, and became known as [[Sunni]]s. A minority disagreed, and believed that Ali was the only rightful successor; they became known as the [[Shi'a]].&lt;ref&gt;Waines (۲۰۰۳) p.۴۶&lt;/ref&gt; After Mu'awiyah's death in ۶۸۰, conflict over succession broke out again in a civil war known as the &quot;[[Second Fitna]]&quot;. Afterward, the Umayyad dynasty prevailed for seventy years, and was able to conquer the [[Maghreb|Maghrib]] as well as the [[Al-Andalus]] (the [[Iberian Peninsula]], former [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] [[Hispania]]) and the [[Gallia Narbonensis|Narbonnese Gaul]]. While the Muslim-Arab elite engaged in conquest, some devout Muslims&lt;!--The Islamic term is Zahid and there may be a better translation for it.--&gt; began to question the piety of indulgence in a worldly life, emphasizing rather poverty, humility and avoidance of sin based on renunciation of bodily desires. Devout Muslim ascetic exemplars such as [[Hasan al-Basri]] would inspire a movement that would evolve into [[Sufism]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۹۰٬۹۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sufism | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۳}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the Umayyad aristocracy, Islam was viewed as a religion for Arabs only;&lt;ref&gt;Hawting (۲۰۰۰), p.۴&lt;/ref&gt; the economy of the Umayyad empire was based on the assumption that a majority of non-Muslims ([[Dhimmis]]) would pay taxes to the minority of Muslim Arabs. A non-Arab who wanted to convert to Islam was supposed to first become a client of an Arab tribe. Even after conversion, these new Muslims (''[[mawali]]'') did not achieve social and economic equality with the Arabs. The descendants of Muhammad's uncle [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] rallied discontented ''mawali'', poor Arabs, and some Shi'a against the Umayyads and overthrew them with the help of their propagandist and general [[Abu Muslim]], inaugurating the [[Abbasid|Abbasid dynasty]] in ۷۵۰.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۶; Lewis (۱۹۹۳), pp. ۷۱–۸۳&lt;/ref&gt; Under the Abbasids, Islamic civilization flourished in the &quot;[[Islamic Golden Age]]&quot;, with its capital at the cosmopolitan city of Baghdad.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), pp.۸۰٬۹۲٬۱۰۵
* Holt (۱۹۷۷b), pp.۶۶۱–۶۶۳
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۶
* Lewis (۱۹۹۳), p.۸۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د اسلام زرين پېر (۷۵۰–۱۲۵۸) ===

[[دوتنه:Battle of Cresson.jpg|thumb|right|Artistic depiction of the Battle of Hattin in 1187, where Jerusalem was recaptured by Saladin's Ayyubid forces]]

By the late ۹th century, the Abbasid caliphate began to fracture as various regions gained increasing levels of autonomy. Across North Africa, Persia, and Central Asia [[emirates]] formed as provinces broke away. The monolithic Arab empire gave way to a more religiously homogenized [[Muslim world]] where the Shia [[Fatimid]]s contested even the religious authority of the caliphate. By ۱۰۵۵ the [[Seljuq Turks]] had eliminated the Abbasids as a military power, nevertheless they continued to respect the caliph's titular authority.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۱۰۳–۱۴۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Abbasid Dynasty | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this time expansion of the Muslim world continued, by both conquest and peaceful [[Dawah|proselytism]] even as both Islam and Muslim trade networks were extending into sub-Saharan [[West Africa]], [[Central Asia]], [[Volga Bulgaria]] and the [[Malay archipelago]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Islam&quot;/&gt;

The Golden Age saw new legal, philosophical, and religious developments. The [[Six major Hadith collections|major hadith collections]] were compiled and the four modern Sunni [[Madh'hab]]s were established. Islamic law was advanced greatly by the efforts of the early ۹th century jurist [[al-Shafi'i]]; he codified a method to establish the reliability of hadith, a topic which had been a locus of dispute among Islamic scholars.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۸۶&lt;/ref&gt; Philosophers [[Ibn Sina]] (Avicenna) and [[Al-Farabi]] sought to incorporate Greek principles into Islamic theology, while others like the ۱۱th century theologian [[Abu Hamid al-Ghazzali]] argued against them and ultimately prevailed.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۱۶۰
* Waines (۲۰۰۳) p.۱۲۶٬۱۲۷&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, Sufism and Shi'ism both underwent major changes in the ۹th century. [[Sufism]] became a full-fledged movement that had moved towards mysticism and away from its ascetic roots, while Shi'ism split due to disagreements over the succession of Imams.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۴۴–۴۵
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۹۰–۹۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sufism | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The spread of the Islamic dominion induced hostility among [[Middle ages|medieval]] [[ecclesiastical]] Christian authors who saw Islam as an adversary in the light of the large numbers of new Muslim converts. This opposition resulted in polemical treatises which depicted Islam as the religion of the [[antichrist]] and of Muslims as libidinous and subhuman.&lt;ref&gt;Tolan (۲۰۰۲) xv, xvi, ۴۱&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Middle Ages|medieval period]], a few Arab philosophers like the poet [[Al-Ma'arri]] adopted a critical approach to Islam, and the Jewish philosopher [[Maimonides]] contrasted Islamic views of morality to Jewish views that he himself elaborated.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Novak (February ۱۹۹۹)
* Sahas (۱۹۹۷), pp.۷۶–۸۰&lt;/ref&gt;

Starting in the ۹th century, Muslim conquests in Christian Europe began to be reversed. The [[Reconquista]] was launched against Muslim [[Taifa|principalities]] in [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], and Muslim [[History of Islam in southern Italy|Italian possessions]] were lost to the [[Normans]]. From the ۱۱th century onwards a series of wars known as the [[Crusade]]s brought the Muslim world into conflict with [[Christendom]]. Successful at first in their capturing of the [[Holy Land (Biblical)|Holy land]] which resulted in the establishment of the [[Crusader states]], Crusader gains in the Holy Land were reversed by later Muslim generals such as [[Saladin]], who recaptured [[Jerusalem]] during the [[Second Crusade]].&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۸۸–۲۹۰٬۳۱۰&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Mongol Empire]] put an end to the Abbasid dynasty at the [[Battle of Baghdad (۱۲۵۸)|Battle of Baghdad in ۱۲۵۸]], which saw the Muslims overrun by the superior Mongol army. Meanwhile in Egypt, the slave-soldier [[Mamluk]]s took control in an uprising in ۱۲۵۰.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۹۲
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic World | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د عثمانيه سلطنت او په هند کې اسلامي رياست (۱۲۵۸–۱۹۱۸) ===

The Seljuk Turks fell apart rapidly in the second half of the ۱۳th century. In the ۱۳th and ۱۴th centuries the [[Ottoman empire]] (named after [[Osman I]]) was established with a string of conquests that included the [[Balkans]], parts of [[Greece]], and western [[Anatolia]]. In ۱۴۵۳ under [[Mehmed II]] the Ottomans laid siege to [[Constantinople]], the capital of Byzantium. The Byzantine fortress [[Fall of Constantinople|succumbed]] shortly thereafter, having been battered by superior Ottoman [[cannon]]ry.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۲۶۳
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۵۰
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Istanbul | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Beginning in the ۱۳th century, Sufism underwent a transformation, largely as a result of the efforts of [[al-Ghazzali]] to legitimize and reorganize the movement. He developed the model of the Sufi order—a community of spiritual teachers and students.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۰۴٬۱۰۵&lt;/ref&gt; Also of importance to Sufism was the creation of the [[Masnavi]], a collection of mystical poetry by the ۱۳th century [[Persian language|Persian]] poet [[Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi|Rumi]]. The Masnavi had a profound influence on the development of Sufi religious thought; to many Sufis it is second in importance only to the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic Art | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[دوتنه:TajMahalbyAmalMongia.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Taj Mahal]] is a [[mausoleum]] located in [[Agra]], [[India]], that was built under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۶۵&lt;/ref&gt;]]

In the early ۱۶th century, the Shi'ite [[Safavid dynasty]] assumed control in Persia and established Shi'a Islam as an official religion there, and despite periodic setbacks, the Safavids remained powerful for two centuries. Meanwhile, Mamluk Egypt fell to the Ottomans in ۱۵۱۷, who then launched a European campaign which reached as far as [[Siege of Vienna|the gates of Vienna]] in ۱۵۲۹.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۱۹۸٬۲۳۴٬۲۴۴٬۲۴۵٬۲۵۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many [[Islamic empires in India|Islamic dynasties]] ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent starting from the twelfth century. The prominent ones include the [[Delhi Sultanate]] (۱۲۰۶–۱۵۲۶) and the [[Mughal empire]] (۱۵۲۶–۱۸۵۷). These empires helped in the spread of Islam in [[South Asia]]. but by the mid-۱۸th century the [[British empire]] had ended the Mughal dynasty.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۳۵۸٬۳۷۸–۳۸۰٬۶۲۴&lt;/ref&gt; In the ۱۸th century the [[Wahhabi]] movement took hold in Saudi Arabia. Founded by the preacher [[Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab|Ibn Abd al-Wahhab]], Wahhabism is a fundamentalist ideology that condemns practices like Sufism and the veneration of saints as un-Islamic.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۷۲
* Watt (۱۹۷۳), p.۱۸: Wahhabism should not be confused with the early Kharijite sect of Wahabiyya, which was named after Abd-Allah ibn-Wahb ar-Rasibi, who opposed Ali at Nahrawan.&lt;/ref&gt;

By the ۱۷th and ۱۸th centuries, despite attempts at modernization, the Ottoman empire had begun to feel threatened by European economic and military advantages. In the ۱۹th century, the [[Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire|rise of nationalism]] resulted in Greece declaring and winning independence in ۱۸۲۹, with several Balkan states following suit after the Ottomans suffered defeat in the [[Russo-Turkish War (۱۸۷۷–۱۸۷۸)|Russo-Turkish War of ۱۸۷۷–۱۸۷۸]]. The Ottoman era came to a close at the end of [[World War I]].&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۳۸۰٬۴۸۹–۴۹۳&lt;/ref&gt;

=== نوی پېر (۱۹۱۸–اوسمهال) ===
After [[World War I]] losses, the remnants of the empire were parceled out as European [[protectorate]]s or [[sphere of influence|spheres of influence]]. Since then most Muslim societies have become independent nations, and new issues such as oil wealth and relations with the State of [[Israel]] have assumed prominence.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۸۱–۲۸۲٬۳۸۰٬۴۸۹–۴۹۳٬۵۵۶٬۵۷۸٬۸۲۳٬۸۳۵&lt;/ref&gt;

The ۲۰th century saw the creation of many new Islamic &quot;revivalist&quot; movements. Groups such as the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in Egypt and [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] in Pakistan advocate a totalistic and theocratic alternative to secular political ideologies. Sometimes called [[Islamist]], they see Western cultural values as a threat, and promote Islam as a comprehensive solution to every public and private question of importance. In countries like Iran and Afghanistan (under the [[Taliban]]), revolutionary movements replaced [[Secularism|secular]] regimes with Islamist states, while transnational groups like [[Osama bin Laden]]'s [[al-Qaeda]] engage in [[Islamist terrorism|terrorism]] to further their goals. In contrast, [[Liberal Islam]] is a movement that attempts to reconcile religious tradition with modern norms of secular governance and [[human rights]]. Its supporters say that there are multiple ways to read Islam's sacred texts, and stress the need to leave room for &quot;independent thought on religious matters&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۱۸٬۱۱۹٬۱۷۹
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۸۲۳–۸۳۰&lt;/ref&gt;

In modern times Islam has come under [[Criticism of Islam|criticism]] from idealogues such as [[Robert Spencer]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last=Bostom | first=Andrew | title=Islamic Apostates' Tales—A Review of ''Leaving Islam'' by Ibn Warraq | date=July ۲۱, ۲۰۰۳ | publisher=FrontPageMagazine.com | work=FrontPage Magazine | url=http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=9000 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Ibn Warraq]],&lt;ref&gt;Rippin (۲۰۰۱), p.۲۸۸&lt;/ref&gt; who criticize Islamic law and question the morality of the Qur'an; for example, they say that its contents justify mistreatment of women and encourage [[anti-Semitism|antisemitic]] remarks by Muslim theologians;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | publisher=NYRB | work=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=۱۰-۰۵-۲۰۰۶ | title=Islam in Europe | author=Timothy Garton Ash | url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/19371}}&lt;/ref&gt; such claims are disputed by Muslim scholars.&lt;ref&gt;For example, see:
* [[Ahmed Deedat]], in Westerlund (۲۰۰۳);
* [[Syed Ameer Ali]], in ''The Spirit of Islam'' (۱۸۴۹–۱۹۲۸). It is described by [[David Samuel Margoliouth]] (۱۹۰۵) as &quot;probably the best achievement in the way of an apology for Mohammed&quot;.  See Margoliouth, preface ''Mohammed and the Rise of Islam'';
* [[Yusuf Estes]], in {{cite news | publisher=Advance, [[University of Connecticut]] | date=۱۱-۱۷-۲۰۰۳ | title=Ramadan Awareness Event Designed To Debunk Negative Images | author=Elizabeth Omara-Otunnu | url=http://advance.uconn.edu/2003/031117/03111715.htm | access-date=2007-11-24 | archive-date=2014-04-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401005128/http://advance.uconn.edu/2003/031117/03111715.htm | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Montgomery Watt]], Norman Daniel, and [[Edward Said]] dismiss many of the criticisms as the product of old myths and medieval European polemics.&lt;ref&gt;
* Seibert (۱۹۹۴), pp.۸۸–۸۹
* Watt (۱۹۷۴), p.۲۳۱&lt;/ref&gt; The rise of [[Islamophobia]], according to [[Carl Ernst]], had contributed to the negative views about Islam and Muslims in the West.&lt;ref&gt;Ernst (۲۰۰۴), p.۱۱&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلامي ټولنه ==

[[دوتنه:Islam percentage by country.png|کيڼ|upright=1.25|بټنوک|د هېوادونو له مخې د مسلمانانو د شمېر سلنه]]

=== وگړپوهنه ===
{{دا هم  وگورۍ|د مسلمانانو د شمېر له مخې د هېوادونو لړليک|د اسلام ډيموگرافي}}

Commonly cited estimates of the Muslim population in ۲۰۰۷ range from ۱٫۱&amp;nbsp;billion to ۱٫۸&amp;nbsp;billion. Approximately ۸۵٪ are [[Sunni]] and ۱۵٪ are [[Shi'a]], with a small minority belonging to other sects. Some ۳۰–۴۰ countries are Muslim-majority, and Arabs account for around ۲۰٪ of all Muslims worldwide.  [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]] contain the most populous Muslim countries, with [[Indonesia]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Bangladesh]] having more than ۱۰۰&amp;nbsp;million adherents each.&lt;ref name=Islam_by_country&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/rel_isl_num_of_mus-religion-islam-number-of-muslim
|title=Number of Muslim by country
|publisher=nationmaster.com
|accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۳۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to U.S. government figures, in ۲۰۰۶ there were ۲۰&amp;nbsp;million Muslims in [[China]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm
|title=International Religious Freedom Report ۲۰۰۶—China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)
|year=۲۰۰۶
|publisher=U.S. department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
|accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۳۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Middle East]], the non-Arab countries of [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]] are the largest Muslim-majority countries; in [[Africa]], [[Egypt]] and [[Nigeria]] have the most populous Muslim communities.&lt;ref name=Islam_by_country/&gt; Islam is the second largest religion after [[Christianity]] in many [[Europe]]an countries.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴) pp.۲٬۴۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic World | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | title=Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents | publisher=Adherents.com | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۱-۰۹ | تاريخ الأرشيف=2010-01-29 | مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | url-status=dead | خونديځ نېټه=2007-07-07 | خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html }}
* {{cite web | title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4385768.stm | publisher=BBC | work=BBC News | date=[[۲۰۰۵-۱۲-۲۳]] | accessdate=۲۰۰۶-۰۹-۲۸ }}
* {{cite web | title=Religion In Britain | url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 | publisher=Office for National Statistics | work=National Statistics | date=[[۲۰۰۳-۰۲-۱۳]] | accessdate=۲۰۰۶-۰۸-۲۷ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جومات ===
{{آرنی|جومات}}
جومات د مسلمانانو لپاره د عبادت ځای دی، چې په عربي کې ورته ''مسجد'' وایي که څه هم په  جوماتو  کې اصلي موخه د لمونځونو ادا کول دی، خو مسلمانو ته جومات د یو بل د لیدلو او زده کړو لپاره هم ډیر مهم دی. اوسني پرمختللي جوماتونه تر ډیرې کچې پورې د ۷ مې پیړۍ د جوماتو په شان پراخ شوي او د ډیرو بیلابیلو څیزونو او معمامري عناصرو درلودونکي دی لکه منار.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Masdjid | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author= J. Pedersen | coauthors=R. Hillenbrand, J. Burton-Page, et al. | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Mosque | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== کورنيز ژوند ===
{{دا-هم-وگورۍ|ښځه په اسلام کې}}
The basic unit of Islamic society is the [[family]], and Islam defines the obligations and legal rights of family members. The father is seen as financially responsible for his family, and is obliged to cater for their well-being. The division of [[inheritance]] is specified in the Qur'an, which states that most of it is to pass to the immediate family, while a portion is set aside for the payment of debts and the making of bequests. The woman's share of inheritance is generally half of that of a man with the same rights of succession.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;al-Mar'a&quot;. ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Marriage in Islam]] is a civil [[nikah|contract]] which consists of an offer and acceptance between two qualified parties in the presence of two witnesses. The groom is required to pay a [[dowry]] (''[[mahr]]'') to the bride, as stipulated in the contract.&lt;ref&gt;
* Waines (۲۰۰۳) pp. ۹۳–۹۶
* The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (۲۰۰۳), p.۳۳۹
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸) p. ۷۹&lt;/ref&gt;

A man may marry up to four wives if he believes he can treat them equally, while a woman may marry one man only. In most Muslim countries, the process of divorce in Islam is known as ''[[Talaq (Nikah)|talaq]]'', which the husband initiates by pronouncing the word &quot;divorce&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;*&quot;Talak&quot;. ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; Scholars disagree whether Islamic holy texts justify traditional Islamic practices such as [[hijab|veiling]] and seclusion ([[purdah]]). Starting in the ۲۰th century, Muslim social reformers argued against these and other practices such as [[Polygamy in Islam|polygamy]], with varying success. At the same time, many Muslim women have attempted to reconcile tradition with modernity by combining an active life with outward modesty. [[Islamist]] groups and regimes like the [[Taliban]] mostly seek to continue traditional law as applied to women.&lt;ref&gt;
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۹۵٬۹۶٬۲۳۵–۲۴۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Marriage and Divorce | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an | author=Harald Motzki | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۵}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Marriage Practices | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women &amp; Islamic Cultures | author=Lori Peek | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۵}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلامي کليز ===
{{آرنی|اسلامي کليز}}

اسلامي کاليز د مکې نه مدينې ته د هجرت د وخت نه پيلېږي او هماغه کال د هجرت لومړی کال بلل کېږي چې د زېږيز کال ۶۲۲ سره سمون خوري. د اسلامي کاليز ته سپوږميزه کاليزه هم وايي او دا ځکه چې د دې کال مياشتې د سپوږمۍ د حرکت پر بنسټ ټاکل شوي،  but differs from other such calendars (e.g. the [[Celtic calendar]]) in that it omits [[intercalary month]]s, being synchronized only with [[lunation]]s, but not with the [[solar year]], resulting in years of either ۳۵۴ or ۳۵۵ days. This omission was introduced by Muhammad because the right to announce intercalary months had led to political power struggles.{{citation needed}} Therefore, Islamic dates cannot be converted to the usual CE/AD dates simply by adding ۶۲۲ years. Islamic holy days fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in different seasons in different years in the [[Gregorian calendar]].

The formal beginning of the Muslim era was chosen to be the [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]] in ۶۲۲CE, which was an important turning point in Muhammad's fortunes. The assignment of this year as the year ۱ AH (''Anno Hegirae'') in the Islamic calendar was reportedly made by [[Umar|Caliph Umar]]. It is a [[lunar calendar]], with nineteen ordinary years of ۳۵۴ days and eleven leap years of ۳۵۵ days in a thirty-year cycle. Islamic dates cannot be converted to CE/AD dates simply by adding ۶۲۲ years: allowance must also be made for the fact that each Hijri century corresponds to only ۹۷ years in the Christian calendar.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Adil (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۸۸
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۶۷
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tarikh̲ | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=B. van Dalen | coauthors=R. S. Humphreys, Manuela Marín, et al. | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
The year ۱۴۲۸AH coincides almost completely with ۲۰۰۷CE.

Islamic [[Holiday|holy days]] fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in [[Different Seasons|different seasons]] in different years in the [[Gregorian calendar]]. The most important Islamic festivals are ''[[Eid al-Fitr]]'' (Arabic: عيد الفطر) on the ۱&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; of ''[[Shawwal]]'', marking the end of the fasting month ''[[Ramadan]]'', and ''[[Eid al-Adha]]'' (Arabic: عيد الأضحى) on the ۱۰&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; of ''[[Dhu al-Hijjah]]'', coinciding with the pilgrimage to Mecca.&lt;ref&gt;Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/janisla2y2.html Customs and Behavioral Laws]&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلام او نور دينونه ==
==== هغه مذهبونه چې د اسلام پر بنسټ جوړ شوي ====
{{آرنی|اسلام او نور دينونه}}

دا لانديني مذهبونو لارويان ځانونه مسلمانان بولي، خو د ډېرو مسلمانانو او مسلمانو چارواکو لخوا دوی مسلمانان نه بلل کېږي:
* [[د اسلام ملت]] (په امريکا کې بنسټ شوې مذهبي ډله)
* [[ذکري]]ان
* د [[احمديت]] تحريک (دې ډلې ته [[قاديانيت]] هم وايي)
* د [[الاحبش]] ډله (چې د حبشيانو په نامه هم يادېږي/ AICP)

د لاندې مذهبونو لارويان ځانونه مسلمانان بولي خو د دوی د اسلاميت په منلو کې د ډېرو مسلمانانو اختلافونه شته چې ځينې يې دوی مسلمانان او ځينې يې مسلمانان نه گڼي:
* [[دروز]]
* [[علوي]]ان (النُصيرية)

The following religions are said by some to have evolved or borrowed from Islam, in almost all cases influenced by traditional beliefs in the regions where they emerged, but consider themselves independent religions with distinct laws and institutions:
* [[يزيدي]]
* [[بابيس|بابيزم]] (چې اوس د [[بياني]]انو په نامه يادېږي)
* [[بهايي]]

The claim of the adherents of the Bahá'í Faith that it represents an independent religion was upheld by the Muslim ecclesiastical courts in Egypt during the ۱۹۲۰s. As of January [[۱۹۲۶]], their final ruling on the matter of the origins of the Bahá'í Faith and its relationship to Islam was that the Bahá'í Faith was neither a sect of Islam, nor a religion based on Islam, but a clearly defined, independently founded faith. This was seen as a considerate act on the part of the ecclesiastical court and in favor of followers of Bahá'í Faith since the majority of Muslims regard a ''religion based on Islam'' as a heresy.

Some see [[Sikhism]] as a [[syncretism|syncretic]] mix of Islam and [[Hinduism]], although it is often considered a [[Dharma|Dharmic]] faith rather than an Islamic or [[Abrahamic]] one. It arose in the context of the interaction between [[Hindu]] and Muslim communities in [[North India]].

The following religions might have been said to have evolved from Islam, but are not considered part of Islam, and no longer exist:
* The religion of the medieval [[Berghouata]]
* The religion of [[Ha-Mim]]

The Qur'an contains injunctions to respect other religions. It also asks the followers to fight and subdue unbelievers in times of war and &quot;evict them whence they evicted you&quot; (Al-Qur'an ۲:۱۹۱). Some Muslims have respected Jews and Christians as fellow &quot;peoples of the book&quot; (monotheists following [[Abrahamic religions]]), while others have reviled them as having abandoned monotheism and corrupted their scriptures. At different times and places, Islamic communities have been both intolerant and tolerant.

The classical Islamic solution was a limited tolerance — Jews and Christians were to be allowed to privately practice their faith and follow their own family law. They were called [[Dhimmis]], and they had fewer though similar legal rights and obligations than Muslims.

The classic Islamic state was often more tolerant than many other states of the time, which insisted on complete conformity to a state religion. The record of contemporary Muslim-majority states is mixed. Some are generally regarded as tolerant, while others have been accused of intolerance and human rights violations. See the main article, [[Islam and other religions]], for further discussion.

{{آرنی|اسلام او نور مذهبونه}}

[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 1.JPG|thumb|220px|left|A view of the [[Dome of the Rock]] on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]], a holy site in both Islam and [[Judaism]] that has been a source of controversy]]
[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Al-Aqsa Mosque BW 2010-09-21 06-38-12.JPG|thumb|left|220px|د [[الاقصا مسجد]] ديني جلوس. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) د همدغه ځای نه د معراج په سفر اسمان ته وخاته.]]

According to Islamic doctrine, Islam was the primordial religion of mankind, professed by [[Adam]].&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), pp. ۱۴–۱۶&lt;/ref&gt; At some point, a religious split occurred, and God began sending prophets to bring his revelations to the people.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), pp. ۱۸–۱۹&lt;/ref&gt; In this view, [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Nevi'im|Hebrew prophets]], and [[Jesus]] were all [[prophets of Islam]], but their message and the texts of the [[Torah]] and the [[Gospels]] were [[tahrif|corrupted]] by [[Jew]]s and Christians. Similarly, children of non-Muslim families are  born Muslims, but are converted to another faith by their parents.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۱۸&lt;/ref&gt; The idea of Islamic supremacy is encapsulated in the formula &quot;Islam is exalted and nothing is exalted above it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۵&lt;/ref&gt; Pursuant to this principle, Muslim women may not marry non-Muslim men, defamation of Islam is prohibited, and the testimony of a non-Muslim is inadmissible against a Muslim.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۵;
* Lewis (۱۹۸۴), p. ۳۹&lt;/ref&gt;

Islamic law divides non-Muslims into several categories, depending on their relation with the Islamic state. Christians and Jews who live under Islamic rule are known as ''[[dhimmis]]''. Dhimmis must pay tribute (''[[jizya]]'') to the Islamic state, and as such are considered &quot;protected peoples.&quot; Historically, dhimmis enjoyed a measure of communal autonomy under their own religious leaders, but were subject to legal, social and religious restrictions as well as humiliating regulations meant to highlight the inferiority of non-Muslim subjects.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lewis (۱۹۸۴), pp.۹, ۲۷, ۳۶;
* Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۷;&lt;/ref&gt; The status was extended to Zoroastrians and sometimes to polytheists (such as [[Hindu]]s), but not to [[atheist]]s or [[agnostic]]s.&lt;ref&gt;Lewis (۲۰۰۱), p.۲۷۳&lt;/ref&gt; Those who live in non-Muslim lands (''[[dar al-harb]]'') are known as ''[[harbi]]s'', and upon entering into an alliance with the Muslim state become known as ''ahl al-ahd''. Those who receive a guarantee of safety while residing temporarily in Muslim lands are known as ''ahl al-amān''. Their legal position is similar to that of the dhimmi except that they are not required to pay the jizya. The people of armistice (''ahl al-hudna'') are those who live outside of Muslim territory and agree to refrain from attacking the Muslims.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۵۵&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Aman&quot;, ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; [[apostasy in Islam|Apostasy]] is prohibited, and is punishable by death.&lt;ref&gt;A woman who apostasizes is to be executed according to some jurists, or imprisoned according to others.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Murtadd&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt;

== دا هم وگورئ ==
{{Col-begin|width=}}

{{Col-1-of-2}}
* [[اسلامي هنر]]
* [[اسلامي وټه]]
* [[اسلامي اخلاق]]
* [[اسلامي ادبيات]]
* [[اسلامي زده کړې]]
* [[اسلام او نوښت]]
* [[اسلاميزم]]
* [[د مسلمانانو لړليک]]
{{Col-2-of-2}}
* [[د اسلامي امپراتورانو لړليک]]
* [[د هغه نامتو کسانو لړليک چې اسلام ته وراوښتي]]
* [[د پخوانيو نامتو مسلمانانو لړليک]]
* [[په اسلامي نړۍ کې د جگړو لړليک]]
* [[د اسلامي تاریخ وختلیکه]]
* [[په اسلام کې د ماشومانو حقونه]]
* [[په اسلام کې د بنديانو حقونه]]

{{Col-end}}

== يادښتونه ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== سرچينې ==
;کتابونه او خپرونې
{{Reflist|2}}
* {{cite journal | last=Accad | first=Martin | title=The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries: An Exegetical Inventorial Table (Part I) | journal=Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations | volume=۱۴ | issue=۱ |date=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISSN ۰۹۵۹-۶۴۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Adil | first=Hajjah Amina | coauthors=Shaykh Nazim Adil Al-Haqqani, Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani | title=Muhammad: The Messenger of Islam | publisher=Islamic Supreme Council of America | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۹۳۰۴۰۹۱۱۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Ahmed | first=Akbar | title=Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World | publisher=I. B. Tauris | edition=۲٫۰۰ | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۸۶۰۶۴۲۵۷۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Brockopp | first=Jonathan E. | title=Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia | publisher=University of South Carolina press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۱۵۷۰۰۳۴۷۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Cohen-Mor | first=Dalya | title=A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۳۳۹۸۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Curtis | first=Patricia A. | year=۲۰۰۵ | title=A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations | publisher=Blackwell Publishing Professional | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۸۱۹۴۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Eglash | first=Ron | year=۱۹۹۹ | title=African Fractals: Modern Computing and Indigenous Design | publisher=Rutgers University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۸۱۳۵-۲۶۱۴-۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Ernst | first=Carl | authorlink=Carl Ernst | year=۲۰۰۴ | title = Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World | publisher=University of North Carolina Press | id=ISBN ۰-۸۰۷۸-۵۵۷۷-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | coauthors=John Obert Voll | title=Islam and Democracy | year=۱۹۹۶ | | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۰۸۱۶-۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito  | first=John  | authorlink=John Esposito  | title=Islam: The Straight Path | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۸ | edition=۳rd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۱۲۳۴۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | coauthors=Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad | title=Muslims on the Americanization Path? | year=۲۰۰۰a | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۳۵۲۶-۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۰b | title=Oxford History of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۰۷۹۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۲a | title=Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۶۸۸۶۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۲b | title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۵۷۱۳-۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | title=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۲۵۵۸-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito  | first=John  | authorlink=John Esposito  | title=Islam: The Straight Path | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۴ | edition=۳rd Rev Upd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۸۲۶۶۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Farah | first=Caesar | authorlink=Caesar E. Farah | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year=۱۹۹۴ | edition=۵th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۰۱۸۵۳۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Farah | first=Caesar | authorlink=Caesar E. Farah | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year=۲۰۰۳ | edition=۷th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۶۴۱۲۲۲۶۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Firestone | first=Reuven | title=Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam | publisher= Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹-۵۱۲۵۸۰۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Friedmann | first=Yohanan | authorlink=Yohanan Friedmann | title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition | publisher= Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۵۲۱۰۲۶۹۹۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Ghamidi | first=Javed | authorlink=Javed Ahmed Ghamidi | title=[[Mizan]] | publisher=[[Al-Mawrid|Dar al-Ishraq]] | year=۲۰۰۱ | id={{OCLC|۵۲۹۰۱۶۹۰}}}}
* {{cite book | last=Goldschmidt, Jr. | first=Arthur | coauthors=Lawrence Davidson | title=A Concise History of the Middle East | publisher=Westview Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۸th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۳۴۲۷۵۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Griffith | first=Ruth Marie | coauthors=Barbara Dianne Savage | title=Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۸۰۱۸۸۳۷۰۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Hawting| first=G. R. | authorlink= G.R. Hawting | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD ۶۶۱–۷۵۰ | publisher=Routledge | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۴۰۷۳۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Hedayetullah | first=Muhammad | title=Dynamics of Islam: An Exposition | publisher=Trafford Publishing | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۵۳۶۹۸۴۲۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Holt | first=P. M. |  coauthors=[[Bernard Lewis]] | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. ۱ | year=۱۹۷۷a | publisher=Cambridge University Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۲۹۱۳۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Holt | first=P. M. | coauthors=Ann K. S. Lambton, [[Bernard Lewis]] | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. ۲ | year=۱۹۷۷b | publisher=Cambridge University Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۲۹۱۳۷۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Hourani | first=Albert | authorlink=Albert Hourani | coauthor=[[Malise Ruthven|Ruthven, Malise]] | title=A History of the Arab Peoples | year=۲۰۰۳ | publisher=Belknap Press; Revised edition | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۷۴۰۱۰۱۷۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Humphreys | first=Stephen | title=Between Memory and Desire | year=۲۰۰۵ | publisher=University of California Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲-۰۲۴۶۹۱۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Kobeisy | first=Ahmed Nezar | title=Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People | publisher=Praeger Publishers | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۳۱۳۳۲۴۷۲۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Koprulu | first=Mehmed Fuad | coauthors=Leiser, Gary | title=The Origins of the Ottoman Empire | publisher=SUNY Press | year=۱۹۹۲ | id=ISBN ۰۷۹۱۴۰۸۱۹۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Kramer | first=Martin | title=Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution | publisher=Westview Press | year=۱۹۸۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۳۰۴۵۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Kugle | first=Scott Alan | title=Rebel Between Spirit And Law: Ahmad Zarruq, Sainthood, And Authority in Islam | publisher=Indiana University Press| year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۲۵۳۳۴۷۱۱۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Lapidus| first=Ira | title=A History of Islamic Societies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۲ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۵۲۱۷۷۹۳۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Jews of Islam | publisher=Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul | year=۱۹۸۴ | id=ISBN ۰-۷۱۰۲-۰۴۶۲-۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Arabs in History | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹۲۸-۵۲۵۸-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Middle East | publisher=Scribner | year=۱۹۹۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۸۴۸۳۲۸۰۷}} 
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | edition=۲nd | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۶۹۵۱۸۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East | publisher=Harper Perennial | edition=Reprint | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۶۰۵۱۶۰۵۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror | publisher=Random House, Inc., New York | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۹۶۷۸۵۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Madelung | first=Wilferd | authorlink=Wilferd Madelung | title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۶۴۶۹۶۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Malik| first=Jamal| coauthors=John R Hinnells, Inc NetLibrary | title=Sufism in the West | publisher= Routledge | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۷۴۰۸۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Menski | first=Werner F. | title=Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۸۵۸۵۹۳}}
* {{cite journal | last=Mohammad | first=Noor | title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction | journal=Journal of Law and Religion | volume=۳ | issue=۲ |date=۱۹۸۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Momen | first=Moojan | title=An Introduction to Shi`i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi`ism | publisher=Yale University Press | year=۱۹۸۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۳۰۰۰۳۵۳۱۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Nasr | first=Seyed Muhammad | title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter ۷) | publisher=HarperCollins | year=۱۹۹۴| id=ISBN ۰-۰۶۰۶۷-۷۰۰-۷}}
* {{cite journal | last=Novak | first=David | title=The Mind of Maimonides | journal=[[First Things]] |date=February ۱۹۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Parrinder | first=Geoffrey | authorlink=Geoffrey Parrinder | title=World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present | publisher=Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited | year=۱۹۷۱ | id=ISBN ۰-۸۷۱۹۶-۱۲۹-۶}}
* {{cite journal | last=Patton | first=Walter M. | title=The Doctrine of Freedom in the Korân | journal=The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures |date=April ۱۹۰۰ | volume=۱۶ | issue=۳ | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۱۰۳۱۴۷}}
* {{cite journal | last=Peters | first=F. E. | authorlink=F. E. Peters | title=The Quest for Historical Muhammad | journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |date=۱۹۹۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Peters | first=F. E. | authorlink=F. E. Peters | title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۶۹۱-۱۱۵۵۳-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Peters | first=Rudolph | authorlink=Rudolph Peters | title=Jihad in Medieval and Modern Islam | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۷۷ | id = ISBN ۹۰-۰۴-۰۴۸۵۴-۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Rippin | first=Andrew | authorlink=Andrew Rippin | title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | publisher=Routledge | edition=۲nd | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۲۱۷۸۱۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Ruthven | first=Malise | title=Fundamentalism: The Search for Meaning | publisher= Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | id = ISBN ۰۱-۹۲-۸۰۶۰۶-۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Sahas | first=Daniel J. | title=John of Damascus on Islam: The Heresy of the Ishmaelites | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۹۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۰۰۴۰۳۴۹۵۲}}
* {{cite book | last=[[Abdulaziz Sachedina|Sachedina]] | first=Abdulaziz | title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence | publisher=Oxford University Press US | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۱۹۱۵۰}}
* {{cite journal | last=Seibert | first=Robert F. | title=Review: Islam and the West: The Making of an Image (Norman Daniel)| journal=Review of Religious Research |date=۱۹۹۴ | volume=۳۶ | issue=۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Sells | first=Michael Anthony | authorlink=Michael Anthony Sells | coauthors=Emran Qureshi  | title=The New Crusades: Constructing the Muslim Enemy | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰۲۳۱۱۲۶۶۷۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Smith | first=Jane I. | title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۵۶۴۹۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Spencer | first=Robert | title=The Myth of Islamic Tolerance: How Islamic Law Treats Non-Muslims | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۰۲۲۴۹۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Stillman | first=Norman | authorlink=Norman Stillman | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | location=Philadelphia | year=۱۹۷۹ | id=ISBN ۱-۸۲۷۶۰-۱۹۸-۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Tabatabae | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=Seyyed Hossein Nasr (translator) | authorlink=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Shi'ite Islam 
| publisher=Suny press| year=۱۹۷۹ | id=ISBN  ۰-۸۷۳۹۵-۲۷۲-۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Tabatabae | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=R. Campbell (translator) | authorlink=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Islamic teachings: An Overview and a Glance at the Life of the Holy Prophet of Islam | publisher=Green Gold | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۰-۹۲۲۸۱۷-۰۰-۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Teece | first=Geoff | title=Religion in Focus: Islam  | publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۴۹۶۴۷۹۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Tolan | first=John V. | title=Saracens: Islam in the Medieval European Imagination | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=۲۰۰۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Trimingham| first=John Spencer  | title=The Sufi Orders in Islam  | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۸| id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۲۰۵۸۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Tritton | first=Arthur S. | authorlink=Arthur Stanley Tritton| title=The Caliphs and their Non-Muslim Subjects: A Critical Study of the Covenant of Umar | publisher=Frank Cass Publisher | location=London | year=۱۹۷۰ |origyear = ۱۹۳۰ | id=ISBN ۰-۷۱۴۶-۱۹۹۶-۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Turner | first=Colin | title=Islam: the Basics  | publisher=Routledge (UK) | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۳۴۱۰۶X}}
* {{cite book | last=Turner | first=Bryan S. | title=Weber and Islam | publisher=Routledge (UK) | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۱۷۴۵۸۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Waines | first=David | title=An Introduction to Islam | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۵۳۹۰۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Warraq | first=Ibn | title=The Quest for Historical Muhammad | publisher=Prometheus | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۷۳۹۲۷۸۷۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Warraq | first=Ibn | title=Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out | publisher=Prometheus | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۱-۵۹۱۰۲-۰۶۸-۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | authorlink=William Montgomery Watt | title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought | publisher=University Press Edinburgh|  year=۱۹۷۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۸۵-۲۲۴۲۵۴-X}}
* {{cite book | last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | authorlink=William Montgomery Watt | title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman | publisher=Oxford University Press | edition=New | year=۱۹۷۴ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۸۸۱۰۷۸-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Weiss | first=Bernard G. | title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory | year=۲۰۰۲ | location=Boston | publisher=Brill Academic publishers | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۱۲۰۶۶۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Williams | first=John Alden | title=The Word of Islam | year=۱۹۹۴ | publisher=University of Texas Press | id=ISBN ۰-۲۹۲-۷۹۰۷۶-۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Williams | first=Mary E. | title=The Middle East | year=۲۰۰۰ | publisher=Greenhaven Pr | id=ISBN ۰۷۳۷۷۰۱۳۳۱}}

;Encyclopedias
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=William H. McNeill, Jerry H. Bentley, David Christian | encyclopedia=Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History | publisher=Berkshire Publishing Group | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۹۷۴۳۰۹۱۰۱}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Gabriel Oussani | encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]] | year=۱۹۱۰}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Paul Lagasse, Lora Goldman, Archie Hobson, Susan R. Norton | encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia | publisher=Gale Group | year=۲۰۰۰ | edition=۶th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۳۳۹۲۳۶۹}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online|Encyclopaedia Britannica Online]] | publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Erwin Fahlbusch, William Geoffrey Bromiley | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Eerdmans Publishing Company, and Brill| year=۲۰۰۱ | edition=۱st| id=ISBN ۰-۸۰۲۸-۲۴۱۴-۵}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=John Bowden | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۱st | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۲۲۳۹۳-۴}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=George Thomas Kurian, Graham T. T. Molitor | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Future | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۱۹۹۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۹۷۲۰۵۳}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | id=ISSN ۱۵۷۳-۳۹۱۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Richard C. Martin, Said Amir Arjomand, Marcia Hermansen, Abdulkader Tayob, Rochelle Davis, John Obert Voll | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۶۵۶۰۳۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Lindsay Jones | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۶۵۷۳۳۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Salamone Frank | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals | publisher=Routledge | edition=۱st | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۹۴۱۸۰۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Peter N. Stearns | edition=۶th | year=۲۰۰۰ | encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of World History Online | publisher=Bartleby}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=[[Josef W. Meri]] | encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia | publisher=[[Routledge]] | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱-۵۹۶۶۹۰۶}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=[[Wendy Doniger]] | encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions | publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۰۸۷-۷۷۹۰۴۴۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Glasse Cyril | encyclopedia=New Encyclopedia of Islam: A Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam | | publisher=AltaMira Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISSN ۹۷۸-۰۷۵۹۱۰۱۹۰۶}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Edward Craig | encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy | publisher=Routledge | year=۱۹۹۸ | edition=۱st| id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۰۷۳۱۰۳}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== نورې لوستنې ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* {{cite book | last=Arberry | first=A. J. | authorlink=A. J. Arberry | title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation | publisher=Touchstone | edition=۱st | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۸۴۸۲۵۰۷۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Hawting | first=Gerald R. | authorlink=Gerald R. Hawting | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyard Caliphate AD ۶۶۱–۷۵۰ | publisher=Routledge | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۴۰۷۲۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Khan | first=Muhammad Muhsin | authorlink=Muhammad Muhsin Khan | coauthors=Al-Hilali Khan, Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din | title=Noble Quran | year=۱۹۹۹ | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | edition=۱st | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۹۶۰۷۴۰۷۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Kramer (ed.) | first=Martin | authorlink=Martin Kramer | title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis | publisher=Syracuse University | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۶۵۲۲۴۰۴۰۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Kuban | first=Dogan | title=Muslim Religious Architecture | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۷۴ | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۰۳۸۱۳۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | year=۱۹۹۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۶۹۲۱۷۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam and the West | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۰۹۰۶۱۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۰۲۸۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Mubarkpuri | first=Saifur-Rahman | title=[[The Sealed Nectar]]: Biography of the Prophet | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۴۴۰۷۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Najeebabadi | first=Akbar Shah | title=History of Islam | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۴۴۰۳۴۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Nigosian | first=S. A. | title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=۲۰۰۴ | edition=New Edition | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۲۵۳۲۱۶۲۷۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Rahman | first=Fazlur | authorlink=Fazlur Rahman | title=Islam | publisher=University of Chicago Press | year=۱۹۷۹ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۰-۲۲۶-۷۰۲۸۱-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Walker | first=Benjamin | authorlink=Benjamin Walker | title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith | publisher=Peter Owen Publishers | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۲۰۶۱۰۳۸۳}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== باندنۍ تړنې ==

;اکاډميکې سرچينې
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* [http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/ د سويلي كاليفورنيا پوهنتون: د اسلامی لیکنو لندیز] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213011952/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/ |date=2007-12-13 }}
* [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/ د اسلام پوهنغونډ (د نړۍ د مذهبونو مخليدنه)]
* [http://arabworld.nitle.org/introduction.php?module_id=2 د اسلام اړونده څپرکی] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225105128/http://arabworld.nitle.org/introduction.php?module_id=2 |date=2008-02-25 }} د [[NITLE]] څخه د عربي فرهنگ او تمدن پرليکه سرچينې
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105852/Islam اسلام], ''د بريټانيکا پرليکه پوهنغونډ'' ليکنه

&lt;/div&gt;   
;ټولگې
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* اسلام په [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/euroislam.htmlلویدیزه اروپا], [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/UKIslam.html انگلستان ], [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/DIslam.html جرمنی] او [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/sasislam.html سویلی اسیا]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Islam_%28Bookshelf%29 Islam (Bookshelf)] at [[Project Gutenberg]]
;Islam - text, audio and video
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.ikre-bismi-rabbike.net/kuran.php Kur'an audio (recordings of many Qur'an recitals)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418011817/http://www.ikre-bismi-rabbike.net/kuran.php |date=2008-04-18 }}
* [http://www.guidedways.com/quranreciter/ Qur'an audio and reading material in numerous languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218182412/http://www.guidedways.com/quranreciter/ |date=2008-02-18 }}

&lt;/div&gt;
;اسلام او هنرونه
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/ پر اسلام د بي بي سي فوکس]
* [http://www.lacma.org/islamic_art/intro.htm Islamic Art at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308091248/http://www.lacma.org/islamic_art/intro.htm |date=2008-03-08 }}
* [http://www.muslimheritage.com/ Muslim Heritage] (Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation, UK)
* [http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/ Islamic Architecture (IAORG)] illustrated descriptions and reviews of a large number of mosques, palaces, and monuments.
&lt;/div&gt;

{{ اسلامي سرلیکونه}}

[[وېشنيزه:اسلام| ]]
[[وېشنيزه:توحید]]
[[وېشنيزه:خدای پیژندنه]]</text>
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'''اسلام''' {{Ar|الإسلام}};''{{ArabDIN|}}'' ({{Audio|ar-al_islam.ogg|&lt;sup&gt;واوری!&lt;/sup&gt;}}، &quot;اطاعت&quot; (د [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;([[جل جلاله|ج]])&lt;/sup&gt; د رضا)) يو [[مونوتيزم|مونوتېسټېک]] (د يوه څښتن مننونکي) گروهې (عقيده) يا باور لرونکې دین دی. پخپله د اسلام وی د سولې، امن، سلامتۍ، روغې جوړې رامنځته کول دي. دا دین له درېیو [[ابراهيمي دين]]ونو  ([[یهوديت]]، [[عیسویت]]، اسلام) له ډلې څخه دی، چې د نړۍ په کچه دویم ستر [[مذهب]] گڼل کېږي. د اسلام د دين لارويانو ته '''[[مسلمانان]]''' وايي. مسلمانان پدې گروهه دي چې [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د انسانانو د لارښوونې لپاره وخت پر وخت، خپل استازي ([[پيغمبر|پيغمبران]]) رالېږلي، چې هریو خپله دنده د الهي اوامرو په رڼا کې په بشپړه توگه سرته رسولې.
د الهي استازو (پیغمرانو) وروستې استازې [[محمد]]&lt;sup&gt;([[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]])&lt;/sup&gt; دی.
[[دوتنه:Kaaba at night.jpg|thumb| [[کعبه شریفه]] چې په [[سعودي عربستان]] کی پرته ده دا د اسلام مرکز او د مسلمانانو [[قبله]] ده او دا هغه ځای دی کوم چې هر کال په زرگونه [[مسلمانان]] دلته د خدای د کور د زیارت لپاره راځې.]]
''اسلام'' &quot;تسليمۍ او غاړه اېښودنې ټه وایي&quot; يا په بله وينا ځان د الله تعالی رضا ته تسليمول. د اسلام د [[دين]] لاروي ته [[مسلمان]] ويل کېږي، مانا دا چې &quot;هغه څوک چې ځان يې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته سپارلی او د هغه د احکامو اطاعت کوي، مسلمان گڼل کېږي&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Islam&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lanes Lexicon&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume4/00000137.pdf|title=Lane's lexicon |accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۷-۰۳}}&lt;/ref&gt; په ټوله نړۍ کې د ۱٫۱&amp;nbsp;بيليون او ۱٫۸&amp;nbsp;بيليون ترمېنځ وگړي د اسلام د دين لارويان دي، چې په همدې توگه وروسته د [[عيسويت]] نه [[اسلام]] د نړۍ دویم ستر [[دين]] گڼل کېږي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |title=Major Religions of the World—Ranked by Number of Adherents |accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۷-۰۳ |format=HTML |work= |تاريخ الأرشيف=2010-01-29 |مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |url-status=dead |خونديځ نېټه=2007-07-07 |خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam }}&lt;/ref&gt;

مسلمانان په دې عقیده دي ې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; قرآن مجيد پر حضرت [[محمد]]&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; نازل کړی، او محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د الله تعالی وروستی پيغمبر دی. مسلمانان پدې عقيده هم دي چې قرآن مجيد او سُنت (د حضرت محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; خبرې او اعمال) د اسلام بنسټيزې سرچينې دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۱۹۹۶), p.۴۱
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/JulRefl2y6.html Sources of Islam]&lt;/ref&gt; مسلمانان په دې عقيده هم دي چې حضرت محمد مصطفیٰ&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د يوه نوي دين په توگه د اسلام د دين بنسټگر نه ؤ، خو همدا وروستی پيغمبر د اسلام د دين د گروهې آرنۍ لمانځونکی او پرځای کوونکی دی چې پر زمکه يې بنسټ [[آدم]]&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; ايښی چې بيا تر هغه وروسته حضرت ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; او د هغه نه پخوانيو او وروستنيو، د خدای&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ټولو پيغمبرانو يې د دغه دين او اصلي لارې بلنه ورکړې. مسلمانان دا عقيده لري چې په [[يهوديت]] او [[عيسويت]] کې د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغام چې د بېلابېلو انبياو لخوا پر دوی نازل شوي، هغه د دوی لخوا د وخت په تېرېدو سره تحريف شوي، او ناسمه ترجماني يې شوې، که هغه په ليکلې بڼه وي او که پرته د ليکلې بڼې وي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Distorted&quot;&gt;See:
* Accad (۲۰۰۳): According to Ibn Taymiya, although only some Muslims accept the textual veracity of the entire Bible, most Muslims will grant the veracity of most of it.
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸), pp.۶٬۱۲
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۴–۵
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tahrif | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=Hava Lazarus-Yafeh | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
د اسلام دين د گڼ شمېر اسلامي اعمالو يو غونډال دی. د دغه دين مننونکي بايد د اسلام د دين [[د پينځه ستنو]] مننونکي او پلي کونکي وي، د اسلام د دين پينځه ستنې له بېلابېلو فرايضو او دندو نه جوړ شوی او همدغه پينځه ستنې دي چې په يوې ټولنه کې مسلمانان سره متحده کوي.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۱۷&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلام د دين د پينځه ستنو سره سره، [[شريعت|اسلامي قانون]] (''شريعة'') د احکامونو يو دوديزه قضايي واک دی چې د مسلمانانو د ژوند او ټولنې هر اړخ يې اغېزمن کړی. په دې قانون کې هر څه رانغښتې دي، د عملي چارو نه نيولې لکه د خوراک، څښاک آن تر سوداگريزو او پانگه ايزو چارو او تر جگړايزو چارو پورې هر څه په دې قانون کې راغلي دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۱۱۱٬۱۱۲٬۱۱۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

نژدې ټول مسلمانان د اسلام په دوو لويو فريقو لکه سني او شيع پورې تړاو لري. د تشيع فرقه په ۷مه پېړۍ کې د مسلمانانو تر مېنځ د مذهبي او سياسي توپيرونو په پايله کې رامېنځ ته شوې. په اټکلي توگه ۸۵ په سلو کې مسلمانان د اهل سنت لارويان دي او ۱۵ په سلو کې د تشيع فرقې لارويان دي.په [[منځنی ختيځ]]، او همداراز د [[افريقا]] او [[آسيا]] په برخو کې د اسلام دين برلاسی دی. د دغه دين د مننونکو لويې ډلې په [[په چين کې د اسلام دين|چين]]، د بالکان هيوادونو په [[ختيځه اروپا]] او [[په روسيه کې د اسلام دين|روسيې]] کې شته. په لويديځه اروپا کې هم گڼ شمېر مسلمان مهاجرين مېشت دي او همدا راز په امريکا کې هم د مسلمانانو ټولنې شته. په سلو کې نژدې ۲۰٪ مسلمانان په عربو هېوادونو کې مېشت دي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۲۱
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲٬۴۳&lt;/ref&gt;
{{اسلام}}

== آرپوهه ==
اسلام د عربي ژبې د درې تورو، {{ArabDIN|[[سين]]-[[لام]]-[[ميم]]}} ({{ar|'''س'''-'''ل'''-'''م'''}}) نه راوتلی. اسلام د همدغې ريښې يو تجريدي فعل دی چې مانا يې ده &quot;تسليم يا ځان سپارل، څان الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته سپارل، اطاعت کول او د سولې&quot; په مانا هم ده.

کله چې د پورتني ويي د ريښو په اړه په نورو ژبو کې څېړنه کوو، نو بيا په عبراني ژبه کې د پورتني وييکي ضمني ماناگانې هم راوځي. په عبراني ژبه کې د ''[[شلوم]]'' ويي، د (شين-لامد-ميم) نه خپلې ريښې اخلي ({{Ivrit|'''ש'''-'''ל'''-'''ם'''}}). په ډېرو [[سېمېټک ژبو]] کې د همدغه لغت ضمني ماناگانې شته، چې مانا يې بشپړکېدل، پوره کېدل، سر ته رسېدنه، ښه اوسېدنه، هوسا اوسېدنه، يو داسې اصطلاح چې په ژباړه کې اکثراً د سولې د وييکي مانا په ځان کې رانغاړي، ورکوي.

په قرآن کې هم د اسلام د لغت د مانا بېلابېل تعبيرونه راغلي. په ځينو ''[[ایت|آيتونو]]''، کې د اسلام کيفيت د يوې راسخې عقيدې په توگه تاکيد شوی: &quot;الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; که وغواړي چې د يو چا لارښونه وکړي، نو الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د هغه سينه د اسلام لپاره پراخه کوي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۶|۱۲۵|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۶۱|۷|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳۹|۲۲|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; نور آيتونه بيا ''اسلام'' او ''[[دين]]'' (اکثراً د &quot;مذهب&quot; په توگه ژباړل کېږي) د يو شي په توگه تعبيروي : &quot;نن، ما ستاسو دين ستاسو لپاره مکمل کړ؛ ما ستاسو لپاره خپل د برکتونو اچول مکمل کړل؛ ما ستاسو لپار د اسلام دين غوره کړ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۵|۳|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳|۱۹|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳|۸۳|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; ډېر نور خلک بيا اسلام داسې تعريفوي چې دا هغه دين دی چې انسان د همدې دين په مرسته بېرته الله تعالی ته ورستنېږي نسبت و دې ته چې د ايمان د اعمالو د تصديق په توگه وگڼلای شي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۹|۷۴|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۴۹|۱۴|style=ref}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هغه نور عربي وييونه چې د {{ar|'''س'''-'''ل'''-'''م'''}} نه راوتلي:

* [[سلام]], چې د &quot;سولې او سلامتۍ&quot; په مانا ده او د ورځيني روغبړ يوه اهمه کلمه ده, [[سلام عليکم|السلام عليکم]] (ته دې سلامت وې/سلامتي دې پر تا وي).
* السلام(سوله)د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د ۹۹ مبارکو نومونو نه يو نوم دی چې په [[قران]] کې هم راغلی.
* [[مسلمان]], د اسلام د دين مننونکي ته وايي او مانا يې ده هغه څوک چې ځان الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته تسليم کوي او يا د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; اطاعت کوي.
* سلامه, د &quot;سلامتي,&quot; په مانا ده چې د &quot;خدای پامانۍ&quot; په وخت کې وييل کېږي، د &quot;مع السلامه&quot; مانا ( سلامتۍ سره[لاړ شه]) ده.

== عقيده ==

د اسلام بنسټيزه عقيده شهادت دی چې د گواهۍ مانا لري [[شهادت]] ('''  لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله ''')&quot;نشته بل کوم څښټتن يا معبود پرته د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; نه او [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر دی.&quot; د دې لپاره چې څوک [[مسلمان]] شي، نو سړي ته پکار ده چې دغه پورتنی شهادت د يو څو شاهدانو مخکې ووايي او پرې ايمان راوړي. او که چېرته يو څوک غواړي چې اسلام ته راشي نو هغه يا هغې ته پکار ده چې بايد د زړه له صدق نه وغواړي او بيا د دې نه مخکې چې شهادت ووايي نو پکار ده چې د شهادت په اصلي مانا او مفهوم پوه وي.&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته خپل پيغام د محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; او د نورو پيغمبرانو لخوا لکه [[آدم|آدم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[نوح|نوح&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[ابراهیم|ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]]، [[موسی|موسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] او [[عيسی|عيسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] له لورې په بېلابېلو وختونو کې رالېږلی. [[مسلمانان]] په دې عقيده هم دي چې [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] د [[الله]]&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; وروستنی پيغمبر و او د هغه نه وروسته تر قيامته بل هېڅ کوم [[پيغمبر]] نه راځي. نو ددې پخاطر [[مسلمانان]] بايد د [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] په لارښوونې تر قيامته پورې عمل وکړي.
&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان پدې عقيده دي چې قران د انسانانو د لارښوونې يو داسې کتاب دی چې تر اوسه پکې هېچا گوتې نه دي وهلي او پدې کتاب کې هېڅ کومه نيمگړتيا نشته، او هېڅ کله به پکې بدلون را نه شي، او دا د خدای له لورې انسانانو ته وروستی نازل شوی کتاب دی. مسلمانان دا هم وايي چې د انجيل او تورات هغه اسماني کتابونه دي چې د بېلابېلو مذهبي فرقو له لورې پکې لاسوهنې شوي په بل ډول سره ليکل شوي او په ناسمه توگه تعبير شوي او د دغو اسماني کتابونو اصلي بڼې اوس نه شته او د وخت په تېرېدو سره خلکو هماغه لومړني لارښوونې چې په اصلي اسماني کتابونو کې وه هېر کړي، او يا يې هم درغلي پکې کړې. نو ددغه ليد پر بنسټ الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته د لارښوونې لپاره قرآن راولېږه چې په دې کې هماغه د اصلي انجيل او تورات لارښوونو سره سره د هغو وختونو د خلکو چې پېغمبران به يې ځورول او وژل به يې او د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له احکامو د سرغړونې سره سره يې د خپل زاتي گټو لپاره د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په کلام کې چې بدعتونه راوستلي دا ټول تاريخ ثبت دی. 
&lt;br /&gt;
مسلمانان دا هم وايي چې اسلام هماغه دين دی چې د آدم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; له وختونو نه او د نورو پيغمبرانو په وختونو کې هم وه، او دغو ټولو پيغمبرانو د همدغه مذهب په لار د تلو ټينگار کړی. اسلامي کتابونه او ليکنې د [[يهوديت]] او [[عيسويت]] د هغو اصلي لارښوونو نه راوتلي چې د ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; په وختونو کې يې ښوونې شوي نو د همدغه پخاطر دا درېواړه مذهبونه يعنی يهوديت، عيسويت او اسلام چې درېواړه سره گډې ريښې لري، د ابراهيمي دينونو په نامه سره هم يادېږي.  په قرآن عظيم الشان کې يهوديانو او عيسويانو ته د اهل الکتاب يا هغه خلک چې کتابونه ورباندې نازل شوي، په نامه اشاره شوې ده.    
&lt;br /&gt;
اسلام يو [[دين]] دی، دين '''د ژوندون لار''' مانا لري او يا هم په بله وينا د لارښوونې لار.

&quot;د قرآن شريف له مخې مسلمانان بايد په خپل پاک رب باندې ايمان راوړي او د هغه وحدانيت ته د تسليمېدو سره سره، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په ټولو وحيو، نازل شوو کتابونو، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پرښتو، د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پيغمبرانو او د قيامت په ورځ بايد ايمان ولري.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۲|۴|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۲|۲۸۵|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۴|۱۳۶|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; په همدې توگه، نور عقايد هم شته چې د اسلام د دوه لويو فرقو تر مېنځ پکې د تعبيرونو توپير شته. د تشيع د لارې خلکو کې د امامت يو سياسي او روحاني لارښوونې يو نظام دود دی.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۲۰۰۳), p.۱۰۹
* مومن (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۶&lt;/ref&gt;

مسلمانان په دې گروهه دي چې الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; انسانانو ته خپل وروستی رسول محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; ورلېږلی دی. او پر محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; يې قرآن نازل کړی چې وروستی اسماني کتاب دی. د قرآن د نزول موده پوره دوه لسيزې وخت نيولی.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۷٬۱۸٬۲۱&lt;/ref&gt; په اسلام کې پيغمبران، خدای ته نژدې هغه انسانان دي چې خدای تعالی يې د خپل پيغام رسولو په موخه په انسانانو کې غوره کوي. مسلمانان په دې هم عقيده لري چې پيغمبران انسانان دي چې خدای ورته د انسانانو د لارښوونې، عبرت او د خپلو ادعاوؤ د ثبوت په خاطر د معجزو د ښودلو توان ورکړی. په اسلام کې پيغمبران هغه انسانان دي چې تر نورو انسانانو په تقوا او نېکۍ کې تکامل ته رسېدلي او همدوی د خدای غوره، بې مثاله بنده گان دي چې خدای د پرښتو له لارې خپل پيغام همدوی ته د وحيو په بڼه ور رسوي.&lt;ref&gt;وگورۍ:
* مومن (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۲۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلامي زده کړو نه داسې څرگندېږي چې د آدم نه وروسته د خدای ټول پيغمبرانو د اسلام د دين تبليغ او دعوت کړی، دا هغه دين دی چې يو خدای الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د معبود په توگه راپېژندلی. په قرآن کې اسلام د &quot;هغه ازلي طبيعت چې پر بنسټ يې خدای مخلوقات خلق کړل&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۳۰|۳۰|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; راپېژندل شوی او په قران کې دا هم راغلي چې د مسلمان ځانگړی نوم د ابراهيم لخوا د دې دين لارويانو ته ورکړ شوی.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲۲|۷۸|style=ref}}
* &quot;اسلام&quot;, ''د مذهب دايرة المعارف''&lt;/ref&gt;

د تاريخ له مخې د اسلام دين په ۷مه پېړۍ کې په عربستان کې رامېنځ ته شوی.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Islam&quot;, ''د مذهب دايرة المعارف''&lt;/ref&gt; په اسلامي ليکنو کې يهوديت او عيسويت هغه دوه دينونه دي چې د ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر د لارښوونو وروسته د بېلابېلو پيغمبرانو په وخت کې رامېنځ ته شوي. په قرآن کې يهوديان او عيسويان د اهل الکتاب يا د کتابونو د خلکو په توگه پېژندل شوي، او د هغو خلکو نه چې ډېر خدايان پالي او عبادت يې کوي، تر مېنځ په ښکاره توپير پېژندل کېږي. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې د پخوانيو اسماني کتابونو لکه زبور، [[تورات]] او [[انجيل]] سپېڅلي کتابونه د تاريخ په بېلابېلو پړاؤونو کې د ترجمې او متن په برخه کې تحريف شوي او اوس همدا سپېڅلي کتابونه پخپلو آرنيو بڼو هېڅ نه شته.

=== [[د افغانستان ولايتونه|د]] عقيدې شپږ ارکان ===
مسلمانان شپږ بنسټيزه ارکانونو باندې عقيده لري:

# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په وحدانيت باندې ايمان راوړل او يواځی الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته عبادت او اطاعت کول او د هغه نه مرسته غوښتل ''[[توحيد]]''.
# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پيغمبرانو باندې ايمان راوړل ([[پېغمبران#د اسلام له نظره|''انبيا‌ء'']])  چې ټول پېغمبران (''[[رسول]]'') د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له خوا رالېږل شوي. ([[د اسلام پېغمبران]] وگورۍ.)
# په اسماني کتابونو عقيده(''[[کتب]]''):
#* په [[ابراهيمي صحيفو]] (ابراهيم&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt; باندې نازل شوې صحيفې)
#* په [[تورات]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[موسی|موسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[زبور]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[داود|داود&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[انجيل]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[عيسی|عيسی&lt;sup&gt;(ع)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.
#* په [[قرآن]] باندې ايمان راوړل چې همدا کتاب پر [[محمد|محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;]] باندې نازل شوی.  
# د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; په پرښتو باندې.(''[[پرښتې#د اسلام له نظره|ملايکه]]'').
# په قيامت او وروسته د مرگ نه د بيا ژوندي کېدلو عقيده (''[[قيامة]]'')  (په [[جنت]] او [[دوزخ]] عقيده). (يادونه: کله ناکله دغه وروستۍ موضوع باندې ځانگړی بحث کېږی, او په همدې توگه د عقيدې ارکان اوو ته رسېږي.)
# په قسمت عقيده([[تقدير]]).

د اسلام بنسټيزه عقيده په [[پښتو]] ژبه :
:: &quot;زه شهادت ورکوم چې پرته د الله تعالی د ذات نه بل کوم ذات نه شته؛ او زه شهادت ورکوم چې محمد&lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt; د هغه پيغمبر دی.&quot;
:: &quot;زه په الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ايمان راوړم؛ او د هغه په ملايکو؛ او د هغه په کتابونو؛ او د هغه په پيغمبرانو؛ او د محشر په ورځ؛ او په تقدير؛ او ټول شيان د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; له خوا نه دي، او پس د مرگ نه ژوندون حق دی.&quot;

=== د اسلام پينځه بنسټونه ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام پينځه بنسټونه|د مذهب څانگې|د مذهب ريښې}}
[[دوتنه:Supplicating Pilgrim at Masjid Al Haram. Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|بټنوک|کيڼ|د حج د لمانځنو يو منظر. په مکه کې کعبې، [[مسجد الحرام]] ته سفر د اسلامي فرايضو څخه يو فرض دی چې هر مسلمان يې په ټول ژوند کې يو ځل ترسره کړي.]]
د مسلمانانو دوه لويې فرقې سني او شعيه مسلمانان جوړوي. په اسلامي نړئ کې د شعيه گانو په پرتله ډېرئ مسلمانان سنيان دي، خو په څينو هېوادونو کې لکه د منڅنئ آسيا هېوادونه ايران او عراق بيا شعيه مسلمانان ډېرکئ مذهبي ډله جوړوي. خو په نورو هېوادونو کط لکه سعودي عربستان، اندونيزيا او [[پاکستان]] کې سني مسلمان د هغه هېوادونو په مذهبي ټولنو کې ډېرکۍ برخه جوړوي.

د سني مسلمانانو بنسټيزه ارکان [[د اسلام پينځه ستنې|د اسلام پينځه ستنو]] په نامه يادېږي&lt;sup&gt;[[#Notes|2]]&lt;/sup&gt;، خو شيعه مسلمانان بيا يو څه مختلفه نومونپوهنه، چې د سني مسلمانانو د پينځه اهمو بنسټونو تر څنگ، د دين ريښې او لس عمده اعمال د دې مذهب د طريقو نه گڼل کېږي. خو ټول مسلمانان بيا په همدې پينځه بنسټيزو فرايضو او گروهو سره پوهاوی او سره يوه خوله دي چې سني مسلمانان يې د اسلام د پينځه ستنو په نوم پېژني او شيعه مسلمانان يې د دين د څانگو او ريښو اهم عناصر بولي.

* [[شهادت]]: د تصديق په مانا دی، چې يو مسلمان د الله &lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; نه پرته بل څوک د عبادت وړ نه گڼي او همداراز د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د وحدانيت ([[توحيد]]) او د محمد &lt;sup&gt;(ص)&lt;/sup&gt;  د الله &lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; رسول ([[نبوت]]) او غلام په توگه مني .
* [[لمونځ]]: هره ورځ پينځه وخته لمونځ کول.
* [[روژه]]: د روژې په مياشت کې د لمرخاته نه تر لمرپرېواته روژه نيول.
* [[زکات]]: زکات ورکول.
* [[حج]]:د مکی زیارت په ټولو مسلمانانو باندی په ژوند کې یوځل فرض دی او هغه هم په هغو کسانو باندې چې د ادا کولو وس یې ولري.
شعيه او سنيان دواړه په لاندنيو گروهو باندې باور لري، خو دغه دوه فرقې همدا عقايد په بېلابېلو ډلبنديو وېشي او هره ډله ورته ځانگړی تعبير لري:
* [[عدل]]: د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; عدل.
* [[قيامت]]: د خېر او شر د مالومولو ورځ.
* [[امر بل معروف]]: د ښو امر.
* [[نهي عن المنکر]]: د بدو نه ډډه.
* [[جهاد|الجهاد في سبيل الله]]: د الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; د رضا لپاره هڅه کوشش او زيار.

هغه عقايد چې د شيعه مذهب لارويان پرې معتقد دي او سني مسلمانان پرې عقيده نه لري هغه دا دي::
* [[امامت]]: ديني لارښوونه، ديني مشري، ديني رهبري. د علي او د هغه د اولاد رهبري او امامت د خدای لخوا نه د لارښوونې لپاره ټاکل شوی و.
* [[تولا]]: د [[اهل البيت]] او د هغوی د لارويانو سره مينه.
* [[تبارة]]: د اهل البيت د دښمنانو نه ځان بېلول او ليري والی.
* [[خمس]]: د گټې لپاره د ماليې ورکړه.

که څه هم چې داسې مسلمانان هم شته چې نه د تشيع او نه هم د سني په ډلو کې ځانونه شمېري او دا هغه مسلمانان دي چې د قرآني دلايلو له مخې په اسلام کې د فرقې او د ډلې جوړول حرام گڼي، دا هغه مسلمانان دي چې په ساده توگه ځانونه 'مسلمانان' بولي.
{{دوراشې کامه|إِنَّ الَّذِينَ فَرَّقُوا دِينَهُمْ وَكَانُوا شِيَعًا لَسْتَ مِنْهُمْ فِي شَيْءٍ ۚ إِنَّمَا أَمْرُهُمْ إِلَى اللَّهِ ثُمَّ يُنَبِّئُهُمْ بِمَا كَانُوا يَفْعَلُونَ |10px||[[سورة الأنعام|الانعام سورت]]|۱۵۹ آيت}}
&quot;هغه څوک چې ځانونه په ډلو وېشي هغه زموږ د ډلې خلک نه دي. د هغوی فېصله الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; ته مالومه ده، الله&lt;sup&gt;(ج)&lt;/sup&gt; به هغوی له هر هغه څه نه خبر کړي کوم چې دوی ترسره کړي.&quot;

=== خدای ===
:''آرنۍ ليکنې: [[الله]] / [[خدای]]
{{آرنی|په اسلام کې د خدای انځور}}
په اسلام کې تر ټولو لومړنی بنسټيزه موخه د خدای د وحدانيت منل دي چې دې ته توحيد وايي. په اسلام کې توحيد يو مطلق امر دی چې ترې هېڅ انکار نه کېږي او دا هڅکله يوه نسبي او يا هم په کومه بله مانا د نسبي شراکت مانا نه ورکوي. د قرآن مجيد په [[سورة الاخلاص]] کې خدای داسې راپېژندل شوی:

:''ووايه &quot;خدای هغه دی، يوازې او بې ساری. الله تل پايېدونکی، په بشپړه توگه له ځان نه بسيا مالک. نه  څوک يې زېږولي، او نه له چا نه زېږېدلی. او د الله په شان هېڅ بل څه نه شته.&quot;

په عربي ژبه کې ''الله'' د خدای په مانا دی. د آرپوهنې له مخې دا لغت د ''الهه'' &quot;[[معبود]]&quot; لغت سره ډېر نژدې دی، د ''الله'' نوم د عيسوي او يهودي عربانو لخوا هم د خپل معبود په يادولو کې کارېږي، دغه نوم د محمد نه مخکې مخينه لري او د دغه ځانگړی نوم مخينه د ابراهيمي مذهبونو د خدای نه پرته د يو بل معبود نورې توپيري ځانگړنې نه څرگندوي.

د &quot;الله&quot; نوم يو جمع او يا د جنس نوم نه دی، دا يو خاص نوم دی، دا نوم د &quot;خدای&quot; د نوم سره توپير لري، دا په دې سبب چې د خدای نوم د جمع بڼه لري او جنسيت هم ترې څرگندېدلای شي د ساري په توگه خدايان چې د همدې نوم جمع بڼه ده. په اسلام کې د الله پېژندنه په قرآن کې داسې شوې:
{{دوراشې کامه|فَاطِرُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأَرْضِ جَعَلَ لَكُمْ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ أَزْوَاجًا وَمِنَ الأَنْعَامِ أَزْوَاجًا يَذْرَؤُكُمْ فِيهِ لَيْسَ كَمِثْلِهِ شَيْءٌ وَهُوَ السَّمِيعُ البَصِيرُ|10px||[[سورة الشورى|الشوری سورت]]|۱۱ آيت}}
:''&quot;(الله دی) د اسمانونو او زمکې جوړونکی: هغه ستاسو او د څارويو له مېنځه ستاسو لپاره جوړې جوړې کړي، او په دې توگه هغه تاسې په گڼ شمېر جوړ کړي ياست: داسې هېڅ کوم بل معبود نشته پرته له (الله) نه او د هغه په شان هېڅ نشته، او الله دی چې هر څه اوري او ليدلی شي&quot;

The implicit usage of the [[definite article]] in ''Allah'' linguistically indicates the divine unity. Muslims believe that the God they worship is the same as the Judeo-Christian God, i.e. the God of Abraham. However, Muslims reject the Christian theology concerning the trinity of God (the doctrine of the [[Trinity]] which regards Jesus as the eternal [[Son of God]]), seeing it as akin to [[polytheism]]. Quoting from the Qur'an,
[[sura]] [[An-Nisa]](۴) :۱۷۱:

:''&quot;O People of the Scripture! Do not transgress the limits of your religion, and do not say about God except the truth. The Messiah, Jesus the son of Mary, was only a messenger of God, and His word that He had sent to Mary, and a revelation from Him. Therefore, you shall believe in GOD and His messengers. You shall not say, &quot;Trinity&quot;. You shall refrain from this for your own good. God is only one God. Be He glorified; He is much too glorious to have a son. To Him belongs everything in the heavens and everything on earth. God suffices as Lord and Master.&quot;''

No Muslim visual images or depictions of God exist because such artistic depictions may lead to [[idolatry]] and are thus disdained. Such [[aniconism]] can also be found in Judeo-Christian theology. Moreover, most Muslims believe that God is [[Spiritual being|incorporeal]], making any two- or three- dimensional depictions impossible. Instead, Muslims describe God by the many [[۹۹ Names of God|divine attributes]] mentioned in the [[Qur'an]]. All but one Sura (chapter) of the Qur'an begins with the phrase &quot;In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful&quot;. These are regarded as the most important divine attributes, at least in the sense that Muslims repeat them most frequently during their prayers ([[salat]]) and throughout their daily lives.

د اسلام بنسټيز اصل ''[[توحيد]]'' دی—توحيد په يوه او يوازيني خدای عقيدې ته وايي. په اسلام کې د خدای لپاره د عربي ژبې اصطلاح ''الله'' کارېږي; اکثراً عالمان په دې عقيده دي چې دا اصطلاح د '[['ال-]]'' (د مشخص کولو ادات) او ''[[اله]]'' (معبود) د وييونو نه اشتقاق شوي چې مانا يې يوازيني خدای ته اشاره کوي، خو ځينې نور عالمان بيا د همدې نوم آر او اصل د آرامايک ژبې لغت ''الهه'' گڼي.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* &quot;اسلام او عيسويت&quot;, ''د عيسويت پوهنغونډ'' (۲۰۰۱): Arabic-speaking [[Christian]]s and [[Jew]]s also refer to God as ''Allāh''.
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Allah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; د اسلام په پينځو بنسټيزو ستنو کې لومړنۍ ستنه يې توحيد بلل کېږي چې د ''شهادة'' يا (منښت) په ډول اظهارېږي، شهادة داسې ده چې: ''''له حقيقي معبود نه پرته بل خدای نشته، او محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt;  د خدای ټاکل شوی پيغمبر دی''''. په دوديزه اسلامپوهنه کې، خدای د انساني عقل او پوهاوي نه پورته معبود گڼل کېږي; مسلمانان نه شي کولای چې خدای په يوه بڼه انځور کړي يوازې له دې چې بايد د داسې لوی معبود عبادت او اطاعت وکړي او خدای خپل يوازينی ساتونکی او ژغورونکی وگڼي. که څه هم چې مسلمانان عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د يو پيغمبر په توگه پېژني، خو دوی بيا د عيسويانو د درېگونۍ عقيده، چې مسلمانان يې د شرک بولي په کلکه ردوي. په اسلامپوهنه کې عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د نورو پيغمبرانو په څېر د خدای بنده او د انسان په توگه پېژندل کېږي او د عيسويانو هغه عقيده چې عيسی&lt;sup&gt;ع&lt;/sup&gt; د خدای د ځوی په توگه پېژني په کلکه ردوي;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Tathlith, Trinity | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=David Thomas | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۱}}: Contrary to Muslim understanding, some scholars have suggested that the Qur'an only opposes certain deviant forms of Trinitarian belief.&lt;/ref&gt; د قرآن په يوه سوره کې د خدای څرگندونه داسې شوې &quot;ووايه هغه الله دی يوازې، الله هېچا ته اړ نه دی او ټول هغه ته اړ دي، نه د هغه څوک اولاد دی او نه هغه د چا اولاد دی او هېڅوک د هغه سيال نشته.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۱۱۲|۱|end=۴|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۷۴–۷۶
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۲۲
* Griffith (۲۰۰۶), p.۲۴۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Allah, Tawhid | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | author=D. Gimaret | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== قران عظيم الشان ===
[[انځور:FirstSurahKoran.jpg|thumb|upright|د قرآن لومړنۍ سوره [[سورة الفاتحة|الفاتحه]] د قران عظيم شان د لاسي نسخې يو انځور.]]

قرآن شريف د مسلمانانو سپېڅلی کتاب دی او دوی په همدغه آسماني کتاب باندې ايمان راوړی. د قرآن لغوي مانا  “لوستنه” ده. مسلمانان په دې باور دي چې قرآن يو آسماني کتاب دی چې د الله (جل جلاله) په وروستي نبي حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم باندې نازل شوی دی. دا سپېڅلی کتاب د ۶۱۰ ز. کال نه تر ۶۳۲ ز. پورې په بېلابېلو وختونو کې د الله تعالی له لوري او د حضرت جبراييل عليه السلام په منځگړتوب پر حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم باندې د وحيو په څېر نازل شوی. چې د وحيو په وختونو کې حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم حفظ کړی او بيا د الله تعالی د وروستي نبي د يارانو له خوا راټول شوی او پر ډبرليکونو او پاڼو ليکل شوی.

مسلمانان په دې باور دي چې له کومې ورځ نه الله تعالی قرآن شريف پر محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم نازل کړی له هماغې ورځې نه تر ننه پورې قرآن شريف په خپلې آرنۍ بڼې پاتې دی چې بيا د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم نه وروسته د هغه لارويانو چې قرآن شريف يې حفظ کړی وه وليکه او په همدې توگه يې قرآن شريف په ليکنې بڼه خوندي کړ. مسلمان عالمان ددې خبرې منښته کوي چې قرآن شريف د اسلام د درېيم خليفه حضرت عثمان (رض) د واکمنۍ پر مهال په ليکلې بڼه سره راټول شو، چې په دې توگه د قرآن شريف د بېلابېلو برخو د راټولولو او سره يوځای کولو نېټه له ۶۵۰ ز پېر نه تر ۶۵۶ ز پېر پورې ښودل شوی. او وروسته له دې چې قرآن شريف ليکلې بڼه وموندله نو بيا د هماغه خليفه د واکمنۍ پر مهال د قرآن شريف لمېسې جوړې شوې او د اسلامي خلافت بېلابېلو ولايتونو ته يې لمېسې ولېږل شوې.

There are numerous traditions, and many conflicting academic theories, as to the provenance of the Qur'anic verses that were eventually assembled into a single volume. (This is covered in greater detail in [[Qur'an]]). Most Muslims accept the account recorded in several hadith, which state that [[Abu Bakr]], The First Caliph, ordered his personal secretary [[Zayd ibn Thabit]] to collect and record all the authentic verses of the Qur'an, as preserved in written form or oral tradition. Zayd's written collection, privately treasured by Prophet Muhammad's wife [[Hafsa bint Umar]], was, according to Muslim sources, later used by Uthman and is thus the basis of today's Qur'an.

Uthman's version, organized the suras roughly in order of length (excepting the brief opening surah [[Al-Fatiha]]), with the longest suras at the start of the Qur'an and the shortest ones at the end. More conservative views state that the order of most suras was divinely set. Later scholars have struggled to put the suras in chronological order, and among Muslim commentators, at least, there is a rough consensus as to which suras were revealed in [[Makkan sura|Mecca]] and which at [[Medinan sura|Medina]], with distinctive characteristics observed within these two subgroups. Some suras (e.g. surat [[Iqra]]) are thought to have been revealed in parts at separate times.

To understand the notion of &quot;variants&quot; within the received Qur'anic text, one must understand that Arabic had not yet fully developed as a written language. The Qur'an was first recorded in written form (date uncertain) in the [[Hijazi]], [[Mashq]], [[Ma'il]], and [[Kufic]] scripts; these scripts write consonants only and do not supply vowels. (Imagine an English text that wrote the word 'bed' as &quot;BD,&quot; and required the reader to infer, from context, that the reference was to &quot;bed&quot; - and not to 'bad&quot; or &quot;bide.&quot;) Because there were differing oral traditions of recitation as non-native Arabic speakers converted to Islam, there was some disagreement as to the exact reading of many (vowel-free) verses. Eventually, scripts were  developed that used diacritical markings (known as ''points'') to indicate the vowels. For hundreds of years after Uthman's recension, Muslim scholars argued as to the correct pointing and reading of Uthman's (unpointed) official text.{{citation needed}} Eventually, most commentators accepted seven variant readings ([[qira'at]]) of the Qur'an as canonical, while agreeing that the differences among the seven are minor and do not affect the meaning of the text.

The form of the Qur'an most used today is the [[Al-Azhar]] text of ۱۹۲۳, prepared by a committee at the prestigious [[Cairo]] university of Al-Azhar.

The Qur'an early became a focus of Muslim devotion and eventually a subject of theological controversy among skeptics. In the [[۸th century]], the [[Mu'tazili]]s claimed that the Qur'an was created in time and was not eternal. Their opponents, of various schools, claimed that the Qur'an was eternal and perfect, existing in heaven before it was revealed to Muhammad. The [[Ashari]] theology (which ultimately became predominant) held that the Qur'an was uncreated.

Most Muslims regard paper copies of the Qur'an with extreme veneration, wrapping them in a clean cloth, keeping them on a high shelf, and washing as for prayers before reading the Qur'an. Old Qur'ans are not destroyed as wastepaper, but burned.

اکثره مسلمانان د قرآن ځينې برخې او يا ټول قرآن په آرنۍ ژبه (عربي) حفظ کوي. هغه څوک چې قرآن يې په بشپړه توگه حفظ کړی وي د حافظ په نامه يادېږي. په مسلمانانو کې د قرآن حفظ کول د هېښتيا خبره نه ده، نن ورځ د نړۍ په بېلابېلو هېوادونو کې په ميليونونو حافظين ژوندي دي چې د ټول قرآن متن يې له ياده زده دی.

د عقيدې د پيل د ورځو نه اکثره مسلمانان په دې اند دي چې قرآن يو مکمل اسماني کتاب دی چې په عربي ژبه نازل شوی. د دغه کتاب ژباړې د انساني هلو ځلو او د انساني تېروتنو نه تشې هڅې نه دي، همداراز په ژباړو کې د مومنانو د الهامي شاعرۍ کمښت څوک په قرآن کې موندلی شي. نو په همدې خاطر د قرآن ژباړې يوازې پر قرآن تبصرې گڼل کېږي او يا هم د مطلب ژباړه، او پخپله د قرآن نه. او په همدې دليل د قرآن په ډېرو نوو چاپ شويو نخسو کې د عربي متن په يوه مخ او د متن ژباړه په بل مخ راغلې.

قرآن شريف له ۱۱۴ [[سورت|سورتونو]] يا څپرکو نه جوړ شوی دی چې همدا ټول سورتونه ۶،۲۳۶ ''[[آيت|آيتونه]]'' لري. The chronologically earlier suras, revealed at Mecca, are primarily concerned with ethical and spiritual topics. The later Medinan suras mostly discuss social and moral issues relevant to the Muslim community.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qur'an | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}
&lt;/ref&gt; The Qur'an is more concerned with moral guidance than legal instruction, and is considered the &quot;sourcebook of Islamic principles and values&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۷۹&lt;/ref&gt; Muslim jurists consult the ''hadith'', or the written record of Muhammad's life, to both supplement the Qur'an and assist with its interpretation. The science of Qur'anic commentary and exegesis is known as ''[[tafsir]]''.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۷۹–۸۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tafsir | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The word ''Qur'an'' means &quot;recitation&quot;. When Muslims speak in the abstract about &quot;the Qur'an&quot;, they usually mean the scripture as recited in Arabic rather than the printed work or any translation of it. To Muslims, the Qur'an is perfect only as revealed in the original Arabic; translations are necessarily deficient because of language differences, the fallibility of translators, and the impossibility of preserving the original's inspired style. Translations are therefore regarded only as commentaries on the Qur'an, or &quot;interpretations of its meaning&quot;, not as the Qur'an itself.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Teece (۲۰۰۳), pp.۱۲٬۱۳
* C. Turner (۲۰۰۶), p.۴۲
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qur'an | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: The word ''Qur'an'' was invented and first used in the Qur'an itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology|two different theories]] about this term and its formation.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== پرښتې ===
{{آرنی|په اسلام کې د پرښتو انځور}}
د اسلام په دين کې د الله (جل جلاله) په پرښتو عقيده د ايمان جز گڼل کېږي. په عربي ژبه پرښتې ته (''ملک'') وايي چې د همدغه لغت مانا ده &quot;پيغام رسونکی&quot;، په عبراني ژبه کې همداسې ورته نوم (''ملخ'') د پرښتې په مانا ده خو په يوناني ژبه بيا پرښتې ته (''انجېلوس'') وايي. د قراني مالوماتو له مخې، پرښتې د خپلې خوښې واک په لاس کې نه لري، او په مکمله توگه د الله تعالی په عبادت کې بوختې دي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۲۱|۱۹|end=۲۰|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|۳۵|۱|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; قران کې دا هم راغلي چې د پرښتو په کارونو کې د الله تعالی حکمونه منل او د الله تعالی پيغامونو رسولو برسېره، پرښتې تل د الله په ثنا او صفت په عبادت بوختې دي، او د انسانانو اعمال ثبتوي ددې سره سره پرښتې د الله (جل جلاله) په حکم د انسانانو د مړينې په وخت کې روحونه باسي. داسې هم انگېرل کېږي چې پرښتې د انسان او الله تعالی ترمېنځ منځگړتوب کوي. قرآن شريف، پرښتې موږ ته داسې راڅرگندوي لکه &quot;يو ډول پيغام رسونکي چې دوه، درې يا څلور جوړه وزرې لري: خدای هماغسې خپل مخلوق جوړوي څنگه چې يې خوښه وي...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۳۵|۱|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۲۶–۲۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Malā'ika | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=W. Madelung | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Angel | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Gisela Webb | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== محمد&lt;sup&gt;([[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]])&lt;/sup&gt; ===
{{آرنی|محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم}}

حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم (c. ۵۷۰ – [[جولای ۶]] [[۶۳۲]]) د الله تعالی وروستی نبي، يو مذهبي، سياسي او پوځي عرب و چې د همدغه نبي د اسلام د دين بيرغ لوړ کړ او د اديانو په تاريخ کې يې د اسلام نوم هم وځلاوه. مسلمانان په دې گروهه دي چې حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) د يوه نوي مذهب بنسټ ايښودونکی نه دی، بلکه د اسلام د اصلي دين چې د حضرت آدم عليه السلام او حضرت ابراهيم او د نورو پيغمبرانو دين و، د هماغه دين بيا پرځای کونکی دی. مسلمانان په دې عقيده هم دي چې حضرت محمد د الله تعالی وروستی پيغمبر او د نورو پيغمبرانو په ډله کې د لويې مرتبې خاوند پيغمبر و.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸), p.۱۲
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۴–۵
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۷}}&lt;/ref&gt;
دروند پیغمبر د خپل خوږ ژوند په وروستیو ۲۳ کلونو کې، یانې د ۴۰ کلني عمر په پیل کې د الله له لوري د ایاتو د نازلولو لړۍ پیل شوه، چې د دغو ایاتونو ټولگه د قرآن په نوم یادیږي چې دغه آیتونه بیا د صحابه و لخوا یاد کیدل.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۱۸|۱۱۰|style=ref}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[انځور:Masjid Nabawi. Medina, Saudi Arabia.jpg|بټنوک|220px|کيڼ|[[مسجد النبوي]] (&quot;د پيغمبر(صلی الله علیه وسلم) جومات&quot;) په مدينه کې د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم مقبره هم ده.|link=Special:FilePath/Masjid_Nabawi._Medina,_Saudi_Arabia.jpg]]

په دغه کې وخت محمد [[صلی الله عليه وسلم|ص]] د مکې خلکو ته په تبلیغ باندې پیل وکړ، تر څو دوې له شرک څخه راوباسي او د اسلام لور ته یې راوبلي. که څه چې محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم ځینې کسان اسلام ته راواړول خو په دې کار سره دی او د ده لارویان د مکې د چارواکو او لارښودگرانو لخوا تر زور او اذیت لاندې راغلل. چې بیا وروسته له ۱۳ کلنو څخه په کال ۶۲۲ کې محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم او نور مسلمانان له مکې څخه مدینه (رسما '''یثرب''' نومیږي) ته کډه شول.

There, with the Medinan converts (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]]'') and the Meccan migrants (''[[Muhajirun]]''), Muhammad established his political and [[Theocracy|religious authority]]. Within years, two battles had been fought against Meccan forces: the [[Battle of Badr]] in ۶۲۴, which was a Muslim victory, and the [[Battle of Uhud]] in ۶۲۵, which ended inconclusively. Conflict with Medinan Jewish clans who opposed the Muslims led to their exile, enslavement or death, and the Jewish enclave of [[Battle of Khaybar|Khaybar]] was subdued. At the same time, Meccan trade routes were cut off as Muhammad brought surrounding desert tribes under his control.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* F.E.Peters(۲۰۰۳), pp.۷۸٬۷۹٬۱۹۴ 
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۳–۲۸&lt;/ref&gt; By ۶۲۹ Muhammad was victorious in the nearly bloodless [[Conquest of Mecca]], and by the time of his death in ۶۳۲ he ruled over the [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian peninsula]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Muhammad&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Islam, the &quot;[[normative]]&quot; example of Muhammad's life is called the ''[[Sunnah]]'' (literally &quot;trodden path&quot;). This example is preserved in traditions known as [[hadith]] (&quot;reports&quot;), which recount his words, his actions, and his personal characteristics. The classical Muslim jurist [[ash-Shafi'i]] (d. ۸۲۰) emphasized the importance of the Sunnah in [[Sharia|Islamic law]], and Muslims are encouraged to emulate Muhammad's actions in their daily lives. The Sunnah is seen as crucial to guiding interpretation of the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World'' (۲۰۰۳), p.۶۶۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hadith | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=J. Robson | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sunna | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=D. W. Brown | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د قيامت ورځ ===
{{آرنی|قيامت}}
د &quot;جزا په ورځ&quot;، يعنی ''[[قيامت|د قيامت په ورځې]]'' ايمان لرل د اسلام يوه بنسټيزه گروهه ده. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې د قيامت ورځ د الله تعالی له خوا ټاکل شوی چې په يوه ځانگړي وخت کې به وي خو انسانانو ته يې وخت نه دی څرگند. د قيامت د ورځې د محکمې او کړاونه په هکله په قرآن او حديثونو کې هم بیان شوي، او همدارنگه د اسلامي علماوو په تفسيرونو کې.
The Qur'an emphasizes [[Resurrection of the Dead|bodily resurrection]], a break from the [[pre-Islamic Arabia]]n understanding of death. It states that resurrection will be followed by the gathering of mankind, culminating in their judgment by God.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* &quot;Resurrection&quot;, ''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'' (۲۰۰۳)
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Avicenna | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as &quot;Avicenna&quot;.
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Qiyama | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Qur'an lists several sins that can condemn a person to hell, such as disbelief, [[riba|usury]] and dishonesty. Muslims view paradise (''[[jannah]]'') as a place of joy and bliss, with Qur'anic references describing its features and the physical pleasures to come. There are also references to a greater joy—acceptance by God (''ridwān'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|۹|۷۲|style=ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mystical traditions in Islam place these heavenly delights in the context of an ecstatic awareness of God.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Smith (۲۰۰۶), p.۸۹; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p.۵۶۵
* &quot;Heaven&quot;, ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' (۲۰۰۰)
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Garden | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Asma Afsaruddin | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Paradise | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تقدير ===
{{آرنی|تقدير}}

In accordance with the Islamic belief in [[predestination]], or divine preordainment (''al-qadā wa'l-qadar''), God has full knowledge and control over all that occurs. This is explained in Qur'anic verses such as &quot;Say: 'Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us: He is our protector'…&quot;&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۹|۵۱|style=ref}}
* D. Cohen-Mor (۲۰۰۱), p.۴: &quot;The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen: 'Say: &quot;Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us…&quot;&amp;nbsp;'&amp;nbsp;&quot;
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Fate | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Ahmet T. Karamustafa | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means &quot;to measure, to determine&quot;. Here it is used to mean that &quot;God measures and orders his creation&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; For Muslims, everything in the world that occurs, good or evil, has been preordained and nothing can happen unless permitted by God. In Islamic theology, divine preordainment does not suggest an absence of God's indignation against evil, because any evils that do occur are thought to result in future benefits men may not be able to see. According to Muslim theologians, although events are pre-ordained, man possesses free will in that he has the faculty to choose between right and wrong, and is thus responsible for his actions. According to Islamic tradition, all that has been decreed by God is written in ''al-Lawh al-Mahfūz'', the &quot;Preserved Tablet&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۲۰۰۳), pp.۱۱۹–۱۲۲
* Patton (۱۹۰۰), p.۱۳۰&lt;/ref&gt;

The Shi'a understanding of predestination is called &quot;divine justice&quot; (''Adalah''). This doctrine, originally developed by the [[Mu'tazila]], stresses the importance of man's responsibility for his own actions. In contrast, the Sunni deemphasize the role of individual free will in the context of God's creation and foreknowledge of all things.&lt;ref&gt;Momen (۱۹۸۷), pp.۱۷۷٬۱۷۸&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلام او دا آخرت په ورځ ایمان ===
{{آرنی|د اخرت په ورځ ایمان}}

Islamic [[eschatology]] is concerned with the ''[[Qiyamah]]'' ([[End of the world (religion)|end of the world]]) and the final  judgment of humanity. Like [[Christianity]] and [[Judaism]], Islam teaches the bodily [[resurrection]] of the dead, the fulfilment of a divine plan for creation, and the immortality of the human soul. In Islamic belief, the righteous are rewarded with the pleasures of ''Jannah'' ([[Paradise]]), while the unrighteous are punished in ''[[Jahannam]]'' (a fiery [[Hell]], from the Hebrew ''ge-hinnom'' or &quot;valley of Hinnom&quot;; usually rendered in English as [[Gehenna]]). A significant portion of the Qur'an deals with these beliefs, with many ''[[hadith]]'' elaborating on the themes and details.

== تنظيمونه ==
=== اسلامي واک ===
داسې هېڅ کوم رسمي اسلامي واک نشته چې په اسلام کې د يو کس د منلو او يا هم د اسلامي ټولنې ('''''اُمة''''' ''يانې ملت يا کورنۍ'') نه د رټلو واک په لاس کې ولري. اسلام خپلې دروازې پرته د کوم توپير، تعصب، رنگ، جنس، عمر او پخواني عقايدو نه د ټولو پر مخ پرانيستې دي او ټولو ته په دغه دين کې د ننوتلو اجازه شته. د مسلمان کېدو لپاره همدومره بس ده چې يو څوک د زړه له کومي په رسمي توگه د يو څو تنو مسلمانانو په مينځ کې د اسلام دين ومني او شهادت ووايي. شهادت هغه بيان دی چې مسلمان پرې د يوه خدای د وحدانيت او د حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) پر نبوت او په خپل ژوند کې د هغه د لارښوونو د پلي کولو د تکل اقرار بلل کېږي. د شهادت په نه وييلو سره هېڅوک نه شي کولای چې مسلمان شي. د مسلمان لپاره د شهادت نه وروسته د اسلامي حکمونو پلي کول فرض دي او همدا رنگه يو مسلمان بايد د اسلامي اخلاقو خاوند هم وي ترڅو هغه په يوه اسلامي ټولنه کې د منلو وړ وگرځي.

=== اسلامي قانون ===
{{آرنی|شريعت|فقه}}
د اسلامي قانون نوم شريعت دی، چې د مسلمانو عالمانو لخوا د قرآن او حديث په رڼا کې وضع شوی. قرآن شريف د شريعت او اسلامي قضايه نظام لومړنۍ سرچينه ده، تر دې وروسته د حضرت محمد صلی الله عليه وسلم سنة او د لومړنۍ اسلامي ټولنې دود او دستورونه په دوهم پړاو کې ځای لري. سنت د احاديثو په شننو کې رامېنځ ته شوی، او احاديث د حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) لارښوونو ته وايي چې مسلمانانو ته يې کړي. اجماع چې د يوې مسلمانې ټولنې د احصايې په مانا ده، د قياس سره يوځای د اسلامي قانون او د شريعت درېيمه او څلورمه سرچينه جوړوي.

په اسلامي قانون کې د ژوند د هر اړخ په اړه بحث شوی دی. د دولت او حکومت د چلولو او د باندنيو اړيکو د ساتلو نه نيولې آن تر ورځيني ژوند و ژواک پورې د هرې ستونزې او مسلې لپاره د حل لار څېړل شوې او د اسلامي احکامو پر بنسټ يې د پلي کولو لارښوونه شوې.د اسلامي قانون په اړه په څرگنده ډول په قرآن شريف کې چې کوم احکامات راغلي هغه د [[حدود]]و په نامه يادېږي چې په دغو لارښوونو کې د قتل نه ډډه، د واده نه پرته د جنسي اړيکو د ساتلو نه ځان ساتنه، د شرابو او الکولو د څښلو او د قمار نه اجتناب يې غټ ټکي جوړوي. په قرآن کې د وراثت، د واده، د ټپي کولو او وژلو په بدل کې د تدابيرو نيولو او په هم دې توگه د روژې د نيولو، د زکات ورکولو او لمونځ کولو په باب هم په تفصيل سره د حکمونو يادونه شوې. However, the prescriptions and prohibitions may be broad, so how they are applied in practice varies. Islamic scholars, ''the ulema'', have elaborated systems of law on the basis of these broad rules, supplemented by the hadith reports of how Muhammad and his companions interpreted them. See [[Sin]] for further discussion about the concept of sin and its atonement according to the Islamic law.

In current times, not all Muslims understand the Qur'an in its original Arabic. Thus, when Muslims are divided in how to handle situations, they seek the assistance of a [[mufti]] (Islamic judge) who can advise them based on Islamic [[Sharia]] and hadith.

The ''Sharia'' (literally: &quot;the path leading to the watering place&quot;) is Islamic law formed by traditional Islamic scholarship. In Islam, Sharia is the expression of the divine will, and &quot;constitutes a system of duties that are incumbent upon a Muslim by virtue of his religious belief&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;BritannicaShariah&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Islamic law covers all aspects of life, from matters of state, like governance and [[Diplomacy|foreign relations]], to issues of daily living. The Qur'an defines ''[[hudud]]'' as the punishments for five specific crimes: unlawful intercourse, false accusation of unlawful intercourse, consumption of alcohol, theft, and highway robbery. The Qur'an and Sunnah also contain laws of [[Islamic Inheritance jurisprudence|inheritance]], [[Islamic marital jurisprudence|marriage]], and [[Qisas|restitution for injuries and murder]], as well as rules for [[sawm|fasting]], [[Sadaqah|charity]], and [[salat|prayer]]. However, these [[wajib|prescriptions]] and [[Haraam|prohibitions]] may be broad, so their application in practice varies. [[Ulema|Islamic scholars]] (known as ''ulema'') have elaborated systems of law on the basis of these rules and their interpretations.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Menski (۲۰۰۶), p.۲۹۰
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hadd | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=B. Carra de Vaux | coauthors=J. Schacht, A.M. Goichon | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sharia | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=N. Calder | coauthors=M. B. Hooker | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[Fiqh]]'', or &quot;jurisprudence&quot;, is defined as the knowledge of the practical rules of the religion. The method Islamic jurists use to derive rulings is known as ''[[usul al-fiqh]]'' (&quot;legal theory&quot;, or &quot;principles of jurisprudence&quot;). According to Islamic legal theory, law has four fundamental roots, which are given precedence in this order: the Qur'an, the Sunnah (actions and sayings of Muhammad), the consensus of the Muslim jurists (''[[ijma]]''), and analogical reasoning (''[[qiyas]]''). For early Islamic jurists, theory was less important than pragmatic application of the law. In the ۹th century, the jurist [[ash-Shafi'i]] provided a theoretical basis for Islamic law by codifying the principles of jurisprudence (including the four fundamental roots) in his book ''ar-Risālah''.&lt;ref&gt;Weiss (۲۰۰۲), pp.xvii,۱۶۲&lt;/ref&gt;

==== مذهب او رياست ====

د اسلامي قانون له مخې د مذهب او رياست تر مېنځ ژورې اړيکې دي چې په ډېريو اسلامي هېوادونو کې ديني عالمان د قاضيانو په توگه په رسمي ډول دندې ترسره کوي. In practice, Islamic rulers frequently bypassed the Sharia courts with a parallel system of so-called &quot;Grievance courts&quot; over which they had sole control. As the Muslim world came into contact with Western secular ideals, Muslim societies responded in different ways. [[Turkey]] has been governed as a secular state ever since the reforms of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]. In contrast, the [[۱۹۷۹ Iranian Revolution]] replaced a mostly secular regime with an [[Islamic republic]] led by the [[Ruholla Khomeini|Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۸۴
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۵۰۲–۵۰۷٬۸۴۵
* Lewis (۲۰۰۳), p.۱۰۰&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ارتداد او کفر ====
{{آرنی|ارتداد په اسلام کې}}

په سيمه ايزو اسلامي ټولنو کې چې يو وگړی په ارتداد او کفر پېژندل کېږي نو هغه بيا د هماغې ټولنې نه رټل کېږي. په اسلامي رياستونو کې ارتداد او کفر د اسلامي رياست پر وړاندې جرم گڼل کېږي او داسې يو مجرم ته سزا ورکول کېږي چې اکثراً د مرگ  سزا وي.

== مذهبي فرقې ==
{{main|د اسلام مذهبي فرقې}}
لکه د نورو دينونو په شان په اسلام کې هم يو شمېر مذهبي فرقې شته چې د دوی ټولو گروهه يا عقيده يوه ده خو په شرعي او قانوني توگه په دغو فرقو کې اهم توپيرونه ليدل کېږي. اسلام په دوه لويو فرقو وېشل شوی چې د [[سني]] او [[تشيع]] فرقې يې دوه لويې فرقې دي. [[تصوف]] بيا ځانته بله مذهبي ډله ده چې په دې کې د اسلام معمايي تصريف لور ته ډېر پام اړول شوی. د ځينو سرچينو له مخې د نړۍ نژدې ۸۵٪ مسلمانان د سني لويې فرقې په لار روان دي او پاتې ۱۵٪ مسلمانان د تشيع د مذهب مننونکي دي، په همدې توگه بيا په شيعه گانو کې هم وړې مذهبي فرقې شته.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۲
* {{cite web | url=http://countrystudies.us/afghanistan/61.htm | title=Sunni and Shia Islam | work=Country Studies | publisher=U.S. Library of Congress | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۱-۰۹}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اهل سنت ===
[[دوتنه:Divisions of Islam.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Divisions of Islam]]

[[سني]] مسلمانان د اسلام لويه برخه جوړوي. په عربي ژبه کې د ''السنة'' لغت مانا &quot;اصل&quot; او يا هم &quot;لار&quot; ده. سنت (د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; د ژوند کړه وړه) دقرآن او حديث له مخې د سني اسلام اهمه ستنه جوړوي. سنيان په دې عقيده دي چې د اسلام لومړي څلور خليفه گان د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; نه وروسته برحقه او ريښتوني خليفه گان وه؛ او خدای&lt;sup&gt;ج&lt;/sup&gt; د محمد&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; پيغمبر نه وروسته خدای بل پيغمبر نه ؤ ځانگړی کړی، او پاتې خليفه گان بايد ټاکل شوي وای. سنيان څلور لوی قانوني مذهبونه مني چې هغه څلور لوی مذهبونه [[حنفي]]، [[مالکي]]، [[شافي]] او [[حنبلي]] دي.  All four accept the validity of the others and a Muslim might choose any one that he or she finds agreeable, but other Islamic sects are believed to have departed from the majority by introducing innovations (''[[bidah]]''). There are also several orthodox theological or philosophical traditions within Sunnism. For example, the recent [[Salafi]] movement sees itself as restorationist and claims to derive its teachings from the original sources of Islam.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* اېسپوزيتو (۲۰۰۳), pp.۲۷۵٬۳۰۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shariah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sunnite | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== شیعه گان ===

{{see also|Historic background of the Sunni-Shi'a split}}
The [[Shi'a]], who constitute the second-largest branch of Islam, believe in the political and religious [[Islamic leadership|leadership]] of [[infallible#Additional Shi'a teachings|infallible]] [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)|Imams]] from the progeny of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]. They believe that he, as the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was his rightful successor, and they call him the first ''Imam'' (leader), rejecting the legitimacy of the previous Muslim caliphs. To them, an Imam rules by right of divine appointment and holds &quot;absolute spiritual authority&quot; among Muslims, having final say in matters of doctrine and revelation.&lt;ref&gt;See
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۴۶
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Imam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shi'ite | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/p.php?p=shia'&amp;url=Introduction {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419035040/http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/p.php?p=shia%27&amp;url=Introduction |date=2008-04-19 }} Imamat, by [[Naser Makarem Shirazi]]]&lt;/ref&gt; Although the Shi'a share many core practices with the Sunni, the two branches disagree over the proper importance and validity of specific collections of hadith. The Shi'a follow a legal tradition called [[Ja'fari jurisprudence]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Ahmed (۱۹۹۹), pp.۴۴–۴۵
* Nasr (۱۹۹۴), p.۴۶۶&lt;/ref&gt; Shi'a Islam has several branches, the largest of which is the [[Twelvers]] (''{{ArabDIN|iṯnāʿašariyya}}''), while the others are the [[Ismaili]], the [[Sevener]]s, and the [[Zaidiyyah]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Kramer (۱۹۸۷), [http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/Alawis.htm Syria’s Alawis and Shi‘ism pp.۲۳۷–۲۵۴]
* [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/index.html Shia branches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041025093409/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/index.html |date=2004-10-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 1.JPG|thumb|right|A view of the [[Dome of the Rock]] on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]], a holy site in Islam]]
[[Shi'a]] Muslims, the second-largest sect, differ from the Sunni in rejecting the authority of the first three caliphs. They honor different traditions ([[hadith]]) and have their own legal traditions. Shi'a scholars have a larger authority than Sunni scholars and have greater room for interpretation. The [[Imams]] play a central role in Shi'a doctrine.

The arabic word Shi'a, litarally translates into the word 'group' or 'sect'. Originally known as Shi'at Ali (the sect of Ali), the group formed shortly after the death of Ali, in [[Iraq]]. Ali ibn Abi Talib was the cousin of prophet [[Muhammad]], and after marriage to Fatima, he also became Muhammad's son-in-law.

The Shi'a consist of one major school of thought known as the [[Ithna 'ashariyah]] or the &quot;[[Twelvers]]&quot;, and a few minor schools of thought, as the &quot;Seveners&quot; or the &quot;Fivers&quot; referring to the number of infallible leaders they recognize after the death of prophet [[Muhammad]]. The term Shi'a, when used without qualification, is usually taken to be synonymous with the Ithna Ashariyya or Twelvers. Most Shi'a live in [[Iran]], [[Iraq]] (the country where Ali passed away), [[Bahrain]], [[Lebanon]], [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. A minority group (about ۴ million) of Shi'a is known as [[Ismaili]]. The Shia Ismaili sect is subdivided into [[Nizari]] Ismaili and [[Mustaali]] Bohra subsects. The Nizari Ismaili or are led by the [[Aga Khan]] and are found mainly in [[Pakistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Bangladesh]], India, Canada and United States. The [[Mustaali]] Bohra sect is further subdivded into Dawoodi and Sulaimanis subsects. The [[Dawoodi Bohra]]s are concentrated in Pakistan and India. The [[Sulaimani Bohra]]s are concentrated in Yemen and Najran province of Saudi Arabia.

=== تصوف ===
{{آرنی|تصوف}}

Not strictly a denomination, [[Sufism]] is a mystical-ascetic form of Islam. By focusing on the more spiritual aspects of religion, Sufis strive to obtain direct experience of God by making use of &quot;intuitive and emotional faculties&quot; that one must be trained to use.&lt;ref&gt;Trimingham (۱۹۹۸), p.۱&lt;/ref&gt; Sufism and [[Islamic law]] are usually considered to be complementary, although Sufism has been criticized by some Muslims for being an unjustified [[bidah|religious innovation]]. Most Sufi orders, or ''[[tariqa]]s'', can be classified as either Sunni or Shi'a.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۳۰۲
* Malik (۲۰۰۶), p.۳
* B. S. Turner (۱۹۹۸), p.۱۴۵
* {{cite web | url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aftoc.html | work=Country Studies | publisher=U. S. Library of Congress (Federal Research Division) | title=Afghanistan: A Country Study | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۴-۱۸ | pages=۱۵۰}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Sufism]] is a spiritual practice followed by both Sunni and Shi'a. Sufis generally feel that following Islamic law or jurisprudence (or ''fiqh'') is only the first step on the path to perfect submission; they focus on the internal or more spiritual aspects of Islam, such as perfecting one's faith and fighting one's own ego (''nafs''). Most Sufi orders, or [[tariqa]], can be classified as either Sunni or Shi'a. However, there are some that are not easily categorized as either Sunni or Shi'a, such as the [[Bektashi]]. Sufis are found throughout the Islamic world, from [[Senegal]] to [[Indonesia]].

=== نورې طريقې ===
[[Wahhabi]]s, as they are known by non-Wahhabis, are a smaller, more recent Sunni group. They prefer to be called [[Salafi]]s. Wahhabism is a movement founded by [[Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab]] in the [[۱۸th century]] in what is present-day [[Saudi Arabia]]. They classify themselves as Sunni and some claim to follow the [[Hanbali]] legal tradition. The major trend, however, is the  abolition of these &quot;schools of thoughts&quot; (legal traditions), and the following of a more literalist interpretation. Some even regard other Sunni as heretics. The [[Hanbali]] legal tradition is the recognized official school of Islamic law in Saudi Arabia and they have had a great deal of influence on the Islamic world because of Saudi control of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]], the Islamic holy places, and because of Saudi funding for mosques and schools in other countries. The majority of Saudi Islamic scholars are considered as [[Wahhabi]]s by other parts of the Islamic world.

Sunni and Shi'a have often clashed. Some Sunni believe that Shi'a  are heretics while other Sunni recognize Shi'a as fellow Muslims. According to Shaikh Mahmood Shaltoot, head of the [[al-Azhar University]] in the middle part of the ۲۰th century, &quot;the Ja'fari school of thought, which is also known as &quot;al-Shi'a al- Imamiyyah al-Ithna Ashariyyah&quot; (i.e. The Twelver Imami Shi'ites) is a school of thought that is religiously correct to follow in worship as are other Sunni schools of thought&quot;. Al-Azhar later distanced itself from this position.

Another sect which dates back to the early days of Islam is that of the [[Kharijites]]. The only surviving branch of the Kharijites are the [[Ibadi|Ibadhi Muslims]]. Ibadhism is distinguished from Shiism by its belief that the Imam (Leader) should be chosen solely on the basis of his faith, not on the basis of descent, and from Sunnism in its rejection of [[Uthman]] and [[Ali]] and strong emphasis on the need to depose unjust rulers.  Ibadhi Islam is noted for its strictness, but, unlike the Kharijites proper, Ibadhis do not regard major sins as automatically making a Muslim an unbeliever. Most Ibadhi Muslims live in [[Oman]].

Another trend in modern Islam is that which is sometimes called progressive. Followers may be called [[Ijtihadists]]. They may be either Sunni or Shi'ite, and generally favor the development of  personal interpretations of Qur'an and Hadith. ''See'': [[Liberal Islam]]

One very small group, based primarily in the United States, follows the teachings of [[Rashad Khalifa]] and calls itself the &quot;Submitters&quot;. They reject [[hadith]] and [[fiqh]], and say that they follow the Qur'an alone. Most Muslims of both the [[Sunni]] and the [[Shia]] sects consider this group to be heretical.

The [[Kharijites]] are a sect that dates back to the early days of Islam. The only surviving branch of the Kharijites is [[Ibadism]]. Unlike most Kharijite groups, Ibadism does not regard sinful Muslims as unbelievers. The [[Imam]]ate is an important topic in Ibadi legal literature, which stipulates that the leader should be chosen solely on the basis of his knowledge and piety, and is to be deposed if he acts unjustly. Most Ibadi Muslims live in [[Oman]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* [http://www.uga.edu/islam/ibadis.html IBADI ISLAM: AN INTRODUCTION]
* J. A. Williams (۱۹۹۴), p.۱۷۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=al-Ibāḍiyya | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Yazidi]], [[Druze]],  [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community|Ahmadiyya]], [[Bábís|Bábí]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'í]], [[Berghouata]] and [[Ha-Mim]] religions either emerged out of Islam or came to share certain beliefs with Islam. [[Sikhism]], founded by [[Guru Nanak]] in late fifteenth century [[Punjab region|Punjab]], incorporates aspects of both Islam and [[Hinduism]].&lt;ref&gt;Encyclopedia of Islam, &quot;Sikhs&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلامي فرضونه او عمل ==
=== پينځه بنسټيزه ستنې ===
{{آرنی|د اسلام پينځه ستنې}}

[[دوتنه:Arabic Plaque, Great Mosque, Xian.jpg|thumb|left|Islam's basic creed (''[[shahadah]]'') written on a plaque in the [[Great Mosque of Xi'an]], [[China]]]]
[[دوتنه:Kabaa.jpg|thumb|left|Rituals of the [[Hajj]] (pilgrimage) include walking seven times around the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca.]]

دغه پنځه بنسټیزه ستنې د [[سني مسلمانان|سني مسلمانانو]] لپاره پنځه اړینه کړنې دي.خو بیا شیعه مسلمان په اتو مذهبي کړنو کې کډون کوي کوم چې دغو پنځو بنسټیزه کړنو ته ورته والی لري:
.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Momem (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Pillars of Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; چې په لاندې ډول دي:
* '''''[[شهادت]]''''', شهادت د اسلام له بنسټیزو [[عقیده|عقیدو]] یا اصولو څخه دي او باید د زړه له تله په لاندې ډول وویل شي ''' أشهد أن لا إله إلاَّ الله و أشهد أن محمد رسول الله''',یا&quot; زه شهادت ورکوم چې دلته پرته له [[الله]] څخه بل هیڅوک د [[عبادت]] وړ ندي او زه شهادت ورکوم چې [[محمد]] د خدای [[رسول]] دي.&quot;

This testament is a foundation for all other beliefs and practices in Islam (although technically the Shi'a do not consider the ''shahadah'' to be a separate pillar, just a belief). Muslims must repeat the ''shahadah'' in prayer, and non-Muslims wishing to convert to Islam are required to recite the creed.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۱۹۹۴), p.۱۳۵
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸
* &quot;Islam&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals''(۲۰۰۴)&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[لمونځ]]''''', or ritual prayer, which must be performed five times a day. (However, the Shi'a are permitted to run together the noon with the afternoon prayers, and the evening with the night prayers). Each salah is done facing towards the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca. Salah is intended to focus the mind on God, and is seen as a personal communication with him that expresses gratitude and worship. Salah is compulsory but flexibility in the specifics is allowed depending on circumstances. In many Muslim countries, reminders called [[Adhan]] (call to prayer) are broadcast publicly from local mosques at the appropriate times. The prayers are recited in the [[Arabic language]], and consist of verses from the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), pp.۱۸٬۱۹
* Hedáyetullah (۲۰۰۶), pp.۵۳–۵۵
* Kobeisy (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲۲–۳۴
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۸&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[زکات]]''''', or [[alms|alms-giving]]. This is the practice of giving based on accumulated wealth, and is obligatory for all Muslims who can afford it. A fixed portion is spent to help the poor or needy, and also to assist the spread of Islam. The zakat is considered a religious obligation (as opposed to voluntary charity) that the well-off owe to the needy because their wealth is seen as a &quot;trust from God's bounty&quot;. The Qur'an and the hadith also suggest a Muslim give even more as an act of voluntary alms-giving (''[[sadaqah]]''). Many Shi'ites are expected to pay an additional amount in the form of a ''[[khums]]'' tax, which they consider to be a separate ritual practice.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲|۱۷۷|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۹۰
* Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۷۹
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Zakat | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۱}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Zakat | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[روژه]]''''', or [[Sawm of Ramadan|fasting during the month of Ramadan]]. Muslims must not eat or drink (among other things) from dawn to dusk during this month, and must be mindful of other sins. The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to God, and during it Muslims should express their gratitude for and dependence on him, atone for their past sins, and think of the needy. ''Sawm'' is not obligatory for several groups for whom it would constitute an undue burden. For others, flexibility is allowed depending on circumstances, but missed fasts usually must be made up quickly.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۲|۱۸۴|style=ref}}
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۹۰٬۹۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_21.html#HEADING20 | title=For whom fasting is mandatory | publisher=USC-MSA | work=Compendium of Muslim Texts | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۴-۱۸ | تاريخ الأرشيف=2008-11-28 | مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 | url-status=dead | خونديځ نېټه=2008-11-28 | خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308025221/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_21.html#HEADING20 | خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054655/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#HEADING20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''[[حج]]''''', which is the pilgrimage during the [[Islamic calendar|Islamic month]] of ''[[Dhu al-Hijjah]]'' in the city of [[Mecca]]. Every [[able-bodied]] Muslim who can afford it must make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his or her lifetime. When the pilgrim is about ten kilometers from Mecca, he must dress in [[Ihram clothing|''Ihram'' clothing]], which consists of two white seamless sheets. Rituals of the Hajj include walking seven times around the [[Kaaba]], touching the [[Black Stone]], running seven times between [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Mount Safa]] and [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Mount Marwah]], and symbolically [[Stoning of the Devil|stoning the Devil]] in [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]]. The pilgrim, or the ''hajji'', is honored in his or her community, although Islamic teachers say that the Hajj should be an expression of devotion to God instead of a means to gain social standing.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Farah (۱۹۹۴), pp.۱۴۵–۱۴۷
* Goldschmidt (۲۰۰۵), p.۴۸
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Hajj | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In addition to the ''khums'' tax, Shi'a Muslims consider three additional practices essential to the religion of Islam. The first is [[jihad]], which is also important to the Sunni, but not considered a pillar. The second is ''[[Amr-Bil-Ma'rūf]]'', the &quot;Enjoining to Do Good&quot;, which calls for every Muslim to live a virtuous life and to encourage others to do the same. The third is ''[[Nahi-Anil-Munkar]]'', the &quot;Exhortation to Desist from Evil&quot;, which tells Muslims to refrain from vice and from evil actions and to also encourage others to do the same.&lt;ref&gt;Momen (۱۹۸۷), p.۱۸۰&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلامي اداب او خواړه ===

{{آرنی|اسلامي اداب|د خواړو اړونده اسلامي احکام}}

Many practices fall in the category of ''adab'', or Islamic etiquette. This includes greeting others with &quot;''[[As-Salamu Alaykum|as-salamu `alaykum]]''&quot; (&quot;peace be unto you&quot;), saying ''[[bismillah]]'' (&quot;in [[Names of God|the name of God]]&quot;) before meals, and using only the right hand for eating and drinking. [[Islamic hygienical jurisprudence|Islamic hygienic]] practices mainly fall into the category of personal cleanliness and health, such as the circumcision of male offspring. [[Islamic funeral|Islamic burial rituals]] include saying the ''[[Salat al-Janazah]]'' (&quot;funeral prayer&quot;) over the bathed and enshrouded dead body, and burying it in a grave. Muslims, like Jews, are restricted in their diet, and prohibited foods include pig products, blood, [[carrion]], and [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]]. All meat must come from a [[herbivorous]] animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian, with the exception of game that one has hunted or fished for oneself. Food permissible for Muslims is known as [[halal]] food.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite quran|۵|۵|style=ref}}
* Curtis (۲۰۰۵), p.۱۶۴
* Esposito (۲۰۰۲b), p.۱۱۱
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/janisla2y2.html Customs and Behavioral Laws]
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/febislaw2y2.html The Dietary Laws]
* Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/DecIslaw2y5.htm Various types of the prayer]
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Slaughter | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Ersilia Francesca | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۸}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جهاد ===
{{mainarticle|Jihad|Islamic military jurisprudence}}
Jihad means &quot;to strive or struggle,&quot; especially in the idiomatic expression &quot;striving in the way of God&quot; (''al-jihad fi sabil Allah'') and is considered the &quot;[[sixth pillar of Islam]]&quot; by a minority of Muslim authorities.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Merriam (۱۹۹۹) p.۵۷۱
* Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia p.۴۱۹
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۹۳&lt;/ref&gt; Jihad, in its broadest sense, is classically defined as &quot;exerting one's utmost power, efforts, endeavors, or ability in contending with an object of disapprobation.&quot; Depending on the object being a visible enemy, the devil, and aspects of one's own self, different categories of Jihad are defined: Jihad against one's own self (self-perfection), Jihad of the tongue, Jihad of the hand, and Jihad of the sword. Jihad when used without any qualifier is understood in its military aspect.&lt;ref&gt;Reuven Firestone (۱۹۹۹), The Meaning of Jihād, p. ۱۷-۱۸&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Britannica Encyclopedia, Jihad&lt;/ref&gt;

Jihad is the only form of warfare permissible under [[Sharia|Islamic law]]. Under most circumstances and for most Muslims, jihad is a collective duty (''[[Fard|fard kifaya]]''): one whose performance by some individuals exempts the others; for the rest of the populace, this happens only in the case of a [[general mobilization]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Djihad&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''.&lt;/ref&gt; Some Muslim authorities, especially among the Shi'a and [[Sufism|Sufis]], distinguish between the &quot;greater jihad&quot;, which pertains to spiritual self-perfection, and the &quot;lesser jihad&quot;, defined as warfare.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Firestone (۱۹۹۹) p.۱۷ 
* &quot;Djihad&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''.&lt;/ref&gt; Jihad also refers to one's striving to attain religious and moral perfection.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Brockopp (۲۰۰۳) pp. ۹۹–۱۰۰
* Esposito (۲۰۰۳), p.۹۳ 
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=jihad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۶-۱۳}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
{{آرنی|د اسلام تاريخ|د اسلام خپرېدا}}

Islam's historical development resulted in major political, economic, and military effects inside and outside the [[Islamic world]]. Within a century of Muhammad's first recitations of the [[Qur'an]], an Islamic empire stretched from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in the west to [[Central Asia]] in the east. This new polity soon broke into civil war, and successor states fought each other and outside forces. However, Islam continued to spread into regions like [[Africa]], the [[Indian subcontinent]], and [[Southeast Asia]]. The Islamic civilization was one of the most advanced in the world during the [[Middle Ages]], but was surpassed by Europe with the economic and military growth of the West. During the ۱۸th and ۱۹th centuries, Islamic dynasties such as the [[Ottomans]] and [[Mughals]] fell under the sway of European imperial powers. In the ۲۰th century [[Islamic revival|new religious and political movements]] and newfound wealth in the Islamic world led to both rebirth and conflict.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۵۰٬۱۱۲٬۱۹۷٬۳۸۰٬۴۸۹٬۵۷۸٬۸۱۷
* Lewis (۲۰۰۴), pp.۲۹٬۵۱–۵۶&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د اسلامي رياست پيل (۶۳۲–۷۵۰) ===
{{see|Succession to Muhammad|Muslim conquests|Muslim Empire}}
Muhammad began preaching Islam at [[Mecca]] before [[Hijra (Islam)|migrating]] to [[Medina]], from where he united the [[tribes of Arabia]] into a singular Arab Muslim religious polity. With Muhammad's death in ۶۳۲, disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community. [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]], a prominent [[sahaba|companion]] of Muhammad, nominated [[Abu Bakr]], who was Muhammad's intimate friend and collaborator. Others added their support and Abu Bakr was made the first [[caliph]]. This choice was disputed by some of Muhammad's companions, who held that [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]], his cousin and son-in-law, had been designated his successor. Abu Bakr's immediate task was to avenge a recent defeat by [[Byzantine]] (or [[Eastern Roman Empire]]) forces, although he first had to put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an episode known as the [[Ridda wars]], or &quot;Wars of Apostasy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See: 
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۵۷
* Hourani (۲۰۰۳), p.۲۲
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۳۲
* Madelung (۱۹۹۶), p.۴۳
* Tabatabaei (۱۹۷۹), p.۳۰–۵۰&lt;/ref&gt;

[[دوتنه:Age of Caliphs.png|thumb|left|upright=1.25|The territory of the [[Caliphate]] in the year ۷۵۰]]

His death in ۶۳۴ resulted in the succession of Umar as the caliph, followed by [[Uthman ibn al-Affan]] and Ali ibn Abi Talib. These four are known as ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' (&quot;[[Rightly Guided Caliphs]]&quot;). Under them, the territory under Muslim rule expanded deeply into [[Persian Empire]] and [[Byzantine]] territories.&lt;ref&gt;See
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۷۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; When Umar was assassinated in ۶۴۴, [[the election of Uthman]] as successor was met with increasing opposition. In ۶۵۶, Uthman was also killed, and Ali assumed the position of caliph. After fighting off opposition in the [[First Fitna|first civil war]] (the &quot;First Fitna&quot;), Ali was assassinated by [[Kharijites]] in ۶۶۱. Following this, [[Muawiyah I|Mu'awiyah]], who was governor of [[Levant]], seized power and began the [[Umayyad dynasty]].&lt;ref&gt;Holt (۱۹۷۷a), pp.۶۷–۷۲&lt;/ref&gt;

These disputes over religious and political leadership would give rise to schism in the Muslim community. The majority accepted the legitimacy of the three rulers prior to Ali, and became known as [[Sunni]]s. A minority disagreed, and believed that Ali was the only rightful successor; they became known as the [[Shi'a]].&lt;ref&gt;Waines (۲۰۰۳) p.۴۶&lt;/ref&gt; After Mu'awiyah's death in ۶۸۰, conflict over succession broke out again in a civil war known as the &quot;[[Second Fitna]]&quot;. Afterward, the Umayyad dynasty prevailed for seventy years, and was able to conquer the [[Maghreb|Maghrib]] as well as the [[Al-Andalus]] (the [[Iberian Peninsula]], former [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] [[Hispania]]) and the [[Gallia Narbonensis|Narbonnese Gaul]]. While the Muslim-Arab elite engaged in conquest, some devout Muslims&lt;!--The Islamic term is Zahid and there may be a better translation for it.--&gt; began to question the piety of indulgence in a worldly life, emphasizing rather poverty, humility and avoidance of sin based on renunciation of bodily desires. Devout Muslim ascetic exemplars such as [[Hasan al-Basri]] would inspire a movement that would evolve into [[Sufism]].&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۹۰٬۹۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sufism | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۳}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the Umayyad aristocracy, Islam was viewed as a religion for Arabs only;&lt;ref&gt;Hawting (۲۰۰۰), p.۴&lt;/ref&gt; the economy of the Umayyad empire was based on the assumption that a majority of non-Muslims ([[Dhimmis]]) would pay taxes to the minority of Muslim Arabs. A non-Arab who wanted to convert to Islam was supposed to first become a client of an Arab tribe. Even after conversion, these new Muslims (''[[mawali]]'') did not achieve social and economic equality with the Arabs. The descendants of Muhammad's uncle [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] rallied discontented ''mawali'', poor Arabs, and some Shi'a against the Umayyads and overthrew them with the help of their propagandist and general [[Abu Muslim]], inaugurating the [[Abbasid|Abbasid dynasty]] in ۷۵۰.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۶; Lewis (۱۹۹۳), pp. ۷۱–۸۳&lt;/ref&gt; Under the Abbasids, Islamic civilization flourished in the &quot;[[Islamic Golden Age]]&quot;, with its capital at the cosmopolitan city of Baghdad.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), pp.۸۰٬۹۲٬۱۰۵
* Holt (۱۹۷۷b), pp.۶۶۱–۶۶۳
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۶
* Lewis (۱۹۹۳), p.۸۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د اسلام زرين پېر (۷۵۰–۱۲۵۸) ===

[[دوتنه:Battle of Cresson.jpg|thumb|right|Artistic depiction of the Battle of Hattin in 1187, where Jerusalem was recaptured by Saladin's Ayyubid forces]]

By the late ۹th century, the Abbasid caliphate began to fracture as various regions gained increasing levels of autonomy. Across North Africa, Persia, and Central Asia [[emirates]] formed as provinces broke away. The monolithic Arab empire gave way to a more religiously homogenized [[Muslim world]] where the Shia [[Fatimid]]s contested even the religious authority of the caliphate. By ۱۰۵۵ the [[Seljuq Turks]] had eliminated the Abbasids as a military power, nevertheless they continued to respect the caliph's titular authority.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۱۰۳–۱۴۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Abbasid Dynasty | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this time expansion of the Muslim world continued, by both conquest and peaceful [[Dawah|proselytism]] even as both Islam and Muslim trade networks were extending into sub-Saharan [[West Africa]], [[Central Asia]], [[Volga Bulgaria]] and the [[Malay archipelago]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EoI-Islam&quot;/&gt;

The Golden Age saw new legal, philosophical, and religious developments. The [[Six major Hadith collections|major hadith collections]] were compiled and the four modern Sunni [[Madh'hab]]s were established. Islamic law was advanced greatly by the efforts of the early ۹th century jurist [[al-Shafi'i]]; he codified a method to establish the reliability of hadith, a topic which had been a locus of dispute among Islamic scholars.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۸۶&lt;/ref&gt; Philosophers [[Ibn Sina]] (Avicenna) and [[Al-Farabi]] sought to incorporate Greek principles into Islamic theology, while others like the ۱۱th century theologian [[Abu Hamid al-Ghazzali]] argued against them and ultimately prevailed.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۱۶۰
* Waines (۲۰۰۳) p.۱۲۶٬۱۲۷&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, Sufism and Shi'ism both underwent major changes in the ۹th century. [[Sufism]] became a full-fledged movement that had moved towards mysticism and away from its ascetic roots, while Shi'ism split due to disagreements over the succession of Imams.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۴۴–۴۵
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۹۰–۹۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Sufism | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The spread of the Islamic dominion induced hostility among [[Middle ages|medieval]] [[ecclesiastical]] Christian authors who saw Islam as an adversary in the light of the large numbers of new Muslim converts. This opposition resulted in polemical treatises which depicted Islam as the religion of the [[antichrist]] and of Muslims as libidinous and subhuman.&lt;ref&gt;Tolan (۲۰۰۲) xv, xvi, ۴۱&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Middle Ages|medieval period]], a few Arab philosophers like the poet [[Al-Ma'arri]] adopted a critical approach to Islam, and the Jewish philosopher [[Maimonides]] contrasted Islamic views of morality to Jewish views that he himself elaborated.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Novak (February ۱۹۹۹)
* Sahas (۱۹۹۷), pp.۷۶–۸۰&lt;/ref&gt;

Starting in the ۹th century, Muslim conquests in Christian Europe began to be reversed. The [[Reconquista]] was launched against Muslim [[Taifa|principalities]] in [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], and Muslim [[History of Islam in southern Italy|Italian possessions]] were lost to the [[Normans]]. From the ۱۱th century onwards a series of wars known as the [[Crusade]]s brought the Muslim world into conflict with [[Christendom]]. Successful at first in their capturing of the [[Holy Land (Biblical)|Holy land]] which resulted in the establishment of the [[Crusader states]], Crusader gains in the Holy Land were reversed by later Muslim generals such as [[Saladin]], who recaptured [[Jerusalem]] during the [[Second Crusade]].&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۸۸–۲۹۰٬۳۱۰&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Mongol Empire]] put an end to the Abbasid dynasty at the [[Battle of Baghdad (۱۲۵۸)|Battle of Baghdad in ۱۲۵۸]], which saw the Muslims overrun by the superior Mongol army. Meanwhile in Egypt, the slave-soldier [[Mamluk]]s took control in an uprising in ۱۲۵۰.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۹۲
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic World | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د عثمانيه سلطنت او په هند کې اسلامي رياست (۱۲۵۸–۱۹۱۸) ===

The Seljuk Turks fell apart rapidly in the second half of the ۱۳th century. In the ۱۳th and ۱۴th centuries the [[Ottoman empire]] (named after [[Osman I]]) was established with a string of conquests that included the [[Balkans]], parts of [[Greece]], and western [[Anatolia]]. In ۱۴۵۳ under [[Mehmed II]] the Ottomans laid siege to [[Constantinople]], the capital of Byzantium. The Byzantine fortress [[Fall of Constantinople|succumbed]] shortly thereafter, having been battered by superior Ottoman [[cannon]]ry.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Holt (۱۹۷۷a), p.۲۶۳
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۵۰
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Istanbul | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Beginning in the ۱۳th century, Sufism underwent a transformation, largely as a result of the efforts of [[al-Ghazzali]] to legitimize and reorganize the movement. He developed the model of the Sufi order—a community of spiritual teachers and students.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۰۴٬۱۰۵&lt;/ref&gt; Also of importance to Sufism was the creation of the [[Masnavi]], a collection of mystical poetry by the ۱۳th century [[Persian language|Persian]] poet [[Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi|Rumi]]. The Masnavi had a profound influence on the development of Sufi religious thought; to many Sufis it is second in importance only to the Qur'an.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic Art | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[دوتنه:TajMahalbyAmalMongia.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Taj Mahal]] is a [[mausoleum]] located in [[Agra]], [[India]], that was built under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]&lt;ref&gt;Esposito (۲۰۰۴), p.۶۵&lt;/ref&gt;]]

In the early ۱۶th century, the Shi'ite [[Safavid dynasty]] assumed control in Persia and established Shi'a Islam as an official religion there, and despite periodic setbacks, the Safavids remained powerful for two centuries. Meanwhile, Mamluk Egypt fell to the Ottomans in ۱۵۱۷, who then launched a European campaign which reached as far as [[Siege of Vienna|the gates of Vienna]] in ۱۵۲۹.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۱۹۸٬۲۳۴٬۲۴۴٬۲۴۵٬۲۵۴
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | coauthors=J. Jomier | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many [[Islamic empires in India|Islamic dynasties]] ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent starting from the twelfth century. The prominent ones include the [[Delhi Sultanate]] (۱۲۰۶–۱۵۲۶) and the [[Mughal empire]] (۱۵۲۶–۱۸۵۷). These empires helped in the spread of Islam in [[South Asia]]. but by the mid-۱۸th century the [[British empire]] had ended the Mughal dynasty.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۳۵۸٬۳۷۸–۳۸۰٬۶۲۴&lt;/ref&gt; In the ۱۸th century the [[Wahhabi]] movement took hold in Saudi Arabia. Founded by the preacher [[Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab|Ibn Abd al-Wahhab]], Wahhabism is a fundamentalist ideology that condemns practices like Sufism and the veneration of saints as un-Islamic.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), p.۵۷۲
* Watt (۱۹۷۳), p.۱۸: Wahhabism should not be confused with the early Kharijite sect of Wahabiyya, which was named after Abd-Allah ibn-Wahb ar-Rasibi, who opposed Ali at Nahrawan.&lt;/ref&gt;

By the ۱۷th and ۱۸th centuries, despite attempts at modernization, the Ottoman empire had begun to feel threatened by European economic and military advantages. In the ۱۹th century, the [[Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire|rise of nationalism]] resulted in Greece declaring and winning independence in ۱۸۲۹, with several Balkan states following suit after the Ottomans suffered defeat in the [[Russo-Turkish War (۱۸۷۷–۱۸۷۸)|Russo-Turkish War of ۱۸۷۷–۱۸۷۸]]. The Ottoman era came to a close at the end of [[World War I]].&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۳۸۰٬۴۸۹–۴۹۳&lt;/ref&gt;

=== نوی پېر (۱۹۱۸–اوسمهال) ===
After [[World War I]] losses, the remnants of the empire were parceled out as European [[protectorate]]s or [[sphere of influence|spheres of influence]]. Since then most Muslim societies have become independent nations, and new issues such as oil wealth and relations with the State of [[Israel]] have assumed prominence.&lt;ref&gt;Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۲۸۱–۲۸۲٬۳۸۰٬۴۸۹–۴۹۳٬۵۵۶٬۵۷۸٬۸۲۳٬۸۳۵&lt;/ref&gt;

The ۲۰th century saw the creation of many new Islamic &quot;revivalist&quot; movements. Groups such as the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in Egypt and [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] in Pakistan advocate a totalistic and theocratic alternative to secular political ideologies. Sometimes called [[Islamist]], they see Western cultural values as a threat, and promote Islam as a comprehensive solution to every public and private question of importance. In countries like Iran and Afghanistan (under the [[Taliban]]), revolutionary movements replaced [[Secularism|secular]] regimes with Islamist states, while transnational groups like [[Osama bin Laden]]'s [[al-Qaeda]] engage in [[Islamist terrorism|terrorism]] to further their goals. In contrast, [[Liberal Islam]] is a movement that attempts to reconcile religious tradition with modern norms of secular governance and [[human rights]]. Its supporters say that there are multiple ways to read Islam's sacred texts, and stress the need to leave room for &quot;independent thought on religious matters&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۱۱۸٬۱۱۹٬۱۷۹
* Lapidus (۲۰۰۲), pp.۸۲۳–۸۳۰&lt;/ref&gt;

In modern times Islam has come under [[Criticism of Islam|criticism]] from idealogues such as [[Robert Spencer]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last=Bostom | first=Andrew | title=Islamic Apostates' Tales—A Review of ''Leaving Islam'' by Ibn Warraq | date=July ۲۱, ۲۰۰۳ | publisher=FrontPageMagazine.com | work=FrontPage Magazine | url=http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=9000 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Ibn Warraq]],&lt;ref&gt;Rippin (۲۰۰۱), p.۲۸۸&lt;/ref&gt; who criticize Islamic law and question the morality of the Qur'an; for example, they say that its contents justify mistreatment of women and encourage [[anti-Semitism|antisemitic]] remarks by Muslim theologians;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | publisher=NYRB | work=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=۱۰-۰۵-۲۰۰۶ | title=Islam in Europe | author=Timothy Garton Ash | url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/19371}}&lt;/ref&gt; such claims are disputed by Muslim scholars.&lt;ref&gt;For example, see:
* [[Ahmed Deedat]], in Westerlund (۲۰۰۳);
* [[Syed Ameer Ali]], in ''The Spirit of Islam'' (۱۸۴۹–۱۹۲۸). It is described by [[David Samuel Margoliouth]] (۱۹۰۵) as &quot;probably the best achievement in the way of an apology for Mohammed&quot;.  See Margoliouth, preface ''Mohammed and the Rise of Islam'';
* [[Yusuf Estes]], in {{cite news | publisher=Advance, [[University of Connecticut]] | date=۱۱-۱۷-۲۰۰۳ | title=Ramadan Awareness Event Designed To Debunk Negative Images | author=Elizabeth Omara-Otunnu | url=http://advance.uconn.edu/2003/031117/03111715.htm | access-date=2007-11-24 | archive-date=2014-04-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401005128/http://advance.uconn.edu/2003/031117/03111715.htm | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Montgomery Watt]], Norman Daniel, and [[Edward Said]] dismiss many of the criticisms as the product of old myths and medieval European polemics.&lt;ref&gt;
* Seibert (۱۹۹۴), pp.۸۸–۸۹
* Watt (۱۹۷۴), p.۲۳۱&lt;/ref&gt; The rise of [[Islamophobia]], according to [[Carl Ernst]], had contributed to the negative views about Islam and Muslims in the West.&lt;ref&gt;Ernst (۲۰۰۴), p.۱۱&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلامي ټولنه ==

[[دوتنه:Islam percentage by country.png|کيڼ|upright=1.25|بټنوک|د هېوادونو له مخې د مسلمانانو د شمېر سلنه]]

=== وگړپوهنه ===
{{دا هم  وگورۍ|د مسلمانانو د شمېر له مخې د هېوادونو لړليک|د اسلام ډيموگرافي}}

Commonly cited estimates of the Muslim population in ۲۰۰۷ range from ۱٫۱&amp;nbsp;billion to ۱٫۸&amp;nbsp;billion. Approximately ۸۵٪ are [[Sunni]] and ۱۵٪ are [[Shi'a]], with a small minority belonging to other sects. Some ۳۰–۴۰ countries are Muslim-majority, and Arabs account for around ۲۰٪ of all Muslims worldwide.  [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]] contain the most populous Muslim countries, with [[Indonesia]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Bangladesh]] having more than ۱۰۰&amp;nbsp;million adherents each.&lt;ref name=Islam_by_country&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/rel_isl_num_of_mus-religion-islam-number-of-muslim
|title=Number of Muslim by country
|publisher=nationmaster.com
|accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۳۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to U.S. government figures, in ۲۰۰۶ there were ۲۰&amp;nbsp;million Muslims in [[China]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm
|title=International Religious Freedom Report ۲۰۰۶—China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)
|year=۲۰۰۶
|publisher=U.S. department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
|accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۳۰}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Middle East]], the non-Arab countries of [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]] are the largest Muslim-majority countries; in [[Africa]], [[Egypt]] and [[Nigeria]] have the most populous Muslim communities.&lt;ref name=Islam_by_country/&gt; Islam is the second largest religion after [[Christianity]] in many [[Europe]]an countries.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴) pp.۲٬۴۳
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Islamic World | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | title=Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents | publisher=Adherents.com | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۱-۰۹ | تاريخ الأرشيف=2010-01-29 | مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | url-status=dead | خونديځ نېټه=2007-07-07 | خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707044255/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html }}
* {{cite web | title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4385768.stm | publisher=BBC | work=BBC News | date=[[۲۰۰۵-۱۲-۲۳]] | accessdate=۲۰۰۶-۰۹-۲۸ }}
* {{cite web | title=Religion In Britain | url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 | publisher=Office for National Statistics | work=National Statistics | date=[[۲۰۰۳-۰۲-۱۳]] | accessdate=۲۰۰۶-۰۸-۲۷ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جومات ===
{{آرنی|جومات}}
جومات د مسلمانانو لپاره د عبادت ځای دی، چې په عربي کې ورته ''مسجد'' وایي که څه هم په  جوماتو  کې اصلي موخه د لمونځونو ادا کول دی، خو مسلمانو ته جومات د یو بل د لیدلو او زده کړو لپاره هم ډیر مهم دی. اوسني پرمختللي جوماتونه تر ډیرې کچې پورې د ۷ مې پیړۍ د جوماتو په شان پراخ شوي او د ډیرو بیلابیلو څیزونو او معمامري عناصرو درلودونکي دی لکه منار.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Masdjid | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author= J. Pedersen | coauthors=R. Hillenbrand, J. Burton-Page, et al. | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Mosque | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== کورنيز ژوند ===
{{دا-هم-وگورۍ|ښځه په اسلام کې}}
The basic unit of Islamic society is the [[family]], and Islam defines the obligations and legal rights of family members. The father is seen as financially responsible for his family, and is obliged to cater for their well-being. The division of [[inheritance]] is specified in the Qur'an, which states that most of it is to pass to the immediate family, while a portion is set aside for the payment of debts and the making of bequests. The woman's share of inheritance is generally half of that of a man with the same rights of succession.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;al-Mar'a&quot;. ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Marriage in Islam]] is a civil [[nikah|contract]] which consists of an offer and acceptance between two qualified parties in the presence of two witnesses. The groom is required to pay a [[dowry]] (''[[mahr]]'') to the bride, as stipulated in the contract.&lt;ref&gt;
* Waines (۲۰۰۳) pp. ۹۳–۹۶
* The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (۲۰۰۳), p.۳۳۹
* Esposito (۱۹۹۸) p. ۷۹&lt;/ref&gt;

A man may marry up to four wives if he believes he can treat them equally, while a woman may marry one man only. In most Muslim countries, the process of divorce in Islam is known as ''[[Talaq (Nikah)|talaq]]'', which the husband initiates by pronouncing the word &quot;divorce&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;*&quot;Talak&quot;. ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; Scholars disagree whether Islamic holy texts justify traditional Islamic practices such as [[hijab|veiling]] and seclusion ([[purdah]]). Starting in the ۲۰th century, Muslim social reformers argued against these and other practices such as [[Polygamy in Islam|polygamy]], with varying success. At the same time, many Muslim women have attempted to reconcile tradition with modernity by combining an active life with outward modesty. [[Islamist]] groups and regimes like the [[Taliban]] mostly seek to continue traditional law as applied to women.&lt;ref&gt;
* Esposito (۲۰۰۴), pp.۹۵٬۹۶٬۲۳۵–۲۴۱
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Marriage and Divorce | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an | author=Harald Motzki | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۵}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Marriage Practices | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women &amp; Islamic Cultures | author=Lori Peek | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۱۵}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسلامي کليز ===
{{آرنی|اسلامي کليز}}

اسلامي کاليز د مکې نه مدينې ته د هجرت د وخت نه پيلېږي او هماغه کال د هجرت لومړی کال بلل کېږي چې د زېږيز کال ۶۲۲ سره سمون خوري. د اسلامي کاليز ته سپوږميزه کاليزه هم وايي او دا ځکه چې د دې کال مياشتې د سپوږمۍ د حرکت پر بنسټ ټاکل شوي،  but differs from other such calendars (e.g. the [[Celtic calendar]]) in that it omits [[intercalary month]]s, being synchronized only with [[lunation]]s, but not with the [[solar year]], resulting in years of either ۳۵۴ or ۳۵۵ days. This omission was introduced by Muhammad because the right to announce intercalary months had led to political power struggles.{{citation needed}} Therefore, Islamic dates cannot be converted to the usual CE/AD dates simply by adding ۶۲۲ years. Islamic holy days fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in different seasons in different years in the [[Gregorian calendar]].

The formal beginning of the Muslim era was chosen to be the [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]] in ۶۲۲CE, which was an important turning point in Muhammad's fortunes. The assignment of this year as the year ۱ AH (''Anno Hegirae'') in the Islamic calendar was reportedly made by [[Umar|Caliph Umar]]. It is a [[lunar calendar]], with nineteen ordinary years of ۳۵۴ days and eleven leap years of ۳۵۵ days in a thirty-year cycle. Islamic dates cannot be converted to CE/AD dates simply by adding ۶۲۲ years: allowance must also be made for the fact that each Hijri century corresponds to only ۹۷ years in the Christian calendar.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Adil (۲۰۰۲), p.۲۸۸
* F. E. Peters (۲۰۰۳), p.۶۷
* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Tarikh̲ | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=B. van Dalen | coauthors=R. S. Humphreys, Manuela Marín, et al. | accessdate=۲۰۰۷-۰۵-۰۲}}&lt;/ref&gt;
The year ۱۴۲۸AH coincides almost completely with ۲۰۰۷CE.

Islamic [[Holiday|holy days]] fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in [[Different Seasons|different seasons]] in different years in the [[Gregorian calendar]]. The most important Islamic festivals are ''[[Eid al-Fitr]]'' (Arabic: عيد الفطر) on the ۱&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; of ''[[Shawwal]]'', marking the end of the fasting month ''[[Ramadan]]'', and ''[[Eid al-Adha]]'' (Arabic: عيد الأضحى) on the ۱۰&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; of ''[[Dhu al-Hijjah]]'', coinciding with the pilgrimage to Mecca.&lt;ref&gt;Ghamidi (۲۰۰۱): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/janisla2y2.html Customs and Behavioral Laws]&lt;/ref&gt;

== اسلام او نور دينونه ==
==== هغه مذهبونه چې د اسلام پر بنسټ جوړ شوي ====

دا لانديني مذهبونو لارويان ځانونه مسلمانان بولي، خو د ډېرو مسلمانانو او مسلمانو چارواکو لخوا دوی مسلمانان نه بلل کېږي:
* [[د اسلام ملت]] (په امريکا کې بنسټ شوې مذهبي ډله)
* [[ذکري]]ان
* د [[احمديت]] تحريک (دې ډلې ته [[قاديانيت]] هم وايي)
* د [[الاحبش]] ډله (چې د حبشيانو په نامه هم يادېږي/ AICP)

د لاندې مذهبونو لارويان ځانونه مسلمانان بولي خو د دوی د اسلاميت په منلو کې د ډېرو مسلمانانو اختلافونه شته چې ځينې يې دوی مسلمانان او ځينې يې مسلمانان نه گڼي:
* [[دروز]]
* [[علوي]]ان (النُصيرية)

The following religions are said by some to have evolved or borrowed from Islam, in almost all cases influenced by traditional beliefs in the regions where they emerged, but consider themselves independent religions with distinct laws and institutions:
* [[يزيدي]]
* [[بابيس|بابيزم]] (چې اوس د [[بياني]]انو په نامه يادېږي)
* [[بهايي]]

The claim of the adherents of the Bahá'í Faith that it represents an independent religion was upheld by the Muslim ecclesiastical courts in Egypt during the ۱۹۲۰s. As of January [[۱۹۲۶]], their final ruling on the matter of the origins of the Bahá'í Faith and its relationship to Islam was that the Bahá'í Faith was neither a sect of Islam, nor a religion based on Islam, but a clearly defined, independently founded faith. This was seen as a considerate act on the part of the ecclesiastical court and in favor of followers of Bahá'í Faith since the majority of Muslims regard a ''religion based on Islam'' as a heresy.

Some see [[Sikhism]] as a [[syncretism|syncretic]] mix of Islam and [[Hinduism]], although it is often considered a [[Dharma|Dharmic]] faith rather than an Islamic or [[Abrahamic]] one. It arose in the context of the interaction between [[Hindu]] and Muslim communities in [[North India]].

The following religions might have been said to have evolved from Islam, but are not considered part of Islam, and no longer exist:
* The religion of the medieval [[Berghouata]]
* The religion of [[Ha-Mim]]

The Qur'an contains injunctions to respect other religions. It also asks the followers to fight and subdue unbelievers in times of war and &quot;evict them whence they evicted you&quot; (Al-Qur'an ۲:۱۹۱). Some Muslims have respected Jews and Christians as fellow &quot;peoples of the book&quot; (monotheists following [[Abrahamic religions]]), while others have reviled them as having abandoned monotheism and corrupted their scriptures. At different times and places, Islamic communities have been both intolerant and tolerant.

The classical Islamic solution was a limited tolerance — Jews and Christians were to be allowed to privately practice their faith and follow their own family law. They were called [[Dhimmis]], and they had fewer though similar legal rights and obligations than Muslims.

The classic Islamic state was often more tolerant than many other states of the time, which insisted on complete conformity to a state religion. The record of contemporary Muslim-majority states is mixed. Some are generally regarded as tolerant, while others have been accused of intolerance and human rights violations. See the main article, [[Islam and other religions]], for further discussion.

{{آرنی|اسلام او نور مذهبونه}}

[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 1.JPG|thumb|left|A view of the [[Dome of the Rock]] on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]], a holy site in both Islam and [[Judaism]] that has been a source of controversy]]
[[دوتنه:Jerusalem Al-Aqsa Mosque BW 2010-09-21 06-38-12.JPG|thumb|left|د [[الاقصا مسجد]] ديني جلوس. مسلمانان په دې عقيده دي چې حضرت محمد (صلی الله علیه وسلم) د همدغه ځای نه د معراج په سفر اسمان ته وخاته.]]

According to Islamic doctrine, Islam was the primordial religion of mankind, professed by [[Adam]].&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), pp. ۱۴–۱۶&lt;/ref&gt; At some point, a religious split occurred, and God began sending prophets to bring his revelations to the people.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), pp. ۱۸–۱۹&lt;/ref&gt; In this view, [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Nevi'im|Hebrew prophets]], and [[Jesus]] were all [[prophets of Islam]], but their message and the texts of the [[Torah]] and the [[Gospels]] were [[tahrif|corrupted]] by [[Jew]]s and Christians. Similarly, children of non-Muslim families are  born Muslims, but are converted to another faith by their parents.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۱۸&lt;/ref&gt; The idea of Islamic supremacy is encapsulated in the formula &quot;Islam is exalted and nothing is exalted above it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۵&lt;/ref&gt; Pursuant to this principle, Muslim women may not marry non-Muslim men, defamation of Islam is prohibited, and the testimony of a non-Muslim is inadmissible against a Muslim.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۵;
* Lewis (۱۹۸۴), p. ۳۹&lt;/ref&gt;

Islamic law divides non-Muslims into several categories, depending on their relation with the Islamic state. Christians and Jews who live under Islamic rule are known as ''[[dhimmis]]''. Dhimmis must pay tribute (''[[jizya]]'') to the Islamic state, and as such are considered &quot;protected peoples.&quot; Historically, dhimmis enjoyed a measure of communal autonomy under their own religious leaders, but were subject to legal, social and religious restrictions as well as humiliating regulations meant to highlight the inferiority of non-Muslim subjects.&lt;ref&gt;See:
* Lewis (۱۹۸۴), pp.۹, ۲۷, ۳۶;
* Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۳۷;&lt;/ref&gt; The status was extended to Zoroastrians and sometimes to polytheists (such as [[Hindu]]s), but not to [[atheist]]s or [[agnostic]]s.&lt;ref&gt;Lewis (۲۰۰۱), p.۲۷۳&lt;/ref&gt; Those who live in non-Muslim lands (''[[dar al-harb]]'') are known as ''[[harbi]]s'', and upon entering into an alliance with the Muslim state become known as ''ahl al-ahd''. Those who receive a guarantee of safety while residing temporarily in Muslim lands are known as ''ahl al-amān''. Their legal position is similar to that of the dhimmi except that they are not required to pay the jizya. The people of armistice (''ahl al-hudna'') are those who live outside of Muslim territory and agree to refrain from attacking the Muslims.&lt;ref&gt;Friedmann (۲۰۰۳), p. ۵۵&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Aman&quot;, ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt; [[apostasy in Islam|Apostasy]] is prohibited, and is punishable by death.&lt;ref&gt;A woman who apostasizes is to be executed according to some jurists, or imprisoned according to others.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Murtadd&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam''&lt;/ref&gt;

== دا هم وگورئ ==
{{Col-begin|width=}}

{{Col-1-of-2}}
* [[اسلامي هنر]]
* [[اسلامي وټه]]
* [[اسلامي اخلاق]]
* [[اسلامي ادبيات]]
* [[اسلامي زده کړې]]
* [[اسلام او نوښت]]
* [[اسلاميزم]]
* [[د مسلمانانو لړليک]]
{{Col-2-of-2}}
* [[د اسلامي امپراتورانو لړليک]]
* [[د هغه نامتو کسانو لړليک چې اسلام ته وراوښتي]]
* [[د پخوانيو نامتو مسلمانانو لړليک]]
* [[په اسلامي نړۍ کې د جگړو لړليک]]
* [[د اسلامي تاریخ وختلیکه]]
* [[په اسلام کې د ماشومانو حقونه]]
* [[په اسلام کې د بنديانو حقونه]]

{{Col-end}}

== يادښتونه ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== سرچينې ==
;کتابونه او خپرونې
{{Reflist|2}}
* {{cite journal | last=Accad | first=Martin | title=The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries: An Exegetical Inventorial Table (Part I) | journal=Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations | volume=۱۴ | issue=۱ |date=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISSN ۰۹۵۹-۶۴۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Adil | first=Hajjah Amina | coauthors=Shaykh Nazim Adil Al-Haqqani, Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani | title=Muhammad: The Messenger of Islam | publisher=Islamic Supreme Council of America | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۹۳۰۴۰۹۱۱۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Ahmed | first=Akbar | title=Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World | publisher=I. B. Tauris | edition=۲٫۰۰ | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۸۶۰۶۴۲۵۷۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Brockopp | first=Jonathan E. | title=Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia | publisher=University of South Carolina press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۱۵۷۰۰۳۴۷۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Cohen-Mor | first=Dalya | title=A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۳۳۹۸۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Curtis | first=Patricia A. | year=۲۰۰۵ | title=A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations | publisher=Blackwell Publishing Professional | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۸۱۹۴۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Eglash | first=Ron | year=۱۹۹۹ | title=African Fractals: Modern Computing and Indigenous Design | publisher=Rutgers University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۸۱۳۵-۲۶۱۴-۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Ernst | first=Carl | authorlink=Carl Ernst | year=۲۰۰۴ | title = Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World | publisher=University of North Carolina Press | id=ISBN ۰-۸۰۷۸-۵۵۷۷-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | coauthors=John Obert Voll | title=Islam and Democracy | year=۱۹۹۶ | | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۰۸۱۶-۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito  | first=John  | authorlink=John Esposito  | title=Islam: The Straight Path | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۸ | edition=۳rd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۱۲۳۴۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | coauthors=Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad | title=Muslims on the Americanization Path? | year=۲۰۰۰a | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۳۵۲۶-۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۰b | title=Oxford History of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۰۷۹۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۲a | title=Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۶۸۸۶۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | year=۲۰۰۲b | title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۵۷۱۳-۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink=John Esposito | title=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۱۲۵۵۸-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Esposito  | first=John  | authorlink=John Esposito  | title=Islam: The Straight Path | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۴ | edition=۳rd Rev Upd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۸۲۶۶۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Farah | first=Caesar | authorlink=Caesar E. Farah | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year=۱۹۹۴ | edition=۵th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۰۱۸۵۳۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Farah | first=Caesar | authorlink=Caesar E. Farah | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year=۲۰۰۳ | edition=۷th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۶۴۱۲۲۲۶۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Firestone | first=Reuven | title=Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam | publisher= Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹-۵۱۲۵۸۰۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Friedmann | first=Yohanan | authorlink=Yohanan Friedmann | title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition | publisher= Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۵۲۱۰۲۶۹۹۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Ghamidi | first=Javed | authorlink=Javed Ahmed Ghamidi | title=[[Mizan]] | publisher=[[Al-Mawrid|Dar al-Ishraq]] | year=۲۰۰۱ | id={{OCLC|۵۲۹۰۱۶۹۰}}}}
* {{cite book | last=Goldschmidt, Jr. | first=Arthur | coauthors=Lawrence Davidson | title=A Concise History of the Middle East | publisher=Westview Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۸th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۳۴۲۷۵۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Griffith | first=Ruth Marie | coauthors=Barbara Dianne Savage | title=Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۸۰۱۸۸۳۷۰۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Hawting| first=G. R. | authorlink= G.R. Hawting | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD ۶۶۱–۷۵۰ | publisher=Routledge | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۴۰۷۳۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Hedayetullah | first=Muhammad | title=Dynamics of Islam: An Exposition | publisher=Trafford Publishing | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۵۳۶۹۸۴۲۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Holt | first=P. M. |  coauthors=[[Bernard Lewis]] | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. ۱ | year=۱۹۷۷a | publisher=Cambridge University Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۲۹۱۳۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Holt | first=P. M. | coauthors=Ann K. S. Lambton, [[Bernard Lewis]] | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. ۲ | year=۱۹۷۷b | publisher=Cambridge University Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۲۹۱۳۷۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Hourani | first=Albert | authorlink=Albert Hourani | coauthor=[[Malise Ruthven|Ruthven, Malise]] | title=A History of the Arab Peoples | year=۲۰۰۳ | publisher=Belknap Press; Revised edition | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۷۴۰۱۰۱۷۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Humphreys | first=Stephen | title=Between Memory and Desire | year=۲۰۰۵ | publisher=University of California Press | id=ISBN ۰۵۲-۰۲۴۶۹۱۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Kobeisy | first=Ahmed Nezar | title=Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People | publisher=Praeger Publishers | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۳۱۳۳۲۴۷۲۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Koprulu | first=Mehmed Fuad | coauthors=Leiser, Gary | title=The Origins of the Ottoman Empire | publisher=SUNY Press | year=۱۹۹۲ | id=ISBN ۰۷۹۱۴۰۸۱۹۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Kramer | first=Martin | title=Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution | publisher=Westview Press | year=۱۹۸۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۳۳۰۴۵۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Kugle | first=Scott Alan | title=Rebel Between Spirit And Law: Ahmad Zarruq, Sainthood, And Authority in Islam | publisher=Indiana University Press| year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۲۵۳۳۴۷۱۱۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Lapidus| first=Ira | title=A History of Islamic Societies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۲ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۵۲۱۷۷۹۳۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Jews of Islam | publisher=Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul | year=۱۹۸۴ | id=ISBN ۰-۷۱۰۲-۰۴۶۲-۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Arabs in History | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹۲۸-۵۲۵۸-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Middle East | publisher=Scribner | year=۱۹۹۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۸۴۸۳۲۸۰۷}} 
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | edition=۲nd | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۶۹۵۱۸۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East | publisher=Harper Perennial | edition=Reprint | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۶۰۵۱۶۰۵۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror | publisher=Random House, Inc., New York | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۹۶۷۸۵۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Madelung | first=Wilferd | authorlink=Wilferd Madelung | title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۶۴۶۹۶۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Malik| first=Jamal| coauthors=John R Hinnells, Inc NetLibrary | title=Sufism in the West | publisher= Routledge | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۷۴۰۸۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Menski | first=Werner F. | title=Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۸۵۸۵۹۳}}
* {{cite journal | last=Mohammad | first=Noor | title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction | journal=Journal of Law and Religion | volume=۳ | issue=۲ |date=۱۹۸۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Momen | first=Moojan | title=An Introduction to Shi`i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi`ism | publisher=Yale University Press | year=۱۹۸۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۳۰۰۰۳۵۳۱۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Nasr | first=Seyed Muhammad | title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter ۷) | publisher=HarperCollins | year=۱۹۹۴| id=ISBN ۰-۰۶۰۶۷-۷۰۰-۷}}
* {{cite journal | last=Novak | first=David | title=The Mind of Maimonides | journal=[[First Things]] |date=February ۱۹۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Parrinder | first=Geoffrey | authorlink=Geoffrey Parrinder | title=World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present | publisher=Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited | year=۱۹۷۱ | id=ISBN ۰-۸۷۱۹۶-۱۲۹-۶}}
* {{cite journal | last=Patton | first=Walter M. | title=The Doctrine of Freedom in the Korân | journal=The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures |date=April ۱۹۰۰ | volume=۱۶ | issue=۳ | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۱۰۳۱۴۷}}
* {{cite journal | last=Peters | first=F. E. | authorlink=F. E. Peters | title=The Quest for Historical Muhammad | journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |date=۱۹۹۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Peters | first=F. E. | authorlink=F. E. Peters | title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۶۹۱-۱۱۵۵۳-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Peters | first=Rudolph | authorlink=Rudolph Peters | title=Jihad in Medieval and Modern Islam | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۷۷ | id = ISBN ۹۰-۰۴-۰۴۸۵۴-۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Rippin | first=Andrew | authorlink=Andrew Rippin | title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | publisher=Routledge | edition=۲nd | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۲۱۷۸۱۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Ruthven | first=Malise | title=Fundamentalism: The Search for Meaning | publisher= Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | id = ISBN ۰۱-۹۲-۸۰۶۰۶-۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Sahas | first=Daniel J. | title=John of Damascus on Islam: The Heresy of the Ishmaelites | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۹۷ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۰۰۴۰۳۴۹۵۲}}
* {{cite book | last=[[Abdulaziz Sachedina|Sachedina]] | first=Abdulaziz | title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence | publisher=Oxford University Press US | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۱۹۱۵۰}}
* {{cite journal | last=Seibert | first=Robert F. | title=Review: Islam and the West: The Making of an Image (Norman Daniel)| journal=Review of Religious Research |date=۱۹۹۴ | volume=۳۶ | issue=۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Sells | first=Michael Anthony | authorlink=Michael Anthony Sells | coauthors=Emran Qureshi  | title=The New Crusades: Constructing the Muslim Enemy | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰۲۳۱۱۲۶۶۷۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Smith | first=Jane I. | title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۵۶۴۹۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Spencer | first=Robert | title=The Myth of Islamic Tolerance: How Islamic Law Treats Non-Muslims | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۰۲۲۴۹۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Stillman | first=Norman | authorlink=Norman Stillman | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | location=Philadelphia | year=۱۹۷۹ | id=ISBN ۱-۸۲۷۶۰-۱۹۸-۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Tabatabae | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=Seyyed Hossein Nasr (translator) | authorlink=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Shi'ite Islam 
| publisher=Suny press| year=۱۹۷۹ | id=ISBN  ۰-۸۷۳۹۵-۲۷۲-۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Tabatabae | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=R. Campbell (translator) | authorlink=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Islamic teachings: An Overview and a Glance at the Life of the Holy Prophet of Islam | publisher=Green Gold | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۰-۹۲۲۸۱۷-۰۰-۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Teece | first=Geoff | title=Religion in Focus: Islam  | publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۴۹۶۴۷۹۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Tolan | first=John V. | title=Saracens: Islam in the Medieval European Imagination | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=۲۰۰۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Trimingham| first=John Spencer  | title=The Sufi Orders in Islam  | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۸| id=ISBN ۰۱۹۵۱۲۰۵۸۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Tritton | first=Arthur S. | authorlink=Arthur Stanley Tritton| title=The Caliphs and their Non-Muslim Subjects: A Critical Study of the Covenant of Umar | publisher=Frank Cass Publisher | location=London | year=۱۹۷۰ |origyear = ۱۹۳۰ | id=ISBN ۰-۷۱۴۶-۱۹۹۶-۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Turner | first=Colin | title=Islam: the Basics  | publisher=Routledge (UK) | year=۲۰۰۶ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۳۴۱۰۶X}}
* {{cite book | last=Turner | first=Bryan S. | title=Weber and Islam | publisher=Routledge (UK) | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۱۷۴۵۸۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Waines | first=David | title=An Introduction to Islam | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۰۵۲۱۵۳۹۰۶۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Warraq | first=Ibn | title=The Quest for Historical Muhammad | publisher=Prometheus | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۷۳۹۲۷۸۷۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Warraq | first=Ibn | title=Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out | publisher=Prometheus | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۱-۵۹۱۰۲-۰۶۸-۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | authorlink=William Montgomery Watt | title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought | publisher=University Press Edinburgh|  year=۱۹۷۳ | id=ISBN ۰-۸۵-۲۲۴۲۵۴-X}}
* {{cite book | last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | authorlink=William Montgomery Watt | title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman | publisher=Oxford University Press | edition=New | year=۱۹۷۴ | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۸۸۱۰۷۸-۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Weiss | first=Bernard G. | title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory | year=۲۰۰۲ | location=Boston | publisher=Brill Academic publishers | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۱۲۰۶۶۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Williams | first=John Alden | title=The Word of Islam | year=۱۹۹۴ | publisher=University of Texas Press | id=ISBN ۰-۲۹۲-۷۹۰۷۶-۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Williams | first=Mary E. | title=The Middle East | year=۲۰۰۰ | publisher=Greenhaven Pr | id=ISBN ۰۷۳۷۷۰۱۳۳۱}}

;Encyclopedias
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=William H. McNeill, Jerry H. Bentley, David Christian | encyclopedia=Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History | publisher=Berkshire Publishing Group | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۹۷۴۳۰۹۱۰۱}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Gabriel Oussani | encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]] | year=۱۹۱۰}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Paul Lagasse, Lora Goldman, Archie Hobson, Susan R. Norton | encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia | publisher=Gale Group | year=۲۰۰۰ | edition=۶th | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۳۳۹۲۳۶۹}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online|Encyclopaedia Britannica Online]] | publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Erwin Fahlbusch, William Geoffrey Bromiley | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Eerdmans Publishing Company, and Brill| year=۲۰۰۱ | edition=۱st| id=ISBN ۰-۸۰۲۸-۲۴۱۴-۵}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=John Bowden | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۱st | id=ISBN ۰-۱۹-۵۲۲۳۹۳-۴}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=George Thomas Kurian, Graham T. T. Molitor | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Future | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۱۹۹۵ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۹۷۲۰۵۳}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | id=ISSN ۱۵۷۳-۳۹۱۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Richard C. Martin, Said Amir Arjomand, Marcia Hermansen, Abdulkader Tayob, Rochelle Davis, John Obert Voll | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۶۵۶۰۳۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Lindsay Jones | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=۲۰۰۵ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۰۲۸۶۵۷۳۳۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Salamone Frank | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals | publisher=Routledge | edition=۱st | year=۲۰۰۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۹۴۱۸۰۸}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Peter N. Stearns | edition=۶th | year=۲۰۰۰ | encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of World History Online | publisher=Bartleby}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=[[Josef W. Meri]] | encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia | publisher=[[Routledge]] | year=۲۰۰۵ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱-۵۹۶۶۹۰۶}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=[[Wendy Doniger]] | encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions | publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۰۸۷-۷۷۹۰۴۴۲}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Glasse Cyril | encyclopedia=New Encyclopedia of Islam: A Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam | | publisher=AltaMira Press | year=۲۰۰۳ | id=ISSN ۹۷۸-۰۷۵۹۱۰۱۹۰۶}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Edward Craig | encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy | publisher=Routledge | year=۱۹۹۸ | edition=۱st| id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۴۱۵۰۷۳۱۰۳}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== نورې لوستنې ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* {{cite book | last=Arberry | first=A. J. | authorlink=A. J. Arberry | title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation | publisher=Touchstone | edition=۱st | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۶۸۴۸۲۵۰۷۶}}
* {{cite book | last=Hawting | first=Gerald R. | authorlink=Gerald R. Hawting | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyard Caliphate AD ۶۶۱–۷۵۰ | publisher=Routledge | year=۲۰۰۰ | id=ISBN ۰۴۱۵۲۴۰۷۲۷}}
* {{cite book | last=Khan | first=Muhammad Muhsin | authorlink=Muhammad Muhsin Khan | coauthors=Al-Hilali Khan, Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din | title=Noble Quran | year=۱۹۹۹ | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | edition=۱st | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۹۶۰۷۴۰۷۹۹}}
* {{cite book | last=Kramer (ed.) | first=Martin | authorlink=Martin Kramer | title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis | publisher=Syracuse University | year=۱۹۹۹ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۹۶۵۲۲۴۰۴۰۸}}
* {{cite book | last=Kuban | first=Dogan | title=Muslim Religious Architecture | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=۱۹۷۴ | id=ISBN ۹۰۰۴۰۳۸۱۳۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | year=۱۹۹۳ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۸۱۲۶۹۲۱۷۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Islam and the West | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۴ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۰۹۰۶۱۱}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis | title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=۱۹۹۶ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۱۹۵۱۰۲۸۳۳}}
* {{cite book | last=Mubarkpuri | first=Saifur-Rahman | title=[[The Sealed Nectar]]: Biography of the Prophet | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=۲۰۰۲ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۴۴۰۷۱۰}}
* {{cite book | last=Najeebabadi | first=Akbar Shah | title=History of Islam | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=۲۰۰۱ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۱۵۹۱۴۴۰۳۴۵}}
* {{cite book | last=Nigosian | first=S. A. | title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=۲۰۰۴ | edition=New Edition | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۲۵۳۲۱۶۲۷۴}}
* {{cite book | last=Rahman | first=Fazlur | authorlink=Fazlur Rahman | title=Islam | publisher=University of Chicago Press | year=۱۹۷۹ | edition=۲nd | id=ISBN ۰-۲۲۶-۷۰۲۸۱-۲}}
* {{cite book | last=Walker | first=Benjamin | authorlink=Benjamin Walker | title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith | publisher=Peter Owen Publishers | year=۱۹۹۸ | id=ISBN ۹۷۸-۰۷۲۰۶۱۰۳۸۳}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== باندنۍ تړنې ==

;اکاډميکې سرچينې
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* [http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/ د سويلي كاليفورنيا پوهنتون: د اسلامی لیکنو لندیز] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213011952/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/ |date=2007-12-13 }}
* [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/ د اسلام پوهنغونډ (د نړۍ د مذهبونو مخليدنه)]
* [http://arabworld.nitle.org/introduction.php?module_id=2 د اسلام اړونده څپرکی] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225105128/http://arabworld.nitle.org/introduction.php?module_id=2 |date=2008-02-25 }} د [[NITLE]] څخه د عربي فرهنگ او تمدن پرليکه سرچينې
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105852/Islam اسلام], ''د بريټانيکا پرليکه پوهنغونډ'' ليکنه

&lt;/div&gt;   
;ټولگې
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* اسلام په [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/euroislam.htmlلویدیزه اروپا], [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/UKIslam.html انگلستان ], [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/DIslam.html جرمنی] او [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~mriexin/sasislam.html سویلی اسیا]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Islam_%28Bookshelf%29 Islam (Bookshelf)] at [[Project Gutenberg]]
;Islam - text, audio and video
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.ikre-bismi-rabbike.net/kuran.php Kur'an audio (recordings of many Qur'an recitals)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418011817/http://www.ikre-bismi-rabbike.net/kuran.php |date=2008-04-18 }}
* [http://www.guidedways.com/quranreciter/ Qur'an audio and reading material in numerous languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218182412/http://www.guidedways.com/quranreciter/ |date=2008-02-18 }}

&lt;/div&gt;
;اسلام او هنرونه
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/ پر اسلام د بي بي سي فوکس]
* [http://www.lacma.org/islamic_art/intro.htm Islamic Art at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308091248/http://www.lacma.org/islamic_art/intro.htm |date=2008-03-08 }}
* [http://www.muslimheritage.com/ Muslim Heritage] (Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation, UK)
* [http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/ Islamic Architecture (IAORG)] illustrated descriptions and reviews of a large number of mosques, palaces, and monuments.
&lt;/div&gt;

{{ اسلامي سرلیکونه}}

[[وېشنيزه:اسلام| ]]
[[وېشنيزه:توحید]]
[[وېشنيزه:خدای پیژندنه]]</text>
      <sha1>4wxxp6gheu3vi997r84vtmx9cu9qzcj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>امير حمزه شينواری</title>
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'''امير حمزه خان شينواری''' ([[زوکړه]] ١٩٠٧ ز [[کال]]، [[مړینه]] د ۱۹۹۴ ز کال [[فبروري]]) (په انگرېزي: ''Amir Hamza Shinwari'') يو [[پښتون]] [[شاعر]]، [[ليکوال]]، [[فلم جوړونکی]]، او د [[راډيو]] وياند وو. هغه د تصوف د لارې لاروی وو او په دې ډگر کې يې هم کتابونه خپاره شوي دي. په [[شعر]] او ادب کې د ځانگړي سبک له کبله د [[پښتو]] د [[غزل]] پلار بلل کېږي.

== مخينه ==
امير حمزه شينوارى پر ۱۹۰۷ ز کال د [[لنډي کوتل]] د خوږه خېل يا خوزه خېل نومي کلي کې د ملک مير باز خان په کور کې زېږېدلی دی. نوموړی په قبيله شينواری او په شينوارو کې اشرف خېل وو. 

== زده کړې ==
لومړنۍ زده کړې يې د لواړگي (د لنډي کوتل پخوانی نوم دی) په ښوونځي کې ترسره کړې، خو ويل کېږي چې د ده په يوه وړوکې خطا يې استاد ده ته دومره سزا ورکړه چې د ده زړه د مدرسې نه تور شو او له همدې لامله يې [[مدرسه]] پرېښوده. دی د اتو کالو وو چې په اسلاميه کالجېټ ښوونځي کې د زده کوونکي په توگه ومنل شو. ښوونځي ته به لکه د نورو ماشومانو په څېر ته راته او ازموينې يې هم په برياليتوب سره سر ته رسولې، خو له درسونو سره يې دومره مينه نه درلوده. د ښوونځي نه د زړه ماتی يادونه يې په يو شعر کې هم کړې او ويل يې چې د ښوونځي دا ټلۍ راباندې داسې لگي لکه د اسرافيل د شپېلۍ غږ. هغه وو چې په نهم ټولگي کې يې دا ښوونځی هم پرېښود. که څه هم حمزه بابا خپل سبق په نهم ټولگي کې نيمگړی پرايښی وو، خو د هغه پوهه او مطالعه ډېره وه او ارواښاد داسې کلامونه ليکلي چې هر يو يې ځانگړې [[فلسفه]] لري. د يادولو وړ خبره دا ده چې د بابا په کلام د [[پېښور پوهنتون]] پروفېسر [[قابل جان]] خپل د دوکتورا تيزس ليکلی دی.

== د حمزه بابا ژوند ==
د دود له مخې يې په کم عمرۍ کې واده وکړ او [[مراد شينواری]] يې چې د ازاد نظم باني گڼل ګېږي نازولی زوی دی.

== دندې او کارونه ==
ارواښاد حمزه په عملي [[ژوند]] کې د پښو ايښودلو سره سم په [[تورخم]] پاسپورټي دفتر کې نوکر شو. په دې وخت کې دده پلار د [[لنډي کوتل]] او تورخم تر مېنځ د اورگاډو پر ليکو د ټيکو کار کاوه او حمزه به هم کله نا کله د مرستې لپاره ورته. نوموړی بيا وروسته پخپله هم په اورگاډو کې نوکر شو. وايي چې دا نوکري به يې ډېره په ايماندارۍ کوله. حمزه شيتواري له فن او [[هنر]] سره هم بې کچې مينه درلوده او د اورگاډي دغه نوکرۍ د [[هندوستان]] په گوټ گوټ وگرځاوه او همداسې تر بمبی پورې ورسېد. بمبی د ډېر پخوا نه د هندوستان د فلمونو مرکز پاتې وو. هغه مهال چې نوموړی بمبي کې وو نو ده ته هم په فلمونو کې د کار موقع په لاس ورغله، چې ده د خدايه غوښته. څنگه چې پخوا بې غږه فلمونه ول نو حمزه بابا هم پر ١٩٤٠ زېږيز کال په دغو بې غږه فلمونو کې لوبگري وکړه، او په هغه ورځ يې خو لکه د زړه ارمان چې پوره شوی وي. د سلما اغا نيکه رفيق غزنوي پر ١٩٤١ زېږيز کال د لومړني پښتو فلم [[ليلا مجنون]] د کيسې، سندرو او ډيالوگونو د جوړولو وړانديز ورته وکړ او په دې توگه په [[پښتو]] ژبه کې د لومړني فلم د جوړولو وياړ هم د هغه په نصيب شو. حمزه بابا ته د دغه فلم د جوړولو لپاره ٢٥٠ روپۍ د معاوضې په توگه ورکړل شوې. تر دې وروسته د [[يوسف خان او شېربانو]] فلم هم جوړ شو او بيا يې د پېغلې او علاقه غېر غوندې د فلمونو کيسې هم وليکلې.

== پښتو ادب ته مخه ==
[[دوتنه:اصيل پښتانه عالمان.jpg|بټنوک|کيڼ|پدغه انځور کې امير حمزه شينواری ۲۶ کس دی]]
داسې مالومېږي چې حمزه شينواري د ډېر ماشومتوب نه په شعر ليکلو پيل کړی وي. کله چې هغه په پېنځم ټولگي کې وو نو (د [[پښټو اکېډمي (پېښور)|پښتو اکېډمۍ]] بنسټ ايښودونکی او لارښود) ارواښاد [[مولانا عبدالقادر]] په اتم ټولگي کې وو. داسې ويل کېږي چې په هماغه وخت کې به حمزه شينواري خپل شعرونه مولانا صيب ته د سمولو لپاره ښودل. په دغه وخت کې به حمزه بابا په اردو [[ژبه]] شاعري کوله او د اردو شاعرانو لکه [[میرزا غالب]] او [[علامه اقبال]] نه ډېر متاثره وو. په پښتو ادب کې د حمزه بابا شاعري ځانگړی لوړ څای لري. د هغه شاعري د زړې او نوې شاعرۍ يوه گډوله گڼل کېږي. هغه د پښتو شعر دوديزه زړه کلاسيکه لار خپله کړې او بيا يې په يوه نوي روح ورکولو سره گډه کړې ده. په دې ډول ارواښاد حمزه پښتو غزل کې نوي اندونه او نظرونه وړاندې کړي او د خپل وخت د پښتو غزل دوران يې بشپړېدو پورې رسولی، ځکه خو ورته د پښتو غزل د بابا لقب ورکړ شوی. شاعر حمزه څه دپاسه ١٣٠٠ غزلې ليکلې او کليات يې په څلورو ټوکو کې خپاره شوي دي. د حمزه شينواري د شخصيت رڼا يوازې په غزل پورې محدوده نه ده. د هغه په نظم پښتو ژبه تل دننگه غاړه گرځي. حمزه شينواري تر ٢٠٠ زياتې نندارې (ډرامې) ليکلې دي، چې ډېری يې [[د پېښور راډيو]] لخوا خپرې شوې دي. ارواښاد په بېلابېلو ورځپاڼو او مهالنيو کې بېلابېلې څېړنيزې ليکنې کړې، ډېرې منظومې او نثري ترجمې يې هم کړي دي، لکه د اقبالياتو او په دې وروستيو تېرو کلونو کې يې د نهجل البلاغه په نوم د ژباړې يو کتاب، چې د علي رضي الله تعالی عنه تقريرونه او ليکونه دي، چاپ شوی دی. حمزه شينواري تر شلو ډېر پښتو کتابونه او د لسو په شاوخوا کې په اردو ژبه کتابونه ليکلي دي.

== [[تصوف]] ته مخه ==
امير حمزه شينواری پر ١٩٣٠ زېږيز کال تصوف ته مخه کړه او پخپله به يې په دې اړه داسې ويل چې حېرت آباد ته په دغه عشره کښې راغلی وم، يانې پخپله نه وم راغلی ورته راښکلی شوی وم؛ خو چې راغلم نو داسې وو لکه چې ما خپله ورکه لار بيا موندلې وي. حمزه صاحب د چشتي طريقت لاروی وو. نوموړی په دغه وخت کې [[اجمير شريف]] ته هم تللی وو او د تصوف خوندونه يې ليدلي ول. د تصوف د مکتب پير يې [[سيد عبدالستار شاه]] وو او همدغه شاه صيب حمزه بابا ته د اردو په ځای په پښتو کې د شاعرۍ مشوره ورکړې وه. شاه صيب پر ١٩٥٣ په حق ورسېد او حمزه بابا يې يادونه پر ١٩٦٩ ز کال د [[تذکره ستاريه]] په نوم په اردو ژبه چاپ کړي ول. حمزه ډېره ادبي مطالعه درلوده او د ادبياتو د يو [[پوهنغونډ]] په شان وو. نوموړي د [[عبدالرحمان مومند|رحمن بابا]] ديوان پر ١٩٣٥ زېږيز کال اردو ژبې ته وژباړه. پر ١٩٣٧ ز کال پښتو ادبي ټولنه (بزم ادب پېښور) د شاه صيب د سيوري لاندې جوړه شوه او د [[سيد راحت الله زاخېلي|راحت زاخېلي]]، [[قلندر مومند]] او حمزه بابا په شان ډېر غمي د همدې ټولنې غړي او مشران پاتي شوي nD. دا په راپورې پښتونخوا کې لومړنۍ ادبي [[ټولنه]] وه. دوی به ځای ځای په ښوونځيو او پوهنځيو کې مشاعرې کولې، په دې ډول به يې د ژبې او ادب خدمتونه کول. په دغه ټولنه کې ډېر ښه شاعران او اديبان روزل کېدل. داسې مشاعرې به د رحمن بابا پر ارامځای هم کېدلې. حمزه شينواري لومړي ځل پر ١٩٤٠ زېږيز کال د خپل يو غزل په اورولو سره د غزل د بابا لقب خپل کړ. د هماغه غزل يو بيت يې داسې دی:
&lt;center&gt;
{{شعر}}
{{ب|تورې سترگې مې د يار زړه ته په ځير دي|بــيــا حــبــشــو پــه کــعـبــې تـړلــی لام دی}}
{{دشعرپای}}&lt;/center&gt;

د [[پاکستان]] حکومت هم د حمزه شينواري د مړينې وروسته هغه ته د هغه د کارونو په پايله کې د ‘ کړنو ولسمشريز وياړ’ جايزه ورکړه، او پښتو ته د چوپړ په پايله کې د پښتونخوا حکومت په لنډي کوتل کې د حمزه بابا په نامه يو کلتوري موزيم پرانيست.

== د حمزه بابا فلسفه ==

== چاپ شوي اثار يې ==
۱- د زړه آواز. 
 
۲- يون. 
 
۳- بهير. 

۴- پري وونی. 

۵- سپرلی په آينه کې. 

۶- د خيبر وږمې. 

۷- ژوند او يون. 

۸- د کابل سفرنامه. 

۹- د حجاز په لور. 

۱۰- د ليلا مجنون فلم او د فلم کيسه. 

۱۱- مږې څپې. 

۱۲- د [[کارل مارکس]] اصول د عقل په نظر. 

۱۳- د حمزه [[ژوندليک]]. 

۱۴- غزونې. 

۱۵- تجليات. 

۱۶- د [[خوشال خان خټک|خوشال بابا]] يو شعر. 

۱۷- تذکرة الستارية. 

۱۸- انساني رڼا او پوهه. 

۱۹- د حمزه ليکونه. 

۲۰- غزليات (اردو). 

۲۱- انسان او زنده گي. 

۲۲- د [[رحمان بابا]] د ديوان ژباړه په اردو نظم. 

۲۳- د علامه اقبال د جاوېد نامې منظومه ژباړه. 

۲۴- د ارمغان حجاز منظومه ژباړه. 

۲۵- پټهان اور توهمات. 

۲۶- قبايل کې رسم او رواج. 

۲۷- ژور فکرونه. 

۲۸- ډرامې. 

۲۹- د حمزه کليات (پېنځه ټوکه). 

== انځورتون ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
دوتنه:Hamzababaa.jpg|امير حمزه شينواری
دوتنه:Hamza-Shinwarai.jpg|حمزه شينواری
دوتنه:HamzaShinwarai.JPG|حمزه شينواری
دوتنه:Hamzababa1.JPG|حمزه شينواری
دوتنه:Hamzababa.jpg|حمزه شينواری
دوتنه:HamzaShinwarai.PNG|حمزه شينواری
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== سرچينې ==
* د آريانا دايرة المعارف - لومړی ټوک

== باندنۍ تړنې ==
* [http://ps.poems.wikia.com/index.php?title=%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87:%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%87_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1 په ويکي شعرونه کې د امير حمزه شينواري شعرونه]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}


[[وېشنيزه: پښتانه شاعران]]
[[وېشنيزه: پښتانه ليکوال]] 
[[وېشنيزه: افغاني ليکوال]] 
[[وېشنيزه: پښتانه]] 
[[وېشنيزه: افغانان]]</text>
      <sha1>gtk2bwogj25ac2vgj503junoodtrmth</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>364175</id>
      <parentid>364174</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-22T05:45:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kwamikagami</username>
        <id>14368</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>364175</origin>
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      <text bytes="12755" sha1="5ac98v4iobrch5gk0d7anysxn853b5q" xml:space="preserve">[[دوتنه:امير حمزه شينواری.jpg|upright|بټنوک|کيڼ|امير حمزه شينواری]]
'''امير حمزه خان شينواری''' ([[زوکړه]] ١٩٠٧ ز [[کال]]، [[مړینه]] د ۱۹۹۴ ز کال [[فبروري]]) (په انگرېزي: ''Amir Hamza Shinwari'') يو [[پښتون]] [[شاعر]]، [[ليکوال]]، [[فلم جوړونکی]]، او د [[راډيو]] وياند وو. هغه د تصوف د لارې لاروی وو او په دې ډگر کې يې هم کتابونه خپاره شوي دي. په [[شعر]] او ادب کې د ځانگړي سبک له کبله د [[پښتو]] د [[غزل]] پلار بلل کېږي.

== مخينه ==
امير حمزه شينوارى پر ۱۹۰۷ ز کال د [[لنډي کوتل]] د خوږه خېل يا خوزه خېل نومي کلي کې د ملک مير باز خان په کور کې زېږېدلی دی. نوموړی په قبيله شينواری او په شينوارو کې اشرف خېل وو. 

== زده کړې ==
لومړنۍ زده کړې يې د لواړگي (د لنډي کوتل پخوانی نوم دی) په ښوونځي کې ترسره کړې، خو ويل کېږي چې د ده په يوه وړوکې خطا يې استاد ده ته دومره سزا ورکړه چې د ده زړه د مدرسې نه تور شو او له همدې لامله يې [[مدرسه]] پرېښوده. دی د اتو کالو وو چې په اسلاميه کالجېټ ښوونځي کې د زده کوونکي په توگه ومنل شو. ښوونځي ته به لکه د نورو ماشومانو په څېر ته راته او ازموينې يې هم په برياليتوب سره سر ته رسولې، خو له درسونو سره يې دومره مينه نه درلوده. د ښوونځي نه د زړه ماتی يادونه يې په يو شعر کې هم کړې او ويل يې چې د ښوونځي دا ټلۍ راباندې داسې لگي لکه د اسرافيل د شپېلۍ غږ. هغه وو چې په نهم ټولگي کې يې دا ښوونځی هم پرېښود. که څه هم حمزه بابا خپل سبق په نهم ټولگي کې نيمگړی پرايښی وو، خو د هغه پوهه او مطالعه ډېره وه او ارواښاد داسې کلامونه ليکلي چې هر يو يې ځانگړې [[فلسفه]] لري. د يادولو وړ خبره دا ده چې د بابا په کلام د [[پېښور پوهنتون]] پروفېسر [[قابل جان]] خپل د دوکتورا تيزس ليکلی دی.

== د حمزه بابا ژوند ==
د دود له مخې يې په کم عمرۍ کې واده وکړ او [[مراد شينواری]] يې چې د ازاد نظم باني گڼل ګېږي نازولی زوی دی.

== دندې او کارونه ==
ارواښاد حمزه په عملي [[ژوند]] کې د پښو ايښودلو سره سم په [[تورخم]] پاسپورټي دفتر کې نوکر شو. په دې وخت کې دده پلار د [[لنډي کوتل]] او تورخم تر مېنځ د اورگاډو پر ليکو د ټيکو کار کاوه او حمزه به هم کله نا کله د مرستې لپاره ورته. نوموړی بيا وروسته پخپله هم په اورگاډو کې نوکر شو. وايي چې دا نوکري به يې ډېره په ايماندارۍ کوله. حمزه شيتواري له فن او [[هنر]] سره هم بې کچې مينه درلوده او د اورگاډي دغه نوکرۍ د [[هندوستان]] په گوټ گوټ وگرځاوه او همداسې تر بمبی پورې ورسېد. بمبی د ډېر پخوا نه د هندوستان د فلمونو مرکز پاتې وو. هغه مهال چې نوموړی بمبي کې وو نو ده ته هم په فلمونو کې د کار موقع په لاس ورغله، چې ده د خدايه غوښته. څنگه چې پخوا بې غږه فلمونه ول نو حمزه بابا هم پر ١٩٤٠ زېږيز کال په دغو بې غږه فلمونو کې لوبگري وکړه، او په هغه ورځ يې خو لکه د زړه ارمان چې پوره شوی وي. د سلما اغا نيکه رفيق غزنوي پر ١٩٤١ زېږيز کال د لومړني پښتو فلم [[ليلا مجنون]] د کيسې، سندرو او ډيالوگونو د جوړولو وړانديز ورته وکړ او په دې توگه په [[پښتو]] ژبه کې د لومړني فلم د جوړولو وياړ هم د هغه په نصيب شو. حمزه بابا ته د دغه فلم د جوړولو لپاره ٢٥٠ روپۍ د معاوضې په توگه ورکړل شوې. تر دې وروسته د [[يوسف خان او شېربانو]] فلم هم جوړ شو او بيا يې د پېغلې او علاقه غېر غوندې د فلمونو کيسې هم وليکلې.

== پښتو ادب ته مخه ==
[[دوتنه:اصيل پښتانه عالمان.jpg|بټنوک|کيڼ|پدغه انځور کې امير حمزه شينواری ۲۶ کس دی]]
داسې مالومېږي چې حمزه شينواري د ډېر ماشومتوب نه په شعر ليکلو پيل کړی وي. کله چې هغه په پېنځم ټولگي کې وو نو (د [[پښټو اکېډمي (پېښور)|پښتو اکېډمۍ]] بنسټ ايښودونکی او لارښود) ارواښاد [[مولانا عبدالقادر]] په اتم ټولگي کې وو. داسې ويل کېږي چې په هماغه وخت کې به حمزه شينواري خپل شعرونه مولانا صيب ته د سمولو لپاره ښودل. په دغه وخت کې به حمزه بابا په اردو [[ژبه]] شاعري کوله او د اردو شاعرانو لکه [[میرزا غالب]] او [[علامه اقبال]] نه ډېر متاثره وو. په پښتو ادب کې د حمزه بابا شاعري ځانگړی لوړ څای لري. د هغه شاعري د زړې او نوې شاعرۍ يوه گډوله گڼل کېږي. هغه د پښتو شعر دوديزه زړه کلاسيکه لار خپله کړې او بيا يې په يوه نوي روح ورکولو سره گډه کړې ده. په دې ډول ارواښاد حمزه پښتو غزل کې نوي اندونه او نظرونه وړاندې کړي او د خپل وخت د پښتو غزل دوران يې بشپړېدو پورې رسولی، ځکه خو ورته د پښتو غزل د بابا لقب ورکړ شوی. شاعر حمزه څه دپاسه ١٣٠٠ غزلې ليکلې او کليات يې په څلورو ټوکو کې خپاره شوي دي. د حمزه شينواري د شخصيت رڼا يوازې په غزل پورې محدوده نه ده. د هغه په نظم پښتو ژبه تل دننگه غاړه گرځي. حمزه شينواري تر ٢٠٠ زياتې نندارې (ډرامې) ليکلې دي، چې ډېری يې [[د پېښور راډيو]] لخوا خپرې شوې دي. ارواښاد په بېلابېلو ورځپاڼو او مهالنيو کې بېلابېلې څېړنيزې ليکنې کړې، ډېرې منظومې او نثري ترجمې يې هم کړي دي، لکه د اقبالياتو او په دې وروستيو تېرو کلونو کې يې د نهجل البلاغه په نوم د ژباړې يو کتاب، چې د علي رضي الله تعالی عنه تقريرونه او ليکونه دي، چاپ شوی دی. حمزه شينواري تر شلو ډېر پښتو کتابونه او د لسو په شاوخوا کې په اردو ژبه کتابونه ليکلي دي.

== [[تصوف]] ته مخه ==
امير حمزه شينواری پر ١٩٣٠ زېږيز کال تصوف ته مخه کړه او پخپله به يې په دې اړه داسې ويل چې حېرت آباد ته په دغه عشره کښې راغلی وم، يانې پخپله نه وم راغلی ورته راښکلی شوی وم؛ خو چې راغلم نو داسې وو لکه چې ما خپله ورکه لار بيا موندلې وي. حمزه صاحب د چشتي طريقت لاروی وو. نوموړی په دغه وخت کې [[اجمير شريف]] ته هم تللی وو او د تصوف خوندونه يې ليدلي ول. د تصوف د مکتب پير يې [[سيد عبدالستار شاه]] وو او همدغه شاه صيب حمزه بابا ته د اردو په ځای په پښتو کې د شاعرۍ مشوره ورکړې وه. شاه صيب پر ١٩٥٣ په حق ورسېد او حمزه بابا يې يادونه پر ١٩٦٩ ز کال د [[تذکره ستاريه]] په نوم په اردو ژبه چاپ کړي ول. حمزه ډېره ادبي مطالعه درلوده او د ادبياتو د يو [[پوهنغونډ]] په شان وو. نوموړي د [[عبدالرحمان مومند|رحمن بابا]] ديوان پر ١٩٣٥ زېږيز کال اردو ژبې ته وژباړه. پر ١٩٣٧ ز کال پښتو ادبي ټولنه (بزم ادب پېښور) د شاه صيب د سيوري لاندې جوړه شوه او د [[سيد راحت الله زاخېلي|راحت زاخېلي]]، [[قلندر مومند]] او حمزه بابا په شان ډېر غمي د همدې ټولنې غړي او مشران پاتي شوي nD. دا په راپورې پښتونخوا کې لومړنۍ ادبي [[ټولنه]] وه. دوی به ځای ځای په ښوونځيو او پوهنځيو کې مشاعرې کولې، په دې ډول به يې د ژبې او ادب خدمتونه کول. په دغه ټولنه کې ډېر ښه شاعران او اديبان روزل کېدل. داسې مشاعرې به د رحمن بابا پر ارامځای هم کېدلې. حمزه شينواري لومړي ځل پر ١٩٤٠ زېږيز کال د خپل يو غزل په اورولو سره د غزل د بابا لقب خپل کړ. د هماغه غزل يو بيت يې داسې دی:
&lt;center&gt;
{{شعر}}
{{ب|تورې سترگې مې د يار زړه ته په ځير دي|بــيــا حــبــشــو پــه کــعـبــې تـړلــی لام دی}}
{{دشعرپای}}&lt;/center&gt;

د [[پاکستان]] حکومت هم د حمزه شينواري د مړينې وروسته هغه ته د هغه د کارونو په پايله کې د ‘ کړنو ولسمشريز وياړ’ جايزه ورکړه، او پښتو ته د چوپړ په پايله کې د پښتونخوا حکومت په لنډي کوتل کې د حمزه بابا په نامه يو کلتوري موزيم پرانيست.

== د حمزه بابا فلسفه ==

== چاپ شوي اثار يې ==
۱- د زړه آواز. 
 
۲- يون. 
 
۳- بهير. 

۴- پري وونی. 

۵- سپرلی په آينه کې. 

۶- د خيبر وږمې. 

۷- ژوند او يون. 

۸- د کابل سفرنامه. 

۹- د حجاز په لور. 

۱۰- د ليلا مجنون فلم او د فلم کيسه. 

۱۱- مږې څپې. 

۱۲- د [[کارل مارکس]] اصول د عقل په نظر. 

۱۳- د حمزه [[ژوندليک]]. 

۱۴- غزونې. 

۱۵- تجليات. 

۱۶- د [[خوشال خان خټک|خوشال بابا]] يو شعر. 

۱۷- تذکرة الستارية. 

۱۸- انساني رڼا او پوهه. 

۱۹- د حمزه ليکونه. 

۲۰- غزليات (اردو). 

۲۱- انسان او زنده گي. 

۲۲- د [[رحمان بابا]] د ديوان ژباړه په اردو نظم. 

۲۳- د علامه اقبال د جاوېد نامې منظومه ژباړه. 

۲۴- د ارمغان حجاز منظومه ژباړه. 

۲۵- پټهان اور توهمات. 

۲۶- قبايل کې رسم او رواج. 

۲۷- ژور فکرونه. 

۲۸- ډرامې. 

۲۹- د حمزه کليات (پېنځه ټوکه). 

== انځورتون ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
دوتنه:Hamzababaa.jpg|امير حمزه شينواری
دوتنه:Hamza-Shinwarai.jpg|حمزه شينواری
دوتنه:HamzaShinwarai.JPG|حمزه شينواری
دوتنه:Hamzababa1.JPG|حمزه شينواری
دوتنه:Hamzababa.jpg|حمزه شينواری
دوتنه:HamzaShinwarai.PNG|حمزه شينواری
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== سرچينې ==
* د آريانا دايرة المعارف - لومړی ټوک

== باندنۍ تړنې ==
* [http://ps.poems.wikia.com/index.php?title=%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87:%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%87_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1 په ويکي شعرونه کې د امير حمزه شينواري شعرونه]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}


[[وېشنيزه: پښتانه شاعران]]
[[وېشنيزه: پښتانه ليکوال]] 
[[وېشنيزه: افغاني ليکوال]] 
[[وېشنيزه: پښتانه]] 
[[وېشنيزه: افغانان]]</text>
      <sha1>5ac98v4iobrch5gk0d7anysxn853b5q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>امام الدين جمعه دين</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9149</id>
    <revision>
      <id>364173</id>
      <parentid>190524</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-22T05:44:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kwamikagami</username>
        <id>14368</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>364173</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1231" sha1="akyk8r6ni816x7umajyukidgdzyqpjo" xml:space="preserve">[[دوتنه:امام الدين جمعه دين.png|بټنوک|upright|left|جنرال امام الدين جمعه الدين]]

'''امام الدين جمعه الدين''' د افغانستان يو پخوانی پوځي جنرال دی. نوموړی د خلق او پرچم د گوند هغه غړی ؤ چې د غويي ۷، ۱۳۵۷ کال کې د افغانستان په لومړني ولسمشر [[سردار محمد داود خان]] باندې د خلقي پرچمي کودتا په ترڅ کې يې فعاله ونډه درلوده. نوموړي د غويي د کودتا په مهال د خپلو گوندي مشرانو نه د قوماندې د ترلاسه کولو وروسته، د هماغه وخت په ولسمشر سردار محمد داؤد باندې ډزې وکړې&lt;ref&gt;[http://www1.nrk.no/nett-tv/klipp/549221 د ناروې ملي ټلويزون مستند فلم]&lt;/ref&gt; چې د همدې ډزو په ترڅ کې نوموړی او د هغه د کورنۍ غړي شهيدان شول.
== زده کړې ==
== سياسي مخينه ==
== ناروې ته تېښته ==

==سرچينې==
&lt;references/&gt;‎

[[وېشنيزه:د خلقي پرچمي کودتا غړي]]
[[وېشنيزه:افغان جنرالان]]</text>
      <sha1>akyk8r6ni816x7umajyukidgdzyqpjo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>د افغانستان ولسوالۍ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9440</id>
    <revision>
      <id>364152</id>
      <parentid>363973</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-22T04:51:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>161</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Ghor_districts.png with [[File:Districts_of_Ghor_as_of_January_2004.png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · The map, dated January</comment>
      <origin>364152</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="37224" sha1="bhqvfu7t3agww9tzn83639fspn4vfga" xml:space="preserve">{{مالومات}}
[[انځور:Blank map of Afghanistan districts.svg|300px|بټنوک|د افغانستان ولسوالۍ.]]

د [[د افغانستان ولايتونه|افغانستان ولايتونه]] په ''ولسواليو'' وېشل شوي. په دې وروستيو کالونو کې د افغانستان د ولسواليو شمېر هم زياتې شوي او نوې ولسوالۍ له پخوانيو ولسواليو رابېلې شوي او يا هم د پخوانيو ولسواليو برخې گرځېدلي. د ۱۹۷۹ ز. کال نه دمخه په افغانستان کې ټولټال ۳۲۵ ولسوالۍ وې. د ولسواليو همدا شمېر په ۲۰۰۴ ز. کال کې ۳۲۹ ته ورسېد، خو په ۲۰۰۵ ز. کال کې د يوې سترې بياانتظامي چارې له مخې د افغانستان د ټولو ولسواليو شمېر ۳۹۷ ته ور پورته شو او همدا راز د ۲۰۰۵ ز. کال د جون په مياشت کې د افغانستان د کورنيو چارو وزارت لخوا ۳۹۸ ولسوالۍ چې د افغانستان په ۳۴ ولايتونو کې دي په رسمي توگه وپېژندل شوې.خو په دغه آخرو وختونو کې د افغانستان 408 ته رسیدلي .
په ولسواليو کې شینډنډ له هغو ولسوالیو ده چې د افغانستان څو ولایتو نه یې هم نفوس ډیر ده او هم د مساحت له مخې لویه ده.
دلته لاندې د ولايتونو له مخې د افغانستان د ولسواليو لړليک ليکل شوی:

==شمالي افغانستان==
===شمال ختيځ افغانستان===
====[[د بدخشان ولايت]]====
[[انځور:Badakhshan districts Pashto.png|300px|بټنوک|کيڼ|د بدخشان ولسوالۍ.]]
* [[د ارغنجخواه ولسوالۍ|ارغنجخواه]] - پخوا د '''فيض آباد ولسوالۍ''' يوه برخه وه
* [[ارگو ولسوالۍ|ارگو]] - پخوا د '''فيض آباد ولسوالۍ''' يوه برخه وه
* [[د اشکاشم ولسوالۍ|اشکاشم]]
* [[د بهارک ولسوالۍ|بهارک]]
* [[تگاب ولسوالۍ (بدخشان)|تگاب]] - پخوا د '''فيض آباد ولسوالۍ''' يوه برخه وه
* [[د تېشکان ولسوالۍ|تېشکان]] - پخوا د '''کشم ولسوالۍ''' يوه برخه وه
* [[د جورم ولسوالۍ|جورم]]
* [[د خاش ولسوالۍ|خاش]] - پخوا د '''جرم ولسوالۍ''' یوه برخه وه
* [[د خواهان ولسوالۍ|خواهان]]
* [[د درایم ولسوالۍ|درایم]] - پخوا د '''فيض آباد ولسوالۍ''' يوه برخه وه
* [[د درواز بالا ولسوالۍ|درواز بالا]] - پخوا د '''درواز ولسوالۍ''' يوه برخه وه
* [[د درواز ولسوالۍ|درواز]]
* [[د راغ ولسوالۍ|راغ]]
* [[د زېباک ولسوالۍ|زېباک]]
* [[د شغنان ولسوالۍ|شغنان]]
* [[د شهدا ولسوالۍ|شهدا]] - پخوا د '''بهارک ولسوالۍ''' يوه برخه وه
* [[شهربزرگ ولسوالۍ|شهربزرگ]]
* [[د شېکي ولسوالۍ|شېکي]] - پخوا د '''فيض آباد ولسوالۍ''' يوه برخه وه
* [[د فيض آباد ولسوالۍ|فيض آباد]]
* [[د کشم ولسوالۍ|کشم]]
* [[د کوران و منجان ولسوالۍ|کوران و منجان]]
* [[د کوف آب ولسوالۍ|کوف آب]] - پخوا د  '''خواهان ولسوالۍ''' یوه برخه وه
* [[د کوهستان ولسوالۍ ، بدخشان|کوهستان]] - پخوا د '''بهارک ولسوالۍ''' يوه برخه وه
* [[د واخان ولسوالۍ|واخان]]
* [[د وردوج ولسوالۍ|وردوج]] - پخوا د '''بهارک ولسوالۍ''' يوه برخه وه
* [[د یاوان ولسوالۍ|یاوان]] - پخوا د '''راغ ولسوالۍ''' يوه برخه وه
* [[د یفتال سفله ولسوالۍ|یفتال سفله]] - پخوا د '''فيض آباد ولسوالۍ''' يوه برخه وه
* [[یمگان ولسوالۍ|یمگان]] - پخوا د '''بهارک ولسوالۍ''' يوه برخه وه

{{clear}}

====[[د بغلان ولايت]]====
[[دوتنه:Baghlan districts Pashto.png|300px|بټنوک|کيڼ|د بغلان ولسوالۍ.]]
* [[د اندراب ولسوالۍ|اندراب]]
* [[د برکه ولسوالۍ|برکه]]
* [[بغلان ولسوالۍ|بغلان]] - اوس د '''نوي بغلان د ولسوالۍ''' برخه ده
* [[د پل حصار ولسوالۍ|پل حصار]] - پخوا د '''اندارب ولسوالۍ''' برخه وه
* [[د پلخمري ولسوالۍ|پلخمري]]
* [[د تاله او برفک ولسوالۍ|تاله او برفک]]
* [[د خنجان ولسوالۍ|خنجان]]
* [[د خواجه هجران ولسوالۍ|خواجه هجران]] - پخوا د ا'''ندراب ولسوالۍ''' برخه وه
* [[خوست او فرنگ ولسوالۍ|خوست او فرنگ ]]
* [[د ده صالح ولسوالۍ|ده صالح]] - پخوا د '''اندارب ولسوالۍ''' برخه وه
* [[د دهنه غوري ولسوالۍ|دهنه غوري]]
* [[د دوشي ولسوالۍ|دوشي]]
* [[فرنگ او غارو ولسوالۍ|فرنگ او غارو]] - پخواد  '''خوست او فرنگ''' ولسوالۍ یوه برخه وه
* [[گذرگاه نور ولسوالۍ|گذرگاه نور]] -پخوا د '''خوست او فرنگ''' ولسوالۍ برخه وه
* [[د ناهرين ولسوالۍ|ناهرين]]
* [[د نوي بغلان ولسوالۍ|نوی بغلان]]
{{clear}}

====[[د کندوز ولايت]]====
[[دوتنه:Kunduz districts Pashto.png|300px|بټنوک|کيڼ|د کندوز ولسوالۍ.]]
* [[د ارچي ولسوالۍ|ارچي]]
* [[د امام صيب ولسوالۍ|امام صيب]]
* [[د چاردرې ولسوالۍ|چاردره]]
* [[د خان آباد ولسوالۍ|خان آباد]]
* [[د علي آباد ولسوالۍ|علي آباد]]
* [[د قلا زال ولسوالۍ|قلا زال]]
* [[د کندوز ولسوالۍ|کندوز]]
{{clear}}

====[[د تخار ولايت]]====
[[دوتنه:Takhar districts Pashto.png|300px|بټنوک|کيڼ|د تخار ولايت ولسوالۍ]]
* [[د اشکامش ولسوالۍ|اشکامش]]
* [[بنگي ولسوالۍ|بنگي]]
* [[د بهارک ولسوالۍ, تخار|بهارک]] - پخوا د تا'''لقان د ولسوالۍ''' برخه وه
* [[د تالقان ولسوالۍ|تالقان]]
* [[د چال ولسوالۍ|چال]]
* [[د چاه آب ولسوالۍ|چاه آب]]
* [[د خواجه بهاوالدین ولسوالۍ|خواجه بهاوالدین]] - پخوا د '''ينگي قلا ولسوالۍ''' يوه برخه وه
* [[د خواجه غر ولسوالۍ|خواجه غر]]
* [[د درقد ولسوالۍ|درقد]]
* [[د دشت قلعه ولسوالۍ|دشت قلعه]] - پخوا د '''خواجه غار ولسوالۍ''' يوه برخه وه
* [[د رستاق ولسوالۍ|رستاق]]
* [[د فرخار ولسوالۍ|فرخار]]
* [[کلفگان ولسوالۍ|کلفگان]]
* [[د نمک آب ولسوالۍ|نمک آب]] - پخوا د '''تالقان ولسوالۍ''' يوه برخه وه
* [[د هزار سموچ ولسوالۍ|هزار سموچ]] - پخوا د '''تالقان ولسوالۍ''' يوه برخه وه
* [[د ورساج ولسوالۍ|ورساج]]
* [[ینگي کلا ولسوالۍ|ینگي کلا]]

{{clear}}

===شمالي افغانستان===
====[[د بلخ ولايت]]====
[[دوتنه:Balkh districts Pashto.png|300px|بټنوک|کيڼ|د بلخ ولايت ولسوالۍ.]]
* [[د بلخ ولایت|بلخ]]
* [[د چار بولک ولسوالۍ|چار بولک]]
* [[د چارکنټ ولسوالۍ|چار کنټ]]
* [[د چمتال ولسوالۍ|چمتال]]
* [[د خولمي ولسوالۍ|خولمي]]
* [[د ده دادي ولسوالۍ|ده دادي]]
* [[د دولت آباد ولسوالۍ|دولت اباد]]
* [[د زاري ولسوالۍ|زاري]] - formerly part of '''Kishindih District'''
* [[د شورتپه ولسوالۍ|شورتپه]]
* [[د شولگره ولسوالۍ|شولگره]]
* [[د کلدار ولسوالۍ|کلدار]]
* [[د کنشندش ولسوالۍ|کشندش]]
* [[د مارمل ولسوالۍ|مارمل]]
* [[د مزار شریف ولسوالۍ|مزاری شریف]]
* [[د نهر شاهي ولسوالۍ|نهری شاهي]]
{{clear}}

====[[د فارياب ولايت]]====
[[دوتنه:Faryab districts Pashto.png|300px|بټنوک|کيڼ|د فارياب ولايت ولسوالۍ.]]
* [[د الیمار ولسوالۍ|الیمار]]
* [[د اندخوی ولسوالۍ|اندخوی]]
* [[د بېلچراغ ولسوالۍ|بېلچراغ]]
* [[د پښتونکوټ ولسوالۍ|پښتونکوټ]]
* [[د خانه چارباغ ولسوالۍ|خانه چارباغ]]
* [[د خواجه سبز پوش ولسوالۍ|خواجه سبز پوش]]
* [[د دولت آباد ولسوالۍ، فارياب|دولت اباد]]
* [[د شیرین تگاب ولسوالۍ|شیرین تگاب]]
* [[د قرغان ولسوالۍ|قرغان]] - مخکې د '''اندخوی ولسوالۍ''' یوه برخه.
* [[د قرمگل ولسوالۍ|قرمگل]]
* [[د قیصار ولسوالۍ|قیصار]]
* [[د گورزیوان ولسوالۍ|گورزیوان]] - formerly part of '''Bilchiragh District'''
* [[د کوهستان ولسوالۍ, فاریاب|کوهستان]]
* [[د میمنه ولسوالۍ|میمنه]]
{{clear}}

====[[د جوزجان ولايت]]====
[[دوتنه:Jowzjan districts Pashto.png|300px|بټنوک|کيڼ|د جوزجان ولايت ولسوالۍ.]]
* [[د آقچه ولسوالۍ|آقچه]]
* [[د خانیقا ولسوالۍ|خانیقا]] - formerly part of '''Aqcha District'''
* [[د خمیاب ولسوالۍ|خمیاب]]
* [[د خواجه دو کوه ولسوالۍ|خواجه دو کوه]]
* [[د درزاب ولسوالۍ|درزاب]]
* [[د شبرغان ولسوالۍ|شبرغان]]
* [[د فیض آباد ولسوالۍ, جوزجان|فیض آباد]]
* [[د قرقین ولسوالۍ|قرقین]]
* [[د قش تپه ولسوالۍ|قش تپه]] - مخکې د '''شبرغان ولسوالۍ''' یوه برخه.
* [[د مردیان ولسوالۍ|مردیان]]
* [[د مینگاجیک ولسوالۍ|مینگاجیک]]
{{clear}}

====[[د سمنگان ولايت]]====
[[Image:Samangan districts.png|300px|thumb|کيڼ|Districts of Samangan.]]
* [[د ایبک ولسوالۍ|ایبک]]
* [[د حضرت سلطان ولسوالۍ|حضرت سلطان]]
* [[د خرم او سرباغ ولسوالۍ|خرم او سرباغ]]
* [[د دره صوفي بالا ولسوالۍ|دره صوفي بالا]] - created within the former '''[[Dara-I-Suf District, Samangan|Dara-I-Suf]] District'''
* [[د دره صوفي پایان ولسوالۍ|دره صوفي پایان]] - created within the former '''Dara-I-Suf District'''
* [[د روی دو آب ولسوالۍ|روی دو آب]]
* [[د فېروز نخچر ولسوالۍ|فیروز نخچر]] - formerly part of '''Khulmi District'''; shifted from '''Balkh Province'''

{{clear}}

====[[د سرپل ولایت]]====
[[Image:Sare Pol districts.png|300px|thumb|کيڼ|Districts of Sar-e Pol.]]
* [[د بلخاب ولسوالۍ|بلخاب]]
* [[د سرپل ولسوالۍ|سرپل]]
* [[د سنگچارک ولسوالۍ|سنگچارک]]
* [[د سوزمه کلا ولسوالۍ|سوزمه کلا]]
* [[د سیاد ولسوالۍ|سیاد]]
* [[د گوسفندي ولسوالۍ|گوسفندي]] - formerly part of '''Sayyad District'''; most recently created district up to date
* [[د کوهستانات ولسوالۍ|کوهېستانات]]

{{clear}}

==مرکزي افغانستان==
===مرکزي افغانستان===
====[[د کابل ولايت]]====
[[Image:Kabul districts.png|300px|thumb|کيڼ|Districts of Kabul.]]
* [[د استالف ولسوالۍ|استالف]]
* [[د بگرامۍ ولسوالۍ|بگرامۍ]]
* [[د پغمان ولسوالۍ|پغمان]]
* [[د چهار آسياب ولسوالۍ|چهار آسياب]]
* [[د خاکجبار ولسوالۍ|خاکجبار]]
* [[د ده سبز ولسوالۍ|ده سبز]]
* [[د سروبي ولسوالۍ|سروبي]]
* [[د شکردرې ولسوالۍ|شکردره]]
* [[د فرزه ولسوالۍ|فرزه]] - مخکې د '''میر بچه کوټ د ولسوالۍ''' برخه وه
* [[د قره باغ ولسوالۍ|قره باغ]]
* [[د گلدرې ولسوالۍ|گلدره]]
* [[د کابل ښار|کابل]]
* [[د کلکان ولسوالۍ|کلکان]]
* [[د موسهي ولسوالۍ|موسهي]]
* [[د مير بچه کوټ ولسوالۍ|مير بچه کوټ]]
{{clear}}

====[[د کاپيسا ولايت]]====
[[Image:Kapisa districts.png|300px|thumb|کيڼ|Districts of Kapisa.]]
* [[د آلاسای ولسوالۍ|آلاسای]]
* [[د نجراب ولسوالۍ|نجراب]]
* [[تګاب ولسوالۍ (کاپيسا)|تګاب]]
* [[د حصه اول کوهستان ولسوالۍ|حصه اول کوهستان]] - created within the former '''[[Kohistan District, Kapisa|Kohistan]] District'''
* [[د حصه دوم کوهستان ولسوالۍ|حصه دوم کوهستان]] - created within the former '''Kohistan District'''
* [[د کوه بند ولسوالۍ|کوه بند]]
* [[د محمود راقي ولسوالۍ|محمود راقي]]
{{clear}}

====[[د لوگر ولايت]]====
[[Image:Lowgar districts.png|300px|thumb|کيڼ|Districts of Logar.]]
* [[د ازره ولسوالی|ازره]] - shifted from '''Paktia Province'''
* [[د برکي برک والسوالی|برکی برک]]
* [[د پل علم ښار|پل علم]]
* [[د څرخ ولسوالی|څرخ]]
* [[د خروار ولسوالی|خروار]] - مخکې د '''څرخ د ولسوالۍ''' برخه وه
* [[د خوښی ولسوالی|خوښی]]
* [[د محمد آغې ولسوالی|محمد آغه]]
{{clear}}

====[[د پنجشېر ولايت]]====
[[Image:Panjshir districts.png|300px|thumb|کيڼ|District of Panjshir.]]
:[http://www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Panjshir/ د پنجشېر ولايت اړونده مالومات]
:[https://archive.is/20130103175314/www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Panjshir/Panjshir.gif د پنجشیر د ولسوالیو اوسنۍ نخشه]
* [[د انابه ولسوالۍ|انابه]] - created within the former '''[[Panjsher District|Panjsher]] District'''
* [[د بازارک ولسوالۍ|بازارک]] - created within the former '''Panjsher District'''
* [[د پریان ولسوالۍ|پریان]] - created within the former '''Hisa Awal Panjsher District'''
* [[د خنج ولسوالۍ|خنج]] - created within the former '''[[Hisa Awal Panjsher District|Hisa Awal Panjsher]] District'''
* [[د دره ولسوالۍ|دره]] - created within the former '''[[Hisa Duwum Panjsher District|Hisa Duwum Panjsher]] District'''
* [[د روخه ولسوالۍ|روخه]] - created within parts of the former '''Hisa Duwum Panjsher''' and '''Panjsher''' Districts
* [[د شوتل ولسوالۍ|شوتل]] - created within the former '''Panjsher District'''
{{clear}}

====[[د پروان ولايت]]====
[[Image:Parvan districts.png|300px|thumb|کيڼ|Districts of Parwan.]]
:[http://www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Parwan/ د پروان ولايت اړونده مالومات]
:[https://archive.is/20130104111709/www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Parwan/Parwan.gif د پروان د ولسوالیو اوسنۍ نخشه]
* [[د بگرامي ولسوالۍ|بگرامي]]
* [[د جبل سراج ولسوالۍ|جبل سراج]]
* [[د چاریکار ولسوالۍ|چاریکار]]
* [[د سالنگ ولسوالۍ|سالنگ]]
* [[د سرخ پارسا ولسوالۍ|سرخ پارسا]]
* [[د سید خېل ولسوالۍ|سید خیل]] - مخکې د '''جبل سراج د ولسوالۍ''' برخه وه
* [[د شینواري ولسوالۍ|شینواري]]
* [[د غوربند ولسوالۍ|غوربند]]
* [[د کوه صافي ولسوالۍ|کوه سافي]]
* [[د شیخ علي ولسوالۍ|د شیخ علي ولسوالۍ]]
{{clear}}

====[[د میدان وردگ ولایت]]====
[[Image:Wardak districts.png|300px|thumb|کيڼ|د وردگ ولسوالۍ گانې.]]

* [[د بهسود ولسوالۍ|بهسود]]
* [[د جغتو ولسوالۍ|جغتو]]
* [[د جلريز ولسوالۍ|جلريز]]
* [[د چک ولسوالۍ|چک]]
* [[د دايمرداد ولسوالۍ|دايمرداد]]
* [[د سيد آباد ولسوالۍ|سيد آباد]]
* [[د مرکزي بهسود ولسوالۍ|مرکزي بهسود]]
* [[د ميدان ښار ولسوالۍ|ميدان ښار]]
* [[د نرخ ولسوالۍ|نرخ]]

:[http://www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Wardak/ د وردگ ولايت اړونده مالومات]
:[https://archive.is/20130104132832/www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Wardak/Wardak.gif د وردگ د ولسوالیو اوسنۍ نخشه]

{{clear}}

===ختيځ افغانستان===
====[[د کنړ ولايت]]====
[[Image:Konar districts.png|300px|thumb|کيڼ|Districts of Kunar.]]
:[http://www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Konar/  د کنړ ولايت اړونده مالومات]
:[http://web.archive.org/web/20100531173856/http://www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Konar/Konar.gif د کونړ د ولسوالیو اوسنۍ نقشه]
* [[د اسد آباد ولسوالۍ|اسد اباد]]
* [[د بر کنړ ولسوالۍ|بر کنړ]]
* [[د پېچ دره ولسوالۍ|پېچ دره]]
* [[د چپه دره ولسوالۍ|چپه دره]]
* [[د څوکۍ ولسوالۍ|څوکۍ]]
* [[د خاص کنړ ولسوالۍ|خاص کنړ]]
* [[د دانگام ولسوالۍ|دانگام]]
* [[د سرکاڼو ولسوالۍ|سرکاڼو]]
* [[د شیگل او ېلتن ولسوالۍ|شیگل او شېلتن]] - مخکې د '''چپې درې والسوالۍ''' یوه برخه
* [[د غازي آباد ولسوالۍ, کنړ|غازي اباد]] - مخکې د '''نورگل ولسوالۍ''' یوه برخه.
* [[د مروره ولسوالۍ|مروره]]
* [[د ناړۍ ولسوالۍ|ناړۍ]]
* [[د نړنگ او باډل ولسوالۍ|نرنگ و باډېل]]
* [[د نورگل ولسوالۍ|نورگل]]
* [[د وټه پور ولسوالۍ|وټه پور]] - مخکې د '''اسد اباد ولسوالۍ''' یوه برخه
{{clear}}

====[[د لغمان ولايت]]====
[[Image:Laghman districts.png|300px|thumb|کيڼ|Districts of Laghman.]]
:[http://www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Laghman/ د لغمان ولايت اړونده مالومات]
:[https://archive.is/20130103152535/www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Laghman/Laghman.gif د لغمان ولایت د ولسوالیو اوسمهالې نقشه]
* [[د الیشنگ ولسوالۍ|الیشنگ]]
* [[د الینگار ولسوالۍ|الینگار]]
* [[د دولتشاه ولسوالۍ|دولتشاه]]
* [[د قرغیو ولسوالۍ|قرغیي]]
* [[د مهترلام ولسوالۍ|مهترلام]]
{{clear}}

====[[د ننگرهار ولايت]]====
[[دوتنه:Nangarhar districts.png|300px|بټنوک|کيڼ|د ننگرهار ولسوالۍ.]]
:[http://www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Nangarhar/ د ننگرهار ولايت اړونده مالومات]
:[https://archive.is/20130103224811/www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Nangarhar/Nangarhar.gif د ننگرهار ولایت د ولسوالیو اوسنۍ نقشه]
* [[د اچين ولسوالۍ|اچین]]
* [[د بټي کوټ ولسوالۍ|بټي کوټ]]
* [[ د بهسود ولسوالۍ (ننگرهار)|بېهسود]] - مخکې د '''جلالکوټ ولسوالۍ''' یوه برخه وه.
* [[د پچير و اگام ولسوالۍ|پچیر و اگام]]
* [[د جلال آباد ولسوالۍ|جلالکوټ]]
* [[د چپرهار ولسوالۍ|چپلیار]]
* [[د حسارک ولسوالۍ|حسارک]]
* [[د خوگياڼو ولسوالۍ|خوگیاڼی]]
* [[د دره نور ولسوالۍ|دره ی نور]]
* [[د دور بابا ولسوالۍ|دور بابا]]
* [[د رودات ولسوالۍ|رودات]]
* [[د سره رود ولسوالۍ|سره رود]]
* [[د شېرزاد ولسوالۍ|شېرزاد]]
* [[د شينوار ولسوالۍ|شینوار]]
* [[د گوشته ولسوالۍ|گوشته]]
* [[د کامې ولسوالۍ|کامه]]
* [[د کوټ ولسوالۍ|کوټ]] - مخکې د '''روداتو ولسوالې''' یوه برخه وه.
* [[د کوز کونړ ولسوالۍ|کوز کونړ]]
* [[د لالپور ولسوالۍ|لالپوره]]
* [[د مومند درې ولسوالۍ|مومندره]]
* [[د نازيان ولسوالۍ|نازیان]]
* [[د هسکې مېنې ولسوالۍ|هسکه مېنه]]
{{clear}}

====[[د نورستان ولايت]]====
[[Image:Nurestan districts.png|300px|thumb|کيڼ|Districts of Nurestan.]]
:[http://www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Nurestan/ د نورستان ولايت اړونده مالومات]
:[http://web.archive.org/web/20100531174141/http://www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Nurestan/Nurestan.gif د نورستان ولایت د ولسوالیو اوسنۍ نقشه]
* [[د برگمټال ولسوالۍ|برگېمټال]]
* [[د پارون ولسوالۍ|پارون]]
* [[د دو آب ولسوالۍ|دو آب]] - مخکې د '''کامدېش ولسوالۍ''' یوه برخه.
* [[د کامدېش ولسوالۍ|کامدېش]]
* [[د منډول ولسوالۍ|منډول]]
* [[د نورگرام ولسوالۍ|نورگرام]] - مخکې د '''کامدېش ولسوالۍ''' یوه برخه.
* [[د واما ولسوالۍ|واما]]
* [[د وایگل ولسوالۍ|وایگل]]
{{clear}}

===لوېديځ افغانستان===
====[[د بادغيس ولايت]]====
[[Image:Districts of Badghis as of January 2004.png|300px|thumb|کيڼ|Districts of Badghis.]]
:[http://www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Badghis/ د بادغيس ولايت اړونده مالومات]
:[https://archive.is/20130103180924/www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Badghis/Badghis.gif د بادغیس د ولسوالیو اوسنۍ نخشه]
* [[د آبکمري ولسوالۍ|آبکمري]]
* [[د جوند ولسوالۍ|جوند]]
* [[د غورماچ ولسوالۍ|غورماچ]]
* [[د قاديس ولسوالۍ|قاديس]]
* [[د قلعه نو ولسوالۍ|قلعه نو]]
* [[د مرغاب ولسوالۍ|مرغاب]]
* [[د مقر ولسوالۍ|مقر]]
{{clear}}

====[[د باميان ولايت]]====
[[Image:Bamyan districts.png|300px|thumb|کيڼ|Districts of Bamyan.]]
:[http://www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Bamyan/ د باميان ولايت اړونده مالومات]
:[https://archive.is/20130103224337/www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Bamyan/Bamyan.gif Current Map of the Districts of Bamiyan]
* [[د باميان ولسوالۍ|باميان]]
* [[د پنجاب ولسوالۍ|پنجآب]]
* [[د سيغان ولسوالۍ|سيغان]] - formerly part of '''Kahmard District'''; shifted from '''Baghlan Province'''
* [[د شېبر ولسوالۍ|شېبر]]
* [[د کهمرد ولسوالۍ|کهمرد]] - shifted from '''Baghlan Province'''
* [[د ورس ولسوالۍ|ورس]]
* [[د يکاولنگ ولسوالۍ|يکاولنگ]]
{{clear}}

====[[د فراه ولايت]]====
[[Image:Farah districts.png|300px|thumb|کيڼ|Districts of Farah.]]
:[http://www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Badakhshan/ د فراه ولايت اړونده مالومات]
:[https://archive.is/20130103202439/www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Badakhshan/Badakhshan.gif Current Map of the Districts of Farah]
* [[د انار دره ولسوالۍ|انار دره]]
* [[د بالا بلوک ولسوالۍ|بالا بلوک]]
* [[د بکوا ولسوالۍ|بکوا]]
* [[د پر چمن ولسوالۍ|پر چمن]]
* [[د پشت رود ولسوالۍ|پشت رود]]
* [[د خاک سفېد ولسوالۍ|خاک سفېد]]
* [[د شېب کوه ولسوالۍ|شېب کوه]]
* [[د فراه ولسوالۍ|فراه]]
* [[د قلعه کاه ولسوالۍ|قلعه کاه]]
* [[د گلستان ولسوالۍ|گلستان]]
* [[د لاش او جواین ولسوالۍ|د لاش او جواین]]
{{clear}}

====[[د غور ولايت]]====
[[Image:Districts of Ghor as of January 2004.png|300px|thumb|کيڼ|Districts of Ghor.]]
:[http://www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Ghor/ د غور ولايت اړونده مالومات]
:[https://archive.is/20130103220605/www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Ghor/Ghor.gif Current Map of the Districts of Ghor]
* [[د پسابند ولسوالۍ|پسابند]]
* [[د تایواره ولسوالۍ|تایواره]]
* [[د تولک ولسوالۍ|تولک]]
* [[د چارسده ولسوالۍ، افغانستان|چارسده]] - formerly part of '''Chaghcharan District'''
* [[د چغچران ولسوالۍ|چغچران]]
* [[د دولاینه ولسوالۍ|دو لاینه]] - formerly part of '''Chaghcharan District'''
* [[د دولت یار ولسوالۍ|دولت یار]] - formerly part of '''Chaghcharan District'''
* [[د ساغر ولسوالۍ|ساغر]]
* [[د شهرک ولسوالۍ|شهرک]]
* [[د لال او سرجنگل ولسوالۍ|لال وسر جنگل]]
{{clear}}

====[[د هرات ولايت]]====
[[Image:Herat districts.png|300px|thumb|کيڼ|Districts of Herat.]]
:[http://www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Herat/ د هرات ولايت اړونده مالومات]
:[https://archive.is/20130103174711/www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Herat/Herat.gif Current Map of the Districts of Herat]
* [[د ادرسکن ولسوالۍ|ادرسکن]]
* [[د انجیل ولسوالۍ|انجیل]]
* [[د اوبې ولسوالۍ|اوبې]]
* [[د پښتون زرغون ولسوالۍ|پښتون زرغون]]
* [[د چشت شریف ولسوالۍ|چشت شریف]]
* [[د زنده جان ولسوالۍ|زنده جان]]
* [[د شین ډنډ ولسوالۍ|شین ډنډ]]
* [[د فارسي ولسوالۍ|فارسي]]
* [[د گلران ولسوالۍ|گلران]]
* [[د گزره ولسوالۍ|گزره]]
* [[د کارخ ولسوالۍ|کارخ]]
* [[د کشک کهنه ولسوالۍ|کشک کهنه]]
* [[د کوهسان ولسوالۍ|کوهسان]]
* [[د هرات ولسوالۍ|هرات]]
* [[د غوریان ولسوالۍ|غوریان]]
* [[د کشک ولسوالۍ|کشک]]
{{clear}}

==سوېلي افغانستان==
===سوېل ختيځ افغانستان===
====[[د غزني ولايت]]====
[[Image:Ghazni districts.png|300px|thumb|کيڼ|Districts of Ghazni.]]
:[http://www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Ghazni/ د غزني ولايت اړونده مالومات]
:[https://archive.is/20130103213941/www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Ghazni/Ghazni.gif Current Map of the Districts of Ghazni]
* [[د آب بند ولسوالۍ|آب بند]]
* [[د اجرستان ولسوالۍ|اجرستان]]
* [[د اندړ ولسوالۍ|اندړ]]
* [[د جاغوري ولسوالۍ|غاغوري]]
* [[د خواجه عمري ولسوالۍ|خواجه عمري]] - formerly part of '''Waeez Shahid District'''
* [[د خوگیاڼی ولسوالۍ (غزني)|خوگیاڼی]] - created from parts of '''Waeez Shahid''' and '''Ghazni''' Districts
* [[د ده یک ولسوالۍ|ده یک]]
* [[د راشیدان ولسوالۍ|راشیدان]] - formerly part of '''Waeez Shahid District'''
* [[د زنه خان ولسوالۍ|زنه خان]]
* [[د غزني ولسوالۍ|غزني]]
* [[د قره باغ ولسوالۍ, غزني|قره باغ]]
* [[جغتو ولسوالۍ (غزنی)|جغتو]]
* [[د گېرو ولسوالۍ|گېرو]]
* [[د گېلان ولسوالۍ|گېلان]]
* [[د مالستان ولسوالۍ|مالستان]]
* [[د مقر ولسوالۍ, غزني|مقر]]
* [[د ناور ولسوالۍ|ناور]]
* [[د ناوه ولسوالۍ|ناوه]]
* [[د وغاز ولسوالۍ|وغاز]] - formerly part of '''Muqur District'''
{{clear}}

====[[د خوست ولايت]]====
[[Image:Khost districts.png|300px|thumb|کيڼ|Districts of Khost.]]
:[http://www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Khost/ د خوست ولايت اړونده مالومات]
:[https://archive.is/20130103142423/www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Khost/Khost.gif د خوست ولایت د ولسوالیو اوسنۍ نقشه]
* [[د باک ولسوالۍ|باک]]
* [[د تڼيو ولسوالۍ|تڼۍ]]
* [[د تېره زی ولسوالۍ|تېره زی]]
* [[د ځاځي میدان ولسوالۍ|ځاځي میدان]]
* [[د خوست (متون) ولسوالۍ|خوست (متون)]]
* [[د سبري ولسوالۍ|سبري]]
* [[د سپېره ولسوالۍ|سپېره]]
* [[د شمال ولسوالۍ|شمال]] - shifted from '''Paktia Province'''
* [[د قلندر ولسوالۍ|قلندر]]
* [[د گوربز ولسوالۍ|گوربز]]
* [[د مندوزۍ ولسوالۍ|مندوزۍ]]
* [[د موسی خېل ولسوالۍ (خوست)|موسی خېل]]
* [[د نادرشاه کوټ ولسوالۍ|نادرشاه کوټ]]
{{clear}}

====[[د پکتيا ولايت]]====
[[دوتنه:Paktika districts.png|300px|بټنوک|کيڼ|د پکتیا ولايت ولسوالۍ.]]
* [[د احمد آباد ولسوالۍ|احمد آباد]] - مخکې د '''سید کرم ولسوالۍ''' یوه برخه.
* [[د څمکنۍ ولسوالۍ|څمکنۍ]]
* [[د ډنډ او پټان ولسوالۍ|ډنډ او پټان]]
* [[د گردېز ولسوالۍ|گردېز]]
* [[د ځاځي ولسوالۍ|ځاځي]]
* [[د جاني خېل ولسوالۍ (پکتیا)|جانيخېل]]
* [[د لژه احمد خېل ولسوالۍ|لژه احمد خېل]]
* [[د سيد کرم ولسوالۍ|سيد کرم]]
* [[د شواک ولسوالۍ|شواک]]
* [[د ځدران ولسوالۍ|ځدران]]
* [[د زرمت ولسوالۍ|زرمت]]
{{clear}}

====[[د پکتيکا ولايت]]====
[[Image:Paktika districts.png|300px|thumb|کيڼ|Districts of Paktika.]]
:[http://www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Paktika/ Detailed Information of Paktika Province]
:[https://archive.is/20130103194620/www.kohistani.com/afghanistan/provinces/Paktika/Paktika.gif Current Map of the Districts of Paktika]
* [[د ارگون ولسوالۍ|ارگون]]
* [[د اومنا ولسوالۍ|اومنا]]
* [[د برمل ولسوالۍ|برمل]]
* [[د تېروه ولسوالۍ|تېروه]] - formerly part of '''Waza Khwa District'''
* [[د جاني خېل ولسوالۍ (پکتیکا)|جاني خېل]] - formerly part of '''Zarghun Shahr District'''
* [[د ډیله ولسوالۍ|ډیله]]
* [[د زرغون ښار ولسوالۍ|زرغون ښار]]
* [[د زېروک ولسوالۍ|زیروک]]
* [[د سرحوزه ولسوالۍ|سر حوزه]]
* [[د سروبي ولسوالۍ|سروبي]]
* [[د شرن ولسوالۍ|شرن]]
* [[د گومال ولسوالۍ|گومال]]
* [[د گیان ولسوالۍ|گیان]]
* [[د مټاخان ولسوالۍ|مټاخان]]
* [[د نېکه ولسوالۍ|نېکه]]
* [[د وازه خوا ولسوالۍ|وازه خوا]]
* [[د ور مامی ولسوالۍ|ور مامی]]
* [[د یحیی خېل ولسوالۍ|یخیی خېل]] - formerly part of '''Zarghun Shahr District'''
* [[د یوسف خېل ولسوالۍ|یوسف خېل]] - formerly part of '''Zarghun Shahr District'''
{{clear}}

===سوېل لوېديځ افغانستان===
====[[د دايکندي ولايت]]====
[[Image:Daykundi districts.png|300px|thumb|کيڼ|Districts of Daykundi.]]
* [[د اشتارلي ولسوالۍ|اشتارلي]] - created within the former '''[[Daykundi District|Daykundi]] District'''; shifted from '''Oruzgan Province'''
* [[د خادر ولسوالۍ|خادر]] - created within the former '''Daykundi District'''; shifted from '''Oruzgan Province'''
* [[د سنگ تخت ولسوالۍ|سنگ تخت]] - created within the former '''Daykundi District'''; shifted from '''Oruzgan Province'''
* [[د شهرستان ولسوالۍ|شهرستان]] - shifted from '''Oruzgan Province'''
* [[د گیزاب ولسوالۍ|گیزاب]] - shifted from '''Oruzgan Province'''
* [[د کجران ولسوالۍ|کجران]] - shifted from '''Oruzgan Province'''
* [[د کیتی ولسوالۍ|کیتي]] - formerly part of '''Kajran District'''; shifted from '''Oruzgan Province'''
* [[د میرامور ولسوالۍ|میرامور]] - formerly part of '''Sharistan District'''; shifted from '''Oruzgan Province'''
* [[د نېلي ولسوالۍ|نېلي]] - created within the former '''Daykundi District'''; shifted from '''Oruzgan Province'''
{{clear}}

====[[د هلمند ولايت]]====
[[Image:Helmand districts.png|300px|thumb|کيڼ|Districts of Helmand.]]
* [[بغنۍ ولسوالۍ|بغنۍ]]
* [[باغران ولسوالۍ|باغران]]
* [[خانېشين ولسوالۍ‏|خانېشين]]
* [[دیشو ولسوالۍ|دیشو]]
* [[سنگين ولسوالۍ|سنگین]]
* [[گرمسېر ولسوالۍ|گرمسېر]]
* [[گريشک ولسوالۍ|گريشک]]
* [[کجکي ولسوالۍ|کجکي]]
* [[لښکرگاه ولسوالۍ|لښکرگاه]]
* [[موسی کلا ولسوالۍ|موسی کلا]]
* [[نادعلي ولسوالۍ|نادعلي]]
* [[نوزاد ولسوالۍ|نوزاد]]
* [[نوی بارکزی ولسوالۍ|نوی بارکزی]]
* [[واشېر ولسوالۍ|واشېر]]
{{clear}}

====[[د کندهار ولايت]]====
[[Image:Kandahar districts.png|300px|thumb|کيڼ|Districts of Kandahar.]]
* [[د ارغستان ولسوالۍ|ارغستان]]
* [[د ارغنداب ولسوالۍ (کندهار)|ارغنداب]]
* [[د پنجوایي ولسوالۍ|پنجوایي]]
* [[د خاکرېز ولسوالۍ|خاکریز]]
* [[د دامان ولسوالۍ|دامان]]
* [[د رېگ ولسوالۍ (کندهار)|ریگ]]
* [[د ژېړۍ ولسوالۍ|ژېړۍ]] - created from parts of '''Maywand''' and '''Panjwaye''' D
* [[د سپین بولدک ولسوالۍ|سپین بولدک]]
* [[د شاه ولي کوټ ولسوالۍ|شاه ولي کوټ]]
* [[د شورابک ولسوالۍ|شورابک]]
* [[د غورک ولسوالۍ|غورک]]
* [[د کندهار ولسوالۍ|کندهار]]
* [[د معروف ولسوالۍ|معروف]]
* [[د مېان نشین ولسوالۍ|مېان نشین]] - formerly part of '''Shah Wali Kot District'''
* [[د میوند ولسوالۍ|میوند]]
* [[د نېش ولسوالۍ|نېش]] - shifted from '''Oruzgan Province'''
{{clear}}

====[[د نيمروز ولايت]]====
[[دوتنه:Nimruz districts.png|300px|بټنوک|کيڼ|د نیمروز ولسوالۍ گانې.]]
* [[د چاربورجک ولسوالۍ|چاربورجک]]
* [[د چخانسور ولسوالۍ|چخانسور]]
* [[د خاش رود ولسوالۍ|خاش رود]]
* [[د زرنج ولسوالۍ|زرنج]]
* [[د کنگ ولسوالۍ|کنگ]]
{{clear}}

====[[د روزگان ولايت]]====
[[Image:Oruzgan districts.png|300px|thumb|کيڼ|د اروزگان ولسوالۍ گانې.]]
* [[د ترینکوټ ولسوالۍ|ترینکوټ]]
* [[د چوره ولسوالۍ|چوره]]
* [[د خاص اروزگان ولسوالۍ|خاص اروزگان]]
* [[د دهراود ولسوالۍ|دهراود]]
* [[د شهيدې حساس ولسوالۍ|شهيدې حساس]]
{{clear}}

====[[د زابل ولایت]]====
[[Image:Zabul_districts.png|کيڼ|300px|thumb|Districts of Zabūl.]]
* [[د اټغار ولسوالۍ|اټغار]]
* [[د ارغنداب ولسوالۍ (زابل)|ارغنداب]]
* [[د ترنک او جلدک ولسوالۍ| ترنک او جلدک]]
* [[د دای چوپان ولسوالۍ|دای چوپان]]
* [[د شاه جوی ولسوالۍ|شاه جوی]]
* [[د شمولزی ولسوالۍ|شمولزی]]
* [[د شینکی ولسوالۍ|شینکی]]
* [[د قلات ولسوالۍ|قلات (Technically only a municipality, not a district)]]
* [[د کاکړ ولسوالۍ|کاکړ]] - formerly part of '''Argahandab District'''
* [[د میزان ولسوالۍ|میزان]]
* [[د نو بحر ولسوالۍ|نو بجر]] - created from parts of '''Shamulzuyi''' and '''Shinkay''' Districts in Zabul Province and Nawa District in Ghazni Province
{{clear}}

==سرچينې==
*[http://www.aims.org.af/services/mapping/geo_codes/geocodes_anatomy/geocodes_anatomy.html د افغانستان د مالوماتو د سمبالښت چوپړ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606145645/http://www.aims.org.af/services/mapping/geo_codes/geocodes_anatomy/geocodes_anatomy.html |date=2011-06-06 }}, accessed 2006-07-27.
*[http://www.aims.org.af/services/mapping/geo_codes/398_dist_matching_to_329.xls AIMS District Matching] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322140851/http://www.aims.org.af/services/mapping/geo_codes/398_dist_matching_to_329.xls |date=2016-03-22 }}, accessed 2009-01-01.


{{د افغانستان ولسوالۍ}}


&lt;!--وېشنيزې--&gt;
[[وېشنيزه:د افغانستان ولسوالۍ| ]]
[[وېشنيزه:افغانستان]]
[[وېشنيزه:د افغانستان اړونده لړليک]]

&lt;!--نورې ژبې--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bhqvfu7t3agww9tzn83639fspn4vfga</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>لمريز غونډال</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14586</id>
    <revision>
      <id>364153</id>
      <parentid>364015</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-22T05:30:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kwamikagami</username>
        <id>14368</id>
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      <origin>364153</origin>
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      <text bytes="13404" sha1="obgunf669r3p0u5wx6crbnc9bl9jpkh" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Solar System size to scale mul.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|سيارې/اجرامونه او د هغو وزن د لمر له مخې]]
[[File:Solar System True Color PS.png|thumb|upright=1.5|لمريز غونډال په واقعي رنگ، بڼه او اندازه کې]]

لمريز غونډال، چې شمسي نظام یې هم بولي، لمر او هغو هسکني پژیو (اسماني اجرامو celestial bodies) ته ويل كېږي چې پر لمر را چورلي—لکه سیارې، سپوږمیانې، سیاره‌وزمې (asteroids)، سیاره‌گیانې (dwarf planets)، لکیورې (comets)، او هسکاڼي‌وزمې (شهاب‌وار meteoroids).
لمریز غونډال د اسمانلار (Milky Way) په نامه کهکشان کې دی. په دې کې اته لویې سیارې، چې ټولگه يې سيارنى غونډال (planetary system) بلل كېږي، په نېغه پر لمر را څرخي او نومونه یې په لاندې ډول دي:

۱-   [[عطارد]] (Mercury)
۲-   [[زهره]] (Venus)
۳-   [[ځمكه]] (Earth)
۴-   [[مريخ]] (Mars)
۵-   [[مشتري]] (Jupiter)
۶-   [[زحل]] (Saturn)
۷-   [[اورانوس]] (Uranus)
۸-   [[نيپټون]] (Neptune)

د پورته سیارو سربېره، ځینې سیاره‌گیانې لکه پلوټو (Pluto) او سېریز (Ceres) هم په خپل مدار کې پر لمر را چورلي. د سیارو، سیاره‌گیانو، او سیاره‌وزمو تر مېنځ پر توپیر به وروسته په تفصیل سره وغږېږو.

داسې اټکل کېږي چې لمریز غونډال کابو ۴.۶ ملیارډ کاله مخکې را مېنځته شوی دی. لمر د دې غونډال (نظام) په مېنځ کې دی چې تر ټولو لوی او د خپل راکښنیز ځواک (جاذبه قوې gravitational force) په زور ټولې سیارې او پژي (اجرام) پر ځان چورلوي. په دې کې ډېرې سیارې، سیاره‌گیانې، او ان ځینې سپوږمیانې لا خپلې هوا‌وېجې (اټموسفیرونه) لري.

د لمریز غونډال اته غټې سیارې پر لاندې ډلو وېشل کېږي:
* دنننۍ سیارې
* بهرنۍ سیارې

==دنننۍ سیارې (Inner Planets)==
څلور دنننۍ سیارې—لکه [[عطارد]]، [[زهره]]، [[ځمکه]]، او [[مریخ]] تر نورو سیارو کوشنۍ او [[لمر]] ته ډېرې نږدې دي. دا ډبرینې سیارې (terrestrial planets) هم بولي. هغه په دې خاطر چې دا ځمکې ته ورته دي ــ یانې [[ډبره]] او [[اوسپنه]] یې د جوړښت اصلي توکي دي. بهرنۍ او دنننۍ سیارې د سیاره‌وزمو د کړۍ (asteroid belt) له لارې سره بېلې شوي دي.

==بهرنۍ سیارې (Outer Planets)==
په څلورو بهرنیو سیارو کې لومړنۍ دوې—لکه [[مشتري]] او [[زحل]] د گازي بلاوو (gas giants) په نامه پېژندل کېږي چې [[هایډروجن]] (hydrogen) او [[هیلیم]] (helium) یې د جوړښت اصلي توکي دي. پاتې دوې—لکه [[اورانوس]] او [[نیپټون]] بیا کنگلنۍ بلاوې (ice giants) بولي. دا دوې بیا له [[اوبو]]، [[امونیا]] (ammonia)، او [[میتان]] (methane) څخه جوړې شوي دي. د څلورو بهرنیو سیارو په گډون، ډېری پېژندل شوي سیاره‌گیانې په کنگلنۍ سیمې (ice zone) کې دي او د نیپټون ها خوا ته، چې د کایپر کړۍ (Kuiper Belt) یې بولي، د ډېرو لکیورو د پیدا کېدو ځای دی.

زموږ لمریز غونډال د اسمانلار په ښکاري مټ (Orion Arm) کې دی چې د ستورټلیځ ([[کهکشان]]) له مرکز څخه کابو ۲۶۰۰۰ نوري کاله لیرې دی. په دې ستورټلیځ کې په ملیارډونو نور لمریز غونډالونه او په پینۍ ([[کاینات]]) کې بیا په ملیارډونو ستورټلیځونه شته چې ښایي ځینې به يې مېشتوړ (habitable) ــ یانې د اوسېدا لپاره وړ شرایط هم ولري. زموږ په لمریز غونډال کې واټنونه په ستورپوهنیز یوون (Astronomical Unit, AU) سره کچل کېږي. یو (AU) د لمر او ځمکې تر مېنځ واټن سره برابر دی چې کابو یو نیم سل (۱۵۰) ملیون کیلو متره کېږي.

==سیاره څه ده؟==
ساینس د نظریې وړاندې کولو، پوښتنې کولو، برسېرولو (کشفولو)، او د نویو زده‌کړو پر بنسټ د پخوانیو نظریو بدلولو ته ویل کېږي. ساینسي نظریې پر استدلال را مېنځته کېږي او د کتنو (observations) له لارې ازمویل کېږي. ساینسپوهان یو د بل کار د پوښتنو له لارې ارزوي چې جوړه‌یي بیا‌کتنه (peer review) یې بولي.

د مهال له تېرېدا سره سم، د پینۍ (کاینات) په هکله زموږ په مالوماتو کې ډېر بدلون راغلی دی. نویو برسېرونو (اکتشافاتو) موږ هره پلا دې ته اړ کړي یو چې خپل مالومات بیا وځیرو او اوسني (update) یې کړو. له همدې کبله، د ستورپوهنې په برخه کې د ساینسپوهانو له خوا څېړنې لا پای ته نه دي رسېدلي او د هرې ورځې په تېرېدا د پینۍ یو نه یو راز لوڅتیا مومي.

د لمریز غونډال په هکله بنډار کې د &quot;سیارو&quot; نوم تر ټولو ډېر پورته او ښکته کېږي. نو لومړی د &quot;سیارې&quot; پېژندل په دې خاطر اړین دی چې دا د لمریز غونډال د ودې، جوړښت، او بنسټ په هکله زموږ د پوهې ښکارندويي کوي. د تاریخ په اوږدو کې، د سیارو په هکله د خلکو نظرونو هر مهال بدلون موندلی دی. د بېلگې په توگه، لرغونو یونانیانو داسې گومان کاوه چې ځمکه یو مرکزي ټکی او سپوږمۍ، لمر، عطارد، زهره، مریخ، مشتري، او زحل يې سیارې دي. ساموسي اریستارخوس (Aristarchus of Samos) لومړنی کس وو چې په ۳مه مخزېږدي پېړۍ کې یې دا نظریه وړاندې کړه چې لمر په مېنځ کې دی او ځمکه پر را څرخي، خو د نوموړي دا نظریه هغه مهال په ټولیزه توگه نه ومنل شوه. همدا خبره نیکولاس کوپرنیکس (Nicolaus Copernicus) په ۱۶مه پېړۍ کې بیا را پورته کړه. ستورپوهان په ۱۷مه پېړۍ کې د لروین (ټېلسکوپ) په مرسته په دې وپوهېدل چې د ځمکې په گډون نورې ټولې سیارې پر لمر را چورلي او بله دا چې [[سپوږمۍ]] سیاره نه بلکې یوه [[سپوږمکۍ]] (satellite) ده چې پر ځمکې را څرخي.

اورانوس په ۱۷۸۱ او نیپټون په ۱۸۴۶ کې د سیارو په توگه وپېژندل شوې. سېریز (Ceres) بیا په ۱۸۰۱ کې د مریخ او مشتري تر مېنځ وموندل شوه چې هغه مهال سیاره بلل کېده. خو کله چې په هماغه هسکنۍ سيمه (celestial region) کې دې ته ورته نور پژي هم وموندل شول نو ساینسپوهانو دا یوه بېله ډله وبلل او د سیاره‌وزمې (asteroid) نوم يې پر کېښود.

کله چې پلوټو په ۱۹۳۰ کې وموندل شوه نو هغه مهال نهمه سیاره وبلل شوه حال دا چې پلوټو نه یوازې تر عطارد بلکې د ډېرو سیارو تر سپوږمیانو لا کوشنۍ ده. دا په جوړښت کې نه خو ډبرینو سیارو—لکه عطارد، زهرې، ځمکې، او مریخ ته ، نه گازي بلاوو لکه—مشتري او زحل، او نه هم کنگلنۍ بلاوو لکه—اورانوس او نیپټون ته ورته ده. د شارون (Charon) په نامه یوه سپوږمۍ لري چې په غټوالي کې د پلوټو نیمی ده. پلوټو تر ۱۹۸۰مو کلونو پورې سیاره بلل کېده او په ۱۹۹۰مو کلونو کې د نویو برسېرونو سره سم دا نظريه هم بدله شوه.

د پرمختللیو لروینونو په برکت کتنو (observations) نور هم پرمختگ وکړ او ساینسپوهان وتوانېدل چې ډېر کوشني او لیرې پژي کشف کړي. په ۱۹۹۰مو کلونو کې ستورپوهانو د نیپټون د مدار ها خوا ته گڼشمېر کنگلني پژي (icy objects) د کوپر کړۍ په سیمه کې پیدا کړل. د کوپر کړۍ او په دې کې د زرونو کنگلنيو پژیو (چې د کوپر هسکړۍ پژي، ککپژي Kuiper Belt Objects, KBOs یې بولي) له موندلو سره سم، وړاندېینه وشوه چې دا به ډېر گټور وي که پلوټو د سیارې پر ځای یو تر ټولو غټ ککپژی وبلل شي. خو د ستورپوهانو یوې ډلې په ۲۰۰۵ کې د لسمې سیارې، چې تر پلوټو لا غټ ککپژی وو، د موندلو اعلان وکړ. خلک نه یوازې دا چې په دې کې ورک شول چې سیاره‌توب څه ته وايي بلکې په دې کې ډېر جنجالونه هم را پورته شول.

نړیواله ستورپوهنیزه ټولنه (International Astronomical Union - IAU) د نوي ککپژي (چې وروسته اېریس Eris وبلل شوه) د ډلبندۍ ننگونې ته غاړه کېښوده. دې ټولنې په ۲۰۰۶ کې یو پرېکړه‌لیک تصویب کړ چې په هغه کې یې د سیارې لپاره تعریف او د [[سیاره‌گۍ]] په نامه یوه نوې ټولۍ (کټیگوري) را مېنځته کړه. اېریس، سېریز، پلوټو او دوه نور چې هاومیا (Haumea) او ماکیماکي (Makemake) نومېږي د دې ټولنې له خوا د ۲۰۱۳ په جولای کې د سیاره‌گیانو په توگه وپېژندل شول. که څه هم پلوټو، اېریس، هاومیا، او ماکیماکي د ککپژيو په توگه ډلبندي شوي خو پر سېریز تر اوسه لا د سیاره‌وزمې نوم ولاړېږي.

ستورپوهان او سیاره‌پوهان د دې ډلبندۍ او تعریفونو منلو ته تیار نه ول. ځینو دا فکر کاوه چې دا ډلبندي د سیارو د شمېر د لږولو پر پار رغېدلې، ځینې خو په دې اړه په هیڅ هم نه پوهېدل، او ځینو ستورپوهانو بیا دا دعوه په مخه را اخیستې وه چې د دې ډول ډلبندۍ لپاره ځای (موقعیت) مهم وو، په تېره بیا د لمریز غونډال د پوهې او ودې په رڼا کې.

د یوې سیارې تر ټولو ساده پېژند (تعریف) داسې وو چې سیاره په تشیال (فضا) کې یو دومره غټ پژي ته ویل کېږي چې د خپل راکښنیز ځواک (جاذبه قوې) له کبله گردۍ بڼه ولري. ځینو ساینسپوهانو له دې ساده پېژند سره په دې خاطر مخالفت درلود چې په دې کې دا یادونه نه وه شوې چې د یوې سیارې لپاره څو درجې گردیوالی اړین دی. ځینو بیا داسې دعوې کولې چې ځای (موقعیت) او رغنده توکي د سیارې د ټاکلو لپاره مهم شیان دي. پر سیاره‌توب تر اوسه لا خبرې اترې روانې دي.

لکه څومره چې ورځ په ورځ زموږ پوهه زیاتېږي، پینۍ هم هاغومره له رازونو ډکه او پېچنه را ته ښکاري. دا پرېکړه به راتلونکی وکړي چې د سیارو په باب زموږ تعریفونه له دې نویو موندل شویو پژیو سره سر خوري که یا.

==د سیارې ځانگړنې==
سیاره کومې ځانگړنې لري (د نړیوالې ستورپوهنیزې ټولنې د معیارونو له مخې):	
* سیاره‌	سیاره‌گۍ پر لمر را څرخي	
* دومره کتله (mass) لري چې کابو گردۍ بڼه غوره کړي	
* سپوږمکۍ نه وي (یانې چې پر بلې سیارې نه چورلي)	
* د خپل مدار شا‌و‌خوا یې له نورو پژیو څخه پاک کړی وي	
* د خپل مدار شا‌و‌خوا یې له نورو پژیو څخه پاک کړی نه وي	
[[دوتنه:Telluric planets size comparison.jpg|بټنوک|د مځکې او نورو سيارو تلواليز]]

[[وېشنيزه:لمريز غونډال]]
[[وېشنيزه:لمريز نظام]]
[[وېشنيزه:ستوري]]
[[وېشنيزه:ستورپوهنه]]
[[وېشنيزه:ستورپېژندنه]]
[[وېشنيزه:تشیالپوهنه]]
[[وېشنيزه:فضاء]]
[[وېشنيزه:تشیال]]</text>
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    <title>صفاریان</title>
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      <text bytes="8617" sha1="6saibs8nkjjcyvu6uueyezje5ybmqru" xml:space="preserve">{{مالومات
|هېواد=
*افغانستان 
*ايران
*بلوچستان}}
د صفاریانو لړۍ د سیستان د سني تاجیک یوه لړۍ وه چې له ۸۶۱ ز کال څخه یې تر ۱۰۰۳ ز کال پورې له خپلې پلازمېنې زرنج څخه د افغانستان او خراسان په ډېرو برخو واکمني کړې. دغه لړۍ له لومړنیو اریایي بومي لړیو څخه ده چې له اسلامي فتوحاتو وروسته رامنځته شوه. د یادي لړۍ بنسټ اېښودونکی یعقوب بن لیث صفار و چې په ۸۴۰ ز کال کې د کرنین (قرنین) په کوچني ښارګوټي کې زېږېدلی چې ختیځ ته یې د افغانستان زرنج او لویدیځ ته یې بست ښارونه پراته دي. 

یعقوب چې په اصل کې د سیستان و او وړاندې له دې چې د جګړې د مشر په توګه راڅرګند شي مسګري (صفاري) یې کوله. هغه د سیستان سیمه تر خپل کنټرول لاندې راوسته او د پارس (اوسني ایران)، افغانستان او همدارنګه یې د معاصر پاکستان، تاجکستان او ازبکستان ډېرې برخې ونیولې.

صفاریانو له خپلې پلازمېنې زرنج ښار څخه د ختیځ او لویدیځ پر لور د بریدونو د ترسره کولو په موخه د یوې پوځي اډې په توګه کار اخیست. هغوی په پیل کې د هندوکش په سوېلي برخو برید وکړ او بیا یې د افغانستان د طاهریانو لړۍ له منځه یووړه او خراسان یې په ۸۷۳ ز کال کې خپل کړ. د یعقوب د مړینې پر مهال هغه د کابل دره، سند، تخارستان، بلوچستان، کرمان، پارس، خراسان فتح کړي وو او نږدې و چې بغداد ته ورسېږي خو د عباسیانو له خوا یې ماته وخوړه. 

د صفاریانو لړۍ د یعقوب له مړینې وروسته چندان دوام را نه وړ. د هغه ورور او ځای ناستی، عمر بن لیث په ۹۰۰ ز کال کې د بلخ په جګړه کې د اسماعیل ساماني پر وړاندې ماتې وخوړه. عمرو بن لیث اړ شو چې خپلې ډېرې تر واک لاندې سیمې نوو واکمنانو ته پرېږدي. صفاریان یوازې د خپلې واکمنۍ په زړه یعنې سیستان کې پاتې شول او د وخت په تېرېدو د دوی واکمني د سامانیانو د پاتې شونو او د دوی د ځای ناستو له خوا له زوال سره مخ شوه.

== بنسټ اېښودل ==
د صفاریانو لړۍ د مس ګر یعقوب بن لیث صفار (یعقوب، د لیث زوی، مس ګر) له خوا چې زرنج ښار ته یې کډه کړې وه رامنځته شوه. هغه خپل کسب پرېښود څو کاکه یا عیار ترې جوړ شي چې په پایله کې یې دا قدرت ترلاسه کړ چې د یو خپلواک واکمن په توګه عمل وکړي. هغه له خپلې پلازمېنې زرنج څخه د ختیځ پر لور د رخج (اراکوزیا)، زمینداور او بالاخره د کابل په لور حرکت وکړ او په ۸۶۵ ز کال کې یې زنبېلیانو او هندو شاهانو ته ماته ورکړه. هغه په بامیان، بلخ، بادغیس او غور برید وکړ. هغه د اسلام تر نوم لاندې هغه سیمې چې د بودایي قبیلوي مشرانو له خوا اداره کېدلې فتح کړې. هغه په دغو بریدونو کې په زیاته کچه غنایم او غلامان ترلاسه کړل. نانسي دوپري په خپل کتاب ''د افغانستان تاریخي لارښود'' کې د یعقوب فتوحات داسې تشرېح کوي:

صفاریانو وکولای شول په پنجشېر دره کې د سپینو زرو له کانونو څخه د سپینو زرو سکې ووهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|chapter=Pandjhir|title=Encyclopedia of Islam|volume=VIII|page=258}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پراختیا ==
په ۸۷۰ ز کال کې هغوی طاهري لړۍ ته اړوند هرات ښار ونیو او په بادغیس سیمه باندې د هغوی برید د خوارجو د نیولو لامل وګرځېد چې وروسته یې د هغه په لښکرو کې د جاش الشورات ډله رامنځته کړه. له دې وروسته یعقوب خپل پام لویدیځ ته واړاوه او په خراسان، خوزستان او پارس یې بریدونه پیل کړل. صفاریانو وروسته له هغی خوزستان او د سویلي عراق یو شمېر برخې ونیولې چې په ۸۷۶ ز کال کې د عباسیانو د واکمنۍ چپه کولو ته نږدې شول، خو د هغوی لښکرو د څو ورځو په اوږدو کې له بغداد څخه په حرکت دوی پر شا کړل. خو له دې سره دغو بریدونو عباسي خلافت دې ته اړ کړ څو یعقوب د سیستان، افغانستان او کرمان د والي په توګه په رسمیت وپېژني او همدارنګه یې صفاریانو ته په بغداد کې لوړ پوړې څوکۍ وسپارلې.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|chapter=Saffarids|title=Encyclopedia of Islam|volume=VIII|page=795}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Esposito|first=John L.|title=The Oxford History of Islam|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|page=38}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== زوال ==
په ۹۰۱ ز کال کې، عمر صفاري د بلخ په جګړه کې د سامانیانو له خوا ماتې وخوړه او افغانستان یې هغوی ته پرېښود. صفاریانو ته یوازې فارس، کرمان او سیستان پاتې شول. د طاهر بن محمد بن عمر د واکمنۍ پر مهال (۹۰۱-۹۰۸ ز کال)، دغې لړۍ د پارس د نیولو او پر دغه ولایت د کنټرول لرلو په موخه له عباسیانو سره جګړه وکړه. په ۹۰۸ ز کال کې د طاهر او لیث بن علي د واک د ګدۍ د مدعي ترمنځ کورنۍ جګړه په سیستان کې ونښته. په راتلونکو کلونو کې د فارس والي سیبک – اري (Sebük-eri) د عباسیانو لاس ته ورغی. په ۹۱۲ ز کال کې بالاخره سامانیانو وکولای شول صفاریان له سیستان څخه وباسي. سیستان د لنډ مهال لپاره د عباسیانو کنټرول ته ورغی، خو بېرته د صفاري ابوجعفر احمد بن محمد تر واکمنۍ لاندې خپلواک شو؛ خو دغې لړۍ په ډېره لږ کچه پر سیستان واک درلود.&lt;ref name=&quot;Persian Culture under the Early Ghaznavids2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=The Development of Persian Culture under the Early Ghaznavids|first=C. E.|last=Bosworth|journal=Iran|volume=6|year=1968|page=34|doi=10.2307/4299599|jstor=4299599}}&lt;/ref&gt;

په ۱۰۰۲ ز کال کې محمود غزنوي په سیستان برید وکړ، لومړی خلف یې له واکه ګوښه کړ او په پایله کې یې صفاري لړۍ ته پای ټکی کېښود.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=C. E.|last=Bosworth|title=The Ghaznavids 994–1040|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=1963|page=89}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== کلتور ==
صفاریانو د افغانستان دري او پارسي کلتور ته ډېر پام درلود. د هغوی تر واکمنۍ لاندې، د اسلامي نړۍ ختیځ د مخکښو پارسي ژبو شاعرانو لکه فیروز مشرقي، ابوسالک الجرجاني او محمد بن واصف په څېر درباري شاعرانو د ظهور شاهد و.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=The Ṭāhirids and Persian Literature|first=C. E.|last=Bosworth|journal=Iran|volume=7|year=1969|page=104|doi=10.2307/4299615|jstor=4299615}}&lt;/ref&gt;

د نهمې پېړۍ په وروستیو کې، صفاریانو د نوي پارسي ادبیاتو رنسانس ته انګېزه ورکړه. د یعقوب له خوا د هرات له نیولو وروسته، یو شمېر شاعرانو هڅه وکړه چې د هغه بریا په عربي ژبه وستايي، چې په پایله کې یعقوب له خپل سکرتر محمد بن واصف سیستاني وغوښتل چې دغه اشعار په پارسي ژبه ولیکي.
== اخیستلیکونه ==</text>
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[[دوتنه:Al-Hasakah Governorate with Districts.png|بټنوک]]
[[دوتنه:AlHasakah BeydarExcavationHouse2.jpg|بټنوک|حسکه]]
[[دوتنه:Kebreet.jpg|بټنوک|راس العین ولسوالی]]
حَسَکه (په کردی: حه‌سیچا Hesiça، (په عربی: محافظة الحسَکة ) 
ده سوریه مملکت یو شار دی چی دیره کردان په کی اوسی.او غربی کردستان نومیگی.


ولسوالی دحسکه:
*[[قامشلو]]
*[[دیرک]]
*[[راس العین]]
*[[عمودا]]
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[[دوتنه:Al-Hasakah Governorate with Districts.png|بټنوک]]
حَسَکه (په کردی: حه‌سیچا Hesiça، (په عربی: محافظة الحسَکة ) 
ده سوریه مملکت یو شار دی چی دیره کردان په کی اوسی.او غربی کردستان نومیگی.


ولسوالی دحسکه:
*[[قامشلو]]
*[[دیرک]]
*[[راس العین]]
*[[عمودا]]
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      <text bytes="10107" sha1="ar86sf78bjebesz1vpl1rispztibm34" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Officeholder
| name          = نیکولاس مادورو
| birth_name    = '''نیکلاس مادورو موروس'''
| image         = Maduro en el Congreso peruano.jpg
| caption       =
| office1       = [[ولسمشر]] [[وېنزوېلا]] &lt;small&gt;[[بد ونزویلا ولسمشریزه شخړه ۲۰۱۹|د بحث وړ]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bbc.com/persian/world-47346718 د ونزویلا بحران]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
| term_start1   = ۱۹ آفریل ۲۰۱۳
| predecessor1  = [[هوګو چاوز]]
| successor1    =
| office2       =[[د وېنزوېلا د بهرنیو چارو وزیر]]
| president2    =
| term_start2   = ۲۰۰۶
| term_end2     = ۲۰۱۳
| predecessor2  =
| successor2    =
| office3       = [[لوی درستیز]] [[بی طرفه حراکت]]
| term_start3   = ۲۸  ۱۳۹۵
| term_end3     =
| predecessor3  =
| successor3    =
| birth_date    = {{زېږېدو نېټه او عمر|۱۹۶۲|۱۱|۲۳}}
| birth_place   = [[کاراکاس]] [[ونزویلا]]
| death_date    =
| death_place   =
| nationality   = [[ونزویلایی]]
| residence     =
| alma_mater    = [[کاراکاس]]
| party         = PSUV (له کال ۲۰۰۷-تراوسه)
| otherparty    =
| spouse        = [[سیلیا فلورس]] (د وېنزولا پخوانی څارنوال)
| children      = [[نیکلاس مادورو گوئررا]]
| occupation    = [[سیاست]]
| profession    =
|cabinet        =
| religion      = [[کاتولیکه کلیسا]] [[مسیحیت]]
|signature      = Nicolás Maduro signature.svg
|awards         =
|website        = http://twitter.com/NicolasMaduro
}}
'''نیکولاس مادورو''' ( په {{lang-es|Nicolás Maduro Moros}}) د [[وېنزوېلا]] ولسمشر &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|author      = &lt;!-- not stated --&gt; 
|date        = ۲۰۲۰ مارچ ۵مه
|title       = د وېنزوېلا ولسمشر: هره مېرمن دې شپږ بچي وزېږوي
|url         =https://www.bbc.com/pashto/world-51750074
|website     = بي بي سي ټکی کام
}}&lt;/ref&gt; په ۱۹۶۲ ز کال [[کاراکاس]] کې زېږېدلی دی.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = &lt;!-- not stated --&gt;
 |date         = ۲۰۲۶ جنوري ۳مه
 |title        = در مورد نیکولاس مادورو در ویکی تابناک بیشتر بخوانید
 |url          = https://www.tabnak.ir/fa/tags/8480/1/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88
 |trans-title  = په ويکي تابناک کې د نيکولاس مادورو اړوند لاډېر ولولئ
 |website      = تابناک ټکی آی‌ار
 |language     = [[پارسي ژبه]]
 |access-date  = 2026-01-05
 |archive-date = 2025-10-06
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 |url-status   = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;  هغه د وېنزويلا پخوانی لنډمهاله [[ولسمشر]] [[هوگو چاوز]] له مړینې  وروسته د ياد هېواد ولسمشر وټاکل شو، چې تر دې دمخه له ۲۰۰۶م کال نه تر ۲۰۱۳ پوری د یاد هېواد بهرنیو چارو وزیر&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = &lt;!-- not stated --&gt;
 |date         = ۲۰۲۶ جنوري ۳مه
 |title        = در مورد نیکولاس مادورو در ویکی تابناک بیشتر بخوانید
 |url          = https://www.tabnak.ir/fa/tags/8480/1/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88
 |trans-title  = په ويکي تابناک کې د نيکولاس مادورو اړوند لاډېر ولولئ
 |website      = تابناک ټکی آی‌ار
 |language     = [[پارسي ژبه]]
 |access-date  = 2026-01-05
 |archive-date = 2025-10-06
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20251006013618/https://www.tabnak.ir/fa/tags/8480/1/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88
 |url-status   = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt; او له ۲۰۱۲ تر ۲۰۱۳ز کال د ولسمشرۍ ماڼۍ اجرایوی معاون &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = &lt;!-- not stated --&gt;
 |date         = ۲۰۲۶ جنوري ۳مه
 |title        = در مورد نیکولاس مادورو در ویکی تابناک بیشتر بخوانید
 |url          = https://www.tabnak.ir/fa/tags/8480/1/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88
 |trans-title  = په ويکي تابناک کې د نيکولاس مادورو اړوند لاډېر ولولئ
 |website      = تابناک ټکی آی‌ار
 |language     = [[پارسي ژبه]]
 |access-date  = 2026-01-05
 |archive-date = 2025-10-06
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20251006013618/https://www.tabnak.ir/fa/tags/8480/1/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88
 |url-status   = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;او له هغی وروسته په ۵۱% رایو د وېنزوېلا ولسمشر وټاکل شو.
چې ډېری وختونه د نوموړي سياسي تگلاره د [[امریکا متحده ايالات|امريکا متحده ايالاتونو]] له تگلارې سره په ټکر کې وه&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|last        = خان
|first       =  گل اياز
|date        = ۲۰۲۵ نومبر ۲۹مه
|title       = د امریکا ولسمشر وايي د وېنزوېلا فضايي حریم دې تړلی وګڼل شي
|url         =https://www.mashaalradio.com/a/33608658.html
|website     = مشال راډيو ټکی کام
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|author      = &lt;!-- not stated --&gt; 
|date        = ۲۰۲۰ مارچ ۵مه
|title       = د وېنزوېلا ولسمشر: هره مېرمن دې شپږ بچي وزېږوي
|url         =https://www.bbc.com/pashto/world-51750074
|website     = بي بي سي ټکی کام
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|author      = &lt;!-- not stated --&gt; 
|date        = ۱۴۰۴لمريز مرغومي ۲مه
|title       = ټرمپ: امریکا به د وېنزوېلا د حکومت او تېلو واک په لاس کې واخلي
|url         =https://www.afintl.com/pa/202512239347
|website     = افغانستان اينټرنېشنل
}}&lt;/ref&gt;، چې بالاخره د ۲۰۲۶ ز کال د جنورۍ په درېيمه نېټه نوموړی د امريکايي پوځيانو له خوا د بشپړ هوډ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|author      = &lt;!-- not stated --&gt; 
|date        = ۲۰۲۶ جنورۍ ۴مه
|title       = امریکا څنګه مادورو ونیو: 'امریکايي جاسوسانو له میاشتو راهیسې هغه څاره'
|url         =https://www.bbc.com/pashto/articles/c3dmej4vnjyo
|website     = بي بي سي ټکی کام
}}&lt;/ref&gt; په نوم عملياتو کې د هغې له مېرمنې سره يوځای ونيول شو&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|author      = &lt;!-- not stated --&gt; 
|date        = ۲۰۲۶ جنورۍ ۵مه
|title       = د امریکا پوځ باغي نیکولاس مادورو ونیو
|url         =https://editorials.voa.gov/a/us-military-captures-outlaw-nicolas-maduro/8099083.html
|website     = اېډيټوريل.وي‌او‌ای.جي‌اووي(وي‌او‌ای پښتو)
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|author      = &lt;!-- not stated --&gt; 
|date        = ۲۰۲۶ جنورۍ ۶مه
|title       = محکمې ته د مادورو د لېږد انځورونه
|url         =https://www.bbc.com/pashto/articles/cd6w0exzw9lo
|website     = بي بي سي ټکی کام
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = &lt;!-- not stated --&gt;
 |date         = ۲۰۲۶ جنوري ۵مه
 |title        = ټرمپ: امریکا به د وېنزوېلا د حکومت او تېلو واک په لاس کې واخلي
 |url          = https://shamshadnews.com/2026/01/05/%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%BE-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%AF-%D9%88%DB%90%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88%DB%90%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%AF-%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%88-%D8%AA%DB%90/
 |website      = شمشاد نيوز ټکی کام
 |access-date  = 2026-01-07
 |archive-date = 2026-01-08
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20260108022145/https://shamshadnews.com/2026/01/05/%d9%bc%d8%b1%d9%85%d9%be-%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%b1%db%8c%da%a9%d8%a7-%d8%a8%d9%87-%d8%af-%d9%88%db%90%d9%86%d8%b2%d9%88%db%90%d9%84%d8%a7-%d8%af-%d8%ad%da%a9%d9%88%d9%85%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%88-%d8%aa%db%90/
 |url-status   = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt; او امريکا متحده ايالتونو ته ولېږدول شو، د ۲۰۲۶ ز کال د جنورۍ په ۵مه نېټه د مخدره توکو او وسلو د قاچاق په تور د نيويارک محکمې ته حاضر کړای شول چې قاضي د جنورۍ پر ۱۷مه د نوموړي د محاکمې اعلان وکړ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|author      = &lt;!-- not stated --&gt; 
|date        = ۲۰۲۶ جنورۍ ۶مه
|title       = محکمې ته د مادورو د لېږد انځورونه
|url         =https://www.bbc.com/pashto/articles/cd6w0exzw9lo
|website     = بي بي سي ټکی کام
}}&lt;/ref&gt; چې دغه چاره د روسيې او ايران&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|author      = &lt;!-- not stated --&gt; 
|date        = ۲۰۲۶ جنوري ۴مه
|title       = روسيې او ایران پر وېنزوېلا د امریکا برید غندلی
|url         = https://rta.af/article1223364/
|website     = د افغانستان ملي راډيو تلوېزيون (ارټي‌ای ټکی ای‌اېف)
}}&lt;/ref&gt; په گډون د يو شمېر نورو هېوادونو له خوا هم وغندل شوه او دا په څرگنده د نورو هېوادونو په کورنيو چارو کې لاسوهنه او د هېوادونو په شخصي حريم تېری وبلل شو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|author      = &lt;!-- not stated --&gt; 
|date        = ۲۰۲۶ جنوري ۴مه
|title       = روسيې او ایران پر وېنزوېلا د امریکا برید غندلی
|url         = https://rta.af/article1223364/
|website     = د افغانستان ملي راډيو تلوېزيون (ارټي‌ای ټکی ای‌اېف)
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==سرچينې==
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    <title>د دوام وړ ځنګل مديريت</title>
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      <text bytes="20204" sha1="it38b6w4aehdbf70i2yvldvmjow7jk8" xml:space="preserve">د دوام وړ ځنګل مديريت د دوام وړ پرمختګ د اصولو له مخې د ځنګلونو مديريت ته وايي. د دوام وړ ځنګل مديريت بايد د درې اصلي رکنونو (ايکولوژيکي، اقتصاد او ټولنيز – کلتوري) تر منځ توازن وساتي. په بريالي ډول د تلپاتې ځنګل مديريت تر لاسه کول به ټولو ته ګډې ګټې چمتو کړي، چې د ځنګلونو، د کليوالي غربت د کمښت او د اقليم بدلون د ځينو اغېزو د کمولو په واسطه د برابرو شويو ايکوسيستمونو او د ژوند تنوع د ساتنې په موخه د سيمه یيز معيشيت له ساتنې نه پراختيا مومي. د ځنګلونو ساتنه د اقليم بدلون د تم کولو لپاره اړينه ده. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ledsgp.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/CDKN_LEDS_Forestry_WG_factsheet.pdf|title=LEDS GP Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use Working Group factsheet|publisher=[[Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP)]]|access-date=23 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Law|first1=Beverly|last2=Moomaw|first2=William|title=Keeping Trees in the Ground: An Effective Low-Tech Way to Slow Climate Change|url=https://www.ecowatch.com/forest-conservation-climate-change-2650741678.html|access-date=28 February 2021|agency=Ecowatch|date=24 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Dennehymarch|first1=Kevin|title=Using more wood for construction can slash global reliance on fossil fuels|url=https://news.yale.edu/2014/03/31/using-more-wood-construction-can-slash-global-reliance-fossil-fuels|website=Yale News|publisher=Yale School of Forestry &amp; Environmental Studies (F&amp;ES), University of Washington’s College of the Environment|access-date=15 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

د انسانيت تغذيه او ساتنه او په تلپاتې ډول د ايکوسيستمونو نه ګټه اخيستل بشپړوونکي او په نږدې ډول يو پر بل باندي تکيه کوونکې موخې دي. ځنګلونه اوبه وړاندې کوي، د اقليم بدلون کموي او د زياتو هغو القاح کوونکو لپاره هستوګنځای برابروي، چې د تلپاتې خوړو د توليد لپاره اړين دي. اټکل شوې ده چې د نړۍ د خوړو حاصلاتو ۷۵ سلنه د نړيوالو خوړو د ٪۳۵ توليد استازولي کوي، چې د مېوې، ترکاري يا د تخم توليد لپاره د ژوو له القاح نه ګټه پورته کوي. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8985en|title=The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief|publisher=FAO &amp; UNEP|year=2020|isbn=978-92-5-132707-4|location=Rome|doi=10.4060/ca8985en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

«د ځنګل اصول» د ځمکې په ناسته (Earth Summit) يعنې [د چاپيريال او پرمختګ په اړه د ملګرو ملتونو کنفرانس]، چې په ۱۹۹۲ ز په ريو ډي جانيرو کې تصويب شو، په هغه وخت کې يې د دوام وړ ځنګل مديريت په اړه عمومي نړيوال ادارک تر لاسه کړ. د آرونو او شاخصونو يو شمېر ټولګو ته په نړيواله، سيمه یيزه، د هېواد او د مديريتي واحد په کچه د SMF [د دوام وړ ځنګل مديريت] د لاسته راوړنې د ارزولو په موخه وده ورکړل شوې ده. دا ټولې د هغې درجې د ارزونې لپاره د قوانينو د تدوين او چمتو کولو هڅې وې، چې د تلپاتې ځنګل مديريت پراخه موخې ورته په عمل کې تر لاسه کېږی. په ۲۰۰۷ ز کې د ملګرو ملتونو عمومي اسامبلې (Non-Legally Binding Instrument on All Types of Forests) [د ځنګلونو د ټولو ډولونو ناقانوني اجباري وسيله (قانون)] تصويب کړ. دا وسيله د خپل ډول لومړنۍ وه او د ټولو ونډه والو د يوې نوې يوځای کوونکې طريقې په واسطه د تلپاتې ځنګل مديريت عملې کولو ته د ودې ورکولو په موخه پياوړې نړيواله ژمنتيا منعکس کړه. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Forestry Principles And Applications|last=Antony, J R., Lal, S.B.|year=2013|pages=166}}&lt;/ref&gt;

د دوام وړ پرمختګ ۱۵ موخه هم يو نړيوال نوښت دی، چې د دوام وړ ځنګل مديريت پر لارې اچول په نښه کوي. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Goal 15 targets|url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html|access-date=2020-09-24|website=UNDP|language=en|تاريخ الأرشيف=2017-09-04|مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html|url-status=dead|خونديځ نېټه=2017-09-04|خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html|خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پېژندنه ==
د تلپاتې ځنګل مديريت يوه پېژندنه، د ځنګلونو د ساتنې په اړه په اروپا کې د حکومتي ناستې له خوا وشوه او له همغه راهيسې د خوړو او کرنې سازمان له لورې تصويب شوی دی، چې د دوام وړ ځنګل مديريت په دې ډول راپېژني: &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mcpfe.org|title=Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe|publisher=Mcpfe.org|access-date=30 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;په داسې ډول او قېمت د ځنګلونو او ځنګلي ځمکو څارنه او کارول، چې د ژوند تنوع، ګټورتوب، د بيا توليد وړتيا، بيارغونه او په اوس او راتلونکي کې د ترسره کولو ځواک، په سيمه یيزو، ملي او نړيوالو کچو اړوند ايکالوژيکي، اقتصادي او ټولنيزې دندې او د هغه څه ساتنه کوي، چې د نورو ايکو سيستمونو د ويجاړۍ سبب نه کېږي. &lt;/blockquote&gt;ياد مفهوم، په يو څه ساده اصطلاحاتو کې د ځنګل توليداتو او ګټو لپاره د ټولنې د زياتېدونکو غوښتنو او د ځنګل د روغتيا او نه ورته والي تر منځ د توازن او ميزان د ترلاسه کولو په توګه تشرېح کېدلی شي. ياد ميزان د ځنګلونو د پايښت (ژوندي پاتې کېدنې) او پر ځنګل د تکيه ټولنو د نېکمرغۍ (هوساينې) په برخو کې ناډاډمن دی. 

د ځنګل د مديرانو لپاره د يوه ځانګړي ځنګل د څانګې په تلپاتې ډول اداره کول، د حس کېدلو وړ په يوه لاره کې د دې مشخص کولو معنا لري، چې ځنګل نن څه ډول وکاروو، چې په راتلونکي کې ورته ګټې، روغتيا او ګټورتوب ډاډمن کړو. د ځنګل مديران بايد ځيني وختونه د مبارزه کوونکو عواملو – سوداګريزو او ناسوداګريزو ارزښتونو، چاپېريالي پاملرنې، د ټولنې اړتياوې، د ځنګل اړوند سالمو پلانونو د توليدولو په موخه ان نړيواله اغېزه وارزوي او د يوې پراخې لړۍ يا ترتيب يې سره يو ځای يا يو لاس کړي. په زياتره حالتونو کې د ځنګل مديران له ښاريانو، سوداګريو، سازمانونو او په ځنګل او د ځنګل د برخې شاوخوا اداره کېدونکو لېواله ډلو سره په سلا او مشوره، د ځنګل په اړه خپلو پلانونو ته وده ورکوي. توکي او تصور يا تجسم د غوره مديريتي لارو چارو لپاره په وروستيو کې بشپړېږي (تکامل کوي). &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sapiens.revues.org/index209.html|title=Evans, K., De Jong, W., and Cronkleton, P. (2008) &quot;Future Scenarios as a Tool for Collaboration in Forest Communities&quot;. ''S.A.P.I.EN.S.'' '''1''' (2)|publisher=Sapiens.revues.org|date=1 October 2008|access-date=30 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sapiens.revues.org/index734.html|title=Mozgeris, G. (2008) &quot;The continuous field view of representing forest geographically: from cartographic representation towards improved management planning&quot;. ''S.A.P.I.EN.S.'' '''1''' (2)|publisher=Sapiens.revues.org|access-date=30 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

د ملګرو ملتونو د خوړو او کرنې سازمان د غړو دولتونو (Member States) په غوښتنه په ۲۰۱۴ ز کې د تلپاتې ځنګل د مديريتي توکو صندوق (Sustainable Forest Management Toolbox) ته وده ورکړه او عملي يې کړ، چې دا د دوام وړ ځنګل مديريت عملي کوونکو هېوادونو د ملاتړ په موخه د توکو، غوره لارو چارو او د دوی د کاريال بېلګو يوه پر ليکه ټولګه وه. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sustainable Forest Management Toolbox|url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-mk154e.pdf|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|access-date=24 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

دا چې ځنګلونه او ټولنې په ثابت پرله ‎پسې اوښتون کې دي، نو د دوام وړ ځنګل مديريت غوښتونکې پايله ثابته نه ده. هغه څه چې په تلپاتې ډول يو اداره شوی ځنګل رامنځته کوي، د وخت په تېرېدو سره به ځکه بدلون وکړي، چې ارزښتونه د عامه بدلون په واسطه ساتل شوي دي. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Rametsteiner|first1=Ewald|last2=Simula|first2=Markku|title=Forest certification—an instrument to promote sustainable forest management?|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|year=2003|volume=67|issue=1|pages=87–98|doi=10.1016/S0301-4797(02)00191-3|pmid=12659807|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479702001913|access-date=20 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معيارونه او شاخصونه ==
معيارونه او شاخصونه هغه توکي دي، چې د دوام وړ ځنګل مديريت د ادراک، ارزونې او عملي کولو په موخه کارېدلی شي. ارونه اړين عناصر او د حالتونو يا پړاوونو يوه ټولګه راپېژني او مشخص کوي، چې په واسطه يې کېدای شي تلپاتې يا د دوام وړ ځنګل مديريت وارزول شي. په دوره يي ډول اندازه شوي شاخصونه بل هر معيار ته په احترام سره د بدلون لوری څرګندوي. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/acm/methods/toolbox1.html Guidelines for Developing, Testing and Selecting Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617073742/http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/acm/methods/toolbox1.html |date=2011-06-17 }} Ravi Prabhu, Carol J. P. Colfer and Richard G. Dudley. 1999. CIFOR. The Criteria &amp; Indicators Toolbox Series.&lt;/ref&gt;

د تلپاتې (د دوام وړ) ځنګل د مديريت معيارونه او شاخصونه په پراخ ډول کارول کېږي او زيات هېوادونه ملې راپورونه چمتو کوي، چې د دوام وړ ځنګل مديريت پر لور (په اړه) د دوی وده ارزوي. نهه نړيوال او سيمه یيز معيارونه او شاخصونه شته، چې په ټوليز ډول له ۱۵۰ نه زيات هېوادونه رانغاړي. د پرمختللو معيارونو له ډلې درې معيارونه يې د معتدلو او شمالي ځنګلونو (چې Montréal Process هم ورته وايي) د ساتنې او دوام لرونکي مديريت لپاره پر معيارونو او شاخصونو باندې بوخته ډله، (Forest Europe) او د تودو سيمو د ځنګل نړيوال سازمان (International Tropical Timber Organization) دي. هغه هېوادونه چې د ورته نوښت غړي دي، په عادي ډول په ورته وخت کې د راپور جوړولو او ورته شاخص کارولو هوکړه لري. د هېوادونو په دننه کې د مديريتي واحد په کچه د پايښت وړ ځنګل د مديريت په سيمه یيزه کچه د معيارونو او شاخصونو ته په ودې ورکولو کې direct شوي دي. د نړيوال ځنګل پوهې د څېړنې مرکز (Center for International Forestry Research)، د موډل ځنګل نړيواله شبکه او د بریتانوي کلمبيا په پوهنتون کې څېړونکو يو شمېر توکو او تخنيکونو ته وده ورکړې ده، چې پر ځنګل تکيه شويو ټولنو سره د هغوی په سيمه یيزه کچه د معيارونو او شاخصونو په جوړولو کې مرسته کوي. معيارونه او شاخصونه د درېيمې ډلې ځنګل د تاييد پروګرامونو بنسټ جوړوي. لکه: د کاناډايي معيارونو د ټولنې معيار، د پايښت وړ ځنګل مديريت معيارونه او د پايښت وړ ځنګل پوهنې نوښت معيار. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/004/AC135E/AC135E00.HTM Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management: A Compendium]. Paper compiled by Froylán Castañeda, Christel Palmberg-Lerche and Petteri Vuorinen, May 2001. Forest Management Working Papers, Working Paper 5. Forest Resources Development Service, Forest Resources Division. FAO, Rome (unpublished).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.itto.int/direct/topics/topics_pdf_download/topics_id=9630000&amp;no=1&amp;disp=inline ITTO]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.rinya.maff.go.jp/mpci/2009p_1.pdf |title=Montréal Process Indicators |access-date=2022-02-04 |تاريخ الأرشيف=2012-04-20 |مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420075341/http://www.rinya.maff.go.jp/mpci/2009p_1.pdf |url-status=dead |خونديځ نېټه=2012-04-20 |خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420075341/http://www.rinya.maff.go.jp/mpci/2009p_1.pdf |خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420075341/http://www.rinya.maff.go.jp/mpci/2009p_1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420075341/http://www.rinya.maff.go.jp/mpci/2009p_1.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.foresteurope.org/filestore/foresteurope/Publications/pdf/improved_indicators.pdf MCPFE indicators] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614035658/http://www.foresteurope.org/filestore/foresteurope/Publications/pdf/improved_indicators.pdf|date=14 June 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.imfn.net|title=International Model Forest Network|publisher=Imfn.net|access-date=30 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/acm/pub/toolbox.html|title=CIFOR Criteria and Indicators Toolbox Series|publisher=Cifor.cgiar.org|access-date=30 November 2011|archive-date=17 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617074629/http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/acm/pub/toolbox.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-54246-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html International Model Forest Network Criteria and Indicators] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023185421/http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-54246-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html|date=23 October 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sfmindicators.org/ |title=SFM Indicator Knowledge Base |access-date=2022-02-04 |تاريخ الأرشيف=2019-04-30 |مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430080927/http://www.sfmindicators.org/ |url-status=dead |خونديځ نېټه=2019-04-30 |خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430080927/http://www.sfmindicators.org/ |خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430080927/http://www.sfmindicators.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430080927/http://www.sfmindicators.org/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.csa-international.org/product_areas/forest_products_marking/Default.asp?language=english|title=Canadian Standards Association|publisher=Csa-international.org|access-date=30 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118085104/http://www.csa-international.org/product_areas/forest_products_marking/default.asp?language=english|archive-date=18 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sfiprogram.org/files/pdf/Section1_sfi_requirements_2010-2014.pdf|title=Sustainable Forestry Initiative Introduction Page 1|access-date=30 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125143402/http://www.sfiprogram.org/files/pdf/Section1_sfi_requirements_2010-2014.pdf|archive-date=25 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ښکاري چې، د پايښت وړځنګل مديريت د کليدي عناصرو په اړه وده واله (مخ پر وده) نړيواله هوکړه يا اجماع شته ده. د دوام وړ ځنګل مدیريت اووه عامې موضوعې برخې د نهه(۹) دوام لرونکو سیمه ییزو او نړيوالو معيارونو او شاخصونو د نوښتونو پر بنسټ رامنځته شوې دي. يادې اووه عامې موضوعي برخې دا دي: 

* د ځنګلي سرچينو پراختيا.
* د بيولوژيکي ژوند بېلوالی (تنوع).
* د ځنګل روغتيا او بيارغونه.
* د ځنګل سرچينو ګټورې دندې.
* د ځنګل سرچينو ژغورونکې دندې.
* ټولنيزې -اقتصادي دندې.
* روا کړنلاره او بنسټيز چارچوکاټ.

د عامو موضوعي برخو (معيارونو) په اړه د نظريو دا موافقه (اجماع) په اغېزناک ډول د دوام وړ ځنګل د مديريت يوعام او ضمني پېژند وړاندې کوي. يادې اووه موضوعي برخې د ځنګلونو په اړه د ملګرو ملتونو د جرګه ځای (United Nations Forum on Forests) په څلورمه غونډه کې د ځنګل د نړيوالې کمېټې له خوا او د ځنګلونو په اړه د يادې کمېټې په شپاړسمه غونډه کې منل شوي وو. ذکر شوې اووه موضوعي برخې، اوس هم د ځنګلونو پر ټولو ډولونو باندې د ناقانونه زور وسيلې (Non-Legally Binding Instrument on All Types of Forests) کې د وسيلې د موخې ترلاسه کولو کې د مرستې په موخه د يوه ریفرنس چارچوکاټ په توګه نمانځل کېږي. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.un.org/esa/forests/ United Nations Forum on Forests] (2004)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/MEETING/007/Y9203e/y9203e09.htm#TopOfPage Committee on Forestry] (2003)&lt;/ref&gt;

۲۰۱۲ ز کال د جنوري پر ۵ نېټه د (Montréal Process)، (Forest Europe)، (International Tropical Timber Organization) او د ملګرو ملتونو د خوړو او کرنې سازمان او د اووه موضوعي برخو منونکو د مرستې يوه ګډه وینا لاسليک کړه، چې له مخې يې د ځنګل اړوند د نړيوالو معلوماتو راټولونې او راپور ورکولو ته وده ورکړي او د څارنې د غوښتنو او ګډ راپور ورکولو د مسووليت پېټي د زياتوالي مخنيوی وکړي. 

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ميری ډي ګورنی (۶ اکتوبر ۱۵۶۵ پاريس – ۱۳ جولای ۱۶۴۵) یوه فرانسوۍ لیکواله وه، چا چې يو ناول او يو شمېر نورې ادبي ليکنې وکړې، د نارینه او ښځو برابري (''Égalité des hommes et des femmes، ۱۶۲۲'') او د ښځو شکايتونه (Grief des dames، ۱۶۲۶) په ګډون. هغې ټینګار کاوه چې ښځې بايد زده کړه وکړی. هغه همدا راز د «ميشل ډي مونټين» مصححه او مبصره وه. د مونټين له مړينې وروسته، ګورني د هغې مقالې تصحيح او خپرې کړې.&lt;ref name=&quot;fr.wikisource.org&quot;&gt;[https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/%C3%89galit%C3%A9_des_Hommes_et_des_Femmes ''Égalité des hommes et des femmes'' by Marie de Gournay, in French]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;[https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Grief_des_dames ''Grief des dames'' by Marie de Gournay, in French]&lt;/ref&gt;

== ژوند ==
هغه په ۱۵۶۵ز کال کې په پارس کې زېږېدلې وه. د هغې پلار «جيولم لي جارز» د پرانسې د باچا درېیم هينري خزانه دار و. په ۱۵۶۸ز کال کې هغه په «پکاردي» کې د «ګورني» د ملکيتونو لپاره د ځمکواکۍ حقوق تر لاسه کړل او په ۱۵۷۳ز کال کې، له هغې وروسته چې د « Neufvy» ملکیتونه يې راونيول، نوموړی « Seigneur de Neufvy et de Gournay» وګرځېد. په ۱۵۷۷ز کال کې د هغې د پلار له ناڅاپي مرګ وروسته دا کورنۍ «ګورنی-سور-ارونډ» ته ولېږدېده.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pre-revWop237&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Writings by Pre-revolutionary French Women|publisher=Psychology Press|date=2000|author=Anne R. Larsen &amp; Colette H. Winn|isbn=9780815331902|pages=237}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pre-revWop2372&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Writings by Pre-revolutionary French Women|publisher=Psychology Press|date=2000|author=Anne R. Larsen &amp; Colette H. Winn|isbn=9780815331902|pages=237}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ګورني خپله زده کړې کولې. هغې انسانيات مطالعه کړل او خپله يې لاتيني ژبه ياده کړه. د هغې مطالعاتو  نوموړې د «مايکل ډی مونټيني» اثارو موندلو ته رهي کړه. نوموړې په ۱۵۸۸ز کال کې له هغه سره په پاريس کې په تصادفي ډول وکتل، او هغه په «لورولۍ» ونيوله. هغې په ۱۵۹۴ز کال کې د هغه لومړی کتاب خپور کړ چې نوم يې و « ''Le Proumenoir de Monsieur de Montaigne'' ».&lt;ref name=&quot;Pre-revWop2372&quot; /&gt;

په ۱۵۹۱ز کال کې د هغې د مور له مړينې ووسته، ميری پاريس ته ولاړه، د کورنۍ کور يې خپل ورور چارلس ته خوشې کړ او هغه مجبور شو چې دا کور په ۱۶۰۸ز کال کې وپلوري. يو کال وروسته «مونټينی» ومړ او د هغه کونډې «فرانسوا ډي لا چيساين» ګورنی ته د مقالو يوه نسخه وسپارله او هغه يې د دې مقالو د خپرولو مسئوله کړه. په ۱۵۹۵ز کال کې ګورني د هغه د مقالو لومړۍ پس مرګي نسخه خپره کړه او په ۱۵۹۸ز کال کې هغې د همدې تصحيح شوې نسخه خپره کړه. هغه د لیکنو له لارې د ګټې وټې په پرېکړه په پاريس کې ميشته شوه. هغې په ۱۶۰۸ز کال کې د « Bienvenue à Monseigneur le Duc d'Anjou» په نوم د ماشومانو د زده کړې په اړوند مهاليز بحثونه خپاره کړل. دې کار په پراخه کچه د پاريس د پوهانو نظر د هغې په لور راواړاوه. د « Adieu de l'ame du Roy de France et de Navarre» په نوم د هغې د ۱۶۱۰ز کال کار يوه رسوايي جوړه کړه، ځکه چې له «جيسوټ» يې دفاع کړې وه، په چا چې شک کېدو چې د پاچا هنري څلورم د وژلو دسيسه يې جوړه کړې (Jesuits جيسوټ د يوې مسيحي ټولنې غړي چې په ۱۵۳۴ز کال کې جوړه شوې وه). ګورني د «د ګورني ضد» په نوم د يوې مسخره ييزې رسالې په مټ تر بريد لاندې ونيول شوه او د يوې زړې بدغونې په توګه انځور شوه.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pre-revWop2372&quot; /&gt;

په پاريس کې «ميري ډي ګورني» له «هنري لويس بابرټ ډي مونټمور» سره وليدل او پوهاند «جسټس لپسيس» هغه اروپا ته د لیکونو د يوې ښځې په توګه وړاندې کړه. ګورني «ملکې مارګو، د فرانسې څلورم هنري، ميري ډي ميډيسس، لويس يوولسم، مارکوينز ډي ګورچيويل»، وزيرانو «ولرويي او جينين» ته په لیکونو استولو سره خپل ځان ته خوندي کوونکي پيدا کړل. ملکه مارګو د هغې ملاتړې شوه. ګرومي د ملکې شاهي تالار ته وبلل شوه او په ربعوار ډول يې مالي مرسته تر لاسه کوله.&lt;ref&gt;Whipp, Koren. &quot;Marie le Jars de Gournay.&quot; Project Continua (2014): [date accessed], http://www.projectcontinua.org/marie-le-jars-de-gournay/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006084911/http://www.projectcontinua.org/marie-le-jars-de-gournay/ |date=2023-10-06 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sartori, Eva. &quot;Marie de Gournay&quot;. Allegorica. Vol. IX, Winter 1987, Summer 1988. The University of Texas at Arlington, 135-41.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Bold and the Brave: A History of Women in Science and Engineering|publisher=University of Ottawa Press|date=2009|author=Monique Frize, Peter R. D. Frize &amp; Nadine Faulkner|isbn=9780776607252|pages=79}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هغې د «سالوسټ، اويد، ويرژيل او تاسيتوس» اثار وژباړل. ګورني همدا راز د خپلې پيشو « Léonore» (چې دا د مونتيني د لور نوم هم و) او د «ارک» د «جان» په اړه بيتونه وليکل،  «رونسار» سره يې ځان برابر کړ، د شهزاده ګانو په لارښونه يې ليکنې وکړې او په « Précieuses» يې نیوکې وکړې. په ۱۶۱۹ز کال کې نوموړې د « Versions de quelques pièces de Virgile, Tacite, Salluste» د ژباړې نسخه خپره کړه، دې ژباړې یوه سريزه درلوده چې د « François de Malherbe's» د هغه اند مخالفت پکې شوی و چې فرانسوي ژبه بايد پاکه شي. په ګورنی تور پورې شو چې هغه چټي، ماضي پالونکې او زړه مزدوره ښځه ده. په بدل کې، ګورني، په ۱۶۲۲ز کال کې د « Égalité des Hommes et des Femmes» په عنوان د ښځو د حقوقو يوه سخته دفاع خپره کړه، کومه چې هغې ملکې «ان دواتريش» ته ډالۍ کړې وه. په ۱۶۲۴ز کال کې هغې د « Remerciement, au Roy» په عنوان د  « Pierre de Ronsard» د شعر يوه څرګنده کره کتنه خپره کړه.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pre-revWop238&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Writings by Pre-revolutionary French Women|publisher=Psychology Press|date=2000|author=Anne R. Larsen &amp; Colette H. Winn|isbn=9780815331902|pages=238}}&lt;/ref&gt;

د « Le Promenoir de M. de Montaigne qui traite de l’amour dans l’œuvre de Plutarque» په نوم د هغې د ۱۶۲۶ز کال په ناول کې، نوموړې د هغو ګواښونو څېړنه وکړه، له کومو سره چې ښځې په نارينه وو د تکیه کولو له امله مخ کېږي. په ۱۶۲۶ز کال کې د « L'ombre de la damoiselle de Gournay» په عنوان د هغې د اثارو يوه ټولګه خپره شوه. هغه د «سنت اونوره» په سرک موقعيت لرونکي يو اپارتمان ته ولاړه او د فرانسوي اکاډمۍ په جوړولو کې يې مرسته وکړه. هغه کم تقاعد چې نوموړې ته د «کاردينال ريشليو» له خوا ورکول کېدو، له هغې سره مرسته وکړه چې په ۱۶۳۵ز کال کې د «مونتنی» د لیکنو يوه نسخه خپره کړي. په ۱۶۴۱ز کال کې، نوموړې د « Les Advis, ou les Presens de la Demoiselle de Gournay» په نوم د خپلو اثارو يوه بله ټولګه خپره کړه. هغه په ۱۶۴۵ز کال کې د ۷۹ کلنۍ په عمر مړه شوه او د پاريس په «سينټ ايسټيچ» کليسا کې خاورو ته وسپارل شوه. ميری ډي ګورني اوسمهال په فرانس کې د هغې لومړۍ ښځې په توګه پېژندل کېږي چې په تنقیدي ادب کې يې ونډه درلوده او د لومړيو هغو ښځو شمېرل کېږي چې د ښځو او نارينه وو په برابرۍ يې سخت بحثونه کړي دي. د هغې وروستي راټول اثار نژدې زر پاڼو ته رسېږي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jesuismort.com/tombe/marie-de-gournay#biographie|title=Marie DE GOURNAY : Biographie, Tombe, Citations, Forum... - JeSuisMort.com|website=JeSuisMort.com|language=fr|access-date=2018-11-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== د ښځو د زده کړې په اړه اندونه ==
د ښځو د زده کړې د حقوقو لپاره د ګورني استدلال په مذهبي بنسټونو ولاړ و. ګورني رومي کاتوليکه وه او په فرانسوي مذهبي شخړو کې د پروټسټان خوځښت مخالفه بلل کېده. هغې په دوه رسالو کې د ښځو د تعلیم وکالت وکړ چې هغه دوه ليکنې دا دي: « ''Égalité des Hommes et des Femmes''» (د سړيو او ښځو برابري)، کومه چې په ۱۶۲۲ز کال کې خپره شوې وه او « ''Grief des Dames''» (د ښځو شکایتونه) کومه چې په ۱۶۲۶ز کال کې خپره شوې وه. هغې دليل وړاندې کاوه چې نارينه او ښځې برابرې دي، ځکه چې «د سړيو او ښځو د ښکلا خوښونې ذوق يو شان دی، ځکه چې خدای  دوی دواړو ته يوشان خلقت او درناوی ورکړی دی».&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Christianity and Human Rights: An Introduction|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2010|author=John Witte &amp; Jr, Frank S. Alexander|isbn=9781139494113|pages=305}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;«لوستونکيه! تاته دې مبارک وي، که چېرې ته تر هغه جنس پورې اړه نه لرې،د چا لپاره چې ټولې ښېګڼې حرامې دي».&lt;/blockquote&gt;د «نارينه او ښځو په برابرۍ» کې ګورني خپل استدلال د «کرسټين ډي بيزاان» په څېر جوړ کړ او د ښځو د زده کړې وړتيا څرګندولو لپاره يې د تېر وخت د سترو مېرمنو د پېژنديال له جوړولو پيل وکړ. هغې د ښځو او سړيو پر برابرۍ ټينګار کولو سره، په يو جنس د بل جنس د پياوړتيا به اړوند له بحث څخه ډډه وکړه. خو نوموړې به دې تصور بريدونه وکړل چې سترې ښځې يواځې له سترو نارينه ووسره ورته والی لري. هغې استدلال کاوه چې دا د حيرانتيا خبره نه ده چې ښځې ناقابلې، جاهلې او يوازې خپلو بدنونو ته پاملرنه کوونکې بلل شوي دي او دا ځکه چې ښځې ډېره کمه زده کړه تر لاسه کوي. ګورني استدلال کاوه که چېرې ښځو ته د نارينه وو په څېر موکې، امتيازات او زده کړه ورکړل شي، دوی کولای شي د نارينه وو په څېر لاسته راوړنې ولري. د «د ښځو شکايتونه» کې ګورني شکايت کړی  چې ښځې خپله شتمني نه لري، خپلواکۍ څخه ګټه نه شي اخستلای، يا عامو دفترونو ته لاسرسی نه لري. هغې ويلي چې باسواده ښځو حق درلود چې غږ يې واورېدل شي، کټ مټ هغه شان چې د نارينه وو اورېدل کېږي. د رينه ديکات په څېر هغې دماغ له بدن څخه جلا کړل او استدلال يې وکړ چې ښځې د سړيو په څېر وړتيا لري.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Bold and the Brave: A History of Women in Science and Engineering|publisher=University of Ottawa Press|date=2009|author=Monique Frize, Peter R. D. Frize &amp; Nadine Faulkner|isbn=9780776607252|pages=78}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سرچينې ==</text>
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'''فاطمه رهبر''' 7 مارچ 2020) یو ایراني محافظه کاره سیاستوال و چې درې دوره یې د ایران د پارلمان د غړي په توګه دنده ترسره کړې چې د تهران، ری، شمیرانات او اسلامشهر استازیتوب کوي. رهبر د څلورم ځل لپاره په پارلمان کې د خدمت لپاره وټاکل شوه، خو د خپلې دورې له پیل مخکې مړه شوه.

== ژوند ==
رهبر د بصري ارتباط په برخه کې ماسټري او د پی ایچ ډي سند ترلاسه کړی دی. په ستراتیژیک مدیریت کې درجې. هغې د انټرنیټ شبکې لپاره د تولید مدیر او د انټرنیټ پالیسۍ عالي شورا منشي په توګه کار کاوه.

رہبر یو محافظه کار سیاستوال او د اسلامي ایتلاف غړی و . هغې د 2004 او 2016 ترمنځ درې دوره د ایران د پارلمان د غړي په توګه د تهران، ری، شیمیرانت او اسلامشهر په استازیتوب دنده ترسره کړې.  د پارلمان د غړې په توګه، رہبر د یونیسکو لپاره د ایران د ملي کمیسیون د مرستیال، د ښځو د برخې د رییس، او د رسنیو او هنر کمیټې د رییس په توګه دنده ترسره کړې. رہبر د امام خمیني د خیریه بنسټ د مرستیال په توګه دنده ترسره کوله.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; هغه د څلورم ځل لپاره په پارلمان کې د خدمت لپاره وټاکل شوه خو د څلورمې دورې له پیل مخکې مړه شوه. 

[[کویډ–19|رهبر د]] ۲۰۲۰ کال د مارچ په ۵ مه په ایران کې د کوویډ-۱۹ ناروغۍ پر مهال د کوویډ-۱۹ ناروغۍ له امله کوما ته لاړه. هغه د 2020 کال د مارچ په 7 نیټه د ناروغۍ له امله رامینځته شوي اختلاطاتو له امله مړه شوه.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Newly-Elected Female Politician Dies of Coronavirus in Iran |url=https://ifpnews.com/newly-elected-female-politician-dies-of-coronavirus-in-iran |access-date=2022-06-25 |archive-date=2020-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320132321/https://ifpnews.com/newly-elected-female-politician-dies-of-coronavirus-in-iran |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالې ==
{{لړسرچينې}}</text>
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'''د هولوسين انقراض''' یا نشت کېدنه چې شپږمه ستره نشت کېدنه یا انتروپوسین نشت کېدنه هم بلل کېږي، د اوسني هولوسين تاریخي پړاو (چې ډېر وروستي وختونه یې کله کله انتروپوسین بلل کېږي) په اوږدو کې د انساني فعالیتونو له امله د نوعو (د ژویو ډولونو) د له منځه تلنې یوه استمراري پېښه ده. تر اوسه پورې د باکټریاوو، فنجیو، بوټو او حیواناتو لکه؛ تي لرونکيو حیواناتو، مرغانو، خزنده ګانو، دوه ژوندْيو (ذو حیاتینو)، کبانو او نورو ډېرو بې ملا تیرو (غېر فقاریه) حیواناتو په ګډون د زیات شمېر ژوو کورنۍ نشت شوې دي. د ژوند د ډېرو نوعو لرونکو چاپېریالونو لکه؛ مرجاني صخرو او اورښتي ځنګلونو همدارنګه نورو ډېرو سیمو د خورا ډېر زیان سره سره د نوموړو نشت کېدنو په اړه ډېر ثبت شوي اسناد په لاس کې نشته، ځکه چې یاد نشت شوي ژوي د نشت کېدنې پر مهال نا-څرګند وو یا یې چا د نشت کېدنې په اړه تر اوسه معلومات نه دي موندلي. د نوعو د نشت کېدنې اوسنی میزان (نرخ) د مخکنۍ طبيعي نشت کېدنې له نرخ څخه له ۱۰۰ څخه تر ۱۰۰۰ ځله لوړ اټکل شوی دی.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Wagler|first1=Ron|date=2011|title=The Anthropocene Mass Extinction: An Emerging Curriculum Theme for Science Educators|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article/73/2/78/18301/The-Anthropocene-Mass-Extinction-An-Emerging|journal=The American Biology Teacher|volume=73|issue=2|pages=78–83|doi=10.1525/abt.2011.73.2.5|s2cid=86352610|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Walsh|first=Alistair|date=January 11, 2022|title=What to expect from the world's sixth mass extinction|url=https://www.dw.com/en/what-to-expect-from-the-worlds-sixth-mass-extinction/a-60360245|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|location=|access-date=February 5, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WorldScientists&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF|title=World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice|journal=[[BioScience]]|volume=67|issue=12|pages=1026–1028|date=13 November 2017|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix125|url=http://scientistswarning.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/sw/files/Warning_article_with_supp_11-13-17.pdf|quote=Moreover, we have unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in roughly 540 million years, wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century.|access-date=18 July 2022|archivedate=15 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215010626/https://scientistswarning.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/sw/files/Warning_article_with_supp_11-13-17.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ceballos-Ehrlich-2018-06&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Ceballos|first1=Gerardo|last2=Ehrlich|first2=Paul R.|author-link2=Paul R. Ehrlich|title=The misunderstood sixth mass extinction|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|date=8 June 2018|volume=360|issue=6393|pages=1080–1081|doi=10.1126/science.aau0191|pmid=29880679|oclc=7673137938|bibcode=2018Sci...360.1080C|s2cid=46984172|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aau0191}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dirzo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Dirzo|first=Rodolfo|author2=Young, Hillary S.|author3=Galetti, Mauro|author4=Ceballos, Gerardo|author5=Isaac, Nick J. B.|author6=Collen, Ben|title=Defaunation in the Anthropocene|journal=Science|date=2014|doi=10.1126/science.1251817|pmid=25061202|volume=345|issue=6195|pages=401–406|url=http://www.uv.mx/personal/tcarmona/files/2010/08/Science-2014-Dirzo-401-6-2.pdf|quote=In the past 500 years, humans have triggered a wave of extinction, threat, and local population declines that may be comparable in both rate and magnitude with the five previous mass extinctions of Earth’s history.|bibcode=2014Sci...345..401D|s2cid=206555761}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cowie&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cowie|first1=Robert H.|last2=Bouchet|first2=Philippe|last3=Fontaine|first3=Benoît|date=2022|title=The Sixth Mass Extinction: fact, fiction or speculation?|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/brv.12816|journal=Biological Reviews|volume=97|issue=2|pages=640–663|doi=10.1111/brv.12816|pmid=35014169|s2cid=245889833|access-date=|quote=Our review lays out arguments clearly demonstrating that there is a biodiversity crisis, quite probably the start of the Sixth Mass Extinction.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Hollingsworth|first=Julia|date=June 11, 2019|title=Almost 600 plant species have become extinct in the last 250 years|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/11/asia/plant-extinctions-science-intl-hnk/|work=CNN|access-date=January 14, 2020|quote=&quot;The research -- published Monday in Nature, Ecology &amp; Evolution journal -- found that 571 plant species have disappeared from the wild worldwide, and that plant extinction is occurring up to 500 times faster than the rate it would without human intervention.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Guy|first=Jack|date=September 30, 2020|title=Around 40% of the world's plant species are threatened with extinction|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/30/world/kew-gardens-plants-report-scli-intl-gbr-scn/index.html|work=CNN|location=|access-date=September 1, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Watts|first=Jonathan|date=August 31, 2021|title=Up to half of world's wild tree species could be at risk of extinction|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/01/up-to-half-worlds-wild-tree-species-could-risk-extinction|work=The Guardian|location=|access-date=September 1, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|&lt;ref name=Ceballos-Ehrlich-2018-06/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=De Vos|first1=Jurriaan M.|last2=Joppa|first2=Lucas N.|last3=Gittleman|first3=John L.|last4=Stephens|first4=Patrick R.|last5=Pimm|first5=Stuart L.|date=2014-08-26|title=Estimating the normal background rate of species extinction|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=29|issue=2|pages=452–462|doi=10.1111/cobi.12380|pmid=25159086|s2cid=19121609|issn=0888-8892|language=es|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/98443/1/Conservation_Biology_2014_early-view.pdf|access-date=2022-07-18|archive-date=2018-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104111411/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/98443/1/Conservation_Biology_2014_early-view.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PimmJenkins&quot;/&gt;}}

لوی ځمکني حیوانات چې د میګافونا په نامه شهرت لري د هولوسين په نشت کېدنه کې له منځه تللي دي، یاده نشت کېدنه د وروستي کنګليز پړاو له پای ته رسېدو څخه را پیل شوې ده. د افریقا له لویې وچې څخه د باندې میګافونان چې، د انسانو ترڅنګ ېې تکامل ونشوی کړای، د نوي ښکار (د ژويو یا ارګانیزمونو دوه اړخیز عمل ته ویل کېږي، چې يو ښکار کوونکی ژوی په بل ژوي برید کوي او خوري یې) د ښکارندې (پدیدې) په وړاندې ډېر حساس ثابت شول او په ځمکه کې د لومړنیو انسانانو د خورېدو او ښکار له پیل کولو څخه وروسته ډېر ژر نشت یا منقرض شول؛ همدارنګه ډېرې افریقایي نوعې په هولوسين کې له منځه لاړې خو - د ځینو استثناوو له امله - د نوموړې لویې وچې ميګافونانو ته تر څو سوه کاله مخکې پورې زیان نه و رسېدلی. نوموړې نشت کېدنه چې د پلیستوسین-هولوسين پولې ته نږدې پېښه شوې ده، ځینې وختونه د نشت کېدنې کواټرنري پېښه هم بلل کېږي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Without humans, the whole world could look like Serengeti |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-08/au-wht082015.php |access-date=August 16, 2020 |website=EurekAlert! |quote=The existence of Africa's many species of mammals is thus not due to an optimal climate and environment, but rather because it is the only place where they have not yet been eradicated by humans. The underlying reason includes evolutionary adaptation of large mammals to humans as well as greater pest pressure on human populations in long-inhabited Africa in the past. |archive-date=October 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028085026/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-08/au-wht082015.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Faurby2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Faurby|first1=Søren|last2=Svenning|first2=Jens-Christian|date=2015|title=Historic and prehistoric human‐driven extinctions have reshaped global mammal diversity patterns|journal=[[Diversity and Distributions]]|volume=21|issue=10|pages=1155–1166|doi=10.1111/ddi.12369|hdl-access=free|hdl=10261/123512|s2cid=196689979}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Galetti|first1=Mauro|last2=Moleón|first2=Marcos|last3=Jordano|first3=Pedro|last4=Pires|first4=Mathias M.|last5=Guimarães|first5=Paulo R.|last6=Pape|first6=Thomas|last7=Nichols|first7=Elizabeth|last8=Hansen|first8=Dennis|last9=Olesen|first9=Jens M.|last10=Munk|first10=Michael|last11=de Mattos|first11=Jacqueline S.|date=2018|title=Ecological and evolutionary legacy of megafauna extinctions: Anachronisms and megafauna interactions|journal=Biological Reviews|language=en|volume=93|issue=2|pages=845–862|doi=10.1111/brv.12374|pmid=28990321|s2cid=4762203|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/152780/1/Galetti_et_al-2018-Biological_Reviews.pdf|access-date=2022-07-18|archive-date=2021-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417164905/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/152780/1/Galetti_et_al-2018-Biological_Reviews.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ډېره مشهوره نظریه دا ده چې، د انسانانو په واسطه د نوعو ښکار موجوده کړکېچنو حالاتو ته نور هم شدت  وروباښه، ځکه چې نشت کېدنه د انسانانو د راڅرګندېدو سره په یو مهال کې پېښه شوه. که څه هم چې، د انسانانو د ښکار له امله د نوعو د کمښت د کچې په اړه د نظرونو اختلاف شته، د نفوسو یوه اندازه کمښت په مستقیمه توګه د انسانو د فعالیتونو سره تړلی دی، لکه د نيوزيلنډ او هاوایي د نشت کېدنې پېښې. د انسانانو سربېره، د هوا بدلون هم ښایي د میګافونانو په نشت کېدنه کې مهم فکتور وي،  په ځانګړې توګه د پلیستوسین په پای کې. 

په ایکولوژیکه توګه، انسان یو بې ساري &quot;تر ټولو ستر نړیوال ښکاري&quot; ګڼل کېږي، چې په دایمي توګه د نورو سترو ښکاري حیواناتو ښکار کوي او په نړیواله کچه د خوړو ځنځیر (food webs) اغېزمنوي. په هره لویه وچه او سمندرونو کې ډېرې نوعې نشت شوې دي، چې ډېرې مشهورې بېلګې یې د افریقا، اسیا، استرالیا، شمالي او سوېلي امریکا او د نورو کوچنیو جزیرو په حدودو کې موندلی شو. په کلي توګه، د هولوسين نشت کېدنې ته په چاپېریال باندې د انسان د اغېزو سره تړاو ورکولای شو. د هولوسين نشت کېدنه په ۲۱مه زېږدیزه پېړۍ کې هم روانه ده، چې د انساني نفوس ډېرښت، د وګړي په سر د مصرف زياتېدنه او د غوښې تولید د دغې سترې نشت کېدنې لومړني عوامل دي، او د ځنګلونو وهل، ډېره کب نیونه، د سمندرونو تېزابي کېدل، د نمناکو ځمکو ویجاړونه او د زوحیاتینو د نفوس کمښت د استوګنې د تنوع د له منځه تلنې یو څو لوی مثالونه دي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Darimont|first1=Chris T.|last2=Fox|first2=Caroline H.|last3=Bryan|first3=Heather M.|last4=Reimchen|first4=Thomas E.|date=21 August 2015|title=The unique ecology of human predators|journal=Science|volume=349|issue=6250|pages=858–860|bibcode=2015Sci...349..858D|doi=10.1126/science.aac4249|issn=0036-8075|pmid=26293961|s2cid=4985359}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Elbein|first=Saul|date=December 11, 2021|title=Wetlands point to extinction problems beyond climate change|url=https://thehill.com/policy/equilibrium-sustainability/585382-wetlands-point-to-extinction-problems-beyond-climate-change|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|location=|access-date=December 12, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wake2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Wake|first1=David B.|last2=Vredenburg|first2=Vance T.|date=2008-08-12|title=Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=105|issue=Supplement 1|pages=11466–11473|doi=10.1073/pnas.0801921105|issn=0027-8424|pmid=18695221|doi-access=free|bibcode=2008PNAS..10511466W|pmc=2556420|quote=&quot;The possibility that a sixth mass extinction spasm is upon us has received much attention. Substantial evidence suggests that an extinction event is underway.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WorldScientists2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF|title=World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice|journal=[[BioScience]]|volume=67|issue=12|pages=1026–1028|date=13 November 2017|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix125|url=http://scientistswarning.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/sw/files/Warning_article_with_supp_11-13-17.pdf|quote=Moreover, we have unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in roughly 540 million years, wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century.|access-date=18 July 2022|archivedate=15 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215010626/https://scientistswarning.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/sw/files/Warning_article_with_supp_11-13-17.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|&lt;ref name=&quot;PimmJenkins&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ceballos-Ehrlich-2017-05/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last= Cockburn|first=Harry|date=March 29, 2019|title=Population explosion fuelling rapid reduction of wildlife on African savannah, study shows|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/wildlife-africa-savanah-serengeti-masai-mara-population-a8843936.html|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=April 1, 2019|quote=Encroachment by people into one of Africa’s most celebrated ecosystems is &quot;squeezing the wildlife in its core&quot;, by damaging habitation and disrupting the migration routes of animals, a major international study has concluded.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stokstad&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/landmark-analysis-documents-alarming-global-decline-nature|title=Landmark analysis documents the alarming global decline of nature|last=Stokstad|first=Erik|date=5 May 2019|website=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science|AAAS]]|language=en|access-date=26 August 2020|quote=&quot;For the first time at a global scale, the report has ranked the causes of damage. Topping the list, changes in land use—principally agriculture—that have destroyed habitat. Second, hunting and other kinds of exploitation. These are followed by climate change, pollution, and invasive species, which are being spread by trade and other activities. Climate change will likely overtake the other threats in the next decades, the authors note. Driving these threats are the growing human population, which has doubled since 1970 to 7.6 billion, and consumption. (Per capita of use of materials is up 15% over the past 5 decades.)&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}{{refn|&lt;ref name=&quot;WorldScientists&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCIPBES2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Carrington|first=Damian|date=February 3, 2021|title=Plant-based diets crucial to saving global wildlife, says report|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/feb/03/plant-based-diets-crucial-to-saving-global-wildlife-says-report|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=|access-date=August 5, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Machovina&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Smithers&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://isaconf.confex.com/isaconf/forum2016/webprogram/Paper78184.html|title=Greenwashing the Animal-Industrial Complex: Sustainable Intensification and Happy Meat|last=Boscardin|first=Livia|date=12 July 2016|website=3rd ISA Forum of Sociology, Vienna, Austria|publisher=ISAConf.confex.com|access-date=10 August 2021|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

== مخینه ==
سترې نشت کېدنې د وخت په یو لنډ&lt;sup&gt;[''څومره'']&lt;/sup&gt; جیولوژيکي پړاو کې لږ تر لږه د نوعو د ۷۵‌‍ سلنې د له منځه تلنې په واسطه تشخیصېږي. د هولوسين نشت کېدنه 'شپږمه ستره نشت کېدنه' هم بلل کېږي ځکه چې، د اوردویشېن ـــ سیلورین نشت کېدنې پېښو،  وروستۍ ډوینین نشت کېدنې، پرمیان ـــ ټریاسیک نشت کېدنې پېښې، ټریاسیک ـــ جوراسیک نشت کېدنې پېښې، کریټېسیوس ـــ پلاګوین نشت کېدنې پېښې، څخه وروسته ښایي د نشت کېدنې شپږمه لویه پېښه وي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barnosky2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Barnosky|first=Anthony D.|author-link1=Anthony David Barnosky|author2=Matzke, Nicholas|author3=Tomiya, Susumu|author4=Wogan, Guinevere O. U.|author5=Swartz, Brian|author6=Quental, Tiago B.|author7=Marshall, Charles|author8=McGuire, Jenny L.|author9=Lindsey, Emily L.|author10=Maguire, Kaitlin C.|author11=Mersey, Ben|date=3 March 2011|title=Has the Earth's sixth mass extinction already arrived?|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/50267709|journal=Nature|volume=471|issue=7336|pages=51–57|bibcode=2011Natur.471...51B|doi=10.1038/nature09678|pmid=21368823|author12=Ferrer, Elizabeth A.|s2cid=4424650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Edward O.|title=The Future of life|publisher=Vintage Books|year=2003|isbn=9780679768111|edition=1st Vintage Books|location=New York|author-link=Edward O. Wilson}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zalasiewicz2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=Mark|last2=Zalasiewicz|first2=Jan|last3=Haff|first3=P. K.|last4=Schwägerl|first4=Christian|last5=Barnosky|first5=Anthony D.|last6=Ellis|first6=Erle C.|year=2015|title=The Anthropocene Biosphere|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8f62764219d29d7c6b4db6ed7325d78d2aca322f|journal=The Anthropocene Review|volume=2|issue=3|pages=196–219|doi=10.1177/2053019615591020|s2cid=7771527}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WorldScientists3&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF|title=World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice|journal=[[BioScience]]|volume=67|issue=12|pages=1026–1028|date=13 November 2017|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix125|url=http://scientistswarning.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/sw/files/Warning_article_with_supp_11-13-17.pdf|quote=Moreover, we have unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in roughly 540 million years, wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century.|access-date=18 July 2022|archivedate=15 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215010626/https://scientistswarning.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/sw/files/Warning_article_with_supp_11-13-17.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dirzo2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Dirzo|first=Rodolfo|author2=Young, Hillary S.|author3=Galetti, Mauro|author4=Ceballos, Gerardo|author5=Isaac, Nick J. B.|author6=Collen, Ben|title=Defaunation in the Anthropocene|journal=Science|date=2014|doi=10.1126/science.1251817|pmid=25061202|volume=345|issue=6195|pages=401–406|url=http://www.uv.mx/personal/tcarmona/files/2010/08/Science-2014-Dirzo-401-6-2.pdf|quote=In the past 500 years, humans have triggered a wave of extinction, threat, and local population declines that may be comparable in both rate and magnitude with the five previous mass extinctions of Earth’s history.|bibcode=2014Sci...345..401D|s2cid=206555761}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kolbert|first=Elizabeth|author-link=Elizabeth Kolbert|title=The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History|title-link=The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History|year=2014|publisher=[[Henry Holt and Company]]|location=New York City|isbn=978-0805092998}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اوسنی جیولوژیکي پړاو هولوسين بلل کېږي. 

== عمومي کتنه ==
د هولوسين، یا انتروپوجنیک (له بشر څخه منشاء اخیستونکې) نشت کېدنې د پیل او د کواټرنري نشت کېدنې، چې د اقليمي بدلونونو په پایله کې په کې وروستی کنګلیز پړاو پايته ورسېد، د پای د وختونو په اړه یا دا چې نوموړې دواړه پېښې (پړاوونه) بېخي سره بیلې وګڼل شي، پوهان یوه خوله نه دي. د هولوسين نشت کېدنې علت تر ډېره بشري فعالیتونه دي. ځینې پوهان په دې نظر دي چې، ښایي بشر موجبه نشت کېدنې له ۱۰۰۰۰۰ څخه تر ۲۰۰۰۰۰ کلونه پخوا هغه وخت نه چې اوسني یا معاصر انسانان له افریقا څخه نورو سیمو ته خپاره شول، پیل شوې وي؛ نوموړی نظر اسټرالیا، نيوزيلنډ او مادغاسکر ته د انسانانو د لېږدېدنې وروسته په چټکۍ سره د میګافونانو له منځه تلنې، نور هم غښتلی کوي. په ډېرو حالاتو کې، ان لږ فشار هم د یوې سیمې په ځانګړې توګه په جغرافیوی توګه بېلې هغې د ژویو د له منځه وړنې لپاره بسنه کوي. ډېر بوټي یوازې د نشت کېدنې په ډېرو وروستيو برخو کې له منځه تللي دي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Doughty, C. E. 2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Doughty|first1=C. E.|first2=A.|last2=Wolf|first3=C. B.|last3=Field|year=2010|title=Biophysical feedbacks between the Pleistocene megafauna extinction and climate: The first human‐induced global warming?|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=37|issue=15|pages=n/a|doi=10.1029/2010GL043985|bibcode=2010GeoRL..3715703D|s2cid=54849882|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;link.springer.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Grayson|first1=Donald K.|last2=Meltzer|first2=David J.|title=Clovis Hunting and Large Mammal Extinction: A Critical Review of the Evidence|journal=Journal of World Prehistory|date=December 2012|volume=16|issue=4|pages=313–359|doi=10.1023/A:1022912030020|s2cid=162794300}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dirzo3&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Dirzo|first=Rodolfo|author2=Young, Hillary S.|author3=Galetti, Mauro|author4=Ceballos, Gerardo|author5=Isaac, Nick J. B.|author6=Collen, Ben|title=Defaunation in the Anthropocene|journal=Science|date=2014|doi=10.1126/science.1251817|pmid=25061202|volume=345|issue=6195|pages=401–406|url=http://www.uv.mx/personal/tcarmona/files/2010/08/Science-2014-Dirzo-401-6-2.pdf|quote=In the past 500 years, humans have triggered a wave of extinction, threat, and local population declines that may be comparable in both rate and magnitude with the five previous mass extinctions of Earth’s history.|bibcode=2014Sci...345..401D|s2cid=206555761}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zalasiewicz20152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=Mark|last2=Zalasiewicz|first2=Jan|last3=Haff|first3=P. K.|last4=Schwägerl|first4=Christian|last5=Barnosky|first5=Anthony D.|last6=Ellis|first6=Erle C.|year=2015|title=The Anthropocene Biosphere|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8f62764219d29d7c6b4db6ed7325d78d2aca322f|journal=The Anthropocene Review|volume=2|issue=3|pages=196–219|doi=10.1177/2053019615591020|s2cid=7771527}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SpecialIssue&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Vignieri|first=S.|date=25 July 2014|title=Vanishing fauna (Special issue)|journal=Science|volume=345|issue=6195|pages=392–412|bibcode=2014Sci...345..392V|doi=10.1126/science.345.6195.392|pmid=25061199|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kolbert|first=Elizabeth|author-link=Elizabeth Kolbert|title=The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History|title-link=The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History|year=2014|publisher=[[Henry Holt and Company]]|location=New York City|isbn=978-0805092998}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Perry|first1=George L. W.|last2=Wheeler|first2=Andrew B.|last3=Wood|first3=Jamie R.|last4=Wilmshurst|first4=Janet M.|date=2014-12-01|title=A high-precision chronology for the rapid extinction of New Zealand moa (Aves, Dinornithiformes)|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=105|pages=126–135|bibcode=2014QSRv..105..126P|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Crowley|first=Brooke E.|date=2010-09-01|title=A refined chronology of prehistoric Madagascar and the demise of the megafauna|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|series=Special Theme: Case Studies of Neodymium Isotopes in Paleoceanography|volume=29|issue=19–20|pages=2591–2603|bibcode=2010QSRv...29.2591C|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.06.030}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Sophia |date=2012-09-20 |title=Has Plant Life Reached Its Limits? |url=http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/20/has-plant-life-reached-its-limits/?_r=0 |access-date=2016-01-22 |website=Green Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د نشت کېدنې میزان ===
د نوعو د نشت کېدنې معاصر نرخ د نشت کېدنې له مخکني نرخ (د انسانانو له دخالت وړاندې د نشت کېدنې معیاري نرخ) څخه له ۱۰۰ څخه تر ۱۰۰۰ ځله زیات اټکل شوی دی، د نشت کېدنې تاریخي عادي نرخ (د ځمکې د سیارې د طبيعي تکامل له نقطه نظر څخه) همدارنګه د ځمکې په تاریخ کې د اوسنۍ نشت کېدنې نرخ له هرې مخکنۍ لوېې نشت کېدنې له نرخ څخه له ۱۰ څخه تر ۱۰۰۰ ځلو پورې لوړ دی. د یوه ساینس پوه د اټکل له مخې د نشت کېدنې اوسنی نرخ ښایي له مخکني نرخ څخه ۱۰۰۰۰ ځله لوړ وي خو ډېری ساینس پوهان د نوموړي له حده ډېر اټکل خلاف، د نشت کېدنې ډېر ټیټ نرخ وړاندیز کوي. د نظري چاپېریال پوه سټيوارټ پیم په وینا، د نباتاتو لپاره د نشت کېدنې نرخ له عادي حالت څخه ۱۰۰ ځله لوړ دی.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Pimm|first1=Stuart L.|last2=Russell|first2=Gareth J.|last3=Gittleman|first3=John L.|last4=Brooks|first4=Thomas M.|year=1995|title=The Future of Biodiversity|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6736ae8ac75816d07f48747df58937fa88eae70f|journal=Science|volume=269|issue=5222|pages=347–350|bibcode=1995Sci...269..347P|doi=10.1126/science.269.5222.347|pmid=17841251|s2cid=35154695}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lawton95&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Lawton, J. H.|author2=May, R. M.|year=1995|title=Extinction Rates|journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=9|pages=124–126|doi=10.1046/j.1420-9101.1996.t01-1-9010124.x|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=De Vos|first1=Jurriaan M.|last2=Joppa|first2=Lucas N.|last3=Gittleman|first3=John L.|last4=Stephens|first4=Patrick R.|last5=Pimm|first5=Stuart L.|date=August 26, 2014|title=Estimating the normal background rate of species extinction|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/98443/1/Conservation_Biology_2014_early-view.pdf|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=29|issue=2|pages=452–462|doi=10.1111/cobi.12380|pmid=25159086|s2cid=19121609|access-date=July 18, 2022|archive-date=November 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104111411/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/98443/1/Conservation_Biology_2014_early-view.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Li|first=S.|year=2012|title=Has Plant Life Reached Its Limits?|newspaper=New York Times|url=http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/20/has-plant-life-reached-its-limits/|access-date=10 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Lawton|first1=J. H.|last2=May|first2=R. M.|year=1995|title=Extinction Rates|journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=9|issue=1|pages=124–126|doi=10.1046/j.1420-9101.1996.t01-1-9010124.x|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ځینو ادعا کړې ده چې د اوسنۍ نشت کېدنې سطح د تېرو پنځو هغې ته لا نه ده رسېدلې او دا چې، دا مقایسه د لومړنيو پنځو نشت کېدنو جديت را کموي. جان بریګسن استدلال کوي چې، د نشت کېدنې د حقیقي نرخ د معلومولو لپاره کافي ابتدايي معلومات (Data) په لاس کې نشته او زیاتوي چې د اوسنیو نوعو د نشت کېدنې اټکلونه یو له بله سره خورا زیات توپیر لري، چې د انسانانو د فعالیت په نتیجه کې په کال کې له ۱.۵ څخه تر ۴۰۰۰۰ پورې نوعې نشت کېږي. په ۲۰۱۱ز کال کې د بېرنوسکای (Barnosky) او نورو څېړنې او په ۲۰۱۵ز کال کې د هول او نورو څېړنې ښيي چې، په مخکنیو نشت کېدنو کې، د نشت کېدنې حقیقي نرخ معلوم نه دی، ځکه چې یوازې لږ ژوي فوسیلي پاتې شوني پریږدي او د فوسیلي قشر زماني تجزیه (temporal resolution) له هغه وخت څخه چې نشت کېدنه په کې پېښه شوې ده، زیاته ده. په هر ترتيب، نوموړي ټول ليکوالان په دې متفق دي چې، د استوګنې د تنوع بحران د نفوسو د کمښت سره ډېرې نوعې اغېزمنې کړې دي او دا چې په راتلونکي کې د انسان موجبه سترې نشت کېدنې پېښې د خطر احتمال شته دی. د بېرنوسکای او نورو د ۲۰۱۱ز کال څېړنې ښيي چې &quot;د فوسیلي یادښتونو د نشت کېدنو د پېښو له نرخ څخه د اوسنی نشت کېدنې نرخ لوړ دی&quot; او زیاتوي چې په چاپېريالي ژوند بشري فشارونه، د هوا بدلون د ژویو د چاپېریال وېش، د هوا ککړتیا، ډېره کب نيونه، ډېر ښکار، یرغل کوونکې نوعې او د بشر مخ پر ودې حياتي کتله (biomass) ښایي د مخنیوي د کافي هڅو په نشتون کې د نشت کېدنې نرخ نور هم شدید او ګړندی کړي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Woodward|first=Aylin|date=April 8, 2019|title=So many animals are going extinct that it could take Earth 10 million years to recover|work=Business Insider|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/mass-extinction-earth-take-10-million-years-recover-2019-4|access-date=April 9, 2019|quote=&quot;Lowery doesn't think we've strayed into Sixth Extinction territory yet. But he and Fraass agree that squabbling over what constitutes that distinction is beside the point. &quot;We have to work to save biodiversity before it's gone. That's the important takeaway here,&quot; Lowery said. There is consensus on one aspect of the extinction trend, however: Homo sapiens are to blame. According to a 2014 study, current extinction rates are 1,000 times higher than they would be if humans weren't around.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Brannen |first=Peter |date=13 June 2017 |title=Earth Is Not in the Midst of a Sixth Mass Extinction |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/06/the-ends-of-the-world/529545/ |access-date=28 November 2020 |website=The Atlantic |quote=Many of those making facile comparisons between the current situation and past mass extinctions don’t have a clue about the difference in the nature of the data, much less how truly awful the mass extinctions recorded in the marine fossil record actually were.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Briggs 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Briggs|first1=John C.|date=12 May 2017|title=Emergence of a sixth mass extinction?|url=https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article/122/2/243/3869095|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=122|issue=2|pages=243–248|doi=10.1093/biolinnean/blx063|access-date=22 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Barnosky20112&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Barnosky|first=Anthony D.|author-link1=Anthony David Barnosky|author2=Matzke, Nicholas|author3=Tomiya, Susumu|author4=Wogan, Guinevere O. U.|author5=Swartz, Brian|author6=Quental, Tiago B.|author7=Marshall, Charles|author8=McGuire, Jenny L.|author9=Lindsey, Emily L.|author10=Maguire, Kaitlin C.|author11=Mersey, Ben|date=3 March 2011|title=Has the Earth's sixth mass extinction already arrived?|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/50267709|journal=Nature|volume=471|issue=7336|pages=51–57|bibcode=2011Natur.471...51B|doi=10.1038/nature09678|pmid=21368823|author12=Ferrer, Elizabeth A.|s2cid=4424650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hull et al. 2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hull|first1=Pincelli M.|last2=Darroch|first2=Simon A. F.|last3=Erwin|first3=Douglas H.|date=17 December 2015|title=Rarity in mass extinctions and the future of ecosystems|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16160|journal=Nature|volume=528|issue=7582|pages=345–351|bibcode=2015Natur.528..345H|doi=10.1038/nature16160|pmid=26672552|access-date=22 August 2021|s2cid=4464936}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''د ژوند راتلونکی'' په نوم (په ۲۰۰۲ز کال کې چاپ شوي کتاب) کې، د هاروارډ پوهنتون سره تړاو لرونکي ايډوارډ اوسبورن محاسبه کړې چې، د انسانانو په واسطه د بایوسفیر د وېجاړونې د اوسني نرخ په ادامې سره به تر ۲۱۰۰ز کال پورې په ځمکه د ژوند د لوړې بڼې (له انسانانو او یو حجره لرونکو ژویو پرته ټول حیوانات او نباتات) نیمایي له منځه لاړ شي. په ۱۹۸۸ز کال کې د امریکا د طبیعي تاریخ د  موزیم (American Museum of Natural History) لخوا په یوه ترسره شوې سروې کې ۷۰ سلنه بیولوژي پوهانو په انتروپوجنیک (بشر موجبه) نشت کېدنې پېښې اعتراف کړی و. په ۲۰۱۵ز کال کې د هاوايي ټاپوګانو د حلزونونو نشت کېدنې په پاتې شونو باندې دوه ترسره شوو څېړنو ښودلې ده چې، ښایي تر اوسه په ځمکه باندې ۷ سلنه نوعې له منځه تللې وي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=1998 |title=National Survey Reveals Biodiversity Crisis – Scientific Experts Believe We are in Midst of Fastest Mass Extinction in Earth's History |url=http://www.mysterium.com/amnh.html |access-date=10 February 2018 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History Press Release}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2015 |title=Research shows catastrophic invertebrate extinction in Hawai'i and globally |url=http://phys.org/news/2015-08-catastrophic-invertebrate-extinction-hawaii-globally.html |access-date=10 February 2018 |publisher=Phys.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Mass extinction in poorly known taxa|first1=Claire|last1=Régnier|first2=Guillaume|last2=Achaz|first3=Amaury|last3=Lambert|first4=Robert H.|last4=Cowie|first5=Philippe|last5=Bouchet|first6=Benoît|last6=Fontaine|date=23 June 2015|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=112|issue=25|pages=7761–7766|doi=10.1073/pnas.1502350112|pmid=26056308|pmc=4485135|bibcode=2015PNAS..112.7761R|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Carrington|first=Damian|date=April 15, 2021|title=Just 3% of world's ecosystems remain intact, study suggests|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/apr/15/just-3-of-worlds-ecosystems-remain-intact-study-suggests|work=The Guardian|location=|access-date=April 16, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Plumptre|first1=Andrew J.|last2=Baisero|first2=Daniele|display-authors=etal.|date=2021|title=Where Might We Find Ecologically Intact Communities?|url=|journal=Frontiers in Forests and Global Change|volume=4|issue=|pages=|doi=10.3389/ffgc.2021.626635|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سرچينې ==</text>
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    <title>د هایدروجن خوندیتوب</title>
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      <text bytes="21174" sha1="ct3u8gsh0gup8x5gj05tx7t8jvicyyu" xml:space="preserve">د هایدروجن په خوندیتوب کې د هایدروجن، په ځانګړې توګه د هایدروجن ګاز سونګ او د مایع هایدروجن خوندي تولید، مدیریت او کارونه تر بحث لاندې دي.   

هایدروجن د سوځېدنې وړتیا په کچه کې د ۷۰۴ NFPA  د  ۴  ترټولو لوړه درجه لري، ځکه چې که حتی لږ مقدار یې د عادي هوا سره ګډ شي، د سوځېدو وړ دی؛ دا سوځېدنه په هوا کې د شته آکسیجن او د تعامل د سادګۍ او کیمیاوۍ خواصو له امله د هایدروجن او هوا د حجمي نسبت په ٪۴ ټيتوالي کې پېښېږي. که څه هم هایدروجن د تعامل یا زهرجنیت لپاره هېڅ ذاتي خطر نلري. د هایدروجن زېرمه کول او کارول د ګازي سونګ په توګه د لیکېدو آساني، د کم انرژي سوځېدنې، د سونګ او هوا سوځېدونکو مخلوطونو پراخه لړۍ، لامبو وهنې وړتیا او همدارنګه د فلزاتو د ماتولو وړتیا له امله چې باید د خوندیتوب څخه یې د ډاډ لپاره په پام کې ونیول شي، ځانګړې ستونزې رامنځته کوي. مایع هایدروجن د خپل کثافت زیاتوالي او د تودوخې د اړتیا وړ خورا ټیټې درجې له امله اضافي ننګونې رامنځته کوي، ترڅو په مایع حالت کې یې وساتي. برسېره پر دې، په صنعت کې د راکټ د سونګ توکو، انرژي د زېرمې بدیلې سرچینې، د برېښنا په کارخونو کې د برېښنايي جنراتورونو لپاره د سړوونکي، د امونیا او میتانول د تولید په ګډون په صنعتي او کیمیاوي پروسو کې د خامو توکو او داسې نورو په ټوګه یې تقاضا او کارونه زیاته شوې، چې د هایدروجن په تولید، زېرمه کولو، لېږدولو او کارولو کې د خوندیتوب پروتوکولونو د ملاحظاتو د اهمیت زیاتوالي لامل شوی.   &lt;ref name=&quot;primary&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy |title=hydrogen safety |url=https://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/h2_safety_fsheet.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== مخنیوی   ==
یو شمېر موارد شته چې د سیسټمونو او طرزالعملونو د طرحې لپاره مرسته وکړي، ترڅو د هایدروجن څخه د کار اخیستلو پرمهال د پېښو څخه مخنیوی وکړي، د هایدروجن یو له لومړنیو خطرونو څخه یو دا دی چې هایدروجن ډېر د سوځېدو وړ دی.  &lt;ref name=&quot;piping&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Utgikar|first1=Vivek P|last2=Thiesen|first2=Todd|title=Safety of compressed hydrogen fuel tanks: Leakage from stationary vehicles|journal=technology in Society|year=2005|volume=27|issue=3|pages=315–320|doi=10.1016/j.techsoc.2005.04.005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== خنثی کول او پاک کول   ===
د اتاقونو خنثی کول او/یا د ګاز د لولو پاکول د خوندیتوب یوه مهمه او معیاري طریقه ده، چې د هایدروجن د لېږد په وخت کې باید ترې کار واخیستل شي. د دې لپاره چې په سمه توګه خنثی او/یا پاک شي، د سوځېنې وړتیا حدود باید په پام کې ونیول شي او هایدروجن سوځېدنې حدود د ګازونو نورو ډولونو څخه زیات توپیر لري. د اتموسفیر په نورمال فشار کې له ٪۴ څخه تر٪۷۵ پورې دی، د حجم سلنې له مخې په آکسیجن کې هایدروجن له۴ سلنې څخه تر ٪۹۴ پورې دی، پداسې حال کې چې په هوا کې د هایدروجن د چاودنې وړتیا حدود د حجم له مخې له ٪۱۸،۳ څخه تر ٪۵۹ پورې دي. په حقیقت کې، د سوځېدنې وړتیا حدود اکثراً د دې په پرتله زیات سخت کېدی شي، ځکه چې د اور په وخت کې اضطراب یا شوروالی کولی شي د احتراق لامل شي او چاودنه رامنځته کړي. د احتراق حد د پرتله کولو لپاره، په هوا کې د ډیزل د احتراق حد ٪۱،۴ – ٪۷،۶ دی او د استیلن  ٪۲،۵ – ٪۸۲ دی.&lt;ref name=&quot;primary2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy |title=hydrogen safety |url=https://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/h2_safety_fsheet.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hydrogenFlammability&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=Bernard|last2=Guenther|first2=von Elbe|title=Combustion, Flames and Explosions of Gases|edition=2nd|year=1961|publisher=Academic Press, Inc.|location=New York|isbn=978-0124467507|page=535}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;flowrate&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kalyanaraman |first1=M |date=4 September 2019 |title='Only a question of time' until large hydrogen systems are stable |url=https://www.rivieramm.com/videos/how-tonbsp-hydrogen-fuel-cell-uptake-56079 |website=Riviera Maritime Media |language=En}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Barbalace, Kenneth |title=Periodic Table of Elements - Hydrogen - H |url=http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/H.html#Physical}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.msha.gov/alerts/hazardsofacetylene.htm MSHA – Safety Hazard Information – Special Hazards of Acetylene] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122062046/http://www.msha.gov/alerts/hazardsofacetylene.htm|date=2016-01-22}}. Msha.gov. Retrieved on 2012-07-13.&lt;/ref&gt;

له همدې امله، کله چې تجهیزات د هایدروجن د لېږد څخه مخکې یا وروسته هوا ته پرانیستي وي، نو ځانګړي شرایط په پام کې نیول کیږي، چې ممکن د ګازونو نورو ډولونو د لېږدولو لپار به خوندي وي. پېښې د دې له امله رامنځته کېږي چې خنثي کول يا پاکول د کافي نه ؤ یا په تجهیزاتو کې د هوا ننوتل کم کڼل شوي (د بېلګې په توګه، د پوډر اضافه کول پرمهال)، چې د چاودنې لامل کېږي. د همدې سبب لپاره، د خنثی کولو یا پاکولو طریقې او تجهیزات اکثراً د هایدروجن لپاره ځانګړي دي، او اکثراً د هایدروجن په کرښه کې نښلول یا نښه کول باید په بشپړ ډول توپیر ولري، ترڅو ډاډ ترلاسه شي چې دا او نورې پروسې په سمه توګه تعقیب کېږي، ځکه چې زیاتره چاودنې یوازې له دې امله شوې دي چې د هایدروجن کرښه تصادفاً اصلي کرښې سره نښلول شوې وه یا دا چې د هایدروجن کرښه کومې له بل کرښې سره غلطه شوې ده.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=H2Tools |date=September 2017 |title=USE OF &quot;QUICK-DISCONNECT&quot; FITTINGS RESULTS IN LABORATORY INSTRUMENT EXPLOSION |url=https://h2tools.org/lessons/use-quick-disconnect-fittings-results-laboratory-instrument-explosion |publisher=Pacific Northwest National Laboratory |access-date=2022-07-26 |archive-date=2022-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629133517/https://h2tools.org/lessons/use-quick-disconnect-fittings-results-laboratory-instrument-explosion |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=H2Tools |date=September 2017 |title=HYDROGEN TUBE TRAILER EXPLOSION |url=https://h2tools.org/lessons/hydrogen-tube-trailer-explosion |publisher=Pacific Northwest National Laboratory |access-date=2022-07-26 |archive-date=2022-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520193353/https://h2tools.org/lessons/hydrogen-tube-trailer-explosion |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=H2Tools |date=September 2017 |title=HYDROGEN LAB FIRE |url=https://h2tools.org/lessons/hydrogen-lab-fire |publisher=Pacific Northwest National Laboratory |access-date=2022-07-26 |archive-date=2022-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520205318/https://h2tools.org/lessons/hydrogen-lab-fire |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hydrogenSafetyFundamentals&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=P. E., Sarah Eck, and Michael D. Snyder|title=Hydrogen Safety Fundamentals|journal=Chemical Engineering Progress|date=December 2021|pages=36–41}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د احتراق د سرچینې مدیریت   ===
په هوا کې د هایدروجن د احتراق اصغري انرژي په ۰،۰۲ ملي ژول کې د پېژندل شوو توکو په منځ کې ترټولو ټیټه ده او د هایدروجن-هوا مخلوط کولی شي د ډیزل-هوا مخلوط د ۱\۱۰ انرژي سره اور واخلي.  له همدې امله، د احتراق هره احتمالي سرچینه باید وڅېړل شي. هره برېښنایي وسیله، بانډ، یا ځمکه باید د پلي وړ خطرناکې ساحې د طبقه بندي اړتیا پوره کړي. د ساکنې برېښنا د زیاتوالي لپاره هر ډول پوتنشل سرچینې (لکه د هوا د بدلون سیسټم ځینې طرحې) مثلاً د ساکن برېښنا ضد وسیلو په واسطه هم باید حداقل ته ورسي. د تاوده کار طریقې باید پیاوړې، جامع او ښه د پلي کېدو وړ وي؛ او دوی باید لوړې ساحې پاکې او هوا يې بدله کړي او د کار څخه وړاندې له اتموسفیر څخه نمونه واخلي. په چت کې نصب تجهیزات باید په ورته ډول د خطرناکې ساحې اړتیاوې پوره کړي (۴۹۷ NFPA). بلاخره د څیرېدنې ډیسکونه (rupture discs) باید ونه کارول شي، ځکه چې زیاتره چاودنو او اورونو لپاره د احتراق  یوه معمولي سرچینه ده. پرځای یې باید د فشار کمولو نور سیسټمونه لکه فشار کموونکی وال باید وکارول شي.  &lt;ref name=&quot;primary3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy |title=hydrogen safety |url=https://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/h2_safety_fsheet.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hydrogenFlammability2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=Bernard|last2=Guenther|first2=von Elbe|title=Combustion, Flames and Explosions of Gases|edition=2nd|year=1961|publisher=Academic Press, Inc.|location=New York|isbn=978-0124467507|page=535}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=H2Tools |date=September 2017 |title=FIRE AT HYDROGEN FUELING STATION |url=https://h2tools.org/lessons/fire-hydrogen-fueling-station |publisher=Pacific Northwest National Laboratory |quote=The initial source of fire was likely a release of hydrogen from a failed weld on a pressure switch. |access-date=2022-07-26 |archive-date=2022-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521181053/https://h2tools.org/lessons/fire-hydrogen-fueling-station |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=H2Tools |date=September 2017 |title=SMALL FIRE IN FUEL CELL TEST STAND |url=https://h2tools.org/lessons/small-fire-fuel-cell-test-stand |publisher=Pacific Northwest National Laboratory |quote=An electrical short circuit occurred, causing a small electrical fire. |access-date=2022-07-26 |archive-date=2022-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702173518/https://h2tools.org/lessons/small-fire-fuel-cell-test-stand |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=H2Tools |date=September 2017 |title=INCORRECT RELIEF VALVE SET POINT LEADS TO EXPLOSION |url=https://h2tools.org/lessons/incorrect-relief-valve-set-point-leads-explosion |publisher=Pacific Northwest National Laboratory |quote=Contributing cause was poor design of the venting system, which was installed in a horizontal position, causing inadequate venting and buildup of static electricity. |access-date=2022-07-26 |archive-date=2022-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629135943/https://h2tools.org/lessons/incorrect-relief-valve-set-point-leads-explosion |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=H2Tools |date=September 2017 |title=FUEL CELL EVAPORATOR PAD FIRE |url=https://h2tools.org/lessons/fuel-cell-evaporator-pad-fire |publisher=Pacific Northwest National Laboratory |quote=One theory presented the possibility of a spark (caused by static electricity) being the source of the ignition that caused the fire. Due to the proximity of the fuel cell unit to a shrink-wrap packaging machine at the time of the incident, this seemed to be a plausible hypothesis. }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=H2Tools |date=September 2017 |title=HYDROGEN EXPLOSION DUE TO INADEQUATE MAINTENANCE |url=https://h2tools.org/lessons/hydrogen-explosion-due-inadequate-maintenance |publisher=Pacific Northwest National Laboratory |quote=As a corrective action, eliminate burst discs from hydrogen storage assembly. Redesign venting system for the pressure relief valves to prevent or inhibit moisture build up and allow moisture drainage. |access-date=2022-07-26 |archive-date=2022-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520213335/https://h2tools.org/lessons/hydrogen-explosion-due-inadequate-maintenance |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=H2Tools |date=September 2017 |title=HYDROGEN EXPLOSION AT COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT |url=https://h2tools.org/lessons/hydrogen-explosion-coal-fired-power-plant |publisher=Pacific Northwest National Laboratory |quote=Explore elimination of rupture disk PRDs and substitution of spring-style relief valves. |access-date=2022-07-26 |archive-date=2022-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629132022/https://h2tools.org/lessons/hydrogen-explosion-coal-fired-power-plant |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== میخانیکي بشپړتیا او د تعامل وړ کیمیا ===
د هایدروجن څخه کار اخیستلو په وخت کې چې حتی د اتموسفیر په نورمال فشارونو او د تودوخې په درجو کې هم د نورو توکو سره په اړیکه کې کېدی شي، باید څلور اصلي کیمیاوي خاصیتونه په پام کې ونیول شي: 

* د هایدروجن کیمیاوي خاصیت د دودیزو کیمیاوي توکو څخه ډېر توپیر لري، مثلا، په محصور چاپېریال کې د اکسیډریشن سره. او د دې ځانګړي کیمیاوي خاصیت په پام کې نه نیول په ځینو کیمیاوي کارخونو کې ستونزې جوړې کړې. همدارنګه بل اړخ چې باید په پام کې ونیول شي دا دی چې هایدروجن د یوه جلا تعامل د فرعي محصول په توګه رامنځته کېدی شي، چې ممکن له پامه غورځول شوي وي، مثلا زرکونیم او بخار د هایدروجن سرچینه جوړوي. دا خطر یو څه د غیر فعال آټوکټلسټي بیاترکیب کوونکي (passive autocatalytic recombiners) په کارولو سره یې مخینوی کېدی شي.  &lt;ref name=&quot;waukegan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abderholden |first=Frank S. |title=Waukegan plant explosion that killed four workers was preventable, federal officials say |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/lake-county-news-sun/ct-lns-waukegan-blast-safety-update-st-1219-20191218-2hp6o6hyxrc6df6b6lr6xwdjge-story.html |access-date=2020-01-06 |website=chicagotribune.com |quote=Engineering Systems, Inc. conducted an independent investigation into the root cause of the explosion, which determined the cause to be human error that resulted in the mistaken addition of an erroneous ingredient.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-sci-japan-quake-reactor-qa-20110314,0,5470584.story Japanese engineers work to contain nuclear reactor damage], Los Angeles Times, March 14, 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Safety-of-Plants/Appendices/Chernobyl-Accident---Appendix-1--Sequence-of-Events/ Chernobyl Accident Appendix 1: Sequence of Events] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114215108/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Safety-of-Plants/Appendices/Chernobyl-Accident---Appendix-1--Sequence-of-Events/ |date=2016-01-14 }}, World Nuclear Association, November 2009&lt;/ref&gt;
* بله لویه مسئله چې باید په پام کې ونیول شي د نورو عامو ساختماني توکو لکه فولاد سره د هایدروجن کیمیاوي جوړاینه دی. د هایدروجن د ماتوالي له امله، د هایدروجن سره د توکو جوړاینه باید په ځانګړې ډول په پام کې ونیول شي.  &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=H2Tools |date=September 2017 |title=AUTOMATED HYDROGEN BALL VALVE FAILS TO OPEN DUE TO VALVE STEM FAILURE |url=https://h2tools.org/lessons/automated-hydrogen-ball-valve-fails-open-due-valve-stem-failure |publisher=Pacific Northwest National Laboratory |quote=valve stem material incompatibility with hydrogen (causing a material weakening) is suspected |access-date=2022-07-26 |archive-date=2022-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629121902/https://h2tools.org/lessons/automated-hydrogen-ball-valve-fails-open-due-valve-stem-failure |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=H2Tools |date=September 2017 |title=GASEOUS HYDROGEN LEAK AND EXPLOSION |url=https://h2tools.org/lessons/gaseous-hydrogen-leak-and-explosion |publisher=Pacific Northwest National Laboratory |quote=A GH2 leak occurred in an underground ASTM A106 Grade B, Schedule XX carbon steel pipe with a 3.5-inch diameter and a 0.6-inch wall thickness. The pipe was coated with coal tar primer and coal tar enamel, wrapped with asbestos felt impregnated with coal tar, coated with a second coat of coal tar enamel, and wrapped in Kraft paper, in accordance with American Water Works Association Standard G203. The source of the leak was an oval hole about 0.15 in x 0.20 in at the inner surface of the pipe and about 2-in in diameter at the outer surface of the pipe. Upon excavation of the pipe, it was noted that the coating was not present at the leak point. This resulted in galvanic corrosion over a 15-year period and the eventual rupture when high-pressure gas was applied to the thin pipe membrane. The pipe was 8 ft 9 in below the concrete pad. |access-date=2022-07-26 |archive-date=2022-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629120513/https://h2tools.org/lessons/gaseous-hydrogen-leak-and-explosion |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* دا ملاحظات د تودوخې په لوړو درجو کې د ځانګړو تعاملونو له امله نور هم بدلون کولی شي.  
* د هایدروجن د خپرېدو ضریب د معمولي ګازونو څخه ډېر توپیر لري او له همدې امله ګازي توکي باید په پام سره وټاکل شي.   &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=April 2021 |title=FM Global Hydrogen Datasheets (online): Hydrogen, Data Sheet ID# 7-91 |url=https://www.fmglobal.com/research-and-resources/fm-global-data-sheets |publisher=Factory Mutual}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=H2Tools |date=September 2017 |title=LEAK ON COMPRESSOR AT FUELING STATION |url=https://h2tools.org/lessons/leak-compressor-fueling-station |publisher=Pacific Northwest National Laboratory |quote=This allowed greater movement of the shaft, which led to a shaft seal leaking hydrogen. |access-date=2022-07-26 |archive-date=2022-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520203316/https://h2tools.org/lessons/leak-compressor-fueling-station |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

دا ټول څلور عوامل باید د هایدروجن په کارولو سره د سیسټم د لومړني طرحې په ترڅ کې په پام کې ونیول شي او معمولا د حساسو فلزاتو او هایدروجن ترمنځ د اړیکې د محدودولو په واسطه، یا د فاصلې، الکټروپلټینګ، د سطحې د پاکولو، د توکو د انتخاب او د تولید پرمهال د کیفیت تضمین، ویلډینګ او د نصب کوني په واسطه ترسره کېږي. که نه د هایدروجن زیان د تخصص څارنې  تجهیزاتو له خوا اداره او کشف کېدی شي.   &lt;ref&gt;The Australian Institute for Non Destructive Testing (AINDT), [http://www.ndt.net/apcndt2001/papers/1154/1154.htm Detection and Quantification of Hydrogen Damage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129031443/http://www.ndt.net/apcndt2001/papers/1154/1154.htm |date=2014-11-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hydrogenSafetyFundamentals2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=P. E., Sarah Eck, and Michael D. Snyder|title=Hydrogen Safety Fundamentals|journal=Chemical Engineering Progress|date=December 2021|pages=36–41}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سرچينې ==</text>
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      <text bytes="18055" sha1="i1un88i1qb5m7lf9rfrx88pb0upfsao" xml:space="preserve">'''له ۱۸۵۰ کال راهیسې د طبیعي یخچالونو شاتګ''' په کورونو کې د مصرفولو او د کښتونو د خړوبولو لپاره خوږو اوبو ته پر لاسرسي او هغو حیواناتو او نباتاتو اغېز کوي چې د یخچالونو پر ویلي کېدو تکیه دي، د دې تر څنګ په اوږد مهال کې د سمندرونو پر سطحو هم اغېز پرېباسي. کنګلونه په طبیعي ډول د کنګل د زمانې په پای کې کمېږي، خو کنګل‌پوهان دې پایلې ته رسېدلي دي چې د کنګلونو د اوسني شاتګ لامل د اتومسفیر د ګلخانه‌يي ګازونو ډېروالی دی او دا د اقلیمي بدلون اغېزه ده. د همالیا، راکي، الپ، کسکېډز او سوېلي اند په څېر د منځني عرض د غرونو سلسلې او په افریقا کې د «کلیمانجارو» په څېر ګرم غرونه د کنګلونو ځینې لوی ضایعات څرګندوي. په ۱۹۹۳-۲۰۱۸ کلونو کې د کنلګونو ټولیز ضایعات د کنګلیزو لایو تر بېرونیو یخچالونو پرته شاوخوا ۵۵۰۰ ګیګاټنه وو.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC AR6 WG1 Ch9_d&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Ch9|2021|p=9-7, line 6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

د شمالي امریکا په لوېديځ، اسیا، الپ غرونو او د سوېلي امریکا په تودو او نیمه تودو سیمو کې، همدا راز په افریقا او اندونیزیا کې د غرنیو طبیعي یخچالونو شاتګ د نولسمې پېړۍ په وروستیو کې د نړیوالې تودوخې د زیاتېدو شواهد وړاندې کوي. له ۱۹۹۵ کال راهیسې د ګرینلنډ د مهمو خروجي یخچالونو او د لوېديځ اتلانتیک د کنلګیزو لایو د شاتګ له چټکتیا سره ښايي د سمندر د سطحې د لوړېدو وړاندوېینه وشي چې پر ساحلي سیمو اغېز کوي.

د کنګل کوچنۍ دوره له شاوخوا ۱۵۵۰ څخه تر ۱۸۵۰ پورې روانه وه چې په دې دوره کې د ځینو ځانګړو سیمو هوا د مخکې او وروسته وخت په نسبت څه ناڅه سړه وه. ورپسې تر شاوخوا ۱۹۴۰ کال پورې په ټوله نړۍ کې طبیعي یخچالونو د اقلیم له ګرمېدو سره شاتګ وکړ. د ۱۹۵۰ او ۱۹۸۰ کلونو تر منځ په ډېرو مواردو کې د کنګلونو شاتګ د نړیوالې تودوخې له څه ناڅه کمښت سره ټکنی شو او حتا د لنډ مهال لپاره معکوس شو. له ۱۹۸۰ کال راهیسې د اقلیمي بدلونونو له امله طبیعي یخچالونو شاتګ کړی دی چې دا لړۍ چټکه شوې او پراخه شوې ده، په داسې ډول چې ځینې طبیعي یخچالونه په بشپړ ډول ورک شوي دي او ډېری نور طبیعي یخچالونه له ګواښ سره مخ دي. اند او همالیا ته په ورته ځایونو کې د طبیعي یخچالونو له منځه تګ د اوبو پر سرچینو اغېز لرلای شي.&lt;ref name=&quot;pelto1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Pelto |first=Mauri |title=Recent Global Glacier Retreat Overview |url=http://www.nichols.edu/departments/glacier/glacier_retreat.htm |access-date=February 14, 2015 |work=North Cascade Glacier Climate Project |archive-date=October 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012120203/http://www.nichols.edu/departments/glacier/glacier_retreat.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Ethan|last2=Carrivick|first2=Jonathan L.|last3=Quincey|first3=Duncan J.|last4=Cook|first4=Simon J.|last5=James|first5=William H. M.|last6=Brown|first6=Lee E.|date=2021-12-20|title=Accelerated mass loss of Himalayan glaciers since the Little Ice Age|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=24284|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-03805-8|issn=2045-2322|pmc=8688493|pmid=34931039|bibcode=2021NatSR..1124284L}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== لاملونه ==
د یوه یخچال د پایښت لپاره کتلوي تعادل یا د ویلې کېدو او بخار کېدو (ذوب او تصعید) تر منځ توپیر ډېر مهم دی. اقلیمي بدلونونه ښايي د واورې په ورښت او تودوخه کې بدلونونه پېښ کړي او په پایله کې یې کتلوي تعادل بدل شي. طبیعي یخچالونه د پایدار یا دوامدار منفي تعادل له امله خپله موازنه یا برابروالی بایلي او شاتګ کوي. مثبت پایدار تعادل هم له برابروالي بهر دی او ښايي د برابروالي د بیا ټينګښت لوري ته پرمختګ وکړي. دا مهال کابو ټول یخچالونه منفي کتلوي تعادل لري او د شاتګ په حال کې دي.&lt;ref name=&quot;mote-kaser&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|first1=Philip W.|last1=Mote|first2=Georg|last2=Kaser|journal=American Scientist|volume=95|issue=4|year=2007|title=The Shrinking Glaciers of Kilimanjaro: Can Global Warming Be Blamed?|url=https://www.americanscientist.org/article/the-shrinking-glaciers-of-kilimanjaro-can-global-warming-be-blamed|pages=318–325|doi=10.1511/2007.66.318|access-date=November 23, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Alex S. Gardner|author2=Geir Moholdt|author3=J. Graham Cogley|author4=Bert Wouters|author5=Anthony A. Arendt|author6=John Wahr|author7=Etienne Berthier|author8=Regine Hock|author9=W. Tad Pfeffer|author10=Georg Kaser|author11=Stefan R. M. Ligtenberg|author12=Tobias Bolch|author13=Martin J. Sharp|author14=Jon Ove Hagen|author15=Michiel R. van den Broeke|author16=Frank Paul|title=A Reconciled Estimate of Glacier Contributions to Sea Level Rise: 2003 to 2009|journal=Science|date=May 17, 2013|volume=340|issue=6134|pages=852–857|doi=10.1126/science.1234532|pmid=23687045|bibcode=2013Sci...340..852G|s2cid=206547524|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/83966/6/2013_PaulF_Gardner_et_al_accepted_ms130227.pdf|access-date=November 23, 2020|archive-date=November 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104061145/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/83966/6/2013_PaulF_Gardner_et_al_accepted_ms130227.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hubbard&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hubbard|first1=Bryn|author2=Neil F. Glasser|title=Field Techniques in Glaciology and Glacial Geomorphology|date=May 20, 2005|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0470844274|pages=179–198|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9MWQT0gdBMC&amp;pg=PA179|access-date=November 23, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pelto2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Pelto, M.S.|title=Forecasting temperate alpine glacier survival from accumulation zone observations|journal=The Cryosphere|year=2010|volume=4|issue=1|pages=67–75|doi=10.5194/tc-4-67-2010|bibcode=2010TCry....4...67P|url=https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/4/67/2010/|doi-access=free|access-date=November 23, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== اغېزې ==

=== اوبه ===
د طبیعي یخچالونو د شاتګ دوام به څه ناڅه متفاوتې اغېزې ولري. هغه سیمې چې د اوړي په ګرمو میاشتو کې د طبیعي یخچالونو له ویلې کېدو څخه په بهېودونکو اوبو تکیه دي، هلته د یخچالونو د اوسني شاتګ دوام کنګلونه له منځه وړي او بهېدونکې اوبه ورسره کمېږي یا بېخي له منځه ځي. د بهېدونکو اوبو کموالی د محصولاتو پر خړوبولو اغېز کوي او هغه اوړنی جریان کموي چې د بندونو او زېرمو د ډکولو لپاره اړین دی. دغه وضعیت په سوېلي امریکا کې د کښتونو د خړوبولو لپاره شدید دی. په سوېلي امریکا کې ګڼ مصنوعي سیندونه یوازې د کنګلونو له ویلې کېدو څخه د بهېدونکو اوبو په مرسته ډکېږي. د مرکزي اسیا هېوادونه هم له تاریخي لحاظه د کښتونو د خړوبولو او د څښاک د سرچینو لپاره د موسمي یخچالونو په ویلې کېدو پورې تړلي پاتې شوي دي. په ناروې، الپ غرونو او د شمالي امریکا په شمال لوېديځ ارام سمندرګي کې د اوبو د انرژۍ لپاره د طبیعي یخچالونو بهېدونکې اوبه ډېر اهمیت لري.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=October 9, 2003|title=Melting glaciers threaten Peru|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/3172572.stm|url-status=live|access-date=January 7, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ایکوسیستمونه ===
د خوږو او تروشو اوبو د حیواناتو او نباتاتو ډېری نوعې د ځانونو لپاره د سړو اوبو د هغو ژوندځایونو د ډاډمنولو لپاره د یخچالونو په اوبو پورې تړلي دي چې مطابقت یې ورسره کړی دی. د خوږو اوبو د کبانو ځینې نوعې د ژوندي پاتې کېدو او نسل تولیدولو لپاره سړو اوبو ته اړتیا لري او دا چاره د «سالمون» او «وژونکي سالمون» کبانو په مورد کې لا ډېر صدق کوي. د کنګلونو د بهېدونکو اوبو کموالی د دغو نوعو د ودې لپاره د ناکافي جریان لامل کېدای شي. د یخچالونو له ویلې کېدو څخه د خوږو اوبو د ډېروالي له امله په سمندري جریانونو کې بدلونونه او د سمندرونو په ترموهالین جریان کې بالقوه بدلون ښايي پر اوسنۍ کب‌نیونه هم اغېز وکړي چې انسان هم پرې تکیه دی.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FboCKhLSfysC&amp;q=increased+glacier+melt+impact+fisheries&amp;pg=PA47|title=The Economics of Adapting Fisheries to Climate Change|publisher=OECD Publishing|year=2011|isbn=978-92-64-09036-1|pages=47–55|access-date=2011-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سېلابونه ===
یوه لویه اندېښنه د کنګلیزو سیندونو د طغیاني سېلابونو خطر ډېرېدل دي چې په تېر کې یې پر ژوند او اموالو زیاتې اغېزې کړې دي. د طبیعي یخچالونو د ذوب یا ویلې کېدو اوبه چې د دغو یخچالونو له شاتګ څخه را پاتې کېږي، د هغو یخچالي رسوباتو له امله مهارېږي چې ښايي ناپایدار وي او د زلزلې، ځمک‌ښویېدنې یا واورېژ په پایله کې د ماتېدو یا بې ځایه کېدو په صورت کې لاندې ځي. که لاندېنی یخچالي رسوب هومره قوي نه وي چې پورته تلونکې اوبه د ځان تر شا وساتي، کېدای شي چاودنه وکړي او د یوه لوی ځايي سېلاب لامل شي. د یخچالونو د شاتګ له امله د یخچالي سیندونو د جوړېدو او پراخېدو په دلیل د دغسې پېښو د رامنځته کېدو احتمال د ډېرېدو په حال کې دی. په تېر مهال کې دغه ډول سېلابونو ډېر ځاني او مالي زیانونه اړولي دي. په ګړنګ‌وزمه او نریو درو کې هغه کلي او ښارونه تر ټولو ډېر له ګواښ سره مخ دي چې تر کنګلیزو سیندونو لاندې پراته دي. په ۱۸۹۲ کال کې د یوه کنګلیز سیند د طغیاني سېلاب په پایله کې د «ټټ روس» یخچال له سیند څخه شاوخوا ۲۰۰۰۰۰ متر مکعبه (۲۶۰۰۰۰ یارډ مکعبه) اوبه خوشې شوې چې د فرانسې په «سینټ-ژوریس-له-باین» ښار کې یې څه باندې ۲۰۰ کسان ووژل. د کنګلیزو سیندونو طغیاني سېلابونه د نړۍ په هره هغه سیمه کې شته دي چې هلته طبیعي یخچالونه موجود دي. تمه کېږي چې د یخچالونو شاتګ به د یخچالي سیندونو د جوړولو او پراخولو لامل شي او د راتلونکو طغیاني سېلابونو ګواښ به لوړ کړي.&lt;ref name=&quot;unep2&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|date=16 April 2002|title=Global Warming Triggers Glacial Lakes Flood Threat|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme|access-date=14 November 2015|url=http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=245&amp;ArticleID=3042|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050526075346/http%3A//www.unep.org/Documents.multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID%3D245%26ArticleID%3D3042|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 May 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|url=http://assets.panda.org/downloads/himalayaglaciersreport2005.pdf|title=An Overview of Glaciers, Glacier Retreat, and Subsequent Impacts in Nepal, India and China|date=March 2005|publisher=WWF Nepal Program|page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pelto5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Mauri S. Pelto |title=Recent Global Glacier Retreat Overview |url=http://www.nichols.edu/departments/glacier/glacier_retreat.htm |access-date=August 7, 2016 |archive-date=October 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012120203/http://www.nichols.edu/departments/glacier/glacier_retreat.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د سمندر د سطحې لوړوالی ===
د سمندر د سطحې ډېروالی تر ډېره د ګرینلنډ او انترکتیکا د قطبي کنګلونو په ویلې کېدو پورې تړاو لري، ځکه دا هغه ځای دی چې د یخچالونو اکثریت کنګلونه په کې واقع دي. که د انترکتیکا ټول کنګلونه ویلې شي، د نړۍ سمندرونه شاوخوا ۷۰ متره (۲۳۰ فوټه) را پورته کېږي. که څه هم مخکې فکر کېده چې د انترکتیکا کنلګونه د سمندرونو د اوبو د کچې په ډېرېدو کې ډېر رول نه لري، خو وروستیو څېړنو ښودلې ده چې انترکتیکا او ګرینلنډ دواړه په جلا جلا ډول هر کال د سمندرونو د سطحې په ډېرېدو کې ۰.۵ ملي متره (۰.۰۲۰ اېنچه) ونډه لري. د انترکتیکا په لوېديځ کې «تویتز» طبیعي یخچال دا مهال په یوازې ځان د نړیوال سمندر د سطحې په ډېرېدو کې شاوخوا ۴ سلنه ونډه لري. دا یخچال تر شاوخوا دوه فوټه (۶۵ سانتي مترو) پورې د سمندرونو د سطحې لوړولو لپاره کافي کنګل لري او خپل ګاونډي یخچالونه هم شاته پرېږدي چې که ټول کنلګونه له منځه لاړ شي، د سمندرونو کچه تر ۸ فوټه (۲.۴ مترو) پورې لوړوي. دا واقعیت چې د سمندرونو د سطحو لوړېدو لپاره د اقلیمي بدلونونو د حکومت‌منځي پلاوي (IPCC) په اټکلونو کې د کنلګونو د لایو چټک له منځه تګ نه دی شامل، د سمندرونو د سطحو لوړېدو لپاره د منلو وړ اټکل ستونزمنوي، خو په ۲۰۰۸ کال کې یوې څېړنې وښوده چې تر ۲۱۰۰ کال پورې به د سمندرونو د سطحو ډېرېدو لږ تر لږه کچه شاوخوا ۰.۸ متره (۲.۸ فوټه) وي.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17272686&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Rahmstorf S, Cazenave A, Church JA, Hansen JE, Keeling RF, Parker DE, Somerville RC|display-authors=1|date=May 2007|title=Recent climate observations compared to projections|journal=Science|volume=316|issue=5825|page=709|bibcode=2007Sci...316..709R|doi=10.1126/science.1136843|pmid=17272686|s2cid=34008905}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Velicogna|first1=I.|year=2009|title=Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=36|issue=19|pages=L19503|bibcode=2009GeoRL..3619503V|citeseerx=10.1.1.170.8753|doi=10.1029/2009GL040222|s2cid=14374232}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cazenave|first1=A.|last2=Dominh|first2=K.|last3=Guinehut|first3=S.|last4=Berthier|first4=E.|last5=Llovel|first5=W.|last6=Ramillien|first6=G.|last7=Ablain|first7=M.|last8=Larnicol|first8=G.|year=2009|title=Sea level budget over 2003–2008: A reevaluation from GRACE space gravimetry, satellite altimetry and Argo|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00401223/document|journal=Global and Planetary Change|volume=65|issue=1|pages=83–88|bibcode=2009GPC....65...83C|doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.10.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Team |first=By Carol Rasmussen, NASA's Earth Science News |title=Huge cavity in Antarctic glacier signals rapid decay |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2838/huge-cavity-in-antarctic-glacier-signals-rapid-decay |access-date=2019-02-05 |website=Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Prats-Iraola eaau3433&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Prats-Iraola|first1=P.|last2=Bueso-Bello|first2=J.|last3=Mouginot|first3=J.|last4=Scheuchl|first4=B.|last5=Rizzoli|first5=P.|last6=Rignot|first6=E.|last7=Milillo|first7=P.|date=2019-01-01|title=Heterogeneous retreat and ice melt of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica|journal=Science Advances|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=eaau3433|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aau3433|pmid=30729155|issn=2375-2548|pmc=6353628|bibcode=2019SciA....5.3433M}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18772435&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Pfeffer WT, Harper JT, O'Neel S|date=September 2008|title=Kinematic constraints on glacier contributions to 21st-century sea-level rise|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=321|issue=5894|pages=1340–3|bibcode=2008Sci...321.1340P|doi=10.1126/science.1159099|pmid=18772435|s2cid=15284296}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سرچينې ==</text>
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    <title>د دویمې الیزابیت پر مړينه غبرګونونه</title>
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      <text bytes="15921" sha1="gr12ws19ils56mauxhfeg8lxd568len" xml:space="preserve">دویمه الیزابیت د بریتانیا او نورو ټول‌ګټو هېوادونو ملکه د ۲۰۲۲ کال د سېپټمبر په ۸مه د ۹۶ کلونو په عمر ومړه چې په ټوله نړۍ کې يې پر مړینه غبرګونونه ښکاره شول. په ورپسې ورځ نوي پاچا درېیم چارلز خپل ملت او ټول‌ګټو هېوادنو ته په خطاب کې د خپلې «ګرانې مور» درناوی/ستاینه وکړه. په ټولو ټول‌ګټو هېوادونو کې سیاستوالو ملکې ته درناوي وړاندې کړ او د هغې اوږدمهاله عمومي خدمتونه يې وستایل. د نړۍ په ګڼو نورو برخو کې نورو سیاسي شخصیتونو، د سلطنتي کورنیو غړو، مذهبي مشرانو او نورو عمومي شخصیتونو غمرازي او درناوی وړاندې کړ.   

د هغې د ياد نمانځنې مراسم  د نړۍ په ډېرۍ مهمو برخو کې ترسره شول چې ځینې یې د بریتانیا د ملي بیرغ په رنګونو کې یا د الیزابیت د انځورونو له روښانولو سره وشول. ډېری سازمانونو هغې ته د درناوي په پار خپل ځینې فعالیتونه وځنډول او یا یې ځینې پېښې لغوه کړې. بي‌بي‌سي آي‌ټي‌وي او ۴ تلویزوني شبکو د خبرونو د پوښښ لپاره خپلې خپرونې په داسې حال کې ودرولې چې چاپي رسنیو خپلې لومړۍ پانې د ملکې درناوي ته ځانګړې کړې وې. 

عامو خلکو هم په ټولنیزو رسنیو کې د هغې پر مړينه غبرګون وښود او ډېریو له سلطنتي کورنۍ سره غمرازي وکړه او یا یې هم د ملکې د کار لپاره له هغې څخه مننه وکړه. نورو د بریتانیا امپراتورۍ د ميراث او د شاهي نظام د لغوه کولو په اړه بحث وکړ. سپورتي پېښو د ترسره کېدلو پر مهال يوه شېبه چوپتیا غوره کړه. 

== شاهي کورنۍ ==
پاچا درېیم چارلس د دویمې الیزابیت ځای ناستی شو او د خپلې مور تر مړينې لږ ځنډ وروسته يې بیانیه خپره کړه. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=8 September 2022 |title=Statement from The King following the death of The Queen |url=https://www.royal.uk/statement-king-following-death-queen |work=The Royal Family |accessdate=18 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

چارلز خپله لومړنۍ وینا د سپټمبر په ۹مه، د ماښام د بریتانیا د اوړني مهال (BST) په ۶ بجو خپل ملت او ټول‌ګټو هېوادونو ته وړاندې کړه. چې د یادې وينا په ترڅ کې يې ویر وکړ، مور ته يې درناوی وړاندې کړ او خپل زوی وېلیم يې د وېلز شهزاده وټاکه. د ملکې درې نورو کشرانو بچیانو اني، انډریو او اېډوارډ هم خپلې څرګندونې خپرې کړې. پاچا له شهزادګۍ اني او شهزاده اېډوارډ سره د «د ملکې عظمت ته درناوی» په نوم د بی‌بي‌سي په یوه ځانګړې خپرونه کې خپلې مور ته درناوی وکړ. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=9 September 2022 |title=His Majesty The King's address to the Nation and the Commonwealth |url=https://www.royal.uk/his-majesty-king%E2%80%99s-address-nation-and-commonwealth |access-date=11 September 2022 |website=The Royal Family |تاريخ الأرشيف=30 September 2022 |مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930101119/https://www.royal.uk/his-majesty-king%E2%80%99s-address-nation-and-commonwealth |url-status=dead |خونديځ نېټه=30 September 2022 |خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930101119/https://www.royal.uk/his-majesty-king%E2%80%99s-address-nation-and-commonwealth |خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930101119/https://www.royal.uk/his-majesty-king%E2%80%99s-address-nation-and-commonwealth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930101119/https://www.royal.uk/his-majesty-king%E2%80%99s-address-nation-and-commonwealth }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=13 September 2022|title=Accompanying Queen on final journeys has been 'an honour and privilege', says Princess Anne|publisher=Sky News|url=https://news.sky.com/story/accompanying-queen-on-final-journey-has-been-an-honour-and-privilege-says-princess-anne-12696613|access-date=13 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 September 2022 |title=Prince Andrew pays tribute to the Queen: 'I will forever hold you close to my heart' |url=https://news.sky.com/story/duke-of-york-pays-tribute-to-the-queen-12700540 |publisher=Sky News |accessdate=18 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Dalton|first=Jane|date=16 September 2022|title=Prince Edward says Queen's death has left 'unimaginable void in all our lives'|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/queen-death-funeral-prince-edward-b2169005.html|access-date=17 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=9 September 2022|title=Queen Elizabeth II: Children remember 'that fantastic twinkle'|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62853265|url-status=live|access-date=9 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910080010/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62853265|archive-date=10 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

د ملکې څلورو لمسیانو هر یوه وېلیم، هري، بیاترېس او ايوژني د خپلو څرګندونو له لارې خپلې انا ته درناوی وکړ.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Binley |first=Alex |date=10 September 2022 |title=Queen was with me at happiest and saddest times – William |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62864869 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910192047/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62864869 |archive-date=10 September 2022 |access-date=10 September 2022 |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Victor|first=Daniel|date=2022-09-12|title=Prince Harry Pays Tribute to 'Granny'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/12/world/europe/prince-harry-tribute-queen-elizabeth.html|access-date=2022-09-14|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Juneau |first1=Jen |last2=Petit |first2=Stephanie |date=17 September 2022 |title=Princess Eugenie and Princess Beatrice Share Personal Statement on 'Beloved Grannie' Queen Elizabeth |url=https://people.com/royals/princess-eugenie-princess-beatrice-grandmother-queen-elizabeth-death-tribute-instagram/ |access-date=17 September 2022 |website=People}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سیاست ==

=== انګلستان/متحده پاچاهي ===

* د بریتانیا لومړي وزیر لېزټراس د ملکې د مړينې په تړاو یوه بیانیه خپره کړه چې په ترڅ کې يې هغه «داسې یوه لویه ډبره یاده کړه چې مدرنه بریتانیا پرې ولاړه وه.»&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kirka |first1=Danica |last2=Lawless |first2=Jill |last3=Hui |first3=Sylvia |date=2022-09-08 |title=Queen Elizabeth II dead at 96 after 70 years on the throne |url=https://apnews.com/article/queen-elizabeth-ii-health-update-b2578aa91c3fef9c5d6ad4a557bf63e4 |access-date=2022-09-08 |work=[[Associated Press]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** پخواني لومړي وزیر ښاغلي جان مجور وويل: سترې ملکې د خپل ژوند ۷۰ کلونه زموږ د ملت د هوساینې او خدمت لپاره قربان کړل. هغه په خپلو عمومي دندو کې فداکاره او هوښیاره وه چې سخاوتي روحیه یې لرله. دا هغه څه و چې د هغې د ژوند څرنګوالی ښيي او دا چې څرنګه يې مشري وکړه.  هغې په پراخه نړۍ او په ټولو ټول‌ګټو هېوادونو کې د ميلیونونه کسانو لپاره –زموږ د ملت روح او زړه راونغاړه او په ټوله نړۍ کې له ستاینې او درناوي سره مخ شوه. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ravikumar |first1=Sachin |last2=Suleiman |first2=Farouq |last3=M |first3=Muvija |date=2022-09-09 |title=Britain's Queen was 'selfless and wise' in her duties, says John Major |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/britains-queen-was-selfless-wise-her-duties-says-john-major-2022-09-08/ |url-access=registration |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** پخواني لومړي وزیر ښاغلي ټوني بېلر وويل: «موږ نه یوازې خپل شاه له لاسه ورکړی بلکې د خپل ملت مور او پلار مو له لاسه ورکړي، هغه شخصیت چې تر بل هر چا يې ډېر زموږ هېواد سره راټول کړی و، موږ يې له خپل غوره طبیعت سره اشنا کړو او هر هغه څه يې انځور کړل چې موږ یې له امله په‌دې ویاړو چې بریتانويان یو.» &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Blair |first=Tony |date=2022-09-09 |title=Tony Blair's statement on the death of Her Majesty The Queen |url=https://institute.global/tony-blair/tony-blairs-statement-death-her-majesty-queen |access-date=8 September 2022 |publisher=Tony Blair Institute for Global Change}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** پخواني لومړي وزیر ګورډون براون وويل: نن ماښام انګلستان، ټول‌ګټي هېوادونه او ټوله نړۍ په وير کې سره یوځای شوي دي. سترې ملکې دویمې الیزابیت د خپل ژوند تر وروستیو شېبو دې هېواد ته خدمت وکړ. زه سلطنتي کورنۍ ته د زړه له کومې غم‌شریکي وړاندې کوم. هغې ته د ابدي هوساینې په هيله.» &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ravikumar |first1=Sachin |last2=Suleiman |first2=Farouq |date=8 September 2022 |editor-last=MacLellan |editor-first=Kylie |title=Queen Elizabeth served the country 'to the last' - Former UK PM Brown |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/queen-elizabeth-served-country-last-former-uk-pm-brown-2022-09-08/ |url-access=registration |access-date=2022-09-09 |work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** پخواني لومړي وزیر ډېوېډ کامرون وويل: زموږ د هېواد، ټول‌ګټو هېوادونو او ټولې نړۍ لپاره د دې لويې غمیزې پر مهال، ستر پاچا او ټولې سلطنتي کورنۍ ته د ملکې دويمې الیزابیت د مړینې له امله خپله غم‌شریکي وړاندې کوم. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|last1=Sutton|first1=Larry|last2=Dougherty|first2=Steve|date=8 September 2022|title=Queen Elizabeth II, Britain's Steadfast Monarch, Dies|url=https://time.com/4619423/queen-elizabeth-dies/|magazine=Time|access-date=2022-09-08|archive-date=2022-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909181913/https://time.com/4619423/queen-elizabeth-dies/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** پخوانۍ لومړۍ وزیرې ترزامي وویل: ملکه «د دولت تر ټولو اغېزمنه مشره وه» چې نوموړې د خپلې ادارې پر مهال لېدلې وه. هغې همدارنګه یوه بیانیه وړاندې کړه چې په هغه کې يې وویل: «ستره ملکه د فوق‌العاده بدلونونو شاهده وه، په مهارت يې له وخت سره هم‌مهال حرکت کاوه خو تل یې ډاډ او ثبات رامنځته کاوه. هغه د الیزابیت په دې لوی دور کې زموږ ثابته وه. دا زما د ژوند وياړ دی چې د هغې د واکمنۍ په دور کې مې د لومړۍ وزیرې په توګه خدمت کړی... اوس‌مهال زموږ افکار او دعاګانې د هغې له کورنۍ سره دي. پاچا دې ژوندی وي.»&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixWKGDs7SRI|title='The Queen was the most impressive head of state,' says Theresa May|date=2022-09-09|type=video|publisher=Sky News|access-date=2022-09-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media|url=https://news.sky.com/video/the-queen-was-the-most-impressive-12693796|title=The Queen was the most impressive|date=2022-09-09|type=video|publisher=Sky News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Richardson|first=Alex|date=2022-09-09|title=Queen Elizabeth's death: Reaction from leading figures in Britain|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/queen-elizabeths-death-reaction-leading-figures-britain-2022-09-08/|url-access=registration|access-date=2022-09-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** پخواني لومړي وزیر بورېس جانسون وويل: «دا زموږ د هېواد تر ټولو غم‌جنه ورځ ده. زموږ هر یوه په زړه کې زموږ د ملکې د مړينې درد دی، ښايي له تمې ډېر شدید د یو چا د لاسه ورکولو یو ژور او شخصی حس. لکه څرنګه چې دا په انسانانو کې طبعي ده، موږ یوازې هغه مهال حقیقت درکوو چې له ریښتيا سره مخ شو او په‌دې وپوهېږو چې څه مو له لاسه ورکړي. ښايي زموږ غږ لا هم په غم کې زنی شوی وي موږ هغه خبرې په ډاد سره کولی شو چې تر ۷ لسیزو پورې په‌دې هېواد کې نه دي اورېدل شوې. پاچا دې ژوندی وي.»&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=8 September 2022 |title=Boris Johnson: 'Elizabeth the Great ... had a unique and simple power to make us happy. That is why we loved her' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/09/08/boris-johnsons-emotional-tribute-queen-elizabeth-ii/ |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=The Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ''پرېښول شوي /سپارل شوي دولتونه'' ====

* د سکاټلند لومړي وزیر نیکولا سټورجن په یو ټویټ کې وليکل: «د سترې ملکې الیزابیت مړينه د بریتانيا، ټول‌ګټو هېوادونو او نړۍ لپاره د ژورې خواشینۍ شېبه ده. د هغې ژوند په فوق‌العاده ډول خدمت ته ځانګړی شوی و. زه د سکاټلنډ د خلکو په استازولۍ خپله ژوره غمرازي پاچا او سلطنتي کورنۍ ته وړاندې کوم.»&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2022-09-08|title=First minister Nicola Sturgeon leads Scottish tributes to Queen|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-62842317|access-date=2022-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** د سکاټلنډ پخواني لومړي وزیر او د البا ګوند مشر الېکس سالموند ملکې ته د درناوي په پار د خپل ګوند پر وېب پاڼه یوه بیانيه خپره کړه او د هغې مړينه يې «د هغې د کورنۍ او د ټولې نړۍ لپاره د سترې غمیزې شېبه» یاده کړه.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2022-09-09 |title=Salmond Salutes 'A Truly Remarkable Lady' |url=https://www.albaparty.org/salmond_salutes_a_truly_remarkable_lady |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=Alba Party |archive-date=2022-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009081545/https://www.albaparty.org/salmond_salutes_a_truly_remarkable_lady |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** د سکاټلنډ د البا ګوند عمومي منشي کرېس مک‌اېلني وویل «د ملکې د دور تر پای وروسته په سکاټلنډ کې پاچا چارلز ته هېڅ ځای نه‌شته دی.» &lt;ref name=&quot;albacall&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Gordon |first=Tom |date=2022-09-09 |title=Alba party call to axe monarchy under independence after death of Queen |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/politics/21251486.alba-party-call-axe-monarchy-independence-death-queen/ |access-date=9 September 2022 |website=[[The Herald (Glasgow)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سرچينې ==</text>
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له مذهبي ټولنې څخه شړل د مذهبي ترټنې يو بنسټيز عمل دی، چې د مذهبي بنسټ له نورو غړو سره د يوې مذهبي ډلې د غړي د ګډون پای ته رسولو يا لږ تر لږه منظم کولو په موخه کارول کېږي. د دې بنسټيز عمل موخه په يوه مذهبي ټولنه کې د له غړيتوب څخه بې برخې کول، ځنډول يا محدودول دي يا دا چې ياده او په ځانګړي ډول هغو ټولنه کې د ځانګړو حقونو د محدودولو په موخه تر سره کېږي، چې د مذهبي ډلې له نورو غړو سره د ګډون او د ديني دودونو د تر لاسه کولو په حال کې دي. 

دا کړنه د کاتوليک کليسا، د شرقي ارتودوکس کليساګانو او د ختيځ ارتودوکس کليساګانو په څېر ټولو لرغونو کليساګانو او همدا راز نورو عيسوي مذهبونو له لورې تر سره کېږي، مګر په يو څه زيات عمومي ډول نورو مذهبي ډلو کې د بنسټيزو مذهبي شړلو د لارو چارو او يوې خواته کولو ‎ورته ډول ته د اشارې کولو په موخه هم کارول کېږي. امېش “Amish” هم د هغو غړو د شړلو له امله پېژندل کېږي، چې ليدل شوي يا د قواعدو د ماتولو له امله پېژندل شوي دي؛ يا دا چې له کليسا څخه د هغه کړنې پوښتنه کوي، چې د شړلو په توګه پېژندل کېږي. د خدای ګواهان “Jehovah’s Witnesses” له خپلې ډلې څخه د شړلو بڼې ته د «نه ملګرتيا» اصطلاح کاروي.  

له مذهبي ډلې څخه د شړلو “excommunication” ويی له ګډون څخه د يو ځانګړي شخص يا ډلې د ويستلو معنا لري. په ځينو لويو مذهبي ډلو کې له ډلې څخه شړل د غړي يا ډلې معنوي ترټل يا محکومول رانغاړي. له مذهبې ډلې څخه شړل ښايي د ډلې، د شړلو د لام يا د مذهبي ټولنې د اصولو او معيارونو له مخې تبعيد، ګوښه کول او شرک يا خجالت راونغاړي. دا مهم چاره زياتره وختونه د څرګندې توبې په ځواب له منځه ځي. 

== بهايي عقيده ==
د بهايانو په منځ کې له مذهبي ډلې څخه شړل خورا لږ تر سترګو کېږي او په عمومي ډول د ټولنې له معيارونو څخه د سرغړونې، فکري اختلاف يا نورو مذهبونو ته د اوښتون د تيري لپاره نه کارول کېږي. له ډلې څخه د شړلو پر ځای د نوموړو ځانګړتياوو لرونکي شخص ته تر ټولو سخته سزا ورکوي، چې د منظم اختلاف د ځپلو لپاره په پام کې نيول شوې ده، چې د عقيدې د پيروانو يووالی ګواښي. «د تړون ماتونکی» هغه اصطلاح ده، چې بهايان يې هغه شخص لپاره کاروي، چې د تړون ماتولو له امله له بهايي ټولنې څخه شړل شوی دی: هغه شخص چې مذهب کې بېلتون ته په فعال ډول وده ورکوي يا دا چې د دمشرۍ د پرله پسې راتګ لړۍ د مشروعيت مخالفت کوي. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7zdDFTzNr0C|title=An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith|date=2008-04-07|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-86251-6|pages=115|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Momen|first=Moojan|date=September 2007|title=Marginality and apostasy in the Baha'i community|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1016/j.religion.2007.06.008|journal=Religion|language=en|volume=37|issue=3|pages=187–209|doi=10.1016/j.religion.2007.06.008|s2cid=55630282|issn=0048-721X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sergeev|first=Mikhail|url=https://brill.com/view/title/32083|title=Theory of Religious Cycles: Tradition, Modernity, and the Bahá'í Faith|date=2015-09-17|publisher=Brill {{!}} Rodopi|isbn=978-90-04-30107-8|pages=94–95|doi=10.1163/9789004301078}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hartz|first=Paula|url=https://bahai-library.com/hartz_bahai_faith|title=World Religions: Baha'i Faith|date=2009|publisher=Chelsea House Publishers|isbn=978-1-60413-104-8|edition=3rd|location=New York, NY|pages=138}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Winters |first=Jonah |year=2010 |title=Glossary of Bahá'í terms |url=https://bahai-library.com/winters_bahai_glossary |website=Baha'i Library Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

په اوس وخت کې د عدالت نړيواله جرګه يوازينی واک لري، چې يو شخص د تړون ماتونکی اعلان کړي او کله چې يو شخص قانون ماتونکی وپېژندل شو، له ټولو بهايانو څخه يې د شړلو تمه کېږي، ان که د کورنۍ غړی يې هم وي. د عبدالبها له نظره د تړون ماتول يوه لېږدېدونکې يا ساري ناروغي ده. بهايي ليکنې له تړون ماتونکو سره اړيکې منع کوي او له بهايانو څخه په کلکه غوښتل کېږي، چې د دوی له ادبياتو څخه ډډه وکړي او په دې ډول د رښتيا د خپلواکې پلټنې “Independent Investigation of truth” بهايي اصل پر وړاندې يوه استثنا برابروي. ډېری بهايان له شته کوچنيو بهايي څانګو څخه ناخبره دي. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=McMullen|first=Michael|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/922640375|title=The Bahá'ís of America : the growth of a religious movement|date=2015|isbn=978-1-4798-0971-4|location=New York|pages=21|oclc=922640375}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|title=Baha'ism: History, transfiguration, doxa|url=https://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/61990|date=2010|degree=Thesis|first=Hutan|last=Hejazi Martinez|hdl=1911/61990|access-date=2022-10-14|archive-date=2023-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623225612/https://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/61990|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ph.D|first=Vernon Elvin Johnson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BKTTDwAAQBAJ|title=Baha'is in Exile: An Account of Followers of Baha' U' llah Outside the Mainstream Baha'I Religion|date=2020-01-16|publisher=Dorrance Publishing|isbn=978-1-64530-574-3|pages=xxxi-xxxv|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== عيسويت ==
عيسويت کې له مذهبي ډلې څخه د شړلو موخه له کليسا څخه د هغو غړو شړل دي، چې د عيسوي ټولنې د باورونو خلاف کړه وړه يا لارښوونې لري. دا چاره له ناوړه ګټه اخېستنې څخه د کليسا د غړو ژغورل په نښه کوي او سرغړونکي ته اجازه ورکوي، چې خپله تېروتنه درک کړي او توبه وباسي. &lt;ref&gt;Ronald F. Youngblood, ''Nelson's Illustrated Bible Dictionary: New and Enhanced Edition'', Thomas Nelson Inc, USA, 2014, p. 378&lt;/ref&gt;

=== کاتوليک کليسا ===
په کاتوليک کليسا کې له ډلې څخه د شړلو په اړه د لاتين کليسا “Latin Church” د ډېره کيو او د ختيځ کاتولکي کليساګانو د نظم تر منځ توپيرونه شته. 

==== لاتيني کليسا ====
په لاتيني کليسا کې له ډلې څخه د شړلو عمل يا په “latae sententiae” (په سمدستي ډول د هغه سرغړونې د تر سره کولو په وخت کې ورکول کېږي، چې قانون ياده سزا تحميلوي) او يا په “ferendae sententiae” (هغه وخت سزا ورکول کېږي، چې د قانوني لوړ پوړ له لورې ټاکل شوې وي يا د مذهبي محکمې د سزا په توګه اعلان شوې وې) بڼه اوسېدلی شي. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Code of Canon Law, canon 1314 |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P4V.HTM |access-date=2012-04-03 |publisher=Vatican.va}}&lt;/ref&gt;

د کاتوليک کليسا د ټرنټ شورا “Council of Trent” کې لارښوونه کوي، چې: «له ډلې څخه شړل شوي اشخاص د کليسا غړي ځکه نه دي، چې د خپلې سزا له امله د خپلو کوچنيانو له شمېر څخه يې اړيکې پرې شوي دي او تر هغې په خپلې ډلې پورې تړاو نه لري، چې توبه وباسي». د “Exsurge Domine” تر سرليک لاندې د پاپ د ۱۵۲۰ زکال د می د ۱۶ نېټې ليک کې، لسم پاپ ليو د لوتر درويشتم وړانديز ناسم اعلان کړ. د ياد وړانديز له مخې له ډلې څخه شړل کېدنې يوازې باندنۍ سزاګانې دي، چې يو شخص د کليسا له عمومي معنوي عباداتو څخه نه بې برخې کوي. شپږم پاپ پيوس په “Auctorem Fidei” نومي ليکنه کې (۱۷۹۴ د اګسټ ۲۸) هغه نظريه وغندله، چې له مخې يې له مذهبي ډلې څخه د شړلو اغېز يوازې د خپل طبيعت له امله باندنۍ بڼه لري، چې له کليسا سره يوازې له بهرني ګډون څخه يې لرې کوي؛ که چېرې همداسې وي، نو د پاپ د وينا له مخې له مذهبې ډلې څخه شړل هغه معنوي سزا نه وه، چې په جنت پورې تړلې وي او روحونو باندې اغېز کوي. له ډلې څخه شړل شوی شخص چې د کليسا له ټولنې څخه ويستل شوی دی، لا هم د تعميد غسل او نوم ايښودنې د عيسوي دود نښه لری او کليسا د قانوني واکونو تابع دی. دوی په ځانګړو فعاليتونو کې له ښکېل کېدلو څخه منع شوي دي، چې ياد فعاليتونه د ۱۳۳۱ ز قانون کې لښتليک شوي دي او د شکريې او نمانځنې ورځ د سرښندنې يا د عبادت اړوند نورو مراسمو په نمانځلو کې د وزارتونو په کچه له هر ډول ګډون، د عيسوي مذهبي دودونو له نمانځلو يا تر لاسه کولو يا د هر ډول مذهبي دفترونو، وزارتونو يا دندو له پر مخ وړلو څخه د يو شخص مخنيوی کوي. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Excommunication |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05678a.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Catholic&quot;&gt;{{Catholic|wstitle=Excommunication|author=A. BOUDINHON|inline=1}} &lt;small&gt;Canonists usually treat of excommunication in their commentaries on the Corpus Juris Canonici, at the title De sententia excommunicationis (lib. V, tit. xxxix). Moralists deal with it apropos of the treatise on censures (De Censuris). One of the best works is that of D'ANNIBALE Summula Theologiæ moralis (5th ed., Rome, 1908). For details consult the numerous commentaries on the Constitution Apostolicæ Sedis. Special works by ancient writers: AVILA, De censuris (Lyons, 1608); SUAREZ, De censuris (Coimbra, 1603). ALTIERI, De censuris ecclesiasticis (Rome, 1618). — Cf. KOBER, Der Kirchenbann (Tübingen, 1857).&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Code of Canon Law, canon 1331 §1 |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P4X.HTM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329021837/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P4X.HTM |archive-date=29 March 2008 |access-date=2014-07-29 |publisher=Vatican.va}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church |url=http://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/what-we-believe/catechism/catechism-of-the-catholic-church/epub/index.cfm |work=usccb.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

د کاتوليک د اوسنې قانون له مخې، له ډلې څخه شړل کېدونکي اشخاص د کليسايي مکلفيتونو (لکه: ډله کې ګډون) ته پابند پاتې کېږي، که څه هم د عيسوي مذهبي دودونو له تر لاسه کولو او د عبادت مراسمو (لکه: لوستل، د نذرانې راوړل او داسې نور) کې له فعالې برخه اخيستنې څخه بند کړي دي. شړل شوي اشخاص د ديني دودونو په څېر حقونه له لاسه ورکوي، مګر بيا هم د قانوني مکلفيتونو پابند دي او حقونه يې هغه وخت بېرته ورکول کېږي، چې د سزا د بخښنې له لارې بېرته له ډلې سره پخلا شي. له دوی څخه په ټينګه غوښتل کېږي، چې له کليسا سره اړيکه خوندي کړي او دلته اصلي نښه يا موخه دا ده، چې دوی توبه ويستلو ته وهڅول شي او خپل ژوند کې بېرته فعال ګډون ته راوګرځي. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JKgZEjvB5cEC&amp;q=%22excommunicated+remain%22|title=New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law|isbn=9780809140664|last1=Beal|first1=John P.|last2=Coriden|first2=James A.|last3=Green|first3=Thomas J.|year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;

دا د هغو خلکو لپاره يوازينۍ اغېزې دي، چې د “latae sententiae” له مخې له ډلې څخه شړل شوي دي. د بېلګې په ډول: يو پادري ښايي د هغو خلکو لپاره په عمومي ډول ګډون رد نه کړي، چې له ډلې څخه د خپل کاري يا اتومات شړلو تر امر لاندې دي، تر هغې چې په رسمي ډول د يادو اوامرو له لورې شړل شوي نه وي اعلان شوي، ان که چېرې پادري په دې پوهېږي چې دوی يې له مذهبي ډلې څخه شړلي دي؛ که څه هم شخص ګناه يوه څرګنده او لويه ګناه وي، نو په دې حالت کې پادري اړ دی، چې د ۹۱۵ قانون له مخې شخص له ګډون څخه وګرځوي [منع کړي]. له بله اړخه، که چېرې پادري پوهېږي چې له مذهبي ډلې څخه شړل په يو شخص باندې تحميل شوي دي، يا دا چې له ډلې څخه خپل کارې يا اتومات شړل کېدل اعلان شوي دي (او نور له ډلې څخه يوازې نا اعلان شوي خپل کاري شړل نه دي)، په دې حالت کې پادري ياد شخص ته د سپېڅلي ګډون “Holy Communion” د سوګند له ورکولو څخه منع شوی دی.  &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2012-03-27 |title=Edward McNamara, &quot;Denying Communion to Someone&quot; |url=http://www.zenit.org/article-34521?l=english |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113095612/http://www.zenit.org/article-34521?l=english |archive-date=2013-01-13 |access-date=2013-02-02 |publisher=Zenit.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2007-05-04 |title=1983 Code of Canon Law, canon 915 |url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P38.HTM#5T |access-date=2013-02-02 |publisher=Intratext.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سرچينې ==</text>
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'''الروسا''' ( په [[روسي ژبه]]:АЛРОСА)  کې    د [[روسیه|روسیې]] د [[الماس|الماسو]] [[د کانونو استخراج|کان کیندنې]] [[ملتون|شرکت دی]] ، چې د فبروري په 19، 1992 کې تاسیس شوی او اوس مهال په نړۍ کې د [[الماس|الماسو]] ترټولو لوی تولیدونکي په توګه پېژندل کیږي. &lt;ref name=&quot;вед_03_112&quot;&gt;{{یادکرد وب|author=Анастасия Дагаева, Александра Терентьева|datepublished=|url=http://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/article/257033/ya_almazy_ne_ochen_lyublyu_fedor_andreev_prezident_kompanii|title=«Я алмазы не очень люблю» , — Федор Андреев, президент компании «Алроса»|publisher=// Ведомости, 23.03.2011, № 50 (2816)|accessdate=2011-3-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214085038/http://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/article/257033/ya_almazy_ne_ochen_lyublyu_fedor_andreev_prezident_kompanii|archivedate=۱۴ دسامبر ۲۰۱۳|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

د الروسا شرکت [[الماس|د الماسو]] د اکتشاف، استخراج، تولید او خرڅلاو په برخه کې فعالیت کوي. د دې شرکت د عملیاتو اصلي برخه د [[د ياکوتيا جمهوريت|یاکوتيا جمهوریت]] په یاکوتسک سیمه کې موقعیت لري.

د الروسا مرکزي دفتر په میرني، یاکوتیا ، او همدارنګه په [[مسکو]] کې موقعیت لري. د دې شرکت د ونډو یوه برخه د مسکو سټاک ایکسچینج کې پلورل کیږي.

== سرچینې ==
&lt;references group=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

* مشارکت‌کنندگان ویکی‌پدیا. «ALROSA». در دانشنامهٔ ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی، بازبینی‌شده در ۲۱ مارس ۲۰۱۳.

== بهرنۍ لینک ==

* [http://www.alrosa.ru/ رسمي ویب پاڼه]</text>
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      <text bytes="28653" sha1="sdwf6pgvo0kb52ekmtrqmmj070d72we" xml:space="preserve">'''مرجاني ډبرې''' یو ځمک‌لاندې ایکوسیستم دی چې په ډبره جوړوونکو مرجانونو سره پېژندل کېږي. ډبرې د هغو مرجاني پولیپونو له مستعمراتو څخه جوړې دي چې د کلسیم کاربونېټ په مرسته سره چسپېدلي دي. ډېری مرجاني ډبرې له هغو ډبرینو مرجانونو څخه جوړې دي چې پولیپونه یې په ډله‌ييز ډول راټولېږي یا کلسټر کېږي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=How Reefs Are Made |url=https://coral.org/en/coral-reefs-101/how-reefs-are-made/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030053454/https://coral.org/en/coral-reefs-101/how-reefs-are-made/ |archive-date=3 November 2021 |access-date=19 April 2022 |website=Coral Reef Alliance}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مرجان د نېش وهونکو یا نایډریا په کورنۍ کې له انتوزوا طبقې سره تړاو لري چې سمندري شقایق او سمندري کب هم په کې شاملېږي. د سمندري شقایقونو پر خلاف مرجانونه څه ناڅه کلک کاربونېټي سکلېټونه ترشح کوي چې له مرجان سره مرسته کوي او خوندي یې ساتي. اکثره ډبرې په ګرمو، کم‌عمقه، رڼو، لمرینو او څپاندو اوبو کې ښه وده کوي. مرجاني ډبرې د لومړي ځل لپاره ۴۸۵ میلیونه کاله مخکې د ارډویسین دورې په لومړیو وختونو کې را څرګندې شوې او د کامبرین دورې د میکروبي او سفنجي ډبرو ځای یې ونیو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Jeong-Hyun|last2=Chen|first2=Jitao|last3=Chough|first3=Sung Kwun|title=The middle–late Cambrian reef transition and related geological events: A review and new view|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|date=1 June 2015|volume=145|pages=66–84|doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.03.002|bibcode=2015ESRv..145...66L|issn=0012-8252}}&lt;/ref&gt;

کم‌عمقه مرجاني ډبرې چې کله ناکله د سمندر باراني ځنګلونه هم نومول کېږي، د ځمکې یو شمېر رنګارنګ یا متنوع ایکوسیستمونه جوړوي. دا ایکوسیستمونه د نړۍ د سمندرونو څه کم ۰.۱ سلنه مساحت اشغالوي چې د فرانسې د مساحت شاوخوا نیمايي برخه کېږي، له دې سره سره د ټولو سمندري نوعو لږ تر لږه ۲۵ سلنه نوعو ته مېشت‌ځایونه برابروي چې کبان، تن پوستي، چینجیان، کلک پوستي، خار پوستي، سفنجونه، ټیونیکېټونه او د نایډریا د کورنۍ نور حیوانات په کې شاملېږي. مرجاني ډبرې په هغو سمندري اوبو کې وده کوي چې کم مغذي مواد لري. مرجاني ډبرې معمولاً د ګرمو اوبو په کمو اعماقو یا ژورو کې موندل کېږي، خو ژورې اوبه او د سړو اوبو مرجاني ډبرې په کوچنیو کچو په نورو سیمو کې هم موجودې دي.&lt;ref&gt;[https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/oceans/corals/ Coral reefs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210050558/https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/oceans/corals/ |date=2010-02-10 }} ''NOAA National Ocean Service''. Accessed: 10 January 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Spalding MD, Grenfell AM|doi=10.1007/s003380050078|title=New estimates of global and regional coral reef areas|year=1997|journal=Coral Reefs|volume=16|issue=4|pages=225–230|s2cid=46114284}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spalding&quot;&gt;Spalding, Mark, Corinna Ravilious, and Edmund Green (2001). ''World Atlas of Coral Reefs''. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press and UNEP/WCMC {{ISBN|0520232550}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mulhall&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Mulhall|first1=M.|date=Spring 2009|url=http://www.law.duke.edu/shell/cite.pl?19+Duke+Envtl.+L.+&amp;+Pol%27y+F.+321+pdf|title=Saving rainforests of the sea: An analysis of international efforts to conserve coral reefs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106053233/http://www.law.duke.edu/shell/cite.pl?19+Duke+Envtl.+L.+&amp;+Pol%27y+F.+321+pdf|archive-date=6 January 2010|journal=Duke Environmental Law and Policy Forum|volume=19|pages=321–351|access-date=21 October 2022|archivedate=6 January 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106053233/http://www.law.duke.edu/shell/cite.pl?19+Duke+Envtl.+L.+&amp;+Pol%27y+F.+321+pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=13 May 2011 |title=Where are Corals Found? |url=http://coralreef.noaa.gov/aboutcorals/coral101/corallocations/ |access-date=24 March 2015 |website=[[NOAA]] |خونديځ نېټه=4 March 2016 |خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053758/http://coralreef.noaa.gov/aboutcorals/coral101/corallocations/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053758/http://coralreef.noaa.gov/aboutcorals/coral101/corallocations/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=TxrHBCs1u4EC}}|title=Hawaiʻi's Sea Creatures|last=Hoover|first=John|isbn=978-1-56647-220-3|publisher=Mutual|date=November 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مرجاني ډبرې له ۱۹۵۰ کال راهیسې په دې خاطر ۵۰ سلنه کمې شوې دي چې د اوبو له شرایطو سره حساسې دي. دغه ډبرې د ګڼو عواملو له خطر سره مخ دي چې اضافي مغذي مواد (نایتروجن او فاسفورس)، د سمندرونو د ګرمۍ کچه لوړېدل او اسیدي کېدل، له حد ډېره کب‌نیونه (مثلاً د چاودنې په مرسته کب نیونه، ساینایډ کب نیونه، د نیزې په مرسته کب نیونه)، د لمر ضد کریمونو استفاده او د ځمکې د کارولو مضرې طریقې دي چې جاري اوبه او زیمونه ایستل (مثلاً د ترزیق د څاه‌ګانو یا د بدرفت د څاه‌ګانو له لارې) یې بېلګې دي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-17 |title=Global coral cover has fallen by half since 1950s, analysis finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/17/global-coral-cover-halves-since-1950s-analysis-finds-aoe |access-date=2021-09-18 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Corals reveal impact of land use&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Corals reveal impact of land use |url=http://www.uq.edu.au/news/?article=12183 |access-date=September 21, 2013 |publisher=ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Minato |first=Charissa |date=July 1, 2002 |title=Urban runoff and coastal water quality being researched for effects on coral reefs |url=http://www.hcri.ssri.hawaii.edu/files/media/pr-water_quality.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610170312/http://www.hcri.ssri.hawaii.edu/files/media/pr-water_quality.pdf |archive-date=June 10, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=July 1998 |title=Coastal Watershed Factsheets – Coral Reefs and Your Coastal Watershed |url=http://water.epa.gov/type/oceb/fact4.cfm |publisher=Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water |access-date=2022-10-21 |archive-date=2010-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830153311/http://water.epa.gov/type/oceb/fact4.cfm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sunscreen&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Danovaro|first1=Roberto|last2=Bongiorni|first2=Lucia|last3=Corinaldesi|first3=Cinzia|last4=Giovannelli|first4=Donato|last5=Damiani|first5=Elisabetta|last6=Astolfi|first6=Paola|last7=Greci|first7=Lucedio|last8=Pusceddu|first8=Antonio|date=April 2008|title=Sunscreens Cause Coral Bleaching by Promoting Viral Infections|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=116|issue=4|pages=441–447|doi=10.1289/ehp.10966|pmc=2291018|pmid=18414624}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مرجاني ډبرې سیاحت، کب نیونې او د ساحلې کرښو ساتنې ته ایکوسیستي خدمتونه وړاندې کوي. د مرجاني ډبرو کلنی نړیوال اقتصادي ارزښت (د ۱۹۹۷ او ۲۰۰۳ کلونو د اټکل له مخې) له ۳۰ څخه تر ۳۷۵ میلیارده ډالرو؛ (د ۲۰۲۰ کال د اټکل له مخې) تر ۲.۷ ټریلیونه ډالرو؛ او (د ۲۰۱۴ کال د اټکل له مخې) تر ۹.۹ ټریلیونه امریکايي ډالرو پورې اټکل شوی دی.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cesar&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Cesar|first=H.J.S.|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=WicVAQAAIAAJ}}|title=The Economics of Worldwide Coral Reef Degradation|year=2003|publisher=Cesar Environmental Economics Consulting|location=The Netherlands|page=4|id=(pdf: [http://assets.panda.org/downloads/cesardegradationreport100203.pdf link])|author2=Burke, L.|author3=Pet-Soede, L.|access-date=21 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Costanza&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Costanza|first=Robert|author2=Ralph d'Arge|author3=Rudolf de Groot|author4=Stephen Farber|author5=Monica Grasso|author6=Bruce Hannon|author7=Karin Limburg|author8=Shahid Naeem|author9=Robert V. O'Neill|author10=Jose Paruelo|author11=Robert G. Raskin|author12=Paul Sutton|author13=Marjan van den Belt|title=The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital|journal=Nature|date=15 May 1997|volume=387|pages=253–260|doi=10.1038/387253a0|issue=6630|bibcode=1997Natur.387..253C|s2cid=672256}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Sixth Status of Corals of the World: 2020 Report |url=https://gcrmn.net/2020-report/ |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=GCRMN |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Costanza|first1=Robert|last2=de Groot|first2=Rudolph|last3=Sutton|first3=Paul|title=Changes in the global value of ecosystem services|journal=Global Environmental Change|date=2014|volume=26|issue=1|pages=152–158|doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== جوړښت ==
ډېری مرجاني ډبرې د کنګل تر وروستۍ دورې وروسته هغه مهال جوړې شوې چې د کنګل د ویلې کېدو له امله د سمندر سطحه پورته راغله او د لویو وچو په رپونو کې سېلابونه وبهېدل. ډېری مرجاني ډبرې تر ۱۰۰۰۰ کلونو کم عمر لري. کله چې ټولنو ځانونه تثبیت کړل، ډبرو پورته لوري ته وده وکړه او د سمندرونو سطحه یې لوړه کړه. هغه ډبرې چې ډېرې ورو ورو پورته ځي، ښايي تر کافي رڼا پرته غرقې شي. مرجاني ډبرې د لویو وچو له رپونو لرې د سمندر په ژورو کې، د سمندري ټاپوګانو په شاوخوا او په مرجاني ټاپوګانو کې هم موندل کېږي. ډېری دغه ټاپوګان اتشفشاني منشا لري. د ځینو نورو منشا ټکټونیکي ده چې په هغو کې د ټکټونیکي تختو حرکت د سمندر تل راپورته کړی دی.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Kleypas |first=Joanie |date=2010 |title=Coral reef |url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Coral_reef#Types_of_Coral_Reefs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815052312/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Coral_reef |archive-date=August 15, 2010 |access-date=April 4, 2011 |website=The Encyclopedia of Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== موقعیتونه ==
اټکل کېږي چې مرجاني ډبرې ۲۸۴۳۰۰ کیلومتره مربع (۱۰۹۸۰۰ مایل مربع) ساحه رانغاړي چې د سمندرونو د سطحې ۰.۱ سلنه کېږي. د هند-ارام سمندر سیمه (چې سره بحیره، د هند سمندر، سوېل‌ختیځه اسیا او ارام سمندر په کې شاملېږي) د دغه ټولټال ساحې ۹۱.۹ سلنه برخه جوړوي. په سوېل‌ختیځه اسیا کې د دغه شمېر ۳۲.۳ سلنه برخه شاملېږي، په داسې حال کې چې د استرالیا په ګډون ارام سمندر بیا د دغه شمېر ۴۰.۸ سلنه برخه رانغاړي. د اتلانتیک او کارایيب سمندرونو مرجاني ډبرې د دغه شمېر ۷.۶ سلنه برخه جوړوي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Darwin|first=Charles|year=1843|title=The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. Fitzroy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836|location=London|publisher=Smith Elder and Co|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F271&amp;pageseq=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cr&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Chancellor_CoralReefs.html|title=Introduction to Coral reefs|author=Chancellor, Gordon|year=2008|publisher=Darwin Online|access-date=January 20, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

که څه هم مرجانونه هم په معتدلو او هم په ګرمو اوبو کې موجود دي، د کم‌عمقه اوبو ډبرې یوازې په هغه ساحه کې جوړېږي چې د استوا کرښې له شاوخوا ۳۰ شمالي درجو څخه تر ۳۰ جنوبي درجو پورې امتداد لري. د ګرمو اوبو مرجانونه تر ۵۰ مترو (۱۶۰ فوټو) په ډېرو ژورو یا اعماقو کې وده نه کوي. د اکثرو مرجاني ډبرو لپاره حد اکثر تودوخه ۲۶ تر ۲۷ درجې سانتي ګراد (۷۹ تر ۸۱ درجې فارنهایټ) ده او کم شمېر ډبرې تر ۱۸ درجې سانتي ګراد (۶۴ درجې فارنهایټ) په ټيټو اوبو کې موجودې دي. له دې سره سره، د فارس خلیج ډبرې په ژمي کې له ۱۳ درجې سانتي ګراد (۵۵ درجې فارنهایټ) او په اوړي کې له ۳۸ درجې سانتي ګراد (۱۰۰ درجې فارنهایټ) تودوخې سره سازګارې شوې دي. د لارک ټاپو په شاوخوا کې ۳۷ سکلراکټیني مرجاني نوعې په دغسې چاپېریال کې ژوند کوي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-03-11 |title=4 Main Theories of Coral Reefs and Atolls/Oceans/Geography |url=https://www.geographynotes.com/oceans/4-main-theories-of-coral-reefs-and-atolls-oceans-geography/2704 |access-date=2020-08-01 |website=Geography Notes |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227171206/https://www.geographynotes.com/oceans/4-main-theories-of-coral-reefs-and-atolls-oceans-geography/2704 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Webster Coral subsidence&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Webster|first=Jody M.|author2=Braga, Juan Carlos; Clague, David A.; Gallup, Christina; Hein, James R.; Potts, Donald C.; Renema, Willem; Riding, Robert; Riker-Coleman, Kristin; Silver, Eli; Wallace, Laura M.|title=Coral reef evolution on rapidly subsiding margins|journal=Global and Planetary Change|date=1 March 2009|volume=66|issue=1–2|pages=129–148|doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.07.010|bibcode=2009GPC....66..129W}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Webster coral drowning&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Webster|first=Jody M.|author2=Clague, David A.|author3=Riker-Coleman, Kristin|author4=Gallup, Christina|author5=Braga, Juan C.|author6=Potts, Donald|author7=Moore, James G.|author8=Winterer, Edward L.|author9=Paull, Charles K.|title=Drowning of the −150 m reef off Hawaii: A casualty of global meltwater pulse 1A?|journal=Geology|date=1 January 2004|volume=32|issue=3|page=249|doi=10.1130/G20170.1|bibcode=2004Geo....32..249W}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ژواک بېلابېلوالی ==

=== اوبړۍ ===
ډبرې په دوامدار ډول د اوبړیو د تېري له خطر سره مخ دي. له حده ډېره کب نیونه او له وچې څخه سمندر ته د ډېرو مغذي موادو تګ کولای شي اوبړیو ته د مرجانونو د رقابت او وژلو وړتیا ورکړي. د مغذي موادو کچه ښايي د فاضلابو د اوبو یا کیمیاوي سرو په پایله کې ډېره شي. جاري اوبه کولای شي نایتروجن او فاسفورس ولېږدوي چې د اوبړیو د ډېرې ودې لامل کېږي. اوبړۍ کله ناکله د فضا لپاره له مرجانونو سره سیالي یا رقابت کولی شي. وروسته بیا اوبړۍ کولای شي مرجانونه د اکسیجن د کمولو له لارې په ډبرو کې تربت یا ساه‌بندي کړي. د اکسیجن کمښت کولای شي د تحجر یا تیږه کېدو سرعت کم کړي، مرجان کمزوری کړي او په ناروغۍ د اخته کېدو او ویجاړۍ لپاره یې لا ډېر زیان‌منونکی کړي. اوبړۍ په ګڼو سروې شویو مرجاني ځایونو کې ژوند کوي. د اوبړیو په نفوس یا جمعیت کې چمني اوبړۍ، مرجاني اوبړۍ او ماکرو اوبړۍ شاملېږي. ځینې سمندري چیژګیان دغه اوبړۍ خوري او په دې توګه د اوبړیو د تېري خطر کمولی شي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Coral Reef Biology |url=http://www.coral.noaa.gov/component/content/article/138.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927181624/http://www.coral.noaa.gov/component/content/article/138.html |archive-date=September 27, 2011 |access-date=April 6, 2011 |publisher=[[NOAA]] |df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Glynn|first=P.W.|year=1990|title=Ecosystems of the World v. 25-Coral Reefs|editor-first=Z.|editor-last=Dubinsky|publisher=Elsevier Science|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-444-87392-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Murphy|first1=James W.A.|last2=Richmond|first2=Robert H.|date=2016-04-19|title=Changes to coral health and metabolic activity under oxygen deprivation|journal=PeerJ|language=en|volume=4|pages=e1956|doi=10.7717/peerj.1956|pmid=27114888|pmc=4841221|issn=2167-8359}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=THE EFFECTS OF TERRESTRIAL RUNOFF OF SEDIMENTS, NUTRIENTS AND OTHER POLLUTANTS ON CORAL REEFS |url=http://coralreefs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/ISRS-Briefing-Paper-3-Water-Quality.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091903/http://coralreefs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/ISRS-Briefing-Paper-3-Water-Quality.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=2015-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Algae-Dominated Reefs|first1=Peter S.|last1=Vroom|first2=Kimberly N.|last2=Page|first3=Jean C.|last3=Kenyon|first4=Russell E.|last4=Brainard|journal=American Scientist|year=2006|volume=94|issue=5|pages=430–437|doi=10.1511/2006.61.1004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سفنجونه ===
سفنجونه د سیستم د مرجاني ډبرو د فعالیت لپاره اړین دي. اوبړۍ او مرجانونه په مرجاني ډبرو کې عضوي مواد تولیدوي. دا ماده د هغو سنفجونو له لارې فېلتر کېږي چې دغه عضوي ماده پر کوچنیو ذراتو بدلوي او په وار سره د اوبړیو او مرجانونو له‌خوا جذبېږي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=How the sponge stays slim|year=2009|author=Kaplan, Matt|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/news.2009.1088}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ایکوسیستمي خدمتونه ==
مرجاني ډبرې سیاحت، کب نیونې او د ساحلي کرښو ساتنې ته ایکوسیستمي خدمتونه وړاندې کوي. د مرجاني ډبرو نړیوال اقتصادي ارزښت په هر کال کې له ۲۹.۸ څخه تر ۳۷۵ میلیارده ډالرو پورې اټکل شوی دی. شاوخوا ۵۰۰ میلیونه کسان له هغو ایکوسیستمي خدمتونو څخه ګټه‌من دي چې مرجاني ډبرې یې وړاندې کوي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cesar2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Cesar|first=H.J.S.|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=WicVAQAAIAAJ}}|title=The Economics of Worldwide Coral Reef Degradation|year=2003|publisher=Cesar Environmental Economics Consulting|location=The Netherlands|page=4|id=(pdf: [http://assets.panda.org/downloads/cesardegradationreport100203.pdf link])|author2=Burke, L.|author3=Pet-Soede, L.|access-date=21 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Costanza2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Costanza|first=Robert|author2=Ralph d'Arge|author3=Rudolf de Groot|author4=Stephen Farber|author5=Monica Grasso|author6=Bruce Hannon|author7=Karin Limburg|author8=Shahid Naeem|author9=Robert V. O'Neill|author10=Jose Paruelo|author11=Robert G. Raskin|author12=Paul Sutton|author13=Marjan van den Belt|title=The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital|journal=Nature|date=15 May 1997|volume=387|pages=253–260|doi=10.1038/387253a0|issue=6630|bibcode=1997Natur.387..253C|s2cid=672256}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083019|doi-access=free|title=The Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Ecosystems and Reliant Human Communities|year=2020|last1=Doney|first1=Scott C.|last2=Busch|first2=D. Shallin|last3=Cooley|first3=Sarah R.|last4=Kroeker|first4=Kristy J.|journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources|volume=45|pages=83–112}}&lt;/ref&gt;

د یو کلیومتر مرجاني ډبرو د له منځه وړلو د یوې ۲۵ کلنې دورې په جریان کې اقتصادي لګښت د ۱۳۷۰۰۰ او ۱۲۰۰۰۰۰ تر منځ ډالره اټکل شوی دی.&lt;ref name=&quot;WWF&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Importance of Coral to People |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/coraltriangle/importance-of-coral.html |access-date=April 7, 2011 |publisher=[[World Wildlife Fund]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

د «سرکیس» او د هغه د همکارانو په وینا، د برموډا مرجاني ډبرې د شپږو مهمو ایکوسیستمي خدمتونو پر بنسټ په متوسط ډول هر کال دغه ټاپو ته ۷۲۲ میلیونه ډالره اقتصادي ګټه اړوي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Cooper |first1=Emily |last2=Burke |first2=Lauretta |last3=Bood |first3=Nadia |year=2008 |title=Coastal Capital: Belize: The Economic Contribution of Belize's Coral Reefs and Mangroves |url=http://pdf.wri.org/coastal_capital_belize_brochure.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://pdf.wri.org/coastal_capital_belize_brochure.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |access-date=April 6, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Coastal Capital: Economic Valuation of Coastal Ecosystems in the Caribbean |url=http://www.wri.org/project/valuation-caribbean-reefs |publisher=[[World Resources Institute]] |access-date=2022-10-21 |archive-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530060728/http://www.wri.org/project/valuation-caribbean-reefs |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Sarkis |first1=Samia |last2=van Beukering |first2=Pieter J.H. |last3=McKenzie |first3=Emily |year=2010 |title=Total Economic Value of Bermuda's Coral Reefs. Valuation of ecosystem Services |url=http://media.wix.com/ugd/addae3_b2c263862f2843c3aadc9bacf0317ec1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://media.wix.com/ugd/addae3_b2c263862f2843c3aadc9bacf0317ec1.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |access-date=May 29, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ګواښونه ==
مرجاني ډبرې ۴۸۵ میلیونه کاله مخکې تر پیدایښت را وروسته له ګڼو ګواښونو سره مخ دي چې ناروغۍ، ښکار، مهاجمې نوعې، اوبړۍ او د جیولوژۍ اړوند خطرونه یې د بېلګې په توګه یادولی شو. وروستي انساني فعالیتونه هم جدي ګواښونه له ځان سره لري. له ۲۰۰۹ څخه تر ۲۰۱۸ کال پورې په ټوله نړۍ کې مرجاني ډبرې ۱۴ سلنه کمې شوې دي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Visser |first=Nick |date=2021-10-05 |title=Planet Lost Startling Amount Of Coral Reefs In 10 Years, Report Finds |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/planet-coral-reefs-lost-10-years_n_615bdcd5e4b099230d273a1f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005112753/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/planet-coral-reefs-lost-10-years_n_615bdcd5e4b099230d273a1f |archive-date=5 October 2021 |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Hutchings|first=P.A.|title=Biological destruction of coral reefs|doi=10.1007/BF00298083|journal=Coral Reefs|volume=12|issue=1|pages=1–17|year=1986|bibcode=1986CorRe...4..239H|s2cid=34046524}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Bradbury|first1=R. H.|last2=Hammond|first2=L. S.|last3=Moran|first3=P. J.|last4=Reichelt|first4=R. E.|title=Coral reef communities and the crown-of-thorns starfish: Evidence for qualitatively stable cycles|journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology|date=7 March 1985|volume=113|issue=1|pages=69–80|doi=10.1016/S0022-5193(85)80076-X|bibcode=1985JThBi.113...69B|issn=0022-5193}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Peters|first1=Esther C.|title=Diseases of Coral Reef Organisms|journal=Coral Reefs in the Anthropocene|date=2015|pages=147–178|doi=10.1007/978-94-017-7249-5_8|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|isbn=978-94-017-7248-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

د ګلخانه‌يي ګازونو انتشار یا خپرښت د سمندر د تودوخې د ډېرېدو او همدا راز د سمندر د سطحې د لوړېدو له لارې یو پراخ خطر رامنځته کوي، که څه هم چې مرجانونه د سمندري اوبو د پي.اېچ او کاربونېټي کچو په بدلولو سره خپل مایعات سازګاروي او د سمندرونو د اسیدي کېدو تر مستقیم خطر لاندې نه راځي. د انسان له‌خوا د جوړو شویو او اتشفشاني ایروسلونو ککړتیا هم کولای شي د سمندر د تودوخې کچه بدله کړي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Caribbean coral reefs may disappear within 20 years: Report |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/07/caribbean-coral-reefs-may-disappear-within-20-years-report/ |access-date=3 July 2014 |work=IANS |publisher=news.biharprabha.com |archive-date=16 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816191151/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/07/caribbean-coral-reefs-may-disappear-within-20-years-report/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=McCulloch|first1=Malcolm T.|last2=D’Olivo|first2=Juan Pablo|last3=Falter|first3=James|last4=Holcomb|first4=Michael|last5=Trotter|first5=Julie A.|title=Coral calcification in a changing World and the interactive dynamics of pH and DIC upregulation|journal=Nature Communications|date=30 May 2017|volume=8|issue=1|page=15686|doi=10.1038/ncomms15686|pmid=28555644|pmc=5499203|bibcode=2017NatCo...815686M|language=en|issn=2041-1723}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Kwiatkowski|first1=Lester|last2=Cox|first2=Peter M.|last3=Economou|first3=Theo|last4=Halloran|first4=Paul R.|last5=Mumby|first5=Peter J.|last6=Booth|first6=Ben B. B.|last7=Carilli|first7=Jessica|last8=Guzman|first8=Hector M.|title=Caribbean coral growth influenced by anthropogenic aerosol emissions|journal=Nature Geoscience|date=May 2013|volume=6|issue=5|pages=362–366|doi=10.1038/ngeo1780|bibcode=2013NatGe...6..362K|language=en|issn=1752-0908}}&lt;/ref&gt;

په ۲۰۱۱ کال کې دوو څېړونکو وړاندیز وکړ چې سمندري بې‌شمزۍ یا غیر فقاریه حیوانات د هغو عواملو له اغېزو سره مخ دي چې د پرمین دورې په پای کې د انهدام یا ټولیز له منځه تګ په جریان کې پېښ شول؛ او په دې برخه کې هغه جنسونه ډېر زیان‌منونکي دي چې کمزورې تنفسي فیزیولوژي او کمزوري پوستکي لري چې مرجانونه یې د بېلګې په توګه یادولی شو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Clapham ME and Payne|doi=10.1130/G32230.1|title=Acidification, anoxia, and extinction: A multiple logistic regression analysis of extinction selectivity during the Middle and Late Permian|year=2011|journal=Geology|volume=39|issue=11|pages=1059–1062|bibcode=2011Geo....39.1059C}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Payne JL, Clapham ME|doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105329|title=End-Permian Mass Extinction in the Oceans: An Ancient Analog for the Twenty-First Century?|year=2012|journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences|volume=40|issue=1|pages=89–111|bibcode=2012AREPS..40...89P}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/01/science/new-studies-of-permian-extinction-shed-light-on-the-great-dying.html Life in the Sea Found Its Fate in a Paroxysm of Extinction] ''New York Times'', April 30, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

== سرچينې ==</text>
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    <title>لمر پرېواته</title>
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[[دوتنه:Sunset_2.gif|کيڼ|بټنوک| لمر د ښار له لید څخه]]
'''لمر''' د افق '''لاندې''' [[لمر|د لمر ورځنی ورکېدو ته]] ویل کیږي چې د ځمکې او د لمریز سیسټم د نورو سیارو د ګرځون په پایله کې. دې ته په فارسي ژبه کې '''نومشام''' ، '''شمګاه''' ، '''ایوار''' ، '''خرشنخ''' یا '''خرنششت''' هم ویل کیږي. &lt;ref&gt;خورنشین، خورنشست:

خور یا هور یا اور برابر پارسی sun و نشستن یا نشینیدن برابر پارسی set است.&lt;/ref&gt;

د اتموسفیر شرایط چې د لمر د ډوبیدو له امله رامینځته کیږي ، چې د افق لاندې له ورکېدو دمخه او وروسته پېښیږي ، په عمومي ډول د لمر غورځېدو په نوم هم یادیږي. په [[ستورپوهنه]] کې د لمر ډوبېدو وخت د هغه شېبې په توګه تعریف شوی کله چې د لمر د ډیسک پورتنۍ څنډه په [[لوېدیځ]] کې د افق لاندې ورک شي. په [[اتموسفیر]] کې د رڼا د انعکاس له امله، د ډوبونکي لمر د وړانګو لاره د افق سره نږدې په کلکه منحل کیږي، نو کله چې د لمر ډیسک د افق څخه شاوخوا یو قطر لاندې وي، دا د ښکاره ستورپوهنې د لمر د ډوبېدو لامل کیږي. لمر باید د ماښامني سره ګډوډ نشي، کوم چې د تیاره شیبه ده کله چې لمر د افق څخه 18 درجې لاندې وي. په ستورپوهنه کې د لمر د لوېدو او ماښام تر منځ دوره د ماښامني په نوم یادیږي.

== انځور ==
{{مرکز}}
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;150px&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot; perrow=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
Image:Sunset in Hir.jpg| &lt;small&gt;په غرنۍ سيمه کې د لمر لوېدو ننداره ([[الموت]])&lt;/small&gt;{{سخ}}
Image:MarsSunset.jpg| &lt;small&gt;مريخ کې د لمر لوېدو ننداره&lt;/small&gt;{{سخ}}
Image:Riyadh during sunset.jpg| &lt;small&gt;د سعودي عربستان پلازمېنې رياض کې د لمر لوېدو ننداره. .&lt;/small&gt;{{سخ}}
Image:Ghorobe Khalije Fars.JPG| &lt;small&gt;د لمر غروب په پارس خليج کې (ساحل بردخون)&lt;/small&gt;{{سخ}}
Claude_Monet,_Saint-Georges_majeur_au_crépuscule.jpg| &lt;small&gt;[[د سان جیورجیو میګیور لمر غروب]]&lt;/small&gt;{{سخ}}
پرونده:Caspian sea in sunset, Babolsar, Mazandaran, Iran taken by Arashk Rajabpour.JPG|[[ضدنور]] در [[غروب آفتاب]] واقع در ساحل [[دریای خزر]] در [[بابلسر]]
پرونده:Sunset_2007-1.jpg|لمر، د ستورپوهنې له لمر لوېدو څخه شاوخوا یوه دقیقه مخکې
پرونده:Sunset_at_Montmajour_1888_Van_Gogh.jpg|[[په مومنت ماژور کې د لمر لوېدو ننداره]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;
{{پایان}}

== اړوندې پوښتنې ==

* [[لمر خاته]]

== سرچینې ==
{{لړسرچينې}}

* [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunset&amp;oldid=382273393 انګلیسي ویکیپیډیا]

== بهرنۍ لینک ==
[http://ups.night-skin.com/up-90-12/M-J-G-B-253-.gif لمر په چشتان کلي (هرمزګان) کې] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110042921/https://ups.night-skin.com/up-90-12/M-J-G-B-253-.gif |date=2022-11-10 }}
[[وېشنيزه:پښتو سندرغاړې]]
[[وېشنيزه:لمر]]
[[وېشنيزه:لمریز نظام]]
[[وېشنيزه:لمريز نظام]]
[[وېشنيزه:لمريز غونډال]]
[[وېشنيزه:لمريز کلیز]]
[[وېشنيزه:لمرلوېده]]</text>
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      <text bytes="12008" sha1="mf3e3mlop22pqmsfxanpb704i3t8mir" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;js-no-interprojets&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;margin:1em; padding-right:6px;font-size:100%;;font-weight:bold;font-family:Bahij Zar; background:none;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;padding-bottom:0.5em;&quot;&gt;{{روسي ښارونو مالومات|lats|longs|anthem&lt;!--none as of March 2012--&gt;|anthem_ref|area_of_what|area_as_of|website_ref|en_name=نېژني نووګورد&lt;br/&gt;Nizhny Novgorod|ru_name=Нижний Новгород|image_skyline=|image_caption=|image_flag=Flag of Nizhny Novgorod.svg|flag_caption=|image_coa=Coat of Arms of Nizhny Novgorod.svg|coa_caption=|holiday=Second Sunday of September|holiday_ref=&lt;!----ADMINISTRATIVE STATUS----&gt;|federal_subject=[[نېزني نوګورود اوبلاست]]|federal_subject_ref=|adm_city_jur=[[city of federal subject significance|city of oblast significance]] of Nizhny Novgorod|adm_city_jur_ref=|adm_ctr_of1=نېزني نوګورود اوبلاست|inhabloc_cat=ښار|inhabloc_cat_ref=|inhabloc_type=|inhabloc_type_ref=&lt;!----MUNICIPAL STATUS----&gt;|urban_okrug_jur=نېزني نوګورود استوګنيز ښارګۍ|urban_okrug_jur_ref=|mun_admctr_of=نېزني نوګورود استوګنيز ښارګۍ|mun_admctr_of_ref=|leader_title=سرمشر|leader_title_ref=|leader_name=Oleg Sorokin|leader_name_ref=|representative_body=[[City Duma of Nizhny Novgorod|City Duma]]|representative_body_ref=&lt;!----STATISTICS----&gt;|area_km2=410.68|area_km2_ref=|pop_2010census=1250619|pop_2010census_rank=5th|pop_2010census_ref=|pop_latest=|pop_latest_date=|pop_latest_ref=&lt;!----HISTORY----&gt;|established_date=1221|established_date_ref=|current_cat_date=1221|current_cat_date_ref=|prev_name1=Nizhny Novgorod|postal_codes=in the 603000–603998 range|postal_codes_ref=|dialing_codes=831|dialing_codes_ref=|website=http://www.admgor.nnov.ru/}}
'''نېژني نوګورود''' {{Lang-rus|Нижний Новгород}} د [[روسیه|روسیې]] [[د وولګا فدرالي ولسوالۍ]] په '''[[نېزني نوګورود ولايت|نېژني نوګورود ولايت]]''' کې یو ښار دی او د روسیې د نزني نووګورود [[نېزني نوګورود ولايت|اوبلاست]] اداري مرکز دی. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= په انګليسي  ويکي پيډيا کې ولولئ|date= |title=Nizhny Novgorod |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&amp;redirect=no&amp;oldid=597552055}}&lt;/ref&gt;

= د '''نېژني نوګورود''' 800 مه کلیزه - یو لوی کلیز جشن و چې په 2021 کې ولمانځل شو. =
د 2015 د سپتمبر په 22، د روسیې ولسمشر ولادیمیر پوتین یو فرمان لاسلیک کړ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Указ «О праздновании 800-летия основания города Нижний Новгород» |url=http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/news/50347}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;د نزني نووګورود ښار د تاسیس د 800 کالیزې لمانځل&quot;. '''د لمانځلو نېټه'''
 د رسمي نسخې له مخې، د '''نېژني نوګورود''' کټاس په 1221 کې ترسره شو. دا معلومات د لومړي ځل لپاره د څلورمې پېړۍ په لارینټین کوډیکس کې خپاره شوي: &quot;په دې کال کې شهزاده یوري ویسولوډوویچ د اوکا سیند په خوله کې ښار تاسیس کړ او د نووی ګراد نوم یې ورکړ&quot;.
 د ښار ورځ د اګست په دریمه شنبه لمانځل کیږي.
 د کلیزې جشنونه به د اګست له 19 څخه تر 21 پورې ترسره شي - هغه دوره چې ښار تاسیس شوی و.

 '''د کليزې د چمتو کولو پروګرام'''
 د چمتو کولو کلیدي اړخونه په ګوته شوي:
 د زیربنا پروګرام - &quot;ښار 800&quot;
 د ټولنې برنامه - &quot;ټیم 800&quot;
 &quot;800 داوطلب&quot;
 &quot;ملټي میډیا 800&quot;
 ټولنیز پروګرام - &quot;800 ښه تمرینونه&quot;
د پېښو پروګرام


== '''ښار 800''' ==
 زیربنایي پروګرامونه د ښاري چاپیریال له مینځه وړلو او د ښاریانو لپاره د نوي تمرکز په توګه کار کوي. برنامه درې اړخونه لري: #نښه800، #بياجوړونه800 او #چاپېريال800.

== #نښه800:  ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Официальный сайт 800-летия Нижнего Новгорода Nizhny800.ru |url=https://nizhny800.ru/city/symbols |access-date=2023-02-01 |archive-date=2020-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612191409/https://nizhny800.ru/city/symbols/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; د ښار نښې به بیا ورغول شي، نوې مانا به ورکړل شي. د ښار د نښو په لېست کې اوه ځایونه شامل دي:
نېزني نوګورود کرملین
 د &quot;سویټزرلینډ&quot; پارک
 د اوکا او وولګا (ستریلکا) په سنګم کې ګودام.
 پخوانۍ فابریکه &quot;مایاک&quot;
 د چکلوف پاینیر ودانۍ
 د چکلوف زینه
 نوی ځای &quot;ښوونځی 800&quot;

== '''#چاپېريال800'''  ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Официальный сайт проекта Среда800 |url=https://sreda800.ru/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |archive-date=2020-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531123301/https://sreda800.ru/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; دا 33 ځایونه دي او د سوروموو په سیمه کې د نوي فلای اوور جوړول دي.

# د بیا رغونې پروسې 800 برنامه د 79 ودانیو بیا رغونه ده چې د ښار د تاریخي مرکز په ټولو سړکونو کې موقعیت لري.

== '''ټیم 800''' ==
 د ټیم 800 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Официальная страница проекта Команда800 |url=https://nizhny800.ru/showcase |access-date=2023-02-01 |archive-date=2020-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612110844/https://nizhny800.ru/showcase/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; برنامه د نېزني نووګورډ ټولو اوسېدونکو ته فرصت ورکوي چې د ښار پراختیا لپاره خپل نظرونه یا پلانونه پلي کړي. د می 2019 راهیسې، اتباعو د نېزني 800 سایټ ته له 350 څخه ډېر وړاندیزونه سپارلي دي. 40 سکیمونه د متخصصینو لخوا ملاتړ کیږي او د 1 څخه تر 14 لک روبلو پورې مرستې ترلاسه کولی شي.
800 '''ښه عملونه'''
== پروژه 800 ښه عملونه ==
 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Официальная страница проекта 800 добрых дел |url=https://nizhny800.ru/kindnesses |access-date=2023-02-01 |archive-date=2020-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702212920/https://nizhny800.ru/kindnesses/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; د متقابلو مرستو او ښه ګاونډیتوب کلتور رامینځته کوي ، د نزني نوګورډ خلک د بسپنې او رضاکارۍ له لارې متحد کوي. په برنامه کې د کراوډ فنډ کولو پلیټ فارم ، د غیر انتفاعي او اتباعو لپاره د انلاین آنلاین ښوونځي روزنه شامله ده.
== '''800 رضاکاران''' ==
 له 800 څخه ډېر رضاکاران به د لویو پروګرامونو او پروژو په تنظیمولو کې برخه واخلي. هر څوک کولی شي په 16 کلنۍ کې رضاکارانه &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Официальная страница проекта Волонтеры800 |url=https://nizhny800.ru/volunteers |access-date=2023-02-01 |تاريخ الأرشيف=2020-07-02 |مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702105804/https://nizhny800.ru/volunteers/ |url-status=dead |خونديځ نېټه=2020-07-02 |خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702105804/https://nizhny800.ru/volunteers/ |خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702105804/https://nizhny800.ru/volunteers/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702105804/https://nizhny800.ru/volunteers/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; ، پرته له دې چې تابعیت ولري. د کلیزې څخه یو کال دمخه، 547 خلکو د نېژني 800 سایټ کې د رضاکارۍ لپاره غوښتنلیک ورکړ.
== '''د پېښو پروګرام''' ==
 د ښار د کلیزې لومړۍ ډله ایزه پېښه د &quot;ګورکي کلاسیک نېزني 800&quot; د 2019 په می کې ترسره شوه، د بیلابیلو هېوادونو څخه د سل څخه زیاتو کلاسیک موټرو او 250 ګډون کونکو سره.
 د پېښو پروګرام د خلکو د ژوند په مختلفو برخو اغیزه کوي.
 کلتور او هنرونه (د تعلیمي موسیقۍ فیستیوال &quot;اوپس 52&quot;، &quot;لیټ هاوس جاز او یارډ&quot;، د سړک سینما فستیوال)؛
 سپورتونه (د موټو فستیوال &quot;موټو کورنۍ ورځې&quot;، د اروپا د سکیټ بورډینګ اتلولي، د یورو 2020 اتلولۍ د روسیې - قبرس کوالیفاینګ لوبه، ایروناټیکل فستیوال)
 چاپیریال (فستیوال &quot;بوتانیکا&quot;)؛
 ښوونیز او مسلکي پروګرامونه (لیکچر &quot;انټروال ډیالوګ&quot;، مرحله &quot;NHP: بدلون&quot;، د سینما او ویډیو تولید پراختیا په اړه ستراتیژیک غونډه).
 د نزني نووګورود د 800 کلیزې موضوع هم په نړیوالو غونډو کې اوریدل کیږي. د Nizhny Novgorod د 800 کلیزې په لمانځغونډه کې ولادیمیر پوتین د &quot;روسیې د سپورت ځواک&quot; شرکت کې انځور کړ. دا هغه وخت و چې د نزني نووګورډ سیمې والي ګلیب نیکیتین ولسمشر ته د سټریلکا د بیا پورته کولو مفکوره معرفي کړه ، د ښار مشهور نښه.
 د جشن اصلي موضوع به د اګست په نیمایي کې د نزني نووګورډ په لوبغالي کې په زړه پورې نندارتون وي.
'''نور:'''
 په 2021 کې به د روسیې بانک یادګاري سکې &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Официальный сайт Банка России |url=http://www.cbr.ru/cash_circulation/memorable_coins/plan/#p21}}&lt;/ref&gt; د کلیزې په ویاړ صادر شي.

== نور وګوره ==

* روسیه
* [[د روسيې د ښارونو نوملړ|د روسیې د ښارونو لست]]

== سرچينې ==
{{لړسرچينې}}{{نابشپړ}}

== انځورونه ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
دوتنه:NizhniyNovgorod trolleybus.jpg|&lt;!--Trolleybus ZiU-682--&gt;
دوتنه:ZiU-9 trolley nn.jpg|&lt;!--Trolleybus [[ZiU-9]]--&gt;
دوتنه:Green Russian bus.jpg||
دوتنه:E7216-NN-Proletarskaya-PAZ.jpg|&lt;!--[[PAZ-3205]] bus--&gt;
دوتنه:71-153 Strassenbahnfahrzeug in Nischni Nowgorod.jpg|&lt;!--The 71-153 model tramcar on Belinskiy Street--&gt;
دوتنه:71-605 (KTM-5) tram in Nizhny Novgorod.jpg|&lt;!--71-605 (KTM-5) tram #3416--&gt;
دوتنه:71-619K (KTM-19K) in Nizhny Novgorod.jpg|&lt;!--Tram #1231 (71-619K or KTM-19K)--&gt;
دوتنه:Nizhny Novgorod Tatra T3 modernized.jpg|&lt;!--[[Tatra T3]] modernized--&gt;
دوتنه:T6b5 nn.jpg|&lt;!--Czech-made tramcar [[Tatra T6B5]]--&gt;
دوتنه:Nizhny Novgorod aerial tramway. Over lowland near Bor Town.jpg|&lt;!--Aerial tramway. Connects the Nizhny Novgorod and the nearby town of Bor, separated by a river Volga--&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;
[[وېشنيزه:کوشنۍ ليکنې]]
[[وېشنيزه:روسي رادارونه]]
[[وېشنيزه:روسي ساينسپوهان]]
[[وېشنيزه:روسي اوبتلونه]]
[[وېشنيزه:روسان]]
[[وېشنيزه:روسي]]
[[وېشنيزه:روسي اغوستن]]
[[وېشنيزه:روسي الوتکې]]
[[وېشنيزه:روسي جنرالان]]
[[وېشنيزه:روسي ختيځپوهان]]
[[وېشنيزه:روسي ښارونه]]
[[وېشنيزه:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>mf3e3mlop22pqmsfxanpb704i3t8mir</sha1>
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    <title>اتلانتيس</title>
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      <text bytes="16955" sha1="jqmwznvkcu21pn9imsfv3d0binfxbr9" xml:space="preserve">{{اپلاتونيزم}}
[[دوتنه:Atlantis_map_1882.jpg|بټنوک|upright=1.25| د اتلانتیس د جزیرې احتمالي موقعیت او د دوی دولتي ساحه &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Atlantis: The Antediluvian World|year=1882|publisher=Harper|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/atl/ataw/ataw402.htm|author=Ignatius L. Donnelly|access-date=11 May 2011|page=295|author-link=Ignatius L. Donnelly}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''اتلانتیس''' {{بلنوم|يوناني=Ἀτλαντὶς νῆσος}} د &quot;هاسون&quot; مانا لري، یو [[افسانه|افسانوي]] ټاپو چې [[اپلاتون|د افلاطون]] ، تیمیوس او [[کریتیاس(افلاطون)|کریتاس]] په دوو کارونو کې د قومونو شتون ته اشاره کوي. په دې دوو لیکنو کې، د اتلانتین سمندري ځواکونو پخوانی اتن محاصره کړی، کوم چې افلاطون په [[اپلاتون او دولت|جمهوریت]] کې د مثالي حکومت په توګه وړاندې کوي. په دې کیسه کې، اتن، د هغه دور د بل کوم پیژندل شوي ملت په څیر، د اتلانتیس بریدونه په شا تمبولي، چې داسې بریښي چې د افلاطون د اتنیانو حکومت د هغه د وخت د نورو ډولونو په پرتله د لوړتیا استازیتوب کوي. د کیسې په پای کې اتلانتیس له خدایانو څخه مخ اړوي او په [[اتلانتيک سمندر|اتلانتیک بحر]] کې ډوبیږي. د افلاطون په اثارو کې د دې بیانونو د شتون له امله، د اتلانتیس کیسه په وروستیو ادبیاتو او لیکنو کې خورا ښه اغیزه درلوده. د اتلانتیس اصلي اړخ د ځینې [[رنسانس (نوی والی/بيا ژوند)|رینیسانس]] لیکوالانو په [[اوټوپیا (ایډيالي ښار)|یوټوپین]] کارونو کې کارول شوی و لکه [[فرانسېس بیکن|د فرانسیس بیکن]] لخوا نوی اتلانتیس او [[توماس مور|د توماس مور]] لخوا [[اوټوپیا (ایډيالي ښار)|یوټوپیا]] . له بلې خوا، د نولسمې پیړۍ ځینې مسلکي څیړونکي د اتلانتیس په اړه د افلاطون لیکنې د تاریخي واقعیت په توګه تشریح کوي. د پیښو وخت ته د افلاطون دقیق حواله - له هغه څخه نهه زره کاله دمخه - او د هغه ادعا شوي موقعیت - د هرکولس د ستنو هاخوا - (شاید په مراکش کې د افریقا سترګې) د ډیرو علمي قیاسونو سرچینه وه.{{Infobox settlement|name=Atlantis}}

== د امکان وړ ځای ==
د 19 پېړۍ راهیسې، [[ایگناتیوس دانلی|د ایګنټیس ډونلي]] د لیکنو سره چې د افلاطون د کیسې تاریخي تفسیر وړاندې کوي، د اتلانتیس لپاره ډېری ځایونه اټکل شوي.

د 2014 په اپریل کې د امپیریل کالج لندن ساینس پوهانو لخوا ماډلینګ وښودله چې پنځه متره [[سونامې|سونامي]] چې اته زره دوه سوه کاله دمخه د ډګرلینډ سره ټکر وکړ د ځمکې هغه برخه پریښوده چې [[بریتانیا]] له [[اروپا]] سره وصل کړه. دا سونامي د یوې ځمکې ښویدنې له امله رامینځته شوې چې د سټورګا د ځمکې ښویدنې په نوم پیژندل کیږي چې [[ناروې|د ناروې]] په ساحل کې رامینځته شوې. دا د ځمکې ښویدنې له امله د شمالي بحر لاندې د 300 متر مکعب کیلومتره سیمیټینري پرتونه بې ځایه شوي. که تاسو د سکاټلینډ په اندازه په یوه ساحه کې دا اندازه د خاورو خړوب کړئ، نو دا هیواد به د اتو مترو ژورو خاورو لاندې ښخ شي. د دې ځمکې ښویدنې له امله رامینځته شوي پنځه متره سونامي په ډاګرلینډ کې د میشتو قومونو په ژوند &quot;ناورین&quot; اغیزه کړې. ډاګرلینډ شاوخوا اته زره کاله دمخه [[د ډبرو منځنۍ دوره|د میسولیتیک]] قبیلو څخه خالي شوی و ، د سټورګا ځمکې ښویدنې شاوخوا ورته وخت. د دې سونامي څپې [[انګلستان|د انګلستان]] ختیځ ساحل، اوسني [[سکاټ لينډ|سکاټلینډ]] او د اروپا شمالي ساحلونه ولړزول، او څیړونکي اټکل کوي چې د هغو څپو لوړوالی چې د سکاټلینډ ساحل ته رسیدلي، څوارلس مترو ته رسیدلي؛ په هرصورت، دا معلومه نه ده چې آیا په هغه وخت کې په دې سیمه کې انسانانو ژوند کاوه که نه. ساینس پوهان فکر کوي چې د انګلستان په ختیځ ساحل کې څپې پنځه متره لوړې وې، مګر پدې اړه اختلاف شتون لري چې آیا دا ساحلونه اوسیدل. &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc.co.uk&quot;&gt;[http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/science/2014/05/140501_me_atlantis_hit_by_tsunami.shtml آتلانتیس را سونامی پنج متری از سکنه خالی کرد] [[بی‌بی‌سی فارسی]]&lt;/ref&gt;

ډاګرلنډ (د شمالي بحر براعظمګي) د شمالي بحر په جنوب کې د ځمکې یوه ټوټه وه او شاوخوا اته زره کاله دمخه یې د انګلستان ختیځ ساحل (ختیځ انګلیا) [[هالنډ|د هالینډ]] ، [[المان|آلمان]] او اوسني ختیځ ساحل سره وصل کړ. [[ډنمارک]] د ډیګرلینډ لویه برخه د وروستي [[د کنګل زمانه|یخ عمر]] په پای کې د سمندرونو د ډیریدو له امله ډوب شوه ، او د سټورګا سونامي د دې لامل شو چې ډیګرلینډ په بشپړ ډول ډوب شي او د برتانیا ټاپو وزمه په بشپړ ډول د براعظم اروپا څخه جلا شي. د موجوده تیوریو له مخې، شاید شاوخوا 20 زره کاله دمخه، انسانانو د ډیګرلینډ له لارې له آلمان څخه انګلستان ته لاره پیدا کړې وه. دا سیمه شاوخوا لس زره کاله دمخه د اروپا ترټولو بډایه ښکار او کب نیولو ځای و ، ځکه چې د ډیګرلینډ په مرکز کې دوه سیندونه راین او تیمس د مارش او لندبل ځمکې رامینځته کړې چې [[ځنګلي ژوند|د ځنګلي ژوند]] لپاره مناسبې وې. له سیمې څخه ترلاسه شوي د انسانانو او څارویو هډوکو او وسایلو معاینه ښیي چې هیڅ یو یې د سونامي وروسته دورې پورې اړه نلري. &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc.co.uk&quot;&gt;[http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/science/2014/05/140501_me_atlantis_hit_by_tsunami.shtml آتلانتیس را سونامی پنج متری از سکنه خالی کرد] [[بی‌بی‌سی فارسی]]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د مدیترانې بحيرې دننه يا هغې ته نږدې ===
ډیری هغه ځایونه چې د اتلانتیس د احتمالي موقعیت لپاره اټکل شوي [[د مدیترانې سمندرګی|د مدیترانې بحر]] یا هغې ته نږدې موقعیت لري ، ټاپوګان لکه سارډینیا ، [[کرت|کریټ]] ، سانتورینی ، سیسلي ، [[قبرس]] او [[مالټا]] یا ځمکې لکه ټرای ، طرطوس ، کنعان ، سینا ټاپو وزمه ., etc.

د مشهور سمندر پېژندونکي [[ورلاگ مایر|ویرلاګ مایر]] د نویو کشفونو له مخې، د برمودا مثلث تر اوبو لاندې د دوه زره مترو په ژوروالي کې د اهرام په شکل عجیب جوړښتونه د اوبو لاندې د غږ کشف کونکي په مرسته پیژندل شوي. ځینې مقالې د خلکو د خواړو ذخیره کولو لپاره د پیرامید کارول په پام کې نیسي. د افلاطون په وینا، اتلانتین یو د ستاینې وړ تمدن درلود؛ هغه په ورته کتاب کې وویل چې دوی د pyramidal جوړښتونو کارول. هغه دا هم وویل چې په دوی کې د احساس او مرستې روحیه ورکه شوې وه، دوی خپل عقیده او باور له لاسه ورکړی و او اراده یې درلوده چې د بې شمیره سرتیرو سره اتن او ختیځې ځمکې فتح کړي. د دوی چلند [[زیوس|د زیوس]] لامل شو چې په دوی باندې طوفان واستوي. داسې سزا چې په هیڅ ډول د تصور وړ نه وه. [[اپلاتون|افلاطون]] په دې اړه لیکي: دغه طوفان د زلزلې او لوی سیلابونو لامل شو چې یوه ورځ او شپه یې په زوره دوام وکړ. کله چې سمندر د اتلانتیس ټاپو تیر کړ او ورک شو، افلاطون شک درلود چې د دې ورکې شوې ځمکې کومه نښه به هیڅکله ونه موندل شي. هغه لیکلي: &quot;په هغه وخت کې سمندر یو ناپاک او نه موندل کیدونکی ځای ګرځیدلی دی.&quot;

== د افلاطون داستان ==
شاوخوا 350 BC، [[اپلاتون|افلاطون]] د تیمایوس په نامه په یوه مقاله کې لیکلي: &quot;12000 کاله دمخه د اتلانتیس په نوم یو لوی ټاپو و چې د ستاینې وړ تمدن درلود، چې ...&quot; په دې توګه د اتلانتیس د براعظم نوم د لومړي ځل لپاره لیکل شوی. افلاطون مشهور و او ډېر ژر مشهور شو. په یوه بله مقاله کې چې په انګلیسي کې د کریتیا په نامه یادیږي، هغه د اتلانتیس د براعظم او د هغې د تمدن په اړه ډیر تفصیلي توضیحات لیکلي، &quot;د اتلانټینانو له 20 ملیون څخه ډیر خلک وو، چې د 154000 مربع میلونو مساحت سره په یوه خوشحاله ټاپو کې ژوند کاوه. د اتلانتیس په غرنیو ځنګلونو کې، هر ډول لوی او واړه حیوانات اوسېدل، او د هغې هوسا ښارونه د اهرامونو په شکل کې د لویو ودانیو سره، د رڼا او مرمر شین ...

[[اپلاتون|د افلاطون د]] راپور له مخې. . . دا ځمکه د اطلس لخوا واکمنه ده، چې خلک یې د اسمان ستنه ګڼي، او د ټاپو په مرکز کې یې د اطلس په درناوي یو عالي معبد جوړ کړ چې لوی دیوالونه یې درلودل او دروازې یې په ډبرو او قیمتي فلزونو سینګار شوې وې. د لمر تر رڼا لاندې، لکه [[الماس|الماس،]] ځلیږي »

افلاطون ادامه ورکوي: &quot;د اتلانتیس د خلکو په نظر کې ترټولو سپیڅلی حیوان غویی و، چې د قدرت مجسمه ګڼل کیده او د لوی معبد مخې ته په شاندارو مراسمو سره اطلس ته د عالي ډالۍ په توګه قرباني شو. د وینو تویدو به د اتلانتیس په براعظم کې د مرمر ډبرو رنګونه رنګ کړي، ښارونه په جیومیټریک او ښکلي ډول جوړ شوي، او د اوبو جریان چې د بدن د رګونو په څیر په ټولو خواوو کې پراخ شوي، کروندې او باغونه خړوب کړي. د دغو نېکمرغه خلکو د کلتور او تمدن بنسټ د ورورولۍ او غوره انساني خصوصیات وو. خو لکه څنګه چې د دوی ځواک ورځ په ورځ زیات شو، دوی ورو ورو نورو ځمکو ته رسیدل پیل کړل. افلاطون وايي: په دوی کې د احساس او مرستې روحیه ورکه شوې وه، دوی خپل باور او ایمان له لاسه ورکړی و. دوی اراده درلوده چې د بې شمیره سرتیرو سره اتن او ختیځې ځمکې فتح کړي. »

مګر [[زیوس]] په دوی باندې یو طوفان نازل کړ. داسې سزا چې په هیڅ ډول د تصور وړ نه وه. [[اپلاتون|افلاطون]] په دې اړه لیکي: دغه طوفان د زلزلې او ستر سیلابونو لامل شو، چې یوه ورځ او شپه یې په شدت سره دوام وکړ. کله چې سمندر د اتلانتیس ټاپو تیر کړ او ورک شو، افلاطون شک درلود چې د دې ورکې شوې ځمکې کومه نښه به هیڅکله ونه موندل شي. هغه لیکلي: &quot;په دې وخت کې سمندر یو ناپاک او نه لیدل کیدونکی ځای ګرځېدلی.&quot;

== اړوندې پوښتنې ==

* د لرغوني یونان د افسانوي کرکټرونو، ځایونو او پیښو لیست
* د هرکولیس ستون
* [[اپلاتون|افلاطون]]
* کریتیس
* تیمیوس
* [[اپلاتون او دولت|ولسمشر]]
* لرغونی اتن
* [[اتلانتيک سمندر|د اتلانتیک]]
* [[مثلث برمودا|د برمودا مثلث]]

== پايڅوړ ==
{{لړسرچينې}}

== سرچينې ==

* دورانت، ویل (۱۳۷۸)، تاریخ تمدن، یونان باستان (جلد دوم)، ترجمهٔ امیرحسین آریان‌پور و دیگران، به کوشش سرویراستار، محمود مصاحب.، تهران: شرکت انتشارات علمی و فرهنگی، شابک ۹۶۴-۴۴۵-۰۰۱-۹.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:&quot;\&quot;&quot;&quot;\&quot;&quot;&quot;'&quot;&quot;'&quot;}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url(&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png&quot;)no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center;padding-right:1em;padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url(&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png&quot;)no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center;padding-right:1em;padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url(&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png&quot;)no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center;padding-right:1em;padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output div[dir=ltr] .cs1-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output div[dir=ltr] .cs1-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output div[dir=ltr] .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output div[dir=ltr] .cs1-lock-registration a{background-position:left .1em center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
* Wikipedia contributors, &quot;Atlantis,&quot; Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantis&amp;oldid=349707252 (accessed March 14, 2010).
* رسالهٔ تیمائوس اثر افلاطون
* رساله [[کورتیاس]] اثر افلاطون

== بهرنۍ لینک ==
{{د اپلاتون پلويان}}

* [http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&amp;source=s_q&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode=&amp;q=31+15%2715.53N+24+15%2730.53W&amp;sll=39.679105,-105.128672&amp;sspn=0.011015,0.019312&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;ll=31.25977,-24.257812&amp;spn=3.131698,4.943848&amp;t=h&amp;z=8 یو ځای چې ځینې یې باور لري د اتلانتیس پاتې شوني دي] ، ګوګل نقشه.
[[وېشنيزه:فلسفه]]
[[وېشنيزه:فلسف]]
[[وېشنيزه:فلسفي اندونه]]
[[وېشنيزه:فلسفي شکاکیت]]
[[وېشنيزه:فلسفي مفسرین]]
[[وېشنيزه:فلسفي مالوماتبکس]]
[[وېشنيزه:فلسفي ويوکي]]
[[وېشنيزه:فلسفي ويپانگه]]
[[وېشنيزه:فلسفي وگړپوهنه]]
[[وېشنيزه:فلسفي ویي]]
[[وېشنيزه:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <text bytes="21221" sha1="1hdy9h5e898lt89avobtjewk5cmo0xk" xml:space="preserve">د مساوي حقونو تعدیل (Equal Rights Amendment) د متحده ایالاتو په اساسي قانون کې د تعدیل هغه وړاندیز شوې طرحه ده چې جنسیت ته له پام پرته د متحده ایالاتو ټولو وګړو ته د مساوي حقونو وړکړه تضمین کوي. پلویان یې ادعا کوي چې دغه تعدیل د طلاق، ملکیت، استخدام او نورو برخو په ګډون کولای شي د ښځینه او نارینه و ترمنځ حقوقي توپیرونو ته پای ټکی کېږدي. د دغه تعدیل لومړنۍ نسخه د الیس پاول او کریسټال ایسټمن له خوا ولیکل شوه او د ۱۹۲۳ زکال په ډسمبر میاشت کې کانګرس ته وړاندې شوه.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SZK5BwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA200|title=American Economic History: A Dictionary and Chronology|last1=Olson|first1=James S.|last2=Mendoza|first2=Abraham O.|date=April 28, 2015|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-698-2|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 11, 1923 |title=English: A newspaper article from 1923 talking about the ERA |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ERA_Amendment_First_Introduced.pdf |work=The Baltimore Sun}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ERA_Going_to_Be_Introduced.pdf|title=English: Newspaper article from 1921 talking about the ERA|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=October 3, 1921|via=Wikimedia Commons}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 16, 1922 |title=English: Newspaper article from 1922 talking about the ERA |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Still_Not_Introduced.pdf |work=The New York Times |via=Wikimedia Commons}}&lt;/ref&gt;

له دغې اصلاحیې څخه په لومړیو کې تر ډېره د منځنۍ طبقې ښځو ملاتړ کاوه، په داسې حال کې چې تر ډېره هغه کسان ورسره مخالف و چې د کارګري طبقې اړوند یې څرګندونې کولې، دوی اشاره کوله چې کارکوونکې ښځې د کاري شرایطو او ساعتونو اړوند ځانګړي ملاتړ ته اړتیا لري. د ۱۹۶۰مې لسیزې پر مهال په متحده ایالاتو د ښځو د خوځښت په رامنځته کېدو سره دغه تعدیل پام وړ ملاتړ وموند او هغه مهال چې استازې مارتا ګریفیث بیاځلي په ۱۹۷۱ زکال کې کانګرس ته وړاندې کړ د کانګرس د استازو جرګې د ۱۹۷۱ زکال د اکتوبر په ۱۲مه او ورپسې د متحده ایالاتو سنا جرګې د ۱۹۷۲ زکال د مارچ په ۲۲ مه نېټه تائید کړ، همدا و چې د متحده ایالاتو د اساسي قانون د ۵مې مادې له مخې ایالتي تصویب ته وړاندې شو. 

کانګرس په پیل کې د دغه تعدیل د تصویب په موخه د ۱۹۷۹ زکال د مارچ تر ۲۲ مې وخت ورکړی و چې باید ایالتي قانون جوړونکي یې تر دې مهاله تصویب کړي، خو دغه تعدیل تر ۱۹۷۷ زکال پورې د ۳۸ اړتیا وړ ایالتونو له ډلې د ۳۵ له خوا تصویب شو. د پراخ او دوه ګوندي ملاتړ سره (چې د متحده ایالاتو دواړه لوی سیاسي ګوندونه، د کانګرس دواړې جرګې او ولسمشران ریچارډ نېکسون، جرالډ فورډ او جیمي کارتر په کې شامل و) داسې ښکارېده چې ستونزمنه ده تعدیل دې تصویب شي، ځکه چې محافظه کارې فیلیس شلفلی ښځې له هغو سره مخالفت ته راوبللې، دې استدلال کاوه چې دغه تعدیل په کور کې ناستو ښځو ته زیان اړوي، دا لامل ګرځي چې هغوی پوځي خدمت ته وغوښتل شي او همدارنګه د نفقې په څېر ملاتړونه له لاسه ورکړي همدارنګه نور به میندې نه شي کولای د طلاق په قضیو کې د ماشومانو مسئولیت اخیستنې ته زړه ښه کړي. ګڼ شمېر کارګرو فیمینېستانو هم له همدې امله له دغه تعدیل سره مخالفت وکړ او باور یې درلود چې دغه تعدیل د کار په قانون کې د ښځو تضمین شوي خوندیتوبونه له منځه وړي په داسې حال کې چې د وخت په تېرېدو سره د کارګري فیمینېستانو ګڼ شمېر اتحادیو او مشرانو له هغو څخه ملاتړ ته مخه کړه.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Miller|first=Eric C.|date=June 19, 2015|title=Phyllis Schlafly's &quot;Positive&quot; Freedom: Liberty, Liberation, and the Equal Rights Amendment|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/584317|journal=Rhetoric &amp; Public Affairs|volume=18|issue=2|pages=277–300|doi=10.14321/rhetpublaffa.18.2.0277|s2cid=142093355|issn=1534-5238}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;washingtonpost.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Juliet|last=Eilperin|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/27/AR2007032702357_pf.html|title=New Drive Afoot to Pass Equal Rights Amendment|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=March 27, 2007|access-date=April 13, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

د پنځو ایالتونو (ایداهو، کنټاکی، نبراسکا، ټنسی او سویلي ډاکوټا) قانون جوړونکو جرګو د دغه تعدیل د لغو کولو اړوند رایه ورکړه. د تصویب له لومړني ورکړل شوي مهلت (د ۱۹۷۹ زکال د مارچ ۲۲مه) څخه وړاندې د دغه تعدیل څلور لومړني موارد لغو شول، په داسې حال کې چې سویلي ډاکوټا د هغو د تصویب لپاره د ټاکل شوي مهلت په وروستیو شیبو کې د هغو د رد کولو رایه ورکړه. په دې سره دا یوه نا حل شوې حقوقي پوښتنه پاتې شوه چې آیا یو ایالت کولای شي د فدرال اساسي قانون د اصلاحیې تصویب کېدل لغو کړي. 

په ۱۹۷۸ زکال کې کانګرس (د دواړو جرګو د ساده اکثریت پر مټ) د دغه تعدیل د تصویب موده د ۱۹۸۲ زکال د جون تر ۳۰مې نېټې وغځوله او ولسمشر کارتر هم د دغې پرېکړې اړوند ګډه اعلامیه لاسلیک کړه. له دې امله چې هېڅ ایالتي قانون جوړونکې جرګې دغه تعدیل د ۱۹۷۹ زکال د مارچ د ۲۲مې او د ۱۹۸۲ زکال د جون تر ۳۰مې تصویب نکړ، د هغو د تمدید اعتبار د بحثونو موضوع وګرځېد. له ۱۹۷۸ زکال راهیسې کانګرس ګڼې هڅې وکړې د هغو د تصویب په موخه ټاکل شوی مهلت تمدید او یا هم دغه ضرب الاجل له منځه یوسي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Jessica|last=Neuwirth|url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-neuwirth-equal-rights-amendment-for-women-metoo-20180105-story.html|title=Unbelievably, women still don't have equal rights in the Constitution|date=January 5, 2018|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=January 6, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

په ۲۰۱۰مه لسیزه کې تر یوه بریده د فیمینېزم د څلورمې څپې او همدارنګه د مي ټو (Me Too) خوځښت له امله د مساوي حقونو د تعدیل د منلو اړوند بیاځلي لیوالتیا را پیدا شوه. په ۲۰۱۷ زکال کې نواډا لومړنی ایالت و چې دغه تعدیل یې د دواړو مهلتونو د اعتبار له پای ته رسېدو وروسته تصویب کړ؛ ایلینوی هم په ۲۰۱۸ زکال کې دغه چاره ترسره کړه. په ۲۰۲۰ زکال کې د ویرجینیا عمومي اسمبلۍ د یاد تعدیل د تصویب کولو په موخه یو پرېکړه لیک تصویب کړ او ادعا یې وکړه چې دوی به د اړتیا وړ تصویب کوونکو ۳۸ ایالتونو شمېر پوره کړي. له دې سره یو شمېر کارپوهان او مدافعین د ویرجنیا له خوا د دغه تعدیل په تصویب کېدو سره بیا هم د هغو اړوند د قانوني ډاډ د نشتون څرګندونه کوي ځکه چې د تصویب مهلتونه یې پای ته رسېدلي او پنځو ایالتونو آن لغو کړی دی. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/11/18/me-too-movement-renews-equal-rights-amendment-push/875903001|title='Me too' movement renews Equal Rights Amendment push|last=Gaudiano|first=Nicole|newspaper=USA Today|language=en-US|access-date=November 5, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2017 |title=Will the #MeToo movement lead to the Equal Rights Amendment? |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/local/gray-matters/article/Will-the-MeToo-movement-lead-to-the-Equal-Rights-12398297.php |access-date=November 5, 2019 |work=Houston Chronicle |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;35 years after&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/03/21/520962541/nevada-on-cusp-of-ratifying-equal-rights-amendment-35-years-after-deadline|title=Nevada Ratifies The Equal Rights Amendment ... 35 Years After The Deadline|work=NPR|access-date=April 6, 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet|user=JCarollFoy|number=1217510690413514753|date=January 15, 2020|title=BREAKING: The House of Delegates just passed HJ1, my resolution to have Virginia be the 38th and final state to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://wtop.com/virginia/2020/01/virginia-becomes-38th-state-to-ratify-equal-rights-amendment-but-it-may-be-too-late/ Virginia becomes 38th state to ratify Equal Rights Amendment — but it may be too late], [[WTOP-FM]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Virginia&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/15/us/era-virginia-vote.html|title=Virginia Approves the E.R.A., Becoming the 38th State to Back It|last=Williams|first=Timothy|date=January 15, 2020|work=The New York Times|access-date=January 15, 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ملاتړ ==
د مساوي حقونو د تعدیل ملاتړي د متحده ایالاتو په اساسي قانون کې د جنسیت پر بنسټ د مساوي حقونو اړوند د کوم ځانګړي تضمین نه شتون ته نغوته کوي. په ۱۹۷۳ زکال کې روث بیدر ګینزبورګ چې بیا د سترې محکمې قاضي شوه د امریکايي وکیلانو د ټولنې په مجله کې یې د مساوي حقونو د تعدیل اړوند داسې ملاتړیز استدلال وړاندې کړ:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ERA: Why |url=http://www.equalrightsamendment.org/why.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419085629/http://www.equalrightsamendment.org/why.htm |archive-date=April 19, 2017 |access-date=April 6, 2017 |website=equalrightsamendment.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;د مساوي حقونو تعدیل، په لنډو ټکو کې، وګړو ته د ښځو او نارینه و د حقونو او مسئولیتونو اړوند یو نوی لیدلوری ورکوي. په پرېکنده بڼه د دواړو جنسونو ترمنځ جلا کوونکې قانوني کرښې له منځه وړي او هغه د اساسي قانون پر بنسټ زغمل کېدونې کوي. پر ځای یې داسې یو حقوقي نظام رامنځته کوي چې په هغو کې هر کس د فردي وړتیاوو له مخې تر قضاوت لاندې نیول کېږي نه د زیږون د تغیر نه منونکې ځانګړنې پر مټ چې د اړتیاوو یا وړتیاوو سره هېڅ ضروري اړیکه نه لري.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ginsburg 1973&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ginsburg|first=Ruth Bader|year=1973|title=The Need for the Equal Rights Amendment|journal=American Bar Association Journal|volume=59|issue=9|pages=1013–1019|jstor=25726416}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;د ۱۹۴۰مې لسیزې په لومړیو کې دواړو دیموکرات او جمهوري غوښتونکو ګوندونو د مساوي حقونو له تعدیل څخه ملاتړ په خپلو کاري پروګرامونو کې شامل کړ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Millhiser |first=Ian |date=February 11, 2020 |title=Ruth Bader Ginsburg probably just dealt a fatal blow to the Equal Rights Amendment |url=https://www.vox.com/2020/2/11/21133029/ruth-bader-ginsburg-equal-rights-amendment-supreme-court |website=Vox}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.abajournal.com/web/article/justice-ginsburg-calls-for-renewed-effort-to-pass-equal-rights-amendment Justice Ginsburg calls for renewed effort to pass Equal Rights Amendment], [[ABA Journal]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/10/politics/ruth-bader-ginsburg-equal-rights-amendment/index.html|title=Ruth Bader Ginsburg says deadline to ratify Equal Rights Amendment has expired: 'I'd like it to start over'|last=de Vogue|first=Ariane|work=[[CNN]]|date=February 10, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

د ښځو ملي سازمان (NOW) او همدارنګه اي آر اې امریکا (ERAmerica) د مساوي حقونو د تعدیل څخه د ۸۰ سازمانو د ائتلاف هڅې رهبري کړې. له ۱۹۷۲ زکال څخه تر ۱۹۸۲ زکال پورې د مساوي حقونو د تعدیل پلویانو غونډې جوړې کړې، شعارونه یې ورکړل، د نه خوړو اعتصابونه یې وکړل او د مدني نافرمانیو چارې یې ترسره کړې. د ۱۹۷۸ زکال د جولای په ۹مه د ښځو ملي سازمان او نورو سازمانونو په واشنګټن ډي سي کې د لاریون کوونکو کوربه توب وکړ د لاریون په موخه د مساوي حقونو د تعدیل څه باندې ۱۰۰ زره ملاتړي راغونډ شوي و او راتلونکې ورځ یعنې د جون په ۱۰مه یې هغو ته لابي ګري وکړه. د ۱۹۸۲ زکال د جون په ۶مه د ښځو ملي سازمان په هغو ایالتونو کې لاریونونه سپانسر کړل چې دغه تعدیل یې نه و تصویب کړی په دغو کې د فلوریډا، ایلینوي، شمالي کارولینا او اوکلاهاما ایالتونه شامل و. د هغه مهال مخکښو فیمینېستانو لکه ګلوریا ستاینم د مساوي حقونو د تعدیل په ګټه څرګندونې وکړې او استدلال یې وکړ چې له دغه تعدیل سره مخالفت د جنسیتي افسانو پر بنسټ دی چې له کچې څخه پر زیاتو توپیرونو ټینګار کوي او د ښځو او نارینه و ترمنځ د نابرابرو چلنونو اړوند شواهد له پامه غورځوي. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ERA: History |url=http://www.equalrightsamendment.org/history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410091210/http://equalrightsamendment.org/history.htm |archive-date=April 10, 2017 |access-date=April 11, 2017 |website=EqualRightsAmendment.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 9, 2014 |title=July 9, 1978: Feminists Make History With Biggest-Ever March for the Equal Rights Amendment {{!}} Feminist Majority Foundation Blog |url=https://feminist.org/blog/index.php/2014/07/09/july-9-1978-feminists-make-history-with-biggest-ever-march-for-the-equal-rights-amendment |access-date=April 13, 2017 |website=feminist.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ERA: History&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ERA: History |url=http://www.equalrightsamendment.org/history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410091210/http://equalrightsamendment.org/history.htm |archive-date=April 10, 2017 |access-date=April 13, 2017 |website=equalrightsamendment.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Grassroots Group of Second Class Citizens/Women Rising in Resistance: publications about, 1988-1992 {{!}} HOLLIS for |url=https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/archival_objects/3518113 |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu |archive-date=2022-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724173244/https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/archival_objects/3518113 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;All Our Problems Stem from the Same Sex Based Myths&quot;: Gloria Steinem Delineates American Gender Myths during ERA Hearings |url=http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/7025 |access-date=April 13, 2017 |website=History Matters |archive-date=April 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412194733/http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/7025 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/07/us/thousands-march-for-equal-rights.html|title=THOUSANDS MARCH FOR EQUAL RIGHTS|last=Williams|first=Winston|date=June 7, 1982|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 13, 2017|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== مخالفتونه ==
د مساوي حقونو د تعدیل مخالفین په سنتي جنسیتي رولونو تمرکز لري، د بېلګې په توګه دا چې نارینه څه ډول د جګړې پر مهال مبارزه کوي. هغوی استدلال کاوه چې دغه تعدیل دا امکان تضمین کوي چې د تصویب په صورت کې به یې ښځې په جبري پوځي خدمت کې شاملېږي او اړې به وي چې په راتلونکو جګړو کې پوځي رولونه ترسره کړي. له سنتي جنسیتي رولونو څخه دفاع یو ګټمن تاکتیک و. په ایلینوي کې د محافظه کارې جمهوري غوښتنکې فیلیس شلفلی ملاتړو په کور کې د ناستو ښځو له سنتي سمبولونو ګټنه کوله. هغوی په دې باندې په ټینګار کاوه چې دغه تعدیل ملاتړیز قوانین لکه د نفقې ترلاسه کول باطل کوي او د طلاق په قضایاوو کې به بیا میندې د ماشومانو د مسئولیت اخیستو ته زړه نه ښه کوي. همدارنګه یې څرګندوله چې د دغه تعدیل په تصویب سره به تک جنسیتي ودونه له منځه ولاړ شي او همجنسه جوړې به کولای شي واده وکړي. په دې سره هغو ښځو چې له سنتي رولونو څخه یې ملاتړ کاوه د مساوي حقونو له تعدیل سره یې مخالفت ته مخه کړه. شلفلي وویل چې د دغه تعدیل تصویب په کور کې د ناستو ښځو ټولنیز خوندیتوبونه ګواښي. د دغه تعدیل مخالفینو همدارنګه دا استدلال کاوه چې په ۱۹۶۳ زکال کې د برابرو امتیازاتو د قانون او همدارنګه په ۱۹۶۴ زکال کې د مدني حقونو د قانون تصویب د ښځو او نارینه وو حقونه تر ډېره د مساواتو کچې ته رسولي دي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rosenberg225&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-GMcnUaLhEC&amp;pg=PA225|title=Divided Lives: American Women in the Twentieth Century|last=Rosenberg|first=Rosalind|date=2008|publisher=Hill &amp; Wang|isbn=978-0-8090-1631-0|page=225}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1qosJPdqPkC&amp;pg=PA66|title=Justice and Gender: Sex Discrimination and the Law|last=Rhode|first=Deborah L.|date=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-04267-4|pages=66–67}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kllap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Equal Rights Amendment |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/57c.asp |website=ushistory.org |publisher=Independence Hall Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;washingtonpost.com2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Juliet|last=Eilperin|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/27/AR2007032702357_pf.html|title=New Drive Afoot to Pass Equal Rights Amendment|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=March 27, 2007|access-date=April 13, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Digital History |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&amp;psid=3345 |access-date=April 13, 2017 |website=digitalhistory.uh.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-GMcnUaLhEC&amp;pg=PA225|title=Divided Lives: American Women in the Twentieth Century|last=Rosenberg|first=Rosalind|date=2008|publisher=Hill &amp; Wang|isbn=978-0-8090-1631-0|pages=225–26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

په ۱۹۸۰ زکال کې د جمهوري غوښتونکو په ملي کنوانسیون کې د جمهوري غوښتونکي ګوند کاري پروګرام ته بدلون ورکړل شو څو د مساوي حقونو له تعدیل څخه خپل ملاتړ ته پای ټکی کېږدي. &lt;ref&gt;Critchlow, p. 247&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/17/us/plan-to-omit-rights-amendment-from-platform-brings-objections.html|title=Plan to omit rights amendment from platform brings objections|last=Perlez|first=Jane|date=May 17, 1984|work=New York Times|access-date=July 24, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سرچينې ==</text>
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      <text bytes="30510" sha1="l0xpef3q5rgg9robmmgckxbo8gqxvsy" xml:space="preserve">د مساواتو قانون د متحده ایالاتو په کانګرس کې هغه لایحه ده چې که چېرې تصویب شي له مخې یې د ۱۹۶۴ زکال د مدني حقونو قانون تعدیل کېږي او پر بنسټ به یې د جنسیت، جنسي تمایل او جنسیتي هویت له مخې په استخدام، مسکن، عمومي تسهیلاتو، زده کړو، فدرال تمویل کېدونکو پروګرامونو، مالي مسایلو او قضا کې تبعیض منع شي. د جورجیا د کلېټون ښارګوټي پر وړانډې د بوسټاک (Bostock v. Clayton County, Georgia) په قضیه کې د ۲۰۲۰ زکال په جون میاشت کې د متحده ایالاتو سترې محکمې یوازې د استخدام په برخه کې له نارینه همجنس بازانو (ګې) او څو جنسیته وګړو ملاتړ وکړ، خو په نورو برخو کې یې کوم نظر ورنکړ. د بوسټاک حکم همدارنګه د الټیټیوډ اکسپرس (Altitude Express) او د هارېس فیونرل هومز شرکت (Harris Funeral Homes) قضیې هم تر پوښښ لاندې راوړې. &lt;ref name=&quot;:122&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cicilline |first=David N. |date=2021-03-02 |title=Text - H.R.5 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Equality Act |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/5/text |access-date=2021-03-05 |website=www.congress.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hrc2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Equality Act |url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-equality-act |publisher=[[Human Rights Campaign]] |access-date=2023-05-20 |تاريخ الأرشيف=2021-08-21 |مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821011202/https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-equality-act |url-status=dead |خونديځ نېټه=2021-08-21 |خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821011202/https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-equality-act |خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821011202/https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-equality-act |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821011202/https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-equality-act }}&lt;/ref&gt;

دغه لایحه همدارنګه د مدني حقونو په برخه کې موجودې ملاتړېزې چارې د نندارتونونو، توکو، خدمتونو او ټرانسپورټ په څېر ګڼ شمېر عمومي تسهیلاتو اړوند رنګین پوستانو ته هم پراخوي. 

د مساواتو قانون تر ډېره د بوسټاک د قضیې د پرېکړې په څېر جنسي تبعیض په داسې توګه تعریف کوي چې په هغو کې جنسي تمایل او جنسیتي هویت شاملېږي همدارنګه په کې «امیدواري، د ماشوم زېږون یا د افرادو شخصي روغتیايي حالت او د جنسیت پر بنسټ کلیشې شاملېږي». دغه لایحه همدارنګه یاده موضوع د دوه جنسه وو (چې ښځینه او نارینه نښې لري) د ټولنې په ګډون تعریف کوي. د دغه قانون موخه د جنسیت پر بنسټ د افرادو پر وړاندې د تبعیض په صورت کې قانوني ملاتړ دی. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cicilline |first=David N. |date=2021-03-02 |title=Text - H.R.5 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Equality Act |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/5/text |access-date=2021-03-05 |website=www.congress.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

په داسې حال کې چې له ۱۹۷۰مې لسیزې راهیسې په همدې ډول ګن شمېر لایحې وړاندې شوې خو د مساواتو د قانون دغه معاصره نسخه د لومړي ځل لپاره د متحده ایالاتو په ۱۱۴م کانګرس کې وړاندې شوه. د ۱۱۶ کانګرس د کاري دورې پر مهال دغه لایحه د ۲۰۱۹ زکال د مۍ په اوولسمه د متحده ایالاتو د استازو په جرګه کې د دواړو ګوندونو څخه د ۲۶۳ – ۱۷۳ رایو په ترلاسه کولو تائید شوه. له دې سره د متحده ایالاتو سنا جرګې د دغې لایحې له ترلاسه کولو وروسته د هغو اړوند کوم ګام اوچت نه کړ ځکه د وخت ولسمشر ډونالډ ټرمپ یوځل څرګنده کړې وه چې هغه به دغه لایحه ویټو کړي. د ۲۰۲۱ زکال د فبروي میاشتې په ۱۸مه نېټه دغه قانون بیاځلي ۱۱۷م کانګرس ته وړاندې شو؛ د استازو جرګې د جمهوري غوښتونکو په ملاتړ هغه د ۲۲۴ موافقو او ۲۰۶ مخالفو رایو په ورکولو تائید کړه. دغه لایحه بیاځلي سنا جرګې ته د ارزونې په موخه ولېږل شوه.&lt;ref name=&quot;passed house&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Killough|first1=Ashley|title=Houses passes Equality Act to increase protections for sexual orientation and gender identity|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/05/17/politics/houses-passes-equality-act/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|date=May 17, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 May 2019 |title=Equality Act, H.R. 5, 116th Congress (2019) |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/5/text/eh |access-date=2019-07-30 |website=www.congress.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Equality Act, H.R. 5, 116th Congress (2019), as received by the U.S. Senate on May 20, 2019, read twice, and referred to the S. Comm. on the Judiciary |url=https://www.congress.gov/116/bills/hr5/BILLS-116hr5rfs.pdf |access-date=2019-07-30 |website=www.congress.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2021-02-25 |title=Equality Act: House votes to expand legal safeguards for LGBTQ people |url=https://ktla.com/news/nationworld/house-poised-to-pass-equality-act-that-would-enshrine-lgbtq-protections/ |access-date=2021-02-25 |website=KTLA |خونديځ نېټه=2022-03-26 |خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326021547/https://ktla.com/news/nationworld/house-poised-to-pass-equality-act-that-would-enshrine-lgbtq-protections/ |url-status=dead |خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326021547/https://ktla.com/news/nationworld/house-poised-to-pass-equality-act-that-would-enshrine-lgbtq-protections/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326021547/https://ktla.com/news/nationworld/house-poised-to-pass-equality-act-that-would-enshrine-lgbtq-protections/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== موخه او محتوا ==
تر ۲۰۲۰ زکال پورې د متحده ایالاتو ۲۹ ایالتونو د LGBT وګړو پر وړاندې تبعیض غیرقانوني نه و بللی، په داسې توګه چې LGBT ټولنو په ملي کچه ډېر لږ ملاتړ درلود او د امریکايي LGBT وګړو دوه پر دریمې برخې وګړو په شخصي ژوند کې د تبعیض سره د مخ کېدو یا د هغو د تجربې کولو راپور ورکړی و. د مساواتو قانون د دغه ډول تبعیضونو پر وړاندې د قانوني ملاتړ په لټه کې دی څو په ټول هېواد کې د LGBT وګړو پر وړاندې د تبعیض ضد قوانین پلي شي. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=Chris |date=March 13, 2019 |title=Equality Act returns — with House Democrats in majority |url=https://www.washingtonblade.com/2019/03/13/equality-act-returns-with-house-democrats-in-majority/ |access-date=May 14, 2019 |website=[[Washington Blade]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=March 28, 2019|first=Katy|last=Steinmetz|title=Why Federal Laws Don't Explicitly Ban Discrimination Against LGBT Americans|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://time.com/5554531/equality-act-lgbt-rights-trump/|access-date=2019-05-14|archive-date=2019-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524044943/http://time.com/5554531/equality-act-lgbt-rights-trump/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hrc&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Equality Act |url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-equality-act |publisher=[[Human Rights Campaign]] |access-date=2023-05-20 |تاريخ الأرشيف=2021-08-21 |مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821011202/https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-equality-act |url-status=dead |خونديځ نېټه=2021-08-21 |خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821011202/https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-equality-act |خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821011202/https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-equality-act |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821011202/https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-equality-act }}&lt;/ref&gt;

د مساواتو قانون ۱۹۶۴ زکال ته په اړوند د مدني حقونو په قانون کې د LGBT وګړو لپاره د ملاتړیزو اقداماتو د ځای پر ځای کولو په لټه کې دی. په ځانګړې توګه دغه قانون د جنسیت، جنسیتي میل، جنسیتي هویت او دوه جنس توب پر بنسټ په عمومي تسهیلاتو او امکاناتو، زده کړو، فدرال تمویل کېدونکو پروګرامونو، استخدام، مسکن، مالي مسایلو او قضایي مواردو کې تبعیض منع کوي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:123&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cicilline |first=David N. |date=2021-03-02 |title=Text - H.R.5 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Equality Act |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/5/text |access-date=2021-03-05 |website=www.congress.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hrc3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Equality Act |url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-equality-act |publisher=[[Human Rights Campaign]] |access-date=2023-05-20 |تاريخ الأرشيف=2021-08-21 |مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821011202/https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-equality-act |url-status=dead |خونديځ نېټه=2021-08-21 |خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821011202/https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-equality-act |خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821011202/https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-equality-act |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821011202/https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-equality-act }}&lt;/ref&gt;

همدارنګه رنګین پوستانو، ښځو او نورو ټولو لږکیو ډلو ته د مدني حقونو د پراختیا هڅه کوي؛ دغه هڅه د عمومي تسهیلاتو د تعریف د پراختیا پر مټ ترسره کوي چې هغه ځایونه او جوړښتونه په کې شاملېږي چې:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=What Does The Equality Act Mean for People of Color? |url=https://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/EA_Fact_Sheet_People_of_Color.pdf?_ga=2.242236417.2036789870.1579212268-929517122.1544493699 |access-date=2021-02-26 |website=assets2.hrc.org |format=PDF }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=What Does The Equality Act Mean for Women? |url=https://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/EA_Fact_Sheet_Women.pdf?_ga=2.11534135.2036789870.1579212268-929517122.1544493699 |access-date=2021-02-26 |website=assets2.hrc.org |format=PDF }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:124&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cicilline |first=David N. |date=2021-03-02 |title=Text - H.R.5 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Equality Act |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/5/text |access-date=2021-03-05 |website=www.congress.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hrc4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Equality Act |url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-equality-act |publisher=[[Human Rights Campaign]] |access-date=2023-05-20 |تاريخ الأرشيف=2021-08-21 |مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821011202/https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-equality-act |url-status=dead |خونديځ نېټه=2021-08-21 |خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821011202/https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-equality-act |خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821011202/https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-equality-act |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821011202/https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-equality-act }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* نندارتونونه، ساعت تېرۍ، تفرېح، عمومي غونډې یا عمومي نندارې جوړوي؛
* توکي، خدمات یا پروګرامونه
* او ترانسپورتي خدمتونه وړاندې کوي.

د متحده ایالاتو ۱۱۷م کانګرس ته د دغه وړاندې شوي قانون د متن پر بنسټ، د حکومتونو له خوا د جنسي میل یا جنسیتي هویت له مخې تبعیض د اساسي قانون د څوارلسم تعدیل د برابر خوندیتوب بند له پامه غورځوي او څرګندوي: &lt;blockquote&gt;د ایالتي یا سیمه ییزو حکومتونو له خوا د جنسي میل یا جنسیتي هویت پر بنسټ تبعیض د استخدام، مسکن، عمومي تسهیلاتو او هغو پروګرامونو او فعالیتونو په برخه کې چې فدرال دولت یې ملاتړ کوي د متحده ایالاتو د اساسي قانون د څوارلسم تعدیل د برابر خوندیتوب بند نقض کوونکی دی. په ډېری شرایطو کې دغه ډول تبعیض د اساسي قانون د څوارلسم تعدیل د حق غوښتنې د بند نور اساسي حقونه لکه د آزادۍ او خصوصي حریم حق نقض کوي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:125&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cicilline |first=David N. |date=2021-03-02 |title=Text - H.R.5 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Equality Act |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/5/text |access-date=2021-03-05 |website=www.congress.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== ملاتړ او مخالفت ==

=== ملاتړ ===
د مساواتو قانون د ۵۴۷ ملي، ایالتي او سیمه ییزو بنسټونو له خوا ملاتړ کېږي. په دغو بنسټونو کې بشري حقونو او ټولنیز عدالت ته اړوند ملي سازمانونه لکه د امریکايي مدني آزادیو اتحادیه (American Civil Liberties Union)، د افترا ضد لیګ (Anti-Defamation League)، د ګې، لیزبین او نارمل جنسي اړیکو د زده کړو شبکه (GLSEN)، د بشري حقونو کمپاین (Human Rights Campaign)، د بشري حقونو څارډله (Human Rights Watch)، د سویلي بېوزلۍ حقوقي مرکز(Southern Poverty Law Center)، لمبادا لیګل (Lambda Legal)، ناواجو نېشن (Navajo Nation)، د ښځو لپاره ملي سازمان (National Organization for Women)، د رنګین پوستانو د پراختیا ملي بنسټ (NAACP) او د متقاعدینو امریکايي بنسټ (AARP)؛ په کې شاملېږي. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=543 organizations endorsing the Equality Act |url=https://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/Orgs_Endorsing_EqualityAct.pdf?_ga=2.153888312.1845727454.1559605217-929517122.1544493699 |access-date=2020-01-10 |archive-date=2021-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026085642/https://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/Orgs_Endorsing_EqualityAct.pdf?_ga=2.153888312.1845727454.1559605217-929517122.1544493699 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Organizations&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=334 Organizations Endorsing the Equality Act |url=https://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/Orgs_Endorsing_EqualityAct.pdf?_ga=2.173057379.1167392404.1554363031-1646103207.1554363031 |publisher=[[Human Rights Campaign]] |access-date=2023-05-20 |archive-date=2021-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008013254/https://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/Orgs_Endorsing_EqualityAct.pdf?_ga=2.173057379.1167392404.1554363031-1646103207.1554363031 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=July 30, 2015 |title=Issue Advisory: Equality Act Would Ensure Equal Treatment for LGBTQIA Persons and Women |url=https://now.org/resource/issue-advisory-equality-act-would-ensure-equal-treatment-for-lgbtqia-persons-and-women/ |access-date=2019-07-17 |website=now.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Terrell |first=Kenneth |title=AARP, AARP Foundation File Brief Supporting LGBT Adults |url=http://www.aarp.org/politics-society/advocacy/info-2019/supreme-court-lgbt-brief.html |access-date=2019-07-04 |website=[[AARP]] |archive-date=2019-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703230212/https://www.aarp.org/politics-society/advocacy/info-2019/supreme-court-lgbt-brief.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ACLU Statement on Passage of the Equality Act in the House of Representatives |url=https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/aclu-statement-passage-equality-act-house-representatives |access-date=2021-03-05 |website=[[American Civil Liberties Union]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Now is the Time to Pass the Equality Act |url=https://www.adl.org/blog/now-is-the-time-to-pass-the-equality-act |access-date=2021-03-05 |publisher=Anti-Defamation League}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GLSEN Statement on the Introduction of the Equality Act |url=https://www.glsen.org/news/glsen-statement-introduction-equality-act |access-date=2021-03-05 |website=GLSEN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hrc5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Equality Act |url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-equality-act |publisher=[[Human Rights Campaign]] |access-date=2023-05-20 |تاريخ الأرشيف=2021-08-21 |مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821011202/https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-equality-act |url-status=dead |خونديځ نېټه=2021-08-21 |خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821011202/https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-equality-act |خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821011202/https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-equality-act |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821011202/https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-equality-act }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AARP Backs Federal Efforts to Better Lives of LGBT Older Americans |url=https://press.aarp.org/2019-7-3-Equality-Act-LGBT |access-date=2021-03-05 |website=MediaRoom}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-21 |title=NAACP {{!}} U.S. House Passes the NAACP-Supported Equality Act |url=https://naacp.org/latest/u-s-house-passes-naacp-supported-equality-act/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421105449/https://naacp.org/latest/u-s-house-passes-naacp-supported-equality-act/ |archive-date=21 Apr 2021 |access-date=2021-03-05 |website=NAACP}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 23, 2021 |title=Pass The Equality Act NOW – National Organization for Women |url=https://now.org/media-center/press-release/pass-the-equality-act-now/ |access-date=2021-03-05 |website=now.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Council Votes to Support US Senate Bill 788 &quot;Equality Act&quot; |url=https://www.navajonationcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Council_votes_to_support_US_Senate_Bill_788-Equality_Act.pdf |website=Navajo Nation Council}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lambda Legal Applauds Passage of Equality Act by U.S. House of Representatives |url=https://www.lambdalegal.org/blog/20210225_lambda-legal-applauds-passage-of-equality-act-by-us-house-of-representatives |access-date=2021-03-05 |website=Lambda Legal}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rise up against hate! |url=https://action.splcenter.org/onlineactions/VwiJrt2Y1kGsPY1arUZfGg2 |access-date=2021-03-05 |website=EveryAction |archive-date=2021-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531070024/https://action.splcenter.org/onlineactions/VwiJrt2Y1kGsPY1arUZfGg2 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

د دغه قانون څخه په ملاتړ کوونکو تخصصي بنسټونو کې بیا د امریکا د ارواپوهنې ټولنه (American Psychological Association)، د امریکا طبي ټولنه (American Medical Association)، د امریکا مشورتي ټولنه (American Counseling Association)، د امریکايي ښوونکو فدراسیون (American Federation of Teachers)، د امریکايي وکیلانو ټولنه (American Bar Association)، د امریکايي ماشومانو اکاډمي (American Academy of Pediatrics) او د والدینو ښوونکو ملي ټولنه (National PTA) شامل دي. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-07-23 |title=AFT's Weingarten on the Introduction of the Equality Act |url=https://www.aft.org/press-release/afts-weingarten-introduction-equality-act |access-date=2021-03-05 |website=American Federation of Teachers |تاريخ الأرشيف=2021-05-31 |مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531065332/https://www.aft.org/press-release/afts-weingarten-introduction-equality-act |url-status=dead |خونديځ نېټه=2021-05-31 |خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531065332/https://www.aft.org/press-release/afts-weingarten-introduction-equality-act |خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531065332/https://www.aft.org/press-release/afts-weingarten-introduction-equality-act |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531065332/https://www.aft.org/press-release/afts-weingarten-introduction-equality-act }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=APA Lauds Equality Act as Good for Business, Health and Families |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2019/05/equality-act |url-status=live |access-date=2021-03-05 |website=[[American Psychological Association]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Discrimination against LGBTQ+ Americans must end, doctors say |url=https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/population-care/discrimination-against-lgbtq-americans-must-end-doctors-say |url-status=live |access-date=2021-03-05 |website=[[American Medical Association]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=543 organizations endorsing the Equality Act |url=https://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/Orgs_Endorsing_EqualityAct.pdf?_ga=2.153888312.1845727454.1559605217-929517122.1544493699 |access-date=2020-01-10 |archive-date=2021-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026085642/https://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/Orgs_Endorsing_EqualityAct.pdf?_ga=2.153888312.1845727454.1559605217-929517122.1544493699 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== مخالفت ===
ګڼ شمېر کارپوهانو او سیاسي مخکښانو په بېلابېلو مهالونو کې د مساواتو له قانون سره خپل مخالفت څرګند کړی. د دغو ترمنځ تر ټولو پام وړ یې له جورجیا ایالت څخه جمهوري غوښتونکې استازې مارجري ټېلر ګرین ده چې له امله یې د ایلینوس ایالت له جمهوري غوښتونکې استازې ماري نیومن سره لنډ مهاله سیاسي اختلافات هم رامنځته شول. ګرین د یوې وینا پر مهال وویل چې دغه وړاندیز شوی اقدام «د خدای خلقت له منځه وړي، ... په بشپړه توګه د ښځو مذهبي آزادۍ او حقوق هم له منځه وړي» او «د څو جنسه و حقونه په دې سره د ښځو له حقونو زیاتېږي».&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Budryk |first=Zack |date=2021-02-24 |title=Democrat posts trans flag across from Marjorie Taylor Greene's House office |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/540375-marjorie-taylor-greenes-house-office-neighbor-posts-trans-flag-outside-door |url-status=live |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-02-24 |title=Antigay Marjorie Taylor Greene Says Equality Act Protects Pedophiles |url=https://www.advocate.com/politics/2021/2/24/antigay-marjorie-taylor-greene-says-equality-act-protects-pedophiles |url-status=live |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Levin |first=Bess |date=2021-02-25 |title=Marjorie Taylor Greene Wants People to Know She's Not Just Crazy, She's a Crazy Bigot |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2021/02/marjorie-taylor-greene-equality-act-transphobia |url-status=live |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ruthhart |first=Bill |title=Republican Marjorie Taylor Greene attacks Illinois US Rep. Marie Newman's transgender daughter in feud over LGBTQ rights |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/politics/ct-marie-newman-marjorie-taylor-greene-transgender-rights-20210225-bx67japa3fbmlhvqhrrgab4sni-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Chandelis Duster |date=February 25, 2021 |title=Marjorie Taylor Greene posts anti-transgender sign across hall from lawmaker with transgender child |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/25/politics/marjorie-taylor-greene-anti-transgender-sign/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=2021-03-06 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beavers |first=Olivia |title=Scoop! Motion commotion! |url=https://politi.co/3pSO9Ur |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=Politico}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== د ولسمشرانو دریځونه ==

=== باراک اوباما ===
ولسمشر اوباما او د هغه مرستیال جوبایډن هغه مهال د مساواتو له قانون ملاتړ وکړ چې د لومړي ځل لپاره د متحده ایالاتو ۱۱۴م کانګرس ته وړاندې شو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obama&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=President Obama Endorses Equality Act|url=https://www.out.com/2015/11/10/president-barack-obama-endorses-equality-act|work=[[Out (magazine)|Out]]|date=November 10, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=August 2, 2016 |title=Yet Another Reason Joe Biden Is Everyone's Favorite LGBT Ally |url=http://www.advocate.com/politics/2016/8/02/yet-another-reason-joe-biden-everyones-favorite-lgbt-ally |website=www.advocate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ډونالډ ټرامپ ===
د ټرامپ دولت د مساواتو له قانون سره مخالفت وکړ. د ۲۰۱۹ زکال په اګست میاشت کې سپینې ماڼۍ د یوې اعلامیې په خپرولو څرګنده کړه چې، «د ټرامپ اداره له هر ډول تبعیض سره مخالفه ده او د ټولو پر وړاندې د یو شان چلن ملاتړ کوي؛ له دې سره په استازو جرګه کې تائید شوې لایحه په خپل اوسني ډول باندې له هغو زهرجنو ګولیو ډکه ده چې د والدینو او باطني حقونو د تضعیف په موخه ګواښ دی».&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Henderson |first=Cydney |title=White House responds to Taylor Swift after she calls out President Trump at the VMAs |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2019/08/27/trump-white-house-responds-taylor-swifts-equality-act-petition/2135744001/ |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=USA TODAY}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جوبایډن ===
ولسمشر جوبایډن او مرستیال ولسمشرې هریس د مساواتو د قانون له کلکو ملاتړو څخه دي چې له سپینې ماڼۍ څخه یې د یوې اعلامیې په خپرولو څرګنده کړه چې، «زه د کانګرس له استازي له ډېوېډ سیسیلین او د کانګرس د برابرۍ غوښتونکې ټولې ډلې ستاینه کوم چې تېره ورځ یې په استازو جرګه کې د مساواتو قانون وړاندې کړ، همدارنګه له کانګرس غواړم په چټکۍ سره دغه تاریخي قانون تصویب کړي. له هر چا سره باید په کرامت او درناوي چلن وشي او دغه لایحه دغه حیاتي ګام ډاډمن کوي چې امریکا زموږ اساسي ارزښتونو یعنې برابرۍ او آزادۍ ته ژمنه ده».&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Biden |first=Joseph R. |date=19 February 2021 |title=Statement by President Joseph R. Biden, Jr. on the Introduction of the Equality Act in Congress |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/02/19/statement-by-president-joseph-r-biden-jr-on-the-introduction-of-the-equality-act-in-congress/ |access-date=2021-02-24 |website=The White House |archive-date=2021-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223235522/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/02/19/statement-by-president-joseph-r-biden-jr-on-the-introduction-of-the-equality-act-in-congress/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Sonmez|first1=Felicia|last2=Schmidt|first2=Samantha|title=House votes to pass Equality Act, prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/congress-sexual-orientation-civil-rights-gender/2021/02/25/1351bea4-7779-11eb-8115-9ad5e9c02117_story.html|access-date=2021-03-05|issn=0190-8286}}&lt;/ref&gt;

د ۲۰۲۲ زکال په مارچ میاشت کې ولسمشر بایډن کانګرس ته د خپلې کلنۍ وینا پر مهال د دغه قانون د تصویب غوښتنه وکړه. د ۲۰۲۲ زکال په مارچ میاشت کې د بایډن دولت اعلان وکړ چې د امریکايي څو جنسه وو د حقونو لپاره د دغه قانون د تصویب په موخه مبارزه کوي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biden calls for passage of the Equality Act, denounces state legislative attacks on trans youth in State of the Union |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/biden-calls-for-passage-of-the-equality-act-denounces-state-legislative-attacks-on-trans-youth-in-state-of-the-union/ar-AAUwtQk |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=MSN |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Biden|first1=Joe|title=FACT SHEET: Biden-⁠Harris Administration Advances Equality and Visibility for Transgender Americans|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/03/31/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-advances-equality-and-visibility-for-transgender-americans/|access-date=2 April 2022|agency=Biden Administration|publisher=The White House|date=31 March 2022|archive-date=2 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402000801/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/03/31/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-advances-equality-and-visibility-for-transgender-americans/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سرچينې ==</text>
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    <title>له اقليمي بدلون څخه د ورکېدو (معدوميت) خطر</title>
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      <text bytes="26402" sha1="7w8u3ouaqyms0bgapuwwnf0dhgqc5wp" xml:space="preserve">د فهم وړ ډېرې داسې لارې شته چې د اقليمي بدلون څخه د ورکېدو (معدوميت/له منځه تلل) د مخ پر زياتېدونکي خطر لامل ګرځېدای شي. هر بوټی او حيواني نوع (نسل) په ځانګړي چاپيريالي قالب کې د وجود لپاره تکامل کړی. خو اقلیمي بدلون د تودوخې په درجه او منځنيو موسمي نمونو کې د بدلون لامل ګرځېدای شي. دا بدلونونه کولای شي چې د اقليمي شرايط د انواعو (حيواني نسلونو) له قالب څخه دباندې وباسي، او بالاخره له منځه يې وړلای شي. عموماً، د بدلېدونکو شرايطو سره مخ کېدونکي نسلونه يا خو د مايکرو تکامل په مټ له خپل ځای سره تطابق پیدا کولای شي، يا د مناسبو حالاتو لرونکو په مټ يو بل استوګنځای ته لېږدېدای شي. په هرحال، د وروستي اقلیمي بدلون سرعت ډېر چټک دی. د دې چټک بدلون له امله، د بېلګې په ډول، د سړې وينې ژوي (هغه ټولګه چې د غبرګ ژوند لرونکي [اوبو او وچه دواړه کې د ژوند کولو وړتيا لرونکي]، خزنده او ټول د ملا تير نه لرونکي پکې شامل دي) کولای شي چې د پېړۍ تر پايه د خپل اوسني موقعیت څخه پنځوس کيلو متره لېرې واټن کې د استوګنې مناسب ځای پيدا کولو هڅه وکړي (د منځنۍ کچې واټن لپاره، په راتلونکي کې د نړيوالې تودوخې سناریو).&lt;ref name=&quot;Pocheville2015&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Pocheville|first1=Arnaud|year=2015|chapter=The Ecological Niche: History and Recent Controversies|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/6188833|editor1-last=Heams|editor1-first=Thomas|editor2-last=Huneman|editor2-first=Philippe|editor3-last=Lecointre|editor3-first=Guillaume|display-editors=3|editor4-last=Silberstein|editor4-first=Marc|title=Handbook of Evolutionary Thinking in the Sciences|location=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer|publication-date=2015|pages=547–586|isbn=978-94-017-9014-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=28 March 2019|title=Climate Change|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/climate-change/|access-date=1 November 2021|website=National Geographic}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Witze|first1=Alexandra|title=Why extreme rains are gaining strength as the climate warms|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07447-1|access-date=30 July 2021|work=Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Van der Putten|first1=Wim H.|last2=Macel|first2=Mirka|last3=Visser|first3=Marcel E.|date=2010-07-12|title=Predicting species distribution and abundance responses to climate change: why it is essential to include biotic interactions across trophic levels|url=|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=365|issue=1549|pages=2025–2034|doi=10.1098/rstb.2010.0037|pmc=2880132|pmid=20513711}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Buckley2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Buckley|first1=Lauren B.|last2=Tewksbury|first2=Joshua J.|last3=Deutsch|first3=Curtis A.|date=2013-08-22|title=Can terrestrial ectotherms escape the heat of climate change by moving?|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=280|issue=1765|pages=20131149|doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.1149|issn=0962-8452|pmc=3712453|pmid=23825212}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اقلیمي بدلون همدا راز د سختو موسمی پېښو په تکرار او شدت دواړو کې زیاتوالی راولي، کوم چې نېغ په نېغه کولای شي د حيواني انواعو سيمه ييز نفوس له منځه يوسي. هغه انواع چې په ساحلي او ښکته ټاپو استوګنځايونو کې ژوند کوي، هغه هم د سمندر د سطحې د لوړوالي له امله له منځه تللای شي. دا پېښه لا دمخه په استراليا کې د «برمبل کي» د «ميلومايس» (موږک ته ورته یو ډول حيوان دی) سره شوې ده. بالاخره، اقلیمي بدلون له يو شمېر ناروغیو د پراخه خپرېدو او په نړیواله کچه د خپرېدو سره تړل شوی دی، کومې چې په ځنګلي ژوند اغېز کولای شي. په دې کې «Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis» (دا د ژويو یو ډول وايرس دی) شامل دی، کوم چې په نړۍ کې د غبرګ ژوند کونکو موجوداتو د نفوس د کمښت يو مهم محرک دی.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC6AR_ExtremeEvents&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group I contribution to the WGI Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|chapter=Summary for Policymakers|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM_final.pdf|publisher=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104175351/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM_final.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2021|page=SPM-23; Fig. SPM.6|date=9 August 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Maxwell2018&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Maxwell|first1=Sean L.|last2=Butt|first2=Nathalie|last3=Maron|first3=Martine|last4=McAlpine|first4=Clive A.|last5=Chapman|first5=Sarah|last6=Ullmann|first6=Ailish|last7=Segan|first7=Dan B.|last8=Watson|first8=James E. M.|title=Conservation implications of ecological responses to extreme weather and climate events|journal=Diversity and Distributions|date=2019|volume=25|issue=4|pages=613–625|doi=10.1111/ddi.12878|language=en|issn=1472-4642|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2016/06/extinct-bramble-cay-melomys|title=Extinct: Bramble Cay melomys|last=Smith|first=Lauren|date=2016-06-15|website=Australian Geographic|access-date=2016-06-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Pounds|first1=Alan|title=Widespread Amphibian Extinctions from Epidemic Disease Driven by Global Warming|journal=Nature|date=12 January 2006|volume=439|issue=7073|pages=161–167|doi=10.1038/nature04246|pmid=16407945|bibcode=2006Natur.439..161A|s2cid=4430672}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تر اوسه پورې اقلیمي بدلون د هولوسين (Holocene د ځمکې د تاريخ وروستیو 11700 کلونو ته ورکړل شوی نوم دی) په معدوميت کې مهمه ونډه نه ده درلودلې. په حقيقت کې، تر اوسه پورې د ژونديو موجوداتو نږدې ټول نه بدلېدونکی تنوع د نورو انساني فشارونو، لکه د استوګنځي ويجاړېدو له امله منځ ته راغلی دی. بيا هم، دا باوري ده چې په راتلونکي کې د هغې اغېزې ډېرې خپرېدای شي. تر 2021ز کال پورې، د IUCN له خطر سره مع انواعو په سور لست کې شامل  19% انواع له مخکې څخه له اقليمي بدلون څخه اغېزمن شوي دي. د IPCC د ارزونې شپږم راپور له خوا تحليل شويو 4000 انواعو له منځه، نيمايي يې داسې موندل شوي چې د اقليمي بدلون په غبرګون کې يې خپل وېش لوړ عرض البلد يا لوړو ځايونو ته بدل کړی دی. د IUCN په وينا، کله چې يو ځلې يو نسل د خپل جغرافيايي حد نيمايي څخه زياته برخه له لاسه ورکړي، هغه بيا له &quot;ګواښ سره د مخ&quot; په توګه ډلبندي کېږي، کوم چې په راتلونکو 10-100 کلونو کې د ورکېدو له &gt;20% شونتيا سره برابر بلل کېږي. که 80٪ يا له دې څخه زيات حد له لاسه ورکړي، نو دا بيا &quot;له ګواښ سره د جدي مخ&quot; په توګه بلل کېږي، او په راتلونکو 10-100 کلونو کې د هغې د ورکېدو ډېر زيات (له 50٪ زيات) امکان موجود وي.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPBES&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=5 May 2019|title=Media Release: Nature's Dangerous Decline 'Unprecedented'; Species Extinction Rates 'Accelerating'|url=https://www.ipbes.net/media-release-nature%e2%80%99s-dangerous-decline-%e2%80%98unprecedented%e2%80%99-species-extinction-rates-%e2%80%98accelerating%e2%80%99|access-date=21 June 2023|website=IPBES}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cahill|first1=Abigail E.|last2=Aiello-Lammens|first2=Matthew E.|last3=Fisher-Reid|first3=M. Caitlin|last4=Hua|first4=Xia|last5=Karanewsky|first5=Caitlin J.|last6=Yeong Ryu|first6=Hae|last7=Sbeglia|first7=Gena C.|last8=Spagnolo|first8=Fabrizio|last9=Waldron|first9=John B.|last10=Warsi|first10=Omar|last11=Wiens|first11=John J.|date=2013-01-07|title=How does climate change cause extinction?|url=|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=280|issue=1750|pages=20121890|doi=10.1098/rspb.2012.1890|pmc=3574421|pmid=23075836}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Caro|first1=Tim|last2=Rowe|first2=Zeke|display-authors=etal.|date=2022|title=An inconvenient misconception: Climate change is not the principal driver of biodiversity loss|url=|journal=[[Conservation Letters]]|volume=15|issue=3|pages=e12868|doi=10.1111/conl.12868|bibcode=2022ConL...15E2868C|s2cid=246172852|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=October 2021|title=Species and Climate Change|url=https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-brief/species-and-climate-change#:~:text=Species%20are%20already%20being%20impacted,the%20likelihood%20of%20their%20extinction|website=IUCN Issues Brief|publisher=IUCN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AR6_WGII_Chapter2&quot;&gt;Parmesan, C., M.D. Morecroft, Y. Trisurat, R. Adrian, G.Z. Anshari, A. Arneth, Q. Gao, P. Gonzalez, R. Harris, J. Price, N. Stevens, and G.H. Talukdarr, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter02.pdf Chapter 2: Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Services]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke,V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 257-260 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.004&lt;/ref&gt;

د IPCC د ارزونې شپږم راپور وړاندوينه کړې چې په راتلونکي کې، 9٪-14٪ انواع چې ارزونه يې شوې ده، به له صنعتي کېدو مخکې سطحو د نړيوالې تودوخې 1.5 ° سانتيګراد (2.7 فارنهايت) تودوخې درجې څخه ښکته تودوخه کې د ورکېدو له لوړ خطر سره مخ وي، او ډېره تودوخه د ډېر پراخه خطر معنا لري، چې له 3 °C (5.4 فارنهايت) درجې تودوخې سره به بيا 12٪-29٪ له ډېر لوړ ګواښ سره مخ وي، او له 5 °C (9.0 فارنهايت) تودوخې درجې سره به 15٪-48٪ د ورکېدو له ګواښ سره مخ وي. په ځانګړي ډول 3.2 °C (5.8 فارنهايت) تودوخې درجه کې به، 15٪ د ملا تير نه لرونکي ( د 12٪ ګرده لېږدونکي)، 11٪ دوه ګوني ژوند لرونکي (په وچه او اوبو کې) او 10٪ ګل نيونکي بوټي د معدوميت له ډېر لوړ ګواښ سره مخ وي، په داسې حال کې چې ~49% خزنده، 44٪ بوټي، او 26٪ د ملا تيرلرونکي به د ورکېدو له لوړ خطر سره مخ وي. د دې په عکس، تر 2 °C (3.6 ° فارنهايت) درجه تودوخې پورې د تودوخې د محدودولو د پاريس تړون ډېر زيات معمولي هدف، د ملا تير لرونکو، دوه ګونو ژوند لرونکو او ګل نيونکو بوټو په برخه کې له منځه تللو ډېر لوړ ګواښ له 3٪ څخه کموي. په هر حال، په داسې حال کې چې زيات هيله من 1.5 °C (2.7 فارنهايت) تودوخې درجې موخه په هېښونکي ډول د خزنده ګانو، بوټو او ملا تير لرونکو (فقاري) ژويو، چې تر 6٪، 4٪ او 8٪ پورې د ورکېدو (معدوميت) له لوړ خطر سره مخ دي، تناسب کموي، کم هيله من هدف په ترتيب سره له خطر سره مخ انواع درې برابر (تر 18٪ پورې) او دوه برابره (8٪ او 16٪) کموي. &lt;ref name=&quot;AR6_WGII_Chapter22&quot;&gt;Parmesan, C., M.D. Morecroft, Y. Trisurat, R. Adrian, G.Z. Anshari, A. Arneth, Q. Gao, P. Gonzalez, R. Harris, J. Price, N. Stevens, and G.H. Talukdarr, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter02.pdf Chapter 2: Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Services]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke,V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 257-260 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.004&lt;/ref&gt;

== لاملونه ==
اقلیمي بدلون له مخکې څخه سمندري او ځمکني چاپيريالي سيمې په بد ډول اغېزمنې کړي دي، چې په هغې کې تندراګانې، حرا، مرجاني ډبرې او غارونه شامل دي. د پايلې په توګه، مخ پر زياتېدو نړیواله تودوخه لا له مخکې څخه له لسيزو راهيسې يو شمېر انواع له خپلو اصلي استوګنځايونو څځه دباندې ټېله کړي دي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Root|first1=Terry L.|last2=Price|first2=Jeff T.|last3=Hall|first3=Kimberly R.|last4=Schneider|first4=Stephen H.|last5=Rosenzweig|first5=Cynthia|last6=Pounds|first6=J. Alan|title=Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants|journal=Nature|date=January 2003|volume=421|issue=6918|pages=57–60|doi=10.1038/nature01333|pmid=12511952|bibcode=2003Natur.421...57R|s2cid=205209602}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/08/Edited-SPM_Approved_Microsite_FINAL.pdf|title=IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse gas fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems:Summary for Policymakers}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/summary-for-policymakers/|title=Summary for Policymakers — Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate|access-date=2019-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

کله چې په 2007ز کال کې د IPCC د ارزونې څلورم راپور خپور شو، د پوهانو ارزونې دا پايله تر لاسه کړه چې په وروستيو درې لسيزو کې، د انسانانو له خوا منځ ته راغلې تودوخې په ډېرو فيزيکي او بيالوژيکي سيستمونو څرګند اغېز کړی دی، او دا چې سیمه ييزې تودخې رجحاناتو له مخکې څخه په نړۍ کې په انواعو او ژوند په چاپېريال اغېز درلودلی. د ارزونې د شپږم راپور تر وخت پورې، موندل شوې وه چې د ټولو هغو انواعو لپاره د کومو اوږدمهالي تاريخچې چې موجودې دي، نيمايي يې خپل حدود د قطب پر لور (او/يا د غره ييزو انواعو لپاره لوړ طرف ته) بدل کړي دي، په داسې حال کې چې دوه په درې برخې ته يې د پسرلي پېښې له وخت مخکې راغلي دي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/33180/|doi=10.5167/uzh-33180|year=2007|title=Assessment of observed changes and responses in natural and managed systems|last1=Rosenzweig|first1=C.|last2=Casassa|first2=G.|last3=Karoly|first3=D. J.|last4=Imeson|first4=A.|last5=Liu|first5=C.|last6=Menzel|first6=A.|last7=Rawlins|first7=S.|last8=Root|first8=T. L.|last9=Seguin|first9=B.|last10=Tryjanowski|first10=P.|pages=79–131|publisher=Cambridge University Press|access-date=2024-06-27|archive-date=2023-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307174151/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/33180/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Root|first1=T. L.|last2=MacMynowski|first2=D. P|last3=Mastrandrea|first3=M. D.|last4=Schneider|first4=S. H.|title=Human-modified temperatures induce species changes: Joint attribution|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=17 May 2005|volume=102|issue=21|pages=7465–7469|doi=10.1073/pnas.0502286102|pmid=15899975|pmc=1129055|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change|year=2007|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg2/assessing-key-vulnerabilities-and-the-risk-from-climate-change/|work=AR4 Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AR6_WGII_Chapter23&quot;&gt;Parmesan, C., M.D. Morecroft, Y. Trisurat, R. Adrian, G.Z. Anshari, A. Arneth, Q. Gao, P. Gonzalez, R. Harris, J. Price, N. Stevens, and G.H. Talukdarr, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter02.pdf Chapter 2: Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Services]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke,V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 257-260 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.004&lt;/ref&gt;

له ګواښ سره مخ ډېری انواع د شمالي قطب يا سويلي قطب ژوي دي، لکه په شمالي قطب کې قطبي يږان، د هډسن د خليج اوبه د دېرشو کلونو مخکې په پرتله تر درې اونيو پورې له واورې پاکې وي، کوم چې په قطبي يږانو اغېز کولای شي، کوم چې د سمندر په يخ کې ښکار غوره بولي. هغه انواع چې په سړو موسمي حالاتو تکيه لري، لکه واورينې باښې، او واورين کونګان، کوم چې «لمنګ» ښکار کوي او سوړ موسم د خپلې ګټې لپاره کاروي، په منفي ډول اغېزمن کېدای شي. اقليمي بدلون همدا راز، د واورينو سويکو په څېر د قطبي ژويو لپاره په واوره کې د پټېدو لپاره نه سمون رامنځ ته کوي، چې لامل يې له واورې څخه د سیمو مخ پر زياتېدو پاکېدل دي.

په تازه اوبو پاييدونکي ډېر انواع او په تروشو اوبو پايدونکي بوټي او ژوي له کنګلونو څخه په تغذيه کېدونکو اوبو متکي دي، تر څو د سړو اوبو استوګنځای شتون ډاډمن کړي، له کومو سره چې دوی سمون پيدا کړی وي. د تازه اوبو د کبانو يو شمېر انواع سړو اوبو ته اړتيا لري تر څو ژوندي پاتې شي او بیا توليد وکړي، او دا حقيقت له «سالمون» او «کټ تروټ ټراوټ» (يو ډول کبان دي) سره رښتيا شوی دی. د کنګلونو په بهنګ (بهېدو) کې کمښت د ويالو د کمو بهېدو لامل ګرځېدای شي تر څو دې انواعو د رشد سره مرسته وکړي. سمندري «کريل» (يو ډول سمندري حشره ده)، چې يو اساسي نوع ده، سړې اوبه غوره ګڼي او د اوبو د تي لرونکو ژويو لکه اسماني رنګه نهنګ لومړني خوراک دی. د ملا تير نه لرونکي سمندري ژوي د تودوخې په هغه درجه کې د ودې لوړې څوکې ته رسېږي، له کومې تودوخې سره چې دوی بلد شوي وي، او د سړي وينې ژوي په لوړ عرض البلد او لوړو سيمو کې پیدا کېږي، عموماً په چټکۍ سره وده کوي، تر څو د کمې ودې د موسم تلافي وکړي. له بيلګه ييزې څخه د ډېرو تودو حالاتو په پايله کې ميټابوليزم ډېر وي، او د دې په پايله کې د زياتې غذا سره سره يې د جسم اندازه کمېږي، چې په خپل وار سره يې د ښکار کېدو خطر زیاتېږي. په حقيقت کې، د ودې پر مهال د تودوخې درجه کې ډېر کم زياتوالی هم په «رينبو ټراوټ» (يو ډول کب دی) کې د ودې پر اغېزناکتيا او د بقا پر اندازه اغېز کوي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Amstrup|first1=Steven C.|last2=Stirling|first2=Ian|last3=Smith|first3=Tom S.|last4=Perham|first4=Craig|last5=Thiemann|first5=Gregory W.|title=Recent observations of intraspecific predation and cannibalism among polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea|journal=Polar Biology|date=27 April 2006|volume=29|issue=11|pages=997–1002|doi=10.1007/s00300-006-0142-5|s2cid=34780227}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lrb.co.uk/v27/n01/byer01_.html On Thinning Ice] ''Michael Byers'' London Review of Books January 2005&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Mills|first1=L. Scott|last2=Zimova|first2=Marketa|last3=Oyler|first3=Jared|last4=Running|first4=Steven|last5=Abatzoglou|first5=John T.|last6=Lukacs|first6=Paul M.|title=Camouflage mismatch in seasonal coat color due to decreased snow duration|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=15 April 2013|volume=110|issue=18|pages=7360–7365|doi=10.1073/pnas.1222724110|pmid=23589881|pmc=3645584|bibcode=2013PNAS..110.7360M|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/falco_rusticolis.pdf|title=International Species Action Plan for the Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolis|publisher=BirdLife International|year=1999|author=Pertti Koskimies (compiler)|access-date=2007-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://aknhp.uaa.alaska.edu/zoology/species_ADFG/ADFG_PDFs/Birds/Snowy%20Owl_ADFG_final_2006.pdf|title=Snowy Owl|publisher=University of Alaska|year=2006|access-date=2007-12-28|archive-date=2008-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910214043/http://aknhp.uaa.alaska.edu/zoology/species_ADFG/ADFG_PDFs/Birds/Snowy%20Owl_ADFG_final_2006.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

د ډېرو اقليمي نمونو تر مخې، په يخو يا سړو ابو کې اوسېدونکو کبانو انواع د متحده ايالاتو د خوږو اوبو په اکثريت کې تر 50٪ پورې د نفوس کموالی لېدل کېدای شي. د اوبو د تودوخې د لوړې درجې له امله د ميتابولیک په تقاضاوو کې زياتوالی، او تر څنګ يې د غذا په اندازه کې کموالی د هغوی د زوال اساسي لامل ګرځي. سربېره پر دې، د کبانو ډېر انواع (لکه سالمون) د ويالو موسمي اوبو کچه د بيا توليد د وسيلې په توګه کاروي، عموماً هغه مهال نسل ورکوي کله چې د اوبو بهنګ زيات وي او د تخم له خوشې کولو وروسته د سمندر پر لور ځي. له دې امله چې د اقلیم د بدلون په سبب د واورې د ورېدو تمه کمه وي، نو د اوبو په بهنګ کې کموالی متوقع وي، د کوم له امله چې نهرونه کمېږي، کوم چې د ميلیونونه «سالمون» کبانو د تخم پر خوشې کولو اغېز کوي. پر دې سربېره، د سمندر کچې لوړېدل به د سمندر ساحلي سيستمونو کې سيلابونه پيل کړي، او په دې ډول به دا ساحلونه د تازه اوبو له استوګنځايونو څخه د تروشو اوبو په چاپېريالونو بدل کړي، چېرته به چې اوسېدونکي اصلي انواع احتمالاً ختم شي. په سويل ختيځه الاسکا کې، سمندر تر 3.96 سانتي متره په يو کال کې لوړېږي، په بېلا بېلو سمندري کانالونو کې رسوبات بيا راټولوي، او د ځمکې په داخل کې تروشې اوبه راوړي. د سمندر په سطحه کې دا لوړوالی نه يوازې دا چې ويالې او دريابونه په تروشو اوبو ککړوي، بلکې د اوبو هغه زېرمې هم ککړوي چې له دوی سره وصل وي، چېرته چې د «ساکيي سالمن» (يو ډول کب دی) په څېر انواع ژوند کوي. سره له دې چې د «سالمن» دا ډول انواع په تازه او تروشو دواړو اوبو کې ژوند کولای شي، د تازه اوبو د يوې برخې د کمښت له امله د پسرلي په موسم کې د دوی د توليد مخنیوی کوي، ځکه چې د تخم اچولو پروسه تازه اوبو ته اړتيا لري.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Lovell|first=Jeremy|date=2002-09-09|title=Warming Could End Antarctic Species|work=CBS News|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/09/09/tech/main521258.shtml|access-date=2008-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Arendt|first1=Jeffrey D.|title=Adaptive Intrinsic Growth Rates: An Integration Across Taxa|journal=The Quarterly Review of Biology|date=June 1997|volume=72|issue=2|pages=149–177|doi=10.1086/419764|jstor=3036336|citeseerx=10.1.1.210.7376|s2cid=1460221}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Biro|first1=P. A.|last2=Post|first2=J. R.|last3=Booth|first3=D. J.|title=Mechanisms for climate-induced mortality of fish populations in whole-lake experiments|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=29 May 2007|volume=104|issue=23|pages=9715–9719|doi=10.1073/pnas.0701638104|pmid=17535908|pmc=1887605|bibcode=2007PNAS..104.9715B|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سرچينې ==</text>
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    <title>ژوزه ساراماګو</title>
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      <text bytes="16014" sha1="8uxspaxsx4fp65twy26a920g3rlhp3q" xml:space="preserve">'''ژوزه ساراماګو''' د [[پرتګال]] مشهور [[لیکوال]] او د [[نوبل جايزه|نوبل]] ګټونکی دی. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=سپوږمۍ راډيو - ژوزه ساراماګو |url=https://www.spogmairadio.com/19935/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |archive-date=2024-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404171440/https://www.spogmairadio.com/19935/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; نوموړی داسې لیکوال دی چې په نړۍ کې یې د نوبل د ګټلو له امله خلک حیران کړل. هېچا ګومان نه کاوه چې یو مستري او کاریګر ځوان دې دومره پیاوړی شي، چې د [[نوبل جايزه|نوبل جایزه]] وګټي.
{{چارواکۍ}}
هغه له عادي کاریګرۍ دومره پیاوړی او مشهور شو چې د نوبل تر جایزې ورسېد. دی د کمونیست ګوند غړی وو، خو تر ټولو مهمه ځانګړنه یې دا ده چې هېڅ وخت یې خپل اثار د دې ګوند د مفکورې په واک کې ور نه کړل. هغه تخیل او واقعیت دومره نږدې سره وتړل چې لوستونکي یې د واقعیت او خیال ترمنځ پر تفکیک حیران کړل. د هغه مشهور اثر ړندوالی يا (Blindness) دی.
==ژوندليک==
ژوزه ساراماګو پرتګالی لیکوال دی چې د ۱۹۲۲ کال د نومبر په شپاړسمه زیږېدلی دی. هغه د یوه بزګر په کور کې وزیږېد. کورنۍ یې د لیسبون په شمال کې په واړه کلي کې اوسېده. دوه کاله وروسته یې دی هم له کورنۍ سره یو ځای لیسبون ته راغی.
دی په یوه بې وزله کورنۍ کې زیږېدلی و، د زده کړو د بشپړولو مالي وړتیا یې نه لرله، د اقتصادي ستونزو له امله یې ښوونځی په نیمايي کې پرېښود. ده د زده کړو پر ځای کار او کسب ته مخه کړه. بیا یې آهنګرۍ، مستريتوب، کارګرۍ او روزمزدۍ ته مخه کړه. هغه د بې وزلۍ له امله دا ټولې لارې چارې و ازمویلې او یوازینی هدف یې د ژوند تېرول او یوې ګولې ډوډۍ پیدا کول وو. وروسته وروسته یې د پرتګال له کمونیست ګوند سره اړیکې پيدا کړې. بیا په همدې ګوند کې له نشراتي برخې سره یو ځای شو. هلته یې په نشریو او چاپي رسنیو کې فعالیت کاوه. همدلته یې په شخصي توګه هم لیکنې پيل کړې او د کتابونو په پنځونه یې پيل وکړ. لومړنی کتاب یې روښنايي نومېده. بیا یې د ګناه د هېواد په نامه یو ناول په ۱۹۴۷ کال کې چاپ کړ. دا کتاب د خلکو له دومره هرکلي سره مخ نه شو. ده ته یې هم کومه ګټه و نه کړه او ناشر هم د دې کتاب له خپراوي دومره خوښ نه و؛ ځکه په بازار کې له هرکلي سره مخ نه شو او نه یې مادي عایدات لرل. دا مسئله د دې لامل شوه چې ساراماګو د اوږدې مودې لپاره له لیکوالۍ سره مخ ښه وکړي او لیکل ودروي. هغه د اوږدو کلونو یانې د نږدې څلوېښتو کلونو لپاره له ناول لیکنې لاس په سر شو. تر دې چې په ۱۹۸۲کال کې یې د بالتازار او بلموندا کتاب خپور کړ. د دې کتاب انګلیسي ژباړه یې هم په ۱۹۸۸ کال کې چاپ کړه. له همدې وروسته شهرت او ویاړونو د ساراماګو د بخت ور وټکاوه.
==ادبي څېره==
ژوزه داسې لیکوال دی چې که یې په اړه د معلوماتو پلټنه کوی، نو د کاریګرۍ نوم ارومرو ورسره لیدلی شی. ارومرو به ورسره لیکلي وي، هغه کاریګر چې د نوبل ګټونکی شو. موږ وویل چې ژوزه سخت ژوند درلود، له اقتصادي ستونزو کړېده، نو له همدې امله یې کاریګرۍ ته مخه کړه او د خپلې کورنۍ د چلولو لپاره یې د زده کړو پر ځای کار غوره کړ؛ خو وروسته وروسته یې همت له لاسه ور نه کړ او په دې بریالی شو چې له خپل استعداد سره سم قلم وچلوي او له کلونو لیکنو او پنځونو وروسته بشر ته دا ثابته کړي چې استعداد یوازې د زده کړو او لوړو تعلیماتو لرل نه دي، بلکې استعداد پالل غواړي او پر هغه زیار او کار انسان بریا ته رسوي.

دغه تکړه پرتګالی لیکوال تر اوولس کلنۍ په لانزاروته جزیره کې اوسېده. هغه په ۱۹۳۳کال کې دې جزیرې ته لېږدېدلی و؛ ځکه هغه وخت د محافظه کار حکومت پر ضد یې په سیاسي فعالیتونو کې لاس درلود، نو له همدې امله دې جزیرې ته راغلی و او له خپلې اسپانوۍ مېرمنې سره دلته مېشت و. لومړنی ناول یې لکه مخکې مو هم چې یادونه وکړه په ۱۹۴۷کال کې خپور کړ. د ګناه هېواد نومېده. په دې اثر کې د لیکوال ځانګړی سبک وینو، هغه په لیکنو کې نښانې او سمبولونه کارولي دي، اوږدې جملې یې کارولې دي، د ډيالوګونو ترمنځ یې لږ ګډوډي موجوده ده، خبرې یې واضح نه دي، په ځينو مواردو کې ان دا نه ښکاري چې کومه جمله کوم کرکټر ویلې ده. له همدې امله د ژوره دغه ناول د خلکو له هر کلي سره مخ نه شو. یو لامل یې دا و، چې په سمبولونو د چا سر نه خلاصېده. لوستونکي نه غوښتل ځان ته د سر درد پیدا کړي. بل دا چې اوږدې جملې له لوستونکي د لارې د ورکېدو سبب ګرځېدې. د ډيالوګونو ترمنځ ابهام هم هغه ستونزه وه چې د دې کتاب د لږ پلورل کېدو او ناکامېدو سبب شوه.

د ژوزه په اړه یوه بله خبره دا ده چې هغه په خپلو خبرو کې تل له کنایه ډوله الفاظو استفاده کړې ده. هغه په خپلو خبرو کې په پټه ډېر ترخه حقایق بیانوي. کله کله د ټولنې وګړو ته سپکاوی کوي، په دې مانا چې د ځینو خویونو له امله یې دوی رټي. دی په دې توګه د لوستونکي ذهن له تخیلي نړۍ د اوسنۍ او محسوسې نړۍ واقعیتونو ته راګرځوي. له همدې امله ده چې ځینې نقادان هغه د جادويي ریالیزم د سبک پیرو بولي. دوی په دې باور دي چې هغه په ځانګړي سبک خیالي شیان له حقیقي نړۍ سره تړلي دي. دوی تر ډېره د ژوزه اثار د ګابرېل ګارسیا مارکز له اثارو سره پرتله کوي چې هغه هم د جادويي ریالیزم لاروی و. دی په خپلو خبرو کې تاریخ راوړي، حقایق راوړي، په ټولنه کې بې عدالتیو او ناخوالو ته ګوته نیسي، نیوکه ورباندې کوي، له سیاسي مسایلو سره ټکر کوي، له بېوزلۍ سره مبارزه کوي. کره کتونکي په دې باور دي چې هغه د مارکز او بارګاس یوسا په څېر لیکل کوي، خو دی په خپله بیا په دې باور دی چې پر اثارو یې تر ډېره ګوګول او سروانټس اغېز پرې اېښی دی. د یادښت کتابچه، د فیل سفر، د مرګ ستاینه، لیدل، تکثیر شوی نارینه، ړندوالی، د نقاشۍ او خطاطۍ بنسټ، د ژوزه نور اثار دي چې د خلکو له هرکلي سره مخ شوي دي. خو تر ټولو ډېر د ړندوالي نول مشهور کړی دی.
==اثار==
ړندوالی د ژوزه مشهور کتاب دی. دا کتاب یې په ۱۹۹۵ کال کې خپور کړی دی. دا یو تمثیلي اثر دی، داسې اثر چې د زمان او مکان له محدودیت لرې یې د انساني ژوند ناخوالو ته کتنه کړې ده. دی په دې ناول کې دا ښيي چې لارورکي انسانان په روان سیاسي او ټولنیز وضعیت کې له کومو ناخوالو سره مخ دي او کومې چارې باید تر سره کړي چې په دې لار ورکۍ کې خپل مسیر پيدا کړي. د نقادانو په باور په دې ناول کې د ساراماګو د فکر او فلسفي ذهنیت ستر کشمکش دا دی، چې د معاصر انسان ناخوالې او ذهني کشمکشونه انځور کړي.

د ړندوالي ناول په زړه پورې او عالي بڼه لیکل شوی دی. په ښار کې د ړندېدو ناروغي خپرېږي. دا داسې ناروغي ده چې د اوسنۍ کرونا په څېر ساري ده. له یوه کس یې بل ته د تګ امکان شته دی. دا ناروغي له یوه بوډا سړي په ټول ښار کې خپرېږي او تر ټولو پورې رسېږي؛ خو یوه مېرمنه ده چې په استثنايي توګه له دې ناروغۍ بچ وي او یا ووایو چې نه ړندېږي. پاتې د ښار ټول خلک ړانده شي. په ناول کې د دې ټولو خلکو د ژوند سخت وضعیت انځور شوی دی. په اصل کې د لیکوال موخه له دې سمبولیک ناول دا ده چې په اوسنۍ یا معاصره ټولنه کې خلک څومره په ځان کې غرق دي. څومره فکر کوي چې په هر څه پوه دي، خو په حقیقت کې دوی پر ډېرو مهمو حقایقو سترګې پټوي او ړانده دي. لیکوال ټول هغه مسایل را اخیستي دي چې په ښار کې تر سره کېږي او ټول ورباندې ړانده کاڼه دي. په دې منځ کې د جوړې پاتې شوې ښځې وضعیت بیا تر ټولو خراب دی. هغه د ناخوالو له لیدلو دومره زړه تنګې او ناراضه ده چې هیله کوي درېغه دا هم ړنده وی. دا چې ټول خلک ړاندي دي، نو په بیغمه زړه هر ځای یې چې وغواړي، هره ناروا تر سره کوي، فکر کوي څوک مو نه ویني؛ خو له ړندوالي پاتې شوې ښځې ته د ټولو انسانانو رښتینې څېرې ښکارېږي. دا ناول له لوستونکي دا غواړي چې ځان په وړو مسایلو کې بندي نه کړي. لوی افکار ولري او باید پر حقایقو ړوند نه وي. ددې تر څنګ دا هم ښيي چې که په یوه ټولنه کې ټول په یوه فکر روان وي، ټول ناسمې کړنې ترسره کوي، نو د هغه چا ژوند ډېر سخت دی، چې هغه حق لیدلی شي خو نور یې په خبرو باور نه کوي، نه غواړي حقایق وویني او نه غواړي ددې جوړ کس له سترګو حقایقو ته وګوري.

لیدل یې بل مشهور ناول دی. دې دواړو ناولونو ژوره ساراماګو ته نړیوال شهرت ورکړ. یو ناول تر بل خلکو ته په زړه پورې و. همدا دواړه ناولونه سره یو ځای شول او ساراماګو ته یې نړیوال شهرت ورکړ. بینايي ناول په یوه ښار کې د ډېرو بینا یا هغو کسانو په اړه دی چې تر نورو یې د لید قوه پیاوړې ده. دلته کیسه په یوه ښار کې له ولسمشریزو ټاکنو پيلېږي. ګوري چې خلکو ټولې سپینې رایې ورکړې دي. د حکومت تږي خلک فکر کوي چې په دې ښار کې یې قدر نشته. له دې ښاره ځي خو بیا هم خلک هېڅ غبرګون نه ښيي، هېڅ پروا یې نه کوي. حکومت په جعلي چاودنو غواړي د خلکو پام ځان ته را واړوي او دا په ډاګه کړي چې ګواکې حکومت مهم دی او که نه وي، نو خلک تباه کېږي. بیا یې هم خلک په کیسه کې نه کېږي. په ټوله کې د لیکوال هدف دا دی، چې نه ډېر ړندوالی د ټولنو په ګټه دی او نه هم دومره بینايي چې انسان ورک کړي. ځکه په دې وخت کې هغه کسان چې ځان ډېر بینا بولي، هڅه کوي پر نورو حکومت وکړي.

په ټوله کې ژوزه په سمبولیکه ژبه خبرې کوي. هغه لوستونکي ته دا په ډاګه کوي چې شاوخوا یې له څومره وحشتونو ډکه ده. که یې خبره زده وه او د وخت واکمن یې خبره خوښه نه کړه، نو باید ګنګی کړل شي. که یې سترګو کار کاوه او د وخت د حاکم ناخوالې او نیمګړتیاوې یې لیدې، نو سترګې یې ور ړندوي. واکمنان نه سترګه‌ور غواړي او نه ژبور. همدا مسئله ده چې ژوزه د ړندوالي او لیدلو په نومونو ناولونه لیکلي دي. په دې دواړو ناولونو کې یې تاریخ، سیاسي مسایل، ټولنیز مسایل او نور موارد راوړي دي.
==د نوبل جايزه==
ژوزه د دې اثارو تر لیکلو وروسته ښه مشهور شوی و، خو کله چې په ۱۹۹۸کال کې د کتابونو په یوه نندارتون کې د ګډون لپاره فرانکفورت ته روان و، نو یوه خبر حیران کړ. د نوبل بنسټ اعلان وکړ چې د دې کال د نوبل ګټونکی یې ژوزه دی. دغه بنسټ په خپل پیغام کې ویلي وو چې ساراماګو له کنایو په ډکو الفاظو، په ټولنه کې د ناخوالو، تاریخي پېښو او مډرن شک په اړه زړه راښکونکې څرګندونې کړې دي. دوی د ژوزه د اثارو ستاینه کړې وه او هغه یې د بشریت په فرهنګي او ادبي تاریخ کې یوه ګټوره اضافه بللې وه. په دې توګه نو ژوزره ساراماګو هغه لیکوال و، چې له مستریګرۍ او کارګرۍ د نوبل تر ګټلو ورسېده. هغه جایزه چې زرګونه لیکوالان یې د ګټلو او تر لاسه کولو هیله لري.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=آرشیف کاپي |url=https://www.spogmairadio.com/19935/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |archive-date=2024-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404171440/https://www.spogmairadio.com/19935/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==مړينه==
ژوزه ساراماګو تر دېرشو ډېر اثار پنځولي او خپاره کړي دي. هغه د ژوند تر وروستیو کلونو لیکل کول. ده به ویل په دې پوهېږي چې د ژوند او عمر وروستي کلونه یې دي، خو لیکل کوي، هره ورځ په یوه نوې موضوع پسې ګرځي او غواړي څه په میراث پرېږدي. د پرتګال دغه مشهور لیکوال تر کلونو لیکوالۍ او هڅو وروسته په ۲۰۱۰ کال کې د ورپېښې ناروغۍ له امله د ۸۷ کلونو په عمر ومړ.
==سرچينې==</text>
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    <title>احمد الشرع</title>
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      <text bytes="9049" sha1="qluy5xoysuv7g5zk791n20jr7bqdon2" xml:space="preserve">{{چارواکۍ|native_name=أبو محمد الجولاني|image=|imagesize=|caption=|office=د [[تحرير شام]] دويم امير|term_start=د ۲۰۱۷ د اکټوبر لومړۍ|term_end=|predecessor=ابو جابر شېخ|successor=|office2=د فاتح شام غورځنګ مشر|term_start2=۲۰۱۶ د جولای ۲۸مه|term_end2=۲۰۱۷ د جنورۍ ۲۸مه|office3=د النصره غورځنګ مشر|term_start3=د جنورۍ ۳۲مه ۲۰۱۲|term_end3=د جولای ۲۸مه ۲۰۱۶|birth_date=۱۹۸۲|birth_place=سعودي عربستان، رياض}}

'''احمد حسین الشرع'''  چې د '''ابو محمد الجولاني''' په نوم هم پېژندل کېږي،  د سوریې یو وسله وال دی چې د ۲۰۱۷ راهیسې [[تحرير شام|د تحریر الشام]] د دویم [[امیر]] په توګه دنده ترسره کوي. &lt;ref&gt;{{وېب سرچينه|date=2 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; په ۲۰۱۶ کې له [[القاعده|القاعدې]] سره د اړیکو پرې کولو څخه وړاندې، &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=29 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; جولاني د القاعدې د پخوانۍ سوریې څانګې [[جبهة النصرة (وسله واله ډله)|النصره جبهې]] د [[امیر]] په توګه دنده ترسره کوله. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=29 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; د متحده ایالاتو د بهرنیو چارو وزارت د ۲۰۱۳ په می میاشت کې الجولاني د &quot; ځانګړي نومول شوي نړیوال ترهګر &quot; په توګه ونوماوه،  څلور کاله وروسته يې د هغه د نيولو او په اړه يې د مالوماتو ترلاسه کولو لپاره ۱۰ ميليونه امريکايي ډالر جايزه اعلان کړه. &lt;ref&gt;{{وېب سرچينه|date=May 10, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{وېب سرچينه|date=December 5, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

که څه هم الجولاني ډېر سخت دریځه انسان پېژندل کېده خو اوس يې د نرمښت او سياست لاره خپله کړې ده،هغه په  ۲۰۱۴ کال د سيپټمبر په ۲۸ مه  یو غږیز بیان خپور کړ چې پکې یې ویلې يې وو د امریکا او متحدینو پر وړاندې به جګړه کوي او له خپلو جنګیالیو یې غوښتي چې د [[اسلامي دولت]] پر ضد په جګړه کې د [[لویدیځه نړۍ|لویدیځ]] مرسته به ونه مني. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=28 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  په وروستیو کلونو کې هغه د ځان په اړه ډېر ښه تصویر وړاندې کړی دی، هغه ویلې،  چې د لوېديځو هیوادونو په وړاندې د جګړې لپاره هیڅ لیوالتیا نه لري، او د اقلیتونو د ساتنې ژمنه یې کړې ده. &lt;ref name=&quot;cnn2024&quot;&gt;{{وېب سرچينه|date=6 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ژوند ==

=== کورنۍ ===
د جولاني پلار حسین الشریع په سوریه کې د نصریانو لپاره د عربي ملتپالو محصلینو فعال وو. هغه د 1961 او [[د ۱۹۶۳ ز کال د سوريې کودتا|1963 کودتا]] وروسته د نصرت ضد جګړې په بهير کې د سوریې نوي بعثیانو لخوا زنداني شوی وو، کوم چې د متحده عربي جمهوریت مات او [[دسوریې اړوند دعرب سوسیالیست بعث ګوند|د عرب سوسیالیست بعث ګوند]] واک يې رامېنځته کړ. 

د جولاني پلار وروسته له زندانه وتښتېد او عراق ته لاړ، هلته يې خپلې لوړې زده کړې په ۱۹۷۱ کال کې بشپړې کړي. په دې موده کې يې [[اردن|اوردون]] ته د فلسطین د ازادۍ له سازمان سره د همکارۍ په موخه سفر وکړ. په ۱۹۷۰ لسیزه کې سوریې ته له راستنېدو وروسته چې په دې هېواد کې د بشر اسد پلار [[حافظ الاسد]] د [[زورواکي|شخصي دیکتاتور]] په توګه واکمن وو د جولاني پلار يې بیا زنداني کړ. هغه وروسته کله چې له زندانه خوشې شو په سعودي عربستان کې یې پناه واخیسته. 

حسین الشرع چې د کروندګرۍ په برخه کې پوهه لري او د بغداد له پوهنتون څخه د [[د اقتصاد علم|اقتصاد]] په برخه کې فارغ شوی، د سعودي د تېلو په صنعت کې یې کار کړی او په عربي ژبه یې ګڼ کتابونه خپاره کړي چې څنګه طبیعي زیرمې لکه تېل د عربي نړۍ په پرمختګ کې مرسته کولای شي او په ښه توګه د سیمې اقتصادي وده ګړندۍ کړي. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{وېب سرچينه|date=22 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== په سوریه کې د ځوانۍ دوران ===
الجولاني په 1982 کال کې د سعودي عربستان په [[ریاض]]ښار کې زېږېدلی، هلته د نوموړي پلار تر 1989 پورې د تېلو د انجینر په توګه کار کاوه. په همدغه کال کې د الجولاني کورنۍ بېرته سوریې ته راستانه شوه ، او تر ډېره هلته مېشت شول، الجواني هغه وخت ځوان وه ، چې  د ۲۰۰۳ کال په لړ کې د ځينو ستونزه له امله بېرته عراق ته کډوال شول.

په سوریه کې د ځوانۍ پرمهال د الجولاني کورنۍ د اقتصادي پلوه منځنۍ وه يانې ډېره خواره يا شتمنه نه وه. مور یې د ښوونځي ښوونکې وه او پلار یې د لومړي وزیر محمود الزوبي لپاره د تېلو په صنعت کې مشاور وو. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{وېب سرچينه|date=22 June 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAlmustafaJazmati2021&quot;&gt;Almustafa, Hamzah Almustafa; Jazmati, Hossam (22 June 2021). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== پوځي او سیاسي فعالیتونه ==

=== د عراق جګړه ===
[[دوتنه:Mugshot_of_Abu_Mohammad_al-Jolani.jpg|ښي|upright|بټنوک| ۲۰۰۶ ـ په عراق کې د امریکايي ځواکونو له خوا د الجولاني له نیولو وروسته د نوموړي انځور ]]
په 2021 کې ''د فرنټ لاین'' سره د یوې مرکې له مخې، الجولاني وویل چې هغه په 2000 کې د فلسطین د دویم انتفادې ډلې لخوا جذباتي شوی وو. هغه وویل، «ما په دې فکر پیل کړ چې څنګه وکولای شم خپل وظیفه په ښه توګه سرته ورسوم، د داسې خلکو دفاع وکړم چې د نيوونکو او یرغلګرو له خوا ورباندې ظلمونه کېږي.» &lt;ref name=&quot;ft2024&quot;&gt;{{وېب سرچينه|date=7 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{وېب سرچينه|date=6 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

د [[د ۱۱ سپتمبر بريدونه|سپټمبر د یوولسمې د بریدونو]] څخه په ستاينې،&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{وېب سرچينه|date=22 June 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAlmustafaJazmati2021&quot;&gt;Almustafa, Hamzah Almustafa; Jazmati, Hossam (22 June 2021). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; الجولاني [[پر عراق یرغل (۲۰۰۳)|په عراق باندې د ۲۰۰۳ کال له برید]] څخه څو اونۍ مخکې له دمشق څخه بغداد ته په بس کې سفر وکړ، چېرته چې هغه په چټکۍ سره په عراق کې د القاعدې (AQI) په لیکو کې شامل شو. &lt;ref name=&quot;ft2024&quot;&gt;{{وېب سرچينه|date=7 December 2024}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRaya_Jalabi2024&quot;&gt;Raya Jalabi (7 December 2024). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ''د اسراییلو ټایمز'' ورځپاڼې ادعا کړې چې الجولاني د AQI د مشر ابو مصعب الزرقاوي نږدې ملګری وو. &lt;ref name=&quot;TOI20131104&quot;&gt;{{وېب سرچينه|date=4 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

په ۲۰۲۱ کال د يوې رسنۍ سره په مرکه کې نوموړي د الزرقاوي سره لیدنه رد کړه او ادعا یې وکړه چې هغه یوازې په عراق کې د القاعدې لاندې [[د عراق اشغال (2003-2011)|د امریکایي اشغال]] په وړاندې د یو منظم سرتېري په توګه دنده ترسره کوله. الجولاني په ۲۰۰۶ کال کې د عراق د کورنۍ جګړې له پیلېدو مخکې د امریکايي ځواکونو له خوا ونیول شو او د ابوغریب، کمپ بوکا، کمپ کرېپر او التاجي زندان په ګډون په بېلابېلو زندانونو کې تر پنځو کلونو پورې زنداني شو. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== د سوریې کورنۍ جګړه ===

== اړونده ليکنې ==

== سرچينې ==

[[وېشنيزه:1982 زېږېدنې]]
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    <title>وېلیم فاکنر</title>
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      <text bytes="14219" sha1="8fxov94oly0fbfqelds3sam60pjzrpa" xml:space="preserve">'''ویلیم کاتبېرت فاکنر''' (په [[انګرېزي]]: William Faulkner) يو [[امریکا متحده ايالات|امریکايي]] [[ناول]] او [[کیسه لیکنه|کیسه لیکوال]] دی. هغه په امریکا کې خورا مشهور دی او د دې هېواد د پیاوړو [[لیکوال|لیکوالانو]] په کتار کې راځي. هغه یې په [[امریکا]] کې د ښکلو لنډو او پيغام لرونکو [[کیسه گۍ|کیسو]]، ځانګړي سبک او د بیان ځانګړې بڼې مشهور کړی دی. د هغه کیسې تر ډېره د ژوند خپلې تجربې دي. له همدې امله خلکو ته په زړه پورې دي. فاکنر غوښتل په [[پوځ]] کې وي، خو حکومت ورسره ونه منله، هغه یې په تنه کوچنی او ډنګر وباله، خو دا هر څه یې په خیر وو، له وړو وړو لیکنو دومره مشهور شو چې ان د [[نوبل جايزه|نوبل جایزه]] یې وګټله.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=آرشیف کاپي |url=https://www.spogmairadio.com/14308/ |access-date=2024-12-14 |archive-date=2024-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214172902/https://www.spogmairadio.com/14308/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{چارواکۍ}}
==لومړنی ژوند==
ویلیم فاکنر په ۱۸۹۷ز کال کې د ميسي سي پي ایالت په نیو الباني کې زیږېدلی دی. هغه نن سبا په نړیواله کچه د داستاني ادبیاتو په برخه کې وتلی نوم دی. په ځانګړې توګه د امریکا په جنوب کې خورا مشهور دی او اثار یې د ارزښت وړ دي. د هغه روایت ښکلی، خو پېچلی دی. همدې زړه راښکون، رمزونو، رازونو او پېچلتیا د امریکا په داستاني ادب کې ستر تحول راوست. د هغه اثار تر ډېره د ټولنې عیني واقعیتونه انځوروي. په هغه وخت کې د مرییتوب ستونزې، تبعیض، طبقاتي اندونه او نژادپالنه هغه موضوعات دي چې د فاکنر په اثارو کې غندل شوي او بدې پایلې یې انځور شوې دي. هغه نه یوازې دا شیان غندلي؛ بلکې د خپل ژوند مهم توکي او خاطرې یې په ډېر ښه انداز انځور کړې دي.
==ادبي څېره==
فاکنر وایي چې په ژوند کې یې متفاوت او ډول ډول افکار د لومړي ځل لپاره د ماشومتوب او نوې ځوانۍ پر مهال ذهن ته ورغلل. دی وايي، لا د اوو کلونو و چې له امریکا او د امریکا د تاریخ له لوست سره یې مینه پیدا شوه. تر ټولو ډېر یې غوښتل د جنوبي امریکا په اړه ځان پوه کړي او د دې سیمې د خلکو په فرهنګ او ادبیاتو کې رالویېده. بیا چې کله د لیکلو او لیکوالۍ شو، نو تر ډېره یې د جنوبي امریکا پېښې په خپلو کیسو کې انځور کړې دي چې دی یې هم لامل له دې سیمې سره د خپل ماشومتوب مینه او بلدتیا یادوي. د ده په وده او پرمختګ کې یې مور تر ټولو ډېره ونډه لرله. مور یې هڅه کوله چې د خپل زوی استعداد وغوړوي، د لویو لیکوالانو کتابونه یې ورته لوستل، هڅه یې کوله چې زوی یې په خپله ځینې کتابونه ولولي، د شکسپیر او چارلز ډيکنز په څېر د مشهورو لیکوالانو لوست یې د مور په لارښوونه او مرسته پیل کړی و.

د نورو ټولنو د لیکوالانو اثار یې هم مطالعه کړل. له همدې ځایه بیا د تفکر له نوو بڼو او د خلکو له ډول ډول فکرونو سره اشنا شو. ده په نوې ځوانۍ کې هم له شعر او شاعرۍ سره خپله مینه ساتله او د مشهورو شاعرانو لکه جان دل او نورو لوست ته یې مخه کړه. ویلیم ویلي وو چې یوازې جان دل نه؛ بلکې د هغه مهال د مشهورو او لویو شاعرانو اثار  د دې سبب شول چې د ده فکر وغوړېږي.

د فاکنر د فکري پراختیا اصلي بنسټ په ماشومتوب او نوې ځوانۍ کې اېښودل شوی او اوس همدې افکارو په پنځه ویشت کلنۍ کې د ده د ژوند مسیر ټاکلو. په همدې وخت کې یې لار د ادبیاتو په لور شوه او په دې برخه کې خورا شهرت او لوړو ځایونو ته ورسېد. هغه د لومړي ځل لپاره په یوه مجله کې خپل یوه ټوټه شعر خپور کړ. له دې وروسته محلي لوستونکي د هغه مینه وال شول. د ده شعرونه به یې لوستل او ورور ورو یې شعر د پوخوالي مرحلې ته ننوتو؛ خو وروسته په دې پوه شو چې یوازې د شعر له لارې خپلو موخو ته نه شي رسېدلی. فاکنر په دې باور و چې که دی غواړي شتمن شي او د لیکلو له لارې خپل ژوند تامین کړي، نو شعر یې لار نه ده او باید نثر ته مخه کړي. له همدې وروسته یې لومړی وړې وړې کیسې لیکلې، خو وروسته یې د لوړو او اوږدو کیسیو لیکلو ته مخه کړه. هغه همداسې لکه ده چې غوښتل مشهور او پیاوړی کېده. لوستونکي او مینه وال یې ډېرېدل او په دې سره یې هنر د پوخوالي او پیاوړتیا په لور روان و. د هغه کیسې تر ډېره د خپل وخت د مشهورو ستونزو په اړه وې. اصلاحي افکار یې درلودل او د کیسو په قالب کې یې ستونزې، د ستونزو حل، تاریخي پېښې او اصلاحي افکار وړاندې کول.

معمولا یې په کیسو کې یو مشهور کرکټر وي. هغه له جګړو ستړی پوځي وي چې له جګړې راګرځېدلی او له هر څه ستړی دی. په همدې لړ کې د خپل یوه ملګري په ملاتړ چې اندرسون نومېده، د سرتېري د مزد یا (Soldier’s Pay) په نامه یو ناول چاپ او بازار ته ولېږه. په دې وخت کې امریکا له سختو ستونزو سره مخ وه او ځینې یې د امریکا د رکود دوره هم بولي. ویل کېږي چې دا کیسه تر ډېره د فاکنر پر ژوند راڅرخي. هغه مهال چې ده غوښتل سرتېری شي، خو پوځ یې د وزن د کموالي له امله له منلو ډډه وکړه. خو په دې کیسه کې د امریکا ناوړه ټولنیز وضعیت، د خلکو ژوند،پوځي مسایلو او ټولنیزو ستونزو ته کتنه شوې ده او نقد ورباندې شوی دی.

فاکنر په نړۍ کې مشهور امریکایي لیکوال دی چې د نوبل تر ګټلو وروسته یې لوستونکي څو برابره شول. له همدې امله یې څو ناولونه ګور په ګور، د اګست میاشتې د سپوږمۍ رڼا او د غوسې او هیاهو ناول د انګلیسي ادبیاتو د شلمې پېړۍ په سلو غوره ناولونو کې راځي. غوسه او هیاهو یې بیا په دې لېست کې شپږم ځای لري. سره له دې چې د نثر په برخه کې د فاکنر جملې او لیکنې ځانګړی سبک او مینه وال لري؛ خو د شعر په برخه کې دومره مشهور نه دی. هغه خپل استعداد پېژندلی و چې له شاعرۍ یې لیکوالۍ ته مخه کړه. سره له دې چې شعرونه یې هم لیکل، خو شعر یې لکه نثر هومره پوخ نه و.

فاکنر لیکل د سرتېري له مزد (Soldier’s Pay) پيل کړل. له همدې کتاب وروسته یې خپل بل کتاب (غوماشې) په ۱۹۲۷ز کال کې چاپ کړ. د دې کتاب تر چاپ وروسته د لوستونکو پام د فاکنر هنر ته ور واوښت او لوستونکي یې ډېر شول. د غوسې او هیاهو ناول یې هم په ۱۹۲۹ز کال کې چاپ کړی دی. د همدې کتاب تر چاپ وروسته یې شهرت لا ډېر شو، د دې کتاب د شهرت د اوج پر مهال یې د سرتوري په نامه بل ناول هم ولیکلو. په دې کتاب کې یې د امریکا په جنوب کې په میسي سي پي کې د انفصال یا بیلتون جګړو ته کتنه وکړه او د دې جګړې پر مهال یې د امریکايي ټولنې وضعیت انځور کړ. په دې کتاب کې دی خپل دا باور څرګندوي چې د شریفو خلکو نسل د جګړې او وژنو له لارې ختم شوی دی او پر ځای یې بدو او نجسو خلکو واکمني جوړه کړې ده. درې کاله وروسته یې د معبد په نامه خپل تر ټولو خشن او له تاوتریخوالي ډک ناول هم خپور کړ. دا کتاب ښه وپلورل شو او ښه مشتریان یې پیدا کړل. نن سبا یې اثار په امریکا کې دومره پلور نه لري؛ خو د فرانسې د روشنفکرې ټولنې تر منځ ځانګړی محبوبیت لري.

ویلیم فاکنر ځانګړی سبک لري. دې سبک ته جریاني یا د ذهني جریان سبک وایي. په دې سبک کې کرکټر ځینې خارق العاده عادتونه او چلندونه لري چې دی د همدې په وسیله اصلاحي افکار وړاندې کوي او په ټولنه کې ستونزې نقدوي. ځینې بیا وایي چې فاکنر د اروپايي مدرنیزم تر اغېز لاندې و. همدا راز یې د ټولنې د ډېرو عیني واقعیتونو او مسایلو په اړه بې اندازې بدبیني لرله. ځینې بیا نیوکه ورباندې کوي چې سبک او لیکنې یې له غوسې او وحشتناکو صحنو ډکې دي. په انځورکښنه کې یې د بدن د غړو پرې کول او نور ورته مسایل ډېر واضح انځور کړي، چې ویروونکي هم دي. دی یوه بله ځانګړنه هم لري، هغه دا چې داستان په عادي توګه په عادي زمانه کې مخ ته نه وړي. معمولاً کیسه له پایه پیلوي، یانې د پېښې له وروستۍ برخې مو د پېښې پيل ته راولي. لومړی ستره غوټه لري، خو ورو ورو لوستونکی د داستان سپړلو او غوټې خلاصولو ته له ځان سره بیایي.

== اثار ==
د فاکنر تر ټولو ډېر مشهور اثر غوسه او هیاهو دی. د هغه پر همدې ناول ډېر نقدونه او لیکنې شوې دي. په دې ناول کې د یوې کورنۍ مسئلې روایت دي. دی د نارینه حاکمې کورنۍ وضعیت ارزوي او د یوې خور په اړه یې د دریو وروڼو چلند او فکر واضح کړی دی. د کیسې په لومړي سر کې یې د نجلۍ معصومیت، بې وسه توب، کورنۍ ستونزې او پر ځان نه باور انځور کړی دی. د هغه دا اثر د فیمینستي افکارو لېږدوونکی هم بلل کېږي. هغه په لومړي سر کې د یادې نجلۍ ستونزې واضح کړې دي او وروسته یې دا کرکټر پیاوړی کړی دی او دې ته یې هڅولې چې له خپلو حقوقو دفاع وکړي. دا ناول یې په خورا ښه بڼه لیکل دی، ښکلي انځورونه، تعلیمي نقل قولونه او اخلاقي درسونه لري.

==د نوبل جایزه==
ویلیم فاکنر له پنځه دېرش کلنۍ وروسته بریالی شو چې ۱۹ ناولونه، ۳ د کیسو ټولګې، ۳ شعري ټولګې او یوه ننداره چاپ کړي. ویلیم فاکنر د ادبیاتو په ډېرو برخو کې اثار لري. له همدې امله په ۱۹۵۰ز کال کې د نوبل بنسټ دې پایلې ته ورسېد چې د همدې کال جایزه ویلیم فاکنر ته ورکړي. د نوبل جایزه د دې سبب شوه چې فاکنر په نړیواله کچه مشهور شي او اثار یې د پخوا په پرتله څو برابره لوستونکي پیدا کړي. د نوبل تر ګټلو وروسته یې پولیتزر جایزه هم وګټله چې دا هم په امریکا او نړۍ کې د ادبیاتو په برخه کې خورا مشهوره جایزه ده. البته فاکنر د پولیټزر یوه جایزه د خپل ژوند پر مهال ګټلې ده او بیا یې د ده تر مرګ کلونه وروسته دوو اثارو هم د پولیټزر جایزې ګټلې دي. اوس د مډرن کتابتون له لوري د فاکنر د غوسې او هیاهو کتاب د انګلیسي ژبې د سلو غوره کتابونو شپږم کتاب بلل شوی دی. دی د هغو کم شمېر هنرمندانو له ډلې دی چې له اثارو یې په سینما کې هم اقتباسونه شوي دي.
==مړينه==
نوموړي یوه ورځ په مسي سي پي کې د آس سپرلي کوله چې له آس ولوېد او ټپي شو. له همدې پېښې درې اونۍ وروسته په ۱۹۶۲ز کال کې د جولای په شپږمه ومړ. په امریکا کې خاورو ته وسپارل شو او ویل کېږي چې له لوېدلو وروسته زیانمن شوی و، بیا جوړ شو، خو درې اونۍ وروسته یې زړه ودرېد او ومړ.

==سرچينې‌‌==</text>
      <sha1>8fxov94oly0fbfqelds3sam60pjzrpa</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>کارن:PK2</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>84923</id>
    <revision>
      <id>364149</id>
      <parentid>357888</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-21T23:56:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PK2</username>
        <id>21415</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>add user pages for new Wikipedia editions</comment>
      <origin>364149</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35979" sha1="cjcmdlstgx18ckooowve87rasgedr1o" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%&quot;
|-
| [[User:PK2/ازمون‌مخ|This]] is where my sandbox pages in different languages are
|}

;&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; font-size:85%&quot;&gt;My user pages in different languages by language code&lt;/div&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ A
|-
| [[:ab:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ab&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ace:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Acehnese language|Acehnese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ace&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ady:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Adyghe language|Adyghe]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ady&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:af:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Afrikaans|Afrikaans]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;af&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:als:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Alemannic German|Alemannic German]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;als&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:alt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Southern Altai language|Southern Altai]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;alt&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:am:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;am&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ami:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Amis language|Amis]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ami&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:an:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Aragonese language|Aragonese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;an&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:ang:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Old English|Old English]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ang&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ann:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Obolo language|Obolo]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ann&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:anp:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Angika|Angika]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;anp&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ar:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ar&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:arc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Aramaic|Aramaic]] ([[:en:Syriac language|Syriac]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;arc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ary:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Moroccan Arabic|Moroccan Arabic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ary&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:arz:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian Arabic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;arz&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:as:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Assamese language|Assamese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;as&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ast:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Asturleonese language|Asturleonese]] ([[:en:Asturian language|Asturian]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ast&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:atj:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Atikamekw language|Atikamekw]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;atj&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:av:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Avar language|Avar]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;av&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:avk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kotava|Kotava]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;avk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:awa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Awadhi language|Awadhi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;awa&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ay:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Aymara language|Aymara]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ay&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:az:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;az&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:azb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Azerbaijani language#South Azerbaijani|South Azerbaijani]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;azb&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ B
|-
| [[:ba:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bashkir language|Bashkir]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ba&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ban:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Balinese language|Balinese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ban&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bar:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bavarian language|Bavarian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bar&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bat-smg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Samogitian language|Samogitian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bat-smg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bbc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Toba Batak language|Toba Batak]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bbc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bcl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Central Bikol|Central Bikol]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bcl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bdr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sama–Bajaw languages|West Coast Bajau]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bdr&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:be:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Belarusian language|Belarusian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;be&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:be-tarask:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Belarusian language|Belarusian]] ([[:en:Taraškievica|Taraškievica]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;be-tarask&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bew:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Betawi language|Betawi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bew&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bihari languages|Bihari]] ([[:en:Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bislama|Bislama]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bjn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Banjarese language|Banjarese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bjn&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:blk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pa'O language|Pa'O]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;blk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bambara language|Bambara]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bm&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bengali language|Bengali]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Central Tibetan|Central Tibetan]] ([[:en:Lhasa Tibetan|Lhasa Tibetan]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bpy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bishnupriya Manipuri|Bishnupriya Manipuri]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bpy&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:br:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Breton language|Breton]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;br&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bs:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bosnian language|Bosnian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bs&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:btm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mandailing Batak language|Mandailing Batak]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;btm&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bug:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Buginese language|Buginese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bug&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bxr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Buryat language|Buryat]] (Russia Buriat)&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bxr&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ C
|-
| [[:ca:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Catalan language|Catalan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ca&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:cbk-zam:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chavacano|Chavacano]] (Zamboanga)&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;cbk-zam&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:cdo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Eastern Min|Eastern Min]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;cdo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ce:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chechen language|Chechen]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ce&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ceb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Cebuano language|Cebuano]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ceb&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ch:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chamorro language|Chamorro]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ch&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:chr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Cherokee language|Cherokee]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;chr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:chy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Cheyenne language|Cheyenne]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;chy&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:ckb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kurdish language|Kurdish]] ([[:en:Sorani|Sorani]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ckb&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:co:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Corsican language|Corsican]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;co&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:crh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;crh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:cs:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Czech language|Czech]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;cs&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:csb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kashubian language|Kashubian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;csb&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:cu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Old Church Slavonic|Old Church Slavonic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;cu&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:cv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chuvash language|Chuvash]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;cv&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:cy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Welsh language|Welsh]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;cy&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ D
|-
| [[:da:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Danish language|Danish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;da&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:dag:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dagbani language|Dagbani]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;dag&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:de:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:German language|German]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;de&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:dga:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dagaare language|Dagaare]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;dga&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:din:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dinka language|Dinka]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;din&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:diq:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Zaza language|Zaza]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;diq&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:dsb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;dsb&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:dtp:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dusun language|Dusun]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;dtp&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:dty:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Doteli|Doteli]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;dty&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:dv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Maldivian language|Maldivian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;dv&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:dz:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dzongkha|Dzongkha]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;dz&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ E
|-
| [[:ee:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ewe language|Ewe]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ee&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:el:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Greek language|Greek]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;el&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:eml:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Emilian–Romagnol|Emilian–Romagnol]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;eml&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:en:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;en&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:eo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Esperanto|Esperanto]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;eo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:es:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Spanish language|Spanish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;es&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:et:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;et&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:eu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Basque language|Basque]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;eu&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ext:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Extremaduran language|Extremaduran]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ext&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ F
|-
| [[:fa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Persian language|Persian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fa&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fat:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Akan language|Akan]] ([[:en:Fante dialect|Fante]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fat&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ff:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Fula language|Fula]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ff&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fiu-vro:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Võro language|Võro]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fiu-vro&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fj:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Fijian language|Fijian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fj&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Faroese language|Faroese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fo&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:fon:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Fon language|Fon]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fon&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:French language|French]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:frp:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Franco-Provençal|Franco-Provençal]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;frp&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:frr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:North Frisian language|North Frisian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;frr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fur:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Friulian language|Friulian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fur&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:West Frisian language|West Frisian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fy&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ G
|-
| [[:ga:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Irish language|Irish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ga&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gag:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gagauz language|Gagauz]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gag&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gan:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gan Chinese|Gan Chinese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gan&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gcr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:French Guianese Creole|French Guianese Creole]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gcr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gd:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Scottish Gaelic|Scottish Gaelic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gd&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Galician language|Galician]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:glk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gilaki language|Gilaki]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;glk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Guarani language|Guarani]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gom:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Konkani language|Konkani]] (Goan Konkani)&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gom&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:gor:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gorontalo language|Gorontalo]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gor&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:got:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gothic language|Gothic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;got&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gpe:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ghanaian Pidgin English|Ghanaian Pidgin English]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gpe&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gujarati language|Gujarati]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gu&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:guc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Wayuu language|Wayuu]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;guc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gur:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Farefare language|Farefare]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gur&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:guw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gun language|Gun]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;guw&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Manx language|Manx]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gv&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ H
|-
| [[:ha:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hausa language|Hausa]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ha&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hak:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hakka Chinese|Hakka Chinese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hak&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:haw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;haw&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:he:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hebrew language|Hebrew]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;he&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hindi|Hindi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hif:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Fiji Hindi|Fiji Hindi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hif&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:hr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Croatian language|Croatian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hsb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hsb&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ht:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Haitian Creole|Haitian Creole]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ht&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hu&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Armenian language|Armenian]] ([[:en:Eastern Armenian|Eastern Armenian]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hy&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hyw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Western Armenian|Western Armenian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hyw&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ I
|-
| [[:ia:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Interlingua|Interlingua]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ia&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:iba:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Iban language|Iban]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;iba&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:id:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Indonesian language|Indonesian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;id&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ie:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Interlingue|Interlingue]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ie&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ig:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Igbo language|Igbo]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ig&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:igl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Igala language|Igala]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;igl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ik:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Iñupiaq language|Iñupiaq]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ik&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ilo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ilocano language|Ilocano]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ilo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:inh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ingush language|Ingush]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;inh&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:io:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ido|Ido]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;io&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:is:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Icelandic language|Icelandic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;is&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:it:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Italian language|Italian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;it&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:iu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Inuktitut|Inuktitut]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;iu&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ J
|-
| [[:ja:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Japanese language|Japanese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ja&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:jam:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Jamaican Patois|Jamaican Patois]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;jam&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:jbo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lojban|Lojban]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;jbo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:jv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Javanese language|Javanese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;jv&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ K
|-
| [[:ka:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Georgian language|Georgian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ka&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kaa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kaa&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kab:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kabyle language|Kabyle]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kab&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kai:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Karai-karai|Karai-karai]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kai&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kaj:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Jju language|Jju]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kaj&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kbd:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kabardian language|Kabardian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kbd&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kbp:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kabiye language|Kabiye]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kbp&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kcg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tyap|Tyap]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kcg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kongo language|Kongo]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kge:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Komering language|Komering]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kge&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:ki:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kikuyu language|Kikuyu]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ki&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kazakh language|Kazakh]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:km:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Khmer language|Khmer]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;km&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kannada|Kannada]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:knc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Central Kanuri|Central Kanuri]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;knc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ko:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Korean language|Korean]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ko&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:koi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Komi-Permyak language|Komi-Permyak]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;koi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:krc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Karachay-Balkar|Karachay-Balkar]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;krc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ks:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ks&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ksh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ripuarian language|Ripuarian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ksh&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:ku:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kurdish language|Kurdish]] ([[:en:Kurmanji|Kurmanji]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ku&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kus:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kusaal language|Kusaal]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kus&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kv&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Cornish language|Cornish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kw&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ky:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ky&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ L
|-
| [[:la:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Latin|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;la&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lad:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Judaeo-Spanish|Judaeo-Spanish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lad&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Luxembourgish|Luxembourgish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lb&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lbe:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lak language|Lak]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lbe&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lez:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lezgian language|Lezgian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lez&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lfn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lingua Franca Nova|Lingua Franca Nova]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lfn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Luganda|Luganda]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:li:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Limburgish|Limburgish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;li&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:lij:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ligurian language|Ligurian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lij&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lld:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ladin language|Ladin]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lld&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lmo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lombard language|Lombard]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lmo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ln:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lingala|Lingala]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ln&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lao language|Lao]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lt&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ltg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Latgalian language|Latgalian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ltg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Latvian language|Latvian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lv&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ M
|-
| [[:mad:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Madurese language|Madurese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mad&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mai:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Maithili language|Maithili]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mai&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:map-bms:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Javanese language|Javanese]] ([[:en:Banyumasan dialect|Banyumasan]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;map-bms&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mdf:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Moksha language|Moksha]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mdf&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Malagasy language|Malagasy]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mhr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Meadow Mari language|Meadow Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mhr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Māori language|Māori]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:min:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;min&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:mk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Macedonian language|Macedonian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ml:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Malayalam|Malayalam]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ml&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mongolian language|Mongolian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mni:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Meitei language|Meitei]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mni&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mnw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mon language|Mon]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mnw&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:m:mos:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mooré|Mooré]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mos&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Marathi language|Marathi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mrj:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hill Mari language|Hill Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mrj&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:ms:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Malay language|Malay]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ms&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Maltese language|Maltese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mt&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mwl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mirandese language|Mirandese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mwl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:my:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Burmese language|Burmese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;my&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:myv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Erzya language|Erzya]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;myv&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mzn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mzn&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ N
|-
| [[:nah:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nahuatl|Nahuatl]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nah&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nap:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nap&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nds:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Low German|Low German]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nds&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nds-nl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dutch Low Saxon|Dutch Low Saxon]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nds-nl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ne:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nepali language|Nepali]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ne&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:new:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Newar language|Newar]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;new&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nia:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nias language|Nias]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nia&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dutch language|Dutch]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ([[:en:Nynorsk|Nynorsk]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nn&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:no:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ([[:en:Bokmål|Bokmål]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;no&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nov:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Novial|Novial]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nov&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nqo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:N'Ko language|N'Ko]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nqo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nrm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Norman language|Norman]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nrm&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nso:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Northern Sotho|Northern Sotho]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nso&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nup:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nupe language|Nupe]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nup&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Navajo language|Navajo]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nv&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ny:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chewa language|Chewa]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ny&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ O
|-
| [[:oc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Occitan language|Occitan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;oc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:olo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Livvi-Karelian language|Livvi-Karelian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;olo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:om:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Oromo language|Oromo]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;om&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:or:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Odia language|Odia]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;or&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:os:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ossetian language|Ossetian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;os&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ P
|-
| [[:pa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Punjabi language|Punjabi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pa&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pag:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pag&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pam:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pam&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pap:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Papiamento|Papiamento]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pap&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pcd:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Picard language|Picard]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pcd&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pcm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nigerian Pidgin|Nigerian Pidgin]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pcm&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pdc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania Dutch]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pdc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pfl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Palatine German dialects|Palatine German]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pfl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pali|Pali]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pi&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:pl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Polish language|Polish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pms:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pms&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pnb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (Western Punjabi)&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pnb&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pnt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pontic Greek|Pontic Greek]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pnt&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ppl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nawat language|Nawat]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ppl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ps:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pashto|Pashto]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ps&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Portuguese language|Portuguese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pt&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pwn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Paiwan language|Paiwan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pwn&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ Q
|-
| [[:qu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Quechuan languages|Quechua]] ([[:en:Southern Quechua|Southern Quechua]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;qu&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ R
|-
| [[:rki:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Rakhine language|Rakhine]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;rki&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:rm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Romansh language|Romansh]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;rm&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:rmy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Romani language|Romani]] ([[:en:Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;rmy&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:rn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kirundi|Kirundi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;rn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ro:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Romanian language|Romanian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ro&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:roa-rup:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Aromanian language|Aromanian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;roa-rup&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:roa-tara:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]] ([[:en:Tarantino dialect|Tarantino]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;roa-tara&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:rsk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pannonian Rusyn|Pannonian Rusyn]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;rsk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ru:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Russian language|Russian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ru&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:rue:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Rusyn language|Rusyn]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;rue&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:rw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kinyarwanda|Kinyarwanda]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;rw&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ S
|-
| [[:sa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sa&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sah:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Yakut language|Yakut]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sah&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sat:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Santali language|Santali]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sat&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sardinian language|Sardinian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:scn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sicilian language|Sicilian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;scn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sco:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Scots language|Scots]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sco&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sd:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sindhi language|Sindhi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sd&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:se:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Northern Sámi|Northern Sámi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;se&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sango language|Sango]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sg&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:sh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Serbo-Croatian|Serbo-Croatian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:shi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Shilha language|Shilha]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;shi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:shn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Shan language|Shan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;shn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:si:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sinhala language|Sinhala]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;si&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:simple:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Basic English|Basic English]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;simple&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Slovak language|Slovak]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:skr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Saraiki language|Saraiki]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;skr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Slovene language|Slovene]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Samoan language|Samoan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sm&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:smn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Inari Sámi language|Inari Sámi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;smn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Shona language|Shona]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:so:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Somali language|Somali]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;so&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sq:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Albanian language|Albanian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sq&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Serbian language|Serbian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:srn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sranan Tongo|Sranan Tongo]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;srn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ss:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Swazi language|Swazi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ss&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:st:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sotho language|Sotho]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;st&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:stq:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Saterland Frisian language|Saterland Frisian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;stq&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:su:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sundanese language|Sundanese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;su&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Swedish language|Swedish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sv&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Swahili language|Swahili]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sw&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:syl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sylheti language|Sylheti]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;syl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:szl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Silesian language|Silesian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;szl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:szy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sakizaya language|Sakizaya]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;szy&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ T
|-
| [[:ta:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tamil language|Tamil]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ta&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tay:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Atayal language|Atayal]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tay&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tcy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tulu language|Tulu]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tcy&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tdd:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tai Nuea language|Tai Nuea]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tdd&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:te:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Telugu language|Telugu]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;te&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tet:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tetum language|Tetum]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tet&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tajik language|Tajik]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:th:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Thai language|Thai]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;th&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ti:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ti&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tig:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tigre language|Tigre]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tig&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Turkmen language|Turkmen]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tk&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:tl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tagalog language|Tagalog]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tly:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Talysh language|Talysh]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tly&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tswana language|Tswana]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:to:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tongan language|Tongan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;to&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tok:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Toki Pona|Toki Pona]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tok&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tpi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tok Pisin|Tok Pisin]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tpi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Turkish language|Turkish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:trv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Seediq language|Seediq]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;trv&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ts:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tsonga language|Tsonga]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ts&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tatar language|Tatar]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tt&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tum:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tumbuka language|Tumbuka]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tum&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:tw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Akan language|Akan]] (Twi)&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tw&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ty:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tahitian language|Tahitian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ty&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tyv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tuvan language|Tuvan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tyv&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ U
|-
| [[:udm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Udmurt language|Udmurt]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;udm&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ug:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Uyghur language|Uyghur]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ug&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:uk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;uk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ur:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Urdu|Urdu]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ur&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:uz:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Uzbek language|Uzbek]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;uz&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ V
|-
| [[:ve:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Venda language|Venda]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ve&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:vec:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Venetian language|Venetian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;vec&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:vep:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Veps language|Veps]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;vep&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:vi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;vi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:vls:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:West Flemish|West Flemish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;vls&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:vo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Volapük|Volapük]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;vo&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ W
|-
| [[:wa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Walloon language|Walloon]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;wa&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:war:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Waray language|Waray]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;war&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:wo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Wolof language|Wolof]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;wo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:wuu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Wu Chinese|Wu Chinese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;wuu&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ X
|-
| [[:xal:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Oirat language|Oirat]] ([[:en:Kalmyk Oirat|Kalmyk Oirat]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;xal&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:xh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Xhosa language|Xhosa]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;xh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:xmf:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;xmf&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ Y
|-
| [[:yi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Yiddish|Yiddish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;yi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:yo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Yoruba language|Yoruba]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;yo&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ Z
|-
| [[:za:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Zhuang languages|Zhuang]] ([[:en:Standard Zhuang|Standard Zhuang]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;za&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:zea:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Zeelandic|Zeelandic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;zea&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:zgh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Standard Moroccan Amazigh|Standard Moroccan Amazigh]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;zgh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:zh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[:en:Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin Chinese]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;zh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:zh-classical:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;zh-classical&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:zh-min-nan:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Southern Min|Southern Min]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;zh-min-nan&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:zh-yue:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Cantonese|Cantonese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;zh-yue&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:zu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Zulu language|Zulu]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;zu&lt;/code&gt;)
|}</text>
      <sha1>cjcmdlstgx18ckooowve87rasgedr1o</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>رنځور</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>87370</id>
    <revision>
      <id>364144</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-21T21:47:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>O.sediqi93</username>
        <id>16958</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نوي لیکنه ده</comment>
      <origin>364144</origin>
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      <text bytes="4288" sha1="0mj87r8gg735d1bisqp33wchdzrokup" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:22em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%; padding:5px; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:0.5em;&quot; | رنځور (ناروغ)
|-
! style=&quot;background-color:#cee0f2; text-align:right;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | بنسټیز مالومات
|-
| '''علمي برخه:''' || [[طب]] او [[روغتیا]]
|-
| '''اصلي نښې:''' || د بدن د دندو ګډوډېدل، درد، تبه
|-
| '''اړتیا:''' || طبي پاملرنه او درملنه
|}


'''رنځور''' (په انګلیسي: Patient يا Sick) هغه ژوندي موجود (په ځانګړې توګه انسان) ته ویل کېږي چې د روغتیايي حالت د خرابوالي، بدني یا رواني زیان، یا د داسې [[ناروغي|ناروغۍ]] له امله چې د بدن طبعي دندې ګډوډوي، تر طبي پاملرنې، تشخیص یا درملنې لاندې وي. په ټولیزه توګه، دا اصطلاح په طبي علومو او ټولنپوهنه کې د هغو افرادو لپاره کارول کېږي چې د روغتیایي سیسټم خدمتونو ته اړتیا لري.

== لغوي او اصطلاحي مانا ==
په [[پښتو ژبه]] کې د «رنځور» ویې (لغت) له «رنځ» څخه اخیستل شوی چې د درد، ناروغۍ یا تکلیف مانا لري. په طبي ادبیاتو کې، رنځور یوازې هغه چا ته نه ویل کېږي چې په بستر پروت وي، بلکې هر هغه څوک پکې شامل دی چې د فزیکي، کیمیاوي، یا بیولوژیکي عواملو له امله یې د بدن هومیوستازیس (Homeostasis - د بدن د داخلي چاپیریال ثبات) زیانمن شوی وي او د رغېدو په حال کې وي.

== په طب او ټولنه کې د رنځور موقف ==
په معاصر طب او اخلاقو کې، د رنځور او ډاکټر ترمنځ اړیکه پر ځانګړو اصولو ولاړه ده. رنځور د خپلې درملنې په پړاوونو کې د پرېکړې کولو، د رازونو د ساتلو (Confidentiality)، او د خپل حالت په اړه د بشپړو معلوماتو د ترلاسه کولو قانوني او اخلاقي حق لري.

=== د رنځور حقونه ===
* '''د معلوماتو حق:''' رنځور حق لري چې د خپلې ناروغۍ د نوعیت، د درملنې د لارو چارو او د هغو د جانبي عوارضو په اړه پوه شي.
* '''خپلواکي (Autonomy):''' ناروغ کولای شي وړاندیز شوې طبي درملنه ومني یا یې رد کړي.
* '''رازداري:''' د رنځور د دوتنې (فایل) او روغتیايي حالت اړوند معلومات باید له قانوني اجازې پرته چا ته ښکاره نه شي.

== د رنځورانو ډلبندي ==
پوهان او طبي مرکزونه رنځوران د درملنې د جديوالي او نوعیت له مخې په لاندې ډولونو وېشي:
# '''سرپایي رنځوران (Outpatients):''' هغه کسان چې روغتون ته یوازې د معاینې یا نسخې اخیستلو لپاره راځي او بستر کېدو ته اړتیا نه لري.
# '''بستر شوي رنځوران (Inpatients):''' هغه ناروغان چې د جراحي، دقيق څار، یا دوامداره درملنې لپاره په روغتون کې د یوې یا څو شپو لپاره پاتې کېږي.
# '''عاجل رنځوران (Emergency Patients):''' هغه کسان چې د ناڅاپي پېښو، تروما (صدمې) یا جدي ناروغیو له امله سمدستي طبي مداخلې ته اړتیا لري.

== سرچینه ==
==={| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;|-| {{cite book |title=Modern Medical Ethics |author=John Doe |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2020 |isbn=978-0-19-880000-0}}
|-
| {{cite journal |title=The Patient-Doctor Relationship in Contemporary Healthcare |journal=Journal of Medical Ethics |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=150–155 |date=2021 |doi=10.1136/medethics-2021}}|}===

[[وېشنيزه:طب]]
[[وېشنيزه:روغتیا]]
[[وېشنيزه:ناروغان]]</text>
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    <title>سيد علي خامنه‌يي</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-22T10:45:44Z</timestamp>
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        <username>مودة متعب</username>
        <id>39383</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>علي حسیني خامنه اي (فارسي: علی حسینی خانه‌ای) (د اپریل ۱۹، ۱۹۳۹ – د فبروري ۲۸، ۲۰۲۶) یو ایرانی سیاستوال او شیعه مذهبه واکمن و.</comment>
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      <text bytes="221" sha1="ez4xkeyi3zct3s7nnwoq53qshv3bo1c" xml:space="preserve">علي حسیني خامنه اي (فارسي: علی حسینی خانه‌ای) (د اپریل ۱۹، ۱۹۳۹ – د فبروري ۲۸، ۲۰۲۶) یو ایرانی سیاستوال او شیعه مذهبه واکمن.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>364178</id>
      <parentid>364177</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-22T10:48:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>مودة متعب</username>
        <id>39383</id>
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      <text bytes="295" sha1="he983q0chjq9g54r9gyd7mb5iqv8j50" xml:space="preserve">علي حسیني خامنه اي (فارسي: علی حسینی خانه‌ای) (د اپریل ۱۹، ۱۹۳۹ – د فبروري ۲۸، ۲۰۲۶) یو ایرانی سیاستوال او شیعه مذهبه واکمن.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3gdnpjvj4ko&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>he983q0chjq9g54r9gyd7mb5iqv8j50</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>364178</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-22T10:53:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>مودة متعب</username>
        <id>39383</id>
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      <text bytes="315" sha1="84yl6ppqdyd4rno0qs4wzltg4mg8ly8" xml:space="preserve">{{چارواکۍ}}

علي حسیني خامنه اي (فارسي: علی حسینی خانه‌ای) (د اپریل ۱۹، ۱۹۳۹ – د فبروري ۲۸، ۲۰۲۶) یو ایرانی سیاستوال او شیعه مذهبه واکمن.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3gdnpjvj4ko&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>84yl6ppqdyd4rno0qs4wzltg4mg8ly8</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>364180</id>
      <parentid>364179</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-22T10:54:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>مودة متعب</username>
        <id>39383</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="321" sha1="bhzvqa0qlbv6nx4j90x6j1rct117363" xml:space="preserve">{{چارواکۍ}}

'''علي حسیني خامنه اي''' (فارسي: علی حسینی خانه‌ای) (د اپریل ۱۹، ۱۹۳۹ – د فبروري ۲۸، ۲۰۲۶) یو ایرانی سیاستوال او شیعه مذهبه واکمن.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3gdnpjvj4ko&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bhzvqa0qlbv6nx4j90x6j1rct117363</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>364181</id>
      <parentid>364180</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-22T10:58:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>مودة متعب</username>
        <id>39383</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>364181</origin>
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      <text bytes="375" sha1="coypesqa1l6vgviqsghgdwy658d4yvo" xml:space="preserve">{{چارواکۍ}}

'''علي حسیني خامنه اي''' (فارسي: علی حسینی خانه‌ای) (د اپریل ۱۹، ۱۹۳۹ – د فبروري ۲۸، ۲۰۲۶) یو ایرانی سیاستوال او شیعه مذهبه واکمن.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3gdnpjvj4ko&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;
[[وېشنيزه:1939 زېږېدنې]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>باری اباسالټي</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>364182</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-22T11:04:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>مودة متعب</username>
        <id>39383</id>
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      <comment>(فارسي: پری اباسالتی؛ په ۱۹۳۵ کال کې په تهران کې زیږیدلی) یوه امریکایی سیاستواله او ژورنالیسته چې ایراني نژاده ده. هغه په ​​۱۹۷۵ کال کې د ایران ملي مشورتي شورا ته وټاکل شوه او د ۱۹۷۹ کال د ایران انقلاب پورې د پارلمان غړې وه، کله چې هغې ایران پریښود او متحده ایالاتو ته مهاجره شوه.</comment>
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      <text bytes="540" sha1="0lqjzpdr5rtgiz0qobryvdv7zzx5poi" xml:space="preserve">'''باری اباسالټي''' '''(فارسي: پری اباسالتی؛ په ۱۹۳۵ کال کې په تهران کې زیږیدلی) یوه امریکایی سیاستواله او ژورنالیسته چې ایراني نژاده ده. هغه په ​​۱۹۷۵ کال کې د ایران ملي مشورتي شورا ته وټاکل شوه او د ۱۹۷۹ کال د ایران انقلاب پورې د پارلمان غړې وه، کله چې هغې ایران پریښود او متحده ایالاتو ته مهاجره شوه.'''</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>364183</id>
      <parentid>364182</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-22T11:08:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>مودة متعب</username>
        <id>39383</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>364183</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="685" sha1="93wv1l8moc4uj3qi8bcrou1iw1glz9p" xml:space="preserve">'''باری اباسالټي''' '''(فارسي: پری اباسالتی؛ په ۱۹۳۵ کال کې په تهران کې زیږیدلی) یوه امریکایی سیاستواله او ژورنالیسته چې ایراني نژاده ده. هغه په ​​۱۹۷۵ کال کې د ایران ملي مشورتي شورا ته وټاکل شوه او د ۱۹۷۹ کال د ایران انقلاب پورې د پارلمان غړې وه، کله چې هغې ایران پریښود او متحده ایالاتو ته مهاجره شوه.'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20221003022839/http://rijaldb.com/fa/11993/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C]&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>عبدالناصر عبد الفتاح</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>364184</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-22T11:50:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>مودة متعب</username>
        <id>39383</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>عبدالناصر عبد الفتاح (فارسي: عبدالناصر عبدالفتاح؛ فارسي ۱۹۸۴) یو سیاستوال او سوداګر چې اصلي ترکی دی.هغه لومړنی ترکي سوداګر و چې په ۲۰۲۶ کال کې یې د ایران تابعیت ترلاسه کړ. هغه د شركة اغا اجرایوي رییس هم دی، چې په ۱۹۹۵ کال کې یې تاسیس کړ، او په ۲۰۱۳ کال کې یې د اغا جروب هم تاسیس کړ</comment>
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      <text bytes="739" sha1="cyfpjnfd3kecjibhxkxuh0x23yw2har" xml:space="preserve">'''عبدالناصر عبد الفتاح''' (فارسي: عبدالناصر عبدالفتاح؛ فارسي ۱۹۸۴) یو سیاستوال او سوداګر چې اصلي ترکی دی.هغه لومړنی ترکي سوداګر و چې په ۲۰۲۶ کال کې یې د ایران تابعیت ترلاسه کړ. هغه د شركة اغا  اجرایوي رییس هم دی، چې په ۱۹۹۵ کال کې یې تاسیس کړ، او په ۲۰۱۳ کال کې یې د اغا جروب هم تاسیس کړ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://shufunews.com/%d8%b9%d8%a8%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b5%d8%b1-%d8%b9%d8%a8%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%ad%d8%8c-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%b1%db%8c-%d8%a7%d9%87%d9%84-%d8%aa%d8%b1%da%a9%db%8c%d9%87/]&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>شركة اغا</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-22T11:56:29Z</timestamp>
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        <id>39383</id>
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      <comment>شركة اغا دا د مصر یو له لویو شرکتونو څخه دی چې په بریښنایی او کورنیو وسایلو کې تخصص لري. دا په 1995 کې د فارسي سوداګر عبدالناصر عبد الفتاح لخوا تاسیس شو، او اصلي شرکت یې اغا جروب دی</comment>
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      <text bytes="559" sha1="pr5npqf5q9y3m5ivntxep4f8525h7oo" xml:space="preserve">شركة اغا دا د مصر یو له لویو شرکتونو څخه دی چې په بریښنایی او کورنیو وسایلو کې تخصص لري. دا په 1995 کې د فارسي سوداګر عبدالناصر عبد الفتاح لخوا تاسیس شو، او اصلي شرکت یې اغا جروب دی.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.soutalomam.net/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%BA%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%AF-%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B5/]&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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