Wikipedia quwiki https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qhapaq_p%27anqa MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.14 first-letter Midya Sapaq Rimanakuy Ruraq Ruraq rimanakuy Wikipidiya Wikipidiya rimanakuy Rikcha Rikcha rimanakuy MediaWiki MediaWiki rimanakuy Plantilla Plantilla rimanakuy Yanapa Yanapa rimanakuy Katiguriya Katiguriya rimanakuy TimedText TimedText talk Módulo Módulo discusión Evento Evento discusión 0 4984 691047 685504 2026-08-08T19:37:03Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{idioma|Italia simi|nativo=Italiano |color=lawngreen |oficial=[[Italya]], [[Suysa]], [[San Marino]], [[Watikan llaqta]] |países=[[Italya]], [[Suysa]], [[San Marino]], [[Watikan llaqta]], aslla simi: uralan anti [[Ransiya]], [[Isluwinya]]p, [[Hurwatsuyu]]p chalan ([[Istra]]). |zona= |hablantes=62 hunu|h1=|h2=|rank=19 | familia = [[Inru-iwrupiyu simikuna]]<br /> &nbsp;[[Italyanu simikuna]]<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Rumanu simikuna]]<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Italya simi''' |agencia=[[Accademia della Crusca]] | escritura = [[Latin siq'i llumpa]] |iso1=it|iso2=ita |iso3=ita|sil=ITN | mapa = [[Rikcha:Linguistic map of the Italian language.svg|frameless|center|upright=1.5]] }} '''Italia simi''' icha '''Italianu simi''' nisqaqa huk [[rumanu simi]]m.<ref>[[#simone2010|Simone, 2010]]</ref> * 60.000.000 rimaqkuna * [[Italoa]], [[Suysa]] (Ticino suyupi), [[San Marino]] <gallery mode="packed" heights=230 caption=""> Corsivo- come scriverlo a mano in italiano, schede didattiche con alcuni esempi di Paolo Villa (prima edizione commons wikimedia org)-Letters-characters in italics-cursive- how to write it by hand in Italian.pdf|Makiwan qillqay Cursiva en italiano escuela Idioma%20italiano.png </gallery> == Willay pukyukuna == <references/> == Qillqasqankuna == * {{cite book|last=Berloco |first=Fabrizio |year=2018 |title=The Big Book of Italian Verbs: 900 Fully Conjugated Verbs in All Tenses. With IPA Transcription, 2nd Edition |publisher=Lengu |ISBN=978-8894034813 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYynDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref=berloco2018}} * {{cite book|last=Palermo |first=Massimo |year=2015 |title=Linguistica italiana |url=https://archive.org/details/linguisticaitali0000pale |publisher=Il Mulino |ISBN=978-8815258847 |ref=palermo2015}} * {{cite book|last=Simone |first=Raffaele |year=2010 |title=Enciclopedia dell'italiano |publisher=Treccani |ISBN= |ref=simone2010}} == Hawa t'inkikuna == {{commons|Italian}} [[Katiguriya:Romanu rimay]] lpel9361awy4bqgjj72bpe0b15mlxg3 0 9928 691033 669943 2026-08-08T19:19:42Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 9 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691033 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Rikcha:Marx color.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Karl Marx]].]] [[Rikcha:Engels 1856.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Friedrich Engels]] (1856 watapi).]] '''Marxyuyay''' nisqaqa [[Karl Marx]]-pa yuyaychakusqan [[yachay wayllukuy]]mi, [[pulitika hap'iqaykuy]]mi, '''Marsuqatiq''' (marsyuyaq) nisqa runakunap hap'isqan. Marsismu nisqakama kay [[waki]] pachakunam karqan, kachkan, kanqa: * [[Qallariy waki]] (Qallariy kumunismu) ( '''qallariy aylluyuyay''') * [[Isklawu waki]] (Sirwiy waki) ( '''yanayuyay''') * [[Phiwdalismu]] (Patrun piyun waki: [[inkuminda]], [[asinda]] hina) ('''saruyyuyay''') * [[Kapitalismu]] ('''qulqiyuyay''') * [[Susyalismu]] - [[Llamk'aq]]kunap atiynin '''masiyuyay''' * [[Kumunismu]] - Klasinnaq waki '''aylluyuyay''' Marsyuyayqa [[llamk'aq]]kunap hap'inanmi atin [[kapitalista|qulqiyayuq]]kunap kapuqninkunata llamk'aq llaqtapaq, chaywanmi [[kapitalismu|qulqiyuyay]] wakimanta [[susyalismu|masiyuyay]], chaymantataq [[kumunismu|aylluyyay]] wakita llamk'apunapaq. == Hawa t'inkikuna == {{commonscat|Marxism}} == Literatura == * {{cite book |title=Fidel: A Biography of Fidel Castro|url=https://archive.org/details/fidelbiographyof0000bour|last=Bourne |authorformat=scap|first=Peter G.|date=1986|publisher=Dodd, Mead & Company|location=New York|ref=Bou86}} * {{cite book |title=The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx|url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionaryide0000call_i2b6|last=Callinicos |authorformat=scap|first=Alex|date=2010|origyear=1983|publisher=Bookmarks|location=Bloomsbury, London|isbn=978-1-905192-68-7|ref=Cal10}} * {{cite book |title=My Life: A Spoken Autobiography|url=https://archive.org/details/mylifespokenauto0000cast|last1=Castro |authorformat=scap|first1=Fidel|last2=Ramonet|first2=Ignacio (interviewer)|date=2009|publisher=Scribner|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4165-6233-7|ref=Cas09}} * {{cite book |title=The Real Fidel Castro|url=https://archive.org/details/realfidelcastro00colt_0|last=Coltman |authorformat=scap|first=Leycester|date=2003|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven and London|isbn=978-0-300-10760-9|ref=Col03}} * {{cite book |title=Prehistorian: A Biography of V. Gordon Childe|last=Green |authorformat=scap|first=Sally|date=1981|publisher=Moonraker Press|location=Bradford-on-Avon, Wiltshire|isbn=0-239-00206-7|ref=Gre81}} * {{cite book |title=Karl Marx: A Brief Biographical Sketch with an Exposition of Marxism|last=Lenin |authorformat=scap|first=Vladimir|authorlink=Vladimir Lenin|date=1967|origyear=1913|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|location=Peking|isbn=|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/granat/index.htm|accessdate=2014-06-17|nopp=|ref=Len67}} * {{cite book |title=Wage Labour and Capital|last=Marx |authorformat=scap|first=Karl|authorlink=Karl Marx|date=1849|publisher=Neue Rheinische Zeitung|location=Germany|isbn=|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/wage-labour/index.htm|accessdate=2014-06-17|nopp=|ref=Mar49}} * {{cite book |title=A History of Archaeological Thought|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofarchaeo0000trig|edition=2nd|last=Trigger |authorformat=scap|first=Bruce G.|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-60049-1|nopp=|ref=Tri07}} * {{cite book |author=Avineri, Shlomo|date=1968|title=The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} * {{cite book |author=Dahrendorf, Ralf|title=Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society|url=https://archive.org/details/classclassconfli00dahr|date=1959|location=Stanford, CA|publisher=Stanford University Press}} * Jon Elster, ''An Introduction to Karl Marx''. Cambridge, England, 1986. * Michael Evans, ''Karl Marx''. London, 1975. * Stefan Gandler, [http://www.brill.com/products/book/critical-marxism-mexico ''Critical Marxism in Mexico: Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez and Bolívar Echeverría''], Leiden/Boston, Brill Academic Press, 2015. 467 pages. ISBN 978-90-04-22428-5. * {{cite book |author=Kołakowski, Leszek|title=Main Currents of Marxism|date=1976|publisher=Oxford University Press}} * {{cite book |author=Parkes, Henry Bamford|title=Marxism: An Autopsy|url=https://archive.org/details/marxismautopsy00park|date=1939|location=Boston|publisher=Houghton Mifflin}} * Robinson, Cedric J.: ''Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition'', 1983, Reissue: Univ North Carolina Press, 2000 * Rummel, R.J. (1977) ''[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE12.HTM Conflict In Perspective]'' Chap. 5 ''[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/CIP.CHAP5.HTM Marxism, Class Conflict, and the Conflict Helix]'' * {{cite book |last=Screpanti|first=E|author2=S. Zamagna|date=1993|title=An Outline of the History of Economic Thought|url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofhistory0000scre}} * Shenfield, S.D. ''[[:es:Vladislav Evgenievich Buguera|Vladislav Bugera]]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20081112101246/http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/2008-204.cfm Portrait of a Post-Marxist Thinker''] * {{cite book |author=McLellan, David|title=Marxism After Marx|url=https://archive.org/details/alf.3540.355.430.9.mcl|date=2007|location=Basingstoke|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan}} [[Katiguriya:Pulitika rikcharimuy]] [[Katiguriya:Pulitika hap'iqaykuy]] [[Katiguriya:Marksismu|!]] naxh7bo8uj5z8iu8te4y4hm31heacys 0 13156 691032 655607 2026-08-08T19:16:50Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691032 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Rikcha:Nagasakibomb.jpg|thumb|right|200px|„Fat Man“ nisqa iñuku huk'i bomba: [[Nagasaki]] llaqtap hawanpi [[iñuku huk'i t'uqyay]], 1945 watapi.]] [[Rikcha:Atombombe_Little_Boy_2.jpg|thumb|„Little Boy“ nisqa iñuku huk'i bomba, [[Hiroshima]]p thuñisqan ñawpanpi, 13 [[TNT t'uqyay kallpa|kt]] t'uqyay kallpayuq]] '''Iñuku huk'i ayñi''' nisqakunaqa [[iñuku huk'i t'uqyay]]wan thuñichiq, [[runa]]kunta wañuchiq [[ayñi]]kunam, [[illanchaykuy]]wan runakunata unquchiq.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofavia0000wrag |first=David W. |last=Wragg |isbn=9780850451634 |edition=first |publisher=Osprey |year=1973 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofavia0000wrag/page/43 43]}}</ref> Ñawpaq kaq iñuku huk'i ayñiqa [[Iskay ñiqin pachantin maqanakuy]]pi [[1945]] watapi [[Hiroshima]] llaqtap hawanpi t'uqyarqan, iskay kaqtaq [[Nagasaki]] llaqtap hawanpi (iskaynintin llaqta [[Nihun]]pi), pachak waranqa runatam wañuchispa. Kunan pachaqa kay mama llaqtakunam iñuku huk'i ayñiyuq: * [[Hukllachasqa Amirika Suyukuna]] * [[Rusya]] (1991 watakama: [[Suwit Huñu]]) * [[Hukllachasqa Qhapaq Suyu]] * [[Ransiya]] * [[Chunwa]] Huk mama llaqtakunataq hinallataq iñuku huk'i ayñiyuqchá, ichaqa mana nispa takyankum. ==Willaycha== {{reflist}} [[Katiguriya:Wiñay kawsay]] [[Katiguriya:Kawpay]] [[Katiguriya:Ayñi]] ksm0cl1204ph2tqnenk1h5ihz55ie39 0 26147 691040 655756 2026-08-08T19:31:09Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691040 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mit'a yachay''' nisqaqa [[tiksimuyu]]p [[wayra pacha]]npi kaqkunamanta [[yachay]]mi, ahinataq:<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofavia0000wrag |first=David W. |last=Wragg |isbn=9780850451634 |edition=first |publisher=Osprey |year=1973 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofavia0000wrag/page/190 190]}}</ref> * [[Mit'a]]kuna * [[Phuyu]] * [[Pacha phuyu]] * [[Urmamuq yakukuna]] ** [[Para]] ** [[Rit'i]] ** [[Chikchi]] ** [[Sulla]] ** [[Chhulla]] * [[Wayra]] ** [[Sinchi muyuq wayra]] ** [[Khunu wayra]] * Sapaq aknakunamantapas: ** [[Pacha q'uñichiy]] ** [[El Niño]] ** [[La Niña]] * hukkunapas ==Willaycha== {{reflist}} [[Katiguriya:Allpamanta yachaykuna]] [[Katiguriya:Mit'a yachay|!]] nfevceupbsmlnd4szbc3u6itw6sq5ff 0 32559 691054 688684 2026-08-09T02:03:23Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 691054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kawsay}} [[Sayyid]] '''Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini''' ([[Pharsi simi]]pi: روح الله موسوی خمینی , {{IPA|ruːh-ol-lɑːh-e muːsæviː-je xomejniː}}) sutiyuq runaqa, ({{Pun|24|09|1902}} paqarisqa [[Jomein]] llaqtapi - {{Pun|3|06|1989}} wañusqa [[Tehran]] [[llaqta]]pi). [[Muslim]] pusaqmi karqan. [[1979]] watamanta [[1989]] watakamam [[Iran]]pa [[Umalliq]]nin karqan. == Qillqaqkuna == * Gobierno islámico, Tahrir-ol-vasyleh, Cuarenta Hadith, Adab as Salat * El Confidente, El Decante de Amor wan Diván. == Kaypipas qhaway == * [[Iran]] {{Listaref|2}} == Hawa t'inkikuna == {{commons|Ruhollah Khomeini}} === [[Kastilla simi]]pi === ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20090323165444/http://www.libreria-mundoarabe.com/Boletines/n%BA46%20Feb.07/DoctrinaPoliticaJomeini.html La doctrina política de Jomeini] En revista Alif Nûn nº 46, febrero de 2007. === [[Inlish simi]]pi === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151205182448/http://www.iranchamber.com/history/rkhomeini/ayatollah_khomeini.php Iran Chamber Society: Ayatollah Rouhollah Mousavi Khomeini (Imam Khomeini] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926023132/http://www.wandea.org.pl/khomeini-pdf/hukumat-i-islami.pdf Sayyid Ruhollah al-Musavi al-Khomeini — Islamic Government (Hukumat-i Islami)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070615161734/http://www.wandea.org.pl/khomeini-pdf/ruhullah-musavi-khomeini.pdf Sayyid Ruhollah al-Musavi al-Khomeini — The Last Will...] * [http://www.iranchamber.com/history/rkhomeini/books/women_position_khomeini.pdf Extracted from speeches of Ayatollah Rouhollah Mousavi Khomeini] * [http://ghadeer.org/english/imam/imam-books/imambooks.html Books by and or about Rouhollah Khomeini] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070618130206/http://www.kayhannews.ir/851020/12.htm Famous letter of Ayatollah Khomeini to [[Gorbachyov]], dated January 1, 1989]. Keyhan Daily. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090618005015/http://www.irannegah.com/video_browse.aspx?keyword=khomeini '''Video Archive of Ayatollah Khomeini'''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927031118/http://islamic-fundamentalism.info/chXV.htm Modern, Democratic Islam: Antithesis to Fundamentalism] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070701194909/http://www.benadorassociates.com/article/8781 'America Can't Do A Thing'] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080416005352/http://www2.nysun.com/article/38866 He Knew He Was Right] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090208110150/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1233567577718&pagename=Zone-English-Muslim_Affairs%2FMAELayout Ayatollah Khomeini: A Shiite Messiah? (Profile)]''IslamOnline.net'' * [http://ghadeer.org/english/imam/bio-imam/index.html The Life and Works of the Founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Great Leader of the Islamic Revolution] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090618032408/http://www.insight-info.com/articles/item.aspx?i=1154 19 Years on Departure of Islamic Republic Founder] ;Thoughts * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090618032518/http://www.insight-info.com/articles/item.aspx?i=1204 Imam Khomeini and Islamic Unity] {| {{tablabonita}} align=center width=95% |width="30%" align="center"|Precedido por:<br />'''[[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]]''' |width="30%" align="center"|'''[[Iran umalliq]]'''<br />1979–1989<br />[[Rikcha:Emblem_of_Iran.svg|30px]]<br />Líder Máximo de la Revolución islámica |width="30%" align="center"|Sucedido por:<br />'''[[Alí Jamenei]]'''<br /> |- |} {{DEFAULTSORT:Khomeini}} [[Katiguriya:Paqarisqa 1902]] [[Katiguriya:Wañusqa 1989]] [[Katiguriya:Umalliq (Iran)]] [[Katiguriya:Pulitiku (Iran)]] [[Katiguriya:Dyusmanta yachachiq]] [[Katiguriya:Qhari]] 0qpn75tki2l2ieptuj0fg6rvumviywe 0 33187 691045 686197 2026-08-08T19:36:13Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691045 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Rikcha:Nasa_swift_satellite.jpg|rikchacha|250x250px|Makirurasqa antakilla]] '''Wallpasqa muyuysiq''' icha '''antakillaqa''' huk navi [[ch'usaq pacha]]<nowiki/>man rinta atikun. huk kuwitimanta hawakama wichamun, hinaspataq [[tiqsimuyu]]<nowiki/>p, utaq waq [[pachahina]]<nowiki/>p muyurichin. Chaymantari, chank'ana hina hawamanta tukupun, ñachus waqmanta kutikuyta atin.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofavia0000wrag |first=David W. |last=Wragg |isbn=9780850451634 |edition=first |publisher=Osprey |year=1973 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofavia0000wrag/page/234 234]}}</ref> ==Willaycha== {{reflist}} giejfzrzd8z85axztrx1cvvxa7v17c7 0 42575 691055 599202 2026-08-09T09:01:03Z Amherst99 3334 /* */ 691055 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Rikcha:Zipper animated.gif|thumb|Ima hinatam aysay wichq'ana llamk'an.]] [[Rikcha:Plastic- and Nylonzipper.jpg|thumb|Aysay wichq'anakuna.]] '''Aysay wichq'ana''' icha '''krimallira''' ''(cremallera)'' nisqaqa [[p'achallina]]kunapi iskay laruta huñuspa wichq'aq antacham, achka [[Ch'itana mukmu|butunkunamanta]] aswan utqayllam. [[Katiguriya:Allwiya]] kns1by3tdsnqql44xvo18cy92po3lif 0 53633 691037 655227 2026-08-08T19:22:14Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pp-semi-indef}} {{Infobox disease | Name = Common cold | Image = Rhinovirus.PNG | Caption = A representation of the molecular surface of one variant of human [[rhinovirus]]. | ICD10 = {{ICD10|J|00}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|460}} | DiseasesDB = 31088 | MedlinePlus = 000678 | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | eMedicine_mult = {{EMedicine2|med|2339}} | MeshID = D003139 }} <!-- Síntomas causasnin ima --> Kay '''ch’uhu unquy''' (chantapas kay '''nasofaringitis''', '''rinofaringitis''', utaq '''ch’uhu''') huk chimpachikuq vías respiratorias superiores kaqmanta unquy kaytaq ñawpaqta sinqaman hap’in. Aswan riqsisqa unqunayaq kanku ch’uju, kunka nanay, qhuña chaymanta k’aja ima chaymanta qamchismanta chunka p’unchawtahina qukun, ichaqa wakin kutiqa kimsa simanatahina qukun. Aswan kay 200 virusmanta kay ch’uju unquyta hap’ichikun, ichaqa aswan riqsisqaqa kanku kay rinovirus kaqkuna. <!—Hark’akuy, diagnóstico chaymanta fisiopatología ima --> Kay vías respiratorias superiores kaqmanta chimpachikuykunaqa rak’ikunku mayqin kurpu k’uchumanchus hap’ikun chaymanhina. Aswan riqsikuq kutitaqa, kay ch’uju unquyqa sinqaman, kunkaman (faringitis) chaymanta kay senos paranasales (sinusitis) kaqman ima hap’in. Kay unqunayaq qukun kay inmunológica kutichiy kurpumantarayku kay chimpachikuq kaqman manataq aswantachu kay tejido thantakuy kay virus kaqraykuhinachu. Aswan riqsisqa hark’ayqa kan makita mayllakuna, ichapas nikun kay uyapaq máscaras kaqkunata churakuy kusallataq. <!-- Hampiynin, epidemiología chanta rikhurimuynin ima --> Mana hampiy kay ch’uju unquypaq tiyanchu, ichaqa unqunayaqnin hampikunman. Kayqa aswan hap’ikuq runakunapurapi chimpachikuq unquy: machu runaqa iskayta utaq kimsa kutita watapi hap’ichikun, wawataq suqtamanta chunka iskayniyuqkama kutita. Kay unquy chimpakuykunaqa ñawpamantapacha runata qatimun. ==Unanchaq chaymanta unqunayaq== Aswan riqsisqa unqunayaq huk ch’uju unquymanta kanku, ch’uju, qhuña sinqa wichq’akuywan chaymanta kunka nanay ima. Wakin kutiqa, aycha nanay, sayk’u, uma nanay chaymanta yarqhay chinkapuy ima kanman.<ref name=E24>Eccles Pg. 24</ref> 40% kaqpi casosmanta kunka nanay tiyan, 50% kaqpi ch’uju tiyan<ref name=CE11/> chaymanta khuskanpi kay casosmanta aycha nanay.<ref name=Eccles2005/> Machu runaqa mana k’ajayuqchu kanku, ichaqa wawakunaqa ari.<ref name=Eccles2005>{{cite journal | author = Eccles R |title = Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza | journal = Lancet Infect Dis | volume = 5 | issue = 11 | pages = 718–25 | year = 2005 | month = November | pmid = 16253889 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X }}</ref> Ch’ujuqa mana ancha sinchichu kay influenza kaqta qatiq kaqman tupachispa.<ref name=Eccles2005/> Kay ch’ujupas chaymanta k’ajapas ima machu runakunapi influenza ñisqata willaptinpas, rich’akuykuna tiyan kay iskay unquykunapi.<ref>Eccles Pg.26</ref> Achkha kay viruskunamanta ch’uju unquyta hap’ichikuq, kay asintomaticas chimpachikuykunata hap’ichillanmantaq.<ref>Eccles Pg. 129</ref><ref>Eccles Pg.50</ref> Llimp’iqa kay llawsamanta utaq qhuñamantaqa ch’uwa, q’illu utaq q’umir kanman chaymanta mana willanchu ima laya viruschus kay chimpakuyta ruwachiq.<ref>Eccles Pg.30</ref> ===Thaskiynin=== Aswan rikukuqpi, ch’uju unquyqa sayk’uywan, chiriwan, achhuykunawan chaymanta uma nanaywan ima qallarin. Chaymanta machkha p’unchaw qhipantaqa qhuña chaymanta ch’uju qallarin.<ref name=E24/> Unqunayaq kaqkunaqa kay ñawpaq 16 phanikunapi rikhurinman <ref>{{cite book|first=editors, Richard A. Helms|title=Textbook of therapeutics : drug and disease management|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia, Pa. [u.a.]|isbn=9780781757348|pages=1882|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=aVmRWrknaWgC&pg=PA1882|edition=8.}}</ref> chaymanta aswan sinchinman chayan iskaymanta tawa p’unchawmanhina qallarisqanmanta.<ref name=Eccles2005/><ref>{{cite book|last=al.]|first=edited by Helga Rübsamen-Waigmann ... [et|title=Viral Infections and Treatment.|year=2003|publisher=Informa Healthcare|location=Hoboken|isbn=9780824756413|pages=111|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=AltZnmbIhbwC&pg=PA111}}</ref> Aswan rikukuqpi qamchis p’unchawmanta chunka p’unchawpihina chinkapun, ichaqa kimsa semanata unayllanman.<ref name=Heik2003>{{cite journal | author = Heikkinen T, Järvinen A | title = The common cold | journal = Lancet | volume = 361 | issue = 9351 | pages = 51–9 | year = 2003 | month = January | pmid = 12517470 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12162-9 }}</ref> 35-40% kaqpi kay wawakuna casosmanta, ch’ujuqa aswan chunka p’unchawkunamanta unayllan chaymanta aswan 25 kaqmanta 10% kaqpi.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Goldsobel AB, Chipps BE | title = Cough in the pediatric population | journal = J. Pediatr. | volume = 156 | issue = 3 | pages = 352–358.e1 | year = 2010 | month = March | pmid = 20176183 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.12.004 }}</ref> ==Nanachiq== ===Virus=== [[Image:Coronaviruses 004 lores.jpg|thumb|Kay coronavirus kaqkunaqa huk qutuchasqa virus kanku ancha riqsisqakuna kay ch’uju unquyta hap’ichiqrayku. Huk microscopio electrónico kaqpi qhawakuptinku, huk muyu utaq pilluhinaman rich’akuspa rikukunku.]] Kay ch’uju unquyqa huk viral chimpakuy kay vías respiratorias superiores kaqmanta. Kay aswan riqsikuq virus hap’ichiq kaqqa kan kay rinovirus kaq (30–80%), huk picornavirus laya kan kay 99 riqsisqa serotipos kaqwan.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Palmenberg AC, Spiro D, Kuzmickas R, Wang S, Djikeng A, Rathe JA, Fraser-Liggett CM, Liggett SB | title = Sequencing and Analyses of All Known Human Rhinovirus Genomes Reveals Structure and Evolution | journal = Science | volume = 324 |issue = 5923 | pages = 55–9 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19213880 | doi = 10.1126/science.1165557 }}</ref><ref>Eccles Pg.77</ref> Wakkunaq tiyapunku: coronavirus (10–15%), influenza (5–15%),<ref name=Eccles2005/> parainfluenza, virus sincitial respiratorio runamanta, adenovirus, enterovirus, chaymanta metapneumovirus.<ref name="NIAID2006">{{cite web | title = Common Cold | publisher = [[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]] | date = 27 November 2006 | url =http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/healthscience/healthtopics/colds/ | accessdate = 11 June 2007}}</ref> Achkha kutiqa aswan huk virusmanta tiyan.<ref>Eccles Pg.107</ref> Tukuyta yupaspa, aswan kay 200 laya virales ukhina ch’uju unquykunamanta tiyan.<ref name=Eccles2005/> ===Chimpachikuy=== Kay ch’uju unquymanta virusqa chimpakun kay wayrapi yakumanta (aerosol), chiqan tinkunakuna kay chimpachisqa sinqamanta yakukunawan utaq fómites kaqwan ima (chimpachisqa imakuna).<ref name=CE11/><ref name=Cold197>{{cite book|last=editors|first=Ronald Eccles, Olaf Weber,|title=Common cold|year=2009|publisher=Birkhäuser|location=Basel|isbn=978-3-7643-9894-1|pages=197|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=rRIdiGE42IEC&pg=PA197|edition=Online-Ausg.}}</ref> Mana yachakunraqchu mayqinchus kay ñankunamanta aswan chaninniyuq.<ref name=E211>Eccles Pg.211</ref> Kay viruskunaqa kawsankuman unayta wayrapi chaymanta runakunataq makinkupi, ñawinkupi chaymanta sinqankupi ima apankuman, ahinata imaynatachus kay chimpachiy rinhina.<ref name=Cold197/> Kay chimpachiyqa aswan rikukun kay guarderías kaqpi chaymanta yachaywasikunapi ima, mayqinpichus wawas pikunachus mana unqunapaq sistemas kaqninku mana allin hatunllasqaschu chaymanta pisi llimphus kanku khuska kachkankurayku.<ref name=Text2007/> Kay chimpachikuykunaqa wasiman apakunku chaymanta wak yawarmasikunamantaq chimpachikun.<ref name=Text2007>{{cite book|last=al.]|first=edited by Arie J. Zuckerman ... [et|title=Principles and practice of clinical virology|year=2007|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken, N.J.|isbn=978-0-470-51799-4|pages=496|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=OgbcUWpUCXsC&pg=PA496|edition=6th}}</ref> Mana yachakunku kay wayra hallich’asqa vuelos comerciales nisqakunapi huk chimpakuy ñan kachkanta.<ref name=Cold197/> Ichaqa, pikunachus qayllaman chukunku chaykuna aswan qaylla chimpachikunamanta kanku.<ref name=E211/> Kay virus ruwachisqas kay rinovirus kaqrayku aswan chimpachiq kanku kay ñawpa kimsa p’unchawkuna unqunayaqmanta, chantataq aswan pisi chimpachikuqkunaman tukupunku.<ref name="contagiousness">{{cite journal | author = Gwaltney JM Jr, Halstead SB | title = Contagiousness of the common cold| journal = Journal of the American Medical Association | volume = 278 | issue = 3 | pages = 256| year = 1997 | month = July | pmid = | doi = 10.1001/jama.1997.03550030096050 }}</ref> ===Clima=== Ñawpa ñiykunaqa ñin hukqa ch’uju unquyta hap’inman kay chiri pachapi unayta kaqrayku, parahina utaq invernal pachahina chaymanta chayhinata karqa imaynatachus unquy sutinta hap’irqa.<ref>{{cite news |author=Zuger, Abigail |title='You'll Catch Your Death!' An Old Wives' Tale? Well.. |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=4 March 2003|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/04/science/you-ll-catch-your-death-an-old-wives-tale-well.html}}</ref> Kay kurpumanta chirillay ruwayninqa huk riesgo factorhina ch’aqwakuman apan kay ch’uju unquypaq.<ref name="Mourtzoukou">{{cite journal | author = Mourtzoukou EG, Falagas ME | title = Exposure to cold and respiratory tract infections | journal = The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease | volume = 11 | issue = 9 | pages = 938–43 | year = 2007 | month = September | pmid = 17705968 | doi = }}</ref> Wakinkuna kay ch’uju unquyta hap’ichiq viruskunamanta estacionales kanku chaymanta aswanta hap’ikun kay chiri utaq huq’u pachapi.<ref>Eccles Pg.79</ref> Wakinkuna ñinku kayqa kan imaraykuchus wichq’asqa wasikunapi anchata kankurayku chaymanta wak runakuna qayllanpirayku; <ref name="EcclesPg">Eccles Pg.80</ref> aswanta kay wawakuna yachaywasiman kutinku chaykunapi.<ref name=Text2007/>Ichaqa, kay sistema respiratorio kaqpi tikraykunarayku kanman mayqinchus aswan manchhichiyta qukun.<ref name="EcclesPg" /> Kay huq’u pacha achkhallachinman kay viral chimpachiyta imaraykuchus ch’aki wayra yanapan kay huch’uy partículas virales aswan karuman chayanankupaq chaymanta aswan unayta wayrapi kanankupaq. <ref>Eccles Pg. 157</ref> ===Wakkuna=== Kay achkha runa unquymanta hark’akunaqa, ruwasqa huk ñawpa tinkunarayku kay ch’uju unquy viruskunaman, huk sinchi llamk’ayniyuq kay viral mirayninmanta hark’ayninpi, imaynatachus rikuchikun kay aswan wayna ayllukunapihina mayqinkunachus achkha tasasniyuq kay respiratorias chimpachikuykunamanta.<ref name=E78/> Wak riesgo factorqa kan huk pisi mana unqunapaq kay.<ref name=E78/><ref>Eccles Pg.166</ref> Kayman k’askakun kay mana puñuy atikuy chaymanta ancha tuyu kay ima aswan riesgoyuq kay chimpachiyta llamk’achinapaq kay tinkuna qhipanta huk rinovirus kaqman. Ñikun efectosninman k’askasqa kachkanta kay mana unqunapaq sistema kaqpi.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Cohen S, Doyle WJ, Alper CM, Janicki-Deverts D, Turner RB | title = Sleep habits and susceptibility to the common cold | journal = Arch. Intern. Med. | volume = 169 | issue = 1 | pages = 62–7 | year = 2009 | month = January | pmid = 19139325 | pmc = 2629403 | doi = 10.1001/archinternmed.2008.505 }}</ref><ref>Eccles Pg.160–165</ref> ==Fisiopatología== [[Image:Illu conducting passages.svg|thumb|Kay ch’uju unquyqa huk unquy kay vías respiratorias superiores kaqmanta]] Ñikun kay ch’uju unquy unqunayaq kaqninqa aswan k’askasqa kachkanku kay inmunológica kutichiywan kay virusman.<ref name=E112>Eccles Pg. 112</ref> Kay mecanismo kay mana unqunapaq kutichiymantaqa sumaq riqsisqa sapa virusmanta. Ahinata, kay rinovirus kaqkunaqa chiqan tinkuywan chimpachikun; kay runa ICAM-1 receptoresman k’askakunku huk mana riqsisqakuna mecanismos kaqninta mayqinkunachus kay punkiymanta mediadores ruwaqkunata kacharinku.<ref name=E112/> Kay mediadores unqunayaqta ruwachinku.<ref name=E112/> Aswan rikukuqpi mana waqllinkuchu epitelio nasal kaqta.<ref name=Eccles2005/> Wakhinamanta, kay sincitial respiratorio (VSR) virusqa anchata chimpachikun chiqan tinkuywan chaymanta wayrapi yaku kaqninta. Chaymanta sinqapitaq kunkapitaq karinku manaraq vías respiratorias inferiores kaqman chayaptin.<ref name=E116>Eccles Pg.116</ref> Kay VSR kaqqa ari kay epitelial waqlliyta ruwan.<ref name=E116/> Kay parainfluenza aswan rikukuqpi sinqa, kunka chaymanta bronquios ima punkiyta qukun.<ref name=E122>Eccles Pg.122</ref> Huch’uy wawakunapiqa, tunqurita waqlliptin, kay crup unqunayaqninta qunman imaraykuchus kay vías respiratorias huch’uy kayninrayku.<ref name=E122/> ==Diagnóstico== Kay ukhinallachiy kay virales chimpachikuy vías respiratorias kaqpuramanta unqunayaq maypichus kanman ahinaman llamk’an. Kay ch’uju unquyqa aswanta sinqaman waqllin, kay faringitis kaqqa kunkaman, chaymanta bronquitis kaqqa surk’anman.<ref name=CE11/> Ichaqa, achkha kikin unqunayaqniyuq kanman chaymanta achkha partes waqllisqas rikukunkuman.<ref name=CE11/> Kay ch’uju unquyqa aswan rikukuqpi rinitis kaqhina utaq sinqa punkiy kaqhina riqsikun, huk tikrakuq ñiqiwan kay kunka punkiymanta.<ref name=E51>Eccles Pg. 51–52</ref> Ancha rikukuq unqusqaqa sapan qhawakun.<ref name=Eccles2005/> Aswan rikukuqpiqa mana karunchakunchu kay agente viral kaqqa<ref name=E51/> chaymanta mana riqsiy atikunchu ima laya viruschus kasqanta kay unqunayaqpi umachakuspa.<ref name=Eccles2005/> ==Hark’akuynin== Kay físicas hark’akuykunaqa kay ch’uju unquy virus mirakuymanta hark’akunapaqqa, sumaq kaq hark’akuykunalla kankuman hark’akunapaq.<ref name=E209>Eccles Pg.209</ref> Kaytaq maki mayllakuykunawan chaymanta barbijos churakuywan ima kan. Kay hampiwasi kitipi, qara makikunata chaymanta batata ima churakunku.<ref name=E209/> Mana allinchu ruwanaqa huk cuarentena kaqtaqa imaraykuchus unquyqa ancha riqsisqa chaymanta unqunayaq pisi aqllasqas kanku. Vacunacionqa ancha sasa imaraykuchus ancha achkha involucrasqa virus kan chaymanta usqhaytapacha wiñanku.<ref name=E209/> kay huk allin vacunamanta paqarichiyqa kan, ahinataqa, pisi atikuq.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Lawrence DM | title = Gene studies shed light on rhinovirus diversity | journal = Lancet Infect Dis | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 278| year = 2009 |month = May | pmid = | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70123-9 }}</ref> Sapa kuti maki mayllakuyqa allinsina kanman kay ch’uju unquy virus chimpachiy pisillananpaq, aswanta wawakunapurapi.<ref name=CochP11>{{cite journal | author = Jefferson T, Del Mar CB, Dooley L, Ferroni E, Al-Ansary LA, Bawazeer GA, van Driel ML, Nair S, Jones MA, Thorning S, Conly JM | title = Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = | issue = 7 |pages = CD006207| year = 2011 | month = July | pmid = 21735402 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub4 | editor1-last = Jefferson | editor1-first = Tom }}</ref> Mana yachakunchu sichus antivirales kaqkunata chaymanta antibacteriales kaqkunata yapayqa kay maki mayllakuyman aswan kusa kasqanta.<ref name=CochP11/> Kay barbijos churakuyqa unqusqa runakunawan tinkuypiqa allin kanman kasqa; ichaqa, mana achkha rikukuq kanchu runakunamanta karunchasqa kachinapaq.<ref name=CochP11/> Kay suplementos zinc kaqwan hampikuyqa allin kanman ch’uju unquy casosta pisillachinapaq.<ref name=Zinc11>{{cite journal | author = Singh M, Das RR | title = Zinc for the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = | issue = 2 | pages = CD001364| year = 2011 | month = February |pmid = 21328251 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001364.pub3 | editor1-last = Singh | editor1-first = Meenu }}</ref> Kay sapa kuti jampi upyanaqa kay vitamina C kaqwan suplementosmanta mana ch’uju unquy riesgonta utaq sinchiyninta pisillachinchu.<ref name="Hemilä2010"/> ==Hampikuynin== [[Image:Pneumonia strikes like a man eating shark.jpg|thumb|Poster mayqinchus runakunata hampiq runanta tapunanpaq sunquchan kay ch’uju unquy hampikuyninpaq]] Kunankamaqa mana hampikuna utaq qhura hampikuna kanchu mayqinkunamantachus allin hampiynin sumaq evidenciasniyuq kasqanta kay chimpakuymanta unayllanninta huch’uyllachinapaq.<ref>{{cite web| title = Common Cold: Treatments and Drugs| publisher = Mayo Clinic| url =http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/common-cold/DS00056/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs| accessdate = 9 January 2010}}</ref>, Ahinatataq, hampikuyninqa unqunayaq kaqllata chinkachinqa.<ref name=AFP07/> Sumaqta samarina, yakusta upyana, huq’u ukhunchik kananpaq chaymanta q’uñi millu yakuwan kunkata qhulluqachiyta ruwana ima allin ruwaykuna hampikunapaq kan.<ref name="NIAID2006"/> Aswan achkha kusallayninkunaqa kay hampikuyninmanta yapakunku kay placebo efectoman.<ref>Eccles Pg.261</ref> ===Unqunayaq=== Kay hampikuyninkunaqa mayqinkunachus unqunayaq kaqkunata sanillachiy yanapaq analgésicos kaqkunawan chaymanta simples antipiréticos kay ibuprofeno kaqhina kaqkunawan ima hamun<ref>{{cite journal | author = Kim SY, Chang YJ, Cho HM, Hwang YW, Moon YS | title = Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 3 | pages = CD006362| year = 2009 | pmid = 19588387 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006362.pub2 | editor1-last = Kim | editor1-first = Soo Young }}</ref> chaymanta kay paracetamol kaqwan ima.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Eccles R | title = Efficacy and safety of over-the-counter analgesics in the treatment of common cold and flu | journal = Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics | volume = 31 | issue = 4 | pages = 309–319 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16882099 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2006.00754.x }}</ref> Evidencias kaqqa mana rikuchinchu kay ch’ujupaq hampikuna aswan kusa kasqankuta kay chhilli analgésicos kaqkunamanta<ref>{{cite journal | author = Smith SM, Schroeder K, Fahey T | title = Over-the-counter (OTC) medications for acute cough in children and adults in ambulatory settings | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume = | issue = 1 | pages = CD001831| year = 2008 | pmid = 18253996 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001831.pub3 |editor1-last = Smith | editor1-first = Susan M }}</ref> manataq wawakunapi qukunan munakunchu kay mana evidencia kaqtinrayku mayqinchus kusa kayninta utaq waqlliypaq potencialninta rikuchiq.<ref name=CFP09>{{cite journal | author = Shefrin AE, Goldman RD | title = Use of over-the-counter cough and cold medications in children | journal = Can Fam Physician |volume = 55 | issue = 11 | pages = 1081–3 | year = 2009 | month = November | pmid = 19910592 | pmc = 2776795 | doi = |url = http://www.cfp.ca/content/55/11/1081.full.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Vassilev ZP, Kabadi S, Villa R | title = Safety and efficacy of over-the-counter cough and cold medicines for use in children | journal = Expert opinion on drug safety | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 233–42 | year = 2010 | month = Mar | pmid = 20001764 | doi = 10.1517/14740330903496410 }}</ref> 2009 kaqpi, Canada ch’uju unquypaq chaymanta ch’ujupaq hampikunata pillamanpas ranqhay churakuyta hark'arqa suyk’a wawakunapi suqta watamanta, imaraykuchus mana kusa hampiynin kaqmanta rikukuq kasqanrayku chaymanta kay phuti riesgostachus ruwanrayku ima.<ref name=CFP09/> Mana allin kamachiynin kay dextrometorfano kaqmanta (huk pillamanpas ranqhakuq ch’ujupaq hampi) hark’ana kaqninman aparqa achkha suyukunapi.<ref>Eccles Pg. 246</ref> Machu runakunapi, qhuña unqunayaq antihistamínicos primera generación kaqmanta kaqwan pisillachikunman; ichaqa mana allin rikukuqniyuqman t’inkikun kay somnolencia kaqhina.<ref name=AFP07/> Wak sinqa kicharichiqkuna kay pseudoefedrina kaqhina allinllataq kanku kay ayllupi.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Taverner D, Latte GJ | title = Nasal decongestants for the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 1 | pages = CD001953| year = 2007 | pmid = 17253470 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001953.pub3 | editor1-last = Latte | editor1-first = G. Jenny }}</ref> Kay ipratropio aerosol kaqpi qhuña unqunayaqta pisillachinman, ichaqa mana ancha kusachu kay sinqa wichq’akuypaq. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Albalawi ZH, Othman SS, Alfaleh K | title = Intranasal ipratropium bromide for the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = | issue = 7 | pages = CD008231|year = 2011 | month = July | pmid = 21735425 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008231.pub2 | editor1-last = Albalawi |editor1-first = Zaina H }}</ref> Kay antihistamínicos segunda generación kaqmanta mana ancha kusasinachu kankuman.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Pratter MR | title = Cough and the common cold: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines |journal = Chest | volume = 129 | issue = 1 Suppl | pages = 72S–74S | year = 2006 | month = Jan | pmid = 16428695 | doi = 10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.72S }}</ref> Mana achkha yachakuy kaqrayku, mana yachakunchu sichus huk yapakuy kay ingesta yakukunapi allinllachinchus unqunayaqta utaq pisillachinchus kay respiratoria unquyta.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Guppy MP, Mickan SM, Del Mar CB, Thorning S, Rack A | title = Advising patients to increase fluid intake for treating acute respiratory infections | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews| volume = | issue = 2 | pages = CD004419| year = 2011 | month = February | pmid = 21328268 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004419.pub3 | editor1-last = Guppy | editor1-first = Michelle PB }}</ref> Chaymanta huk kikin willay mana kaynin tiyan kay rupha wayra q’usñichasqa churakuypaq.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Singh M, Singh M | title = Heated, humidified air for the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = | issue = 5 | pages = CD001728| year = 2011 | month = May | pmid = 21563130 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001728.pub4 | editor1-last = Singh| editor1-first = Meenu }}</ref> Huk yachakuy rikuchirqa kay mentoladas jawikuna qhasqupi churakuyqa yanapanman kay ch’isipi ch’ujuta, sinqa wichq’akuyta chaymanta mana puñuy atiyta allinchachinanpaq.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Paul IM, Beiler JS, King TS, Clapp ER, Vallati J, Berlin CM | title = Vapor rub, petrolatum, and no treatment for children with nocturnal cough and cold symptoms | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 126 | issue = 6 | pages = 1092–9 | year = 2010 | month = December |pmid = 21059712 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2010-1601 }}</ref> ===Antibióticos chaymanta antivirales kaqkuna=== Antibióticos kaqkunaqa mana allinchu kanchu kay infecciones virales kaqkunapaq chayraykutaq mana allinchu kanku kay ch’uju unquy virus kaqkunapaq.<ref name=CochraneAR2005>{{cite journal | author = Arroll B, Kenealy T | title = Antibiotics for the common cold and acute purulent rhinitis | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 3 | pages = CD000247|year = 2005 | pmid = 16034850 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000247.pub2 | editor1-last = Arroll | editor1-first = Bruce}}</ref> Kay efectos secundarios kaqkunarayku, waqlliy atinkuman, ichaqa, sapakuti hampikamachikunku.<ref name=CochraneAR2005/><ref>Eccles Pg.238</ref> Wakin imaraykukuna imaraykuchus antibióticos kaqkunan hampikamachikunkurayku kanku unqusqap munaynin, hampiqruna imayllatapas ruway munaynin, chaymanta kay hasallay sinchiman tukuykuna hark’ayta mayqinkunachus kay antibióticos kaqkunaman ari ñinkuman.<ref>Eccles Pg.234</ref> Mana allin antivirales millachiqkuna kay ch’uju unquy hampikuyninpi tiyanchu, ichapas wakin ñawpa yachay mask’aykuna allinninkunata rikuchirqankupas.<ref name=AFP07/><ref name="EcclesPg_b">Eccles Pg.218</ref> ===Wak aqyanapaq hampikuynin=== Ichapas achkha wak aqyanapaq hampikuynin kaptinpas, mana cientifica evidencia tiyanchu mayqinchus yanapanman kay hampikuyninta.<ref name=AFP07/> Mana achkha evidencia kanchu kay 2010 kaqpi willarinapaqhina utaq wich’unapaqhina kay miel kaqwan hampikunapaq utaq sinqa mayllakuyta.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Oduwole O, Meremikwu MM, Oyo-Ita A, Udoh EE | title = Honey for acute cough in children | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = | issue = 1 | pages = CD007094| year = 2010 | month = January | pmid = 20091616 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD007094.pub2 | editor1-last = Oduwole | editor1-first = Olabisi }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Kassel JC, King D, Spurling GK | title = Saline nasal irrigation for acute upper respiratory tract infections | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = | issue = 3 | pages = CD006821| year = 2010 | month = March | pmid = 20238351 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006821.pub2 | editor1-last = King | editor1-first = David }}</ref> Wakin yachaykuna willanku zinc kaqta upyana kay 24 phani ukhupi kay unqunayaq qallarichkanmantapacha mana unqusqa runakunapi ch’uju unquy unayllayninta chaymanta sinchillayninta pisillachin.<ref name=Zinc11/> Kay achkha ukhinakuna kay yachaykunapi munachin aswan yachayta mask’anata yachanapaq imaynatachus chaymanta mayk’aqchus kay zinc allin kanman.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhs.uk/news/2011/02February/Pages/zinc-for-the-common-cold.aspx |title=Zinc for the common cold&nbsp;—Health News&nbsp;— NHS Choices |first= |last= |work=nhs.uk |year=2012 [last update] |quote=In this review, there was a high level of heterogeneity between the studies that were pooled to determine the effect of zinc on the duration of cold symptoms. This may suggest that it was inappropriate to pool them. It certainly makes this particular finding less conclusive. |accessdate=24 February 2012}}</ref> Kay vitamina C efecto kaqninqa kay ch’uju unquypi hatunpi yachakurqa mana allin tarikuywan, manataq ahinatachu kay qusqa pachakunapi, aswanta kay runakunapi pikunachus actividad fisica kaqta chiri kitikunapi ruwaq.<ref name="Hemilä2010">{{cite journal | author = Hemilä H, Chalker E, Douglas B, Hemilä H | title = Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = |issue = 3 | pages = CD000980| year = 2007 | pmid = 17636648 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub3 | editor1-last = Hemilä | editor1-first = Harri }}</ref><ref name="Heimer2009">{{cite journal | author = Heiner KA, Hart AM, Martin LG, Rubio-Wallace S | title = Examining the evidence for the use of vitamin C in the prophylaxis and treatment of the common cold | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners | volume = 21 | issue = 5 | pages = 295–300 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19432914 | doi = 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2009.00409.x }}</ref> Evidencia kay echinaces kaqwan hampikuyqa mana sinchichu.<ref name=CochE06>{{cite journal | author = Linde K, Barrett B, Wölkart K, Bauer R, Melchart D | title = Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume = | issue = 1 | pages = CD000530| year = 2006 | pmid = 16437427 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000530.pub2 |editor1-last = Linde | editor1-first = Klaus }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Sachin A Shah, Stephen Sander, C Michael White, Mike Rinaldi, Craig I Coleman | title = Evaluation of echinacea for the prevention and treatment of the common cold: a meta-analysis | journal = The Lancet Infectious Diseases | volume = 7 | issue = 7 | pages = 473–480 |year = 2007 | pmid = 17597571 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70160-3 }}</ref> Kay ukhina laya Echinacea kaqwan suplementosqa ukhina kankuman allinllayninpi.<ref name=CochE06/> Mana yachakunchu sichus ajus allin kanman.<ref>{{cite journal |author = Lissiman E, Bhasale AL, Cohen M | title = Garlic for the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume = 3 | issue = | pages = CD006206 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22419312 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006206.pub3 |editor1-last = Lissiman | editor1-first = Elizabeth }}</ref> Huk evidencialla vitamina D kaqwan mana allin kayninta tarirqachu.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Murdoch|first=David R.|title=Effect of Vitamin D₃ Supplementation on Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Healthy Adults<subtitle>The VIDARIS Randomized Controlled Trial</subtitle><alt-title>Vitamin D₃ and Upper Respiratory Tract Infections</alt-title>|journal=JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association|date=3 October 2012|volume=308|issue=13|pages=1333|doi=10.1001/jama.2012.12505}}</ref> ==Pronostico nisqa== Kay ch’uju unquy mana sinchichu chaymanta aswan achkha kaqkuna unqunayaqninmanta huk semanapi allinllapunku.<ref name=CE11/> Sichus sinchi champallaykuy tiyan chayqa ancha machu runakunapi, ancha wayna runakunapi utaq inmunosuprimidas runakunapi aswan rikukuqpi rikukun.<ref name=E1/> Secundarias infecciones bacteriales ruwakunman kay sinusitis kaqhina, faringitis kaqhina utaq otitis aguda kaqhina.<ref>Eccles Pg.76</ref> Tantiyakun 8% casosmanta sinusitis ruwakun, otitis kaqtaq ruwakun 30% casosmanta.<ref name="EcclesPg_a">Eccles Pg.90</ref> ==Epidemiologia nisqa== Kay ch’uju unquyqa aswan riqsisqa runa unquy kan<ref name=E1>Eccles Pg. 1</ref> chaymanta tukuy ayllukunaman pachamanta hap’in.<ref name=Text2007/> Machu runakunaqa watapi iskaymanta phichqa infecciones kaqtahina hap’in<ref name=CE11>{{cite journal |author = Arroll B | title = Common cold | journal = Clinical evidence | volume = 2011 | issue = 3 | pages = | year = 2011 | month = March | pmid = 21406124 | doi = }}</ref><ref name=Eccles2005/> wawakunataq watapi suqtamanta chunka ch’uju unquykunatahina hap’inkuman (yachaywasipi kaqkunari watapi chunka iskayniyuq ch’uju unquyhinata hap’inkuman).<ref name=AFP07>{{cite journal | author = Simasek M, Blandino DA | title = Treatment of the common cold | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 75 | issue = 4 | pages = 515–20 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17323712 | doi = | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070215/515.html }}</ref> Kay sintomaticas chimpakuykuna yupayninqa machu runakunapi yapakun kay mana unqunapaq sistema mawq’allayninrayku.<ref name=E78>Eccles Pg. 78</ref> ==Rikhurimuynin== Kay ch’uju unquy causanpas riqsisqa kaptinpas kay 1950s kaqpi, kay unquyqa runakunawan kachkarqa ñawpamantapacha.<ref>Eccles Pg. 3</ref> Unqunayaqnin chaymanta hampikuynin allinta willakun kay papiro egipcio Ebers kaqpi, aswan riqsisqa mawq’a hampiq p’anqa, qillqasqa ñawpata kay siglo 16 AC kaqpi.<ref>Eccles Pg.6</ref> Ingles kaqpi sutiqa, “common cold” kay siglo 16 kaqpi apaykachakurqa, kay rich’akuyrayku unqunayaqninpi kay chiriman rikuchikuy imawan.<ref>{{cite web | publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary | url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cold |title=Cold | accessdate=12 January 2008 }}</ref> Reino Unido kaqpi, kay Medical Research Council paqarichirqa kay Common Cold Unit 1946 kaqpi chaymanta chaypi karqa maypichus kay rinovirus tarikurqa kay 1956 kaqpi.<ref>Eccles Pg.20</ref> Kay 70 watakunapi, kay CCU kaq rikuchirqa kay interferones kaqwan hampikuyninqa kay thapachakuy pachapi kay rinovirus chimpachiy kaqmanta hark’an kay unquymanta,<ref name="pmid2438740">{{cite journal | author = Tyrrell DA | title = Interferons and their clinical value | journal = Rev. Infect. Dis. | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 243–9 | year = 1987 | pmid = 2438740 | doi = 10.1093/clinids/9.2.243 }}</ref> ichaqa mana hasa hampikuyninta ruway atirqachu. Kay 1989 kaqpi unidad kaqta wichq’arqanku, iskay watamanta kay yachay mask’ana hunt’achikuptin kay zinc kaqmanta gluconato tabletas kaqmanta hark’anapaq kay ch’uju unquykunata kay rinovirus kaqrayku, kay huk allin hampikuyninlla kay unidad thaskiyninpi.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Al-Nakib W | title = Prophylaxis and treatment of rhinovirus colds with zinc gluconate lozenges | journal = J Antimicrob Chemother. | volume = 20 | issue = 6 | pages = 893–901 | year = 1987 |month = December | pmid = 3440773 | doi = 10.1093/jac/20.6.893 | last2 = Higgins | first2 = P.G. | last3 = Barrow |first3 = I. | last4 = Batstone | first4 = G. | last5 = Tyrrell | first5 = D.A.J. }}</ref> ==Impacto economico nisqa== [[Image:The Cost Of The Common Cold & Influenza.jpg|thumb|Huk británico letrero kay Segunda Guerra Mundial kaqmanta mayqinchus willan ch’uju unquymanta costonta<ref>{{cite web |title=The Cost of the Common Cold and Influenza |work=Imperial War Museum: Posters of Conflict |publisher=vads|url=http://vads.bath.ac.uk/flarge.php?uid=33443&sos=0}}</ref>]] Aswan achkha pacha k’uchukunapi, mana allinta yachakunchu kay ch’uju unquy impacto kaqnin.<ref name="EcclesPg_a" /> Kay Estados Unidos kaqpi, kay ch’uju unquy 75-100 junu jampiq runa tapuykunaman apan sapa wata, huk 7700 junu dólares watapi tantiyasqa chaninniyuq. Estadounidenses kaqkunaqa 2900 hunu dolaresta chikchanku kay pillamanpas ranqhay hampikunapi chaymanta 400 hunutataq kamachisqa hampikunapi kay unqunayaq allinllaypaq.<ref name=Frend03>{{cite journal | author = Fendrick AM, Monto AS, Nightengale B, Sarnes M | title = The economic burden of non-influenza-related viral respiratory tract infection in the United States| journal = Arch. Intern. Med. | volume = 163 | issue = 4 | pages = 487–94 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12588210 | doi = 10.1001/archinte.163.4.487 }}</ref> Aswan huk tercio runakunamanta huk jampiq runaman riqkuna huk antibióticos kamachiyta quchikurqanku, kaytaq efectosniyuq kay antibiótica k’ullukuypi.<ref name=Frend03/> Tantiyakun estadounidenses wawakuna 22-189 hunu yachaywasi p’unchawkunata sapa wata saqipunku kay ch’uju unquyrayku. Ahinatataq, tatakuna 126 hunu llamk’ana p’unchawkunata saqipunku ch’ujumanta unqusqa wawankuta qhawanankupaq. Kay 150 hunu saqipusqa llamk’ana p’unchawkunaman yapakuptin kay ch’ujumanta unqusqa llamk’aqkunarayku, kay total económico impacto kaqqa ch’uju unquymanta atipan kay 20 hunu dolaresta sapa wata.<ref name="NIAID2006"/><ref name=Frend03/> Kay ch’uju unquyqa 40% saqipusqa llamk’ana kaqmanta huchachakun kay Estados Unidos kaqpi.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Kirkpatrick GL | title = The common cold| journal = Prim. Care | volume = 23 | issue = 4 | pages = 657–75 | year = 1996 | month = December | pmid = 8890137 |doi = 10.1016/S0095-4543(05)70355-9 }}</ref> ==Yachana mask’ay== Achkha antivirales yanakurqanku, ichaqa 2009 kaqkama ni huk allin karqachu kay ch’uju unquypaq.<ref name="EcclesPg_b" /> kay antiviral pleconaril millachiq yanakuchkan mayqinchus allin kanman kay picornaviruspaq, kay droga BTA-798 chaymantapas.<ref name=E226>Eccles Pg.226</ref> Kay oral churakuynin kay pleconaril kaqmanta ch’ampa hark’akuy rikuchin, chayraykutaq kay aerosol kaqpi kayninta yachaqakuchkan.<ref name=E226/> Yachay mask’aqkuna kay Universidad Maryland, College Par chaymanta kay Universidad Wisconsin-Madison kaqmanta kaqkunaqa kay tukuy riqsisqa virusmanta mayqinkunachus ch’uju unquyta hap’ichiq genoma kaqninta tarirqanku.<ref name="CTgov">{{cite news| url =http://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/02/12/cold.genome/| title = Genetic map of cold virus a step toward cure, scientists say| date = February 12, 2009 | accessdate = 28 April 2009| publisher = CNN| author = Val Willingham}}</ref> {{-}} ==Referencias== {{Reflist|colwidth=35em}} ==Bibliografía == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Ronald Eccles|first=Olaf Weber (eds)|title=Common cold|url=https://archive.org/details/commoncold0000unse|year=2009|publisher=Birkhäuser|location=Basel|isbn=978-3-7643-9894-1 }} {{refend}} ==Enlaces externos== {{Commons category|Common cold}} * {{dmoz|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Respiratory_Disorders/Common_Cold/}} {{Viral diseases}} {{Respiratory pathology}} {{Common Cold}} [[Katiguriya:Unquy]] [[Category:Acute upper respiratory infections]] [[Category:Infectious diseases]] [[Category:Inflammations]] [[Category:Viral diseases]] [[Category:Viruses]] 8ytxr6rnpelijkjp0x13uzcr6xc8w81 0 54226 691041 662759 2026-08-08T19:31:47Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox disease | Name = Evola virusmanta unquyqa | Image = 7042 lores-Ebola-Zaire-CDC Photo.jpg | Caption = Kay foto 1976 watapi maypi iskay enfermerakuna shuytu ñawchepi [[Mayinga N'Seka|Mayinga N.]] kaqwan kachkan, kayta huk warmi Ebola virukunawan unquyqa; qam aswan qhipa punchawkuna achkha hemorragias ukhunyuqpi wañusqan. | DiseasesDB = 18043 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|98|4|a|90}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|065.8}} | MedlinePlus = 001339 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 626 | MeshID = D019142 }} '''Evola virusmanta unquyqa''' ('''EVD''') utaq ''kay hemorrágica k’achay Ebolamantaqa''' ('''EHF''') huk runa unquy kay [[Ebolamanta virus]]huchanrayku qukun.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Sintomas kaqninkunaqa iskaymanta kimsa semanasmantahina qhipanta kay virus chimpaykuchikuspapacha qallarinku, huk [[k’aha]]kaqwan, kunka nanaywan, [[Mialgia|Aycha nanaykuna]], chaymanta [[uma nanaykuna]]ima.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Aswan rikukuqqa hamun [[ñat’ikuna]] kaqwan, q’ipnakunawan, chaymanta [[q’ichawan]]ima, chaymanta kay [[q’iwicha]] kaqmanta [[rurukuna]]kaqmanta pisi llamk’anasninwan ima.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Kayniqpiqa, wakin runakunaqa [[yawar lluqsiy]] ch’ampasniyuq kayta qallarinku.<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Ebola virus disease Fact sheet N°103|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=12 April 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref> <!-- Causasnin chaymanta Diagnóstico--> Kay virusqa chimpachikun huk infectasqa uywap[[yawar]] kaqwan utaq [[kurpumanta wapsikuna]] kaqwan ima (aswan rikukuqqa k’usillu kaqkunapi utaq [[puquymanta chiñi]]) kaqkunapi.< ref name=WHO2014/> Wayranninta chimpachikuyqa manaraq yachakunchu qumir pampapi.<ref name=WHOAir2014>{{cite web|title=2014 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa|url=http://www.who.int/ith/updates/20140421/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=3 August 2014|date=Apr 21 2014}}</ref> Kay puquykunamanta chiñi kaqkunaqa kay virusta apankumantaq chimpachinkumantaq mana waqllichikuspataq nikun.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Hukta runaman infeccion hap’iptin, kay unquyqa runapurapi chimpachikuy atinman.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Wañuy atipaq runakunaqa kay unquyta chimpachiy atinkuman [[esperma]] kaqninta iskay killantahina.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Diagnostico kaqta ruwanarayku, aswan riqsikuqpiqa, wak kikin sintomasniyuq unquykuna karunchakunku, kay [[malaria]] kaqjina [[cólera]] kaqjina chaymanta wak [[hemorrágicas virales k’aja kaqkuna]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Kay yawarmanta diagnostico kaqta sumaq riqsinapaq [[anticuerpos]] virales kaqkunapi viral [[RNA]] virales, utaq virusnintinpipuni sumaq qhawaychakun.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!—Rak’ikuynin --> Rak’ikuyninqa kachkan kay chimparachiy unquyta pisillachiywan ima kay infectasqa k’usillukunamanta chaymanta khuchikunamanta runakunaman.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Kay ruwakuyta atinman kay infeccionta sumaq yacharaspa chay uywakunapi, wañurachiypi chaymanta kurpumanta virusta sumaq raqparachiypi sichus unquy tarikun chay.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Sumaqta aychata wayk’uspa chaymanta hark’akunapaq p’achata churakuspa aychata ruwanapaq kusallataq kanman,<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> hark’akunapaq p’achatahina churakuna chaymanta [[makita mayllakuna]] kaqjina sichus huk runa kay unquyniyuq muyurinninpi kachkanchik chay.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Kurpumanta wapsi muestrasqa chaymanta kay unquywan runakunamanta tejidosqa sumaq hark’aywan llamk’akunanku tiyan. <ref name=WHO2014/> <!-- Hampiynin, Ñawpa willaynin chaymanta Epidemiología --> Mana huk aqllasqa hampikuynin kay unquypaq tiyanchu; ruwaykuna kay infectasqa runasta yanapanapaq qukunan tiyantaq [[Kay terapia [siminta rehidratación]] (yaku pisi misk’itaq millutaq upyanapaq) utaq [[intravenosos yakus]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Kay unquyqa huk achkha [[wañuymanta tasa]]kaqniyuq: aswantaqa mañuchispa kachkan 50% kaqmanta chaymanta 90% kaqkama kay viruswan infectasqa kaqkunata.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name="Elsevier/Academic Press">{{cite book|author1=C.M. Fauquet|title=Virus taxonomy classification and nomenclature of viruses; 8th report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780080575483|page=648|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=9Wy7Jgy5RWYC&pg=PA648}}</ref> Kay EVD ñawpataqa riqsichikurqa kay [[Sudán]] kaqpi chaymanta kay [[Congo kaqmanta República Democrática]] kaqpi.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Aswataqa kay unquyqa rikhuriykunapi kay [[África Subsahariana]] k’aja pampakunapi rikhurin.<ref name=WHO2014/> Kay 1976 kaqpi(ñawpata riqsikuptin) kay 2013 kaqkama, aswan pisi kay 1.000 runakunamanta chimpachikurqanku watapi.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=MMWRJune2014>{{cite web|title=Ebola Viral Disease Outbreak — West Africa, 2014|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6325a4.htm?s_cid=mm6325a4_w|website=CDC|accessdate=26 June 2014|date=June 27, 2014}}</ref> Aswan hatun rikhuriyqa kunankamaqa kay [[Ebola rikhuriyninmanta kay 2014 kay África Occidental]]thaskiypi, kaqta [[Guinea]] kaqta, [[Sierra Leona]] kaqta, [[Liberia]] kaqta waqllichkan chaymanta ichapas [[Nigeria]] kaqtapas ima.<ref name=CDC2014>{{cite web|title=CDC urges all US residents to avoid nonessential travel to Liberia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone because of an unprecedented outbreak of Ebola.|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/warning/ebola-liberia|website=CDC|accessdate=2 August 2014|date=July 31, 2014}}</ref><ref name=CDCAug2014N>{{cite web|title=Outbreak of Ebola in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone|url=http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/guinea/index.html|website=CDC|accessdate=5 August 2014|date=August 4, 2014}}</ref> Kay Qhapaq Sitwa 2014 kaqmanta qallarispa aswan kay 1.600 casosmanta riqsikurqanku.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ebola virus disease update - West Africa|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_08_04_ebola/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=6 August 2014|date=Aug 4, 2014}}</ref> Sinchita llamk’akuchkan huk [[t’uqsina]] kaqta ruwanapaq; ichaqa, manaraq nihuk kanraqchu.<ref name=WHO2014/> ==Willakuykuna== {{Reflist|colwidth=25em}} ; Qawaq qillqa {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Klenk |first=Hans-Dieter |title=Marburg and Ebola Viruses (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology) |url=https://archive.org/details/marburgebolaviru0000unse |date=January 1999 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Telos |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-540-64729-4 |ref=CITEREFKlenk1999}} * {{Cite book |first1=Hans-Dieter |last1=Klenk |first2=Heinz |last2=Feldmann |title=Ebola and Marburg viruses: molecular and cellular biology |url=http://books.google.com/?id=EV_mFgnyPoMC |format=Limited preview |year=2004 |publisher=Horizon Bioscience |location=Wymondham, Norfolk, UK |isbn=978-0-9545232-3-7 |ref=CITEREFKlenkFeldmann2004}} * {{Cite book |last=Kuhn |first=Jens H. |title=Filoviruses: A Compendium of 40 Years of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Laboratory Studies. Archives of Virology Supplement, vol. 20 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=LaOue0F9Ns4C |format=Limited preview |year=2008 |publisher=SpringerWienNewYork |location=Vienna |isbn=978-3-211-20670-6 |ref=CITEREFKuhn2008}} * {{Cite book |last1=McCormick |first1=Joseph |last2=Fisher-Hoch |first2=Susan |others=Horvitz, Leslie Alan |title=Level 4: Virus Hunters of the CDC |url=http://books.google.com/?id=QEvR3aJX2m0C |format=Limited preview |origyear=1996 |edition=Updated [3rd] |year=1999 |publisher=Barnes & Noble |isbn=978-0-7607-1208-5 |ref=CITEREFMcCormickFisher-Hoch1999 |month=June}} * {{Cite book |last=Pattyn |first=S. R. |title=Ebola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever |year=1978 |url=http://www.itg.be/ebola/ |format=Full free text |edition=1st |publisher=Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press |location=Amsterdam |isbn=0-444-80060-3 |ref=CITEREFPattyn1978}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Ryabchikova | first1 = Elena I. | last2 = Price | first2 = Barbara B. | title = Ebola and Marburg Viruses: A View of Infection Using Electron Microscopy | year = 2004 | publisher = Battelle Press | location = Columbus, Ohio | isbn = 978-1-57477-131-2 | ref = CITEREFRyabchikovaPrice2004 }} {{Refend}} ==Hawa Tinkisqakuna== {{Refbegin}} * [http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/207.html ViralZone: Ebola-like viruses] – Virological repository from the [[Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics]] * [http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/ CDC: Ebola hemorrhagic fever] – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special Pathogens Branch * [http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/en/ WHO: Ebola haemorrhagic fever] – World Health Organization, Global Alert and Response * [http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.do?decorator=filo Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Filoviridae] * [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/emdb/searchResults.html/?q=ebola 3D macromolecular structures of the Ebola virus archived in the EM Data Bank(EMDB)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819171607/https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=202977755949863934429.0004c658eb30f9c4fb1c0&ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=27.371767,5.273438&spn=110.017392,184.21875&z=2&source=embed&dg=feature Google Map of Ebola Outbreaks] * [http://www.who.int/csr/bioriskreduction/filovirus_infection_control/en/ WHO recommended infection control measures] {{Refend}} oi7g0v6yyclgs3es5c96cizhopvnvbb 0 55209 691034 639674 2026-08-08T19:20:21Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Cysticercosis | Image = Neurocysticercosis.gif | Caption = Magnetic resonance image in a person with neurocysticercosis showing many cysts within the brain. | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|69||b|65}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|123.1}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | DiseasesDB = 3341 | MedlinePlus = 000627 | eMedicineSubj = emerg | eMedicineTopic = 119 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|med|494}} {{eMedicine2|ped|537}} | MeshID = D003551 }} '''Cysticercosis''' kaqqa huk unquy [[infeccion]] ñisqa mayqinchus rikhurin huk [[larva|wayna rikch’ayniyuq]] huchayuqrayku(cysticercus) kay [[khuchip tenian]] kaqmanta (''Taenia solium'').<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roberts|first1=Larry S.|last2=Janovy, Jr.|first2=John|title=Gerald D. Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts' Foundations of Parasitology|url=https://archive.org/details/geralddschmidtla0008robe|date=2009|publisher=McGraw-Hill Higher Education|location=Boston|isbn=978-0-07-302827-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/geralddschmidtla0008robe/page/348 348]-351|edition=8}}</ref><ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Taeniasis/Cysticercosis Fact sheet N°376|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs376/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=18 March 2014|date=February 2013}}</ref> Runakunaqa hukchhika mana chay ni huk sintomas kaqniykuchu kankuman watakunapi, hatunllayninku kanku iskay centimetros kaqhina mana nanayniyuq chantapas mana pachan waqtakuykunayuq qaranchikpi aychayninchikpipas tiyanchu, mana chay [[neurocysticercosis|uma ukhumanta sintomas]] kan sichus ñuqtu waqllisqa kachkan chay.<ref name=Garcia03/><ref name=Gar2002>{{cite journal |author=García HH, Evans CA, Nash TE, et al. |title=Current consensus guidelines for treatment of neurocysticercosis |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=747–56 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12364377 |pmc=126865 |doi= 10.1128/CMR.15.4.747-756.2002|url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12364377}}</ref> Killakuna mana chay watakuna qhipantaqa kay waqtaykuykuna nanaymantaq punkiymantaq tukunkuman chaymanta sanillapunku.<!-- <ref name=Garcia03/> --> Chay sumaq llamk’asqa suyukunapi kayqa huk chay aswan riqsisqa casos chay [[incautacion]]s kaqmanta.<ref name=Garcia03/> == Causa diagnostico kaq ima == Kayqa hasata hap’iykukun kay tenia khurusniyuq mismisqa mikhunakunata yakuta mikhuspa upyaspa ima.<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> Chawa q’umir puquykunaqa aswan hap'ichikun.<ref name=WHO2013/> Kay tenia kaqmanta runtusninqa hamunku kay [[akakuna]] kaqmanta huk chimpachisqa runamanta kay machuña khuruswan kan chay, huk riqsisqa kayqa kayhina [[taeniasis]].<ref name=Garcia03/><ref name=CDC>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cysticercosis/ |title=CDC - Cysticercosis}}</ref> Taeniasis kaqa kan waqhina unquy mayqinchus hap’ikun kay quistes ñisqata mikhuspa mana allin chayasqa khuchi aychapi.<ref name=WHO2013/> Kay runakuna mayqinkunachus tiyakunku waqwan mayqinchus kay tenia kaqwan kachkanku aswan hasa kanku kay cysticercosis kaqwan chimpachikuq.<ref name=CDC/> Diagnostico kaqqa ruwasqa kanman kayhina [[yawricha kaqwan upina|upina]] huk quiste kaqmanta.<ref name=Garcia03/> Rikch’aykunata ñuqtumanta urqhuspa kay [[tomografia equipo]] kaqwan(CT) mana chay [[resonancia magnetica]] (MRI)kaqwan aswan ruwakunku kay unquy diagnostico kaqpaq ñuqtupi.<!-- <ref name=Garcia03/> --> Huk hatun yupay miraynin kay [[yuraq globulos]]kaqmanta, sutichasqa [[eosinófilos]], kay [[fluido espinal cerebral]] kaqpi chanta yawarpas sumaq llamk’achikun rikuchiqkunahina.<ref name=Garcia03/> == Hark’akuynin hampikuynin ima == Kay infeccion kasqa aripuni hark’akunman kay sapan llimphuchakuywan chanta [[saneamiento]]kaqwan.<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> Kayqa hamun: allinta khuchi aychata wayk’uspa, sumaq [[hisp’ana wasi]]s chanta sumaq yaykuyniyuq llimphu yakuman.<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> Teniasis kaqwan runakunap hampikuyninqa ancha chaninniyuq mirayninta hark’anapaq.<ref name=WHO2013/> Kay unquymanta hampikuyninqa mayqinchus nervioso sistema kaqta mana yupanchu mana munakunmanchu. ref name=Garcia03/> Neurosisticircosis kaqwan runakunap hampikuyninqa hampiwan kanman [[praziquantel]] mana chay [[albendazol]]kaqwan.<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> Kaykuna sumaq mañakuq kankuman unay pacha thaskiyninpi.<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> [[Esteroides]]s, punkiy thañinanpaq kay hampikuyninpi chanta [[hampikuna anti-asimientos]] kaqkunaqa sumaq mañakuq kankullamantaq.<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> Wakin kutiqa cirugias ruwakunku kay quistes kaqkunata urqhunapaq.<ref name=WHO2013/> == Epidemiologia == Kay khuchimanta tenia kaqqa aswan riqsisqa kay Asia, Africa Sub-Sahariana, chanta America Latina ima kaqpi.<ref name=Garcia03>{{cite journal |author=García HH, Gonzalez AE, Evans CA, Gilman RH |title=''Taenia solium'' cysticercosis |journal=Lancet |volume=362 |issue=9383 |pages=547–56 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12932389 |pmc=3103219 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14117-7 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(03)14117-7}}</ref> Wakin ayllukunapi yachakun 25% runakunamanta waqllisqas kachkankumanta.<ref name=Garcia03/> Kay sumaq llamk’asqa pachapiqa kayqa mana ancha riqsisqachu.<ref name=Bob2014/> Tukuy pacha kay 2010 kaqmanta qallarisqa 1,200 wañuykunahina karqanku, 700 kaqkunahina kay 1990 kaqpi.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal |author=Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, ''et al.'' |title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |journal=Lancet |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2095–128 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23245604 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> Cysticercosis kaqqa waqllillantaq khuchikunata wakakunata ima ichaqa mayniqpihina sintomas kaqkunata quchin imaraykuchus kaykunaqa mana achkha pachata kawsankuchu.<ref name=WHO2013/> Kay unquyqa runakunapurapi rikhurirqa kay ñawpa pacha thaskiyninmantaña.<ref name=Bob2014>{{cite journal |author=Bobes RJ, Fragoso G, Fleury A, ''et al.'' |title=Evolution, molecular epidemiology and perspectives on the research of taeniid parasites with special emphasis on ''Taenia solium'' |journal=Infect. Genet. Evol. |volume=23 |pages=150–60 |date=April 2014 |pmid=24560729 |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2014.02.005 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1567-1348(14)00053-7}}</ref> Kayqa kan huk kay [[mana hampikuq q’uñi pampa unquy]]kaqmanta.<ref>{{cite web|title=Neglected Tropical Diseases|url=http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=28 November 2014|date=June 6, 2011}}</ref> ==References== <references /> f7d7ckp2ilbldt6isr0k0d16nm528hn 0 55499 691042 627522 2026-08-08T19:32:35Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Yellow fever | Image = YellowFeverVirus.jpg | Caption = A [[Transmission electron microscope|TEM]] [[micrograph]] of the yellow fever virus (234,000X magnification) | ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|95||a|90}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|060}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | DiseasesDB = 14203 | MedlinePlus = 001365 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 2432 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|645}} | MeshID = D015004 }} '''Fiebre amarilla''', riqsisqa '''vomito negro''' utaq '''plaga americana''',<ref name=Old2009/> kaqhina huk unquy [[ñawch’i (hampi)|ñawch’i]] [[Virus|viral]].<ref name=WHO2013/> Sintomakuna kay ruphay, chulli unquy, mana yariqha, ñat’ikuna, musculo nanay wasapi chaymanta umapi kanku.<ref name=WHO2013/> Sintomakuna phisqa punchaw allichanku.<ref name=WHO2013/> Wakin runakuna huk punchaw allichayninmanta, ruphayta kutichin, wiksa nanay tiyan chaymanta k’iwicha waqlli qallarin chanta kay [[ictericia|q’illu qara]] ruwan.<ref name=WHO2013/> Sichus kayta rikusqan, achka yawar waqlliluna chaymanta [[rurun waqlli |rurun pantaykuna]] hatunyachisqanku.<ref name=WHO2013/> ==Hap’iynin chaymanta Hapinakuna== Kay unquy fiebre amarilla virusrayku hapisqan chaymanta kay china [[mosquito]]wach’iywan.<ref name=WHO2013/> Runakunaman waqllichin, wak [[primate]], chaymanta achka wak mosquitokuna.<ref name=WHO2013/> Llaqtakunapi, hukñiqi qhapaq mosquitokuna ''[[Aedes aegypti]]'' especiekuna kay unquyta ch’iqichin.<ref name=WHO2013/> Kay virus huk [[RNA virus]] kay ''[[Flavivirus]]'' generowan.<ref name="lindenbach2007"/> Kay unquy sasa wak kikin unquy kan, ñawpaq sintomakunawan.<ref name=WHO2013/> Yuyachiypaq kay unquyta, yawar muestrata [[polimerasa reacción en cadena]] kaqwan munan.<ref name=Toll2009>{{cite journal | author = Tolle MA | title = Mosquito-borne diseases | journal = Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 97–140 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19327647 | doi = 10.1016/j.cppeds.2009.01.001 }}</ref> ==Prevención chaymanta Hapinakuna chaymanta Allichaynin== Huk allin chaymanta harkasqa [[vacuna]] fiebre amarillawan chaymanta wakin suyukuna vacuna viajerokunapaq munan.<ref name=WHO2013/> Wak ruwanakuna t’ituypaq unquyta huchuyachiy achka transmisor mosquitokunata yapan.<ref name=WHO2013/> Llaqtakunapi maypi fiebre amarilla unquy kikin chaymanta vacuna mana kikinlla, ñawpaq hapinakuna unquqkunamanta chaymanta inmunización llapa runakunapi qhapaq t’ituypaq unquyta.<ref name=WHO2013/> Sichus unqusqan, uhquypa allichaynin sintomakunawan kan chanta mana akllasqa tukukusqakuna viruspaq kankuchu.<ref name=WHO2013/> Kay runakunapaq unquywan wañuyta atikun sichus mana hapinakuna tiyankuchu.<ref name=WHO2013/> == Epidemiologia chaymanta ñawpaq willakuy == Fiebre amarilla unquy 200.000 infecciones chaymanta 30.000 wañuykuna sapa watapi ruwan,<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Yellow fever Fact sheet N°100|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=23 February 2014|date=May 2013}}</ref> 90% kay wañuymanta África kaqpi kanku.<ref name=Toll2009/> Iskay huñu runakunamanta kawsanku kitikunapi maypi kay unquyta kikin kan.<ref name=WHO2013/> Kikin [[Trópico|tropical]] kitikunapi [[Sud América]] kaqpi [[África]] kaqpi, ichaqa mana [[Asia]] kaqpi.<ref name=CDC2011>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/|title=CDC Yellow Fever||accessdate=2012-12-12}}</ref><ref name=WHO2013/> 1980 kaqmanta, achka yupaykuna unquykunamanta fiebre amarillamanta hatunyachinku.<ref name=Barr2007>{{cite journal | author = Barrett AD, Higgs S | title = Yellow fever: a disease that has yet to be conquered | journal = Annu. Rev. Entomol. | volume = 52 | pages = 209–29 | year = 2007 | pmid = 16913829 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091454 }}</ref><ref name=WHO2013/> Kayta iñisqan pisi runakuna immune kanku, aswan runakuna llaqtakunapi, runakuna llaqtakunapi kawsachkanku, runakuna sapa kuti kuyuchkanku chaymanta [[clima tikray |tikrasqa clima]].<ref name=WHO2013/> Kay unquy África kaqpi paqarisqan, maypi kay unquy Sud América kay [[trata de esclavos]] kay siglo 17qi ch’iqichin.<ref name=Old2009>{{cite book|last=Oldstone|first=Michael|title=Viruses, Plagues, and History: Past, Present and Future|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199758494|pages=102–4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2XbHXUVY65gC&pg=PA103}}</ref> Chantapas kay siglo 17qi kaqmanta, achka [[Lista epidemiakuna|brotekuna]] unquymanta Ámerica, África, chaymanta Europa hap’isqan.<ref name=Old2009/> Kay 18qi siclota chaymanta 19qi siglota, fiebre amarilla aswan maqllu unquyta [[infecciosa unquy]] rikusqa kasqan.<ref name=Old2009/> Kay fiebre amarilla virus hukñiqi virus ukhunpi tarisqan.<ref name="lindenbach2007">{{cite book | title=Fields Virology| url=https://archive.org/details/fieldsvirology0001unse_m2s6|edition=5th |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | author=Lindenbach, B. D., et al. |editor=Knipe, D. M. and P. M. Howley. (eds.) | year=2007 | location=Philadelphia, PA |page=[https://archive.org/details/fieldsvirology0001unse_m2s6/page/1103 1101] | isbn=0-7817606-0-7 |chapter=Flaviviridae: The Viruses and Their Replication}}</ref> ==Willakuykuna== <references /> == Hawa t'inkikuna == {{commonscat|Yellow fever}} [[Katiguriya:Unquy]] 16f7d1bx3sgqwcb8b6mjbdugie428yp 0 57506 691039 689908 2026-08-08T19:30:29Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kawsay}} '''Benjamin Rush''', sutiyuq runaqa (* {{Pun|4|1|1746}} paqarisqa [[Byberry]] llaqtapi - † {{Pun|19|4|1813}} wañusqa [[Philadelphia (Pennsylvania)|Philadelphia]] llaqtapi) huk {{USA}} [[Hukllachasqa Amirika Suyukuna]] mama llaqtayuq [[hampikamayuq]], [[Chaqllisinchi]] [[yachachiq]], [[qillqaq]] wan [[pulitiku]]mi qarqan. [[Hukllachasqa Amirika Suyukunapi Llaqtayuq Maqanakuy]]pi [[Kunfidirasqa Amirika Suyukuna]]ta llallispas Hukllachasqa Amirika Suyukunata musuqta hukllachaspas [[isklaw kayta]]s puchukachirqan. Taytan: John Rush; Maman: Susanna Hall.<br>Warmi: Julia Stockton (1759–1848).<br>Churinkuna: 13 Alma mater: College of New Jersey (Princeton Yachay suntur) == Qillqasqankuna == * {{cite web |last=Rush |first=Benjamin |title=An Address to the Inhabitants of the British Settlements in America, Upon Slave-keeping |location= Philadelphia |publisher=J. Dunlap |year= 1773 |url=http://readtheconstitutionstupid.com/en/2012-01-27-19-34-40/2012-01-27-19-37-04/miscellaneous/2342-1773-an-address-to-the-inhabitants-of-the-bristish-settlements-in-america-upon-slave-keeping-benjamin-rush |accessdate=2017-01-01 }} * {{cite book |last=Rush |first=Benjamin |title=Directions for preserving the health of soldiers : addressed to the officers of the Army of the United States |url=https://archive.org/details/2569012R.nlm.nih.gov |year=1808 |orig-year=1778 |publisher=Thomas Dobson |location=Philadelphia }} * {{cite book |last=Rush |first=Benjamin |title=An inquiry into the effects of ardent spirits upon the human body and mind : with an account of the means of preventing, and of the remedies for curing them |publisher=Josiah Richardson |location= |url=https://archive.org/details/2569031R.nlm.nih.gov |year=1819 |orig-year=1791 }} * {{cite book | last=Rush |first=Benjamin | year=1794 | title=An account of the bilious remitting yellow fever, as it appeared in the city of Philadelphia, in the year 1793 | publisher=Thomas Dobson | location=Philadelphia | url=https://archive.org/details/accountofbilious00rush }} * {{cite book | last=Rush |first=Benjamin |title=Essays: Literary, Moral, and Philosophical |year=1798 |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Thomas & Samuel F. Bradford |url=https://archive.org/details/essaysliterarymo00inrush }} 1989 reprint: Syracuse University Press, {{ISBN|0-912756-22-5}} * {{cite journal |last=Rush |first=Benjamin |title=Observations Intended to Favour a Supposition That the Black Color (As It Is Called) of the Negroes Is Derived from the Leprosy |journal=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society |year=1799 |volume=4 |pages=289–297 |url=https://archive.org/details/jstor-1005108 |doi=10.2307/1005108 }} * Rush, Benjamin (1812) ''Medical Inquiries And Observations Upon The Diseases Of The Mind'', 2006 reprint: Kessinger Publishing, {{ISBN|1-4286-2669-7}}. Free digital copies of original published in 1812 at http://deila.dickinson.edu/theirownwords/title/0034{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. or https://web.archive.org/web/20121024024628/http://collections.nlm.nih.gov/muradora/objectView.action?pid=nlm%3Anlmuid-2569036R-bk * {{cite web |url=http://deila.dickinson.edu/theirownwords/title/0034.htm |last=Rush |first=Benjamin |title=Medical Inquiries and Observations, Upon the Diseases of the Mind: Philadelphia: Published by Kimber & Richardson, no. 237, Market Street; Merritt, printer, no. 9, Watkins Alley, 1812 |work=Their Own Words |date=2003 |location=[[Carlisle, Pennsylvania]] |publisher=[[Dickinson College]] |oclc=53177922 |accessdate=October 20, 2017 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040107235241/http://deila.dickinson.edu/theirownwords/title/0034.htm |archivedate=January 7, 2004 |df=mdy-all }} * {{cite journal |last=Rush |first=Benjamin |title=A Defence of Blood-letting, as a Remedy for Certain Diseases |journal=Medical Inquiries and Observations |volume=4 |year=1815 |url=http://bobarnebeck.com/defence.html |accessdate=2012-10-24 }} * {{cite book |title=Medical Inquiries and Observations upon Diseases of the Mind |last=Rush |first=Benjamin |edition=4 |location=Philadelphia |publisher=John Grigg |year=1830 |pages=98, 197 }} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l-oRAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |last=Rush |first=Benjamin |title=Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon the Diseases of the Mind |edition=Fifth |year=1835 |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Grigg and Elliott, No. 9 North Fourth Street |oclc=2812179 |accessdate=October 20, 2017 |via=[[Google Books]] }} * {{cite book | last=Rush | first=Benjamin | year=1947 | title = The selected writings of Benjamin Rush | publisher = Philosophical Library | location = New York | page = 448 | url = | isbn = 978-0-8065-2955-4 }} * {{cite book |title=Letters of Benjamin Rush |year=1951 |editor-last=Butterfield |editor-first=Lyman H. |series=Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society |publisher=Princeton University Press |location= |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/letters-of-benjamin-rush/oclc/877738348 }} * ''The Spur of Fame: Dialogues of John Adams and Benjamin Rush, 1805–1813'' (2001), Liberty Fund, {{ISBN|0-86597-287-7}} *{{cite book |last=Rush |first=Benjamin |year=1970 |orig-year=1948 |title=The autobiography of Benjamin Rush; his Travels through life together with his Commonplace book for 1789–1813 |editor=George Washington Corner |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, CT |url=https://archive.org/details/memorialcontaini00inrush }} * {{cite book |last1=Fox |first1=Claire G. |last2=Miller |first2=Gordon L. |last3=Miller |first3=Jacquelyn C. |title=Benjamin Rush, M.D: A Bibliographic Guide |url=https://archive.org/details/benjaminrushmdbi0000foxc |year=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-29823-8 }} == Willay pukyukuna == {{Listaref}} == Kaypipas qhaway == * [[Thomas Jefferson]] * [[Joseph Black]] ==Hawa t'inkikuna== {{commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rush Benjamin}} [[Katiguriya:Qhari]] [[Katiguriya:Paqarisqa 1743]] [[Katiguriya:Wañusqa 1826]] [[Katiguriya:Hampikamayuq (Hukllachasqa Amirika Suyukuna)]] [[Katiguriya:Pulitiku (Hukllachasqa Amirika Suyukuna)]] [[Katiguriya:Qillqaq (Hukllachasqa Amirika Suyukuna)]] g0zz1zpmv9oojpeyf2pwdejh6odiu9x 0 57510 691038 672187 2026-08-08T19:29:46Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 15 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{biografia}} [[Rikcha:Deepak Chopra.jpg|thumb|right|250px| Deepak Chopra]] '''Deepak Chopra ''' sutiyuq runaqa (hindi: दीपक चोपड़ा Dīpak Copṛā) , ( {{Pun|22|10|1946}} paqarisqa [[Musuq Dilhi]] llaqtapi - ), huk {{IND}} mama llaqtayuq [[qillqaq]] wan [[hampikamayuq]]pas qarqan. Taytan: Krishan Lal Chopra (1919–2001), Maman: Pushpa Chopra.<br>Warmi: Rita.<br>Churinkuna: Mallika wan Gotham. == Qillqasqankuna == * (1987) {{cite book|title=Creating Health|place=New York|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=0-395-42953-6}} * (1989) {{cite book|title=Quantum Healing|year=1989|url=https://archive.org/details/quantumhealingex00chop_0|place=New York|publisher=Bantam Books|isbn=0-553-05368-X}} * (1991) {{cite book|title=Perfect Health|year=2001|url=https://archive.org/details/perfecthealth0000deep|place=New York|publisher=Bantam Books|isbn=0-553-81367-6}} * (1991) {{cite book|title=Return of the Rishi: A Doctor's Story of Spiritual Transformation and Ayurvedic Healing|place=Boston|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-395-57420-1}} * (1993) {{cite book|title=Ageless Body Timeless Mind|year=1993|url=https://archive.org/details/rkas.1588.agelessbodytimel0000deep|place=New York|publisher=Harmony Books|isbn=0-517-59257-6}} * (1994) {{cite book|title=The Seven Spiritual Laws of Success|place=San Rafael|publisher=Amber Allen Publishing and New World Library|isbn=1-878424-11-4}} * (1995) {{cite book|title=The Return of Merlin|year=1995|url=https://archive.org/details/returnofmerlinn00chop|place=New York|publisher=Harmony Books|isbn=0-517-59849-3}} * (1995) {{cite book|title=The Way of the Wizard|place=New York|publisher=Random House|isbn=0-517-70434-X}} * (1996) {{cite book|title=The Path to Love|year=1997|url=https://archive.org/details/pathtoloverenewi0000chop|place=New York|publisher=Harmony Books|isbn=978-0-517-70622-0}} * (2000) with David Simon, {{cite book|title=The Chopra Center Herbal Handbook|year=2000|url=https://archive.org/details/chopracenterherb00davi|place=New York|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-609-80390-5}} * (2004) {{cite book|title=The Book of Secrets|year=2004|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofsecrets00deep|place=New York|publisher=Harmony|isbn=0-517-70624-5}} * (2008) {{cite book|title=The Soul of Leadership|year=2010|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofleadership0000chop|place=New York|publisher=Harmony Books|isbn=0-307-40806-X}} * (2008) {{cite book|title=The Third Jesus|year=2008|url=https://archive.org/details/thirdjesuschrist0000chop_g9g4|place=New York|publisher=Harmony Books|isbn=0-307-33831-2}} * (2009) {{cite book|title=Reinventing the Body, Resurrecting the Soul|year=2009|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780307452337|place=New York|publisher=Harmony Books|isbn=978-0-307-45233-7}} * (2011) with [[Leonard Mlodinow]], {{cite book|title=War of the Worldviews|url=https://archive.org/details/warofworldviews0000unse|place=New York|publisher=Harmony Books|isbn=978-0-307-88688-0}} * (2011) with [[Gotham Chopra]], {{cite book|title=[[The Seven Spiritual Laws of Superheroes: Harnessing Our Power to Change the World]]|publisher=HarperOne|isbn=978-0-06-205966-6}} * (2012) {{cite book|title=God: A Story of Revelation|year=2012|url=https://archive.org/details/godstoryofrevela0000chop|place=New York|publisher=HarperOne|isbn=978-0-06-202069-7}} * (2012) with [[Rudolph E. Tanzi]], {{cite book|title=Super Brain|year=2012|url=https://archive.org/details/superbrainunleas00chop|place=New York|publisher=Harmony Books|isbn=0-307-95682-2}} * (2013) with [[Sanjiv Chopra]], {{cite book|title=Brotherhood: Dharma, Destiny, and the American Dream|year=2013|url=https://archive.org/details/brotherhooddharm0000chop|place=New York|publisher=New Harvest|isbn=978-0-544-03210-1}} * (2013) {{cite book|title=What Are You Hungry For?|year=2013|url=https://archive.org/details/whatareyouhungry0000chop_c6z3|place=New York|publisher=Harmony Books|isbn=0-7704-3721-4}} * (2015) with [[Rudolph Tanzi]], {{cite book|title=Super Genes|place=New York|publisher=Harmony Books|isbn=0-8041-4013-8}} * (2017) with [[Menas Kafatos]], {{cite book|title=[[You Are The Universe (book)|You Are the Universe]]|place=New York|publisher=Harmony Books|isbn=978-0307889164}} == Willay pukyukuna == {{Listaref}} == Kaypipas qhaway == * [[Wiñay kawsay (Indya)]] * [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]] * [[Mohandas Gandhi]] == Hawa t'inkikuna == {{commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chopra Deepak}} [[Katiguriya:Qhari]] [[Katiguriya:Musuq Dilhi llaqtapi paqarisqa]] [[Katiguriya:Paqarisqa 1947]] [[Katiguriya:Qillqaq (Indya)]] [[Katiguriya:Hampikamayuq (Indya)]] f83goj5l1cptwuhwnlqn3g8halw83wy 0 58410 691035 689047 2026-08-08T19:20:56Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kawsay}} '''Rampuengg Jit-harn''' sutiyuq warmiqa icha ''' Pumpuang Duangjan''' (* {{Pun|4|8|1961}} paqarisqa [[Suphanburi]] llaqtapi - † {{Pun|13|6|1992}} wañusqa [[Phitsanulok]]pi) huk {{THA}} mama [[takiq]] wan aranway pukllaq.<ref name="พุ่ม">{{cite web|url=http://topicstock.pantip.com/chalermthai/topicstock/2011/07/A10828012/A10828012.html|title= ชีวิต แม่พุ่มพวงค่ะ ไปเจอมาเราว่าละเอียดที่สุดแล้วค่ะ |language=Thai|work=[[Pantip.com]]|date=2011-07-19|author=ปราการด่านสุดท้าย}}</ref><ref name="Lockard">{{cite book|first=Craig|last=Lockard|year=2009|title=Southeast Asia in World History|url=https://archive.org/details/southeastasiainw0000lock|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0195338111}}</ref> Taytan: Samran Jitharn; Maman: Lek Jit-harn == Diskukuna == * ''Nak Rong Baan Nok'' * ''Noo Mai Roo'' * ''Kho Hai Ruai'' * ''Som Tam'' * ''Nad Phop Na Ampoer'' * ''Take Ka Tan Phook Bo'' * ''Anitja Tinger'' * ''Aai Saang Neon'' == Willay pukyukuna == {{listaref|1}} == Kaypipas qhaway == == Hawa t'inkikuna == {{commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Duangjan Pumpuang}} [[Katiguriya:Warmi]] [[Katiguriya:Paqarisqa 1961]] [[Katiguriya:Wañusqa 1992]] [[Katiguriya:Takiq (Taylandya)]] [[Katiguriya:Aranway pukllaq (Taylandya)]] jys230soq6hqgfp7idvoatkxoj6ot1d 0 61933 691043 654225 2026-08-08T19:33:18Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691043 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kimira''' ([[Ñawpa griego|Ñawpa kriqiyu simipi]] : {{Lang|grc|Χίμαιρα}} , ''Chímaira'' nisqaqa 'uwiha-kawra' niyta munan<ref>{{Cite book|last=Graves|first=Robert|title=The Greek Myths - The Complete and Definitive Edition|url=https://archive.org/details/greekmythscomple0000grav|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|year=2017|isbn=9780241983386|pages=[https://archive.org/details/greekmythscomple0000grav/page/11 11]}}</ref>) [[Griego runakunaq willakuynin|kriqiyu ñawpahawarina yachaypi]] nisqaman hina,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Becchio|first1=Bruno|last2=Schadé|first2=Johannes P.|title=Encyclopedia of World Religions|date=2006|publisher=Foreign Media Group|isbn=9781601360007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRkfKdho-5cC&q=Chimera+greek+mythology&pg=PP195|access-date=27 April 2019|language=en}}</ref> nisqaqa huk manchay nina samaq [[Folklore nisqapi hibrido uywakuna|iskay uwakunayuq]] kawsaqmi karqan, [[Licia|Lisyia]], [[Anatolia suyu|Asia Wawa]] llaqtamanta huk rikch'aq uywakunap rakinkunamanta rurasqa. Yaqa llapanpim [[liyun]]<nowiki/>hina qawachinku, wasanmanta [[Kawra|kawrapa]] uman lluqsimun, chupantaq [[Mach'aqway|mach’aqwaypa]] umanwan tukunman.<ref>Peck, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=chimaera-harpers "Chimaera"].</ref> Chayqa [[Tifón|Typhonpa]] Echidnapa mirayninmi karqan, [[Cerberus sutiyuq runa|Cerberus]] hinallataq [[Echidna (mitología) .|Lernaean]] [[Lernaean Hidra nisqa|Hydra]]<nowiki/>hina p'arqakunaq wawqenmi karqan. [[Rikcha:Chimera_d'arezzo,_fi,_04.JPG|lluqi|rikchacha| "Arezzomanta Kimira": huk itrusku champimanta]] == Pukyukuna == [[Katiguriya:Kimira]] [[Katiguriya:Hawarina yachaykuna]] djha6n7oh0k3jxhq53unwx4sshxt1af 0 61949 691046 654288 2026-08-08T19:36:54Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691046 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Rikcha:A-DNA orbit animated small.gif|rikchacha]] [[Kawsay yachay|Kawsay yachaypi]], '''yawar saphi''' ([[Kastilla simi|Kastilla simipi]]: gen, [[Grigu simi|Iliniki simimanta]] ''miray,''<ref name="Roth p.">{{cite journal|vauthors=Roth SC|title=What is genomic medicine?|journal=Journal of the Medical Library Association|volume=107|issue=3|pages=442–448|date=July 2019|pmid=31258451|pmc=6579593|doi=10.5195/jmla.2019.604|publisher=University Library System, University of Pittsburgh}}</ref> ''paqarina''<ref name="jeans">{{cite web|url=https://www.genome.gov/25520244/online-education-kit-1909-the-word-gene-coined|title=1909: The Word Gene Coined|website=genome.gov|access-date=8 March 2021}} "...[[Wilhelm Johannsen]] coined the word gene to describe the [[Mendelian inheritance#History|Mendelian units of heredity]]..."</ref>) achka imaynta kayta kanman. Mendeliano nisqap yawar spahi nisqaqa huk unidad básica herencia nisqamanta, molecular gen nisqaqa ADN nisqapi nucleótidos nisqap qatiqnin, chaytaq transcribasqa llamk'aq ARN nisqatam ruranapaq. Iskay rikch'aq molecular genes nisqakunam kan: ñuñu codificador yawar saphikuna, mana codificador yawar saphikuna nisqakuna.<ref name="mendgene">{{cite journal|vauthors=Orgogozo V, Peluffo AE, and Morizot B|date=2016|title=Chapter One-The "Mendelian Gene" and the "Molecular Gene": Two Relevant Concepts of Genetic Units|journal=Current Topics in Developmental Biology|volume=119|pages=1–26|doi=10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.03.002|pmid=27282022|s2cid=24583286|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01354346/file/Orgogozo2016-gene.pdf}}</ref><ref name="MedlinePlus 2020">{{cite web|title=What is a gene?: MedlinePlus Genetics|website=MedlinePlus|date=2020-09-17|url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/basics/gene/|access-date=2021-01-04}}</ref><ref name="Hirsch 2002 p.">{{cite book|vauthors=Hirsch ED|title=The new dictionary of cultural literacy|url=https://archive.org/details/newdictionaryofc00hirs|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|publication-place=Boston|year=2002|isbn=0-618-22647-8|oclc=50166721}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Studying Genes|url=https://www.nigms.nih.gov/education/fact-sheets/Pages/studying-genes.aspx|access-date=2021-01-15|website=nigms.nih.gov}}</ref> == Pukyukuna == [[Katiguriya:Yawar saphikuna]] npvqsm5aj52v2695d7be0w4qm2mfv85 0 61977 691044 657036 2026-08-08T19:35:36Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691044 wikitext text/x-wiki '''City of London''' icha '''Lunrunpa Citynin nisqaqa''' huk [[Hukllachasqa Qhapaq Suyu mama llaqtapi llaqtap kaynin|llaqta]], [[Inglaterra mama llaqtapi ceremonial kitikuna|saqumay taripayrak'i]]<nowiki/>wan [[Gobierno local distritu|llaqta kamachiy thisritu,]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=London's Central Business District: Its global importance|author=Greater London Authority|author-link=Greater London Authority|date=January 2008|page=6|isbn=978-1-84781-109-7|access-date=26 August 2021|url=https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/gla_migrate_files_destination/londons-cbd-jan08.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121145721/https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/gla_migrate_files_destination/londons-cbd-jan08.pdf|archive-date=2017-01-21|url-status=live}}</ref>chaypiqa ñawpa pachap chawpintam hap'in, [[Muelle Canario nisqapi|Canary Wharf]] nisqawan kuskataq, [[London|Lunrun]] llaqtap ñawpaq [[Chawpi negocio distritu|chawpi llamk'ay thisritun]] (CBD) nisqatam ruwan.<ref name="GLA">{{cite book|title=City status in the British Isles, 1830–2002|url=https://archive.org/details/citystatusinbrit0000beck|series=Historical urban studies|author=Beckett, J V|year=2005|publisher=Ashgate|location=Aldershot|isbn=978-0-7546-5067-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/citystatusinbrit0000beck/page/12 12]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|title=City status in the British Isles, 1830–2002|url=https://archive.org/details/citystatusinbrit0000beck|series=Historical urban studies|author=Beckett, J V|year=2005|publisher=Ashgate|location=Aldershot|isbn=978-0-7546-5067-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/citystatusinbrit0000beck/page/12 12]}}</ref>Chayqa yaqa tukuy Lunrun llaqtatam kamarirqan, 1 kaq pachakwatapi [[Londinio nisqa|Ruma runakunap tiyasqanmanta]] [[Chawpi pacha|pacha chawpi pachakama]], ichataq kunan pacha Lunrun sutiyuq suyuqa chaymanta pacha Lunrun llaqtap linderonmanta aswan karumanmi wiñarqan.<ref name="beckett">{{cite book|title=City status in the British Isles, 1830–2002|url=https://archive.org/details/citystatusinbrit0000beck|series=Historical urban studies|author=Beckett, J V|year=2005|publisher=Ashgate|location=Aldershot|isbn=978-0-7546-5067-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/citystatusinbrit0000beck/page/12 12]}}</ref><ref name="Mills">{{cite book|title=City status in the British Isles, 1830–2002|url=https://archive.org/details/citystatusinbrit0000beck|series=Historical urban studies|author=Beckett, J V|year=2005|publisher=Ashgate|location=Aldershot|isbn=978-0-7546-5067-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/citystatusinbrit0000beck/page/12 12]}}</ref> Kunanqa Llaqta [[Hatun Londres llaqtapi Wasichasqa Area|Hatun Lunrun hatun llaqtap]] pisilla rak'inmi, ichataq chawpi Lunrun llaqtap ancha riqsisqa rak'inmi kachkan. Kamachiypiqa, Lunrun llaqtaqa manam huk [[Londres llaqtapi barriokuna|Lunrun llaqta k'uchukunamantachu]], huk 32 thiistiritukunapaq waqaychasqa kayninmi (Hatun Lunrun llaqtap sapallan huk llaqtanpas, [[Westminster llaqta|Westminster llaqtapis]]). Hinallataq sapaq [[Inglaterra mama llaqtapi ceremonial kitikuna|saqumay taripayrak'i]], [[Hatun London|Hatun Lunrunwan]] muyurisqa [[Enclave nisqa|enclave]] kasqanrayku, Hukllachasqa Qhapaq Suyupi aswan huch'uy saqumay kunti. '''Lunrunpa Cityn'''qa achka '''runakunam Llaqta''' nispalla sutichanku ("'''Lunrunpa llaqtan'''" nisqa rimaymanta hukniraq, ''Llaqta'' hatun qillqawan qillqaspa), '''Milla Kuwatharata''' nispapis riqsisqam, (huk milla cuadrada icha 2,6 kilometro cuadradokuna) kasqanrayku<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/nr/rdonlyres/10feeb0b-3ded-4c2d-93d1-8534fcb28cc5/0/Census%202001.pdf|title=City of London Resident Population Census 2001|publisher=Corporation of London|date=July 2005}}</ref> nisqapi. Kay iskaynin términokuna sapa kuti [[Metonimia nisqa|metónimos]] hina Hukllachasqa Qhapaq Suyupa qhatuypaq chaymanta [[Qullqimanta yanapakuykuna|qullqi qarana]] industriakunapaq llamk'achinku, mayqinkunachus huk reparaypaq historiata qatichkanku aswanta Llaqtapi sayasqa kasqankumanta.<ref name="Roberts2008">{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Richard|title=The City: A Guide to London's Global Financial Centre|year=2008|publisher=Economist|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0vl6CltQjEC&q=the%20city%20richard%20roberts&pg=PA2|isbn=9781861978585}}</ref> Kunanqa [[Londres llaqtamanta etimología|''Lunrun'' sutitaqa]] llaqtallamanta aswan hatun cheqaspaqmi utilizanku. ''Lunrun llaqtaqa'' aswanta riqsichin Lunrun hatun llaqtata, icha 32 Hatun Lunrun barriokunata, kikin Lunrun llaqtamanta aswanta. Kay ''Lunrun llaqtata'' aswan hatun llamk’achiyninqa qillqasqa kachkan allin takyasqa hina 1864 watapi, hinallataq Lord Henry Seymourpa Testamentonpa casonpas.<ref>[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Case_of_Lord_Henry_Seymour_s_Will/3Dg1AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=lord+seymour+will+february+11+1864&pg=PA16&printsec=frontcoverThe Case of Lord Henry Seymour's Will]</ref><ref>Anx before this, the "London Registration District", used by the Registrar General for the census and encompassing the metropolitan sprawl, was in existence by 1851. </ref> == Wiñaykawsay == === Paqarinankuna === [[Rikcha:Horned_helmet.jpg|rikchacha| [[Waterloo Casco|Waterloo k'umpu]], c. 150–50 Kristup ñawpan pacha, [[Thamis Mayu|Thamis mayupi]] tarisqa]] [[Rikcha:London_Wall_fragment.jpg|rikchacha| [[Londres llaqtapi pirqa|Lunrun pirqamanta]] kawsaq t'aqa, 200 kñ watapi ruwasqa, [[Torre Urqu|Tower Hillpa]] qayllanpi]] == Pukyukuna == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> [[Katiguriya:City of London]] [[Katiguriya:Lundunpata llaqtan]] [[Katiguriya:Llaqtakuna]] c6f0z6n7ot939tzg6xz5c42ddjbbh1k 0 63369 691036 669674 2026-08-08T19:21:29Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691036 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lurinsa Awimañay Takuri''' icha '''Lorenza Avemañay Tacuri'''qa [[Ikwayur|Ikwayurmanta]] [[Urin Apya yala yuriqi llaqtakuna|yuriqi]] runam karqan, 1803 watapi [[Wamuti]] llaqtapi [[Ispaña|Ispañap]] hallp'a qhichuyninpa awqanpi<ref name="Amazons">{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Amazons|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam0000salm_y5e5|author=Salmonson, Jessica Amanda|publisher=Paragon House|year=1991|isbn=1-55778-420-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam0000salm_y5e5/page/26 26]}}</ref> hatariyta pusarqan. Kay qhipamanta Ispañamanta kamachiyniyuqkunaqa hap’iqaytawan wañuchirqanku. == Pukyukuna == 9h6x5s7n0bo46c1992bo7styz70xnnn 0 64919 691048 2026-08-08T23:44:08Z Santi Chuco 250 Musuq p'anqa: {{Taxobox | name = ''Bactrocera satanellus''| regnum = [[Animalia]]| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]| classis = [[Insecta]]| ordo = [[Diptera]]| familia = [[Tephritidae]]| genus = [[Bactrocera]]| species = '''B. satanellus'''| species_authority = Hering, 1941 }} '''''Bactrocera satanellus''''' nisqaqa huk [[palama]]<nowiki/>m (Insecta). ''[[Bactrocera]] [[rikch'ana]]''manta, [[Tephritidae]] [[rikch'aq ayllu]]<nowiki/>manta, [[Iskaylla rapra]] (Diptera) [[rikch'aq ñiqi]]<nowiki/>manta… 691048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Bactrocera satanellus''| regnum = [[Animalia]]| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]| classis = [[Insecta]]| ordo = [[Diptera]]| familia = [[Tephritidae]]| genus = [[Bactrocera]]| species = '''B. satanellus'''| species_authority = Hering, 1941 }} '''''Bactrocera satanellus''''' nisqaqa huk [[palama]]<nowiki/>m (Insecta). ''[[Bactrocera]] [[rikch'ana]]''manta, [[Tephritidae]] [[rikch'aq ayllu]]<nowiki/>manta, [[Iskaylla rapra]] (Diptera) [[rikch'aq ñiqi]]<nowiki/>mantam kan.<ref>[https://www.gbif.org/search?q=Bactrocera%20satanellus ''Bactrocera satanellus''] GBIF. p'unchaw: 8 ñiqin chakra yapuy killapi, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.biolib.cz/en/formsearch/?action=execute&searcharea=1&string=bactrocera+satanellus ''Bactrocera satanellus''] BioLib. p'unchaw: 8 ñiqin chakra yapuy killapi, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019/search/all/key/Bactrocera+satanellus ''Bactrocera satanellus''] Catalogue of Life. p'unchaw: 8 ñiqin chakra yapuy killapi, 2026.</ref> == Wiñay kawsay == Describisqanmanta tayta Hering, 1941. == Pukyukuna == {{listaref}} [[Katiguriya:Bactrocera|satanellus]] rs06k39m41pha3fw92wwar83ii2hv33 0 64920 691049 2026-08-08T23:44:58Z Santi Chuco 250 Musuq p'anqa: {{Taxobox | name = ''Bactrocera scutellaria''| regnum = [[Animalia]]| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]| classis = [[Insecta]]| ordo = [[Diptera]]| familia = [[Tephritidae]]| genus = [[Bactrocera]]| species = '''B. scutellaria'''| species_authority = Bezzi, 1916 }} '''''Bactrocera scutellaria''''' nisqaqa huk [[palama]]<nowiki/>m (Insecta). ''[[Bactrocera]] [[rikch'ana]]''manta, [[Tephritidae]] [[rikch'aq ayllu]]<nowiki/>manta, [[Iskaylla rapra]] (Diptera) [[rikch'aq ñiqi]]<nowiki/>man… 691049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Bactrocera scutellaria''| regnum = [[Animalia]]| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]| classis = [[Insecta]]| ordo = [[Diptera]]| familia = [[Tephritidae]]| genus = [[Bactrocera]]| species = '''B. scutellaria'''| species_authority = Bezzi, 1916 }} '''''Bactrocera scutellaria''''' nisqaqa huk [[palama]]<nowiki/>m (Insecta). ''[[Bactrocera]] [[rikch'ana]]''manta, [[Tephritidae]] [[rikch'aq ayllu]]<nowiki/>manta, [[Iskaylla rapra]] (Diptera) [[rikch'aq ñiqi]]<nowiki/>mantam kan.<ref>[https://www.gbif.org/search?q=Bactrocera%20scutellaria ''Bactrocera scutellaria''] GBIF. p'unchaw: 8 ñiqin chakra yapuy killapi, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.biolib.cz/en/formsearch/?action=execute&searcharea=1&string=bactrocera+scutellaria ''Bactrocera scutellaria''] BioLib. p'unchaw: 8 ñiqin chakra yapuy killapi, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019/search/all/key/Bactrocera+scutellaria ''Bactrocera scutellaria''] Catalogue of Life. p'unchaw: 8 ñiqin chakra yapuy killapi, 2026.</ref> == Wiñay kawsay == Describisqanmanta tayta Bezzi, 1916. == Pukyukuna == {{listaref}} [[Katiguriya:Bactrocera|scutellaria]] g5e7qta9zbjwhr4q3r4ga8mcfr1i2k1 0 64921 691050 2026-08-08T23:45:39Z Santi Chuco 250 Musuq p'anqa: {{Taxobox | name = ''Bactrocera scutellaris''| regnum = [[Animalia]]| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]| classis = [[Insecta]]| ordo = [[Diptera]]| familia = [[Tephritidae]]| genus = [[Bactrocera]]| species = '''B. scutellaris'''| species_authority = Bezzi, 1913 }} '''''Bactrocera scutellaris''''' nisqaqa huk [[palama]]<nowiki/>m (Insecta). ''[[Bactrocera]] [[rikch'ana]]''manta, [[Tephritidae]] [[rikch'aq ayllu]]<nowiki/>manta, [[Iskaylla rapra]] (Diptera) [[rikch'aq ñiqi]]<nowiki/>man… 691050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Bactrocera scutellaris''| regnum = [[Animalia]]| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]| classis = [[Insecta]]| ordo = [[Diptera]]| familia = [[Tephritidae]]| genus = [[Bactrocera]]| species = '''B. scutellaris'''| species_authority = Bezzi, 1913 }} '''''Bactrocera scutellaris''''' nisqaqa huk [[palama]]<nowiki/>m (Insecta). ''[[Bactrocera]] [[rikch'ana]]''manta, [[Tephritidae]] [[rikch'aq ayllu]]<nowiki/>manta, [[Iskaylla rapra]] (Diptera) [[rikch'aq ñiqi]]<nowiki/>mantam kan.<ref>[https://www.gbif.org/search?q=Bactrocera%20scutellaris ''Bactrocera scutellaris''] GBIF. p'unchaw: 8 ñiqin chakra yapuy killapi, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.biolib.cz/en/formsearch/?action=execute&searcharea=1&string=bactrocera+scutellaris ''Bactrocera scutellaris''] BioLib. p'unchaw: 8 ñiqin chakra yapuy killapi, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019/search/all/key/Bactrocera+scutellaris ''Bactrocera scutellaris''] Catalogue of Life. p'unchaw: 8 ñiqin chakra yapuy killapi, 2026.</ref> == Wiñay kawsay == Describisqanmanta tayta Bezzi, 1913. == Pukyukuna == {{listaref}} [[Katiguriya:Bactrocera|scutellaris]] 9njrnu8w923bm66d4znokjw4g2kho4b 0 64922 691051 2026-08-08T23:46:40Z Santi Chuco 250 Musuq p'anqa: {{Taxobox | name = ''Bactrocera scutellata''| regnum = [[Animalia]]| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]| classis = [[Insecta]]| ordo = [[Diptera]]| familia = [[Tephritidae]]| genus = [[Bactrocera]]| species = '''B. scutellata'''| species_authority = Hendel, 1912 }} '''''Bactrocera scutellata''''' nisqaqa huk [[palama]]<nowiki/>m (Insecta). ''[[Bactrocera]] [[rikch'ana]]''manta, [[Tephritidae]] [[rikch'aq ayllu]]<nowiki/>manta, [[Iskaylla rapra]] (Diptera) [[rikch'aq ñiqi]]<nowiki/>manta… 691051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Bactrocera scutellata''| regnum = [[Animalia]]| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]| classis = [[Insecta]]| ordo = [[Diptera]]| familia = [[Tephritidae]]| genus = [[Bactrocera]]| species = '''B. scutellata'''| species_authority = Hendel, 1912 }} '''''Bactrocera scutellata''''' nisqaqa huk [[palama]]<nowiki/>m (Insecta). ''[[Bactrocera]] [[rikch'ana]]''manta, [[Tephritidae]] [[rikch'aq ayllu]]<nowiki/>manta, [[Iskaylla rapra]] (Diptera) [[rikch'aq ñiqi]]<nowiki/>mantam kan.<ref>[https://www.gbif.org/search?q=Bactrocera%20scutellata ''Bactrocera scutellata''] GBIF. p'unchaw: 8 ñiqin chakra yapuy killapi, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.biolib.cz/en/formsearch/?action=execute&searcharea=1&string=bactrocera+scutellata ''Bactrocera scutellata''] BioLib. p'unchaw: 8 ñiqin chakra yapuy killapi, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019/search/all/key/Bactrocera+scutellata ''Bactrocera scutellata''] Catalogue of Life. p'unchaw: 8 ñiqin chakra yapuy killapi, 2026.</ref> == Wiñay kawsay == Describisqanmanta tayta Hendel, 1912. == Pukyukuna == {{listaref}} [[Katiguriya:Bactrocera|scutellata]] 0jwpffl2onfwn370vdg9p4h6qp4vqaq 0 64923 691052 2026-08-08T23:47:17Z Santi Chuco 250 Musuq p'anqa: {{Taxobox | name = ''Bactrocera scutellina''| regnum = [[Animalia]]| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]| classis = [[Insecta]]| ordo = [[Diptera]]| familia = [[Tephritidae]]| genus = [[Bactrocera]]| species = '''B. scutellina'''| species_authority = Bezzi, 1916 }} '''''Bactrocera scutellina''''' nisqaqa huk [[palama]]<nowiki/>m (Insecta). ''[[Bactrocera]] [[rikch'ana]]''manta, [[Tephritidae]] [[rikch'aq ayllu]]<nowiki/>manta, [[Iskaylla rapra]] (Diptera) [[rikch'aq ñiqi]]<nowiki/>mantam… 691052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Bactrocera scutellina''| regnum = [[Animalia]]| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]| classis = [[Insecta]]| ordo = [[Diptera]]| familia = [[Tephritidae]]| genus = [[Bactrocera]]| species = '''B. scutellina'''| species_authority = Bezzi, 1916 }} '''''Bactrocera scutellina''''' nisqaqa huk [[palama]]<nowiki/>m (Insecta). ''[[Bactrocera]] [[rikch'ana]]''manta, [[Tephritidae]] [[rikch'aq ayllu]]<nowiki/>manta, [[Iskaylla rapra]] (Diptera) [[rikch'aq ñiqi]]<nowiki/>mantam kan.<ref>[https://www.gbif.org/search?q=Bactrocera%20scutellina ''Bactrocera scutellina''] GBIF. p'unchaw: 8 ñiqin chakra yapuy killapi, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.biolib.cz/en/formsearch/?action=execute&searcharea=1&string=bactrocera+scutellina ''Bactrocera scutellina''] BioLib. p'unchaw: 8 ñiqin chakra yapuy killapi, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019/search/all/key/Bactrocera+scutellina ''Bactrocera scutellina''] Catalogue of Life. p'unchaw: 8 ñiqin chakra yapuy killapi, 2026.</ref> == Wiñay kawsay == Describisqanmanta tayta Bezzi, 1916. == Pukyukuna == {{listaref}} [[Katiguriya:Bactrocera|scutellina]] 4krqwtdah5h7hgrwyiyhlp74tdhe8ap 0 64924 691053 2026-08-08T23:48:12Z Santi Chuco 250 Musuq p'anqa: {{Taxobox | name = ''Bactrocera seguyi''| regnum = [[Animalia]]| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]| classis = [[Insecta]]| ordo = [[Diptera]]| familia = [[Tephritidae]]| genus = [[Bactrocera]]| species = '''B. seguyi'''| species_authority = Hering, 1939 }} '''''Bactrocera seguyi''''' nisqaqa huk [[palama]]<nowiki/>m (Insecta). ''[[Bactrocera]] [[rikch'ana]]''manta, [[Tephritidae]] [[rikch'aq ayllu]]<nowiki/>manta, [[Iskaylla rapra]] (Diptera) [[rikch'aq ñiqi]]<nowiki/>mantam kan.<ref>[… 691053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Bactrocera seguyi''| regnum = [[Animalia]]| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]| classis = [[Insecta]]| ordo = [[Diptera]]| familia = [[Tephritidae]]| genus = [[Bactrocera]]| species = '''B. seguyi'''| species_authority = Hering, 1939 }} '''''Bactrocera seguyi''''' nisqaqa huk [[palama]]<nowiki/>m (Insecta). ''[[Bactrocera]] [[rikch'ana]]''manta, [[Tephritidae]] [[rikch'aq ayllu]]<nowiki/>manta, [[Iskaylla rapra]] (Diptera) [[rikch'aq ñiqi]]<nowiki/>mantam kan.<ref>[https://www.gbif.org/search?q=Bactrocera%20seguyi ''Bactrocera seguyi''] GBIF. p'unchaw: 8 ñiqin chakra yapuy killapi, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.biolib.cz/en/formsearch/?action=execute&searcharea=1&string=bactrocera+seguyi ''Bactrocera seguyi''] BioLib. p'unchaw: 8 ñiqin chakra yapuy killapi, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019/search/all/key/Bactrocera+seguyi ''Bactrocera seguyi''] Catalogue of Life. p'unchaw: 8 ñiqin chakra yapuy killapi, 2026.</ref> == Wiñay kawsay == Describisqanmanta tayta Hering, 1939. == Pukyukuna == {{listaref}} [[Katiguriya:Bactrocera|seguyi]] bmzssybsjlt47gjdm7n6audo46mct6z