Indwara ya Ebola

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| name           = Indwara ya Ebola 
| image         = 7042 lores-Ebola-Zaire-CDC Photo.jpg
| caption     = 1976 ifoto y’abaforomokazi babiri bahagaze imbere ya [[Mayinga N'Seka|Mayinga N.]], umuntu urwaye indwara iterwa n’agakoko ka Ebola; yitabye Imana hashize iminsi mike bitewe no kuvira imbere ku buryo bukabije.
| IndwaraDB     = 18043
| ICD10          = {{ICD10|A|98|4|a|90}}
| ICD9           = {{ICD9|065.8}}
| MedlinePlus    = 001339
| eMedicineSubj  = med
| eMedicineTopic = 626
| MeshID         = D019142
}}
[[Dosiye:Ebola virus virion.jpg|thumb|Ebola virus ]]
[[Dosiye:Ebola virus (2).jpg|thumb|Ebola virus ]]
[[Dosiye:Doctors and nurses from the NHS train in Ebola saftey equipment (15811262376).jpg|thumb|Doctors and nurses from the NHS train in Ebola saftey equipment (15811262376)]]
[[Dosiye:Ebola sintomak.svg|thumb|Ebola sintomak]]
[[Dosiye:Ebola ward.jpg|thumb|Ebola ward]]
[[Dosiye:Ebola Symptoms.jpg|thumb|Ebola Symptoms]]
[[Dosiye:Ebola Signs and Symptoms.jpg|thumb|Ibimenyetso bya ebola]]
[[Dosiye:Operation Tranquil Shift loading a containerized biocontainment system outfitted aircraft on April 17, 2017 in Freetown, Sierra Leone created after the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa.jpg|thumb|Ebola outbreak in West Africa]]
[[Dosiye:Symptoms-skin-rash.jpg|thumb|Symptoms-skin-rash]]
[[Dosiye:Infrared thermometer training.jpg|thumb|Infrared thermometer training]]
[[Dosiye:Checking for fever.jpg|thumb|Checking for fever]]
[[Dosiye:DLA leaders visit Africa to assess buildup of logistics support 141012-D-xx999-001.jpg|thumb|gupima ebola]]
[[Dosiye:Symptoms-red-eyes.jpg|thumb|Symptoms-red-eyes]]
'''Indwara ya Ebola''' ('''EVD''') or '''Ebola irangwa no kuvira imbere no guhinda umuriro''' ('''EHF''') ni indwara abantu barware bayitewe n’ [[Agakoko ka Ebola]].&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Ibimenyetso nyir'izina byayo bitangira kugaragara guhera ku minsi ibiri kugera ku byumweru bitatu umuntu yandujwe n'ako gakoko, akagira [[umuriro]], akababara mu muhogo, [[Myalgia|akaribwa mu mitsi]], no [[kurwara umutwe]].&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; By’umwihariko agira [[iseseme]], akaruka, kandi [[agahitwa]] hakurikiraho, gucika intege k’ [[umwijima]] n’ [[impyiko]].&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Iyo indwara igeze kuri urwo rwego, abantu bamwe batangira [[kuvirirana amaraso]].&lt;ref name=WHO2014&gt;{{cite web|title=Ebola virus disease  Fact sheet N°103|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=12 April 2014|date=March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Impamvu n’Uburyo Bayisuzuma--&gt;
Ako gakoko gashobora kwandurira mu [[maraso]] cyangwa [[amatembabuzi ava mu mubiri]] w’inyamaswa yanduye (akenshi kaboneka mu nkende cyangwa mu [[ducurama]]).&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; Ikwirakwizwa n’umwuka ikanyanyagira ahantu hadukikije n’ubwo nta nyandiko iriho ibinononsora.&lt;ref name=WHOAir2014&gt;{{cite web|title=2014 Agakoko ka Ebola (EVD) karimo karaca ibintu mu gice cy’ Afurika y’Uburengerazuba|url=http://www.who.int/ith/updates/20140421/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=3 August 2014|date=Apr 21 2014|archive-date=29 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729034008/http://www.who.int/ith/updates/20140421/en/|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bakaba bakeka ko yazanywe n’Uducurama noneho tukayikwirakwiza kandi two ikaba yari itaratangira kutugaragaraho.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Iyo umuntu amaze kwandura, na we atangira kuyikwirakwiza mu bandi bantu .&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Abagabo bayanduye mu gihe bakiriho bashobora kuyanduza biciye mu [[masohoro]] mu gihe nk’icy’amezi abiri.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Kugira ngo babashe kuyisuzuma, kuko ibimenyetso byayo nyir’izina bisa nk’iby’izindi ndwara nka  [[malariya]], [[kolera]] n’izindi ndwara ziterwa n’agakoko [[zirangwa no kuva amaraso no guhinda umuriro]] zigomba kubanza gutandukanywa na yo.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt;  Kugira ngo ibivuye mu isuzuma byemezwe amaraso yafashwe apimwamo udukoko [[ndwanyamubiri]], udukoko [[RNA]], cyangwa ako gakoko ubwako.&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;
[[Dosiye:Ebola Virus - Electron Micrograph.tiff|center|thumb|320x320px|Virusi ya Ebola]]&lt;!-- Kuyirinda --&gt;
Kuyirinda bisaba kuyibuza gukwirakwira iva mu nkende zanduye no mu ducurama twanduye yinjira mu bantu.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Kugira ngo ibyo bikorwe ni ugusuzuma izo nyamaswa niba zaranduye izanduye zikicwa kandi imibiri y'izishwe igatwikirwa cyane ku buryo bwabigenewe.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Guteka inyama zigashya ku buryo bwabigenewe kwambara imyenda ikingira umubiri mu gihe umuntu akorakora inyama nabyo byafasha kwirinda,&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; kimwe n’uko wakwambara imyenda ikingira umubiri ugomba no [[gukaraba intoki]] mu gihe wegeranye n’umuntu wanduye.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Ibipimo by'amatembabuzi n'iby'uruhu rw'umubiri by'abantu banduye bigomba gukorwaho mu bwitonzi budasanzwe.&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;

&lt;!-- Kuyivura, Kuyikumira ntibe icyorezo no Kuyirinda gukwirakwira no kuba yarenga ubushobozi bw’abaganga --&gt;  
Nta muti wihariye wo kuvura iyi ndwara; imbaraga zo gufasha abantu bayanduye zishyirwa  mu kuba wabaha nk’ [[ibinyobwa bibarinda umwuma]] ( amazi yo kunywa arimo agasukari gake n'umun
[[Dosiye:Epidemia_del_ébola_en_África_occidental.png|thumb|Epidemia del ebola muri Afrika yuburengerazuba]]
yu) cyangwa [[kubatera serumu mu mutsi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Iyi indwara ifite igipimo cyo hejuru [[cy’abantu ihitana]]: akenshi ihitana hagati ya 50% na 90% y'abanduye agakoko kayitera.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Elsevier/Academic Press&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=C.M. Fauquet|title=Virus taxonomy classification and nomenclature of viruses; 8th report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780080575483|page=648|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=9Wy7Jgy5RWYC&amp;pg=PA648}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara ya Ebola EVD yabonetse bwa mbere muri [[Sudani]] no muri [[Repuburika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]].&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; T Iyi ndwara ku bw'umwihariko iboneka mu bihugu by'akarere k'ibihugu bikikije koma y'isi byo [[Muri Afurika yo munsi ya Sahara]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Kuva muri 1976 (ubwo yagaraga bwa mbere) muri 2013, abantu benda kugera ku 1,000 buri mwaka baranduye.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MMWRJune2014&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Ebola Viral Disease Outbreak — West Africa, 2014|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6325a4.htm?s_cid=mm6325a4_w|website=CDC|accessdate=26 June 2014|date=June 27, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kugeza ku munsi wa none igihe yabonetse cyane kuruta indi myaka  ni muri iyi minsi [[Ebola yagaragaye muri 2014 muri Afurika y’Uburengerazuba]], ubwandu bwagaragaye muri [[Gineya]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Liberiya]] bukanagaragara muri [[Nigeriya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=CDC irashishikariza abantu bose batuye muri Amerika kwirinda gukora ingendo zidakenewe muri Liberiya, Gineya, na Sierra Leone kuko hagaragara ubwandu butigeze buboneka bwa Ebola.|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/warning/ebola-liberia|website=CDC|accessdate=2 August 2014|date=July 31, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCAug2014N&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Outbreak of Ebola in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone|url=http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/guinea/index.html|website=CDC|accessdate=5 August 2014|date=August 4, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kugera mu kwezi kwa munani 2014 abantu barenga 1600 banduye bamaze kuboneka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ebola virus disease update - West Africa|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_08_04_ebola/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=6 August 2014|date=Aug 4, 2014|archive-date=23 November 2014|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6UJCrmDvn?url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_08_04_ebola/en/|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Imbaraga kuri ubu zirimo zirashyirwa mu gushaka [[urukingo]]; ariko rero byumvikane, nta rukingo na rumwe rwari rwaboneka.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;

==Inyandiko zifashishijwe==
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}

; Urutonde rw’inyandiko
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Klenk |first=Hans-Dieter |title=Marburg and Ebola Viruses (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology) |url=https://archive.org/details/marburgebolaviru0000unse |date=January 1999 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Telos |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-540-64729-4 |ref=CITEREFKlenk1999}}
* {{Cite book |first1=Hans-Dieter |last1=Klenk |first2=Heinz |last2=Feldmann |title=Ebola and Marburg viruses: molecular and cellular biology |url=http://books.google.com/?id=EV_mFgnyPoMC |format=Limited preview |year=2004 |publisher=Horizon Bioscience |location=Wymondham, Norfolk, UK |isbn=978-0-9545232-3-7 |ref=CITEREFKlenkFeldmann2004 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Kuhn |first=Jens H. |title=Filoviruses: A Compendium of 40 Years of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Laboratory Studies. Archives of Virology Supplement, vol. 20 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=LaOue0F9Ns4C |format=Limited preview |year=2008 |publisher=SpringerWienNewYork |location=Vienna |isbn=978-3-211-20670-6 |ref=CITEREFKuhn2008 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=McCormick |first1=Joseph |last2=Fisher-Hoch |first2=Susan |others=Horvitz, Leslie Alan |title=Level 4: Virus Hunters of the CDC |url=http://books.google.com/?id=QEvR3aJX2m0C |format=Limited preview |origyear=1996 |edition=Updated [3rd] |year=1999 |publisher=Barnes &amp; Noble |isbn=978-0-7607-1208-5 |ref=CITEREFMcCormickFisher-Hoch1999 |month=June }}
* {{Cite book |last=Pattyn |first=S. R. |title=Ebola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever |year=1978 |url=http://www.itg.be/ebola/ |format=Full free text |edition=1st |publisher=Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press |location=Amsterdam |isbn=0-444-80060-3 |ref=CITEREFPattyn1978 |accessdate=2014-08-12 |archive-date=2010-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211083855/http://www.itg.be/ebola/ |deadurl=yes }}
* {{Cite book | last1 = Ryabchikova | first1 = Elena I. | last2 = Price | first2 = Barbara B. | title = Ebola and Marburg Viruses: A View of Infection Using Electron Microscopy | year = 2004 | publisher = Battelle Press | location = Columbus, Ohio | isbn = 978-1-57477-131-2 | ref = CITEREFRyabchikovaPrice2004 }}
{{Refend}}

==Izindi mbuga==
{{Refbegin}}
* [http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/207.html ViralZone: Ebola-like viruses] – Virological repository from the [[Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics]]
* [http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/ CDC: Ebola hemorrhagic fever] – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special Pathogens Branch
* [http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/en/ WHO: Ebola haemorrhagic fever] – World Health Organization, Global Alert and Response
* [http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.do?decorator=filo Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Filoviridae]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140808072117/http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/emdb/searchResults.html/?q=ebola 3D macromolecular structures of the Ebola virus archived in the EM Data Bank (EMDB)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819171607/https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&amp;msid=202977755949863934429.0004c658eb30f9c4fb1c0&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;t=h&amp;ll=27.371767,5.273438&amp;spn=110.017392,184.21875&amp;z=2&amp;source=embed&amp;dg=feature Google Map of Ebola Outbreaks]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140816223245/http://www.who.int/csr/bioriskreduction/filovirus_infection_control/en/ WHO recommended infection control measures]
{{Refend}}</text>
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'''Welcome to Kinyarwanda Wikipedia, [[User:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]]'''!

As you may have discovered already, a significant proportion of the contributors to this site know little or no Kinyarwanda. We hope you will contribute, no matter what your language skills are. Feel free to contact me for guidance.

'''Enjoy'''!

--'' [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Deborahjay|Talk]]) 12:09, 5 May 2020 (UTC)&lt;/small&gt;''

== Comment heading and signature ==

To improve the comment you wrote on [[User talk:WikiBayer]], I suggest the following in Edit source mode: 
* For the Level 2 heading (between the paired equals signs: '''&lt;nowiki&gt;== . ==&lt;/nowiki&gt;''', replace the dot ''&lt;small&gt;(a placeholder in my edit) &lt;/small&gt;'' with a heading. This separates your new comment from what precedes it, and will appear in the Table of Contents on this page.
* Always remember to sign your comments on Talk pages. Recommended: four tilde signs '''&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;''', which adds your linked User name and User talk page, and the date/time stamp. The same information appears in the page's Edit history (Reba amateka), which is the source I used to fill in the earlier missing signature.
Another thought: see [[User:WikiBayer]]'s user page, especially the &quot;Babel boxes&quot; that show languages and proficiency level. Since '''rw''' doesn't appear, it's possible you might want to repeat your message in English on that Talk page - though Google Translate (which I used) seems reliable. ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 12:31, 5 May 2020 (UTC)''

== Overview article for developing a small Wikipedia ==

Take a look at this article in Meta-Wiki: '''[[:m:Manual for small and new Wikipedias|Manual for small and new Wikipedias]]'''. Here today in RW WP I focused on the Science/Biology pages of the Vital articles, and then wrote on the Talk page with some links. (My ordinary edits were quite repetitive, as the Edit summaries show.) ''-- Cheers, [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 14:49, 17 July 2020 (UTC)''
:I really appreciate, this let me take a lot at it [[User:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] ([[User talk:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 19:20, 17 July 2020 (UTC)

== Model edits ==

I just made a number of changes to the [[Akarere ka Kayonza]] page which you can study and use as a model. They're all in one edit with a condensed Edit summary:
[https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akarere_ka_Kayonza&amp;type=revision&amp;diff=72541&amp;oldid=72538 (click here to view)]. Hope this helps! ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 12:47, 18 July 2020 (UTC)''
:Wow thanks a lot that model looks more better than the previous version [[User:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] ([[User talk:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 20:44, 18 July 2020 (UTC)

== Page name needed ==

Preparing to import the page '''[[:w:List of Rwandans]]''' from the English Wikipedia. What page name to use here? ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 17:11, 24 July 2020 (UTC)''
&lt;br&gt;
These are the needed translations: 
* List of Rwandans (or: List of Rwandan people) = [[Lisite y'Abanyarwanda]]
* This is a list of notable people from Rwanda. = Iyi ni lisite y'abantu b'ibyamamare mu Rwanda.
I'll use these to create a page in the RW WP with the content from the EN WP. Improvements can of course be made later. ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 18:08, 24 July 2020 (UTC)''

==Translations==

* List of Rwandans (or: List of Rwandan people): lisite y'Abanyarwanda
* This is a list of notable people from Rwanda : Iyi ni lisite y'abantu b'ibyamamare mu Rwanda
[[User:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] ([[User talk:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 10:41, 28 July 2020 (UTC)

:Thank you for the above. As you'll see the new page '''[[Lisite y'Abanyarwanda]]''' has English section headings and descriptions from the source WP page. Those need translation into Kinyarwanda. You might also add descriptions for notable people in red (who have no page yet), and of course add notable Rwandan people who are missing from the list. ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 11:20, 28 July 2020 (UTC)''

:(From previous section): '''See also:''' [[Category talk:Umuntu#Two subcategories needed]] for two more en:rw translation requests. ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 14:19, 27 July 2020 (UTC)''

== New User needs guidance ==

Greetings, [[User:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro]]! Recently I've noticed edits by '''[[User:Cnyirahabihirwe123]]''' that show a need for guidance: 
* Some Edit summaries use the #WPWP and #WPWPRW hashtags but no image was added
* See new pages she's created - I can help with format but not to check for proper page naming, content and categories. 
At this point I'm suggesting a speaker of iKinyarwanda be involved. I'll be glad to help follow up. ''-- Cheers, [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 08:11, 25 August 2020 (UTC)''&lt;br&gt;
'''Edited to add''': I wrote [[User talk:Cnyirahabihirwe123#The WPWP hashtags in Edit summary|this]] on her User talk page. ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 08:21, 25 August 2020 (UTC)''

: Greetings Mrs.[[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]], I am going to follow up and engage her on the above issues to give her a proper guidance. Thanks alot.... [[User:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] ([[User talk:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 00:24, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

== Final Call for Candidates for AffCom - June 2021 ==

[[File:Affiliations Committee logo black.svg|border|thumb|[[:m:Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]] (AffCom) logo]]

&lt;!--T:1--&gt;
''This is an [[:m:Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|update]] from the [[:m:Affiliations Committee|Wikimedia Affiliations Committee]]. [[:m:Affiliations Committee/MassMessages/Final Call for Candidates for AffCom - June 2021|Translations]] are available.''

This is a final Call for Candidates for the June 2021 '''[[:m:Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]]''' election. 

If you are interested in running, please post your application and follow '''all four steps''' [[:m:Affiliations Committee/Candidates/June 2021|on the nomination page]] '''by 30 June 2021 23:59 hours UTC'''.

If you know somebody you think may be interested, please share this with them and encourage them to consider it. If you have any questions about this process or the requirements, please email '''affcom@wikimedia.org''' before the application deadline or reach out to any of [[:m:Affiliations_Committee#who-we-are|the current members]]. 

On behalf of the AffCom elections committee,

--- [[User:FULBERT|FULBERT]] ([[User talk:FULBERT|talk]]) 14:37, 22 June 2021 (UTC)
  
 ==Feedback==
[[User:FULBERT|FULBERT]] ,thanks for the ALERT ,am wondering if a member of an affiliate group, whose recognition application is still in the pipeline is allowed to apply too?[[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 10:40, 23 June 2021 (UTC)


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== According to your email ==

&lt;!-- &gt; Hello [[Eihel]], i hope you are doing well? I am a wikipedian from Rwanda ,kindly asking for your help in improving the home page for rw.wikipedia.org ,,,,,,Thanks a lot --&gt;

Hello Ndahiro derrick,

All main pages are protected as you can see [https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intangiriro&amp;action=info here]. Only administrators can modify them and I am not an administrator, on any project or globally. Moreover, I do not speak Kinyarwanda. So I am not very helpful.
You can ask someone who speaks the language to help you. As a first step, you can also ask for help from a global administrator.

Cordially. —[[Umukoresha:Eihel|Eihel]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Eihel|talk]]) 12:08, 16 July 2021 (UTC)

== [[Intangiriro/ikizamini]] ==

Mwaramutse! Please look at [[Intangiriro/ikizamini]] and tell me what you think. I have adapted it from [https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lle:Ovdasiidu se.wikipedia.org]. I have used some imigongo images so please let me know if these are not appropriate (since I do not know the culture well) and I can change them.
*Content = [[Intangiriro/ikizamini]]
*formatting = [[Inyandikorugero:Intangiriro/ikizamini/styles.css]]
[[Umukoresha:Evolution and evolvability|Evolution and evolvability]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]) 12:54, 8 August 2021 (UTC)

Greetings,[[Umukoresha:Evolution and evolvability|Evolution and evolvability]], I have looked at it, It is so impressive, cant wait to see the final results,,, Be blessed ````

== Campaigns Product Update #1 ==

* '''We will be hosting our first Campaigns Product Office hour''' with the Product team on '''September 9, 2021 at 3 PM UTC''' (join us on Zoom: https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/87427100681) . The Office hour will focus on the introduction of the Product team and its choice of of a first feature focused on Event Registration. For more information see: [[Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team#Office%20Hours|https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campaigns/Foundation_Programs_Team#Office_Hours]] 
* '''We have published our first document about the first feature''': '''event registration'''.  You can find the document on Meta: [[Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration]] . We provided first responses to initial feedback last week. If you responded before, consider reviewing the talk page and adding to the conversation. 
* '''We had several presentations at Wikimania:'''
** Ilana Fried presented the Campaign Product team as part of a larger conversation about Wikimedia Foundation Product Strategy. Campaigns product start at 18:12 time:[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57GzJ4GEvCQ&amp;t=1103s&amp;ab_channel=WikimediaFoundation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57GzJ4GEvCQ&amp;t=1103]
** Alex Stinson facilitated a session on the role of partners in International Campaigns:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OS1k8_6QWPY 

'''What is next?''' At the office hours, we will share our first version of the designs for the Registration feature, and be asking for feedback. Additionally we will be onboarding our engineering team who will be building the registration feature.

Please invite  other organizers to subscribe to this newsletter or to unsubscribe at: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers  

The Campaign Product Team
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== Campaigns Product Update #2 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers! We are excited to share our updates:

*'''Request for Feedback''': We have shared our project principles, wireframes for the desktop version, and open questions for you about the team’s event registration project. See the latest status updates [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#Status_Updates '''here'''.]

:Wireframes are design tools that imagine the future interface of the software. We haven’t built anything yet. We need your feedback on these designs so that we can make better product decisions. You can give feedback on the talk page regarding the design and features of the wireframes. We would love to hear your comments to help us establish the next necessary steps for the project.

:[[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#Feedback_on_project_principles_&amp;_wireframes_(October_2021)|'''''Please share with us your feedback!''''']]

*'''Presentations''': The Campaign Product team participated in [[m:WikiArabia/2021|WikiArabia 2021]] and [[m:WikiConference North America/2021|WikiConference North America 2021]] to give a brief introduction on how the team works. Senior Program Strategist [[User:Astinson (WMF)|Alex Stinson]] gave an overview about campaigns and how we can scale the organizing experience within the Movement. Senior Product Manager [[User:IFried (WMF)|Ilana Fried]] gave an introduction about the Product Team and the project wireframes of the first campaign software solution: the on-wiki registration tool. View the recorded presentation [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AYknkmHGyI&amp;t=751s '''here'''.]

*'''Team update''': We have hired our first team engineer, [[User:JCarvalho (WMF)|JCarvalho]] and our campaign organizing fellow, [[User:IBrazal (WMF)|IBrazal]]. Newsletter updates will be done by [[User:IBrazal (WMF)|IBrazal]] and she will be coordinating with you! We hope to have the rest of the engineering team onboard soon! For those of who missed the last Campaign Office Hour, you may [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jT8fRUWjfI watch the recording] to know more about the Campaign Product Team.

'''What is next?'''

:'''Testers Needed'''! We will be partnering with [https://yux.design/ '''YUX'''], a design research agency, to learn how our team can improve the experience of Wikimedia campaign organizers and participants in Africa. For this reason, we are looking for community members who are willing to be part of the rapid testing sessions. Preferably, we want organizers and editors who have worked in an African context. If you would like to participate in testing, please email {{email|ibrazal-ctr|wikimedia.org}}.

:'''Upcoming Conferences'''. [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2021|'''Wiki Indaba 2021''']]. This year, the conference will be held virtually on November 5-7, 2021 with the theme &quot;'''''Rethink + Reset : Visions of the future'''''&quot;. Read more about the conference [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2021|here]] or [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2021/Registration Information| register]] to join the event. We will be presenting the registration features on Sunday November 7. 

:We will also be attending [[m:Wikimedia CEE Online Meeting 2021/Programme/Submissions/Building Organizer Tools for the Future of Campaigns|'''Wikimedia CEE Online Meeting 2021''']], which will be held virtually again this year on November 5-7, 2021.  We will be presenting the registration tool on November 6 as part of our communication and sharing process. 

:'''Translation Support'''. We are also beginning to translate the updates on Registration. If you think your language community would benefit from updates, please translate [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#Status_Updates|here]]. 


''Invite  other organizers to [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers| subscribe]] to this newsletter for updates!''


The Campaign Product Team
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:26, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
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== Affiliations Committee (AffCom) Call for candidates - January 2022 ==

''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Translations/Call for candidates - January 2022|Translations]] are available.''

The '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]]''' – the committee responsible for guiding volunteers in establishing Wikimedia chapters, thematic organizations, and user groups – is looking for new members!

The main role of the AffCom is to guide groups of volunteers that are interested in forming Wikimedia affiliates. We review applications from new groups, answer questions and provide advice about the different Wikimedia affiliation models and processes, review affiliate bylaws for compliance with requirements and best practices, and update the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees as well as advise them on issues connected to chapters, thematic organizations and Wikimedia user groups.

The committee consists of five to fifteen members, selected at least once every year, to serve two-year terms. 

Being a part of the AffCom requires communication with volunteers all over the world, negotiating skills, cultural sensitivity, and the ability to understand legal texts. We look for a mix of different skill sets in our members. 

;Responsibilities

* Availability of up to 5-8 hours per month

* Participate in monthly one and two-hour voice/video meetings

* Commitment to carry out assigned tasks in a given time.

* Facilitate and support communications

* Affiliate Support and growth

;;Required and Recommended Abilities, Skills, Knowledge for Affiliations Committee Members
Strong interpersonal relationship among members of the committee and also with the Wikimedia community members. Across all committee members, there are additional relevant skills as well as requirements which help to support the committee and its sustainability which include both required and relevant general skills
 
;;;Required
* Fluency in English
* Availability of up to 5 hours per week, and the time to participate in a monthly one and two-hour voice/video meetings.
* Willingness to use one's real name in committee activities (including contacts with current and potential affiliates) when appropriate.
* Strong track record of effective collaboration
*  International orientation
 
;;;Relevant for all members
* Public Communications (English writing and speaking skills)
* Skills in other languages are a major plus.
* Understanding of the structure and work of affiliates and the Wikimedia Foundation.
* Documentation practices
* Interviewing experience
* Experience with, or in, an active affiliate is a major plus.
* Teamwork: Project and people management skills to coordinate and collaborate with different parties on a shared plan and see it through to completion.
* Problem-Solving: Ability to evaluate various solutions, consider multiple interests and points of view,  revisit unresolved issues, seek compromise and work and communicate across languages and cultures.
  
Given the expectations for maintaining the course in 2022 and preparing for potential 2022 transitions as part of the Movement Strategy implementation process, it is important that we are also clear about two different skill sets critical to committee support at this time. The first skillset is oriented to understanding affiliate dynamics and organizational development patterns to successfully process affiliate applications for recognition; the other is oriented to conflict prevention and intervention support for affiliates in conflict.
  
;;;Relevant to Affiliate Recognitions
* Administration &amp; Attention to detail
* Readiness to participate in political discussions on the role and future of affiliates, models of affiliation, and similar topics.
* Awareness of the affiliates ecosystem and models and understanding of community building, organizational development, and group dynamics
 
;;;Relevant to Conflict Prevention &amp; Intervention
* Communication skills for active listening, clear instruction and turn-taking. 
* Stress Management skills for maintaining patience and positivity 
* Emotional intelligence to maintain awareness of emotions of oneself and others to practice empathy, impartiality, and mutual respect.
* Facilitation, negotiation, and mediation skills to guide diverse individuals and groups toward cooperation.
* Ability to work within a team 
 
Do you have relevant skills and interest to support movement affiliates? 

We are looking for people who are excited by the challenge of empowering volunteers to get organized and form communities that further our mission around the world. In exchange, committee members will gain the experience of supporting their world-wide colleagues to develop their communities as well as personal development in guiding organizational development, facilitating affiliate partnerships, and professional communications.

;Selection process

As a reflection of our commitment to openness, transparency, and bilateral engagement with the Wikimedia community, the 2022 member selection process will include a public review and comment period and  a self-assessment survey for candidates to share their skills and their experience. This self-assessment information  will help the committee to identify the skill sets relevant and supportive to our affiliate support processes. We invite you to apply for membership to the committee and join us in supporting the affiliates. The data shared in the self-assessment will only be made available to the committee and the relevant staff support. The nomination, candidate Q&amp;A, and endorsements will still take place posted on Meta for public review at [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Candidates/January 2022|January 2022 page]]. Here the global community is welcome to provide comments and feedback about each candidate.

Once the nomination window closes 31 January 2022, the sitting members who are not candidates for re-election in this cycle will deliberate and then vote, taking into account all inputs from the meta page, self-assessment, advisors, Wikimedia Foundation staff and board liaisons, and committee member discussion. 

A final decision will be made in late-February 2022, with new members to be notified for onboarding in February.

;How to apply

If you are interested in joining the committee, please:

'''Step 1'''. Post your application [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Candidates/January 2022|on the nomination page]] by '''31 January 2022'''. Your application must include the following information:
# Your full name and Wikimedia username
# A statement describing your relevant education, experience, abilities, skills, knowledge, availability, and motivation for joining the committee.

'''Step 2'''. Complete the '''self-assessment survey''' between '''January 1, 2021''' and '''January 31, 2021.'''

* The privacy statement that applies to the survey can be found [[foundation:AffCom_Elections_Self-Assessment_Survey_Privacy_Statement|here]].
* '''''NOTE:''' The survey will take 15 mins. Please do not close your browser. If you need a break, you are advised to keep the browser open. In case of losing the link, please reach out to mkaur-ctr{{at}}wikimedia.org''
* This survey must be completed before Steps 3 &amp; 4, as it will provide more background as to the type of work and expectations of members of AffCom.

'''Step 3'''. Answers the following questions:

* '''''NOTE:'''''  Questions 1-3 are required for all candidates.

* Question 4 &amp; 5 should be answered by those interested in joining  the Recognitions subcommittee. 
* Question 6 &amp; 7 should be answered by those interested in joining the Conflicts Intervention subcommittee. 
* If you are willing to nominate yourself for both subcommittees, answer all questions.

# What roles have you served across any Wikimedia projects and affiliates that you think have prepared you for this role?
# AffCom members need to manage time, confidentiality, conflicts of interest, and diverse situations across the global movement. How do you envision managing these?
# Members of AffCom serve on one of two subcommittees: Recognitions OR Conflicts Intervention. Which one of these are you most interested in serving on?
#If you are interested in serving on the Recognitions subcommittee, what do you think makes a group of Wikimedians ready to function together as an affiliate?
#If you are interested in serving on the Recognitions subcommittee, what do you think are the benefits and responsibilities of functioning as formal affiliates?
#If you are interested in serving on the Conflicts Intervention subcommittee, please describe your experience working with conflicts resolution.
#If you are interested in serving on the Conflicts Intervention subcommittee, please describe how you have helped build consensus and support diversity.

'''Step 4'''. Once you have completed the above, send an email announcing your application to '''affcom{{@}}wikimedia.org''' before the application deadline.

If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to contact me and/or the committee as a whole. We are happy to chat or have a webinar call with anyone about our work if this helps them decide to apply. Please distribute this call among your networks, and do apply if you are interested!

On behalf of the committee,

--[[User:FULBERT|FULBERT]] ([[User talk:FULBERT|talk]]) 13:18, 19 December 2021 (UTC)
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== Affiliations Committee (AffCom) Call for advisors - January 2022 ==

''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Translations/Call for advisors 2022|Translations]] are available.''

The '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]]''' – the committee responsible for guiding volunteers in establishing Wikimedia chapters, thematic organizations, and user groups – is looking for advisors!

The main role of the Affiliations Committee is to guide groups of volunteers that are interested in forming Wikimedia affiliates. We review applications from new groups, answer questions and provide advice about the different Wikimedia affiliation models and processes, review affiliate bylaws for compliance with requirements and best practices, and advise the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees on issues connected to chapters, thematic organizations and Wikimedia user groups.

We are looking for advisors who are excited by the challenge of empowering volunteers to get organized and form communities that further our mission around the world. In exchange, committee advisors selected will gain the experience of supporting their world-wide colleagues to develop their communities as well as personal development in guiding organizational development, facilitating affiliate partnerships, and professional communications.

AffCom advisors can engage with the committee in a variety of capacities:
;Consultant
Individuals with extensive movement experience can be engaged as Consultants for specific cases or initiatives by AffCom.
;Trainer
Individuals with specific expertise may be engaged for short-term projects for training AffCom or Affiliates. They might also lead the Capacity Building initiatives for AffCom or affiliates.
;Observer
AffCom can request specific or all advisors to act as an observer in different cases to ensure neutrality &amp; compliance with guidelines.
;AffCom Support
'''Development of Policies:''' While advisors cannot create legally binding policies for the committee, they can help create policies that provide direction and support for the committee.

'''Planning and Implementing Community Relations:''' The advisors are long-term wikimedians &amp; also include influential community leaders who can be effective at spreading the word about initiatives and services.

'''Supporting Subcommittees:''' The advisors can support subcommittees that have assigned tasks in specific areas.

'''Other Tasks:''' Advisors can be engaged to address a specific need. Such engagements are usually short-lived and are disbanded as soon as their specific goals are met. 


;Key skills

We look for a healthy mix of different skill sets in our advisors, including the following key skills and experience:
# Strong understanding of the structure and work of Wikimedia affiliates and the Wikimedia Foundation.
# Readiness to participate in political discussions on the role and future of affiliates, models of affiliation, and similar topics.
# Availability of up to 2 hours per week, and the time to participate in a monthly two-hour voice/video meeting
# International orientation and ability to work and communicate with other languages and cultures.
# Knowledge of different legal systems and experience in community building and organizing are a plus.
# Fluency in English is required; skills in other languages are a major plus.
# Experience with or in an active Wikimedia affiliate is a major plus.
# Strong track record of effective collaboration (such as evidenced skills at facilitation, mediation, negotiation, and so forth) is a major plus.
# Willingness to use one's real name in committee activities (including contacts with current and potential affiliates) when appropriate.

;Selection process

As a reflection of our commitment to openness, transparency, and bilateral engagement with the Wikimedia community, the 2022 advisors selection process will include a public review and comment period. All applications must be posted on Meta between '''January 01 and January 31, 2022''' at [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Advisors/2022| the nomination page]], and the community will be invited to provide comments and feedback about each candidate.  At the end of the nomination period, the applications will be voted on by the members of the committee, taking into account comments put forward by the committee's members, advisors, Wikimedia Foundation staff and board liaisons, and the community. A final decision will be made in February 2022, with new advisors expected to begin later that month.

;How to apply

If you are interested in advising the committee, please submit your candidacy on [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Advisors/2022|the nomination page]] between January 01 to January 31, 2022. Your application must include the following information:
# Your full name and Wikimedia username
# A statement describing your relevant experience, skills, and motivation for joining the committee as an advisor.
# The advisor role you would like to serve
# Answers to the following three questions:
## How do you think affiliates work best together to partner on effective projects and initiatives?
## What do you see as the role of affiliates in the Wikimedia movement in the next three years?
## What do you feel you will bring as an advisor to the committee that makes you a uniquely qualified candidate?

If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to contact the committee. We are happy to chat or have a phone call with anyone about our work if this helps them decide to apply. Please distribute this call among your networks, and do apply if you are interested!

On behalf of the committee,

--[[User:FULBERT|FULBERT]] ([[User talk:FULBERT|talk]]) 13:17, 19 December 2021 (UTC)
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:Thanks a lot for the notice , am sharing this with my felllow Wikimedians in Rwanda …regards [[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 14:26, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

== Affiliations Committee (AffCom) Member &amp; Advisor Elections - Final Reminder for January 2022 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Translations/Member &amp; Advisor elections final reminder for January 2022|Translations]] are available.''

This is a friendly reminder that the '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]]''' – which is responsible for guiding volunteers in establishing and sustaining Wikimedia chapters, thematic organizations, and user groups – is seeking new members and advisors! The deadline to post your application on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Candidates/January 2022|Member nomination page]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Advisors/2022|Advisor nomination]] is 31 January 2022.

If you know somebody you think may be interested, please share  and encourage them to consider applying. If you have any questions please email affcom@wikimedia.org before the application deadline or reach out to any of the current members. Good luck to all the candidates!

On behalf of the committee,&lt;br&gt;
[[User:FULBERT|FULBERT]] ([[User talk:FULBERT|talk]]) 17:32, 25 January 2022 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Campaigns Product Update #3 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers! 

We are excited to share our updates:

*'''Proposal to create new namespaces''': We have proposed to create two namespaces, which are “'''Event'''” and “'''Event talk'''.” This way, we can easily create an Event Center that pulls data from event pages. This Event Center may include tools to create event pages with registration support, a calendar of events, and event statistics, among other features. More importantly, the Event Center will highlight organizing as an essential part of the Wikimedia movement. Please give us feedback on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296280 Phabricator] or [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration#Feedback_on_March_2022_update|Meta]] about our proposal to create two new namespaces.

*'''Engineering updates''': We are excited that we have finished hiring for our engineering team! Three engineers and an engineering manager have joined our team since our last update. In the last few months, they have conducted technical planning and launched the building phase of the project. They are now building the  registration tool. You can see the [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|updated team on meta]].

*'''Design updates''': We conducted usability tests with a small group of testers for early feedback on the desktop wireframes. After collecting this feedback, we have developed a new version for desktop wireframes, which will be ready to share in the next few weeks. These desktop wireframes display the user flow of two experiences: one for organizers who want to add registration to their event pages, and another for participants who want to register for an event. Additionally, the design team is also currently working on the first version of mobile wireframes, which will be shared during the next office hour. 

::1. View the latest desktop wireframes in '''Figma''' for [https://www.figma.com/proto/h0iZo5Tj6LHpsFDsInWiG0/Pilot---Event-Registration?node-id=1899%3A44995&amp;scaling=min-zoom&amp;page-id=1472%3A36710&amp;starting-point-node-id=1899%3A44995&amp;show-proto-sidebar=1&amp;hide-ui=1 Campaign Organizer Prototype] and [https://www.figma.com/proto/h0iZo5Tj6LHpsFDsInWiG0/Pilot---Event-Registration?node-id=1998%3A49612&amp;scaling=min-zoom&amp;page-id=1472%3A36710&amp;starting-point-node-id=1998%3A49612&amp;show-proto-sidebar=1&amp;hide-ui=1 Participant Registration Prototype].
::2. [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration#Feedback_on_project_principles_&amp;_wireframes_(October_2021)|Leave us some feedback]] on the desktop wireframes. Note that we haven’t posted the newest version of the desktop wireframes on the project page yet, but we will soon (and you can feel free to add feedback on any version you have seen). 
 
*'''Ambassador updates''': Three product ambassadors for the Arabic, French and Swahili communities have now joined our team! They will help us collect feedback from Wikimedia communities about the project and understand the needs of organizers, through gathering first-hand information. These ambassadors are immersed as actual members of these communities, so they will also help us identify the needs of the organizers in our pilot communities. The ambassadors are: [[m:User:Bachounda (WMF)|'''M. Bachounda''']] for Arabic communities, [[m:User:Geugeor-WMF|'''Georges Fodouop''']] for French communities, and [[m:User:AMtavangu (WMF)|'''Antoni Mtavangu''']] for Swahili communities. 

'''What is next?'''
:'''Next Office Hour''': We will be holding an office hour on '''March 31, 2022''' at 15:00 UTC, which will be conducted via [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/82046580320 '''Zoom''']. We invite everyone to attend, and we really hope to see you! The focus will be on the Registration Tool. The team will also be providing community updates on the usability test findings and design highlights for the wireframes. We will also share our current Project timeline and answer any questions you may have. [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 03|Join us and share your thoughts on these developments!]]

:In a few months, we are expecting to have the early testable version of the tool. By then, the team will be doing the first round of general testing and gathering feedback. We are looking forward to adding more features on the tool such as communication support, potentially by the end of this year. If you know other organizers that might be interested in following these developments, please recommend that they [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Subscribers|subscribe to the newsletter]]. We want to receive as much feedback as we can.

Thank you!


'''The Campaign Product Team'''
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:26, 22 March 2022 (UTC)
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== Campaign Product Team Office Hour - March 31, 2022 ==

Hello '''Campaign Product Newsletter''' subscribers!

The Campaign Product Team will be hosting the next office hour  to share exciting updates on the Registration Tool and new proposed namespaces for events. We will also be sharing community updates on the usability tests and design highlights of the latest mobile and desktop wireframes. 

Join us and share your thoughts on these developments!

:Date: '''March 31, 2022'''
:Time: 15:00 UTC
:Zoom Link: https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/82046580320

You may also watch [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jT8fRUWjfI Campaigns Office Hour: Introducing the Campaigns Product Team] to learn more about the Team and the previous wireframes.

Feel free to send a message to '''ibrazal-ctr@wikimedia.org''' if you want to receive an email reminder for this meeting.

Thank you.


'''The Campaign Product Team'''


[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:37, 30 March 2022 (UTC)
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== A Barnstar for You ==
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot; |{{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|alt|[[File:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]]|[[File:Tireless Contributor Barnstar.gif|100px]]}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; |'''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar'''
|-
| style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; |You have contributed immensely to our community (online and offline) and this is my way of saying thank you.[[Umukoresha:MrTallBoy|MrTallBoy]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MrTallBoy|talk]]) 19:27, 6 Kamena 2022 (UTC)
|}

:Thanks a lot  [[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|ɴᴅᴀʜɪʀᴏ ᴅᴇʀʀɪᴄᴋ ]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 08:31, 2 Nyakanga 2022 (UTC)

== Stefania Turkewich ==

Thank you for this, Ndahiro derrick! [[Umukoresha:Nicola Mitchell|Nicola Mitchell]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Nicola Mitchell|talk]]) 19:51, 23 Kamena 2022 (UTC)

:Hello Ndahiro derrick, Can you proofread the additions I've made, and improve their language, when you can find the time?  Thank you for all of this!  [[Umukoresha:Nicola Mitchell|Nicola Mitchell]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Nicola Mitchell|talk]]) 09:48, 30 Kamena 2022 (UTC)
::Sure, Let me take a look  [[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|ɴᴅᴀʜɪʀᴏ ᴅᴇʀʀɪᴄᴋ ]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 08:32, 2 Nyakanga 2022 (UTC)

== Event Registration Tool: Demo and Invitation to Test ==

Hello Subscribers!

[[metawiki:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''The Campaigns Product  Team''']] from the Wikimedia Foundation will be hosting two office hours to  demo the new [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']], and train organizers how to  use it. In these office hours, you will learn how to:

* Create an event page in the new event namespace (as an event organizer)

* Enable registration on your event page (as an event organizer)

* Collect data on who registered for your event (as an event organizer)

* Register for an event on the event page (as an event participant)

You can attend one office hour or both, depending on your availability on the following dates:

* Session 1: '''Thursday, July 21, 2022 at 5:00 PM UTC'''

* Session 2: '''Saturday, July 23, 2022 at 12:00 PM UTC'''

These events will be multilingual, with live interpretations in '''Arabic''', '''English''', '''French''', '''Italian''', and '''Portuguese''', and '''Swahili'''. Note that Portuguese will be available on the 21st, but not the 23rd. We strongly encourage you to join and share your feedback on the tool. Your feedback will help us improve the tool so that Wikimedians can have a better event experience. To register, please reply to this email or [[metawiki:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 07|'''''sign-up to our page''''']], by adding your signature.

Thank you!

&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Umukoresha:IBrazal (WMF)|IBrazal (WMF)]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:IBrazal (WMF)|talk]]) 06:12, 18 Nyakanga 2022 (UTC)

== Campaign Product Team Office Hour - July 21, 2022 ==

Hello '''Campaign Product Newsletter''' subscribers!


The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''Campaign Product Team''']] will be having an office hour today, '''July 21, 2022 at 17:00 UTC''' via '''Zoom''' to demo the first release of the [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']].

You may join the office hour using this [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/83538569035 '''meeting link''']. 

We look forward to your participation. 

Thank you.


Best,

The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''Campaign Product Team''']]

[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:46, 21 Nyakanga 2022 (UTC)
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:Well received [[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|ɴᴅᴀʜɪʀᴏ ᴅᴇʀʀɪᴄᴋ ]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 15:52, 21 Nyakanga 2022 (UTC)

==Merchandise Giveaway Nomination – Successful==

[[File:BlueIEditShirt-plainBackground.jpeg|A Wikimedia t-shirt!|150px|right|link=]]
Hey Ndahiro derrick,

You have been [[:meta:Merchandise giveaways/Nominations/Ndahiro derrick|successfully nominated]] to receive a free t-shirt from the Wikimedia Foundation through our [[:meta:Merchandise giveaways|Merchandise Giveaway program]]. Congratulations and thank you for your hard work! Please email us at merchandise@wikimedia.org and we will send you full details on how to accept your free shirt. Thanks!

''On behalf of the Merchandise Giveaway program,''

-- [[Umukoresha:Janbery|janbery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Janbery|talk]]) 23:04, 31 Kanama 2022 (UTC)

== Campaigns Product Update #4 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers!
 
We are excited to share our updates:

*&lt;div style = &quot;text-align:left; color: #192980; font-size: 1em;&gt;'''Event Registration v0'''&lt;/div&gt;

:We have successfully launched '''Event Registration tool V0''' on beta cluster and collected feedback from the first batch of testers. This tool is part of a more comprehensive organizing solution, the '''Event Center''', which hopes to support movement organizers. Through this registration solution, organizers can collect useful data on campaign participants and their needs while respecting participant privacy. 

:'''Testing update'''. In our first round of feedback collection, testers were composed of different types of organizers around the movement with a language focus on Arabic, French, English, and Swahili communities. Most of the testers successfully created their test event registrations and signed up for a test event registration created by other organizers. '''''Simple''''', '''''easy to use''''', and '''''aids in managing event participants''''' were the common feedback we received from first-time users. In contrast, access and proper localization of the tool were the points for improvement identified. We are working on V1, which will include '''communication support''' and integration with the [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/ '''Programs and Event Dashboard''']. This will be released on Meta-Wiki soon. We hope to address accessibility during this launch and improve localization problems once the tool has been deployed in local wikiprojects. 

:[https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Main_Page ''The tool is still available for testing on the beta cluster'']. Feel free to leave feedback on our project talk page or this [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSe53MNV9CKVBAF3SV2q97baufizH7b_2QJ47H1w0Upvoh4QFQ/viewform form].  

*&lt;div style = &quot;text-align:left; color: #192980; font-size: 1em;&gt;'''Organizer Lab'''&lt;/div&gt; Looking for a way to learn how to effectively organize around sustainability? Join the beta version of the Organizer Lab on WikiLearn to understand how to effectively organize a global campaign around sustainability and climate change! Applications are open from '''September 22 - October 19, 2022'''.  The Organizer Lab will be a '''9-week online learning experience from the end of October until mid December''' that prepares participants to obtain knowledge about the topics that they wish to create, a call to action for strategic knowledge gaps, as well as more generalized Wikimedia organizing and campaign/event design skills. 
:[[m:Campaigns/Organizer_Lab|'''Read more about the program''']]!  
&lt;br&gt;
'''What's Next''':

*'''Organizer Lab Information Session'''. We invite you to join our information session for the Organizer Lab on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1664546421 '''September 30, 2022 at 14:00 UTC'''] via '''Zoom'''. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/89032870014 ''Join this session!'']&lt;br&gt;

*'''Organizer User Rights'''. We are reaching out to a pool of administrators from Arabic, French and Swahili communities to collect feedback on what is the best way to define organizer user rights, what privileges to give to community organizers, and what are the limitations of these privileges. Feel free to reach out to our [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|product ambassadors]] or send an email to '''ibrazal-ctr@wikimedia.org''' if you are interested to be part of these conversations.
&lt;br&gt;
----
'''Community Feedback''':
&lt;center&gt;''&quot;Participants have been always asking the organizers are asked by participants whether they are registered, now participants will just look directly if they are registered, Thank you for creating the system&quot;'' &lt;br&gt; - French Organizer &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

''“I think that the platform will facilitate the process of promoting events and searching for participants”''&lt;br&gt; - Arabic Organizer &lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
----
&lt;br&gt;
Thank you!


'''The Campaigns Product Team'''
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 06:30, 21 Nzeri 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&amp;oldid=23684552 --&gt;

== Campaigns Product Team Office Hour - December 2022 ==

Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers!

The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|Wikimedia Foundation Campaigns Team]] invites you to join our upcoming office hours. In each session, we will introduce V1 of [[m:Event Center/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']], so you can begin '''using it for real events on Meta-wiki'''. &lt;br&gt;

In V1, the following new features will be includedː
* Support for the organizer to specify an event timezone
* Automatic confirmation emails after participants have registered
* Private registration: the option for participants to register and only display their registered username to organizers of the event and we will teach you how you can use it yourself.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;u&gt;'''Office Hour Sessions''':&lt;/u&gt;
* '''1st Session''': '''December 5, 2022''' @ '''18:00 UTC''' via [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/87853269514 Zoom]
* '''2nd Session''': '''December 10, 2022''' @ '''12:00 UTC''' via [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/87853269514 Zoom]
:[[m:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 12|'''''Join us and share your thoughts on these developments!''''']] 
&lt;br&gt;
These office hours will be multilingual, with live interpretations in Arabic, English, French, and Swahili.  Email us @ ''ibrazal-ctr@wikimedia.org'' or [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 12|'''sign-up here''']]  if you want to receive a reminder for this meeting.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Thank you.

'''The Campaigns Product Team'''
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&amp;oldid=24091515 --&gt;

== Organizer Tools Office Hours &amp; Event Discovery Project ==

('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/fr|Lire ce message en français]])'''; ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/es|Ver este mensaje en español]]'''); ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/sw|Angalia ujumbe huu kwa Kiswahili]]'''); ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/ar|إقرأ هذه الرسالة بالعربي]]''') &lt;small&gt; {{int:please-translate}} &lt;/small&gt;.

[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team|The Campaigns team]] at the Wikimedia Foundation has some updates to share with you, which are:

We invite you to attend our upcoming community office hours to learn about organizer tools, including the [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration|Event registration tool]] (which has [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#September 18, 2023: October office hours &amp; upcoming features|new and upcoming features]]). '''The office hours are on the following dates, and you can join one or both of them:'''

*'''Saturday, October 7 at 12:00 UTC''' ('''[[m:Event:Organizer Tools Office Hour 5/Session A|Register here]]''')   
**Languages available: Arabic, English, French, Swahili
*'''Tuesday, October 10 at 18:00 UTC''' ('''[[m:Event:Organizer Tools Office Hour 5/Session B|Register here]]'''). 
**Languages available: Arabic, English, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Swahili

'''We have launched a new project: [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event Discovery|Event Discovery]]'''.  This project aims to make it easier for editors to learn about campaign events. '''We need your help to understand how you would like to discover events on the wikis, so that we can create a useful solution. Please share your feedback on our [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event Discovery|project talk page]]'''.

; Thank you, and we hope to see you at the upcoming office hours! 
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]])   19:54, 24 Nzeri 2023 (UTC)

&lt;small&gt;You are receiving this message because you subscribed to this [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Subscribers|list]]&lt;/small&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2024)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Group photo - Edu Wiki conference 2023, Belgrade, Serbia.jpg|256px|right|thumb|Group photo of the 2023 EduWiki Conference in Belgrade, organized by Wikipedia &amp; Education User Group]]

&lt;small&gt;''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''&lt;/small&gt;

Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]].

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:1;&quot;&gt;
'''Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#Affiliate_Recognition_and_Derecognition|Recognition of Cyprus, Botswana, Niger, and Telugu user groups]]

'''Affiliate Activities Report''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#Affiliate_Activities_Report|Reports from Belgium, South African, and Ukrainian chapters]]

'''AffCom Movement Contribution''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement with the new Affiliates Strategy and Movement Charter drafts]]

'''AffCom Administration''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#AffCom_Administration|New AffCom members and advisors]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; &quot;&gt;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 12:56, 18 Mata 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Affiliations Committee News (April-June 2024)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Wikimedia-Summit-2024-Friday-128.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom group photo at Wikimedia Summit 2024 in Berlin, Germany]]
&lt;small&gt;''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 2|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 2}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''&lt;/small&gt;

Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]].

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:1;&quot;&gt;Affiliates Strategy Updates: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Affiliate Strategy Updates|Adoption of a new affiliate health criteria and changes to User Groups recognition process]]

Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Madagascar, Senegal, Republic of Congo, and Namibia user groups]]

Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]]

AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Six active conflicts, no new reports for Q4]]

AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at Wikimedia Summit and ESEAP Conference]]

AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#AffCom_Administration|Officers elections and departing members]]

Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Upcoming AffCom Events|AffCom at Wikimania 2024]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; &quot;&gt;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:30, 15 Nyakanga 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Affiliations Committee News (July-September 2024)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Wikimania 2024 - Lviv - Day 3 - AffCom meets community.webm|256px|right|thumb|AffCom session at Wikimania 2024]]
&lt;small&gt;''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 3|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 3}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''&lt;/small&gt;

Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]].

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:1;&quot;&gt;Affiliates Strategy Update: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Affiliate Strategy Updates|Implementation status of a new affiliate health criteria and changes to User Groups recognition process]]

Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Togo, Wayúu, and Singapore user groups]]

Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]]

AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]]

AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at Wikimania]]

AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Results of the officers elections]]

Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Upcoming AffCom Events|AffCom at WikiIndaba and a strategy meetup]]

Other Movement News: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Other_Movement_News|Regional conferences, mental health support, and new committee support inbox]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; &quot;&gt;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:55, 7 Ukwakira 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Affiliations Committee News (October-December 2024)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Affiliations Committee 2024 05.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom at its Strategic Retreat in Frankfurt]]
&lt;small&gt;''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 4|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 4}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''&lt;/small&gt;

Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]].

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:1;&quot;&gt;Affiliates Strategy Update: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#Affiliate Strategy Updates|Notes from the 2024 AffCom strategic retreat]]

Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|User group application pause lifted]]

Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]]

AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]]

AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue4_#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at WikiIndaba]]

AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Mari Avetisyan appointed new AffCom secretary]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; &quot;&gt;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 4|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 03:04, 5 Gashyantare 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2025)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
[[File:WMB meeting in Belo Horizonte in 2023 (day 02) 059.jpg|256px|right|thumb|Wikimedia Brasil, the latest chapter to be recognized by AffCom]]
&lt;small&gt;''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 5|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 5}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''&lt;/small&gt;

Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]].

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:1;&quot;&gt;
Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Wikimedia Brasil and four user groups]]

Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]]

AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]]

AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue 5#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at Wikimedia+Libraries and Wikisource conferences]]

AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Welcoming new AffCom voting and advisory members]]

Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#Upcoming_AffCom_Events|AffCom at ESEAP Strategy Summit]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; &quot;&gt;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 5|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Affiliations Committee News (April-June 2025)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
[[File:MNL25 - day one 08.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom session at the ESEAP Strategy Summit 2025 in Manila, the Philippines]]
&lt;small&gt;''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 6|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 6}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''&lt;/small&gt;

Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]].

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:1;&quot;&gt;Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Wikimedia Aotearoa New Zealand and Assamese Wikimedia Community User Group]]

Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]]

AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]]

AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue 6#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at the ESEAP Strategy Summit]]

AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Results of the AffCom officers election]]

Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#Upcoming_AffCom_Events|Meet AffCom at Wikimania]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; &quot;&gt;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 6|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
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== Affiliations Committee News (July-December 2025) ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:At Wikimania 2025 127.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom at Wikimania 2025 in Nairobi, Kenya]]&lt;br&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:1;&quot;&gt;Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Wikimedia Georgia: recognized &amp; announced September 2025]]
 
Recognition Status Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#Recognition Status Report|Updates of affiliate applications]]
 
AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]]
 
AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue 7#AffCom at WikiConference North America|AffCom at WikiConference North America]]
 
AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#AffCom and EDs Discuss Affiliate Ecosystem|AffCom and EDs Discuss Affiliate Ecosystem]]

AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#AffCom Administrative Updates|AffCom at Wikimania]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

Affiliations Committee News (July-December 2025)

&lt;small&gt;''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 7|This newsletter is best translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 7}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''&lt;/small&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; &quot;&gt;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 7|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

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== Notice of expiration of your sysop right ==

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== Join the LDH General Assembly | April 18, 2026 ==

We are delighted to invite you to the General Assembly of the [[m:Wikimedia Language Diversity Hub|'''Language Diversity Hub''']] (LDH) on Saturday, '''April 18th, 2026''', at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1776517200 13:00 UTC]'''.
=== About the General Assembly ===
The General Assembly (GA) is a community-wide consultation and engagement space. It is the primary forum through which LDH connects with the broader language and Wikimedia communities. The GA is designed to:
* Keep community members informed about LDH activities, decisions, and ongoing work.
* Gather feedback and perspectives from across the language and Wikimedia ecosystem.
* Create open pathways for participation, collaboration, and community-driven input.

=== How to participate ===
Everyone is welcome! If you work on language access, language diversity, or Wikimedia projects in any language community, this is a space for you.
* '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfFCqPF3H-Yax0t-AbgRasoDdXLom23n2SsZR5fw74bxMuPCQ/viewform Register here to attend]'''
[[File:LDH General Assembly E-flyer.jpg|frameless|center|280px|link=https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfFCqPF3H-Yax0t-AbgRasoDdXLom23n2SsZR5fw74bxMuPCQ/viewform]]

Looking forward to your participation,

Language Diversity Hub Team, 18:21, 20 werurwe 2026 (UTC)

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== Programme submissions open: Language Diversity Conference, Accra 2026 ==

[[File:Official logo for language diversity conference 03.png|frameless|250px|right]]
The '''[[m:Language Diversity Conference|Language Diversity Conference 2026]]''' will take place '''2–4 October 2026 in Accra, Ghana''', under the theme: ''Strengthening Language Communities in the Open Knowledge Movement''.

The Programming Team is inviting the following types of session proposals:

* '''Lightning talks''' – 10-minute short presentations on any relevant topic
* '''Presentations''' – 20–25 minutes (including audience Q&amp;A)
* '''Workshops and tutorials''' – 50 or 110-minute interactive sessions (e.g. on Content Translation, Wikidata, or other topics)
* '''Panel discussions''' – 50-minute panels; collaborations with others are encouraged

Submissions will be evaluated by the Programme Committee based on:
* Potential impact and expected outcomes
* Relevance to the conference theme or focus areas

Sessions may be recorded and made publicly available. If you prefer not to be filmed, you may indicate this during submission.

'''→ [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/langdiv/cfp Submit your proposal on Eventyay]'''

For more information, or questions, contact: languagediversitycon{{@}}gmail.com

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== Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2026) ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;!-- == Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2026) == --&gt;

&lt;small&gt;''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 8|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 8}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''&lt;/small&gt;

Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]].

[[File:AffCom_and_GRDC_members_at_APP_meeting,_Lisbon_2026_01_(cropped).jpg|220px|right|thumb|AffCom and GRDC members at APP meeting, Lisbon, Portugal]]

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:1;&quot;&gt;

Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|This past quarter, AffCom recognized no new Affiliates due to the pause in recognizing new affiliates.]] 

AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#AffCom Conflict Intervention|AffCom is currently addressing eight ongoing affiliate conflict cases received in previous quarters.]]
 
Affiliate Recognition Pause Extension: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#Affiliate Recognition Pause Extension|The Wikimedia Foundation, together with the AffCom, has extended the pause on new affiliate recognition until September 1, 2026.]]

New Affiliate Model Development Efforts: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#New Affiliate Model Development Efforts|The Affiliations Committee held collaborative meetings with the Global Resource Distribution Committee (GRDC) to explore the development of a new affiliations model.]]

Towards a Healthy Ecosystem of Wikimedia Organizations: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#Towards a Healthy Ecosystem of Wikimedia Organizations: Updates on the Movement Organizations Pilot, GRDC, and AffCom|Two major pilot initiatives were launched to address long-standing questions about the roles of movement organizations and the future of resource allocation.]]

&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; &quot;&gt;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 8|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

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== Language Diversity Hub evaluation survey: your input needed! ==

The Wikimedia Foundation is evaluating hub pilots to understand their work, outcomes, and future direction. As part of this, we're gathering feedback on how hub services and activities have contributed to concrete, measurable outcomes.

You're receiving this because you're part of the Language Diversity Hub audience group, and we'd value your perspective. Your feedback will help inform the evaluation and strengthen our understanding of the Hub's impact.

The survey takes about 10–15 minutes, and we kindly ask that you respond by '''10 August 2026.'''

'''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_6KXVndZhZvlSoUS Survey Link]'''

The Foundation is not collecting personal data through this survey. Responses will be reviewed and consolidated by audience group — analyzed collectively rather than attributed to individuals.

Thank you for contributing. Your feedback helps ensure this evaluation reflects the perspectives of communities, affiliates, and others connected to the Hub.

Questions? Contact strategy2030@wikimedia.org.

Sincerely, 

Oscar on behalf of the [[Wikimedia Language Diversity Hub]], 21:22, 7 Kanama 2026 (UTC)

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    <title>Agakingirizo</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="8187" sha1="brjacswrzh1k58yi8fkl52s2vmoa44r" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox birth control|image=Kondom.jpg|width=200|caption=A rolled-up condom|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɒ|n|d|ə|m}} or {{IPAc-en|uk|ˈ|k|ɒ|n|d|ɒ|m}}|bc_type=Barrier|date_first_use=Ancient&lt;ref name=Hat2007/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rubber: 1855&lt;ref name=Al2011/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Latex: 1920s&lt;ref name=Mc2000/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Polyurethane: 1994&lt;br /&gt;Polyisoprene: 2008|rate_type=[[Pregnancy]]|failure_measure=first year, latex|perfect_failure%=2|perfect_failure_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Trussell 2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Trussell|first=James|year=2011|chapter=Contraceptive efficacy|editor1-last=Hatcher|editor1-first=Robert A.|editor2-last=Trussell|editor2-first=James|editor3-last=Nelson|editor3-first=Anita L.|editor4-last=Cates|editor4-first=Willard Jr.|editor5-last=Kowal|editor5-first=Deborah|editor6-last=Policar|editor6-first=Michael S. |title=Contraceptive technology|edition=20th revised|location=New York|publisher=Ardent Media|isbn=978-1-59708-004-0|issn=0091-9721|oclc=781956734|pages=779–863|chapter-url=http://www.contraceptivetechnology.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/CTFailureTable.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112130150/http://www.contraceptivetechnology.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/CTFailureTable.pdf|archive-date=2013-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;|typical_failure%=18|typical_failure_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Trussell 2011&quot; /&gt;|duration_effect=|reversibility=Yes|user_reminders=Latex condoms are damaged by oil-based [[Personal lubricant|lubricants]]&lt;ref name=Hat2007/&gt;|clinic_interval=|STD_protection_YesNo=Yes&lt;ref name=Hat2007/&gt;|periods=|benefits=No health care visits required and low cost&lt;ref name=Hat2007/&gt;|weight_gain_loss=|risks=|medical_notes=}}

'''Agakingirizo''' ni igikoresho kigabanya amahirwe yo kwanduzanya indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina ndetse no  gusama inda zitateganijwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hat2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hatcher|first=Robert Anthony|last2=M.D|first2=Anita L. Nelson|title=Contraceptive Technology|date=2007|publisher=Ardent Media|isbn=9781597080019|pages=297–311|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=txh0LpjjhkoC&amp;pg=PA297|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918185600/https://books.google.com/books?id=txh0LpjjhkoC&amp;pg=PA297|archive-date=2017-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Habaho agakingirizo k'abagabo n'aka abagore.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=WHO Model Formulary 2008|url=https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse|year=2009|isbn=9789241547659|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|veditors=Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR|hdl=10665/44053|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|hdl-access=free|page=[https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse/page/372 372]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hamwe n'imikoreshereze ikwiye - kandi gakoreshwa mubikorwa byose by'imibonano mpuzabitsina -.Abagore nabo bashakanye  bakoresha agakingirizo k'abagabo bashobora kugira  amahirwe ya 2% yo  gusama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hat2007&quot; /&gt; Hamwe n'imikoreshereze isanzwe, igipimo cyo gutwita kingana na 18% ku mwaka.  Imikoreshereze yako igabanya cyane ibyago byo kurwara gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, hepatite B, na VIH / SIDA.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hat2007&quot; /&gt; Zirinda kandi ku rugero ruto kwirinda indwara ya herpes, papillomavirus ku muntu (HPV), ndetse na sifilis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hat2007&quot; /&gt;

Agakingirizo k'umugabo kaba kazungurutse ku gitsina gihagaze mbere yo gukora imibonano kandi kigakora mu gukora inzitizi y'umubiri ibuza amasohoro kwinjira mu mubiri w'uwo muhuje igitsina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hat2007&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sp2011&quot; /&gt; Udukingirizo twabagabo dukorwa muri latex, kandi mubisanzwe, kuva polyurethane, polyisoprene, cyangwa amara y'intama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hat2007&quot; /&gt; Udukingirizo tw'abagabo dufite ibyiza byo koroshya imikoreshereze, byoroshye kubigeraho n'ingaruka nke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hat2007&quot; /&gt; Abafite allergie ya latex igomba gukoreshwa polyurethane cyangwa izindi verisiyo yubukorikori.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hat2007&quot; /&gt; Agakingirizo k'abagore gakozwe muri polyurethane kandi karashobora gukoreshwa inshuro nyinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sp2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Speroff|first=Leon|last2=Darney|first2=Philip D.|title=A Clinical Guide for Contraception|date=2011|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9781608316106|pages=305–307|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f5XJtYkiJ0YC&amp;pg=PT420|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114203840/https://books.google.com/books?id=f5XJtYkiJ0YC|archive-date=2016-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Udukingirizo nk'uburyo bwo gukumira indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina zakoreshejwe kuva byibura 1544.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hat2007&quot; /&gt; Agakingirizo ka reberi kabonetse mu 1855, gakurikirwa n'udukingirizo twa latex muri 1920.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Allen|first=Michael J.|title=The Anthem Anthology of Victorian Sonnets|date=2011|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=9781843318484|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQxdE8Ryz9YC&amp;pg=PR51|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mc2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=McKibbin|first=Ross|title=Classes and Cultures: England 1918–1951|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198208556|page=305|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYuoPxzjnXUC&amp;pg=PA305|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ari kurutonde rw' rw'ishami ry'umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku buzima ku isi , urutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igiciro cyinshi mu gihugu cy'iterambere kiri hafi 0.03 kugeza US $ 0.08 buri umwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;ERC2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=209&amp;searchYear=2015|title=Condoms (Lubricated)|website=International Medical Products Price Guide|publisher=Management Sciences For Health, Inc.|access-date=2 August 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802170925/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=209&amp;searchYear=2015|archive-date=2 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Leta zunzubumwe z'Amerika ,ubusanzwe agakingirizo kagura amadolari y'Amerika 1.00.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sh2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Shoupe|first=Donna|title=Contraception|date=2011|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9781444342635|page=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ksjJcx1CeKcC&amp;lpg=PA15&amp;pg=PA15|language=en|access-date=2020-07-30|archive-date=2020-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729155934/https://books.google.com/books?id=ksjJcx1CeKcC&amp;lpg=PA15&amp;pg=PA15|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kw'isi yose munsi ya 10% y'abakoresha kuringaniza imbyaro bakoresha agakingirizo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ch2012&quot; /&gt; Ibiciro byo gukoresha agakingirizo biri hejuru mu bihugu byateye imbere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ch2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Chen|first=Lincoln C.|last2=Amor|first2=Jaime Sepulveda|last3=Segal|first3=Sheldon J.|title=AIDS and Women's Reproductive Health|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=9781461533542|page=6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8KWvBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu Bwongereza agakingirizo ni uburyo bwa kabiri bukunze kugaragara mu kuboneza urubyaro (22%) mu gihe muri Amerika ari ubwa gatatu bukunze kugaragara (15%).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Herring|first=Jonathan|title=Medical Law and Ethics|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198702269|page=271|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N9JFAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA271|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|pmid=26556545|year=2015|last=Daniels|first=K.|title=Current Contraceptive Use and Variation by Selected Characteristics Among Women Aged 15–44: United States, 2011–2013|journal=National Health Statistics Reports|issue=86|pages=1–14|last2=Daugherty|first2=J.|last3=Jones|first3=J.|last4=Mosher|first4=W.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hafi miliyari esheshatu kugeza icyenda zigurishwa ku mwaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hermann|first=Henry R.|title=Dominance and Aggression in Humans and Other Animals: The Great Game of Life|date=2016|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780128092958|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6sGpDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT529|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Grebe nto</title>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="7553" sha1="tprfd6egy49k0c8cc8mek2adym7k4nt" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Little grebe Zwergtaucher.jpg|thumb|Grebe nto.|299x299px]]
Grebe ntoya,cyangwa se '''dabchick''', ni umwe mu bagize umuryango wa grebe w'inyoni zo mu mazi . Izina ryubwoko ryakomotse kuri takhus ya kera ''yikigereki'' &quot;yihuta&quot; ikaba ikomoka, mu [[Ikilatini|kilatini]] &quot; ''ijosi'' &quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;job&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|pages=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n341 341], 377}}&lt;/ref&gt;

iyi nyoni ikaba arimwe muzigize umuryango muto wo [[Burayi|mu Burayi]] mu muryango wacyo. Bikunze kuboneka mumazi afunguye hafi yuburinganire bwayo.

== Amatagisi ==
Grebe ntoya yasobanuwe numudage Peter Simon Pallas mu 1764 ahabwa izina rya binomial ''Colymbus ruficollis'' .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=332–341 [339 No. 281]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=271–277}}&lt;/ref&gt; Grebe ya tricolored yabonwaga ko idasobanutse,bamwe mu bayobozi bashinzwe ibidukikije

ntibarasobanukirwa neza.

hari ibintu bitandatu bitandukanye

* [[Dosiye:Tachybaptus ruficollis MWNH 1919.JPG|thumb|Amagi y'inyoni ya Grebe nto.]]''T. r. ruficollis'' - &lt;small&gt;( Pallas, 1764)&lt;/small&gt; : kandidatire, iboneka mu Burayi no mu burengerazuba bw'Uburusiya mu majyepfo kugera muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru 
* ''T. r. iraquensis'' - &lt;small&gt;( Ticehurst, 1923)&lt;/small&gt; : iboneka mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Iraki no mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa Irani 
* ''T. r. capensis'' - &lt;small&gt;( Salvadori, 1884)&lt;/small&gt; : iboneka muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara, [[Madagasikari]], Sri Lanka, no ku mugabane w'Ubuhinde, ugana iburasirazuba kugera muri Birmaniya 
* ''T. r. poggei'' - &lt;small&gt;(Reichenow, 1902)&lt;/small&gt; : iboneka kuva mu majyepfo y'iburasirazuba kugera mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bwa [[Aziya]], Hainan, Tayiwani, Ubuyapani, n'ibirwa bya Kuril y'Amajyepfo 
* ''T. r. philippensis'' - &lt;small&gt;(Bonnaterre, 1790)&lt;/small&gt; : iboneka mu majyaruguru ya Philippines 
* ''T. r. cotabato'' - &lt;small&gt;( Rand, 1948)&lt;/small&gt; : iboneka kuri Mindanao 

Grebe akaba ari inyoni nto ikunda kuboneka mumazi cyane,yiganjemo umwijima hejuru hamwe nijosi ryayo, rinini, ijosi n'impande, hamwe n'umuhondo wera. Rufous isimburwa nicyatsi cyijimye cyijimye cyinyoni zitororoka ninyoni.

Greb ikaba ari inyoni ifite ibara ry'umukara n'umweru byera ku matama no ku mpande z'ijosi nkuko bigaragara hepfo.

== Ikwirakwizwa ==
Iyi nyoni yororoka muri koloni ntoya mu bimera byinshi by’ibiyaga by’amazi meza mu Burayi. Inyoni nyinshi zimukira mumazi menshi yuguruye cyangwa yinyanja mugihe cyitumba, ariko irimuka gusa muribice bigize aho amazi akonja. Hanze yigihe cyubworozi, yimukira mumazi afunguye, rimwe na rimwe akanagaragara ku nkombe mu biyaga bito. &lt;ref name=&quot;IUCN&quot;&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBirdLife_International2017&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;175&quot;&gt;BirdLife International (2017) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;176&quot;&gt;[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22696545/111716447 &quot;''Tachybaptus ruficollis''&quot;]. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;177&quot;&gt;''[[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2017''': e.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;179&quot;&gt;T22696545A111716447. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22696545A111716447.en|10.2305/IUCN.]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22696545A111716447.en|&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;181&quot;&gt;UK.2017-1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;182&quot;&gt;RLTS.&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22696545A111716447.en|T22696545A111716447.en]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;184&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 February&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imyitwarire ==
Grebe ntoya ni inyoni nziza kandi ikayobora kandi ikurikirana amafi yayo ninyamaswa zo mu mazi zidafite ubuzima. Ikoresha ibimera ubuhanga nkahantu hihishe.

Kimwe na grebes zose, ziba ku nkombe y'amazi, kubera ko amaguru yayo yashizwe inyuma cyane kandi ntashobora kugenda neza. Ubusanzwe itera amagi 4-7. Iyo inyoni ikuze ivuye mucyari mubisanzwe yitondera gupfuka amagi. Ibi bituma bidashoboka kumenyekana ninyamanswa.  Abakiri bato bava mucyari kandi bashobora koga nyuma yo kubyara. Mu [[Ubuhinde|Buhinde]], ubwoko bwororoka mu gihe cy'imvura. 

== Ikarita ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Dosiye:Little Grebe (or Dabchick), Tachbaptus ruficollis, at Marievale Nature Reserve, Gauteng, South Africa - breeding plumage (21410502215).jpg|Ubworozi bw'amazi
LittleGrebe DSC0240.jpg|Icyari ku nkombe z'ikiyaga i Jodhpur, Rajasthan, mu Buhinde
Dosiye:Zampullín chico, polluelo Tachybaptus ruficollis.jpg|Inkoko
Tachybaptus ruficollis-diving.jpg|Kwibira muri [[:es:Delta del Llobregat|Delta del Llobregat]], [[:es:Barcelona|Barcelona]]
Tachybaptus ruficollis MWNH 1919.JPG|Amagi, [[Museum Wiesbaden|Ingoro Ndangamurage Wiesbaden]]
Dosiye:Saverio Manetti, Ornithologia methodice digesta, per monchiani, firenze 1767-76, 048 colimbo minore.jpg|Urugero
Dosiye:Breeding plume Little Grebe.jpg|igikumwe | Icyatsi gito Mu myambarire yambere yo korora
Dosiye:Non breeding Little Grebe.jpg|igikumwe | Grebe yerekana ibirenge byayo
Dosiye:Little grebe (winter plumage).jpg|igikumwe | Icyatsi gito muri plumage
Dosiye:Juvenile Little Grebe.jpg|igikumwe | Igihe gishya cyavutse
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Reba ==
{{Reflist|refs=&lt;ref name=Clements&gt;{{cite book |last1=Clements |first1=James |title=The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/clementschecklis0000clem_t1e2 |edition=6th |year=2007 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, NY |isbn=978-0-8014-4501-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Dalgliesh1906&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/stream/aviculturalm519061907avic#page/n97/mode/2up |title=Notes on the Indian Podicipedidae |last=Dalgliesh |first=Gordon |pages=65–72 |year=1906 |journal=The Avicultural Magazine |volume=5 |issue=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Finn1905&gt;{{cite journal |last=Finn |first=Frank |title=Notes on the nesting of the Indian Dabchick |pages=10–17 |journal=Bird Notes |volume=4 |year=1905 |url=https://archive.org/stream/birdnotes05fore#page/n17/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=IOC&gt;{{cite web |editor1-last=Gill |editor1-first=F. |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=D. |editor3-last=Rasmussen |editor3-first=Pamela |name-list-style=amp |year=2021 |title=Grebes, flamingos |website=IOC World Bird List (v 11.1) |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/grebes/ |doi=10.14344/IOC.ML.11.1 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Ogilvie2003&gt;{{cite book |title=Grebes of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/grebesofworld0000olgi |last=Ogilvie |first=Malcolm |first2=Chris |last2=Rose |publisher=Bruce Coleman |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-872842-03-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Prokop2011&gt;{{cite journal |title=Why do grebes cover their nests? Laboratory and field tests of two alternative hypotheses |last1=Prokop |first1=Pavel |first2=Alfréd |last2=Trnka |year=2011 |journal=Journal of Ethology |volume=29 |pages=17–22 |doi=10.1007/s10164-010-0214-4 |url=http://www.zoo.sav.sk/prokop/articles/Prokop-Trnka-JEthol-2011.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414203105/http://www.zoo.sav.sk/prokop/articles/Prokop-Trnka-JEthol-2011.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umugezi wa Sezibwa</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="5639" sha1="guusgutd8b536sy4jnuivhk8zivc0x7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox river|name=Sezibwa|name_native=|name_native_lang=|name_other=|name_etymology=&quot;Sizibwa&quot; ([[Luganda]]):..''my path cannot be blocked''..
&lt;!---------------------- IMAGE &amp; MAP --&gt;|image=Ssezibwa Falls.jpg|image_size=|image_caption=|map=|map_size=250|map_caption=The rivers of northern Uganda with the Sezibwa River (bottom center)|pushpin_map=|pushpin_map_size=|pushpin_map_caption=&lt;!---------------------- LOCATION --&gt;|subdivision_type1=Country|subdivision_name1=[[Uganda]]|subdivision_type2=|subdivision_name2=|subdivision_type3=|subdivision_name3=|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=|subdivision_type5=Cities|subdivision_name5=[[Ngogwe]], [[Kayunga]], [[Galiraya]]
&lt;!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --&gt;|length_km=150|width_min=|width_avg=|width_max=|depth_min=|depth_avg=|depth_max=|discharge1_location=|discharge1_min=|discharge1_avg=|discharge1_max=&lt;!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --&gt;|source1=[[Ngogwe]], [[Buikwe District]]|source1_location=[[Uganda]]|source1_coordinates={{coord|00|16|12|N|33|00|18|E|display=inline}}|source1_elevation={{convert|1200|m|abbr=on}}|mouth=|mouth_location=[[Lake Kyoga]], [[Kayunga District]], [[Uganda]]|mouth_coordinates={{coord|01|24|00|N|32|44|06|E|display=inline,title}}|mouth_elevation={{convert|1140|m|abbr=on}}|progression=|river_system=|basin_size=|tributaries_left=|tributaries_right=|custom_label=|custom_data=|extra=}}'''Uruzi rwa Sezibwa''' ni uruzi ruri muri Uganda yo hagati, muri [[Imiterere ya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba n'ibidukikije byaho|Afurika y'Iburasirazuba]] . Iri zina rikomoka ku nteruro [[Ikiganda|y'ikiganda]] &quot;sizibirwa kkubo&quot;, isobanura &quot;inzira yanjye ntishobora gufungwa&quot;.

== Aho uherereye ==
Uruzi rwa Sezibwa ruherereye mu majyepfo yo hagati ya [[Ubugande|Uganda]] . Ruhera mu bishanga biri hagati [[Ikiyaga cya Victoriya|y'ikiyaga cya Victoria]] n'ikiyaga [[Ikiyaga cya Kyoga|cya Kyoga]], mu burengerazuba bwa [[Nili Yera|Nili ya Victoria]], rugatemba mu cyerekezo rusange cy'amajyaruguru kugira ngo rwisuke mu kiyaga cya Kyoga. Isoko y'Uruzi rwa Sezibwa iherereye mu Karere ka Buikwe, hafi y'umujyi wa Ngogwe, ifite imirongo: Latitude: 0.2700; Longitude: 33.0050. Sezibwa yinjira mu kiyaga cya Kyoga mu Karere ka Kayunga, hafi y'umujyi wa Galilaya, ifite imirongo: Latitude: 1.3700; Longitude: 32.8150. Uburebure bw'Uruzi [[Umugezi wa Sezibwa|rwa Sezibwa]] ni {{Convert|150|km|mi}} kuva ku isoko kugera ku munwa.  Hagati y'isoko ryawo mu Karere ka Buikwe, ariko mbere yuko winjira mu Karere ka Kayunga, umugezi unyura mu Karere ka Mukono .

Nk’uko inkuru zibivuga, [[uruzi]] rwa Ssezibwa si ikintu gisanzwe, ahubwo ni urubyaro rw’umugore utwite witwaga Nakangu, wabayeho mu myaka amagana ishize kandi akaba yari uwo mu muryango wa Kibe (imbwebwe). Byari byitezwe ko azabyara impanga, ariko icyavaga mu nda ye cyari imigezi y’impanga. Imyuka y’abana ba Nakangu bataravuka - Ssezibwa na Mubeeya bikekwa ko ibuza imigezi y’impanga, ari nayo mpamvu byari bimenyerewe ko Muganda wese unyura ku isoko y’uruzi i Namukono, nko muri kilometero 20 uvuye mu burasirazuba, ajugunya ibyatsi cyangwa amabuye mu ruzi kugira ngo abone amahirwe. Ndetse n’uyu munsi, igitambo cyo gushimira cy’ibishishwa by’umushishwa, inzoga n’ingurube gikorerwa ku isoko y’uruzi buri mwaka, ubusanzwe kiyobowe na Ssalongo (se w’impanga). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Briggs |first=Philip |year=2020 |title=Uganda: The Bradt Travel Guide |url=https://archive.org/details/ugandabradttrave0009brig |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=9781784776428 |location=England |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ugandabradttrave0009brig/page/180 180] |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Ssezibwa_Falls1.jpg|thumb|gusuma kwa ssezibwa]]
[[Dosiye:Sezibwa_falls.jpg|alt=River Sezibwa|thumb|Uruzi rwa Sezibwa]]
Amasumo ya Sezibwa ari hafi {{Convert|20|mi|km}}, iburasirazuba bwa Kampala, [[umurwa]] mukuru wa [[Ubugande|Uganda]], ku muhanda wa Kampala-Jinja . Aha hantu ni ahantu gakondo ha Buganda . Harangwa n'amabuye atyaye n'urusaku rwiza rw'amazi aruhura amanuka mu mabuye ahanamye. Amasumo aherereye mu Karere ka Mukono .

Hakurikijwe inkuru za gakondo, inzuzi ebyiri zitwa Ssezibwa na murumuna we Bwanda, zavumbuwe n'umugore agenda yerekeza i Kavuma Bukunja. Uwo mugore, Nakangu Tebateesa, wari ufite umugabo witwa Nsubuga Ssebwaato, yabyaye impanga mu buryo bw'amazi. Uruzi rwa Ssezibwa rwakomeje gutemba rwerekeza iburengerazuba, runyura mu nzitizi nyinshi, ni naho rwakuye izina ryarwo, mu gihe Bwanda yo yatembye yerekeza iburasirazuba, ahitwa Nyenga. Abantu benshi baza muri ako hantu basaba ibitangaza kuko bemera ko hari imbaraga z'ikirenga (supernatural) ahohera.

Amasumo ni {{Convert|7|m|ft}} uburebure. Kuzamuka amabuye no [[Kwitegereza inyoni|kureba inyoni]] ni byo bikorwa by'ingenzi kuri ako gace. Abahanga mu by'ubutaka n'abandi bahanga mu bya siyansi nabo bakunze kuhasanga. [[Inyamaswa]] zo mu ishyamba rikikije zirimo [[Inguge|inkende zo mu gasozi]], inkende zitukura n'izindi nyoni [[Inyoni|n'inyoni]] . 

* [[Ikiyaga cya Victoriya|Ikiyaga cya Victoria]]
* [[Ikiyaga cya Kyoga]]
* [[Nili Yera|Victoria Nile]]
* Kayunga

== indangasoko ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

* [http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/-/691232/1370492/-/cqqfk/-/index.html Ibisobanuro birambuye ku Masumo ya Sezibwa]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100717033047/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/wetlands/pdf/Africa/Region2/UGANDA.pdf Imigezi n'Ibiyaga bya Uganda]
* [http://www.energyandminerals.go.ug/renenergy/images/Sezibwa.jpg Ifoto y'amasumo ya Sezibwa] 
{{Buikwe District}}{{Mukono District}}{{Kayunga District}}{{Rivers of Uganda}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Musindi250</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>134470</id>
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        <username>MediaWiki message delivery</username>
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      <comment>/* Language Diversity Hub evaluation survey: your input needed! */ new section</comment>
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      <text bytes="6335" sha1="aux6x444kv5ybgsv7pz7muxqntuo868" xml:space="preserve">== Page creations by Umuganwa12 ==

Hi Musindi250, could you take a look at some of those page creations [https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibidasanzwe%3AContributions&amp;target=Umuganwa12&amp;namespace=all&amp;tagfilter=&amp;newOnly=1&amp;start=&amp;end=&amp;limit=100]?
The user got reported at [[:meta:Global sysops/Requests]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_sysops%2FRequests&amp;diff=26050723&amp;oldid=26050661#Requests] because they were introducing hoaxes at another wiki, so likely their page creations on this wiki need to be checked as well. It would be great if you as a native speaker can take a look at some sample pages to determine if the quality is ok or if it needs further action. Best regards [[Umukoresha:Johannnes89|Johannnes89]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Johannnes89|talk]]) 12:36, 11 Mutarama 2024 (UTC)

:... have you been able to take a look at this? Or could you direct me to other experienced users within your community I could ask to take a look? [[Umukoresha:Johannnes89|Johannnes89]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Johannnes89|talk]]) 11:42, 23 Mutarama 2024 (UTC)

== Request writing about Isabelle de Charrière (@Q123386) ==

Hello Musindi250, Would you like to write about Isabelle de Charrière (Q123386) for the RW Wikipedia? It would be appreciated if it would be done. [[Umukoresha:Boss-well63|Boss-well63]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Boss-well63|talk]]) [[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Musindi250#c-Boss-well63-20240914193800-Page creations by Umuganwa12|19:38, 14 Nzeri 2024 (UTC)]]

== Join the LDH General Assembly | April 18, 2026 ==

We are delighted to invite you to the General Assembly of the [[m:Wikimedia Language Diversity Hub|'''Language Diversity Hub''']] (LDH) on Saturday, '''April 18th, 2026''', at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1776517200 13:00 UTC]'''.
=== About the General Assembly ===
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== Programme submissions open: Language Diversity Conference, Accra 2026 ==

[[File:Official logo for language diversity conference 03.png|frameless|250px|right]]
The '''[[m:Language Diversity Conference|Language Diversity Conference 2026]]''' will take place '''2–4 October 2026 in Accra, Ghana''', under the theme: ''Strengthening Language Communities in the Open Knowledge Movement''.

The Programming Team is inviting the following types of session proposals:

* '''Lightning talks''' – 10-minute short presentations on any relevant topic
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  <page>
    <title>Meropenem</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="5259" sha1="r53va919gwxxrazvsl2gl7lt1v41tdd" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
| drug_name = Meropenem
| IUPAC_name = (4''R'',5''S'',6''S'')-3-(((3''S'',5''S'')-5-(Dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)thio)-6-((''R'')-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;| image = Meropenem.svg
| image2 = Meropenem-from-xtal-1992-3D-balls.png

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;| pronounce = 
| tradename = Merrem, others
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|meropenem}}
| MedlinePlus = &lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;
| pregnancy_AU = B2
| legal_AU = S4
| legal_UK = POM
| legal_US = Rx-only

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;| routes_of_administration = [[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous]]
| bioavailability = 100%
| protein_bound = Approximately 2%
| onset = 
| elimination_half-life = Isaha 1
| duration_of_action = 
| excretion = [[Kidney]]

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;| synonyms = 
| C = 17
| H = 25
| N = 3
| O = 5
| S = 1
| SMILES = O=C3N2\C(=C(\S[C@H]1C[C@@H](C(=O)N(C)C)NC1)[C@H](C)[C@@H]2[C@H]3[C@H](O)C)C(=O)O
| StdInChI = 1S/C17H25N3O5S/c1-7-12-11(8(2)21)16(23)20(12)13(17(24)25)14(7)26-9-5-10(18-6-9)15(22)19(3)4/h7-12,18,21H,5-6H2,1-4H3,(H,24,25)/t7-,8-,9+,10+,11-,12-/m1/s1
| StdInChIKey = DMJNNHOOLUXYBV-PQTSNVLCSA-N
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| verifiedrevid = 462248901
| Watchedfields = changed
| class = [[Antibiotic]] ([[carbapenem]])&lt;ref name=AHFS2017/&gt;
| uses = [[Meningitis]], [[intra-abdominal infection]], [[pneumonia]], [[sepsis]], [[anthrax]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2017/&gt;
| side_effects = Nausea, diarrhea, constipation, headache, rash, pain at site of injection&lt;ref name=AHFS2017/&gt;
| interactions = &lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;
| pregnancy_US = B
| breastfeeding = 
| defined_daily_dose = 3 gram&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DH02 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120170914/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DH02 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120170914/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DH02 |date=20 November 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| typical_dose = &lt;!-- External links --&gt;
}}'''Meropenem''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Merrem''' mu zindi, ni antibiyotike yagutse. ikoreshwa mu kuvura indwara zitandukanye za bagiteri.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meropenem|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/meropenem.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 December 2017|archive-date=20 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120143956/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/meropenem.html|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120143956/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/meropenem.html|date=20 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bimwe muribi birimo meningite, kwandura munda, umusonga, [[Umukoresha:Doc James/Sepsis|sepsis]], na anthrax .  Itangwa no gutera inshinge.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2017&quot; /&gt;

Ingaruka zikunze kugaragara zirimo isesemi, impiswi, impatwe, kubabara umutwe, guhubuka, no kubabara aho batewe inshinge.  Ingaruka zikomeye zirimo kwandura &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwJQ&quot;&gt;Clostridium diffile&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, gufatwa, hamwe na allergique harimo na anaphylaxis.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2017&quot; /&gt; Abafite allergic kubindi β-lactam antibiotique barashobora kuba allergique kuri meropenem.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2017&quot; /&gt; Gukoresha mugutwita bigaragara ko ari umutekano.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2017&quot; /&gt; Ari mumuryango wa karbapenem yimiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2017&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe Meropenem itera urupfu rwa bagiteri binyuze mu guhagarika ubushobozi bwabo bwo gukora urukuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2017&quot; /&gt; Irwanya cyane gusenyuka na β-lactamase itanga bagiteri.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2017&quot; /&gt;

Meropenem yahawe patenti mu 1983.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Janos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=497|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA497|language=en|access-date=2017-12-09|archive-date=2020-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917165707/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA497|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Byemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Amerika mu 1996.  Ari kurutonde rwumuryango wubuzima ku isi urutonde rw'imiti yingenzi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igiciro cyo kugurisha byinshi mubihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere kiri hagati ya 3.44 na 20.58 USD kuri garama imwe ya garama guhera muri  Mu Bwongereza aya mafaranga agura NHS hafi £ 16 muri 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF69&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 69|url=https://archive.org/details/bnf69britishnati0000unse|date=2015|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=9780857111562|page=[https://archive.org/details/bnf69britishnati0000unse/page/379 379]|edition=69}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Emitaï</title>
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      <comment>Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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'''''Emitaï''''' ( [ ɛ.mi.ta.i ], izina ryimana ya Diola) ni film yinkinamico yakozwe muri 1971 yomuri Senegali iyobowe na Ousmane Sembène . &lt;ref name=&quot;harvard&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ousmane Sembene – In Memoriam |url=http://hcl.harvard.edu/hfa/films/2007fall/sembene.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621172838/http://www.hcl.harvard.edu/hfa/films/2007fall/sembene.html |archive-date=21 June 2013 |access-date=24 December 2012 |website=harvard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umugambi ==
Mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, guverinoma ya Vichy yatoranyije abagabo baba koloni bo mubufaransa. Imyivumbagatanyo yatangiriye mumudugudu wa Diola aho abagore bahisha umusaruro wumuceri aho gutanga umusoro wubufaransa. Abayobozi ba Diola bungurana ibitekerezo ku gisubizo cyiza kuri politiki yabafaransa ikarishye, kandi ibintu birihutirwa iyabafaransa ningabo zabo zabakoloni barasa ku barwanyi ba Diola. Diola igerageza kugisha inama imana zabo, harimo na Emitaï, guhangana nabafaransa biriyongera. Bidatinze, ibyapa bya Charles de Gaulle bisimbuza ibyapa bya Marshal Pétain wa Vichy, byerekana impinduka zingana zubutegetsi muri Afurika y’iburengerazuba bw’Ubufaransa . Irihinduka rya politiki ritunguranye, ariko, ntabwo rihindura ukibintu bimeze kurwego rwumudugudu, kandi amaherezo ingabo zabakoloni zakoze ubwicanyi bwabagabo ba Diola. &lt;ref name=&quot;baltimore&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hornaday |first=Ann |date=2 February 1998 |title=Senegal films are eloquent Movies: Ousmane Sembene's powerful 'Emitai' and 'Ceddo' play at the Orpheum. |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1998/02/02/senegal-films-are-eloquent-movies-ousmane-sembenes-powerful-emitai-and-ceddo-play-at-the-orpheum/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005153040/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1998-02-02/features/1998033013_1_ceddo-emitai-ousmane-sembene |archive-date=5 October 2016 |access-date=19 December 2016 |work=The Baltimore Sun}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abakinnyi ==

* Mbissine Thérèse Diop
* Andongo Diabon
* Michel Renaudeau nka Liyetona
* Robert Fontaine nk'umuyobozi
* Ousmane Camara
* Ibou Camara
* Abdoulaye Diallo
* Alphonse Diatta
* Pierre Blanchard nka Coloneli
* Cherif Tamba
* Fode Cambay
* Etienne Mané
* Joseph Diatta
* Dji Niassabaron
* Antio Bassene

== Umutwe ==
''Emitai'' yahawe izina ryayo kumana yomuri Senegal, &quot;uhagarariye igice kiva mucyiciro kimwe cyubuzima kijya mu gishya kandi cyiza&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;herx&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Herx |first=Henry |year=1988&lt;!-- |accessdate=August 8, 2011 --&gt; |title=The Family Guide to Movies on Video |url=https://archive.org/details/familyguidetomov0000unse |publisher=The Crossroad Publishing Company |isbn=0-8245-0816-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/familyguidetomov0000unse/page/85 85] (pre-release version) |chapter=Emitai}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kurekura ==
''Emitai'' yasohotse muri Senegali muwi 1971, &lt;ref name=&quot;focus&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pfaff |first=Françoise |year=2004 |title=Focus on African Films |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjqh7O99pv0C&amp;dq=Emitai&amp;pg=PA41 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=0-253-21668-0 |pages=40–41 |access-date=2023-07-02&lt;!-- August 8, 2011 --&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt; nmu 1972 muri Amerika. &lt;ref name=&quot;herx&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Herx |first=Henry |year=1988&lt;!-- |accessdate=August 8, 2011 --&gt; |title=The Family Guide to Movies on Video |url=https://archive.org/details/familyguidetomov0000unse |publisher=The Crossroad Publishing Company |isbn=0-8245-0816-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/familyguidetomov0000unse/page/85 85] (pre-release version) |chapter=Emitai}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHerx1988&quot;&gt;Herx, Henry (1988). &quot;Emitai&quot;. ''The Family Guide to Movies on Video''. The Crossroad Publishing Company. p.&amp;nbsp;85 (pre-release version). [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-8245-0816-5|&lt;bdi&gt;0-8245-0816-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yagenzuwe imyaka itanu muri Afrika ivuga Igifaransa. &lt;ref name=&quot;baltimore&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hornaday |first=Ann |date=2 February 1998 |title=Senegal films are eloquent Movies: Ousmane Sembene's powerful 'Emitai' and 'Ceddo' play at the Orpheum. |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1998/02/02/senegal-films-are-eloquent-movies-ousmane-sembenes-powerful-emitai-and-ceddo-play-at-the-orpheum/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005153040/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1998-02-02/features/1998033013_1_ceddo-emitai-ousmane-sembene |archive-date=5 October 2016 |access-date=19 December 2016 |work=The Baltimore Sun}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHornaday1998&quot;&gt;Hornaday, Ann (2 February 1998). [https://www.baltimoresun.com/1998/02/02/senegal-films-are-eloquent-movies-ousmane-sembenes-powerful-emitai-and-ceddo-play-at-the-orpheum/ &quot;Senegal films are eloquent Movies: Ousmane Sembene's powerful 'Emitai' and 'Ceddo' play at the Orpheum&quot;]. ''The Baltimore Sun''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161005153040/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1998-02-02/features/1998033013_1_ceddo-emitai-ousmane-sembene Archived] from the original on 5 October 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;19 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Filime yinjiye mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya 7 rya Moscou aho yatsindiye igihembo cya silver. &lt;ref name=&quot;Moscow1971&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=7th Moscow International Film Festival (1971) |url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1971 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403094201/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1971 |archive-date=3 April 2014 |access-date=24 December 2012 |website=MIFF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwakira ==
Mugitabo cye''cyitwa Family Guide to Film on Video'', Henry Herx yanditse ko &quot;inkuru nyinshi zivugwa gusa binyuze mumashusho yerekana, aya mashusho ni imbaraga zikomeye za filime&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;herx&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Herx |first=Henry |year=1988&lt;!-- |accessdate=August 8, 2011 --&gt; |title=The Family Guide to Movies on Video |url=https://archive.org/details/familyguidetomov0000unse |publisher=The Crossroad Publishing Company |isbn=0-8245-0816-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/familyguidetomov0000unse/page/85 85] (pre-release version) |chapter=Emitai}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHerx1988&quot;&gt;Herx, Henry (1988). &quot;Emitai&quot;. ''The Family Guide to Movies on Video''. The Crossroad Publishing Company. p.&amp;nbsp;85 (pre-release version). [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-8245-0816-5|&lt;bdi&gt;0-8245-0816-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba kandi ==

* Sinema ya Senegali
* Abanyasenegali Tirailleurs

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

* Emitaï at IMDb</text>
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    <title>Igipimo cyo gutesha agaciro</title>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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'''Igipimo cy'ubumuga''' ni ijanisha rigamije kwerekana urwego rw'umuntu uhoraho kumubiri cyangwa mumutwe. Ku bantu bagize impanuka cyangwa uburwayi bumara igihe kirekire cyangwa buhoraho  mugukoresha igice cyumubiri wabo cyangwa imikorere y'umubiri, igipimo cy'ubumuga gishobora gukoreshwa mugupima ubushobozi bw'umuntu. Ubumuga busobanurwa nko gutandukana cyane  n'ubuzima busanzwe bw'imikorere. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Cocchiarella |first=Linda |year=2001 |title=Master the AMA Guides Fifth: A Medical and Legal Transition to Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, Fifth Edition |url=https://archive.org/details/masteramaguidesf0000cocc |publisher=AMA Press |isbn=978-1579471040 |location=Chicago, Ill}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubumuga busobanura neza gutandukana ku imiterere ihamye y'umuntu  nubushobozi bwa muntu, hamwe n'ubuvuzi bundi bushya, ingaruka kubikorwa by'umuntu mu buzima bwe buri munsi ntibishobora guhinduka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sims |first=Dorothy |title=JD. |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/314420-overview#:~:text=Impairment%20rating%20of%20neuromuscular%20conditions,sixth%20edition%20is%20currently%20available. |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=Medscape}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibyo biba byarageze ku rwego aho bashobora gupimwa urwego rw’ihungabana, kandi uwo murwayi aba ageze ku rwego rwitwa “Maximum Medical Improvement (MMI) ni ukuvuga ko nta gukira kurenze ubwo bitegerejwe zitaziguye umuntu afite. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=van Oosterom |first=FJ |last2=Ettema AM |last3=Mulder PG |display-authors=etal |date=January 2007 |title=Impairment and disability after severe hand injuries with multiple phalangeal fractures |journal=J. Hand Surg. Am. |series=1 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=91–5 |doi=10.1016/j.jhsa.2006.05.017 |pmid=17218181}}&lt;/ref&gt; nubwo ibyo bitandukanyirizo bitandukanijwe bikunze gukoreshwa nimiryango ya leta nk'igipimo cyubumuga, cyangwa kugena indishyi zikwiye kubera impanuka cyangwa igikomere. Gukoresha ibimenyetso byubuvuzi hamwe n’impuguke zumvikanyweho murwego bizamura uburinganire nuburinganire murwego rwo guta agaciro. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-09 |title=AMA Guides® to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment: an overview |url=https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/ama-guides/ama-guides-evaluation-permanent-impairment-overview |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=American Medical Association |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amabwiriza ya '''AMA (American Medical Association)''' agerageza gushyiraho uburyo buhamye bwo gupima urwego rw’ihungabana hashingiwe ku bipimo bifatika nk’urugero rw’ubumuga bwo kumva rugaragazwa na '''Decibel Sum Hearing Loss (DSHL)''' cyangwa ibizamini by’ubushobozi bwo kubona neza ('''visual acuity tests''').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Cocchiarella |first=Linda |year=2001 |title=Master the AMA Guides Fifth: A Medical and Legal Transition to Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, Fifth Edition |url=https://archive.org/details/masteramaguidesf0000cocc |publisher=AMA Press |isbn=978-1579471040 |location=Chicago, Ill}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Nubwo hari ubwo buryo bwo kugerageza gushyiraho ihame, amanota y’ihungabana atangwa ku muntu umwe n’abaganga batandukanye rimwe na rimwe aratandukana cyane, bikaba ikibazo kuko bituma haboneka '''kutajyana n’uburinganire''' mu isuzuma ry’ihungabana &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mayer |first=RS |last2=Chen IH |last3=Lavender SA |display-authors=etal |date=1 July 1995 |title=Variance in the measurement of sagittal lumbar spine range of motion among examiners, subjects, and instruments |journal=Spine |series=13 |volume=20 |issue=13 |pages=1489–93 |doi=10.1097/00007632-199507000-00008 |pmid=8623068 |s2cid=40661858}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba kandi ==

== Reba ==
{{Reflist|30em}} 


[[Ikiciro:Ubumuga]]</text>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1681" sha1="hg0fnpqik1r8onkarxv8qy5n6kzmyw8" xml:space="preserve">'''Komite Ngirakamaro z’Abafite Ubumuga'''  zasabweho gushyirwaho mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]] n’Itegeko ry’Abafite Ubumuga mu Kazi rya 1944 (Disabled Persons (Employment) Act 1944). Iri tegeko ryari igerageza rya mbere ryagaragaje uburyo bwo guhangana n’ikibazo cyo kubona akazi ku bantu bafite [[ubumuga]] ku rwego rusange. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Barnes |first=Colin |date=1991 |title=Disabled people in Britain and discrimination |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSvOE_UZcEoC&amp;pg=PA85 |publisher=Hurst &amp; Co |isbn=978-1850651284 |page=85 |access-date=19 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Komite imwe yashyirwaga kuri buri kigo gikuru gishinzwe guhuza abashaka akazi n’akazi, zigizwe n’abakozi n’abakoresha bafite umubare ungana, hamwe n’abanyamuryango bigenga n’umuyobozi wigenga. Zagize uruhare mu kugenzura Igitabo cy’Abafite Ubumuga (Disabled Persons Register) ndetse no mu gukoresha sisitemu y’imyanya yihariye (quota system). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Young |first=A F |date=1968 |title=Social Services in British Industry |url=https://archive.org/details/socialservicesin0000youn |publisher=Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul |isbn=978-0415177245 |page=[https://archive.org/details/socialservicesin0000youn/page/56 56]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zari mu nshingano z’Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe Umurimo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Harrison |first=Enid |date=March 1953 |title=Local Advisory Committees |journal=Public Administration |volume=31 |page=65 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9299.1953.tb01762.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hanashinzwe kandi Inama Nkuru Ngirakamaro y’Igihugu ishinzwe Ibikorwa by’Abafite Ubumuga mu Kazi (National Advisory Council on the Employment of the Disabled).

== Reba ==
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    <title>Inyandiko y'abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona(Braille)</title>
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[[Dosiye:MAD_BS_Moon_fixtures_(cropped_2).jpg|thumb|Ikibaho cyorohereza abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona muri ascenceur(elevator/lift)]]
'''Braille''' ( /ˈ b r eɪ l / BRAYL,  ) ni uburyo bwo kwandika bwitondewe bukoreshwa n'abantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona . Ishobora gusomwa haba ku mpapuro zometse ku bintu cyangwa ukoresheje disikuru ishobora kuvugururwa ihuza mudasobwa n'ibikoresho bya telefone. Braille ira

shobora kwandikwa ukoresheje icyapa na stylus, umwanditsi w'impapuro, [[Perkins Brailler|icyuma cya]] elegitoronike cyangwa ukoresheje mudasobwa ihujwe [[Braille embosser|n'udushushanyo twa braille]] . Ku basomyi bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona, braille ni uburyo bwigenga bwo kwandika, aho kuba code y'imyandikire yanditswe. &lt;ref name=&quot;D&amp;B&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Daniels |first=Peter T. |date=1996 |title=The World's Writing Systems |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937 |last2=Bright |first2=William |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-507993-7 |location=Oxford; New York |pages=817{{ndash}}818}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Braille yitiriwe uwayikoze, Louis Braille, Umufaransa wabuze amaso kubera impanuka yagize mu bwana bwe. Mu 1824, afite imyaka cumi n'itanu, yateje imbere code ya braille ishingiye ku nyuguti z'igifaransa nk'iterambere mu kwandika nijoro . Yasohoye sisitemu ye, nyuma y'aho harimo no kumenyekanisha umuziki, mu  1829.Ishyirwamo rya kabiri ryasohotse mu 1837 ni ryo ryabaye uburyo bwa mbere bw'inyandiko bushingiye ku mibare ibiri(binary)bwakozwe mu gihe cya none.

Inyuguti z'abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona zakozwe hakoreshejwe guhuza utudomo dutandatu twazamuye dutondekanye muri 3&amp;nbsp;×&amp;nbsp;Matrix 2, bita selile ya braille. Umubare na gahunda by'ududomo bitandukanya inyuguti n'indi. Kubera ko inyuguti zinyuranye za braille zatangiye nk'imyandikire yo kwandikwa yanditse, amakarita (ibice byerekana imiterere) aratandukanye bitewe n'ururimi, ndetse no muri rumwe; mucyongereza braille hari inzego eshatu:Inyandiko ya braille yuzuye – inyuguti ku yindi  ikoreshwa mu gusoma no kwandika;inyandiko ya Braille yo ku rwego rwa gatatu, ikoresha uburyo bwihariye kandi butemewe mu rwego rusange, bukoreshwa n'abantu ku giti cyabo nk'uburyo bwo kwandika byihuse.

Ibyiyongera ku nyandiko ya braille (inyuguti, utumenyetso, impine), birashoboka kandi gukora amashusho ashushanyije ndetse n'imigaragire y'amakuru(graph), hamwe n'imirongo yaba ikomeye cyangwa ikozwe mu rukurikirane rw'ubudomo, imyambi, n'amasasu manini kuruta utudomo twa braille. Akazi ka braille kuzuye karimo utudomo dutandatu twazamuye dutondekanye mu nkingi ebyiri, buri nkingi ifite utudomo dutatu. Imyanya y'akadomo igaragazwa n'imibare kuva &lt;ref name=&quot;Raised Dots&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Dot Positions in the braille cell Are Identified by Numbers from One Through Six |url=http://www.afb.org/info/living-with-vision-loss/braille/what-is-braille/123 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308024822/http://www.afb.org/info/living-with-vision-loss/braille/what-is-braille/123 |archive-date=8 March 2019 |access-date=19 June 2016 |website=AFB.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuri umwe kugeza kuri itandatu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Raised Dots&quot; /&gt; Hariho uburyo 64 bushoboka, harimo nta kadomo na gato ku mwanya w'ijambo . &lt;ref name=&quot;Braille System&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Louis Braille and the Braille System |url=https://www.duxburysystems.com/braille.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816061848/https://www.duxburysystems.com/braille.asp |archive-date=16 August 2018 |access-date=16 August 2018 |website=duxburysystems.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Utudomo twiboneza dushobora gukoreshwa duhagarariye inyuguti, imibare, akamenyetso, cyangwa ijambo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Raised Dots&quot; /&gt;

Kwiga braille hakiri kare ni ingirakamaro mu gusoma no kwandika, uburezi n'akazi ku babana n'ubumuga bwo kutabona. Hatatiwe ku  ihindagurika ry'ikoranabuhanga rishya, harimo na porogaramu isoma ecran isoma amakuru mu ijwi riranguruye, braille ifasha ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutabona kubona imyandikire, utumenyetso n'izindi ngingo z'ururimi rwanditse bitagerwaho binyuze mu majwi gusa.

Mu gihe bamwe basabye ko tekinoroji ishingiye kumajwi izagabanya gukenera braille, iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga nka braille yerekanwe ryakomeje gutuma braille irushaho kuboneka no gukoresha byoroshye. Abakoresha Braille bagaragaza ko braille ikomeza kuba nk'ibyingenzi ku bareba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=World Blind Union |title=Press Release: The importance of Braille Literacy |url=https://www.iapb.org/news/press-release-the-importance-of-braille-literacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201005754/https://www.iapb.org/news/press-release-the-importance-of-braille-literacy/ |archive-date=1 December 2021 |access-date=1 December 2021 |website=The International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <title>Amasezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga</title>
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      <comment>Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="64023" sha1="lqchcrvlaeco9ptuaq74j0vbz5qm0ef" xml:space="preserve">'''Amasezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga''' &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-persons-disabilities Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, UN]&lt;/ref&gt; ni [[Multilateral treaty|amasezerano]] [[International human rights instrument|mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu]] y’umuryango [[Umuryango w’Abibumye|w’abibumbye]] agamije kurengera uburenganzira [[Dignity|n’icyubahiro]] by’abafite [[ubumuga]] . Abagize aya masezerano basabwa guteza imbere, kurengera, no guharanira [[Uburenganzira bwa muntu|uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu]] n’abafite ubumuga no guharanira ko ababana n’ubumuga bafite uburinganire bwuzuye mu mategeko . Aya masezerano ni umusemburo ukomeye mu muryango uharanira uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga ku isi hose ufasha guhindura abantu bafite ubumuga nk’ibikorwa by’urukundo, kwivuza no kurengera imibereho yabo babareba nk’abanyamuryango buzuye kandi bangana, bafite uburenganzira bwa muntu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pyaneandee |first=Coomara |year=2019 |title=International Disability Law |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-59347-3 |location=London |pages=19–21}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |date=20 September 2018 |title=The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, a commentary |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-881066-7 |editor-last=Bantekas, Ilias |edition=First |oclc=1041925625 |editor-last2=Stein, Michael Ashley |editor-last3=Anastasiou, Dēmētrēs}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Adlakha |first=Roopali |last2=Guha |first2=Shouvik Kumar |date=2011 |title=Protecting the Disabled Persons under the Human Rights Regime - The Shift from Welfare to Rights |journal=Journal of Indian Law &amp; Society |volume=3 |page=67 |via=Hein}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amasezerano niyo masezerano ya mbere y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’uburenganzira bwa muntu yo mu kinyejana cya makumyabiri na rimwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=General Assembly Adopts Groundbreaking Convention, Optional Protocol on Rights of Persons with Disabilities|date=13 December 2006|url=http://www.un.org/press/en/2006/ga10554.doc.htm|publisher=United Nations|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iyi nyandiko yemejwe n'Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye ku ya 13 Ukuboza 2006, &lt;ref&gt;{{UN doc|docid=A/RES/61/106|body=General Assembly|session=61|type=Resolution|resolution_number=106|title=Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities|date=13 December 2006|access-date=July 24, 2023,|quote=alternate link: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_61_106.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Scoop-EiF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-05-05 |title=Landmark UN treaty on rights of persons with disabilities enters into force |url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0805/S00048.htm |access-date=2008-06-28 |publisher=Scoop}}&lt;/ref&gt; ku ya 30 Werurwe 2007. Nyuma yo kwemezwa [[Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Ibihugu by’i Burayi|n’ishyaka]] rya 20, yatangiye gukurikizwa ku ya 3 Gicurasi 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-10-12 |title=UN Treaty Collection: parties to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: List of parties |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=IV-15&amp;chapter=4&amp;clang=_en |access-date=2017-04-20 |publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amasezerano akurikiranwa na komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga aho inama ngarukamwaka z’ibihugu by’ibihugu bigize CRPD zashyizeho umurongo ngenderwaho kuva mu mwaka wa 2008.Iteraniro rya cumi na gatatu ry’ibihugu by’ibihugu byari biteganijwe guhurira i New York muri Kamena 2020, hanyuma ryimurirwa mu buryo bw'agateganyo kugira ngo rihure mu Kuboza 2020 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Conference of States Parties to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/conference-of-states-parties-to-the-convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities-2.html |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.}}&lt;/ref&gt; kubera ikibazo cya [[COVID-19]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 March 2020 |title=Communication to Member States and other Stakeholders from the Secretariat of the Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Postponement of the thirteenth session of the Conference due to the worldwide outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic to Member States and other stakeholders |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2020/04/COSP13_Information-dated-23-March.pdf |access-date=7 August 2020 |website=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Amateka ===
Amasezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga, kimwe n’andi masezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, (nk’amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu mu bya politiki na politiki ndetse n’amasezerano yerekeye guca burundu ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa abagore ) yavuye mu bikorwa by’imyaka myinshi aho amahame y’uburenganzira bw’amatsinda yatangiraga kuva mu cyifuzo kugeza ku masezerano ahuza.

Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye yemeje Itangazo ryo mu 1971 ryerekeye uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/declaration-rights-mentally-retarded-persons |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; hakurikiraho Itangazo ryerekeye uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga ku ya 9 Ukuboza 1975. 1981 ni umwaka mpuzamahanga w’abafite ubumuga ; ibisubizo byumwaka ni Gahunda yisi y'ibikorwa yerekeye abamugaye. Umwaka wakurikiwe n'imyaka icumi y'abafite ubumuga, 1983–1992. Mu 1987, inama y’impuguke ku isi yose yo gusuzuma iterambere ryasabye ko Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye igomba gutegura amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeye guca ivangura rishingiye ku bumuga. Umushinga w’ibishushanyo mbonera byasabwe [[Ubutaliyani|n’Ubutaliyani]] ndetse [[Suwede|na Suwede]] nyuma, ariko nta bwumvikane bwumvikanyweho. Abahagarariye guverinoma benshi bavuze ko inyandiko z’uburenganzira bwa muntu zihagije. Umunsi mpuzamahanga w’abafite ubumuga (3 Ukuboza) watangajwe mu 1992 icyemezo cy’Inteko rusange 47/3. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Barnes |first=Colin |year=2003 |title=Disability |url=https://archive.org/details/disability0000barn |last2=Mercer |first2=Geof |publisher=Polity |isbn=0-7456-2509-6 |location=Cambridge, UK |page=[https://archive.org/details/disability0000barn/page/145 145]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye yemeje amategeko ngenderwaho adateganijwe ku bijyanye no kunganya amahirwe ku bafite ubumuga ku ya 20 Ukuboza 1993 (umwanzuro 48/96 umugereka). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs |title=Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/standard-rules-on-the-equalization-of-opportunities-for-persons-with-disabilities.html#:~:text=Although%20not%20a%20legally%20binding,for%20technical%20and%20economic%20cooperation. |access-date=24 July 2020 |website=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abasesenguzi benshi bavuze ko inyandiko zabanjirije CRPD ari &quot;yoroshye&quot;, bitandukanye n’inshingano z’amasezerano ya CRPD. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Heyer |first=Katharina |year=2015 |title=Rights Enabled: The Disability Revolution, from the US, to Germany and Japan, to the United Nations |url=https://archive.org/details/rightsenableddis0000heye |publisher=University of Michigan |isbn=978-0-472-05247-9 |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |page=[https://archive.org/details/rightsenableddis0000heye/page/n180 171]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri Werurwe 2000, abayobozi b'imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta itandatu y’abafite ubumuga, hamwe n’imiryango igera ku 20 y’abafite ubumuga bo mu karere ndetse n’igihugu, bemeje &quot;Itangazo rya Beijing ryerekeye uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga mu kinyagihumbi gishya&quot;, bahamagarira leta zose gushyigikira Amasezerano. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Secretariat for the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities |date=23 January 2018 |title=The United Nations and Disability: 70 years of the work towards a more inclusive world |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2018/01/History_Disability-in-the-UN_jan23.18-Clean.pdf |access-date=15 August 2020 |website=UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Social Policy and Development |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2001, Inteko rusange, nyuma y’igitekerezo cyatanzwe na [[Megizike|Mexico]], yashyizeho komite idasanzwe y’amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeye kurengera no guteza imbere uburenganzira n’icyubahiro cy’abafite ubumuga kugira ngo asuzume ibyifuzo by’amasezerano yuzuye kandi yuzuye agamije guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira n’icyubahiro by’abafite ubumuga, bishingiye ku buryo bwuzuye. &lt;ref&gt;O'Reilly, A. (2003) [http://www.disabilityworld.org/01-03_03/news/unconvention.shtml A UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: The Next Steps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007042109/http://www.disabilityworld.org/01-03_03/news/unconvention.shtml|date=7 October 2008}} Paper presented at the General Assembly Meeting of Rehabilitation International Arab Region, 8–9 March 2003, Kingdom of Bahrain.&lt;/ref&gt; Imiryango iharanira [[Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga|uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga]], harimo n’abafite ubumuga mpuzamahanga, ihuriro ry’abakoresha n’abacitse ku icumu bo mu mutwe, ihuriro ry’abacitse ku icumu rya Landmine (ubu ni Corps Survivor Corps ), hamwe n’umuryango mpuzamahanga w’abafite ubumuga bagize uruhare mu gutegura. Ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry’abafite ubumuga ryabaye umuhuzabikorwa w’umuryango w’ubumuga mpuzamahanga w’abafite ubumuga, wagize uruhare rugaragara mu gutegura, cyane cyane ushakisha uruhare rw’abafite ubumuga n’imiryango yabo mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa no gukurikirana icyahindutse. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.handicap-international.org.uk/what_we_do/disability_rights/un_convention &quot;UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities&quot;]. Handicap International UK.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 2001, mu nama ya 56 y’Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye, Mexico yatangije imishyikirano, ku nkunga ya GRULAC (itsinda ry’akarere ka Amerika y'Epfo). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 2018 |title=The United Nations and Disability: 70 Years of the Work Towards a More Inclusive World |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2018/01/History_Disability-in-the-UN_jan23.18-Clean.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igihe inkunga y’amasezerano yatangizwaga mu 2002 kubera abatavuga rumwe na WEOG, Nouvelle-Zélande yagize uruhare runini mu kugera ku ntera y’akarere. Yabaye umuhuza kuva mu 2002 kugeza 2003, Nouvelle-Zélande yaje gufata umwanya wa Perezida wa Komite ya Ad Hoc maze ayobora imishyikirano ku masezerano y’ubwumvikane muri Kanama 2006, akorana cyane n’abandi bagize Komite Yorodani, Kosta Rika, Repubulika ya Ceki, na Afurika yepfo, ndetse na Koreya na Mexico. Ababikurikiranira hafi benshi bagize icyo bavuga ku &quot;myitwarire yo gushaka icyubahiro&quot; ya guverinoma, ibigo by’uburenganzira bwa muntu, n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Herro |first=Annie |date=2019-04-25 |title=The Pre-negotiation of UN Human Rights Treaties: The Case of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/iner/24/2/article-p240_3.xml |journal=International Negotiation |language=en |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=240–265 |doi=10.1163/15718069-24021174 |issn=1571-8069 |s2cid=182261242 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amasezerano yabaye kimwe mu bikoresho byihutirwa by’uburenganzira bwa muntu mu mateka, ku nkunga n’imiryango yose yo mu karere. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite SSRN|last=Melish|first=Tara J.|date=2007-06-28|title=The UN Disability Convention: Historic Process, Strong Prospects, and Why the U.S. Should Ratify|ssrn=997141}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibihugu 160 byashyize umukono ku Masezerano amaze gufungura mu 2007 kandi ibihugu 126 byemeje ayo masezerano mu myaka itanu yambere. Mu rwego rwo gushimira uruhare yagize mu gushyiraho ayo masezerano, ndetse n’ubuziranenge bw’ingamba z’igihugu z’ubumuga bw’igihugu cya Nouvelle-Zélande, Guverineri Mukuru wa Nouvelle-Zélande Anand Satyanand yahawe igihembo cy’abafite ubumuga ku isi mu 2008 mu izina ry’igihugu.

Mu mwaka wa 2015, ku nshuro ya mbere mu mateka magufi, Komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga yatangije iperereza ku gihugu cyashyizeho umukono kubera kutubahiriza inshingano z’amasezerano. Iperereza ryatewe n'ingingo ya 6 ya protocole itabishaka, iteganya ko iperereza rizakorwa iyo komite imaze kubona &quot;amakuru yizewe agaragaza ihohoterwa rikabije kandi rihamye&quot; ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu bw'abafite ubumuga. Hakozwe iperereza kuri guverinoma y'Ubwongereza, raporo ya nyuma isohoka mu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Inquiry concerning the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland carried out by the Committee under article 6 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention |url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CRPD/CRPD.C.15.R.2.Rev.1-ENG.doc. |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;UN inquiry considers alleged UK disability rights violations&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-10-20 |title=UN inquiry considers alleged UK disability rights violations |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/oct/20/un-inquiry-uk-disability-rights-violations-cprd-welfare-cuts |access-date=2016-08-12 |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amerika ntiyigeze iboneka mu bihugu by’ibihugu byemeje cyangwa byinjiye muri ayo masezerano. Ku butegetsi bwa Barack Obama [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|,]] Amerika yabaye umukono ku masezerano yo ku &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obama |first=Barack |date=24 July 2009 |title=Remarks by the President on Signing of U.N. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Proclamation |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/realitycheck/the-press-office/remarks-president-rights-persons-with-disabilities-proclamation-signing |access-date=24 July 2020 |website=The White House: Barack Obama}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyakanga 2009. Mu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Issues in the U.S. Ratification Debate |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42749.pdf |access-date=2020-10-29 |archive-date=2020-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820230004/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42749.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;, amajwi muri Sena ya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika yagabanutseho amajwi atandatu ku bwiganze bwa bibiri bya gatatu bisabwa kugira ngo agirwe inama kandi yemererwe kwemezwa. Muri Nyakanga 2014, Komite ishinzwe ububanyi n'amahanga ya Sena yongeye kwemeza icyemezo cyo kugisha inama no kubyemera, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee |date=22 July 2014 |title=Resolution of Advice and Consent to Ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities |url=https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Resolution_of_Advice_and_Consent_for_CRPD_DAV149542.pdf |access-date=24 July 2020 |website=U.S. Senate}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Helderman |first=Rosalind S. |date=4 December 2012 |title=Senate rejects treaty to protect disabled around the world |url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-12-04/politics/35624605_1_treaty-disabled-children-americans-with-disabilities-act |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055440/https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-12-04/politics/35624605_1_treaty-disabled-children-americans-with-disabilities-act |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=2013-09-20 |work=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; cyemezo nticyagejejwe ku majwi ya Sena yuzuye.

=== Incamake ===
Amasezerano akurikiza imigenzo y’amategeko mbonezamubano, abanziriza ijambo, aho havuzwe ihame rivuga ko &quot;uburenganzira bwa muntu ari rusange, butagabanywa, bwuzuzanya kandi bufitanye isano&quot; bw’itangazo rya Vienne na gahunda y'ibikorwa . Ijambo ry'ibanze 25 rivuga mu buryo bweruye iterambere rirambye, avuga ko &quot;ubumuga&quot; ari &quot;igitekerezo kigenda gihinduka&quot; kirimo imikoranire hagati y’ubumuga n’ibidukikije, &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pyaneandee |first=Coomara |year=2019 |title=International Disability Law |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-59347-3 |location=London |pages=19–21}}&lt;/ref&gt; kandi ivuga akamaro k '&quot;imyumvire y’uburinganire&quot;. Ijambo ry'ibanze rikurikirwa n'ingingo 50. Bitandukanye n’amasezerano menshi y’umuryango w’abibumbye, ntabwo agabanijwemo ibice

'''Ingingo ya 1''' isobanura intego y’amasezerano:

guteza imbere, kurengera no guharanira uburenganzira n’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwisanzure bw’ibanze n’abafite ubumuga bose, no guteza imbere kubahiriza icyubahiro kavukire;

'''Ingingo ya 2''' itanga ibisobanuro byijambo ryibanze mu ngingo za CRPD: itumanaho, (harimo [[Inyandiko y'abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona(Braille)|Braille]], ururimi rw amarenga, ururimi rworoshye n’itumanaho ritavuzwe ), ivangura rishingiye ku bumuga, icumbi ryuzuye hamwe n’ibishushanyo mbonera .

'''Ingingo ya 3''' isobanura CRPD umunani &quot;amahame rusange&quot; yasobanuwe hepfo, naho '''ingingo ya 4''' isobanura &quot;inshingano rusange z’ababuranyi.&quot;

'''Ingingo ya 5–32''' isobanura uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga n’inshingano z’ibihugu by’ibihugu bibareba. Benshi muri ubwo burenganzira bw'indorerwamo bwemejwe mu yandi masezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye nk’amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu mu bya politiki na politiki, Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco n’amasezerano arwanya iyicarubozo, ariko afite inshingano zihariye zemeza ko zishobora kugerwaho byimazeyo n’abafite ubumuga.

Uburenganzira bwihariye muri aya masezerano burimo uburenganzira bwo kugerwaho harimo n’ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho, uburenganzira bwo kubaho mu bwigenge no gushyirwa mu baturage (ingingo ya 19), kugendagenda ku giti cye (ingingo ya 20), gutura no gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe (ingingo ya 26), no kugira uruhare mu buzima bwa politiki n’abaturage, ndetse n’ubuzima bw’umuco, [[KWIDAGADURA|imyidagaduro]] na siporo (ingingo ya 29 na 30).

Byongeye kandi, abari mu Masezerano bagomba gukangurira abantu uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga (ingingo ya 8), kandi bakareba [[Accessibility|niba]] umuhanda, inyubako, n’amakuru (ingingo ya 9).

'''Ingingo ya 33–39''' zigenga raporo no gukurikirana ayo masezerano n’inzego z’uburenganzira bwa muntu (ingingo ya 33) na komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga (ingingo ya 34 kugeza 39).

'''Ingingo ya 40-50''' igenga kwemeza, gutangira gukurikizwa, isano n &quot;imiryango ihuza uturere&quot;, kubika, guhindura, no kwamagana ayo masezerano. '''Ingingo ya 49''' isaba ko Amasezerano aboneka mu buryo bworoshye, kandi '''ingingo ya 50''' iteganya ko ayo masezerano &quot;Icyarabu, Igishinwa, [[Icyongereza]], Igifaransa, Ikirusiya n’Icyesipanyoli&quot; ari &quot;ukuri kimwe&quot;.

=== Ingingo z'ingenzi ===
N'ubwo Umuryango w’abibumbye wemera &quot;ibihimbano byemewe&quot; nta &quot;burenganzira bushya&quot;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Series |first=Lucy |title=Disability and human rights |date=2019-10-21 |url=http://orca.cf.ac.uk/131763/1/9781138365308_oachapter6.pdf |work=Routledge Handbook of Disability Studies |pages=72–88 |editor-last=Watson |editor-first=Nick |edition=2 |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780429430817-6 |isbn=978-0-429-43081-7 |pmid=32543798 |editor2-last=Vehmas |editor2-first=Simo |s2cid=211345976}}&lt;/ref&gt; ingingo za CRPD zivuga ku burenganzira butandukanye bw’uburenganzira bwa muntu, mu gihe hiyongereyeho inshingano za Leta ivuga ko ibihugu bitanga inkunga ku burenganzira bw’ubwishingizi bishobora gukurikizwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite SSRN|last=Kanter|first=Arlene S.|date=2019|title=Let's Try Again: Why the United States Should Ratify the United Nations Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities|language=en|ssrn=3373259}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abanditsi batandukanye babashyira mu byiciro bitandukanye; iyi nyandiko izasobanura ibyibanze nubukanishi, hanyuma isobanure ibyiciro bitatu hafi ya byose bihwanye nigitekerezo kivuguruzanya cyibisekuru bitatu byuburenganzira bwa muntu .

Hamwe no kwiyongera kwinshi, indorerezi zagize icyo zivuga ku guhuzagurika no gufashanya mu byiciro by’uburenganzira. Mu 1993, Ihuriro ry’isi y’uburenganzira bwa muntu ' Itangazo rya Vienne ryateganyaga mu ngingo ya 5 ko kubera ko uburenganzira bwa muntu &quot;bwari rusange, butagabanywa kandi bwuzuzanya kandi bufitanye isano.&amp;nbsp;... Ibihugu bifite inshingano zo guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwisanzure bw’ibanze. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;OHCHR | Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action&quot;. ''www.ohchr.org''. Retrieved 2020-08-22.&lt;/ref&gt; Gerard Quinn  ku kuba CRPD &quot;ifatanya n'uburenganzira bw'abaturage na politiki n'uburenganzira mu by'ubukungu, imibereho myiza n'umuco&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Quinn, Gerard, and Anna Arstein-Kerslake. &quot;Restoring the 'Human' in 'Human Rights': Personhood and Doctrinal Innovation in the UN Disability Convention&quot;. ''The Cambridge Companion to Human Rights Law'', edited by Conor Gearty and Costas Douzinas, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012, pp. 36–55. Cambridge Companions to Law. pp. 52.&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi bigaragara cyane cyane muri CRPD aho uburenganzira bwa politiki bwabaye impfabusa nta nkunga mbonezamubano nubukungu byuburenganzira bwubukungu n’imibereho ntacyo bivuze nta ruhare.

=== Ibyingenzi nubukanishi ===
Bimwe mu ngingo za mbere za CRPD byagaragaje intego n'ishingiro; nyuma yo gutondekanya uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga (mu ncamake mu bice bikurikira), Ingingo zayo zanyuma zerekana urwego inzego zigomba guteza imbere uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga.

=== Amahame ngenderwaho y’amasezerano ===
Hariho amahame umunani ayobora ashingiye ku masezerano, yasobanuwe mu ngingo ya 3:

# Kubaha icyubahiro kavukire, ubwigenge bwa buri muntu harimo nubwisanzure bwo kwihitiramo, nubwigenge bwabantu
# Kutavangura
# Uruhare rwuzuye kandi rwiza no kwinjiza muri societe
# Kubaha itandukaniro no kwakira ababana nubumuga mubice bitandukanye byubumuntu
# Uburinganire bw'amahirwe
# Kuboneka
# [[Uburinganire|Uburinganire hagati y'abagabo n'abagore]]
# Kubaha ubushobozi bugenda bwiyongera bwabana bafite ubumuga no kubahiriza uburenganzira bwabana bafite ubumuga bwo kubungabunga umwirondoro wabo

=== Ibisobanuro ===
Ingingo ya 2 (Ibisobanuro) ntabwo ikubiyemo ibisobanuro byubumuga. Amasezerano yerekana uburyo bwimibereho yubumuga, ariko ntabwo atanga ibisobanuro byihariye.

=== Ubumuga ===
Ijambo ry'ibanze ry'amasezerano (igice e) risobanura ko Amasezerano yemera:

ko ubumuga ari igitekerezo kigenda gihinduka kandi ko ubumuga buturuka ku mikoranire hagati y’abafite ubumuga n’inzitizi z’ibidukikije ndetse n’ibidukikije bibangamira uruhare rwabo muri sosiyete mu buryo bungana n’abandi.

Ingingo ya mbere (Intego) irongera itanga ko:

Ababana n'ubumuga barimo abafite ubumuga bw'igihe kirekire ku mubiri, mu mutwe, mu bwenge cyangwa mu byumviro bishobora gukorana n'inzitizi zitandukanye bishobora kubabuza uruhare rwabo muri sosiyete mu buryo bungana n'abandi.

===== Ihame ry &quot;icumbi ryumvikana&quot; =====
Amasezerano asobanura &quot; icumbi ryumvikana &quot; nk &quot;&quot; ibikenewe kandi bikwiye guhinduka no gukosorwa bidashyizeho umutwaro utagereranywa cyangwa udakwiriye, aho bikenewe mu rubanza runaka, kugira ngo ababana n’ubumuga bishimire cyangwa bakore ku buryo bungana n’abandi bafite uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwisanzure bw’ibanze &quot;mu ngingo ya 2 kandi babisaba mu bice byose by’ubuzima harimo n’uburezi burimo abantu bose .

===== Gukangurira =====
Ingingo ya 8 y’aya Masezerano ishimangira ubushake bw’amashyaka mu gukangurira abantu kubahiriza uburenganzira n’icyubahiro mu kurwanya ivangura ry’abafite ubumuga. Amashyaka yiyemeje gukangurira abantu ubumuga muri sosiyete, harimo no ku rwego rw’umuryango, kurwanya imyumvire, urwikekwe n’imikorere mibi yerekeye ababana n’ubumuga, harimo n’iyongera ku gitsina n’ivangura rishingiye ku myaka. Biyemeje ubukangurambaga bugamije gukangurira abaturage guteza imbere imyumvire myiza ku isoko ry'umurimo, itangazamakuru, n'ahandi.

=== Uburenganzira bw'abaturage na politiki ===
CRPD ikubiyemo &quot;ubwisanzure buturuka&quot;, bugaragaza ibitekerezo by’ubuntu n’ubumuntu bikubiye mu itangazo ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku burenganzira bwa muntu, Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu na politiki, ndetse no mu nyandiko nyinshi z’uburenganzira bw’ibihugu byinshi nk’amategeko y’abanyamerika bafite ubumuga . Muri CRPD, ibihugu bikunze gufata inshingano zo gutanga uburenganzira mubikorwa.

===== Kuboneka =====
Mu ngingo ya 9, Amasezerano ashimangira ko ababana n’ubumuga bagomba kubaho mu bwigenge kandi bakagira uruhare mu mibereho yose. Kugira ngo ibyo bishoboke, ibihugu by’ibihugu bigomba gufata ingamba zikwiye kugira ngo ababana n’ubumuga babone uburyo bwo kugera, ku bidukikije, ku bwikorezi, ku ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho, ndetse n’ibindi bigo na serivisi bifunguye cyangwa bihabwa abaturage. Kugerwaho birashobora guhurizwa mumatsinda atatu yingenzi:

# kuboneka kumubiri
# serivisi
# uburyo bwo gutumanaho namakuru

==== Kumenyekana imbere y'amategeko n'ubushobozi bwemewe n'amategeko ====
Ingingo ya 12 y’aya Masezerano yemeza ko abantu bose bafite ubumuga bemewe n'amategeko ndetse n’ubushobozi bwemewe n'amategeko . Iteganya ko Amashyaka (Ibihugu n’Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi agomba kongera kwemeza ko ababana n’ubumuga bafite uburenganzira bwo kumenyekana ahantu hose nk’umuntu imbere y’amategeko; bemera ko ababana n’ubumuga bafite uburenganzira bw’amategeko ku buryo bungana n’abandi mu nzego zose z’ubuzima; gufata ingamba zikwiye kugira ngo abantu bafite ubumuga babone ubufasha bashobora gusaba mu gukoresha uburenganzira bwabo mu rwego rwo gukumira ihohoterwa ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu buteganywa n’uburenganzira bw’uburenganzira bwa muntu buteganywa n’uburenganzira bw’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu buteganywa n’uburenganzira bw’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu buteganywa n’uburenganzira bw’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu buteganywa n’uburenganzira bw’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu buteganywa n’uburenganzira bw’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu buteganywa n’uburenganzira bw’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu buteganywa n’uburenganzira bw’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu buteganywa n’uburenganzira bw’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu buteganywa n’uburenganzira bw’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu buteganywa n’uburenganzira bw’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu buteganywa n’uburenganzira bw’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu buteganywa n’uburenganzira bw’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu buteganywa n’uburenganzira bwa muntu;

Iyi ngingo yabaye ingenzi cyane cyane mumiryango iharanira uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga irwanya imikorere ya leta yo kurera no kurera .

==== Kugera ku butabera ====
Ingingo ya 13 y’aya Masezerano yemeza ko ubutabera bwubahirizwa bw’abafite ubumuga, buvuga ko: Impande z’ibihugu zigomba guharanira ubutabera bw’abafite ubumuga ku buryo bungana n’abandi, harimo no gutanga amacumbi ndetse n’imyaka, kugira ngo byorohereze uruhare rwabo nk'abitabira, harimo n'abatangabuhamya, mu manza zose z’amategeko, harimo no mu iperereza ndetse no mu bindi byiciro bibanza.

Mu rwego rwo gufasha guharanira ubutabera bunoze ku bafite ubumuga, ibihugu by’amashyaka bigomba guteza imbere amahugurwa akwiye ku bakora mu butabera, barimo abapolisi n’abakozi ba gereza. Iyi ngingo hamwe n’ingingo ya 12 yavuzwe na &quot;Igitabo cyerekeye imfungwa zifite ibibazo byihariye&quot; n’ibiro by’umuryango w’abibumbye bishinzwe kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge n’ibyaha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Atabay |first=Tomris |date=2009 |title=Handbook on prisoners with special needs |publisher=United Nations |others=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime |isbn=978-1-4416-2152-8 |location=New York |oclc=437313959}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Uruhare mubuzima rusange (harimo n'uburenganzira bwo gutora) ===
Ingingo ya 29 isaba ko ibihugu byose byagiranye amasezerano birengera &quot;uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga bwo gutora bakoresheje amajwi rwihishwa mu matora na referendumu rusange&quot;. Dukurikije iyi ngingo, buri gihugu cyagiranye amasezerano kigomba gutanga ibikoresho byo gutora byafasha abatora bamugaye gutora mu bwigenge kandi rwihishwa. Demokarasi zimwe na zimwe, urugero, Amerika, Ubuyapani, Ubuholandi, Sloweniya, Alubaniya cyangwa [[Ubuhinde]] byemerera abatora bamugaye gukoresha imashini zitora za elegitoronike cyangwa imfashanyo za elegitoronike zifasha abatora bafite ubumuga kuzuza impapuro. Mu bandi, muri bo harimo Azerubayijani, Kosovo, Kanada, Gana, Ubwongereza, ndetse n'ibihugu byinshi byo muri Afurika no muri [[Aziya]], abatora bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona barashobora gukoresha amajwi mu [[Inyandiko y'abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona(Braille)|nyandikomvugo]] cyangwa mu mpapuro. Benshi muribi kandi na demokarasi zimwe na zimwe, Chili kurugero, bakoresha ameza ashobora guhinduka kugirango abatora kumuga wibimuga babegere. Demokarasi zimwe zemerera gusa undi muntu gutora abatora batabona cyangwa bamugaye. Gahunda nk'iyi, ntabwo yemeza ibanga ry'itora

Ingingo ya 29 isaba kandi ko ibihugu byagiranye amasezerano byemeza &quot;uburyo bwo gutora, ibikoresho n’ibikoresho bikwiye, byoroshye kandi byoroshye kubyumva no gukoresha&quot;. Muri demokarasi zimwe, ni ukuvuga Suwede na Amerika, ahantu hose batora hashobora kuboneka byimazeyo abatora bamugaye.

=== Uburenganzira mu bukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco ===
CRPD ifite &quot;ubwisanzure&quot; bwinshi, yemeza ko ibihugu bizatanga amazu, ibiribwa, akazi, ubuvuzi, ndetse n’ubufasha bwite, bivugwa mu Masezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco. Izi ninshingano nziza leta izakora, irenze amasezerano yabanyamerika bafite ubumuga . &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite SSRN|last=Kanter|first=Arlene S.|date=2019|title=Let's Try Again: Why the United States Should Ratify the United Nations Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities|language=en|ssrn=3373259}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Kubaha umuryango =====
Ingingo ya 23 y’aya Masezerano ibuza guhagarika abamugaye ku gahato kandi ikanabemerera uburenganzira bwo kurera abana

===== Uburenganzira bwo kwiga =====
Ingingo ya 24 y’amasezerano ivuga ko ababana n’ubumuga bagomba guhabwa uburenganzira bwo kwiga mu nzego zose, hatitawe ku myaka, nta vangura kandi hashingiwe ku mahirwe angana. Irerekana ko abana bafite ubumuga bagomba kubona neza amashuri abanza nayisumbuye ku buntu kandi ku gahato; abantu bakuru bafite ubumuga bafite amahirwe yo kwiga amashuri makuru rusange, amahugurwa yimyuga, amashuri akuze no kwiga ubuzima bwabo bwose ; n'ibindi.

Amashyaka agomba gufata ingamba zikwiye, nka: kwemeza imyigire ya Braille, iyindi nyandiko, uburyo bwo kongera ubundi buryo, uburyo nuburyo bwo gutumanaho no kwerekana icyerekezo, hamwe no korohereza urungano no gutanga inama; gushyigikira kwiga ururimi rw'amarenga no guteza imbere indimi z'umuryango w'abatumva; guharanira ko uburezi bwabantu, cyane cyane abana, impumyi na / cyangwa ibipfamatwi, butangwa mu ndimi zikwiye n’uburyo bwo gutumanaho ku muntu; no gukoresha abarimu, harimo abarimu bafite ubumuga, bafite ubumenyi mu rurimi rw'amarenga na / cyangwa mu nyandiko ya Braille, no guhugura inzobere mu burezi n'abakozi ku bijyanye n'ubukangurambaga ku bumuga, gukoresha uburyo bwiyongera n'ubundi buryo bw'itumanaho, n'ubuhanga bwo kwigisha n'ibikoresho byo gufasha ababana n'ubumuga.

Komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga 'Igitekerezo rusange cya 4, cyemejwe muri Kanama 2016, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Treaty bodies Download |url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRPD/C/GC/4&amp;Lang=en |access-date=2020-08-30 |website=tbinternet.ohchr.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; yashimangiye akamaro ko kwigisha abantu bose kandi yamagana uburezi butandukanye. Iki gitekerezo cyarwanyijwe n’imiryango irimo Umuryango w’abatabona ku isi ndetse n’ishyirahamwe ry’abatumva ku isi ryananiwe kuvuga ko &quot;bidasanzwe&quot; kugira ngo bamenye akamaro k’uburenganzira bw’umuco n’indimi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=Joseph J. |last2=Snoddon |first2=Kristin |last3=De Meulder |first3=Maartje |last4=Underwood |first4=Kathryn |date=2020-06-06 |title=Intersectional inclusion for deaf learners: moving beyond General Comment no. 4 on Article 24 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13603116.2018.1482013 |journal=International Journal of Inclusive Education |language=en |volume=24 |issue=7 |pages=691–705 |doi=10.1080/13603116.2018.1482013 |issn=1360-3116 |s2cid=150305740 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Uburenganzira ku buzima ====
Ingingo ya 25 isobanura ko &quot;ababana n'ubumuga bafite uburenganzira bwo kwishimira ubuzima bwiza bugerwaho kandi nta vangura rishingiye ku bumuga&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article 25 – Health {{!}} United Nations Enable |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities/article-25-health.html |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=www.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Gutuza no gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe ====
o ya 26 y’aya Masezerano yemeza ko &quot;Ibihugu by’ibihugu bizafata ingamba zifatika kandi zikwiye, harimo n’urungano rw’urungano, kugira ngo ababana n’ubumuga bagere kandi bakomeze ubwigenge buhebuje, ubushobozi bw’umubiri, ubw'ibitekerezo, imibereho myiza n’imyuga, no kwinjiza no kugira uruhare mu mibereho yose y’ubuzima. Kugira ngo ibyo bigerweho, ibihugu by’ibihugu bizategura, gushimangira no kwagura serivisi zita ku buzima busanzwe, mu buzima ndetse no mu bikorwa by’ubuzima, uburezi, uburezi ndetse n’uburezi, cyane cyane mu nzego z’ubuzima, umurimo, uburezi, uburezi, uburezi ndetse n’uburezi; icyiciro, gishingiye ku isuzuma rinyuranye ryerekana ibyo umuntu akeneye n'imbaraga bye kandi ashyigikira uruhare no kwinjizwa mu baturage no mu bice byose bigize sosiyete, ku bushake, kandi birashoboka ku bafite ubumuga hafi yabo hashoboka aho batuye, harimo no mu cyaro. &quot;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article 26 – Habilitation and rehabilitation {{!}} United Nations Enable |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities/article-26-habilitation-and-rehabilitation.html |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=www.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amashyaka yiyemeje guteza imbere iterambere ry’amahugurwa abanza kandi akomeje ku banyamwuga n’abakozi bakora muri serivisi zita ku buzima no gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe kimwe no kuboneka, ubumenyi no gukoresha [[:en:Assistive_device|ibikoresho bifasha]] n’ikoranabuhanga bifasha, bigenewe ababana n’ubumuga, kuko bijyanye no gutura no gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe.

===== Akazi n'akazi =====
Ingingo ya 27 isaba ko ibihugu by’ibihugu byemera uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga gukora, hashingiwe ku bandi; ibi bikubiyemo uburenganzira bwamahirwe yo kwibeshaho kumurimo watoranijwe kubuntu cyangwa kwemerwa kumasoko yumurimo hamwe nakazi keza kafunguye, karimo kandi korohereza ababana nubumuga. Iyi ngingo itegeka ibihugu by’ibihugu kurinda no guteza imbere ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’uburenganzira [[:en:Right_to_work|ku murimo]], harimo n’abafite ubumuga mu gihe cy’akazi, bafata ingamba zikwiye, harimo binyuze mu mategeko, kubuza ivangura rishingiye ku bumuga ku bijyanye n’ibibazo byose bijyanye n’imirimo yose, gukomeza akazi, iterambere ry’akazi ndetse n’akazi keza kandi keza; no kurengera uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga, ku buryo bungana n’abandi, ku [[:en:Decent_work|mibereho myiza kandi myiza y’akazi]], harimo amahirwe angana no [[:en:Equal_pay_for_equal_work|guhembwa kimwe ku kazi gafite agaciro kangana]], akazi keza kandi keza, harimo no gukorerwa [[:en:Harassment|ihohoterwa]], no [[:en:Redress_of_grievances|gukemura ibibazo]] ; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article 27 – Work and employment {{!}} United Nations Enable |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities/article-27-work-and-employment.html |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=www.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

yaka yemeye kwemeza ko ababana n’ubumuga bashoboye gukoresha uburenganzira bwabo bw’abakozi [[:en:Trade_union|n’abakozi]] ku buryo bungana n’abandi; gushoboza ababana n'ubumuga kubona neza gahunda rusange yubuyobozi bwa tekiniki n’imyuga, serivisi zita ku myanya n’amahugurwa [[:en:Vocational_education|y’imyuga]] no gukomeza; guteza imbere amahirwe yo kubona akazi no guteza imbere umwuga ku bafite ubumuga ku isoko ry'umurimo, ndetse no gufasha mu gushaka, kubona, kubungabunga no gusubira ku kazi; no guteza imbere amahirwe yo [[:en:Self-employment|kwihangira imirimo]], [[:en:Entrepreneurship|kwihangira imirimo]], guteza imbere amakoperative no gutangiza umushinga wawe bwite, kubona uburambe ku kazi, gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe imyuga n’umwuga, kugumana akazi na gahunda yo gusubira ku kazi ku bafite ubumuga. &lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article 27 – Work and employment {{!}} United Nations Enable |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities/article-27-work-and-employment.html |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=www.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ababuranyi biyemeje ko amacumbi yuzuye ahabwa ababana n’ubumuga ku kazi kandi ko ababana n’ubumuga badafunzwe mu bucakara cyangwa mu bucakara, kandi bakarindwa, ku buryo bungana n’abandi, ku [[:en:Unfree_labour|mirimo y'agahato cyangwa ku gahato]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article 27 – Work and employment {{!}} United Nations Enable |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities/article-27-work-and-employment.html |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=www.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Imibereho ihagije yo kurengera no kurengera imibereho ====
Ingingo ya 28 isaba ko ibihugu by’ibihugu byemera uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga ku [[:en:Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living|mibereho ihagije y’imibereho]] yabo ndetse n’imiryango yabo, harimo [[:en:Right_to_food|ibiribwa bihagije]], [[:en:Right_to_clothing|imyambaro]] [[:en:Right_to_housing|n’amazu]], ndetse no kurushaho kunoza imibereho, kandi igafata ingamba zikwiye zo kurinda no guteza imbere ubwo burenganzira nta vangura rishingiye ku bumuga. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article 28 - Adequate standard of living and social protection {{!}} United Nations Enable |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities/article-28-adequate-standard-of-living-and-social-protection.html |access-date=2020-08-25 |website=www.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibihugu bigize ibihugu byemera uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga bwo [[:en:Social_security|kurengera imibereho]] no kubahiriza ubwo burenganzira nta vangura rishingiye ku bumuga, kandi bugafata ingamba zikwiye zo kubungabunga no guteza imbere ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’uburenganzira, harimo n’ingamba; kuri gahunda zo kurengera imibereho na gahunda [[:en:Poverty_reduction|zo kugabanya ubukene]] (cyane cyane ku bagore n’abakobwa bafite ubumuga n’abasaza bafite ubumuga); &lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article 28 - Adequate standard of living and social protection {{!}} United Nations Enable |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities/article-28-adequate-standard-of-living-and-social-protection.html |access-date=2020-08-25 |website=www.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

By'umwihariko, amashyaka agomba kwemeza ko ababana n'ubumuga bagera kuri serivisi z’amazi meza, kandi bakareba serivisi zikwiye kandi zihendutse, [[:en:Assistive_technology|ibikoresho]] n’ubundi [[:en:Social_assistance|bufasha]] mu bijyanye n’ubumuga; kugera ku bafite ubumuga n'imiryango yabo ibaye mu bihe by'ubukene kugira ngo bafashe Leta ifite amafaranga ajyanye n'ubumuga, harimo amahugurwa ahagije, [[:en:Counselling|ubujyanama]], ubufasha bw'amafaranga no kwita ku buruhukiro; kubona gahunda [[:en:Public_housing|zimiturire rusange]], inyungu zizabukuru nibindi byinshi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:43&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article 28 - Adequate standard of living and social protection {{!}} United Nations Enable |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities/article-28-adequate-standard-of-living-and-social-protection.html |access-date=2020-08-25 |website=www.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kubaho byigenga, ubufatanye mpuzamahanga no gushyira mu bikorwa igihugu, ubunyangamugayo, kurinda ibiza ===
Ibice bimwe bya CRPD byerekana &quot;igisekuru cya gatatu&quot; uburenganzira bwa muntu, rimwe na rimwe bisobanurwa nkuburenganzira bushya, &quot;ubwisanzure hamwe&quot;, uburenganzira bw’ubufatanye, cyangwa uburenganzira bwitsinda. Bagaragaza ko uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga buzakenera kuvangwa n’abafite ubumuga, ubufatanye mpuzamahanga, no gushyira mu bikorwa igihugu.

===== Ibihe byugarije ibihe byihutirwa =====
Ingingo ya 11 y’aya Masezerano yemeza ko ibihugu by’ibihugu bizafata, hakurikijwe inshingano zabyo mu mategeko mpuzamahanga, harimo amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera ikiremwamuntu n’amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, ingamba zose zikenewe mu rwego rwo kurinda umutekano n’umutekano w’abafite ubumuga mu bihe by’amakimbirane yitwaje intwaro, ibibazo byihutirwa by’ikiremwamuntu ndetse n’ibiza byibasiwe n’ibiza . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article 11 – Situations of risk and humanitarian emergencies {{!}} United Nations Enable |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities/article-11-situations-of-risk-and-humanitarian-emergencies.html |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=www.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kubaho wigenga ====
Ingingo ya 19 ya CRPD, &quot; Kubaho mu bwigenge no gushyirwa mu baturage&quot;, ifitanye isano rya bugufi n'ingingo ya 3 (Amahame rusange) n'ingingo ya 4 (Inshingano rusange). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pyaneandee, Coomara |year=2018 |title=International disability law: a practical approach to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-59346-6 |location=Abingdon, Oxfordshire |oclc=1023814369}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkuko rimwe na rimwe byagaragajwe muri Komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga 'Gusoza Indorerezi kuri raporo z’ababuranyi buri gihe cyangwa mu gitekerezo rusange cyatanzwe na komite, ubumuga bitewe n’imiterere yarwo burimo kwuzuzanya, ariko ibihugu birashobora gushishikariza cyangwa guca intege ubwigenge bw’abafite ubumuga n’imiryango y’abafite ubumuga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite SSRN|last=Gooding|first=Piers M.|date=2018-11-21|title=The Right to Independent Living and Being Included in the Community: Lessons from the United Nations|language=en|ssrn=3288312}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ubufatanye mpuzamahanga no gushyira mu bikorwa igihugu ====
Ingingo ya 32 ya CRPD ivuga ku bufatanye n’amahanga, naho ingingo ya 33 ivuga ku ngorabahizi zishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’igihugu kugira ngo byoroherezwe n’ubufatanye mpuzamahanga.

By'umwihariko, ingingo ya 32 iteganya ko &quot;Ibihugu bigize ibihugu byemera akamaro k'ubufatanye mpuzamahanga&amp;nbsp;... kandi izakora ibikwiye kandi byiza&amp;nbsp;... ku bufatanye n’imiryango mpuzamahanga ndetse n’akarere bireba ndetse n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta, cyane cyane imiryango y’abafite &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Cobley |first=David |title=Disability and international development: a guide for students and practitioners |isbn=978-1-315-20855-8 |edition=first |location=London |oclc=1020564808}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article 32 - International cooperation {{!}} United Nations Enable |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities/article-32-international-cooperation.html |access-date=2020-08-25 |website=www.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uburenganzira n’ubumuga byombi biterwa nubwitabire bwa rubanda, ubufatanye mpuzamahanga, no gushyira mubikorwa igihugu. Nkuko bigaragara mu ngingo ya 33 ya CRPD, amashyaka agomba kugira uruhare muri sosiyete sivile, kandi yashyizeho &quot; ingingo yibanze &quot;, akenshi mubikorwa inzego zigihugu zita ku burenganzira bwa muntu . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mertus |first=Julie |date=2009 |title=Human rights matters: local politics and national human rights institutions |url=https://archive.org/details/humanrightsmatte0000mert |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-6093-5 |location=Stanford, California |oclc=236143220}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kubitsa ===
Amashyaka menshi yagiye yanga kandi asobanura ibisobanuro cyangwa itangazo ryerekeye gushyira mu bikorwa ayo masezerano. &lt;ref name=&quot;reservations&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=United Nations Treaty Collection |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=IV-15&amp;chapter=4&amp;clang=_en |access-date=2020-10-29 |website=treaties.un.org |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izi ni zimwe mu ngero:

[[Ositaraliya|Australiya]] ntishobora kubona ko ihagaritse kuvura ku gahato abiyita abarwayi bo mu mutwe igihe ifatwa nk'uburyo bwa nyuma. &lt;ref name=&quot;reservations2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=United Nations Treaty Collection |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=IV-15&amp;chapter=4&amp;clang=_en |access-date=2020-10-29 |website=treaties.un.org |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Saluvadoro|El Salvador]] yemera ayo masezerano ku buryo ihuje n'itegeko nshinga ryayo. &lt;ref name=&quot;reservations3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=United Nations Treaty Collection |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=IV-15&amp;chapter=4&amp;clang=_en |access-date=2020-10-29 |website=treaties.un.org |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ubufaransa]] ntibubona ko ayo masezerano yubahirizwa n'amategeko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-15 |title=Vincent Lambert. Le tribunal administratif de Paris rejette un recours des parents |url=https://www.letelegramme.fr/france/vincent-lambert-le-tribunal-administratif-de-paris-rejette-un-recours-des-parents-15-05-2019-12284607.php |access-date=2019-07-14 |website=Le Telegramme |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ubuyapani]] buratangaza ko igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 23 y’amasezerano cyasobanuwe kudakurikizwa mu gihe umwana yatandukanijwe n’ababyeyi be biturutse ku koherezwa hakurikijwe amategeko y’abinjira .

[[Malita|Malta]] isobanura uburenganzira ku buzima mu ngingo ya 25 y’amasezerano ko bidasobanura uburenganzira ubwo ari bwo bwose bwo gukuramo inda . Ifite kandi uburenganzira bwo gukomeza gukurikiza amategeko yayo y’amatora yerekeye kugerwaho no gufashwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;reservations4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=United Nations Treaty Collection |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=IV-15&amp;chapter=4&amp;clang=_en |access-date=2020-10-29 |website=treaties.un.org |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Morise|Ibirwa bya Maurice]] ntibifata ko bigomba kubahirizwa n'ingingo ya 11 yo gufata ingamba zose za ngombwa zo kurinda ababana n'ubumuga mu gihe cy'impanuka kamere, amakimbirane yitwaje intwaro cyangwa ibyihutirwa by’ubutabazi, keretse byemewe n'amategeko yo mu gihugu. &lt;ref name=&quot;reservations5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=United Nations Treaty Collection |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=IV-15&amp;chapter=4&amp;clang=_en |access-date=2020-10-29 |website=treaties.un.org |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ubuholandi]] busobanura uburenganzira bwo kubaho mu ngingo ya 10 mu rwego rw’amategeko y’imbere mu gihugu. Irasobanura kandi ingingo ya 25 (f), ibuza kwanga ivangura ivangura, nko kwemerera umuntu kwanga kwivuza, harimo ibiryo cyangwa amazi. &lt;ref name=&quot;reservations6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=United Nations Treaty Collection |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=IV-15&amp;chapter=4&amp;clang=_en |access-date=2020-10-29 |website=treaties.un.org |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Polonye]] isobanura ingingo ya 23 n'iya 25 ko zidafite uburenganzira bwo gukuramo inda. &lt;ref name=&quot;reservations7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=United Nations Treaty Collection |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=IV-15&amp;chapter=4&amp;clang=_en |access-date=2020-10-29 |website=treaties.un.org |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ubwongereza]] bufite ubushake bujyanye n'uburenganzira bwo kwiga, abinjira n'abasohoka, serivisi mu gisirikare ndetse no mu mategeko agenga ubwiteganyirize. &lt;ref name=&quot;reservations8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=United Nations Treaty Collection |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=IV-15&amp;chapter=4&amp;clang=_en |access-date=2020-10-29 |website=treaties.un.org |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu yandi mashyaka yiyemeje kubyemera, kubyumva, cyangwa gutangaza ko byemejwe cyangwa kwinjira harimo [[Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Ibihugu by’i Burayi|Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi]], [[Azeribayijani|Azerubayijani]], [[Kanada]], [[Shipure|Kupuro]], [[Egypt|Misiri]], [[Irani]], [[Siriya|Repubulika y’Abarabu ya Siriya]], [[Venezuwela]], n’abandi benshi. Guhera ku ya 16 Kanama 2020, amashyaka 22 yari yatanze inzitizi zemewe n’andi mashyaka yanga, ibyo yumva, cyangwa imenyeka&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=United Nations Treaty Collection |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&amp;mtdsg_no=IV-15&amp;chapter=4 |access-date=2020-08-17 |website=treaties.un.org |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;nisha.

=== Porotokole idahitamo ===
[[Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities|Amasezerano atemewe ku masezerano y’uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga]] ni amasezerano y’amasezerano yemerera abayagiranye kumenya ubushobozi bwa Komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga gusuzuma ibibazo by’abantu ku giti cyabo. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130207082800/https://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/disabilities-op.htm Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities] , Article 1.&lt;/ref&gt; Inyandiko ishingiye cyane ku [[Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women|masezerano atemewe y’amasezerano yerekeye guca burundu ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa abagore]]

Porotokole idahwitse yatangiye gukurikizwa n’amasezerano yo ku ya 3 Gicurasi 2008. &lt;ref name=&quot;Scoop-EiF2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-05-05 |title=Landmark UN treaty on rights of persons with disabilities enters into force |url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0805/S00048.htm |access-date=2008-06-28 |publisher=Scoop}}&lt;/ref&gt; Guhera mu Kwakira 2023, ifite abasinya 94 n’amashyaka 105. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Treaty Collection: Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=IV-15-a&amp;chapter=4&amp;clang=_en |access-date=2020-07-30 |publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Icyiciro cya mbere ni Komite ishinzwe kwemeza ikirego. CRPD isaba &quot;umunaniro wimiti yo murugo&quot; (Ingingo ya 2 ya Protokole itabishaka). Komisiyo irashobora kandi gutegeka itumanaho ritemewe iyo ritazwi cyangwa ridafite ishingiro bihagije. Usaba arashobora gutanga ibimenyetso bifatika bivura imiti yo murugo byakongerwa bidafite ishingiro cyangwa bidashoboka

[[:en:Optional_Protocol_to_the_Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities|Amasezerano atemewe ku masezerano y’uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga]] ni amasezerano y’amasezerano yemerera abayagiranye kumenya ubushobozi bwa Komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga gusuzuma ibibazo by’abantu ku giti cyabo. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130207082800/https://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/disabilities-op.htm Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities] , Article 1.&lt;/ref&gt; Inyandiko ishingiye cyane ku [[:en:Optional_Protocol_to_the_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_against_Women|masezerano atemewe y’amasezerano yerekeye guca burundu ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa abagore]] .

Porotokole idahwitse yatangiye gukurikizwa n’amasezerano yo ku ya 3 Gicurasi 2008. &lt;ref name=&quot;Scoop-EiF3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-05-05 |title=Landmark UN treaty on rights of persons with disabilities enters into force |url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0805/S00048.htm |access-date=2008-06-28 |publisher=Scoop}}&lt;/ref&gt; Guhera mu Kwakira 2023, ifite abasinya 94 n’amashyaka 105. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Treaty Collection: Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=IV-15-a&amp;chapter=4&amp;clang=_en |access-date=2020-07-30 |publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Icyiciro cya mbere ni Komite ishinzwe kwemeza ikirego. CRPD isaba &quot;umunaniro wimiti yo murugo&quot; (Ingingo ya 2 ya Protokole itabishaka). Komisiyo irashobora kandi gutegeka itumanaho ritemewe iyo ritazwi cyangwa ridafite ishingiro bihagije. Usaba arashobora gutanga ibimenyetso bifatika bivura imiti yo murugo byakongerwa bidafite ishingiro cyangwa bidashoboka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pyaneandee |first=Coomara |year=2019 |title=International Disability Law |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-59347-3 |location=London |pages=19–21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibiro by’Umuryango w’abibumbye bya Komiseri Mukuru w’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu bikomeza kwandika ibirego byose ku giti cye byatanzwe hakurikijwe amasezerano abishaka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CRPD: Complaints Procedure and Inquiries |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRPD/Pages/CRPDIndex.aspx |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights}}&lt;/ref&gt; Benshi mu itumanaho ryemejwe ko ryemewe byavuyemo ibitekerezo byatanzwe n'ababunganira n'abasesenguzi ba leta.

Umuryango w’abafite ubumuga, Umuryango mpuzamahanga w’abafite ubumuga, uvuga muri make kandi ugasobanura buri rubanza (imanza 37 guhera ku ya 30 Nyakanga 2020). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=CRPD Committee's Views on Individual Communications under the Optional Protocol |url=https://www.internationaldisabilityalliance.org/crpd-committee-interpretation#LinkX |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=International Disability Alliance}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu baturutse muri Ositaraliya, Tanzaniya, Ubwongereza, Mexico, Lituwaniya, Ubudage, Espagne, Suwede, Otirishiya, Ubutaliyani, Burezili, Arijantine, Hongiriya, Ubugereki, na uquateur bazanye ibirego bya mbere. Itumanaho rimwe ryasuzumwe na komite ni ''X na Tanzaniya.'' Harimo umuntu ufite albinism yaciwe ukuboko. Kunanirwa kwa leta, kweretse komite, kwananiwe gukora iperereza cyangwa gukurikirana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 August 2017 |title=Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities |url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CRPD/CRPD-C-18-DR-22-2014.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Andi makuru y’itumanaho CRPD yerekeranye n’abaturage batuye muri Ositaraliya yari yarashyizweho n’inzego, Umunyalituwaniya kugira ubutabera nyuma y’impanuka yo mu muhanda, umunya Ositaraliya utumva kubona ubutabera, umunya Otirishiya kubona amakuru akenewe kugira ngo akoreshe ubwikorezi rusange, n’akazi mu Butaliyani, Burezili, n'ahandi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=CRPD Committee's Views on Individual Communications under the Optional Protocol |url=https://www.internationaldisabilityalliance.org/crpd-committee-interpretation#LinkX |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=International Disability Alliance}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga ===
[[:en:Committee_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities|Komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga]] ni urwego rw’inzobere mu bijyanye n’uburenganzira bwa muntu zishinzwe gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amasezerano. Nimwe mu nzego icumi z’amasezerano zishyigikiwe n’ibiro [[:en:Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights|by’umuryango w’abibumbye bishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu]] i Geneve. Mu ikubitiro yari igizwe n’inzobere 12 zigenga z’uburenganzira bwa muntu, kimwe cya kabiri cyatowe manda y’imyaka ibiri naho ikindi gitorwa manda y’imyaka ine. &lt;ref name=&quot;Art34&quot;&gt;Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Article 34.&lt;/ref&gt; Nyuma y’abanyamuryango batowe manda yimyaka ine, kimwe cya kabiri cyabanyamuryango batorwa buri myaka ibiri. Kubera ko ayo masezerano amaze kwemezwa 80, komite yaguwe ku banyamuryango 18 mu &lt;ref name=&quot;Art34&quot; /&gt;

Impuguke guhera ku ya 25 Nyakanga 2020, gukora kugeza mu mpera za 2020 cyangwa 2022 ni: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities |title=Membership of the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRPD/Pages/Membership.aspx |access-date=10 August 2020 |website=Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities |publisher=UN OHCHR}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:450px;&quot;
!Izina
!Leta
!Igihe kirangiye &lt;ref&gt;All terms expire on 31 December of the year shown. {{Cite web |date=14 September 2012 |title=Election 2012 (United Nations Human Rights) |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRPD/Pages/Elections2012.aspx |website=[[United Nations]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Rosa Idalia Aldana Salguero|Rosa Idaliya Aldana Salguero]]
|
|2024
|-
|Danlami Umaru Basharu
|
|2022
|-
|[[Soumia Amrani]]
|
|2024
|-
|Gerel Dondovdorj
|
|2024
|-
|[[Vivian Fernández]]
|
|2024
|-
|Mara Cristina GABRILLI
|
|2022
|-
|Amalia Gamio Ríos - Umuyobozi wungirije
|
|2022
|-
|[[Odelia Fitoussi]] - Raporo
|
|2024
|-
|[[Mara Gabrilli]]
|
|2024
|-
|Rosemary Kayess - Umuyobozi
|
|2022
|-
|Miyeon Kim
|
|2022
|-
|[[Samuel Njuguna Kabue]]
|
|2024
|-
|[[Robert Martin (disability rights activist)|Robert Martin]]
|
|2024
|-
|[[Floyd Morris]]
|
|2024
|-
|Saowalak Thongkuay
|
|2024
|-
|Jonas Ruskus - Umuyobozi wungirije
|
|2022
|}
bitekerezo Rusange byatanzwe na Komite hamwe n’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe kuri buri raporo ya Leta kuri Komite bigaragaza aho amasezerano y’ubwumvikane n’ubwumvikane buke hagati y’impuguke cumi n'umunani, urugero nko muri Rusange Rusange ku burezi burimo abantu bose no ku mibereho yigenga. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:Please clarify|&lt;span title=&quot;The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2020)&quot;&gt;ibisobanuro bikenewe&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=General Comments |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/hrbodies/crpd/pages/gc.aspx |access-date=20 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OHCHR {{!}} Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRPD/Pages/CRPDIndex.aspx |access-date=2020-08-19 |website=www.ohchr.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu gihe gito, komite yatanze ibisobanuro birindwi rusange &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OHCHR {{!}} General Comments |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/hrbodies/crpd/pages/gc.aspx |access-date=20 August 2020 |website=www.ohchr.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; as of 19 Kanama 2020 , hamwe n’ibirenga ijana Kurangiza Indorerezi kuri raporo za leta.

=== Kunegura hamwe na caveats ===
Amasezerano na komite byatewe inkunga n’ibihugu n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta, ariko bamwe banenga. By'umwihariko muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika, abasenateri bakomeye bo muri Repubulika n’imiryango iharanira inyungu nk’ishyirahamwe ry’amategeko arengera amategeko yo mu rugo bavuga ko CRPD yangiza ubusugire.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Kyl |first1=Jon |last2=Feith |first2=Douglas |last3=Fonte |first3=John |date=2013 |title=The War of Law |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=92 |pages=115–125 |jstor=23526912 |oclc=854752178}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ibyo birego bivuguruzanya n'abunganira abize n'abashakashatsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;{{Cite SSRN|last=Kanter|first=Arlene S.|date=2019|title=Let's Try Again: Why the United States Should Ratify the United Nations Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities|language=en|ssrn=3373259}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku rundi ruhande, intiti nyinshi z’ubushakashatsi bw’abafite ubumuga zavuze ko CRPD idashoboka guteza imbere ubwoko bw’impinduka zikenewe mu guteza imbere uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga hagamijwe gukemura ubusumbane. &lt;ref&gt;Sherry, Mark. &quot;The Promise of Human Rights for Disabled People&quot; in ''Disability, Human Rights and the Limits of Humanitarianism'' Edited by Michael Gill and Cathy J. Schlund-Vials. London: Routledge, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Ubushakashatsi bugaragaza kandi ko abantu bose bagize umuryango w’abafite ubumuga bumva ko CRPD yabaye igikoresho cy’ingirakamaro mu buvugizi: abavugizi n’abarwanashyaka bo mu nzego z’ibanze mu Bwongereza ndetse no muri Hongiriya bavuze ko batabonye CRPD n’andi mategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu agira ingaruka mu buvugizi bwa buri munsi kandi ko badakunda gukoresha ayo mategeko, kuko badakunze gukora mu bikorwa. Amatora yo mu 2016 muri komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga yatumye hatorwa umunyamuryango umwe w’umugore n’abagabo 17, [ &lt;ref&gt;Petri G, Beadle-Brown J, Bradshaw J. “More Honoured in the Breach than in the Observance”—Self-Advocacy and Human Rights. Laws. 2017; 6(4):26. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws6040026&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-23 |title=Election leaves UN disability committee with 17 men and just one woman |url=https://www.disabilitynewsservice.com/election-leaves-un-disability-committee-with-17-men-and-just-one-woman/ |access-date=2020-08-15 |website=Disability News Service |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; mu matora yo mu 2018. Ibi byabaye nubwo CRPD yahamagaye mu ngingo ya 34 kugira ngo hasuzumwe &quot;uburinganire bw’umugabo n'umugore&quot; muri komite. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Degener |first=Theresia |date=2017 |title=10 years of Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities |journal=Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights |volume=35 |issue=3 |page=156 |doi=10.1177/0924051917722294 |s2cid=149010474 |via=Hein}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ubufatanye bw'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ku burenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga ===
Ubufatanye bw’umuryango w’abibumbye ku burenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga (UNPRPD) ni ubufatanye bwashinzwe mu 2011, hagati y’imiryango myinshi y’umuryango w’abibumbye n’indi miryango. Ubufatanye bugamije kongera imbaraga mu bikorwa by’akazi n’abafatanyabikorwa bayo mu kwinjiza ubumuga bijyanye na CRPD.

Inzego z'umuryango w'abibumbye zitabira UNPRPD ni [[ILO]], [[ITU]], [[OHCHR]], [[UNDESA]], [[UNDP]], [[UNESCO]], [[UNFPA]], [[:en:UN_Women|UN UN Women]] na [[:en:WHO|OMS]] . Abandi banyamuryango ba UNPRPD barimo [[:en:International_Disability_Alliance|Ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry’abafite ubumuga]] n’umuryango [[:en:International_Disability_and_Development_Consortium|mpuzamahanga w’abafite ubumuga n’iterambere]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.unprpd.org/aboutus |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=www.unprpd.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Reba kandi ===

* Amategeko y'Abanyamerika bafite ubumuga
* Gutezimbere no guhanahana amakuru
* Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga
* Ibendera ry'ubumuga
* Ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry’abafite ubumuga n’iterambere
* Ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry’abafite ubumuga
* Amasezerano hagati y’Abanyamerika yerekeye guca burundu ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa ababana n’ubumuga
* Amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera uburenganzira bwa muntu
* Inzego z'igihugu zita ku burenganzira bwa muntu
* Nta kintu na kimwe kuri twe tutari kumwe
* Amahame yo kurinda abantu bafite uburwayi bwo mumutwe
* Urugendo rwo kurokoka mu mutwe
* Amacumbi ashyize mu gaciro
* Igishushanyo mbonera
* Raporo yisi ku bumuga

=== Inyandiko ===
Manda zose zirangira ku ya 31 Ukuboza umwaka werekanye. &quot;Amatora 2012 (Umuryango w'Abibumbye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu)&quot;. Umuryango w’abibumbye. 14 Nzeri 2012.</text>
      <sha1>lqchcrvlaeco9ptuaq74j0vbz5qm0ef</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rod Michalko</title>
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      <comment>Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="6699" sha1="dqd3jq4ehmnghfbjrf3l0zmugl68kwp" xml:space="preserve">'''Rod Michalko''' ni umushakashatsi w’Umunyakanada mu rwego [[Inyigisho z’abafite ubumuga|rw’ubumenyi bw’abafite ubumuga.]]

Michalko yabonye impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga ya Filozofiya muri sociologiya yakuye muri kaminuza ya British Columbia . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Treleaven |first=Sarah |date=2009-12-04 |title=Champion of Accessibility |url=https://magazine.utoronto.ca/people/faculty-staff/rod-michalko-blind-professor-equity-disability-studies/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=University of Toronto Magazine |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu mwaka wa 2007, yakoraga muri New College, Toronto, aho yateguye amasomo y’inyigisho z’ubumuga. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Nyuma yaho, yagiye mu kiruhuko cy’izabukuru muri kaminuza ya Toronto . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Books – Rod Michalko |url=https://uofmpress.ca/books/authors/rod-michalko |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=[[University of Manitoba Press]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Michalko yatangiye gutakaza bushobozi bwo kubona akiri umwana none ni impumyi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Treleaven |first=Sarah |date=2009-12-04 |title=Champion of Accessibility |url=https://magazine.utoronto.ca/people/faculty-staff/rod-michalko-blind-professor-equity-disability-studies/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=University of Toronto Magazine |language=en-CA}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTreleaven2009&quot;&gt;Treleaven, Sarah (December 4, 2009). [https://magazine.utoronto.ca/people/faculty-staff/rod-michalko-blind-professor-equity-disability-studies/ &quot;Champion of Accessibility&quot;]. ''University of Toronto Magazine''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;January 8,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2001, Michalko yafashijwe n'imbwa imuyobora yitwaga Smokie, akaba yarananditseho mu bitabo bye ''The Two-in-One'' (1999) hamwe ''na Letters with Smokie'' (2023). Kuva Smokie apfa, Michalko yatangiye gukoresha inkoni yera. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Michalko ni umufatanyabikorwa wa mugenzi we wigisha Tanya Titchkosky . 

== Ibitabo ==

=== Umwanditsi ===

* {{Cite book |last=Michalko |first=Rod |date=1998 |title=The Mystery of the Eye and the Shadow of Blindness |url=https://archive.org/details/mysteryofeyeshad0000mich |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-8093-6 |location=Toronto, Ontario}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bakker |first=J. I. |date=1999-05-01 |title=The Mystery of the Eye and the Shadow of Blindness. |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&amp;u=anon~fb85abf1&amp;id=GALE%7Ca54681992&amp;v=2.1&amp;it=r |journal=The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology |language=English |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=305–307 |via=Gale Academic}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Cite book |last=Michalko |first=Rod |date=1999 |title=The Two-in-One: Walking with Smokie, Walking with Blindness |url=https://archive.org/details/twoinonewalkingw0000mich |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-1-56639-649-3 |series= |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Corker |first=Mairian |date=September–October 2000 |title=Rod Michalko. The Two in One: Walking with Smokie, Walking with Blindness |url=https://sites.ualberta.ca/~cjscopy/reviews/twoinone.html |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Canadian Journal of Sociology Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1998-11-30 |title=The Two in One CL by Rod Michalko |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-56639-648-6 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Cite book |last=Michalko |first=Rod |date=2002 |title=The Difference that Disability Makes |url=https://archive.org/details/differencethatdi0000mich |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-1-56639-933-3 |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2004-06-01 |title=The Difference Disability Makes. Rod Michalko. |url=https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/jssw/vol31/iss2/21/ |journal=The Journal of Sociology &amp; Social Welfare |language=en |volume=31 |issue=2 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3000 |issn=0191-5096}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Cite book |last=Michalko |first=Rod |date=2017 |title=Things are Different Here: And Other Stories |url=https://archive.org/details/thingsarediffere0000mich |publisher=Insomniac Press |isbn=978-1-55483-188-3 |location=London, Ontario |oclc=961802486}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lawthom |first=Rebecca |date=2019-01-01 |title=Rod Michalko, Things Are Different Here: And Other Stories |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&amp;u=anon~530bd38d&amp;id=GALE%7Ca574557137&amp;v=2.1&amp;it=r |journal=Journal of Literary &amp; Cultural Disability Studies |language=English |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=117–119 |doi=10.3828/jlcds.2019.8 |via=Gale Academic}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Cite book |last=Michalko |first=Rod |date=2023 |title=Letters with Smokie: Blindness and More-than-Human Relations |last2=Goodley |first2=Dan |publisher=University of Manitoba Press |isbn=978-1-77284-033-9 |location=Winnipeg, Manitoba}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spies |first=Miriam |date=2024-04-22 |title=Review of Letters with Smokie: Blindness and More-than-Human Relations by Rod Michalko and Dan Goodley (2023) |url=https://cjds.uwaterloo.ca/index.php/cjds/article/view/1081 |journal=Canadian Journal of Disability Studies |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=159–163 |issn=1929-9192}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fowles |first=Stacey May |date=2023-12-13 |title=Letters with Smokie: Blindness and More-than-Human Relations - Quill and Quire |url=https://quillandquire.com/review/letters-with-smokie-blindness-and-more-than-human-relations/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=[[Quill and Quire]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Muhinduzi ===

* {{Cite book |date=2009 |title=Rethinking Normalcy: A Disability Studies Reader |url=https://archive.org/details/rethinkingnormal0000tany |publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press |isbn=978-1-55130-363-5 |editor-last=Titchkosky |editor-first=Tanya |editor-link=Tanya Titchkosky |location=Toronto, Ontario |editor-last2=Michalko |editor-first2=Rod}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 2013 |title=Rethinking Normalcy, T. Tithkosky, R. Michalko, editors. Canadian Scholars' Press, Toronto (2009). 344 p. |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1875067213000485 |journal=Alter |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=225–226 |doi=10.1016/j.alter.2013.04.011 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Holmes |first=Morgan |date=2012 |title=Review: Titchkosky, Tanya and Rod Michalko, Eds. Rethinking Normalcy. |url=https://cjds.uwaterloo.ca/index.php/cjds/article/view/61 |journal=Canadian Journal of Disability Studies |language=en |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=163–168 |doi=10.15353/cjds.v1i3.61 |issn=1929-9192 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}{{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Michalko, Rod}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tekinoroji ifasha muri siporo</title>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="9769" sha1="afk2qgmvr98kp0hbmzrjuefgmemw7eg" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:NYC_Marathon_wheelchair.jpg|thumb|Umukinnyi w'irushanwa rya Marathon wo mu mujyi wa New York akoresha igare ry’ababana n'ubumuga.]]
'''Ikoranabuhanga rifasha mu mikino ni urwego rw'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga riri kugenda rwaguka.'''. Tekinoroji yifashisha n'ibikoresho byinshi byakozwe kugira ngo bifashe abakunzi ba siporo bafite ubumuga mu mikino. Tekinoroji ifasha mu mikino ishobora gukoreshwa muri siporo y'ababana n'ubumuga, aho siporo ihari ihindurwa kugira ngo abakinnyi babana n'ubumuga bitabire; cyangwa, tekinoroji ifasha ababana n'ubumuga ishobora gukoreshwa mu guhimba siporo nshya rwose hamwe n'abakinnyi bafite ubumuga uretse mu bitekerezo.

Umubare w’abafite ubumuga bitabira siporo ugenda wiyongera, biganisha ku iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rishya rifasha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Scherer, Marcia and Stefano Federici |year=2012 |title=Assistive Technology Assessment Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/assistivetechnol0000unse_j1o9 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9781439838655 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/assistivetechnol0000unse_j1o9/page/425 425]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bifasha bishobora kuba byoroheje, &quot;tekinoroji-nto&quot;, cyangwa bishobora gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryateye imbere cyane, ndetse bamwe bakoresha mudasobwa. Tekinoroji ifasha siporo nayo ishobora kuba yoroheje cyangwa yateye imbere. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Assistive technologies |url=http://www.understandingdisability.org/AssistiveTechnologies |access-date=September 5, 2012 |publisher=Spaulding Framingham |archive-date=April 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416004116/http://www.understandingdisability.org/AssistiveTechnologies |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku bw'ibyo, tekinoroji ifasha ishobora kuboneka muri siporo kuva ku myidagaduro y'abaturage kugeza ku mikino ya Paralympique. Ibikoresho byinshi by'ikoranabuhanga byifashisha tekinoroji byatejwe imbere mu gihe, kandi ku bw'ibyo, siporo ku bantu bafite ubumuga &quot;yahindutse kuba igikoresho cyo kuvura(ivuriro) ihinduka ibikorwa bigamije amarushanwa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Scherer, Marcia and Stefano Federici |year=2012 |title=Assistive Technology Assessment Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/assistivetechnol0000unse_j1o9 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9781439838655 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/assistivetechnol0000unse_j1o9/page/427 427]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibikoresho bifasha ==
Ibikoresho bifasha bishobora gukoreshwa imyitozo n'amahugurwa, usibye no kuba bifasha kwitabira siporo. Hano hari bimwe mu bikoresho bifasha kuri ubu biboneka ku bafite ubumuga:

* Ubumuga bw'ingingo:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Illness and Disability: Gear for sports and fitness |url=http://www.girlshealth.gov/disability/disbody/assist.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916081925/http://www.girlshealth.gov/disability/disbody/assist.cfm |archive-date=September 16, 2012 |access-date=September 5, 2012 |publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Assistive technologies |url=http://www.understandingdisability.org/AssistiveTechnologies |access-date=September 5, 2012 |publisher=Spaulding Framingham |archive-date=April 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416004116/http://www.understandingdisability.org/AssistiveTechnologies |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Assistive technology 101 |url=http://www.fctd.info/factsheet/at101 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917140937/http://www.fctd.info/factsheet/at101 |archive-date=September 17, 2012 |access-date=September 5, 2012 |publisher=The Family Center on Technology and Disability}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
** Intebe zoroheje z’abafite ubumuga zikoreshwa muri basketball, tennis, no mu gusiganwa.
** Intebe z’abafite ubumuga zishobora kunyura ahatagizwe n’umuhanda, zifite ibyuma bikomeye n’amapine akomeye ajya ku butaka butoroshye nko mu misozi, mu mukungugu, cyangwa ku mucanga w’inyanja
** Intebe zifite moteri zikora neza cyane zikoreshwa muri powerchair football (power soccer) no muri power hockey.
** Amagare y’ukoresha amaboko, cyangwa amagare yicaranwamo (recumbent bicycles), aho umuntu asunika na pedal akoresheje amaboko gusa.
** Ibikoresho byo gusiza mu mashyamba (cross-country sit skis) bituma umukinnyi yicara agasunika mu nzira y’urubura akoresheje ibikoresho byinjira mu rubura.
** Ibyuma by’amapesi bifatirwa ku maboko aho gufatwa n’intoki.
** Ibikoresho byo muri gym bituma umuntu akora imyitozo akiri mu ntebe y’abafite ubumuga akoresheje imashini z’amaboko.
** Ibikoresho byo muri gym bituma umuntu akora imyitozo akiri mu ntebe y’abafite ubumuga akoresheje imashini z’amaboko.
** Utugapfukamaboko dufite Velcro zifasha gufata imashini y’imyitozo iyo umuntu adafite imbaraga mu ntoki.
** Imikandara cyangwa imigozi yoroheje ikoreshwa mu myitozo yo kongerera imitsi imbaraga binyuze mu kuyizitira (resistance).
** Ibikoresho bya Paramobile, nko imodoka z’abakinnyi ba golf zifite uburyo bwo gufasha guhagarara ku bantu bafite ubumuga bwo kugenda.
** Inkoni z’umukwabu zikoreshwa n’abafite ubumuga bwo kugenda bakoresha ukuboko kumwe gusa.
* Ubumuga bwo kutabona:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Illness and Disability: Gear for sports and fitness |url=http://www.girlshealth.gov/disability/disbody/assist.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916081925/http://www.girlshealth.gov/disability/disbody/assist.cfm |archive-date=September 16, 2012 |access-date=September 5, 2012 |publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
** Imipira ya softball isohora amajwi (ibipipi), kugira ngo abantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona neza babashe kumenya aho umupira uri kugira ngo bawukubite cyangwa bawufate.
** '''Imipira ya basketball ifite ibyuma by’amajwi imbere kugira ngo abantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona neza cyangwa badashobora kubona babashe gukina.'''
&lt;gallery&gt;
Dosiye:First_Swing_program_assistive_tech_golf.jpg|alt=A golfer with a leg amputation uses an adaptive golf cart that has a chest strap to help him maintain his balance while standing on one leg.| Umukinnyi wa golf waciwe ukuguru akoresha igare rya adaptike ya golf ifite imikandara yo mu gatuza imufasha gukomeza kuringanira igihe ahagaze ku kuguru kamwe.
Dosiye:Wheelchair_Curling_Medal_Round,_Vancouver_2010_Paralympics.jpg|alt=Wheelchair curling uses a specially adapted long stick to launch the &quot;rock&quot; down the ice. These players are delivering rocks in the 2010 Vancouver Paralympics.| Intebe y’abafite ubumuga ikoresha inkoni ndende ihujwe idasanzwe kugira ngo itangire &quot;urutare&quot; munsi y'urubura. Aba bakinnyi barimo gutanga amabuye muri Paralympike yo muri Vancouver 2010.
Dosiye:Scott_McPhee_and_Kieran_Modra_riding_02.jpg|alt=Australian Paralympic athletes using a two-seated tandem racing bicycle; the visually impaired cyclist pedals in rear, while a sighted &quot;pilot&quot; sits in the front.| Abakinnyi babana n'ubumuga bo muri Ositaraliya bakoresheje igare ryicaye tandem ebyiri; abamugaye bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona inyuma, mu gihe &quot;umuderevu&quot; ubonye yicaye imbere.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Imikino ikoresha tekinoroji ifasha ==
Siporo ikoresha tekinoroji ifasha ikubiyemo iyi ikurikira:
 

* '''Kuroba no guhiga (Accessible Fishing &amp; Hunting)'''
* '''Kugenda mu mazi n’amato / Kayaking (Accessible Sailing / Boating / Kayaking)'''
* '''Kurasa mu mukino w’inkuba (Adaptive Archery)'''
* '''Bowling yoroherejwe (Adaptive Bowling)'''
* '''Imyitozo y’indege yoroherejwe (Adaptive Flying)'''
* '''Golf yoroherejwe (Adaptive Golf)'''
* '''Kugendera ku mafarashi / Equestrian yoroherejwe (Adaptive Horseback Riding / Equestrian)'''
* '''Gusimbuka mu mazi (Scuba Diving) yoroherejwe (Adaptive Scuba Diving)'''
* '''Kurasa (Adaptive Shooting)'''
* '''Skiing &amp; Snowboarding yoroherejwe (Adaptive Skiing &amp; Snowboarding)'''
* '''Tennis yo ku meza yoroherejwe (Adaptive Table Tennis)'''
* '''Imikino yo mu mazi yoroherejwe (Adaptive Water Sports)'''
* '''Imikino ikaze y’abakoresha intebe y’abafite ubumuga (Extreme Wheelchair Sports)'''
* '''Handcycling / Amagare y’amaboko (Handcycling)'''
* '''Power Soccer / Umupira w’amaboko ufite moteri (Power Soccer)'''
* '''Quad Rugby / Rugby y’abakoresha intebe (Quad Rugby)'''
* '''Sled, Floor &amp; Power Hockey / Hockey y’intebe (Sled, Floor &amp; Power Hockey)'''
* '''Wheelchair Basketball / Basketball y’abakoresha intebe'''
* '''Wheelchair Curling / Curling y’abakoresha intebe'''
* '''Wheelchair Fencing / Fencing y’abakoresha intebe'''
* '''Wheelchair Lacrosse / Lacrosse y’abakoresha intebe'''
* '''Wheelchair Pool &amp; Billiards / Pool n’Billiards y’abakoresha intebe'''
* '''Wheelchair Racing &amp; Field Sports / Gusiganwa n’indi mikino y’imbuga y’abakoresha intebe'''
* '''Wheelchair Baseball / Baseball y’abakoresha intebe'''
* '''Wheelchair Softball / Softball y’abakoresha intebe'''
* '''Wheelchair Table Tennis / Table Tennis y’abakoresha intebe'''
* '''Wheelchair Tennis / Tennis y’abakoresha intebe'''
* '''Wheelchair Volleyball / Volleyball y’abakoresha intebe'''
* '''Wheelchair Weightlifting / Guterura ibyuma y’abakoresha intebe'''

Imikino myinshi yavuzwe haruguru yageze ku rwego mpuzamahanga rw'imikino ngororamubiri, ishyirwa mu mikino Paralympique .

=== Siporo ikenera ikoranabuhanga rifasha ===
Imikino imwe n'imwe yateye imbere ifite intego yo guteza ikibazo abakinnyi bafite ubumuga bashobora kwishimira. Iyi siporo isaba tekinoroji ifasha abakinnyi bose mu gice cy'imikino. Ingero zimwe ni: Umukino (Sled) umupira w'amaguru ; igare ry'ababana n'ubumuga ; [[Adaptive sailing|ubwato bwo guhuza n'imiterere]], hamwe n'ubwato bwagenewe cyane cyane abasare bafite ubumuga; Nordic (cross-country) skiing hamwe n'indobo &quot;sit-ski&quot;; n'amarushanwa [[Handcycle|yo gutwara amagare]] .</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Electropalatography</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="7865" sha1="3t91xdr1bkgjadlpqtxignvqxseq4fy" xml:space="preserve">'''Electropalatography''' (EPG) n'ubuhanga cyangwa uburyo bwo kureba aho ururimi  ruhura n'imberey'akanwa, cyane cyane mugihe  umuntu avugira amagambo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Zanuy&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Zanuy |first=Marcos Faúndez |author-link=Marcos Faúndez Zanuy |year=2005 |title=Nonlinear analyses and algorithms for speech processing: International Conference on Non-Linear Speech Processing, NOLISP 2005, Barcelona, Spain, April 19–22, 2005 : revised selected papers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kJVsgsvURiUC&amp;q=Electropalatography&amp;pg=PA186 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business |isbn=3-540-31257-9 |location= |page=186}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Agahimba k'akanwa kauguruye(artificial palate) gakozwe muburyo gahura neza n'imbere y'akanwa k'umuntu. Ako gahimba gafite utwuma tw'amashanyarazi (electrodes) tuzajya duhura n'ururimi. Iyo guhura bibaye hagati yururimi na electrode iyo ari yo yose, cyane cyane hagati y'uruhande rw'ururimi n'imbibi za palate ikomeye, ibimenyetso bya elegitoronike byoherezwa mubice bitunganya hanze. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Baken |first=R.J. |date=1987 |title=Clinical Measurement of Speech and Voice |url=https://archive.org/details/clinicalmeasurem0000bake_m1g8 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |page=[https://archive.org/details/clinicalmeasurem0000bake_m1g8/page/442 442]}}&lt;/ref&gt; EPG itanga imbaraga-nyayo-nyayo yibitekerezo byerekana ahantu hamwe nigihe cyo guhuza ururimi hamwe na palate ikomeye.

Ibisobanuro birambuye byururimi mugihe cyo kuvuga byanditswe, bitanga amakuru ataziguye umuntu ashobora gukoresha mubuvuzi kugirango akurikirane kandi atezimbere uburyo bwabo bwo kuvuga. Ibitekerezo biboneka ni ngombwa cyane mugutsinda kuvura abana batumva.
[[Dosiye:Electropalate-vertical.jpg|thumb|Igishushanyo.1 Amashanyarazi]]
Electropalatography yabanje gutekerezwa kandi itezwa imbere nkigikoresho cyubushakashatsi bwa fonetika kugirango tunononsore uburyo gakondo bwa palatografiya. Abashakashatsi mu ndimi za gisirikari n’amasomo bakoresheje ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki ya elegitoroniki kugira ngo babone amakuru nyayo yerekeye guhuza ururimi n’indimi mu ndimi nyinshi z’amahanga.

Ibikoresho bya mbere bya EPG byakoreshaga amashanyarazi ataziguye kugirango akoreshe ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma byifashishwa. Umunwa (electropalates) mubusanzwe wasaga cyane nicyapa cyerekana amenyo agezweho. Mouthpiece yarushijeho guhindurwa mugihe, ibyo bikaba byemerera ubushakashatsi bunoze. Igishushanyo 1 kirerekana amashanyarazi asanzwe muri sisitemu yo Gusoma.

EPG yongeyeho ubushishozi muburyo bwo gusobanukirwa amasomo ya fonetika. Mu myaka ya za 1960 na 1970 abantu benshi bigenga hamwe n’amasosiyete bamenye ubushobozi bwa EPG bwo kwigisha no kuvura. Nubwo inshuro nyinshi zagerageje guhindura ibikoresho bya injeniyeri EPG yo kuvura imvugo, ibigo byinshi byananiwe gucuruza EPG neza. Ibikoresho bya EPG bikomeje kuba ibikoresho bihenze cyane byo kuvura imvugo nubushakashatsi bwa fonetika, nubwo amakuru batanga biragoye kuyabona ukoresheje ubundi buryo bwo gutanga ibitekerezo byerekana neza. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A history of EPG |url=http://www.articulateinstruments.com/a-history-of-epg/ |publisher=Articulate Technologies |access-date=2025-10-23 |archive-date=2025-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011004743/https://www.articulateinstruments.com/a-history-of-epg/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mu bushakashatsi bwa fonetike ==
Nubwo byinshi mu iterambere rya EPG byeguriwe amavuriro, yakoreshejwe mu iperereza ryinshi rya laboratoire. Kibuye (1997) urutonde rwibice bitatu byingenzi byubushakashatsi:

* study of the physiology of consonant articulations involving lingual-palatal contact
* study of the size and shape of oral constrictions in the production of fricative consonants
* the effect of neighbouring vowels on consonants production (coarticulation)

[[Dosiye:Epg-frames.JPG|thumb|Igishushanyo.2 Icapa rya Electropalatography]]
Iyo electropalatografiya ikoreshwa mubushakashatsi bwijambo, amakuru avuye mururimi-palate yatoranijwe na mudasobwa igenzura kuri frame 100 kumasegonda. Mu minsi ya mbere (mugihe ibyerekanwe bya digitale bitari hose kandi bigarukira), amakuru yacapishijwe kumpapuro kugirango asesengurwe. Urugero rwo gucapura rushobora kuboneka ku gishushanyo cya 2, aho urukurikirane ruva hejuru kugeza hasi, kandi aho ikimenyetso cya 'O' cyerekana guhuza na '.' yerekana ko ntaho ahurira. Imvugo yerekanwe ni 'catkin' /kæt.kɪn/; icyitegererezo gifite nimero 344 yerekana mugihe / t / gufunga birangiye, no kumurongo wa 350 hariho gufunga byuzuye. Gufunga alveolar irekurwa kuri 351. Guhuza ingingo ya articulatory (itumvikana) birerekanwa neza.  Amakadiri yihariye yamakuru ya EPG arashobora gukoreshwa mugusobanura ibisobanuro byerekana amajwi, kandi ibi bikorwa na Cruttenden kubantu bose bavuga icyongereza (RP). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Cruttenden, A., ed. Gimson |date=2014 |title=Gimson's Pronunciation of English |publisher=Arnold |edition=8th}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu bushakashatsi bumwe na bumwe, gusubiramo inshuro nyinshi birashobora gukusanyirizwa hamwe kugirango bitange ibishushanyo mbonera byerekana ururimi-mu buryo bugabanya ingaruka ziterwa no guhindagurika ku kimenyetso kimwe. Ibi byakozwe na Farnetani mubushakashatsi bwerekeye coarticulation yubutaliyani nigifaransa. 

== Abatanga ==
Abakora ibintu bitatu byibanze bakora ibikoresho bya EPG barahari: [[CompleteSpeech|ByuzuyeSpeech]] muri Amerika, [[Articulate Instruments|Ibikoresho byerekana neza]], na [[icSpeech]] mubwongereza. Completespeech nisosiyete yigenga kabuhariwe mu kuvura imvugo yerekanwe ibikoresho bya EPG, byiswe Sisitemu ya SmartPalate. Sisitemu ya SmartPalate ikoresha urupapuro rusanzwe rwerekana sensor hamwe na sensor 126 zashyizwe kumurongo wihariye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Plauche |first=Tanner |title=What is SmartPalate |url=http://www.completespeech.com/speech/smartpalate1/what_is_a_smartpalate/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514094750/http://www.completespeech.com/speech/smartpalate1/what_is_a_smartpalate/ |archive-date=2014-05-14 |access-date=2014-05-13 |publisher=CompleteSpeech}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibikoresho bisobanutse bitanga ubuvuzi bw'amagambo hamwe n'ubushakashatsi bwerekeranye na EPG umunwa, byiswe Gusoma Palate na The Articulate Palate. Igikoresho cyerekana ibyuma bya EPG ni ahantu hamwe n'intoki kubakoresha kugiti cyabo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hardcastle |first=William |title=Making plaster models for EPG palates |url=http://www.articulateinstruments.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Information-for-making-plaster-impressions-4.pdf |access-date=2014-05-13 |publisher=Articulate Instruments |archive-date=2014-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514102305/http://www.articulateinstruments.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Information-for-making-plaster-impressions-4.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; IcSpeech, yiswe LinguaGraph, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The LinguaGraph Electropalatography System |url=https://icspeech.com/electropalatography.html |access-date=2022-02-20 |publisher=icSpeech}}&lt;/ref&gt; ikoresha kandi Palate yo gusoma.

== Mu kuvura ==
Electropalatography yakozweho ubushakashatsi mu baturage batandukanye, barimo abana bafite amagage, abana barwaye syndrome de Down, abana bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva, abana batewe na cochlear, abana bafite ubumuga bw’ubwonko ndetse n'abantu bakuru bafite indwara ya Parkinson . Ubuvuzi bwagaragaje ko bwatsinze mubantu bapimwe. Ubushakashatsi &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; &amp;#x5D; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2007)&quot;&gt;nubunini&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&lt;/sup&gt; Hakenewe ubushakashatsi burambye (Longitudinal studies) bukorwa kubantu benshi (sample sizes) kugirango hamenyekane neza gahunda y'ubuvuzi izatanga umusaruro mu gihe kirekire.

== Reba ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ATutor</title>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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'''ATutor''' ni sisitemu yo ku rubuga rwa interineti ishingiye ku bumenyi bwo kwiga (LMS) ifunguye ku bantu bose (open source).

== Koresha ==
ATutor ikoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye, harimo gucunga amasomo ku murongo, gukomeza iterambere ry'umwuga ku barimu, guteza imbere umwuga, n'ubushakashatsi bw'amasomo. Porogaramu ivugwa ko idasanzwe kubera uburyo bwo kuyigeraho, (ingirakamaro ku bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona); hamwe n'uburyo bukwiye bwo gukoresha uburezi ukurikije ibipimo ngenderwaho byo gusuzuma sofutiweya(software) byashyizweho na Sosiyete y'Abanyamerika ishinzwe Amahugurwa n'Iterambere (ASTD). &lt;ref name=&quot;ASTD000&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Astd - Astd - Astd |url=http://www.astd.org/astd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926024728/http://www.astd.org/ASTD |archive-date=2008-09-26 |access-date=2007-08-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Clark000&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web |title=Technical Evaluation Report 37. Assistive Software for Disabled Learners |url=http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/viewArticle/198/280 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207171400/http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/viewArticle/198/280 |archive-date=2009-02-07 |access-date=2007-08-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; ATutor ikoreshwa ku rwego mpuzamahanga kandi yahinduwe cyangwa yashyizwe mu ndimi zirenga cumi n'eshanu, ifite kandi inkunga y'izindi ndimi zirenga mirongo ine ziri mu bikorwa byo gutezwa imbere muri iki gihe.  &lt;ref name=&quot;InternationalList000&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Czech: PREPARATION OF ON-LINE ASSESSMENTS (masters thesis) |url=https://dip.felk.cvut.cz/browse/pdfcache/bicikj1_2006dipl.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718170824/https://dip.felk.cvut.cz/browse/pdfcache/bicikj1_2006dipl.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-18 |access-date=2007-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kuboneka ==
ATutor niyo LCMS yambere yubahirije byimazeyo ibisobanuro bya W3C WCAG 1.0 kurwego rwa AA +, yemerera kugera kubintu byose bikubiye muri sisitemu murwego rwose rwabakoresha-uburenganzira, harimo na konti zabayobozi.  Kuba ATutor yujuje ibisabwa na  XHTML 1.0 bigamije kwemeza ko igaragarira neza kandi igakora kimwe ku ikoranabuhanga ryose ryemewe.

Abashinzwe iterambere rya ATutor bemeza ko ari yo yonyine igera kuri porogaramu ya LCMS ku isoko, harimo amafaranga yishyurwa kandi ifunze isoko. Iyi ngingo ya ATutor yemejwe byibuze muri kaminuza imwe yatangajwe na software. &lt;ref name=&quot;Clark000&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web |title=Technical Evaluation Report 37. Assistive Software for Disabled Learners |url=http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/viewArticle/198/280 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207171400/http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/viewArticle/198/280 |archive-date=2009-02-07 |access-date=2007-08-06}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090207171400/http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/viewArticle/198/280 &quot;Technical Evaluation Report 37. Assistive Software for Disabled Learners&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ATutor avugwa kandi mubisobanuro byinshi bya tekiniki hamwe nubumenyi; nibindi byinshi byiyongera mugice cya gatatu byateguwe kandi bikwirakwizwa kugirango bikoreshe hamwe na software. &lt;ref name=&quot;Clark000&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Looi000&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Looi |first=Chee-Kit |year=2005 |title=Artificial Intelligence in Education Supporting Learning Through Intelligent and Socially Informed Technology |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781586035303 |publisher=IOS Press |isbn=1-58603-530-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Williams000&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Roy |year=2003 |title=2nd European Conference on E-Learning Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, 6–7 November 2003 |publisher=Academic Conferences Limited |isbn=0-9544577-4-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;St.Amant000&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=St.Amant |first=Kirk |year=2007 |title=Handbook of Research on Open Source Software: Technological, Economic, and Social Perspectives |publisher=Idea Group Inc (IGI) |isbn=978-1-59140-999-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Li000&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Qing |year=2004 |title=New Horizon In Web-based Learning |url=https://archive.org/details/newhorizoninwebb0000icwl |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=981-256-029-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;AcademicList000&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Academic research |url=http://csdl2.computer.org/persagen/DLAbsToc.jsp?resourcePath=/dl/proceedings/&amp;toc=comp/proceedings/la-web/2006/2693/00/2693toc.xml&amp;DOI=10.1109/LA-WEB.2006.31 |doi=10.1109/LA-WEB.2006.31 |s2cid=14673078 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2007-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amavu n'amavuko ==
ATutor yarekuwe bwa mbere mu mpera z'umwaka wa 2002.Byaje bisubiza ubushakashatsi bubiri bwakozwe na rwiyemezamirimo mu myaka yashize bwarebaga uburyo bwo kwiga kuri interineti ku bafite ubumuga. Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi byerekanaga ko nta na kimwe muri gahunda yo Kwiga yo Kwiga ikunzwe muri kiriya gihe ndetse yatanze ibisobanuro bike hamwe n'amabwiriza yo kugerwaho. Icyo gihe impumyi urugero, ntishobora kwitabira byimazeyo amasomo yo kumurongo. 

=== Ibiranga ibintu ===
Babiri, muri benshi, ibiboneka muri sisitemu ni inyandiko isimburana kubintu byose biboneka, hamwe na clavier igera kubintu byose bya porogaramu. Hamwe nibi bintu, umuntu wimpumyi arashobora kumva ibice byose bya sisitemu abifashijwemo numusomyi wa ecran, kandi arashobora kugera kuri sisitemu adakeneye imbeba. Ibi biranga kandi byemerera ATutor guhuza tekinoloji zitandukanye zirimo terefone ngendanwa, abafasha mu makuru yihariye (PDAs), hamwe n’urubuga rushingiye ku nyandiko, kuvuga amazina make. 

ATutor ikubiyemo ibikoresho byandika bikubiyemo abategura gukora ibikoresho byo kwiga byoroshye. Ibisobanuro nkibi bishishikariza abanditsi kongeramo inyandiko iyindi niba bibagiwe gushyiramo imwe mugihe wongeyeho ishusho, kurugero. Igikoresho cyo kwandika kirimo na serivisi y'urubuga rusuzuma uburyo ibintu byemewe byemewe n’ibipimo mpuzamahanga bitandukanye. Usibye gukora ibintu byoroshye, igikoresho ubwacyo kiragerwaho, cyemerera umukoresha wimpumyi gukora ibirimo ubwabo.

=== Ibiranga imiterere ===
ATutor nayo yashizweho kugirango ihuze na kimwe mubintu byinshi byo kwigisha no kwiga. Hariho ibice bine byingenzi byerekana iri hame ryishusho: insanganyamatsiko, uburenganzira, ibikoresho byifashishwa, hamwe nitsinda. 

Sisitemu y'insanganyamatsiko ya ATutor yemerera abayobozi guhitamo byoroshye isura n'imiterere ya sisitemu kubyo bakeneye byihariye.  Insanganyamatsiko zikoreshwa muguha ATutor isura nshya, gutanga ibyiciro byamasomo uko basa, cyangwa gutanga verisiyo nyinshi za ATutor kuri sisitemu imwe, aho abakoresha bashobora guhitamo imwe nkigice cyo guhitamo.

Sisitemu yuburenganzira ( privelage system) yemera abigisha guha abanyeshuri b'itsinda ry'ishuri uburenganzira bwo gucunga ibikoresho by'ishuri. Abigisha barashobora gukora abafasha cyangwa abarimu bigisha bari bafite ubushobozi buke kuri kimwe mubikoresho byandika cyangwa ubuyobozi. 

== E-kwiga impaka za patenti ==
ATutor ni bumwe mu buryo butatu bwo gucunga imyigishirize y’amasoko yitiriwe ikibazo cy’ingutu ku buryo bwa e-kwiga bwatanzwe na Blackboard Inc. muri Nyakanga 2006. Ikigo cyita ku bwisanzure bwa software cyatanze icyifuzo cyo kongera gukora ibizamini mu izina rya ATutor, hamwe n’abandi bakiriya babiri mu mpera za 2006. Mu ntangiriro za 2007 icyifuzo cyo kongera gukora ikizamini cyatanzwe n’ibiro by’Amerika bishinzwe ubucuruzi n’ubucuruzi (USPTO). Niba bigenze neza, icyifuzo kizageraho gihagarike ibirego 44 byose byasabwe na patenti. 

Mu rwego rwo gushyigikira imbogamizi kuri patenti ya Blackboard, abakorerabushake kurubuga rwa interineti basanze ingero za porogaramu zishaje zakoresheje ibitekerezo byavuzwe na patenti. Aba bakorerabushake bafatanije gukora inyandiko ya Wikipedia ku mateka y’ibidukikije byigamo, itanga ingero nyinshi zubuhanzi bwambere. 

Byongeye kandi, Greg Gay, umuyobozi w’umushinga wa ATutor yashimangiye ko ashyigikiye icyifuzo cyo kongera gukora ibizamini: &quot;Patenti ku gitekerezo cy’uburezi - ni isano iri hagati y’abanyeshuri, abigisha, n’abayobozi - ntabwo byumvikana. Ibitekerezo nkibi ni ibya rubanda kandi byakorwaga mu binyejana byinshi; ntabwo ari ibisubizo by’ubushakashatsi n’iterambere.&quot;

'''AMASHAKIRO;'''</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Shelley Lynn</title>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="4034" sha1="c4ja4ttjelfmxvw9b5t86a0e2zmobei" xml:space="preserve">'''Shelley Lynn Tremain''' n'umufilozofe qwe wibanda ku bumuga, feminism, bioethics, na [[:en:Michel_Foucault|Foucault]] . Yanditse igitabo ''Filozofiya y’abafite ubumuga ya Foucault na femisiti'' (2017), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pitts |first=Andrea J. |date=2020-09-26 |title=Review of Foucault and Feminist Philosophy of Disability |url=https://cjds.uwaterloo.ca/index.php/cjds/article/view/651 |journal=Canadian Journal of Disability Studies |volume=9 |issue=3 |doi=10.15353/cjds.v9i3.651 |issn=1929-9192 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; yatsindiye igihembo cya Tobin Siebers 2016 cy’ubushakashatsi bw’abafite ubumuga mu bumuntu, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Announcing Winner of 2016 Tobin Siebers Prize and 2017 Call for Entries |url=https://press.umich.edu/Blog/2017/02/Announcing-Winner-of-2016-Tobin-Siebers-Prize-and-2017-Call-for-Entries |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=[[University of Michigan Press]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ubuyobozi bw'ababana  n'ubumuga (2005/2015). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Edwards |first=Steven |date=April 2007 |title=Foucault and the Government of Disability |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1466-769X.2007.00235.x |journal=Nursing Philosophy |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=135–136 |doi=10.1111/j.1466-769X.2007.00235.x |issn=1466-7681 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Curran |first=Tillie |date=2016-03-15 |title=Foucault and the government of disability: Foucault and the government of disability, edited by Shelley Tremain, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2015, enlarged and revised edition, 440 pp., $35.00 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-47-203638-7 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09687599.2016.1141572 |journal=Disability &amp; Society |language=en |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=434–437 |doi=10.1080/09687599.2016.1141572 |issn=0968-7599}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tremain yahawe impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya II cya kaminuza izwi nka PHD muri [[:en:York_University|kaminuza ya York]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Announcing Winner of 2016 Tobin Siebers Prize and 2017 Call for Entries |url=https://press.umich.edu/Blog/2017/02/Announcing-Winner-of-2016-Tobin-Siebers-Prize-and-2017-Call-for-Entries |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=[[University of Michigan Press]] |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://press.umich.edu/Blog/2017/02/Announcing-Winner-of-2016-Tobin-Siebers-Prize-and-2017-Call-for-Entries &quot;Announcing Winner of 2016 Tobin Siebers Prize and 2017 Call for Entries&quot;]. ''[[University of Michigan Press]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-12-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Muri 2016, yatsindiye igihembo cya Tanis Doe kubera Kwiga  amasomo ajyanye n'ubumuga n’umuco muri Kanada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tanis Doe Award |url=https://cdsa-aceh.ca/awards/tanis-doe-award/ |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=Canadian Disability Studies Association |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (December 2024)&quot;&gt;isoko itari iyambere ikenewe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ibisohokayandikiro ==

=== Nkumwanditsi ===

* {{Cite book |date=2017 |title=Foucault and Feminist Philosophy of Disability |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-05373-5}}

=== Nkumwanditsi ===

* {{Cite book |date=2005 |title=Foucault and the Government of Disability |url=https://archive.org/details/foucaultgovernme0000unse |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=0-472-06876-8}}
** {{Cite book |date=2015 |title=Foucault and the Government of Disability |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780472036387 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-4720-3638-7 |edition=2nd}}
* {{Cite book |date=2023 |title=The Bloomsbury Guide to Philosophy of Disability |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-350-26892-0}}

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}{{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Tremain, Shelley}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tanya Titchkosky</title>
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      <comment>Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="4967" sha1="8gq7vl900cx04zgcl8csbzdtxdd8x1u" xml:space="preserve">'''Tanya Titchkosky''' (Yabonye izuba 1966) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Titchkosky |first=Tanya |date=2011 |title=The question of access: disability, space, meaning |url=https://archive.org/details/questionofaccess0000titc |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-1000-2 |location=Toronto Buffalo London}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni ni impuguke  yiga ubumuga. Kuva muri Mutarama 2025, ni umwarimu w’ubushakashatsi bw’ubumuga  mu kiga cya Ontario gishinzwe ubushakashatsi mu burezi(Ontario Institute for study in Education ) 

Titchkosky yabonye  impamyabumenyi y’ubuhanzi muri sociologiya yakuye muri ikiciro cya mbere cya mubuhanzi kaminuza  (master of arts) muri  Kanama (1988), impamyabumenyi y’ubuhanzi muri sociologiya yakuye muri kaminuza ya York (1992), na Dogiteri wa Firozofi  yakuye muri kaminuza ya York (1997). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tanya Titchkosky |url=https://discover.research.utoronto.ca/12274-tanya-titchkosky/about |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=University of Toronto}}{{primary source inline|date=January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Titchkosky ni dyslexic . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Titchkosky |first=Tanya |date=2022-09-14 |title=University Inclusion Practices – Re-Encountering the Status Quo: An Interpretive Approach |journal=Journal of Disability Studies in Education |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=102–124 |doi=10.1163/25888803-bja10017 |issn=2588-8803 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibitabo ==

=== Umwanditsi ===

* {{Cite book |last=Titchkosky |first=Tanya |date=2003 |title=Disability, Self, and Society |url=https://archive.org/details/disabilityselfso0000titc |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-3561-5 |oclc=ocm50718210}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hossein |first=Sazzad |date=2009-01-27 |title=Tanya Titchkosky, Disability, Self, and Society |url=https://dsq-sds.org/index.php/dsq/article/view/180/180 |journal=Disability Studies Quarterly |language=en |volume=29 |issue=1 |doi=10.18061/dsq.v29i1.180 |issn=2159-8371 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Cite book |last=Titchkosky |first=Tanya |date=2007 |title=Reading and Writing Disability Differently: The Textured Life of Embodiment |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-442-69155-1}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rosenthal |first=Abigail |date=March 2008 |title=Reading and Writing Disability Differently: The Textured Life of Embodiment . By Tanya Titchkosky. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007. Pp. 192. $55.00 (cloth); $24.95 (paper). |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/587081 |journal=Social Service Review |language=en |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=150–153 |doi=10.1086/587081 |issn=0037-7961 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Cite book |last=Titchkosky |first=Tanya |date=2011 |title=The Question of Access: Disability, Space, Meaning |url=https://archive.org/details/questionofaccess0000titc |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-442-66266-7}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hansen |first=Nancy E. |date=June 2012 |title=The question of access: disability, space, meaning |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09687599.2012.674769 |journal=Disability &amp; Society |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=588–590 |doi=10.1080/09687599.2012.674769 |issn=0968-7599 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tanya-Titchkosky&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Muhinduzi (Umwanditsi) ===

* {{Cite book |last= |first= |date=2011 |title=Rethinking Normalcy: A Disability Studies Reader |url=https://archive.org/details/rethinkingnormal0000tany|publisher=Canadian Scholars Press |isbn=978-1-551-30363-5 |editor-last=Titchkosky |editor-first=Tanya |editor-last2=Michalko |editor-first2=Rod |editor-link2=Rod Michalko}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 2013 |title=Rethinking Normalcy, T. Tithkosky, R. Michalko, editors. Canadian Scholars' Press, Toronto (2009). 344 p. |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1875067213000485 |journal=Alter |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=225–226 |doi=10.1016/j.alter.2013.04.011 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Cite book |date=2022 |title=DisAppearing: Encounters in Disability Studies |url=https://archive.org/details/disappearingenco0000tany |publisher=Canadian Scholars |isbn=978-1-77338-316-3 |editor-last=Titchkosky |editor-first=Tanya |editor-last2=Cagulada |editor-first2=Elaine |editor-last3=DeWelles |editor-first3=Madeleine |editor-last4=Gold |editor-first4=Efrat}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Reaume |first=Geoffrey |date=2024-06-28 |title=Tanya Titchkosky, Elaine Cagulada, Madeleine DeWelles, Efrat Gold, (eds.), DisAppearing: Encounters in Disability Studies |url=https://historicalstudiesineducation.ca/index.php/edu_hse-rhe/article/view/5277 |journal=Historical Studies in Education / Revue d'histoire de l'éducation |doi=10.32316/hse-rhe.2024.5277 |issn=1911-9674 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

* Tanya Titchkosky publications indexed by Google Scholar
{{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Titchkosky, Tanya}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Canine Companions for Independence</title>
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      <comment>Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="13222" sha1="jsqcpe5cdc0x0qhyaydt696fco2s579" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Canine_Companions.jpg|thumb|Canine Companions]]
'''Canine Companions for Indepandence''' ni umuryango ukorera muri Amerika 501 (c) (3) udaharanira inyungu uhugura kandi utanga imbwa zifasha . Kuva &lt;ref name=&quot;friend&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Derr, M. |year=2004 |title=Dog's Best Friend: Annals of the Dog-Human Relationship |url=https://archive.org/details/dogsbestfriendan0000derr |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226142807 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dogsbestfriendan0000derr/page/309 309]–311}}&lt;/ref&gt;, yashyize imbwa zirenga 6.000 zifasha abayihawe nta kiguzi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dote |first=Alyx |title=Local woman receives free service dog |url=http://www.kvoa.com/story/35164884/local-woman-receives-free-service-dog |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419002922/http://www.kvoa.com/story/35164884/local-woman-receives-free-service-dog |archive-date=2017-04-19 |access-date=2017-04-18 |work=KVOA |language=en |df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Urufatiro ==
Canine Companions for Independence yashinzwe ubwigenge yashinzwe i Santa Rosa, muri Californiya, muri Nyakanga 1975 na Bonnie Bergin nka gahunda ya mbere nk'iyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bozzo |first=L. |year=2010 |title=Service Dog Heroes |url=https://archive.org/details/servicedogheroes0000bozz |publisher=Enslow Publishers |isbn=9780766031999}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igihe yigishaga muri Aziya, yari yarabonye abamugaye bakoresha [[Indogoba|burros]] maze atekereza ko imbwa zishobora gukora imirimo nk'iyi muri Amerika. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1989-04-16 |title=Dogs and the Disabled: New Role |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/16/nyregion/dogs-and-the-disabled-new-role.html |access-date=2015-06-28 |work=[[The New York Times]] |df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuva icyo gihe, yakuze iba umuryango wigihugu. Kugeza mu 2024, ifite ibigo birindwi by'imyitozo hamwe n'ibiro by'akazi mu murwa mukuru wa Washington, California, Texas, Ohio, New York, na Floride. Hari kandi amashami menshi, buri rimwe ryunganira abafasha mu kurera imbwa ntoya ( volunteer  puppy raisers) ndetse no gutegura ibikorwa byo gukusanya inkunga (fundraising).

Uwo muryango uhuza ababana n'ubumuga n'imbwa zitojwe cyane zifasha,kandi ugatanga ubufasha buhoraho ku buntu ku muntu uzibonera.&lt;ref name=&quot;friend&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Derr, M. |year=2004 |title=Dog's Best Friend: Annals of the Dog-Human Relationship |url=https://archive.org/details/dogsbestfriendan0000derr |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226142807 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dogsbestfriendan0000derr/page/309 309]–311}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDerr,_M.2004&quot;&gt;Derr, M. (2004). ''Dog's Best Friend: Annals of the Dog-Human Relationship''. University of Chicago Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;309–&lt;/span&gt;311. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780226142807|&lt;bdi&gt;9780226142807&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; akoreshwa mu bworozi, korora, no guhugura imbwa aterwa inkunga n’impano bwite zitangwa n’amasosiyete, abantu ku giti cyabo, n’indi mishinga, ndetse n’imishinga yo gukusanya inkunga. Bigereranijwe ko buri mbwa ifasha hamwe nubuzima bwose bwo gukurikirana imbwa igura $ 50.000. Umushinga w'Intare Club ku basangirangendo ba Canine ku bwigenge (LPCCI), washinzwe mu 1983 nk'umuntu utanga inkunga ikomeye mu bijyanye n'amafaranga n'ubwitange ku basangirangendo ba Canine, watanze miliyoni 3 z'amadorali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Nonprofit report on Lions Project for Canine Companions for Independence |url=https://greatnonprofits.org/org/lions-project-for-canine-companions-for-independence |website=Lions Project for Canine Companions for Independence}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri 2015, Abasangirangendo ba Canine bafatanije n’ubuzima bw’amatungo ya Henry Schein, utanga ibikomoka ku buzima bw’amatungo ku baveterineri, utanga aborozi b’ibibwana ibicuruzwa byita ku buzima ku buntu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=16 April 2015 |title=Canine Companions for Independence, Henry Schein Animal Health Form Partnership to Support Volunteer Puppy Raisers and Their Veterinarians |url=http://markets.on.nytimes.com/research/stocks/news/press_release.asp?docTag=201504160800PR_NEWS_USPRX____NY81916&amp;feedID=600&amp;press_symbol=149722 |access-date=June 28, 2015 |work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Porogaramu idasanzwe, &quot;The Veterans Initiative&quot;, itanga imbwa za serivise zahuguwe ku bamugaye n’abakomeretse. &lt;ref name=&quot;para&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Tim W. |title=Organization Offers Free Service Dogs for Veterans in Wounded Veterans Initiative |url=http://www.pva.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=ajIRK9NJLcJ2E&amp;b=6350111&amp;ct=13226903 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630214613/http://www.pva.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=ajIRK9NJLcJ2E&amp;b=6350111&amp;ct=13226903 |archive-date=June 30, 2015 |access-date=June 28, 2015 |website=Paralyzed Veterans of America}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Beder |first=Joan |date=2012 |title=Advances in Social Work Practice with the Military |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w--pVak8p94C&amp;pg=PT165 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136789182 |page=165 |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Porogaramu yakiriye inkunga kubufatanye bwa PetSmart na Canine Basangirangendo. Mu &lt;ref name=&quot;petsmart&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2014 |title=New Partnership Between PetSmart and Canine Companions for Independence Helps Wounded Military Veterans |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/new-partnership-between-petsmart-and-canine-companions-for-independence-helps-wounded-military-veterans-2014-02-14 |access-date=June 28, 2015 |website=MarketWatch}}&lt;/ref&gt;, uyu muryango winjiye mu ishami rishinzwe ibibazo by’abasirikare muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe kugira ngo hamenyekane niba imbwa za serivisi zitezimbere imibereho y’abasirikare bafite ibibazo by’ihungabana nyuma y’ihungabana . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=January 31, 2015 |title=Study examines impact of service dogs on veterans with PTSD |url=http://www.stripes.com/news/study-examines-impact-of-service-dogs-on-veterans-with-ptsd-1.327058 |access-date=2015-09-11 |work=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]] |df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu mwaka 2017, uwo muryango wakoranye n'ikirango Chrysler ku gikorwa gishya cyo kuri interineti kigamije kongera kumenyekanisha no gushyigikira ibikorwa by'umuryango Canine Companions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Canine Companions for Independence - Meet PacifiPuppy Foley |url=http://www.cci.org/news-media/2017-news/meet.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412063032/http://www.cci.org/news-media/2017-news/meet.html |archive-date=2017-04-12 |access-date=2017-04-11 |website=www.cci.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igikorwa cyiswe &quot;Give a Dog a Job&quot; cyemerera abantu gukurikirana imyitozo y'imbwa yitwa Foley,no kugirana ubufatanye na we hamwe n'abamutoza ku rubuga [[Facebook]], Instagram na Twitter.

== Imbwa ==
Abasangirangendo ba Canine bahugura ubwoko butandukanye bwimbwa zikora: imbwa za serivise (urugero, imbwa zifasha kugendagenda, imbwa za serivise kubarokotse bafite ikibazo cy’ihungabana nyuma y’ihungabana ), abasangirangendo babahanga batojwe gukorana n’umuntu mukuru cyangwa umwana ufite ubumuga bayobowe n’umuhugura, kumva imbwa [[Ubumuga bwo kutumva|z’abatumva n’abatumva]], n’imbwa z '“amatsinda y’ibigo.” Amatsinda yibikoresho agizwe nimbwa numufatanyabikorwa wumuntu, ubusanzwe ni inzobere mu gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe, umurezi, cyangwa inzobere mu buvuzi. Izi mbwa zitwara ubuhanga bwimbwa za serivise kimwe nubuhanga bwihariye kuberako serivisi zimbwa zizashyirwa muri gahunda na serivisi.

== Ubworozi no kurera ==
Abasangirangendo ba Canine bakoresha gahunda yo korora kugirango batange imbwa zabo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Breeding |url=http://www.caninecompanions.org/national/breeding.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221042816/http://www.caninecompanions.org/national/breeding.html |archive-date=2007-02-21 |access-date=2007-01-08 |website=CCI}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bakoresha Retrievers na Labrador Retrievers, hamwe numusaraba wubwoko bubiri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Breeding Program |url=http://www.cci.org/site/c.cdKGIRNqEmG/b.4011113/k.A434/Breeding_Program.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703085349/http://www.cci.org/site/c.cdKGIRNqEmG/b.4011113/k.A434/Breeding_Program.htm |archive-date=2016-07-03 |access-date=2016-06-28 |website=CCI}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibibwana byororerwa nabakorerabushake biyemeje kubika imbwa amezi 16 kugeza 18, &lt;ref name=&quot;pup&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Davis |first=Patricia |date=November 7, 1996 |title=A pup with a purpose |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1996/11/07/a-pup-with-a-purpose/c646c12d-4860-465a-bc5a-8c44b645b7e6/ |access-date=June 28, 2015 |work=Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;indy&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=November 2000 |title=Canine Companions for Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOoCAAAAMBAJ&amp;dq=Canine+Companions+for+Independence&amp;pg=RA1-PA107 |access-date=2014-08-23 |work=[[Indianapolis Monthly]] |pages=107–108 |df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; kugeza igihe cyo kwinjira muri gahunda y'amahugurwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Puppy-Raising |url=http://www.caninecompanions.org/national/puppy_raising.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070118084149/http://www.caninecompanions.org/national/puppy_raising.html |archive-date=2007-01-18 |access-date=2007-01-08 |website=CCI}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri aya mezi 16 kugeza 18, abakorerabushake b'imbwa bitangiye imirimo yo kwigisha ikibwana amategeko yacyo 30 yambere. Amenshi muri aya mabwiriza azakoreshwa mugihe cy'amahugurwa yo hejuru. Kurugero, ikibwana &lt;big&gt;cyize&lt;/big&gt; kizashyira amaguru yacyo imbere kubintu bitandukanye, harimo inkuta n'inzitiro. Mugihe cyamahugurwa yambere, abahugura babigize umwuga barashobora kubaka iryo tegeko hamwe nimyitwarire ijyanye nubuhanga nko kuzimya urumuri no kuzimya. Ibibwana bikunze guherekeza ibyana byimbwa zabo ahantu hose burimunsi nkishuri cyangwa akazi kubategurira ubuzima nkimbwa ya serivisi.

== Amahugurwa ==
Amahugurwa y’amezi ane kugeza ku icyenda atangira iyo imbwa isubijwe n’abakorerabushake b’imbwa ku bushake muri kimwe mu bigo birindwi by’amahugurwa bya Canine Companions muri Amerika. &lt;ref name=&quot;children&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Zauzmer |first=Julie |date=March 17, 2014 |title=Service dog comforts children who have been abused |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/service-dog-comforts-children-who-have-been-abused/2014/03/14/efef5c52-aa05-11e3-9e82-8064fcd31b5b_story.html |access-date=June 28, 2015 |work=Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amezi atatu yambere yimyitozo asubiramo ibyo imbwa zize. &lt;ref name=&quot;animals&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Aron |first=Wendy |date=November 26, 2006 |title=ANIMALS; Canine Companions Help People Deal With Disabilities |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/26/nyregion/animals-canine-companions-help-people-deal-with-disabilities.html |access-date=June 28, 2015 |work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amahugurwa yumwuga arimo gusuzuma ubuzima bwimbitse nubushakashatsi, kandi buri mbwa yiga amategeko arenga 40 yo kongera ubwigenge harimo gukurura intebe y’ibimuga, kugarura ibintu byataye, no gufungura imiryango. Imbwa zirashobora gutozwa nkimbwa zumva zimenyesha abatumva batumva amajwi yibidukikije kandi bikayobora uwabitwaye kumasoko yijwi. Muri 2018, abasangirangendo ba Canine batangiye gahunda yicyitegererezo yo guhugura imbwa za serivise zo gufasha abahoze mu rugerero bafite ikibazo cy’ihungabana nyuma yo guhahamuka batanga buffer yoroheje mu bantu, bazimya amatara kandi bahagarika inzozi n’imyitwarire yo guhangayika.

Abantu batumiwe guhuzwa nimbwa bagenda mukigo cyamahugurwa gikorera leta yabo mumasomo y'ibyumweru bibiri yigisha abahawe uburyo bwo gukorana nabagenzi babo bashya. Ibi bikubiyemo kwiga ibijyanye na psychologiya yimbwa, gutunganya imbwa no kwitaho, hamwe namategeko imbwa izi. Guhuza imbwa numuntu bikorwa neza kugirango barebe ko ibikorwa byabo bihuye. Mugusoza, abantu banyura mubizamini hanyuma bakitabira umuhango wo gutanga impamyabumenyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Training |url=http://www.caninecompanions.org/national/training.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307094351/http://www.caninecompanions.org/national/training.html |archive-date=2007-03-07 |access-date=2007-01-08 |website=CCI}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amakipe ya Canine Basangirangendo bagaruka kubikurikirana bisanzwe mugihe cyo gushyira. Abakoresha imbwa Canine Basangirangendo nabo barashobora kugaruka mugihe cyo guhura cyangwa imyitozo yinyongera yo gukurikirana igihe icyo aricyo cyose. Igihe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About follow-up training |url=http://www.caninecompanions.org/national/follow_up.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308041510/http://www.caninecompanions.org/national/follow_up.html |archive-date=2007-03-08 |access-date=2007-01-08 |website=CCI}}&lt;/ref&gt; mu murimo ni imyaka umunani kugeza ku icumi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2006-11-13 |title=Aspirations Beyond Guard Duty |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/13/us/13breed.html?_r=0 |access-date=2015-09-11 |work=[[The New York Times]] |df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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    <title>Isaha ya Braille</title>
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'''Isaha ya Braille''' ni isaha itangarizwa igihe ijyanye n’abatabona cyangwa abafite bumuga bwo kutabona neza &lt;ref name=&quot;blindwatch&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-04-09 |title=A watch for blind people |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26920782 |access-date=2017-09-05 |work=[[BBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibisobanuro ==
Isaha ya Braille ikoreshwa no gukorakora uruziga (dial) kugira ngo umuntu amenye ibimenyetso byanditse hejuru. Hariho verisiyo zayo zombi isanzwe n'iya mudasobwa. Verisiyo za analog zigira ikirahure cyangwa igikonoshwa gikingira isaha, gishobora gufungurwa igihe umuntu ashaka gusoma isaha. Iminwe y’isaha (clock-hands) ikozwe ku buryo itanyeganyezwa n’ukuyikoraho igihe umuntu utabona akoresha urutoki rwe kugira ngo amenye uko ihagaze. Mu buryo bwa digital, utudomo (nk’utwandiko twa[[Inyandiko y'abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona(Braille)|braille]] ) duhora duhindura imyanya uko igihe gihinduka. Muri iki gihe, ugomba kumenya [[Inyandiko y'abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona(Braille)|inyuguti za Braille]] kugira ngo usome isaha.

Isaha z’amashanyarazi zivuga, zivuga igihe hakoreshejwe akabuto gato, nazo zikundwa cyane n’abantu batabona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goes&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Goes |first=Frank Joseph |year=2013 |title=The Eye in History p. 235 |url=https://archive.org/details/eyeinhistory0000goes |publisher=JP Medical Ltd |isbn=978-9-3509-0274-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}} {{Braille}}</text>
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    <title>Biotelemetry</title>
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      <text bytes="5833" sha1="d45l6f4pjzdbn3p4z5z8uoxfjug6zkj" xml:space="preserve">'''Biotelemetrie''' (cyangwa '''telemetrie yubuvuzi) isobanura ikoreshwa rya'''  tekinologi ya telemetrie mubijyanye n'ubumenyi bw'ibinyabuzima, ubuvuzi, n'izindi serivisi z'ubucuzi hagamijwe gukurikirana kure ibimenyetso by'ingenzi by'abarwayi bashobora ba  ambulatori. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=K |title=Biotelemetry: Could technological developments assist healthcare in rural India |url=http://www.rrh.org.au/publishedarticles/article_print_234.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gusaba ==
Ikoreshwa cyane kuri biotelemetrie ni mubice byabugenewe byita k'umutima cyangwa ibice byamanutse mu bitaro. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kiourti |first=Asimina |last2=Nikita |first2=Konstantina |date=2017 |title=A review of in-body biotelemetry devices: Implantables, ingestibles, and injectables |journal=IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering |volume=64 |issue=7 |pages=1422–1430 |doi=10.1109/TBME.2017.2668612 |pmid=28212074 |s2cid=34814036}}&lt;/ref&gt; byose bifatika bishobora kwanduzwa, porogaramu igarukira gusa ku kugenzura umutima na SpO2 .

Biotelemetry iragenda ikorwa cyane mu kumenya inyamaswa n'ibinyabuzima byo mu ishyamba, binyuze mu gupima kure imikorere y'imibiri yabo, imyitwarire yabo, n'imikoreshereze y'ingufu. Irashobora gukoreshwa mugusobanukirwa uburyo inyamaswa zimuka, hamwe nibidukikije bahura nabyo mugupima ibinyabuzima bihindagurika, nuburyo bigira &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cooke |first=Steven J. |last2=Hinch |first2=Scott G. |last3=Wikelski |first3=Martin |last4=Andrews |first4=Russel D. |last5=Kuchel |first5=Louise J. |last6=Wolcott |first6=Thomas G. |last7=Butler |first7=Patrick J. |date=2004-06-01 |title=Biotelemetry: a mechanistic approach to ecology |journal=Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=334–343 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2004.04.003 |issn=0169-5347 |pmid=16701280 |s2cid=17085487}}&lt;/ref&gt; yabyo mugupima ibinyabuzima bihindagurika nkumutima nubushyuhe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Use of Biotelemetry in the Study of Animal Migration {{!}} Learn Science at Scitable |url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/the-use-of-biotelemetry-in-the-study-96639422/ |access-date=2019-11-12 |website=www.nature.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya telemetrie irashobora kwomekwa hanze yinyamaswa , cyangwa igashyirwa imbere, hamwe nubwoko bwokwirakwiza kubikoresho biterwa nibidukikije inyamaswa yimukiramo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Urugero, mu bushakashatsi ku mikorere y'inyamaswa ziba mu mazi, bakoresha uburyo bwo kohereza ubutumwa hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi y'amajwi (radio transmission) cyangwa amajwi atumvikana (ultrasonic transmission). Ariko inyamaswa ziba ku butaka cyangwa iziguruka zo, zishobora gukurikiranywa hifashishijwe GPS n'ubutumwa mu kirere (satelitte transmission)

== Ibigize sisitemu ya biotelemetrie ==
Sisitemu isanzwe ya biotelemetrie igizwe na:

* Sensor ikwiranye nibimenyetso byihariye bigomba gukurikiranwa
* Amashanyarazi akoreshwa na Batiri, abarwayi bambara imashini
* Radiyo Antenna n'iyakira &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kiourti |first=Asimina |last2=Nikita |first2=Konstantina |date=2012 |title=A Review of Implantable Patch Antennas for Biomedical Telemetry: Challenges and Solutions |journal=IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=210–228 |doi=10.1109/MAP.2012.6293992 |s2cid=20515196}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Igice cyo kwerekana gishobora icyarimwe gutanga amakuru kubarwayi benshi

== Amateka ==
Bumwe mu buryo bwa mbere bwakoreshejwe bwa sisitemu ya biotelemetrie bwatangiye mu isiganwa ry’ikirere hakiri kare, aho ibimenyetso bya physiologique byakuwe mu nyamaswa cyangwa abagenzi b’abantu byoherejwe ku isi kugira ngo bisesengurwe (izina ry’uruganda rukora ibikoresho by’ubuvuzi Spacelabs Healthcare ni uburyo rwerekana ko rwatangiye mu 1958 rutezimbere uburyo bwa biotelemetrike muri gahunda yo muri Amerika yo hambere).

Ibinyabuzima bikomoka ku binyabuzima byakoreshejwe kuva byibura 1980. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wolcott |first=T.G. |date=1980 |title=A Handbook on Biotelemetry and Radio Tracking |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookonbiotel0000inte |publisher=Pergamon |isbn=9780080249285 |editor-last=C.J. Amlaner |location=Oxford |pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbookonbiotel0000inte/page/279 279]–286 or 333–338 |chapter=Optical and Radio Optical Techniques for Tracking Nocturnal Animals |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-024928-5.50044-0 |editor-last2=D.W. MacDonald}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibinyabuzima bikomoka ku binyabuzima byateye imbere kugira ngo bidasobanukirwe gusa n’imiterere n’imiterere y’inyamaswa zidafite ubwisanzure, ahubwo binasobanura uburyo inyamaswa zitandukanye zikorana, urugero, hagati y’inyamanswa n’inyambo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Halfyard |first=Edmund A. |last2=Webber |first2=D. |last3=Papa |first3=J. Del |last4=Leadley |first4=T. |last5=Kessel |first5=S. T. |last6=Colborne |first6=S. F. |last7=Fisk |first7=A. T. |date=2017 |title=Evaluation of an acoustic telemetry transmitter designed to identify predation events |journal=Methods in Ecology and Evolution |language=en |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=1063–1071 |bibcode=2017MEcEv...8.1063H |doi=10.1111/2041-210X.12726 |issn=2041-210X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibigezweho ==
Kubera ubwinshi bwa radiyo bitewe na televiziyo ya digitale iherutse gutangizwa muri Amerika no mu bindi bihugu byinshi, komisiyo ishinzwe itumanaho (FCC) kimwe n’ibindi bigo bisa ahandi vuba aha.  yatangiye gutanga imirongo yihariye yabugenewe yo gukoresha biotelemetrie yihariye, urugero, Serivise ya Wireless Medical Telemetry Service (WMTS). FCC yashyizeho Sosiyete y'Abanyamerika ishinzwe ubuvuzi bw’ubuzima bw’ishyirahamwe ry’ibitaro by’Abanyamerika (ASHE / AHA) nkumuhuzabikorwa wa WMTS.

Mubyongeyeho, hari ibicuruzwa byinshi bikoresha ibikoresho bisanzwe bya radio bisanzwe biboneka nka Bluetooth na IEEE 802.11 .

== AMASHAKIRO ==</text>
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      <text bytes="67597" sha1="dtlzv0o4x8uk7zy1o0j044uupd3ui51" xml:space="preserve">'''Alma Woodsey Thomas''' (22 Nzeri 1891 - 24 Gashyantare 1978) yari [[Umuhanzi Kamariza|umuhanzi]] n’umwalimu w’umunyafurika n’umunyamerika yaratuye kandi agakorera  i Washington, DC, ubu akaba azwi nk’umunyamerika ukomeye w’umuhazi mubyo gusiga amarangi wo mu kinyejana cya 20. Niwe mugore wa mbere w’umunyafurika akaba n’umunyamerika winjijwe krurtonde rwi [[Perezidansi y’Amerika|cyegeranyo]] cy’ubuhanzi bwo gusiga amarangi gihoraho mubiro bya reta zunze ubumwe bwa amerika buzwi nka white house.  Thomas azwi cyane kubera ubuhanga bwe mugukora ibihangano by'amashusho y'amabara, ndetse yatangiye no gukora ibihangano byamashusho adasobanutse ariko arimo ubuhanga, yayakoze nyuma yo kujya mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru cy'imyaka 35 yigisha ibihangano mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Shaw Junior rya Washington.

Thomas, usanzwe ufatwa nk'umunyamuryango w’ishuri ry’ubuhanzi rya Washington Color school Art ariko ubundi agashyirwa mu majwi na bamwe nkumuhanzi wumuhanga mubyo gukurura amarangamutima y'abantu / cyangwa nkumwirabura wambere ubayeho wabayeho uzi kuvanga amarangi bikurura amarangamutima y'abantu, yabonye impamyabumenyi ye yo kwigisha yakuye muri kaminuza y’akarere ka Columbiya (izwi ku izina rya Miner Normal School icyo gihe). Yabaye uwa mberewabonye impamyabumenyi   mu ishami ry’ubuhanzi rya kaminuza ya Howard, kandi akomeza umubano mwiza  niyo kaminuza mu buzima bwe. Yageze ku ntsinzi nkumuhanzi wumugore wumunyafurika  n’umunyamerika nubwo amacakubiri n’urwikekwe byariho icyogihe.

Thomas yamenyekanye cyane nyma y'urupfu rwe. Igishushanyo cye cyerekanwe mu ngoro ndangamurage no mu byegeranyo kandi byagiye byibandwaho mu bitabo byinshi ndetse n’imurikagurisha ry’umurage wubuhanzi bwo gushushanya. Inzu Ndangamurage y'Abanyamerika ya Smithsonian ikomeza gukusanya ibikorwa bye kwisi hose.  Mu 2021, inzu ndangamurage yagurishije ishusho ya Thomas ''Alma's Flower Garden'' mu bucuruzi bwihariye ku madolari 2.8 miliyoni.

== Ubuzima n'akazi ==

=== Ubwana, uburezi, n'imyanya yo kwigisha akiri muto. ===
Alma Thomas yavutse ku ya 22 Nzeri 1891, avukira i Columbus, Jeworujiya, avuka ariwe mukobwa mukuru(ari [[imfura]]) mu bakobwa bane, se yitwa John Harris Thomas, [[Ubucuruzi Mpuzamahanga bw’Ibinyabuzima Bwenda Gucika|umucuruzi]], na  Nyina Amelia Cantey Thomas, wari umuhanzi mugushushanya no kudoda imyenda.&lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 16&quot;&gt;&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;Nyina na nyirasenge, nyuma baje kwandikwa nk'abarimu ndetse n’abanyeshuri barangije muri Tuskegee .Yagaragaje ubuhanga akiri umwana, nubwo umwuga we wubuhanzi yawutangiye nyuma amaze gukura. Igihe Tomasi yari amaze gukura, yerekanaga ubuhanga bwe mu buhanzi, kandi yishimira gukora uduce duto duto duto nk'ibipupe, ibishushanyo n'amasahani abumbye, cyane cyane mu ibumba ku mugezi wari uri inyuma y'iwabo '''.''' &lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cherry |first=Schroeder |date=1997 |title=Instructional Resources: Four Works by African-American Artists in the Baltimore Museum of Art's Collection |journal=Art Education |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=25–32 |doi=10.2307/3193640 |jstor=3193640}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nubwo yari ashishikajwe n’ubuhanzi, Thomas &quot;ntiyari yemerewe&quot; kujya mu nzu ndangamurage y’ubuhanzi akiri umwana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sheets |first=Hilarie |date=2016-01-21 |title=Pioneering Painter Alma Thomas Is Making a Comeback 30 Years after Her Last Major Retrospective |url=https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-pioneering-painter-alma-thomas-is-making-a-comeback-over-30-years-since-her-last-major-retrospective |access-date=2020-03-06 |website=Artsy |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Box 1, Folder 1 {{!}} A Finding Aid to the Alma Thomas papers, circa 1894-2001 {{!}} Digitized Collection {{!}} Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution |url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/alma-thomas-papers-9241/series-1/box-1-folder-1 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=www.aaa.si.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yahawe amasomo yumuziki, kuko nyina yacurangaga inanga.
[[Dosiye:Alma_Thomas_Queen_Anne_Victorian.jpg|alt=Queen Anne Victorian|right|thumb|165x165px|Inzu yaho Alma Thomas yabaga akiri umwana i Columbus, Jeworujiya]]
Mu 1907, igihe Thomas yari afite imyaka 16, umuryango we wimukiye mu gace ka Logan Circle gaherereye i Washington, DC &lt;ref name=&quot;Cotter1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Holland Cotter |date=October 11, 2009 |title=White House Art: Colors From a World of Black and White |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/11/weekinreview/11cotter.html |access-date=July 6, 2011 |work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu gusobanura uko umuryango wimutse, nyuma yaranditse ati: &quot;Ndangije amashuri yisumbuye i Columbus, nta hantu na hamwe nashoboraga gukomereza amashuri yanjye, bityo ababyeyi banjye bahitamo kwimurira umuryango i Washington.&quot;  : 3 Tomasi yashoboye kandi kubona uko ajya mu masomero y'i Washington, bitandukanye na Columbus. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;autobio&quot; /&gt; : 3 Ababyeyi be bafashe iki cyemezo nubwo byamanuye umuryango mu mibereho no mubukungu, bituma bava mumubare wabari mucyiciro cya kabiri cy'ubukungu bari bafite bakiba muri Jeworujiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;CultureType-Locating&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Valentine |first=Victoria |date=14 April 2018 |title=Locating Alma Thomas: Forthcoming Retrospective Will Explore Artist's Creative Life and Hometown Connections |url=https://www.culturetype.com/2018/04/14/locating-alma-thomas-forthcoming-retrospective-will-explore-artists-creative-life-and-hometown-connections/ |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Culture Type}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abandi banditsi bagaragaje ko imvururu z’amoko ya Atlanta n'ubwicanyi bushingiye ku moko bwo mu 1906 ari impamvu zishobora kuba zaratumye bava muri Jeworujiya. [ 3 ] Urundi rugero rw’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku moko umuryango we wahuye naryo muri Jeworujiya, ise wa Alma yahuye n’agatsiko ka lynch mbere gato yuko Alma avuka, umuryango we wavuze ko kutumva kwe kwatewe n'imirwano yagiranye nabari bagize ako gatsiko. &lt;ref name=&quot;Post-Late-Springtime&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Munro |first=Eleanor |date=15 April 1979 |title=The late Spring time of Alma Thomas (interview) |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/1979/04/15/the-late-spring-time-of-alma-thomas/f205cbf7-3483-4cc4-8a52-7f5eacda7925/ |access-date=12 December 2020 |work=Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nubwo byari bitandukanye, [[umurwa]] mukuru w’igihugu wari uzwiho guha amahirwe Abirabura benshi kurusha indi mijyi myinshi. &lt;ref name=&quot;nmwa.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alma Woodsey Thomas |url=https://nmwa.org/explore/artist-profiles/alma-woodsey-thomas |access-date=2019-03-02 |website=National Museum of Women in the Arts}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkuko yabyanditse mu myaka ya za 70, &quot;Nibura amasomero ya Washington yakinguriwe nabanyafrika  cyangwa abirabura bari barahawe izina rya  Negro, mu gihe Columbus yo yari yarakumiriye  abirabura(Negro) mu isomero ryayo.&quot; [ 4 ] I Washington, Thomas yize mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya tekinike rya Armstrong, aho yakuye umwanya wa mbere mu masomo y’ubuhanzi. [ 3 ] Kuri bo, yagize ati &quot;Ninjiye mu cyumba cy'ubuhanzi, byari nko kwinjira mu ijuru ... Ishuri ryisumbuye rya Armstrong ryashizeho urufatiro rw'ubuzima bwanjye.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Post-Late-Springtime&quot; /&gt; Mu mashuri yisumbuye, yari umuhanga mu mibare na siyansi, kandi ubwubatsi bwibihangano bwaramushishikazaga cyane. Ibikorwa bye by'ubuhanzi &lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alma Woodsey Thomas |url=https://www.infinite-women.com/women/alma-woodsey-thomas/ |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Infinite Women |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Post-Late-Springtime&quot; /&gt; yakoreye i Armstrong byerekanwe muri Smithsonian mu 1912. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)&quot;&gt;citation ikenewe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Nyuma yo kurangiza amashuri yisumbuye ya Armstrong &quot;  : 4 mu 1911, yize amashuri yakaminuza mu ishuri risanzwe rya Miner (ubu rizwi nka kaminuza y'akarere ka Columbiya ), ahabwa impamyabumenyi yo kwigisha mu 1913. [ 3 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 19&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;19&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;Mu 1914, yabonye umwanya wo kwigisha mu mashuri ya Princess Anne ku nkombe y'Iburasirazuba bwa Maryland, aho yigishije amezi ane. [ 3 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 19&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;19&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;Mu 1915, yatangiye kwigisha mw'ishuri ryari mu nzu ya Thomas Garrett i Wilmington, muri Delaware, kugeza mu 1921. [ 3 ] 

Thomas yinjiye muri kaminuza ya Howard mu 1921, afite imyaka 30, yinjirira ku masomo yibanze kubera amahugurwa yabanjemo y'abarimu. Yatangiye ari umunyeshuri wiga ibijyanye n'ubukungu bwurugo, ateganya kuba inzobere mu gushushanya imyambarire, gusa nyuma aza guhindura ajya mu buhanzi bwubwiza. [ 3 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 19-20&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;19-20&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;Ubuhanzi bwe yibanze kuri Howard bwari ku gishushanyo; Romare Bearden na Henry Henderson bavuze ko amashusho yakoze mu gihe cyo kwiga kaminuza ari &quot;amasomo kandi atamenyekanye.&quot; [ 13 ] Yabonye impamyabumenyi ya Bachelor of Science mu buhanzi Bwiza mu 1924 yakuye muri Howard, abaye umunyeshuri wa mbere muri gahunda y’ubugeni bwa kaminuza. Hasabwe ko hashobora kuba umugore wa mbere w’umunyafurika-Umunyamerika cyangwa Umunyamerika wabonye impamyabumenyi y’ubuhanzi, [ 3 ] &lt;ref name=&quot;Morrison&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Morrison |first=Keith Anthony |title=Art in Washington and Its Afro-American Presence: 1940-1970 |url=http://keithmorrison.com/?page_id=1228 |access-date=12 December 2020 |website=keithmorrison.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; icyakora Mary Jane Patterson yakiriye impamyabumenyi ye, mu 1862, hashize imyaka 60 mbere.

In 1924, Thomas began teaching art at Shaw Junior High School, a Black school in the then-segregated public schools of Washington, D.C., where she worked until her retirement in 1960; she wrote, &quot;I was there for thirty-five years and occupied the same classroom.&quot;[4]: 13  She taught alongside fellow artist Malkia Roberts.&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Alma |date=1998 |title=Alma W. Thomas: A Retrospective of the Paintings |url=https://archive.org/details/almawthomasretro00thom |last2=Fort Wayne Museum of Art |publisher=Pomegranate |isbn=9780764906862 |language=en |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;: 43  While at Shaw Junior High, she started a community arts program that encouraged student appreciation of fine art. The program supported marionette performances and the distribution of student designed holiday cards which were given to soldiers at the Tuskegee Veterans Administration Medical Center. Also, according to her reminiscences, &quot;At Shaw, I organized the first art gallery in the D.C. public schools in 1938, securing paintings by outstanding Negro artists from the Howard Gallery of Art.&quot;[3]: 23 [4]: 4 

Imyaka mirongo itatu nigice y’umwuga wa Tomasi wigisha, kuva 1924 kugeza 1960, bavuzwe na Thurlow Tibbs, umucuruzi w’ubuhanzi w’umunyafurika n’umunyamerika DC (n’umwuzukuru w’inshuti ya Tomasi Lillian Evans, umuririmbyi wa opera) nk '&quot;igihe cyo gusembura;&quot; [ 3 ] muri bo yakuyemo ibitekerezo byinshi ningaruka, hanyuma nyuma ya 1960 ahereye kuri ibyo bitekerezo n'ingaruka azarema ibihangano bye byihariye. Mu gihe yigishaga muri Shaw Junior High, Thomas yakomeje gukurikirana ibihangano bye, amashuri ye asanzwe kandi adasanzwe, ndetse n’ibikorwa yakoranye n’umuryango w’ubuhanzi wa Washington, DC, aba nyuma bakunze kubikora mu buryo bujyanye na kaminuza ya Howard.

Muri kiriya gihe, Thomas yashushanyije, cyane cyane mu mazi; mu gihe injyana ye mu myaka ya za 1930 yari ikiri &quot;gakondo gakondo&quot; kandi karemano, yiswe &quot;amabara meza cyane.&quot; [ 13 ] Mu mpeshyi, yajyaga mu mujyi wa New York gusura ingoro ndangamurage z'ubuhanzi, harimo inzu ndangamurage ya Metropolitan, hamwe na galeries. [ 13 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 448&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;448&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;

Mu mpeshyi yo mu 1930 kugeza 1934, yize muri kaminuza y’abarimu ya kaminuza ya Columbia, abona impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu bijyanye n’ubuhanzi mu 1934; ubushakashatsi bwe bwibanze ku bishushanyo, maze yandika [[igitabo]] cye ku ikoreshwa rya marionettes. [ 3 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 11,23&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;11,23&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Post-Late-Springtime&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;/&gt; [ 13 ] 

Mu ci ryo mu 1935, yize marionettes mu mujyi wa New York hamwe n’umupupe w’umudage w’umudage n’umunyamerika Tony Sarg, se w’ibikinisho bigezweho muri Amerika. [ 3 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 23&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;23&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;

Mu 1936, yashinze umuryango witwa umushinga w’ishuri ry’ubuhanzi, kugira ngo uzane abana amahirwe y’ubuhanzi. [ 3 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 22&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;22&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Simpson |first=Pamela H. |last2=Kainen |first2=Jacob |last3=Gibson |first3=Ann |last4=Binstock |first4=Jonathan P. |last5=Tsujimoto |first5=Karen |last6=Baas |first6=Jacquelynn |year=2000 |title=Alma W. Thomas, A Retrospective of the Paintings |journal=Woman's Art Journal |language=en-US |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=55–56 |doi=10.2307/1358876 |jstor=1358876}}&lt;/ref&gt; [ 4 ] 

Mu 1943, Thomas yafashije James W. Herring, wahoze ari umwarimu muri Howard, na Alonzo J. Aden babonye ububiko bwa Barnett-Aden, ububiko bwa mbere bw’abirabura bwigenga bw’abirabura muri Amerika.  : 2 Yabaye visi perezida mukuru. Kuba Thomas yarafatanije n’Ingoro ya Barnett-Aden byasobanuwe ko ari &quot;ingenzi kuri&quot; kandi, nk'uko byatangajwe n’umuyobozi ushinzwe amasomo, Adelyn Dohme Breeskin, iterambere rya &quot;pivotal&quot; mu iterambere rye nk’umuhanzi wabigize umwuga. &quot;Byamuteye guhura n’abahanzi bakomeye bo mu gihugu cya none,&quot; byatumye arushaho kumenya ibijyanye n’ubuhanzi n’icyerekezo, &quot;kandi bituma abahanzi [ &quot; bamurwanya kandi bamutera imbaraga. [ 13 ] &lt;ref name=&quot;NGA-event&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Valentine |first=Victoria |date=April 2, 2017 |title=Art Capital: Nearly 500 Gather at National Gallery of Art to Discuss African American Art in 20th Century Washington |url=https://www.culturetype.com/2017/04/02/art-capital-nearly-500-gather-at-national-gallery-of-art-to-discuss-african-american-art-in-20th-century-washington/ |access-date=8 December 2020 |website=Culture Type}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu myaka ya za 1940, Thomas yinjiye kandi mu muryango w’abahanzi ba Lois Mailou Jones, &quot;Itsinda Rito rya [[Paris]] (cyangwa&quot; Itsinda Rito rya Paris, &quot;cyangwa&quot; Itsinda rya Studio rya Paris &quot;) Iri tsinda ry’abahanzi ba Black Washington ryashinzwe na Jones na Céline Marie Tabary, abahanzi ndetse n’abanyamuryango b’ishami ry’ubuhanzi rya kaminuza ya Howard (Jones kuva 1930 kugeza 1977, na Tabary guhera mu &lt;ref name=&quot;MessyNessy&quot; /&gt; ). &lt;ref name=&quot;MessyNessy&quot; /&gt; &quot;mu mpera za 1940,&quot; [ 3 ] 1945,  1946, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 16, 2020 |title=Longtime Home of Artist Alma Thomas For Sale in Washington, D.C., for $2.2 Million+ |url=https://www.culturetype.com/2020/05/16/longtime-home-of-artist-alma-thomas-for-sale-in-washington-d-c-for-2-2-million/ |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Culture Type}}&lt;/ref&gt; cyangwa 1948. &lt;ref name=&quot;Callaloo&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rowell |first=Charles Henry |date=2016 |title=Two Galleries, Engaging Art, Great Talents, and Challenging Minds: The Howard University Gallery of Art, the Little Paris Group, and the Barnett-Aden Gallery |journal=Callaloo |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=1163–1167 |doi=10.1353/cal.2016.0150 |s2cid=165243253 |id={{Project MUSE|698955}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yateranye haba buri cyumweru &lt;ref name=&quot;Pierce-Little-Paris&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 July 2013 |title=Delilah W. Pierce Among Alma Thomas' Little Paris Group, 1948 |url=https://delilahwpierce.com/2013/07/03/delilah-w-pierce-among-alma-thomas-little-paris-group-1948/ |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Delilah W. Pierce |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Bygone-Brookland&quot; /&gt; cyangwa kabiri mu cyumweru, [ 3 ] &lt;ref name=&quot;MessyNessy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 June 2020 |title=The &quot;Other&quot; Lost Generation of Black American Artists in Paris |url=https://www.messynessychic.com/2020/06/04/the-other-lost-generation-of-black-american-artists-in-paris/ |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Messy Nessy Chic}}&lt;/ref&gt; muri studio ya Jones, &quot;Sitidiyo Nto ya Paris,&quot; mu rugo rwe kuri 1220 Quincy Street NE, mu gace ka Washington ka Brookland . Yabayeho &lt;ref name=&quot;Bygone-Brookland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Malesky |first=Robert |title=PORTRAITS: Loïs Mailou Jones and the Little Paris Studio |url=http://bygonebrookland.com/portraits-lois-mailou-jones.html |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Bygone Brookland |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108060156/http://bygonebrookland.com/portraits-lois-mailou-jones.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; . [ 3 ] Yahaye abahanzi bateye imbere amahirwe yo gushushanya kuri moderi, &lt;ref name=&quot;Hyperallergic&quot; /&gt; kunoza ubuhanga bwabo - &quot;guteza imbere ubuhanga nuburyo,&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Pierce-Little-Paris&quot; /&gt; na &quot;gutezimbere ubuhanga bwabo no kungurana ibitekerezo&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;MessyNessy&quot; /&gt;, kimwe na salon, cyangwa ihuriro ryibiganiro - &quot;kuvuga kubyagezweho mubuhanzi bugezweho, cyane cyane ko byari bishingiye i Paris.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Hyperallergic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yau |first=John |date=14 August 2016 |title=Under No Obligation |url=https://hyperallergic.com/317208/alma-thomas-studio-museum-harlem/ |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Hyperallergic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abandi bagize iryo tsinda usibye Jones na Tabary barimo Delilah Pierce na Thomas, ndetse na Bruce Brown, Ruth Brown, Richard Dempsey, Barbara Linger, Don Roberts, Desdemona Wade, Frank West, na Elizabeth Williamson. &lt;ref name=&quot;Little-Paris-photo-1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;MessyNessy&quot; /&gt; Ifoto, yo mu bubiko bwa Thomas, y’iteraniro ry’itsinda ryo mu 1948 ryerekana abahanzi cumi na batatu n’umunyamideli w’umugabo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Little-Paris-photo-1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Little Paris Group in Lois Jones' studio |url=https://www.si.edu/object/little-paris-group-lois-jones-studio:AAADCD_item_7393 |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Smithsonian Institution |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Little-Paris-photo-2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Little Paris Group in Lois Jones' studio, 1948, from the Alma Thomas papers, circa 1894-2001 |url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/items/detail/little-paris-group-lois-jones-studio-7393 |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Archives of American Art, Smithsonian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 1958, Thomas yasuye ibigo by’ubuhanzi byo mu Burayi bw’iburengerazuba hamwe n’abanyeshuri ba kaminuza ya Temple mu ruzinduko runini rwateguwe n’iryo shuri ry’ubuhanzi rya Tyler. [ 3 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 25&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;25&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;[ 13 ] 

Uruhare rwe mu itsinda rito rya Paris bivugwa ko rwashishikarije Thomas gushaka andi masomo muri kaminuza ya Amerika . Igitabo kimwe kivuga ko mu ntangiriro ya za 1950, &quot;ishami ry’ubuhanzi rya AU ryafatwaga mu bice byinshi nk 'ishami ry’ubuhanzi rya avant-garde mu gihugu.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;But-Men&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Thursday, February 11, 2016 |url=https://beingbutmen.blogspot.com/2016/02/who-are-these-men-they-changed.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128093640/http://beingbutmen.blogspot.com/2016/02/who-are-these-men-they-changed.html |archive-date=January 28, 2020 |access-date=8 December 2020 |website=Being But Men, We Walked Into the Trees |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kubera iyo mpamvu, mu 1950, afite imyaka 59, yatangiye imyaka icumi yiga muri iyo kaminuza, yiga amasomo nijoro na wikendi, yiga ubuhanzi, &lt;ref name=&quot;SAAM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alma Thomas |url=https://americanart.si.edu/artist/alma-thomas-4778 |access-date=2019-11-12 |website=Smithsonian American Art Museum |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; harimo amateka yubuhanzi no gushushanya. [ 13 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 449&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;449&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NMWA-Blog&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 October 2009 |title=Artist Spotlight: Alma Thomas |url=https://nmwa.org/blog/artist-spotlight-alma-thomas/ |access-date=17 December 2020 |website=National Museum of Women in the Arts - Broad Strokes Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri kaminuza y'Abanyamerika yize gushushanya hamwe na Robert Franklin Gates na Ben &quot;Joe&quot; Summerford. Ariko Jacob Kainen yari umwarimu we ukomeye cyane, kandi yari kuba inshuti magara ubuzima bwe bwose. Igihe Thomas yigana na Kainen mu gatasi 1957, yamufata nk'umuhanzi mugenzi we aho kuba umunyeshuri. [ 3 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 11&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;11&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;Kainen yari yarahuye na Thomas mu 1934, mu nzu mberabyombi ya Barnet-Aden, maze mu 1957, yemera gutangira kwigisha icyiciro cya AU cy’umwaka wose cy’abanyeshuri batandatu batoranijwe bashushanyije, barimo na Thomas, ariko ubuyobozi bwemerera abanyeshuri 32, benshi muri bo bakaba batangiye, kwiga ishuri maze Kainen areka gucika intege nyuma ya manda imwe. [ 3 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 30&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;30&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;

Igihe Thomas yatangiraga amasomo ye yisumbuye muri kaminuza y'Abanyamerika mu 1950, yari akiri amarangi y'ikigereranyo. Mu myaka ya za 1950, uburyo bwe bwahindutse muburyo butandukanye, kuva gushushanya kwishusho kugeza kubisimu no kwerekana imvugo idasobanutse, hamwe n &quot;&quot; urwibutso &quot;, amashusho yijimye ahanini yambaye amajwi yubururu nubururu, atangira kwakira amabara meza yakoreshaga nyuma muburyo bwe bwo gusinya. [ 3 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 25, 30-31&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;25, 30-31&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Umwuga w'ubuhanzi ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot; ''Ubuhanzi bwo guhanga ni ubw'igihe cyose bityo bukaba butigenga ku gihe. Ni mu myaka yose, mu bihugu byose, kandi niba bivuze ko dushaka kuvuga umwuka wo guhanga umuntu ukora ishusho cyangwa igishusho uhuriweho n'isi yose y’umuco, utitaye ku myaka, ubwoko ndetse n'ubwenegihugu; aya magambo ashobora guhagarara nta nkomyi.'' &quot; -Alma Thomas, 1970 &lt;/blockquote&gt;Mu 1960, Thomas yavuye mu kwigisha maze aba umuhanzi wigihe cyose wabigize umwuga afite imyaka 68 cyangwa 69.

Mu myaka ya za 1960, yatangiye gukora amashusho y’amabara,  ahumekewe nakazi k’ishuri rya New York na Abstract Expressionism . 

Thomas yari azwiho gukorera muri sitidiyo y'urugo (icyumba gito cyo kubamo), akora ibishushanyo bye &quot;asunika canvas ku bibero bye kandi abinganya na sofa.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;/&gt; Yakoraga mu gikoni mu nzu ye, ahimba imirimo nka ''Watusi (Hard Edge)'' (1963), manipulation ya Cutis ya Matisse ''The Snail'', &lt;ref name=&quot;Gopnik&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Blake Gopnik |date=November 5, 2009 |title=Alma Thomas's &quot;Watusi (Hard Edge)&quot; Won't Hang in White House |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/04/AR2009110405053.html |access-date=July 6, 2011 |work=Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; aho Thomas yahinduye imiterere ahindura amabara Matisse yakoresheje, maze ayita indirimbo ya Chubby Checker . &lt;ref name=&quot;Cotter1&quot;/&gt;

Mu buryo butandukanye n’abandi banyeshuri benshi bo mu ishuri ry’amabara rya Washington, ntabwo yakoresheje kaseti kugira ngo agaragaze imiterere y’amashusho ye. [ 13 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 451&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;451&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;Ubuhanga bwe bwarimo gushushanya imirongo yamakaramu yoroheje hejuru ya canvas kugirango akore imiterere nishusho, no kuzuza amarangi irangi nyuma. Imirongo yikaramu ye igaragara mubice byinshi yarangije, ntabwo yabisibye. &lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;/&gt;

Ibikorwa bya Tomasi nyuma yizabukuru byari byibanze cyane kubitekerezo byamabara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;/&gt; Ibikorwa bye muri kiriya gihe byumvikanaga n’ibya Vasily Kandinsky (wari ushishikajwe n’ubushobozi bw’amarangamutima y’amabara) ndetse n’i Washington Color Field Painters, &quot;ikintu cyamushimishije abamunenga ... ariko nanone cyibajije ibibazo byerekeranye n '&quot; umwirabura &quot;mu gihe abahanzi bato bo muri Afurika n’Abanyamerika bakoraga ibikorwa byo kwigaragambya bishingiye ku moko.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2000 |title=Reviewed Works: Alma W. Thomas, a Retrospective of the Paintings |journal=Woman's Art Journal |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=55–56 |doi=10.2307/1358116 |jstor=1358116}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yavuze ati: &quot;Gukoresha ibara mu mashusho yanjye ni iby'ingenzi kuri njye. Nkoresheje ibara nagerageje kwibanda ku bwiza n'ibyishimo mu gishushanyo cyanjye aho kwibanda ku buntu bwa muntu ku muntu.&quot; [ 4 ] Yongeye kuvuga ku bijyanye no gukoresha ibara yagize ati: &quot;Ibara ni ubuzima, kandi umucyo ni nyina w'amabara.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;artic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=1972 |title=Starry Night and the Astronauts |url=https://www.artic.edu/artworks/129884/starry-night-and-the-astronauts |website=The Art Institute of Chicago}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:March_on_Washington_Alma_Thomas_1964.jpg|right|thumb|''Werurwe i Washington'' (1964) mu Ngoro y’ubuhanzi mu 2022]]
[[File:Pansies_in_Washington,_1969,_Alma_Thomas.jpg|right|thumb|''Pansies i Washington'' (1969) mu Ngoro yigihugu yubuhanzi muri 2022]]
Imurikagurisha rye rya mbere ryasubiye mu 1966 (24 Mata - 17 Gicurasi) mu Ngoro y’ubuhanzi muri kaminuza ya Howard, ryateguwe n’amateka y’ubuhanzi James A. Porter . Harimo imirimo 34 kuva 1959 kugeza 1966. Kuri iri murika, yakoze ''ibishushanyo mbonera by’isi'', uruhererekane rw’ibikorwa byahumetswe na kamere, harimo ''izuka'' (1966), &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Box 2, Folder 43 {{!}} A Finding Aid to the Alma Thomas papers, circa 1894-2001 {{!}} Digitized Collection |url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/alma-thomas-papers-9241/series-4/box-2-folder-43 |access-date=2020-02-22 |website=www.aaa.si.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; mu mwaka wa 2014 bikaba byari kugurwa mu cyegeranyo cya [[Perezidansi y’Amerika|White House]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Resurrection&quot; by Alma Thomas |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/photos/resurrection-by-alma-thomas |access-date=2020-02-22 |website=WHHA (en-US) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;CT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Valentine |first=Victoria |date=17 April 2015 |title=Alma Thomas is Given Pride of Place at the White House |url=https://www.culturetype.com/2015/04/17/alma-thomas-is-given-pride-of-place-at-the-white-house/ |access-date=30 August 2019 |work=Culture Type}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niwe mugore wa mbere w’umunyafurika-Umunyamerika winjijwe mu cyegeranyo cy’ubuhanzi gihoraho cya [[Perezidansi y’Amerika|White House]] . 

Tomasi n'umuhanzi Delilah Pierce, inshuti, bari gutwara imodoka mu cyaro aho Tomasi yashakishaga imbaraga, akuramo ibitekerezo ku ngaruka z'umucyo n'ikirere ku bidukikije. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)&quot;&gt;citation ikenewe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Kugira ngo duhangane n'ikibazo cyatewe na Howard show, nk'uko Romare Bearden na Henry Henderson babitangaza, uburyo bwe bwongeye guhinduka, mu buryo bw'ingenzi: &quot;Tomasi yahinduye uburyo bwihariye ubu buzwi nk'umukono we - ukina ibara rirwanya ibara kandi hejuru y'ibara rifite ishusho ntoya, idasanzwe y'urukiramende rufite ibara ryinshi, akenshi rifite ibara ryinshi.&quot; [ 13 ] Iri murika ryakiriwe neza na Helen Hoffman mu kinyamakuru Washington Post cyo ku ya 4 Gicurasi 1966, cyiswe &quot;ibara ryerekana amabara ryerekana umwuka we&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;

Ahumekewe n'ukwezi kugwa mu 1969, Alma Thomas yatangiye insanganyamatsiko ye ya kabiri y'ingenzi yo gushushanya. Urukurikirane ''Umwanya, Snoopy'' ''nisi'' byashyizwe mubikorwa pointillism. Yabyukije umwuka muburyo butandukanye cyane bwamabara nuburyo bwa mozayike, akoresha ubururu bwijimye bwijimye bwijimye kandi bwijimye bwa orange, agaragaza abstraction nubwiza butunguranye akoresheje ibara. Ibikorwa byinshi muriki ruhererekane bifite uruziga, rutambitse, na vertical verisiyo. Ibishushanyo birashobora kubyara ibyiyumvo byo kureremba. Ibishushanyo nabyo bitanga ingufu muri canvas. Itandukaniro ryamabara ritera ibara rikomeye, kandi rigumana imbaraga ziboneka. &lt;ref name=&quot;SAAM&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Earth_Sermon_-_Beauty,_Love_and_Peace,_1971,_Alma_Thomas.jpeg|right|thumb|''Inyigisho y'isi - Ubwiza, Urukundo n'amahoro'' (1971) mu nzu ndangamurage ya Hirshhorn n'ubusitani bw'ibishushanyo mu 2022]]
Hagati ya 1967 na 1975, Thomas yahawe ibihembo byinshi n’ishimwe mu mashyirahamwe atandukanye y’ubuhanzi n’ingoro ndangamurage z’Abanyamerika. Mu 1967, Thomas yatsindiye icyubahiro mu imurikagurisha ry’umuryango w’abanyamerika bo muri Otirishiya hamwe n’ishusho ye ''The Viennese Waltzes,'' nyuma mu 1972, afite imyaka 81, Thomas ni we mugore wa mbere w’umunyamerika w’umunyamerika wagize imurikagurisha wenyine mu nzu ndangamurage y’ubuhanzi ya Whitney . Nyuma yaho muri uwo mwaka, imurikagurisha rinini cyane ryabereye mu ngoro y’ubuhanzi ya Corcoran .  &lt;ref name=&quot;Bearden&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bearden |first=Romare |date=1993 |title=A History of African-American Artists: From 1792 to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofafrican00bear |last2=Henderson |first2=Henry |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=9780394570167 |location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 452 Thomas yahakanye ibirango bamushyizeho nk'umuhanzi kandi ntiyemera inzitizi zose zibuza ibikorwa bye byo guhanga no gukora umwuga w'ubuhanzi, harimo n'irangamuntu ye nk'umwirabura. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ian Berry, Lauren Haynes. |year=2016 |title=Alma Thomas |publisher=Prestel |isbn=978-3791355719}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yizeraga ko icy'ingenzi kuri we ari ugukomeza guhanga icyerekezo cye binyuze mu bihangano bye ndetse no mu isi y’ubuhanzi nubwo amacakubiri ashingiye ku moko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=K Harrisburg |first=Halley |year=1966 |title=African-American art : 20th century masterworks, III : [exhibition] |publisher=Michael Rosenfeld Gallery |location=New York, NY}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thomas yari akivangura nkumuhanzi wigitsina gore wumwirabura kandi yanenzwe muburyo bwe budafatika butandukanye nabandi Banyamerika b'Abirabura bakoranye ibishushanyo n’ibimenyetso mu kurwanya igitugu. Ibikorwa bye byagaragaye hamwe nabandi bahanzi benshi b'Abanyafurika-Abanyamerika muri za galeries no kwerekana, nk'ububiko bwa mbere bufite abirabura mu Karere ka Columbiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Alma_Thomas_at_Whitney.jpg|left|thumb|Thomas mu gufungura imurikagurisha rye wenyine mu nzu ndangamurage ya Whitney mu 1972]]
Nyuma yo kwerekana muri Whitney, icyamamare cya Thomas mu muryango w’ubukorikori cyiza cyane. Kuba yaramenyekanye vuba aha byatewe ahanini na Robert Doty amushyigikiye mu majwi, kuko yateguye igitaramo cya Thomas's Whitney mu rwego rwo kwerekana imurikagurisha ry’abahanzi bo muri Afurika n’Abanyamerika, rigamije kwamagana ko badahagarariwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt; Abanenga New York bashimishijwe nuburyo bwa kijyambere bwa Thomas, cyane cyane ko yari umukecuru wimyaka 80 mugihe yatangiraga igihugu. Ikinyamakuru New York Times cyasuzumye imurikagurisha rye inshuro enye, yita amashusho ye &quot;gukuramo impuguke, tachiste mu buryo, nta makemwa mu gukoresha amabara &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mellow |first=James R. |date=29 April 1972 |title=Expert Abstractions by Alma Thomas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/04/29/archives/expert-abstractions-by-alma-thomas.html |work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abazungu benshi bamunegura bamushimye nk &quot;&quot; Ikimenyetso cyabashushanyijeho amabara &quot;kandi nk&quot; &quot;impano, abstractioniste ebullient&quot;. Filozofiya ya Alma Thomas yubuhanzi bwe nuko ibikorwa bye byuzuye imbaraga, kandi izo mbaraga ntizishobora gusenywa cyangwa kuremwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Greenwood Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |date=1999 |title=Women artists of color : a bio-critical sourcebook to 20th century artists in the Americas |url=https://archive.org/details/womenartistsofco00farr |publisher=Greenwood Press |others=Farris, Phoebe, 1952- |isbn=0313303746 |location=Westport, Conn. |oclc=40193578 |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ushinzwe gutunganya ibihangano bya New York akaba n'umwanditsi witwa Thomas B. Hess yaguze ishusho ya Tomasi yo mu 1972 ishushanya ''Red Roses Sonata'', maze mu 1976 umusingi w’umuryango we uha iki gitabo inzu ndangamurage y’ubuhanzi ya Metropolitan . [ 3 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 34&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;34&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; ] &lt;ref name=&quot;Met-Roses&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Red Roses Sonata |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/632918 |access-date=6 December 2020 |website=www.metmuseum.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Joshua Taylor letter to Alma Thomas, 1975 March 3, from the Alma Thomas papers, circa 1894-2001 |url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/items/detail/joshua-taylor-letter-to-alma-thomas-18478 |access-date=2019-04-04 |website=www.aaa.si.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Smithsonian-Taylor&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 January 1970 |title=Joshua C. Taylor Becomes Director of NCFA |url=https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_1035 |access-date=6 December 2020 |website=Smithsonian Institution Archives |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Reed-Taylor&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=In Memoriam: Joshua C. Taylor '39 |url=https://www.reed.edu/reed-magazine/in-memoriam/obituaries/_online_only/joshua-taylor-1939.html |access-date=6 December 2020 |website=Reed Magazine |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mary Beth Edelson ' &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAqo&quot;&gt;Bamwe mu bahanzi b'Abanyamerika bazima / Ifunguro Ryera&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (1972) bakiriye ''Ifunguro Ryera'' rya Leonardo da Vinci, hamwe n'abayobozi b'abahanzi b'[[Umugore|abagore]] bazwi bahurira hejuru y'imitwe ya Kristo n'intumwa ze; Alma Thomas yari muri abo bahanzi b'abagore bazwi. Iyi shusho, ivuga ku ruhare rw’amadini n’ubuhanzi amashusho y’amateka mu kugandukira abagore, yabaye &quot;imwe mu mashusho agaragara y’ubuhanzi bw’umugore .&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Frost Art Museum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Beth Edelson |url=http://drawingproject.frostartmuseum.org/mary-beth-edelson/ |access-date=11 January 2014 |website=The Frost Art Museum Drawing Project}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Clara - Edelson&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Beth Adelson |url=http://clara.nmwa.org/index.php?g=entity_detail&amp;entity_id=1321 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110213429/http://clara.nmwa.org/index.php?g=entity_detail&amp;entity_id=1321 |archive-date=January 10, 2014 |access-date=10 January 2014 |website=Clara - Database of Women Artists |publisher=National Museum of Women in the Arts |location=Washington, D.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ubuzima bwite ===
Thomas yabwiye ''New York Times'' mu 1977 ko &quot;atigeze arongora umugabo ariko ibihangano byanjye. Ni uwuhe mugabo wigeze ashima ibyo nashakaga?&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-77-whitney&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Shirey |first=David L. |date=4 May 1972 |title=At 77, She's Made It to the Whitney |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/05/04/archives/at-77-shes-made-it-to-the-whitney.html |access-date=12 December 2020 |work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanditse ati: &quot;Kera byavuzwe, ntupfe kugira&quot; Miss &quot;ku ibuye ryawe. Ndumva nishimiye cyane kuba narakomeje Miss wanjye. Ndavuga ko Miss uhagaze kuri Jackasses zose nabuze mu buzima.&quot; [ 4 ] Yongeyeho ati: &quot;Umugabo mwiza ni umunezero, ariko ku bw'Imana ntukagwe na Jackass.&quot; [ 4 ] Yagize ubuzima busanzwe, hamwe ninshuti nyinshi zabahanzi. &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-77-whitney&quot; /&gt; &quot;Ntakunze kubura&quot; inzu ndangamurage cyangwa imurikagurisha rifungura i Washington. [ 13 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 447&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;447&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;

Thomas yabaga mu nzu imwe i Washington, ku muhanda wa 1530, 15, NW, ubuzima bwe bwose, kuva mu 1907 igihe umuryango we wimukiye muri Jeworujiya kugira ngo ashobore kwiga amashuri yisumbuye kugeza apfuye mu 1978 (usibye imyaka mike yari afite mu myaka 20 yakoraga ahandi). Murumuna we John Maurice Thomas, uzwi ku izina rya se kandi yari afite umwuga wo kuba isomero muri kaminuza ya Howard, yasangiye inzu na we. [ 4 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 7&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;7&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WP-obit&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Richard |first=Paul |date=25 February 1978 |title=Alma Thomas, 86, Dies |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1978/02/25/alma-thomas-86-dies/a2e629d0-58e6-4834-a18d-6071b137f973/ |access-date=12 December 2020 |work=Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=25 Mar 2004 |title=Obituaries: John Maurice Thomas |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2004/03/25/obituaries/92ddcdeb-a896-4e2d-9a16-cf2819a28f62/ |access-date=4 September 2021 |work=Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; Urwo rugo, ubu ruzwi ku izina rya Alma Thomas Inzu, rwubatswe ahagana mu 1875 kandi rushyirwa ku gitabo cy’igihugu cy’ahantu ndangamateka . Ku ya 26 Gicurasi 2025, Umuhanda &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Valentine |first=Valerie L. |date=May 16, 2020 |title=Longtime Home of Artist Alma Thomas For Sale in Washington, D.C., for $2.2 Million+ |url=https://www.culturetype.com/2020/05/16/longtime-home-of-artist-alma-thomas-for-sale-in-washington-d-c-for-2-2-million/ |access-date=4 September 2021 |website=Cultural Type}}&lt;/ref&gt; hagati y’Itorero na Q wahinduwe Alma Thomas &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-28 |title=Washington, DC street renamed ‘Alma Thomas Way’ in honour of renowned abstract painter |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2025/05/28/alma-thomas-way-washington-dc |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=www.theartnewspaper.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Urupfu n'ububiko ===
Alma Thomas yapfuye ku ya 24 Gashyantare 1978, mu bitaro bya kaminuza ya Howard, nyuma yo kubagwa aortic. &lt;ref name=&quot;WP-obit&quot;/&gt;

Impapuro za Tomasi zatanzwe mu bihe byinshi hagati ya 1979 na 2004 muri Archives of Art Art y'Abanyamerika na mushiki we, J. Maurice Thomas. &lt;ref name=&quot;AAA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alma Thomas papers, 1894–2000 |url=http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/alma-thomas-papers-9241/more#biohist |access-date=July 6, 2011 |website=Finding Aid |publisher=Archives of American Art}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imiterere yubuhanzi ==
Alma Thomas akazi ke kare kari guhagarariwe muburyo.  Nkumwirabura, yibanze kumurimo we wo guhanga aho kwibanda kumoko cyangwa igitsina. &lt;ref name=&quot;SAAM&quot;/&gt; Tomasi yizeraga ko guhanga bigomba kwigenga kuburinganire cyangwa ubwoko, guhanga imirimo yibanda kubwiza butunguranye no gukuramo ibara. &lt;ref name=&quot;Greenwood Press&quot;/&gt;

After further education at American University and influenced by James V. Herring and Lois Mailou Jones, her work became more abstract.&lt;ref name=&quot;nmwa.org&quot;/&gt; Toward the end of her life, her style moved &quot;to a color-filled, impastoed geometric abstraction of tessellated brushstroke patterns.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt; These paintings have been compared to Byzantine mosaics and the pointillist paintings of Georges-Pierre Seurat.&lt;ref name=&quot;nmwa.org&quot; /&gt; Thomas' style has qualities similar to West African paintings as well as Byzantine mosaics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Henkes |first=Robert |year=1993 |title=The art of Black American women : works of twenty-four artists of the twentieth century |url=https://archive.org/details/artofblackameric0000henk |publisher=McFarland Publishing |isbn=978-0899508184 |location=Jefferson, N.C}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Mars_Dust,_1972,_Alma_Thomas_at_Whitney.jpg|right|thumb|''Umukungugu wa Mars'' (1972) mu nzu ndangamurage ya Whitney mu 2023]]
Ibara rye ryamazi hamwe namavuta yashizwemo no gukoresha (rimwe na rimwe kurengana) urukiramende rwamabara. Yakomeje gukoresha ubu buhanga mu mirimo ye, bwerekanaga amabara aboneka mu biti, indabyo, ubusitani, ndetse n’andi mashusho asanzwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;/&gt; Igishushanyo cye ''nimugoroba Glow'' cyatewe ahanini n’uko Tomasi yashishikajwe n’amabara y’isi: &quot;[[Igiti]] cyera hanze y’icyumba cye, cyashishikaje Tomasi ibishushanyo mbonera byakozwe n'amababi yacyo ku idirishya, kandi bifite ishusho y’urumuri n’igicucu hasi hasi no ku rukuta imbere mu rugo rwe.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot; /&gt; Amashusho ye yise 'Alma's Stripes', kubera ko ishusho yuzuye irangi yaremye urukiramende rurerure. Nyuma ibikorwa byahumetswe nubushakashatsi bwikirere hamwe nisi. Umutwe w'ishusho ye ''ya Mars Dust'' (1972) yerekanaga inkuru zamakuru yumuyaga wumukungugu kuri Mars. [ 4 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 33&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;33&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.

== Nyuma reaction, kwerekana, niterambere ==
[[File:Red_Azaleas_Singing,_1976,_Alma_Thomas_at_SAAM_2023.jpg|right|thumb|''Umutuku Azaleas Kuririmba no kubyina Urutare na Roll Muzika'' (1976) mu nzu ndangamurage yubuhanzi ya Smithsonian muri 2023]]
Umuhanga mu by'amateka y’ubuhanzi Richard J. Powell yanditse mu 1997 ku bijyanye n’umwanya wa Thomas na Sam Gilliam nk’abanyamuryango babiri bazwi cyane b’Abanyafurika-Abanyamerika bo mu Ishuri ry’amabara rya Washington, ati: &quot;Mu gihe baganiraga n’ibikorwa by’abahanzi bagenzi babo bo mu Ishuri ry’amabara rya Washington ( Gene Davis, Morris Louis, na Kenneth Noland ), banabagejejeho, binyuze mu buryo bwa tekiniki kandi bwo mu rwego rwo hejuru bwo gusiga amarangi, ibyifuzo by’imibereho by’icyiciro rusange cya Washington DC.&quot; Yakomeje avuga ko mu myaka ya za 1960 Thomas &quot;yateye umugongo&quot; ku buryo yari asanzwe ahagarariye &quot;umuryango w’ubuhanzi wa DC wabonaga ko ari ibitekerezo by’ibitekerezo,&quot; ashyigikira &quot;uburyo budasubirwaho bwatewe n’ubuhinzi bw’[[imboga]], inyigisho z’amabara ya siyansi, ndetse n’umuziki.&quot; Powell yavuze ko Tomasi yo mu 1976 ''Azeleas Kuririmba no Kubyina Rock na Roll Music'' ari &quot;ubuhanga bwo kuganira inzira zinyerera hagati ya kamere na sosiyete,&quot; kandi &quot;bikerekana uburyo bwo kwishyira hamwe kw'ibihe.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Powell&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Powell |first=Richard J. |date=1997 |title=Black art and culture in the 20th century |url=https://archive.org/details/blackartculturei00powe |publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson |isbn=0-500-20295-8 |location=New York, N.Y. |page=[https://archive.org/details/blackartculturei00powe/page/128 128]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikinyamakuru Washington Post cyamusobanuye ko ari &quot;imbaraga mu ishuri ry’ibara rya Washington &quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;wapo&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dawson |first=Jessica |date=April 7, 2005 |title=An Alumni Reunion On the Hilltop |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A32839-2005Apr6.html |access-date=October 8, 2009 |work=The Washington Post |page=C05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yanditse mu 1998, umuhanga mu by'amateka y’ubuhanzi Sharon Patton yavuze ko ''Igitaramo cya Tomasi cyo mu 1973 cy’umuyaga na Crepe Myrtle'' ari &quot;kimwe mu bishushanyo mbonera bya Minimalist Color-Field byakozwe n’umuhanzi nyafurika w’umunyamerika.&quot; 

Nubwo Thomas atabonye monografiya  kugeza mu 1998 igihe inzu ndangamurage ya Fort Wayne yerekanaga ibyerekeranye n’umuhanzi, &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt; ubukererwe bw’abashakashatsi bwimbitse ntabwo bugaragaza umurage we n’ingaruka ku buhanzi bwa Visual . Jacob Kainen, umwarimu we muri kaminuza y'Abanyamerika mu gatasi 1957, [ 3 ] yemeza ko &quot;Tomasi yagize uruhare runini mu iterambere ry’ibishushanyo mbonera mu kinyejana cya 20.&quot; Kainen yanditse mu gitabo cya Fort Wayne yerekana ko yahuye na Thomas mu 1943, mu birori byabereye mu nzu mberabyombi ya Barnett-Aden . [ 3 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 30&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;30&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;Kainen amwibuka muri kiriya gihe nk &quot;&quot; umugore muto, unanutse ufite ubwiza bwimyambarire, imyifatire ye ndetse no gushikama kudashidikanywaho byatumye ikibazo cy'ubunini bwe kidafite akamaro. &quot; [ 3 ] Muri gahunda y’imyidagaduro y’ubuhanzi ya kaminuza ya Howard yo mu 1966 &quot;Alma W. Thomas: Imurikagurisha ryisubiraho, 1959-1966,&quot; Kainen asobanura ko ari &quot;Ikimenyetso cy’abashushanya amabara.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;

Mu mwaka wa 2009, amashusho abiri yakozwe na Thomas, harimo na ''Watusi (Hard Edge)'', &lt;ref name=&quot;Cotter1&quot;/&gt; yatowe na Madamu wa Perezida Michelle Obama, umushinga w'imbere mu nzu ya White House, Michael S. Smith (umushinga w'imbere), hamwe n'umuyobozi ushinzwe inzu ya White House, William Allman kugira ngo berekanwe muri [[Perezidansi y’Amerika|White House]] mu gihe cya perezida Obama . &lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Vogel |first=Carol |date=October 6, 2009 |title=A Bold and Modern White House |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/07/arts/design/07borrow.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616215631/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/07/arts/design/07borrow.html?_r=1 |archive-date=June 16, 2013 |access-date=October 7, 2009 |work=The New York Times |page=A14}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Watusi (Hard Edge)'' yaje gukurwa muri White House kubera impungenge zatewe n'iki gice kibereye mu biro bya East Wing ya Michelle Obama. ''Sky Light'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2009 |title=Alma Thomas' &quot;Watusi&quot; Gets the White House Kibosh |url=http://flavorwire.com/48319/alma-thomas-watusi-gets-the-white-house-kibosh}}&lt;/ref&gt; yatanzwe na Hirshhorn Museum and Garden Sculpture, yamanitswe mu nzu bwite ya Obama. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gopnik&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Resurrection,_1966,_Alma_Thomas_at_SAAM_2023.jpg|right|thumb|''Izuka'' (1966) mu nzu ndangamurage y’ubuhanzi ya Smithsonian muri 2023]]
Mu mwaka wa 2015, ikindi gishushanyo cye, ''Izuka'' (1966), cyamanitswe cyane mu cyumba cyo gusangiriramo umuryango wa Old House cyo muri White House, kikaba cyaraguzwe mu cyegeranyo cya White House mu 2014 hamwe n’amadorari 290.000 n’inkunga yatanzwe n’ishyirahamwe ry’amateka rya White House . &lt;ref name=&quot;CT&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;WHHA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Resurrection&quot; by Alma Thomas |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/photos/resurrection-by-alma-thomas |access-date=30 August 2019 |website=White House Historical Association |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Guhitamo &lt;ref name=&quot;CT&quot; /&gt; mu cyegeranyo cya White House byasobanuwe nk'ikimenyetso cyiza ku butegetsi bwa Obama na Holland Cotter wanenze ibihangano ''bya New York Times'' . Cotter yavuze ko umurimo wa Tomasi ari &quot;kureba imbere nta gukabya; nyuma y'amoko ariko kandi ukunda amoko.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Artnews1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Robin Cembalest |year=2009 |title=Critics Nix Obamas' Pix Mix |url=http://artnews.com/issues/article.asp?art_id=2789 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707170726/http://artnews.com/issues/article.asp?art_id=2789 |archive-date=July 7, 2011 |access-date=July 6, 2011 |website=Past Issues |publisher=ARTnews}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu mwaka wa 2016, imurikagurisha ''Alma Thomas'', ryasobanuwe mu bikoresho byamamaza ko ari &quot;uburyo bwa mbere bwerekanwe ku bikorwa by’umuhanzi mu myaka igera kuri makumyabiri,&quot; kandi ko bugaragaza &quot;ubwihindurize butandukanye bw’imirimo ya Tomasi kuva mu mpera za 1950 kugeza apfuye mu 1978&quot; bwateguwe na The Frances Young Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery muri Skidmore College na Studio Museum i Harlem . &lt;ref name=&quot;tang.skidmore.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alma Thomas |url=https://tang.skidmore.edu/exhibitions/133-alma-thomas |access-date=2019-03-02 |website=Tang Teaching Museum |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iri murika ryateguwe na Ian Berry, Umuyobozi wa Dayton w’Ingoro Ndangamurage ya Tang na Lauren Haynes, Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe amasomo, icyegeranyo gihoraho mu nzu ndangamurage ya Studio i Harlem kandi ashyigikiwe n’inshuti za Tang. &lt;ref name=&quot;tang.skidmore.edu&quot; /&gt; Ibikoresho byamamaza imurikagurisha byagaragaje ko &quot;ibihangano bya Tomasi, ibishushanyo mbonera by’ingufu ndetse no kwiyemeza kurangi byamuremye umurimo wihariye kandi udasanzwe.&quot; Bavuze kandi ko &quot;ikubiyemo gake cyane amabara y’amazi n’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe hakiri kare.&quot; Iri murika ryagabanyijwemo ibice bine: Himura kuri Abstraction; Isi, Umwanya, hamwe nakazi katinze. &lt;ref name=&quot;tang.skidmore.edu&quot; /&gt;

''Ikinyamakuru Wall Street Journal'' cyamusobanuye mu mwaka wa 2016 nk'umuhanzi wahoze ari &quot;umuhanzi udashimwa&quot; uherutse kumenyekana kubera ibikorwa bye &quot;exuberant&quot;, uzwi cyane ku buryo bwabo, injyana n'ibara. 

Muri 2019, Tomasi yo mu 1970 yashushanyije ''izuba rirenze'' ryatejwe cyamunara mugurisha Christie . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Armstrong |first=Annie |date=2019-10-24 |title=Alma Thomas, a Favored Artist of the Obamas, Could More Than Double Her Auction Record Next Month at Christie's |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/market/alma-thomas-auction-christies-13461/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=ARTnews.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yagurishijwe miliyoni 2.655. &lt;ref name=&quot;Christies-price&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alma Thomas (1891-1978), A Fantastic Sunset |url=https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/Lot/alma-thomas-1891-1978-a-fantastic-sunset-6236054-details.aspx |access-date=6 December 2020 |website=www.christies.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 2021, hashyizweho igiciro gishya cy’ibikorwa bya Tomasi igihe ''ubusitani bw’indabyo bwa Alma'', bwashushanywaga mu myaka ya 1968 kugeza mu 1970, bwateshejwe agaciro n’inzu ndangamurage y’ubuhanzi ya Greenville, yagurishije mu kugurisha ku giti cye n’umuguzi utamenyekanye ku madolari miliyoni 2.8. Inzu ndangamurage yari yaguze irangi mu 2008 ku madolari 135.000. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rosenbaum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rosenbaum |first=Lee |date=9 April 2021 |title=Doubting Thomas: Greenville County Museum Sells &quot;Alma's Flower Garden&quot; in a Non-Transparent Transaction |url=https://www.artsjournal.com/culturegrrl/2021/04/doubting-thomas-greenville-county-museum-sells-almas-flower-garden-in-a-non-transparent-transaction.html |access-date=21 April 2021 |website=CultureGrrl}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Greenville&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mayo |first=Nikie |date=30 March 2021 |title=$2.8 million mystery: Greenville museum sells rare Alma Thomas painting to secret buyer |url=https://www.greenvilleonline.com/story/news/local/south-carolina/2021/03/30/painting-black-artist-alma-thomas-sells-record-2-8-million/4808575001/ |access-date=21 April 2021 |work=The Greenville News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibikorwa bya Thomas byashyizwe mu imurikagurisha ryo mu 2021 ''Abagore muri Abstraction'' kuri Centre Pompidou . &lt;ref name=&quot;Women in abstraction&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |date=2021 |title=Women in abstraction |publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson Ltd. ; Thames &amp; Hudson Inc |isbn=978-0500094372 |location=London : New York, New York |pages=170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Imurikagurisha ry’ubuhanzi bwe yise &quot;Alma W. Thomas: Byose ni Byiza,&quot; ryateguwe n’inzu ndangamurage ya Chrysler i Norfolk, muri Virijiniya n’inzu ndangamurage ya Columbus i Columbus, Jeworujiya, yafunguwe ku ya 9 Nyakanga 2021, mu nzu ndangamurage ya Chrysler. Byari biteganijwe ko bizahakorera kugeza ku ya 3 Ukwakira 2021, nyuma yaho bikorera mu cyegeranyo cya Phillips i Washington, DC, mu mpeshyi 2021, inzu ndangamurage ya Frist i Nashville mu mpeshyi 2022, n'inzu ndangamurage ya Columbus mu mpeshyi 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2020 |title=Everything is Beautiful: Major Alma W. Thomas Traveling Exhibition Opening at Chrysler Museum of Art in July 2021 |url=https://www.culturetype.com/2020/09/21/everything-is-beautiful-major-alma-w-thomas-traveling-exhibition-opening-at-chrysler-museum-of-art-in-july-2021/ |access-date=2020-10-21 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Chrysler-blurb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alma W. Thomas:Everything is Beautiful |url=https://chrysler.org/exhibition/alma-thomas/ |access-date=6 December 2020 |website=Chrysler Museum of Art |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inyandiko ngufi, ''Miss Alma Thomas: Ubuzima mu Ibara'', yashinzwe ku bufatanye n’imurikabikorwa. Iyobowe na Cheri Gaulke ikanakorwa na [[Jon Gann]], yakinnye iserukiramuco rya firime zirenga 40 ku isi yose kandi yegukana ibihembo ndetse n'ibihembo.

Mu 2023, ibikorwa bye byashyizwe mu imurikagurisha ''Igikorwa, Ibimenyetso, Irangi: Abahanzi b'Abagore na Global Abstraction 1940-1970'' mu nzu mberabyombi ya Whitechapel i Londres. &lt;ref name=&quot;Whitechapel Gallery&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Action, Gesture, Paint |url=https://www.whitechapelgallery.org/exhibitions/action-gesture-paint-women-and-global-abstraction-1940-70/ |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=Whitechapel Gallery |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imurikagurisha rigaragara ==

* ''Ibara ry'amazi by Alma Thomas'', 1960, Dupont Theatre Art Gallery &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;
* ''Alma Thomas: Imurikagurisha ryisubiraho (1959-1966)'', 1966, Ubugeni bwa kaminuza ya Howard &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;
* ''Alma Thomas: Amashusho aheruka'', 1968, Ububiko bwa Franz Bader &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;
* ''Igishushanyo cya vuba cyanditswe na Alma W. Thomas: Urukurikirane rw'isi n'ikirere (1961–1971)'', 1971, Ububiko bwa Carl Van Vechten, Kaminuza ya Fisk &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;
* ''Alma W. Thomas'', 1972, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Whitney y'Abanyamerika &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |date=1989 |title=Making their mark : women artists move into the mainstream, 1970-85 |url=https://archive.org/details/makingtheirmarkw0000unse |publisher=Abbeville Press |others=Rosen, Randy., Brawer, Catherine Coleman., Cincinnati Art Museum. |isbn=0-89659-958-2 |edition=1st |location=New York |oclc=18259773 |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Alma W. Thomas: Imurikagurisha ryisubiraho'', 1972, Ubugeni bwa Corcoran &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |year=2016 |title=Alma Thomas |publisher=The Studio Museum in Harlem, The Frances Young Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery, and DelMonico Books |isbn=9783791355719 |location=Prestel |pages=206}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Alma W. Thomas: Amashusho'', 1973, Ikarita ya Martha Jackson &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;
* ''Alma W. Thomas: Amashusho aheruka'', 1975, Ubugeni bwa kaminuza ya Howard &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;
* ''Alma W. Thomas: Amashusho aheruka'', 1976, HC Taylor Gallery, Kaminuza ya Leta y’ubuhinzi n’ubuhanga ya Carolina y'Amajyaruguru &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;
* ''Ubuzima mu buhanzi: Alma Thomas, 1891-1978'', 1981, Inzu Ndangamurage y’Ubuhanzi bw’Abanyamerika, Ikigo cya Smithsonian &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;
* ''Alma W. Thomas: Gusubira inyuma kw'ibishushanyo'', 1998, Inzu Ndangamurage y'Ubuhanzi ya Fort Wayne, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Tampa, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Leta ya New Jersey, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Anacostia, Ikigo cya Smithsonian, n'inzu ndangamurage ya Columbus &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;
* ''Alma Thomas: Phantasmagoria, Amashusho Nkuru yo mu myaka ya za 70'', 2001, Michael Rosenfeld Gallery, n'inzu ndangamurage y'abagore: Ikigo cy'ejo hazaza &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;
* ''Gukomeza Ishema: Imyaka umunani Yubuhanzi muri kaminuza ya Howard'', 2005, kaminuza ya Howard &lt;ref name=&quot;wapo&quot;/&gt;
* ''Impirimbanyi y'amabara: Igishushanyo cya Felrath Hines na Alma Thomas'', 2010, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Nasher &lt;ref name=&quot;Nasher&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Color Balance: Paintings by Felrath Hines and Alma Thomas |url=http://www.nasher.duke.edu/exhibitions_colorbalance.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928080225/http://www.nasher.duke.edu/exhibitions_colorbalance.php |archive-date=September 28, 2011 |access-date=July 6, 2011 |website=Exhibitions |publisher=Nasher Museum of Art}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Alma Thomas'', 2016, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Frances Young Tang Yigisha Ingoro n'Ubuhanzi muri Skidmore College, &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt; na Studio Ndangamurage ya Harlem &lt;ref name=&quot;Studio Museum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Past Exhibits - Alma Thomas |url=https://www.studiomuseum.org/exhibition/alma-thomas |access-date=11 March 2017 |website=Studio Museum Harlem}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Alma Thomas: Imurikagurisha'', 2019, Mnuchin Gallery &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alma Thomas - Exhibitions - Mnuchin Gallery |url=https://www.mnuchingallery.com/exhibitions/alma-thomas#tab:slideshow;tab-1:slideshow |website=www.mnuchingallery.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Alma W. Thomas: Byose ni Byiza'', 2021, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Chrysler &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;/&gt;
* ''Ibara ryo guhimba: Igishushanyo cya Alma Thomas'', 2023-2024, Inzu Ndangamurage y'Abanyamerika ya Smithsonian &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Composing Color: Paintings by Alma Thomas {{!}} Smithsonian American Art Museum |url=https://americanart.si.edu/exhibitions/alma-thomas |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=americanart.si.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ; yagiye mu nzu ndangamurage ya Denver &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alma Thomas Composing Color {{!}} Denver Art Museum |url=https://www.denverartmuseum.org/en/exhibitions/alma-thomas-composing-color |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=www.denverartmuseum.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2024-2025), Ingoro y’Urwibutso (2025), Inzu Ndangamurage y’ubuhanzi ya Indianapolis i Newfields (2025) na muzehe y’ubuhanzi ya Smith College (2026-2027)

== Ibikorwa bigaragara mubyegeranyo rusange ==
 {{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* ''Watusi (Hard Edge)'' (1963), [[Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden]], [[Smithsonian Institution]], [[Washington, D.C.]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://hirshhorn.si.edu/search-results/search-result-details/?edan_search_value=hmsg_76.137 &quot;Watusi (Hard Edge)&quot;], Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Retrieved October 17, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Air View of a Spring Nursery'' (1966), [[Columbus Museum]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;GA&quot;&gt;{{cite web | author=Charles T. Butler | year=2004 | title=Alma Thomas (1891–1978) | work=Individual Artists | publisher=The New Georgia Encyclopedia | url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1040 | access-date=July 6, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110606080115/http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1040| archive-date= June 6, 2011 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://columbusmuseum.pastperfectonline.com/webobject/B7A24918-47A7-4752-8374-134645299454|title=Painting - Air View Of A Spring Nursery &amp;#124; Columbus Museum|website=columbusmuseum.pastperfectonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Breeze Rustling Through Fall Flowers'' (1968), [[Phillips Collection]], Washington, D.C.&lt;ref name=&quot;Phillips&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Breeze Rustling Through Fall Flowers | work=American Art | publisher=Phillips Museum | url=http://www.phillipscollection.org/research/american_art/artwork/Thomas-Breeze_Rustling.htm | access-date=July 6, 2011 | archive-date=March 4, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200031/http://www.phillipscollection.org/research/american_art/artwork/Thomas-Breeze_Rustling.htm | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.phillipscollection.org/collection/breeze-rustling-through-fall-flowers|title=Breeze Rustling Through Fall Flowers &amp;#124; The Phillips Collection|website=www.phillipscollection.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.phillipscollection.org/event/2020-05-17-museum-stories|title=Museum Stories &amp;#124; The Phillips Collection|website=www.phillipscollection.org|date=May 17, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Nature's Red Impressions'' (1968), Luther W. Brady Art Gallery, [[George Washington University]], Washington, D.C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bradygallery.gwu.edu/gw-collection|title=Brady Gallery|website=George Washington University}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Resurrection'' (1968), [[White House Historical Association]], Washington, D.C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/photos/resurrection-by-alma-thomas|title=&quot;Resurrection&quot; by Alma Thomas|website=WHHA (en-US)}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''Wind, Sunshine and Flowers'' (1968), [[Brooklyn Museum]], [[New York City|New York]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/1562|title=Wind, Sunshine and Flowers|website=www.brooklynmuseum.org|access-date=2025-11-08|archive-date=2025-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206181233/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/1562|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Iris, Tulips, Jonquils and Crocuses'' (1969), [[National Museum of Women in the Arts]], Washington, D.C.&lt;ref name=&quot;NMWA1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://nmwa.org/works/iris-tulips-jonquils-and-crocuses|title=Iris, Tulips, Jonquils and Crocuses|year=2011|publisher=National Museum of Women in the Arts|work=Permanent Collection|access-date=January 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624204926/http://nmwa.org/collection/detail.asp?WorkID=2178|archive-date=June 24, 2011 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nmwa.org/art/collection/iris-tulips-jonquils-and-crocuses/|title=Iris, Tulips, Jonquils, and Crocuses &amp;#124; Artwork}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Pansies in Washington'' (1969), [[National Gallery of Art]], Washington, D.C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nga.gov/calendar/gallery-talks/collection/pansies-washington-thomas.html|title=In Depth: &quot;Pansies in Washington&quot; by Alma Thomas|website=www.nga.gov|access-date=December 21, 2020|archive-date=July 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710023617/https://www.nga.gov/calendar/gallery-talks/collection/pansies-washington-thomas.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''Lunar Surface'' (1970), [[American University Museum]], Washington, D.C.&lt;ref name=&quot;AU-Mus&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=American University Museum at the Katzen Arts Center |url=https://www.american.edu/cas/museum/ |website=American University |access-date=12 December 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Snoopy Early Sun Display'' (1970), [[Smithsonian American Art Museum]], Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/snoopy-early-sun-display-earth-24019|title=Snoopy--Early Sun Display on Earth &amp;#124; Smithsonian American Art Museum|website=americanart.si.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Earth Sermon - Beauty, Love and Peace'' (1971), Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.&lt;ref name=&quot;Earth-Sermon&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Earth Sermon - Beauty, Love and Peace |url=https://hirshhorn.si.edu/explore/earth-sermon-beauty-love-and-peace/ |newspaper=Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden &amp;#124; Smithsonian |access-date=12 December 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://insider.si.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Alma-Thomas-Photo.jpg|title=Earth Sermon - Beauty, Love And Peace}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Evening Glow'' (1972), [[Baltimore Museum of Art]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://collection.artbma.org/emuseum/view/objects/asitem/search$0040/0/title-asc?t:state:flow=cb452905-77fb-40d9-ab41-8a056e19f26a|title=The Baltimore Museum of Art|website=collection.artbma.org|access-date=2016-02-13}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://collection.artbma.org/emuseum/start?t:state:flow=09b2e3ce-5956-44ea-b436-8c259aa12c66|title=The Baltimore Museum of Art|website=collection.artbma.org|access-date=July 7, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190115/https://collection.artbma.org/emuseum/start?t:state:flow=09b2e3ce-5956-44ea-b436-8c259aa12c66|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
*''Mars Dust'' (1972), [[Whitney Museum]], New York&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whitney.org/collection/works/3043|title=Alma Thomas &amp;#124; Mars Dust|website=whitney.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Red Atmosphere'' (1972), [[Tougaloo College]], [[Jackson, Mississippi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Art and Civil Rights: The Mississippi Museum of Art and Tougaloo College Art and Civil Rights Initiative, 2017–2020 |url=https://www.msmuseumart.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/MMA1015K-ACRI-Cat-FINAL-web-single-edited.pdf |access-date=12 December 2020|pages=22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Red Roses Sonata'' (1972), [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/632918?sortBy=Relevance&amp;amp;ft=Alma+Thomas&amp;amp;offset=0&amp;amp;rpp=20&amp;amp;pos=1|title=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|website=metmuseum.org/art/collection|access-date=2017-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Starry Night and the Astronauts'' (1972), [[Art Institute of Chicago]]&lt;ref name=artic/&gt;
*''Fiery Sunset'' (1973), [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/191855|title=Alma Woodsey Thomas. Fiery Sunset. 1973 &amp;#124; MoMA|website=The Museum of Modern Art}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Spring Embraces Yellow'' (1973), [[University of Iowa Stanley Museum of Art]], [[Iowa City]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://digital.lib.uiowa.edu/islandora/object/ui:uima_22986|title=Spring Embraces Yellow &amp;#124; The University of Iowa Libraries|website=digital.lib.uiowa.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''Wind and Crêpe Myrtle Concerto'' (1973), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
* ''Wind Sparkling Dew and Green Grass'' (1973), [[Fort Wayne Museum of Art]], [[Indiana]]
*''Hydrangeas Spring Song'' (1976), [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/128105.html?mulR=1157462711|1 &quot;Hydrangeas Spring Song&quot;], Philadelphia Museum of Art. Retrieved October 17, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/128105.html|title=Philadelphia Museum of Art - Collections Object : Hydrangeas Spring Song|website=www.philamuseum.org|access-date=2025-11-08|archive-date=2021-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123081518/https://philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/128105.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Red Azaleas Singing and Dancing Rock and Roll Music'' (1976), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/red-azaleas-singing-and-dancing-rock-and-roll-music-24017|title=Red Azaleas Singing and Dancing Rock and Roll Music &amp;#124; Smithsonian American Art Museum|website=americanart.si.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''White Roses Sing and Sing'' (1976), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/white-roses-sing-and-sing-24027|title=White Roses Sing and Sing &amp;#124; Smithsonian American Art Museum|website=americanart.si.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''Untitled: Music Series'' (1978), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/untitled-music-series-24025|title=Untitled (Music Series) &amp;#124; Smithsonian American Art Museum|website=americanart.si.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Div col end}}
Alma Thomas Teen Umwanya muri Martin Luther King Jr. Urwibutso rwibutso rwitiriwe izina rye.

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== Reba ==

== Bibliografiya ==

* Patton, Sharon F. ''Ubuhanzi bwa Afurika-Amerika.'' Oxford: Itangazamakuru rya kaminuza ya Oxford (1998). [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-01-92842-13-8|&lt;bdi&gt;978-01-92842-13-8&lt;/bdi&gt;]]
* &quot;Impapuro za Alma Thomas, 1894-2000&quot;. ''[https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/alma-thomas-papers-9241 Kubona Imfashanyo.]'' Ububiko bwubuhanzi bwabanyamerika, Ikigo cya Smithsonian.

== Ibindi gusoma ==

* {{Cite web |last=Elizabeth Hamilton |date=15 Mar 2022 |title=Alma Thomas Was the Godmother of Afrofuturism |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/art-books-music/a39382593/alma-thomas-was-the-godmother-of-afrofuturism/ |website=Harpers Bazaar}}
* {{Cite web |last=Ken Johnson |date=4 Aug 2016 |title='Alma Thomas,' an Incandescent Pioneer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/05/arts/design/alma-thomas-an-incandescent-pioneer.html |website=The New York Times}}
* {{Cite book |last=Berry |first=Ian |date=2016 |title=Alma Thomas |last2=Haynes |first2=Lauren |publisher=Prestel |isbn=978-3791355719}}
* {{Cite news |last=Dobrzynski |first=Judith H. |date=1 March 2016 |title='Alma Thomas' Review |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/alma-thomas-review-1456869006 |work=WSJ |id={{ProQuest|1769027434}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
* ''Alma W. Thomas: A Retrospective of the Paintings''. Fort Wayne: Fort Wayne Museum of Art (1998).  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-7649-0686-0|&lt;bdi&gt;0-7649-0686-0&lt;/bdi&gt;]]
* Foresta, Merry A. ''A Life in Art: Alma Thomas, 1891-1978''. Published for the National Museum of American Art by the Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981.   [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[[oclc:927776976|927776976]]
* ''Alma Thomas''. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art (1972).  [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[[oclc:53302446|53302446]]

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

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  <page>
    <title>Sport in Rwanda</title>
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      <text bytes="23485" sha1="be1qups8jsm39k5j44nsu7kkskrcwwy" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:36a_Lliga_Catalana_AON_Femenina_2024_(54009732355).jpg|thumb|409x409px|Umukino wa Basketball ni wo mukino wa kabiri uzwi cyane mu Rwanda]]
[[Dosiye:Kids_playing_football2.jpg|thumb|317x317px|Abana bakina umupira w'amaguru]]
[[Dosiye:Claudette_Mukasakindi_2.jpg|right|thumb|[[Mukasakindi Claudette|Claudette Mukasakindi]] ahagarariye u Rwanda muri marato y'abagore mu mikino Olempike yabereye i Londres mu mpeshyi ya 2012]]
[[Dosiye:Medical_intervention_at_the_kigali_peace_marathon.jpg|thumb|Abaganga bakira umuntu wakomeretse muri [[Kigali International Peace Marathon|Marato y'Amahoro ya Kigali]]]]
Siporo ifite uruhare runini mu [[Rwanda]], cyane cyane murwego rw'abaturage, aho [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] ari ikintu gikunzwe cyane kandi abana bakinira muburyo butunguranye mu midugudu, mu mijyi no mu mashuri. Siporo kandi ishyigikiwe na Politiki ya leta yoguteza imbere siporo yomu Ukwakira 2012. Ibi bivuga ko siporo ifite inyungu nyinshi, harimo guhuza abantu, kunoza ishema ry'igihugu nbumwe, nokunoza ubuzima. Iyi politiki igaragaza imbogamizi mw'iterambere rya siporo mu gihugu, harimo ibikorwa remezo bike nubushobozi buke bw'amafaranga. Ishyiraho &quot;intego itera imbaraga&quot; ko, muri 2020, u Rwanda rugomba kugira &quot;ijanisha ryinshi ry'abaturage bakina siporo kurusha mu kindi gihugu icyo ari cyo cyose cya Afurika&quot; kandi rukaza mubihugu bitatu bya mbere bya Afurika mu mikino ya basketball, volleyball, gusiganwa kumagare, siporo n'imikino ya Paralempike, hamwe n'imikino icumi ya mbere mumupira w'amaguru. Igamije kandi &quot;guteza imbere ukwitabira cyane kw'abantu mumikino gakondo&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;SportDevPol&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2012 |title=Rwanda Sports Development Policy |url=http://minispoc.gov.rw/fileadmin/templates/Documents/rwanda_sports_development_policy.doc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418142520/http://minispoc.gov.rw/fileadmin/templates/Documents/rwanda_sports_development_policy.doc |archive-date=2015-04-18 |access-date=8 April 2015 |publisher=Republic of Rwanda Ministry of Sports and Culture |page=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dukurikije ubushakashatsi bwashyizwe ahagaragara nikigo cy'ubumenyi n'iterambere rya siporo cya Kaminuza ya Western Cape, siporo ikunzwe cyane mu Rwanda ni [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]], [[Wasan kwallon raga|volleyball]], [[Umupira w’agatebo|basketball]], siporo n'imikino ya Paralempike . &lt;ref name=&quot;Ndengeye&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ndengeye |first=Joseph |year=2014 |title=Sport and Development Policy in Africa: Results of a Collaborative Study of Selected Country Cases |publisher=SUN Press |isbn=9781920689407 |editor-last=Keim |editor-first=Marion |location=Stellenbosch |pages=125–128 |chapter=Country Report: Rwanda |editor-last2=de Coning |editor-first2=Christo |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8jsrAwAAQBAJ&amp;q=sport%20rwanda&amp;pg=PA125}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Aerial_view_of_the_kigali_peace_marathon.jpg|thumb|Ishusho yo mu kirere ya Marato y'Amahoro ya Kigali]]

== Incamake ==
U Rwanda rwagaragaye bwambere mu mikino Olempike muwi 1984, &lt;ref name=&quot;London2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 August 2012 |title=Rwanda |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730052803/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/2012/countries/rwanda |archive-date=2012-07-30 |access-date=8 April 2015 |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; ndetse rugaragara bwa mbere mu mikino Paralempike muri 2004. &lt;ref name=&quot;Paralympics&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=4 March 2015 |title=Rwandan para-sport develops at pace |url=http://www.paralympic.org/news/rwandan-para-sport-develops-pace |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420101100/http://www.paralympic.org/news/rwandan-para-sport-develops-pace |archive-date=2015-04-20 |access-date=27 April 2015 |publisher=International Paralympic Committee}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iki gihugu cyohereje abakinnyi barindwi mu mikino Olempike yo mu mpeshyi ya 2012 yabereye i Londres, bayihagararira mumikino ngororamubiri, koga, gusiganwa ku magare yo mu misozi na judo, &lt;ref name=&quot;London2012&quot; /&gt; n'abandi 15 mu mikino Paralempike yo mu mpeshyi ya Londres kugira ngo bahatanire imikino ngororamubiri, guterura amashanyarazi na volleyball yo kwicara . &lt;ref name=&quot;Paralympics&quot; /&gt; U Rwanda rwitabiriye imikino ya Commonwealth ku nshuro yambere mu mikino ya 2010 yabereye i Delhi mu Buhinde, nyuma yokwinjira muri Commonwealth umwaka wabanjirije uwo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=27 September 2010 |title=Commonwealth Games 2010: Participating nations in Africa |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9037806.stm |access-date=8 April 2015 |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abakinnyi 'u Rwanda bitabiriye imikino ngororamubiri, guterana iteramakofe, gusiganwa kumagare mumuhanda no koga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda |url=http://www.glasgow2014.com/celebrate/queens-baton-relay/international-stages/interactive-map/rwanda |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413223027/http://www.glasgow2014.com/celebrate/queens-baton-relay/international-stages/interactive-map/rwanda |archive-date=2015-04-13 |access-date=8 April 2015 |publisher=Glasgow 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; U Rwanda rwohereje abakinnyi mu mikino ya 2014 kugira ngo bahatanire imikino ngororamubiri, guterana iteramakofe, gusiganwa kumagare, koga no guterura ibiremereye . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=29 July 2014 |title=Statement on Cabinet Decisions of 29.07.2014 |url=http://www.primature.gov.rw/top/news/news-details.html?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1216&amp;cHash=588e976e71301e1aec9ff383d8378234 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414093933/http://www.primature.gov.rw/top/news/news-details.html?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1216&amp;cHash=588e976e71301e1aec9ff383d8378234 |archive-date=2015-04-14 |access-date=9 April 2015 |publisher=Republic of Rwanda Office of the Prime Minister}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikipe yu Rwanda mu mikino y'urubyiruko ya Afurika ya 2014 yarifite umubare munini w'abakinnyi b'abagore (abakinnyi 29 muri 49 bose hamwe) kurusha abandi bakinnyi bose bitabiriye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1 May 2014 |title=Rwanda Sends Highest % of Female Athletes to AYG |url=http://olympicrwanda.org/rwanda-sends-highest-percentage-of-female-athletes-to-african-youth-games-in-gaborone-botswana/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://olympicrwanda.org/rwanda-sends-highest-percentage-of-female-athletes-to-african-youth-games-in-gaborone-botswana/ |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=17 April 2015 |publisher=Rwanda National Olympic and Sports Committee}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Umupira w'amaguru ===
[[Umupira w’agatebo|Basketball]] nimwe mumikino ikunzwe cyane mu [[Rwanda]], ikaba ariya kabiri nyuma [[Umupira w’amaguru|y’ishyirahamwe ry’umupira w’amaguru]] kandi ikaba ari yo mikino irebwa cyane mu gihugu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Basketball in Rwanda – Visit Rwanda |url=https://visitrwanda.com/basketball-africa-league/basketball-in-rwanda/#:~:text=Basketball%20is%20among%20the%20most,at%20national%20and%20international%20level}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ishyirahamwe ry’umukino wa Basketball mu Rwanda ryabaye umunyamuryango wIshyirahamwe Mpuzamahanga rya Basketball kuva muwi 1977. Mbere yomuri 2000, ikipe y’igihugu ya Basketball mu Rwanda ntiyari izwi cyane hanze yigihugu, ariko kuva hagati mumyaka ya 2000 yakomeje kumenyekana ku rubyiniro rwa Afurika. Ikipe y’abagabo yamaze kwegukana itike yokugera mu cyiciro cyanyuma cya Shampiyona ya Basketball muri Afurika inshuro enye zikurikiranya kuva mu 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bishumba |first=Richard |date=7 February 2015 |title=Meet Mutokambali, the national hoops team coach |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-02-07/185708/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219052105/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-02-07/185708/ |archive-date=2015-02-19 |access-date=9 April 2015 |work=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igihugu cyasabye kwakira Shampiyona ya Basketball muri Afurika ya 2013, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mackay |first=Duncan |date=24 December 2009 |title=Rwanda launch bid for 2013 African Championships |url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/8551/rwanda-launch-plan-for-2013-african-championships |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415123104/http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/8551/rwanda-launch-plan-for-2013-african-championships |archive-date=2015-04-15 |access-date=9 April 2015 |publisher=insidethegames.biz}}&lt;/ref&gt; ariko uburenganzira bwo kwakira irushanwa bwahawe [[Kote Divuwari|Ivory Coast]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=21 November 2011 |title=CIV - Ivory Coast to host AfroBasket 2013 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/CIV-Ivory-Coast-to-host-AfroBasket-2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415231156/http://www.fiba.com/news/CIV-Ivory-Coast-to-host-AfroBasket-2013 |archive-date=2015-04-15 |access-date=9 April 2015 |publisher=International Basketball Federation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

AfroBasket 2021 yahawe [[Kigali]] . Kubutaka bwiwabo, u Rwanda rwatsinze Angola, wegukanye ibihembo 10 bya AfroBasket hagati yi 1989 na 2013. &lt;ref name=&quot;BasketEurope.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.basketeurope.com/livenews-fr/563129/afrobasket-la-chute-de-langola-le-peps-du-rwanda/ AfroBasket : La chute de l’Angola, le peps du Rwanda] BasketEurope.com, 27 August 2021. Accessed 17 October 2021.{{In lang|fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alex Mpoyo womu Rwanda yagize ati:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Nibyiza kubona kakazi kacu ko guhagararira igihugu cyacu neza gashimwa cyane. Mu by'ukuri, sinabura gushimira bihagije abafana ibihumbi baje kudushyigikira, baririmba indirimbo zabo nimbyino zabo mumukino wose, ndetse nomu gihe twari inyuma. Inkunga yabo idashingiye kukiguzi yatubereye isoko ikomeye yinkunga.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;BasketEurope.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Umupira w'amaguru ===
Ishyirahamwe ry'umupira w'amaguru mu Rwanda riyoborwa n'Ishyirahamwe [[Ishyirahamwe ry’Umupira w’Amaguru mu Rwanda|ry'Umupira w'Amaguru mu Rwanda]] (FERWAFA), ryashinzwe muwi 1972 ryemererwa kwinjira muri FIFA muwi 1978. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda: Fédération Rwandaise de Football Association |url=https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=rwa/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415153554/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=rwa/ |archive-date=2015-04-15 |access-date=9 April 2015 |publisher=FIFA}}&lt;/ref&gt; FERWAFA kandi ifitanye isano nishyirahamwe [[Ishyirahamwe ry’Umupira w’Amaguru muri Afrika|ry'Umupira w'Amaguru muri Afurika]] (CAF) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fédération Rwandaise de Football Association (FERWAFA) |url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/memberassociations/f%C3%A9d%C3%A9rationrwandaisedefootballassociation/Home |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410215225/http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/memberassociations/f%C3%A9d%C3%A9rationrwandaisedefootballassociation/Home |archive-date=2015-04-10 |access-date=9 April 2015 |publisher=Confederation of African Football}}&lt;/ref&gt; n'Inama y'Ishyirahamwe ry'Umupira w'Amaguru muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba n'iyo Hagati (CECAFA). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About CECAFA |url=http://cecafafootball.org/about-cecafa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313013644/http://cecafafootball.org/about-cecafa/ |archive-date=2015-03-13 |access-date=9 April 2015 |publisher=CECAFA}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Amavubi|Ikipe y'igihugu]] yayo ya mbere yakinnye igikombe cya Afurika mwirushanwa ryo mu 2004. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Carlin |first=John |date=13 July 2003 |title=Rwanda's magic moment |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2003/jul/13/sport.comment3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415220803/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2003/jul/13/sport.comment3 |archive-date=2015-04-15 |access-date=9 April 2015 |work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikipe yambere yu Rwanda yatwaye igikombe cya CECAFA muwi 1999, ubwo igihugu cyakiraga iri rushanwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Komugisha |first=Usher |author-link=Usher Komugisha |date=27 November 2014 |title=Cecafa Senior Challenge Cup cancelled |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-11-27/183476/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212050855/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-11-27/183476/ |archive-date=2014-12-12 |access-date=9 April 2015 |work=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igikombe cya CECAFA cy'Amakipe kizwi nka Kagame Interclub Cup kuva muri 2002, ubwo Perezida w'u Rwanda Kagame yatangiraga gutera inkunga iri rushanwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kagame Cup Championships |url=http://cecafafootball.org/kagame-cup-championships/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921093900/http://cecafafootball.org/kagame-cup-championships/ |archive-date=2015-09-21 |access-date=9 April 2015 |publisher=CECAFA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikipe y'igihugu ntiragera kurutonde rw'abahatanira igikombe cy'isi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Montague |first=James |year=2014 |title=Thirty-One Nil: On the Road With Football's Outsiders, A World Cup Odyssey |url=https://archive.org/details/thirtyonenilonro0000mont |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9781408158845 |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/thirtyonenilonro0000mont/page/67 67]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Irushanwa rikomeye ryumupira w'amaguru mu Rwanda ni [[Shampiyona y’ icyiciro cya mbere mu mupira w’amaguru mu Rwanda|ishyirahamwe ry'umupira w'amaguru mu Rwanda]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mugabe |first=Bonnie |last2=Kamasa |first2=Peter |date=18 October 2014 |title=Who will win the 2014/15 national football league? |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-10-18/182075/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026042931/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-10-18/182075/ |archive-date=2014-10-26 |access-date=9 April 2015 |website=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Volleyball yo ku mucanga ===
U Rwanda rufite amakipe yigihugu ya Volleyball yoku mucanga yabagabo n'abagore.  Muri Kamena 2021, umutoza mukuru wamakipe yombi yari Jean Paul Mana, wayoboye amahugurwa yabereye kumucanga [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu|wa Lake Kivu]] mu [[Akarere ka Rubavu|Karere ka Rubavu]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Sikubwabo&quot; /&gt;

Mugikombe cyomuri 2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup Rwanda yarihagarariwe namakipe abiri mugice cy’abagore aribo Charlotte Nzayisenga na Valentine Munezero, ndetse na Benitha Mukandayisenga na Seraphine Mukantabana.  Abakinnyi bigitsina gabo ni Olivier Ntagengwa, Patrick Kavalo Akumuntu, Venuste G amas na Fils Habanzintwari. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sikubwabo&quot; /&gt;

=== Cricket ===
Cricket yavuzwe karumwe mumikino ikura vuba mu Rwanda. &lt;ref name=&quot;Aglietti&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Aglietti |first=Stephanie |date=11 September 2014 |title=Rwanda cricket, growing a game of hope |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/rwanda-cricket-growing-game-hope-064714133--spt.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502192345/http://sports.yahoo.com/news/rwanda-cricket-growing-game-hope-064714133--spt.html |archive-date=2015-05-02 |access-date=8 April 2015 |publisher=Yahoo Sports |agency=Agence France-Presse}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uyu mukino watangiye gukundwa cyane mugihugu ubwo impunzi zagarukaga ziva muri Kenya, ahozari zarize gukina uyu mukino. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=24 December 2014 |title=Why cricket is gaining in popularity in Rwanda |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-africa-20798480 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330191800/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20798480 |archive-date=2015-03-30 |access-date=8 April 2015 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Duncan&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Duncan |first=Isabelle |year=2013 |title=Skirting the Boundary: A History of Women's Cricket |publisher=Robson Press |isbn=9781849545464 |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ishyirahamwe ry’umukino wa Cricket mu Rwanda (RCA) ryashinzwe mu 1999 kandi ryemerwa n’Inama Mpuzamahanga ya Cricket muri 2003. Iterambere ryuyu mukino mu gihugu ryatewe inkunga numuryango wabagiraneza ukorera mu Bwongereza witwa [[Cricket Without Boundaries]], ugamije kunoza ubukangurambaga ku cyorezo cya SIDA binyuze mu mukino, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mugabe |first=Bonnie |date=10 February 2014 |title=Cricket Without Borders return to Rwanda |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-02-10/72992/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311225522/http://newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-02-10/72992 |archive-date=2016-03-11 |access-date=8 April 2015 |work=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; ndetse n’umuryango wa Marylebone Cricket Club Foundation. Uyumukino utera inkunga umushinga wo kubaka ikibuga cy’igihugu cya Cricket mu nkengero za Kigali. &lt;ref name=&quot;Aglietti&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Duncan&quot; /&gt; Ubunyamuryango bw’u Rwanda muri Commonwealth bwashimiwe kuba bwarafashije gukurura umukino wa Cricket mu gihugu, aho abagabo nabagore bawukina mubigo by’imfubyi, amashuri, zakaminuza n’amakipe ya Cricket. &lt;ref name=&quot;Duncan&quot; /&gt;
[[Dosiye:MTB_cycling_2012_Olympics_M_cross-country_RWA_Adrien_Niyonshuti.jpg|right|thumb|Adrien Niyonshuti, &quot;umwe mu bantu bazwi cyane mu Rwanda&quot;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=27 July 2012 |title=Niyonshuti to carry Rwandan flag in Olympic Games opening ceremony |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/niyonshuti-to-carry-rwandan-flag-in-olympic-games-opening-ceremony |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416042431/http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/niyonshuti-to-carry-rwandan-flag-in-olympic-games-opening-ceremony |archive-date=2015-04-16 |access-date=9 April 2015 |publisher=Cycling News}}&lt;/ref&gt; yitabiriye irushanwa ryo gusiganwa ku magare mu misozi mu mikino Olempike yo mu mpeshyi ya 2012]]

=== Kugendera ku igare ===
Gusiganwa ku magare byakunze gufatwa nk'uburyo bwogutwara abantu mu Rwanda, ariko mu minsi ishize habayeho iterambere mu mikino yo gusiganwa ku magare mu gihugu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hoye&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hoye |first=Russell |year=2015 |title=Sport Management: Principles and Applications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KL8cBgAAQBAJ&amp;q=rwanda%20sport&amp;pg=PA206 |last2=Smith |first2=Aaron C.T |last3=Nicholson |first3=Matthew |last4=Stewart |first4=Bob |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781138839601 |edition=4th |location=Abingdon |page=206 |access-date=2015-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423112958/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KL8cBgAAQBAJ&amp;lpg=PA206&amp;dq=rwanda%20sport&amp;pg=PA206 |archive-date=2015-04-23 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umukinnyi w'amagare yo mu misozi akaba numukinnyi w'amagare wo mu muhanda Adrien Niyonshuti yabaye Umunyarwanda wambere wasinye amasezerano y'umwuga nikipe mpuzamahanga y'amagare, yinjiye muri MTN Qhubeka mu 2009.  Ikipe y'igihugu y'amagare, [[Team Rwanda]], yashinzwe muri 2007 n'Abanyamerika Jock Boyer, wahoze ari umukinnyi wamagare w'umwuga, na Tom Ritchey, rwiyemezamirimo wamagare.  Ikipe ya Rwanda yanditswe mugitabo, ''Land of Second Chances: The Impossible Rise of Rwanda's Cycling Team'' na filime, ''[[Rising from Ashes(firimi)|Rising from Ashes]]'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Robbins |first=Tom |date=9 August 2013 |title=Bumpy ride |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6478998a-fe85-11e2-b9b0-00144feabdc0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414085947/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/6478998a-fe85-11e2-b9b0-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3WiiJ9yMf |archive-date=2015-04-14 |access-date=8 April 2015 |work=Financial Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Willgoss |first=Graham |date=30 October 2014 |title=Tour de Second Chance |url=http://www.sport-magazine.co.uk/features/tour-de-second-chance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150408122959/http://www.sport-magazine.co.uk/features/tour-de-second-chance |archive-date=8 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tour du Rwanda|Irushanwa rya Tour of Rwanda]] ryabaye bwambere muwi 1988. Mbere ya 2009, ryitabiriwe cyane cyane n'abanyamagare bomu gihugu n'abaturutse mubihugu by'abaturanyi, ariko mu mpera za 2008 ryemejwe na Union Cycliste Internationale kandi kuva muri 2009 ryashyizwe mw' irushanwa rya UCI Africa Tour . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Tim |year=2014 |title=Land of Second Chances: The Impossible Rise of Rwanda's Cycling Team |url=https://archive.org/details/landofsecondchan0000lewi_z7u7 |publisher=Yellow Jersey Press |isbn=9780224091770 |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/landofsecondchan0000lewi_z7u7/page/179 179]}}&lt;/ref&gt;


[[Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare 2025|Shampiyona y'Isi ya UCI Road]] ryabereye murii Kigali muri Nzeri 2025.

== Uruhare rwa siporo mu mibereho myiza ==
Siporo ifatwa nabamwe nk'uburyo bwo kugera kubwiyunge nyuma yamakimbirane mu Rwanda, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ntwari |first=Daniel S. |date=8 August 2014 |title=Documentary: Reconciliation and unity through football |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/Rwanda/News/Documentary--Reconciliation-and-unity-through-football-/-/1433218/2413082/-/c5rfavz/-/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414064149/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/Rwanda/News/Documentary--Reconciliation-and-unity-through-football-/-/1433218/2413082/-/c5rfavz/-/index.html |archive-date=2015-04-14 |access-date=8 April 2015 |work=The East African}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Sarah |date=27 August 2014 |title=The impact of football in post-genocide Rwanda |url=http://www.sportanddev.org/en/newsnviews/news/?7288/1/The-Impact-of-Football-in-post-genocide-Rwanda |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104647/http://www.sportanddev.org/en/newsnviews/news/?7288%2F1%2FThe-Impact-of-Football-in-post-genocide-Rwanda |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=9 April 2015 |publisher=sportanddev.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; kandi imiryango myinshi igira uruhare mugukoresha siporo muguteza imbere ubwiyunge. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=27 June 2014 |title=Beyond the World Cup: Genocide survivor harnesses power of football in Rwanda |url=http://hmd.org.uk/news/beyond-world-cup-genocide-survivor-harnesses-power-football-Rwanda |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315132259/http://hmd.org.uk/news/beyond-world-cup-genocide-survivor-harnesses-power-football-rwanda |archive-date=2015-03-15 |access-date=8 April 2015 |publisher=Holocaust Memorial Day Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; Politiki y'iterambere rya siporo y'igihugu irimo muntego zayo guteza imbere &quot;ikoreshwa rya siporo nk'inzira ikomeye y'iterambere no kubaka amahoro&quot;, &lt;ref name=&quot;SportDevPol&quot;/&gt; kandi guverinoma yiyemeje guteza imbere ikoreshwa rya siporo muzindi ntego zitandukanye z'iterambere, harimo n'uburezi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=McCracken |first=Kathryn |year=2014 |title=Strengthening Sport for Development and Peace: National Policies and Strategies |last2=Colucci |first2=Emma |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat |isbn=9781848599123 |editor-last=Dudfield |editor-first=Oliver |location=London |pages=86–90 |chapter=Using sport and play to achieve educational objectives |chapter-url=http://www.cedol.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/7-Using-sport-and-play-to-achieve.pdf |access-date=2026-02-21 |archive-date=2015-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418093754/http://www.cedol.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/7-Using-sport-and-play-to-achieve.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amareferensi ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* [https://www.fiteq.org/news/905 &quot;U Rwanda na FITEQ bishimangira ubufatanye mu kuzamura iterambere rya Teqball no kwakira ibirori bikomeye&quot;], FITEQ (14 Gicurasi 2025)
[[Ikiciro:Imikino (Rwanda)]]
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      <sha1>be1qups8jsm39k5j44nsu7kkskrcwwy</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Roger Milla</title>
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'''Albert Roger Miller''' (wavutse kuya 20 Gicurasi 1952), uzwi kwizina rya '''Roger Milla''', ni Umunyakameruni wahozari [[Umupira w’amaguru|umukinnyi w'umupira w'amaguru]] wabigizumwuga wakinnye nk'umukinnyi wa mbere . Yari umwe mu bakinnyi ba mbere b'Abanyafurika babaye icyamamare gikomeye ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Yakinnye mu bikombe bitatu by'isi mwikipe y'igihugu ya Kameruni .

Yageze kurwegompuzamahanga afitimyaka 38, iyomyaka abakinnyibenshi barutahizamu bagiye mukiruhuko cy'izabukuru, atsindibitego bine mugikombe cy'isi cya FIFA cyo mu 1990, aba umukinnyi watsinze ibitego byinshi mu mateka y'igikombe cy'isi icyo gihe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Milla: My record will be very difficult to beat |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/roger-milla-interview-cameroon-indomitable-lions-fifa-world-cup-record |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217183651/https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/roger-milla-interview-cameroon-indomitable-lions-fifa-world-cup-record |archive-date=17 December 2022 |publisher=FIFA}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AFP |title=Meet the man who put African football on world map |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/sports/meet-the-man-who-put-african-football-on-world-map |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217183656/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/sports/meet-the-man-who-put-african-football-on-world-map |archive-date=17 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cameroon great Roger Milla remembers FIFA World Cup magic as history beckons for Africa |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/fifa-world-cup-2018/fifa-worldcup-2018-news/2018/jun/11/cameroon-great-roger-milla-remembers-fifa-world-cup-magic-as-history-beckons-for-africa-1826731.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102232525/http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/fifa-world-cup-2018/fifa-worldcup-2018-news/2018/jun/11/cameroon-great-roger-milla-remembers-fifa-world-cup-magic-as-history-beckons-for-africa-1826731.html |archive-date=2 November 2019 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Johannesburg |first=Tom Dart |title=Roger Milla says of African toil: I told you so |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/roger-milla-says-of-african-toil-i-told-you-so-l0635wb36f8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217183656/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/roger-milla-says-of-african-toil-i-told-you-so-l0635wb36f8 |archive-date=17 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-17 |work=[[The Times]] |language=en |issn=0140-0460}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yafashije Kameruni kuba ikipe ya mbere y'Afurika kugera murikimwe cyakane cy'irushanwa ry'igikombe cy'isi. Nyuma y'imyaka ine, afitimyaka 42, Milla yatsinze agahigoke nk'umukinnyi watsinze ibitego byinshi mu gikombe cy'isi ubwo yatsindaga Uburusiya mugikombe cy'isi cya FIFA cyo mu 1994. &lt;ref name=&quot;classic&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Roger Milla, the pride of the Indomitable Lions |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=79318/profile.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924152407/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=79318/profile.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 September 2015 |publisher=FIFA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Milla yakundaga kwishimira ibitego yiruka kwibendera ry'imfuruka akanabyina imbyino isa n'iya lambada . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jon Carter |date=26 May 2010 |title=First XI: World Cup celebrations |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/columns/story?id=790168&amp;cc=5739&amp;ver=global |url-status=dead |journal=[[ESPN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603233147/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/columns/story?id=790168&amp;cc=5739&amp;ver=global |archive-date=3 June 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2004, Pelé yashyizwe kurutonde rwa FIFA rw'abakinnyi 100 bakomeye kwisi. &lt;ref name=&quot;classic&quot;/&gt; Mu 2007, [[Ishyirahamwe ry’Umupira w’Amaguru muri Afrika|Ishyirahamwe ry'Umupira w'Amaguru muri Afurika]] ryashyizeho Milla nk'umukinnyi mwiza w'umunyafurika mumyaka 50 ishize. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 January 2007 |title=Milla is Caf's best from 50 years |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/6261335.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602201213/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/6261335.stm |archive-date=2 June 2014 |access-date=1 June 2014 |department=[[BBC Sport]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mugihecyogusezera, yafatwaga nk'umukinnyi watsinze ibitego byinshi mukarere k'Afurika mu mikino yanyuma y'igikombe cy'isi cya FIFA aho yatsinze ibitego bitanu, kandagahigo kekaza gusimburwa n'umukinnyi wa Ghana [[Asamoah Gyan]] .

== Ubuzima bw'umuntu ==
Icyemezo cye cy'amavuko ndetse na pasiporo yebigaragaza koyitwa Roger Miller bitewe n'ikosa ry'umwanditsi nokutumvikana. Ababyeyibe bashakaga kumuhizina ry'umuryango wa nyirarume 'Milla' ubwo yavukaga. Yakundaga kwitwa Miller igihecyose yagaragaye mumikino mpuzamahanga ikomeye, impapuro z'ibarurishamibare zimuvugaho ubwo Miller yavugaga byinshi kuburyo izina ryeryari ryaravuzwe nabikandi rikamenyekana nabi mumiryango mpuzamahanga. Umuryangowe wimukiye i Douala afitimyaka 11. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ian Hawkey |year=2010 |title=Feet of the Chameleon: The Story of African Football |url=https://archive.org/details/feetofchameleons0000hawk |publisher=Portico |page=[https://archive.org/details/feetofchameleons0000hawk/page/149 149]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Se yakoraga kumihanda yagariyamoshi, naho Milla agiramahirwe yokuzenguruka igihugucyose inshuro nyinshi mubwanabwe. Yakuriye mumihanda ya Yaoundé kandiyakomokaga mumuryango usanzwe w’abantu bomucyiciro cy’abakene kuburyo ababyeyibe bashoboye kumuha uburere buhagije. Ariko, ababyeyibe ntibashimishijwenokubonako Milla arimogushakumupira w’amaguru, maze batangira kwanga kwemera ko umuhungu wabo akina umukino w’umupira w’amaguru. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mix |first=Pulse |date=2022-12-09 |title=Roger Milla: The lion, the magician, and the magic play |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/sports/football/roger-milla-the-lion-the-magician-and-the-magic-play/8dkjs73 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217190659/https://www.pulse.com.gh/sports/football/roger-milla-the-lion-the-magician-and-the-magic-play/8dkjs73 |archive-date=17 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yize ubuhanga bwogukinumupira w'amaguru atambayinkweto arikumwe n'abandi banamu mihanda y'igitaka nomumihanda, kandakenshi yakinagafite agacupa k'umuhondo cyangwa agacupa nk'uburyo bwo gusimbura umupira. Yari afite kandi akamenyero ko gutera [[indimu]] n'udutambaro dufatanye mumipira. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=Brian |date=2022-09-07 |title=Roger Milla, the Indomitable Lion Who Changed World Cup History |url=https://www.theringer.com/2022/9/7/23340054/22-goals-roger-milla-1990-cameroon-world-cup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217183651/https://www.theringer.com/2022/9/7/23340054/22-goals-roger-milla-1990-cameroon-world-cup |archive-date=17 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=The Ringer |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; We n'abandi bana bagombaga gukinira mu bibuga byuzuye ivumbi kubera ko muri Kameruni nta mashuri y'abana yari yarashinze amashuri makuru y'umupira w'amaguru icyo gihe kandi muri Kameruni ntabibuga byiza byari bifite kandi nta n'ubushobozi bwo kugira abatoza bafite uburenganzira bwo kugira. Byagaragayeko Milla yakinagumupira w'amaguru murwegorwo kwidagaduragusa, kwishimisha no kwidagadura kandi ko atatekereje cyane kubigira umwuga we, maze akomeza kunoza ubuhanga bwe mumupira w'amaguru mubiruhuko by'ishuri. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Roger Milla ubweyavuzeko yarangije amashuri yisumbuye arikibyoyavuze byanenzwe nabamwe mubanditsi bomuri Kameruni. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Afite abavandimwe batatu bafite amazina atandukanye nka Joseph Debouba, Jacques Edjanque na Alexandre Diboussi. Yagiye kureka siporo nyuma y'urupfu rwa nyina mu rugo mu gihe yakinaga umupira w'amaguru mukibuga cyakure ndetse nokubera ko umugorewe yaratwite ubwo aba bombi bari bategereje umwana wabo wa kabiri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Vecsey |first=George |date=1990-06-24 |title=SPORTS OF THE TIMES; The Old Man Waited for the Shadows |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/24/sports/sports-of-the-times-the-old-man-waited-for-the-shadows.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217183650/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/24/sports/sports-of-the-times-the-old-man-waited-for-the-shadows.html |archive-date=17 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-17 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga w'ikipe ==

=== Imyaka yo mu ntangiriro ===
Yakiniyikipe y’abanabatoya Eclair de Douala afitimyaka 13, yitabira amarushanwa y’ishuri gusa. Nyumayaje kwemeza ababyeyibe nyumayo kwitwara neza mumikino y’imyaka.

Yakinnye bwambere mwikipe y’abakuruya [[Eclair de Douala]] mucyiciro cyakabiri cya shampiyona ya Kameruni afitimyaka 15. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; Nyuma y’imyakibiri, afitimyaka 17, yabayumukinnyi wa shampiyona yogusimbuka cyane mumashuriyo muri Kameruni. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; Yasinyamasezerano mwikipe y’icyiciro cya mbere ya Léopard Douala mu 1970 afite imyaka 18, amaherezo yegukana ibikombe bitatu bya shampiyona ya Kameruni muriyokipe. Yanatsinze ibitego 89 mumikino 116 yakinnye muri Léopard Douala mu gihe cy’imyaka ine. Nyuma y’aho yerekeje muri Tonnerre Yaoundé mu 1974 nyuma y’imyaka ine amaze akinaneza muri Léopard Douala. Yatwayigikombe cy'Afurika cy’abatsinze ibikombe muri Tonnerre Yaoundé, naho mu ikipe ya Tonnerre Yaoundé atsinda ibitego 69 mu mikino 87.

=== Kwimukira mu Bufaransa ===
Yimukiye mu Bufaransa afitimyaka 25 mu 1977 ahoyamaze imyaka 12 akiniramakipe atandukanye. Mu 1977, yakuruwe n'ikipe yomu Bufaransa ya Valenciennes ajya i Burayi. Aho yatsinzibitego 6 mumikino 28 ya shampiyona mumyakibiri. Mu 1979, yinjiye muri AS Monaco, aho yatwaye igikombe cy'Ubufaransa mu 1980 anatsinda ibitego 5 mumikino 25 ya shampiyona n'igikombe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Yari yaragize ibibazo byinshi by'imvune mugihegito yamazemuri shampiyona, maze abayobozi b'ikipe ye bahitamo kumurekura mu mpera z'umwaka w'imikino. Umwaka wakurikiyeho, yinjiye muri Bastia, aho yamaze imyaka ine. Milla yatsinze ibitego 42 mu mikino 133 y'amarushanwa kandi yagize uruhare runini mu gufasha ikipe gutwara igikombe cy'Ubufaransa mu 1981.

Nyuma y’ahoyerekeje muri Saint-Etienne mu 1984, abumunyamuryango ukomeyew’iyikipe, yari irimo gukiranyuma y’ikibazo gikomeye cya ruswa mu 1982 ndetse no kumanuka mu cyiciro cya 2, nyuma yo kugurisha abakinnyi benshi bambere. Murirusange yakinnyimikino 69 muriyi kipe atsinda ibitego 36, anagira uruhare mugufasha iyikipe kongerakwinjira mucyiciro cyambere. Hanyuma yakinnye muri Montpellier kuva mu 1986 kugeza mu 1989, aho Milla yaje kuba umwe mu batoza b’iyi kipe nyuma yo gusezera mumupira w’amaguru mu Bufaransa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)&quot;&gt;Bikenewe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Mu mwakawe wambere w'imikino, Milla yatsinze ibitego 18 mumikino 33 isanzwe y'umwaka, byafashije Montpellier kugaruka mu cyiciro cya 1. Muri rusange, yatsinze ibitego 41 mu mikino 103 yakinnye muri Montpellier. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

=== Imyaka ya nyuma ===
Milla yavuye mumupira w'amaguru w'Abafaransa afitimyaka 37 mu 1989 ajya i [[Reyiniyo|Réunion]] mu Nyanja y'Abahinde ahoyakiniye JS Saint-Pierroise . Nyumayogutsinda mugikombe cy'isi, yasubiye i Tonnerre muri Kameruni mugihe cy'imyaka ine. Yarangije iminsiye akina mumakipabiri muri Indoneziya nyuma y'igikombe cy'isi cyomu 1994, asezerera muri uyu mukino mu mpera z'umwaka w'imikino wo mu 1996. Umubare w'ibitego yatsinze muri shampiyona yomuri Indoneziya warenze umubarew'imikino yari yarakinnye muri iryo rushanwa, aho ibitego 41 byabonetse mumikino 35 gusa mugihe cy'imyaka ibiri.

== Umwuga mpuzamahanga ==
Milla yakiniyikipe y'igihugu inshuro 77, atsinda ibitego 43. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mamrud |first=Roberto |date=9 March 2017 |title=Albert Roger Mooh Miller &quot;Milla&quot; – Goals in International Matches |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/rogermilla-intlg.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710163345/https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/rogermilla-intlg.html |archive-date=10 July 2022 |access-date=1 April 2020 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Milla yakinnye bwambere muri Kameruni mu 1973 ubwo yakinaga na Zaire mumukino wogushaka itike yogukina igikombe cy'isi. 

Yakinnye imikino yeyambere mugikombe cy'isi mugikombe cy'isi gifatwa nk'icya mbere mwikipe ya Kameruni ubwoyegukanaga igikombe cy'isi cya FIFA cyo mu 1982 nyuma yo gutsinda imikino yombi ya nyuma bakina na Maroc mumikino yo guhatanira itike yo kujya mu gikombe cy'isi cya FIFA cyo mu 1982 mu karere ka Afurika . Milla yagize uruhare runini mugufasha Kameruni kwegukana itike yo kujya mu gikombe cy'isi cyo mu 1982, atsinda amanotamenshi mumikino yo guhatanira itike yokujya mugikombe cy'isi cya FIFA cyomu 1982 mumarushanwa yo guhatanira itike yo kujya mu karere ka Afurika. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Roger Milla at 70 |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/cameroon-legend-roger-milla-turns-70 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217183651/https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/cameroon-legend-roger-milla-turns-70 |archive-date=17 December 2022 |publisher=FIFA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yahuye n'amarangamutima atandukanye mugikombe cy'isi cya FIFA cyo mu 1982, igitego cyatsinzwe na Peru mumukinowabo wambere. Kameruni yatsinzwe imikino itatu mu mikino itatu yomucyiciro cyambere. Nyuma y'imyakibiri, yarimwikipe yahatanaga mu mikino Olempike yo mu mpeshyi yo mu 1984 i Los Angeles, muri California . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)&quot;&gt;Icyitonderwa kirakenewe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Milla yarumukinnyi w’ingenzi mwikipe ya Kameruni yegukanye igikombe cya Afurika cyo mu 1984 aho Kameruni yatsinze Nijeriya ibitego 3-1 ku mukino wa nyuma bituma Kameruni yegukana igikombecyambere cy’umugabane. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Milla backs Cameroon to retain Afcon title |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/48574322 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217183704/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/48574322 |archive-date=17 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-17 |work=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yarumukinnyi ukomeye mwikipe ya Kameruni yaje ku mwanya wa kabiri nyuma ya [[Misiri]] ku mukino wa nyuma w’igikombe cya Afurika cyo mu 1986, kandi yahawe igihembo cy’umukinnyi mwiza muri iryo rushanwakuko yatsinze ibitego byinshi n’ibitego 4. Yanatoranyijwe mu ikipe y’igikombe cy'Afurika cyomu 1986. Yanabaye umukinnyi watsinze ibitego byinshi mugikombe cy'Afurika cyo mu 1988, atsinda ibitego 2 hamwe na Lakhdar Belloumi wo muri Alijeriya, Abdoulaye Traoré wo muri Ivory Coast na Gamal Abdelhamid wo muri Misiri. Yongeye kugira uruhare runini mu gutsinda kwa Kameruni mugikombe cya Afurika cyo mu 1988, kandi kubera uburyo yitwaye neza muri iryo rushanwa, yagizwe umukinnyi w’irushanwa, ndetse anashyirwa mwikipe y’igikombe cy'Afurika cyomu 1988.

Mu 1988, afitimyaka 36, Milla yizihije ikiruhuko cyecyogusezera kumupira w'amaguru mpuzamahanga, yizihiza yubile muri Kameruni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 July 2016 |title=Et Roger Milla inventa la célébration de but |url=http://www.slateafrique.com/677363/roger-milla-pogba-celebration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618093657/http://www.slateafrique.com/677363/roger-milla-pogba-celebration |archive-date=18 June 2020 |access-date=1 April 2020 |website=Slate Afrique |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ariko, mu 1990, yahamagawe na Perezida wa Kameruni Paul Biya, wamwinginze ngwavemukiruhuko cy'izabukuru mpuzamahanga agaruke mu ikipe y'igihugu. Yarabyemeye, maze ajya mu [[Ubutaliyani|Butaliyani]] mu ikipe ya ''Indomitable Lions'' mu gikombe cy'isi cyo mu 1990, aho yateraga igitangaza. Byagaragaye ko Paul Biya yashakaga ko Milla akina mu gikombe cy'isi nyuma yo kureba Milla akina mumukino w'urukundo wabereye i Douala aho Milla yatsinze ibitego bibiri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Who is the oldest goal-scorer in the World Cup? |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/oldest-goal-scorer-fifa-world-cup-football |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207170004/https://olympics.com/en/news/oldest-goal-scorer-fifa-world-cup-football |archive-date=7 December 2022 |publisher=Olympics}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyumayogushimangira kwa Perezida wa Kameruni, Milla yahisemo kugaruka mu mupira w'amaguru mpuzamahanga atanga itangazo ku mugaragaro muri Gicurasi 1990. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=24 June 1990 |title=MILLA SHOOTS CAMEROON INTO HISTORY, QUARTERFINAL |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1990/06/24/milla-shoots-cameroon-into-history-quarterfinal/6983884c-4706-4f01-9e89-ebe7e125c071/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908084647/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1990/06/24/milla-shoots-cameroon-into-history-quarterfinal/6983884c-4706-4f01-9e89-ebe7e125c071/ |archive-date=8 September 2023 |access-date=17 December 2022 |work=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bivugwa kandiko abenshi mubakinnyi bakinana muri Kameruni ndetse n'umutoza mukuru w'igihugu Valery Nepomnyashchy ukomokamu Burusiya batashakaga ko Milla aba mu gikombe cy'isi cya FIFA cyo mu 1990. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Old lion roars for Cameroon (42) {{!}} 100 great World Cup moments |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/100-great-world-cup-moments-qatar-2022-42-roger-milla-cameroon-1990 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217183650/https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/100-great-world-cup-moments-qatar-2022-42-roger-milla-cameroon-1990 |archive-date=17 December 2022 |publisher=FIFA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Biya yatanze itegeko rimuhamagarira kugaruka mu ikipe y'igihugu maze Biya asinya ku mugaragaro itegeko risaba kandi rihatira umutoza kumutoranya mwikipe y'igikombe cy'isi. Byavuzwe kandiko abanyamakuruba siporo bazwi muri Kameruni hamwe n'abafana batangiye gahunda yo gusubiza Milla mwikipe y'igihugu nyuma y'uko Kameruni yitwaye nabimu gikombe cya Afurika cyo mu 1990 muri Alijeriya aho Kameruni yavaga mumatsinda itsindwa na Gambia na Senegal. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1 July 1990 |title=WITH MILLA AS LEADER OF PACK, YOUNG LIONS' PRIDE HAS SOARED |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1990/07/01/with-milla-as-leader-of-pack-young-lions-pride-has-soared/478dffa0-bb42-478a-b762-dc1b22caab94/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209193044/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1990/07/01/with-milla-as-leader-of-pack-young-lions-pride-has-soared/478dffa0-bb42-478a-b762-dc1b22caab94/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=17 December 2022 |work=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Milla the making of Africa at the World Cup |url=https://supersport.com/football/fifa-world-cup-2022/news/b9a12b4a-89a5-4a9c-889c-f2ef21cbd2b6/milla-the-making-of-africa-at-the-world-cup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217183652/https://supersport.com/football/fifa-world-cup-2022/news/b9a12b4a-89a5-4a9c-889c-f2ef21cbd2b6/milla-the-making-of-africa-at-the-world-cup |archive-date=17 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=SuperSport |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Igikombe cy'Isi cyo mu 1990 ===
Milla yatsinze ibitegobye binebyose muririrushanwa nk'umusimburubwo yatangiragaburi mukino w'irushanwa kuntebe y'abasimbura. Yatangiye mugice cya kabiri mumikino inemuri itanu y'igikombe cy'isi, anagaragara mugice cyambere inshurimwe. Ibitegobyebibiri by'ingenzi yatsinze mu gice cya kabiri cy'umukino yakinnye na Rumaniya mu minota ibirigusa muminota y'inyongera aho yongeye kugaragara nk'umusimbura, maze akurikira ubuhanga bwe, afatwank'intwari muri Kameruni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-05-19 |title=1990: When Cameroon rocked the world |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/club/cameroon-crm/656/blog/post/3859286/1990-when-cameroon-rocked-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217183650/https://www.espn.com/soccer/club/cameroon-crm/656/blog/post/3859286/1990-when-cameroon-rocked-the-world |archive-date=17 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Anirudh |date=8 May 2018 |title=40 Greatest Goals in World Cup History: #37 Roger Milla - Cameroon vs Romania ('90) |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/40-greatest-goals-in-world-cup-history-roger-milla-cameroon-vs-romania-90 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217183651/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/40-greatest-goals-in-world-cup-history-roger-milla-cameroon-vs-romania-90 |archive-date=17 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umutoza Valery Nepomnyashchy ni we wahisemo kuzana Milla mberegato y'umukino yakinnye na Rumaniya azi neza ko intsinzi izaha Kameruni umwanya mu cyiciro cya 16, maze umutoza nyuma yemeza akamaro ka Milla nyuma yo gutsinda bikomeye Kameruni mu mukino watsinzwe cyane na Argentine, ikipe ya Argentina. Yarumukinnyi mukurucyane wakiniraga hanze mu gikombe cy'isi cya FIFA cyo mu 1990, kandiyari umukinnyi wa kabiri mukuru mu irushanwa nyuma ya Peter Shilton w'Umwongereza.

Milla w'imyaka 38 y'amavuko yabayumwe mubakinnyi bakomeye mwirushanwa. Yatsinze ibitego binemu Butaliyani, yishimira burikimwe abyina azungurukibendera ry'imfuruka, ibibikaba byarakunze gukundwa kuva icyo gihe. Ibitego bibiri yatsinze Rumaniya mu mukino wa kabiri wa Kameruni, n'ibindi bibiri yatsinze mu minota 16 y'inyongera yatsinze Kolombiya mu mikino 16 ya nyuma, bituma Kameruni igera muri kimwe cyakane cy'irangiza, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Philémon |last2=Philémon |date=2022-06-24 |title=World Cup 90: The day Roger Milla took Cameroon to the quarter-finals |url=https://sportnewsafrica.com/en/at-a-glance/world-cup-90-the-day-roger-milla-took-cameroon-to-the-quarter-finals/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124095109/https://sportnewsafrica.com/en/at-a-glance/world-cup-90-the-day-roger-milla-took-cameroon-to-the-quarter-finals/ |archive-date=24 November 2022 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=Sport News Africa |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ikipe ya Afurika yari yageze kure mu gikombe cy'isi ( Senegal na Ghana byahuye n'iki gikombe mu 2002 na 2010, mu gihe Maroc yayirenze igera muri kimwe cya kabiri cy'irangiza mu 2022 ). Mumukino wa kimwe cyakane cy'irangiza n'Ubwongereza, Milla yemeje ko ari umukinnyi w'icyamamare cyane mugice cya kabiri cy'irushanwa, Kameruni irushwa igitego 1-0, inganya penaliti, hanyuma ishyiraho igitego cya Ekeke, bituma Kameruni ibona amanota 2-1, mberey'uko Ubwongereza butsinda penaliti ebyiri, maze butsinda 3-2 nyuma y'iminota y'inyongera. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-03 |title=How England 'pulled it out of the fire' against Milla's Cameroon at Italia 90 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/dec/03/how-england-pulled-it-out-of-the-fire-against-millas-cameroon-at-italia-90 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210225547/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/dec/03/how-england-pulled-it-out-of-the-fire-against-millas-cameroon-at-italia-90 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-10-14 |title=On Second Thoughts: Italia 90 {{!}} Rob Smyth |url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2010/oct/14/on-second-thoughts-italia-90 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207050747/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2010/oct/14/on-second-thoughts-italia-90 |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bitewe n'uko yakinnye mu Butaliyani, yongeye kugirwa umukinnyi w'umupira w'amaguru w'umwaka muri Afurika. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)&quot;&gt;Icyitonderwa kirakenewe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Igitego cyecyakabiricyo kwishimirikipe ya Kolombiya cyabaye icyamamare ku isiyose kandi cyakoreshejwe na Coca-Cola nk'uko bigaragara mumatangazo nka Coca-Cola yo mu gikombe cy'isi cyo mu 2010. 

=== Igikombe cy'Isi cyo mu 1994 ===
Milla yagarutse mugikombe cy'isi cya FIFA cyomu 1994 afitimyaka 42, akaba ariwemukinnyi ukuzwecyane kurushabandibose bakinnye mu gikombe cy'isi kugeza mu irushanwa rya 2014 ubwo Faryd Mondragón womuri Kolombiya yinjiye mu mukino w'amatsinda n'Ubuyapani ubwo yari afite imyaka 43 n'iminsi 3. Agahigo ka Mondragon katsinzwe na Essam El Hadary mu 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 June 2018 |title=Milla, Zoff &amp; the oldest players in World Cup history |url=http://www.goal.com/en/lists/milla-zoff-the-oldest-players-in-world-cup-history/1wau0ekie341x15h2qpa5px43d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621042853/http://www.goal.com/en/lists/milla-zoff-the-oldest-players-in-world-cup-history/1wau0ekie341x15h2qpa5px43d |archive-date=21 June 2018 |access-date=21 June 2018 |publisher=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kameruni yakuwe mu matsinda; icyakora, Milla yatsinze igitego mu ikipe y'Uburusiya, ashyiraho agahigo ko kuba umukinnyi watsinze ibitego byinshi mwirushanwa ry'igikombe cy'isi, asesa agahigo yari yashyizeho mu 1990. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2010 |title=On this day in world cup history: Russia 6 Cameroon 1, 28 June 1994 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/on-this-day-in-world-cup-history-russia-6-cameroon-1-28-june-1994-2012166.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621045845/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/on-this-day-in-world-cup-history-russia-6-cameroon-1-28-june-1994-2012166.html |archive-date=21 June 2018 |access-date=21 June 2018 |publisher=Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yakinnye umukino mpuzamahanga bwa nyuma mu mukino wa gicuti na Afurika y'Epfo mu Ukuboza 1994. 

== Umwuga nyuma yo gukina ==
Ubunintumwa y’ingenzi mubikorwa by'Afurika. Anakora nk’umukorerabushake mu matsinda atandukanye arimo n’Ikigega [[Ikigega Mpuzamahanga Gishinzwe Umutungo Kamere|Mpuzamahanga cyita ku Bidukikije]] . Yanafunguye amasosiyete abiri yo kongera gukoresha iplastike mumabuye yomumuhanda. Mu 2004, yashyizwe mwrushanwa rya FIFA 100, urutonde rw’abakinnyi 125 b’umupira w’amaguru bakomeye batoranyijwe na Pelé mu birori byokwizihiza isabukuru y’imyaka ijana ya FIFA .

Yatoje Montpellier kuvamu 2001 kugezamu 2007. Yanabaye umutoza wa Tonnerre mugihe cy'imyaka ine hagatiya 2007 na 2011. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The eight lesser-known football World Cup heroes |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2022/11/18/lesser-known-world-cup-heroes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219055918/https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2022/11/18/lesser-known-world-cup-heroes |archive-date=19 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umurage ==
[[Dosiye:Finales_CAN_2021_(31).jpg|thumb|Milla afite igikombe cya Afurika mu 2022.]]
Yagizwe perezida w’icyubahiro w’ishyirahamwe ry’umupira w’amaguru rya Kameruni muri Werurwe 2008. Ariko, yakuwekuruwomwanya w’umuyobozi w’icyubahiro muri Gicurasi 2012 nyumayokunenga abayobozi bakuru b’ishyirahamwe ry’umupira w’amaguru rya Kameruni ku bijyanye n’ihagarikwa ry’igihekirekire rya Samuel Eto'o . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Cameroon federation ditches Milla |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/18103491 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217183652/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/18103491 |archive-date=17 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-17 |work=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=18 May 2012 |title=Roger Milla dismissed as honorary president |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/roger-milla-dismissed-as-honorary-president |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217183650/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/roger-milla-dismissed-as-honorary-president |archive-date=17 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwitariki ya 24 Ugushyingo 2022, yahawicyubahiro na FIFA kubw'ibyo yagezehubwo Perezida wa FIFA Gianni Infantino yamushyikirizaga icyapambere gato y'uko umukino w'amatsinda utangira hagatiya Kameruni n'Ubusuwisi mu gikombe cy'isi cya FIFA cyo mu 2022 kuri sitade ya Al Janoub, Milla nawe yatumiwe kumugaragaro nk'umushyitsi wihariye na Perezida wa FIFA kugirango arebe uwomukino.  

Ibirori bye by’ubuhanga muburyo bw’imbyino ya Makossa mugace k’ibendera ry’imfuruka mu gikombe cy’isi cya FIFA cyo mu 1990 byahinduye uko abantu batangiye kubona umupira w’amaguru muri Afurika muburyo bwiza. Ibirori bye byafashwe nk’ibyakunzwe ako kanya kandi byateraga imbaraga nziza kubarebaga mugikombe cy’isi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Borg |first=Chris |date=2015-06-23 |title=Roger Milla: How Italia 90 changed the way the world saw African football |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/06/23/football/roger-milla-cameroon-african-football-world-cup-1990/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217183651/https://www.cnn.com/2015/06/23/football/roger-milla-cameroon-african-football-world-cup-1990/index.html |archive-date=17 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=CNN |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yabayikiganiro cy’abantubenshi mu mujyi nomwirushanwa mugikombe cy’isi cya FIFA cyo mu 1990 bitewe ahanini n’ubuhanga bwe mu kibuga, ibirori byokubyina nokubera ubuhangabwe. Nyuma yaje kwitwa &quot;Umwami w’Ibendera ry’imfuruka&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fifa world cup Brazinga 2014: Cup Legend Roger Milla |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-fifa-world-cup-brazinga-2014-cup-legend-roger-milla-1993694 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217183652/https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-fifa-world-cup-brazinga-2014-cup-legend-roger-milla-1993694 |archive-date=17 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=DNA India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 2020, wehamwe n'abakinnyi bagenzibebo muri Kameruni bahawamazu atatuyokuraramo nk'impano zogushimira igihebatsinze nezamugikombe cy'isi cya FIFA cyo mu 1990. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-28 |title=After 30 years wait, Roger Milla, oda Cameroon 1990 teammates receive Biya e house gift |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/sport-53946312 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217183650/https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/sport-53946312 |archive-date=17 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ariko, byabaye ngombwa ko bategereza imyaka 30 kugirangobahabwe iyompanonubwo Perezida Paul Biya yari yarabisezeranye mberemu 1990. Uyumushinga watinzecyane nyuma y'impungenge zijyanye na ruswa n'imikoreremibi kurutonde rw'abagenerwabikorwa 44. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kobo |first=Kingsley |date=2020-08-09 |title=Cameroon: Roger Milla &amp; Co get 1990 WC gift houses |url=https://www.aclsports.com/cameroon-roger-milla-co-get-1990-wc-gift-houses/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217183654/https://www.aclsports.com/cameroon-roger-milla-co-get-1990-wc-gift-houses/ |archive-date=17 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=ACLSports |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imibare y'umwuga ==

=== Ikipe ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition&lt;ref&gt;{{NFT player|14807|accessdate=21 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Eclair de Douala
|1968–69
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Première Division
|28
|1
|
|
|
|
|-
|1969–70
|29
|5
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!57
!6
!
!
!
!
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Léopard Douala
|1970–71
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Première Division
|29
|25
|
|
|
|
|-
|1971–72
|30
|20
|
|
|
|
|-
|1972–73
|28
|19
|
|
|
|
|-
|1973–74
|30
|25
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!117
!89
!
!
!
!
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Tonnerre Yaoundé
|1974–75
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Première Division
|29
|23
|
|
|
|
|-
|1975–76
|28
|26
|
|
|
|
|-
|1976–77
|30
|20
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!87
!69
!
!
!
!
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Valenciennes
|1977–78
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Division 1
|0
|0
|
|
|
|
|-
|1978–79
|28
|6
|1
|1
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!28
!6
!1
!1
!
!
|-
|Monaco
|1979–80
|Division 1
|17
|2
|8
|3
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Bastia
|1980–81
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Division 1
|30
|9
|9
|8
|
|
|-
|1981–82
|23
|8
|6
|3
|
|
|-
|1982–83
|29
|13
|2
|0
|
|
|-
|1983–84
|31
|5
|3
|1
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!113
!30
!20
!12
!
!
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Saint-Étienne
|1984–85
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Division 2
|31
|22
|8
|3
|
|
|-
|1985–86
|28
|9
|2
|2
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!59
!31
!10
!5
!
!
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Montpellier
|1986–87
|Division 2
|33
|18
|2
|1
|
|
|-
|1987–88
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Division 1
|33
|12
|4
|3
|
|
|-
|1988–89
|29
|7
|2
|0
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!95
!37
!8
!4
!
!
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Saint-Pierroise
|1989
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|1990
|D1 Pro
|23
|8
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!23
!8
!
!
!
!
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Tonnerre Yaoundé
|1990–91
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Première Division
|29
|22
|
|
|
|
|-
|1991–92
|30
|19
|
|
|
|
|-
|1992–93
|27
|23
|
|
|
|
|-
|1993–94
|30
|25
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!116
!89
!
!
!
!
|-
|Pelita Jaya
|1994–95
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Premier Division
|23
|23
|
|
|
|
|-
|Putra Samarinda
|1995–96
|12
|18
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!747
!413
!47
!25
!794
!438
|}

=== Mpuzamahanga ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Imikinire n'ibitego by'ikipe y'igihugu n'umwaka &lt;ref name=&quot;RSSSF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Albert Roger Mooh Miller &quot;Milla&quot; - Goals in International Matches |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/rogermilla-intlg.html |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=RSSSF}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Ikipe y'igihugu
! Umwaka
! Porogaramu
! Ibitego
|-
| rowspan=&quot;18&quot; | Kameruni
| 1973
| 3
| 0
|-
| 1975
| 3
| 1
|-
| 1976
| 8
| 7
|-
| 1977
| 6
| 4
|-
| 1978
| 1
| 0
|-
| 1979
| 2
| 3
|-
| 1980
| 1
| 1
|-
| 1981
| 7
| 9
|-
| 1982
| 6
| 0
|-
| 1984
| 8
| 2
|-
| 1985
| 2
| 2
|-
| 1986
| 5
| 4
|-
| 1987
| 4
| 3
|-
| 1988
| 5
| 2
|-
| 1990
| 5
| 4
|-
| 1991
| 1
| 0
|-
| 1992
| 5
| 0
|-
| 1994
| 5
| 1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Igiteranyo
! 77
! 43
|}

: ''Amanota n'ibisubizo bya Kameruni ni byo bya mbere, inkingi y'amanota igaragaza amanota nyuma ya buri gitego cya Milla.''

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+List of international goals scored by Roger Milla
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |No.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Date
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Venue
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Opponent
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Score
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Result
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Competition
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ref.
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1
|19 November 1975
|Ahmadou Ahidjo Stadium, Yaoundé, Cameroon
|{{Fb|Zaire}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |—
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–1
|Friendly
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cameroon v Zaire, 19 November 1975 |url=https://www.11v11.com/matches/cameroon-v-zaire-19-november-1975-233580/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=11v11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2
|7 July 1976
|Stade d'Angondjé, Libreville, Gabon
|{{Fb|Rwanda|1962}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |5–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |5–0
|1976 Central African Games
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda v Cameroon, 07 July 1976 |url=https://www.11v11.com/matches/rwanda-v-cameroon-07-july-1976-233830/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=11v11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |10 July 1976
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Stade d'Angondjé, Libreville, Gabon
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Fb|Burundi}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |—
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |5–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1976 Central African Games
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cameroon v Burundi, 10 July 1976 |url=https://www.11v11.com/matches/cameroon-v-burundi-10-july-1976-233841/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=11v11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |4
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |—
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |5
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |14 July 1976
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Stade d'Angondjé, Libreville, Gabon
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Fb|CGO|1970}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |—
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3–2
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1976 Central African Games
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |6
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3–2
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |7
|17 October 1976
|Stade de la Revolution, [[Brazzaville]], Congo
|{{Fb|CGO|1970}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–2
|1978 FIFA World Cup qualification
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Congo Brazzaville v Cameroon, 17 October 1976 |url=https://www.11v11.com/matches/congo-brazzaville-v-cameroon-17-october-1976-233990/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=11v11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |8
|31 October 1976
|Ahmadou Ahidjo Stadium, Yaoundé, Cameroon
|{{Fb|CGO|1970}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–2
|1978 FIFA World Cup qualification
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cameroon v Congo Brazzaville, 31 October 1976 |url=https://www.11v11.com/matches/cameroon-v-congo-brazzaville-31-october-1976-234008/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=11v11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |9
|26 January 1977
|Ahmadou Ahidjo Stadium, Yaoundé, Cameroon
|{{Fb|CGO|1970}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |—
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–2
|Friendly
|&lt;ref name=&quot;RSSSF&quot;/&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |10
|13 March 1977
|Ahmadou Ahidjo Stadium, Yaoundé, Cameroon
|{{Fb|CGO|1970}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–0
|1978 African Cup of Nations qualification
|&lt;ref name=&quot;RSSSF&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |11
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |27 December 1977
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ahmadou Ahidjo Stadium, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Fb|Rwanda|1962}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |—
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |4–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1978 All-Africa Games qualification
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;RSSSF&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |12
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |—
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |13
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |10 April 1979
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ahmadou Ahidjo Stadium, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{Fb|Guinea}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3–0
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1980 African Cup of Nations qualification
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;RSSSF&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |14
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–0
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |15
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3–0
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |16
|29 June 1980
|Ahmadou Ahidjo Stadium, Yaoundé, Cameroon
|{{Fb|Malawi}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3–0
|1982 FIFA World Cup qualification
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cameroon v Malawi, 29 June 1980 |url=https://www.11v11.com/matches/cameroon-v-malawi-29-june-1980-235952/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=11v11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |17
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |5 April 1981
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Reunification Stadium, Douala, Cameroon
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{Fb|Togo}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |4–0
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1982 African Cup of Nations qualification
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cameroon v Togo, 05 April 1981 |url=https://www.11v11.com/matches/cameroon-v-togo-05-april-1981-236455/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=11v11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |18
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3–0
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |19
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |4–0
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |20
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |26 April 1981
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Reunification Stadium, Douala, Cameroon
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{Fb|Zaire}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |6–1
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1982 FIFA World Cup qualification
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cameroon v Zaire, 26 April 1981 |url=https://www.11v11.com/matches/cameroon-v-zaire-26-april-1981-236496/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=11v11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |21
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3–0
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |22
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |6–1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |23
|16 August 1981
|Ahmadou Ahidjo Stadium, Yaoundé, Cameroon
|{{Fb|Madagascar}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |5–1
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |5–1
|1982 African Cup of Nations qualification
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cameroon v Madagascar, 16 August 1981 |url=https://www.11v11.com/matches/cameroon-v-madagascar-16-august-1981-236684/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=11v11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |24
|15 November 1981
|Kenitra Municipal Stadium, Kenitra, Morocco
|{{Fb|Morocco}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–0
|1982 FIFA World Cup qualification
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Morocco v Cameroon, 15 November 1981 |url=https://www.11v11.com/matches/morocco-v-cameroon-15-november-1981-236885/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=11v11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |25
|29 November 1981
|Ahmadou Ahidjo Stadium, Yaoundé, Cameroon
|{{Fb|Morocco}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–1
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–1
|1982 FIFA World Cup qualification
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cameroon v Morocco, 29 November 1981 |url=https://www.11v11.com/matches/cameroon-v-morocco-29-november-1981-236932/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=11v11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |26
|10 March 1984
|Felix Houphouet Boigny Stadium, [[Abidjan]], Ivory Coast
|{{Fb|Ivory Coast}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–0
|1984 African Cup of Nations
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast v Cameroon, 10 March 1984 |url=https://www.11v11.com/matches/ivory-coast-v-cameroon-10-march-1984-238344/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=11v11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |27
|30 July 1984
|Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium, Annapolis, United States
|{{Fb|Yugoslavia}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–2
|1984 Summer Olympics
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yugoslavia v Cameroon, 30 July 1984 |url=https://www.11v11.com/matches/yugoslavia-v-cameroon-30-july-1984-238559/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=11v11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |28
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |15 September 1985
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ahmadou Ahidjo Stadium, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Fb|Saudi Arabia}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |4–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1985 Afro-Asian Cup of Nations
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cameroon v Saudi Arabia, 15 September 1985 |url=https://www.11v11.com/matches/cameroon-v-saudi-arabia-15-september-1985-239448/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=11v11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |29
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3–0
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |30
|8 March 1986
|Alexandria Stadium, Alexandria, Egypt
|{{Fb|Zambia}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3–2
|1986 African Cup of Nations
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cameroon v Zambia, 08 March 1986 |url=https://www.11v11.com/matches/cameroon-v-zambia-08-march-1986-239746/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=11v11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |31
|11 March 1986
|Alexandria Stadium, Alexandria, Egypt
|{{Fb|Morocco}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–1
|1986 African Cup of Nations
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Morocco v Cameroon, 11 March 1986 |url=https://www.11v11.com/matches/morocco-v-cameroon-11-march-1986-239756/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=11v11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |32
|14 March 1986
|Alexandria Stadium, Alexandria, Egypt
|{{Fb|Algeria}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3–1
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3–2
|1986 African Cup of Nations
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cameroon v Algeria, 14 March 1986 |url=https://www.11v11.com/matches/cameroon-v-algeria-14-march-1986-239767/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=11v11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |33
|17 March 1986
|Alexandria Stadium, Alexandria, Egypt
|{{Fb|Ivory Coast}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
|1986 African Cup of Nations
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cameroon v Ivory Coast, 17 March 1986 |url=https://www.11v11.com/matches/cameroon-v-ivory-coast-17-march-1986-239771/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=11v11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |34
|29 March 1987
|Ahmadou Ahidjo Stadium, Yaoundé, Cameroon
|{{Fb|Uganda}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |5–1
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |5–1
|1988 African Cup of Nations qualification
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cameroon vs. Uganda |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/34300/Cameroon_Uganda.html |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=National Football Teams}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |35
|5 July 1987
|Ahmadou Ahidjo Stadium, Yaoundé, Cameroon
|{{Fb|Sudan}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–0
|1988 African Cup of Nations qualification
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cameroon vs. Sudan |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/34306/Cameroon_Sudan.html |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=National Football Teams}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |36
|15 November 1987
|Ahmadou Ahidjo Stadium, Yaoundé, Cameroon
|{{Fb|Ghana}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–1
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–2
|1988 Summer Olympics qualification
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cameroon vs. Ghana |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/34312/Cameroon_Ghana.html |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=National Football Teams}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |37
|14 March 1988
|Prince Moulay Abdellah Stadium, [[Rabat]], Morocco
|{{Fb|Egypt}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
|1988 African Cup of Nations
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cameroon v Egypt, 14 March 1988 |url=https://www.11v11.com/matches/cameroon-v-egypt-14-march-1988-240972/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=11v11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |38
|17 March 1988
|Prince Moulay Abdellah Stadium, Rabat, Morocco
|{{Fb|Nigeria}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–1
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–1
|1988 African Cup of Nations
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cameroon vs. Nigeria |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/22151/Cameroon_Nigeria.html |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=National Football Teams}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |39
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |14 June 1990
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Stadio San Nicola, Bari, Italy
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Fb|Romania}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2-1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1990 FIFA World Cup
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cameroon v Romania, 14 June 1990 |url=https://www.11v11.com/matches/cameroon-v-romania-14-june-1990-242426/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=11v11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |40
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–0
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |41
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |23 June 1990
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Stadio San Paolo, Naples, Italy
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Fb|Colombia}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1990 FIFA World Cup
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cameroon v Colombia, 23 June 1990 |url=https://www.11v11.com/matches/cameroon-v-colombia-23-june-1990-242448/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=11v11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |42
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–0
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |43
|28 June 1994
|Stanford Stadium, Stanford, United States
|{{Fb|Russia}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–3
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–6
|1994 FIFA World Cup
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Russia vs. Cameroon |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/20506/Russia_Cameroon.html |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=National Football Teams}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Ibyubahiro ==

=== Umukinnyi ===
'''Leopards Douala'''

* Igice cya Kameruni Première : 1971–72, 1972–73, 1973–74 &lt;ref name=&quot;classic&quot;/&gt;

'''Tonnerre Yaoundé'''

* Igikombe cy'Abatsinze Igikombe cya Afurika : 1975 &lt;ref name=&quot;classic&quot;/&gt;
* Igikombe cya Kameruni : 1991 &lt;ref name=&quot;classic&quot; /&gt;

'''Monaco'''

* Coupe de France : 1979–80 &lt;ref name=&quot;classic&quot;/&gt;

'''Bastia'''

* Coupe de France: 1980–81 &lt;ref name=&quot;classic&quot;/&gt;

'''Montpellier'''

* Icyiciro cya 2 : 1986–87 &lt;ref name=&quot;classic&quot;/&gt;

'''Kameruni'''

* Igikombe cy'Afurika cy'Ibihugu : 1984, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Nations Cup 1984 - Final Tournament Details |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/84a-det.html |access-date=August 9, 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1988 ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Nations Cup 1988 - Final Tournament Details |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/88a-det.html |access-date=August 9, 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; uwa kabiri, 1986 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Nations Cup 1986 - Final Tournament Details |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/86a-det.html |access-date=August 9, 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Igikombe cy'ibihugu bya Afurika na Aziya : 1985 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Afro-Asian Cup of Nations 1985-Squad Lists |url=https://www.besoccer.com/competition/squads/copa-naciones-afro-asiatica/1985 |access-date=August 9, 2025 |language=en |archive-date=September 14, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250914121600/https://www.besoccer.com/competition/squads/copa-naciones-afro-asiatica/1985 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Afro-Asian Cup of Nations-Final 1985 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asafr.html#85 |access-date=August 9, 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Umuntu ku giti cye ===

* Umukinnyi w'umupira w'amaguru w'umwaka muri Afurika : 1976, 1990 &lt;ref name=&quot;classic&quot;/&gt;
* Umukinnyi mwiza mu gikombe cya Afurika : 1986, 1988 &lt;ref name=&quot;classic&quot; /&gt;
* Igikombe cya Afurika cy'Ibihugu cyatsinze ibitego byinshi: 1986, 1988 &lt;ref name=&quot;classic&quot; /&gt;
* Inkweto y'umuringa yo mu gikombe cy'isi cya FIFA : 1990 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Cup 1990 - Scorers' list |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/90full.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421181034/http://www.rsssf.com/tables/90full.html |archive-date=21 April 2009 |access-date=11 March 2016 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ikipe y'inyenyeri zose mu gikombe cy'isi cya FIFA : 1990 &lt;ref name=&quot;FIFA World Cup Awards: All-Star Team&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=FIFA World Cup Awards: All-Star Team |url=http://football.sporting99.com/fifa-world-cup-all-star-team.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630203237/http://football.sporting99.com/fifa-world-cup-all-star-team.html |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=22 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* FIFA 100 &lt;ref name=&quot;classic&quot; /&gt;
* [[Ishyirahamwe ry’Umupira w’Amaguru muri Afrika|Umukinnyi mwiza w'umunyafurika wa CAF mu myaka 50 ishize]] : 2007 &lt;ref name=&quot;classic&quot; /&gt;
* Igihembo cya Golden Foot Legends : 2014 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Legends |url=http://www.goldenfoot.com/legends.php?l=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925120930/http://www.goldenfoot.com/legends.php?l=en |archive-date=25 September 2015 |access-date=24 September 2015 |publisher=Golden Foot}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Inkuru za IFFHS &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 January 2016 |title=IFFHS announce the 48 football legend players |url=http://iffhs.de/iffhs-has-announced-the-48-football-legend-players/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924082150/https://iffhs.de/iffhs-has-announced-the-48-football-legend-players/ |archive-date=24 September 2019 |access-date=14 September 2016 |publisher=IFFHS}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Umupira w'Amaguru ku Isi : Abakinnyi 100 Bakomeye b'Amaguru b'Ibihe Byose &lt;ref name=&quot;World Soccer Players of the Century&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Soccer Players of the Century |url=http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamHons/HonsWldSocPlyrsCent.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210404034430/http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamHons/HonsWldSocPlyrsCent.html |archive-date=4 April 2021 |access-date=22 October 2018 |website=World Soccer}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ishyirahamwe ry’Umupira w’Amaguru muri Afrika|CAF Golden Jubilee Umukinnyi wa mbere mwiza kurusha abandi]]

'''Amabwiriza'''

* Umunyacyubahiro w'umutwe w'icyubahiro : 2006 

== Reba kandi ==
 

* Urutonde rw'abakinnyi b'umupira w'amaguru b'abagabo bafite ibitego 500 cyangwa birenga

== Amareferensi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* Roger Milla – FIFA competition record (archived) 
{{Navboxes|bg=gold|fg=navy|title=Awards|list1={{1990 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament}}
{{1986 Africa Cup of Nations Team of the Tournament}}
{{1988 Africa Cup of Nations Team of the Tournament}}
{{Africa Cup of Nations top scorers}}
{{Africa Cup of Nations Player of the Tournament}}
{{African Footballer of the Year}}
{{FIFA 100}}
{{Golden Foot Legends Award}}}}{{Navboxes|title=Cameroon squads|bg=#007A5E|fg=#FCD116|bordercolor=#CE1126|list1={{Cameroon squad 1982 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Cameroon football squad 1984 Summer Olympics}}
{{Cameroon squad 1986 African Cup of Nations}}
{{Cameroon squad 1988 African Cup of Nations}}
{{Cameroon squad 1990 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Cameroon squad 1994 FIFA World Cup}}}}
[[Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Afro-Germans</title>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="27557" sha1="4qwkj5k0ioym3fofk4au1mclcpc271g" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox ethnic group|group=Afro-Germans&lt;br /&gt;''Afrodeutsche''|image=Africans in Germany.png|image_caption=|image_alt=|image_upright=|population=from 711 000 to over 1,000,000&lt;ref name=&quot;afrozensus.de&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url= https://afrozensus.de/reports/2020/ |title=Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Migrationshintergrund im weiteren Sinn nach Geburtsstaat in Staatengruppen|website=Statistisches Bundesamt}}&lt;/ref&gt;|popplace={{flag|Germany}}  ([[Berlin]], [[Cologne]], [[Stuttgart]], [[Bremen]],  [[Hanover]], [[Frankfurt]], [[Düsseldorf]], [[Munich]], [[Braunschweig]], [[Nuremberg]], [[Hamburg]])|native_name=|native_name_lang=|languages=[[German language|German]], [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[African languages]]|religions=[[Islam]], [[Lutheranism]], [[Catholic church|Roman Catholicism]]|related_groups=}}'''Abadage-Abadage''' ( German   ) cyangw''''Abadage b'Abirabura''' ( German   ) nabaturage b'Abadage bafitinkomoko ikomoka mumokoyose y'abirabura yomur'[[Afurika]] .

Imijyi nka Hamburg na Frankfurt, yahoze arahantu haninihatuwe n’abantu benshi nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi Yose n’abimukira baherutse, ifite imiryango myinshi y’Abadage n’Abanyafrika. Hamwe n’ubucuruzi n’abimukira banone, imiryango nka Frankfurt, Berlin, Munich, na Cologne ifite umubare ugenda wiyongera w’Abadage b’Abanyafrika. Ibarura ry’Abadage ntirikoresha ubwoko nk’icyiciro. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mazon |first=Patricia |year=2005 |title=Not So Plain as Black and White: Afro-German Culture and History, 1890–2000 |url=https://afrozensus.de/reports/2020/ |publisher=University of Rochester Press |isbn=1-58046-183-2 |location=Rochester |pages=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umubare w’abantu &quot;bafite amateka maremare y’abimukira&quot; ( ''mit Migrationshintergrund im weiteren Sinn'', bivuze kobafite niburanyogokuru umwewavukiye hanze y’Ubudage), bivugwa ko barenga miliyoni 1.000.000. &lt;ref name=&quot;afrozensus.de&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Migrationshintergrund im weiteren Sinn nach Geburtsstaat in Staatengruppen |url=https://afrozensus.de/reports/2020/ |website=Statistisches Bundesamt}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Umuryango Schwarzer Deutscher'' (“Abirabura b’[[Abadage]] Initiative”) uvugako Abadage bosebafite inkomoko mur' Afurika barenga miliyoni 1.000.000. &lt;ref name=&quot;afrozensus.de&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Nimero
! Umujyi
! Umubare (igiteranyo)
! Ibihugu bibiri bikomeye bikomoka muri Afurika
|-
| 1
| [[Berlin|I Berlin]]
| 115.000
| [[Nijeriya]] na [[Gana]]
|-
| 2
| Hamburg
| 55,500
| [[Gana]] na [[Nijeriya]]
|-
| 3
| Kolone
| 30,000
| [[Maroke]] na [[Nijeriya]]
|-
| 4
| Munich
| 26,500
| [[Nijeriya]] na [[Etiyopiya]]
|-
| 5
| Frankfurt am Main
| 23.100
| [[Maroke]] na [[Eritereya]]
|-
| 6
| Bremen
| 20,500
| [[Gana]] na [[Nijeriya]]
|-
| 7
| Düsseldorf
| 19.200
| [[Maroke]] na [[Nijeriya]]
|-
| 8
| Hanover
| 18,700
| [[Gana]] na [[Nijeriya]]
|-
| 9
| [[Stuttgart]]
| 18,400
| [[Nijeriya]] na Misiri
|-
| 10
| Dortmund
| 17,900
| [[Maroke]] na [[Gana]]
|-
| 11
| Essen
| 17,300
| [[Kameruni]] na [[Nijeriya]]
|-
| 12
| Nuremberg
| 16,800
| [[Etiyopiya]] na [[Eritereya]]
|-
| 13
| Braunschweig
| 15,300
| [[Tunisiya|Tuniziya]] na [[Kameruni]]
|-
| 14
| Mannheim
| 15,200
| [[Eritereya]] na [[Maroke|Maroc]]
|-
| 15
| Duisburg
| 14,700
| [[Nijeriya]] na [[Eritereya]]
|-
| 16
| Bonn
| 14,500
| [[Maroke]] na [[Tunisiya|Tuniziya]]
|-
| 17
| Karlsruhe
| 13.600
| [[Eritereya]] na [[Maroke|Maroc]]
|-
| 18
| Kiel
| 13,400
| [[Gana]] na [[Nijeriya]]
|-
| 19
| Bochum
| 13,400
| [[Gana]] na [[Kameruni]]
|-
| 20
| Wiesbaden
| 12,800
| [[Maroke]] na [[Eritereya]]
|-
| 21
| Aachen
| 12,200
| [[Maroke]] na [[Nijeriya]]
|}
[[Dosiye:Africans_in_Germany.png|alt=Distribution of Africans in Germany.|thumb|Abanyafurika mu Budage]]
Murirusange, nibura abantu 711 000 bafitinkomoko mur'Afurika yomuri Subsharan.

== Amateka ==

=== Imibanire y'Abanyafurika n'Abadage kuva mu 1600 kugeza mu mpera za 1800 ===
Mu myaka ya 1720, Anton Wilhelm Amo wavukiye muri [[Gana]] yatewinkunga n'umutware w'Umudage kugira ngo abe Umunyafurika wa mbere wize kaminuza y'i Burayi; amaze kurangiza amasomo ye, yigishaga kandi yandika muri [[Filozofi|filozofiya]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Dwight |date=8 February 2018 |title=Anton Wilhelm Amo: The African Philosopher in 18th Europe |url=https://blog.apaonline.org/2018/02/08/anton-wilhelm-amo-the-african-philosopher-in-18th-europe/ |access-date=24 December 2023 |website=Blog of the APA |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyuma, Abanyafurika bazanywe nk'abacakara baturutse ku nkombe y'iburengerazuba bwa Afurika aho imirima myinshi y'Abadage yashinzwe, cyane cyane ku Nkombe ya Zahabu . Nyumay'aho Umwami Friedrich Wilhelm wa I wa Prussia agurishije imirima ye ya Ghana Groß Friedrichsburg muri Afurika mu 1717, aho abantu bageraku 30.000 bari baragurishijwe muri Dutch East India Company, ba nyirayo bashya bategetswe n'amasezerano yo &quot;kohereza abahungu 12 b'abirabura, batandatu muribobari bambaye iminyururu ya zahabu,&quot; kumwami. Abana b'abacakara bajyanywe i Potsdam na Berlin. 

=== Imibanire y'Abanyafurika n'Abadage hagati ya 1884 na 1945 ===
[[Dosiye:Meyerheim-Menagerie.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Paul Friedrich Meyerheim : ''Muri der Tierbude'' ( ''Muri menagerie'' ), Berlin, 1894]]
Munama yabereye i Berlin muri Kongo mu 1884, yitabiriwe n'ibihugu bikomeye byose by'icyo gihe, ibihugu by'i Burayi byagabanyije Afurika mo ibice by'ingenzi byagenzuraga. Ubudage bwagenzuraga koloni mukarere [[Ibiyaga Bigari|k'ibiyaga bigari bya Afurika]] na Afurika y'Iburengerazuba, aho Abanyafurika benshi bimukiye mu Budage bwa mbere. Ubudage bwashyizeho inzobere mu miyoborere n'ubukungu by'abakoloni, kandi urubyiruko rwinshi rw'Abanyafurika rwagiye mu Budage kwigishwa. Bamwe bahawe amashuri makuru mumashuri na za kaminuza z'Abadage, ariko abenshi bahuguwe mubigo by'amahugurwa y'ubutumwa n'amahugurwa y'abakoloni nk'abayobozi cyangwa abarimu b'ubutumwa bw'imbere mugihugu. Abanyafurika bakunzekuba abasemuzi b'indimi nyafurika mubigo by'ubushakashatsi by'Abadage n'Abanyafurika, ndetseno mu buyobozi bw'abakoloni. Abandi bimukiye mu Budage nk'abahoze ari abasirikare bashinzwe kurinda Abadage, Askari . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)&quot;&gt;Icyitonderwa kirakenewe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Akarere ka Afrikanisches Viertel ka Berlin nako numurage w’igihe cy’ubukoloni, ahwimihanda myinshi n’ibibuga by’amakuru byitiriwe ibihugu n’ahantu bifitanye isano n’ubwami bw’Abadage bwakolonijwe. Ubuniho harigice kinini cy’abaturage b’i Berlin bafitumurage w’Abanyafurika.

Abashakanye b’amoko atandukanye bomuturere twa koloni bashyizwemo igitutu gikomeye mu bukangurambaga bwo kurwanya ihohoterwa rishingiye kugitsina, birimogutesha agaciro ishyingiranwa, gutangaza ko abana b’amoko atandukanye aribirarane, nokubambura ubwenegihugu bw’Ubudage.  Mugihe cy’itsembatsemba ry’Abanama mu 1907 n’Ubudage, umuyobozi w’Abadage ushinzwe ibibazo by’ubukoloni, Bernhard Dernburg, yavuzeko &quot;amwe mu moko kavukire, kimwe n’inyamaswa zimwenazimwe, agomba kurimburwa&quot;. {{clear}} 

==== Repubulika ya Weimar ====
[[Dosiye:Africa1910s.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ikarita ya [[Afurika]] mu 1914, uturere twakolonijwe n'Ubudage tugaragara mu ibara ry'umuhondo.]]
Mugihe cy'Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose, Ababiligi, Abongereza n'Abafaransa bigaruriye koloni z'Ubudage mur'Afurika. Imiterere y'abakoloni b'Abanyafurika mu Budage yarahindutse muburyo butandukanye. Urugero, Abanyafurika bari bafite ikarita y'indangamuntu y'Abadage ya gikoloni bari bafite uburenganzira bwo gufatwa nk' &quot;abanyamuryango b'uturere twahoze dukingirwa &quot;. Nyuma y'Amasezerano ya Versailles (1919), Abanyafurika bashishikarijwe kubabaturage b'ibihugu bategetswe, arikwabenshi bahitamo kugumahobari. Mubusabe bwinshi (bwanditswe nezakuri Togoland y'Abadage na P. Sebald na [[Kameruni]] na A. Rüger), bagerageje kumenyesha abaturage b'Abadage ukwibintu byaribimeze muri koloni, kandibakomeje gusabubufasha n'inkunga by'Abadage. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)&quot;&gt;Icyitonderwa kirakenewe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Abanyafurika bashinze ikinyamakuru kivuga kundimi ebyiri cyasohotse mu [[Ikidage|Kidage]] no mu kidage : ''Elolombe ya Kameruni'' (Izuba rya Kameruni). Itsinda rya politiki ry’Abadage b’Abirabura ryashinze ishami ry’Abadage ry’umuryango uharanira [[uburenganzira bwa muntu]] ufiticyicaro [[Paris|i Paris]], Ligue de défense de la race nègre ([[Icyongereza]]: League for the Defense of the Negro Race) nk’ikinyamakuru ''Liga zur Verteidigung der Negerrasse'', ku ya 17 Nzeri 1929. 

==== Ubudage bwa Nazi ====
 
[[Dosiye:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-15664,_Farbiger_Junge.jpg|right|thumb|258x258px|Rhinelander ukiri muto washyizwe mu cyiciro ''cy'abagome'' kandi ''utari ukwiye'' mu gihe cy'ubutegetsi bwa Nazi]]
Imitererey’Abadage b’Abanyafrika mu Budage yarushijeho kuba mibi mu gihe cy’Abanazi . Abadage b’Abanyafrika batakaje pasiporo zabo. Imiterere y’akazi n’ingendo byagoranye cyane ku bahanzi b’Abadage b’Abanyafrika, abakoramunjyana zitandukanye, abakora mumyitozo ya sirkisi cyangwa filime. Kubera politiki y’Abanazi, abakoresha ntibashoboye kugumana cyangwa guha akazi abakozi b’Abadage b’Abanyafrika. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rosenhaft |first=Eve |date=January 28, 2016 |title=What happened to black Germans under the Nazis |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/what-happened-to-black-germans-under-the-nazis-a6839216.html |website=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Swift |first=Jaimee A. |date=April 18, 2017 |title=The Erasure of People of African Descent in Nazi Germany |url=https://www.aaihs.org/the-erasure-of-people-of-african-descent-in-nazi-germany/ |website=AAIHS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abadage b’aba-Afro-Udage mu Budage baribaragizwe akato mumuryango kandibabujijwe gukoranimibonano mpuzabitsina nogushyingiranwa n’Aba-Aryan n’amategeko ya Nuremberg . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Nuremberg Race Laws |url=http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007695 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127233651/http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007695 |archive-date=2010-01-27 |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=S. H. Milton |year=2001 |title=Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691086842 |editor-last=Robert Gellately |pages=216, 231 |editor-last2=Nathan Stoltzfus}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwihohoterwa ryakomeje gukorwa kubitwaga aba-Rhineland, abayobozi b’Abanazi bashyize abana b’aba-Afro-Udage bagera kuri 500 bo muri Rhineland mukato . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Evans |first=Richard J. |year=2005 |title=The Third Reich in Power |url=https://archive.org/details/thirdreichinpowe00evan/page/526 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=1-59420-074-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/thirdreichinpowe00evan/page/526 526–8]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abadage b’aba-Afro-Udage bafatwaga nk’ &quot;abanzi b’igihugu gishingiye ku bwoko&quot;, hamwe n’Abayahudi n’Abaromani .  Abanazi babanje gushaka gukuraho Abayahudi n’Abaromani mugihugu cy’Ubudage binyuze mukwirukana (nomunyuma bagakurwaho), mugihe Abadage b’aba-Afro-Udage bagombaga gukurwaho burundu kandamaherezo bagakurwaho binyuze mukato. &lt;ref name=&quot;Simone Gigliotti 2005. Pp. 14&quot; /&gt;

Bamwe mu Badage b'abirabura babayeho muriicyogihe nyumabanditse kubyobanyuzemo. Mu 1999, Hans Massaquoi yasohoye igitabo ''cyitwa Destined to Witness'' kivuga kubuzimabwe mu Budage ku ngoma ya Nazi, naho mu 2013 Theodor Wonja Michael, wari n'umutangabuhamya mukurumuri filime filime filime ''Pages in the Factory of Dreams'', yasohoye igitabo kivuga kubuzima bwe, ''Deutsch Sein und Schwarz dazu.''  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Book Review: Memories of Theodor Wonja Michael |url=https://www.theafricancourier.de/culture/book-review-memories-of-an-afro-german/ |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=The African Courier. Reporting Africa and its Diaspora! |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kuva mu 1945 ===
[[Dosiye:Steffi_Jones_2009.jpg|thumb|298x298px|Steffi Jones, Perezida wa Komite Ishinzwe Gutegura Igikombe cy'Isi cy'Abagore cya FIFA cyo mu 2011 akaba n'umutoza mukuru w'ikipe y'igihugu y'Abadage y'umupira w'amaguru kuva mu 2016 kugeza mu 2018.]]
Irangira ry'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose ryazanyingabo z'ibihugu by'Abongereza n'Abafaransa mu Budage. Ingabo z'Abanyamerika, Abongereza n'Abafaransa zarizirimo abasirikare benshi b'Abanyamerika b'Abanyafurika, Abanyakarayibe cyangwa Abanyafurika, kandi bamwe muri bo babyaranye abana n'[[Umugore|abagore]] b'Abadage. Icyo gihe, izi ngabo muri rusange zakurikizaga amategeko yokudahuza abavandimwe kandizabuzaga ishyingiranwa ry'abasivili n'abasirikare. Abana bagera ku 5,000 murabobana b'Abanyakariyabeti b'amoko abiri bavutse nyuma y'intambara mu 1955.  Ababyeyi benshi b'Abadage b'abagore bonyine babyaye &quot;abana b'umukara&quot;, ariko ibihumbi n'ibihumbi barerwaga n'imiryango y'Abanyamerika kandi bakurira muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika. Akenshi ntibamenyaga inkomoko yabo kugeza bageze mukigero cy'imyaka mikuru.

Kugeza kwiherezo ry’Intambara y’Ubutita, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z' Amerika zagumanye abasirikare ba Amerika barenga 100.000 ku butaka bw’Ubudage. Mugihecy’aho, ababagabo bashinze ubuzimabwabo mu Budage. Akenshibazanaga imiryango cyangwa bagashinga indimishya ifite abagore n’abana b’Abadage bomubwoko bw’Abadage. Guverinoma y’Ubudage bw’Iburengerazuba yashyizeho politiki yo gushyira mukato cyangwa gukura mu Budage abobana yitaga &quot;abana b’abazungu b’amoko atandukanye&quot;. 

Audre Lorde, umwanditsi w’umwirabura w’Umunyamerika akaba n’umurwanizi, yamazimyaka kuva mu 1984 kugeza mu 1992 yigisha muri Kaminuza yigenga ya Berlin . Mugihe yamazemu Budage, akenshi hitwaga &quot;Imyaka ya Berlin,&quot; yafashije mu gutuma ijambo &quot;Afro-German&quot; rishyirwa mu itsinda ryibanda ku guhuza amoko, igitsina n’imibonano mpuzabitsina. Yashishikarijabagore b’abirabura b’Abadage nka May Ayim na Ika Hügel-Marshall kwandika nogusohora imivugo n’amateka y’ubuzima bwabo kugirango bamenyekane. Yakurikiranye ubugore bw’ibihugu kwisi kandakora nk’umuvugizi w’iryo tsinda mu Budage. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)&quot;&gt;Icyitonderwa kirakenewe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

==== Abimukira ====
Kuvamu 1981, Ubudage bwabonye abimukira baturutse mubihugu by'Afurika, cyanecyane Nijeriya, Eritereya na Gana, bashakaga ubuhungiro bwa politiki, akazi cyangwa amasomo muri za kaminuza zomu Budage.

Hasihari amatsinda manini cyane yomur'Afurika (yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara) mu Budage. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)&quot;&gt;Icyitonderwa kirakenewe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
{|
!Country of birth
!Immigrants in Germany (2021 Census)
|-
|Nigeria
|83,000
|-
|Eritrea
|75,000
|-
|Ghana
|66,000
|-
|Cameroon
|41,000
|-
|South Africa
|34,000
|-
|Ethiopia
|27,000
|-
|Kenya
|22,000
|-
|Togo
|20,000
|-
|Gambia
|16,000
|-
|Angola
|15,000
|-
|Guinea
|17,000
|-
|Senegal
|15,000
|-
|Congo-Kinshasa
|14,000
|-
|Congo-Brazzaville
|10,000
|-
|Uganda
|6,500
|-
|Ivory Coast
|6,000
|-
|Sudan
|5,000
|-
|Rwanda
|5,000
|-
|Sierra Leone
|4,000
|-
|Tanzania
|4,100
|-
|Mali
|4,000
|-
|Zimbabwe
|3,715
|-
|Benin
|3,000
|-
|Burkina Faso
|2,100
|-
|Mozambique
|2,100
|-
|Liberia
|2,000
|-
|Burundi
|1,000
|-
|Zambia
|1,000
|}

== Ivanguramoko n'urwego rw'imibereho ==
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n'Ikigo cy'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi gishinzwe Uburenganzira bw'ibanze, bukorerwa ubushakashatsi ku bimukira barenga 16.000, barimo abantu barenga 6.700 bavukiye mur'Afurika yomunsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara. Nk'ukubushakashatsi bubivuga, igipimo cy'ivangura cyavuzwe cyane mumyaka ishize cyari mu Burayi buvuga Ikidage, cyane cyane mu Budage - aho 54% batangaje kobahuye n'ihohoterwa rishingiye ku ivanguramoko, hejuru cyane y'impuzandengo ya 30% y'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-25 |title=Anti-Black racism is rising in EU countries, led by Germany, study finds |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/anti-black-racism-is-rising-eu-countries-led-by-germany-study-finds-2023-10-25/ |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abanyafurika-Abadage mu buvanganzo ==
[[Dosiye:DEU_Coburg_COA.svg|right|thumb|272x272px|Ikirango cya Coburg, 1493, kigaragaza Mutagatifu Maurice]]

* {{Cite book |last=Edugyan |first=Esi |author-link=Esi Edugyan |year=2011 |title=Half Blood Blues |url=https://archive.org/details/halfbloodblues0000edug_j6h5 |publisher=Serpent's Tail |page=[https://archive.org/details/halfbloodblues0000edug_j6h5/page/343 343]}} Novel about a multiracial jazz group in Nazi Germany. The band's young trumpeter is a [[Rhineland Bastard]] who eventually is taken by the Nazis, while other members of the band are African Americans.
* {{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Gayl |author-link=Gayl Jones |year=1998 |title=The Healing |url=https://archive.org/details/healing00jone |publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=978-0-8070-6314-9 |location=Boston}} Novel about a faith healer and rock band manager, featuring an Afro-German character, Josef Ehelich von Fremd, an affluent fellow who works in arbitrage and owns fine racehorses.

* {{Cite book |last=Massaquoi, Hans J. |author-link=Hans Massaquoi |year=1999 |title=[[Destined to Witness: Growing Up Black in Nazi Germany]] |publisher=W. Morrow |isbn=978-0060959616}} An autobiography by [[Hans J. Massaquoi]], born in Hamburg, Germany, to a German mother and a Liberian father of [[Vai people|Vai]] ethnicity, the grandson of [[Momulu Massaquoi]].
* Ika Hügel-Marshall. (2008) Marshall wrote an autobiography &quot;Daheim unterwegs: Ein deutsches Leben&quot;, the English translation of which is entitled &quot;Invisible Woman: Growing up Black in Germany&quot;. She details her life experiences growing up as an &quot;occupation baby&quot; and the struggle to find her identity as she grows up. Marshall details how the society she grew up in taught her to hate her complexion and how meeting her father, a black man, instilled a renewed pride in her heritage. The autobiography culminates in the struggle to find information on her father in the United States and finally getting to meet her American family.
* [[Iljoma Mangold|Ijoma Mangold]] (born 1971). Journalist and literary critic Mangold wrote his autobiography, published in English translation in 2021 as ''The German Crocodile: A literary memoir'' about growing up in Germany in the 1970s.

== Imitwe ya politiki ishingiye ku banyafurika n'abadage ==

=== Gutangiza Abirabura ( ''Initiative Schwarzer Deutscher'' ) ===

* Iyigahunda yashyizeho umuryango wa politiki ushyigikira abirabura mu Budage. Intego zayo nyamukuru ni uguha abantu amahirwe yo kumvikana hagati yabo ndetse n'abadahuje ubunararibonye. Mu mwanya watanzwe n'amahuriro ya ISD, Abanyafurika-Abadage bashoboye kuvugana n'abantu bashobora kuba bari mu bihe nk'ibyo kandi bashobora kubaha inkunga.
* Inyigisho zavuye muri ISD zishimangira uruhare rw'amateka mugusobanukirwa politiki iriho ubu. Ibi biterwa n'imyizerere y'uko Ubudage bwakoze ubugome bwinshi mu bihe byashize (cyane cyane muri Afurika y'Amajyepfo y'Uburengerazuba), ariko nta mugambi bufite wo kwishyura indishyi ku miryango ikibabara kugeza ubu. ISD ivugako akamaro kokwishyura izi ndishyi ari ukubera impinduka mu miterere yakozwe ku buryo bwasenyutse kandi buvangura.
* ISD irwanya ivangura mu Budage binyuze mu gushyigikira byimazeyo, gukora ubukangurambaga binyuze mu itangazamakuru no kugeza ubutumwa kuri leta.

== Abadage bazwi cyane mu Budage bw'iki gihe ==
[[Dosiye:Aminata_Touré_(Juli_2021,_Kiel).jpg|right|thumb|Aminata Touré, Minisitiri muri guverinoma ya Schleswig-Holstein .]]

=== Politiki n'imibereho myiza ===

* Joe Chialo (wavutse mu 1970), Minisitiri wa Leta ya Berlin (Senateri) ushinzwe umuco n'ubumwe bw'abaturage
* Karamba Diaby (wavutse mu 1961), umunyapolitiki w’umudage n’umunyafurika, akaba n’umwe mu bagize Bundestag
* John Ehret (wavutse mu 1971), Meya wa mbere w’Ubudage ukomoka mu Majyaruguru n’Ubudage
* Pierrette Herzberger-Fofana (wavutse mu 1949), niwe mudepite w’umwirabura wenyine wahagarariye Ubudage nyuma y’amatora y’i Burayi yo mu 2019 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Rajnish |date=13 November 2020 |title=Pierrette Herzberger-Fofana: Standing up for justice |url=https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/news/article/pierrette-herzbergerfofana-standing-up-for-justice |access-date=20 November 2020 |work=[[The Parliament Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Charles M. Huber (wavutse mu 1956), umunyapolitiki w’umudage n’umunyafurika akaba n’uwahoze ari umukinnyi wa filime, umwe mu bagize Bundestag
* Ika Hügel-Marshall (1947–2022), yanditse ku byamubayeho nyuma y'intambara mu Budage
* Bärbel Kampmann (1946–1999), umurwanashyaka w’ivanguramoko akaba n’umwanditsi
* Hans Massaquoi (1926–2013), umunyamakuru, yanditse ku bwana bwe mu Budage bwa Nazi
* Aminata Touré (wavutse mu 1992), Minisitiri w'Imibereho Myiza y'Abaturage, Urubyiruko, Umuryango, Abageze mu zabukuru, Ubwuzuzanye n'Uburinganire bwa Leta ya Schleswig-Holstein
* Harald Weyel, umunyapolitiki, umunyamuryango wa Bundestag

=== Ubuhanzi, umuco na muzika ===
Ubuzima bw'umuco bw'Abanyafurika-Abadage burangwa n'uburyo butandukanye n'uburyo bugoye. Nyuma yo kugaragara kwa MTV na Viva, gukundwa kw'umuco wa pop w'Abanyamerika kwatumye Abanyafurika-Abadage bahagararirwa mu itangazamakuru n'umuco w'Abadage.

May Ayim (1960-1996), yari umusizi w’umudage ukomoka muri Afurika, umurezi akaba n’umurwanashyaka. Yari umwanditsi wungirije w’igitabo ''Farbe bekennen'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2021 |title=Über uns |url=https://isdonline.de/ueber-uns/ |access-date=2022-09-17 |language=de-DE}}&lt;/ref&gt; aho ubuhinduzi bwe mu Cyongereza bwasohotse nka ''Showing Our Colors: Afro-German Women Speak Out'' .

Abahanzi bazwi cyane bakomoka mu Budage barimo:
 

=== Filime na televiziyo ===
[[File:SFDlogo.jpg|alt=Logo of SFD - Schwarze Filmschaffende in Deutschland|right|100x100px|Ikirangantego cya SFD - Schwarze Filmschaffende muri Deutschland]]
''SFD - Schwarze Filmschaffende in Deutschland'' ( ''Abakora Filimi b'Abirabura mu Budage'' ) ni ishyirahamwe ry'abanyamwuga rikorera i Berlin rigenewe abayobozi ba filime, abatunganya filime, abanditsi ba filime, n'abakinnyi b'ikinamico b'Abadage bakomoka muri Afurika cyangwa abirabura batuye mu Budage. Bateguye urukurikirane rwa &quot;New Perspectives&quot; mu Iserukiramuco Mpuzamahanga rya Filime rya Berlin . &lt;ref name=&quot;BHM&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Wolf |first=Joerg |date=2007-02-23 |title=Black History Month in Germany |url=http://atlanticreview.org/archives/592-Black-History-Month-in-Germany.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718031957/http://atlanticreview.org/archives/592-Black-History-Month-in-Germany.html |archive-date=2011-07-18 |access-date=2009-10-20 |work=Atlantic Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abanyafurika b'Abadage bazwi cyane muri filime na televiziyo barimo:

* Louis Brody (1892–1951)
* Adunni Ade (wavutse mu 1970)
* Araba Walton (wavutse mu 1975)
* Bayume Mohamed Husen (1904–1944)
* Boris Kodjoe (wavutse mu 1973)
* Carol Campbell (wavutse mu 1966)
* Elfie Fiegert (wavutse mu 1946)
* Florence Kasumba (wavutse mu 1976)
* Günther Kaufmann (1947–2012)
* Leila Negra (1930–2025)
* Mo Asumang (wavutse mu 1963)
* Nisma Cherrat (wavutse mu 1969)
* Nadia Hilker (wavutse mu 1988)
* Ruby Commey (wavutse mu 1991)
* Zazie Beetz (wavutse mu 1991)

=== Siporo ===
 

== Reba kandi ==
 

* Imibare y'abaturage b'Ubudage
* Abanyafurika n'Abanyaburayi
* Ivanguramoko mu Budage

=== Inyandiko ===
.

== Amareferensi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Gusoma byinshi ==

* May Ayim, Katharina Oguntoye, na Dagmar Schultz . ''Kugaragaza Amabara Yacu: Abagore b'Abadage n'Abanyafrika baravuga'' (1986). Amherst: Kaminuza ya Massachusetts Press, 1992.
* Campt, Tina. ''Abandi Badage Abadage b'abirabura na Politiki y'ubwoko, igitsina, n'urwibutso mu butegetsi bwa gatatu.'' Ann Arbor: Kaminuza ya Michigan, 2004.
* El-Tayeb, Fatima. ''Abandi b'i Burayi: Ubwoko bw'abashaka kwibasira mu Burayi bwa nyuma y'igihugu'' . Minneapolis, MN: Kaminuza ya Minnesota Press, 2011.
* Hine, Darlene Clark, Trica Danielle Keaton, na Stephen Small, abahanga mu by'amateka. ''Abirabura b'i Burayi n'abatuye Afurika bakomoka mu mahanga.'' Urbana: Kaminuza ya Illinois Press, 2009.
* Ikigo cy’Abanyamerika cy’Ubushakashatsi bw’Abadage ba none. ''Umudage ni nde?: Ibitekerezo by’amateka n’iby’ubu ku Banyafurika mu Budage.'' Ed. Leroy Hopkins. Washington, DC: Ikigo cy’Abanyamerika cy’Ubushakashatsi bw’Abadage ba none, Kaminuza ya Johns Hopkins, 1999.
* Lemke Muniz de Faria, Yara-Colette. &quot;&quot;Abana b'Abagizi ba nabi&quot; bo mu Budage bagomba gufashwa! Ese nawe uzabifashwamo?&quot;: Gahunda zo kurera abana b'Abadage bakomoka muri Amerika, 1950-1955.&quot; ''Callaloo'' 26.2 (2003): 342–362.
* Mazón, Patricia M., na Reinhild Steingröver, abashakashatsi. ''Ntabwo ari ikintu gisanzwe nk'icy'umwirabura n'umuzungu: Umuco n'amateka bya Afro-German, 1890–2000'' . Rochester, NY: Kaminuza ya Rochester Press, 2005.
* Weheliye, Alexander G. ''Amashusho: Imiterere muri Sonic Afro-Modernity'' . Duke University Press, 2005.

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100608002526/http://blackgermans.us/ Ishyirahamwe ry'Umurage n'Ubushakashatsi by'Abadage b'Abirabura]
* [https://www.afrogermans.us/ Umuryango w'Abadage b'Abirabura ushingiye ku Muco Inc]
* [http://africanuniondiasporacommitteedeutschland.wordpress.com/ Komite y’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika Yunze ubumwe Deutschland Zentralrat der Afrikanischen Diaspora Deutschland mit Mandat der Afrikanischen]
* [http://www.cybernomads.de/ Igihembo cya May Ayim - Igihembo cya mbere cy'Ubuvanganzo Mpuzamahanga bw'Abirabura b'Abadage]
* [https://www.isdonline.de/ Initiative Schwarze Menschen muri Deutschland]
* [https://www.bpb.de/themen/X5FI94,0,0,Afrikanische_Diaspora_in_Deutschland.html Diaspora y'Abanyafurika mu Budage] {{In lang|de}}
* [http://www.cybernomads.de/ cyberNomads - Urubuga rw'amabanki y'abadage b'abirabura n'umuyoboro w'itangazamakuru Isoko ry'ubumenyi bwacu kuri interineti]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100402061154/http://www.sfd-net.com/ SFD - Schwarze Filmschaffende muri Deutschland] Archived  
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090115231949/http://www.ushmm.org/research/library/bibliography/?content=blacks Urutonde rw'ibitabo by'Ingoro Ndangamurage y'Urwibutso rwa Jenoside yakorewe Abayahudi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191117093814/https://rwm.macba.cat/en/sonia/fatima-el-tayeb/capsula Muri Pocast aho Fatima El-Tayeb (Umuyobozi wa gahunda y’ubushakashatsi ku buringanire muri Kaminuza ya California, San Diego) avuga ku mpamvu yo kongera gusuzuma inkuru y’imbere mu Burayi n’ibiganiro byo kwishyira hamwe kw’ibihugu.]
{{Navboxes|title=Articles related to Afro-Germans|titlestyle=&lt;!-- optional --&gt;|state=&lt;!-- optional, default is collapsed --&gt;|list1=&lt;!-- required, or |list= --&gt;
{{German people}}
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[[Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Komite Olempike y'Igihugu ya Eritrea</title>
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Komite y'igihuguya Olempike ya '''Eritereya''' ( Tigrinya   Kode ya IOC: '''ERI''' ) ni Komite Olempike y'Igihugu ihagarariye [[Eritereya|Eritrea]] . Yashinzwemu 1996 kandi yemewena Komite Olempike Mpuzamahanga mu 1999. &lt;ref name=&quot;HDOM&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Grasso |first=John |date=2015 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000gras_h0z7 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-4859-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000gras_h0z7/page/180 180]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;AtoZ&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mallon |first=Bill |date=2007 |title=The A to Z of the Olympic Movement |url=https://archive.org/details/atozofolympicmov0000mall |last2=Buchanan |first2=Ian |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-5645-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/atozofolympicmov0000mall/page/88 88]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-01-14 |title=Eritrea - National Olympic Committee (NOC) |url=https://www.olympic.org/eritrea |access-date=2018-02-16 |work=International Olympic Committee |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Eritrea yakinnye bwambere mumikino Olempike yo mu mpeshyi yabereye i Sydney mu 2000 aho yohereje abakinnyi batatu mu marushanwa yogusiganwa kumaguru. Mumikino yomugihe cy'itumba ya 2018, umukinnyi Shannon-Ogbani Abeda yahagarariye igihugu mumikino yo gusiganwa kurubura. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2018-02-01 |title=Eritrea will be at 2018 Winter Olympics thanks to Canadian-born skier |url=https://www.africanews.com/2018/02/01/eritrea-will-be-at-2018-winter-olympics-thanks-to-canadian-born-skier/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=Africanews |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba kandi ==

* [[Eritrea mu mikino Olempike]]

== Amareferensi ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;HDOM&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Grasso |first=John |date=2015 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000gras_h0z7 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-4859-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000gras_h0z7/page/180 180]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;AtoZ&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mallon |first=Bill |date=2007 |title=The A to Z of the Olympic Movement |url=https://archive.org/details/atozofolympicmov0000mall |last2=Buchanan |first2=Ian |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-5645-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/atozofolympicmov0000mall/page/88 88]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
{{Sports governing bodies in Eritrea}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Cnyirahabihirwe12345</title>
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      <comment>/* Language Diversity Hub evaluation survey: your input needed! */ new section</comment>
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      <text bytes="4853" sha1="ebx1uwgj9nme1oieaixwqawalxl5ae7" xml:space="preserve">== Join the LDH General Assembly | April 18, 2026 ==

We are delighted to invite you to the General Assembly of the [[m:Wikimedia Language Diversity Hub|'''Language Diversity Hub''']] (LDH) on Saturday, '''April 18th, 2026''', at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1776517200 13:00 UTC]'''.
=== About the General Assembly ===
The General Assembly (GA) is a community-wide consultation and engagement space. It is the primary forum through which LDH connects with the broader language and Wikimedia communities. The GA is designed to:
* Keep community members informed about LDH activities, decisions, and ongoing work.
* Gather feedback and perspectives from across the language and Wikimedia ecosystem.
* Create open pathways for participation, collaboration, and community-driven input.

=== How to participate ===
Everyone is welcome! If you work on language access, language diversity, or Wikimedia projects in any language community, this is a space for you.
* '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfFCqPF3H-Yax0t-AbgRasoDdXLom23n2SsZR5fw74bxMuPCQ/viewform Register here to attend]'''
[[File:LDH General Assembly E-flyer.jpg|frameless|center|280px|link=https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfFCqPF3H-Yax0t-AbgRasoDdXLom23n2SsZR5fw74bxMuPCQ/viewform]]

Looking forward to your participation,

Language Diversity Hub Team, 18:21, 20 werurwe 2026 (UTC)

''&lt;small&gt;You can opt out of our distribution list by removing your username from [[m:MassMessage/Lists/LDH|this list]]&lt;/small&gt;''

(This message was sent to [[:Umukoresha:Cnyirahabihirwe12345]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Programme submissions open: Language Diversity Conference, Accra 2026 ==

[[File:Official logo for language diversity conference 03.png|frameless|250px|right]]
The '''[[m:Language Diversity Conference|Language Diversity Conference 2026]]''' will take place '''2–4 October 2026 in Accra, Ghana''', under the theme: ''Strengthening Language Communities in the Open Knowledge Movement''.

The Programming Team is inviting the following types of session proposals:

* '''Lightning talks''' – 10-minute short presentations on any relevant topic
* '''Presentations''' – 20–25 minutes (including audience Q&amp;A)
* '''Workshops and tutorials''' – 50 or 110-minute interactive sessions (e.g. on Content Translation, Wikidata, or other topics)
* '''Panel discussions''' – 50-minute panels; collaborations with others are encouraged

Submissions will be evaluated by the Programme Committee based on:
* Potential impact and expected outcomes
* Relevance to the conference theme or focus areas

Sessions may be recorded and made publicly available. If you prefer not to be filmed, you may indicate this during submission.

'''→ [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/langdiv/cfp Submit your proposal on Eventyay]'''

For more information, or questions, contact: languagediversitycon{{@}}gmail.com

&lt;!-- Message sent by User:~~~~~ on behalf of the Language Diversity Hub --&gt;

(This message was sent to [[:Umukoresha:Cnyirahabihirwe12345]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Language Diversity Hub evaluation survey: your input needed! ==

The Wikimedia Foundation is evaluating hub pilots to understand their work, outcomes, and future direction. As part of this, we're gathering feedback on how hub services and activities have contributed to concrete, measurable outcomes.

You're receiving this because you're part of the Language Diversity Hub audience group, and we'd value your perspective. Your feedback will help inform the evaluation and strengthen our understanding of the Hub's impact.

The survey takes about 10–15 minutes, and we kindly ask that you respond by '''10 August 2026.'''

'''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_6KXVndZhZvlSoUS Survey Link]'''

The Foundation is not collecting personal data through this survey. Responses will be reviewed and consolidated by audience group — analyzed collectively rather than attributed to individuals.

Thank you for contributing. Your feedback helps ensure this evaluation reflects the perspectives of communities, affiliates, and others connected to the Hub.

Questions? Contact strategy2030@wikimedia.org.

Sincerely, 

Oscar on behalf of the [[Wikimedia Language Diversity Hub]], 21:22, 7 Kanama 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Umukoresha:Cnyirahabihirwe12345]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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  <page>
    <title>Umugezi wa Makhaleng</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1182" sha1="t6sgfu5uemyu9n4po11xietxcr501ha" xml:space="preserve">Uruzi rwa makhaleng ni uruzi rwo mu burengerazuba bwa lesotho. Ruzamuka mu misozi ya maloti, muri rusange rutemba mu cyerekezo cy'amajyepfo rugan ku ruzi rwa Orange ku mupaka na Free State muri Afurika y'epfo. 

== Isomo ==
uruzi rutukura mu majyaruguru y'uburengera y'uburengerazuba, ku butumburuke bwa metero 2,886 (ft 9,469) mu misozi ya Machache iri muri Maluti. Rutemba rugana mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba, rukanyura mu misozi miremire ya lesotho, rukanyura ,ruknyura mu mijyi n'imidugud nka Molimo-nthuse,  Makhaleng, Ramabanta na Qaba. Nyuma yaho, rwisuka mu ruzi rwa Orange ku mupaka uhuza Free State n'igihugu cya Lesotho, hafi y'ikiraro cya Makhaleng. Ku butumburuke bwa metero 1,400 (ibirenge 4,593), ahantu uru ruzi rwa Makhaleng rwisukira mu rwa Orange ni ho hantu h'ubutumburuke buke kurusha ahandi hose muri Lesotho. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Alan Murphy |year=2007 |title=Southern Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/southernafrica0000unse_x5a9 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-74059-745-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/southernafrica0000unse_x5a9/page/140 140]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''INDANGASOKO'''
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  <page>
    <title>Umugezi wa Balagas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-07T20:23:09Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="843" sha1="l44ig1fpsps3s15ckm1lvxwqmrcjzmy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox river|name=Balagas|name_other=Beleghas|progression=[[Tekezé River|Tekezé]]→ [[Atbarah River|Atbarah]]→ [[Nile]]→ [[Mediterranean Sea]]|country=[[Ethiopia]]|mouth_coordinates={{coord|12.742767|N|38.469106|E}}}}Umugezi wa '''Balagas''', uzwi ku izina rya '''Beleghas''', ni umugezi wo mu majyaruguru [[Etiyopiya|ya Etiyopiya]]. Ni umugezi wa Tekezé, ni igice cy'ikibaya cya [[Nili]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Reclus |first=Élisée |date=1886 |title=The earth and its inhabitants ... |url=https://archive.org/details/earthitsinhabita941recl |last2=Keane |first2=A. H. |last3=Ravenstein |first3=Ernest George |publisher=D. Appleton and company |location=New York |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.47465}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba kandi ==

* Imigezi ya Etiyopiya

== Indangasoko ==
{{Reflist}}
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  <page>
    <title>Ubwikorezi muri Lesotho</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="9058" sha1="qrq322aieoxyp215you4wufc053k997" xml:space="preserve">Iyi ngingo ivuga ku buryo bwo '''gutwara abantu n'ibintu mu gihugu cya Lesotho.''' Nk'igihugu kidakora ku nyanja , [[Lesoto|Lesotho]] nta Cyambu cyangwa icyambu ifite, ariko ifite imihanda, ubwikorezi bw'indege, ndetse n'ibikorwaremezo bike bya gari ya moshi.

== Imihanda ==
[[Dosiye:Seeing_the_land.jpg|thumb|Umuhanda  wa A3 ugana katse.]]
Mbere y'uko Lesotho ibona ubwigenge mu 1966, umuhanda wa kaburimbo wari umwe rukumbi muri icyo gihugu. Uwo muhanda witwaga Kingsway, ukaba warabarizwaga mu murwa mukuru, Maseru, uhuza ikibuga cy'indege cya Mejametalana n'Ingoro y'Umwami. Kuva mu ntangiriro za 1970, ibikorwa remezo by'imihanda byatejwe imbere cyane. &lt;ref name=&quot;EIU&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=The Economist Intelligence Unit |date=20 February 2004 |title=Lesotho: Transport and communications |journal=Country Analysis sample report}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 1999, Lesotho yari ifite imihanda ifite uburebure bwa {{Convert|5940|km|mi}} mu burebure, muri bwo hakaba {{Convert|1087|km|mi}} zashyizwemo kaburimbo. &lt;ref name=&quot;factbook&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=CIA |title=CIA – The World Factbook – Lesotho |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109063843/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=21 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hashyizweho imbaraga nyinshi mu guhuza uturere dutandukanye tw'igihugu. Byongeye kandi, imihanda yo hagati muri Lesotho nayo yaravuguruwe, ibi bikaba byari igice cy'ibikenewe mu bwubatsi bw'umushinga w'amazi wa Lesotho Highlands Water Project. &lt;ref name=&quot;EIU&quot; /&gt;

== Gari ya moshi ==
Umuhanda wa gari ya mosh wonyine muri Lesotho ni ishami rya maseru, rihuza umurwa mukuru maseru n'umurongo wa bloemfontein - Bethlehem ,Umuhanda wa gari ya moshi uhuza na Afurika y'Epfo. Muri uyu muhanda, kilometero 1.6 (ibirometero 1.0) byafunguwe ku ya 18 Ukuboza 1905, biherereye mu mbibi za Lesotho. Uhera ku kiraro cy'umupaka kiri ku ruzi rwa Mohokare, ukanyura mu gice cy'inganda cyo mu majyaruguru ya Maseru, ukagera kuri sitasiyo y'uwo mujyi. Iyi sitasiyo ni yo yonyine ya gari ya moshi iri muri icyo gihugu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Boonzaaier |first=J.N.C |year=2008 |title=Tracks Across the Veld |isbn=978-0-620-41711-2 |page=245}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Guhera mu 2008, habayeho ibiganiro byo kubaka gari ya moshi nshya ihuza Lesotho na Durban na Port Elizabeth . 

== Ubwikorezi bw'indege ==
Muri Lesoto hari ibibuga by'indege 28, muri byo  3 bifite inzira zo kunyuramo za  kaburimbo. &lt;ref name=&quot;factbook&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=CIA |title=CIA – The World Factbook – Lesotho |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109063843/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=21 April 2008}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCIA&quot;&gt;CIA. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210109063843/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho &quot;CIA – The World Factbook – Lesotho&quot;]. Archived from [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho/ the original] on 9 January 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 April&lt;/span&gt; 2008&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ikibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga cyonyine ni ikibuga mpuzamahanga cya Moshoeshoe I kiri i Mazenod, Ikibuga cy'indege cya Moshoeshoe giherereye mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Maseru.  Mu bibuga by'indege byo muri iki gihugu, iki kibuga ni cyo cyonyine gifite inzira ndende irenga metero 1,523, kuko inzira yacyo nyamukuru ifite uburebure bwa metero 3,200

Mu bindi bibuga by'indege byo muri iki gihugu, kimwe gifite inzira y'indege yashyizwemo kaburimbo ifite uburebure buri hagati ya metero 914 na 1,523. Ikindi kibuga gifite inzira y'indege nayo yashyizwemo kaburimbo, ariko ifite uburebure buri munsi ya metero 914.Hari kandi ibibuga by'indege bine bifite inzira z'indege zidafite kaburimbo, zifite uburebure buri hagati ya metero 914 na 1,523. Ibindi bibuga by'indege bifite inzira zidafite kaburimbo zifite uburebure buri munsi ya metero 914. &lt;ref name=&quot;factbook&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=CIA |title=CIA – The World Factbook – Lesotho |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109063843/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=21 April 2008}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCIA&quot;&gt;CIA. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210109063843/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho &quot;CIA – The World Factbook – Lesotho&quot;]. Archived from [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho/ the original] on 9 January 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 April&lt;/span&gt; 2008&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ibyiciro byose bigenwa hakurikijwe uburebure bw'inzira ndende cyane ku kibuga cy'indege.

== Ubwikoreze bwo mu mazi ==
Lesotho ni gihugu cyi misozi miremire kandi idafite inzira kandi ishingiye cyane kuri Afurika y'Epfo mu gutwara abantu mu mazi. Icyambu kinini cya hafi n'aho ubwato bujyanwa ni Durban . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kishor Uprety |year=2005 |title=Transit Regime for Landlocked States : International Law and Development Perspectives |url=https://archive.org/details/transitregimefor0000upre |publisher=The World Bank |isbn=0-8213-6299-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/transitregimefor0000upre/page/9 9]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vuba aha kubera gutinda kuva  Durban, amasosiyete menshi yagiye akoresha ibikoresho bya Port Elizabeth biri mu majyepfo amasaha abiri. 

Ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi imbere mu gihugu bugarukira ku bwato buto butwara ubwato aho imigezi yambukira , kandi Guverinoma ya Lesotho ikoresha ubwato aho imigezi minini yambukira.

== Uburyo busanze bwo gutwara abantu ==
[[Dosiye:Making_the_cattle_work.jpg|thumb|Ubucuruzi bw'inka muri Lesotho]]
uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo gutwara abantu (IMTs) bukoreshwa ni amapine y'imodoka n'amatungo y'akazi. Amapine y'imodoka akoreshwa cyane mu mijyi no mu byaro kandi akoreshwa cyane n'abagore n'abagabo mu gutwara ibiribwa, ibinyampeke byo gusya, amasanduku y'amazi, n'ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi. Akamaro k'amapine y'imodoka yo gufata amazi kagenda kagabanuka buhoro buhoro bitewe no gutanga robine z'amazi. Ikindi gikunze kugaragara mu turere two mu misozi miremire no mu bibaya ni amapine y'imodoka zo mu bwoko bwa &quot;scotch cards&quot; afite amapine abiri. Yakururwaga cyane cyane n'inka, ariko mu myaka ya vuba aha hakomeje kwiyongera ingeso yo gukoresha inka  (inka z'abagore), kuko abahinzi bakunze kudatunga inka.Amapine y'imodoka akorwa mu buryo butandukanye. Amwe muri yo akorwa hakoreshejwe ibice by'amapine bishaje, andi akaba akorwa hakoreshejwe insinga zishaje. Menshi muri aya mapine akorwa n'amaduka mato muri Lesotho cyangwa Afurika y'Epfo. Ikindi kigaragara ni uko inyinshi muri zo zishushanyijeho irangi ritukura.Ibiganiro n'abakora aya mapine bigaragaza ko ikibazo nyamukuru bahura nacyo ari ukubona amapine n'insinga zikwiye, kimwe n'ibindi bikoresho fatizo, ku giciro abakiriya babo bashobora kwishyura.
[[Dosiye:Basotho_blanket_lesotho.jpg|thumb|Kugendera ku ifarashi.]]
Amafarashi ya Basotho ni ingenzi cyane mu misozi miremire mu gutwara abantu. Hari igihe amafarashi akoreshwa nk'inyamaswa zo gutwara imizigo, ariko ibi ntibikunze kubaho. Ku rundi ruhande, indogobe zikoreshwa cyane nk'inyamaswa zo gutwara imizigo mu bice byose by'akarere. Amafarashi akunze kugendeshwa n'abasore, cyane cyane abatari basanzwe kandi akenshi nta ntebe. Ni ibisanzwe ko abagore bagendera ku mafarashi, ariko abagore bake bagendera ku mafarashi. Hari abantu bake, cyane cyane abagabo bakuze, bagenda ku mafarashi afite intebe. Inyumbu ntizikunze kubaho, kandi zishobora gukoreshwa mu gutwara abantu cyangwa gutwara imizigo. Gukoresha amafarashi, inyumbu n'indogobe mu gutwara imizigo ni bike cyane. Amafarashi make cyane akurura indogobe cyangwa amagare y'amafarasi, nubwo ayo mafarashi akunze kugaragara cyane mu bindi bihugu byo mu majyepfo, iburasirazuba, iburengerazuba no mu majyaruguru ya Afurika. Nibura mu mijyi ibiri (Maputsoe na Mafeteng) umubare muto w'abacuruzi bakoresha amagare cyangwa amagare afite amapine y'umwuka akururwa ahanini n'amafarashi amwe (kandi rimwe na rimwe n'indogobe ebyiri cyangwa inyumbu imwe). Muri Mafeteng, abatwara abagenzi bakoresha amagare y'amapine abiri, mu gihe muri Maputsoe, abatwara abagenzi bakoresha amagare y'amapine ane.

Umubara w'amagare na moto zikoreshwa ni muto cyane. ubwinshi bw'amapikipiki kuri buri muntu muri Lesotho, ndetse n'amagare, bushobora kuba buri mu bantu bake cyane ku isi. Umubare muto w'abantu bakoresha amagare akenshi ni abana n'abasore, cyane cyane mu kwidagadura nubwo bamwe bayakoresha mu ngendo hagati y'imidugudu. hari abantu bake bakoresha amagare mu mikino, kandi bamwe muri Afurika y'Epfo n'abandi bakerarugendo banyura mu misozi miremire ku magare. hari umubare muto w'abacuruzi bakoresha amagare kugira ngo babone imibereho.

== AMASHAKIRO ==</text>
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