Wikipedia quwiki https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qhapaq_p%27anqa MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.14 first-letter Midya Sapaq Rimanakuy Ruraq Ruraq rimanakuy Wikipidiya Wikipidiya rimanakuy Rikcha Rikcha rimanakuy MediaWiki MediaWiki rimanakuy Plantilla Plantilla rimanakuy Yanapa Yanapa rimanakuy Katiguriya Katiguriya rimanakuy TimedText TimedText talk Módulo Módulo discusión Evento Evento discusión 0 6139 691081 586308 2026-08-10T20:09:14Z Cromenio 34257 691081 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" align="right" width=290px style="margin-left:1em; background:#8B0000; font-size: 95%;" |- bgcolor="#8B0000" ! colspan="2" | {| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" |- bgcolor="#8B0000" | <font size="+0" color="white">'''Riga'''</font> |} |- |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" ! colspan="2" align="center" | [[Rikcha:Riian vanhakaupunki.jpg|290px|]] |- style="color: white; background: #8B0000; text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #999" | '''Saywitu''' | style="color: white; border-left:1px solid #999"| '''Wallqanqa''' |- style="background: white" |rowspan=6| [[Rikcha:Lettland-Karte.png|130px|center|]] |- style="background: white" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| [[Rikcha:Greater Coat of Arms of Riga - for display.svg|70px|center|]] |- style="background: #FFFFFF;border-top:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| |- style="background: #8B0000; text-align:center;" |style="color: white; border-left:1px solid #999;border-top:1px solid #999"| '''Unancha''' |- style="background: white; border-top:1px solid #999;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| [[Rikcha:Flag of Riga.svg|100px|border|center|]] |- style="background: #FFFFFF; border-top:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| |- align="center" ! colspan="2" | . |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Mama llaqta]] || [[Rikcha:Flag of Latvia.svg|25px]] [[Litunya]] |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Tinkurachina siwi]]kuna || |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Runa]]kuna || 727.578 <small>(1-I-2006)</small> |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Runa ñit'inakuy]] || 2.368,65 runa / km² |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Hallka k'iti kanchar]] || 307,17 km² |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | Hanaq kay|| 7 m |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | Kamasqa wata || 1225 |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Kuraka]] || |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |[[Karu rimay yupay]] || |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Pacha suyu]]|| |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | Llika tiyanan|| [www.] |- ! colspan="2" | |} [[Rikcha:Riga daugava.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Riga, [[Litunya]]]] '''Riga''' llaqtaqa [[Litunya]] mama llaqtap [[uma llaqta]]nmi. Riga llaqtapiqa 727.578 runakunam kawsachkanku (2006). == Hawa tinkikuna == {{commonscat|Riga}} [[Katiguriya:Uma llaqta (Iwrupa)]] [[Katiguriya:Llaqta (Litunya)]] m2outgckqfvmip16wyvl44xqqhvqsam 0 32962 691076 677649 2026-08-10T19:53:19Z Breogan2008 7106 691076 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" align="right" width=290px style="margin-left:1em; background:#CC3300; font-size: 95%;" |- bgcolor="#CC3300" ! colspan="2" | {| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" |- bgcolor="#CC3300" | <font size="+0" color="white">'''Pallatanka <br/> <small> Pallatanga </small> '''</font> |} |- |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |- style="color: white; background: #CC3300; text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #999" | '''Chimpurasu marka''' | style="color: white; border-left:1px solid #999"| '''Wallqanqa''' |- style="background: white" |rowspan=6| [[Image:Pallatanga in Chimborazo (Ecuador).svg|145px|center|]] |- style="background: white" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| |- style="background: #FFFFFF;border-top:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| |- style="background: #CC3300; text-align:center;" |style="color: white; border-left:1px solid #999;border-top:1px solid #999"| '''Unancha''' |- style="background: white; border-top:1px solid #999;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| [[Image:Bandera de Pallatanga.png|100px|center|unancha, Chimpurasu marka]] |- style="background: #FFFFFF; border-top:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| |- |- align="center" ! colspan="2" | . |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Mama llaqta]] || [[Image:Flag of Ecuador.svg|25px]] [[Ikwadur]] |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Tinkurachina siwi]]kuna || |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[:Katiguriya:Marka (Ikwadur)|Marka]] || [[Chimpurasu marka]] |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[:Katiguriya:Kiti (Ikwadur)|Kiti]] || [[Pallatanka kiti]] |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Rimay|Simi]]kuna || [[kichwa|kichwa simi]], [[kastilla simi]] |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Runa]]kuna || 3.160 <small>(''inec'' 2001)</small> |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Runa ñit'inakuy]] || - runa / km² |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Hallka k'iti kanchar]] || km² |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | Hanaq kay || - m |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | Kamasqa wata || |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Kuraka]] || Tomás Curicama Guaman |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Karu rimay yupay]] || |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Pacha suyu]]|| UTC-5 |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Kichwa|Kichwa simi]]pi llika tiyanan||[www.] |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Kastilla simi]]pi llika tiyanan||[www.] |- ! colspan="2"| |} '''Pallatanka''' ([[kastilla simi]]pi: ''Pallatanga'') nisqaqa [[Ikwadur]] mama llaqtapi, [[Chimpurasu marka]]pi, huk llaqtam, [[Pallatanka kiti]]p uma llaqtanmi. ==Llaqtapi paqarisqa== == Kaypipas qhaway == == Pukyukuna == <references/> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090620062901/http://www.inec.gov.ec/c/document_library/get_file?folderId=295151&name=DLFE-13198.pdf www.inec.gov.ec] * [http://www.ame.gov.ec/directorio/frontEnd/main.php www.ame.gov.ec] == Hawa t'inkikuna == * [http://www.codeso.com/TurismoEcuador/Mapa_Chimborazo.html Saywitu:] Chimpurasu marka {{ Chimpurasu marka}} {{Ikwadurpa markankuna}} [[Katiguriya:Llaqta (Ikwadur)]] [[Katiguriya:Llaqta (Chimpurasu marka)]] [[Katiguriya:Pallatanka kiti]] 6itrlr10nxopk08xe4629gqr4yczuee 0 48790 691078 650644 2026-08-10T19:54:46Z Breogan2008 7106 691078 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" align="right" width=290px style="margin-left:1em; background:#CC3300; font-size: 95%;" |- bgcolor="#CC3300" ! colspan="2" | {| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" |- bgcolor="#CC3300" | <span style="font-size:medium; color:white;">'''Harrisburg'''</span> |} |- |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" ! colspan="2" align="center" | [[Rikcha:Harrisburg, Pennsylvania State Capital Building.jpg|290px|]] |- style="color: white; background: #CC3300; text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #999" | '''Saywitu''' | style="color: white; border-left:1px solid #999"| '''Wallqanqa''' |- style="background: white" |rowspan=6| [[Rikcha:Harrisburg Dauphin.png|145px|center| Harrisburg llaqta]] |- style="background: white" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| |- style="background: #FFFFFF;border-top:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| |- style="background: #CC3300; text-align:center;" |style="color: white; border-left:1px solid #999;border-top:1px solid #999"| '''Unancha''' |- style="background: white; border-top:1px solid #999;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| [[Rikcha:Flag of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.svg|70px|center]] |- style="background: #FFFFFF; border-top:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| |- align="center" ! colspan="2" | . |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Mama llaqta]] || [[Rikcha:Flag of the United States.svg|25px]] [[Hukllachasqa Amirika Suyukuna|USA]] |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Tinkurachina siwi]]kuna|| 40°16′11″N 76°52′32″E |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[:Katiguriya:Hukllachasqa Amirika Suyukunap suyun|Suyu]] || [[Pennsylvania suyu]] |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Runa]]kuna || 49.528<small>([[31 XII]] [[2011]])</small> |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Runa ñit'inakuy]] || 1 677 runak./km² |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Hallka k'iti kanchar]] || 26.9 km² |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | Hanaq kay|| |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | Kamasqa wata|| |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Kuraka]] || [[Linda D. Thompson]] <small>([[2010]]- )</small> |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |[[Karu rimay yupay]] || |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Pacha suyu]]|| |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | Llika tiyanan|| [http://harrisburgpa.gov/ harrisburgpa.gov] |- ! colspan="2" | |} '''Harrisburg''' nisqa llaqtaqa, [[Pennsylvania suyu|Pennsylvania]] suyup, [[Hukllachasqa Amirika Suyukuna]]pi huk [[hatun llaqta]]m. Harrisburg llaqtapiqa 49.528 runakuna (2010) tiyachkan. == Allpa saywachi == == Chiriqunuy == == Yachachiy == == Hawa t'inkikuna == * [http://harrisburgpa.gov/ harrisburgpa.gov] [[Katiguriya:Llaqta]] [[Katiguriya:Llaqta (Hukllachasqa Amirika Suyukuna)]] [[Katiguriya:Pennsylvania suyu]] mrbx9ogp2kjmw0m62qsjfkra0qzy9bn 0 50620 691065 676505 2026-08-10T19:23:52Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = pink | name = Ch'iqchi alimpuchi | image = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Mollusca]] | classis = [[Gastropoda]] | subclassis = [[Orthogastropoda]] | superordo = [[Caenogastropoda]] | ordo = [[Architaenioglossa]] | superfamilia = [[Ampullarioidea]] | familia = [[Ampullariidae]] | genus = ''[[Pomacea]]'' | subgenus = ''Pomacea'' | species = '''''P. maculata''''' | binomial = ''Pomacea maculata'' | binomial_authority = ([[Perry]], 1810) | synonyms = * ''Ampullaria gigas''<ref>{{cite journal |last=Riess |first=Karlem |year=1946 |month=March |title=Snail Studies in Elementary Biology |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-biology-teacher_1946-03_8_6/page/n4 |journal=The American Biology Teacher |publisher=[[National Association of Biology Teachers]] |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=131–133 |jstor=4437709}}</ref> }} [[Rikcha:Caracol de agua dulce, Pomacea insularum (España).jpg|rikchacha|Ch'iqchi alimpuchi]] [[Rikcha:Caracoles de agua dulce (Pomacea insularum).jpg|rikchacha|Ch'iqchi alimpuchi]] '''Ch'iqchi alimpuchi'''<ref>{{Ref ILV Pastaza}}</ref> (''Pomacea maculata'') nisqaqa ancha hatun [[ch'uru]]m, rikch'aq [[alimpuchi]]m, [[mansana ch'uru]]kunaman kapuq, [[Amarumayu sach'a-sach'a suyu]]pi [[mayu]]kunapi kawsaq, [[laqu]] mikhuq. == Pukyukuna == <references /> [[Rikcha:Puesta aérea de caracol Pomacea insularum.jpg|rikchacha|Ch'iqchi alimpuchi]] [[Rikcha:Pomacea insularum (España).jpg|rikchacha|Ch'iqchi alimpuchi]] == Hawa t'inkikuna == {{commonscat|Pomacea|Pomacea}} [[Katiguriya:Wiksachaki]] [[Katiguriya:Fauna (Umawa)]] [[Katiguriya:Fauna (misk'i yaku)]] i3ygij642tpvx2gxj2tgbjcdrxten5a 0 52885 691075 680802 2026-08-10T19:36:39Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ficha de enfermedad | nombre = Faringitis estreptocócica | imagen = Pos strep.JPG | tamaño = | pie = Mayk'aq allin lluqsiyninqa faringitis estreptocócica kaqqa exudado amigdalar kaqwan kay runa 16 watayuq. | CIE-10 = {{CIE-10|J|02|0|J|00}} | CIE-9 = {{CIE-9|034.0}} | CIE-O = | CIAP-2 = | OMIM = | DSM-IV = | DiseasesDB = 12507 | Medline = | MedlinePlus = 000639 | MedlinePlus_mult = | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 1811 | eMedicine_mult = | MeshID = | GeneReviewsID = | GeneReviewsName = | sinónimos = }} '''Istriptukuku pharinhitis''', '''istriptukuku amiktalitis''', '''istriptukuku amuqlli unquy''' kaqqa, lat. '''Pharyngitis streptococcica''', '''Amygdalitis streptococcica''', kast. '''Faringitis estreptocócica''', '''amigdalitis estreptocócica''', mana chay '''dolor de garganta estreptocócico''' kaqqa ('''tunquri nanay''' riqsikuq hina) huk [[faringitis]] kaq hina huk bacteria huchayuq rayku sutichasqa [[estreptococo del grupo A]].<ref>{{DorlandsDict|nine/100014400|streptococcal pharyngitis}}</ref> Nanachin [[faringe]] kaqta, [[amígdalas]] kaqta wakin kutitaq [[laringe]] kaqta. Aswan rikukusqa sintomasqa kanku [[fiebre]], [[dolor de garganta]] punkiy kay [[ganglios linfáticos]] kaqpi. Wawapurapi, 37% tunquri nanaywan<ref name=Peds2010/> machu runakunapurapitaq 5 chanta 15% kay nanayllawantaq.<ref name=IDSA2012/> Faringitis kaqqa huk bacteria huchayuq raykuqa huk [[unquy]] chimpachikuq huk unqusqa runawan kaptiykipacha. Lluqsiyninqa kay [[hisopado de garganta]] kaqmanta huk pachan willayta quchiy atinku. Mana ruwakunmanpischu kay qhawayqa imaraykuchus sanillachikuyqa ñikunman sintomasllamantapacha. Sichus diagnosticoqa ari ñikunña chay mana chay sichus kaynin ancha hatun, qukunku [[antibióticos]] kaqta aswan qhipa nanaykunata chinkachinapaq chanta aswan utqhay kutirinanpaq.<ref name=Review09/> ==Signos y síntomas / Unanchakuna watupanakunawan== Aswan rikukuq sintomasqa kay faringitis estreptocócica kaqmanta kanku [[dolor de garganta]], [[fiebre]] aswan kay {{convert|38|C|F}}, secreción ([[pus]] kay [[amígdalas]] kaqpi) chanta punkisqa [[ganglios linfáticos]].<ref name=Review09>{{cite journal |author = Choby BA | title = Diagnosis and treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 79 | issue = 5 | pages = 383–90 | year = 2009 | month = March | pmid = 19275067 | doi = | url =http://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0301/p383.html }}</ref> Wak síntomas kanku: [[dolor de cabeza]], [[náuseas]] chanta [[vómitos]], [[dolor abdominal]],<ref name=Review06>{{cite journal| author = Brook I, Dohar JE | title = Management of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis in children | journal = J Fam Pract | volume = 55 | issue = 12 |pages = S1–11; quiz S12 | year = 2006 | month = December |pmid = 17137534 | doi = }}</ref>, [[dolor muscular]],<ref name=Review2001/>, mana chay [[fiebre escarlata]] mana chay [[puntos rojos en el paladar]]. Kay qhipakaq mana anchata rikukunchu ichaqa kan [[Sensitivity and specificity|característico]] kay unquymanta.<ref name=Review09/> Kay unquyqa huk [[período de incubación]] kaqniyuq huk mana chay kimsa p’unchawmanta chinpachikuy qhipanmanta, chanta síntomas rikhurimurqanku.<ref name=Review09/> Mana qhaja tiyan chay, [[conjunctivitis|ojos enrojecidos]], ch’aka, qhuña mana chay sarna simipi, manasina faringitis estreptocócica kanmanchu.<ref name=IDSA2012/> <gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="175px"> File:StrepAug2010.JPG|Mouth wide open showing the throat<br />Infección de garganta con cultivo positivo de estreptococos del grupo A. Nótese la inflamación de las amígdalas con [[secreción]] blanca. File:Streptococcal pharyngitis.jpg|Boca bien abierta mostrando la garganta<br />Nótese las [[petequias]] o puntillado rojo en el [[paladar blando]]. Esto se encuentra rara vez pero es muy [[Sensitivity and specificity|característico]] de la faringitis estreptocócica.<ref name=Review09/> File:Strep throat2010.JPG|Amígdalas inflamadas en la parte posterior de la garganta cubiertas de secreción blanca.<br />Un caso de cultivo positivo de faringitis estreptocócica con la típica secreción de las amígdalas en un niño de 8 años. <!-- |title is optional; default for |width & |height is 180 – may be changed as needed; |lines is number of lines needed for biggest caption --> </gallery> ==Causas / Qallakuna== Faringitis estreptocócica kaqqa huk bacteria huchayuq kan kayqa sutichasqa [[estreptococo beta-hemolíticopa A qutunmanta]] (chantapas sutichakun GAS).<ref name=Review10>{{cite journal | author = Baltimore RS | title = Re-evaluation of antibiotic treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis | journal = Curr. Opin. Pediatr. | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 77–82 | year = 2010 | month = February | pmid = 19996970 | doi = 10.1097/MOP.0b013e32833502e7 }}</ref> Wak basterias kay [[estreptococos mana beta-hemolíticospa grupo A kaqnin]] kaq chanta [[fusobacterias]] kaqkunapas [[faringitis]]kaqta quchikunkuman<ref name=Review09/><ref name=Review2001/> Huk unqusqa runawan chiqan chanta qaylla kaptiyki chimpakun chayraykutaq maypichus achkha runakuna tiyanku chaypi, ejércitopi hina chanta yachaywasipi hina, chimpachikuy aswan hatun kanqa.<ref name=Review2001>{{cite journal | author = Hayes CS, Williamson H | title = Management of Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 63 | issue = 8 | pages = 1557–64 |year = 2001 | month = April | pmid = 11327431 | doi = | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/20010415/1557.html }}</ref><ref name="pmid15765640">{{cite journal | author = Lindbaek M, Høiby EA, Lermark G, Steinsholt IM, Hjortdahl P | title = Predictors for spread of clinical group A streptococcal tonsillitis within the household | journal = Scand J Prim Health Care | volume = 22 | issue = 4 | pages = 239–43 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15765640 | doi = 10.1080/02813430410006729 }}</ref> Tarikurqa kay ch’aki bacterias polvopi mana chimpachikuqchu kanku, kay juq’u bacteriasri kay [[kiru]] pichanapi mana chay wak rich’akuq kayman kaqkunapi kaqkunaqa chunka phichqayuq p’unchawkunakamapuni kawsankuman.<ref name=Review2001/> Mana rikukuqchu kay chimpasqa mikhunakunaqa kay unquyta quchikuqqa.<ref name=Review2001/> huk 12% wawakunapuramanta mana signosniyuq manataq sintomasniyuq kaqkunaqa kay bacteria GAS kaqniyuq tunqurinpi.<ref name=Peds2010>{{cite journal | author = Shaikh N, Leonard E, Martin JM | title = Prevalence of streptococcal pharyngitis and streptococcal carriage in children: a meta-analysis | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 126| issue = 3 | pages = e557–64 | year = 2010 | month = September | pmid = 20696723 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2009-2648}}</ref> ==Diagnóstico / Reqsichisa== {| class="wikitable" style = "float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center" |+ Allichasqa Centor chikukuna !Chikukuna||estreptococopaq Probabilidad||Kamachiynin |- | 1 utaq pisi|| <10%||Manaraq munasqa antibiótico utaq cultura |- | 2 ||11–17%||rowspan="2"|Cultura utaq RADT antibióticowan kawsarichisqa |- | 3 ||28–35% |- | 4 utaq 5 ||52%||[[Antibióticos empíricos]] |} Ima ruwaytachus faringitis unqusqa runakunaman quyta yachanapaqqa kay huk hinasqa [[Centor yuyay]] kaqkunawan llamk’akunman. Kaykunaqa willanku kay infección estreptocócica kaq kayninmanta phichqa clínicos criteriosman hina.<ref name=Review09/> Huk chanin qukun sapa hukman hina kay qatimuq criteriosman:<ref name=Review09/> *Manaraq tos *Ch'amqasqa llulluwan gangliospa kunkan *Pacha qalliy >{{convert|38.0|C|F}} *Secreción utaq hinchazón kaqpa amígdalas kaqnin *Watamanta sullk'a 15 watakunayuq (huk chiku menos sichus >44 watayuq tiyakun) Ichaqa, kay [[Sociedad de Enfermedades Infecciosas de América]] mana ruwakuyninwanchu kachkan kay empíricos ruwaykunaman chanta antibióticos kaqkunallata qukunan tiyan ñin sichus cultivo lluqsiynin kusa kaptin chay.<ref name=IDSA2012/> Pruebasqa mana ruwakunmanchu kimsa watayuq uraman wawakunapi imaraykuchus estreptococos kay A qutumanta chanta [[fiebre reumática]] mana rikukuqchu kanku, ichapas huk hermanuyuq kay unquywan kanman chay.<ref name=IDSA2012/> ===Pruebas de laboratorio/ K'uchu qhawana chuya ruwaykuna === Huk [[isopado de fauces]] kay [[gold standard (test)|allinnin]]<ref>{{Cite book|author1=Smith, Ellen Reid|author2=Kahan, Scott |author3=Miller, Redonda G. |title=In A Page Signs & Symptoms |series=In a Page Series|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstown, Maryland |year=2008 |pages=312 |isbn=0-7817-7043-2|oclc=}}</ref> huk faringitis estreptocócica kaqta tarinapaq huk 90–95% llulluwan kaqwan.<ref name=Review09/> Chantapas huk [[prueba rápida de estreptococos]] kaqwan llamk’akunman (riqsichikuq huk utqhay prueba hina mana chay RADT). Ichapas kusa kan prueba aswan utqhay chay, huk [[sensitivity (tests)|llulluwan]] aswan pisi (70%) chanta [[specificity (tests)|nikusqa]] kikin (98%) kay faucesmanta hisopado .<ref name=Review09/> Lluqsiynin huk faucesmanta hisopado mana kan allin, sintomasman yapasqa chay diagnosticuta ch’uwanchan, sichus musphaypi kakuchkan chayqa.<ref name=IDSAGuideline2002/> Machu runapiqa, huk RADT negativo tiyapuqwan kusapacha diagnosticuta wich’unapaq, ichaqa wawapurapiqa huk tunquri cultivota ruwakunanta munakun kay lluqsiyta ch’uwanchanapaq.<ref name=IDSA2012/> Mana faucesmanta hisopatuta sapa p’unchaw ruwanachu sichus unqusqa mana sintomasniyuq chay, imaraykuchus wakin runakuna "apanku" sapa kuti kay bacterias estreptococos kaqkunata tunquripi mana ni ima nanayniyuq.<ref name=IDSAGuideline2002/> === Diferencial reqsichisa === {{See also|Acute pharyngitis}} Kay faringitis estreptocócica sintomasninku wak unquykunawan yapakuptinku chay, ancha ch’ampa diagnosticuta ruwana kanqa mana qhawayta ruwasparaq.<ref name=Review09/> ch’ujuqa, qhuñaqa, [[diarrea]] chanta [[conjunctivitis|ojos irritados, enrojecidos]] kaqkunaqa k’ajaman yapasqa chanta uma nanayman ima aswan willakuq kanku kay [[dolor de garganta viral]] faringitis estreptocócica kaqta.<ref name=Review09/> Kay rikukusqa punkiy kay kunka ganglios kaqmanta yapasqa tunquri nanaywan, k’ajawan chanta amígdalas punkiywan ima chantapas kay [[mononucleosis infecciosa]] kaqpi rikhurinman.<ref name="pmid15508538">{{cite journal | author = Ebell MH | title = Epstein-Barr virus infectious mononucleosis | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 70 | issue = 7 | pages = 1279–87 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15508538 | doi = | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/20041001/1279.html }}</ref> ==Prevención== Kay [[amigdalectomía]] mana chay amígdalas operación huk allin ñawpa willakuq kanman kay pikunachus sapa kuti tunquripi infeccioneswan kaqkunapaq (astawa kimsamanta watapi).<ref>{{cite journal | author = Johnson BC, Alvi A | title = Cost-effective workup for tonsillitis. Testing, treatment, and potential complications | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_postgraduate-medicine_2003-03_113_3/page/115 | journal = Postgrad Med | volume = 113 | issue = 3 | pages = 115–8, 121 | year = 2003 | month = March | pmid = 12647478 | doi = }}</ref> Ichaqa, kusakunaqa mana achkhachu chanta episodiosqa pachawan pisillachkan, aswan jaqaymanta kay aqllasqa ruwaykunamanta.<ref>{{cite journal|last=van Staaij|first=BK|coauthors=van den Akker, EH; van der Heijden, GJ; Schilder, AG; Hoes, AW|title=Adenotonsillectomy for upper respiratory infections: evidence based?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-disease-in-childhood_2005-01_90_1/page/n26|journal=Archives of disease in childhood|date=2005 Jan|volume=90|issue=1|pages=19-25|pmid=15613505}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Burton|first=MJ|coauthors=Glasziou, PP|title=Tonsillectomy or adeno-tonsillectomy versus non-surgical treatment for chronic/recurrent acute tonsillitis.|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2009 Jan 21|issue=1|pages=CD001802|pmid=19160201}}</ref> Kay episodios kutiruwakusqakuna kay faringitis kaqmanta kay Gas positivo quqkuna huk runapi pichus cronica GAS kayniyuq kaqpi pichus virales infeccionesta sapa kuti hap’ichkan chaypi rikhurimullankumantaq.<ref name=IDSA2012/> Mana allinchu tratamiento ruwanaqa kay runakuna qayllasqa unquyman ichaqa mana sintomasniyuqchu chay.<ref name=IDSA2012/> Ama munakunchu yanapana kay GAS unquywan runakunata imaraykuchus chimpachikuy kaynin chanta aswan qhipa nanaykuna ancha pisi chay.<ref name=IDSA2012/> ==Tratamiento== Faringitis estreptocócica kaqqa mana yanapasqa chinkapun huk machkha p’unchawkunapi.<ref name=Review09/> Saniyachiy antibióticos kaqwanqa unquy kawsayninta pisillachin huk chunka suqta &nbsp;phanipi.<ref name=Review09/> Imaraykuchus saniyachiyta kay antibióticos kaqwan jampinaqa kan aswan qhipa nanaykunata pisillachina kay hinata [[fiebre reumática]] chanta [[absceso retrofaríngeo]] <ref name=Review09/> chanta ancha kusa sichus kay jisq’un p’unchawkunapi kay síntomas rikhurimusaptinpacha kamachikun chay.<ref name=Review10/> ===Analgésicos=== Analgésicos kaqqa kay [[antinflamatorios no esteróideos]] (AINE) chanta [[paracetamol]] (acetaminofeno) kaqqa ancha kusa nanayta kay faringitis estreptocócica kaqwan kamachinankupaq.<ref name=Review00>{{cite journal | author = Thomas M, Del Mar C, Glasziou P | title = How effective are treatments other than antibiotics for acute sore throat? |journal = Br J Gen Pract | volume = 50 | issue = 459 | pages = 817–20 | year = 2000 | month = October | pmid = 11127175| pmc = 1313826 | doi = }}</ref> [[lidocaína]] kaqqa sankhu ima chaypas kusa kanman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medicinenet.com/lidocaine_viscous/article.htm |title=Generic Name: Lidocaine Viscous (Xylocaine Viscous) side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions |work=MedicineNet.com |accessdate=2010-05-07}}</ref> Ichapas kay [[esteroides]] kaqkuna nanaywan yanapankuman chay<ref name=Review10/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123372200/abstract |title=Effectiveness of Corticosteroid Treatment in Acute Pharyngitis: A Systematic Review of the Literature.|work=Andrew Wing. 2010; Academic Emergency Medicine |accessdate=}}</ref> mana sapa kuti ruwanapaq kusachu.<ref name=IDSA2012/> Machu runakunaqa aspirinasta upyankuman ichaqa wawakunaqa ama upyanankuchu tiyan kay [[síndrome de Reye]]kaq rayku.<ref name=Review10/> ===Antibióticos=== Kay aqllasqa antibiótico Estados Unidospi kay faringitis estreptocócica kaqta saniyachinapaq kan [[Phenoxymethylpenicillin|penicilina V]] hark’ayninrayku, chaninninrayku chanta allin ruwayninrayku.<ref name=Review09/> Europapitaq [[amoxicilina]]kaqta munakun.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Bonsignori F, Chiappini E, De Martino M | title = The infections of the upper respiratory tract in children| journal = Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol | volume = 23 | issue = 1 Suppl | pages = 16–9 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20152073| doi = }}</ref> Indiapi, maypichus k’aja reumática aswan hatun, [[penicilina benzatínica]] G kaqta kamachikun intramuscular hina ñawpa aqllayta hina sanillaypaq.<ref name=Review10/> Allin antibióticos kaqqa kay síntomas thaskiyninta kay 3-5 p’unchawkunamanta huk p’unchawman pisillachin chantaqa chimpachikunata pisillachillantaq.<ref name=IDSAGuideline2002/> Yanapakunku aswanta imaraykuchus kay mana ancha rikukuq nanaykunata pisillachinapaq kay hinata [[fiebre reumática]] kaqta chanta [[abceso retrofaríngeo]]kaqtawan.<ref name=InternalMedPosition2001>{{cite journal | author = Snow V, Mottur-Pilson C, Cooper RJ, Hoffman JR | title = Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute pharyngitis in adults | journal = Ann Intern Med | volume = 134 |issue = 6 | pages = 506–8 | year = 2001 | month = March | pmid = 11255529 | doi = | url =http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/134/6/506.pdf }}</ref> Ichapas achkha kusa ñiykuna antibióticos saniyachiypaq kan chay, chantapas qhipa jamuyninkunata yachakunallantaq ima tiyan.<ref name=Review2001/> chanta allin mana imapas saniyayta kusa machu runakunaman pichunatachus mana allintachu jampikuna ruwan chaykunaman qunaqa.<ref name=InternalMedPosition2001/> Antibióticos kaqkunata faringitis estreptocócica kaqpaq willakun aswan hatun ritmuman suyasanchikmanta kay difusión grado.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Linder JA, Bates DW, Lee GM, Finkelstein JA | title = Antibiotic treatment of children with sore throat | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2005-11-09_294_18/page/n58 | journal = J Am Med Assoc | volume = 294 | issue = 18 | pages = 2315–22 | year = 2005 | month = November | pmid = 16278359 | doi = 10.1001/jama.294.18.2315 }}</ref> Willakun [[eritromicina]] chanta wak kuna[[macrólidos]] mana chay [[clindamicina]] runakunapaq ancha[[penicillin allergy|alergias a la penicilina]]kaqkunayuq.<ref name=Review09/><ref name=IDSA2012/> Ñawpaqta kay [[cefalosporinas]] kaqwan saniyachikunman tukuypaq, pikunapichus mana ancha ch’ampa alergiaschu.<ref name=Review09/> Infeccionesqa kay estreptococo kaqpas huk [[glomerulonefritis aguda]], kaqman apanman ichaqa, antibióticos upyayninqa mana kay qhipa ruwakuypaq frecuencianta pisillachinchu.<ref name=Review10/> ==Pronóstico== Faringitis sintomasqa allichapunku saniyachiywan manapas chaywan kay kimsa – phichqa p’unchawninpi.<ref name=IDSAGuideline2002>{{cite journal | author = Bisno AL, Gerber MA, Gwaltney JM, Kaplan EL, Schwartz RH | title = Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. [[Infectious Diseases Society of America]] | journal = Clin. Infect. Dis. | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 113–25 | year = 2002 | month = July | pmid = 12087516 | doi = 10.1086/340949 }}</ref> Antibioticoswan saniyachiyqa aswan qhipa nanaykunata chimpachiykunata pisillachin, wawakunaqa 24 chininita antibióticos upyaytawan yachay wasiman kutinkuman.<ref name=Review09/> Machu runapiqa aswan qhipa nanaykunaqa ancha pisi.<ref name=IDSA2012>{{cite journal|last=Shulman|first=ST|coauthors=Bisno, AL; Clegg, HW; Gerber, MA; Kaplan, EL; Lee, G; Martin, JM; Van Beneden, C|title=Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis: 2012 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.|journal=Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America|date=2012 Sep 9|pmid=22965026}}</ref> Wawakunapiqa tukuy pachapi reumática k’ajaqa pisi rikukun, ichaqa, aswan riqsikuq kay cardiopatía qukuq kay Indiapi, África subsaharianapi chanta wakin k’uchus Australiamanta.<ref name=IDSA2012/> Kay complicaciones faringitis kaqmanta estreptococo kaqrayku kanku: {{Multicol}} * [[Rheumatic fever|Fiebre reumática aguda]]<ref name=Review06/> * [[Escarlatina]]<ref name=Uptodate/> * [[Toxic shock syndrome|Síndrome de shock tóxico estreptocócico]]<ref name=Uptodate>{{Cite web|url=http://www.utdol.com/online/content/topic.do?topicKey=upp_resp/4610 |title=UpToDate Inc. |work=|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Stevens DL, Tanner MH, Winship J, ''et al.'' | title = Severe group A streptococcal infections associated with a toxic shock-like syndrome and scarlet fever toxin A | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1989-07-06_321_1/page/1 | journal = N. Engl. J. Med. | volume = 321 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–7 | year = 1989 | month = July | pmid = 2659990 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM198907063210101 }}</ref> * [[Glomerulonefritis]]<ref name=Review05/> {{Multicol-break}} * [[PANDAS|Síndrome PANDAS]]<ref name=Review05>{{cite journal | author = Hahn RG, Knox LM, Forman TA | title = Evaluation of poststreptococcal illness | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2005-05-15_71_10/page/1949 | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 71 | issue = 10 | pages = 1949–54 |year = 2005 | month = May | pmid = 15926411 | doi = }}</ref> * [[Absceso periamigdalino]]<ref name=IDSA2012/> *[[Linfadenitis cervical]]<ref name=IDSA2012/> *[[Mastoiditis]]<ref name=IDSA2012/> {{Multicol-end}} Aswan pisi qullqi junt’achina kay unquypaq kay Estados Unidospi wawaspaq $350.000.000 kan.<ref name=IDSA2012/> ==Epidemiología== [[Faringitis]] aswan hatun ñiqi maypichus faringitis estreptocócica kachkan kaytaq 11 junu runakunapi huk watapi Estados Unidospi tarikun.<ref name=Review09/> Aswan achkha unquykuna virusmanta kanku chay, kay estreptococos kay A beta-hemolitico qutumanta huchayuq kanku kay 15-30% kay unqusqakunamanta kay faringitis kaqwan wawakunapi chanta 5-20% machu runakunapi.<ref name=Review09/> Kay unquykunaqa invierno tukukuptin rikhurimun chanta primavera qallariyninpi ima.<ref name=Review09/> ==Pukyukuna== <references/> [[Katiguriya:Unquy]] lvb3cj0vcylu6lz89r2xwrk0h2c0yl8 0 52945 691073 678690 2026-08-10T19:31:56Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unquy | Name = Krup (Laryngotracheobronchitis) | Image = Croup steeple sign.jpg | Caption = [[Kampanaryu unancha]], krupniyuq wawap kunkan, radiografía nisqapi rikusqa, antero-posterior | DiseasesDB = 13233 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|J|05|0|j|00}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|464.4}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 000959 | eMedicineSubj = ped | eMedicineTopic = 510 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|370}} {{eMedicine2|radio|199}} | MeshID = D003440 }} '''Krup''', lat. '''Laryngotracheobronchitis''' (kast. ''crup'' icha ''laringotraqueobronquitis'') huk [[samana yawri|samanamanta]] unquy huk [[virus]] rayku mayqinchus patakaq sinqa ukhupi infeccionta ruwan. Kay [[infeccion]]qa tonqori ukhuta punkichin, chayrayku mana allinta samachiwanchikchu, chaymanta kay sintomakunawan kachkanchik [[allqu uhuy]] (tos perruna), [[estridor]], chaymanta [[disfonía]] ima. Pisi, mana ancha sinchichu utaq sinchi sintomakunata rikhurichin, kaytaq ch’isinpi aswan sinchiman tukun. Kayqa hampikuy munan huk dosikunallawan kay [[esteroides]] kaqmanta; wakin kuti, ancha sinchi kaptin, kay [[epinefrina]] kaqwan hampikuy munan. Mayniqpi hina hampina wasiman qhipakuq yachachikun. Kay imamantachus rinkhurinman karqa chaymanta chay aswan sinchi causasninta yachaspaña, kay crup kaqniyuq kanki ñisunku kay clínicapi qhawachikuspa (kay hina: [[epiglotitis]] utaq huk [[hawa ima kay vias respiratorias kaqpi]])kaqta. Mana qhipan qhawachikunata munakunchu – yawar qhawachina, [[rayos-X]], utaq cultivos ñisqata —. Kayqa huk rikhuriq unquypuni, wawakunapi huk 15% kaqman hap’in, aswantataq kay 6 killayuqman 5 utaq 6 watayuqmankama. Mana nijayk’aq hina wayna runakunaman utaq machu runakunaman hap’inchu. Ñawpaqtaqa kay [[difteria]] juchayuqrayku rikhurinman karqa niqtinkupas, kay occidental pachapaqqa, kaypata hamuyninqa kusi yuyakunayapaq, kay [[vacunación]] kaqtin, kaywantaq aswan llimphu kananchikpaq chaymanta sumaq kawsaypaq ayllukunapi. ==Signos y síntomas / Unanchakuna watupanakunawan== {{listen | filename = Stridor 2OGG.ogg | title = Hark’ana | description = Huk hark’ana ukhumantaq hawamantaq samaspa tiyan, huk 13 killayuq wawapi, kay crup kaqniyuq. | format = [[Ogg]] }} Kay crup kaqqa riqsichikuq kayrayku: [[tos]] “perruna”, [[estridor]], [[disfonía]] (voz kaqpi pantay), chaymanta [[Respiración entrecortada | sasacha respirarpaq]] mayqinchus ch’isipi aswan sinchiman tukun.<ref name=Au10>{{cite journal | author = Rajapaksa S, Starr M | title = Croup – assessment and management | journal = Aust Fam Physician | volume = 39 | issue = 5 | pages = 280–2 | year = 2010 | month = May | pmid = 20485713 | doi = }}</ref> Kay "perruna" ch’ujuqa aswanta rich’akuq kay [[Pinnípedo |foca]] waqllana waqayninman utaq kay[[lobo marino]] kaqman.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> Hark’ayqa aswan sinchi kanqa kay ansaqillayrayku utaq kay [[llanto]]kaqrayku, chaymanta, sichus wawa samakusaptin uyarikuy atikun chay, ñiy munan kay vías respiratorias sinchita k’uykuchaykukun. Hark’ayqa pisillanman kay crup kaq aswan sinchiyaptin. <ref name=Au10/> Wak sintomakunaqa kanman [[fiebre]], [[rinitis aguda]] (aswan riqsisqa síntomas kay [[resfriado común]])kaqmanta, chaymanta k’uykuchaykuy kay [[pared del tórax]] kaqpi.<ref name=Au10/><ref name=Alberta07>{{cite web |url=http://www.childhealthbc.ca/resources/category/5-croup?download=13%3Acroup-guideline |format=PDF|title=Diagnosis and Management of Croup | work=BC Children’s Hospital Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Clinical Practice Guidelines |accessdate=}}</ref> [[El babeo]] utaq kay unqusqa hina rikukuq, huk willay wak hina unquykunamanta. <ref name=Alberta07/> ==Causas / Qallakuna== Kay crup kaqqa huk infeccion huk virus huchayuqrayku nikun.<ref name=Au10/><ref name=PedN09/> Wakinkunataq kayllatataq ninku aswan mask’asqa simikunapi, kay hina [[laringotraqueítis aguda]], crup espasmódico, difteria laríngea, [[traqueítis bacteriana]], laringotraqueobronquitis, chaymanta laringotraqueobronconeumonía. Kay iskay ñawpa unquykuna huk virus yuchayuqrayku chaymanta mana ancha sinchichu kanku kay sintomaspi; kay tawa qhipan unquykunari bacterias yuchayuqrayku kanku chaymanta aswan sinchi kanku.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> ===Viral=== Kay crup viral kaq utaq laringotraqueítis aguda kaqqa kay [[virus de la parainfluenza]] huchayuqrayku, aswantataq kay 1 chaymanta 2 wallpamakuna, kay 75% casospi.<ref name=Croup09/> Wak unquykuna virus huchayuqrayku kaqkuna kanku: [[gripe]] A,B ima, [[sarampión]], [[adenovirus]] chaymanta [[virus respiratorio sincicial]] (VRS).<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> Kay crup espasmódico kaq kay kikin virus qutu huchayuqrayku kay laringotraqueítis aguda kaqmanta ichapas kayqa mana infección signosniyuqchu (kay hina k’aja, kunka nanay chaymanta mirayaynin kay [[conteo de glóbulos blancos]]) kaqmanta.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> Tratamienton chaymanta kay tratamientopaq kutichiynin kikinllataq kanku.<ref name=Croup09/> ===Bacteriano=== Kay bacteriano qutuqa rak’ikun kaypi: difteria laríngea, traqueítis bacteriana, laringotraqueobronquitis chaymanta laringotraqueo-bronconeumonía.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> Kay difteria laríngea rikhurin kay ''[[Corynebacterium diphtheriae]]'' kaqrayku kay traqueítis bacteriana, kay laringotraqueobronquitis chaymanta kay laringotraqueo- bronconeumonía kaqkunataq huk infección viral primaria kaqraykupuni rikhurin huk bacteriano secundario thaskiyninwan. Kay aswan riqsisqa rikhuriq bacterias kanku: ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'', ''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]'', ''[[Hemophilus influenzae]]'', chaymanta ''[[Moraxella catarrhalis]]'' kaq ima.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> ==Patofisiología== Kay infección viral kay crup ruwasqanqa punkichin kay [[laringe]], [[tráquea de los vertebrados|tráquea]], chaymanta hatun [[bronquios]]<ref name=PedN09/> kay [[glóbulos blancos]] yaykuyninrayku (aswantataq [[histiocitos]], [[linfocitos]], [[células plasmáticas]], chaymanta [[neutrófilos]])kaqrayku.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> kay punkiyqa kay vías respiratoriasta tapaykun, chaymanta ancha sinchi chayqa mana samayta ahinallatapacha atikunchu, chaymanta kan kay t’uki ruqyasqa ima wayra lluqsiypuni estridor sutichasqa..<ref name=PedN09/> ==Diagnóstico / Reqsichisa== {| class="wikitable" style = "float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center" |+ '''Westley kaqta ñiqin: Kay crup kaqmanta sinchinninman hina ñiqi '''<ref name=Croup09/><ref name=Peds99/> |- ! rowspan="2" |Imayna kaynin ! colspan="6" |Qusqa chanin kay imayna kayninpaq |- !0 !1 !2 !3 !4 !5 |- | K’iskichaynin kay <br /> tórax ukhu pirqan | style="width:80px;"|Mana kaq | style="width:80px;"|Pisi kaq | style="width:80px;"|Pachan kaq | style="width:80px;"|Sinchi kaq | style="width:80px;"| | style="width:80px;"| |- | [[Estridor]] | Mana kaq | Kay <br /> l kaqwan ansaqillayqa | Samariypi | | | |- | [[Cianosis]] | Mana kaq | | | | Kay <br /> kaqwan ansaqillayqa | Samariypi |- | [[Nivel de conciencia|Nivel de <br />conciencia]] | Pachan kaq | | | | | Mana pachapi |- | Wayracha yaykuna | Pachan kaq | Pisillasqa | Ancha pisillasqa | | | |} Kay crup kaqqa clínicapi qhawachikun.<ref name=PedN09/> Ñawpaqtaqa wak ima unquychus kay patakaq vías respiratoriasta tapachkan chayta raqpana tiyan kay hinakuna [[epiglotitis]], huk mana riqsisqa virus kay [[vías respiratorias]]kaqpi, [[estenosis subglótica]], [[angioedema]], [[absceso retrofaríngeo]],chaymanta [[traqueítis bacteriana]]kaqpas.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/><ref name=PedN09/> Mana [[rayos X] qhawachiykunata sapa kuti ruwakunchu,<ref name=PedN09/> Ichaqa ruwakun chay, tunquri k’uykuchakusqanta rikhuchinqa, kay [[signo del campanario]] sutichasqa, kay estenosis subglótica huchayuqrayku, kaytaq rich’akun kay [[(Arquitectura de)campanario |campanario]] rikukuyninpi. Kay campanario signon huk willay kay qhawaypaq, ichaqa mana tarikuqchu kay aswan achkha casospi.<ref name=Alberta07/> Mana wak qhawachiykunata anchata munakunchu (kay hina [[análisis de sangre]] chaymanta [[cultivo viral]]), imaraykuchus mana munakuq ansaqillayta ruwachinman, kay hinatataq kay ch’ampayuq via área tensionta yapaykuchinman.<ref name=PedN09/> Ahina kaptinpis kay cultivos virales, [[nasofaríngea]] samaypi urkhukuptin, chaywan llamk’akunman yachanapaq imaraykuchus chay unquy kanman, aswantataq chaywan llamk’akun kay mask’ana pampapi.<ref name=Au10/>Sichus runaqa mana kutiripunchu kay pachan tratamientowan chayqa, huk infección bacterianapi umachana; chay hina chayqa aswan mask’aykunata kamachikunqa.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> ===Gravedad=== Kay crup may hina sinchichus kachkanta yachanapaq aswan llamk’achikusqa sistemaqa kasqa kay Escala de Westley ñisqa. Kayqa astawan llamk’achikuq kasqa kay mask’anapi manataq anchatachu kay clínica llamk’aypiqa.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM">{{cite journal | author = Cherry JD | title = Clinical practice. Croup | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2008-01-24_358_4/page/384 | journal = N. Engl. J. Med. | volume = 358 | issue = 4 | pages = 384–91 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18216359 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMcp072022 }}</ref> Kayqa huk yupakuy kay phisqa ruwaykunamanta qusqa: allin yuyay ñiqi, cianosis (qara anqasllasqa llimp’iyuq qhuñakuna ima), estridor, wayrachap yaykunan chaymanta contracciones ima. .<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> Yupaykuna qusqa sapa llamk’anarayku kay pañakaq tawlapi rikuchikun, hunt’asqa lluqsimuynintaq kachkan kay 0 chaymanta 17 kaqman hina.<ref name=Peds99/> * Huk hunt’asqa lluqsimuy kay ≤&nbsp;2 kaqmanta ñin crup ''pisi''. Kay perruna ch’uju rikhurinman, chaymanta kay disfonía ima, ichaqa mana estridor samariypi kanchu. <ref name=Croup09/> * Huk hunt’asqa lluqsimuy kay 3 kaqmanta chaymanta 5 kaqman ñin crup ''sumaqlla''. Estridor kaqwan rikhurin sasata uyarikuq, ichaqa manaña aswan signos kanchu. <ref name=Croup09/> * Huk hunt’asqa lluqsimuy kay 6 kaqmanta chaymanta 11 kaqman ñin crup ''achkha''. Huk estridor kaqwanllataq rikhurin mana tapurikunapaq hina, ichaqa chantapas rikukun kay [[pared torácica]] kaqpi huk sut’i tiraje intercostal ñisqa(aychakuna waktapuramanta ukhuman aysanku).<ref name=Croup09/> * Huk hunt’asqa lluqsimuy kay ≥&nbsp;12 kaqmanta ñin [[insuficiencia respiratoria]] ruwakunanta. Kay perruna ch’ujuqa chaymanta kay estridor ima ichapas mana ancha chaninniyuq kanmanchu kay pachapi.<ref name=Croup09/> 85% wawakunamanta apasqakuna kay departamento de emergencia ñisqaman kay unquyniyuq kanku mana ancha sinchi chaninniyuq; mayniqpi hina kay crup sinchi chaninniyuq rikhurin: (<1%).<ref name=Croup09/> ==Prevención== Achkha unqusqakuna kay crup kaqwan saniyachikurqanku [[immunización]] kay [[influenza]] chaymanta kay [[diferia]]kaqmanta. Ñawpaqtaqa, kay crup kay difteria kaqwan k'askachakuq karqa, ichaqa kay allin vacunación rayku, mana difteria rikhuriy atinmanchu kunanpachapiqa kay hina ñawpachasqa pachapiqa..<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> ==Tratamiento== Wawakuna kay crup kaqniyuq aswan atikusqa ñañiq kananku tiyan.<ref name=PedN09/> Aswantaqa kay esteroides kaqta qunku ,chaymanta kay sinchi unqusqakunapiqa [[epinefrina]]kaqta. <ref name=PedN09/> Kay [[saturación de oxígeno]] kaqniyuq wawakunapaqqa urapi kay 92% kaqmanta oxigenota qukunan tiyan,<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> chaymanta hospitalpi qhipakunkuman qhawaypi kay unqusqakuna kay sinchi crup kaqniyuq.<ref name=Alberta07/> Sichus oxigenota munakun chayqa aswan allin kanqa kamachiy conductosninta (huk oxigeno quqta hap’ispa wawap uyan qayllapi) imaraykuchus aswan pisi ansaqiyta quchikun kay [[máscara de oxígeno |máscara]]kaqmantaqa.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> Tratamientowanqa, aswan pisi kay 0.2% runakunamanta munan kay [[intubación endotraqueal]] kaqta.<ref name=Peds99>{{cite journal | author = Klassen TP | title = Croup. A current perspective | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatric-clinics-of-north-america_1999-12_46_6/page/1167 | journal = Pediatr. Clin. North Am. | volume = 46 | issue = 6 | pages = 1167–78 | year = 1999 | month = December | pmid = 10629679 | doi = 10.1016/S0031-3955(05)70180-2 }}</ref> ===Esteroides=== Rikuchikurqa, kay[[corticoesteroides]]kaqkunaqa, kay [[dexametasona]] kayjinaqa chaymanta kay [[budesónida]]kaqqa, sumaqllachinku lluqsiykunata kay crup kaqwan wawakunata, mayqinllapas kachun unquypa ñiqinqa.<ref name=Cochrane11>{{cite journal | author = Russell KF, Liang Y, O'Gorman K, Johnson DW, Klassen TP | title = Glucocorticoids for croup | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = CD001955 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21249651 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001955.pub3 }}</ref> Kay suqta phani kamachiyninmantapacha huk allin saniyay rikurikunña.<ref name=Cochrane11/> Ichapas munasqa llamk’ayninta ruwanku sichus siminta, [[parenteral]], upyakunku chay, utaq muskhispa, aswanta munakun kay upyaspa.<ref name=PedN09/> Huk dosisllata munakun chaywanqa sanillakunqapuni. <ref name=PedN09/> Kay Dexametasona kaq dosisqa kay 0.15, 0.3 chaymanta kay 0.6&nbsp;mg/kg kaqkunamanta kikin sanillachiyniyuq rich’akun.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Port C | title = Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. BET 4. Dose of dexamethasone in croup | journal = Emerg Med J | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 291–2 | year = 2009 | month = April | pmid = 19307398 | doi = 10.1136/emj.2009.072090 }}</ref> ===Epinefrina=== Kay pachan crup utaq kay sinchi kaq, allichakapunman huch’uy pachapi kay [[epinefrina]] [[nebulizada | nebulizador]] kaqwan.<ref name=PedN09>{{cite journal | author = Everard ML | title = Acute bronchiolitis and croup | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatric-clinics-of-north-america_2009-02_56_1/page/119 | journal = Pediatr. Clin. North Am. | volume = 56 | issue = 1 | pages = 119–33, x–xi | year = 2009 | month = February | pmid = 19135584 | doi = 10.1016/j.pcl.2008.10.007 }}</ref> Kay epinefrina ruwachin kay crup unquypa ñiqin pisiyanata huk 10 30 chinini kaqpi, allichayninkunaqa 2 phanillata kawsan.<ref name=Au10/><ref name=PedN09/> Sichus allichayqa kay tratamientop qhipanta sayan chay kay 2 4&nbsp; phanipi chantataq mana ch’ampakuna kanchu chay, wawata hampina wasimanta lluqsichiy yachanku.<ref name=Au10/><ref name=PedN09/> ===Wak=== Ichapas mask’akurqanku wak tratamientos kay crup kappa, nimayqin allin lluqsiykunata qunchu kaykunawan llamk’anapaq hina. Yakup wapsinta utaq quñi wayrachata muskhiyqa huk ñawpa tratamiento kay [[auto-cuidado]] kaqmanta, mana chay allin hampichiyninta rikuchiy atirqankuchu <ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/><ref name=PedN09/> chayrayku kunanpachaqa pisita ruwakun.<ref name=Hist2001>{{cite journal | author = Marchessault V | title = Historical review of croup | journal = Can J Infect Dis | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | pages = 337–9 | year = 2001 | month = November | pmid = 18159359 | pmc = 2094841 | doi = }}</ref> Kay [[haminakuna tospaq]] kaqwan hampikunaqa, chantataq kay [[dextrometorfano]] chaymanta/utaq kay[[guaifenesina]] kaqniyuq, manallataq hampikunapaq kusachu.<ref name=Au10/> Ñawpapachapiqa muskhikuq karqa kay [[heliox]] kaq (huk piqtu kay [[ilyu]] kaqmanta kay [[muksichaq]] kaqwan) kay samana sayk’uyta pisillachinapaq, ichaqa mana ancha lluqsimuykuna tiyanchu kaywan hampikunapaq hina.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Vorwerk C, Coats T | title = Heliox for croup in children | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = CD006822 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20166089 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006822.pub2 }}</ref> Kay crup huk viral unquy kaptin, mana kay [[antibióticos]]kaqkunawan llamk’akunchu, ichapas huk infecion bacteriana secundaria rikhuriptin.<ref name=Au10/> Sichus huk infección bacteriana kaptin, kay antibióticos [[vancomicina]] chaymanta kay [[cefotaxima]]kaqwan llamk’akunman.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/>gripe Aswan sinchi kaqtinqa kay &nbsp;A o B ch’ujuyuq ima chay, kay [[droga antiviral |antiviral]] [[inhibidores de la neuraminidasa]]kaqta qukunman<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> ==Pronóstico== kay crup viral kaqa huk [[Auto-limitante (biología)| auto-limitada]] unquy ichaqa mayninpi hina kay,[[insuficiencia respiratoria]] chaymanta/utaq [[paro cardíacoaco]] wañuyman apanman.<ref name=Au10/> Kay sintomasqa allinllanku iskay&nbsp;p’unchaykunapi ichaqa qamchis&nbsp;p’unchaw unayta kanman.<ref name=Croup09/> Wak ch’ampakuna mana ancha rikukuq kanku: traqueítis bacteriana, [[neumonía]], chaymanta [[edema pulmonar]]kaq ima.<ref name=Croup09>{{cite journal | author = Johnson D | title = Croup | journal = Clin Evid (Online) | volume = 2009 | issue = | pages = | year = 2009 | pmid = 19445760 | pmc = 2907784 | doi = }}</ref> ==Epidemiología== Kay crup 15% wawakunaman hina hap’in, kay 6 killayuqmanta chaymanta kay 5 utaq 6 watayuqkama.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/><ref name=PedN09/> 5% hampina wasiman yaykuq wawakunaman rikch’an.<ref name=Croup09/> Mana ancha rikukuq casospi, aswan huch’uy wawakunapipuni rikukunman kay kimsa killayuq hinapi, chaymanta aswan machu wawaspi kay 15 watayuq hinapi.<ref name=Croup09/> Qhari runakunaqa huk 50% hinapi hina unqunku aswan warmi wawakunamanta, chantataq aswanta [[prevalencia]] miray tiyan otoñopi.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> ==Historia / Ñawpaq willarina== Kay “crup” simiqa kay “crup” verbomanta hamun, kay [[Inglés Moderno Temprano]] kaqmanta mayqinchus "Ch’akata qhapariy" ñin munay; Kay sutiqa ñawpa kutitaqa kay Escocia kaqpi unquyman sutichakurqa, chantataq aswanta riqsikurqa kay 18 pachaq watapi.<ref>Online Etymological Dictionary, [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=croup croup]. Accessed 2010-09-13.</ref> Kay crup diftérico riqsikun kay [[Ñawpaq Grecia]] kay [[Homero]] kaq pachanmantapacha chantataq kay 1826 kaqpipuni kay [[Pierre Bretonneau|Bretonneau]] waknarqa kay crup viral kaqta kay crup [[difteria]] kaqman yuchachasqa kaqwanta.<ref name=history>{{cite book |author=Feigin, Ralph D. |title=Textbook of pediatric infectious diseases |publisher=Saunders |location=Philadelphia |year=2004 |page=252 |isbn=0-7216-9329-6 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> Franceces kaqkunaqa kay crup viral kaqtaqa suticharqanku "falso crup" hinata imaraykuchus kay “crup” chaypachataqa huchachakuq karqa kay bacteria de la difteria unquyman.<ref name=Hist2001/> Kay crup difteriaman huchachakuq mana anchata riqsikunchu chay [[immunización]] vacunación rayku.<ref name=history/> ==Referencias / Willakuy== <references/> [[Katiguriya:Unquy]] izeo5jigfnotm3zwrncvlf5g5k1vjkw 0 53633 691058 691037 2026-08-10T19:16:54Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 8 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pp-semi-indef}} {{Infobox disease | Name = Common cold | Image = Rhinovirus.PNG | Caption = A representation of the molecular surface of one variant of human [[rhinovirus]]. | ICD10 = {{ICD10|J|00}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|460}} | DiseasesDB = 31088 | MedlinePlus = 000678 | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | eMedicine_mult = {{EMedicine2|med|2339}} | MeshID = D003139 }} <!-- Síntomas causasnin ima --> Kay '''ch’uhu unquy''' (chantapas kay '''nasofaringitis''', '''rinofaringitis''', utaq '''ch’uhu''') huk chimpachikuq vías respiratorias superiores kaqmanta unquy kaytaq ñawpaqta sinqaman hap’in. Aswan riqsisqa unqunayaq kanku ch’uju, kunka nanay, qhuña chaymanta k’aja ima chaymanta qamchismanta chunka p’unchawtahina qukun, ichaqa wakin kutiqa kimsa simanatahina qukun. Aswan kay 200 virusmanta kay ch’uju unquyta hap’ichikun, ichaqa aswan riqsisqaqa kanku kay rinovirus kaqkuna. <!—Hark’akuy, diagnóstico chaymanta fisiopatología ima --> Kay vías respiratorias superiores kaqmanta chimpachikuykunaqa rak’ikunku mayqin kurpu k’uchumanchus hap’ikun chaymanhina. Aswan riqsikuq kutitaqa, kay ch’uju unquyqa sinqaman, kunkaman (faringitis) chaymanta kay senos paranasales (sinusitis) kaqman ima hap’in. Kay unqunayaq qukun kay inmunológica kutichiy kurpumantarayku kay chimpachikuq kaqman manataq aswantachu kay tejido thantakuy kay virus kaqraykuhinachu. Aswan riqsisqa hark’ayqa kan makita mayllakuna, ichapas nikun kay uyapaq máscaras kaqkunata churakuy kusallataq. <!-- Hampiynin, epidemiología chanta rikhurimuynin ima --> Mana hampiy kay ch’uju unquypaq tiyanchu, ichaqa unqunayaqnin hampikunman. Kayqa aswan hap’ikuq runakunapurapi chimpachikuq unquy: machu runaqa iskayta utaq kimsa kutita watapi hap’ichikun, wawataq suqtamanta chunka iskayniyuqkama kutita. Kay unquy chimpakuykunaqa ñawpamantapacha runata qatimun. ==Unanchaq chaymanta unqunayaq== Aswan riqsisqa unqunayaq huk ch’uju unquymanta kanku, ch’uju, qhuña sinqa wichq’akuywan chaymanta kunka nanay ima. Wakin kutiqa, aycha nanay, sayk’u, uma nanay chaymanta yarqhay chinkapuy ima kanman.<ref name=E24>Eccles Pg. 24</ref> 40% kaqpi casosmanta kunka nanay tiyan, 50% kaqpi ch’uju tiyan<ref name=CE11/> chaymanta khuskanpi kay casosmanta aycha nanay.<ref name=Eccles2005/> Machu runaqa mana k’ajayuqchu kanku, ichaqa wawakunaqa ari.<ref name=Eccles2005>{{cite journal | author = Eccles R |title = Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza | journal = Lancet Infect Dis | volume = 5 | issue = 11 | pages = 718–25 | year = 2005 | month = November | pmid = 16253889 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X }}</ref> Ch’ujuqa mana ancha sinchichu kay influenza kaqta qatiq kaqman tupachispa.<ref name=Eccles2005/> Kay ch’ujupas chaymanta k’ajapas ima machu runakunapi influenza ñisqata willaptinpas, rich’akuykuna tiyan kay iskay unquykunapi.<ref>Eccles Pg.26</ref> Achkha kay viruskunamanta ch’uju unquyta hap’ichikuq, kay asintomaticas chimpachikuykunata hap’ichillanmantaq.<ref>Eccles Pg. 129</ref><ref>Eccles Pg.50</ref> Llimp’iqa kay llawsamanta utaq qhuñamantaqa ch’uwa, q’illu utaq q’umir kanman chaymanta mana willanchu ima laya viruschus kay chimpakuyta ruwachiq.<ref>Eccles Pg.30</ref> ===Thaskiynin=== Aswan rikukuqpi, ch’uju unquyqa sayk’uywan, chiriwan, achhuykunawan chaymanta uma nanaywan ima qallarin. Chaymanta machkha p’unchaw qhipantaqa qhuña chaymanta ch’uju qallarin.<ref name=E24/> Unqunayaq kaqkunaqa kay ñawpaq 16 phanikunapi rikhurinman <ref>{{cite book|first=editors, Richard A. Helms|title=Textbook of therapeutics : drug and disease management|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia, Pa. [u.a.]|isbn=9780781757348|pages=1882|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=aVmRWrknaWgC&pg=PA1882|edition=8.}}</ref> chaymanta aswan sinchinman chayan iskaymanta tawa p’unchawmanhina qallarisqanmanta.<ref name=Eccles2005/><ref>{{cite book|last=al.]|first=edited by Helga Rübsamen-Waigmann ... [et|title=Viral Infections and Treatment.|year=2003|publisher=Informa Healthcare|location=Hoboken|isbn=9780824756413|pages=111|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=AltZnmbIhbwC&pg=PA111}}</ref> Aswan rikukuqpi qamchis p’unchawmanta chunka p’unchawpihina chinkapun, ichaqa kimsa semanata unayllanman.<ref name=Heik2003>{{cite journal | author = Heikkinen T, Järvinen A | title = The common cold | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2003-01-04_361_9351/page/51 | journal = Lancet | volume = 361 | issue = 9351 | pages = 51–9 | year = 2003 | month = January | pmid = 12517470 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12162-9 }}</ref> 35-40% kaqpi kay wawakuna casosmanta, ch’ujuqa aswan chunka p’unchawkunamanta unayllan chaymanta aswan 25 kaqmanta 10% kaqpi.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Goldsobel AB, Chipps BE | title = Cough in the pediatric population | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pediatrics_2010-03_156_3/page/352 | journal = J. Pediatr. | volume = 156 | issue = 3 | pages = 352–358.e1 | year = 2010 | month = March | pmid = 20176183 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.12.004 }}</ref> ==Nanachiq== ===Virus=== [[Image:Coronaviruses 004 lores.jpg|thumb|Kay coronavirus kaqkunaqa huk qutuchasqa virus kanku ancha riqsisqakuna kay ch’uju unquyta hap’ichiqrayku. Huk microscopio electrónico kaqpi qhawakuptinku, huk muyu utaq pilluhinaman rich’akuspa rikukunku.]] Kay ch’uju unquyqa huk viral chimpakuy kay vías respiratorias superiores kaqmanta. Kay aswan riqsikuq virus hap’ichiq kaqqa kan kay rinovirus kaq (30–80%), huk picornavirus laya kan kay 99 riqsisqa serotipos kaqwan.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Palmenberg AC, Spiro D, Kuzmickas R, Wang S, Djikeng A, Rathe JA, Fraser-Liggett CM, Liggett SB | title = Sequencing and Analyses of All Known Human Rhinovirus Genomes Reveals Structure and Evolution | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2009-04-03_324_5923/page/55 | journal = Science | volume = 324 |issue = 5923 | pages = 55–9 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19213880 | doi = 10.1126/science.1165557 }}</ref><ref>Eccles Pg.77</ref> Wakkunaq tiyapunku: coronavirus (10–15%), influenza (5–15%),<ref name=Eccles2005/> parainfluenza, virus sincitial respiratorio runamanta, adenovirus, enterovirus, chaymanta metapneumovirus.<ref name="NIAID2006">{{cite web | title = Common Cold | publisher = [[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]] | date = 27 November 2006 | url =http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/healthscience/healthtopics/colds/ | accessdate = 11 June 2007}}</ref> Achkha kutiqa aswan huk virusmanta tiyan.<ref>Eccles Pg.107</ref> Tukuyta yupaspa, aswan kay 200 laya virales ukhina ch’uju unquykunamanta tiyan.<ref name=Eccles2005/> ===Chimpachikuy=== Kay ch’uju unquymanta virusqa chimpakun kay wayrapi yakumanta (aerosol), chiqan tinkunakuna kay chimpachisqa sinqamanta yakukunawan utaq fómites kaqwan ima (chimpachisqa imakuna).<ref name=CE11/><ref name=Cold197>{{cite book|last=editors|first=Ronald Eccles, Olaf Weber,|title=Common cold|year=2009|publisher=Birkhäuser|location=Basel|isbn=978-3-7643-9894-1|pages=197|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=rRIdiGE42IEC&pg=PA197|edition=Online-Ausg.}}</ref> Mana yachakunraqchu mayqinchus kay ñankunamanta aswan chaninniyuq.<ref name=E211>Eccles Pg.211</ref> Kay viruskunaqa kawsankuman unayta wayrapi chaymanta runakunataq makinkupi, ñawinkupi chaymanta sinqankupi ima apankuman, ahinata imaynatachus kay chimpachiy rinhina.<ref name=Cold197/> Kay chimpachiyqa aswan rikukun kay guarderías kaqpi chaymanta yachaywasikunapi ima, mayqinpichus wawas pikunachus mana unqunapaq sistemas kaqninku mana allin hatunllasqaschu chaymanta pisi llimphus kanku khuska kachkankurayku.<ref name=Text2007/> Kay chimpachikuykunaqa wasiman apakunku chaymanta wak yawarmasikunamantaq chimpachikun.<ref name=Text2007>{{cite book|last=al.]|first=edited by Arie J. Zuckerman ... [et|title=Principles and practice of clinical virology|year=2007|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken, N.J.|isbn=978-0-470-51799-4|pages=496|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=OgbcUWpUCXsC&pg=PA496|edition=6th}}</ref> Mana yachakunku kay wayra hallich’asqa vuelos comerciales nisqakunapi huk chimpakuy ñan kachkanta.<ref name=Cold197/> Ichaqa, pikunachus qayllaman chukunku chaykuna aswan qaylla chimpachikunamanta kanku.<ref name=E211/> Kay virus ruwachisqas kay rinovirus kaqrayku aswan chimpachiq kanku kay ñawpa kimsa p’unchawkuna unqunayaqmanta, chantataq aswan pisi chimpachikuqkunaman tukupunku.<ref name="contagiousness">{{cite journal | author = Gwaltney JM Jr, Halstead SB | title = Contagiousness of the common cold| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_1997-07-16_278_3/page/256 | journal = Journal of the American Medical Association | volume = 278 | issue = 3 | pages = 256| year = 1997 | month = July | pmid = | doi = 10.1001/jama.1997.03550030096050 }}</ref> ===Clima=== Ñawpa ñiykunaqa ñin hukqa ch’uju unquyta hap’inman kay chiri pachapi unayta kaqrayku, parahina utaq invernal pachahina chaymanta chayhinata karqa imaynatachus unquy sutinta hap’irqa.<ref>{{cite news |author=Zuger, Abigail |title='You'll Catch Your Death!' An Old Wives' Tale? Well.. |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=4 March 2003|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/04/science/you-ll-catch-your-death-an-old-wives-tale-well.html}}</ref> Kay kurpumanta chirillay ruwayninqa huk riesgo factorhina ch’aqwakuman apan kay ch’uju unquypaq.<ref name="Mourtzoukou">{{cite journal | author = Mourtzoukou EG, Falagas ME | title = Exposure to cold and respiratory tract infections | journal = The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease | volume = 11 | issue = 9 | pages = 938–43 | year = 2007 | month = September | pmid = 17705968 | doi = }}</ref> Wakinkuna kay ch’uju unquyta hap’ichiq viruskunamanta estacionales kanku chaymanta aswanta hap’ikun kay chiri utaq huq’u pachapi.<ref>Eccles Pg.79</ref> Wakinkuna ñinku kayqa kan imaraykuchus wichq’asqa wasikunapi anchata kankurayku chaymanta wak runakuna qayllanpirayku; <ref name="EcclesPg">Eccles Pg.80</ref> aswanta kay wawakuna yachaywasiman kutinku chaykunapi.<ref name=Text2007/>Ichaqa, kay sistema respiratorio kaqpi tikraykunarayku kanman mayqinchus aswan manchhichiyta qukun.<ref name="EcclesPg" /> Kay huq’u pacha achkhallachinman kay viral chimpachiyta imaraykuchus ch’aki wayra yanapan kay huch’uy partículas virales aswan karuman chayanankupaq chaymanta aswan unayta wayrapi kanankupaq. <ref>Eccles Pg. 157</ref> ===Wakkuna=== Kay achkha runa unquymanta hark’akunaqa, ruwasqa huk ñawpa tinkunarayku kay ch’uju unquy viruskunaman, huk sinchi llamk’ayniyuq kay viral mirayninmanta hark’ayninpi, imaynatachus rikuchikun kay aswan wayna ayllukunapihina mayqinkunachus achkha tasasniyuq kay respiratorias chimpachikuykunamanta.<ref name=E78/> Wak riesgo factorqa kan huk pisi mana unqunapaq kay.<ref name=E78/><ref>Eccles Pg.166</ref> Kayman k’askakun kay mana puñuy atikuy chaymanta ancha tuyu kay ima aswan riesgoyuq kay chimpachiyta llamk’achinapaq kay tinkuna qhipanta huk rinovirus kaqman. Ñikun efectosninman k’askasqa kachkanta kay mana unqunapaq sistema kaqpi.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Cohen S, Doyle WJ, Alper CM, Janicki-Deverts D, Turner RB | title = Sleep habits and susceptibility to the common cold | journal = Arch. Intern. Med. | volume = 169 | issue = 1 | pages = 62–7 | year = 2009 | month = January | pmid = 19139325 | pmc = 2629403 | doi = 10.1001/archinternmed.2008.505 }}</ref><ref>Eccles Pg.160–165</ref> ==Fisiopatología== [[Image:Illu conducting passages.svg|thumb|Kay ch’uju unquyqa huk unquy kay vías respiratorias superiores kaqmanta]] Ñikun kay ch’uju unquy unqunayaq kaqninqa aswan k’askasqa kachkanku kay inmunológica kutichiywan kay virusman.<ref name=E112>Eccles Pg. 112</ref> Kay mecanismo kay mana unqunapaq kutichiymantaqa sumaq riqsisqa sapa virusmanta. Ahinata, kay rinovirus kaqkunaqa chiqan tinkuywan chimpachikun; kay runa ICAM-1 receptoresman k’askakunku huk mana riqsisqakuna mecanismos kaqninta mayqinkunachus kay punkiymanta mediadores ruwaqkunata kacharinku.<ref name=E112/> Kay mediadores unqunayaqta ruwachinku.<ref name=E112/> Aswan rikukuqpi mana waqllinkuchu epitelio nasal kaqta.<ref name=Eccles2005/> Wakhinamanta, kay sincitial respiratorio (VSR) virusqa anchata chimpachikun chiqan tinkuywan chaymanta wayrapi yaku kaqninta. Chaymanta sinqapitaq kunkapitaq karinku manaraq vías respiratorias inferiores kaqman chayaptin.<ref name=E116>Eccles Pg.116</ref> Kay VSR kaqqa ari kay epitelial waqlliyta ruwan.<ref name=E116/> Kay parainfluenza aswan rikukuqpi sinqa, kunka chaymanta bronquios ima punkiyta qukun.<ref name=E122>Eccles Pg.122</ref> Huch’uy wawakunapiqa, tunqurita waqlliptin, kay crup unqunayaqninta qunman imaraykuchus kay vías respiratorias huch’uy kayninrayku.<ref name=E122/> ==Diagnóstico== Kay ukhinallachiy kay virales chimpachikuy vías respiratorias kaqpuramanta unqunayaq maypichus kanman ahinaman llamk’an. Kay ch’uju unquyqa aswanta sinqaman waqllin, kay faringitis kaqqa kunkaman, chaymanta bronquitis kaqqa surk’anman.<ref name=CE11/> Ichaqa, achkha kikin unqunayaqniyuq kanman chaymanta achkha partes waqllisqas rikukunkuman.<ref name=CE11/> Kay ch’uju unquyqa aswan rikukuqpi rinitis kaqhina utaq sinqa punkiy kaqhina riqsikun, huk tikrakuq ñiqiwan kay kunka punkiymanta.<ref name=E51>Eccles Pg. 51–52</ref> Ancha rikukuq unqusqaqa sapan qhawakun.<ref name=Eccles2005/> Aswan rikukuqpiqa mana karunchakunchu kay agente viral kaqqa<ref name=E51/> chaymanta mana riqsiy atikunchu ima laya viruschus kasqanta kay unqunayaqpi umachakuspa.<ref name=Eccles2005/> ==Hark’akuynin== Kay físicas hark’akuykunaqa kay ch’uju unquy virus mirakuymanta hark’akunapaqqa, sumaq kaq hark’akuykunalla kankuman hark’akunapaq.<ref name=E209>Eccles Pg.209</ref> Kaytaq maki mayllakuykunawan chaymanta barbijos churakuywan ima kan. Kay hampiwasi kitipi, qara makikunata chaymanta batata ima churakunku.<ref name=E209/> Mana allinchu ruwanaqa huk cuarentena kaqtaqa imaraykuchus unquyqa ancha riqsisqa chaymanta unqunayaq pisi aqllasqas kanku. Vacunacionqa ancha sasa imaraykuchus ancha achkha involucrasqa virus kan chaymanta usqhaytapacha wiñanku.<ref name=E209/> kay huk allin vacunamanta paqarichiyqa kan, ahinataqa, pisi atikuq.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Lawrence DM | title = Gene studies shed light on rhinovirus diversity | journal = Lancet Infect Dis | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 278| year = 2009 |month = May | pmid = | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70123-9 }}</ref> Sapa kuti maki mayllakuyqa allinsina kanman kay ch’uju unquy virus chimpachiy pisillananpaq, aswanta wawakunapurapi.<ref name=CochP11>{{cite journal | author = Jefferson T, Del Mar CB, Dooley L, Ferroni E, Al-Ansary LA, Bawazeer GA, van Driel ML, Nair S, Jones MA, Thorning S, Conly JM | title = Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = | issue = 7 |pages = CD006207| year = 2011 | month = July | pmid = 21735402 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub4 | editor1-last = Jefferson | editor1-first = Tom }}</ref> Mana yachakunchu sichus antivirales kaqkunata chaymanta antibacteriales kaqkunata yapayqa kay maki mayllakuyman aswan kusa kasqanta.<ref name=CochP11/> Kay barbijos churakuyqa unqusqa runakunawan tinkuypiqa allin kanman kasqa; ichaqa, mana achkha rikukuq kanchu runakunamanta karunchasqa kachinapaq.<ref name=CochP11/> Kay suplementos zinc kaqwan hampikuyqa allin kanman ch’uju unquy casosta pisillachinapaq.<ref name=Zinc11>{{cite journal | author = Singh M, Das RR | title = Zinc for the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = | issue = 2 | pages = CD001364| year = 2011 | month = February |pmid = 21328251 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001364.pub3 | editor1-last = Singh | editor1-first = Meenu }}</ref> Kay sapa kuti jampi upyanaqa kay vitamina C kaqwan suplementosmanta mana ch’uju unquy riesgonta utaq sinchiyninta pisillachinchu.<ref name="Hemilä2010"/> ==Hampikuynin== [[Image:Pneumonia strikes like a man eating shark.jpg|thumb|Poster mayqinchus runakunata hampiq runanta tapunanpaq sunquchan kay ch’uju unquy hampikuyninpaq]] Kunankamaqa mana hampikuna utaq qhura hampikuna kanchu mayqinkunamantachus allin hampiynin sumaq evidenciasniyuq kasqanta kay chimpakuymanta unayllanninta huch’uyllachinapaq.<ref>{{cite web| title = Common Cold: Treatments and Drugs| publisher = Mayo Clinic| url =http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/common-cold/DS00056/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs| accessdate = 9 January 2010}}</ref>, Ahinatataq, hampikuyninqa unqunayaq kaqllata chinkachinqa.<ref name=AFP07/> Sumaqta samarina, yakusta upyana, huq’u ukhunchik kananpaq chaymanta q’uñi millu yakuwan kunkata qhulluqachiyta ruwana ima allin ruwaykuna hampikunapaq kan.<ref name="NIAID2006"/> Aswan achkha kusallayninkunaqa kay hampikuyninmanta yapakunku kay placebo efectoman.<ref>Eccles Pg.261</ref> ===Unqunayaq=== Kay hampikuyninkunaqa mayqinkunachus unqunayaq kaqkunata sanillachiy yanapaq analgésicos kaqkunawan chaymanta simples antipiréticos kay ibuprofeno kaqhina kaqkunawan ima hamun<ref>{{cite journal | author = Kim SY, Chang YJ, Cho HM, Hwang YW, Moon YS | title = Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 3 | pages = CD006362| year = 2009 | pmid = 19588387 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006362.pub2 | editor1-last = Kim | editor1-first = Soo Young }}</ref> chaymanta kay paracetamol kaqwan ima.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Eccles R | title = Efficacy and safety of over-the-counter analgesics in the treatment of common cold and flu | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-pharmacy-and-therapeutics_2006-08_31_4/page/309 | journal = Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics | volume = 31 | issue = 4 | pages = 309–319 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16882099 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2006.00754.x }}</ref> Evidencias kaqqa mana rikuchinchu kay ch’ujupaq hampikuna aswan kusa kasqankuta kay chhilli analgésicos kaqkunamanta<ref>{{cite journal | author = Smith SM, Schroeder K, Fahey T | title = Over-the-counter (OTC) medications for acute cough in children and adults in ambulatory settings | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume = | issue = 1 | pages = CD001831| year = 2008 | pmid = 18253996 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001831.pub3 |editor1-last = Smith | editor1-first = Susan M }}</ref> manataq wawakunapi qukunan munakunchu kay mana evidencia kaqtinrayku mayqinchus kusa kayninta utaq waqlliypaq potencialninta rikuchiq.<ref name=CFP09>{{cite journal | author = Shefrin AE, Goldman RD | title = Use of over-the-counter cough and cold medications in children | journal = Can Fam Physician |volume = 55 | issue = 11 | pages = 1081–3 | year = 2009 | month = November | pmid = 19910592 | pmc = 2776795 | doi = |url = http://www.cfp.ca/content/55/11/1081.full.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Vassilev ZP, Kabadi S, Villa R | title = Safety and efficacy of over-the-counter cough and cold medicines for use in children | journal = Expert opinion on drug safety | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 233–42 | year = 2010 | month = Mar | pmid = 20001764 | doi = 10.1517/14740330903496410 }}</ref> 2009 kaqpi, Canada ch’uju unquypaq chaymanta ch’ujupaq hampikunata pillamanpas ranqhay churakuyta hark'arqa suyk’a wawakunapi suqta watamanta, imaraykuchus mana kusa hampiynin kaqmanta rikukuq kasqanrayku chaymanta kay phuti riesgostachus ruwanrayku ima.<ref name=CFP09/> Mana allin kamachiynin kay dextrometorfano kaqmanta (huk pillamanpas ranqhakuq ch’ujupaq hampi) hark’ana kaqninman aparqa achkha suyukunapi.<ref>Eccles Pg. 246</ref> Machu runakunapi, qhuña unqunayaq antihistamínicos primera generación kaqmanta kaqwan pisillachikunman; ichaqa mana allin rikukuqniyuqman t’inkikun kay somnolencia kaqhina.<ref name=AFP07/> Wak sinqa kicharichiqkuna kay pseudoefedrina kaqhina allinllataq kanku kay ayllupi.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Taverner D, Latte GJ | title = Nasal decongestants for the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 1 | pages = CD001953| year = 2007 | pmid = 17253470 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001953.pub3 | editor1-last = Latte | editor1-first = G. Jenny }}</ref> Kay ipratropio aerosol kaqpi qhuña unqunayaqta pisillachinman, ichaqa mana ancha kusachu kay sinqa wichq’akuypaq. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Albalawi ZH, Othman SS, Alfaleh K | title = Intranasal ipratropium bromide for the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = | issue = 7 | pages = CD008231|year = 2011 | month = July | pmid = 21735425 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008231.pub2 | editor1-last = Albalawi |editor1-first = Zaina H }}</ref> Kay antihistamínicos segunda generación kaqmanta mana ancha kusasinachu kankuman.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Pratter MR | title = Cough and the common cold: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines |journal = Chest | volume = 129 | issue = 1 Suppl | pages = 72S–74S | year = 2006 | month = Jan | pmid = 16428695 | doi = 10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.72S }}</ref> Mana achkha yachakuy kaqrayku, mana yachakunchu sichus huk yapakuy kay ingesta yakukunapi allinllachinchus unqunayaqta utaq pisillachinchus kay respiratoria unquyta.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Guppy MP, Mickan SM, Del Mar CB, Thorning S, Rack A | title = Advising patients to increase fluid intake for treating acute respiratory infections | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews| volume = | issue = 2 | pages = CD004419| year = 2011 | month = February | pmid = 21328268 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004419.pub3 | editor1-last = Guppy | editor1-first = Michelle PB }}</ref> Chaymanta huk kikin willay mana kaynin tiyan kay rupha wayra q’usñichasqa churakuypaq.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Singh M, Singh M | title = Heated, humidified air for the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = | issue = 5 | pages = CD001728| year = 2011 | month = May | pmid = 21563130 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001728.pub4 | editor1-last = Singh| editor1-first = Meenu }}</ref> Huk yachakuy rikuchirqa kay mentoladas jawikuna qhasqupi churakuyqa yanapanman kay ch’isipi ch’ujuta, sinqa wichq’akuyta chaymanta mana puñuy atiyta allinchachinanpaq.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Paul IM, Beiler JS, King TS, Clapp ER, Vallati J, Berlin CM | title = Vapor rub, petrolatum, and no treatment for children with nocturnal cough and cold symptoms | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 126 | issue = 6 | pages = 1092–9 | year = 2010 | month = December |pmid = 21059712 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2010-1601 }}</ref> ===Antibióticos chaymanta antivirales kaqkuna=== Antibióticos kaqkunaqa mana allinchu kanchu kay infecciones virales kaqkunapaq chayraykutaq mana allinchu kanku kay ch’uju unquy virus kaqkunapaq.<ref name=CochraneAR2005>{{cite journal | author = Arroll B, Kenealy T | title = Antibiotics for the common cold and acute purulent rhinitis | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 3 | pages = CD000247|year = 2005 | pmid = 16034850 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000247.pub2 | editor1-last = Arroll | editor1-first = Bruce}}</ref> Kay efectos secundarios kaqkunarayku, waqlliy atinkuman, ichaqa, sapakuti hampikamachikunku.<ref name=CochraneAR2005/><ref>Eccles Pg.238</ref> Wakin imaraykukuna imaraykuchus antibióticos kaqkunan hampikamachikunkurayku kanku unqusqap munaynin, hampiqruna imayllatapas ruway munaynin, chaymanta kay hasallay sinchiman tukuykuna hark’ayta mayqinkunachus kay antibióticos kaqkunaman ari ñinkuman.<ref>Eccles Pg.234</ref> Mana allin antivirales millachiqkuna kay ch’uju unquy hampikuyninpi tiyanchu, ichapas wakin ñawpa yachay mask’aykuna allinninkunata rikuchirqankupas.<ref name=AFP07/><ref name="EcclesPg_b">Eccles Pg.218</ref> ===Wak aqyanapaq hampikuynin=== Ichapas achkha wak aqyanapaq hampikuynin kaptinpas, mana cientifica evidencia tiyanchu mayqinchus yanapanman kay hampikuyninta.<ref name=AFP07/> Mana achkha evidencia kanchu kay 2010 kaqpi willarinapaqhina utaq wich’unapaqhina kay miel kaqwan hampikunapaq utaq sinqa mayllakuyta.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Oduwole O, Meremikwu MM, Oyo-Ita A, Udoh EE | title = Honey for acute cough in children | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = | issue = 1 | pages = CD007094| year = 2010 | month = January | pmid = 20091616 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD007094.pub2 | editor1-last = Oduwole | editor1-first = Olabisi }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Kassel JC, King D, Spurling GK | title = Saline nasal irrigation for acute upper respiratory tract infections | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = | issue = 3 | pages = CD006821| year = 2010 | month = March | pmid = 20238351 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006821.pub2 | editor1-last = King | editor1-first = David }}</ref> Wakin yachaykuna willanku zinc kaqta upyana kay 24 phani ukhupi kay unqunayaq qallarichkanmantapacha mana unqusqa runakunapi ch’uju unquy unayllayninta chaymanta sinchillayninta pisillachin.<ref name=Zinc11/> Kay achkha ukhinakuna kay yachaykunapi munachin aswan yachayta mask’anata yachanapaq imaynatachus chaymanta mayk’aqchus kay zinc allin kanman.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhs.uk/news/2011/02February/Pages/zinc-for-the-common-cold.aspx |title=Zinc for the common cold&nbsp;—Health News&nbsp;— NHS Choices |first= |last= |work=nhs.uk |year=2012 [last update] |quote=In this review, there was a high level of heterogeneity between the studies that were pooled to determine the effect of zinc on the duration of cold symptoms. This may suggest that it was inappropriate to pool them. It certainly makes this particular finding less conclusive. |accessdate=24 February 2012}}</ref> Kay vitamina C efecto kaqninqa kay ch’uju unquypi hatunpi yachakurqa mana allin tarikuywan, manataq ahinatachu kay qusqa pachakunapi, aswanta kay runakunapi pikunachus actividad fisica kaqta chiri kitikunapi ruwaq.<ref name="Hemilä2010">{{cite journal | author = Hemilä H, Chalker E, Douglas B, Hemilä H | title = Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = |issue = 3 | pages = CD000980| year = 2007 | pmid = 17636648 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub3 | editor1-last = Hemilä | editor1-first = Harri }}</ref><ref name="Heimer2009">{{cite journal | author = Heiner KA, Hart AM, Martin LG, Rubio-Wallace S | title = Examining the evidence for the use of vitamin C in the prophylaxis and treatment of the common cold | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners | volume = 21 | issue = 5 | pages = 295–300 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19432914 | doi = 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2009.00409.x }}</ref> Evidencia kay echinaces kaqwan hampikuyqa mana sinchichu.<ref name=CochE06>{{cite journal | author = Linde K, Barrett B, Wölkart K, Bauer R, Melchart D | title = Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume = | issue = 1 | pages = CD000530| year = 2006 | pmid = 16437427 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000530.pub2 |editor1-last = Linde | editor1-first = Klaus }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Sachin A Shah, Stephen Sander, C Michael White, Mike Rinaldi, Craig I Coleman | title = Evaluation of echinacea for the prevention and treatment of the common cold: a meta-analysis | journal = The Lancet Infectious Diseases | volume = 7 | issue = 7 | pages = 473–480 |year = 2007 | pmid = 17597571 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70160-3 }}</ref> Kay ukhina laya Echinacea kaqwan suplementosqa ukhina kankuman allinllayninpi.<ref name=CochE06/> Mana yachakunchu sichus ajus allin kanman.<ref>{{cite journal |author = Lissiman E, Bhasale AL, Cohen M | title = Garlic for the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume = 3 | issue = | pages = CD006206 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22419312 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006206.pub3 |editor1-last = Lissiman | editor1-first = Elizabeth }}</ref> Huk evidencialla vitamina D kaqwan mana allin kayninta tarirqachu.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Murdoch|first=David R.|title=Effect of Vitamin D₃ Supplementation on Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Healthy Adults<subtitle>The VIDARIS Randomized Controlled Trial</subtitle><alt-title>Vitamin D₃ and Upper Respiratory Tract Infections</alt-title>|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2012-10-03_308_13/page/n52|journal=JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association|date=3 October 2012|volume=308|issue=13|pages=1333|doi=10.1001/jama.2012.12505}}</ref> ==Pronostico nisqa== Kay ch’uju unquy mana sinchichu chaymanta aswan achkha kaqkuna unqunayaqninmanta huk semanapi allinllapunku.<ref name=CE11/> Sichus sinchi champallaykuy tiyan chayqa ancha machu runakunapi, ancha wayna runakunapi utaq inmunosuprimidas runakunapi aswan rikukuqpi rikukun.<ref name=E1/> Secundarias infecciones bacteriales ruwakunman kay sinusitis kaqhina, faringitis kaqhina utaq otitis aguda kaqhina.<ref>Eccles Pg.76</ref> Tantiyakun 8% casosmanta sinusitis ruwakun, otitis kaqtaq ruwakun 30% casosmanta.<ref name="EcclesPg_a">Eccles Pg.90</ref> ==Epidemiologia nisqa== Kay ch’uju unquyqa aswan riqsisqa runa unquy kan<ref name=E1>Eccles Pg. 1</ref> chaymanta tukuy ayllukunaman pachamanta hap’in.<ref name=Text2007/> Machu runakunaqa watapi iskaymanta phichqa infecciones kaqtahina hap’in<ref name=CE11>{{cite journal |author = Arroll B | title = Common cold | journal = Clinical evidence | volume = 2011 | issue = 3 | pages = | year = 2011 | month = March | pmid = 21406124 | doi = }}</ref><ref name=Eccles2005/> wawakunataq watapi suqtamanta chunka ch’uju unquykunatahina hap’inkuman (yachaywasipi kaqkunari watapi chunka iskayniyuq ch’uju unquyhinata hap’inkuman).<ref name=AFP07>{{cite journal | author = Simasek M, Blandino DA | title = Treatment of the common cold | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 75 | issue = 4 | pages = 515–20 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17323712 | doi = | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070215/515.html }}</ref> Kay sintomaticas chimpakuykuna yupayninqa machu runakunapi yapakun kay mana unqunapaq sistema mawq’allayninrayku.<ref name=E78>Eccles Pg. 78</ref> ==Rikhurimuynin== Kay ch’uju unquy causanpas riqsisqa kaptinpas kay 1950s kaqpi, kay unquyqa runakunawan kachkarqa ñawpamantapacha.<ref>Eccles Pg. 3</ref> Unqunayaqnin chaymanta hampikuynin allinta willakun kay papiro egipcio Ebers kaqpi, aswan riqsisqa mawq’a hampiq p’anqa, qillqasqa ñawpata kay siglo 16 AC kaqpi.<ref>Eccles Pg.6</ref> Ingles kaqpi sutiqa, “common cold” kay siglo 16 kaqpi apaykachakurqa, kay rich’akuyrayku unqunayaqninpi kay chiriman rikuchikuy imawan.<ref>{{cite web | publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary | url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cold |title=Cold | accessdate=12 January 2008 }}</ref> Reino Unido kaqpi, kay Medical Research Council paqarichirqa kay Common Cold Unit 1946 kaqpi chaymanta chaypi karqa maypichus kay rinovirus tarikurqa kay 1956 kaqpi.<ref>Eccles Pg.20</ref> Kay 70 watakunapi, kay CCU kaq rikuchirqa kay interferones kaqwan hampikuyninqa kay thapachakuy pachapi kay rinovirus chimpachiy kaqmanta hark’an kay unquymanta,<ref name="pmid2438740">{{cite journal | author = Tyrrell DA | title = Interferons and their clinical value | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_march-april-1987_9_2/page/n6 | journal = Rev. Infect. Dis. | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 243–9 | year = 1987 | pmid = 2438740 | doi = 10.1093/clinids/9.2.243 }}</ref> ichaqa mana hasa hampikuyninta ruway atirqachu. Kay 1989 kaqpi unidad kaqta wichq’arqanku, iskay watamanta kay yachay mask’ana hunt’achikuptin kay zinc kaqmanta gluconato tabletas kaqmanta hark’anapaq kay ch’uju unquykunata kay rinovirus kaqrayku, kay huk allin hampikuyninlla kay unidad thaskiyninpi.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Al-Nakib W | title = Prophylaxis and treatment of rhinovirus colds with zinc gluconate lozenges | journal = J Antimicrob Chemother. | volume = 20 | issue = 6 | pages = 893–901 | year = 1987 |month = December | pmid = 3440773 | doi = 10.1093/jac/20.6.893 | last2 = Higgins | first2 = P.G. | last3 = Barrow |first3 = I. | last4 = Batstone | first4 = G. | last5 = Tyrrell | first5 = D.A.J. }}</ref> ==Impacto economico nisqa== [[Image:The Cost Of The Common Cold & Influenza.jpg|thumb|Huk británico letrero kay Segunda Guerra Mundial kaqmanta mayqinchus willan ch’uju unquymanta costonta<ref>{{cite web |title=The Cost of the Common Cold and Influenza |work=Imperial War Museum: Posters of Conflict |publisher=vads|url=http://vads.bath.ac.uk/flarge.php?uid=33443&sos=0}}</ref>]] Aswan achkha pacha k’uchukunapi, mana allinta yachakunchu kay ch’uju unquy impacto kaqnin.<ref name="EcclesPg_a" /> Kay Estados Unidos kaqpi, kay ch’uju unquy 75-100 junu jampiq runa tapuykunaman apan sapa wata, huk 7700 junu dólares watapi tantiyasqa chaninniyuq. Estadounidenses kaqkunaqa 2900 hunu dolaresta chikchanku kay pillamanpas ranqhay hampikunapi chaymanta 400 hunutataq kamachisqa hampikunapi kay unqunayaq allinllaypaq.<ref name=Frend03>{{cite journal | author = Fendrick AM, Monto AS, Nightengale B, Sarnes M | title = The economic burden of non-influenza-related viral respiratory tract infection in the United States| journal = Arch. Intern. Med. | volume = 163 | issue = 4 | pages = 487–94 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12588210 | doi = 10.1001/archinte.163.4.487 }}</ref> Aswan huk tercio runakunamanta huk jampiq runaman riqkuna huk antibióticos kamachiyta quchikurqanku, kaytaq efectosniyuq kay antibiótica k’ullukuypi.<ref name=Frend03/> Tantiyakun estadounidenses wawakuna 22-189 hunu yachaywasi p’unchawkunata sapa wata saqipunku kay ch’uju unquyrayku. Ahinatataq, tatakuna 126 hunu llamk’ana p’unchawkunata saqipunku ch’ujumanta unqusqa wawankuta qhawanankupaq. Kay 150 hunu saqipusqa llamk’ana p’unchawkunaman yapakuptin kay ch’ujumanta unqusqa llamk’aqkunarayku, kay total económico impacto kaqqa ch’uju unquymanta atipan kay 20 hunu dolaresta sapa wata.<ref name="NIAID2006"/><ref name=Frend03/> Kay ch’uju unquyqa 40% saqipusqa llamk’ana kaqmanta huchachakun kay Estados Unidos kaqpi.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Kirkpatrick GL | title = The common cold| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_primary-care-clinics-in-office-practice_1996-12_23_4/page/n16 | journal = Prim. Care | volume = 23 | issue = 4 | pages = 657–75 | year = 1996 | month = December | pmid = 8890137 |doi = 10.1016/S0095-4543(05)70355-9 }}</ref> ==Yachana mask’ay== Achkha antivirales yanakurqanku, ichaqa 2009 kaqkama ni huk allin karqachu kay ch’uju unquypaq.<ref name="EcclesPg_b" /> kay antiviral pleconaril millachiq yanakuchkan mayqinchus allin kanman kay picornaviruspaq, kay droga BTA-798 chaymantapas.<ref name=E226>Eccles Pg.226</ref> Kay oral churakuynin kay pleconaril kaqmanta ch’ampa hark’akuy rikuchin, chayraykutaq kay aerosol kaqpi kayninta yachaqakuchkan.<ref name=E226/> Yachay mask’aqkuna kay Universidad Maryland, College Par chaymanta kay Universidad Wisconsin-Madison kaqmanta kaqkunaqa kay tukuy riqsisqa virusmanta mayqinkunachus ch’uju unquyta hap’ichiq genoma kaqninta tarirqanku.<ref name="CTgov">{{cite news| url =http://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/02/12/cold.genome/| title = Genetic map of cold virus a step toward cure, scientists say| date = February 12, 2009 | accessdate = 28 April 2009| publisher = CNN| author = Val Willingham}}</ref> {{-}} ==Referencias== {{Reflist|colwidth=35em}} ==Bibliografía == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Ronald Eccles|first=Olaf Weber (eds)|title=Common cold|url=https://archive.org/details/commoncold0000unse|year=2009|publisher=Birkhäuser|location=Basel|isbn=978-3-7643-9894-1 }} {{refend}} ==Enlaces externos== {{Commons category|Common cold}} * {{dmoz|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Respiratory_Disorders/Common_Cold/}} {{Viral diseases}} {{Respiratory pathology}} {{Common Cold}} [[Katiguriya:Unquy]] [[Category:Acute upper respiratory infections]] [[Category:Infectious diseases]] [[Category:Inflammations]] [[Category:Viral diseases]] [[Category:Viruses]] s2903tc60qxgagdg4om5y8whfffe4w3 0 53809 691070 619717 2026-08-10T19:28:12Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ficha de enfermedad | nombre = Tripanosomiasis africana | imagen = Trypanosoma sp. PHIL 613 lores.jpg | tamaño = | pie = | CIE-10 = {{CIE-10|B|56||b|50}} | CIE-9 = {{CIE-9|086.5}} | CIE-O = | CIAP-2 = | OMIM = | DSM-IV = | DiseasesDB = 29277 | DiseasesDB_mult= {{DiseasesDB2|13400}} | Medline = | MedlinePlus = 001362 | MedlinePlus_mult = | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 2140 | eMedicine_mult = | MeshID = D014353 | GeneReviewsID = | GeneReviewsName = | sinónimos = }} '''Tripanosomiasis africana''' utaq '''puñuymanta unquy''' <ref name=WHO2013/> kayqa runaqpata chaymanta wak uywaspata ima [[parasitaria]] [[unquy]]. Kayqa huk ''[[Trypanosoma brucei]] layamanta parásito kaqrayku rikhurin''.<ref>{{MedlinePlusEncyclopedia|001362|Sleeping sickness}}</ref> Iskay layas runakunaman chimpaq tiyan, kay ''[[Trypanosoma brucei gambiense]]'' (T.b.g) chanta kay ''[[Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense]]'' (T.b.r.).<ref name=WHO2013/> Kay T.b.g aswan kay 98% willasqa casusmanta huchayuq.<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite journal|author=WHO Media centre|title=Fact sheet N°259: Trypanosomiasis, Human African (sleeping sickness)|year=June 2013|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/}}</ref> Iskayninku aswanta chimpachikunku huk chimpachisqa [[tsetse ch’uspi]] wach’iyrayku chaymanta aswanta tarikunku kay kampu hallp’aspi. <ref name=WHO2013/> Qallariyninpi, kay unquypata ñawpa thaskiyninpiqa, q’aja, uma nanaykuna, siqsiku, chaymanta muquspi nanay ima tiyan.<ref name=WHO2013/> Kayqa qallarin huk semana utaq kimsa semanamanhina wach’iymanta.<ref name=Lancet2013/> Semanasman utaq aswan killasnan kay iskay kaq thaskiyninqa musphaywan, mana allin coordinacionwan, sunk’aywan chaymanta mana puñuy atiywan ima qallarin.<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=Lancet2013/> Diagnostico kaqqa ruwakun kay parásito mask’aywan huk [[yawar map’a]] ''(frotis)'' nisqawan utaq kay linfático yakupi huk nudo kaqmanta.<ref name=Lancet2013/> Huk [[wasa tuyupi tuqsiy]] kaqqa ancha munasqa ruwakuynin yachanapaq imachus hukhina kay ñawpa thaskiypi kay iskay kaq thaskiypi ima kay unquymanta tiyan.<ref name=Lancet2013/> Kay sinchi unquykunamanta hark’ayninqa anchata munakun kay chimpachisqa ayllukunapi huk yawar analisiswan kay T.b.g. kaqpata hampiyninpaq.<ref name=WHO2013/> Hampiyninqa aswan hasa sichus unquy pachampi tarikun chay chaymanta manaraq neurologicos sintomasqa rikhuriptin.<ref name=WHO2013/> Kay ñawpa kaq thaskiyninmanta hampiyninqa kay [[pentamidina]] utaq [[suramina]] hampiswan hampikun.<ref name=WHO2013/> Kay iskay kaq thaskiyninmanta hampiyninqa kan [[eflornitina]] utaq huk tupachiy [[nifurtimox]] kay eflornitina kaqwan ima kay T.b.g. kaqpaq hampikun.<ref name=Lancet2013>{{cite journal|last=Kennedy|first=PG|title=Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness).|journal=Lancet neurology|date=2013 Feb|volume=12|issue=2|pages=186-94|pmid=23260189}}</ref> Kay [[melarsoprol]] iskayninku hampiyninpaq kaqtaq, kay T.b.r. kaqpaqlla churakun kay sinchi iskay kaq efectosninrayku.<ref name=WHO2013/> Kay unquyqa rikhurin aswanta kay wakin [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]ayllukunapi, huk 70 hunu runakunahina chimpachikuy atiq 36 suyukunapi.<ref name=Sim2012>{{cite journal|author=Simarro PP, Cecchi G, Franco JR, Paone M, Diarra A, Ruiz-Postigo JA, Fèvre EM, Mattioli RC, Jannin JG |title=Estimating and Mapping the Population at Risk of Sleeping Sickness |journal=PLoS Negl Trop Dis |volume=6|issue=10|pages=e1859|year=2012|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001859}}</ref> Kay 2010 watamanta ñawpaqman 9.000 runakunatahina wañuyman apan,kay 1990 watapitaq 34.000 kaqllata.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> Tantillakun 30,000 runakunahina kunanpacha chimpachisqa kasqankuta, huk 7.000 musuq chimpaykunawan ima kay 2012 watapi.<ref name=WHO2013/> Aswan kay 80% casosmanta kay [[República Democratica del Congo]]kaqpi tarikun.<ref name=WHO2013/> Kimsa rikhuriykuna kay kunan thaskiypi tarikurqa: huk kay 1896 watamanta kay 1906 watakama aswanta [[Uganda]] kaqpi chanta kay [[Kungu mayu]] suyu kaqpi chanta iskay kay 1920 chaymanta 1970 watapi achkha africanos suyukunapi.<ref name=WHO2013/> Wak uywakuna, wakakunahina, kay unquywan kankuman utaq chimpachikunkuman.<ref name=WHO2013/> ==References== <references /> i32kyv2akmixrf35l3flrs4wp2j8jym 0 55153 691072 639709 2026-08-10T19:30:00Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Enfermedad de Chagas | Image = Trypanosoma cruzi crithidia.jpeg | Caption = Fotomicrografía de ''Trypanosoma cruzi'' teñido con [[Giemsa]] | DiseasesDB = 13415 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|57||b|50}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|086}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 001372 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 327 | MeshID = D014355 }} '''Chagas kaqmanta unquy''' o '''Trypanosomiasis americana''' kaqqa, huk [[q’uñi pampamanta unquy|q’uñi pampa]] [[khurumanta unquy]] kay [[protozoario]]huchayuqrayku rikhurin''[[Trypanosoma cruzi]]''.<ref name=WHO2013/> Kay rikhurin huk ch’uspirayku sutichasqas [[winchucas]].<ref name=WHO2013/> Infeccion thaskiyninmanhina sintomasninqa tikrakun. Qallariyninpiqa mana sintomas kanchu utaq ancha pisi kanku, chaymanta kaywan hamunkuman: q’aja, punkiy [[ganglios linfáticos]], uma nanay, wach’isqapi punkiy ima.<ref name=WHO2013/> 8–12 semanas qhipantaqa runakunaqa yaykunku kay fase cronica kay unquymanta, chanta huk, 60–70% kaqpi kayqa ni hayk’aq wak sintomastawan qukunchu.<ref name=Rassi2010>{{cite journal |author=Rassi A, Rassi A, Marin-Neto JA |title=Chagas disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-17-23-2010_375_9723/page/1388 |journal=Lancet |volume=375 |issue=9723 |pages=1388–402 |date=April 2010 |pmid=20399979 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60061-X}}</ref><ref name=Rassi2012>{{cite journal|last=Rassi A|first=Jr|author2=Rassi, A|author3=Marcondes de Rezende, J|title=American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease).|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infectious-disease-clinics-of-north-america_2012-06_26_2/page/275|journal=Infectious disease clinics of North America|date=June 2012|volume=26|issue=2|pages=275–91|pmid=22632639|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.002}}</ref> Huknin 30 40% kaq runakunamantaqa aswan sintomasta riqsin kay 10 30 wata qhipanta kay infeccion qallariyninmantapacha.<ref name=Rassi2012/> Kaypis hamun kay [[sunqumanta ventrículos]] hatunyayninwan kay 20 30% kaqpi, kaytaq chaymanta apan kay [[insuficiencia cardíaca]]kaqman. <ref name=WHO2013/> Huk 10% kaq runakunapi qukullanmantaq kay huk[[megaesófago|hatun esófago]] utaq huk [[megacolon|hatun colon]].<ref name=WHO2013/> == Causa chanta diagnóstico ima== Kay ''T. cruzi'' aswan runakunapurapi chimpakun chanta wak uywakunapi ima [[hematófagos|yawar ch’unqaqkuna]] ch’uspisrayku kay [[Triatominos]]yawarmasikunamanta kanku.<ref name=CDC>{{cite web|publisher=Centers for Disease Control (CDC) |url= http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/trypanosomiasisAmerican/ |title=DPDx&nbsp;– Trypanosomiasis, American. Fact Sheet |accessdate=12 May 2010}}</ref> Kay ch’uspisqa aylluskunapi riqsikunku achkha sutiswan:''winchuca'' Argentinapi, Boliviapi, Chilepi, Paraguaypi ima, ''barbeiro'' ([[barbero cirujano|barbero]]) Brasilpi, ''pito'' Colombiapi, ''chinche'' América Centralpi, ''chipo'' ima Venezuelapi. Kay unquyqa chimpachikuyanmantaq kay [[yawar transfusión]], [[transplante de órganos]], ch’ichichasqa mikhunasta kay ch’uspisrayku mikhuspa, chaymanta [[transmisión vertical|mamamanta suyu wawanman]]ima.<ref name=WHO2013/> Kay unquymanta qallariyninpiqa diagnostico kaqninqa ruwakun kay microscopia kaqpi kay yawar parasituta tariqtinku.<ref name=Rassi2012/> Kay cronica unquyqa diagnosticakun [[anticuerpos]] kaqta tariqtinku kay ''T. cruzi'' kaqpaq yawarpi.<ref name=Rassi2012/> ==Hark’akuynin chanta Tratamiento ima == Hark’akunapaqqa winchukasta wañuchina tiyan chaymanta mana wach’ichikunachu tiyan.<ref name=WHO2013/> Wak hark’akuyqa kanman chay transfusionespaq churakuq yawarta sumaqta qhawaykachana.<ref name=WHO2013/> Kay 2013 watakama mana huk hampinapaq t’uqsina kanchu.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ñaqhallaraq infeccionesqa hampiswan hampikunkuman [[benznidazole]] utaq [[nifurtimox]],<ref name=WHO2013/> kaqwan kaykunaqa hampiymanpuni apanku sichus usqhaytapacha churakunku chay, ichaqa aswan pisi efectosniyuqman tukupun sichus runaqa Chaqaswan unqusqa unaytaña kachkan chay. <ref name=WHO2013/> Sichus kay cronica unquypi churaykukunku chay, kay tukukuymanta sintomas thaskiyninta aswan qhipachinkuman..<ref name=WHO2013/> Benznidazole chaymanta nifurtimox ima secundarios temporales efectosta qukunku kay 40% kaqkama ima runapi, <ref name=WHO2013/> kay qaramanta desórdenes kaqwan, ñuqtupi toxicidad kaqwan chaymanta irritación del sistema digestivo imawan hamun.<ref name="Rassi2010"/><ref name=Bern>{{cite journal |author=Bern C, Montgomery SP, Herwaldt BL, et al.|title=Evaluation and treatment of chagas disease in the United States: a systematic review |journal=JAMA |volume=298 |issue=18 |pages=2171–81 |date=November 2007|pmid=18000201 |doi=10.1001/jama.298.18.2171}}</ref><ref name=Rassi2>{{cite journal|author=Rassi A, Dias JC, Marin-Neto JA, Rassi A |title=Challenges and opportunities for primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of Chagas' disease |journal=Heart |volume=95|issue=7 |pages=524–34 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19131444 |doi=10.1136/hrt.2008.159624|url=http://heart.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=19131444}}</ref> == Epidemiología == Tantiyakun 7 8 junu runakumanta kay Chaqas unquyniyuq kachkanku, aswantataq kay [[México]], [[América Central]] chanta [[América del Sur]]ima.<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) Fact sheet N°340|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs340/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=23 February 2014|date=March 2013}}</ref> Kaymantaqa rikhurirqa tantiyaspaqa 12 500 wañusqakuna sapa wata kay 2006 kaqman.<ref name=Rassi2010/> Aswan kaq kay unqusqa runakunamantaqa waqcha runas kanku <ref name=Rassi2010/> chaymanta aswan kaq kay unqusqa runakunamantaqa mana yacharqankuchu infectasqas kachkarqankumanta.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Capinera|editor-first=John L.|title=Encyclopedia of entomology|year=2008|publisher=Springer|location=Dordrecht|isbn=9781402062421|page=824|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC&pg=PA824|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> Runakunamanta thaskiyninkuqa utaq achkhata chimpachikuchkanku kay maypichus Chaqas unquy kachkan chay ayllusta, kunantaq achkha Europeos suyusña EE.UU suyusña kay unquywan kachkanku.<ref name=WHO2013/> Kay pampaspipas huk wata yapaykukuy tiyarqa kay 2014 kaqkama.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bonney|first=KM|title=Chagas disease in the 21st Century: a public health success or an emerging threat?|journal=Parasite |date=2014|volume=21|pages=11|pmid=24626257|doi=10.1051/parasite/2014012|pmc=3952655}} {{open access}}</ref> Kay unquyqa ñawpaq riqsisqa karqa 1909 kaqpi, riqsichirqa [[Carlos Chagas]], kaymantataq suti qukurqa.<ref name=WHO2013/> Aswan 150 hukhina uywakunaman waqllin.<ref name=Rassi2010/> ==Referencias== <references /> itulicbpoy3onr3z273v7bit6a5a134 0 55202 691071 625790 2026-08-10T19:28:54Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Hepatitis A | Image = Jaundice eye.jpg | Caption = <!--A case of jaundice caused by hepatitis A--> | ICD10 = B15 | ICD9 = 070.0 | DiseasesDB = 5757 | MedlinePlus = 000278 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 991 | eMedicine_mult = | MeshID = D006506 }} '''Hepatitis A'''&nbsp;(aswan riqsisqa&nbsp;''' hepatitis infeccioso''') kaqhina kan huk [[ancha sinchi]]&nbsp;[[infecciosa unquy]]&nbsp;kay&nbsp;[[q’iwicha]]&nbsp;kaqmanta kay hepatitis A virus huchanrayku(HAV).<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book|&nbsp;author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors)&nbsp;|&nbsp;title = Sherris Medical Microbiology&nbsp;|&nbsp;edition = 4th&nbsp;|&nbsp;pages = 541–4&nbsp;|&nbsp;publisher = McGraw Hill&nbsp;|&nbsp;year = 2004&nbsp;|&nbsp;isbn = 0-8385-8529-9&nbsp;}}</ref>&nbsp;Aswan casos kaqkunaqa hukchhika mana chay mana sintomas kaqniyuqchu kanku aswantataq kay wayna runakunapi.<ref name=AFP2012/>&nbsp;Pachaqa kay infeccion kaqmanta sintomas kaqman, mayqinkunapichus rikhurin chay, kan iskaymanta suqta semana kaqmanhina.<ref name="pmid16271543">{{cite journal|&nbsp;author=Connor BA|&nbsp;title=Hepatitis A vaccine in the last-minute traveler|&nbsp;journal=Am. J. Med.|&nbsp;volume=118&nbsp;|issue=Suppl 10A|&nbsp;pages=58S–62S|&nbsp;year=2005|&nbsp;pmid=16271543|&nbsp;doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.07.018}}</ref>&nbsp;Sichus tiyan chay kay pusaq semana kaqpi chay hamunkuman kaykunawan: ñat’iwan, q’ipnawan, q’ichalirawan,&nbsp;[[k’allkuy|q’illu qara]], q’ajawan, chanta wiksa nanaywan ima.<ref name=AFP2012/>&nbsp;Kay 10-15% kaqhina runakunamanta sintinku huk qhipan qhipan sintomas kaqkunata suqta killa thaskisqanmantaña kay infeccion qallariyninmanta.<ref name=AFP2012/>&nbsp;[[Ancha sinchi q’iwicha insuficiencia]]&nbsp;Ichapas mayniqpihina rikhurinman kay qallariywan aswantataq hatun machu runapi.<ref name=AFP2012/> <!-- Causa --> Aswan riqsisqakunapiqa chimpachikun mikhuspapas upyaspapas mikhunata mana chay ch’ichi yakuta infectasqa akakunawan.<ref name=AFP2012>{{cite journal|last=Matheny|first=SC|last2=Kingery&nbsp;|first2=JE|title=Hepatitis A.|journal=Am Fam Physician&nbsp;|date=1 December 2012|volume=86|issue=11|pages=1027–34; quiz 1010–2|pmid=23198670&nbsp;|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1201/p1027.html}}</ref>&nbsp;[[Mariscos]]&nbsp;kaqkuna mayqinkunachus mana allin chayachisqa karqanku chaykuna aswan riqsisqa ñan kanku.<ref>{{Cite journal &nbsp;|&nbsp;last1 = Bellou&nbsp;|&nbsp;first1 = M.&nbsp;|&nbsp;last2 = Kokkinos&nbsp;|&nbsp;first2 = P.&nbsp;|&nbsp;last3 = Vantarakis&nbsp;|&nbsp;first3 = A.&nbsp;|&nbsp;title = Shellfish-borne viral outbreaks: a systematic review.&nbsp;|&nbsp;journal = Food Environ Virol&nbsp;|&nbsp;volume = 5&nbsp;|&nbsp;issue = 1&nbsp;|&nbsp;pages = 13–23&nbsp;|date=March 2013&nbsp;|&nbsp;doi = 10.1007/s12560-012-9097-6&nbsp;|&nbsp;pmid = 23412719&nbsp;}}</ref>&nbsp;Chantapas chinpachikunman huk infectasqa runaman k’askaspa.<ref name=AFP2012/>&nbsp;Wawakuna infectasqa kachkanku kaqkupiqa mana ancha síntomas kaqkuna rikhurinchu ichaqa infectay atinku waqkunataqa.<ref name=AFP2012/>&nbsp;Huk infección hap’ikuq qhipantaqa huk runamanqa manaña hap’inqachu watiqmanta tukuy puchuq kawsaynipiqa.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Hepatitis and Other Liver Diseases|year=2006|publisher=Infobase&nbsp;|isbn=9780816069903|page=105|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=HfPU99jIfboC&pg=PA105}}</ref>&nbsp;Diagnostico kaqqa yawar pruebas kaqkunata mañan imaraykuchus síntomas kaqkunaqa kikin kanku waq imaymana unquykuna kaqhina.<ref name=AFP2012/>&nbsp;Kayqa kan huk kay phichqa riqsisqakunamanta&nbsp;[[hepatitis]]&nbsp;viruses: A,&nbsp;[[hepatitis B|B]],&nbsp;[[hepatitis C|C]],&nbsp;[[hepatitis D|D]], chanta&nbsp;[[hepatitis E|E]]ima. <!--Hark’akuynin Jampikuynin ima --> Kay&nbsp;[[hepatitis A t’uqsina]]&nbsp;kaqqa allin hark’akuypaq.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=Irv2012>{{Cite journal &nbsp;|&nbsp;last1 = Irving&nbsp;|&nbsp;first1 = GJ.&nbsp;|&nbsp;last2 = Holden&nbsp;|&nbsp;first2 = J.&nbsp;|&nbsp;last3 = Yang&nbsp;|&nbsp;first3 = R.&nbsp;|&nbsp;last4 = Pope&nbsp;|&nbsp;first4 = D.&nbsp;|&nbsp;title = Hepatitis A immunisation in persons not previously exposed to hepatitis A.&nbsp;|&nbsp;journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev&nbsp;|&nbsp;volume = 7&nbsp;|&nbsp;issue = &nbsp;|&nbsp;pages = CD009051&nbsp;|&nbsp;year = 2012&nbsp;|&nbsp;doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009051.pub2&nbsp;|&nbsp;pmid = 22786522&nbsp;}}</ref>&nbsp;Wakin suyukunaqa allin willakunku sapa kuti kayta wawakunapaq chanta kay mayqinkunachus hasa hap’ichikunku chaykunapaq ima sichus manaraq ñawpaqta t’uqsichikurqanku kaqkunapaq. <ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=WHO2013/>&nbsp;Kay allinman rich’akun kawsaypaq.<ref name=AFP2012/>&nbsp;Waq hark’akuy ñanqa yupan [[maki mayllakuy]]&nbsp;chanta allin chayasqa mikhuna ima.<ref name=AFP2012/>&nbsp;Mana huk akllasqa hampikuynin tiyanchu, samaykunawan chanta hampikunawan ima kay&nbsp;[[ñat’i]]&nbsp;kaqpaq mana chay&nbsp;[[q’ichalira]]&nbsp;kaqpaq sumaq willasqa munakuyninmanhina.<ref name=AFP2012/>&nbsp;Kay infecciones kaqkunaqa q’alitu chinkapuy yachanku mana q’iwicha unquywan thaskispa.<ref name=AFP2012/>&nbsp;Hampikuyninqa kay ancha sinchi q’iwicha insuficiencia kaqmantaqa, sichus kan chay, kan [[q’iwicha transplante]]kaq.<ref name=AFP2012/> <!--Epidemiologia kaqnin --> Tukuy pachapi huk 1.5 hunuhina kay casos sintomaticos kaqkuna sapa wata rikhurinku <ref name=AFP2012/>&nbsp;huk chunkakuna hunukunamanta kay infecciones kaqkunayuq tukuypi.<ref name=Was2006>{{cite journal|last=Wasley|first=A|author2=Fiore, A&nbsp;|author3=Bell, BP&nbsp;|title=Hepatitis A in the era of vaccination.|journal=Epidemiol Rev&nbsp;|year=2006|volume=28|pages=101–11|pmid=16775039&nbsp;|doi=10.1093/epirev/mxj012&nbsp;|url=http://epirev.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/1/101.long}}</ref>&nbsp;Aswan rikhurin kay ayllukunapi tukuy pachamanta mayqinkunapichus pisi llimphuchayuq chanta mana achkha allin yakuyuq.<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Hepatitis A Fact sheet N°328|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs328/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=20 February 2014|date=July 2013}}</ref>&nbsp;Kay[[llamk’asqa pacha]]&nbsp;kaqpi huk 90% kaqhina wawakunamanta infectasqa karqanku chunka watankupi chayraykutaq mana chimpachikuq kanku machu runapi kaqtinkuqa.<ref name=WHO2013/>&nbsp;Kayqa aswan rikhurin kay mana allin llamk’asqa suyukunapi maypichus wawakuna mana rikuchikunkuchu wayna kaqtinku chanta mana tukuy imapaq t’uqsina tiyanchu.<ref name=WHO2013/>&nbsp;Kay 2010 kaqpi, ancha sinchi hepatitis A kaqqa saqin 102,000 wañusqakunapi.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref>&nbsp;[[Hepatitis tukuy pacha wata hunt’aynin]]&nbsp;sapa wata ruwakun kay Julio 28 kaqta sumaq umallichinapaq kay[[hepatitis viral]]kaqmanta.<ref name=WHO2013/> ==References== <references /> d6pfgm85urz4xn0tfwgnqlu0cleflkx 0 55371 691074 626866 2026-08-10T19:32:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Esquistosomiasis | Image = Schistosomiasis_itch.jpeg | Caption = Skin blisters on the forearm, created by the entrance of ''Schistosoma'' parasite. | DiseasesDB = | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|65||b|65}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|120}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 001321 | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | MeshID = D012552 }} Kay '''esquistosomiasis''' ('''bilharziasis''' kaqhina, riqsisqa '''ch’urukuna khurukunamanta ruphay''', chaymanta '''Katayama ruphay''')<ref name=NHS2011>{{cite web|title=Schistosomiasis (bilharzia)|url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/schistosomiasis/Pages/Introduction.aspx|work=NHS Choices|accessdate=15 March 2014|date=Dec 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Schistosomiasis|url=http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/schistosomiasis-pro|website=Patient.co.uk|accessdate=11 June 2014|date=12/02/2013}}</ref> kay unquy khururayku rikurin kay ''[[Esquistosoma]]'' imayna kayninhina kan.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Kayta unkusqa chimpachiyta hisp’anaman utaq ch’unchulaman quyta atin.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Rikuchinnin kanman wisa nanay, [[k’ichalira]], aka yawarwan, [[hisp’ay]]kaqpi yawar.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Maypichus unaymanta hepatitis hap’ichin, ruru nanay, [[infertilidad]], utaq [[isqu unquy p’urupi]] quyta atikunman.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Wawakunapi hap’iyta atikunman mana sumaq hatuyaq mana yuyay kanchu.<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Schistosomiasis Fact sheet N°115|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs115/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=15 March 2014|date=February 2014}}</ref> == Hap’iynin == Kay unquy chimpakun yakurayku maychus khurukuna tiyan.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Kay khurukuna unqusqa[[yakurayku]] rikurimunku.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Kay unquy ancha wawallapipuni hatunyachasqa suyukunapi rikun maychus kanku asuwan munasqa unqusqa yaku pukllaspa.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Wak qutukuna kanku tarpuq runakuna, challwa hap’iqkuna hinapis runakuna maychus hap’inku mana llimphu yakuta punchawkunapi.<ref name=WHO2014/> Kayta [[helmintiasis|helmintos unqusqakuna]] qutupi khusqa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/schistosomiasis|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=30 November 2014|date=August 1, 2013}}</ref> Kay rikuchin qallarin mask’aspa runtukunata khurupta utaq akapi khurukuna runakunapi.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Hinapis [[anticuerpos]] kay yawar unquypi mask’akuyta atikunman.<ref name=WHO2014/> ==Hark’akuna hampinakuna ima== Tukuy ima chaynana tiyan hark’anapaq kay unquyta yakuta pichan chaymanta ch’urukuna yupaynin huchuyachin.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Ayllukunapi maypi unquykunaqa atinkun llapa qutupaq [[praziquantel]] hampiwan khusqan sapa wata hamut’aspan.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Kay ruwakun pisiyachispa yupayta unqusqa runakunata chanta mirachisqa unqusqamanta huchuyachiy.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Hinapis praziquantel hampita kay unqusqapaq maychus ñin [[Organización Mundial de la Salud]] kaqrayku maychus yachanku mana sumaqta kayta.<ref name=WHO2014/> == Epidemiología ==Kay esquistosomiasis unquy hap’in 210 (iskay junu chunkayuq)runakunapi kay k’alitun pachapi,<ref name=Fen2012>{{cite journal|last=Fenwick|first=A|title=The global burden of neglected tropical diseases.|journal=Public health|date=Mar 2012|volume=126|issue=3|pages=233–6|pmid=22325616|doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2011.11.015}}</ref> chaymanta nikunpis 12.000 (chunka waranqa iskayuq) kaqmanta <ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0|last2=Naghavi|first2=M|last3=Foreman|first3=K|last4=Lim|first4=S|last5=Shibuya|first5=K|last6=Aboyans|first6=V|last7=Abraham|first7=J|last8=Adair|first8=T|last9=Aggarwal|first9=R |displayauthors=8 }}</ref> 200.000 (iskay pachaq waranqapaqa) kaqman sapa wata runakuna wañunku.<ref name=The2013>{{cite journal|last=Thétiot-Laurent|first=SA|author2=Boissier, J |author3=Robert, A |author4= Meunier, B |title=Schistosomiasis Chemotherapy|journal=Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)|date=Jun 27, 2013|pmid=23813602|volume=52|issue=31|pages=7936–56|doi=10.1002/anie.201208390}}</ref> Kay unquy asuwan [[Africa]] kaqpi tarisqan, hinapis [[Asia]] chaymanta [[America del Sur]].<ref name=WHO2014/> 700.000.000 (qamchis junu) runakunapi, aswan 70 (qanchis chunkayuq) suyukunapi, tiyakunku maychus unquy riqsisqa.<ref name=The2013/><ref>{{cite web|title=Schistosomiasis A major public health problem|url=http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=15 March 2014}}</ref> Esquistosomiasis chanta [[malaria]] unqusqalla kan huk parasitokuna unquy aswan hatun economico impactohina tiyan.<ref name="SCP">{{Cite web | author= The Carter Center| title=Schistosomiasis Control Program|url=http://www.cartercenter.org/health/schistosomiasis/index.html|accessdate=2008-07-17 }}</ref> Ñawpaq pachamanta musuq punchawkunaman 20 siglopi, kay esquistosomiasis riqsisqa sintoma kay [[hematuria|yawar hisp’api]] kasqan chayta huk [[qhari menstruación|qhari yawar menstruaciónpi]] [[Egipto]] kaqmanta hinapis rikusqa [[rito qallariypaq]] wawakunapaq t’aqakun q’uñi unquykunawan.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kloos|first=Helmut|author2=Rosalie David |year=2002|journal=Human Ecology Review|volume=9|issue=1|url=http://www.humanecologyreview.org/pastissues/her91/91kloosdavid.pdf |title=The Paleoepidemiology of Schistosomiasis in Ancient Egypt |pages=14–25 |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Rutherford|first=Patricia|year=2000|title=The Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis in Modern and Ancient Tissues by Means of Immunocytochemistry|journal=Chungara, Revista de Antropología Chilena|volume=32|issue=1|issn=0717-7356 |url=http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-73562000000100021&script=sci_arttext}}</ref> Kayta akllasqa [[mana qhawasqa tropical unqusqa]] kaqhina kan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Neglected Tropical Diseases|url=http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=28 November 2014|date=June 6, 2011}}</ref> ==Willakuykuna== <references /> 60y4tehv4je6xnftus2azcestb40fqo 0 55499 691060 691042 2026-08-10T19:18:03Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Yellow fever | Image = YellowFeverVirus.jpg | Caption = A [[Transmission electron microscope|TEM]] [[micrograph]] of the yellow fever virus (234,000X magnification) | ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|95||a|90}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|060}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | DiseasesDB = 14203 | MedlinePlus = 001365 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 2432 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|645}} | MeshID = D015004 }} '''Fiebre amarilla''', riqsisqa '''vomito negro''' utaq '''plaga americana''',<ref name=Old2009/> kaqhina huk unquy [[ñawch’i (hampi)|ñawch’i]] [[Virus|viral]].<ref name=WHO2013/> Sintomakuna kay ruphay, chulli unquy, mana yariqha, ñat’ikuna, musculo nanay wasapi chaymanta umapi kanku.<ref name=WHO2013/> Sintomakuna phisqa punchaw allichanku.<ref name=WHO2013/> Wakin runakuna huk punchaw allichayninmanta, ruphayta kutichin, wiksa nanay tiyan chaymanta k’iwicha waqlli qallarin chanta kay [[ictericia|q’illu qara]] ruwan.<ref name=WHO2013/> Sichus kayta rikusqan, achka yawar waqlliluna chaymanta [[rurun waqlli |rurun pantaykuna]] hatunyachisqanku.<ref name=WHO2013/> ==Hap’iynin chaymanta Hapinakuna== Kay unquy fiebre amarilla virusrayku hapisqan chaymanta kay china [[mosquito]]wach’iywan.<ref name=WHO2013/> Runakunaman waqllichin, wak [[primate]], chaymanta achka wak mosquitokuna.<ref name=WHO2013/> Llaqtakunapi, hukñiqi qhapaq mosquitokuna ''[[Aedes aegypti]]'' especiekuna kay unquyta ch’iqichin.<ref name=WHO2013/> Kay virus huk [[RNA virus]] kay ''[[Flavivirus]]'' generowan.<ref name="lindenbach2007"/> Kay unquy sasa wak kikin unquy kan, ñawpaq sintomakunawan.<ref name=WHO2013/> Yuyachiypaq kay unquyta, yawar muestrata [[polimerasa reacción en cadena]] kaqwan munan.<ref name=Toll2009>{{cite journal | author = Tolle MA | title = Mosquito-borne diseases | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_current-problems-in-pediatric-and-adolescent-health-care_2009-04_39_4/page/97 | journal = Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 97–140 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19327647 | doi = 10.1016/j.cppeds.2009.01.001 }}</ref> ==Prevención chaymanta Hapinakuna chaymanta Allichaynin== Huk allin chaymanta harkasqa [[vacuna]] fiebre amarillawan chaymanta wakin suyukuna vacuna viajerokunapaq munan.<ref name=WHO2013/> Wak ruwanakuna t’ituypaq unquyta huchuyachiy achka transmisor mosquitokunata yapan.<ref name=WHO2013/> Llaqtakunapi maypi fiebre amarilla unquy kikin chaymanta vacuna mana kikinlla, ñawpaq hapinakuna unquqkunamanta chaymanta inmunización llapa runakunapi qhapaq t’ituypaq unquyta.<ref name=WHO2013/> Sichus unqusqan, uhquypa allichaynin sintomakunawan kan chanta mana akllasqa tukukusqakuna viruspaq kankuchu.<ref name=WHO2013/> Kay runakunapaq unquywan wañuyta atikun sichus mana hapinakuna tiyankuchu.<ref name=WHO2013/> == Epidemiologia chaymanta ñawpaq willakuy == Fiebre amarilla unquy 200.000 infecciones chaymanta 30.000 wañuykuna sapa watapi ruwan,<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Yellow fever Fact sheet N°100|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=23 February 2014|date=May 2013}}</ref> 90% kay wañuymanta África kaqpi kanku.<ref name=Toll2009/> Iskay huñu runakunamanta kawsanku kitikunapi maypi kay unquyta kikin kan.<ref name=WHO2013/> Kikin [[Trópico|tropical]] kitikunapi [[Sud América]] kaqpi [[África]] kaqpi, ichaqa mana [[Asia]] kaqpi.<ref name=CDC2011>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/|title=CDC Yellow Fever||accessdate=2012-12-12}}</ref><ref name=WHO2013/> 1980 kaqmanta, achka yupaykuna unquykunamanta fiebre amarillamanta hatunyachinku.<ref name=Barr2007>{{cite journal | author = Barrett AD, Higgs S | title = Yellow fever: a disease that has yet to be conquered | journal = Annu. Rev. Entomol. | volume = 52 | pages = 209–29 | year = 2007 | pmid = 16913829 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091454 }}</ref><ref name=WHO2013/> Kayta iñisqan pisi runakuna immune kanku, aswan runakuna llaqtakunapi, runakuna llaqtakunapi kawsachkanku, runakuna sapa kuti kuyuchkanku chaymanta [[clima tikray |tikrasqa clima]].<ref name=WHO2013/> Kay unquy África kaqpi paqarisqan, maypi kay unquy Sud América kay [[trata de esclavos]] kay siglo 17qi ch’iqichin.<ref name=Old2009>{{cite book|last=Oldstone|first=Michael|title=Viruses, Plagues, and History: Past, Present and Future|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199758494|pages=102–4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2XbHXUVY65gC&pg=PA103}}</ref> Chantapas kay siglo 17qi kaqmanta, achka [[Lista epidemiakuna|brotekuna]] unquymanta Ámerica, África, chaymanta Europa hap’isqan.<ref name=Old2009/> Kay 18qi siclota chaymanta 19qi siglota, fiebre amarilla aswan maqllu unquyta [[infecciosa unquy]] rikusqa kasqan.<ref name=Old2009/> Kay fiebre amarilla virus hukñiqi virus ukhunpi tarisqan.<ref name="lindenbach2007">{{cite book | title=Fields Virology| url=https://archive.org/details/fieldsvirology0001unse_m2s6|edition=5th |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | author=Lindenbach, B. D., et al. |editor=Knipe, D. M. and P. M. Howley. (eds.) | year=2007 | location=Philadelphia, PA |page=[https://archive.org/details/fieldsvirology0001unse_m2s6/page/1103 1101] | isbn=0-7817606-0-7 |chapter=Flaviviridae: The Viruses and Their Replication}}</ref> ==Willakuykuna== <references /> == Hawa t'inkikuna == {{commonscat|Yellow fever}} [[Katiguriya:Unquy]] d8bv71sb6jaoig7ja5vv4hq3alcxtb5 0 55580 691059 627665 2026-08-10T19:17:22Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691059 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paperaspaq hampikuna''' harkasqa [[paperas]] t’itun.<!-- <ref name=WHO2007/> --> Mayk’aq aswan runakunaman kay hapikuna qusqanku chantapas pisi pantaykuna kay runakuna ñiqiman pisiyachin.<ref name=WHO2007>{{cite journal|title=Mumps virus vaccines.|journal=Weekly epidemiological record|date=16 Feb 2007|volume=82|issue=7|pages=49-60|pmid=17304707|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2007/wer8207.pdf?ua=1}}</ref> Mayk’aq 90% runakunamanta hampiwan kanku chantapas kay hampi allillan 85% kaqmanta kan.<ref name=Hviid2008>{{cite journal | author = Hviid A, Rubin S, Mühlemann K | title = Mumps | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_march-15-21-2008_371_9616/page/932 | journal = [[The Lancet]] | volume = 371 | issue = 9616 | pages = 932–44 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 18342688 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60419-5 }}</ref> Iskay dosis aswan pachapaq munasqanku.<!-- <ref name=WHO2007/> --> Qallarina dosis 12 chaymanta 18 killakunayuqpura nisqan.<!-- <ref name=WHO2007/> --> Iskay dosispuni iskay chaymanta suqta watayuqpuri qusqan.<ref name=WHO2007/> Ruwaynin chanta unquyta kay mana [[inmune]] runapi mana munayta kankuchu.<ref name=Pink2012/> == Harkay == Paperaspaq hapikuna sumaq harkasqa kan chaymanta pisi wak efectokuna kanku.<ref name=WHO2007/><ref name=Pink2012/> Pisi nanay chaymanta inflamación maypi churasqa inyeccionpi chaymanta pisi rupha tariyta atikun.<!-- <ref name=WHO2007/> --> Aswan qhapaq efectokuna mana riqsisqanku.<ref name=WHO2007/> Yachasqa mana paqta tinkiypaq kay hampi pantaykunawan ahina neurologico efectokunata.<ref name=Pink2012/> Kay hampi mana runakunaman qusqankuchu pichus [[wiksayuq]] utaq sinchi [[inmunosupresión]] kanku.<ref name=WHO2007/> Mana allin tukukusqakuna wawakunapaq pichus mamakunayuq hapita wiksayuqpi chaskisqanku; ichaqa, mana qillqa willakuqpi kasqanku.<ref name=WHO2007/><ref name=Pink2012/> Kay hampikuna chiwchi celulakunapi paqarisqanku, chantapas allinlla quypaq kay runakuna [[runtu alergiakuna]] kaqwan.<ref name=Pink2012/> ==Ruwaynin== Aswan [[hatunyachisqa pacha]] kaqmanta chaymanta achka suyukuna [[pacha hatunyachiypi]] kayta inmunización programakunankupi yapanku wiñaypuni tupaq [[sarampiónpaq hapi|sarampión]] kaqwan chaymanta [[rubeolapaq hampi]] kaqwan riqsisqa [[MMR]].<ref name=WHO2007/> Huk huñusqa ñawpaq kimsa hampikunawan chaymanta kay [[varicelapaq hampi]] kaqwan riqsisqa [[MMRV]] hapirinalla kanku.<ref name=Pink2012/> 2005 kaqmanta 110 suyukuna kay hampita tarikuyta qusqanku.<!-- <ref name=WHO2007/> --> Kitipi maypi vacunacionta llapa runakunapaq ruwasqan chantapas aswan 90% runakuna unquymanta tiyanku.<!-- <ref name=WHO2007/> --> Khuska waranqa huñu dosis huk variedad hampimanta qusqan.<ref name=WHO2007/> == Ñawpaq willakuy, sociedad chaymanta cultura == Huk paperas hampi hukñiqi kamachisqa 1948 kaqpi kasqan; ichaqa pisi pacha efectividadpaq tiyanlla.<ref name=Pink2012>{{cite book|last1=Atkinson|first1=William|title=Mumps Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases|date=May 2012|publisher=Public Health Foundation|isbn=9780983263135|pages=Chapter 14|edition=12|url=http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/mumps.html}}</ref> Allichasqa hampikuna qatunapi 1969 kaqpi kasqanku.<!-- <ref name=WHO2007/> --> Mayk’aq ñawpaq hampi kay [[inactivada hampi|Inactivada]] kasqan chantapas wak preparacionkuna kawsay qhasñu virus kanku.<ref name=WHO2007/> Kay [[Lista Chaniyuq Hampikunamanta Organizacion Mundial Salud]] kaqpi, aswan chaniyuq hampikuna kaqlla [[alliyay sistema]] kaqpi.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/93142/1/EML_18_eng.pdf?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=22 April 2014|date=October 2013}}</ref> Achka yupay wak imayna kanan ahina 2007 kaqmanta kanku.<ref name=WHO2007/> ==Willakuykuna== <references /> 8m9811ez6b40wkeigzbry7ta2d4978v 0 56256 691077 649966 2026-08-10T19:54:00Z Breogan2008 7106 691077 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" align="right" width=290px style="margin-left:1em; background:#8B0000; font-size: 95%;" |- bgcolor="#8B0000" ! colspan="2" | {| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" |- bgcolor="#8B0000" | <span style="color:white;">'''Halap''' ('''Aleppo''')''' <br> حلب '''</span> |} |- |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" ! colspan="2" align="center" | [[Rikcha:Aleppo new mix.jpg|240px|Aleppo, Sirya]] |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller" | |- style="color: white; background: #8B0000; text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #999" | '''Saywitu''' | style="color: white; border-left:1px solid #999"| '''Wallqanqa''' |- style="background: white" |rowspan=6| [[Rikcha:Syrien.png|165px|center]] |- style="background: white" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| [[Rikcha:Coat of Arms of Aleppo.svg|70px|center]] |- style="background: #FFFFFF;border-top:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| |- style="background: #8B0000; text-align:center;" |style="color: white; border-left:1px solid #999;border-top:1px solid #999"| '''Unancha''' |- style="background: white; border-top:1px solid #999;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| [[Rikcha:Flag of Aleppo.svg|70px|center|Aleppo unancha]] |- style="background: #FFFFFF; border-top:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| |- align="center" ! colspan="2" | . |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Mama llaqta]] || [[Rikcha:Flag of the United Arab Republic.svg|25px]] [[Sirya]] |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Tinkurachina siwi]]kuna || 36° 12' 0" N;<br> 37° 09' 0" E |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Runa]]kuna || 2 181 061 <small>(2010)</small> |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Runa ñit'inakuy]] || 210,53 runa / [[km²]] |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Hallka k'iti kanchar]] || 379 [[km²]] |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | Hanaq kay || 190 m |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | Kamasqa wata || |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Kuraka]] || [[Mohammad Wahid Aqqad]] |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |[[Karu rimay yupay]] || |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Pacha suyu]]|| |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | Llika tiyanan|| [www.] |- ! colspan="2" | |} '''Halap''', '''Halab''' ([[arabya simi]]pi: حلب ), '''Alap''', '''Aleppo''' icha '''Alipu''' ([[kastilla simi]]pi: ''Alepo'') llaqtaqa {{SYR}} mama llaqtap [[llaqta]]nmi. == Wiñay kawsay == Kamasqa 1 800 kñ == Kaypipas qhaway == * [[Damasku]] * [[Gaziantep]] * [[İzmir]] * [[Lyon]] * [[Brest]] == Hawa t'inkikuna == {{commonscat|Aleppo}} [[Katiguriya:Llaqta (Asya)]] [[Katiguriya:Llaqta (Sirya)]] [[Katiguriya:Aleppo|!]] s86gt8jjjl43a0o62qroiwveve5jozq 0 56994 691079 691029 2026-08-10T19:55:30Z Breogan2008 7106 691079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kawsay}ç '''Jeanne Moreau ''' sutiyuq warmiqa (* {{Pun|23|1|1928}} paqarisqa [[Paris]] llaqtapi - {{Pun|31|7|2017}} wañusqa [[Paris]] llaqtapi) huk {{FRA}} mama llaqtayuq [[kuyu walltay]]pi [[aranway pukllaq]]mi karqan. Taytan: Anatole Désiré Moreau; Maman: Kathleen Sarah Buckley, <br>Qusankuna: Jean-Louis Richard (1949–1964) / William Friedkin (1977–1979).<br>Churinkuna: == Pilikulakuna == * Los amantes (1962) * La novia vestía de negro * Ascensor para el cadalso * "Il marinaio del Gilbilterra" (1967) * La noche * Diario de una camarera * Viva María! * La reina Margot (1954) * Diálogos de carmelitas * Las relaciones peligrosas * Moderato cantábile * Jules et Jim. == Suñaykuna == == Kaypipas qhaway == * [[Louis Malle]] * [[François Truffaut]] * [[Michelangelo Antonioni]] * [[Luis Buñuel]] * [[Jacques Demy]] * [[Roger Vadim]] * [[Elia Kazan]] * [[Orson Welles]] * [[Peter Brook]] * [[Wim Wenders]] == Hawa t'inkikuna == {{commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Moreau Jeanne Moreau}} [[Katiguriya:Warmi]] [[Katiguriya:Paqarisqa 1928]] [[Katiguriya:Wañusqa 2017]] [[Katiguriya:Kuyu walltay pukllaq]] [[Katiguriya:Aranway pukllaq (Ransiya)]] [[Katiguriya:Kuyu walltay pusaq (Ransiya)]] ttmsqj8pcctge86wunjogo6m64ggfzk 691080 691079 2026-08-10T19:55:37Z Breogan2008 7106 691080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kawsay}} '''Jeanne Moreau ''' sutiyuq warmiqa (* {{Pun|23|1|1928}} paqarisqa [[Paris]] llaqtapi - {{Pun|31|7|2017}} wañusqa [[Paris]] llaqtapi) huk {{FRA}} mama llaqtayuq [[kuyu walltay]]pi [[aranway pukllaq]]mi karqan. Taytan: Anatole Désiré Moreau; Maman: Kathleen Sarah Buckley, <br>Qusankuna: Jean-Louis Richard (1949–1964) / William Friedkin (1977–1979).<br>Churinkuna: == Pilikulakuna == * Los amantes (1962) * La novia vestía de negro * Ascensor para el cadalso * "Il marinaio del Gilbilterra" (1967) * La noche * Diario de una camarera * Viva María! * La reina Margot (1954) * Diálogos de carmelitas * Las relaciones peligrosas * Moderato cantábile * Jules et Jim. == Suñaykuna == == Kaypipas qhaway == * [[Louis Malle]] * [[François Truffaut]] * [[Michelangelo Antonioni]] * [[Luis Buñuel]] * [[Jacques Demy]] * [[Roger Vadim]] * [[Elia Kazan]] * [[Orson Welles]] * [[Peter Brook]] * [[Wim Wenders]] == Hawa t'inkikuna == {{commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Moreau Jeanne Moreau}} [[Katiguriya:Warmi]] [[Katiguriya:Paqarisqa 1928]] [[Katiguriya:Wañusqa 2017]] [[Katiguriya:Kuyu walltay pukllaq]] [[Katiguriya:Aranway pukllaq (Ransiya)]] [[Katiguriya:Kuyu walltay pusaq (Ransiya)]] 03q2sple7a2xf5dv2aikaklqtfmwlvq 0 60876 691066 646155 2026-08-10T19:24:03Z Cromenio 34257 691066 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" align="right" style="margin-left:1em; background:#458B00; font-size: 95%;" |- bgcolor="#458B00" ! colspan="2" | {| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" |- bgcolor="#458B00" | <font size="3" color="white">'''Somerset'''</font> |} |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" ! colspan="2" align="center" | [[Rikcha:Cheddar_Gorge,_Somerset,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg|290px|]] |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller" | [[Cheddar Gorge]] |- |- style="color: white; background: #458B00; text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #999" | '''Saywitu''' | style="color: white; border-left:1px solid #999"| '''Wallqanqa''' |- style="background:#FFFFFF" |rowspan=6| [[Rikcha:Somerset_UK_locator_map_2010.svg|145px|center|]] | |- style="background:#FFFFFF" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| [[Rikcha:Arms_of_Somerset_County_Council.svg|80px|center|]] |- style="background: #FFFFFF;border-top:1px solid #999;text-align:center;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| |- style="background: #458B00; text-align:center;" |style="color: white; border-left:1px solid #999;| <font color=white> '''Unancha'''</font> |- style="background: #FFFFFF; border-top:1px solid #999;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| [[Rikcha:Somerset Flag.svg|100px|center|]] |- style="background: #FFFFFF; border-top:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| |- align="center" ! colspan="2" | . |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Mama llaqta]] || {{ENG}} |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Tinkurachina siwi]]kuna || |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Uma llaqta]] || [[Taunton]] |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[:Category:Riqyun (Inlatirra)|Riqyun]] || [[South West England|South West]] |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[:Category:Distritu (Somerset)|Distritu]]kuna || 6 |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Runa]]kuna || 965.424 ''<small>(2019)</small>'' |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Runa ñit'inakuy]]|| |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Hallka k'iti kanchar]] || 4.171 km² |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | Hanaq kay|| - m |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | Kamasqa wata || |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Kuraka]] || Anne Maw |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |[[Karu rimay yupay]] || |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Pacha suyu]]|| |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | Llika tiyanan||[https://www.somerset.gov.uk/ Somerset County Council] |- !colspan="2" | |} '''Somerset''' nisqaqa huk suyum [[Inlatirra]]pi, [[Hukllachasqa Qhapaq Suyu]]pi. [[Uma llaqta]]nqa [[Taunton]] llaqtam. == Allpa saywachi == == Chiriqunuy == == Flora Faunapas == == Wiñay kawsay == ==Pulitika Rakiy== 6 distritu :</p> <ol> <li> [[Bath and North East Somerset]]</li> <li> [[Mendip]]</li> <li> [[North Somerset]]</li> <li> [[Sedgemoor]]</li> <li> [[Somerset West and Taunton]]</li> <li> [[South Somerset]]</li> </ol> == Llaqtakuna - Uchuy llaqtakuna == * [[Bath]], [[Bishop's Lydeard]], [[Bridgwater]], [[Burnham-on-Sea]] * [[Chard (Somerset)|Chard]], [[Cheddar (Somerset)|Cheddar]], [[Clevedon]] * [[Dunster]] * [[Frome]] * [[Glastonbury]] * [[Highbridge (Somerset)|Highbridge]] * [[Ilchester]] * [[Keynsham]] * [[Nailsea]] * [[Midsomer Norton]], [[Minehead]] * [[Portishead (Somerset)|Portishead]] * [[Radstock]] * [[Shepton Mallet]], [[Street (Somerset)|Street]] * [[Taunton]] * [[Watchet]], [[Wellington (Somerset)|Wellington]], [[Wells]], [[Weston-super-Mare]] * [[Yeovil]] == Yachay tarpuy == == Karu puriy == * [[Butlin's Minehead]] * [[Cheddar Gorge]] * [[Dunster Hills]] * [[Exmoor]] * [[Glastonbury Festival]] * [[Glastonbury Tor]] * [[Quantock Hills]] * [[Wells Cathedral]] * [[Weston-super-Mare]] Pier == Rikchakuna == == Yachay == == Musiku == == Apaykachana == == Somerset suyupi paqarisqa runakuna == == Kaypipas qhaway == == Hawa t'inkikuna == [[Katiguriya:Suyu (Inlatirra)]] [[Katiguriya:Somerset| ]] 4j4lwyn0vz8nvlq58mhcaw9f8x8zmn4 0 61199 691067 658643 2026-08-10T19:25:39Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691067 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Rikcha:DNA_Structure+Key+Labelled.pn_NoBB.png|paña|rikchacha|DNApa rakinakuynin iskay elisiqa. Kay rakinakuypi iñukukunaqa sapa [[nipa]]<nowiki/>paq llimpichasqam, chaynataqsi, uranpi pitu baseqa chuyaychasqa rakinakuyninta riqsichisqam.]] '''Thiyuksiripusa Nuklumanta P'uchqu''' icha '''Deoksiribosa Nuklumanta K'arkuq''' icha '''Diyuksiriwusa nuklumanta p'uchquq'''a ([[:en:IPAc-QU|/dɛʊksiɾibʊsa nuklumanta k'arkɔχ/]]) ('''DNK''') iskay polynuklustidi waskarniyuq molekulam, kaypas iskayninpura qiwirin iskay elisi paqarichinanpaq; hinaqsi [[gen]]<nowiki/>manta pusachinata apaspa lliw riqsisqa [[kawsaq]]<nowiki/>kunata, [[birus]]kunatapas puqunanpaq, purinanpaq, wiñananpaq, mirachinanpaqmi. DNKqa Ribosa Nuklusmanta K'arkuqwan (RNK) iskaynin [[chawpi|nuklus]]manta k'arkuqmi kanku. Kaykunawan: proteyna, wiraku, sasachasqa karboyidratoswanpas (polisakarido). Kawsaqkuna kawsananpaqmi, nuklusmanta k'arkuqqa tawa layamanta huknin allin risisqa [[makromolekula]]m == Kaqninkuna == [[Rikcha:DNA_chemical_structure.svg|rikchacha|Chemical structure of DNA; ]] DNK sayt'u [[Tawqa iñuwa|polimeru]]<nowiki/>m kikinchasqa unitatmanta hamun nuklustidi sutiyuq. Sapa kaykuna qiquyuq sapa qillqananwan: A, т, с, icha G kanman. DNKpa rakinakuqninqa [[sayt'u]]<nowiki/>npi kuyuykachaqmi, imaynapas rikch'ahinaa [[qiwi]]<nowiki/>nta atinman.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Structural diversity of supercoiled DNA|journal=Nature Communications|volume=6|pages=8440|date=October 2015|pmid=26455586|pmc=4608029|doi=10.1038/ncomms9440|bibcode=2015NatCo...6.8440I|issn=2041-1723}}</ref> Lliw kawsaqpi, iskay waskaryuqmi elisemanta rurasqam, paykunapura [[Yakuchaq|yakutiqsi]] t'inkiwan k'asqasqam. Waskarqa iskaynin kikin aksispi qiwirisqam kanku, hinallataq kikin 34 angstrom (3.4nm) tonuyuqmipas kanku. Iskayninpa radyunqa 10 Å (1.0 nm)-mi.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite journal|title=Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1953-04-25_171_4356/page/737|journal=Nature|volume=171|pages=737–38|date=April 1953|pmid=13054692|doi=10.1038/171737a0|bibcode=1953Natur.171..737W|issn=0028-0836}}</ref> Wakin [[Hamut'ay|hamut'a]]<nowiki/>sqapaq, waknin solusyonpi tupuspaqa DNRqa 22–26 Å (2.2–2.6 nm) [[tupu]]<nowiki/>n, hinaqsi huk nuklutidi unitasqa 3.3 Å (0.33 nm) sayt'uyuqmi tupun.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The dimensions of DNA in solution|journal=Journal of Molecular Biology|volume=152|pages=153–61|date=October 1981|pmid=7338906|doi=10.1016/0022-2836(81)90099-1|issn=0022-2836}}</ref> . Sapanchasqa nuklutidi huch'uyllam kaptin, DNR polimer ancha hatunraq kanman; chaywan pachak [[hunu]] nuklutidiyuqmi kanman, kromoson 1 hina. Kromoson1 runapa aswan hatun [[kromoson]]<nowiki/>mi, 220 hunu pitu basiyuqmi, sayt'uchasqataq 85mm tupusqa kanman, [[Rikcha:DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png|rikchacha|DNA hatun huch'uy groove. ]] == Puykukuna == <references/> [[Katiguriya:Kawsay yachay]] [[Katiguriya:Hampi yachay]] k3kidfbr5bcc9ylerp2ya96izg3iyqq 0 61743 691064 659447 2026-08-10T19:22:36Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691064 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Rikcha:Niños Selknam.jpg|rikchacha|250px|Silknam wawakuna]] [[Rikcha:Pueblos_indígenas_de_la_Patagonia_Austral.svg|rikchacha|250x250px| Ura Pataquniya nisqapi manaraq hispanu runakunap rakikuynin]] [[Rikcha:Onas por .jpg|rikchacha|250px|Una runakuna]] '''Silk'nam''', '''Unawo''' icha '''Una runakuna''', huk indihina runakunam, [[Pataqunya|Pataquniya]] suyupi uralan [[Arhintina|Arhintinapi]] [[Chili|Chilipipas]], [[Ninasuyu|Tierra del Fuego]] wat'akunapipas. Paykunaqa [[Urin Awya Yala|Sudamérica nisqapi]] qhipa kaq natiwu qutukunamanta hukninmi karqan, XIX pachakwatap tukukuyninpi Iwrupamanta hamuq runakunawan tupasqankuwan. XIX pachakwatap chawpinpiqa yaqa 4000 Silk'nam runakunam karqan; 1919 watapaqqa 297, 1930 watapaqqa pachakmanta astawan pisilla.<ref name="Gardini">{{Cite journal|title=Restoring the Honour of an Indian Tribe-Rescate de una tribu|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_anthropos_1984_79_4-6/page/645|first=Walter|last=Gardini|journal=Anthropos|date=1984|volume=79|issue=4/6|pages=645–47}}</ref> Aylluhina, chinkasqahina qhawarisqa kanku. Quri mask'ay, Tierra del Fuego suyupi chakra llamk'ayta qallarichisqa, Silk'nam runakunata wañuchinankupaqmi aparqan. Joubert Yantén Gómez, Chiri suyumanta [[misti]], huk chikan Silk'nam aylluyuq, pay kikinmi chay simita yachachirqan, sapallan rimaq hina qhawasqa; payqa ''Keyuk sutita apaykachakun.'' <ref name="nyorker">[http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/03/30/a-loss-for-words Judith Thurman, "A Loss for Words"], ''The New Yorker'', 30 March 2015</ref> Silk'nam runakunaqa Tierra del Fuego nisqap wichay-inti lluqsimuy lawpi tiyaywan anchata tinkuchisqa kaptinkupas, <ref>Anitei, Stefan. </ref> hatun allpapi runakuna hina paqarimusqankutam iñinku. Waranqantin watakuna ñawpaqtam kanuwawan [[Magallanes k'ikllu]] chimpaman astakurqaku. <ref>Frederick Webb Hodge, ''Proceedings: Held at Washington, December 27–31, 1915'', original from Harvard University, 649 pages</ref> [[Holoceno|Hulusinu]] qallariypi, chay hallp'akuqa Chiri suyupi [[Cerro Toro sutiyuq runa|Cerro Toro]] urqukunaq Cerro Benítez nisqa chiqasninkamacha karqan. <ref>C. Michael Hogan, ''Cueva del Milodon'', The Megalithic Portal, ed. </ref> [[Rikcha:Selknam_playa_1930.jpg|rikchacha|250x250px| Silk'nam runakuna 1930 watapi]] == Kawsay Ñan == Ñawpaqmanta pacha, Silk'nam runakunaqa puriq runakunam karqanku, kawsanankupaqmi animalkunataqa hap'ipaqkuna karqanku. [[Pataqunya|Pataquniya]] llaqtapi chiri kaptinpas pisillatam pachakurqaku . Paykunaqa Tierra del Fuego llaqtata Haush (icha Manek'enk ) nisqawanmi rakinakurqanku, huk kawsay saphi numada nisqa, chay t'arap sur-este nisqapi tiyaq. Chay suyupipas Yámana icha Yahgan nisqakunam karqan. == Kawsay saphi, Iñiy == Misiyunkuna nisqa, XX pacha qallariypi antrupuluqukuna nisqapas Silk’nam iñinmanta, runanqukunamanta ima willakuykunata huñurqanku, chaywanpas kawsay saphinku waqaychayta yanapayta munarqanku. Misiyuniru José Beauvoirmi Silk'nam simimanta simi qullqata huñurqan. === Simi === Silk'nam runakunaqa Chun simitam rimaqku. Qhipa mama rimaq wañurqan 1974 watapi ichataq Joubert Yanten Gomez, [[Tupawi|Santiagomanta, Chiri suyumanta]] simikunaqmanta yachaq prudiqiyu, XXI pachakwatap qallariyninpi chay simita yachachirqan wayna-sipasllaraq kachkaspa. Payqa Silk'nam sutiwanmi waqyakun, Keyuk. Payqa Beauvoirpa 1915 watapi lluqsichisqan chay rimayqillqa nisqatam ñawicharqa yachananpaq, tawa chunka wata ñawpaqtaraqmi antrupuluqu Anne Chapmanpa ruwasqan simipa grawasiyunninkunata ñawicharqa yachananpaq, chaynapi uyarikuyninta yachananpaq. Huk achka indihina simikunatam riman, Yaqan simitam yachachkan . <ref name="nyorker">[http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/03/30/a-loss-for-words Judith Thurman, "A Loss for Words"], ''The New Yorker'', 30 March 2015</ref> == Pukyukuna == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> [[Katiguriya:Silk'nam runakuna]] pudmqlfwm85t48k7xi6vyzz3rb241cc 0 61791 691061 676829 2026-08-10T19:18:50Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691061 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Qutukawsay chawpin''' nisqakunaqa [[Allwiya kamay|allwiyakamakuna]] intiraktuwakuq nisqakunam, chaymi willakuykunata, yuyaykunata, munanaykikunata, huk [[ispirisiyun kanankunatapis]] ruwayta hinaspa rak'inakuytapas yanapan, wirtuwal icha sirma ayllukunawan, llikakunawanpis. # Qutukawsay chawpinkuna intiraktiwu [[Web 2.0]] [[Internet|cha]]<nowiki/>[[Internet|wpinl]][[Internet|lika-pi]] ruwasqa ruwanakuna kanku.<ref name="SMDefinition">{{Cite journal|last1=Obar|first1=Jonathan A.|last2=Wildman|first2=Steve|title=Social media definition and the governance challenge: An introduction to the special issue|journal=Telecommunications Policy|date=2015|volume=39|issue=9|pages=745–750|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2647377}}</ref><ref name="usersoftheworld">{{Cite journal|last1=Kaplan|first1=Andreas M.|last2=Haenlein|first2=Michael|title=Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_business-horizons_january-february-2010_53_1/page/61|journal=Business Horizons|date=2010|volume=53|issue=1|pages=61, 64–65, 67|doi=10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003}}</ref> # Ruwaqpa ruwasqan kuntinidu—ahinataq qillqa qillqakuna utaq rimaykuna, ruk'asqa phutukuna utaq[[Kuyuq rikch'a waqaychana allwiya|kuyuq rikch'akuna]], chaymanta willakuy tukuy [[Internet|intirnitpi]] tinkiykuna ruwasqawan—Qutukawsay chawpinkunap kawsayninmi.<ref name="SMDefinition" /><ref name="usersoftheworld" /> # Ruwaqkuna runaqta kayninkuna quna-ispisiphikuna web k'itipaq utaq ruwana wakichi kaqpaq ruwanku chaymanta tinkuy llika urqanisasiyunpa ruwasqa chaymanta waqaychasqa.<ref name="SMDefinition" /><ref name="boydEllison">{{Cite journal|last1=Boyd|first1=Danah M.|last2=Ellison|first2=Nicole B.|title=Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship|journal=Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication|volume=13|issue=1|pages=210–30|doi=10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x}}</ref> # Qutukawsay chawpinkuna intirnit llikakunapi wiñachiyta yanapan huk ruwaqpa runaqta kayninninta wak sapalla runakuna utaq qutukunawan t'inkispa.<ref name="SMDefinition" /> <ref name="boydEllison" /> Runa kawsay sutiqa [[Rurin (willanakuy)|chawpin]] willanakuymanta rimaspaqa, patapatakuna ruwaqpi-chawpisqa nisqa kasqankuta, chaymanta actividad comunal nisqa atichiq kasqankuta qawarichin. Chayhina, Qutukawsay chawpinkuna internetpi yanapakuqhina utaq runa llikakuna kallpachaq hina qhawasqa kanman—sapa runakunapa web nisqakuna, paykunam runa kawsay tinkiyta yapanku.<ref>Dijck, Jose van (2013-01-02). ''The Culture of Connectivity: A Critical History of Social Media''. Oxford University Press. ISBN <bdi>978-0-19-997079-7</bdi>.</ref> == Qutukawsay chawpinkunap pacha puririynin (1973–2022) == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wata !Patapata !Wiñarichiq/Paqarichiq |- |1973 |[[Talkomatic]] |Dave Wooly, Douglas Brown |- |1997 |[[SixDegrees.com]] |Andrew Weinreich |- |1997 |[[AIM (software)|AOL Instant Messenger]] |Barry Appelman, Eric Bosco, Jerry Harris |- |1999 |[[Yahoo! Messenger|Yahoo Messenger]] |Jerry Yang, David Filo |- |1999 |[[Windows Live Messenger|MSN Messenger]] |Microsoft |- |1999 |[[LiveJournal]] |Brad Fitzpatrick |- |2002 |[[Friendster]] |Jonathan Abrams |- |2003 |[[LinkedIn]] |Reid Hoffman |- |2003 |[[Myspace]] |Thomas Anderson |- |2003 |[[Skype]] |Microsoft |- |2004 |[[Facebook]] |Mark Zuckerberg |- |2004 |[[Orkut]] |Orkut Büyükkökten |- |2005 |[[YouTube]] |Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, Jawed Karim |- |2005 |[[Reddit]] |Aaron Swartz |- |2006 |[[Twitter]] |Jack Dorsey |- |2006 |[[VK|VK]] |Pavel Durov |- |2008 |[[Nextdoor]] |Nirav Tolia, Sarah Leary, Prakash Janakiraman, David Wiesen |- |2009 |[[WhatsApp]] |Brian Acton, Jan Koum |- |2010 |[[Pinterest]] |Ben Silbermann |- |2010 |[[Instagram]] |Kevin Systrom |- |2011 |[[Snapchat]] |Evan Spiegel |- |2011 |[[Google+]] |Bradley Horowitz |- |2011 |[[Twitch|Twitch]] |Justin Kan |- |2011 |[[WeChat]] |Allen Zhang |- |2012 |[[Tinder (app)|Tinder]] |Sean Rad |- |2013 |[[Google Hangouts]] |Larry Page, Sergey Brin |- |2014 |[[musical.ly]] |Alex Zhu, Luyu Yang |- |2015 |[[Discord]] |Jason Citron, Stan Vishnevskiy |- |2017 |[[TikTok]] |Zhang Yiming |- |2020 |[[Clubhouse (app)|Clubhouse]] |Paul Davison, Rohan Seth |} == Pukyukuna == [[Katiguriya:Tinkuna llikakuna]] 51tooatmsv3hhvmi7w98nghocqzq5hq 0 61861 691068 679443 2026-08-10T19:26:06Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691068 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Rikcha:Deep_Learning.jpg|wak=Representing images on multiple layers of abstraction in deep learning|rikchacha| Ukhu yachaypi achka qata charina rikuna nisqapi siq'ikunata rikuchiy<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schulz|first1=Hannes|last2=Behnke|first2=Sven|date=1 November 2012|title=Deep Learning|journal=KI - Künstliche Intelligenz|language=en|volume=26|issue=4|pages=357–363|doi=10.1007/s13218-012-0198-z|issn=1610-1987|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/51a80649d16a38d41dbd20472deb3bc9b61b59a0}}</ref>]] '''Ukhu yachay''' icha '''ukhu yachaqay''' ([[Inlish simi|inlish simimanta]] deep learning) nisqaqa astawan hatun ayllu [[Maquinawan yachay|atipayasqa llamk'aq yachay]] ñankunap huknin, [[Artifisyal ankucha llika|kapchis ankucha llikakunapi]], [[Representación yachay|qhawachiq yachaywan]]. Yachayqa [[Qhawasqa yachay|qhawasqa]], [[Yaqa qhawasqa yachay|kuska qhawasqa]] utaq [[Mana qhawasqa yachay|mana qhawasqa]] kanman.<ref name="NatureBengio">{{Cite journal|last1=LeCun|first1=Yann|last2=Bengio|first2=Yoshua|last3=Hinton|first3=Geoffrey|year=2015|title=Deep Learning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_nature_2015-05-28_521_7553/page/436|journal=Nature|volume=521|issue=7553|pages=436–444|doi=10.1038/nature14539|pmid=26017442|bibcode=2015Natur.521..436L}}</ref> == Pukyukuna == [[Katiguriya:Kapchisqa ankucha llikakuna]] [[Katiguriya:Ukhu yachay]] 4blzt6q5uwuvwyxl91bb70884gzszef 0 61930 691062 654187 2026-08-10T19:20:11Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691062 wikitext text/x-wiki '''CRISPR''' (huk huch'uchasqa '''clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeatkuna''') nisqaqa huk [[DNK|ADN]] secuenciakunap ayllun, [[Procariota nisqa|ñawpaq-kariyuta]] kawsaqkunap [[Genoma nisqa|genomankunapi]] tarikuq, ahinataq [[Añaki|a]][[Procariota nisqa|ñ]]<nowiki/>aki, [[Añaki|ñ]][[Ñawpa añaki|awpa añaki]].<ref name="pmid25574773" /> Kay secuenciakunaqa [[Bacteriófago nisqa|bacteriófagos]] nisqapa ADN fragmentos nisqamanta hurqusqam, chaykunam ñawpaqta [[Procariota nisqa|ñawpaq-kariyuta]] nisqaman infectasqa karqa. Chaykunataqa llamk’achinku ADNta riqsinankupaq, chinkachinankupaq ima, chayman rikch’akuq bacteriófagos nisqamanta, qhipa infecciones kaptin. Kayrayku kay secuenciakuna huk clave ruwayta ruwanku kay antiviral (kayqa antifago) sistema de defensa kaqpi kay procariotas kaqmanta chanta huk forma kay [[Inmunidad adquirida nisqa|inmunidad adquirida kaqmanta]] qunku.<ref name="pmid25574773">{{cite journal|vauthors=Barrangou R|author-link=Rodolphe Barrangou|title=The roles of CRISPR-Cas systems in adaptive immunity and beyond|journal=Current Opinion in Immunology|volume=32|pages=36–41|year=2015|pmid=25574773|doi=10.1016/j.coi.2014.12.008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Redman M, King A, Watson C, King D|title=What is CRISPR/Cas9?|journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood: Education and Practice Edition|volume=101|issue=4|pages=213–215|date=August 2016|pmid=27059283|pmc=4975809|doi=10.1136/archdischild-2016-310459}}</ref> <ref name="pmid17379808">{{cite journal|vauthors=Barrangou R, Fremaux C, Deveau H, Richards M, Boyaval P, Moineau S, Romero DA, Horvath P|s2cid=3888761|author-link1=Rodolphe Barrangou|display-authors=6|title=CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2007-03-23_315_5819/page/1709|journal=Science|volume=315|issue=5819|pages=1709–1712|date=March 2007|pmid=17379808|doi=10.1126/science.1138140|bibcode=2007Sci...315.1709B|hdl=20.500.11794/38902|hdl-access=free}} {{Registration required}}</ref> <ref name="pmid19095942">{{cite journal|vauthors=Marraffini LA, Sontheimer EJ|title=CRISPR interference limits horizontal gene transfer in staphylococci by targeting DNA|journal=Science|volume=322|issue=5909|pages=1843–1845|date=December 2008|pmid=19095942|pmc=2695655|doi=10.1126/science.1165771|bibcode=2008Sci...322.1843M}}</ref> CRISPR tarikun yaqa 50% kaqpi secuenciadokuna [[Bacteria nisqap genoma nisqa|genomas bacterianos kaqpi]] chanta yaqa 90% kaqpi kay arqueos secuenciadokuna kaqpi.<ref name="Hille2018">{{cite journal|vauthors=Hille F, Richter H, Wong SP, Bratovič M, Ressel S, Charpentier E|title=The Biology of CRISPR-Cas: Backward and Forward|journal=Cell|volume=172|issue=6|pages=1239–1259|date=March 2018|pmid=29522745|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.032|hdl=21.11116/0000-0003-FC0D-4|s2cid=3777503|hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[Rikcha:Crispr.png|rikchacha| tukuyimamanta hallch’asqa qillqa kay CRISPR ñawpaq-kariyta antiviral hark’akuy mecanismomanta<ref>{{Cite journal|title=CRISPR/Cas, the immune system of bacteria and archaea|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2010-01-08_327_5962/page/n56|journal=Science|volume=327|issue=5962|pages=167–170|date=January 2010|pmid=20056882|doi=10.1126/science.1179555|bibcode=2010Sci...327..167H}}</ref>]] == Pukyukuna == [[Katiguriya:CRISPR]] tch82j9yw9sevgobx90ypjb7dqs3cmt 0 61960 691069 654376 2026-08-10T19:27:15Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox |color=Brown |name=Sawla |image=Pseudoryx nghetinhensis, b.PNG |regnum=Animalia |phylum=Chordata |classis=Mammalia |ordo=Artiodactyla |familia=Bovidae |subfamilia=Bovinae |range_map=Pseudoryx nghetinhensis distribution.png |range_map_caption= Sawlata rikunaykipaq saywiti | subdivision_ranks = genus | subdivision = kay qatiqpi qhaway}} '''Sawla''' ('''''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis''''') kayqa tiksimuyuntinpi astawan pisilla hatun ñuñuq uywakunamanta huknin, sach'a-sach'api tiyaq waka uywakunam, Vitnampi, Laospipis Annamita urqupi tiyaq. Chaytaqa 1993 watapin willarqanku Vũ Quang Mamallaqta Q'umir pampapi puchukunata tarisqanku qhipaman, chaytaqa ruwarqanku Vitnam suyupi [[Sach'apampamanta Ministerio]] nisqawan, [[Sallqa pacha Fondo Mundialwan]] kuska tapusqankuwan.<ref name="dung2">{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/363443a0|title=A new species of living bovid from Vietnam|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1993-06-03_363_6428/page/443|year=1993|last1=Dung|first1=V. V.|last2=Giao|first2=P. M.|last3=Chinh|first3=N. N.|last4=Tuoc|first4=D.|last5=Arctander|first5=P.|last6=MacKinnon|first6=J.|name-list-style=amp|journal=Nature|volume=363|issue=6428|pages=443–445|bibcode=1993Natur.363..443V|s2cid=4243603}}</ref><ref name="MSW3">{{MSW3 Artiodactyla|id=14200705|pages=695|heading=Species ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis''}}</ref><ref name="stone2006">{{cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.314.5804.1380|title=The Saola's Last Stand|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-12-01_314_5804/page/1380|year=2006|last1=Stone|first1=R.|journal=Science|volume=314|issue=5804|pages=1380–1383|pmid=17138879|s2cid=130425782}}</ref> Chaymantapachan Sawlakunataqa askha kutita presochasqa karqanku, pisi tiempollapaqña chaypis, simanakuna killakunallapi wañusqankurayku.<ref name="stone18">{{cite magazine|title=Mystery in Vietnam|last=Stone|first=Richard|magazine=Smithsonian|date=August 2008|pages=18–20}}</ref> Chay rikch'aqmantaqa 1992 watapi Do Tuoc sutiyuq sach'a-sach'amanta yachaq, paywan llamk'aqmasinkunapis ñawpaqta willarqanku.<ref name="stone182">{{cite magazine|title=Mystery in Vietnam|last=Stone|first=Richard|magazine=Smithsonian|date=August 2008|pages=18–20}}</ref> Kawsaq sawlapa ñawpaq phutunqa presochasqam karqa 1993. Astawan qipa phututaqa 2013 watapim Vitnampa chawpinpi sacha sachapi kuyuywan llamkaq rikch'a hap'inawan hurqurqaku.<ref>{{cite news|title=Saola sighting in Vietnam raises hopes for rare mammal's recovery: Long-horned ox photographed in forest in central Vietnam, 15 years after last sighting of threatened species in wild|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2013|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/nov/13/saola-sighting-vietnam-rare-mammal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Saola Rediscovered: Rare Photos of Elusive Species from Vietnam|publisher=World Wildlife Federation|date=2013|url=http://worldwildlife.org/stories/saola-rediscovered-rare-photos-of-elusive-species-from-vietnam}}</ref> Pseudoryx nisqa rikch'aq ayllupiqa sapallan rikch'aq. == Pukyukuna == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> [[Katiguriya:Sawla]] 9vw0pa4evsgvcup5ymsh7wlqciibrz5 0 63001 691056 685570 2026-08-10T19:08:48Z Martin Macha 2111 23640 /* */ 691056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MamaLlaqta | nombre_oficial = ''República de Colombia''<br>Kulumpiya Ripuwlika | nombre_común = Kulumpia | de = de | imagen_bandera = Flag of Colombia.svg | imagen_escudo = Coat of arms of Colombia.svg | imagen_escudo_tamaño = 120px | símbolos = | imagen_mapa = LocationColombia.svg | lema_nacional = ''[[Libertad y orden]]'' | himno_nacional = ''[[Himno de Colombia|Himno Nacional de Colombia]]'' | capital = [[Bogotá]] | capital_población = 6 778 691 | capital_coor_fmt = | capital_coor = 4_39_N_74_03_W 4° 39´ N 74° 3´ O | ciudad_principal = [[Bogotá]] | idiomas_oficiales = [[Kastilla simi]] | gobierno = [[Republika]] | dirigentes_títulos = [[Kulumbyapa umalliqnin|Umalliq]]<br>[[Umalliq ranti]] | dirigentes_nombres = [[Abelardo de la Espriella]] <br> [[José Manuel Restrepo]] | fundación = Independencia | fundación_hitos = &nbsp; Rimarisqa<br>&nbsp; Definición | fundación_fechas = [[Ispaña]]manta<br>{{Pun|20|7|1810}}<br>[[7 ñiqin chakra yapuy killapi]] [[1819]] | superficie = 1 141 748 | superficie_puesto = 26 | superficie_agua = 8,8% | fronteras = 6 004 [[kilómetro|km]] | costas = 3 208 km | población = 42 090 502 (2005) | población_puesto = 28 | población_densidad = 36 | PIB_nominal = US$ 135 075 millones<ref>[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf Banco Mundial (PIB nominal 2006)]</ref> | PIB_nominal_año = 2006 | PIB_nominal_puesto = 42 | PIB_nominal_per_cápita = 2 888 (2006) | PIB = US$ 378 435 millones<ref>[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP_PPP.pdf Banco Mundial (PIB PPA 2006)]</ref> | PIB_año = 2006 | PIB_puesto = 28 | PIB_per_cápita = 8 091 (2006) | IDH = 0.790 | IDH_año = 2006 | IDH_puesto = 70 | IDH_categoría = <font color="#ffcc00">medio</font> | moneda = [[Peso colombiano]] ($) ([[COP]]) | gentilicio = kulumbyapa | horario = [[UTC]]-5 | horario_verano = [[UTC]]-5 | cctld = [[.co]] | código_telefónico = 57 | prefijo_radiofónico = HJA-HKZ</code>, <code>5JA-5KZ | código_ISO = 170 / COL / CO | miembro_de = [[CSN]], [[ONU]], [[OEA]], [[Comunidad Andina|CAN]], [[Grupo de los Tres|G.3]], [[Fondo Latinoamericano de Reservas|FLAR]], [[Mercosur]] }} [[Rikcha:Co-map.png|180px|thumb|right|290px|[[Kulumbya]] suyup saywitun]] '''Kulunsuyu''' icha '''Kulumya'''qa (Kulumpiya, [[Kastilla simi]]pi: ''[[:es:Colombia|Colombia]]'') [[Urin Awya Yala|Urin Apya Yala]]pi [[mama llaqta|llaqta]]m. [[Uma llaqta]]nqa [[Bogotá]] llaqtam. Kulumbiyaqa [[republika|sapan llaqta]]m, umalliqniyuq, Qurinaka nisqaniyuqpas. Wichay larumanta [[Panama]] llaqtawan, [[Atlantiku mama qucha]] llaqtawan tinkuna, inti lluqsiy larumantataq [[Winisuyla]] llaqtawan [[Brasil]] llaqtawan tinkuna, uray larumantataq [[Piruw]] llaqtawan [[Ikwadur]] , inti chinkay larumantataq [[Sanp'a mama qucha]]wan tinkusqa. Suyu hina hatunkamachiyllana chawanasqa llaqtanchik, hallp'antaq 1 141 748 km² chhikanmi. == Wiñay kawsay == {{QQ|Kulumbyapa wiñay kawsaynin}} == Allpa saywachi == Kulumbya llaqtaqa atun riqsisqa llaqtakunaqa kaykunan: [[Bogotá]], [[Medellín]], [[Cali]], [[Barranquilla]] chaymanta [[Cúcuta]] llaqtawan. === Urqukuna === * [[Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta]] (5.775 m) * [[Pico Cristóbal Colón]] (5.775 m) * [[Pico Simón Bolívar]] (5.775 m) * [[Galeras urqu]] * [[Nevado del Huila]] (5.750 m) * [[Nevado del Ruiz]] (5.400 m) * [[Puracé urqu|Puracé]] * [[Nevado del Tolima]] (5.215 m) * [[Santa Isabel urqu|Santa Isabel]] (4.965 m) === Quchakuna === * [[Guatavita qucha]] * [[Tota qucha]] * [[Iguaque qucha]] === Mayukuna === * [[Cauca mayu]] * [[Putumayu]] * [[Yapura mayu]] * [[Meta mayu]] * [[Guaviare mayu]] === Wat'akuna === * [[San Andrés wat'a]] * [[Providencia wat'a]] * [[Santa Catalina wat'a]] Allpa saywachi riqyunkuna nisqa * ''Antikuna'' * ''Caribe hatun qucha suyu'' * ''Orinoco mayu sach'a-sach'a suyu'' * ''Amarumayu sach'a-sach'a suyu'' * ''Sanp'a mama qucha suyu'' * ''Wat'akuna'' == Hatun llaqtakuna == {| {{prettytable}} |- |colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="#FFA500" | '''Llaqtakuna (Kulumbiya)''' |- |rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''Rang''' || rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''Llaqta''' || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''runakuna''' || rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''Suyu''' |- |align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''1985''' || align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''1993''' || align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''2005''' |- |align=right | 1. || [[Bogotá]] || align=right | 4 176 769 || align=right | 4 931 796 || align=right | 6 763 325 || [[Bogotá]] / [[Cundinamarca suyu|Cundinamarca]] |- |align=right | 2. || [[Medellín]] || align=right | 1 452 392 || align=right | 1 551 160 || align=right | 2 187 356 || [[Antioquia suyu|Antioquia]] |- |align=right | 3. || [[Cali]] || align=right | 1 369 331 || align=right | 1 641 498 || align=right | 2 039 626 || [[Valle del Cauca suyu|Valle del Cauca]] |- |align=right | 4. || [[Barranquilla]] || align=right | 917.486 || align=right | 990.547 || align=right | 1.109.067 || [[Atlántico suyu|Atlántico]] |- |align=right | 5. || [[Cartagena]] || align=right | 513.986 || align=right | 616.231 || align=right | 845.801 || [[Bolívar suyu (Kulumbya)|Bolívar]] |- |align=right | 6. || [[Cúcuta]] || align=right | 383.584 || align=right | 459.640 || align=right | 566.244 || [[Chinchay Santander suyu|Chinchay Santander]] |- |align=right | 7. || [[Bucaramanga]] || align=right | 351.687 || align=right | 410.065 || align=right | 502.654 || [[Santander suyu|Santander]] |- |align=right | 8. || [[Ibagué]] || align=right | 280.638 || align=right | 340.191 || align=right | 465.859 || [[Tolima suyu|Tolima]] |- |align=right | 9. || [[Soledad (Kulumbya)|Soledad]] || align=right | 168.291 || align=right | 236.521 || align=right | 455.029 || [[Atlántico suyu|Atlántico]] |- |align=right | 10. || [[Soacha]] || align=right | 100.691 || align=right | 222.565 || align=right | 393.006 || [[Cundinamarca suyu|Cundinamarca]] |- |align=right | 11. || [[Santa Marta]] || align=right | 175.687 || align=right | 270.253 || align=right | 384.189 || [[Magdalena suyu|Magdalena]] |- |align=right | 12. || [[Villavicencio]] || align=right | 162.556 || align=right | 219.976 || align=right | 361.058 || [[Meta suyu|Meta]] |- |align=right | 13. || [[Bello (Kulumbya)|Bello]] || align=right | 211.203 || align=right | 257.707 || align=right | 359.404 || [[Antioquia suyu|Antioquia]] |- |align=right | 14. || [[Pereira]] || align=right | 241.927 || align=right | 348.023 || align=right | 358.681 || [[Risaralda suyu|Risaralda]] |- |align=right | 15. || [[Manizales]] || align=right | 283.365 || align=right | 303.136 || align=right | 342.620 || [[Caldas suyu|Caldas]] |- |align=right | 16. || [[Pasto]] || align=right | 203.742 || align=right | 261.368 || align=right | 312.759 || [[Nariño suyu|Nariño]] |- |align=right | 17. || [[Neiva]] || align=right | 179.908 || align=right | 237.239 || align=right | 295.412 || [[Huila suyu|Huila]] |- |align=right | 18. || [[Valledupar]] || align=right | 150.838 || align=right | 202.404 || align=right | 294.731 || [[Cesar suyu|Cesar]] |- |align=right | 19. || [[Buenaventura]] || align=right | 165.829 || align=right | 194.727 || align=right | 290.457 || [[Valle del Cauca suyu|Valle del Cauca]] |- |align=right | 20. || [[Montería]] || align=right | 162.056 || align=right | 210.297 || align=right | 288.192 || [[Córdoba suyu (Kulumbya)|Córdoba]] |- |align=right | 21. || [[Armenia]] || align=right | 192.409 || align=right | 216.467 || align=right | 265.020 || [[Quindío suyu|Quindío]] |- |align=right | 22. || [[Floridablanca]] || align=right | 142.153 || align=right | 187.197 || align=right | 241.685 || [[Santander suyu|Santander]] |- |align=right | 23. || [[Popayán]] || align=right | 149.019 || align=right | 169.423 || align=right | 227.840 || [[Cauca suyu|Cauca]] |- |align=right | 24. || [[Palmira]] || align=right | 181.157 || align=right | 196.213 || align=right | 223.049 || [[Valle del Cauca suyu|Valle del Cauca]] |- |align=right | 25. || [[Sincelejo]] || align=right | 122.484 || align=right | 168.410 || align=right | 218.430 || [[Sucre suyu (Kulumbya)|Sucre]] |- |align=right | 26. || [[Itagüí]] || align=right | 139.050 || align=right | 175.626 || align=right | 209.498 || [[Antioquia suyu|Antioquia]] |- |align=right | 27. || [[Barrancabermeja]] || align=right | 141.516 || align=right | 144.769 || align=right | 168.307 || [[Santander suyu|Santander]] |- |align=right | 28. || [[Envigado]] || align=right | 87.574 || align=right | 107.402 || align=right | 166.742 || [[Antioquia suyu|Antioquia]] |- |align=right | 29. || [[Dos Quebradas]] || align=right | 97.063 || align=right | 129.572 || align=right | 164.437 || [[Risaralda suyu|Risaralda]] |- |align=right | 30. || [[Maicao]] || align=right | 49.262 || align=right | 80.770 || align=right | 164.011 || [[La Guajira suyu|La Guajira]] |- |align=right | 31. || [[Tuluá]] || align=right | 103.123 || align=right | 125.137 || align=right | 157.512 || [[Valle del Cauca suyu|Valle del Cauca]] |- |align=right | 32. || [[Tunja]] || align=right | 89.164 || align=right | 101.622 || align=right | 145.138 || [[Boyacá suyu|Boyacá]] |- |align=right | 33. || [[Ríohacha]] || align=right | 49.931 || align=right | 77.083 || align=right | 137.224 || [[La Guajira suyu|La Guajira]] |- |align=right | 34. || [[Florencia (Kulumbya)|Florencia]] || align=right | 71.305 || align=right | 82.708 || align=right | 120.403 || [[Caquetá suyu|Caquetá]] |- |align=right | 35. || [[Cartago (Kulumbya)|Cartago]] || align=right | 95.650 || align=right | 100.946 || align=right | 119.063 || [[Valle del Cauca suyu|Valle del Cauca]] |- |align=right | 36. || [[Girón]] || align=right | 40.255 || align=right | 71.618 || align=right | 117.672 || [[Santander suyu|Santander]] |- |align=right | 37. || [[Apartadó]] || align=right | 29.847 || align=right | 56.330 || align=right | 114.840 || [[Antioquia suyu|Antioquia]] |- |align=right | 38. || [[Quibdó]] || align=right | 50.277 || align=right | 65.904 || align=right | 100.113 || [[Chocó suyu|Chocó]] |} == Llaqta pusanapaq rakiy == {{QQ|Kulumbyapa pulitika rakiynin}} Kulumbya llaqtapiqa kanmi suyukuna, wamanikuna, 1092 k'itikunapas (''municipios''). [[Rikcha:Colombia-departamentos.svg|thumb|250px|right|Kulumbyapi suyukuna]] <!-- --> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:64%;" |- bgcolor=#999999 !#!!Suyu!!Uma llaqta!!Hallka k'iti kanchar!!Runakuna |- bgcolor=#FFFFFF |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|1||[[File:Flag of Amazonas (Colombia).svg|border|30px|Flag of the Department of Amazonas]] [[Amarumayu suyu (Kulumbya)|Amarumayu]]||[[Leticia]] |align=right|109.665 km&sup2;||align=right|67.726 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|2||[[File:Flag of Antioquia Department.svg|border|30px|Flag of the Department of Antioquia]] [[Antioquia suyu|Antioquia]]||[[Medellín]] |align=right|62.869 km&sup2;||align=right|5.682.276 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|3||[[File:Flag of Arauca.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Arauca]] [[Arauca suyu|Arauca]]||[[Arauca]] |align=right|23.818 km&sup2;||align=right|232.118 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|4||[[File:Flag of Atlántico.svg|border|30px|Flag of the Department of Atlántico]] [[Atlántico suyu|Atlántico]]||[[Barranquilla]] |align=right|3.388 km&sup2;||align=right|2.166.156 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|5||[[File:Flag of Bolívar (Colombia).svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Bolívar]] [[Bolívar suyu (Kulumbya)|Bolívar]]||[[Cartagena]] |align=right|25.978 km&sup2;||align=right|1.878.993 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|6||[[File:Flag of Boyacá Department.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Boyacá]] [[Boyacá suyu|Boyacá]]||[[Tunja]] |align=right|23.189 km&sup2;||align=right|1.255.311 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|7||[[File:Flag of Caldas.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Caldas]] [[Caldas suyu|Caldas]]||[[Manizales]] |align=right|7.888 km&sup2;||align=right|968.740 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|8||[[File:Flag of Caquetá.svg|border|30px|Flag of the Department of Caquetá]] [[Caquetá suyu|Caquetá]]||[[Florencia]] |align=right|88.965 km&sup2;||align=right|420.337 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|9||[[File:Flag of Casanare.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Casanare]] [[Casanare suyu|Casanare]]||[[Yopal]] |align=right|44.640 km&sup2;||align=right|295.353 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|10||[[File:Flag of Cauca.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Cauca]] [[Cauca suyu|Cauca]]||[[Popayán]] |align=right|29.308 km&sup2;||align=right|1.268.937 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|11||[[File:Flag of Cesar.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Cesar]] [[Cesar suyu|Cesar]]||[[Valledupar]] |align=right|22.905 km&sup2;||align=right|903.279 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|12||[[File:Flag of Chocó.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Chocó]] [[Chocó suyu|Chocó]]||[[Quibdó]] |align=right|46.530 km&sup2;||align=right|454.030 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|13||[[File:Flag of Córdoba.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Córdoba]] [[Córdoba suyu (Kulumbya)|Córdoba]]||[[Montería]] |align=right|25.020 km&sup2;||align=right|1.467.929 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|14||[[File:Flag of Cundinamarca.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Cundinamarca]] [[Cundinamarca suyu|Cundinamarca]]||[[Bogotá]] |align=right|22.653 km&sup2;||align=right|2.280.037 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|15||[[File:Flag of Guainía.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Guainía]] [[Guainía suyu|Guainía]]||[[Inírida]] |align=right|72.238 km&sup2;||align=right|35.230 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|16||[[File:Flag of Guaviare.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Guaviare]] [[Guaviare suyu|Guaviare]]||[[San José del Guaviare]] |align=right|53.460 km&sup2;||align=right|95.551 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|17||[[File:Flag of Huila.svg|border|30px|Flag of the Department of Huila]] [[Huila suyu|Huila]]||[[Neiva]] |align=right|19.890 km&sup2;||align=right|1.011.418 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|18||[[File:Flag of La Guajira.svg|border|30px|Flag of the Department of La Guajira]] [[La Guajira suyu|La Guajira]]||[[Riohacha]] |align=right|20.848 km&sup2;||align=right|681.575 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|19||[[File:Flag of Magdalena.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Magdalena]] [[Magdalena suyu|Magdalena]]||[[Santa Marta]] |align=right|23.188 km&sup2;||align=right|1.149.917 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|20||[[File:Flag of Meta.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Meta]] [[Meta suyu|Meta]]||[[Villavicencio]] |align=right|85.635 km&sup2;||align=right|783.168 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|21||[[File:Flag of Nariño.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Nariño]] [[Nariño suyu|Nariño]]||[[San Juan de Pasto]] |align=right|33.268 km&sup2;||align=right|1.541.956 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|22||[[File:Flag of Norte de Santander.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Norte de Santander]] [[Uralan Santander suyu|Chinchay Santander]]||[[Cúcuta]] |align=right|21.658 km&sup2;||align=right|1.243.975 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|23||[[File:Flag of Putumayo.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Putumayo]] [[Putumayu suyu|Putumayu]]||[[Mocoa]] |align=right|24.885 km&sup2;||align=right|310.132 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|24||[[File:Flag of Quindío.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Quindío]] [[Quindío suyu|Quindío]]||[[Armenia (Quindío)|Armenia]] |align=right|1.845 km&sup2;||align=right|534.562 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|25||[[File:Flag of Risaralda.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Risaralda]] [[Risaralda suyu|Risaralda]]||[[Pereira]] |align=right|4.140 km&sup2;||align=right|897.509 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|26||[[File:Flag of San Andrés y Providencia.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of San Andres, Providencia and Santa Catalina]] [[San Andrés wan Providencia suyu|San Andrés wan Providencia]]||[[San Andrés (Kulumbya)|San Andrés]] |align=right|52 km&sup2;||align=right|70.554 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|27||[[File:Flag of Santander (Colombia).svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Santander]] [[Santander suyu|Santander]]||[[Bucaramanga]] |align=right|30.537 km&sup2;||align=right|1.957.789 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|28||[[File:Flag of Sucre (Colombia).svg|border|30px|Flag of the Department of Sucre]] [[Sucre suyu (Kulumbya)|Sucre]]||[[Sincelejo]] |align=right|10.917 km&sup2;||align=right|772.010 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|29||[[File:Flag of Tolima.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Tolima]] [[Tolima suyu|Tolima]]||[[Ibagué]] |align=right|23.562 km&sup2;||align=right|1.365.342 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|30||[[File:Flag of Valle del Cauca.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Valle del Cauca]] [[Valle del Cauca suyu|Valle del Cauca]]||[[Cali]] |align=right|22.140 km&sup2;||align=right|4.161.425 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|31||[[File:Flag of Vaupés.svg|border|30px|Flag of the Department of Vichada]] [[Vaupés suyu|Vaupés]]||[[Mitú]] |align=right|54.135 km&sup2;||align=right|39.279 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|32||[[File:Flag of Vichada.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Vichada]] [[Vichada suyu|Vichada]]||[[Puerto Carreño]] |align=right|100.242 km&sup2;||align=right|55.872 |- bgcolor=#FFFFFF ! !!colspan=2|Distritu!!Hallka k'iti kanchar!!Runakuna |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" | ||colspan=2|[[File:Flag of Bogotá.svg|30px|Flag of Bogotá]] [[Bogotá]], Distrito Capital |align=right|1 587 km&sup2;||align=right|6 840 116 |} == Waki == === Iñiy === * [[Catedral de las Lajas]] === Rimaykuna === * [[Kastilla simi|Kastilla]]: 39 000 000 rimaq * [[Wayuwu simi]] 300 000 rimaq * [[Nasa simi]]: 120 000 rimaq * [[Embera simi]]: 50 000 rimaq * [[Kichwa]] ([[inga kichwa]]): 28 000 rimaq * [[Wahibo simi]]: 20 000 rimaq * [[Awapit simi]]: 20 000 rimaq * [[Wambyanu simi]]: 15 000 rimaq * hukkunapas == Rikchakuna == <gallery> Rikcha:Bolivar Monument Boyaca Bridge.JPG|[[Simón Bolívar]] munumintu, Puente de Boyacá, Kulumbya Rikcha:Mapa de Colombia (regiones naturales).svg|Kulumbyapi sallqa pachap riqyunkuna Rikcha:Laguna de la Cocha 010407 007.jpg|[[Laguna de la Cocha]] Rikcha:Nevado del Ruiz 1985.jpg|[[Nevado del Ruiz]] [[nina urqu]], 1985 watapi Rikcha:Río Cauca.JPG|[[Cauca mayu]] Rikcha:Colwachspalme01.jpg|Mapa chunta, [[Kindiyu suyu]]pi, Kulumbya mama llaqtap sach'an nisqa Rikcha:ShakiraRipoll_cropped_2.jpg|[[Shakira]] (takiq) Rikcha:Juan Manuel Santos 59 Presidente de Colombia.jpg|[[Juan Manuel Santos]], 59º [[Kulumbyapa umalliqnin]] (2010-2018) Rikcha:Kolumbianischer Präsident Alvaro Uribe 2004.jpg|[[Álvaro Uribe]], 58º [[Kulumbyapa umalliqnin]] (2002-2010) </gallery> == Kaypipas qhaway == * [[Simón Bolívar]] * [[Antonio Nariño]] * [[Juan Pablo Montoya]] == Willay pukyukuna == <references/> == Hawa t'inkukuna == {{commons|Colombia|Kulumbya}} {{Urin Awya Yalapi mama llaqtam}} [[Katiguriya:Mama llaqta (Awya Yala)]] [[Katiguriya:Kulumbya|!]] d9p1eke3ohfiy7f05ekj3osxhh4n7v8 691057 691056 2026-08-10T19:15:03Z Martin Macha 2111 23640 /* */ 691057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MamaLlaqta | nombre_oficial = ''República de Colombia''<br>Kulumpiya Ripuwlika | nombre_común = Kulumpia | de = de | imagen_bandera = Flag of Colombia.svg | imagen_escudo = Coat of arms of Colombia.svg | imagen_escudo_tamaño = 120px | símbolos = | imagen_mapa = LocationColombia.svg | lema_nacional = ''[[Libertad y orden]]'' | himno_nacional = ''[[Himno de Colombia|Himno Nacional de Colombia]]'' | capital = [[Bogotá]] | capital_población = 6 778 691 | capital_coor_fmt = | capital_coor = 4_39_N_74_03_W 4° 39´ N 74° 3´ O | ciudad_principal = [[Bogotá]] | idiomas_oficiales = [[Kastilla simi]] | gobierno = [[Republika]] | dirigentes_títulos = [[Kulumbyapa umalliqnin|Umalliq]]<br>[[Umalliq ranti]] | dirigentes_nombres = [[Abelardo de la Espriella]] <br> [[José Manuel Restrepo]] | fundación = Independencia | fundación_hitos = &nbsp; Rimarisqa<br>&nbsp; Definición | fundación_fechas = [[Ispaña]]manta<br>{{Pun|20|7|1810}}<br>[[7 ñiqin chakra yapuy killapi]] [[1819]] | superficie = 1 141 748 | superficie_puesto = 25 | superficie_agua = 8,8% | fronteras = 6 004 [[kilómetro|km]] | costas = 3 208 km | población = 53 399 171 (2026) | población_puesto = 26 | población_densidad = 46,8 | PIB_nominal = US$ 539 530 millones<ref name="IMFWEO.CO" /> | PIB_nominal_año = 2026 | PIB_nominal_puesto = 32 | PIB_nominal_per_cápita = 10 104 (2026) | PIB = US$ 1.259 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.CO">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=14 April 2026 |access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref> | PIB_año = 2026 | PIB_puesto = 32 | PIB_per_cápita = 10 104<ref name="IMFWEO.CO" /> (2026) | IDH = 0.788 | IDH_año = 2023 | IDH_puesto = 83 | IDH_categoría = <font color="#ffcc00">medio</font> | moneda = [[Peso colombiano]] ($) ([[COP]]) | gentilicio = kulumbyapa | horario = [[UTC]]-5 | horario_verano = [[UTC]]-5 | cctld = [[.co]] | código_telefónico = 57 | prefijo_radiofónico = HJA-HKZ</code>, <code>5JA-5KZ | código_ISO = 170 / COL / CO | miembro_de = [[CSN]], [[ONU]], [[OEA]], [[Comunidad Andina|CAN]], [[Grupo de los Tres|G.3]], [[Fondo Latinoamericano de Reservas|FLAR]], [[Mercosur]] }} [[Rikcha:Co-map.png|180px|thumb|right|290px|[[Kulumbya]] suyup saywitun]] '''Kulunsuyu''' icha '''Kulumya'''qa (Kulumpiya, [[Kastilla simi]]pi: ''[[:es:Colombia|Colombia]]'') [[Urin Awya Yala|Urin Apya Yala]]pi [[mama llaqta|llaqta]]m. [[Uma llaqta]]nqa [[Bogotá]] llaqtam. Kulumbiyaqa [[republika|sapan llaqta]]m, umalliqniyuq, Qurinaka nisqaniyuqpas. Wichay larumanta [[Panama]] llaqtawan, [[Atlantiku mama qucha]] llaqtawan tinkuna, inti lluqsiy larumantataq [[Winisuyla]] llaqtawan [[Brasil]] llaqtawan tinkuna, uray larumantataq [[Piruw]] llaqtawan [[Ikwadur]] , inti chinkay larumantataq [[Sanp'a mama qucha]]wan tinkusqa. Suyu hina hatunkamachiyllana chawanasqa llaqtanchik, hallp'antaq 1 141 748 km² chhikanmi. == Wiñay kawsay == {{QQ|Kulumbyapa wiñay kawsaynin}} == Allpa saywachi == Kulumbya llaqtaqa atun riqsisqa llaqtakunaqa kaykunan: [[Bogotá]], [[Medellín]], [[Cali]], [[Barranquilla]] chaymanta [[Cúcuta]] llaqtawan. === Urqukuna === * [[Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta]] (5.775 m) * [[Pico Cristóbal Colón]] (5.775 m) * [[Pico Simón Bolívar]] (5.775 m) * [[Galeras urqu]] * [[Nevado del Huila]] (5.750 m) * [[Nevado del Ruiz]] (5.400 m) * [[Puracé urqu|Puracé]] * [[Nevado del Tolima]] (5.215 m) * [[Santa Isabel urqu|Santa Isabel]] (4.965 m) === Quchakuna === * [[Guatavita qucha]] * [[Tota qucha]] * [[Iguaque qucha]] === Mayukuna === * [[Cauca mayu]] * [[Putumayu]] * [[Yapura mayu]] * [[Meta mayu]] * [[Guaviare mayu]] === Wat'akuna === * [[San Andrés wat'a]] * [[Providencia wat'a]] * [[Santa Catalina wat'a]] Allpa saywachi riqyunkuna nisqa * ''Antikuna'' * ''Caribe hatun qucha suyu'' * ''Orinoco mayu sach'a-sach'a suyu'' * ''Amarumayu sach'a-sach'a suyu'' * ''Sanp'a mama qucha suyu'' * ''Wat'akuna'' == Hatun llaqtakuna == {| {{prettytable}} |- |colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="#FFA500" | '''Llaqtakuna (Kulumbiya)''' |- |rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''Rang''' || rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''Llaqta''' || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''runakuna''' || rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''Suyu''' |- |align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''1985''' || align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''1993''' || align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''2005''' |- |align=right | 1. || [[Bogotá]] || align=right | 4 176 769 || align=right | 4 931 796 || align=right | 6 763 325 || [[Bogotá]] / [[Cundinamarca suyu|Cundinamarca]] |- |align=right | 2. || [[Medellín]] || align=right | 1 452 392 || align=right | 1 551 160 || align=right | 2 187 356 || [[Antioquia suyu|Antioquia]] |- |align=right | 3. || [[Cali]] || align=right | 1 369 331 || align=right | 1 641 498 || align=right | 2 039 626 || [[Valle del Cauca suyu|Valle del Cauca]] |- |align=right | 4. || [[Barranquilla]] || align=right | 917.486 || align=right | 990.547 || align=right | 1.109.067 || [[Atlántico suyu|Atlántico]] |- |align=right | 5. || [[Cartagena]] || align=right | 513.986 || align=right | 616.231 || align=right | 845.801 || [[Bolívar suyu (Kulumbya)|Bolívar]] |- |align=right | 6. || [[Cúcuta]] || align=right | 383.584 || align=right | 459.640 || align=right | 566.244 || [[Chinchay Santander suyu|Chinchay Santander]] |- |align=right | 7. || [[Bucaramanga]] || align=right | 351.687 || align=right | 410.065 || align=right | 502.654 || [[Santander suyu|Santander]] |- |align=right | 8. || [[Ibagué]] || align=right | 280.638 || align=right | 340.191 || align=right | 465.859 || [[Tolima suyu|Tolima]] |- |align=right | 9. || [[Soledad (Kulumbya)|Soledad]] || align=right | 168.291 || align=right | 236.521 || align=right | 455.029 || [[Atlántico suyu|Atlántico]] |- |align=right | 10. || [[Soacha]] || align=right | 100.691 || align=right | 222.565 || align=right | 393.006 || [[Cundinamarca suyu|Cundinamarca]] |- |align=right | 11. || [[Santa Marta]] || align=right | 175.687 || align=right | 270.253 || align=right | 384.189 || [[Magdalena suyu|Magdalena]] |- |align=right | 12. || [[Villavicencio]] || align=right | 162.556 || align=right | 219.976 || align=right | 361.058 || [[Meta suyu|Meta]] |- |align=right | 13. || [[Bello (Kulumbya)|Bello]] || align=right | 211.203 || align=right | 257.707 || align=right | 359.404 || [[Antioquia suyu|Antioquia]] |- |align=right | 14. || [[Pereira]] || align=right | 241.927 || align=right | 348.023 || align=right | 358.681 || [[Risaralda suyu|Risaralda]] |- |align=right | 15. || [[Manizales]] || align=right | 283.365 || align=right | 303.136 || align=right | 342.620 || [[Caldas suyu|Caldas]] |- |align=right | 16. || [[Pasto]] || align=right | 203.742 || align=right | 261.368 || align=right | 312.759 || [[Nariño suyu|Nariño]] |- |align=right | 17. || [[Neiva]] || align=right | 179.908 || align=right | 237.239 || align=right | 295.412 || [[Huila suyu|Huila]] |- |align=right | 18. || [[Valledupar]] || align=right | 150.838 || align=right | 202.404 || align=right | 294.731 || [[Cesar suyu|Cesar]] |- |align=right | 19. || [[Buenaventura]] || align=right | 165.829 || align=right | 194.727 || align=right | 290.457 || [[Valle del Cauca suyu|Valle del Cauca]] |- |align=right | 20. || [[Montería]] || align=right | 162.056 || align=right | 210.297 || align=right | 288.192 || [[Córdoba suyu (Kulumbya)|Córdoba]] |- |align=right | 21. || [[Armenia]] || align=right | 192.409 || align=right | 216.467 || align=right | 265.020 || [[Quindío suyu|Quindío]] |- |align=right | 22. || [[Floridablanca]] || align=right | 142.153 || align=right | 187.197 || align=right | 241.685 || [[Santander suyu|Santander]] |- |align=right | 23. || [[Popayán]] || align=right | 149.019 || align=right | 169.423 || align=right | 227.840 || [[Cauca suyu|Cauca]] |- |align=right | 24. || [[Palmira]] || align=right | 181.157 || align=right | 196.213 || align=right | 223.049 || [[Valle del Cauca suyu|Valle del Cauca]] |- |align=right | 25. || [[Sincelejo]] || align=right | 122.484 || align=right | 168.410 || align=right | 218.430 || [[Sucre suyu (Kulumbya)|Sucre]] |- |align=right | 26. || [[Itagüí]] || align=right | 139.050 || align=right | 175.626 || align=right | 209.498 || [[Antioquia suyu|Antioquia]] |- |align=right | 27. || [[Barrancabermeja]] || align=right | 141.516 || align=right | 144.769 || align=right | 168.307 || [[Santander suyu|Santander]] |- |align=right | 28. || [[Envigado]] || align=right | 87.574 || align=right | 107.402 || align=right | 166.742 || [[Antioquia suyu|Antioquia]] |- |align=right | 29. || [[Dos Quebradas]] || align=right | 97.063 || align=right | 129.572 || align=right | 164.437 || [[Risaralda suyu|Risaralda]] |- |align=right | 30. || [[Maicao]] || align=right | 49.262 || align=right | 80.770 || align=right | 164.011 || [[La Guajira suyu|La Guajira]] |- |align=right | 31. || [[Tuluá]] || align=right | 103.123 || align=right | 125.137 || align=right | 157.512 || [[Valle del Cauca suyu|Valle del Cauca]] |- |align=right | 32. || [[Tunja]] || align=right | 89.164 || align=right | 101.622 || align=right | 145.138 || [[Boyacá suyu|Boyacá]] |- |align=right | 33. || [[Ríohacha]] || align=right | 49.931 || align=right | 77.083 || align=right | 137.224 || [[La Guajira suyu|La Guajira]] |- |align=right | 34. || [[Florencia (Kulumbya)|Florencia]] || align=right | 71.305 || align=right | 82.708 || align=right | 120.403 || [[Caquetá suyu|Caquetá]] |- |align=right | 35. || [[Cartago (Kulumbya)|Cartago]] || align=right | 95.650 || align=right | 100.946 || align=right | 119.063 || [[Valle del Cauca suyu|Valle del Cauca]] |- |align=right | 36. || [[Girón]] || align=right | 40.255 || align=right | 71.618 || align=right | 117.672 || [[Santander suyu|Santander]] |- |align=right | 37. || [[Apartadó]] || align=right | 29.847 || align=right | 56.330 || align=right | 114.840 || [[Antioquia suyu|Antioquia]] |- |align=right | 38. || [[Quibdó]] || align=right | 50.277 || align=right | 65.904 || align=right | 100.113 || [[Chocó suyu|Chocó]] |} == Llaqta pusanapaq rakiy == {{QQ|Kulumbyapa pulitika rakiynin}} Kulumbya llaqtapiqa kanmi suyukuna, wamanikuna, 1092 k'itikunapas (''municipios''). [[Rikcha:Colombia-departamentos.svg|thumb|250px|right|Kulumbyapi suyukuna]] <!-- --> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:64%;" |- bgcolor=#999999 !#!!Suyu!!Uma llaqta!!Hallka k'iti kanchar!!Runakuna |- bgcolor=#FFFFFF |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|1||[[File:Flag of Amazonas (Colombia).svg|border|30px|Flag of the Department of Amazonas]] [[Amarumayu suyu (Kulumbya)|Amarumayu]]||[[Leticia]] |align=right|109.665 km&sup2;||align=right|67.726 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|2||[[File:Flag of Antioquia Department.svg|border|30px|Flag of the Department of Antioquia]] [[Antioquia suyu|Antioquia]]||[[Medellín]] |align=right|62.869 km&sup2;||align=right|5.682.276 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|3||[[File:Flag of Arauca.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Arauca]] [[Arauca suyu|Arauca]]||[[Arauca]] |align=right|23.818 km&sup2;||align=right|232.118 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|4||[[File:Flag of Atlántico.svg|border|30px|Flag of the Department of Atlántico]] [[Atlántico suyu|Atlántico]]||[[Barranquilla]] |align=right|3.388 km&sup2;||align=right|2.166.156 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|5||[[File:Flag of Bolívar (Colombia).svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Bolívar]] [[Bolívar suyu (Kulumbya)|Bolívar]]||[[Cartagena]] |align=right|25.978 km&sup2;||align=right|1.878.993 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|6||[[File:Flag of Boyacá Department.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Boyacá]] [[Boyacá suyu|Boyacá]]||[[Tunja]] |align=right|23.189 km&sup2;||align=right|1.255.311 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|7||[[File:Flag of Caldas.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Caldas]] [[Caldas suyu|Caldas]]||[[Manizales]] |align=right|7.888 km&sup2;||align=right|968.740 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|8||[[File:Flag of Caquetá.svg|border|30px|Flag of the Department of Caquetá]] [[Caquetá suyu|Caquetá]]||[[Florencia]] |align=right|88.965 km&sup2;||align=right|420.337 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|9||[[File:Flag of Casanare.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Casanare]] [[Casanare suyu|Casanare]]||[[Yopal]] |align=right|44.640 km&sup2;||align=right|295.353 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|10||[[File:Flag of Cauca.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Cauca]] [[Cauca suyu|Cauca]]||[[Popayán]] |align=right|29.308 km&sup2;||align=right|1.268.937 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|11||[[File:Flag of Cesar.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Cesar]] [[Cesar suyu|Cesar]]||[[Valledupar]] |align=right|22.905 km&sup2;||align=right|903.279 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|12||[[File:Flag of Chocó.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Chocó]] [[Chocó suyu|Chocó]]||[[Quibdó]] |align=right|46.530 km&sup2;||align=right|454.030 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|13||[[File:Flag of Córdoba.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Córdoba]] [[Córdoba suyu (Kulumbya)|Córdoba]]||[[Montería]] |align=right|25.020 km&sup2;||align=right|1.467.929 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|14||[[File:Flag of Cundinamarca.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Cundinamarca]] [[Cundinamarca suyu|Cundinamarca]]||[[Bogotá]] |align=right|22.653 km&sup2;||align=right|2.280.037 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|15||[[File:Flag of Guainía.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Guainía]] [[Guainía suyu|Guainía]]||[[Inírida]] |align=right|72.238 km&sup2;||align=right|35.230 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|16||[[File:Flag of Guaviare.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Guaviare]] [[Guaviare suyu|Guaviare]]||[[San José del Guaviare]] |align=right|53.460 km&sup2;||align=right|95.551 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|17||[[File:Flag of Huila.svg|border|30px|Flag of the Department of Huila]] [[Huila suyu|Huila]]||[[Neiva]] |align=right|19.890 km&sup2;||align=right|1.011.418 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|18||[[File:Flag of La Guajira.svg|border|30px|Flag of the Department of La Guajira]] [[La Guajira suyu|La Guajira]]||[[Riohacha]] |align=right|20.848 km&sup2;||align=right|681.575 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|19||[[File:Flag of Magdalena.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Magdalena]] [[Magdalena suyu|Magdalena]]||[[Santa Marta]] |align=right|23.188 km&sup2;||align=right|1.149.917 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|20||[[File:Flag of Meta.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Meta]] [[Meta suyu|Meta]]||[[Villavicencio]] |align=right|85.635 km&sup2;||align=right|783.168 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|21||[[File:Flag of Nariño.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Nariño]] [[Nariño suyu|Nariño]]||[[San Juan de Pasto]] |align=right|33.268 km&sup2;||align=right|1.541.956 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|22||[[File:Flag of Norte de Santander.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Norte de Santander]] [[Uralan Santander suyu|Chinchay Santander]]||[[Cúcuta]] |align=right|21.658 km&sup2;||align=right|1.243.975 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|23||[[File:Flag of Putumayo.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Putumayo]] [[Putumayu suyu|Putumayu]]||[[Mocoa]] |align=right|24.885 km&sup2;||align=right|310.132 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|24||[[File:Flag of Quindío.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Quindío]] [[Quindío suyu|Quindío]]||[[Armenia (Quindío)|Armenia]] |align=right|1.845 km&sup2;||align=right|534.562 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|25||[[File:Flag of Risaralda.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Risaralda]] [[Risaralda suyu|Risaralda]]||[[Pereira]] |align=right|4.140 km&sup2;||align=right|897.509 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|26||[[File:Flag of San Andrés y Providencia.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of San Andres, Providencia and Santa Catalina]] [[San Andrés wan Providencia suyu|San Andrés wan Providencia]]||[[San Andrés (Kulumbya)|San Andrés]] |align=right|52 km&sup2;||align=right|70.554 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|27||[[File:Flag of Santander (Colombia).svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Santander]] [[Santander suyu|Santander]]||[[Bucaramanga]] |align=right|30.537 km&sup2;||align=right|1.957.789 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|28||[[File:Flag of Sucre (Colombia).svg|border|30px|Flag of the Department of Sucre]] [[Sucre suyu (Kulumbya)|Sucre]]||[[Sincelejo]] |align=right|10.917 km&sup2;||align=right|772.010 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|29||[[File:Flag of Tolima.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Tolima]] [[Tolima suyu|Tolima]]||[[Ibagué]] |align=right|23.562 km&sup2;||align=right|1.365.342 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|30||[[File:Flag of Valle del Cauca.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Valle del Cauca]] [[Valle del Cauca suyu|Valle del Cauca]]||[[Cali]] |align=right|22.140 km&sup2;||align=right|4.161.425 |-bgcolor="#f5faff" |align=right|31||[[File:Flag of Vaupés.svg|border|30px|Flag of the Department of Vichada]] [[Vaupés suyu|Vaupés]]||[[Mitú]] |align=right|54.135 km&sup2;||align=right|39.279 |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" |align=right|32||[[File:Flag of Vichada.svg|30px|Flag of the Department of Vichada]] [[Vichada suyu|Vichada]]||[[Puerto Carreño]] |align=right|100.242 km&sup2;||align=right|55.872 |- bgcolor=#FFFFFF ! !!colspan=2|Distritu!!Hallka k'iti kanchar!!Runakuna |-bgcolor="#d0e7ff" | ||colspan=2|[[File:Flag of Bogotá.svg|30px|Flag of Bogotá]] [[Bogotá]], Distrito Capital |align=right|1 587 km&sup2;||align=right|6 840 116 |} == Waki == === Iñiy === * [[Catedral de las Lajas]] === Rimaykuna === * [[Kastilla simi|Kastilla]]: 39 000 000 rimaq * [[Wayuwu simi]] 300 000 rimaq * [[Nasa simi]]: 120 000 rimaq * [[Embera simi]]: 50 000 rimaq * [[Kichwa]] ([[inga kichwa]]): 28 000 rimaq * [[Wahibo simi]]: 20 000 rimaq * [[Awapit simi]]: 20 000 rimaq * [[Wambyanu simi]]: 15 000 rimaq * hukkunapas == Rikchakuna == <gallery> Rikcha:Bolivar Monument Boyaca Bridge.JPG|[[Simón Bolívar]] munumintu, Puente de Boyacá, Kulumbya Rikcha:Mapa de Colombia (regiones naturales).svg|Kulumbyapi sallqa pachap riqyunkuna Rikcha:Laguna de la Cocha 010407 007.jpg|[[Laguna de la Cocha]] Rikcha:Nevado del Ruiz 1985.jpg|[[Nevado del Ruiz]] [[nina urqu]], 1985 watapi Rikcha:Río Cauca.JPG|[[Cauca mayu]] Rikcha:Colwachspalme01.jpg|Mapa chunta, [[Kindiyu suyu]]pi, Kulumbya mama llaqtap sach'an nisqa Rikcha:ShakiraRipoll_cropped_2.jpg|[[Shakira]] (takiq) Rikcha:Juan Manuel Santos 59 Presidente de Colombia.jpg|[[Juan Manuel Santos]], 59º [[Kulumbyapa umalliqnin]] (2010-2018) Rikcha:Kolumbianischer Präsident Alvaro Uribe 2004.jpg|[[Álvaro Uribe]], 58º [[Kulumbyapa umalliqnin]] (2002-2010) </gallery> == Kaypipas qhaway == * [[Simón Bolívar]] * [[Antonio Nariño]] * [[Juan Pablo Montoya]] == Willay pukyukuna == <references/> == Hawa t'inkukuna == {{commons|Colombia|Kulumbya}} {{Urin Awya Yalapi mama llaqtam}} [[Katiguriya:Mama llaqta (Awya Yala)]] [[Katiguriya:Kulumbya|!]] 0uv0w5ylvei4xc2a1dr7y7843womb4k 0 63241 691063 680195 2026-08-10T19:21:08Z InternetArchiveBot 25132 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 691063 wikitext text/x-wiki '''LLaqta''', '''k'iti'''/'''pampa'''/'''suyu''', '''mamallaqta''' icha '''payis''' ñisqaqa huk chhikan [[Tiksimuyu|tiqsimuyup]] rak'iyninmi, hinataq [[Mama llaqta|kamachiyniyuq llaqta]], [[kawsayllaqta|marka]] icha wak llaqta kallpaypis. Kikinllamanta kamachikuqniyuq suyu kanman icha aswan hatun suyumanta huk rak'intapis ruwan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jones|first=J|date=1964|title=What Makes a Country?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_human-events_1964-08-01_24_31/page/14|journal=Human Events|volume=24|issue=31|page=14}}</ref> == Pukyukuna == [[Katiguriya:Mama llaqta]] 7q0xm40a56q5ufnkofzbjnkv7qd4tvx