Wikipedia rwwiki https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangiriro MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.12 first-letter Itangazamakuru Ibidasanzwe Ibiganiro Umukoresha Ibiganiro by'umukoresha Wikipedia Ibiganiro kuri Wikipedia Dosiye Ibiganiro kuri dosiye MediyaWiki Ibiganiro kuri MediyaWiki Inyandikorugero Ibiganiro ku nyandikorugero Ubufasha Ibiganiro ku bufasha Ikiciro Ibiganiro ku byiciro TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3667 134068 134016 2026-07-23T23:59:45Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 134068 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Afurika y’Epfo'''</big> |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" |- | align="center" width="140px" | [[File:Flag of South Africa.svg|125px]] | align="center" width="140px" | [[File:Coat of arms of South Africa (heraldic).svg|125px]] |- | align="center" width="140px" | [[Ibendera rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda|<span style="color:grey">Ibendera ry’Afurika y’Epfo</span>]] | align="center" width="140px" | [[Ikimenyetso mpamo cy’inyandiko za Leta y’u Afurika y’Epfo|<span style="color:grey">Ikimenyetso mpamo cy’inyandiko za Leta y’u Afurika y’Epfo</span>]] |} |- | align=center colspan=2 | [[File:South Africa (orthographic projection).svg|300px]] |} {{Databox|excludeProperties=Q258}} '''Afurika y'Epfo''', ku izina ryayo ryemewe n'amategeko ni '''Repubulika y'Afurika y'Epfo (Republic of South Africa – RSA)''', ni igihugu giherereye mu majyepfo y'umugabane wa Afurika. Kigizwe n'intara icyenda. Mu majyepfo gihana imbibi n'inyanja ku nkombe zifite uburebure bwa kilometero 2,798 zogerwa n'Inyanja ya Atalantika y'Amajyepfo n'Inyanja y'u Buhinde. Mu majyaruguru gihana imbibi na Namibiya, Botswana na Zimbabwe, mu burasirazuba no mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba kigahana imbibi na Mozambike na Eswatini, kandi kizengurutse igihugu cya Lesotho. Gifite ubuso bungana na kilometero kare 1,221,037, kikaba gituwe n'abaturage barenga miliyoni 63, bityo kikaba ari igihugu cya gatandatu gituwe n'abaturage benshi ku mugabane wa Afurika. [[Dosiye:Cape-town-port-boats.jpg|center|thumb|320x320px|cape town]] === Inkomoko y'izina === Izina '''"Afurika y'Epfo"''' rikomoka ku mwanya w'iki gihugu ku mugabane wa Afurika, kuko giherereye ku mpera y'amajyepfo yawo. Igihe cyashingwaga, cyiswe '''Ubumwe bw'Afurika y'Epfo (Union of South Africa)''' mu Cyongereza na '''Unie van Zuid-Afrika''' mu [[Ikidage|Kidage]] (Dutch), bigaragaza ko cyaturutse ku ihuzwa ry'ubukoloni bune bwari buyobowe n'u Bwongereza. Kuva mu mwaka wa '''1961''', izina ryemewe n'amategeko mu Cyongereza ryabaye '''Repubulika y'Afurika y'Epfo (Republic of South Africa)''', naho mu rurimi rw''''Ikinyafurikansi (Afrikaans)''' ryitwa '''Republiek van Suid-Afrika'''. Kugeza ubu, iki gihugu gifite amazina yemewe mu ndimi zacyo '''12 zemewe n'amategeko'''. Ijambo '''Mzansi''', rikomoka ku izina '''uMzantsi''' ryo mu rurimi rw'Ikixhosa risobanura '''"Amajyepfo"''', ni izina rikunze gukoreshwa mu mvugo ya buri munsi bavuga Afurika y'Epfo. Hari kandi amashyaka amwe n'amwe ashyigikira ihame rya '''Pan-Afurikanisime''' akoresha izina '''Azania''', nubwo iri jambo rikomoka mu Kigereki aho kidakomoka mu ndimi nyafurika. === Amazina === :izina mu [[cyongereza]] : '''Republic of South Africa''' :izina mu [[kinyafurikansi]] : '''Republiek van Suid-Afrika''' :izina mu [[kindebele]] (amajyepfo) : '''IRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika''' :izina mu [[kigisosa]] : '''IRiphabliki yaseMzantsi Afrika''' :izina mu [[kizulu]] : '''IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika''' :izina mu [[gisotho]] (amajyaruguru) : '''Rephaboliki ya Afrika-Borwa''' :izina mu [[gisotho]] (amajyepfo) : '''Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa''' :izina mu [[gitswana]] : '''Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa''' :izina mu [[giswati]] : '''IRiphabhulikhi yeNingizimu Afrika''' :izina mu [[kivenda]] : '''Riphabuḽiki ya Afurika Tshipembe'''[[File:Boulders_Beach,_South_Africa.jpg|thumb|Boulders Beach, South Africa]]izina mu [[gitsonga]] : '''Riphabliki ra Afrika Dzon''' == Amateka == === Amateka ya kera (Prehistory) === Afurika y'Epfo ibarizwamo hamwe mu hantu ha kera cyane ku isi habonetse ibisigazwa by'ibimenyetso by'amateka (archaeology) n'ibisigazwa by'abakurambere b'abantu (hominin fossils). Abashakashatsi mu by'amateka ya kera bavumbuye ibisigazwa byinshi mu buvumo butandukanye bwo mu ntara ya '''Gauteng''', buzwi ku izina rya '''Cradle of Humankind''' ("Igicumbi cy'Ikiremwamuntu"), ahantu hemewe na '''UNESCO''' nk'Umurage w'Isi. Muri ibyo bibanza harimo '''Sterkfontein''', imwe mu hantu habonetse ibisigazwa byinshi by'abakurambere b'abantu kurusha ahandi ku isi, ndetse na '''Swartkrans''', '''Gondolin Cave''', '''Kromdraai''', '''Cooper's Cave''' na '''Malapa'''. Igisigazwa cya mbere cy'umukurambere w'umuntu cyavumbuwe muri Afurika, kizwi nka '''Taung Child''', cyabonetse hafi ya '''Taung''' mu mwaka wa '''1924'''. Ibindi bisigazwa byabonetse ahitwa '''Makapansgat''' muri '''Limpopo''', '''Cornelia''' na '''Florisbad''' muri '''Free State''', '''Border Cave''' muri '''KwaZulu-Natal''', '''Klasies River Caves''' muri '''Eastern Cape''', ndetse na '''Pinnacle Point''', '''Elandsfontein''' na '''Die Kelders Cave''' muri '''Western Cape'''.Ibi byavumbuwe bigaragaza ko amoko atandukanye y'abakurambere b'abantu yabaye muri Afurika y'Epfo guhera hafi ku myaka '''miliyoni eshatu''' ishize. Muri ayo moko harimo '''Australopithecus africanus''', '''Australopithecus sediba''', '''Homo ergaster''', '''Homo erectus''', '''Homo rhodesiensis''', '''Homo helmei''', '''Homo naledi''', ndetse n'abantu b'iki gihe ('''Homo sapiens'''). Abantu b'iki gihe bamaze nibura imyaka '''170,000''' batuye mu majyepfo ya Afurika. Nanone, abashakashatsi bavumbuye ibikoresho bya kera byakozwe mu mabuye (pebble tools) mu kibaya cy'uruzi rwa '''Vaal''', bikaba ari ibimenyetso by'ibikorwa by'abantu ba kera muri ako karere. === Igihe cyabanjirije ubukoloni === Abaturage ba mbere bari batuye mu majyepfo ya Afurika ni '''Abasan (San)''' n''''Abakhoikhoi (Khoikhoi)'''. Abasan ahanini batungwaga no guhiga no kwegeranya imyaka yimeza, mu gihe Abakhoikhoi bo, uretse guhiga no kwegeranya, banororaga amatungo. Abantu b'Abakhoisan bashobora kuba bakomoka ku bantu ba mbere bafite imiterere y'umuntu w'iki gihe bageze mu majyepfo ya Afurika mbere y'imyaka '''150,000''' ishize. Nyuma yaho, benshi muri bo basimbuwe cyangwa bashyirwa mu yandi moko bitewe n'ikwirakwira ry'Ababantu (Bantu Expansion) ryabaye hagati y'imyaka '''2,000 na 1,500''' ishize. Abantu bavuga indimi z'Ababantu batangiye kwimukira mu majyepfo baturutse mu burengerazuba bwa Afurika ahagana mu mwaka wa '''3000 Mbere ya Yezu (BCE)'''. Mu kinyejana cya kane n'icya gatanu, abaturage bavuga indimi z'Ababantu bari bamaze gutura mu majyepfo y'uruzi rwa '''Limpopo''', ubu rukaba rugize umupaka wa Afurika y'Epfo na Botswana na Zimbabwe. Bari abahinzi, aborozi kandi bazi gukoresha ibyuma. Ahantu ha mbere hazwi hakorerwaga ibyuma muri '''KwaZulu-Natal''' hateganywa ko hashinzwe ahagana mu mwaka wa '''1050'''. Itsinda ryageze kure mu majyepfo ni iry''''Abaxhosa (Xhosa)''', ururimi rwabo rukaba rwarafashe bimwe mu biranga indimi z'Abakhoisan. Mu rugendo rwabo rwo kwimuka, abo baturage bo mu Gihe cy'Ibyuma basimbuye cyangwa binjiza mu muryango wabo abaturage bari bahatuye mbere. Mu ntara ya '''Mpumalanga''' habonetse uruziga rw'amabuye n'ibindi bimenyetso bya kera birimo ahazwi nka '''Adam's Calendar''', bikekwa ko byubatswe n'Ababakone, ishami ry'Abasotho bo mu Majyaruguru. Ahagana mu mwaka wa '''1220''', abayobozi b'umuryango wa '''K2''' bimukiye ku musozi wa '''Mapungubwe''', aho bashinze [[umurwa]] mukuru w'Ubwami bwa '''Mapungubwe''', abaturage basanzwe batura munsi yawo. Imihango yo gusaba imvura yari ifite uruhare rukomeye mu butegetsi bwabo, kandi ahantu henshi hakorerwaga iyo mihango haracyagaragara muri ako karere. Mu mwaka wa '''1250''', umurwa mukuru wa Mapungubwe wari utuwe n'abaturage bagera ku '''5,000''', ubwami bukaba bwarafite ubuso bwa kilometero kare '''30,000''' kandi bukungukira cyane ku bucuruzi bwakorwaga n'ibihugu byo ku Nyanja y'u Buhinde. Impamvu zatumye ubwo bwami busenyuka ahagana mu mwaka wa '''1300''' ntizizwi neza, ariko guhinduka kw'inzira z'ubucuruzi zerekeza ku ruzi rwa '''Zambezi''' byagize uruhare mu kuzamuka kw'Ubwami bwa '''Great Zimbabwe'''. Nyuma y'ibyo, umusozi wa Mapungubwe waratereranywe, abaturage baho baratatana. Hagati y'ikinyejana cya 15 n'icya 17, imikoranire hagati y'Abashona ba mbere, abandi Bashona bimukiye nyuma ndetse n'abavuga Ikinyasotho mu karere ka '''Soutpansberg''' yatumye havuka ururimi n'ubwoko bw''''Abavenda (Venda)'''. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 17, itsinda ry''''Abasingo (Singo)''' rikomoka ku Bwami bwa '''Rozvi''' ryimukiye mu majyepfo, rishinga icyicaro cyarwo i '''Dzata''', cyabaye umurwa mukuru w'Ubwami bwa Venda. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 18, ubwami bwatangiye gusenyuka bitewe n'ihinduka ry'inzira z'ubucuruzi. Mu miryango yakomeje kugira imbaraga harimo '''Ramabulana Singo''' mu burengerazuba bwa Soutpansberg, na '''Tshivhase Singo''' hamwe na '''Mphaphuli Singo''' mu burasirazuba bwaho. === Ubushakashatsi bw'Abanyaporutigari === Mu mwaka wa '''1487''', umushakashatsi w'Umunyaportigali '''Bartolomeu Dias''' yayoboye urugendo rwa mbere rw'Abanyaburayi rwageze ku nkombe z'amajyepfo ya Afurika. Ku wa '''4 Ukuboza 1487''', yageze ku cyambu cya '''Walfisch Bay''' (ubu cyitwa '''Walvis Bay''' muri Namibiya). Yakomeje akurikiye inkombe z'iburengerazuba bwa Afurika y'Epfo, ariko nyuma y'itariki ya '''8 Mutarama 1488''' inkubi z'umuyaga zamubujije gukomeza akurikira inkombe, bituma arenga agace k'amajyepfo ya Afurika atakabonye. Mu kwezi kwa Gicurasi 1488 yageze ku ruzi yise '''Rio do Infante''', bikekwa ko ari uruzi rwa '''Groot River''' rw'ubu. Agarutse yabonye ikinyura yise '''Cabo das Tormentas''' ("Umutwe w'Inkubi z'Umuyaga"), ariko Umwami '''John II''' wa Porutigali aza kukihindurira izina akita '''Cabo da Boa Esperança (Cape of Good Hope)''', kubera ko cyafunguraga inzira y'ubucuruzi bugana mu Burasirazuba bw'u Buhinde. Uru rugendo rwa Dias rwaje kwamamara cyane binyuze mu gisigo '''Os Lusíadas''', cyanditswe na '''Luís de Camões''' mu mwaka wa '''1572'''. Mu mwaka wa '''1497''', '''Vasco da Gama''' yahagurutse i Lisbon yerekeza mu rugendo rwamugejeje mu Buhinde mu '''1498''' anyuze ku '''Cape of Good Hope''', bityo afungura inzira y'ubucuruzi bwo mu nyanja hagati y'u Burayi na Aziya. Mu rugendo rwe yanyuze ku nkombe z'igice ubu kigize Afurika y'Epfo, ariko ahagarara ku butaka bwa '''Mozambike''' y'ubu. === Ubukoloni bw'Abaholandi n'Abongereza muri Cape === Abaholandi bageze bwa mbere ku nkombe z'amajyepfo ya Afurika mu mwaka wa '''1595'''. Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 17, ubwo ububasha bwa Porutigali mu bwikorezi bwo mu nyanja bwagendaga bugabanuka, abacuruzi b'Abongereza n'Abaholandi batangiye guhatanira kwigarurira ubucuruzi bw'ibirungo bwari bwariganjemo na Porutigali. Guhera mu mwaka wa '''1601''', sosiyete y'Abongereza y'Ubucuruzi n'u Buhinde (British East India Company) yajyaga ihagarara ku '''Cape''' ishaka ibiribwa n'amazi yo guha amato, ariko nyuma ihitamo gukoresha ibirwa bya '''Ascension''' na '''Saint Helena''' nk'ibyambu byo kuruhukiraho. Mu mwaka wa '''1647''', abakozi babiri ba Sosiyete y'Abaholandi y'Ubucuruzi n'u Buhinde (Dutch East India Company) bakoze impanuka y'ubwato kuri Cape maze bahamara amezi menshi. Babashije kubaho babikesha amazi meza, inyama bahawe n'abaturage bahasangaga ndetse no guhinga ku butaka bwera. Basubiye mu Buholandi batangaza ko Cape yari ahantu heza ho kubaka ikigo cyo kubikamo ibiribwa no gutegurira amato akora ingendo ndende. Mu mwaka wa '''1652''', nyuma y'imyaka hafi 150 inzira ya Cape imenyekanye, '''Jan van Riebeeck''' yashinze ikigo cyo gutanga ibiribwa n'ibikoresho ku mato ku '''Cape of Good Hope''', ahaje kuvamo umujyi wa '''Cape Town''', abihagarariye Sosiyete y'Abaholandi y'Ubucuruzi n'u Buhinde. Nyuma y'aho Cape yabaye ubuturo bw'abaturage benshi b'Abaholandi bigenzuraga, bazwi nka '''Free Burghers'''. Abacuruzi b'Abaholandi banazanye imbata ibihumbi baturutse muri '''Indonesiya''', '''Madagasikari''' no mu burasirazuba bwa Afurika. Uku kuvanga abaturage kwatumye havuka itsinda rishya rizwi nka '''Cape Coloureds''', benshi muri bo bakaba barakoresheje ururimi rw'Ikidage cy'Abaholandi (Dutch) kandi bakemera Ubukristo. Guhera mu kinyejana cya 17, havutse amakimbirane hagati y'Abakhoisan n'Abaholandi bapfaga ubutaka n'indi mitungo, ayo makimbirane akomeza imyaka myinshi. Kwaguka kw'Abaholandi berekeza iburasirazuba kwatumye barwana n'Abaxhosa, kuko impande zombi zashakaga kugenzura urwuri rwo hafi y'uruzi rwa '''Great Fish River'''. Abahinzi b'Abaholandi bigenga bari batuye ku mipaka bitwaga '''Boers''', naho bamwe muri bo bitwaga '''Trekboers''' kubera imibereho yabo yo kwimuka bimwe na bimwe. Boers bashyizeho imitwe yitwaje intwaro yitwaga '''commandos''', ndetse bagirana ubufatanye n'Abakhoisan mu guhangana n'ibitero by'Abaxhosa. Impande zombi zagabye ibitero byinshi byamennye amaraso, ariko nta ruhande rwabashije gutsinda burundu urundi, bityo urugomo no kwiba amatungo bikomeza kuba ikibazo mu gihe kirekire. Mu myaka ya '''1795–1803''', u Bwongereza bwigaruriye '''Cape Town''' kugira ngo butayirekera u Bufaransa. Mu '''1803''', Cape yasubiye mu maboko y'Abaholandi igihe gito, ariko mu '''1806''' yongera kwigarurirwa n'u Bwongereza. Nyuma y'Intambara za Napoleon, Cape yemerewe ku mugaragaro kuba igice cy'Ubwami bw'u Bwongereza. Guhera mu '''1818''', Abongereza benshi batangiye kwimukira muri Afurika y'Epfo, maze mu '''1820''' hagera itsinda rinini ry'abimukira ryari rigamije kongera umubare w'abakozi b'Abanyaburayi no gukomeza kurinda imipaka y'ubukoloni ibitero by'Abaxhosa. === Mfecane n'ikwaguka ry'ubukoloni === Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 19 habaye igihe cy'imvururu n'imihindagurikire gikomeye kizwi nka '''Mfecane''' ("gusenyuka" cyangwa "gutatanywa"), cyaranzwe n'intambara, kwimuka kw'abaturage no kuvuka kw'ubwami bushya. Ibi byatewe n'ihurirana ry'ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, imihindagurikire y'ibidukikije ndetse n'ikwaguka ry'ubukoloni bw'Abanyaburayi. Ubwami butandukanye bwahanganiye kugenzura inzira z'ubucuruzi n'urwuri, bituma havuka ubwami bwa '''Ndwandwe''' na '''Mthethwa'''. Ndwandwe yatsinze Mthethwa, ariko nyuma ubwami bwayo burasenyuka, maze umwe mu bayobozi ba Mthethwa ari we '''Shaka''' ashinga kandi akomeza '''Ubwami bw'Abazulu (Zulu Kingdom)'''. Muri icyo gihe kandi havutse '''Ubwami bwa Gaza''', bwahanganye n'Abazulu. Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 19, Abaholandi benshi bavuye muri Cape Colony bahunga ubutegetsi bw'Abongereza. Abo bimukira, bazwi nka '''Voortrekkers''', bimukiye mu turere twaje kuba '''Natal''', '''Free State''' na '''Transvaal'''. Nyuma yo gutsinda Abazulu mu '''Ntambara ya Blood River''' yabaye ku wa '''16 Ukuboza 1838''', bashinze za repubulika z'Ababuru zirimo '''Natalia Republic''', '''South African Republic''' na '''Orange Free State'''. Hagati mu gihugu, Cape Colony yakomeje kwaguka yigarurira ubutaka bw'Ababatswana n'Abagriqua, mu gihe Ubwami bwa '''Matabele''' bwariyongereye bukagaba ibitero ku Bwami bwa '''Venda'''. Ivumburwa rya '''diamant''' mu mwaka wa '''1867''' n'irya '''zahabu''' mu '''1884''' ryatangije igihe cyiswe '''Mineral Revolution''', cyihutishije iterambere ry'ubukungu, kwiyongera kw'abimukira no gukaza ubukoloni bw'Abongereza ku baturage kavukire. Kurwanira kugenzura ayo mabuye y'agaciro byagize uruhare rukomeye mu mibanire hagati y'Abanyaburayi n'Abanyafurika, ndetse no hagati y'Ababuru n'Abongereza. Ku wa '''16 Gicurasi 1876''', Perezida '''Thomas François Burgers''' wa Repubulika y'Afurika y'Epfo yatangaje intambara ku bwoko bw''''Abapedi'''. Umwami '''Sekhukhune''' yatsinze ingabo za Boers inshuro nyinshi, ariko nyuma y'uko Abongereza bagabye ibitero bikurikirana, bamutsinze mu '''Ugushyingo 1879''' bifashishije ingabo z'Abongereza, Ababuru n'Abaswazi. Muri uwo mwaka wa '''1879''', habaye '''Intambara y'Abongereza n'Abazulu (Anglo-Zulu War)'''. U Bwongereza bwifuzaga gushyiraho ihuriro ry'ibihugu muri Afurika y'Epfo nk'iryari rimaze kugerwaho muri Kanada. Mu '''1874''', '''Henry Bartle Frere''' yoherejwe muri Afurika y'Epfo nk'Intumwa Nkuru y'u Bwongereza kugira ngo ashyire mu bikorwa uwo mugambi. Nubwo Abazulu batsinze Abongereza mu '''Ntambara ya Isandlwana''', nyuma batsinzwe burundu, bituma '''Ubwami bw'Abazulu''' butakaza ubwigenge bwabwo. === Intambara z'Ababuru n'Ubwigenge === Repubulika z'Ababuru zashoboye guhangana n'igerageza ry'u Bwongereza ryo kuzigarurira mu '''Ntambara ya Mbere y'Ababuru (1880–1881)''', zikoresheje uburyo bwo kurwana bw'udutsiko (guerrilla warfare) bwari bubereye imiterere y'ako karere. Mu '''Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Ababuru (1899–1902)''', Abongereza bagarutse bafite ingabo nyinshi, uburambe n'ingamba nshya. Nubwo bahuye n'igihombo gikomeye, amaherezo batsinze biturutse ku gukoresha amayeri yo gutwika imitungo no gushyira abaturage mu nkambi z'ifungwa (concentration camps), aho abaturage b'Ababuru bagera ku '''27,000''' bapfiriye bazize indwara n'imibereho mibi. Nyuma y'izo ntambara, abaturage bo mu mijyi ya Afurika y'Epfo bariyongereye cyane, kandi abahinzi benshi b'Ababuru bahungiye mu mijyi yo muri '''Transvaal''' na '''Orange Free State''', aho bamwe baje kwitwa '''"Abazungu bakennye" (poor whites)'''. Muri icyo gihe, politiki y'Abazungu bo muri Afurika y'Epfo yarwanyaga ubutegetsi bw'u Bwongereza, igamije kugera ku bwigenge. Mu gihe cy'ubukoloni bw'Abaholandi n'Abongereza, ivangura rishingiye ku moko ryakorwaga ahanini mu buryo butanditse, ariko hashyizweho amategeko agenga aho abaturage kavukire bagombaga gutura n'uko bagendaga, harimo '''Native Location Act''' yo mu '''1879''' n'amategeko yabasabaga gutwara impushya z'inzira (pass laws). Nyuma y'imyaka umunani Intambara ya Kabiri y'Ababuru irangiye, ndetse n'imyaka ine y'imishyikirano, '''Itegeko rya Afurika y'Epfo ryo mu 1909 (South Africa Act 1909)''' ryashinzwe '''Ubumwe bw'Afurika y'Epfo (Union of South Africa)''' ku wa '''31 Gicurasi 1910''', riha igihugu ubwigenge bugarukira ku rwego runaka. Ubu bumwe bwari bugizwe n'ubukoloni bwa '''Cape''', '''Transvaal''', '''Natal''', hamwe na '''Orange Free State'''. Mu '''1913''', hashyizweho '''Itegeko ry'Ubutaka bw'Abasangwabutaka (Natives Land Act)''', ryagabanyije cyane uburenganzira bw'Abirabura bwo gutunga ubutaka, kuko icyo gihe bemerewe kugenzura hafi '''7%''' gusa by'ubutaka bw'igihugu. Nyuma, ubuso bwagenewe abaturage kavukire bwaje kongerwaho gato. Mu '''1931''', Ubumwe bw'Afurika y'Epfo bwabonye ubwigenge busesuye ku Bwami bw'u Bwongereza binyuze mu '''Statute of Westminster''', yakuyeho ububasha bw'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y'u Bwongereza bwo gushyiraho amategeko muri Afurika y'Epfo. Mu '''1934''', '''South African Party''' na '''National Party''' byishyize hamwe bishinga '''United Party''', mu rwego rwo kunga Abafurikana n'Abazungu bavuga Icyongereza. Icyakora, mu '''1939''' iryo shyaka ryaracitse kubera kutumvikana ku kwinjira kw'Afurika y'Epfo mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose ku ruhande rw'u Bwongereza. === Igihe cya Apartheid === Mu '''1948''', '''National Party''' yatsinze amatora maze ifata ubutegetsi. Yakomeje kandi ishimangira politiki y'ivanguramoko yari yaratangiye mu gihe cy'ubukoloni bw'Abaholandi n'Abongereza. Hashingiwe ku mategeko ya '''Indian Act''' yo muri Kanada, abaturage bashyizwe mu byiciro bitatu: '''Abazungu''', '''Abirabura''', n''''Abahinde n'Abavangavanze (Coloureds)''', buri tsinda rigenerwa uburenganzira n'imbogamizi zitandukanye. Guverinoma yari iyobowe n'Abazungu bake yashyizeho ku mugaragaro politiki y'ivanguramoko yiswe '''Apartheid'''. Mu gihe Abazungu babagaho ubuzima bwiza bugereranywa n'ubwo mu bihugu byateye imbere byo mu Burengerazuba, Abirabura bo bakomeje guhezwa mu bijyanye n'uburezi, amafaranga binjizaga, amazu ndetse n'icyizere cyo kubaho igihe kirekire. Mu '''1955''', '''Freedom Charter''' yemejwe n'ihuriro rya Congress Alliance, isaba ko habaho igihugu kitagira ivangura rishingiye ku moko. Ku wa '''31 Gicurasi 1961''', Afurika y'Epfo yabaye repubulika nyuma ya referandumu yemerewe gusa Abazungu. Intara ya '''Natal''' yiganjemo abayobokaga u Bwongereza yarwanyije uwo mwanzuro. '''Elizabeth II''' yambuwe izina ry'Umwamikazi wa Afurika y'Epfo, maze '''Charles Robberts Swart''' aba Perezida wa mbere wa Repubulika. Mu '''1983''', itegekonshinga rya '''P. W. Botha''' ryakuyeho umwanya wa Minisitiri w'Intebe, rishyiraho Perezida ufite ububasha bukomeye. Muri uwo mwaka wa 1961, Afurika y'Epfo yanikuye mu muryango wa '''Commonwealth of Nations''' kubera igitutu cy'ibihugu biwugize. Nubwo Apartheid yarwanywaga n'abaturage bo mu gihugu no ku rwego mpuzamahanga, guverinoma yakomeje kuyishyigikira. Inzego z'umutekano zakandamizaga abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, mu gihe imitwe nka '''African National Congress (ANC)''', '''Azanian People's Organisation''' na '''Pan-Africanist Congress''' yakoraga ibikorwa byo kurwanya ubutegetsi birimo intambara y'udutsiko no gusenya ibikorwa remezo. Kubera politiki y'ivanguramoko, ibihugu byinshi byahagaritse ubucuruzi n'Afurika y'Epfo, biza no kuyifatira ibihano mpuzamahanga no gukuramo ishoramari ryabyo. === Nyuma ya Apartheid === Mu '''1974''', '''Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith''', yashyizweho umukono na '''Mangosuthu Buthelezi''' na '''Harry Schwarz''', yashyize imbere amahame yo guhererekanya ubutegetsi mu mahoro no guha abaturage bose uburenganzira bungana. Mu '''1993''', Perezida '''F.W. de Klerk''' yatangiye ibiganiro na '''Nelson Mandela''' bigamije kurangiza Apartheid no gushyiraho ubutegetsi bushingiye kuri demokarasi. Mu '''1990''', guverinoma ya '''National Party''' yatangiye gukuraho Apartheid ikuraho ibihano byari byarafatiwe '''ANC''' n'indi mitwe ya politiki. '''Nelson Mandela''' yafunguwe nyuma yo kumara imyaka '''27''' muri gereza. Nyuma y'ibiganiro n'amatora ya referandumu yo mu '''1992''', Afurika y'Epfo yakoze amatora rusange ya mbere mu '''1994''', atsindwa ku bwiganze na '''ANC'''. Nyuma y'ayo matora, igihugu cyongeye kwinjira muri '''Commonwealth of Nations''' ndetse kiba umunyamuryango wa '''Southern African Development Community (SADC)'''. Nyuma ya Apartheid, Afurika y'Epfo yakomeje kugira ituze rya politiki nubwo yahuye n'ibibazo birimo ubushomeri n'ubusumbane bukabije mu bukungu. Igihugu cyagize kandi ibihe by'urugomo, birimo imyigaragambyo yo mu '''2008''' yibasiraga abanyamahanga, yahitanye abantu barenga '''60''' ikanahungisha abarenga '''100,000'''. Mu '''2012''', habaye '''ubwicanyi bwa Marikana''', bwabaye bwo bwicanyi bukomeye bwakozwe n'inzego z'umutekano ku baturage kuva imyigaragambyo ya '''Soweto'''. Mu gihe cya Perezida '''Jacob Zuma''', ruswa n'iyigarurirwa ry'inzego za Leta byabaye ikibazo gikomeye. Ifungwa rye by'agateganyo mu '''2021''' ryateje imvururu zahitanye abantu '''354'''. Kuva mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 21, ishyaka '''ANC''' ryagiye ritakaza imbaraga mu matora. Mu matora rusange yo mu '''2024''', ku nshuro ya mbere ryananiwe kubona ubwiganze busesuye mu [[Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda|Nteko Ishinga Amategeko]]. Nyuma y'ayo matora, Perezida '''Cyril Ramaphosa''' yashyizeho '''Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Igihugu (Government of National Unity)''' ifatanyije n'andi mashyaka, harimo '''Democratic Alliance'''. == Imiterere y'Igihugu == Afurika y'Epfo iherereye mu majyepfo y'umugabane wa Afurika, ikagira inkombe z'inyanja zifite uburebure burenga '''kilometero 2,500''', zihana imbibi n''''Inyanja ya Atalantika y'Amajyepfo''' ndetse n''''Inyanja y'u Buhinde'''. Ifite ubuso bungana na '''kilometero kare 1,219,912''', bikayigira igihugu cya '''24''' kinini ku isi. Uretse ibirwa bya '''Prince Edward''', igihugu kiri hagati ya dogere '''22° na 35° z'amajyepfo (S)''' na dogere '''16° na 33° z'iburasirazuba (E)'''. Igice kinini cy'imbere mu gihugu kigizwe n'ikibaya kinini kiri ku butumburuke buri hagati ya '''metero 1,000 na 2,100''' hejuru y'inyanja. Iki kibaya kiri hejuru cyane mu burasirazuba, kikagenda kigabanuka buhoro buhoro werekeza iburengerazuba, amajyaruguru n'amajyepfo y'iburengerazuba. Gikikijwe n'umusozi muremure uzwi nka '''Great Escarpment''', aho igice cyawo cyo mu burasirazuba kandi kiri hejuru cyane cyitwa '''Drakensberg'''. Umusozi wa '''Mafadi''', uherereye muri Drakensberg, ni wo muremure kurusha indi muri Afurika y'Epfo, ufite ubuhagarike bwa '''metero 3,450''' hejuru y'inyanja. Umupaka uhuza intara ya '''KwaZulu-Natal''' na '''Lesotho''' unyura ku gice kiri hejuru cyane cya Great Escarpment, kigera ku butumburuke burenga '''metero 3,000'''. Igice cy'amajyepfo n'icy'amajyepfo y'iburengerazuba cy'iki kibaya, hamwe n'ikibaya kiri munsi yacyo, kizwi nka '''Great Karoo''', akarere kagizwe ahanini n'ibihuru byo mu butayu kandi gatuwe n'abaturage bake. Mu majyaruguru, Great Karoo ikomeza ihinduka '''Bushmanland''', na yo ikaza kugana mu '''Butayu bwa Kalahari''' buri mu majyaruguru y'iburengerazuba bw'igihugu. Igice cyo hagati no mu burasirazuba cy'ikibaya kizwi nka '''Highveld''', kikaba gifite imvura ihagije, ubutaka bwera ndetse kikaba ari cyo gice gikorwamo ubuhinzi bw'ubucuruzi ku rugero runini. Aha ni na ho hari intara ya '''Gauteng''', ifite abaturage benshi kurusha izindi. Mu majyaruguru ya Highveld hari '''Bushveld''', igenda imanuka ikagera mu kibaya cya '''Limpopo Lowveld'''. Agace k'inkombe kari munsi ya Great Escarpment, guhera mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba, kagizwe na '''Limpopo Lowveld''', gakomeza muri '''Mpumalanga Lowveld''', munsi ya '''Mpumalanga Drakensberg'''. Aka gace karangwa n'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'imvura nke ugereranyije na Highveld, kandi ubuhinzi ntibuhakorwa cyane. Muri aka karere ni ho haherereye '''Pariki y'Igihugu ya Kruger (Kruger National Park)''', imwe mu z'ingenzi muri Afurika, ifite ubuso bungana na '''kilometero kare 19,633'''. Mu majyepfo n'amajyepfo y'iburengerazuba, munsi ya Great Escarpment, hari imisozi ya '''Cape Fold Mountains''', irambuye ibangikanye n'inkombe z'inyanja. Hagati y'imisozi ya '''Outeniqua''' na '''Langeberg''' mu majyepfo n'umusozi wa '''Swartberg''' mu majyaruguru hari akarere kitwa '''Little Karoo''', kagizwe n'ibihuru byo mu butayu busa n'ubwa Great Karoo, nubwo igice cyegereye Swartberg kibona imvura nyinshi bityo kikaba gikorwamo ubuhinzi kurushaho. Little Karoo izwi cyane kubera ubworozi bw''''imbuni (ostriches)''', cyane cyane hafi y'umujyi wa '''Oudtshoorn'''. Agace k'inkombe kari hagati y'imisozi ya Outeniqua na Langeberg n'Inyanja yitiriwe Atalantika kazwi nka '''Garden Route'''. Aka karere kagwa imvura ihagije umwaka wose kandi karimo amashyamba manini kurusha ahandi muri Afurika y'Epfo. Mu majyepfo y'iburengerazuba bw'igihugu hari '''Cape Peninsula''', igice kigize amaherezo y'amajyepfo y'inkombe z'igihugu. Iki gice gifite '''ikirere cya Mediterane''', kikaba ari cyo gice rukumbi cyo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara cyakira imvura nyinshi mu gihe cy'itumba. Mu burengerazuba bw'inkombe, uhereye mu majyaruguru ya Cape Peninsula, hari akarere ka '''Swartland''' na '''Malmesbury Plain''', kazwi cyane mu buhinzi bw'ingano bushingiye ku mvura y'itumba. Mu majyaruguru yaho hari '''Namaqualand''', igenda irushaho gukama yegereye '''Uruzi rwa Orange'''. Nubwo aka karere kagwa imvura nke, iyo imvura yaguye mu gihe cy'itumba, mu mpeshyi (Kanama–Nzeri) huzura indabo z'amoko menshi zigakwira mu bibaya, bikaba kimwe mu bintu bikurura ba mukerarugendo benshi ku isi. Afurika y'Epfo ifite kandi ibirwa byo mu Nyanja y'Amajyepfo bizwi nka '''Prince Edward Islands''', bigizwe na '''Marion Island''' ifite ubuso bwa '''kilometero kare 290''' na '''Prince Edward Island''' ifite ubuso bwa '''kilometero kare 45'''. == Ikirere == Afurika y'Epfo ifite ikirere giciriritse muri rusange, bitewe n'uko ikikijwe n'Inyanja ya Atalantika n'Inyanja y'u Buhinde ku mpande eshatu, ikaba iri mu gice cy'amajyepfo y'Isi gifite ikirere kidakabije, ndetse n'uko ubutumburuke bw'igihugu bugenda bwiyongera werekeza mu majyaruguru no hagati mu gihugu. Imiterere y'ubutaka n'ingaruka z'inyanja bituma igihugu kigira ubwoko butandukanye bw'ikirere. Mu majyaruguru y'iburengerazuba hari ubutayu bwa '''Namib''' bufite ubushyuhe n'ubukame bukabije, mu gihe mu burasirazuba, ku mupaka wa '''[[Mozambike]]''' n'Inyanja y'u Buhinde, hari ikirere cy'ubushyuhe n'imvura nyinshi (subtropical). Igihe cy'itumba muri Afurika y'Epfo kiba hagati ya '''Kamena na Kanama'''. Mu majyepfo y'iburengerazuba, ikirere gisa n'icya '''Mediterane''', kirangwa n'imvura mu itumba n'impeshyi ishyushye kandi yumye. Aka karere kazwi cyane kubera urusobe rw'ibimera rwa '''fynbos''', kandi ni na ko gakorerwamo divayi nyinshi z'Afurika y'Epfo. Karangwa kandi n'umuyaga uhuha hafi umwaka wose, ibintu byatumye kera amato menshi akora impanuka igihe yanyuraga ku '''Cape of Good Hope'''. Mu burasirazuba bw'inkombe z'amajyepfo, imvura igwa neza mu mezi yose y'umwaka, bigatuma hahora hari ibimera byinshi n'ubutaka butoshye. Intara ya '''Free State''' irangwa n'ubutaka buringaniye kuko iherereye ku kibaya kinini cyo hagati mu gihugu. Mu majyaruguru y'uruzi rwa '''Vaal''', akarere ka '''Highveld''' kagira imvura ihagije kandi ubushyuhe ntibukabije nk'ubwo mu bice byo ku nkombe. Umujyi wa '''Johannesburg''', uherereye hagati ya Highveld ku butumburuke bwa metero '''1,740''' hejuru y'inyanja, ugwa imvura igera kuri '''milimetero 760''' ku mwaka. Igihe cy'itumba muri aka karere kirakonja, nubwo urubura rugwa gake. Ahantu hakonja kurusha ahandi ku mugabane wa Afurika y'Epfo ni '''Buffelsfontein''' mu ntara ya '''Eastern Cape''', aho mu mwaka wa '''2013''' handitswe ubushyuhe bwa '''−20.1 °C'''. Nubwo ibirwa bya '''Prince Edward Islands''' bikonja kurushaho muri rusange, Buffelsfontein ni ho hamaze gupimwa ubushyuhe bwo hasi cyane ku mugabane w'igihugu. Ku rundi ruhande, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwemewe n'amategeko bwapimwe muri '''Vioolsdrif''' muri '''Mutarama 1993''', bugera kuri '''48.8 °C''', nubwo hari inyandiko zivuga ko mu '''1948''' higeze gupimwa '''51.7 °C''' hafi ya '''Upington''', ariko ibyo ntibyemewe ku mugaragaro kuko ibikoresho byakoreshejwe bitari bisanzwe. Imihindagurikire y'ikirere ikomeje kugira ingaruka zikomeye muri Afurika y'Epfo, zirimo izamuka ry'ubushyuhe n'ihindagurika ry'imvura. Ibiza biterwa n'ikirere, nk'amapfa n'inkongi z'umuriro, biragenda byiyongera kandi bikarushaho gukaza ubukana. Ibi bishyira mu kaga umutungo kamere, amazi, umusaruro w'ubuhinzi, ubuzima bw'abaturage n'urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n''''South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI)''' bugaragaza ko bitarenze '''2050''', ubushyuhe bushobora kwiyongera hafi ya '''1 °C''' ku nkombe z'inyanja, naho mu bice by'imbere mu gihugu nk''''Northern Cape''' bukiyongera kurenga '''4 °C'''. Akarere ka '''Cape Floral Region''', kazwi cyane kubera ibimera byihariye, gashobora kuzibasirwa cyane n'iyi mihindagurikire, bikaba byanashyira amoko menshi y'ibimera n'inyamaswa mu kaga ko kuzimira. Afurika y'Epfo yasohoye raporo z'igihugu ku mihindagurikire y'ikirere mu '''2011''' no mu '''2016'''. Ni kimwe mu bihugu bisohora imyuka myinshi ya '''carbone dioxyde (CO₂)''' ku isi, cyane cyane kubera gukoresha amakara na peteroli nk'isoko rikuru ry'ingufu. Mu rwego rwo kubahiriza amasezerano mpuzamahanga yo kurengera ibidukikije, igihugu cyiyemeje ko imyuka ihumanya ikirere kizayigeza ku rwego rwo hejuru hagati ya '''2020 na 2025''', hanyuma igatangira kugabanuka. == 1.Ubutegetsi n'Umukuru w'Igihugu == Afurika y’Epfo igendera ku mfashanyigisho y''''inteko ishinga amategeko (parliamentary republic)''', ariko ifite umwihariko: * '''Perezida:''' Ni umukuru w’igihugu akaba n'umukuru w’guverinoma. Agomba kuba afite icyizere cy’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko kugira ngo agume ku gutegeka. * '''Gutora Perezida:''' Nyuma y'amatora y'inteko, Abadepite (National Assembly) batora umwe mu bagize inteko akaba Perezida. * '''Manda:''' Perezida amara imyaka 5 ku ntebe, kandi ashobora kuyobora '''manda ebyiri gusa'''. * '''Cabinet:''' Perezida ashyiraho Icyegera cye (Deputy President) na ba Minisitiri. Inteko iramutse imukupye icyizere (''motion of no confidence''), Perezida na guverinoma ye bashobora gukurvaho. * '''Uburenganzira bw'Itegeko Nshinga:''' Inzego zose (Itafata ibyemezo, Ishinga amategeko, n'Ubutabera) zitwarwa n'Itegeko Nshinga. Inkiko nkuru zifite ububasha bwo kuburizamo ibyemezo cyangwa amategeko anyuranyije naryo. == 2. Inzu z'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko n'Amatora yo mu 2024 == Inteko ifite inzu ebyiri: # '''National Assembly (Inzu yo Pasi):''' Igizwe n'abadepite 400 batorwa ku mfashanyigisho y'ijanisha ry'amajwi amashyaka yaboneye (''party-list proportional representation'') buri myaka 5. # '''National Council of Provinces (Inzu yo Mu hisi):''' Igizwe n'abajyanama 90 (buri ntara mu ziri 9 itora abantu 10). === Amatora yo ku wa 29 Gicurasi 2024 === Aya matora yabaye amateka kuko ishyaka rya '''ANC yatakaje ubwiganze mu nteko''' ku buryo bw'umwihariko kuva Apartheid yagera ku musozo: * '''ANC:''' Yabonye 40% (imyanya 159). * '''DA (Democratic Alliance):''' Yabonye 22% (imyanya 87) - Ishyaka rikuru rirwanya ubutegetsi. * '''uMkhonto weSizwe (MK):''' Yabonye 14.6% (imyanya 58) - Ryashinzwe na Jacob Zuma. * '''EFF (Economic Freedom Fighters):''' Yabonye 9.5% (imyanya 39) - Ryashinzwe na Julius Malema. <blockquote>Nyuma y'amatora, ANC yafatanyije na DA n'ayandi mashyaka mato gukora '''Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Igihugu (Government of National Unity)'''.</blockquote> == 3. Imijyi n'Imirwa Mukuru (3 Cities) == Afurika y’Epfo ntabwo ifite umurwa mukuru umwe utenganwa mu buryo bw'itegeko. Ubutegetsi bugabanyije mu mijyi itatu: * '''Cape Town (Umurwa mukuru w'amategeko):''' Ibyicaro by'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko. * '''Pretoria (Umurwa mukuru w'ubutegetsi):''' Ibyicaro vya Perezida, Cabinet, n'ambasade z'amahanga. * '''Bloemfontein (Umurwa mukuru w'ubutabera):''' Ibyicaro by'Urukiko Rusange rwayo (''Supreme Court of Appeal''). ''(Nyamara, Urukiko Rurembereye rw'Itegeko Nshinga ruherereye i Johannesburg kuva mu 1994).'' == 4. Urwego rw'Amategeko n'Inkiko == Amategeko ya Afurika y'Epfo ashingiye ku mbata y'imvange y'amateka babayemo: # '''Roman-Dutch law:''' Amategeko yazanywe n'Abaholandi mu bihe bya Koni. # '''English Common law:''' Amategeko y'Abongereza yazanywe mu kinyejana cya 19. === Urutonde rwez'Inkiko (Hierarchy): === * Constitutional Cour'''t:''' Urukiko rurembereye (i Johannesburg). * Supreme Court of Appeal: Urukiko rugenewe ibindi bibazo bitari ibyo mu Itegeko Nshinga (i Bloemfontein). * High Court''':''' Inkiko zisumbuye mu turere dutandukanye. * Magistrates' Courts: Inkiko z'ibanze ziburanisha ibyaha bito n'imbatshwa z'ubucuruzi ziciriritse. == 5. Imyigaragambyo, Ubutegetsi n'Uburenganzira bw'Irembo == * '''Imyigaragambyo:''' Kuva mu 2004, iki gihugu cyagize imyigaragambyo myinshi mu baturage (harimo n'iy'urugomo), ku buryo gushaka kuvugwa ko ari cyo gihugu gihura n'imyigaragambyo myinshi mu isi. * '''Icyerekezo cy'Ibrahim Index (2022):''' Afurika y’Epfo yaje ku '''mwanya wa 6 mu bihugu 48''' bya Afurika yo munsi ya Sahara. Yagize amanota meza mu Gutegekesha Itegeko, Mu Bweranda, n'Uburenganzira bwa Muntu, ariko igira amanota make mu Mutekano. * '''Uburenganzira bw'Abahuje Igitsina:''' Mu 2006, yabaye imwe mu nshingano za mbere mu isi yemereye gushyingiranwa ku bahuje igitsina (''same-sex marriage''). == Ubukungu muri Afurika y'Epfo == Afurika y'Epfo ifite '''ubukungu buvanze (mixed economy)''' burangwa n'urwego rw'imari rwateye imbere, inganda zitandukanye, ndetse n'umutungo kamere mwinshi. Ni cyo gihugu gifite ubukungu bunini muri Afurika, kandi kizwi nk'igihugu cyateye imbere cyane mu rwego rw'inganda, ikoranabuhanga n'ubukungu butandukanye ku mugabane wa Afurika. Mu mwaka wa '''2026''', umusaruro mbumbe w'igihugu (GDP) warengeje '''miliyari 450 z'amadolari ya Amerika''', kandi gifite umwe mu musaruro mbumbe ku muturage (GDP per capita) uri hejuru cyane muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara. Ifaranga ry'Afurika y'Epfo, '''Rand (ZAR)''', ni ryo rikoreshwa cyane mu bucuruzi bw'ivunjisha muri Afurika. Isoko ry'imari ry'i Johannesburg ('''Johannesburg Stock Exchange – JSE''') ni ryo rinini ku mugabane wa Afurika, kandi mu mwaka wa 2026 ryari ku mwanya wa 16 ku isi mu gaciro k'amasosiyete aribarizwaho, gafite agaciro kagera kuri '''tiriyoni 1.53 z'amadolari ya Amerika'''. Afurika y'Epfo ni na yo gihugu rukumbi cyo muri Afurika kiri mu muryango wa '''G20''', kandi ni umunyamuryango wa '''BRICS''', ibintu bigaragaza uruhare rukomeye gifite mu bukungu bw'isi. Afurika y'Epfo ni kimwe mu bihugu bikomeye mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga, aho ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bifite uruhare runini mu bukungu bwacyo. Ibicuruzwa byoherezwa hanze cyane birimo '''amabuye y'agaciro, ibinyabiziga, imashini, umusaruro w'ubuhinzi ndetse n'ibicuruzwa by'inganda'''. Abafatanyabikorwa bayo bakomeye mu bucuruzi barimo '''Ubushinwa, Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi (EU), Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Ubudage, Ubuyapani, u Buhinde n'Ubwami bw'Abongereza'''. Iki gihugu kandi cyungukira ku masezerano y'ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga arimo '''Isoko Rusange ry'Ubucuruzi muri Afurika (AfCFTA)''' n'itegeko rya '''African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)''', bikomeza kugiha umwanya ukomeye nk'igicumbi cy'ubucuruzi n'ishoramari muri Afurika. Nubwo nyuma y'iherezo rya politiki y'ivanguramoko ('''Apartheid''') mu 1994 hashyizweho amavugurura menshi mu bukungu, Afurika y'Epfo iracyahanganye n'ibibazo bikomeye by'imibereho n'ubukungu. Muri byo harimo '''ubushomeri buri ku rwego rwo hejuru, ubukene bukabije, ndetse n'ubusumbane bukabije mu kwinjiza amafaranga''', aho igihugu kiri mu bifite ikinyuranyo kinini hagati y'abakire n'abakene ku isi. Abaturage barenga kimwe cya kabiri babaho munsi y'umurongo w'ubukene, kandi igipimo cya '''Gini coefficient''', gipima ubusumbane mu kwinjiza amafaranga, kiri mu biri hejuru cyane ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Guverinoma yakomeje gushyiraho ingamba zigamije '''guhagarariza ubukungu, gukurura ishoramari, no kugabanya ubusumbane''', zirimo gutanga inkunga z'imibereho ('''social grants''') no gushyiraho umushahara fatizo ku rwego rw'igihugu ('''national minimum wage'''). Nubwo izo ngamba zatanze umusaruro mu bice bimwe, iterambere rikomeje kugenda buhoro kandi ntiryagera ku baturage bose ku buryo bungana. ====== Inganda n'Urwego rwa Serivisi muri Afurika y'Epfo ====== Urwego rwa '''serivisi''' ni rwo rugira uruhare runini mu bukungu bwa Afurika y'Epfo, rutanga hafi 70% by'Umusaruro Mbumbe w'Igihugu (GDP''')''' kandi rukaba rwanatanga akazi ku mubare munini w'abaturage. Umujyi wa Johannesburg ni wo kigo gikomeye cy'imari muri Afurika, ukaba ubarizwamo amabanki manini ku mugabane, ibigo mpuzamahanga byinshi, ndetse n'Isoko ry'Imigabane rya Johannesburg (Johannesburg Stock Exchange), rifite agaciro k'isoko kageraga kuri tiriyoni 1.36 z'amadolari ya Amerika mu mwaka wa 2023. Iryo soko ryihariye hafi 90% by'agaciro k'amasoko y'imigabane yose muri Afurika. Urwego rw'imari rwa Afurika y'Epfo ni rwo rwateye imbere cyane muri Afurika. Amabanki akomeye nka Standard Bank, First National Bank (FNB), Absa, na Nedbank akorera muri Afurika no mu bindi bihugu byo ku isi. Politiki y'ifaranga n'umutekano w'urwego rw'imari bicungwa na Banki Nkuru ya Afurika y'Epfo (South African Reserve Bank''')''', ari na yo banki nkuru ya mbere yashinzwe muri Afurika. Ubucuruzi nabwo bufite uruhare runini mu bukungu bw'igihugu. Afurika y'Epfo ifite isoko rinini ry'ubucuruzi muri Afurika kandi iza ku mwanya wa gatandatu ku isi mu kugira umubare munini w'amaduka manini acururizwamo (shopping centres). Ni na ho havuye urunigi rwa resitora Nando's, rumaze gukwira mu bihugu birenga 20 ku isi. Inganda zikora ibintu (manufacturing) zikomeza kuba inkingi ikomeye y'ubukungu, zitanga hafi '''13% bya GDP''' kandi zigaha akazi abantu barenga '''miliyoni 1.7'''. Afurika y'Epfo ifite urwego rw'inganda ruteye imbere kandi rutandukanye kurusha urw'ibindi bihugu bya Afurika. Inganda zikora imodoka ni zo ziza ku isonga, aho ibigo nka '''Toyota, Volkswagen, BMW, Ford, Mercedes-Benz,''' na '''Nissan''' bifite inganda nini ziteranyirizwamo imodoka. Igihugu gikora imodoka zirenga '''600,000 buri mwaka''', kikaba ari cyo cya mbere muri Afurika mu gukora imodoka, kandi nyinshi zoherezwa ku masoko yo mu Burayi, Aziya no mu bindi bihugu bya Afurika. Izindi nganda zikomeye zirimo izitunganya imiti n'ibinyabutabire, ibyuma, ibikoresho by'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, imashini, gutunganya ibiribwa n'ibinyobwa, imyenda, ndetse n'ibikoresho bya gisirikare. Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro bukomeje kuba imwe mu nkingi z'ubukungu bw'igihugu. Bugira uruhare rwa 7–8% bya GDP, kandi bwinjiza amafaranga arenga kimwe cya kabiri cy'ibyoherezwa mu mahanga. Afurika y'Epfo ni kimwe mu bihugu bikomeye ku isi mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro. Ni cyo gihugu cya mbere ku isi mu gutunganya platine, chrome, manganese, na '''vanadium''', kandi kiri mu bihugu bikomeye mu gucukura '''amakara,''' ubutare bw'icyuma (iron ore)''',''' diyama, uranium, titanium, na '''zahabu'''. Afurika y'Epfo ifite umutungo munini cyane w'amabuye y'agaciro ufite agaciro karenga tiriyoni 2.5 z'amadolari ya Amerika, kandi iri mu bihugu icumi bya mbere ku isi bifite amabuye y'agaciro menshi atandukanye. Ifite kandi hafi 88% by'ububiko bwa platine ku isi, 80% bya manganese, na 72% bya chromite. Nubwo '''ubuhinzi''' butanga gusa hagati ya '''2–3% bya GDP''', bufite uruhare rukomeye mu gutanga akazi, kubungabunga umutekano w'ibiribwa, guteza imbere icyaro no kongera ibyoherezwa mu mahanga. Afurika y'Epfo ni kimwe mu bihugu bya mbere ku isi mu guhinga no kohereza mu mahanga '''imbuto za citrus (nk'amacunga n'indimu), inzabibu, divayi, ibigori, ubwoya bw'intama, mohair,''' n'ibikomoka ku '''nguni'''. Ni cyo gihugu cya mbere ku isi mu gukora '''mohair''' n'inyama z'inguni, kandi kiri mu bihugu bya mbere mu gutunganya amapera, amacunga n'isukari. Hafi '''kimwe cya kabiri cy'umusaruro w'ubuhinzi''' woherezwa mu mahanga, bigatuma Afurika y'Epfo iba kimwe mu bihugu bikomeye mu kohereza ibikomoka ku buhinzi mu gice cy'Isi cy'Amajyepfo. ====== Ubukerarugendo ====== Ubukerarugendo ni imwe mu nkingi z'ingenzi z'ubukungu bwa Afurika y'Epfo. Bugira uruhare rwa hafi '''3.3% by'Umusaruro Mbumbe w'Igihugu (GDP)''' kandi butanga akazi ku bantu bagera kuri '''miliyoni 1.8''', bingana n'ibice birenga '''10% by'abakozi bose''' mu gihugu. Mu mwaka wa '''2024''', Afurika y'Epfo yakiriye abakerarugendo mpuzamahanga bagera kuri '''miliyoni 8.9''' binjiye banyuze ku mipaka n'ibyambu bitandukanye. Mu '''2025''', ikinyamakuru ''The Daily Telegraph'' cyayishyize mu bihugu bikunzwe cyane ku isi mu bukerarugendo ndetse kiba igihugu cya mbere muri Afurika no mu karere k'Inyanja y'u Buhinde mu gukundwa n'abagenzi. Afurika y'Epfo izwi cyane kubera imiterere y'ubutaka butandukanye, inyamaswa nyinshi zo mu gasozi, n'umurage ukungahaye w'umuco n'amateka. Iki gihugu gifite bimwe mu byiza nyaburanga bizwi cyane muri Afurika, birimo Pariki y'Igihugu ya Kruger, imwe mu pariki nini kandi zisurwa cyane ku mugabane; Umusozi wa Table Mountain, umwe mu Bitangaza Birindwi by'Isi by'Ibinyabuzima (New7Wonders of Nature); umuhanda nyaburanga wa Garden Route; imisozi ya Drakensberg; ikibaya cya Blyde River Canyon; ndetse n'inyanja nziza zo mu Ntara za Western Cape na KwaZulu-Natal. Gusura inyamaswa zo mu gasozi (Safari) ni kimwe mu bikurura ba mukerarugendo benshi, bikaba bishyigikiwe n'urusobe rwa pariki z'igihugu, za pariki z'abikorera ndetse n'ahantu harinzwe h'ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja. Imijyi minini na yo yakira miliyoni z'abashyitsi buri mwaka. Cape Town, ikunze gushyirwa ku rutonde rw'imijyi myiza cyane ku isi, ni yo soko rikuru ry'ubukerarugendo muri Afurika y'Epfo. Irazwi cyane kubera V&A Waterfront, Table Mountain, Cape Point, n'uturere twegereye dukorerwamo divayi twa Cape Winelands. Johannesburg, umurwa mukuru w'ubucuruzi n'imari, ifite ahantu hakurura ba mukerarugendo harimo Ingoro Ndangamurage ya Apartheid (Apartheid Museum), Constitution Hill, na Gold Reef City. Umujyi wa Durban uzwi cyane kubera ikirere gishyushye, inyanja nziza n'umuhanda wa Golden Mile ukora ku nkengero z'inyanja. Ubukerarugendo bushingiye kuri divayi (Wine Tourism) nabwo bwateye imbere cyane, aho imizabibu n'inganda za divayi zo mu turere twa Stellenbosch, Franschhoek, na Paarl biri mu hantu hasurwa cyane mu gice cy'Amajyepfo y'Isi. Afurika y'Epfo ifite Ahantu 12 ndangamurage z'Isi za UNESCO (UNESCO World Heritage Sites), zigaragaza akamaro k'iki gihugu mu kubungabunga ibidukikije, amateka n'umuco. Muri zo harimo Robben Island, Cradle of Humankind, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, Cape Floral Region Protected Areas, Mapungubwe National Park, Maloti-Drakensberg Park, na Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape. Izi ndangamurage zikomeza gukurura ba mukerarugendo baturutse impande zose z'isi kandi zigira uruhare rukomeye mu iterambere ry'ubukungu bw'igihugu.[[Dosiye:Ciudad_del_Cabo_desde_Cabeza_de_León,_Sudáfrica,_2018-07-22,_DD_34.jpg|thumb|Ciudad del Cabo desde Cabeza de León, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-22, DD 34]] ====== Ubumenyi n'Ikoranabuhanga ====== Afurika y'Epfo ni kimwe mu bihugu bya Afurika byatanze umusanzu ukomeye mu iterambere ry'ubumenyi n'ikoranabuhanga. Mu '''2025''', cyashyizwe ku mwanya wa '''61 ku Isi''' mu rutonde rw'Ibihugu Bigaragaza Udushya n'Ubushakashatsi (''Global Innovation Index''). Mu Ukuboza 1967, umuganga ubaga umutima Christiaan Barnard yakoze ku nshuro ya mbere ku isi igikorwa cyo gusimbuza umutima w'umuntu n'uw'undi muntu (human-to-human heart transplant) mu Bitaro bya Groote Schuur. Iki gikorwa cyabaye intambwe ikomeye mu buvuzi bw'isi. Abandi banyasiyansi bakomoka muri Afurika y'Epfo bagize uruhare rukomeye mu iterambere ry'ubumenyi harimo: * Max Theiler, wakoze urukingo rw'indwara ya Yellow Fever (umuriro w'umuhondo). * Allan MacLeod Cormack, wagize uruhare rukomeye mu guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga rya CT Scan (Computed Tomography) rikoreshwa mu gusuzuma indwara imbere mu mubiri. * Aaron Klug, yateje imbere uburyo bwo gukoresha electron microscopy mu bushakashatsi ku miterere y'utunyangingo. Kubera ibyo bikorwa by'indashyikirwa, Allan MacLeod Cormack na Aaron Klug bahawe Igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel. Mu mwaka wa 2002, Sydney Brenner na we yahawe Igihembo cya Nobel kubera ubushakashatsi bwe bw'ingenzi mu molekulari biyoloji (Molecular Biology). Mu rwego rw'ikoranabuhanga, Mark Shuttleworth yashinze Thawte, kimwe mu bigo bya mbere byatanze serivisi z'umutekano wa interineti (Internet Security). Nyuma yaje no kuba umwe mu Banyafurika ba mbere bakoze urugendo rwo mu isanzure (space). Afurika y'Epfo ifite kandi urwego rw'ubushakashatsi mu by'inyenyeri n'isanzure (Astronomy) ruteye imbere. Ni ho hari Southern African Large Telescope (SALT), ari yo telesikopi nini cyane ikoresha urumuri (optical telescope) mu gice cy'Amajyepfo y'Isi. Iki gihugu kandi kirimo kubaka Karoo Array Telescope, igice cy'umushinga mpuzamahanga wa Square Kilometre Array (SKA''')''', uzaba umwe mu mishinga minini cyane ku isi mu bushakashatsi bw'isanzure. Mu rwego rw'ikoranabuhanga rya gisirikare, Afurika y'Epfo yatanze umusanzu ukomeye mu gukora imodoka za gisirikare zirinda abasirikare ibisasu bishyingurwa mu butaka (landmines) n'ibindi bisasu byaturikirizwa kure (MRAP – Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected vehicles). Izi modoka zaje kuba urugero rwakurikijwe n'ibihugu byinshi byo ku isi. Iki gihugu kandi cyateje imbere ikoranabuhanga ryerekana amakuru y'indege n'intwaro ku kirahure cy'ingofero y'umupilote ('''Helmet-Mounted Display Technology'''), rifasha umupilote kubona amakuru y'ingenzi atarebye ku bipimo byo mu ndege. Byongeye kandi, kajugujugu y'intambara Denel Rooivalk, yakozwe muri Afurika y'Epfo, yabaye kajugujugu ya mbere y'intambara ku isi yakoze neza ikizunguruka cya dogere 360° (360-degree loop), bikagaragaza urwego rwo hejuru rw'ubushobozi bw'igihugu mu ikoranabuhanga rya gisirikare. ===== Ubwikorezi ===== Afurika y'Epfo ni cyo gihugu gifite '''ibikorwaremezo by'ubwikorezi binini kandi biteye imbere kurusha ibindi muri Afurika'''. Ifite urusobe ruhujwe rw'imihanda, gari ya moshi, ibibuga by'indege, ibyambu n'imiyoboro itwara ibikomoka kuri peteroli na gaz. Igihugu gifite ibilometero bisaga 750,000 by'imihanda, bikaba ari urusobe rw'imihanda runini muri Afurika ndetse rukaba ruri ku mwanya wa 12 ku isi. Ikigo cya Leta cyitwa South African National Roads Agency (SANRAL) ni cyo gishinzwe kubungabunga no guteza imbere imihanda y'igihugu. Mu mihanda y'ingenzi harimo N1, N2, N3 na N4, ihuza imijyi minini y'igihugu kandi ikaba iri mu mihanda mpuzamahanga nka Cape to Cairo Highway, ihuza Amajyepfo n'Amajyaruguru ya Afurika. Urusobe rwa gari ya moshi rureshya n'ibilometero 36,000, rukaba ari rwo runini muri Afurika ndetse rukaza ku mwanya wa karindwi ku isi. Gutwara imizigo bikorwa cyane n'ikigo Transnet Freight Rail, naho gutwara abagenzi bikorwa n'ikigo Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa (PRASA). Hari kandi Gautrain, gari ya moshi yihuta ihuza Johannesburg na Pretoria, ikaba ari yo serivisi ya gari ya moshi yihuta yonyine muri Afurika y'Epfo. Afurika y'Epfo ifite ibibuga by'indege birenga 1,500, bikaba biri mu mubare munini cyane ku isi kandi ari byo byinshi kurusha ibindi bihugu bya Afurika. Ikibuga cy'Indege Mpuzamahanga cya O.R. Tambo giherereye i Johannesburg ni cyo kinini kandi gikoreshwa cyane muri Afurika, kikaba ari na cyo cyinjirirwamo n'abagenzi benshi baturuka cyangwa bajya mu mahanga. Ibindi bibuga bikomeye ni Cape Town International Airport, King Shaka International Airport, na Chief Dawid Stuurman International Airport. Urwego rw'indege rwa Afurika y'Epfo ni rwo rwateye imbere cyane ku mugabane wa Afurika. Rukorerwamo n'amasosiyete y'indege arimo South African Airways, Airlink, FlySafair, CemAir, na LIFT, atanga serivisi z'imbere mu gihugu ndetse n'izihuza Afurika y'Epfo n'ibindi bihugu. Mu rwego rw'ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi, Afurika y'Epfo ifite ibyambu bikomeye birimo Durban, Cape Town, Gqeberha, Richards Bay, Saldanha Bay, na East London. Icyambu cya Durban ni cyo cyambu gikomeye kurusha ibindi byo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara mu kwakira no kohereza kontineri, kandi kiri ku mwanya wa kane mu gice cy'Amajyepfo y'Isi. Icyambu cya Richards Bay na cyo kiri mu byambu binini ku isi byoherezamo ibicuruzwa byinshi, cyane cyane amabuye y'agaciro n'ibindi bicuruzwa byinshi. Ibikorwa by'ibyambu byose bicungwa n'ikigo '''Transnet National Ports Authority''', gifite uruhare rukomeye mu koroshya ubwikorezi bw'ibicuruzwa imbere mu gihugu no guteza imbere ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga.{{Afurika}} [[Category:Afurika y’Epfo]] [[Category:Afurika]] [[Category:Ibihugu]] 1lodek7b35b5bzqp9bgv3plhflxg0kq 0 8171 134069 133937 2026-07-24T00:00:07Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 134069 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:NyamagabeDist.png|thumb|356x356px|Ikarita y’Akarere ka Nyamagabe, Umurenge wa Gasaka uherereyemo.]] [[Dosiye:Hills_of_Nyamagabe_in_Rwanda.jpg|thumb|356x356px|Imisozi yo mu Karere ka Nyamagabe.]] [[Dosiye:Site touristique ku gasaka ka inarunyonga.jpg|thumb|Ahantu nyaburanga ho mu Murenge wa Gasaka.]] '''Umurenge wa Gasaka''' ni umwe mu mirenge 17 igize [[Akarere ka Nyamagabe]], mu [[Intara y’Amajyepfo]]. Muri uyu murenge ni ho hari icyicaro cy’Akarere ka Nyamagabe n’igice kinini cy’umujyi wa Nyamagabe. == Imiterere y’ubuyobozi == Akarere ka Nyamagabe kagizwe n’imirenge 17, [[Akagari|utugari]] 92 n’imidugudu 536.<ref>[https://www.nyamagabe.gov.rw/ « Akarere ka Nyamagabe »], urubuga rwemewe rw’Akarere ka Nyamagabe.</ref> Umurenge wa Gasaka ugizwe n’utugari dutanu: * Gasaka; * Gatovu; * Ngiryi; * Nyamugari; * Nyarusange. Utugari twawo tugabanyijemo imidugudu 27. == Abaturage == Umurenge wa Gasaka wari utuwe n’abaturage 41.522 mu 2012. Mu ibarura rusange ry’abaturage n’imiturire ryo mu 2022, abaturage bari bageze kuri 41.558, barimo [[Umugore|abagore]] 22.069 n’abagabo 19.489.<ref name="abaturage">[https://citypopulation.de/en/rwanda/sector/admin/nyamagabe/2503__gasaka/ « Gasaka (Sector, Rwanda) »], ''City Population'', hashingiwe ku mibare y’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ibarurishamibare cy’u Rwanda.</ref> Muri abo baturage, 29.582 bari batuye mu bice by’umujyi naho 11.976 bakaba bari batuye mu bice by’icyaro.<ref name="abaturage" /> == Ibikorwa n’ubukungu == Abaturage bo mu bice by’icyaro by’Umurenge wa Gasaka bakora cyane cyane ubuhinzi n’ubworozi. Mu bihingwa bihingwa muri ako gace harimo ibigori, ibishyimbo n’ibirayi. Umurenge kandi urimo udusantere tw’ubucuruzi n’igice cy’umujyi wa Nyamagabe, bikaba bituma ubucuruzi na serivisi na byo bigira uruhare mu bukungu bwawo. == Isuku, umutekano n’imibereho myiza == Mu 2024, Umurenge wa Gasaka wabaye uwa mbere mu mirenge 101 yo mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo mu marushanwa yari agamije guteza imbere isuku, umutekano no kurwanya igwingira mu bana. Umurenge wahembwe imodoka yashyikirijwe ubuyobozi bwawo ku wa 19 Kamena 2024.<ref name="isuku">Marie Claire Joyeuse, [https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-rwanda/article/nyamagabe-umurenge-wa-gasaka-wegukanye-imodoka-y-igihembo-cy-isuku-n-umutekano « Nyamagabe: Umurenge wa Gasaka wegukanye imodoka y’igihembo cy’isuku n’umutekano »], ''Kigali Today'', 21 Kamena 2024.</ref> Mu bikorwa byatumye umurenge uhabwa icyo gihembo harimo gutunganya ingo, kugira uturima tw’imboga n’ibiti by’imbuto, gusukura udusantere tw’ubucuruzi no kwitabira amarondo. Ibigo by’amashuri n’ibigo by’ubuvuzi na byo byitabiriye ibikorwa byo guhinga imbuto n’ibihumyo hagamijwe kurwanya igwingira mu bana.<ref name="isuku" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Nyamagabe|Gasaka]] [[Ikiciro:Imirenge y’u Rwanda|Gasaka]] pkviutvdata4od2elnu11hmnmep8tz0 0 9772 134065 133824 2026-07-23T23:58:38Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 134065 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Khartoum Offsid'''e ni filime ya documentaire ya siporo yo muri [[Sudani]] ya 2019 yibanda ku bakobwa bakiri bato muri [[Sudani]], yakozwe, yanditswe kandi iyobowe n’umukinnyi wa firime wo muri [[Sudani]] Marwa Zein<ref>https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2019/02_programm_2019/02_filmdatenblatt_2019_201914803.html#tab=filmStills</ref>. Yerekanwe ku isi yose mu ihuriro rya Berlinale rya 2019 mu [[Budage]] kandi ni imwe muri filime eshatu zizwi cyane zo muri Sudani zo muri 2019.<ref>https://www.mediasupport.org/the-future-of-football-in-sudan-is-also-female/</ref><ref>https://en.qantara.de/content/berlinale-2019-marwa-zeins-khartoum-offside-football-film-and-freedom-in-sudan</ref> nkubutumwa bukuru kuri documentaire. <ref name="Z">{{Cite web |url=https://www.dardishi.com/events/2020/4/10/khartouoffside |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-28 |archive-date=2021-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126094245/https://www.dardishi.com/events/2020/4/10/khartouoffside |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Q">https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200218-the-worlds-most-fearless-filmmakers</ref> == Umusaruro == Byatwaye Zein imyaka ine yo gukora iyi documentaire. Bitewe n’imyumvire mibi y’uburenganzira bwa muntu bw’umugore muri Sudani mbere y’impinduramatwara ya Sudani yo muri 2018/19, Zein ntabwo yigeze ahura n’umubiri, ahubwo yakiriwe n’ubuyobozi bwa Sudani bwo gusenya kamera. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, film yafatiwe ahitwa Khartoum, muri [[Sudani]], ikorwa na Marwa Zein muri ORE Productions na Hendrik Underbjerg kuri Stray Dog Productions, Copenhagen, [[Danimarike|Danemark]] na Oslo, [[Noruveje]] . == Inkuru n'amateka == Hamwe n’icyemezo gikomeye, itsinda ry’abakobwa bakiri bato i Khartoum bagiye gukina umupira wamaguru wabigize umwuga, kubera ko leta y’abasilamu bo muri Sudani yabujijwe. N’ubwo Ishyirahamwe ry’umupira wamaguru mu gihugu ryakira amafaranga ya FIFA yagenewe amakipe y’abagore, iyi kipe ikomeje guhezwa. Ariko, hariho urumuri rwicyizere, mugihe amatora mumashyirahamwe yerekana ko bishoboka kuvugurura sisitemu yose. Nubutwari nubutwari, barwanira kumenyekana kumugaragaro nkikipe yumupira wamaguru yabategarugori ya Sudani, bahanganye cyane nintego zabo. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://debalie.nl/cinema/idfa-khartoum-offside-by-movies-that-matter/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-28 |archive-date=2020-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128111906/https://debalie.nl/cinema/idfa-khartoum-offside-by-movies-that-matter/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>https://egyptianstreets.com/2020/06/19/7-beautiful-films-by-afro-arab-filmmakers-you-need-to-watch/</ref> Kapiteni Sara (Sara Jubara), umukirisitu ukiri muto, wavukiye mu majyaruguru ya Sudani, yerekana imitekerereze ya rwiyemezamirimo, kandi ashakisha imishinga y’ubucuruzi kugira ngo inzozi zabo zibe impamo, ubwo akoranya ikipe ya Sudani mu gikombe cy’isi cy’abagore . Usibye gukenera gushaka inkunga, hari ibibazo byingenzi byabaturage bagomba guhura nabyo. <ref name="Berlin">https://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/berlinale-2019-israel-takes-prize-sudan-scores-double</ref> Mu kiganiro cye 'Gerageza kuba umugore ukina [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] muri Sudani', umunyeshuri Steve Howard yanditse kuri iyi filime ati: "Abakinnyi b'umupira w'amaguru ni itsinda rivanze n'Abanyasudani na Sudani y'Amajyepfo ese [[Umugore|abagore]] bakorera mu mibereho nk'abakozi bashinzwe kwita ku nyubako, abanyeshuri bo mu mashuri yisumbuye, abadandaza., na Bisa. Abanyamuryango barimo abagore bo mu misozi ya Nuba, akarere gakandamijwe cyane hafi y’amajyaruguru yumupaka mushya. Kandi mu byo bahanganye harimo imbaraga z'abagize itsinda rya Sudani y'Amajyepfo imbaraga zo kuguma muri [[Sudani]], aho ubu bakeneye uruhushya rwo gutura nyuma yo gutandukana kwa Sudani zombi mu 2011. " <ref>https://africasacountry.com/2019/10/girl-joy-on-a-football-pitch-in-sudan</ref> == Abakinnyi == * Elham Balatone nka Elham * Nedal Fadlallah nka Henda * Fatma Gaddal nka Gaddal * Sara Jubara nka Kapiteni Sara * Halah Zakariya nka Halah == Kurekura no kwakirwa neza == ''Nk’uko IMDb'' ibitangaza ngo iyi filime yasohotse ku ya 13 Gashyantare 2019. <ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9221304/</ref> Bukeye bwaho, yerekanwe muri Forum <ref>https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2019/02_programm_2019/02_filmdatenblatt_2019_201914803.html#tab=filmStills</ref> y'Iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya sinema rya Berlin, <ref name="Ber">{{Cite web |url=https://44.mostra.org/en/filmes/impedimento-em-cartum |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-28 |archive-date=2020-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127212051/https://44.mostra.org/en/filmes/impedimento-em-cartum |url-status=dead }}</ref> nyuma iza no muyindi minsi mikuru, nka Visions du Réel mu Busuwisi, CPH: DOX Copenhagen,Sheffield Doc / Fest na IDFA Amsterdam. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://womenandhollywood.com/hot-docs-2019-women-directors-meet-marwa-zein-khartoum-offside/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-28 |archive-date=2020-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819122943/https://womenandhollywood.com/hot-docs-2019-women-directors-meet-marwa-zein-khartoum-offside/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yerekanwe kandi mu Iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya documentaire rya Hot Docs ryo ku ya 26 Mata 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://womenandhollywood.com/hot-docs-2019-women-directors-meet-marwa-zein-khartoum-offside/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-28 |archive-date=2020-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819122943/https://womenandhollywood.com/hot-docs-2019-women-directors-meet-marwa-zein-khartoum-offside/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Iyi filime yerekanwe kuri interineti ibinyujije kuri Zoom hamwe n'indi filime y'abagore b'Abanyafurika n'Abarabu yitwa ''The Bleaching Syndrome'' (2020), mu [[Icyarabu|Cyarabu]] ifite [[Icyongereza|insanganyamatsiko y'icyongereza]], na Dardishi ku ya 24 Ukwakira 2020. I Khartoum, yerekanwe bwa mbere mu gufungura iserukiramuco rya sinema ryigenga rya Sudani muri Mutarama 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sudanow-magazine.net/page.php?Id=903 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-28 |archive-date=2021-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126094241/https://sudanow-magazine.net/page.php?Id=903 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Akimara kwerekanwa bwa mbere i Berlin, uwanenze amafilime Vladan Petković yise ''"inyandiko ishishikaje, ikora ku mutima kandi rimwe na rimwe, ibisigo byerekana ibisigo"'' <ref>https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/368041/</ref> maze Joseph Fahim yandika mu isubiramo rye kuri Berlinale 2019: ''"Ubushake bukomeye, bwisanzuye kandi bwisanzuye kandi bukabije. yigenga, umupira w'amaguru wa Zein urwanya imyumvire nyamukuru y'abagore bo muri Sudani. "'' <ref>http://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/berlinale-2019-israel-takes-prize-sudan-scores-double</ref> Mu gihe cyo kwerekanwa mu iserukiramuco rya sinema rya Afurika ryabereye i New York mu Kuboza 2020, ku rubuga rwa YouTube, ikiganiro kijyanye no gukora documentaire hagati ya Marwa Zein n’umukinnyi wa filime ukomoka muri Sudani n’umunyamerika Sarra Idriss <ref>https://africanfilmny.org/directors/sarra-idris/</ref> <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9AhDPog2uoc</ref> Muri iki kiganiro, Zein yasobanuye intera ndende ya documentaire ze:''I wanted to tackle many aspects about being Sudanese...Are we Arabs or not? Are we still classified based on the colour of our skin, the last name of our family? – Sexuality, the political situation, inequality of women and men, religion – all of this, I wanted to tell a story about.'' == Amashimwe == {| class="wikitable" !Umwaka ! Ibirori ! Igihembo ! Uwakiriye |- | 2020 | ASA | ''2020 Igihembo cya Filime ASA'' | rowspan="4" | Marwa Zein |- | rowspan="3" | 2019 | AMAA | rowspan="3" | ''Inyandiko nziza'' |- | CFF |- | Berlinale |} == references == [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] rqlf2dx7n97sp1w4lahexsgow5j2hbx 0 9902 134059 122938 2026-07-23T23:20:07Z Igiraneza Divine 15375 Impinduka ntoya 134059 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:ULK-Masters-Administration-building.jpg|thumb|Kaminuza ya ULK, aho Chantal yize]] '''Chantal Umuhorakeye''' ni umucuruzikazi [[Rwanda|w'umunyarwanda]] . Ari mu batangije kandi ayobora Urwambariro Shoe Hub Limited. <ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/215897</ref> == Uburezi == Muri 2013, Umuhorakeye yabonye impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu by'amategeko yakuye muri kaminuza yigenga ya Kigali (ULK) . Yabonye kandi amahugurwa muri Digital Opportunity Trust (DOT) [[Rwanda]]. == Umwuga w'ubucuruzi == Chantal Umuhorakeye niwe washinze uruganda rwa Shoe Manufacturing and Shopping Limited, uruganda rukora inkweto ruherereye mu Murenge wa Kimironko, [[Akarere ka Gasabo]], [[Kigali]] . <ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/business/how-young-entrepreneurs-are-reaping-big-footwear-only-rwf5000-investment</ref> Nyuma yo kumara imyaka irenga ibiri ashakisha akazi arakabura nyuma yo kwiga kaminuza, Umuhorakeye yiyandikishije mu micungire y'ubucuruzi no kwihangira imirimo. Muri Werurwe 2016, yifatanije n'abandi bagenzi be barindwi bashinga uruganda rukora inkweto. Uruganda rugira uruhare mu kumurika no gusana inkweto. <ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/215897</ref> == AMASHAKIRO; == [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwandakazi muri Business]] [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwandakazi bari muri business]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abagore mu bucuruzi]] 9g4gucokucado6a58jbdm2jzn2doh1i 0 10211 134067 134046 2026-07-23T23:59:14Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 134067 wikitext text/x-wiki Uwimana Clarisse Ni Umunyarwandakazi w'Umunyamakurukazi ukora amakuru y'imikino,wanabaye Umukinnyi w'umupira wamaguru mu Amakipe y'Abagore mu [[Rwanda]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://yegob.rw/ibyabaye-ku-musore-wakunze-umunyamakuru-clarisse-uwimana-si-byiza-habe-na-mba/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-30 |archive-date=2022-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430173732/https://yegob.rw/ibyabaye-ku-musore-wakunze-umunyamakuru-clarisse-uwimana-si-byiza-habe-na-mba/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Dosiye:Uwimana Clarisse aveiro.jpg|thumb|UWIMANA Clarisse]] Umunyamakurukazi wa B&B FM Clarisse yaje kwerekeza mu gihugu cya Cameroon ahari hagiye kubera [[Igikombe cy’Afurika cy’Ibihugu (CAN 2010)|Igikombe cy’Afurika cy’Ibihugu]] ([[Igikombe cy’Afurika cy’Ibihugu (CAN 2010)|CAN 2021]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://yegob.rw/umunyamakuru-wa-bb-fm-umwezi-uwimana-clarisse-niwe-munyamakuru-umwe-rukumbi-mu-rwanda-ugiye-kwitabira-can-2021-1/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-13 |archive-date=2022-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107041148/https://yegob.rw/umunyamakuru-wa-bb-fm-umwezi-uwimana-clarisse-niwe-munyamakuru-umwe-rukumbi-mu-rwanda-ugiye-kwitabira-can-2021-1/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Clamama nkuko bakunze kumwita, yatangaje ko iyi ari CAN ye ya gatatu yari agiye kwitabira nyuma y’icyabereye muri Egypt mu mwaka 2019 ndetse nicyo mu mwaka 2017 cyabereye muri [[Gabon]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://yegob.rw/umunyamakuru-wa-bb-fm-umwezi-uwimana-clarisse-niwe-munyamakuru-umwe-rukumbi-mu-rwanda-ugiye-kwitabira-can-2021-1/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-13 |archive-date=2022-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107041148/https://yegob.rw/umunyamakuru-wa-bb-fm-umwezi-uwimana-clarisse-niwe-munyamakuru-umwe-rukumbi-mu-rwanda-ugiye-kwitabira-can-2021-1/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amakipe yakiniye == Uwimana watangiye gukina [[Umupira w’amaguru|Umupira w'amaguru]] Aho yatangiriye mumashuri abanza nayisumbuye harimo ikigo cyamashuri cya Apaer Rusororo Yakiniye APR FC Yabagore na [[AS Kigali|AS KIGALI]] Yabagore, Clarisse Kandi Yakinnye no hanze Y'Igihugu Aho Yakiniye Source du Kivu women football team<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/sports/who-are-top-female-sports-journalists-rwanda-meet-women-runningthe-show</ref>. [[Dosiye:Clarisse Aveiro.jpg|thumb|Clarisse Aveiro]] Umunyamakurukazi Uwimana Clarisse niwe munyamakuru umwe rukumbi mu [[Rwanda]] witabiye [[Igikombe cy’Afurika cy’Ibihugu (CAN 2010)|Igikombe cy’Afurika cy’Ibihugu (CAN 2021)]] Ahagarariye radiyo akorera B&B fm Umwezi nk'umukozi wagombaga kuba ari kuri tere abagezaho amakuru.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ibyamamare.com/umunyamakuru-clarisse-uwimana-wa-radio-bb-fm-yagaragajeko-yishimiye-ko-yahawe-indabo-ku-munsi-wa-saint-valentin-ku-ifoto-asiba-uwazimuhaye-bituma-benshi-bibaza-icyabimuteye/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-13 |archive-date=2022-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513124230/https://ibyamamare.com/umunyamakuru-clarisse-uwimana-wa-radio-bb-fm-yagaragajeko-yishimiye-ko-yahawe-indabo-ku-munsi-wa-saint-valentin-ku-ifoto-asiba-uwazimuhaye-bituma-benshi-bibaza-icyabimuteye/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amaradiyo yakozeho == Yakoze kuri Radiyo Flash FM akora kuri Contact FM & Contact TV, Ubu akaba akora kuri radiyo y'Imikino B&B fm Umwezi. == Ibirambuye<ref><nowiki>https://ibyamamare-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/ibyamamare.com/umunyamakuru-uwimana-clarisse-yahawe-impano-yumwambaro-numukinnyi-wa-polisi-wamusanze-ku-kaziamafoto/?amp=1&amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQKKAFQArABIIACAw%3D%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16513380295554&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fibyamamare.com%2Fumunyamakuru-uwimana-clarisse-yahawe-impano-yumwambaro-numukinnyi-wa-polisi-wamusanze-ku-kaziamafoto%2F</nowiki></ref> == aihagzxumiach29mwof928xfwd9oyk2 0 10475 134056 132891 2026-07-23T22:30:45Z Igiraneza Divine 15375 Impinduka ntoya 134056 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amina Umulisa Rwakunda''' ni umunyarwandakazi umaze igihe mu inteko ishinga amategeko y'u Rwanda byumwihariko muri minisiteri iteza imbere ubukungu bw'igihugu, Ikanagenzura ingengo y'imari y'igihugu kandi ikagisubiramo igihe cyose bibaye ngombwa (MINECOFIN), yashyizweho ku ya 27 Mata 2018 asimbuza Rugwabiza Minega Leonard wabaye umujyanama mu by'ubukungu. Yabanje kuba impuguke mu by'ubukungu muri Minisiteri y’Imari aho yasimbuwe na Kalisa Thierry.<ref name=":0">https://www.ktpress.rw/2018/04/rwanda-cabinet-appoints-new-chief-economist/</ref> == Amashuri == [[Dosiye:University of Antwerp 1- Applied economic Campus.png|thumb|Kaminuza ya Antwerp]] Madamu Rwakunda afite impamyabumenyi ihanitse muri globolization no guteza imbere ubukungu muri kaminuza ya [https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/ Antwerp]. == Akazi == Amina Umulisa Rwakunda ni umuyobozi w'inama y'ubutegetsi mu ikigo gishinzwe Isoko ry'imigabane mu Rwanda (RSE<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rse.rw/About-Us/Board-of-Directors/Member-16 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-11 |archive-date=2022-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124144500/https://rse.rw/About-Us/Board-of-Directors/Member-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref>) kuva 2012. Ubu ni Umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe ubukungu / Umuyobozi wa Politiki ya Macroeconomic muri Minisiteri y’Imari n’Igenamigambi; n'Ubuyobozi bwa [https://www.statistics.gov.rw/about-us/organizational-structure/board-directors NISR] (Ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe ibarurishamibare mu Rwanda) umwanya amazeho imyaka 12 n'ukwezi kumwe kuva 2010. Ni Visi Perezida w'Inama y'Ubutegetsi mu ikigo cy'Urusobe rwubushakashatsi bwa politiki y'ubukungu mu Rwanda ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220518222214/https://eprnrwanda.org/?page=team&id_article=48 EPRN])<ref>http://www.devpartners.gov.rw/fileadmin/templates/docs/DPCG_Minutes/64th_DPCG_Meeting_Minutes_-_DEC__2016.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/rwanda-mulls-municipal-bonds-district-infrastructure-projects</ref><ref>https://wiki.projecttopics.org/10811-mrs-umulisa-amina-rwakunda/index.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.minicom.gov.rw/news-detail/minicom-hosts-the-first-webinar-series-on-status-of-the-made-in-rwanda-policy-implementation |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-11 |archive-date=2022-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620231908/https://www.minicom.gov.rw/news-detail/minicom-hosts-the-first-webinar-series-on-status-of-the-made-in-rwanda-policy-implementation |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Izindi nshingano == Abahanga mu by'ubukungu bavuga ko Umuyobozi w’Ubukungu afite inshingano zimuhatira gukurikirana ibibazo byose by’ubukungu bw’igihugu. By'umwihariko, Umulisa afite inshingano zo guhagararira igihugu mu isuzuma ry’ikigega mpuzamahanga cy’imari (IMF), gusuzuma igihugu ndetse n’ibindi bice bimenyesha icyemezo cy’umuryango ku bijyanye n’ubufatanye n’u Rwanda.<ref name=":0" /> == AMASHAKIRO; == [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abagore ba abayobozi]] [[Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’Afurika]] rc6kag0hcxcb34tjbuebny5lnf2yh6t 0 11905 134070 133853 2026-07-24T00:00:23Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 134070 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:First Hill.jpg|thumb|umusozi wa mvuzo|312x312px]] Inkomoko y’izina ‘Mvuzo’ umusozi uba mu burasirazuba bw'u [[Rwanda]]. == Mvuzo aho ibarizwa == [[Dosiye:RulindoDist.png|thumb|Ikarita igaragaza akarere ka Rulindo.|301x301px]] Mvuzo ni umusozi uherereye mu Kagari ka Mvuzo, Umurenge wa Murambi mu [[Akarere ka Rulindo|Karere ka Rulindo]] [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Intara y’Amajyaruguru]]. [https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/inkomoko-y-izina-mvuzo-umusozi-waguyeho-abatutsi-barenga-ibihumbi-bitandatu Abawutuye bavuga ko ufite amateka meza mbere ya 1959 n’amabi yo kwicirwaho Abatutsi benshi mu gihe cya Jenoside.]<ref>https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/inkomoko-y-izina-mvuzo-umusozi-waguyeho-abatutsi-barenga-ibihumbi-bitandatu</ref> == Inkomoko y'izina Mvuzo == Mu gusobanura inkomoko ya Mvuzo, Uhaturiye agira ati “Impamvu yatumye bawita Mvuzo, kera hari abantu baturukaga ku musozi wa Kinzuzi nawo wari uturanye na Mvuzo, murabizi ko abantu ba kera basabanaga cyane, hano iwacu rero habaga ibigage byiza, kandi byinshi noneho abo ku yindi misozi bakabiha abakozi babo bakazimanira bene wabo ba hano kuri uyu musozi wa Mvuzo.”Yavuze ko abo bakozi bamaraga kubiha abo babatumyeho mu gihe bagiye gusubirayo bagasanga babasigiyemo nk’uruho. Ati “Bagera hejuru kuri uyu musozi wa Mvuzo barimo gutaha bagakoresha imiziranyenzi n’imiheha miremire bakanywa ya nzoga babasigiyemo, bayirangiza bya bivuzo bakabisuka ku nzira. Habaga inyoni nyinshi nazo zikahateranira zikaza kurya bya bivuzo, aho rero niho havuye izina Mvuzo kuko abantu bazaga bakahasanga inyoni nyinshi ziri muri bya bivuzo.” == [https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/inkomoko-y-izina-mvuzo-umusozi-waguyeho-abatutsi-barenga-ibihumbi-bitandatu Mvuzo muri jenocide]<ref>https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/inkomoko-y-izina-mvuzo-umusozi-waguyeho-abatutsi-barenga-ibihumbi-bitandatu</ref> == Umusozi wa Mvuzo.<ref>https://www.slideserve.com/odelia/umusozi-wa-mvuzo</ref> == Reba kandi == * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] * [[Akarere ka Kirehe]] * [[Kwibuka]] == Reba == [[Ikiciro:Umusozi]] [[Ikiciro:Jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994]] kvqoto2apttdbsmwk09e59a3c5et8aa 0 12667 134054 86986 2026-07-23T22:22:26Z Igiraneza Divine 15375 Impinduka ntoya 134054 wikitext text/x-wiki Muyombo Thomas umuhanzi ny'a [[Rwanda]] uzwi kwizina rya TOM CLOSE yavutse tariki ya 28 [[Kanama]] 1986, avukira ahitwa masindi muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]] arinaho yatangiriye kwigira amashuri y'ikiburamwaka(NURSERY SCHOOL). Nyuma yaho ababyeyi be baje kwimukira mu [[Rwanda]] arinaho yahise atangirira amashuri ye abanza muri [[Rome Rather Than You|Remera]] academy, hanyuma ajya kuri LA colombiere ari naho yasoreje amashuri ye abanza<ref>http://rw.bangmedia.org/2012/04/tom-close.html?m=1</ref>. == UBUZIMA BWE BW'AMASHURI == Nyuma yo gusoza amashuri ye abanza muri LA colombiere Muyombo Thomas yakomereje amashuri ye yisumbuye muri [[Kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda|kaminuza]] nkuru y'u [[Rwanda]](UR) aho yize ubuganga ku isezerano yari yarahaye nyina mbere y'uko mama we yitaba [[Imana]]. Yasoje amasomo y'i sumbuye muri [[Kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda|kaminuza]] nkuru y'u [[Rwanda]] muri 2013<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/101663/rbc-yakiriye-abayobozi-bashya-barimo-tom-close-101663.html</ref>. == AHO YAKOZE == Nyuma yo gusoza amasomo ye yismbuye muri [[Kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda|kaminuza]] nkuru y'u [[Rwanda Nziza|Rwanda]] muri 2013 Muyombo Thomas uzwi kw'i zina rya Tom Close muri 2014 yahise atangira gukorera mu bitaro bya Kacyiru. Muri 2015 yahise ajya gukora mu kigo cy'[[ubuzima]] cya RBC<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/101663/rbc-yakiriye-abayobozi-bashya-barimo-tom-close-101663.html</ref>. == UKO YAZAMUWE MU NTERA MU KAZI == Umuhanzi DR Muyombo Thomas uzwi nka Tom close yazamuwe mu ntera mu kazi nyuma yaho [[Inama y’Abaminisitiri|inama y'a ba minisitiri]] yateranye ikamugira umuyobozi w'ishami ry'[[igihugu]] rishinzwe gutanga amaraso mu kigo cy'[[igihugu]] cy'[[ubuzima]] (RBC) . Tom Close yashyizwe muri uyu mwanya nyuma yuko muri [[Mata]] 2019 [[Inama y’Abaminisitiri|inama yaba minisitiri]] yari yaramugize umuyobizi w'i kigo gishinzwe gutanga amaraso, ishami ry'a [[Kigali]] (RCBT-Kigali).<ref>http://isimbi.rw/imyidagaduro/article/tom-close-yazmuwe-mu-ntera-n-inama-y-abaminisitiri</ref> == AMASHAKIRO; == <ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/101663/rbc-yakiriye-abayobozi-bashya-barimo-tom-close-101663.html</ref> c3kvv95h4wtncir33vz4vsaqdacthi1 0 13231 134055 122090 2026-07-23T22:28:12Z Igiraneza Divine 15375 Impinduka ntoya 134055 wikitext text/x-wiki Umuhanzi '''Cyusa Ibrahim''' umuziki we wubakiye ku ndirimbo za Gakondo. == Ibyo wamenya kuri Cyusa Ibrahim == '''Cyusa Ibrahim''' yabanje kuba umwe mu baririmbyi bafashaga Cécile Kayirebwa, Cyusa avuga ko Kayirebwa yishimiye iyi ndirimbo, ndetse ahita amusaba ku mufasha mu kuririmba mu gitaramo yari agiye gukorera muri [[Kigali]] Serena Hotel.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/cyusa-yasohoye-amashusho-ari-kumwe-n-umukunzi-we-mu-buriri |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-30 |archive-date=2022-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930114839/https://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/cyusa-yasohoye-amashusho-ari-kumwe-n-umukunzi-we-mu-buriri |url-status=dead }}</ref>Uyu muhanzi yavuze ko ubwo bombi bahuriraga mu gitaramo cya East African Party cyinjije Abanyarwanda mu mwaka 2021, ari urwibutso rudasaza yasigaranye. Ati “Guhura na Mama Cecile ku rubyiniro rumwe, ni indi shusho irenze. Ni ugukura.<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/103721/cyusa-ibrahim-yahishuye-uko-yabaye-umuririmbyi-wa-cecile-kayirebwa-mbere-yo-kwinjira-mu-mu-103721.html</ref><ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/116574/cyusa-ibrahim-numukunzi-we-yahimbiye-indirimbo-bahuriye-i-burayi-amafoto-116574.html</ref>Biramurenga akabura icyo arenzaho.”wa ku rubyiniro yaserukagaho mbere y’uko atangira urugendo rw’umuziki nk’umuhanzi wigenga. == Amashakiro == [[Ikiciro:Umuhanzi]] [[Ikiciro:Rwandan artists]] ge9rtxfnnkgvmmwys8x3ws2locrl7ku 0 14573 134057 133739 2026-07-23T22:50:46Z Igiraneza Divine 15375 Impinduka ntoya 134057 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhayimpundu Ratif''' ni [[umugore]] w’umunyarwanda akaba akinira ikipe y’abagore yo mu Cyiciro cya Kabiri ya Youvia WFC akaba yarabigize umwuga.<ref name=":0">https://igihe.com/imikino/football/article/tuyishimire-wagiye-muri-koma-kubera-gutsindwa-kw-ikipe-ye-amerewe-ate</ref><ref name=":1">http://www.isimbi.rw/siporo/article/iminsi-3-umukinnyi-w-umunyarwanda-ari-muri-koma-kubera-gutsindwa</ref><ref name=":2">https://www.kigalitoday.com/imikino-11/football/article/iminsi-ibiri-irashize-tuyishimire-angelique-ari-muri-koma-nyuma-yo-kunanirwa-kwakira-gutsindwa</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |url=https://umuryango.rw/index.php?page=print&id_article=61105 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-02 |archive-date=2023-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302125023/https://umuryango.rw/index.php?page=print&id_article=61105 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |url=https://byoseonline.rw/kigali-abakinnyi-bane-bananiwe-kwakira-insinzwi-bajyanwa-chuk-umwe-ari-muri-koma/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=kigali-abakinnyi-bane-bananiwe-kwakira-insinzwi-bajyanwa-chuk-umwe-ari-muri-koma |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-02 |archive-date=2023-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302133440/https://byoseonline.rw/kigali-abakinnyi-bane-bananiwe-kwakira-insinzwi-bajyanwa-chuk-umwe-ari-muri-koma/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=kigali-abakinnyi-bane-bananiwe-kwakira-insinzwi-bajyanwa-chuk-umwe-ari-muri-koma |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":5">https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/114521/nyuma-yo-kunanirwa-kuzamuka-mu-cyiciro-cya-mbere-itsinzwe-na-kayonza-wfc-umukinnyi-wa-youv-114521.html</ref><ref name=":6">https://igihe.com/imikino/football/article/youvia-wfc-yazamutse-mu-cyiciro-cya-mbere-mu-bagore-yiha-umuhigo-mushya-amafoto</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |url=https://www.umuringa.net/author/alpha/page/41/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-02 |archive-date=2023-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302133439/https://www.umuringa.net/author/alpha/page/41/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thechoicelive.com/Sports-17?page=42 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-02 |archive-date=2023-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302134938/https://www.thechoicelive.com/Sports-17?page=42 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === AHO AKINA === Muhayimpundu Ratif akaba akina mu kibuga hagati, akaba yarazamukiye mu ishuri ry'umupira wamaguru, akinisha amaguru yombi intego akaba ari uko bafasha kuba bazamutse mu cyiciro cyisumbuyeho. Muhayimpundu <ref name=":7" />Ratif yagize ikibazo cyo guta ubwenge ubwo ikipe akinanira itabashije kuzamutse mu cyiciro cyisumbuyeho.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> === Amashakiro === [[Ikiciro:Siporo]] bz4msf8t7p9mxkjz23imj6vjbjd2p59 0 14680 134064 133944 2026-07-23T23:58:20Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 134064 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umurenge wa Ngoma''' ni umwe mu mirenge 14 igize [[Akarere ka Nyaruguru]], mu [[Intara y’Amajyepfo]] y’u Rwanda. Ntugomba kwitiranywa n’indi mirenge yitwa Ngoma iri mu turere twa Huye na Rulindo. == Imiterere y’ubuyobozi == Akarere ka Nyaruguru kagizwe n’imirenge 14, [[Akagari|utugari]] 72 n’imidugudu 332. Ngoma iri ku rutonde rw’imirenge igize ako karere.<ref>[https://www.nyaruguru.gov.rw/en/ « Nyaruguru District »], urubuga rwemewe rw’Akarere ka Nyaruguru.</ref> == Abaturage == Mu ibarura rusange ry’abaturage n’imiturire ryo mu 2012, Umurenge wa Ngoma wari utuwe n’abaturage 22.950. Mu 2022, abaturage bari bageze kuri 24.358, barimo [[Umugore|abagore]] 12.844 n’abagabo 11.514.<ref name="abaturage">[https://www.citypopulation.de/en/rwanda/sector/admin/nyaruguru/2309__ngoma/ « Ngoma (Sector, Rwanda) »], ''City Population'', hashingiwe ku mibare y’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ibarurishamibare cy’u Rwanda.</ref> Muri abo baturage, 9.786 bari munsi y’imyaka 15, abari hagati y’imyaka 15 na 64 bari 13.221 naho abafite imyaka 65 cyangwa irenga bari 1.351.<ref name="abaturage" /> Ibarura ryo mu 2022 ryagaragaje ko abaturage bose b’Umurenge wa Ngoma bari batuye mu bice by’icyaro.<ref name="abaturage" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Nyaruguru|Ngoma]] [[Ikiciro:Imirenge y’u Rwanda|Ngoma]] 59vfv0klizr0tcj4008h321g5xyxegc 0 16781 134060 114820 2026-07-23T23:21:44Z Igiraneza Divine 15375 impinduka 134060 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Mathews Phosa 1998 (cropped).jpg|thumb|phosa]] Anna Phosa ni umworozi w'ingurube watsinze muri [[Afurika]] umwe mu batanga ingurube nini muri Afrika yepfo. Yatangiye ubucuruzi bw'ingurube mu 2004 kandi yakoresheje amadorari 100 gusa yo kuzigama. Nubwo yatangiriye ku ngurube enye, isosiyete ye yagiye mu bihugu byinshi byo ku mugabane wa [[Afurika]], bituma aba umwe muri ba rwiyemezamirimo bakomeye ku mugabane wa [[Afurika]].<ref>https://theafricablog.com/work/top-10-african-entrepreneurs/</ref>Ni umwe mu bahinzi borozi b'ingurube b'abirabura mu gihugu. Yatangiye Dreamland Piggery & Abbatoir mu gace ka Vaal, Amajyepfo ya Johannesburg mu 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://foundersafrica.com/meet-anna-phosa-south-africas-celebrity-pig-farmer/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-06-07 |archive-date=2023-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607111332/https://foundersafrica.com/meet-anna-phosa-south-africas-celebrity-pig-farmer/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://yali.state.gov/empower-women-to-feed-the-future/</ref><ref>https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/companies/land-and-agriculture/2019-06-10-profile-anna-phosa-thrives-as-a-pig-farmer/</ref><ref>https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Phosa</ref><ref>https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52440ddbe4b03b33d728e5ea/t/5e1b37a722ffb72e97ecadbd/1578842028037/Anna+Phosa+Drum.pdf</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230607111342/https://come.clickandanalytics.com/to.php?check=35&pid=346364&sid=4367</ref><ref>https://africanvibes.com/international-womens-day-2021-anna-phosa-choose-to-challenge-male-dominance-in-african-business/</ref><ref>https://africanvibes.com/international-womens-day-2021-anna-phosa-choose-to-challenge-male-dominance-in-african-business/</ref> == Amashakiro: == [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Iterambere rya Afurica]] [[Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Rwiyemezamirimo]] [[Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi]] [[Ikiciro:Ubworozi bw'umwuga]] pzxh0mukvz7ya9eb80p547jpa8mz9lw 0 17444 134071 134020 2026-07-24T00:00:40Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 134071 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umurenge wa Nyarugenge''' mu [[Akarere ka Bugesera|karere ka Bugesera]] witiriranwa n'undi wa Nyarugenge uri mu mujyi wa [[Kigali]], uri kuri Km60 uvuye Kigali Rondpoint. Umurenge wa Nyarugenge ya Bugesera uhana imbibi n'uwa [[Umurenge wa Ruhuha|Ruhuha]], [[Umurenge wa Mareba|Mareba]] na [[Umurenge wa Shyara|Shyara]], uwa [[Umurenge wa Busoro|Busoro]] wo mu [[Akarere ka Nyanza|karere ka Nyanza]], [[Intara y'amajyepfo|intara y'Amajyepfo]], unyuze ku cyambu cya Rwabusoro, n'igihugu cy'[[Uburundi|uBurundi]] hakurya y'[[Ikiyaga cya Cohoha|ikiyaga cya Cyohoha sud]]. Ni umurenge munini cyane kandi ufite ibyiza byinshi by'ubukerarugendo, harimo nk'umuhanda uhuza [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|intara y'uBurasirazuba]] n'iy'Amajyepfo, agasozi ka Ngoma kahoze ari ingoro y'Abami b'uBugesera bitwaga Nsoro, ubuhinzi bw'umuceri buhambaye n'amacumbi meza yakira abakora ubukerarurugendo mpuzabantu (Social Tourism in Rwanda) == Imiyoboro == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240502214410/https://www.bugesera.gov.rw/default-05333b7a14 ''Menya Bugesera'']. ''bugesera.gov.rw'' [[Ikiciro:Imirenge y’u Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Bugesera]] 00rlukh0mxy6ebg4h3akwlxq1y9qq5v 0 18200 134058 123687 2026-07-23T22:55:08Z Igiraneza Divine 15375 Impinduka ntoya 134058 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chantal''' '''Ritayisire ''ni''''' umunyarwandakazi utuye muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, yavukiye mu Karere ka Gisagara mu Majyepfo y’u Rwanda<ref name=":0">https://igihe.com/umuco/ibitabo/article/yigobotoye-ibikomere-bya-jenoside-ubuhamya-bwa-rutayisire-chantal-wanditse</ref>. Akaba ari umubyeyi w'abana babiri.<ref>https://www.dziewuchyberlin.org/16-5-2022-16-unbreakable-women-online-discussion/</ref>Akaba yaranditse igitabo yise A Smile After tears. Gikubiyemo amateka ye y'urugendo rw'I nzira y'umusaraba yanyuzemo muri Jenocide yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994 mu Rwanda. yavutse mu mwaka wa 1980 ukwezi kwa 9 tariki 14 == Amashuri yize == Chantal yize amashuri abanza mu rwunge rw'amashuri Intwari riherereye i Nyamirambo. yiga segonderi kuri APACE kabusunzu na APADE Kicukiro. yarangije kaminuza kuri Kigali Independent University aho afite impamya bumenyi m'ububanyi mpuzamahanga. == Umwuga akora == [[Dosiye:GisagaraDist.png|thumb|Gisagara]] Rutayisire Chantal ni umwanditsi w’igitabo yise ” A Smile After Tears “ akaba ari umushoramari mu bijyanye no kugura no kugurisha cyangwa gukodesha amazu, akabifatanya n’ubucuruzi bw’ibikorerwa mu Rwanda akabimurika ku isoko mpuzamahanga.<ref name=":0" />”Akariza collection“ she is also the owner of a home remodeling and Interior decoration company,home improve <ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro; == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Ubu]] [[Ikiciro:Abagore]] [[Ikiciro:Abashoramari]] [[Ikiciro:Umunyarwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Umunyarwandakazi]] rtpu22i6ynw3lrycpi3dl4c5h2u8j8j 0 19014 134066 133879 2026-07-23T23:58:57Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 134066 wikitext text/x-wiki Aya ni amwe mu magambo n'ibisobanuro by’ingenzi bigenga urwego rw’amashyamba mu [[Rwanda]], nk'uko biteganywa n' Itegeko Rigenga [[Amashyamba]] n’Ibiti [https://www.rfa.rw/index.php?eID=dumpFile&t=f&f=105761&token=f0c3ddf206bbf998c7f564c62c8c5128a84e714a]. Aya mabwiriza afasha mu kurengera no kubungabunga ibidukikije ndetse no kumenya uko [[Ibiti byimeza|ibiti]] byitabwaho no gusarurwa.[https://www.policyvault.africa/wp-content/uploads/policy/RWA223.pdf] # '''Amabwiriza arebana n’amashyamba:''' amabwiriza ya Ministiri ateganywa n’iritegeko.<ref name=":0">https://www.google.com/search?q=imikoreshereze+yamashyamba&oq=imiko&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqBggBECMYJzIGCAAQRRg5MgYIARAjGCcyDAgCEAAYFBiHAhiABDIHCAMQABiABDIHCAQQABiABDIHCAUQABiABDIHCAYQABiABDIPCAcQABgKGIMBGLEDGIAEMgcICBAAGIAEMgkICRAAGAoYgATSAQg3MDE5ajBqN6gCCLACAQ&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8</ref> # '''Gufata neza''' '''amashyamba''': uburyo butuma amashyamba arindwa,  afatwa neza, avugururwa kandi akabyazwa umusaruro ku buryo burambye.<ref name=":1">https://www.google.com/search?q=imikoreshereze+yamashyamba&oq=imiko&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqBggBECMYJzIGCAAQRRg5MgYIARAjGCcyDAgCEAAYFBiHAhiABDIHCAMQABiABDIHCAQQABiABDIHCAUQABiABDIHCAYQABiABDIPCAcQABgKGIMBGLEDGIAEMgcICBAAGIAEMgkICRAAGAoYgATSAQg3MDE5ajBqN6gCCLACAQ&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8</ref> # '''Gufatira:''' igikorwa cyo kwambura by’agateganyo umuntu uburengazira bwo gukoresha ibikomoka ku mashyamba n’ibikoresho byifashishijwe bitewe n’uko atubahirije ibiteganywa n’iri tegeko.<ref name=":0" /> # '''Gukonorera:''' igikorwa cyo gukorera  amashyamba hatemwa amashami make yo hasi ku biti bitayatakaza mu buryo bwa kamere yabyo bigakorwa hagamijwe kongera ubwiza  bw’igihimba.<ref name=":1" /> # '''Gukoresha ishyamba:''' gusarura ibikomoka ku mashyamba kimwe no kuyakoresha mu bukerarugendo, mu kwidagadura cyangwa mumirimo irebana n’ibidukikije n’ubushakashatsi.<ref name=":2">https://audiomack.com/radio_rwanda/song/imicungire-nimikoreshereze-yamashyamba-mu-rwanda</ref> # '''Gukuraho ishyamba:''' kurandura ibiti cyangwa kubitema n’ibish'''y'''itsi bikarandurwa kugira ngo ubutaka ryari ririho bukoreshwe ikindi.<ref name=":3">https://www.iucn.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/community-approach-guidelines-for-sebeya-project-kinyarwanda-version.pdf</ref> # '''Gusarura ishyamba''': ''' '''gukura mu ishyamba ibikomoka ku mashyamba hagamijwe kubicuruza cyangwa kubikoresha ikindi kintu.<ref name=":3" /> # '''Gutsemba ishyamba:''' ibikorwa byangiza ishyamba bigatuma rishiraho ku buryo ridashobora kwisubira; # '''Ibarura ry’amashyamba:''' inyigo ikorwa kugira ngo mu karere runaka hagaragazwe imiterere n’ingano by’ishyamba cyangwa akarere kagenewe ishyamba.<ref name=":1" /> # '''Ibikomoka mu ishyamba:''' ibiti, ingiga z’ibiti, inkwi, imbaho, amakara, ibarizo, ibishishwa, amakakama, amavuta, amababi, indabo, imbuto, umurama, ubuhiho, ivu, isaso, [[ubuki]], ibihumyo, ibyatsi n’ibindi binyabuzima cyangwa ibibikomokaho, itaka, amabuye, urusekabuye, ibumba, umusenyi n’ibindi bitari ibinyabuzima bikomoka mu ishyamba.<ref name=":3" /> # '''Ibikorwa byo kubungabunga amashyamba:''' ibikorwa bigamije gushyiraho ibyemezo mu rwego rwa tekiniki, ubukungu, inganda, amategeko n’ubutegetsi, kugira ngo bayiteho maze arusheho gutanga umusaruro.<ref name=":0" /> # '''Ibikorwa byo gusubiranya ishyamba:''' ibikorwa bigamije kuziba icyuho mu ishyamba bongeramo ibindi biti cyangwa bakareka ibisanzwe bigakura kugira ngo ritange umusaruro ukwiye ritezweho.<ref name=":1" /> # '''Ibiti bikomye:''' ni ibiti bidasanzwe bifite akamaro kanini mu kubungabunga ibidukikije, kurwanya isuri, no gufata ubutaka, bishyirwaho urutonde na Minisitiri ufite amashyamba mu nshingano.<ref name=":2" /> # '''Ibungabunga rirambye ry’amashyamba:''' ikoreshwa ry’umutungo w’amashyamba ku buryo n’abavuka bawusanga na bo bakawugiraho uruhare n’uburenganzira.<ref name=":4">https://archive.gazettes.africa/archive/rw/2015/rw-government-gazette-dated-2015-07-06-no-27.pdf</ref> # '''Igenamigabi ry’amashyamba:''' inyandiko ikubiyemo ibikorwa bijyanye no gutunganya, gucunga no gukoresha amashyamba mu gihe n’ahantu runaka.<ref name=":3" /> # '''Igenzura ry’ibanze:''' isuzuma  rikorerwa ishyamba hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa gihanga kugira ngo haboneke amakuru y’ibanze arebana n’ishyamba runaka mu rwego rwo gutegura  ibarura ryimbitse cyangwa gufata ibyemezo birebana n’imicungire yaryo.<ref name=":0" /> # '''Igiti:''' [[ikimera]] kimara igihe kirekire ku butaka kigira nibura ubuhagarike bwa metero esheshatu (6) gusubiza hejuru iyo gikuze, kikanagira igihimba n’igice cyo hejuru kigizwe n’amashami n’amababi.<ref name=":1" /> # '''Igiti kibazwa:''' [[igiti]] kitagenewe gucanwa, gishobora kuba ari igice cy’igiti cyatemwe cyangwa cyaguye,  kibajwe cyangwa kitabajije, gisatuye, kidasatuye cyangwa hari ukundi bakigenje.<ref name=":2" /> # '''Ikigo:''' Ikigo cy’Igihugu gifite mu nshingano zacyo  gucunga no guteza imbere amashyamba.<ref name=":2" /> # '''Ishyamba:''' ubutaka butwikiriwe n’ibiti n’uduti n’ibindi bimera cyangwa ubutaka bwahozeho ibiti rikaba ririmo kwisubira cyangwa barimo guteramo ibindi biti, cyangwa ubutaka butahozeho ibiti bukaba buzigamiwe gutanga ibikomoka ku mashyamba cyangwa imirimo ifitanye isano nayo.<ref name=":1" /> # '''Ishyamba-fatizo:'''  ishyamba rigabanijemo uturere hakurikijwe ibiranga buri karere byihariye. # '''Ishyamba rikomye:'''  ishyamba ridashobora gukorerwamo imirimo iyo ari yo yose keretse ibyagenwa ukundi n’iri tegeko.<ref name=":3" /> # '''Ishyamba ry’Akarere:''' ishyamba riri ku butaka bw’Akarere ryatewe n’Akarere, umushinga w’Akarere, umuganda cyangwa urundi rwego urwo ari rwo rwose rukorana n’Akarere,  iryo ku nkengero z’imihanda y’Akarere, n’iryeguriwe Akarere.<ref name=":0" /> # '''Ishyamba rya Leta:''' ishyamba riri ku  butaka bwa Leta ryatewe na Leta, umushinga wa Leta, umuganda cyangwa urundi rwego urwo ari rwo rwose, irya cyimeza, iryo ku nkengero z’imihanda ya Leta, iryo ku nkengero z’inzuzi n’ibiyaga,  iryeguriwe Leta n’ishyamba ryose ritagira nyiraryo.<ref name=":4" /> # '''Ishyamba ryo kubyaza umusaruro:''' ishyamba  ryagenewe kubyazwa umusaruro nk’uko bigenwa n’iri tegeko.<ref name=":5" /> # '''Ishyamba ry’umuntu:''' ishyamba ryatewe na nyiraryo, na Leta, umuganda cyangwa undi uwo ari we wese ku butaka bw’umuntu, iryatewe n’abantu bishyize hamwe bafite cyangwa badafite ubuzima gatozi  ku butaka bwabo.<ref name=":1" /> # '''Itwika rigamije gukingira ishyamba:''' gutwika inkengero cyangwa  imihora iri hagati mu ishyamba  mu rwego rwo kuririnda inkongi z’umuriro.<ref name=":2" /> # '''Kwicira:''' igikorwa  cyo gutema ibiti bimwe na bimwe mu ishyamba rigikura hagamijwe kongera umusaruro waryo no kongera ubwiza bw’ibiti bisigaye.<ref name=":3" /> # '''Minisitiri:''' Ministiri ufite amashyamba  mu nshingano ze. # '''Ubuhanga mu kubungabunga amashyamba:''' uburyo bwo gucunga, gukoresha, gufata neza amashyamba n’ibiti, kuyabyaza umusaruro no gufata neza ubutaka budateweho ibiti ariko buri mu gace kagenewe amashyamba.<ref name=":4" /> # '''Ubumenyi mu by’amashyamba:''' ubuhanga bwo gutera amashyamba, kuyitaho, kuyasarura no kongerera agaciro ibiyakomokaho;<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">https://audiomack.com/radio_rwanda/song/imicungire-nimikoreshereze-yamashyamba-mu-rwanda</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> ==== Indanganturo ==== taprg5xzxr7rf0hpj3ewlhj2btx9mnx 0 19439 134063 133793 2026-07-23T23:57:50Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|0|1 */ 134063 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ishimwe_Chrispin_known_as_Chrrispin.jpg|thumb]] Ishimwe Chrispin uzwi ku izina rya Chrrispin, yavutse ku ya 18 Mata 2005<ref name=":0">Chrrispin from kigali rwanda https://www.imdb.com/name/nm15643589/bio/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm</ref>, akaba ari nyir’ikinyamakuru kizwi nka New Time Africa.<ref>https://www.newtimeafrica.com/owner the founder and CEO of '''New Time Africa'''</ref> Akaba n'umuhanzi ufite impano nyinshi ukomoka [[Kigali]], [[RwandAir|Rwanda]]<ref name=":1">Talented artist Chrrispin with first two songs https://mdundo.com/news/45162</ref> Chrispin akomoka mu muryango w'abana 4<ref name=":0" />. Umuhanzi Chrispin yatangiye akiri muto, akunda injyana ya R&B (Rhythm na blues) <ref>[https://www.viberate.com/artist/chrrispin/]https://www.viberate.com/artist/chrrispin/</ref>injyana, kuririmba, kwandika indirimbo, kubyina, no gukina, aho yatangiriye muri firime nke == Ibindi == Chrispin arusha ibyo akora. Chrispin yatangiye kumva umuziki na firime nziza igihe yari mu kiciro cya 4 mu mashuri abanza<ref name=":0" />. Yakundaga kumva indirimbo no kureba firime z'abandi bantu kuko niyo soko y'amagambo meza yo gukoresha mu ndirimbo ze, kandi kubyina byari bikurikira nyuma y'umuziki. [[File:Chrrispin_wrist.jpg|thumb| Chrispin Wrist]] Impano ye yo kubyina no gukina yari ikintu kimukorera kubera ubumenyi yakuye muri Club Rafiki muri [[Nyamirambo]]<ref name=":1" />. == Amashakiro == <references responsive="" /> [[Ikiciro:Films]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] 4yb7g8119mlcs8tw3jewyh3vl79lgv8 0 19728 134062 133928 2026-07-23T23:57:34Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 134062 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umurenge wa Nkungu''' ni umwe mu [[Imirenge y’u Rwanda|mirenge]] 18 igize [[Akarere ka Rusizi]], mu [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba]] bw’u [[Rwanda]]. == Ubumenyi bw’isi == Umurenge wa Nkungu ufite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 38,23. Uhana imbibi n’imirenge ya Giheke, Nyakarenzo, Nyakabuye na Gitambi yo mu Karere ka Rusizi, ndetse na Karengera na Ruharambuga yo mu [[Akarere ka Nyamasheke]].<ref name="citypopulation">[https://www.citypopulation.de/en/rwanda/sector/admin/rusizi/3614__nkungu/ « Nkungu (Sector, Rwanda) »], ''City Population'', yasuwe ku wa 21 Nyakanga 2026.</ref> == Imiterere y’ubuyobozi == Umurenge wa Nkungu ugizwe n’utugari tune n’imidugudu 40: * '''Gatare''': Bahuro, Cyandarama, Kimpundu, Kivugiza, Madaho, Njambwe, Rubona na Rutegamatwi; * '''Kiziguro''': Byugaro, Gasarabuye, Kabigohe, Kabuga, Kabuganza, Kadashya, Kamabuye, Karongoro, Mpinga, Mukenke, Rebero na Ryamibuga; * '''Mataba''': Gashashi, Gatagara, Gatondo, Gikombe, Honga, Kabinyugwe, Kamajumba, Migazo, Muhora, Rubona na Rwamaraba; * '''Ryamuhirwa''': Gako, Gatarange, Kigurwe, Kinanira, Kiyanza, Nyarushishi, Rugabe, Rususa na Ryamaraza.<ref>[https://gitlab.com/Bercove/rwanda-locations/-/blob/master/Rwanda_Locations.json « Rwanda Locations »], ''GitLab'', yasuwe ku wa 21 Nyakanga 2026.</ref> == Abaturage == Ibarura rusange ry’abaturage ryo mu 2022 ryagaragaje ko Umurenge wa Nkungu wari utuwe n’abaturage 21.696. Ubucucike bw’abaturage bwari abantu 568 kuri kilometero kare. Mu 2012, umurenge wari utuwe n’abaturage 20.697.<ref name="citypopulation"/> == Ubuzima == Umurenge ufite [[Ikigo nderabuzima|Ikigo Nderabuzima]] cya Nkungu, gitanga serivisi z’ubuvuzi ku baturage bo muri Nkungu no mu bice biyikikije.<ref>[https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/26101/health-centre-lacks-crucial-equipment « Health Centre lacks crucial equipment »], ''The New Times'', 23 Nzeri 2009, yasuwe ku wa 21 Nyakanga 2026.</ref> == Ibikorwa, ubukungu == Ubuhinzi n’ubworozi biri mu bikorwa by’ingenzi by’ubukungu muri Nkungu. Icyayi kiri mu bihingwa bihingwa muri uyu murenge, aho bamwe mu baturage bakora mu mirima y’icyayi ihabwa umusaruro n’uruganda rwa Shagasha.<ref>Muhire Donatien, [https://umuseke.rw/inkuba-yatwaye-ubuzima-bwumuntu/ « Inkuba yatwaye ubuzima bw’umuntu »], ''Umuseke'', 30 Nzeri 2025, yasuwe ku wa 21 Nyakanga 2026.</ref> Muri Nkungu kandi hakorera ishyirahamwe Zirarese Nkungu rikusanya amata y’aborozi kugira ngo agezwe ku isoko. Mu 2018 ryubakiwe inyubako ifite agaciro ka miliyoni 17,5 z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda ku bufatanye bwa Caritas ya Diyosezi ya Cyangugu n’Urwego rw’Igihugu rw’Iterambere.<ref>Fidèle Nshimiyimana, [https://www.diocesecyangugu.com/en/cyangugu-diocesan-caritas-has-built-a-house-for-zirarese-nkungu/ « Cyangugu Diocesan Caritas has built a house for “Zirarese Nkungu” »], ''Diyosezi Gatolika ya Cyangugu'', 6 Ukuboza 2018, yasuwe ku wa 21 Nyakanga 2026.</ref> Ishyamba rya Cyamudongo, riri hafi y’umurenge, ni igice cya [[Pariki y'Igihugu ya Nyungwe]] kandi ribamo inyamaswa zirimo [[inguge]] zo mu bwoko bw’impundu.<ref name="caritas">[https://www.diocesecyangugu.com/en/cyangugu-diocesan-caritas-has-built-a-house-for-zirarese-nkungu/ « Cyangugu Diocesan Caritas has built a house for “Zirarese Nkungu” »], ''Diyosezi Gatolika ya Cyangugu'', 6 Ukuboza 2018, yasuwe ku wa 21 Nyakanga 2026.</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Rusizi]] [[Ikiciro:Imirenge y’u Rwanda|Nkungu]] 69jx834c0gxcc3ayzvmjbz64u8fr3yb 0 20175 134061 133925 2026-07-23T23:57:07Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 134061 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umurenge wa Cyanzarwe''' ni umwe mu [[Imirenge y’u Rwanda|mirenge]] 12 igize [[Akarere ka Rubavu]], mu [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba]] bw’u [[Rwanda]]. == Ubumenyi bw’isi == Umurenge wa Cyanzarwe ufite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 34,80. Uhana imbibi n’imirenge ya [[Busasamana]], Kanzenze, Rubavu na Nyakiriba.<ref name="citypopulation">[https://www.citypopulation.de/en/rwanda/sector/admin/rubavu/3303__cyanzarwe/ « Cyanzarwe (Sector, Rwanda) »], ''City Population'', yasuwe ku wa 21 Nyakanga 2026.</ref> == Abaturage == Ibarura rusange ry’abaturage ryo mu 2022 ryagaragaje ko Umurenge wa Cyanzarwe wari utuwe n’abaturage 38.977, barimo [[Umugore|abagore]] 20.315 n’abagabo 18.662. Ubucucike bw’abaturage bwari abantu 1.120 kuri kilometero kare.<ref name="citypopulation"/> Mu baturage bose, 17.700 bari bafite imyaka iri munsi ya 15, abagera kuri 20.147 bari hagati y’imyaka 15 na 64, naho 1.130 bari bafite imyaka 65 cyangwa irenga. Abaturage 32.456 bari batuye mu cyaro, mu gihe 6.521 bari batuye mu mijyi.<ref name="citypopulation"/> {| class="wikitable" |+ Abaturage hakurikijwe ibyiciro by’imyaka mu 2022 ! Icyiciro cy’imyaka ! Umubare w’abaturage |- | Imyaka 80 cyangwa irenga | 193 |- | Imyaka 70–79 | 467 |- | Imyaka 60–69 | 1.184 |- | Imyaka 50–59 | 1.540 |- | Imyaka 40–49 | 2.926 |- | Imyaka 30–39 | 4.856 |- | Imyaka 20–29 | 5.464 |- | Imyaka 10–19 | 10.232 |- | Imyaka 0–9 | 12.115 |} <ref name="citypopulation"/> Mu 2012, Umurenge wa Cyanzarwe wari utuwe n’abaturage 29.615. Umubare w’abaturage wariyongereye ugera kuri 38.977 mu 2022.<ref name="citypopulation"/> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Rubavu]] [[Ikiciro:Imirenge y’u Rwanda|Cyanzarwe]] qqjqa9tvjrac1j8ujr5h5ko0odjlui6