ဝီကီးပီးဒီးယား rkiwiki https://rki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%93%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.18 first-letter မီဒီယာ အထူး ဆွီးနွီးချက် အသုံးပြုလူ အသုံးပြုလူ ဆွီးနွီးချက် ဝီကီးပီးဒီးယား ဝီကီးပီးဒီးယား ဆွီးနွီးချက် ဖိုင် ဖိုင် ဆွီးနွီးချက် မီဒီယာဝီကီ မီဒီယာဝီကီ ဆွီးနွီးချက် တမ်းပလိတ် တမ်းပလိတ် ဆွီးနွီးချက် အကူအညီ အကူအညီ ဆွီးနွီးချက် ကဏ္ဍ ကဏ္ဍ ဆွီးနွီးချက် TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 828 1111 21042 3703 2026-09-03T21:33:05Z Hamish 1307 [IPE-NEXT] Quick edit 21042 Scribunto text/plain -- This module provides a generic exponential search algorithm. require[[strict]] local checkType = require('libraryUtil').checkType local floor = math.floor local function midPoint(lower, upper) return floor(lower + (upper - lower) / 2) end local function search(testFunc, i, lower, upper) if testFunc(i) then if i + 1 == upper then return i end lower = i if upper then i = midPoint(lower, upper) else i = i * 2 end return search(testFunc, i, lower, upper) else upper = i i = midPoint(lower, upper) return search(testFunc, i, lower, upper) end end return function (testFunc, init) checkType('Exponential search', 1, testFunc, 'function') checkType('Exponential search', 2, init, 'number', true) if init and (init < 1 or init ~= floor(init) or init == math.huge) then error(string.format( "invalid init value '%s' detected in argument #2 to " .. "'Exponential search' (init value must be a positive integer)", tostring(init) ), 2) end init = init or 2 if not testFunc(1) then return nil end return search(testFunc, init, 1, nil) end jqqi8l27tb73lglksbukg2g3bzt3fmv 828 1203 21038 3914 2026-09-03T13:46:45Z Hamish 1307 Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/enwiki/Q15408619|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]] 21038 Scribunto text/plain ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- TableTools -- -- -- -- This module includes a number of functions for dealing with Lua tables. -- -- It is a meta-module, meant to be called from other Lua modules, and should not -- -- be called directly from #invoke. -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ local libraryUtil = require('libraryUtil') local p = {} -- Define often-used variables and functions. local floor = math.floor local infinity = math.huge local checkType = libraryUtil.checkType local checkTypeMulti = libraryUtil.checkTypeMulti ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- isPositiveInteger -- -- This function returns true if the given value is a positive integer, and false -- if not. Although it doesn't operate on tables, it is included here as it is -- useful for determining whether a given table key is in the array part or the -- hash part of a table. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.isPositiveInteger(v) return type(v) == 'number' and v >= 1 and floor(v) == v and v < infinity end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- isNan -- -- This function returns true if the given number is a NaN value, and false if -- not. Although it doesn't operate on tables, it is included here as it is useful -- for determining whether a value can be a valid table key. Lua will generate an -- error if a NaN is used as a table key. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.isNan(v) return type(v) == 'number' and v ~= v end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- shallowClone -- -- This returns a clone of a table. The value returned is a new table, but all -- subtables and functions are shared. Metamethods are respected, but the returned -- table will have no metatable of its own. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.shallowClone(t) checkType('shallowClone', 1, t, 'table') local ret = {} for k, v in pairs(t) do ret[k] = v end return ret end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- removeDuplicates -- -- This removes duplicate values from an array. Non-positive-integer keys are -- ignored. The earliest value is kept, and all subsequent duplicate values are -- removed, but otherwise the array order is unchanged. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.removeDuplicates(arr) checkType('removeDuplicates', 1, arr, 'table') local isNan = p.isNan local ret, exists = {}, {} for _, v in ipairs(arr) do if isNan(v) then -- NaNs can't be table keys, and they are also unique, so we don't need to check existence. ret[#ret + 1] = v elseif not exists[v] then ret[#ret + 1] = v exists[v] = true end end return ret end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- numKeys -- -- This takes a table and returns an array containing the numbers of any numerical -- keys that have non-nil values, sorted in numerical order. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.numKeys(t) checkType('numKeys', 1, t, 'table') local isPositiveInteger = p.isPositiveInteger local nums = {} for k in pairs(t) do if isPositiveInteger(k) then nums[#nums + 1] = k end end table.sort(nums) return nums end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- affixNums -- -- This takes a table and returns an array containing the numbers of keys with the -- specified prefix and suffix. For example, for the table -- {a1 = 'foo', a3 = 'bar', a6 = 'baz'} and the prefix "a", affixNums will return -- {1, 3, 6}. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.affixNums(t, prefix, suffix) checkType('affixNums', 1, t, 'table') checkType('affixNums', 2, prefix, 'string', true) checkType('affixNums', 3, suffix, 'string', true) local function cleanPattern(s) -- Cleans a pattern so that the magic characters ()%.[]*+-?^$ are interpreted literally. return s:gsub('([%(%)%%%.%[%]%*%+%-%?%^%$])', '%%%1') end prefix = prefix or '' suffix = suffix or '' prefix = cleanPattern(prefix) suffix = cleanPattern(suffix) local pattern = '^' .. prefix .. '([1-9]%d*)' .. suffix .. '$' local nums = {} for k in pairs(t) do if type(k) == 'string' then local num = mw.ustring.match(k, pattern) if num then nums[#nums + 1] = tonumber(num) end end end table.sort(nums) return nums end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- numData -- -- Given a table with keys like {"foo1", "bar1", "foo2", "baz2"}, returns a table -- of subtables in the format -- {[1] = {foo = 'text', bar = 'text'}, [2] = {foo = 'text', baz = 'text'}}. -- Keys that don't end with an integer are stored in a subtable named "other". The -- compress option compresses the table so that it can be iterated over with -- ipairs. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.numData(t, compress) checkType('numData', 1, t, 'table') checkType('numData', 2, compress, 'boolean', true) local ret = {} for k, v in pairs(t) do local prefix, num = mw.ustring.match(tostring(k), '^([^0-9]*)([1-9][0-9]*)$') if num then num = tonumber(num) local subtable = ret[num] or {} if prefix == '' then -- Positional parameters match the blank string; put them at the start of the subtable instead. prefix = 1 end subtable[prefix] = v ret[num] = subtable else local subtable = ret.other or {} subtable[k] = v ret.other = subtable end end if compress then local other = ret.other ret = p.compressSparseArray(ret) ret.other = other end return ret end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- compressSparseArray -- -- This takes an array with one or more nil values, and removes the nil values -- while preserving the order, so that the array can be safely traversed with -- ipairs. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.compressSparseArray(t) checkType('compressSparseArray', 1, t, 'table') local ret = {} local nums = p.numKeys(t) for _, num in ipairs(nums) do ret[#ret + 1] = t[num] end return ret end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- sparseIpairs -- -- This is an iterator for sparse arrays. It can be used like ipairs, but can -- handle nil values. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.sparseIpairs(t) checkType('sparseIpairs', 1, t, 'table') local nums = p.numKeys(t) local i = 0 local lim = #nums return function () i = i + 1 if i <= lim then local key = nums[i] return key, t[key] else return nil, nil end end end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- size -- -- This returns the size of a key/value pair table. It will also work on arrays, -- but for arrays it is more efficient to use the # operator. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.size(t) checkType('size', 1, t, 'table') local i = 0 for _ in pairs(t) do i = i + 1 end return i end local function defaultKeySort(item1, item2) -- "number" < "string", so numbers will be sorted before strings. local type1, type2 = type(item1), type(item2) if type1 ~= type2 then return type1 < type2 elseif type1 == 'table' or type1 == 'boolean' or type1 == 'function' then return tostring(item1) < tostring(item2) else return item1 < item2 end end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- keysToList -- -- Returns an array of the keys in a table, sorted using either a default -- comparison function or a custom keySort function. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.keysToList(t, keySort, checked) if not checked then checkType('keysToList', 1, t, 'table') checkTypeMulti('keysToList', 2, keySort, {'function', 'boolean', 'nil'}) end local arr = {} local index = 1 for k in pairs(t) do arr[index] = k index = index + 1 end if keySort ~= false then keySort = type(keySort) == 'function' and keySort or defaultKeySort table.sort(arr, keySort) end return arr end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- sortedPairs -- -- Iterates through a table, with the keys sorted using the keysToList function. -- If there are only numerical keys, sparseIpairs is probably more efficient. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.sortedPairs(t, keySort) checkType('sortedPairs', 1, t, 'table') checkType('sortedPairs', 2, keySort, 'function', true) local arr = p.keysToList(t, keySort, true) local i = 0 return function () i = i + 1 local key = arr[i] if key ~= nil then return key, t[key] else return nil, nil end end end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- isArray -- -- Returns true if the given value is a table and all keys are consecutive -- integers starting at 1. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.isArray(v) if type(v) ~= 'table' then return false end local i = 0 for _ in pairs(v) do i = i + 1 if v[i] == nil then return false end end return true end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- isArrayLike -- -- Returns true if the given value is iterable and all keys are consecutive -- integers starting at 1. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.isArrayLike(v) if not pcall(pairs, v) then return false end local i = 0 for _ in pairs(v) do i = i + 1 if v[i] == nil then return false end end return true end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- invert -- -- Transposes the keys and values in an array. For example, {"a", "b", "c"} -> -- {a = 1, b = 2, c = 3}. Duplicates are not supported (result values refer to -- the index of the last duplicate) and NaN values are ignored. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.invert(arr) checkType("invert", 1, arr, "table") local isNan = p.isNan local map = {} for i, v in ipairs(arr) do if not isNan(v) then map[v] = i end end return map end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- listToSet -- -- Creates a set from the array part of the table. Indexing the set by any of the -- values of the array returns true. For example, {"a", "b", "c"} -> -- {a = true, b = true, c = true}. NaN values are ignored as Lua considers them -- never equal to any value (including other NaNs or even themselves). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.listToSet(arr) checkType("listToSet", 1, arr, "table") local isNan = p.isNan local set = {} for _, v in ipairs(arr) do if not isNan(v) then set[v] = true end end return set end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- deepCopy -- -- Recursive deep copy function. Preserves identities of subtables. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ local function _deepCopy(orig, includeMetatable, already_seen) if type(orig) ~= "table" then return orig end -- already_seen stores copies of tables indexed by the original table. local copy = already_seen[orig] if copy ~= nil then return copy end copy = {} already_seen[orig] = copy -- memoize before any recursion, to avoid infinite loops for orig_key, orig_value in pairs(orig) do copy[_deepCopy(orig_key, includeMetatable, already_seen)] = _deepCopy(orig_value, includeMetatable, already_seen) end if includeMetatable then local mt = getmetatable(orig) if mt ~= nil then setmetatable(copy, _deepCopy(mt, true, already_seen)) end end return copy end function p.deepCopy(orig, noMetatable, already_seen) checkType("deepCopy", 3, already_seen, "table", true) return _deepCopy(orig, not noMetatable, already_seen or {}) end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- sparseConcat -- -- Concatenates all values in the table that are indexed by a number, in order. -- sparseConcat{a, nil, c, d} => "acd" -- sparseConcat{nil, b, c, d} => "bcd" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.sparseConcat(t, sep, i, j) local arr = {} local arr_i = 0 for _, v in p.sparseIpairs(t) do arr_i = arr_i + 1 arr[arr_i] = v end return table.concat(arr, sep, i, j) end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- length -- -- Finds the length of an array, or of a quasi-array with keys such as "data1", -- "data2", etc., using an exponential search algorithm. It is similar to the -- operator #, but may return a different value when there are gaps in the array -- portion of the table. Intended to be used on data loaded with mw.loadData. For -- other tables, use #. -- Note: #frame.args in frame object always be set to 0, regardless of the number -- of unnamed template parameters, so use this function for frame.args. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.length(t, prefix) -- requiring module inline so that [[Module:Exponential search]] which is -- only needed by this one function doesn't get millions of transclusions local expSearch = require("Module:Exponential search") checkType('length', 1, t, 'table') checkType('length', 2, prefix, 'string', true) return expSearch(function (i) local key if prefix then key = prefix .. tostring(i) else key = i end return t[key] ~= nil end) or 0 end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- inArray -- -- Returns true if searchElement is a member of the array, and false otherwise. -- Equivalent to JavaScript array.includes(searchElement) or -- array.includes(searchElement, fromIndex), except fromIndex is 1 indexed ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.inArray(array, searchElement, fromIndex) checkType("inArray", 1, array, "table") -- if searchElement is nil, error? fromIndex = tonumber(fromIndex) if fromIndex then if (fromIndex < 0) then fromIndex = #array + fromIndex + 1 end if fromIndex < 1 then fromIndex = 1 end for _, v in ipairs({unpack(array, fromIndex)}) do if v == searchElement then return true end end else for _, v in pairs(array) do if v == searchElement then return true end end end return false end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- merge -- -- Given the arrays, returns an array containing the elements of each input array -- in sequence. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.merge(...) local arrays = {...} local ret = {} for i, arr in ipairs(arrays) do checkType('merge', i, arr, 'table') for _, v in ipairs(arr) do ret[#ret + 1] = v end end return ret end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- extend -- -- Extends the first array in place by appending all elements from the second -- array. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.extend(arr1, arr2) checkType('extend', 1, arr1, 'table') checkType('extend', 2, arr2, 'table') for _, v in ipairs(arr2) do arr1[#arr1 + 1] = v end end return p 4n03zk6kcoeg4gz82mieeh94c1szcjy 3 3513 21045 21036 2026-09-03T23:56:46Z MediaWiki message delivery 1034 /* Reminder: Starter Kit Virtual Meeting */ new section 21045 wikitext text/x-wiki == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (စီမံခန့်ခွဲလူတိ) will expire on 2026-03-11 05:51:24. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[အသုံးပြုလူ:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[အသုံးပြုလူ ဆွီးနွီးချက်:Leaderbot|talk]]) ၀၂:၁၂၊ ၅ မတ်ချ်လ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630)</div> :yes, renew me. [[အသုံးပြုလူ:YaThaWinTha|YaThaWinTha]] ([[အသုံးပြုလူ ဆွီးနွီးချက်:YaThaWinTha|talk]]) ၁၄:၃၀၊ ၆ မတ်ချ်လ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630) ::@[[အသုံးပြုလူ:YaThaWinTha|YaThaWinTha]] Hi, you'll have to follow the steps at [[metawiki:SRP]]. [[အသုံးပြုလူ:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[အသုံးပြုလူ ဆွီးနွီးချက်:Leaderboard|talk]]) ၁၄:၃၁၊ ၆ မတ်ချ်လ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630) :::Already done sir. :::https://w.wiki/5LC :::https://w.wiki/JCRx [[အသုံးပြုလူ:YaThaWinTha|YaThaWinTha]] ([[အသုံးပြုလူ ဆွီးနွီးချက်:YaThaWinTha|talk]]) ၁၄:၃၆၊ ၆ မတ်ချ်လ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630) ::::Then a steward will handle the request when they're able to. I'm not a steward (and hence cannot do this myself), just the operator of Leaderbot. [[အသုံးပြုလူ:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[အသုံးပြုလူ ဆွီးနွီးချက်:Leaderboard|talk]]) ၁၄:၃၈၊ ၆ မတ်ချ်လ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630) :::::Yes, thank you. [[အသုံးပြုလူ:YaThaWinTha|YaThaWinTha]] ([[အသုံးပြုလူ ဆွီးနွီးချက်:YaThaWinTha|talk]]) ၁၄:၄၆၊ ၆ မတ်ချ်လ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) ၀၂:၄၁၊ ၂၉ ဧပြီလ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472482 --> == Invitation to try the Starter Kit Dashboard and share your feedback == Hello @[[အသုံးပြုလူ:YaThaWinTha|YaThaWinTha]] Apologies this message is not in your native language. As an admin in the Rakhine Wikipedia, you are invited by the [[mw:Language_Onboarding_and_Development|Language Onboarding and Development]] initiative to use the Starter Kit Dashboard. This tool will help you perform essential tasks such as importing infoboxes, tracking your Wikipedia’s activity and growth and connecting with members of the broader Wikimedia community for technical guidance. Starter Kit Dashboard organizes essential setup tasks, making it easy for you to complete them so contributors can begin editing and learning quickly. As an admin, you can also use the Dashboard to track your Wikipedia’s progress and growth. Using this tool will help us evaluate how it can improve the onboarding experience for administrators, and the insights you provide will be used to enhance the experience for new wikis graduating from the incubator. Visit [[mw:Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit|this page]] to learn more about the Starter Kit. Here's how to get started: * Access the Starter Kit Dashboard here: [http://starterkit.toolforge.org/ http://starterkit.toolforge.org] * Login with your wiki credentials, enter the target wiki url (e.g., https://hi.wikipedia.org) * Follow the steps shown in the video below to use the tool. [[ဖိုင်:Wikipedia_Starter_Kit_Dashboard_MVP_Demo_Video.webm|758x758px|Wikipedia Starter Kit Dashboard MVP Demo Video]] * After exploring the Dashboard, please share your feedback on [[mw:Talk:Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit|this page,]] focusing on the following questions: ** The parts of the starter kit you expect to use most often, and how you plan to use them. ** The essential tasks you tried, and how easy or difficult they were to complete. ** The wiki tasks you would like the starter kit to guide you through or automate in the future. Most of the tasks that will result in edits on the wiki can be reverted like an edit from the “view history”, so don't be afraid to try them several times. We would appreciate it if you could submit your feedback by June 30, 2026, so we can begin analyzing it to identify areas for improvement. If you have any questions or need assistance, please let me know. Thank you so much for your contributions to your Wikipedia and for helping us shape this tool for new and small Wikipedias. We will keep you updated on any additional things added to the starter kit in the future. Best regards, [[အသုံးပြုလူ:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[အသုံးပြုလူ ဆွီးနွီးချက်:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) ၁၈:၄၀၊ ၁၇ ဂျုန်လ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630) ===Appreciating your feedback on the Starter Kit Dashboard === Dear [[အသုံးပြုလူ:YaThaWinTha|YaThaWinTha]], Thank you for taking the time to explore the [http://starterkit.toolforge.org/ Starter kit dashboard] and for sharing your thoughtful feedback. Your insights are invaluable to us, and we truly appreciate your continued commitment to the Wikipedia community. We are currently working on the feedback we received. You can view the tasks we are currently working on here: https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/?project=PHID-PROJ-jry4odhdvqbzs7ptr3vw&statuses=open()&group=none&order=newest#R The next phase of our work will be to share the tool broadly with various communities in the movement. If you haven't yet had the chance to submit your feedback, you're still welcome to share your thoughts on [[mw:Talk:Language Onboarding and Development/Starter kit|the feedback page]]. Best regards, [[အသုံးပြုလူ:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[အသုံးပြုလူ ဆွီးနွီးချက်:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) ၁၈:၁၇၊ ၃၁ ဂျူလိုင်လ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630) == Invitation to attend the Starter Kit virtual meeting == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings! As a contributor who has actively been involved in testing the [https://starterkit.toolforge.org/ Starter Kit tool], the [[mw:Language Onboarding and Development|Language Onboarding and Development]] initiative would like to invite you to join a virtual meeting where you can ask questions and learn more about the tool. Your experience using the Starter Kit is incredibly valuable not only for helping us improve the tool, but also for helping other Wikimedia communities learn from your experiences. We would love to hear how you've been using the Starter Kit, what you've accomplished with it, what has worked well, where you've encountered challenges, and what suggestions you have for making it more useful. Your insights will help shape future improvements and provide practical examples that other communities can learn from as they begin using the Starter Kit themselves. '''Here's what we would like you to do:''' *Sign up for one of the three virtual meetings: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit/Office_hours#Office_hours. Please attend one of the virtual meetings with your questions and thoughts. *Come prepared to share your experience using the Starter Kit - what you've used it for, what you've accomplished, any challenges you've faced, and any ideas or suggestions you have. *A user manual is now available with detailed guidance on the Starter Kit and the tasks you can perform: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit Thank you so much for your collaboration in this work. We look forward to seeing you at one of the virtual meetings. Best regards, </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> ၀၁:၃၉၊ ၁၃ သြဂတ်လ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_Invitation_to_attend_the_Starter_Kit_virtual_meeting_list&oldid=30916582 --> == Reminder: Starter Kit Virtual Meeting == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings! This is a friendly reminder to attend the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit Starter Kit] virtual meeting. Date and time: '''Today, Saturday, August 29th, 2026, 01:00–02:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1787965200 check your local time here]) This is a casual session where you can learn more about the Starter Kit tool, ask any questions, and share your thoughts; no need to have tried the tool beforehand. If you haven't signed up yet, you can do so here: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit/Office_hours#Session_2:_Saturday_29_August_2026,_01:00_UTC See you soon! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> ၂၀:၁၁၊ ၂၈ သြဂတ်လ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_Invitation_to_attend_the_Starter_Kit_virtual_meeting_list&oldid=30916582 --> == Reminder: Starter Kit Virtual Meeting == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings! This is a friendly reminder to attend the third [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit Starter Kit] virtual meeting. Date and time: '''Saturday, September 5th, 2026, 05:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1788584400 check your local time here]) Video call link: https://meet.google.com/eov-gbgn-rew This is a casual session where you can learn more about the Starter Kit tool, ask any questions, and share your thoughts; no need to have tried the tool beforehand. If you haven't signed up yet, you can do so here: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit/Office_hours#Session_3:_Saturday_5_September_2026,_05:00_UTC See you soon! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> ၀၆:၂၆၊ ၄ စက်တင်ဘာလ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_Invitation_to_attend_the_Starter_Kit_virtual_meeting_list&oldid=31006732 --> 4mmsiosbga297c2ufk77lz4rr55xt75 3 5573 21044 21035 2026-09-03T23:44:12Z MediaWiki message delivery 1034 /* Reminder: Starter Kit virtual meeting */ new section 21044 wikitext text/x-wiki == Invitation to try the Starter Kit Tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings! As one of the active editors on this Wikipedia, you're invited by the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development Language Onboarding and Development] initiative to learn about the Starter Kit, try it out, and join a virtual meeting where you can ask questions about the tool.<br> '''What the tool does'''<br> The Starter Kit helps small or new Wikipedia contributors complete essential tasks, like importing infoboxes, tracking your wiki's growth and health metrics, and connecting with members of the broader Wikimedia community for technical guidance. Some features require certain user rights, but three of the six tasks are open to any autoconfirmed editor, so most active editors can get started right away. '''Here's what we would like you to do:''' * Read the manual for more detail on the tool and the tasks you can perform: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit * Access the Starter Kit tool: https://starterkit.toolforge.org/ and log in with your Wikimedia account to try it out. * Sign up for one of three virtual meetings: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit/Office_hours#Office_hours, where you can: ** Learn more about the tool. ** Ask questions and share your thoughts. Thank you so much for using the tool, and we look forward to your attending the virtual meeting. Best regards, </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> ၀၃:၄၇၊ ၁၂ သြဂတ်လ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox/Invitation_to_try_the_Starter_Kit_Tool_message_list&oldid=30913073 --> == Reminder: Starter Kit Virtual Meeting == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings! This is a friendly reminder to attend the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit Starter Kit] virtual meeting. Date and time: '''Today, Saturday, August 29th, 2026, 01:00–02:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1787965200 check your local time here]) This is a casual session where you can learn more about the Starter Kit tool, ask any questions, and share your thoughts; no need to have tried the tool beforehand. If you haven't signed up yet, you can do so here: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit/Office_hours#Session_2:_Saturday_29_August_2026,_01:00_UTC See you soon! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> ၂၀:၀၀၊ ၂၈ သြဂတ်လ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox/Invitation_to_try_the_Starter_Kit_Tool_message_list&oldid=30913073 --> == Reminder: Starter Kit virtual meeting == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings! This is a friendly reminder to attend the third [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit Starter Kit] virtual meeting. Date and time: '''Saturday, September 5th, 2026, 05:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1787965200 check your local time here]) Video call link: https://meet.google.com/eov-gbgn-rew This is a casual session where you can learn more about the Starter Kit tool, ask any questions, and share your thoughts; no need to have tried the tool beforehand. If you haven't signed up yet, you can do so here: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit/Office_hours#Session_3:_Saturday_5_September_2026,_05:00_UTC See you soon! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> ၀၆:၁၄၊ ၄ စက်တင်ဘာလ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox/Invitation_to_try_the_Starter_Kit_Tool_message_list&oldid=30913073 --> gbk0dugbucy855ac5v4ef747p47rqon 21047 21044 2026-09-04T00:13:09Z UOzurumba (WMF) 1120 /* Reminder: Starter Kit virtual meeting */ 21047 wikitext text/x-wiki == Invitation to try the Starter Kit Tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings! As one of the active editors on this Wikipedia, you're invited by the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development Language Onboarding and Development] initiative to learn about the Starter Kit, try it out, and join a virtual meeting where you can ask questions about the tool.<br> '''What the tool does'''<br> The Starter Kit helps small or new Wikipedia contributors complete essential tasks, like importing infoboxes, tracking your wiki's growth and health metrics, and connecting with members of the broader Wikimedia community for technical guidance. Some features require certain user rights, but three of the six tasks are open to any autoconfirmed editor, so most active editors can get started right away. '''Here's what we would like you to do:''' * Read the manual for more detail on the tool and the tasks you can perform: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit * Access the Starter Kit tool: https://starterkit.toolforge.org/ and log in with your Wikimedia account to try it out. * Sign up for one of three virtual meetings: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit/Office_hours#Office_hours, where you can: ** Learn more about the tool. ** Ask questions and share your thoughts. Thank you so much for using the tool, and we look forward to your attending the virtual meeting. Best regards, </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> ၀၃:၄၇၊ ၁၂ သြဂတ်လ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox/Invitation_to_try_the_Starter_Kit_Tool_message_list&oldid=30913073 --> == Reminder: Starter Kit Virtual Meeting == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings! This is a friendly reminder to attend the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit Starter Kit] virtual meeting. Date and time: '''Today, Saturday, August 29th, 2026, 01:00–02:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1787965200 check your local time here]) This is a casual session where you can learn more about the Starter Kit tool, ask any questions, and share your thoughts; no need to have tried the tool beforehand. If you haven't signed up yet, you can do so here: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit/Office_hours#Session_2:_Saturday_29_August_2026,_01:00_UTC See you soon! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> ၂၀:၀၀၊ ၂၈ သြဂတ်လ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox/Invitation_to_try_the_Starter_Kit_Tool_message_list&oldid=30913073 --> == Reminder: Starter Kit virtual meeting == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings! This is a friendly reminder to attend the third [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit Starter Kit] virtual meeting. Date and time: '''Saturday, September 5th, 2026, 05:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1788584400 check your local time here]) Video call link: https://meet.google.com/eov-gbgn-rew This is a casual session where you can learn more about the Starter Kit tool, ask any questions, and share your thoughts; no need to have tried the tool beforehand. If you haven't signed up yet, you can do so here: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit/Office_hours#Session_3:_Saturday_5_September_2026,_05:00_UTC See you soon! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> ၀၆:၁၄၊ ၄ စက်တင်ဘာလ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox/Invitation_to_try_the_Starter_Kit_Tool_message_list&oldid=30913073 --> 9usiqvqz6o9y6qod2niu0y49ejkx4ms 3 5574 21043 21034 2026-09-03T23:44:12Z MediaWiki message delivery 1034 /* Reminder: Starter Kit virtual meeting */ new section 21043 wikitext text/x-wiki == Invitation to try the Starter Kit Tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings! As one of the active editors on this Wikipedia, you're invited by the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development Language Onboarding and Development] initiative to learn about the Starter Kit, try it out, and join a virtual meeting where you can ask questions about the tool.<br> '''What the tool does'''<br> The Starter Kit helps small or new Wikipedia contributors complete essential tasks, like importing infoboxes, tracking your wiki's growth and health metrics, and connecting with members of the broader Wikimedia community for technical guidance. Some features require certain user rights, but three of the six tasks are open to any autoconfirmed editor, so most active editors can get started right away. '''Here's what we would like you to do:''' * Read the manual for more detail on the tool and the tasks you can perform: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit * Access the Starter Kit tool: https://starterkit.toolforge.org/ and log in with your Wikimedia account to try it out. * Sign up for one of three virtual meetings: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit/Office_hours#Office_hours, where you can: ** Learn more about the tool. ** Ask questions and share your thoughts. Thank you so much for using the tool, and we look forward to your attending the virtual meeting. Best regards, </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> ၀၃:၄၇၊ ၁၂ သြဂတ်လ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox/Invitation_to_try_the_Starter_Kit_Tool_message_list&oldid=30913073 --> == Reminder: Starter Kit Virtual Meeting == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings! This is a friendly reminder to attend the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit Starter Kit] virtual meeting. Date and time: '''Today, Saturday, August 29th, 2026, 01:00–02:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1787965200 check your local time here]) This is a casual session where you can learn more about the Starter Kit tool, ask any questions, and share your thoughts; no need to have tried the tool beforehand. If you haven't signed up yet, you can do so here: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit/Office_hours#Session_2:_Saturday_29_August_2026,_01:00_UTC See you soon! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> ၂၀:၀၀၊ ၂၈ သြဂတ်လ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox/Invitation_to_try_the_Starter_Kit_Tool_message_list&oldid=30913073 --> == Reminder: Starter Kit virtual meeting == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings! This is a friendly reminder to attend the third [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit Starter Kit] virtual meeting. Date and time: '''Saturday, September 5th, 2026, 05:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1787965200 check your local time here]) Video call link: https://meet.google.com/eov-gbgn-rew This is a casual session where you can learn more about the Starter Kit tool, ask any questions, and share your thoughts; no need to have tried the tool beforehand. If you haven't signed up yet, you can do so here: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit/Office_hours#Session_3:_Saturday_5_September_2026,_05:00_UTC See you soon! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> ၀၆:၁၄၊ ၄ စက်တင်ဘာလ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox/Invitation_to_try_the_Starter_Kit_Tool_message_list&oldid=30913073 --> gbk0dugbucy855ac5v4ef747p47rqon 21046 21043 2026-09-04T00:12:50Z UOzurumba (WMF) 1120 /* Reminder: Starter Kit virtual meeting */ 21046 wikitext text/x-wiki == Invitation to try the Starter Kit Tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings! As one of the active editors on this Wikipedia, you're invited by the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development Language Onboarding and Development] initiative to learn about the Starter Kit, try it out, and join a virtual meeting where you can ask questions about the tool.<br> '''What the tool does'''<br> The Starter Kit helps small or new Wikipedia contributors complete essential tasks, like importing infoboxes, tracking your wiki's growth and health metrics, and connecting with members of the broader Wikimedia community for technical guidance. Some features require certain user rights, but three of the six tasks are open to any autoconfirmed editor, so most active editors can get started right away. '''Here's what we would like you to do:''' * Read the manual for more detail on the tool and the tasks you can perform: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit * Access the Starter Kit tool: https://starterkit.toolforge.org/ and log in with your Wikimedia account to try it out. * Sign up for one of three virtual meetings: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit/Office_hours#Office_hours, where you can: ** Learn more about the tool. ** Ask questions and share your thoughts. Thank you so much for using the tool, and we look forward to your attending the virtual meeting. Best regards, </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> ၀၃:၄၇၊ ၁၂ သြဂတ်လ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox/Invitation_to_try_the_Starter_Kit_Tool_message_list&oldid=30913073 --> == Reminder: Starter Kit Virtual Meeting == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings! This is a friendly reminder to attend the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit Starter Kit] virtual meeting. Date and time: '''Today, Saturday, August 29th, 2026, 01:00–02:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1787965200 check your local time here]) This is a casual session where you can learn more about the Starter Kit tool, ask any questions, and share your thoughts; no need to have tried the tool beforehand. If you haven't signed up yet, you can do so here: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit/Office_hours#Session_2:_Saturday_29_August_2026,_01:00_UTC See you soon! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> ၂၀:၀၀၊ ၂၈ သြဂတ်လ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox/Invitation_to_try_the_Starter_Kit_Tool_message_list&oldid=30913073 --> == Reminder: Starter Kit virtual meeting == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings! This is a friendly reminder to attend the third [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit Starter Kit] virtual meeting. Date and time: '''Saturday, September 5th, 2026, 05:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1788584400 check your local time here]) Video call link: https://meet.google.com/eov-gbgn-rew This is a casual session where you can learn more about the Starter Kit tool, ask any questions, and share your thoughts; no need to have tried the tool beforehand. If you haven't signed up yet, you can do so here: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit/Office_hours#Session_3:_Saturday_5_September_2026,_05:00_UTC See you soon! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> ၀၆:၁၄၊ ၄ စက်တင်ဘာလ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox/Invitation_to_try_the_Starter_Kit_Tool_message_list&oldid=30913073 --> 9usiqvqz6o9y6qod2niu0y49ejkx4ms 0 5723 21039 2026-09-03T14:57:07Z Retkhaberi 224 Created page with "{{Infobox officeholder |name = Kofi Annan |image = Kofi Annan 2012 (cropped).jpg |order = သတ္တမမြောက် |office = ကုလသမဂ္ဂ အထွေထွေအတွင်းရီးမှူးချုပ် |deputy = Louise Fréchette<br />Mark Malloch Brown |term_start = ၁ ဂျန်နဝါရီ ၁၉၉၇ |term_end = ၃၁ ဒီဇန်ဘာ ၂၀၀၆ |predecessor = Boutros Boutros-G..." 21039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = Kofi Annan |image = Kofi Annan 2012 (cropped).jpg |order = သတ္တမမြောက် |office = ကုလသမဂ္ဂ အထွေထွေအတွင်းရီးမှူးချုပ် |deputy = Louise Fréchette<br />Mark Malloch Brown |term_start = ၁ ဂျန်နဝါရီ ၁၉၉၇ |term_end = ၃၁ ဒီဇန်ဘာ ၂၀၀၆ |predecessor = Boutros Boutros-Ghali |successor = [[ဘန်ကီမွန်း]] |office1 = United Nations and Arab League Envoy to Syria |1blankname1 = {{nowrap|အ​ထွေထွေအတွင်းရီးမှူး}} |1namedata1 = [[ဘန်ကီမွန်း]] ([[ကမ္ဘာ့ကုလသမဂ္ဂအဖွဲ့|UN]])<br />Nabil Elaraby ([[Arab League|AL]]) |term_start1 = ၂၃ ဖေဖဝါရီ ၂၀၁၂ |term_end1 = ၃၁ သြဂတ် ၂၀၁၂ |predecessor1 = Position established |successor1 = Lakhdar Brahimi |birth_date = {{birth date|1938|4|8|df=y}} | death_date = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|2018|08|18|1938|4|8}}}} | death_place = ဆွစ်ဇာလန်နိုင်ငံ |birth_place = [[Kumasi|Comassie]], [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]]<br /><small>(now [[Kumasi]], [[ဂါနာနိုင်ငံ]])</small> |nationality= ဂါနာ |spouse = Titi Alakija <small>(1965–late 1970s)</small><br />Nane Lagergren <small>(1984–present)</small> |children = Kojo Annan<br />Ama<br />Nina |alma_mater = Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology<br />Macalester College<br />Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies<br />MIT Sloan School of Management |religion = ပရိုစတင့်ဘာသာဝင်<ref> }} '''ကိုဖီအန်နန်''' (Kofi Atta Annan) (၈.၄.၁၉၃၈ မွီးဖွား) စွာ ဂါနာလူမျိုး သံတမန်တဦးဖြစ်ပြီးကေ ၁.၁.၁၉၉၇ မှ ၃၁.၁၂.၂၀၀၆ အထိ [[ကမ္ဘာ့ကုလသမဂ္ဂအဖွဲ့]] ကြီးမာ သတ္တမမြောက် ကုလသမဂ္ဂ အထွေထွေ အတွင်းရီးမှူးချုပ်အဖြစ် တာဝန် ထမ်းဆောင်ခရေ။ ဖွံ့ဖြိုးဆဲနိုင်ငံတိကို ကူညီထောက်ပင့်ပီးဖို့ [[ကမ္ဘာလုံးဆိုင်ရေ အေ့ဒ်စ်ရောဂါနန့် ကျန်းမာရီး ရန်ပုံဖေသာအဖွဲ့]] (Global AIDS and Health Fund) ကို စတင်တည်ထောင်ခြင်းအတွက် အန်နန် နန့် ကမ္ဘာ့ကုလသမဂ္ဂအဖွဲ့ ကြီးရေ ၂၀၀၁ ခုနှစ်မာ [[ငြိမ်းချမ်းရီး နိုဇာဆု|နိုဇာငြိမ်းချမ်းရီးဆု]] ကို ပူးတွဲ ရဟိခကတ်တေ။<ref name="Nobel Peace">{{cite web|last=Annan|first=Kofi|title=The Nobel Peace Prize == ကိုးကား == {{reflist}} == ပြင်ပလင့်ခ်များ == ;အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိ၊ အင်တာဗျူးနန့် ကိုယ်ရီးရာဇဝင် {{ကုလသမဂ္ဂ အတွင်းရီးမှူးချုပ်များ}} {{lifetime|၁၉၃၈|၂၀၁၈| }} [[Category:နိုဘယ်ဆုသျှင်တိ]] [[Category:အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိတိ]] [[Category:ကုလသမဂ္ဂအထွေထွေအတွင်းရီးမှူးချုပ်တိ]] {{bio-stub}} 70s65svzghuqaixe8lwyi5cx9unydeh 0 5724 21040 2026-09-03T15:19:22Z Retkhaberi 224 Created page with "[[စာပီဆိုင်ရာ နိုဘယ်ဆု]]စွာ နိုဘယ်ဆု ၅ ခုမာ တမျိုးအပါအဝင်ဖြစ်ပြီးကေ အဲဖရက် နိုဇာ ဧ့ သီတမ်းစာ အရ တည်ထောင်ခရေ နိုဘယ်ဖောင်ဒေးရှင်းမှ ချီးမြှင့်ခြင်း ဖြစ်တေ။ ==နိုဘယ်ဆုသျှင်တိ==..." 21040 wikitext text/x-wiki [[စာပီဆိုင်ရာ နိုဘယ်ဆု]]စွာ နိုဘယ်ဆု ၅ ခုမာ တမျိုးအပါအဝင်ဖြစ်ပြီးကေ အဲဖရက် နိုဇာ ဧ့ သီတမ်းစာ အရ တည်ထောင်ခရေ နိုဘယ်ဖောင်ဒေးရှင်းမှ ချီးမြှင့်ခြင်း ဖြစ်တေ။ ==နိုဘယ်ဆုသျှင်တိ== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! ခုနှစ် ! ! ဆုရဟိသူ ! နိုင်ငံ{{ref|1|[A]}} ! ဘာသာ ! ကောက်နှုတ်ချက် ! အမျိုးအစား |- | ၁၉၀၁ | [[File:Sully-Prudhomme.jpg|75px]] | ဆူလီပရတ်(ဒ်)ဟုမ်း | [[ပြင်သစ်]] | [[ပြင်သစ်ဘာသာ]] | "in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect"<ref name="Literature1901">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1901/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1901|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]], [[essay]] |- | ၁၉၀၂ | [[File:T-mommsen-2.jpg|75px]] | သီရိုဒါ မွမ်ဆင် | [[ဂျာမနီ]] | [[ဂျာမန်ဘာသာ]] | "the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, ''[[History of Rome (Mommsen)|A History of Rome]]''"<ref name="Literature1902">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1902/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1902|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[history]], [[law]] |- | ၁၉၀၃ | [[File:Björnstjerne Björnson, 1901.jpg|75px]] | [[Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson]] | [[နော်ဝေး]] | [[နော်ဝေဘာသာ]] | "as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit"<ref name="Literature1903">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1903/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1903|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]], [[novel]], [[drama]] |- | rowspan="2" | ၁၉၀၄ | [[File:Frédéric Mistral by Paul Saïn.jpg|75px]] | [[Frédéric Mistral]] | [[ပြင်သစ်]] | [[Occitan language|Occitan]] | "in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a [[Provençal]] philologist"<ref name="Literature1904">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1904/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1904|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]], [[philology]] |- |[[File:José Echegaray y Eizaguirre.jpg|75px]] | [[José Echegaray]] | [[စပိန်]] | [[စပိန်ဘာသာ]] | "in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama"<ref name="Literature1904"/> | [[drama]] |- | ၁၉၀၅ | [[File:Henryk Sienkiewicz 02.jpg|75px]] | [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]] | [[ပိုလန်]] (Russian Empire) | [[ပိုလန်ဘာသာ]] | "because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer"<ref name="Literature1905">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1905/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1905|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]] |- | ၁၉၀၆ | [[File:Carducci.jpg|75px]] | [[Giosuè Carducci]] | [[အီတလီ]] | [[အီတလျံဘာသာ]] | "not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces"<ref name="Literature1906">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1906/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1906|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]] |- | ၁၉၀၇ | [[File:Kiplingcropped.jpg|75px]] | [[ရတ်ဒ်ယတ် ကစ်ပလင်]] | [[အင်္ဂလန်]] |[[ အင်္ဂလိပ်ဘာသာ]] | "in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author"<ref name="Literature1907">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1907/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1907|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[short story]], [[poetry]] |- | ၁၉၀၈ | [[File:Rudolf Christoph Eucken.jpg|75px]] | [[Rudolf Christoph Eucken]] | [[ဂျာမနီ]] | [[ဂျာမန်ဘာသာ]] | "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life"<ref name="Literature1908">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1908/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1908|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[philosophy]] |- | ၁၉၀၉ | [[File:Selma Lagerlöf.jpg|75px]] | [[Selma Lagerlöf]] | [[ဆွီဒန်]] | [[ဆွီဒန်ဘာသာ]] | "in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings"<ref name="Literature1909">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1909/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1909|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[short story]] |- | ၁၉၁၀ | [[File:Porträt des Paul Heyse (1853) - Adolf Friedrich Erdmann von Menzel (Museum Georg Schäfer).jpg|75px]] | [[Paul Heyse|Paul von Heyse]] | [[ဂျာမနီ]] | [[ဂျာမန်ဘာသာ]] | "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"<ref name="Literature1910">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1910/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1910|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]], [[drama]], [[novel]], [[short story]] |- | ၁၉၁၁ | [[File:Maurice Maeterlinck.jpg|75px]] | [[Maurice Maeterlinck]] | [[ဇာလဂျီယန်]] | [[ပြင်သစ်ဘာသာ]] | "in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations"<ref name="Literature1911">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1911/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1911|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[drama]], [[poetry]], [[essay]] |- | ၁၉၁၂ |[[File:Gerhart Hauptmann nobel.jpg|75px]] | [[Gerhart Hauptmann]] | [[ဂျာမနီ]] | [[ဂျာမန်ဘာသာ]] | "primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art"<ref name="Literature1912">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1912/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1912|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[drama]], [[novel]] |- | ၁၉၁၃ | [[File:Tagore3.jpg|75px]] | [[ရာဘင်ဒြာနတ် တဂိုး]] | [[အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံ]] | [[ဘင်္ဂါလီဘာသာ]] | "because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own [[English language|English]] words, a part of the literature of the West"<ref name="Literature1913">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1913/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1913|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]], [[novel]], [[drama]], [[short story]], [[music]] |- | ၁၉၁၄ | colspan=5 align=center | ''Not awarded'' |- | ၁၉၁၅ |[[File:Romain Rolland 1915.jpg|75px]] | [[Romain Rolland|ရိုးမိန်းရိုလင်]] | [[ပြင်သစ်]] | [[ပြင်သစ်ဘာသာ]] | "as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings"<ref name="Literature1915">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1915/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1915|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]] |- | ၁၉၁၆ | [[File:Johan Krouthén - Porträtt av Verner von Heidenstam.jpg|75px]] | [[Verner von Heidenstam]] | [[ဆွီဒန်]] | [[ဆွီဒန်ဘာသာ]] | "in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature"<ref name="Literature1916">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1916/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1916|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]], [[novel]] |- | rowspan="2" | ၁၉၁၇ | [[File:Karl Gjellerup.jpg|75px]] | [[Karl Adolph Gjellerup]] | [[ဒိန်းမတ်]] | [[Danish language|Danish]] | "for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals"<ref name="Literature1917">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1917/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1917|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]] |- | [[File:Henrik Pontoppidan 1917.jpg|75px]] | [[Henrik Pontoppidan]] | [[ဒိန်းမတ်]] | [[Danish language|Danish]] | "for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark"<ref name="Literature1917"/> | [[novel]] |- | ၁၉၁၈ | colspan=5 align=center | ''Not awarded'' |- | ၁၉၁၉ | [[File:Carl spitteler 1905.jpg|75px]] | [[Carl Spitteler]] | [[Switzerland]] | [[German language|German]] | "in special appreciation of his epic, ''Olympian Spring''"<ref name="Literature1919">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1919/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1919|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]] |- | ၁၉၂၀ | [[File:Knut Hamsun.jpeg|75px]] | [[Knut Hamsun]] | [[နော်ဝေ]] | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] | "for his monumental work, ''[[Growth of the Soil]]''"<ref name="Literature1920">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1920/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1920|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]] |- | ၁၉၂၁ | [[File:AnatoleFrance.JPG|75px]] | [[Anatole France]] | [[ပြင်သစ်]] | [[ပြင်သစ်ဘာသာ]] | "in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament"<ref name="Literature1921">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1921/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1921|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[poetry]] |- | ၁၉၂၂ | [[File:Jacinto Benavente y Martinez.jpg|75px]] | [[Jacinto Benavente]] | [[စပိန်]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | "for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama"<ref name="Literature1922">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1922/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1922|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[drama]] |- | ၁၉၂၃ | [[File:William Butler Yeat by George Charles Beresford.jpg|75px]] | [[W. B. Yeats|ဝီလျံ ဘတ်တလာ ရိစ်]] | [[Ireland]] | [[English language|English]] | "for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation"<ref name="Literature1923">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1923/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1923|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]] |- | ၁၉၂၄ |[[File:Władysław Reymont.jpg|75px]] | [[Władysław Reymont]] | [[Poland]] | [[Polish language|Polish]] | "for his great national epic, ''[[Chłopi|The Peasants]]''"<ref name="Literature1924">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1924/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1924|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]] |- | ၁၉၂၅ | [[File:George bernard shaw.jpg|75px]] | [[ဂျော့ရှ် ဘားနတ်ရှော]] | [[အိုင်ယာလန်နိုင်ငံ]] | အင်္ဂလိပ်ဘာသာ | "for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty"<ref name="Literature1925">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1925/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1925|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[drama]], [[literary criticism]] |- | ၁၉၂၆ | [[File:Grazia Deledda 1926.jpg|75px]] | [[Grazia Deledda]] | [[Italy]] | [[Italian language|Italian]] | "for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general"<ref name="Literature1926">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1926/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1926|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]], [[novel]] |- | ၁၉၂၇ | [[File:Bergson-Nobel-photo.jpg|75px]] | [[Henri Bergson]] | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] | "in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented"<ref name="Literature1927">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1927/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1927|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[philosophy]] |- | ၁၉၂၈ | [[File:Sigrid Undset crop.jpg|75px]] | [[Sigrid Undset]] | [[Norway]] | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] | "principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages"<ref name="Literature1928">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1928/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1928|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]] |- | ၁၉၂၉ | [[File:Thomas Mann 1937.jpg|75px]] | [[Thomas Mann|သောမတ်စ်မန်း]] | [[Germany]] | [[German language|German]] | "principally for his great novel, ''[[Buddenbrooks]]'', which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature"<ref name="Literature1929">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1929/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1929|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[short story]], [[essay]] |- | ၁၉၃၀ | [[File:Sinclair Lewis 1930.jpg|75px]] | ဆင်းကတ်လား​လီးဝစ် | [[United States]] | English | "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters"<ref name="Literature1930">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1930/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1930|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[short story]], [[drama]] |- | ၁၉၃၁ | [[File:Erik Axel Karlfeldt.jpg|75px]] | [[Erik Axel Karlfeldt]] | [[Sweden]] | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] | "The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt"<ref name="Literature1931">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1931/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1931|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]] |- | ၁၉၃၂ | [[File:John galsworthy.jpg|75px]] | [[John Galsworthy|ဂျွန်ဂေါ်ဆွာသီ]] | [[United Kingdom]] | English | "for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in ''[[The Forsyte Saga]]''"<ref name="Literature1932">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1932/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1932|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]] |- | ၁၉၃၃ | [[File:Ivan Bunin 1933.jpg|75px]] | [[Ivan Bunin|အီဗင် ဘူနင်]] | [[Russia]] (exiled to [[France]]) | [[Russian language|Russian]] | "for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing"<ref name="Literature1933">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1933/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1933|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[short story]], [[poetry]], [[novel]] |- | ၁၉၃၄ | [[File:Luigi Pirandello 1932.jpg|75px]] | [[Luigi Pirandello]] | [[Italy]] | [[Italian language|Italian]] | "for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art"<ref name="Literature1934">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1934/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1934|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[drama]], [[novel]], [[short story]] |- | ၁၉၃၅ | colspan=5 align=center | ''Not awarded'' |- | ၁၉၃၆ | [[File:Eugene O'Neill 1936.jpg|75px]] | [[Eugene O'Neill]] | [[United States]] | English | "for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy"<ref name="Literature1936">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1936/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1936|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[drama]] |- | ၁၉၃၇ | [[File:Roger Martin du Gard 1937.jpg|75px]] | [[Roger Martin du Gard]] | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] | "for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel cycle ''Les Thibault''"<ref name="Literature1937">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1937/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1937|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]] |- | ၁၉၃၈ | [[File:Pearl Buck.jpg|75px]] | [[Pearl S. Buck|ပါးလ် အက်စ် ဘတ်]] | [[United States]] | English | "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces"<ref name="Literature1938">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1938/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1938|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]] |- | ၁၉၃၉ | [[File:FransEemilSillanpää.jpg|75px]] | [[Frans Eemil Sillanpää]] | [[Finland]] | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] | "for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature"<ref name="Literature1939">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1939/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1939|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]] |- | ၁၉၄၀ | colspan=5 align=center | ''Not awarded'' |- | ၁၉၄၁ | colspan=5 align=center | ''Not awarded'' |- | ၁၉၄၂ | colspan=5 align=center | ''Not awarded'' |- | ၁၉၄၃ | colspan=5 align=center | ''Not awarded'' |- | ၁၉၄၄ | [[File:Johannes Vilhelm Jensen 1944.jpg|75px]] | [[Johannes Vilhelm Jensen]] | [[Denmark]] | [[Danish language|Danish]] | "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"<ref name="Literature1944">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1944/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1944|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]] |- | ၁၉၄၅ | [[File:Gabriela Mistral-01.jpg|75px]] | [[Gabriela Mistral]] | [[Chile]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | "for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world"<ref name="Literature1945">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1945/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1945|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]] |- | ၁၉၄၆ | [[File:Hermann Hesse 1927 Photo Gret Widmann.jpg|75px]] | [[Hermann Hesse|ဟာမန် ဟက်စ်]] | [[Germany]] (exiled to [[Switzerland]]) | [[German language|German]] | "for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style"<ref name="Literature1946">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1946/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1946|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[poetry]] |- |၁၉၄၇ | [[File:André Gide 1947.jpg|75px]] | [[André Gide]] | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] | "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight"<ref name="Literature1947">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1947/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1947|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[essay]] |- | ၁၉၄၈ | [[File:T.S. Eliot, 1923.JPG|75px]] | [[T. S. Eliot]] | [[United Kingdom]] | English | "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry"<ref name="Literature1948">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1948/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1948|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]] |- | ၁၉၄၉ | [[File:Carl Van Vechten - William Faulkner.jpg|75px]] | [[William Faulkner|ဝီလျံဖော်ကနာ]] | [[United States]] | English | "for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel"<ref name="Literature1949">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1949/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1949|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[short story]] |- | ၁၉၅၀ | | [[ဘာထရန် ရပ်ဆဲလ်]] | [[United Kingdom]] | English | "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought"<ref name="Literature1950">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1950/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1950|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[philosophy]] |- | ၁၉၅၁ | [[File:Lagerkvist.jpg|75px]] | [[Pär Lagerkvist]] | [[Sweden]] | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] | "for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind"<ref name="Literature1951">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1951/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1951|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]], [[novel]], [[short story]], [[drama]] |- | ၁၉၅၂ | [[File:François Mauriac (1932).jpg|75px]] | [[François Mauriac]] | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] | "for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life"<ref name="Literature1952">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1952/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1952|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[short story]] |- | ၁၉၅၃ | [[File:Churchill portrait NYP 45063.jpg|75px]] | [[ဝင်စတန် ချာချီ]] | [[ယူနိုက်တက်ကင်းဒမ်း]] | English | "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values"<ref name="Literature1953">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1953/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1953|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[history]], [[essay]], [[memoirs]] |- |၁၉၅၄ | [[File:ErnestHemingway.jpg|75px]] | [[အားနပ်စ် ဟင်းမင်းဝေး]] | [[အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု]] | အင်္ဂလိပ် | "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in ''[[The Old Man and the Sea]]'', and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style"<ref name="Literature1954">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1954/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1954|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[short story]], [[screenplay]] |- | ၁၉၅၅ | [[File:Laxness portrett einar hakonarson 1984.jpg|75px]] | [[Halldór Laxness]] | [[Iceland]] | [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] | "for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland"<ref name="Literature1955">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1955/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1955|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[short story]], [[drama]], [[poetry]] |- | ၁၉၅၆ | [[File:JRJimenez.JPG|75px]] | [[Juan Ramón Jiménez]] | [[Spain]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | "for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity"<ref name="Literature1956">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1956/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1956|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]] |- | ၁၉၅၇ | [[File:Albert Camus, gagnant de prix Nobel, portrait en buste, posé au bureau, faisant face à gauche, cigarette de tabagisme.jpg|75px]] | [[အယ်လ်ဘတ် ကမူး]] | [[ပြင်သစ်နိုင်ငံ]] | [[ပြင်သစ်ဘာသာ]] | "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times"<ref name="Literature1957">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1957/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1957|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[short story]], [[drama]], [[philosophy]], [[essay]] |- | ၁၉၅၈ | | [[Boris Pasternak]] | [[Soviet Union]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"<ref name="Literature1958">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1958/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1958|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[poetry]], [[translation]] |- | ၁၉၅၉ | [[File:Salvatore Quasimodo 1959.jpg|75px]] | [[Salvatore Quasimodo]] | [[Italy]] | [[Italian language|Italian]] | "for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times"<ref name="Literature1959">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1959/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1959|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]] |- | ၁၉၆၀ | [[File:Saint-John Perse 1960.jpg|75px]] | [[Saint-John Perse]] | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] | "for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time"<ref name="Literature1960">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1960/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1960|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]] |- | ၁၉၆၁ | | [[Ivo Andrić|အီဗိုအင်းဒရစ်]] | [[SFRY|Yugoslavia]] | [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]] | "for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country"<ref name="Literature1961">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1961/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1961|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[short story]] |- | ၁၉၆၂ | [[File:JohnSteinbeck crop.JPG|75px]] | [[ဂျွန် စတိုင်းဗက်]] | [[United States]] | English | "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception"<ref name="Literature1962">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1962/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1962|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[short story]], [[screenplay]] |- | ၁၉၆၃ | [[File:Giorgos Seferis 1963.jpg|75px]] | [[Giorgos Seferis]] | [[Greece]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | "for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture"<ref name="Literature1963">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1963/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1963|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]] |- | ၁၉၆၄ | [[File:Jean-Paul Sartre FP.JPG|75px]] | [[ယန်းပေါလ်ဆတ်]] | [[ပြင်သစ်နိုင်ငံ]] | [[ပြင်သစ်ဘာသာ]] | "for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age"<ref name="Literature1964">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1964/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1964|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[philosophy]], [[drama]], [[literary criticism]], [[screenplay]] |- | ၁၉၆၅ | | [[Mikhail Sholokhov|မီရှဲလ် ဟိုလိုကော့]] | [[Soviet Union]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | "for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people"<ref name="Literature1965">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1965/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1965|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]] |- | rowspan="2" | ၁၉၆၆ | | [[Shmuel Yosef Agnon]] | [[Israel]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] | "for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people"<ref name="Literature1966">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1966/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1966|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[short story]] |- | [[File:Nelly Sachs 1966.jpg|75px]] | [[Nelly Sachs|နီလီ ဆာ့ရှ်]] | [[Germany]] (exiled to [[Sweden]]) | [[German language|German]] | "for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"<ref name="Literature1966"/> | [[poetry]], [[drama]] |- | ၁၉၆၇ | [[File:MiguelAngelAsturias.JPG|75px]] | [[Miguel Ángel Asturias]] | [[Guatemala]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | "for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America"<ref name="Literature1967">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1967/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1967|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[poetry]] |- | ၁၉၆၈ | [[File:Yasunari Kawabata 1951.jpg|75px]] | [[Yasunari Kawabata|ယာစုနာရီ ကဝါဘာတာ]] | [[Japan]] | [[Japanese language|Japanese]] | "for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind"<ref name="Literature1968">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1968/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1968|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[short story]] |- | ၁၉၆၉ | [[File:Samuel Beckett, f11.jpg|75px]] | [[Samuel Beckett|ဆင်မြူရယ် ဘက်ကက်]] | [[Ireland]] | English and [[French language|French]] | "for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation"<ref name="Literature1969">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1969/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1969|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[drama]], [[poetry]] |- |၁၉၇၀ | | [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]] | [[Russia]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature"<ref name="Literature1970">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1970/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1970|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]] |- | ၁၉၇၁ | [[File:Pablo Neruda.jpg|75px]] | [[Pablo Neruda]] | [[Chile]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | "for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams"<ref name="Literature1971">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1971/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1971|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]] |- | ၁၉၇၂ | [[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F062164-0004, Bonn, Heinrich Böll.jpg|75px]] | [[Heinrich Böll|ဟင်းနရစ်ဘော့]] | [[Germany]] | [[German language|German]] | "for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature"<ref name="Literature1972">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1972/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1972|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[short story]] |- | ၁၉၇၃ | | [[Patrick White|ပက်ထရစ် ဝှိုက်]] | [[Australia]] | English | "for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature"<ref name="Literature1973">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1973/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1973|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[short story]] , [[drama]] |- | rowspan="2" | ၁၉၇၄ | [[File:Eyvind.JPG|75px]] | [[Eyvind Johnson]] | [[Sweden]] | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] | "for a narrative art, farseeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom"<ref name="Literature1974">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1974/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1974|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]] |- | [[File:Harry Martinson.jpg|75px]] | [[Harry Martinson|ဟယ်ရီ မာတင်ဆန်]] | [[Sweden]] | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] | "for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos"<ref name="Literature1974"/> | [[poetry]], [[novel]], [[drama]] |- | ၁၉၇၅ | [[File:Eugenio montale 2.jpg|75px]] | [[Eugenio Montale]] | [[Italy]] | [[Italian language|Italian]] | "for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions"<ref name="Literature1975">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1975/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1975|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]] |- | ၁၉၇၆ | | [[Saul Bellow|ဆော် ဇာပိုင်]] | [[United States]] | English | "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"<ref name="Literature1976">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1976/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1976|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[short story]] |- | ၁၉၇၇ | [[File:Vicentealeixandre.jpg|75px]] | [[Vicente Aleixandre]] | [[Spain]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | "for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars"<ref name="Literature1977">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1977/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1977|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]] |- | ၁၉၇၈ | | [[အိုင်ဆက် ဘက်ရှဗစ် ဆင်းဂါး]] | [[United States]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"<ref name="Literature1978">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1978/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1978|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[short story]], [[memoirs]] |- | ၁၉၇၉ | | [[Odysseas Elytis]] | [[Greece]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | "for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness"<ref name="Literature1979">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1979/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1979|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]] |- | ၁၉၈၀ | | [[Czesław Miłosz]] | [[Poland]]<br />United States | [[Polish language|Polish]] | "who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts"<ref name="Literature1980">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1980/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1980|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]], [[essay]] |- | ၁၉၈၁ | [[File:Canetti 1970.jpg|75px]] | [[Elias Canetti]] | [[Bulgaria]]<br />[[United Kingdom]] | [[German language|German]] | "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power"<ref name="Literature1981">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1981/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1981|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[drama]], [[memoirs]], [[essay]] |- | ၁၉၈၂ | [[File:Gabriel Garcia Marquez, 2009.jpg|75px]] | [[ဂေဘရီယယ် ဂါဆီယာ မားကွိဇ်]] | [[Colombia]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts"<ref name="Literature1982">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1982/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1982|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[short story]], [[screenplay]] |- | ၁၉၈၃ | | [[William Golding|ဝီလျံဂိုးဒင်း]] | [[United Kingdom]] | English | "for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today"<ref name="Literature1983">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1983/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1983|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[poetry]], [[drama]] |- | ၁၉၈၄ | [[File:Jaroslav Seifert grave at Kralupy nad Vltavou cemetery CZ 0008.jpg|75px]] | [[Jaroslav Seifert]] | [[Czechoslovakia]] | [[Czech language|Czech]] | "for his poetry which endowed with freshness, and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man"<ref name="Literature1984">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1984/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1984|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]] |- | ၁၉၈၅ | | [[Claude Simon]] | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] | "who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition"<ref name="Literature1985">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1985/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1985|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]] |- |၁၉၈၆ | [[File:Soyinka, Wole (1934).jpg|75px]] | [[Wole Soyinka]] | [[Nigeria]] | English | "who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence"<ref name="Literature1986">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1986/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1986|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[poetry]] |- | ၁၉၈၇ | | [[Joseph Brodsky|ဂျိုးဇတ်ဘရော်စကီ]] | [[Soviet Union]]<br />United States | English and [[Russian language|Russian]] | "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity"<ref name="Literature1987">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1987/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1987|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]] |- | ၁၉၈၈ | [[File:Naguib Mahfouz HR.jpg|75px]] | [[Naguib Mahfouz|နာဂွစ်မာဖောက်]] | [[Egypt]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] | "who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind"<ref name="Literature1988">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1988/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1988|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]] |- | ၁၉၈၉ | | [[Camilo José Cela|ကာမီလိုဟို ဆီးဆယ်လာ]] | [[Spain]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | "for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability"<ref name="Literature1989">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1989/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1989|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[short story]] |- | ၁၉၉၀ | [[File:Paz0.jpg|75px]] | [[Octavio Paz]] | [[Mexico]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | "for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity"<ref name="Literature1990">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1990/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1990|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]], [[essay]], |- | ၁၉၉၁ |[[File:Nadine Gordimer 01.JPG|75px]] | [[နာဒင်း ဂေါ်ဒီမာ]] | [[တောင်အာဖရိကနိုင်ငံ]] | အင်္ဂလိပ် | "who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity"<ref name="Literature1991">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1991/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1991|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[short story]], [[essay]] |- | ၁၉၉၂ | [[File:Derek Walcott.jpg|75px]] | [[Derek Walcott]] | [[Saint Lucia]] | English | "for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment"<ref name="Literature1992">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1992/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1992|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]] |- | ၁၉၉၃ | [[File:Toni Morrison 2008-2.jpg|75px]] | [[တိုနီ မောရစ်ဆင်]] | [[အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု]] | အင်္ဂလိပ် | "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"<ref name="Literature1993">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1993/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1993|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]] |- | ၁၉၉၄ | [[File:Oe Kenzaburo 1-2.jpg|75px]] | [[ကင်ဇာဘူရို အိုအဲ]] | [[ဂျပန်နိုင်ငံ]] | [[Japanese language|Japanese]] | "who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today"<ref name="Literature1994">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1994/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1994|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[short story]] |- | ၁၉၉၅ | [[File:Seamus Heaney 2004.jpg|75px]] | [[Seamus Heaney|ဆင်မြူးဟင်နီ]] | [[Ireland]] | English | "for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past"<ref name="Literature1995">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1995/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1995|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]] |- | ၁၉၉၆ | [[File:Szymborska(closeup).jpg|75px]] | [[Wisława Szymborska]] | [[Poland]] | [[Polish language|Polish]] | "for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality"<ref name="Literature1996">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1996/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1996|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[poetry]] |- | ၁၉၉၇ | [[File:Dario Fo-Cesena.jpg|75px]] | [[Dario Fo|ဒါရီယိုဖိုး]] | [[Italy]] | [[Italian language|Italian]] | "who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden"<ref name="Literature1997">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1997/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1997|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[drama]] |- | ၁၉၉၈ | [[File:JSJoseSaramago.jpg|75px]] | [[ဟိုစေးဆာရာမဂို]] | [[ပေါ်တူဂီ]] | [[ပေါ်တူဂီဘာသာ]] | "who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality"<ref name="Literature1998">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1998/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1998|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[drama]], [[poetry]] |- | ၁၉၉၉ | [[File:Grass.JPG|75px]] | [[Günter Grass|ဂမ်းတားဂရက်စ်]] | [[Germany]] | [[German language|German]] | "whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history"<ref name="Literature1999">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1999/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1999|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[drama]], [[poetry]] |- | ၂၀၀၀ |[[File:Gao Xingjian.jpg|75px]] | [[Gao Xingjian]] | [[China]] (exiled to [[France]]) | [[Chinese language|Chinese]] | "for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama"<ref name="Literature2000">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2000/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 2000|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[drama]], [[literary criticism]] |- | ၂၀၀၁ | | [[V. S. Naipaul|ဗွီ အက်စ် နိုပေါလ်]] | [[United Kingdom]]<br />[[Trinidad & Tobago]] | English | "for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories"<ref name="Literature2001">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2001/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 2001|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[essay]] |- | ၂၀၀၂ |[[File:Kertész Imre (Frankl Aliona).jpg|75px]] | [[Imre Kertész]] | [[Hungary]] | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] | "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history"<ref name="Literature2002">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2002/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 2002|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]] |- | ၂၀၀၃ | [[File:J.M. Coetzee.JPG|75px]] | ​[[J. M. Coetzee|ေဂျ အမ် ကူဇီး]] | [[South Africa]] | English | "who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider"<ref name="Literature2003">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2003/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 2003|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[essay]], [[translation]] |- | ၂၀၀၄ | [[File:Elfriede jelinek 2004 small.jpg|75px]] | [[အေဖရီဒါ ရယ်လီနက်ခ်]] | [[Austria]] | [[German language|German]] | "for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"<ref name="Literature2004">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2004/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 2004|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[drama]] |- | ၂၀၀၅ | [[File:Pinterfoto cropped2.jpg|75px]] | [[Harold Pinter|ဟာရော့ ပိန်တာ]] | [[United Kingdom]] | English | "who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms"<ref name="Literature2005">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2005/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 2005|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[drama]] |- | ၂၀၀၆ |[[File:Orhanpamuk2 cropped.jpg|75px]] | [[Orhan Pamuk|အော်ဟန် ပမတ်]] | [[Turkey]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] | "who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures"<ref name="Literature2006">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2006/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 2006|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[screenplay]], [[essay]] |- | ၂၀၀၇ | [[File:Doris lessing 20060312 (square).jpg|75px]] | [[Doris Lessing|ဒိုရစ်လက်ဆိမ်း]] | [[United Kingdom]] | English | "that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny"<ref name="Literature2007">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2007/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 2007|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[drama]], [[poetry]], [[short story]], [[memoirs]] |- | ၂၀၀၈ | [[File:Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio-press conference Dec 06th, 2008-2.jpg|75px]] | [[J. M. G. Le Clézio]] | [[France]]<br />[[Mauritius]] | [[French language|French]] | "author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization"<ref name="Literature2008">{{cite web |url= http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2008/index.html |title= The Nobel Prize in Literature 2008 |publisher= Nobel Foundation |accessdate= 2008-10-14}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[short story]], [[essay]], [[translation]] |- | ၂၀၀၉ | [[File:Herta Müller 2007.JPG|75px]] | [[Herta Müller]] | [[Germany]]<br />[[Romania]] | [[German language|German]] | "who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed"<ref name="Literature2009">{{cite web |url= http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2009/index.html |title= The Nobel Prize in Literature 2009 |publisher= Nobel Foundation |accessdate= 2009-10-08}}</ref> | [[novel]], [[poetry]] |- | ၂၀၁၀ | [[File:Mario Vargas Llosa-2.jpg|75px]] | [[Mario Vargas Llosa|မာရီရို ဗားဂတ်စ် လာလိုဆာ]] | [[Peru]]<br />[[Spain]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat".<ref name="Literature2010">{{cite web |url= http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2010/index.html |title= The Nobel Prize in Literature 2010 |publisher= Nobel Foundation |accessdate= 2010-10-07}}</ref> | [[novel]] |- | ၂၀၁၁ | [[File:Transtroemer.jpg|75px]] | တိုမတ် ထရန်စထရစ်မာ | [[Sweden]] | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] | "because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality".<ref name="Literature2011">{{cite web |url= http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2011/ |title= The Nobel Prize in Literature 2011 |publisher= Nobel Foundation |accessdate= 2011-10-06}}</ref> | [[poetry]], [[translation]] |- |၂၀၁၂ |[[File:MoYan Hamburg 2008.jpg|75px]] |မိုးယန် |{{flag|China}} |[[Chinese language|Chinese]] |"who with [[hallucinatory realism]] merges folk tales, history and the contemporary"<ref name="Literature2012">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2012/|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 2012|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=11 October 2012}}</ref> |novel, short story |- |၂၀၁၃ |[[File:Alice Munro.jpg|75px]] |[[အဲလစ် မူနရို|အဲလစ် မန်ရို]] |{{flag|Canada}} |[[English language|English]] |"master of the contemporary short story"<ref name="Literature2013">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2013/|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 2013|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=27 January 2013}}</ref> |short story |- |၂၀၁၄ |[[File:Patrick Modiano 6 dec 2014 - 22.jpg|75px]] |[[ပက်ထရစ် မိုဒီယာနို]] |{{flag|France}} |[[French language|French]] |"for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation"<ref name="Literature2014">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2014/|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 2014|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref> |novel |- |၂၀၁၅ |[[File:Swetlana Alexijewitsch 2013.jpg|75px]] |[[Svetlana Alexievich]] |{{flag|Belarus}}<br> (Born in [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukraine]]) |[[Russian language|Russian]] |"for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time" <ref name="Literature2015">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2015/|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 2015|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=8 October 2015}}</ref> |history, essay |- |၂၀၁၆ |[[File:Bob Dylan - Azkena Rock Festival 2010 2.jpg|75px]] |[[ဘော့ပ် ဒိုင်လန်]] |{{flag|United States}} |[[English language|English]] |"for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition"<ref name="Literature2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2016/press.pdf|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 2016|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=13 October 2016|archivedate=20 September 2017|archiveurl=https:///20170920010410/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2016/press.pdf}}</ref> |poetry, songwriting |- |၂၀၁၇ |[[File:Kazuo Ishiguro in Stockholm 2017 02.jpg|75px]] |[[ကာဇူအို အီဟိဂူရို]] |{{flag|United Kingdom}} (born in [[Japan]]) |[[English language|English]] |"who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world"<ref name="Literature2017">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2017/press.html |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 2017 – Press Release |publisher=Nobel Prize |access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> |novel |- |၂၀၁၈ (၂၀၁၉ မာ ချီးမြှင့်သည်) |[[File:Olga_Tokarczuk_(2018).jpg|75px]] |​[[အိုလ်ဂါ တိုကာချု|ေအာ်လ်ဂါ ​ေတာ်ဂါ​​ေချ့ာ]] |{{အလံ|ပိုလန်နိုင်ငံ}} |ပိုလန်ဘာသာ |“for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life”<ref name="Literature2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2018/|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 2018|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2019-10-10}}</ref> |ဝထု ၊ ဝထုတို၊ ကဗျာ၊ ရသစာတမ်း |- |၂၀၁၉ |[[File:Peter-handke.jpg|75px]] |[[ပီတာ ဟန်းကီး]] |{{အလံ|ဩစတြီးယားနိုင်ငံ}} |ဂျာမန်ဘာသာ |"for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/2019/summary/|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 2019|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref> |ဝထု ၊ ဝထုတို၊ ပြ ဇာတ် |} ==ကိုးကား== {{reflist}} [[Category:နိုဘယ်ဆုသျှင်တိ]] [[Category:စာပီနိုဘယ်ဆုသျှင်တိ]] [[Category:အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိတိ]] qjyyts5w7lno3q004bgnlc2lzm66zo5 0 5725 21041 2026-09-03T15:41:06Z Retkhaberi 224 Created page with "{{Cleanup|date=၁၈ သြဂတ် ၂၀၂၀}} {{Infobox person |name = ကယ်လာ့ရှ် ဆတ္တရာသီ<br />(कैलाश सत्यार्थी) |image = Kailash Satyarthi.jpg |caption = ကယ်လာ့ရှ် ဆတ္တရာသီ (၂၀၁၃) |birth_name = |birth_date = ၁၁ ဂျန်နဝါရီ ၁၉၅၄ |birth_place = ဗီဒီရှား၊ မဒရာ ပရာဒက်ရှ်ပ..." 21041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cleanup|date=၁၈ သြဂတ် ၂၀၂၀}} {{Infobox person |name = ကယ်လာ့ရှ် ဆတ္တရာသီ<br />(कैलाश सत्यार्थी) |image = Kailash Satyarthi.jpg |caption = ကယ်လာ့ရှ် ဆတ္တရာသီ (၂၀၁၃) |birth_name = |birth_date = ၁၁ ဂျန်နဝါရီ ၁၉၅၄ |birth_place = ဗီဒီရှား၊ မဒရာ ပရာဒက်ရှ်ပြည်နယ်၊ အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံ |nationality = {{flag|အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံ}} |religion = [[ဟိန္ဒူဘာသာ]] |education = လျှပ်စစ်အိန်ဂျန်နီယာ |alma_mater = Samrat Ashok Technological Institute၊ ဗီဒီရှား |occupation = Activist |awards = The Aachener International Peace Prize(ဂျာမနီ၊ ၁၉၉၄)<br />Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award (၁၉၉၅)<br />Alfonso Comin International Award (၂၀၀၈)<br />Medal of the Italian Senate (၂၀၀၇)<br />Defenders of Democracy Award (၂၀၀၉)<br />[[ငြိမ်းချမ်းရီး နိုဘယ်ဆု]] (၂၀၁၄)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kailashsatyarthi.net/blog/?page_id=7 |title='Brief Profile - Kailash Satyarthi' |date=2014-10-10 |accessdate=2014-10-10 |archive-date=12 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012115825/http://kailashsatyarthi.net/blog/?page_id=7 }}</ref> |relatives = |known for = အချေအခွင့်အရီးနန့် ပညာသင်ကြားရီး လှုပ်ရှားဆောင်ရွက်သူ |website = {{url|http://www.kailashsatyarthi.net/}} }} ရဲအရာဟိ အမီတက် သာကာသည် နှစ်ပေါင်းကြာခရာဖြစ်ကေလေ့ ကယ်လာ့ရှ် ဆတ္တရာသီကို ပထမဆုံးတွိခရရေ အဖြစ်အပျက်ကို မမိနှိုင်ယောင်ဖြစ်နီရေ။ '''ဆတ္တရာသီ''' ဆိုသူမာ လွန်ခရေ သြဂတ်လ ၁၀ ရက်နိက [[ငြိမ်းချမ်းရီး နိုဘယ်ဆု]]ရဟိသူအဖြစ် ကြေညာထားခြင်းကို ခံထားရသူဖြစ်တေ။ ထိုအချိန်က ဆတ္တရာသီစွာ မြီပြင်ထက်မာ လဲနိန်ရေ။ သူ့ဂေါင်းမာ သွီးတွေ အလွန်အကျွံထွက်နိန်ရေ။ သူ့ကို လူတစုက သစ်သားဘတ်တံများ၊ သံချောင်းတိနန့် ရိုက်နှက်သွားခြင်းဖြစ်တေ။ ဟိုလူစုသည် ဂရိတ်ရိုမင်ဆပ်ကပ်အဖွဲ့မာ အလုပ်လုပ်နီကတ်သူတိဖြစ်တေ။ ဆပ်ကပ်အဖွဲ့နာမည်ခံထားပြီးသား [[နီပေါနိုင်ငံ]]မှ ကလိန့်မေသျှေတိကို အကမေတိအဖြစ် ရောင်းစားရေ လူကုန်ကူးအဖွဲ့တခုလေ့ဖြစ်တေ။ ဆတ္တရာသီစွာ အဖြူရောင် ခြည်သားဝတ်စုံကို ဝတ်ထားပြီးသား ဖမ်းထားရေ ကလိန့်မေသျှေတိကို လာပြီးလွှတ်ပီးရေအတွက်နန့် ယင်းပိုင် ပြင်းထန်စွာ ရိုက်နှက်ထားခြင်းကို ခံခရခြင်းဖြစ်တေ။ ရဲအရာဟိ သာကာစွာ အခင်းဖြစ်ပွားရာနီရာသို့ ရောက်ဟိလှာချိန်မာ ဆတ္တရာသီမာ အပြင်းအထန်ရိုက်နှက်ထားခြင်း ခံရရေကြောင့် လူမှန်းသူမှန်း မသိတော့။ “ကျွန်တော်မှတ်မိစီကေကတော့ ယင့်ကို ရောက်လားချိန်မာ သူအနည်းသျှေ အခြီအနီဆိုးနိန်ယာ။ ကျွန်တော်သူ့ကို ကြေ့ပနာ တော့ အနည်းသျှေစိတ်ပျက်လားမိရေ။ သူဇာဖြစ်လို့ ဒေလောက် အသက်အန္တရာယ်များရေ အလုပ်ကို လိုက်လုပ်နီရလဲ လို့လိ့ တွေးမိရေ” ဟု သာကာကဆိုရေ။ ဆတ္တရာသီသည် သူနန့်အတူ နိုဘယ်ဆု တွဲဘက်ရရေ မာလာလာ,လောက် နိုင်ငံတကာက လူသိမများသူ တယောက် ဖြစ်တေ။ ယကေလေ့ [[အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံ]]အထဲ အချေလုပ်သား ကျေးကျွန်တိဘဝကို သူလိုက်လံ ကယ်တင်ပီးနိန်ရေကတော့ နှစ်ပေါင်း သုံးဆယ်လှောက်ဟိနီယာဖြစ်တေ။ သူစွာ သူ့ဆန္ဒအတိုင်း ကင်မရာတလုံးနန့် အမှောင်ခန်းအထဲ အသက်ရှူစရာ လေနည်းရေကြားမာ အလုပ်လုပ်နီကတ်ရရှာရေ ကောင်မချေတိ၊ မိုင်းတွင်းတိထဲမာ ထိန်းသိမ်းထားရေ ကောင်မချေတိကို လိုက်လံဖော်ထုတ်ပနာ ကျေးကျွန်ဘဝ၊ အဓမ္မခိုင်းစီခြင်း ခံနိန်ရရေ ဘဝတိက လွတ်မြောက်စီရန် ဆောင်ရွက်ပီးနီသူ လေ့ဖြစ်တေ။ ဆပ်ကပ်မာ သူအရိုက်ခံလိုက်ယင့်အတွက်ကြောင့်လေ့ အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံမာ အနှောင်အဖွဲ့အထဲ အဓမ္မခိုင်းစီနီရေ အလုပ်သျှင်နန့် အလုပ်သမားများဟိနီကြောင်းကို လူအများ သိဟိလားခရရေ။ ယင်းပိုင် အဓမ္မခိုင်းစီခြင်း ခံနိန်ရသူတိထဲမာ ဇာတ်အမျိုးအနွယ်ပေါင်းစုံ၊ ဘာသာကိုးကွယ်မှုအမျိုးမျိုး၊ နိုင်ငံရီးနန့် စီးပွားရီးအဆင့် အမျိုးမျိုးပါဝင်ကတ်တေ။ အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံမာ အသက် ၆ နှစ်မှ ၁၄ နှစ်အထဲ အလုပ် လုပ်နီကတ်ရေ အချေသူငယ်ပေါင်း ၂၈ သန်းလှောက်ဟိကြောင်း ကုလသမဂ္ဂကောင်မချေတိအဖွဲ့ [[ယူနီဆက်ဖ်]]ဧ့ ထုတ်ပြန်ကြေညာချက်အရ သိဟိရရေ။ ဆတ္တရာသီ အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံအထဲ လှုပ်ရှားလုပ်ကိုင်နီရေ အဖွဲ့နာမည်ကို BBA (Bachpan Bachao Andolan) ဟုခေါ်ကတ်တေ။ “အချေသူငယ်တိကယ်တင်ရီးအဖွဲ့” လို့လေ့ လူသိများရေ။ အဂုအချိန်အထိ သူနန့် သူ့ အဖွဲ့လွှတ်ပီးခရေ အချေပေါင်း ၇၀၀၀၀ ကျော်လောက်ဟိလားရာဖြစ်တေ။ သူ့ကို အစကဇာချင့်တိလုပ်ကိုင်ခဲ့သနည်းဟု မီးကြည့်ရေအခါမှ ဆတ္တရာသီက သူ့အချေဘဝအကြောင်းကို ပြန်ပြောင်း ပြောပြရေ။ သူပထမဆုံးကျောင်းလာတက်ရေနိက သူနန့်သက်တူရွယ်တူလှောက်ဟိဖို့ ကလေချေတယောက်သည် သူ့ကို ကျောင်းဂိတ် ပေါက်ဝမှစောင့်ကြည့်နီကြောင်း တွိလိုက်ရရေ။ ထိုကလေချေသည် ဂျောင်ဂျီတဦးဧ့ သားဖြစ်တေ။ သူက ဇာကြောင့်သူ့ပိုင် ကျောင်းမတက်ရေကို သိလိုရေကြောင့် ဂျောင်ဂျီထံ အရဲစွန့်ကာလားလိုက်ပြီး ဇာကြောင့် သားဖြစ်သူကို ကျောင်းမတက်ခိုင်းရသနည်းဟု သွားမီးလိုက်ရေ။ ဖိနပ်ချုပ် သမားက “ဆရာ… ကျွန်တော်ရို့က အလုပ် လုပ်ဖို့ မွီးလာရေလူတိပါ” ဟုဖြေလိုက်ရေ။ “ကျွန်တော် တဝစိတ်မကောင်းဖြစ်လားရရေ။ ဇာဖြစ်လို့ ကျွန်တော်ရို့ဖို့လဲ စိတ်ကူးယိုင် အိပ်မက်တိဟိပြီး သူရို့မာ မဟိရစွာလဲလို့လိ့ မီးခွန်းထုတ်မိရေ။ ယင်းမီးခွန်းက ကျွန်တော့် နှလုံးသားထဲကို စွဲနစ်လားရေ။ ဒေချင့်ကြောင့်လေ့ ကျွန်တော် ဆင်းရဲသားတိအတွက် အလုပ်စလုပ်ဖြစ်စွာ။ ကျွန်တော်ရို့တိုင်းပြည်မာ သူရို့စွာ ဇာနီရာမာလေ့ အရာအသွင်း မခံရစွာကြိုက်ရေသူတိ” ဆတ္တရာသီသည် အိန္ဒိယလူမျိုးတိထဲမာ သျှစ်ယောက်မြောက် နိုဘယ်ဆုရဟိထားသူဖြစ်တေ။ ငြိမ်းချမ်းရီးနိုဘယ်ဆု အနေနန့်ကား မာသာ ထရီဆာရားလျှင် ဒုတိယမြောက် ရဟိသူဖြစ်တေ။ အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံသည် စီးပွားရီးဖွံ့ဖြိုးတိုးတက်နီရေ နိုင်ငံတနိုင်ဟုဆိုရဖို့။ လူလတ်တန်းစားများ စီးပွားတက် လာရေ ကြောင့် အလုပ်အကိုင်အခွင့်အလမ်းတိလေ့ တိုးတက်များပြားလာရေ။ ပြည်မားမာ အလုပ် လုပ်ကိုင်ဖို့အတွက် ကျိုးနွံသောလုပ်သား၊ အမိန့်ပီးလျှင် တသွေမတိမ်းလုပ်ဆောင်နှိုင်ရေ လုပ်သားမကန်မဝှန် လိုအပ်ဗျာယ်ဟိရေ။ ထိုလုပ်သားတိအတွက် အချေသူငယ်တိရာ အဆင်အပြေဆုံးဖြစ်နီအတွက်နန့် အချေအလုပ်သမား ရှာဖွီ စုဆောင်းခြင်း၊ ရောင်းဝယ်ခြင်းရို့သည် စျီးကွက်ကြီးတခုပိုင် ထွန်းကားပါလတ်တေ။ အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံအထဲ အလုပ်သမားဥပဒေကလေ့ အချေသူငယ်တိကို ခိုင်းစီခြင်းနန့် ပတ်သက်ပြီး ထိရောက်စွာ အရီးယူ ဆောင်ရွက်နိုင်မှုတိ အားနည်းနိန်သိမ့်ကြောင်းတွိရရေ။ သတင်းစာတိမာ ကောင်မချေတိ အရောင်းအဝယ်လုပ်ရေ သတင်းများ တနားတခါပါနိန်ကေလေ့ အရီးယူနိုင်ခြင်းများ မဟိခဲ့ပါ၊၊ ကောင်မချေတိသည် လုပ်ခလစာမရခြင်း၊ အစား အသီာက်များ မကျွေးရေအထိ ရက်စက်စွာ ပြုမူဆက်ဆံခြင်း ခံနီကတ်ရရေ။ ကောင်မချေတိကို နယ်လှည့်ပြီးကေ ဝယ်သူ တိကဝယ်၊ ငါ့ဝမ်းပူဆာ မနီသာဆိုပိုင် ရောင်းရေ မိဘတိကလေ့ရောင်း၊ ဆင်းရဲမားနက်ရေအထဲမာ ရုန်းမထွက်နှိုင်ကြယင့်အတွက် ကောင်မချေတိသည် ဓားစာခံများ ဘဝနန့် ဇာတ်သိမ်းနီကတ်ရရှာရေ။ ဆတ္တရာသီနန့် နှစ်ပေါင်းများစွာ မိတ်ဆွီများ ဖြစ်ခကြရေ ဆိုင်မွန် စတေနီက အချေသူငယ်လုပ်သားတိ လျှော့ပါး လားလီဖို့အတွက် အစိုးရနန့် ဥပဒေပြုသူတိမာ တာဝန်ဟိကြောင်း ပြောကြားရေ။ “ကျွန်တော်မှတ်တေ ဆတ္တရာသီက ၁၆၈ သန်းလောက်ပမာဏဟိရေ အချေဒိန်မာို လားကယ်ကတ်မေဖိလို့တော့ခါ ပြောနိုင်ဖို့သိမ့် မထင်” ဟု သူကဆိုရေ။ ယကေလေ့ ဆိုင်မွန်က သူ့သူငယ်ချင်းသည် အောက်ခြီသို့ ဆင်းပြီး လုပ်သင့် လုပ်ထိုက်စွာတိကို အရေးတကြီးလုပ်ဆောင်နီကြောင်း၊ သတင်းတိကို စုဆောင်းပြီး ထုတ်ပြန်ပီးနီသူဖြစ်ကြောင်း ပြောကြားရေ။ “စစိနနံ လိုက်စနည်းနာဖို့ဆိုရင် ရထားတိပေါ်မာ အချေဒိန်မာို လူကုန်ကူးနီစွာတွေ တဗျင်း တွိရလီဖို့။ သူရို့ပဲ ယင်းမာကလေးတိကို ဘူစွာတိမာ လိုက်ကယ်နီကတ်စွာ” ဟု ဆိုင်မွန်ကဆိုရေ။ ဆိုင်မွန်သည် နိုင်ငံတကာ အလုပ်သမားအဖွဲ့ ILO မာ လုပ်ကိုင်နီသူတဦးဖြစ်တေ။ “ရထားတစင်းဆိုက်လာယာဆိုကေ သူရို့အဖွဲ့ပဲ ရထားတိပေါ်တက်ပြီးး အချေဒိန်မာို ကယ်တင်လာကတ်စွာ” ဟု သူကဆိုရေ။ အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံလွတ်လပ်ရီးရယားနောက် ခြောက်နှစ်ခွဲလှောက်ကာလမာ မွီးဖွားလာရေ ဆတ္တရာသီသည် ဂုချိန်ခါ အသက် ၆၀ လှောက်ဟိပြီဖြစ်တေ။ သူစွာ [[မဟတ္တမ ဂန္ဒီ]]ကြီး သင်ကြားပို့ချမှုတိကို ငယ်စဉ်ကပင် အလွန်လေးစား တန်ဖိုးထားသူ ဖြစ်တေ။ လူငယ်ဘဝကပင် သူစွာဇာတ်အမျိုးမြင့်မြတ်သူတိ၊ လူကုံတန်တိကို စည်းရုံးပြီး ဇာတ်နိမ့်တိအပေါ် နှိမ့်ချဆက်ဆံခြင်းအား တိုက်ပွဲဝင်ခရေ။ သူကယင်းပိုင် ဇာတ်နိမ့် အနှိမ်ခံတိအတွက် လိုက်လံလုပ်ဆောင်နိန်ရေကြောင့် မိဘတိကပင် သူ့ကို စွန့်ပယ်ထားခကတ်တေ။ သူစွာ မိဘတိဧ့ ဇာတ်ခွဲခြားမှုကို စိတ်ပျက်အတွက်နန့် သူ့မိဘတိဧ့ မျိုးရိုးဗြဟ္မဏနာမည်ကို စွန့်လွှတ်ခပြီး ဆတ္တရာသီဆိုရေ နာမည်ဖြင့်သာ နီထိုင်ခရေ။ ဆတ္တရာသီဆိုစွာမာ “အမှန်တရားကို ရှာဖွီသူ” ဆိုရေ အဓိပ္ပာယ်ရရေကြောင့် ထိုနာမည်ကိုပင် သူစွာ ကျီနပ်စွာဆက်ခံခရေ။ အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံမာ [[အင်ဒီရာ ပရိယာဒါရှီနီ ဂန္ဒီ|အင်ဒီယာ ဂန္ဒီ]]သည် ဝန်ကြီးချုပ်ရာထူးရယားနောက် နိုင်ငံအထဲ အရီးပေါ် အခြီအနီ ထုတ်ပြန်ရေ အချိန်မာ ဆတ္တရာသီသည် အိန်ဂျန်နီယာကောလိပ်မာ ပညာသင်ကြားနီချိန်ဖြစ်တေ။ ယင်းချိန်တွင် နိုင်ငံဧ့ ရွီးကောက်ပွဲကိုလေ့ ရွှိ့ဆိုင်းလိုက်ကတ်ောင်း ကြေညာလိုက်ရေ။ ကောလိပ် ကျောင်းသားဘဝမာ မာ့ခ်စ်ဝါဒီ တဦး ဖြစ်နီသူ ဆတ္တရာသီသည် ကျောင်းသားလှုပ်ယှားမှုတိုင်းမာ ပါဝင်ခသူ ဖြစ်ပြီးကေ ဖမ်းဝရမ်းတနားတခါ အထုတ်ခံရလေ့သော့ ဖြစ်တေ။ နောက်ပိုင်း ဆတ္တရာသီသည် အချေသူငယ်တိကို ခိုင်းစီရေလုပ်ငန်းခွင်တိအား ဝင်ရောက်စီးနင်းပြီး ကောင်မချေတိကို လွှတ်ပီးရေ လုပ်ငန်းတိကို စတင်လုပ်ကိုင်ပါလတ်တေ။ သူစွာ အချေဝယ်သူအဖြစ်ပင်ဖြစ်ဖြစ်၊ အလုပ်သျှင် အဖြစ်ပင်ဖြစ်ဖြစ် အကွန်ဆောင်ပြီး အချေလုပ်သားတိ စုဆောင်း ခိုင်းစီနီမှုတိကို ဖော်ထုတ်ပနာ လိုက်လံဖမ်းဆီးရေ လုပ်ငန်းတိကို လုပ်ဆောင်ပါလတ်တေ။ A2002 ဆိုရေ PBS ကမှတ်တမ်းတင်ခရေ ဗီဒီယိုအခွီမာ ဆတ္တရာသီသည် မိုးထ ၅ နာရီအချိန်မာ အလုပ်သမားများ နီထိုင်ရေ တိုက်လှိုင်တန်းတခုအထဲ ဝင်စီးပုံကို ရိုက်ကူးထားရေ။ ထိုတိုက်လှိုင်တန်းကြီးထဲမာ သူစွာ အချေလုပ်သားပေါင်းများစွာကို ရှာဖွီတွိဟိခရေ။ အချို့ကောင်မချေတိက သူ့ကိုဖက်ပြီး ငိုနိကတ်ရေ။ အချေ တိစွာ သူရို့ပိုင် ပစ္စည်းချေတိကို အထုပ်ချေတိထုပ်ကာ ဂေါင်းထက်မာ ရွက်ထားကတ်တေ။ သူစွာ အချေပေါင်း ၅၂ နှစ်ယောက်ကို ထရပ်ကားကြီးတစင်းဖြင့် တင်ဆောင်လားပြီး လွှတ်ပီးခရေ။ “သူရို့ကို ပြန်ဖမ်းမိလားကေ ကကောင်း အပြစ်ပီးခံရဖို့ သေချာရေ။ သူရို့ ရက်ရက်စက်စက် အသတ်ကျ လီဖို့။ ဆီးလိပ်မီးနန့်ထိုးတာ၊ အပင်မာ ဇောက်ထိုးဆွဲပြီး ခဲနန့်ပေါက်စွာတိကိုပါ ခံကတ်ရမာ။ သူရို့ကို လွတ်မြောက်အောင် ကယ်ဖို့ဆိုစွာ အဂယင့်ကို မလွယ်ရေအလုပ်ပါ” ဟု သူက ကင်မရာကိုကြေ့ပနာ ပြောကြားခရေ။ နယ်ကလာရေ ကောင်မချေတိသည် သူရို့နီရပ်တိသို့ မပြန်မီ BBA စခန်းမာ တနားချေတဗွေချေခိုလှုံခွင့်ရကတ်ရေ။ စခန်းအထဲ နီထိုင်သူတိထဲမာ မိုဟာမက် မာနန် အန်ဆာရီဆိုရေ ကလေချေတယောက်လေ့ပါရေ။ သူစွာ အသက် ၆ နှစ်သားလောက်ကတည်းက အဖြိုက်နက်သတ္တုမားတခုမာ တူးဖော်ရေ အလုပ်ကို လုပ်ကိုင်ခရသူဖြစ်တေ။ ဂုချိန်ခါ အန်ဆာရီသည် ကောလိပ်ကျောင်းသားတယောက်ဘဝဖြင့် ကျန်ဘဝတိကို ရပ်တည်ခွင့်ရဖို့ရာဖြစ်တေ။ သူက သူ့သူငယ်ချင်းများ မိုင်းတွင်းပြိုပြီး ပိတ်မိသွားရေမြင်ကွင်းကို ဒေနိန့်ထိ မျက်စိထဲက မထွက်နှိုင်သိမ့်ကြောင်း ပြောပြ ရေ။ မစ္စတာ ဆတ္တရာသီသည် သူ၏ကယ်တင်ရှင်ဖြစ် အတွက်နန့် ဘဝတလျှောက်လုံး ကျေးဇုဆပ်မကုန်တော့ကြောင်း ပြောရှာရေ။ “ကျွန်တော့်အပျော်ဆုံးအချိန်ကို ပြောပါဆိုကေ BBA အဖွဲ့က ကျွန်တော်ရို့ကို လာကယ်တဲ့ အချိန်ပဲ။ ဂုတော့ မစ္စတာ ဆတ္တရာသီ နိုဘယ်ဆုရရေဆိုစွာ သိလိုက်ရတော့ ကျွန်တော့်ဘဝ၏ ဒုတိယအပျော်ဆုံးနိလို့ရာ ပြောရဖို့ယာ။ ကျွန်တော် ဇာလောက် ပျော်လဲဆိုစွာ စကားနန့်တောင် ဖော်ပြလို့ မရတော့ပါကားဗျာ” ဟုသူက ဆိုလိုက်ရေ။ ==ကယ်လာ့ရှ် ဆတ္တရာသီ (ကိုယ်ရီးအကျဉ်း)== ဆတ္တရာသီကို ၁၉၅၄ ခုနှစ်၊ ဂျန်နဝါရီလ ၁၁ ရက်နိမာ မဒရာ ပရာဒက်ရှ်ပြည်နယ် ဗီဒီရှားမာ မွီးဖွားရေ။ အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံမာ အချေအခွင့်အရီး လှုပ်ရှားဆောင်ရွက်သူတဦးအဖြစ် ထင်ရှားရေ။ အိန်ဂျန်နီယာဘွဲ့ကို ရဟိခပြီးကေ ဘွဲ့လွန် အိန်ဂျန်နီယာသင်တန်းတိကိုလေ့ တက်ရောက်သင်ကြားခရေ။ ဘိုပါးကောလိပ်မာ ဆရာ အဖြစ်နှစ်စိကေချေ ဝင်ရောက်လုပ်ကိုင်ခဖူးရေ။ ၁၉၈၀ ပြည့်နှစ်မာ ဆရာအလုပ်မှထွက်ပြီး Bonded Labor Liberation Front မာ ထိုဟင့် ဒေဟင့်အတွင်းရီးမှူး အဖြစ် ဝင်ရောက်လုပ်ကိုင်ခရေ။ နောက်ပိုင်းမာ BBA (Bachpan Bachao Anolan) အဖွဲ့ကို ထူထောင်ခရေ။ ထိုအဖွဲ့ကို “အချေသူငယ်တိကယ်ဆယ်ရီးအဖွဲ့” ဟုလူသိများရေ။ ၁၉၉၉ ခုနှစ်မှ ၂၀၁၁ ခုနှစ်အထိ Global Campaing for Education အဖွဲ့မာ ဥက္ကဋ္ဌတာဝန်ကို ထမ်းဆောင်ခဲ့ ရေ။ သူစွာ Rugmark ဆိုရေ သတရာဇိန်စက်ရုံကို ထူထောင်ကာ တောင်အာသျှမာ အချေသူငယ်တိ၏ လုပ်အားကို မသုံးရေ သတရာဇိန်စက်ရုံအဖြစ်ရပ်တည်ခရေ။ ဂုချိန်ခါ ယင်းသတရာဇိန်စက်ရုံကို Goodweave ဟု ပြောင်းလဲထား ရေ။ သူစွာ အချေသူငယ်များအခွင့်အရီးကို ကာကွယ်ရေအနိန်နန့် တိုက်ပွဲများဝင်ခရေ။ ဆင်းရဲခြင်း၊ စာမတတ်ခြင်း၊ အလုပ်အကိုင်မဲ့ခြင်းတိကြောင့် အချေသူငယ်တိကို အချေလုပ်သားတိအဖြစ် ခိုင်းစားနေ ကြောင်းသိသဖြင့် “အားလုံးအတွက်ပညာရီး” ကို ရှေ့ဆောင်လှုပ်ရှားခသူတဦးလေ့ဖြစ်တေ။ ဆတ္တရာသီသည် ဂုချိန်ခါ နယူးဒေလီမာ ဇနီး၊ သားတဦး၊ ခြုပ်မ၊ သမီးတယောက်နန့်အတူ နီထိုင်ဗျာယ် ဟိရေ။ သူစွာ ၁၉၈၀ ပြည့်နှစ်ခန့်ကစတင်ပြီး အချေသူငယ်များအခွင့်အရီးကို အကာအကွယ်ပီးခရာ အချေပေါင်း ၈၃၀၀၀ ကျော်ကို ကယ်တင်နှိုင်ခပြီဟုဆိုရေ။ သူ့ကို ၂၀၁၄ ခုနှစ်အတွက် ငြိမ်းချမ်းရီးနိုဘယ်ဆုရှင်အဖြစ် ပါကစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံမှ [[မာလာလာ|မာလာလာ ယူဆပ်ဖ်ဇိုင်ယာ]]နန့် တတူ ပူးတွဲချီးမြှင့်ခြင်းခံရရေ။ ==ကိုးကား== <references/> {{lifetime|၁၉၅၄| }} [[Category:နိုဘယ်ဆုသျှင်တိ]][[Category:အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိတိ ]] ka9dngfa5r2zq0tbjho3z0xhc4cght1